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K AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY : : OF The^^ate of Oregon Containinii; a History of Oreether with Glimpses of its Auspicious Future ; Illustrations and rull-pa»e Portraits of some of its Lminent Men and Bio- Sfaphical Mention of many of its Pioneers and Prominent Citizens of to-day. BY REV- H- K- HINES. D. D- **A people Uial lake no priile in the nonlc achievements of rcm*ilc ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be remeuil)crey remote descendants." — Afiunu/iiy. CHICAGO: TIIK LKWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1893. vmmgmmm!imm»mmm^sss^s • M PREFACE. romplele and clrcuniBtnnUal liistory of Oregon must cover more tban ii liundrecl years of time, and deal with the most exciting luculentH of tlie discnvery and settlemenl or nearly linlT onr Western Continent. It must oonsliler the rival and conllicting cluima of various Kiiropean nations to its owneruhip, a.s wvll as its long period of Indian wars, and its growth from a small American missiimary colony, struggling in rivalry with great foreign corporations, representing the most powerful nation of the world; and it must trace the development of ita civlliy.ation from these unpropilious l)eginnings to their result in a great and powerful Stale. To do this, circumstan tially treating of different localities, and dwelling on the incidents most interesting lo each, would require a number of volumes each larger than this. The limits necessarily set to this work, and thejcope intended to be covered by it, seemed to render It best to compend its historical part in a series of chapters in which that history should be carefully treated by subjects arranged in a logical order, rather than in a chronological succession of miscellaneous events- This course, it is confidently believed, will give the best aud the most satisfactory results lo the minds of the readers of this book. This is especially true as so much of personal and incidental history necessarily appears in its extended biograph- ical deparlmenl. No reader, we are persuaded, will arise from the study of these pages without a good impression of the leading fads of Oregon histiuy in his mind, lie will better understand the causes, near and remote, that have olierated on the field covered by this history to bring to its present condition of prosperity and power this great TaciHc commonwealth. Again, the restriction of our purpose confined our dlscuasloo mainly to Oregon. Up to 18S3 that included all the North Tacitlc coast, but subsequent lo that time it is restricted to the country south of the Columbia river. In that year the country north of the Columbia was erected into a Territory by itself and given the name of Washington. In a few instances, as in the case of "Indian wars," historic events were so interwoven, north and south of the Co- lumbia, that we have been compelled to follow some threads of the history into adjoining territory, but we have done this as little as possible, and then only far enough to show the sonnection of historic events with the story of our own Stale. The writer has avoided, as far as possible, using the space allotted to history 12 this book by notes and quotations and citations of autliorities. He has consulted so many and so voluminous authors that it would be impracticable to name them all, as he would he glad to do. While he freely acknowledges his great obligation to them, it must, there' fore, be c;i jmkmc, lest he should subject himself to the just imputation of undue partiality or sinister prejudice. In every work of this kind mistakes, omissions, misinterpretations must occur, and we cannot expect that this escapes the inevitable. It may be proper to state that the writer of these pages has been personally a close observer of, and an active par- ticipant in, the events of Oregon history for forty years. His opportunities for personal ob8ervati(m of men and events in every part of the Stale, and of the entire Northwest, have been equal to those of any other man. The historic authorities within his reach comprise the whole round of publications adapted to throw any light on the history of the State. His effort has been to put into crystallized form the conclusions duduced from these authorities rather than to give n narration of the daily occurrences that gave passing expression to the causes that finally resulted in the Oregon of to-day. He has tried to do this " wifj malice toward none, with charity for all," but to do it conscientiously and honestly. What he has written, or forborne to write, has alike been In deference to the purpose and scope of this publication. With the hope that, to the extent of that purpose and scope, he has contributed something that will enable the public mind better to understand the history of Oregon, be submits his work to the people of the State in which he has lived so long. Thr AtiTHon- ro»Ti, OitBaoN, January, I8O3. 29168 CONTENTS. ClIAI'TER. PAnl I. — Topography iind Oeology 13 II.— Climate and Proiliiutinns IS Cllraiite i 18 ProductloDB 20 HoiU 20 Sollg of Volcanic Orlgiu . 23 In Southwestern Oregon 83 Western Oregon 'i'i Kastern Oregon 24 Products ■ 84 1 11. -Tbe Indians of Oregon 26 IV.— Earliest Discoveries 88 V. — Earliest Discoveries, continue'! 40 VI. — Overland Explorations 50 VII.— Uival Claims and Pretensions 61 VIII. — Uival Claims and Pretensions, continued 70 IX.~First American Settlement 78 X. — Oregon's Missionary Occupancy H7 XI. — The Hudson's Bay Company 08 Dr. .lohn Mc Laugblin 102 VII.— The Missions and the Americanizution of Ore- gon 108 XIII.— Immigrations iia XIV. — Immigrations, continued 180 XV. — Provisional Government. . 135 XVI.— Territorial Era 147 XVII.— Territorial Era, continued 157 XVIII.— Oregon as a State 165 XIX. — Oregon as a State, continued 174 XX. — Oregon as a Stale, con'inued 181 XXI. — Oregon as a State, continued 187 XXII.— The Indian Wars of Oregon 193 XXIII.— The Indian Wars of Oregon, continued 202 XXIV.— The Indian Wars of Oregon, continued 20» XXV.— The Indian Wars of Oregon, continued 213 XXVI.— The Indian Wars of Oregon, continued 217 XXVII.— The Indian Wars of Oregon, continued 235 XXVIII.- Oregon in 1893 2i9 Portland 830 Salem 231 Oregon City 283 Alb»ny. . , , , 888 XXIX.— Oregon in 18U3, continued... 83.1 Corvallis 335 Dallas, Mc Minnville, Forest Grove, lliUs- boro, Astoria 236 Tbe Dalles, Pendleton, Lu Grande 237 Maker City 888 Signillcance of County Names 238 ILLU8TUATION8. Castle Uock, Columbia Ulver 84 ^ - Charlton, Calla B U73>, Corbetl, H. W... 1101 Crater L'lke and Cone 00 ^ - Dalles, Pitsaage of the 133 j^ ^ Deady, M. P 849 „ Fisli- Wheel on the Columbia Hiver 164 j- Fort Canby 820 v - Giluian, J. M 1243 Gilmin, Mrs. L. F 1245 ' ^ Grove., L.F T. . ...801- Hawtho.-ne, J. C '461,., Holman, F. V 1140 ^ Johnson, A. H 849 ,, Kellogg, Joseph 1037 , Ladd,W.S 395' Logging Camp 72 ■» Lotan, James 1197^ Mason, W- 8 589 ^ Mount Hood..'. 73 - Nelson, Abram 788 „ Portland 200 — Uooster Rock 1^3 '>\. Shattuck, ED 241 ,., Spaulding, W. W 525 , Terwilliger, James 413 ^ The Three Sisters 200» Thielsen, H 658 ^. Upper Cascades Wharf 220 y^ Willamette Palls 48 ^- Williams, George H Frontispiece .y Wood, T. A 909 ., Wright, Z.T 717^ \y vl CitNTKSTS BIOGf^APHIGAL SP^B^GHES. Aliiiiliaiii, Jniiip> 070 Aliniiim, LhwIh f*Oil Aliriinis, \V. II 77« A.iuir, .Ic.liii (W7 A.liiir, \V H 6.Vf A.liims, (1. A MO A.liiiim, (». It 441 Ailams, M. I' 485 AdimiB, S. (' 3M A(l»m», \V. II 870 Aiii>lii', (IccrL'e 04» AlliriKJil, (", .tr .VJO Allen, K \V 4«8 AlliMi.d. M 818 Allen, N. II U4« Allen, W K 1(40 Allen, W. <) a83 Alnnll,.!. W 410 Allnian, I,. .'517 AiKleis.in, v.. I aSJI Ai.lrewM, \.. 11 243 A.idrews, I,. M 789 Appeigiin, A. .1 1K)1 Apperson, .1. T .54.5 Applewliile, .1. M 410 ArdilioM, A. (' H31 Arnold, W. I) <,I50 Arnidd, Wni. S 1101 Arrinylon, V I, 534 Atkins li. II 47t) Atkinson, Win. II 410 ! Atwood, .1. I' 534 Avery, .J.r 418 It HHi)».r,r,. II 007 Iliuon, CI' Oil Hailey, V. A 885 Hakei, .1. «} 3;{5 Haker, I,. II WW Haker, .M. A 908 Ball, Isaac .507 Itiill, Isaac 1808 lUiclay, Kiirbes 980 l!arl)er, Henry 008 Ilarin, L. T 005 Barker, T. 707 Harlow, William (188 llarne.^, F. ( 740 r.arnes, U. W 7.54 liarrett, ('. A 781 liarretl, W. N ,543 liatchelor, .lames 1)78 liiiyer, .1. C 648 Bean, II. . I 389 Bean, U. S 703 Beardsley, LA) 7.55 Beauclianip, T 037 Beebe, ('. K 1(110 Bedwcll, Klisha 939 Belcher, J. M 640 BelllnKer, C. B 1005 llemiell, J. I) 708 lle!::i.-M .M. K KHW Benson, II. ! O.VI Berry, I W 844 Bewley, .1. K 884 Uewley, U. L 800 Bickol, Kreil 513 Biddlc, Kdwurd 014 Bllvpii, \. 904 r.ilyeu, Wm. U 904 Bingliani, (i. 004 BlnswauK'T, C>. S 718 Hird,J(.lin (136 Bird, |{. I' 0.56 Birdsey, .1. (i .184 Bishop, B. B 18.58 Blacklinrn, 1). 11. N 741 Blftin, I,. K 079 Blair, Cyruii 940 Blakeslee, (' I, !I80 Bluuchard, Dean 088 Blanchit, Alip 4H1 Blank, tttcphen 630 liliiinHuer, l.uuia 983 Boellin)!, Conrad 437 Bohannon, W. K 314 Boise, a. I' 738 Boise, U. I'., Jr 739 Bolander, U. N 983 Holies, J. r 3(10 Bonhttin, H. K .538 Boos, .1.0 1W5 Booth, J. I< 9(10 Biiolh. HA 400 Borman, G. W 078 Borlhwick, A. K 878 Buwdllch, .IT 074 Bowen A: Small 354 Bower,.!. I) 304 Bowlby, .1. A 403 Bowlhy, W 408 Bowmer, H. L 4."il Bover, 1. D 074 BoynlO!), CO 800 Brainard, W. E 1139 Braley, A 040 Brannin, W. W 1801 Branson, B. U 807 Breck,.!, M 397 Briedwell,.!. W 971 Briatow, Uarwln 505 Brill, I'eter 480 Brown, Adnra 870 Brown, A. C 605 Brown, BenI 466 Brown, O. 11 084 Brown, J. A 472 Brown, lllram 514 Brown, .Iiimes II 9.58 lir.iwn, .James II <»75 Brown, .John 041 Brown, Joseph E .' 075 Brown, Michael 078 Brown, N, A 070 Brown, S. A. & E. C 617 Brown, H. K 077 Brown, W. S 888 lirusli, .lohn 738 BrulHcher, .Sahantlan 830 Bryan, HE 337 Bn.hlel, J 308 BnckniHU. Oyrui 375 Buell, fyriiB fl«4 Buirum, W. a 684 BullcHrk, S 383 Bunnell, N. P 077 Bnntinn, !:i. 887 Burlmnk, A. I« 607 Biirdi, 11. K 90 » Buren, A. IS 901 Bnrs'Kraf, ('. II 001 Burnett, .lohu 416 Burnhain,.! 003 Burns, .Icdin ONI Burton Bros 983 B.,shnell,J.A 4.57 Busier, .1. W 1001 Butler, Ira F. M 678 Butler, l8BH(! 780 Butler,.!. B. V 1008 Butler, (). U 013 BiuctoM, Henry 774 Hyars, W. II 010 Byrd. W. II 888 U Caldn ell, A. C 4.58 Caldwell, H. P 1004 Caliir, 8. H 731 Cameron, T 100ft Caiupliell, Hamilton 684 Campbell, . I. W 308 Campbell, P. L 438 Campbell, Patrick 363 (•ampbeU, Wm 047 'aples, J. F 087 Caplinger, .!. C 344 Cardwell, B. P 584 Cardwell,.!. U 604 Curl, Wilson 503 (aril, W. E 088 Carroll, .!. I, 1280 Carson, J. C .« 957 Carter, H. B 438 Carter,.!. T 888 (;alliey, B. A 319 Catlin, John 580 Catterlin, F. J 558 Callron, J 1007 Caufleld, Robert 788 Caukin, O. E 440 Cave, Hiley 980 (.'hadwick, 8.F 711 Chaiuberlftin, G. E 68(1 cnxTfCJfTs. Til (liiiiiiliKrlin, K mi Clmmli^rlln, It. T iVi CliniKllfr, (1 V 7»a ( lull lion, Ciilla U 07:1 Cliunimn, K. K 8(15 Cliiiriimn, K It 8(13 Cliitriiinii, TlioH. 700 CliriBiniiu, (1. U 080 ClirlHiimn, W. M C. 838 ClirlHiimii. W.S »8S ClirlKllBii, llfiiry UHU ('liiirKi'ii. *' ""'J CliiiitfHi, Wri. 1 20.') C'liirk, Una, ,, 11U1I Cliirk, K. 047 Clark, ,1. S 817 Clfiiver, 000 Cliir, II. U MO niirorci, .M.n looo (line, W. M 1000 Coail, « "77 C'oclimi. J. A Ofill Coe, II. W 007 Cciiree, A. J 031 C'.iirey.T. M BOO Cofflii, 8 581 Colbern, l*. E OO.'. ('(ile,.l. P 810 Colemiiii, 1> (' our. Collard, K. B 1013 Collier, O. n 707 Colllnn, (Jeorge 01) J Colliim, .1. h 810 Commercial National Bank... 288 Conde, 1'. A 302 Cone, (1. A 030 Cou.Ut, K. N 005 Conley, A. B •OSl Conley, K. E a43 Cimnaway, \V. P 005 Conner, Nathan 847 Conner,!". E O-'d Consliible, E 1014 Constable, U. lOlC Coiiyers, E. W 1018 Conyers, W. H 1271 Cook, Charles 000 Cook, Ebenezer 014 Cook,.!. F 043 Cook, .1. W Oil) Cooke, Horatio 900 Cooke, .I.J 701 Cooley, O. C 883 Coolidge, C 800 Cooper, J. H 1010 Cooper,.!. S 000 Corbett, Elijah 001 Corbett, H. W 1101 Comeliua, C. W 043 Cornelius, T. H 028 Cornoyer, N. A 724 Coshow, O. P 043 Cosper, 11. B 930 Cottle, H. W 730 Cowan, J. L 1015 Cowles, J. W 515 Cox, N. K 018 Cox, Richard 1000 Cox, Thomas 587 Cor.inn, Samuel 800 Crabill, P 1003 Crang, Frederick 008 Crawford, A. A 202 Crawford, J. A 700 Crawford,.!. (1 730 Criiwlord, T. II 300 CrawfiiKl, Thou. H 050 Cr.'lglii T. J 331 ('rider, A. 8 1011 CriKliT, A.J 434 Crofult, I.J 450 ( looior, II. II 022 Cnms, K. (; 703 Cro»ii, II. E 1011 Crosslin, II. A 1(H)8 Crowley, S. K 1013 I lowson.O. W 411 Culver, W.J 100<1 CiimniiogH, F>win 1100 Cunniuglinm, ('has 514 Ciirrin, (1. J 1000 Currin, Hugh 027 Curiy, (J. I- 420 CurllH, J. L 300 CurliH, W. L. 0.50 CuHick, J. W 7:i5 ''utting, Oren 1C07 D Dalley, M. 8 '. 083 Dalgity, .lames 433 Dart, A. E 1030 Dart, James 780 Davey, Frank 013 Davidson, Andrew 1010 Davidson, II. M 1021 Davidson, J. O 1031 Davidson, T. L 803 Davidson, Wm. M 743 Davies, Alfred 028 Davies, Miles 6j7 Davis, Frank 1023 Davis, U. Y 773 Davis, Hirama 1030 Davis, J. H 1387 Davis, Nanoleim 848 Davis, .S. i Son 1053 Davis, T. (■ 000 Dawson, Wm 840 Day, George C 207 Deady, M. P 340 De Force, J. II ia54 Dekum, Frank 1033 Ue Letts, Jackson 020 Denney,T. II 1027 Dennis, P. M 1023 Denny, (J.N 1051 Denton, E. N 1038 Derby. J. U 814 Dosart, George 1045 Dickerson, 8. W 1040 Dickinson, J. P 400 Dickinson, Obed 820 Dietrich, II. II 423 Dilley, M. E 838 Dlmick, AlphlaL 315 Doane, Neheraiah 330 Dodson, O. JI 355 Dolph, C.A 247 Donnelly, J. T 335 Donnerberg, John 408 Dornsife, J 0ft5 Dorris, B. F 7!tO Dorsey, George 820 Douglass, Q. W 1048 Douglass, J. H 1078 Douglass, J. L...: 1048 Downing, t). 8 lOUO Drake, II. B 384 Driver, I. D 108-I DiiIhms, llunry... 018 Dull, . I It 804 Dunbar, F.I 487 Duniian. C. II 1W7 Dunn. Patrick 481 Diirlium. A. A 480 Durham. G. II BiUI Durham, U. I lOW Durham, S. A 4IK) Dwighl, n. W 481 E Eakin, U 861 Eakin, S B 885 Eastham, E. L 718 Kaston, P. II 1080 Eatcm, A. E 870 Eaton, F. B 010 Edwards, D. L 784 Edwards, K. 8 008 Eileis, O. H.. 887 Eliot, T. L 480 Elkins, Mrs. AM 453 Elkins, Joseph 1035 Elliott, Mrs. E 810 Elliott, J. S 303 Elmore, Samuel 1089 Embree, ('. 1) 1049 England, Wm 028 Engle, Samuel 1029 K»\e». Eevi 103(1 Estes, (). B lOas* Everding, Henry 1041 Everest. David (118 Ewin, W. H 333 Ewry, .John 1041 V Failing, Henry 10.55 Fauno, Augustus 1282 Fanno, A. J 934 Farra, G. U 440 Farrar, L. C 1030 Faull. Wm 070 Fawk, James 10.58 Fee, J. A .570 Feller, Francis 510 Fenton, Elijah 10.58 Ferchen, J, F 1007 Fergueson, J. B 500 Ferrin, W. N 1008 Field, .lohn 985 Fields, Hugh 081 Finn, C. H 307 FInnev, A 1084 First ffat'al Bank 8. Oregon 400 Fisher, A. (' 530 Fisher, J. J 248 Fletcher, II. C 1084 Fletcher, James. 1084 Fllnn, MA 015 Flint, B. T 275 Flippin, J. A 1031 Flook, ,T. 784 Foley, Francis. . 518 Folsom, F. W .1013 Foster, C. M 388 Foster, Phillip t043 Foster, 8. C ^047 CONTENTS. Fouts, J. T 704 Fox, .John 1047 Frame, K. A 49;i Fiaser, K. 1> 51)0 Frazei', G. N DIO Fryer, J. T 1070 Fuller, 13. F 1073 Fuqua, Wm 707 G Galbreatb, Joseph 1003 GallowHy, Wm (150 Gaiiiard, 0.0 207 Oanong, J. AV 245 Gardner, W. U 1003 Garland, A. J COfl Garnold, John lO".") Garrison, W. J 09:i Gault, Pembroke 282 Giiy.UW 1073 Gearhart, J. W 5C4 Geer, F. W 473 Geer, J. P 847 Geiger, C. K 5.58 George, M. C 345 Gesner, Alonzo 047 Gibbs, A. C ;.... 386 Gibson, H. S 402 Gibson, S, D 495 Giesy, A. J 531 Giesy, Fredericli 2-ti Giesy, Martin 429 Gill)ert, W. B 493 Gilbert, W. H 1059 Oilman, J. M 1245 Gitbens, George 1035 Glandon, F. S 828 Glass, Wm 440 Golf, S. F ,5.V) Goldsmith, H 1034 Goltra, W. H 10(14 Goodbrod, A. J 1056 Goodman, A. J 682 Goodrich, T : 1068 Goodrich, W. C 1014 Goucher, 0. W 704 Graham, J. K 932 Graham,Wm 1044 Graham, W. W 252 Grant, David 6iwi Graves, G. W 1005 Graves, U. T 823 Graves, T. J 1065 Graves, T. N 020 Gray, Caleb 463 Gray, J. H. 753 Green, John 1074 Grim, J. W 258 Groner, John 899 Grooms, Wn< 557 Grout, U. A 381 Grover, L. F HOI Groves, J. F 1074 Grubbs, Wm 1001 Guthrie, 1).M 669 II Ilackleman, Abraham 1062 Ilackleman, C. C 72S l.'adley, H. G 0,54 Ha^-ony, John 521 Haile/, T. 278 Haines, E. W 1053 llalnes, W. W 1058 H8ley,P. W 1067 Hall, B. F 325 Hall, C. H 734 Hall, J.C 900 Hall, J. H 1066 Hnllgarth, C 1009 Hammond, A. P 676 Handley, C 841 Hansee, Martha L 1060 Hansen, G.W 347 Hanson, M 1070 Hanson, K. M 584 Hanswirth, F 1080 Hanthorn, J. 1077 Hardesty, S. W 1079 Harding, C. V 342 Harding, G. A 526 Hare, J. W 1071 Hare, W. D 859 Ilarkins, T. G 623 Harper, Peter 867 Harrington, D. F 1071 Harrison, W. H 1087 Hartman, B. F 805 Ilartman, J, J 783 Haseltine, J. E 1087 Hathaway. Worden 570 Hawes, E. M 489 Hawthorne, J.C 461 Hay, Clark 621 Hayes, D. J 323 Hayes, G. E 745 Heater, BenJ 811 Hedges, D. L 307 Hefty,H.J 952 Hegele.C 518 Heilborn, C 1080 Heiple, 8 984 Helslor, John 299 Hellenbrand, C. W 1078 Helmick, James 689 Hembree. F. P. 1078 Hemstock, Wm 1083 Hendee, D. H 328 Henderson, T. B 308 Henderson, W. B 534 Hendrick, M. B 896 Hendricks, T. G 591 Henness, B. L Ue9 Henrichsen. L. C 1082 Henry, J. S 348 Henton, N.J 1093 Herrall, George 888 Herren, G 404 Hess, A. J 1104 Hey wood Bros. & Co 429 Hibbs, J. S 1080 Hickg, Ernest 314 Hicks, T. M 529 Hill, Almoran .509 Hill, Henry 839 Hill, J. L 759 Hill, J. W 376 Hillibrand, Paul 963 Hime8,G. H .1104 Himpel.C. A 1080 Hiues, H. K 034 nines, T. M 1081 Hinkle, Jesse 4,54 Hinkle, J. T. 575 Hlnman, A 888 HlnsUaw, I, 8 1C81 Hoberg, C '. 293 Hoberg, Joseph 871 Hobson, John 757 Hobson, K 944 Hocken, W. O 901 Hodgkin, F. E 1099 Hodson, O. 786 Hogan, C. L 686 Hogue, H. A 907 Holbrook, F. B 405 Holbrook, P 744 Holman, Amos 635 Holman, F. V 1149 Holman, J.D 844 Holman, John 1095 Holman, N 1094 Holman, Thomas. 1115 Holmes, A. M 931 Holmes, Gertrude 11 16 Honeyman, John 1094 Hoover, Jacob 053 Horubuckle, Q 1093 Hosford, CO 447 Houck, O. W 265 Hovey, AG 541 Howard, C. T 1085 Howard, D. C 598 Howe, W. A 1088 Hoyt, G. W 779 Hoyt, H. L 844 Hubbard, J. E 1089 Hughes, E. C 780 Hughes, Samuel 1096 Huelat, A. B 389 Huelat, S 1093 Hulin, C. 8 432 Hulin, Lester 764 Humphrey, N. B 1091 Hunsaker, A. J 72« HunsBk»r, H. K 621 Hunter.hmry 261 Hnrd, Jarvis 1151 Hurley, H 703 HuBsey, Nathan 946 Hustler, J. G 514 Huston, 8. B 719 Hyde, C. F 1150 I Irwin, W. J 761 Isaac, f . T 418 Isom, John 1098 Israel, J.D 459 J Jack, Andrew 1108 Jack, Calvin 938 Jackson, J. 8 948 Jacobs, W. E 261 Jaeger, J. M 687 James, C. W 1291 Janney, G, B 1108 Jensan, M 1091 Johnson, A. H 849 Johnson. F. M 355 Johnson, George W 1097 Johnson, O. W 450 Johnson, H. A nOO Johnson, H. H noo Johnson. James 798 Johnson, J. J 463 Johnson, J. C 1128 JobDOon, J, I) 408 oontbnts. \x Johnson, P 2B2 Johnson, W. C 550 Johnson, W. R 081 Johnston, T. J 1124 Jolly, F.B nil Jones, H.I 1110 Jones, J. A 292 Jonea,J. W 1109 Jonea, W. 8 420 Jones, Wm 300 Jones, W.J 1109 K Kane, Wm 1113 Kapus,Wm 464 Kay, Thomas flOO Keeley Institute Oil Keene.J. M 1107 Keep, CM 830 Keinlen.E 1112 Kellogg, J. B 016 Kellogg, Joseph 1037 Kelly, Clinton 1273 Kelly,John 1111 Kelly, Mrs. N. C. B 494 Kelly, Penumbra 1122 Kelly, Richmond 1275 Kelsey, F. D 1122 Kelso, Lewis 1106 Kennedy, J. W 055 Kenworthy, J 245 Kern, J. W 955 Keyt, E. 1100 Kiddle, Ed 329 Kightlinger, A. S 1130 Kinin,T.B 1131 Killingsworth, W. M 508 Kincaid, H.R 1118 King, A. N 390 Kindt, Peter 748 Kinney, M.J 260 Kirk, D. K 1119 Kirts, John ?69 Kittridge, Herbert 1127 Knapp, R. B 1137 Knight, Wm 1120 Knott, A.J 240 Knox, 0. F 484 Koehler, Wm 1126 Kopp, John 537 Kribs, Harry 1124 Krumbein, J. P 620 Kruse, John 659 Kuykendall, C. V 699 L Ladd.W. S... 31(5 Ladue, W. N 085 Lady,J. W 1125 Laiulaw, Jamea 619 Lamb, A. L 1117 Lamb, L.J 242 Lamberson, J. A 658 Lambert, J. H 868 Lamport, E. 8 597 Lancefleid, R. W 1117 Large, Francis 795 LaRociiue, A. E 1129 Laah, O. R 1180 Latouretle, D. C 780 Laiighlin, D. W 770 Laughlin, Lee 087 Laughlln, R, R 705 Leathers, J. P 1155 Lee H. A 080 Lee, J. B 439 Lee, N. L 1155 Lee, T.J 798 Lee, W. H 1112 Leinweber, C 755 Lemont, P. A 7«'.i Levis, W.W 1132 Lewelling, Setb 4»7 Lewis, B. F 1132 Lewis, W.H 1130 Lindsley,A.L 480 Lines, H. M .551 Linn, B. F 1136 Lippincott, B. E COl Littlefic'.d, H. R 815 Lockwood, C. E 247 Lockwood, O. A 1128 Loewenberg, J 573 Lombard, J. E 523 Long, Edward 791 Lotan, James 1197 Lownsdale, J. P. 863 Lucas, A. W. . . . , 928 Luelling, A 568 Luelling, M. H 709 Lynch, John 968 M Mack, W. O 1128 MacKay, A.E 471 MacKay, Donald 372 Mackenzie, K. A. J 200 Macrum, I. A 270 Magers, J. E 825 MaUory, Rufus 273 Malone, R. D 834 Manning, Loui 881 Mansfield, P. M 540 Mark, A. K 817 Markham, 8. S 1120 Markle.G.B 1276 Marks, 8. P 951 Marrs, Mrs. L. E 955 Marshall, A. J 288 Martin, E 447 Martin, Mrs. P. B 1167 Martin, J. M 1160 Martin, N 488 Martyn, W. P 334 Mason, W. 8 689 Masters, J. W 1107 Mathew, 8 1121 Matlhieu, F.X 44i; Mattock, J. D 952 Mauzey, Wm 1147 May, Samuel 1151 May, W. W 080 Mays, F. P 289 McAllster, D. A 1162 McArthur, L. L 804 McBride, James 1152 McCaw.W. P 077 McClane, J.B 1141 McClelland, T 886 McClung, J. H 592 McComas, E. S 279 McCord, 8. B 783 McCraken, John 367 McDaniel, D. P 1188 McDanlel, £, P 858 McDaniel, Joshua 491 McDonakl, Hurley 1142 McEIroy, E. B 020 McGrath, G. T 1134 McOuIre, H. I) 1135 McKay, Joseph 349 McKay, W. C 1133 McKenzie, Emma W 287 McKern, Luke 811 McKinney,J.N II.'IO McLaughlin, G. W 295 McLencb, F. 1140 McLeod, W. M 378 McNally, C. 8 1145 McNary, A. W 1145 McNutt, R. W 1161 McPherson, P. J 1160 McPhilllps. James 1149 Mead, A. P 310 Medford Dis. & Uef. Co 1148 Meek, C. W 874 Meldrum, John W 720 Merchant, Warren 1110 Merchant, Wm 1144 Meredith, J. W 806 Merrick, Ross 357 Merrill, Norman 1148 Merritt, J. W 333 Merwin, A. T 1147 Messenger, H. (; 1 146 MeUcham, P 598 Meyer, Conrad 1 140 Meyers, Joseph 1 164 Miller, B. F 409 Miller, F. M 1153 Miller, Henry 572 Miller, J. E 1101 Miller, N. A 452 Miller, S.E 312 Miller, Wm 1162 Miller, W. W 1158 Milliorn,T. A 450 Mills, W. A 280 Milne, John 1158 Minto, J. W 000 Minto, John 875 Minto, W.J 595 Mitchell, R. W 277 Mitchell, W. H 906 Monnastes, David 606 Montanye, L. H 752 Monteilh, T 1159 Monteith, W 709 Moore, D. M 1160 Moore, E. W 1171 Moore, J. C 1158 Moore8,J. H 033 Moores, A. N 276 Moores, C. B 633 Jforand, W. E .' 1165 Moreland, J. C 747 Morey, P. F 854 Morgan, J.J 1163 Morgan, J. W 1104 Morris, B. W 481 Morris, E. 8 1017 Morse, M.J 1010 Moss, 8. W 1181 Moti, W. 8 308 Moyer.J. M 1170 Mulkey, P. M 1104 Mulkey, Luke 1183 Mull, Mrs. 8. J 937 Muller, Max 410 CONTENTS. Muipliy, H. W 810 Myers, John 1183 Myer8,W. H. II 790 N Naclianil, Henry 313 Neep, C. T IISB Neer, Deios D 046 Nelson, Abrnhaiu 78S Nelson, A. J 1185 Nelson, J. C 917 Nelson, Uasnius 1187 Nesuiith, W 11S7 Neuburg, P.J 485 Newell, C. H 1179 Newbury, W. S 784 Newby, \V. T 11«0 Newton, G.G 457 Newlon, N. E 292 Newton, N. P 40« Nichols, A. P 899 Nichols, \..l\ 455 Nicholson, \W. T. U 384 Nickerson, Hugh 759 Xicklin, A. 1 1180 Nickiun, J. M 1175 Nicoliii Hros. Co 387 Noble, H.J 889 Noble, J. W 723 Nolanil, George 203 Noon, \Vm. C 857 Nerval, J. \V 340 O Oatman, H. B 315 Olierer, F.J 1200 O'C'innor, John 1175 Odell, W. H 288 O'Donald, J 935 Ot;ilvy, David 008 Oglesliy, W. W 1173 Olds, O. W 894 Olds, J. C 1174 Olmsted, M. L 1170 Osborn, 0. A 1108 Osborn, K 628 Osborn, T. P 924 OtcUin, Thomas 900 Overlnrf, laicrelia 1189 Owen, M. M 012 I'licific Mutual Life Ins. Co... 805 Packard, I(. K 437 I'ague, U. S 601 Paine, li. I) 521 I'aine, I). A 1297 Palethorpe, G, H 418 Palmer, Charles 1177 Pnlmer, (;. L 428 I'ai|uel, Joseph 078 Paciuet, Peter 850 Parker, W. W 501 Parrish, J. I. .537 Parrish, L. M 470 Parrotl, V. II 301 Parson, J. 8 1177 Partlow,J. M 9f)9 Partlow, W. B 401) Parvin, Z. M 751 PatUTson, A. W 766 Patterson, F. A 813 Patterson, John 274 Patterson, W. J 310 Patterson, W. M 399 Patton, T. McF 552 Patty, G.M 1178 Paulsen, Thomas 474 Payne, N. P 747 I'earce, Ashbcy 771 Pearl, Joseph 1179 Pease, G. A 415 Peck,C. W 1004 Peebles, G. A 75B Peirce, G. M 446 Pennington, S. M 000 Pennoyer, Sylvester 1172 Perkins, 0. W 1097 Perkins, N. H 675 Perkins, U. 8 1059 Perry, F. C 915 Perry, T. \V U93 Perry, W. 8 030 Pfau, Jacob 029 Pfunder, L, G 509 Pfunder, Wm 710 Philbrick, A 378 Phillips, ». T 1190 Phillips, John 848 Pickel, E. B 431 Pickett, W. 445 Pierce Bros 1293 Piggott, C. H 625 PiIsl)ury,J. G 547 Place, L, W 801 Plummer, O. P. S 1205 Pointer, Wm 787 Pollock, Hobert, 290 Pope, Seth 300 Pope,SelhL 301 Pope, W. II 412 Portland University 339 Prrter, J. A 1182 Porter,,!. H 619 Porter, K. M ,530 Porterfield, J. E 073 Posson, F. L 275 Potter, Sylvester 1192 Powell, F. S 887 Powell, John 383 Powell, J. W 287 Powell, \V. S 501 Powers, A. \V 705 Powers, B. F 325 Powers, I. F 912 Powers, li. M 1184 Prather, J. M 758 Prentice, F. W 505 Prellyman, H. \V 900 Purser, David 834 Pulman, D. B 715 Putnam, J. B. 1199 Q Quick, K. E 1195 Quick, U. 891 |{ Hallety, Dav k C. 11 1210 Kall'ety, 8, B 1210 Ralston, C. H 1195 Kalslon, Oliver 859 Kalslon, W. M 831 Hampy, U. A 1201 Bamsey, W. M 814 Handall, N. W 320 Handall, T. P 366 Hands, E. M 1193 Rast, jQhn 701 Raymond Bros. & Co 460 Read, W. F H94 Reed, F. C 1191 Reed, G 1191 Rees, W. H 1198 Reid.Wm 310 Kenick, A. B 417 Reynolds, John 703 RUoOes, Jasper 506 Rice, W.J 1203 Richards, 8 013 Richardson, 8. T 740 Richmond, T. G 1198 Rickard, Casper 1204 Rider, G. C 926 Rigler, Frank 289 Rifey, D. J 1803 Risdon, 1). M 644 Hitter, J. D 668 Robhins, Levi 915 Robbins, Martin 1800 Hol.bins, Oliver 1281 Robert, C. A 1239 Roberts, C. B 884 Roberts, Wm 479 Robinson, F. M 1200 Robinson, B. M 879 Robinson, J. W 462 Robinson, R. F .579 Robinson, W.J 728 Robison, I. C 880 Roby, C. W 623 Roby, E. P 944 Rockfellow, A. D 544 Rockwell, C im Hoe, Thomas 1203 Rogers, J. W 1281 Honey, L. N 584 Hoop, Jacob 1113 Hoot, Sidney 824 Hoots, J. W 401 Hose, Aaron 1217 Ross, J. II 1217 Ross, J. P 341 Ross, J. W 510 Hosseler, F. S 1209 Hounds, Kuth E 284 H(mrke, T. F 1877 Howell, J. I) 791 itowland, G. L 827 Rowland, J. R 1248 Rowland, L. L 1211 Royal, Osman 374 Royal, W. W 356 Russell, (J. F 716 Russell, L. H 1297 Rust, Henry 348 8 Samson, W. W. H 1848 Sanders, J. H 1208 Sandlord, Hicliard 069 Savage, Erastus 954 Savage, John, Jr 590 Savage, Wm 1207 Sawtell, A. J 1858 Schieffelin, E 686 CONTENTS. %{ ScUulmeiich, C 12-13 Schumann, Otto 317 Scoggin, W. A 006 Scott, C.G 1224 Bcott, H. W 478 Scott, Rodney 1223 Scriber, C. W 1238 Scripture, S. F 202 Scroggin, P. M 858 Sears, C. W 127U Sears, G. C 574 Selling, Isaac 244 Sewell, J.H 935 Sliarp, Wm 1215 SUattuck, E. D 241 Slielby, J. 11. E 88! Shelley, Uoswell 1210 Shelton, J. W 772 Sherlock, Wm 1292 Sherman, D. F 320 Shipley, M. II 002 Shively, C. W 838 Short, a. V 770 Shortridge, T. M 945 8hreve,Asa 930 Shultz, Asbury 1231 Silver, C. S 428 Simmons, Wheelock 1157 Simon, Joseph 209 SimoDton, James 250 'Simpson, I.M 903 Simnaon, J. T 804 Simpson, U. L 720 Sites, J. K 818 Sitton, N. K 1232 Skiff, M. 8 707 Slavin, J.A 424 Sloan, Mrs. S. A 1219 Smith & Steiner 1213 Smith, A. C 1220 Smith, A. M 1235 Smith, A. T 128'.l Smith, B. F 903 Smith, tj. E 800 Smith, Clark 700 Smith, Oyrus 808 Smilh, David 770 Smith, F. K 770 Smith, H. A 570 Smilh, H. J 1223 Srr.itb, Irvin L 1228 umilh, Isaac W 1200 Smith, J. N 531 Smith, M.P 587 Smith, M. W Olf) Smith, P.T 1229 Smith, Stephen 1218 Smith, Thomas 1218 Smilh, T. C 714 Smitli, Wm 910 Smilh, Wm. K 873 Snow, T. N 338 Snyder, Charles 1214 Honger, S. T 411 South'n Ore. Lum. & Mfg. Co..l050 Soverns, George 033 Spalding, Miss II. F 835 Spaulding, M. M 1215 Spaulding, Wm. W 525 Spink, Perry W 740 Sporry, A. J. 1205 SlRBls, Henry 800 Staats, J. 883 Staals. Stephen 1813 Btaggs, G. W 133(i Stanley, H. B 1237 Stanton, II. C 581 Stanton, J. A 1221 Starr, Isaac 1221 Starr, 8. A 1285 State Ins. Co 730 Staver, G. W 1225 Stearns, L. B 721 Stebinger, Eugene 377 Steel, George A 870 Steel, James 861 Steel, Wm. G 588 Steeples, Perren 840 Steffen, John F 1220 Steffen, Michael 1220 Steiner, David 881 Stephens, J. B 400 Stephens, Phoibe A 1212 Stevens, D.W. & Co 1378 Stevens, J. H 301 Steward, J. L 709 Stewart, Charles 454 Stewart, D. C 805 Stewart, M. W 290 Stone, Jerry 1220 8touffer,Jon ■. 671 Stout, David 1206 Stout, Francis 803 Stout, Lansing 017 Slowell, A. W 1204 Strahan, U. S 549 Straight, H. A 435 Stratlon, C. C 340 Strong, C. C 1227 Sirowbridge, J. A 801) Stump, Duvid 942 Stump, J. B 007 Sturges, Ira B 503 Sullivan, T. W 394 Summers, Owen 1230 SwalTord, E. W 385 Swilzer, D. J 500 8ymons,T. W 0U9 T Talbert, J. A 419 Talbot, Sarah A 249 Tanner, A. H 594 Tate, J. P 042 Taylor, D.W 720 Taylor, P. L Oil Taylor, G. W 317 Taylor, James 550 Taylor, Peter 425 Taylor, Robert 324 Terwilliger, H 471 Terwilliger, James 413 Thayer, J. A 391 Thayer, W. W 1234 Tbielsen, H 053 Thing, George 037 Thompson, I). P 253 Thompson, J. 1 727 Thompson, John 810 Thompson, Lewis C 941 Thompson, U. Q 507 Thompson, U..N m Thompson, T 1234 Thorns, Miss II. 1270 Thornton, Jamei 501 Thornton, H. H 548 Thorp, T. C 486 Thorson, J. B 1371 Thurmau, Wm 8l2 Thurston, George H 1272 Thurston, S. K 476 Tigard, \V. M 570 Todd, Jon 1273 Tonur, J. G 863 Toney, W. L 852 Tongue, T. H 403 Tooze, W. L 444 Torbet, David 750 Towiiaend, I. S 1290 Tracy, G. II 1393 Tracy, J. M 674 Train, S. 8 743 Travelers' Ins. Co 440 Trenchard, C.J 537 Trullinger, O. J 1305 Truliinger, J. C 1206 Tucker, Thomas 700 Tucker, Wm 286 Turner, T. I. 1241 Tustin, C. S 1340 Tutthill, H.J 331 Tweedale, W. C 809 V Vanduyn, J. M 480 Van Scoy, Thos 487 Van Slyck, E. M 354 Van Vranken, E 530 Varwig, T. P 1341 Vaughan, W. H 1343 Vaughan.J.S 443 Vawter, W. 1 504 Veatch, H. C 1338 Vernon, John 1303 W Waddel, A. M 1379 Wade, W. L 1357 Wadhams, Wm 577 Wadsworth, F. M 406 Waggener, W 1258 Wait, A.E 651 Wail, T. B 708 Walden, N. O 1394 Walker, C. C 833 Walker, Mary K 898 Walker, J. P 12IM Walker, N. ,T :.... 571 Walker, U. II 074 Walker, W. M 679 Wallace, h. M 931 Wallace, W. G 744 Walter, Clark 545 Walter, George 1340 Walton, .1. J 703 Ward, J. P 307 Ward, T. A 569 Ware, Joel 1246 Warner, Arthur 1247 Warren, M. S 343 Warren, Wm. E 1398 Warren, W. L 1399 Washburne, C. W 535 Wassom, Jon 708 Waters, J. M 1251 Watson, C. B 1251 Watson, E. B 1337 Watson, J. F 1238 Watts, M. M 333 Weinhard, Henry 844 CONTENTS. Welch, J. W 4C5 Welch, Jobu 1244 Wells, W.r. 12U Welty, E. J 571 West, P. H 921 West, N. K 375 Westncolt, W. G 1283 Weizell, W. A 1284 Wheeler, ,Iason 1236 Whitaker, G (i02 White, E. D 1249 White, Henry 1249 White, S. 8 1295 White, W. L 407 Whiteaker, B. F 878 Whiteaker, D.J 880 Whiteaker, G. W 1299 Whillock, W. T 2i)r) Whitlock, Wm 1250 Whitman, J. 1) 1298 Whitman, Mrs. E 318 Whitman, S. S 3l8 Whitney, C. H 872 Whitney, .T. ,T 1269 Whitney, Kobt 12C9 Wiberg, C. M 1281 Wigg, George 370 Wilbern, Henry 007 Wiley, H. E 071 Wilkins, Charles 421 Williams, C. C 281 Williams, George 1255 Williams, G. II 781 Williams, L. L 737 Williams, Ulchard 843 Williams, Samuel 892 Williams, S. H 253 Williams, W. W 1288 Williams, W. E 802 Willis, O. L 1288 AVilloughby, M. E 1259 Wilmot, M. L 511 Wilmol, a P 927 Wilson, G 604 Wilson, John 853 AVilson, H. D 898 Wilson, Wm 593 Wineset, C. P 208 Winsor, Benj 838 Wing, C. E 294 Wingate, G 555 Wisdom, J. T 907 Wisdom, J. W 250 Wise, A. J 038 Wisecarver, J 823 Wolverton, John 690 Wood, Frank 1254 Wood, L. S 254 Wood, T. A 909 Wood,Z. W 1286 Woods, L. N 836 Woodward, Q 683 Woodward, T 850 Wortman, C. F 1223 Wortman, Jacob 1253 Wren, Michael 430 Wrenn, S. E 1040 Wright, D 400 Wright, E. J 715 Wright, Elsia 1017 Wright, J. A 1285 Wright, Z. T 717 Writsman, .1. 713 Wyalt, J. B 332 Wygant, Theo 380 Y Young, Benj 487 Young, F. G 748 Y'oung, J. C 283 Young, J. CJ. A 959 Young, 8. A 1287 Y'oung, 8. E 884 Z Zimmerman, David 033 Zumwalt, C. P 825 \ STOI^Y OF OPGON, CHAPTER I. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. General Desceiition — Oiast Region — Oascade Range — Willamette Valley — Blue Moun- tains—Great Interior Valley — Klamath Plateau — Volcanic Upheavals— Volcanic Rocks — Glacial Action— Volcanoes — Lava Beds — Formation In Blue Mountains — Lava Plains of Snake Rivkk — Scip^ntific Statement — The Region ok The Columbia — Fos!»il Beds. ' present such a picture of tbe region of Oregon as will make it possible for the general reader to understand the country, it will be necessary first to give a brief de- scription of its topography. Oregon, in general, topographically, is a series of deep valleys and lofty mountain ranges, extending northward and southward through the entire State, The exceptions to this state- ment are some lateral spurs of mountains that at a point or two project almost perpendicularly to the course of the main ranges, constituting the water-sheds between the streams that flow northward into the Columbia, or southward into the Sacramento, and the lakes of the, great in- terior basin. From an elevated volcanic plain lying along and near the 43° of latitude, and cutting the entire State from east to west, the drift of the valleys is northward to the great drain of the Columbia river, which is the northern boundary of the State. This portion may be iirst considered, as it is much the larger and more valuable part of the State. Fixing our initial stake at tbe mouth of the Columbia river, the northwest corner of the State, we find first, closely pressing the Pacific coast, the Coast Range of mountaiiii*. This range has a width east and west generally of about thirty miles, and extends coastwise the entire width of the State, crowding its rocky feet everywhere into the spray of the ocean. It is densely timbered, hardly any pinnacle ri.?ing too high to produce the grandest tirs, cedars and larch, with some higher summits. The average altitude of this range may be put at about four or five thousand feet. It breaks gradually down eastward from its summit ridge into long slopes, separated by clear mountain streams, then into rounded foot-hills, crowned with oaks and firs, until the hills melt away into the verdure of the Willamette valley. From the summit of this range eastward, as the crow flies, a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, that of the great Cascade range is reached. Like the others this range cuts the State from north to south. It is much the higher, broader, and grander range. Its aver- age width is not less than eighty miles, and its average altitude not below nine thousand feet. Crowning this mighty ridge, at intervals of fifty or more miles, great snowy summits, rising from three to five thousand feet above 11 HisTonr OF onKiuiN. % tile line "f perpetual ^in()\v, dome the dark uvor- greeii t'orestf* lli:it eover tlie niii^'e. Jietweeii tliese two iiioiiiitain rfiiif^^es lies tlie ^roat \alley of the Willainelte, a liundred and Ht'ty miles loii^f and fifty miles widii. -tlie gem and ghny "I' tlie I'aeitic coast. The eharacter and value of this valley agriculturally and iii- dut'trially is discussed elsewhere, and we speak of it here only in its topographical relations to the dominating geological conditions of the i'(>i,'ion in which it is such an interesting ele- ment. Taking our stand once more on the summit ot the Cascade range we look still eastward over a vast, thouijh hroken and seared valley, 150 miles wide, against the slopes and pinna- cles of the Blue mountains. This range has the same north and south trend as the others, though as its sunthward extension ap])roache6 the southern line of Orcjion it breaks down into spurs and isolated huttes, and finally ter- minates in the great volcanic plateau along the 43' parallel of latitude. Through this great depression hetwceii the Cascade and Bine Mountains, two rivers, the Des Chutes on its western and the .lohn Day on its eastern side, run northward into the Columhia. Still eastward, for 100 miles from the main ridge of the iilue mountains to the eastern line of the State, stretches a (country quite unlike that west of that I'ange. It is a region of val- leys separated liy detrached mountain ridges and traced by small rivers, vhich, while Iniving the same northward flow as those before men- tioned, enter Snake river far above its junction with the ('olumbia, and within its great volcanic valley that extends from the Blue mountains to the Bocky mountains a distance of nearly 1,000 miles. These valleys and mountain ranges have topogra])hically or geologically little in common with those of tl.^ western and middle portions of the State. It is needful that we now go southward and take our observations from the great Klamath plateau, that constitutes the separation between the ncjrth flowing and south and west Howing waters of Oregon. This sweeps eastward from the east fojt of the Cascade range, on a width of a degree of latitude, at least 200 miles. It is a vast region of lakes, many of t'nem without outlet, yet absorbing tiie constant inflow of con- siderable rivers; of great marshes once them- selves greater lakes; of seamed and bent and broken lava ])lainH, and all elevated 5,000 or (5,000 feet above the sea. Out of its western rim flow Kogue and Klamath rivers, which make their way directly through all in,;erveiMng mountain barriers to tlie Pacific ocean 200 miles away. Here are also the springs of the Sacramento, which courses tiie greatest valley of (California and finds its way to the sea through the Golden Gate, 500 miles to the south. This brief description of the topography of the State will, perhaps, prepare the reader's mind to understarid the peculiar geological con- ditions and changes that have marked the dif- ferent portions of the State better than he oth- erwise could. lie will also see why a descrij)- tion of our part of Oregon is not a description of another part either as to soil, climate, or protluction. In general it may be said that the monntaiu ranges of (h'egon are volcanic upheavals; the mighty bending upward of the crust of the earth's surface when its inborn fire.s were lashed to unwanted fury in some stormy age of old eternity. The western valleys, and especially Willamette, were doubtless formed by this up- heaval of its enclosing ranges, leaving the floor of the surface here comparatively undisturbed. This really rests on a foundation of a(|Ueou8 rock of nnmeasnrod thickness, on which the alluvial matter which forms its soils has been deposited. With this there are, in many places, deep deposits of water-worn pebbles and strati- fled sand, which were made at an era much more modern than that of the underlying sand- stone. These water-marked deposits are clearly traced in the eroded l)anks of the rivers, and in the cloven face of some of the mountains of the (-oast Range, and on the western slopes of the K HISTORY OF (iltEnON. Vt Cascade range, where tlin ancient crii8t was broken Uy the upheaving forces that lifted the ranges out of their ancient levels. These de- posits of sand and pebhles and water-worn rocks register an era when an older sea covered all westward of the Cascaile range: certainly, if, indeed, wliere it is now that range, was not, in common with the Coast liange, deep beneath the waters. It is useless to endeavor to identify these changes chronologically, as creation in its being and in its mutations writes its historic days in millennials of age, and thns puts our conception of time, drawn as it is from human experience and human history entirely at fault. The volcHnic rocks on the western slope of the Cascade mountains, in the Willamette valley and ia the Coast Range of mountains, appear only occassionally, and can scarcely be called characteristic. When they do appear they seem to be an overflow westward of a great lava out- put of the Cascade range, or the product of local volcanic upheavals which pushed up the isolated buttes of the upper portion of the valley at a time coeval with the formation of the moun- tain ranges. They exist mainly in scattered scoriaceous rooks, or in ledges and peaks of columnar basalt, superimposed on sandstone, trachyte, or resting on miocene strata. Of course, in indicating* the forces that formed this now verdant valley, glacial action must not be forgotten. Far extending moraines and wide glaciated surfaces tell the story of the far-away eras when these mighty ice-plows furrowed and planed down the broken face of the earth's crust, and smoothed it into its now beauteous vales. The story of their old movements is recorded very plainly on these surfaces, and the relics of their wider existence are yet living in the moving ice-fields of Monnt Hood and the other mighty cones of the Cascade range. Enough has already been said to indicate to the careful reader that the Cascade mountains are of volcanic formation. Tlie great snow peaks are all volcanoes. They are called ex- tinct, though some of them, notably Mount Hood south of the Columbia and St. Helen's north of it, are yet smoking, and on the south- ern slo|)e of the former are great masses of heated rocks, and an ever steaming crater. The great snuuiut intervals between these peaks are generally granitic rock, covered with a deep vegetable soil, intermixed with decayed granite. IJut from these peaks vast streams of molten lava have poured, flowing mainly eastward, and spreading over the entire country between the Cascade and Blue mountains, from a few inches to hundreds of feet in thickness. In fact, there were many successive overflows, as on the broken faces of the clitfs clearly defined lines of sirati- tication are prt'sented inure numerous as we a|)- proach the great summits that were their foun- tain. The greatest outflow in Oregon was in the middle of the range, about half-way from the Columbia river to the Klamath plateau, and thence southward and eastward, including the great Modoc lava beds, forever made historic as the scene of the Modoc Indian war. Thence the molton iron sea rolled eastward and north- ward, overlying the whole country, drinking up the rivers, shearing ofli' the forests, and seiz- ing a nightly holocaust of animal life in its de- vouring maw. For ages, how long no one can know, this great lava plain, first red and hot and simmering, then black and cold, rending itself into deep chasms in its slow cooling, lay out under the stars without vegetable or animal life, almost without springlet or dewdrop, to cool or soften its black and rugged face. The fires of the volcanoes at length burned lo«'. The mountain summits cooled. A few stray clouds floated over the Cascade range. A few drops of rain touched the iron surface of the earth with their imprisoned might. Showers fol- lowed. The springs that fountain, rivers began to bubble from beneath the cloven lava beds, and search out an open way seaward through tlieir broken chasms. And thus th6 changes of the ages went on. The basalts were groimd to pow- der in the mills of the streams. The old sur- faces over which the lava had once spread, were cut into valleys, hundreds of feet deep. Fecund .soils were deposited. Vegetation sprang forth I(i niSToliV Oh' ORKGON. ngain. Aiiinitkl life found food and drink Hod shelter, imd Htill the clmnges went on. Froct and snow and riiindrop and stormy winds and burning suns wrought the miracK' of a new genesis, leaving a field in winch Nature has written tlie most legiltle and astonishing records of her procesBes and her powers. {'roceedinji; eastward from the points indi- cated in the ])rec'ediiig paragraph, the Blue monntain range |)resent8 a wonderful conglom- eration ot hasalts, granite, slate, sandstone, with vast Ueds of stratified sand and water-worn graxel. In places one forniation predominates, in other places some other formation, and then again several of them apjtcar intermixed, or overlying one another. It is evident that the heat attending the volcanic action that lifted this vast riilge to its present position was great enough to cause perfect fusion in only n few places; while yet tlie forces l)elow were mighty enough to cause the wonderful and weird dis- placements of the primitive rocks so often ar- resting the observant eye in this wonderful range. One hour the traveler among these mountains will he passing over scoriated basalt, or along cliifs of basaltic columns, the ne.xt amo!ig great granite boulders or over gray granite pinnacles, then over miles of aqueous deposits in the form of stratified sandstone or stratified beds of sand and gravel intermixed; or ai'ain slate slopes and hillsides will arrest his eye, until he is lost in the wilderment of his strange surroundings. The Blue mountains margin on the west the great lava plains of Snake river valley. Only a small part of that valley ia in the State of Oregon, and it is hardly necessary to extend ob- servations in regard to it. It may simply be stated that the volcanic conditions, so plainly marked in the Cascade and Blue mountains, and the valley intervening between them, con- tinue and are intensified as we enter the great upper valley of Snake river, which lies mostly in the State of Idaho, which wad once the mightiest scene of volcanic action on the Amer- ican continent, if not in the world. As a few_ miles only of this vast lava plain fall within the limits of the State of Oregon, we can dismiss its marvels with these few general statements. Perhaps, however, we should not dismiss the whole subject of the geology of this most inter- esting region, with these general statements for the lay reader, without some more distinctly scientific d for the benefit of the more technical er and student. For him geol- ogy would >\,-,te about the following liistory of the conditions and changes of untohl ages and marvelous processes through which this won- derful Oregon world was being formed. For an immense period before the existence of the Coast and Cascade Ranges of mountains, the primeval ocean washed the western shores of the great Rock monntain chain, and through- out the palaeozoic era and the whole Triassic and J uras.sic periods of the Mesozoicerannmer- 0U8 rivers kept bringing down debris until an enormously thick mass of off-shore deposits had accumulated. This marginal sea-bottom became the scene of intense aqueous-igneous action in its deeply buried strata, producing aline of wrackness, which, yielding to the hori- zontal thrust produced by the secular contrac- tion of the interior of the earth, was crushed together and swollen upward into the Cascade and Sierra Nevada range at the close of tlie Jurassic period. The range thus produced was not of very great height. It existed for un- known centuries; the scene of erosion and plant-growth, roamed over by the now extinct fauna of the ('retaceous and Tertiary periods. It was coml)ed by forests of conifers and oaks. Then followed the great lava-flow and uplift of the mountain range of the modern Cascades. Beneath the overlying lava, where the Colum- bia breaks through the barriers of this great range there is founeiieatli evidently in »itu. llest- ing directly on this forest groiind-rturface, and tiierefore inelusing the erect stuniptt, is a layer of stratified Handstune, two or tlir«ie feet thick, tilled with beiiiitiliil and |)orfect inipresdiouK of leaves of several kinds of forest trees, possibly of the very trees about whoso silicitied bases they are found. Above this leaf- bearing stratum rests a coarse conglomerate similiar to that be- neath at the water level. Scattered about in the lower part of this upper conglomerate, and in the stratified sandstoue, and sometimes lying in the dirt beneath it, fragments of silicitied driftwood are found. Above this last co.i- glomerate, and resting upon it, rise the layers of lava, mostly columnar basalt, one above an- other to a height of 3,000 feet. From these facts the following order of oveuts are deduced: The region of the Columbia river was a forest, probably a valley, overgrown by coniters and oaks. The subsoil was a coarse boulder drift produced by erosion of some older rocks. An excess of water came on, either by floods or changes of level, and tile trees were killed, their leaves shed and buried in mud, and their trunks rotted to stumps. Then came on a tumultuous and rapid deposit of coarse drift, containing driftwood, which covered up the ground and the still remaining stumps to a depth of several iinndred feet. The surface thus formed was eroded into hills and dales, and then followed the outburst of lava in successive Hows, and tnc silification of the wood and fermentation of the drift by the percolation of the hot alkaline waters containing silica. Finally followed the process. of erosion by which the present streams, channels and valleys, whetherniain or tributary, are cut to their enormous depth. The great masses of sediment sent down to the sea by the erosion of the primary Cascade range, forming a thick offshore deposit, gave rise in turn at the end of the Miocene to the upheaval of the Coast Range, the Cascade mountains being at the same time rent along the axis into enormous fissures from which out poured the grand lava Hoods, building the mountains iiigiicr and t'overln<^ the country fur great dlKtanccs. This is proli- ably the grandest lava flow known to geology, covering as it does an area of not less than 200,- 000 square miles. It covers the greati-T portion of north n California and northwcslurn Nev»da, nearly tho whole of Oregon. Washington and Idaho, and runs far into IVitisii Columbia on the north. Its average thickness is 2,000 feet and the greatest (shown where the Columbia, Des Chutes, Snake and other rive^^ cut through it) 4,000 feet. To produce this, many successive flows took place, and great periods of time ela]>sed during wiiicli this volcanic action con- tinued. During the period of these Cascade eruptions, the Coast range was being slowly ele- vated, and became in turn the scene of local volcanic action, though not very severe. At last the great fissure eruptions drew to a close. Tho ttssures became blocked up. The volcanic action became confinees (JIuitew and (irande Such in the otory of tlie geologic agei* tliroii^li Konde coiiiitrics and Uhristnias Lake in Hoiillicrn wiiieii and out of whidi ^row, out of the fonn- ()rei;on. Tiie (Hacial, Ghani|)lain and Sierra lettd and tiie vutil tiiiii wonderful Oregon. epocitH are well illuHtrated in aeveral places, and j ■ ■■• "*(!,' I* •! • >*^ "*" ciiAPTEit ir. CLIMATE AND raoUUCTIONS. I.vtr.i'K.NCK OK TiiK ToiMiiKAi'itY — Wkst OK Casoades — East ok tiik Casoadeb — Oceav OuKKjrNTs — Tke.no ok the Vai,i.e\'8 — Pretailino Winds — Modikyino Facth- Ei.hVATioN of Intekiok — • IlEAi.riiKti.NKss — PKonuiTioNs— IIow Detkbminek — Soii-8— - IJASAr/rir Pkkvaii.ino — Inex- iiAisfriui.K.NESs — Son, ok Wim.ametie Vallev — I'ai'kk ok State CiiEMis'r — Pwjoutniutjs Grains — Fruits — Meats^— Fish — (ioi.o Mineh — Iron — Timiikb. CI.niATE. 5N writinj; of the climate of Oregon, if we can persuade the reader to keep in mind the fact that what is said of one division of tlie State will not apply to any other division any more than it woiilil to Greenland or Alabama, we ghall have gone a long way toward making our- iielves understood. Its topographical divisions mark and differentiate its climatic conditions. The climate of that part of Oregon extending from the western slope of the Cascade mountains to the Pacific ocean is equable, the thermome- ter seldom rising above 90" in the hottest days of the summer, nor falling below 20° in the winter. It would be called moist, and yet a registry of twenty years would not show more than oiie-tliird of the days in which any moist- ure fell, nor a greater average yearly rainfall than Philadelphia; or from forty-four to fifty- four inches, and that in the extreme northwest- ern part of the State, which is the most humid of all. Such are the equable climatic conditions of this portion of the State that thunder-storins, cyclones and tornadoes are unknown. Wlmt makes the climato seem more humid than tha of Piiiladelphia, or even of Iowa, is. the most of the rainfall of its western valleys- -the Willa- mette, Umpqua and Uogne river — occurs in the four months from November to March, while three or four months, from Jnne to (^ctol)€r, arc almost entirely rainless. Middle and eastern Oregon are much dryer, hotter in summer and colder in winter, than the western section. Probably from the eastern slope of the Cascade mountains to the eastern line of the State, in not one day in ten for the year around is there any moisture-fall. Excep- tions to this statement must be made in regard to some of the valleys locked within the sum- mits of the monntain ranges, where local causes operate, especially during the spring and early summer months, to produce a greater rainfall. This region of deep valleys, and high, treeless hills, intervaled with long, rolling slopes. covered with grass, has spread out over it for days, and even months together, a sky of clearest bine, without a cloud to shade it, through which the great sun rolls his ciiariot of fire by day, and in whicli the stars of night glitter and Hash witli llhtroKY iiF OHHdOS. IV u brilliancy and lieiiuty iinriviilcd in any other land. Tliu excuedin^ dryness and raret'actiuii of I he atm(jH|)lmn' rertiiUinif tVoiii the j^reat aver- u^i! elevation of the eonntry, niaktt therniomot- rical changes a? nioBtunnotiuuahlu; and thoiiKhthu mercury may mark 90'', or even 100". or may fall to 0", or even to IH' bohjw, one little feels the chango, and soon coroea to realize that to htiman life these decrrees on the glass tube do not indicate his own personal comforts or dis- comforts at all. Though the climatic conditiotis of these two portions of the State are so diverse on the meteorological record, each has its own '^pecific elements of excellence, and the peorld who re- side in each are loud in their jiraise of their own. Hence wo conclude that bpth are alike good, although their goodness is not alike. A study of the climatology of Oregon will, we think, disclose two predominant causes modi- fying climatic conditions and giving the climate in different sections its interesting and excellent individuality. The first is the course and strength of the warm oceanic current that sweeps across the Pacific fro ,, die coasts of Japan, and striking the American coai-t well up toward the Arctic seas, sweeps southward, a mighty ocean river, clear down the Oregon coast, touching and roftening the air with its warm and gentle breath. Not only does it warm the atmospiiere above it, but it sends into the welcoming skies an increased volume of evaporation, which is borne eastward by the warm southwestern winds, until these winds touch the colder summits of the mountain ranges, where their burden of moisture is con- densed into raindrops which come down in showers on tlie thirsty fields and plains. These causes are perpetual, not accidental. They have operated since che ocean rolled. While the con- tinents stand above the floods of the seas they must continue; and continuing, this must re- main the most favored of landt:. The other very obvious cause of this condi- tion of climate is ihe trend of the valleys and iiKuiiitain range." This, as our readers have seen, is north antl south. This gives direction to the land-winds, or rather to the sca-wimls after they strike the land. Cniniiig rroiii the South I'ucitic in the winter they lirst strike the Oregon coast at an angle, pass over tlu* sum- mits of the Coast Ilange and then iire lietlected northward by the higher suniiuits of llie C!iis. cade range and flow northward down the valley oftho Willamette parallel to the coast, ('om- ing from the west and nortliwesi in the i-ummer, the very same physical obstnictioiis exactly re- verse their flow and the siiinmcr currents are from the north. I'revailing from each (luarter, months at a time, from the north, the cool, dry winds of the North Pacific, from the south, the warm, humid winds of the South Pucific. iiud thus deflected in exactly contrary courses at dif- ferent seasons by her mountain ranges, wi-st- ern Oregon is given her warm, humid winters and her cool and comparatively dry summers by causes easy to comprehend. Eastward of the (liseade mountains the cli- mate is modified mainly by two facts. First, the winds that come over the tops of the Cas- cade mountains in the winter have yiehled nearly all their humidity in their contact with these cold summits and thus fallen in rain on their western slopes or in snow on their pinna- cles. There is in thein no more humidity to cotidense until they have taken it up again from the comparatively slight evaporation from tiie small rivers, like Des Chutes and John Day, that are found eastward of that range. That is very little, and it is easily carried by these winds over the warm plane-surfaces until they strike the cooler sides of the Blue moimtsins, where condensation again occurs, and nearly the last vestige of hnmidity the.se wind-currents hold falls in snow upon the mountain tops. While the mountain ranges trend in the same direction as those farther west, and the general direction of the atmospheric currents is the same as there, they deal with an atmosphere already unloaded of its moisture. The second ol)vious fact is the greater eleva- tion of the whole face of this interior region IlISTOKY OF OltKUoS. \\} and litMicu tlu> ^ifiittfr mrity of tlio ntri)uH|)licro and its ^roiitur uunHe(|Ueiit alMnrlxint power. Till* iivfi'ii^c idtituilf ot' the interior plains of Oregon in iiUdit 'J.otM) tWtt. Tlio touch of i(« riiru mill thirHty iituioaphere to tho Hkin sceinx even to snck uwiiy tho lliiidrt of the lK>ily. It eould eiirtily drink np tlie lift- drops of h tlioii- sand rivers and then not lH>ar tho weightot' va- por thiit the l)<>nnin of the Paeitie yicidn to thene name windu Itoforo they tonuh the ( )rcg(>ii tdiore and are lightened of their iturdenof tlocnl hy the hard wrench of the Cascade nioniitain tops. Here, a* in western Oregon, eliniatii; caiiBes are pertnanent as the continent, and tiiis will he the dry, an that will be the wet portion of tho Slate forever. Art to healthfidnorts, the Stati* inis all thecoii- (litionA of it tiri)t-clat)H sanitarium. Its atnios- pliere west of tiie Cascaile mountains has everywhere tho tein|)ered coolness that v\'ould naturally come from proximity to the ocean. It bears still tho fragrance of the ileop, untainted hy any exhalations from fetid swamp or reeking morass. It has taken halm front tho pine and tho fir of tiie mountains and hills, and ho touches the spriiifis of human life with a freshening and invigorating force. The mountain ranges of the State, with their groat snowy cones, are almost in touch with the tides of tho sea, so that tho denser air of the sea level, or the rarer atmosphere of tho mountain lieights are always accessible as the needs or pleasure of the peo- ple require. East of the Cascade mountains the apparent conditions aro somewhat ditt'erent, while at the same time the same general liealth- fulnes.- is found; with no local causes for fevers or agues these are almost unknown there. Its dry, light atmosphere is a panacea for pulmon- ary taint. Without burdening our readers with health statistics we give il as the observation of many years, and extending over tho whole country from seashore to most distant mount- ain crest, that, on the whole, no more healthful land lies under the stars than this. I'lloDUOTIOMH. What a State is or what it is capable of In- coming depends altogether upon on what it is capable of producing to meet the wants of its own people, and supply the markets of the world. A desert nniy have, and generally does have, sunn) skitts, hut it is none the less a desert for these. The |>ro«itcil il(5t

ot)iii|Ki8iti(>n of tli(!>*e nieks iu /titit. TIiIh Hoil coiitaiim all tlit< cluiiietitH of fertility. Evury niialygiH iiiiulu of it — and tiieie have been liiunli'tMls --sh(»WM the pronmico of liini", iiia^nu- ttia, silica iiikI otiii^r U<8r« iinpurtiiiit inirivralH, Hiul thet*e made up the soil ax it exitttfl Inifore vt'^i'tatloii hu^aii to ^row ipon it. The natural coiirw' (if thin vi'f^i'tatior, from lifn to death, from coheHiun to decompi'Hiton, r< and character of the soils of ( >rcgon, as ex pressed in this chapter, are confirmed liy Chemist (J. W. Shaw of the Oregon Agricultural Kxperiinent Station, who, in Noveml)er, 1802, in setting forth the results of experiments made after tracing tiie origin of soils, and quoting some tables to give an idea of their composition, says of the Oregon soils: The State, comprising an area of 90,000 square miles, lies between 117 degrees and 125 degrees west longitnile and 42 degrees and 46 degrees north latitude. It is naturally divided into east- ern and western Oregon by the Cascade mount- ains. The eastern portion is about 3,000 feet atx)ve the level of the sea, and embraces about two-thirds of the State. That part of the State, together with a part of Washington, often goes by the name of the '' Inland Empire, '' since it is so surrounded by various mountain systems. The west'jrn portion may well be divided into a northern and southern portion, the first of which comprises the great Willamette valley and a por- tion of the Coast mountains. Throughout the entire western portion of the State there is a multitude of small streams furnishing an ample flow of water during the entire season. Tlie Willamette valley, embracing about 5,000,000 acres, is by far the largest valley in the State. It is about 130 milee in length by sixty in width, and extends from a low range of hills on the south (Calapooias) to Portland on the north. To show how well watered is this valley, it may' UlSTOliY OF OHKdON. Iti be stated tliat over forty streams feed tlie Willam- ette in its course, and the stream is navigalile for at)oiit 100 miles from itsmoiitli. The soils of this valley may be classified un- der two general heads, viz.: Thoki of the foot- hills and those of tlie bottom lands extending on each bank of the river. The former com- prise a belt of rolling land extending nearly around the prairie and merging into the mountains. The prevailing soils are of" basaltic origin mixed with more or less sandstone soil on the west side. The purely basaltic soils are mostly confined to the hilltops where they are generated. All the " bottom land " is of alluvii.l nature and varies greatly in depth, from a few inches to many feet. It is made up of the wash- ings from the hills and consists, as one would infer from the above, of a decomposed volcanic substance, somewhat basaltic in nature, mixed with sind and a large amount of alluvial deposit and vegetable mold or "humus," the last- named substance being the more abundant in this portion of the State because of the larger rainfall. SOir.S OF VOLCANIC OKIOIN. It is a fact noticed in Italy long ago. and borne out by the experience in this northwest, that the soils of volcanic origin are of an unsurpassed fertility. The basalt from which much of the soil in Oregon is derived is not like most rocks in respect to its makeup for it contains, from the very nature of the case, the fertilizing in- gredients of a combination of rocks. Hasalt is u complex mineral and a type of basic rocks. It is a very dark, almost black, rock, exceedingly hard and quite heavy; mineralogically it is made up of plagioclase (a soda-lime feldspar) augite, and olivine; it also nearly always contains more or less magnetic iron ore and other minerals. The coarser grained basalts are known as dol- erytes and the tine grained anamesyte. Chemi- cally the rock contains silica, lime, potash, soda, magnesia, oxides of iron and manganese, and alumina. There is one quite notable feature as to one of the mineral ingredients of basalt —an - gite — that it not infrequently contains consid- erable phosplnric anhydride (P2()5'), occurring ill a crystalline form as apatite. Of such an oc- currence one writer has said: "While such crystals scattered in the soil may be somewhat refractory in dissolution, yet the mechanical and chemical process of soil forma- tion n.ust have supplied an abundance of finely pulverized mineral ('floats') available for the use of vegetation." The chemical composition of this rock from which has been derived the greater portion of our soils explains why the apparently barren soils ol the eastern portion of the State, when 8 ijiplied with tlie necessary moisture, are so very productive. In spite of the fact that some of the books published state that basalt forms soil very slowly, ye'i the rocks are really fragile and short-lived. They appear to be dense and lasting, but being complex in structure and con- taining a considerable amount of protoxide of iron, which is capable of further oxidation, and this quite rapidly, forming a sesquioxide, the bonds of the minerals are loosened and the rocks break up. At the foot of every basaltic cliff is found •■. pile of debris and all over the basalt country this crumbling proceeds regularly and comparatively rapid. These rocks are of recent geological origin and doubtless represent the same tii-ie as tlioee forming the Sierra Nevadas, the material being deposited in the Jura- Trias and elevated as mountains in the middle of the Mesozoic, while the formation of the Coast Kange did not occur till about the end of the Middle Tertiary or Miocene, the place of the range hav- ing a marginal sea bottom and received sedi- ment from the beginning of the Cretaceous. At the end of the Miocene this mii.riginal sea bottom yielded to pressure and swellr-d up into the Coast Range of t.- day. This inclosed between it and the Cascade range an immense body of water, which after a time became fresh, giving fresh-water sediment. These alluvisd deposits were elevated and drained off, tlie Willamette valle} being the latest to become land. These changes just mentioned, however, were not the l^? uisToitr ov oHEaoN. 28 ones wliicli primarily gave us tiio iininense quantities of Ijaaalt, but ratiier tiie great lav en H r o n .^ n o r c 2 2 > < g l ig! )/ ' ! l| ji »i |^ <)|»ii '■ HISTORY OF OREGON. 2S also in eastern Orej^oii, along the iin mediate shores of the CoUunbia, and other streams, as well as in favored localities in any part of the country, this may also be said of the peach and the grape. Wl)at has been said of the grains and grasses, and fruits is equally true of all kinds of vegeta- bles. It would be a waste of space to specify their kinds, and it is enough to say that in all these are produced from the soil for the support of man or beast, if Oregon does nof lead the States of the American Union in variety, in average quantity per acre, and in the quality of the product, we have failed to read the record of the agricultural industry of the country aright. In the food productions of the State must be counted meats — domestic and game — and fish. Of game, there are deer and elk, which inhabit the mountainous portions of the State in con- siderable numbers, and during the open season are found in the markets of Portland and other cities in considerable abundance. Wild geese, brant, duck, pheasants, grouse, and quail are very abundant. The bays and rivers are abundantly supplied with all varieties of fish; the lordly sal- mon being taken in uncounted numbers. The mountain streams are all supplied with the finest of trout, while the deep sea gives up to the tables of the people almost a surfeit of its tinny tribes. It would be easy to give our readers tabulated statements of the astonishing yield of the variety of human food, but we judge this general statement will better serve the purposes of this work. It would take a volume to give a description of the vast mineral resources of the State, whereas we can give them little more than a paragraph as evidence that we have not foigot- ten nor overlooked them. Extensive gold min6s have been worked in southern Oregon since 1849. The placer mines of liogne river have yielded tens of millions of dollars of the precious metals, and many of them are yet profitably worked. Eastern Ore- gon, since 1862, has closely followed, if, indeed, it has not exceeded southern Oregon in gold productions. Tiie mines of Grant and Bake* counties have ranked amoi>g the best of the Pacific coast for thirty years. Though the old placers have been considered practically ex- hausted, yet new ones are from time to time discovered, and a very large ami^^nt of gold is yet annually produced from them. In addition to the placer mines, quartz gold mines and sil- ver mines are worked, and there is a large out- put of gold and silver from them. The iron mines of the State are of great ex- tent, and yield ore of a very high quality, ranked among the best of the United States. The market for their product has been so limited, as yet, that but comparatively little smelting has been done; but the quality of the iron pro- duced has been so superior, and the quantity that might bo produced is so nearly unlimited, that it is obviovs this is very soon to be one of the greatest productive industries of Oregon. Coal of a fair, even good, quality, underlies great extents of country in southwestern Ore- gon, and indications of it appear in many other place?, but as yet it has not been extensively mined. In the productions of Oregon, timber takes a staple place. With the exception of Washing- ton, there is no State -of the Union that can rival Oregon in the excellence and abundance of its building material. Washington being exactly like Oregon in location and climate is just its equal in the character and abundance of its timber growths. The very king of lum- ber trees is the fir of the mountains and foot- hills, and river and bay margins of Oregon and Washington. Whole forests of these magnifi- cent trees frequently average 250 feet in height, and from four to six feet in diameter; while trees 350 feet high and from eight to ten feet in diameter are not unfreqnently found. The trees grow almost perfectly straight, and it is no unusual thing to see them seventy-five or a hundred feet from the ground to the first limb. The timber is sawed into any length the archi- tect may desire for any use of the builder's art. 20 innTOItY OF OltmioN. The luinbor is straight, strontj, ekstic; better suited to the solid friime-worli of Uifty editicus, and lonir spans of liridujus and trestle-work, than any other. The lumber produced from the yellow lir is incomparably (ine. Cedar, very large in growth and excellent in quality for linisliinir material, also abonnds. It cli>sely follows the tir in size, and though not at all suitable for frame- work, it takes a beautiful polish, and either when done in natural colors or painted there is nothing superior to it for the inner finishing of houses. Oak. ash, niajde, alder — which is here quite a large tree; spruce, tamarack, laurel, and other woods, make up a tine variety for all the njes of service or orna- ment to wdiich it needs to be applied. In its timber alone. Oregon has an untold hoard of wealth for future generations. It is likely that the growth of the standing forests of Oregon has exceeded the consumption of lumber, if, in- deed it lias not exceeded the distinction of tim- l)er from all causes, during tlie fifty years since settlements were begun by the whites. With this generalized stateuient of the topography, geology, climate and productions of Oregon, we bring this section to a close, as- suring the reader that, if we have not dealt in figures iii making this showing, it is not because they were not easily obtained, but Iwcause we judge these general facts will better serve the pur])08es for which the. ordinary reader will peruse this volume. -^■%(ii:iii->^- CHAI'TER III. THE INDIANS OF OREGON. Data TuAorridNAr, — Fiusr Ilici.rAiii.E Accounts — Live Facts — Ueasons^Ixdians ok thk Coast — Indians of tue Inieriok— Want ok Pkoouess — Lewis and Clakke's Account- Few Divisions — Indians of the Willamette Valley — Of Kooue River — Ok Pi-qet SorsD — The Klamath.! — Klikitats — Cavises --Nez Pek(^e8 -Siioshones — Comparison — TuK Walla Wallas — Theik (Jukat Ciiiek — Yei.leit — I'uupumoxmox. lO^IE notice of the original inhabitants of Oregon is due the reader of this book; even though that notice must necessarily be short and its data largely traditional. With- out a written language of any kind, unless it was the use of the rudest and most barbarous symbols, they have passed away and left no re- corded history: without architecture, except that which exhausts its genius in the construc- tion of a skin wigwam or a bark lodge, they have died and left no monuments. Traditions concerning them are too confused, contradictory and uncertain to satisfy any wlio desire reliable history. Any real information at all reliable concern- ing them began with the publication of the journal of the exploring expedition of Lewis and tMark in 1804 and 1805; and then observa- tions, especially west of the Cascade mountains were so limited that they could not have come into personal contact with any of the tribes of the Willamette valley, nor with the tribes that inhabited the region about Puget sound. Those east of the Cascades, inhabiting on the Columbia and J-ower Snake rivers, and thence inland to the liocky mountains, they saw and learned more about. Incidental notices of various tribos have been given to the world by other explorers HIHWRY OF OliEQON. 27 1111(1 travelers, but not very iiiucli that liave been written concerning tluMn was not the ascertain- ings of ])atient and continued personal investi- gation, nor yet the impressions of any extenr across the inoiuitiariH hikI (l state, aljout a mile wide and two or three hundred feet high. Through this the river has cut its way, draining the basin of a great lake, which once occupied a considerable part of the Willam(!ttc valley. We mention these things simply to show why we do not follow and transcribe upon these pages the recitals of those who wrote as history so much that was purely imagiinition. 'I'liere w<'re really but a few divisions of the Indian people in lower Oregon !U)rth of the Calla|)0oia mountains, including the valley of the Columbia on both sides of the stream, and the valley of the Willamette river. These were the Cliinooks, whose territory extended from the Cascades of the Columbia to the ocean on both sides of that stream, and extended up the Willamette to, and including the falls. Then, inhabiting the Willamette valley to the sununit of the Callapooia range, and from the Coast Kange to the foothills of the Ciscades were the Callapooias. The Molalla tribe held a terri- tory on the western slope of the (Cascade range along the heads of all the streams that How into the Willamette from the east, an;iiu warriorit to tliu lille's front rh steadily niid loiif; im he could lii» iraiiicil rtoidiurti. Tliu (!i»yutnsly murdered him and his devoted and cultivated wife in a moment of savage frenzy, as related elsewhere. In all the wars with the whites occurring in eastern Oregon the Cayuses were deeply and criminally involved. Lacking in intelligence and ntibleness of the Nez I'er- ces, they also lacked their real bravery. Still they were cunning, crafty, full of alertness and energy, and by no means a foe to be despised. The Walla Wallas, with their associated bands, were at one time the most renowned of the tribes of the Columbia valley. At the time of the visit of Lewis and Clarke their great Chief- tain, Yellept, exerted an influence over tlie Indians of that valley like that which Tecumsoh exercised over those of the valley of the Ohio. Tradition makes liim a man of real greatness; one of those rare human productions that oc- casionally appear among all peoples and all races that seem to set the high-water mark of human capability and po\ver for the generation; or, to use a better figure, in which human greatness sweeps to the aphelion of its orbit, and from which there are generations and ages of reces- sion. Such men do appear, and among the Indians such were Philip, Tecumseh, Black Hawk, Joseph, Yellept; and they make the up- permost sweep of the power and life of the Indian race. Yellept was known in hirt life, and is known now in tra (Icatli of \m litxt 8oti, 1111(1 linked tliiit lie ii)ii;lit lie Ipiii'icil ii('('c(nliii;j; tn llii' Kliglisll cnntnlii. Ilin ivUMCHt vvMtt j.'iiiiite(l. Tilt: fiiiKTiii Hurvie'c watt reiwl ovt'i- his ruiiiitiim, nnil thecottiii \vui» lowertnl iiitii the frnivo aiiiitl tlic wailing of liis pi'o|ile. Witii a coiintciiaiici' iiidicatiiii' the iitiiioHt do- tt-riiiiimtioii anil siiiciTity, lu< stujipMl to the hoad of the ilet'[i(liii^ j;ravi'. and rcijiiested IiIh jieople to lie sili'iit. lie then rehearf*ed to tlieiii the Btory of his life, wliieh hud lieen ho Ion;; tlm j^lory and the c^reatnesH of the Walla Walla na- tion. With a i'ather's tendernexs and a cliief- tain'it pride, he relienrrted the Ktory of tlie deeds of IiIk five Kons, the hint of whom now lyinj; in the eotKii nnder his feet, dead; and he wan now Ktandini^ like a tree whose branches had been broken otl', whose trunk had Ix-en riven and blasted by the thunderbolts. He then an- nounced to them the 8tartlin<; fact that he had resolved not to survive the burial of his youu)^- est son, and nishinj^ into the grave he stretched himself iipo!i the cofHn of hie son and com- manded his people to bury him with his beloved boy. A mighty burst of lainentatiju ii'e upon the breeze; but this lastcommund.of tiic mighty chieftain whs us rciulily olHtyeil as any he had ever issued in the butth< or the camp. And tliiiH, in this voluntary Hulf-iminolution on the altai of his love and sorrow for his faiiiilv and nation, |>erisheil the greatest, as well as the best ehieftaiii of the Walla Wiilla mition. In later years something of the renown of thi« days of Vellept returned under the intlueneu of Pou-|Kjn-mox-iTiox, called by the Kni^lish, yellow serpent. lie was so near us, indeed contemporary with some of us, that the halo of tradition is not s|>r(ikd over his [lamu; but had he lived when his nation was at its xenitli of power, liet'ore its enervating contact with the vices of the whites, his would have rivaled the luunes wo have before (juoted in barbaric splendor. Hut with his last, greit effort to save his people, the glory of the Walla Walla tribe expired, and since he tell they have been but a feeble and fallen remnant of decayed barbar- ism. We have dwelt somowhr.t at length on the story of these tribes l>eeau8e they were the best representatives of Indian life in the interior of Oregon, when that lifi< was best of anywhere on the northwest coast; but it is not necessary to follow it further. -^^^m^m^^ — \\ I UIHTOHV Oh' iiHKiloy. 03 CIIAITEK IV. EAKLIKHT UIHCOVKHIE8. Si'AI.N I'lIK PloNKKK OK DiSroVKItV — SkAKCII KOK A NoKTIlWKST PaWA((K — SlMltl r OK CoNyL'KsT — CoKTKZ- Mkndoza's Voyaok — Fkukm.o Fikst Discovekki) Okkoon- -Rivals to Si-ain — SiK Kkancis Dkakk— His (Ji.aims ok Disiovkky — Cavkndisii — Skiiasiian Viscaino Stim- SKAKi'HiNa Koit TiiK Stbaits OK Aman — Hiiosdn's Hav Comi'any Chaktkrkm — Risk ok RutisiA — Pktek tmk (}kkat^|{i:iiiun()'m Votacikh — Caitain Jamk» ('ook and his Dis- 0OVKBIK8 — IllH DkaTII — ()kE(10N StILI, LlTTMi IvNOWN — Si'ANIAKDS AuAIN E.NTKK THK L18T8 — QiiiMi'KK — Straits of Fuca. fllK earlie«t discoverieH 011 the American continent nmdo i)y any portion of the civilized world, if we do not count the soincwiiiit inytiiiciil ones attrilmtcd to North- men on the count of Groeiiland, were made in 1492, under the aiinpicesof Spain: at that time one of tiie most powerful and agj^ressive nations of Europe. This discovery of a New World he- iiind the western seas kindled an aj^e already tired with a 8|)irit of romantic adventure and religious zeal to a much greater enthusiasm of conquest and siilijugation. As Spain had leu in the discoveries that had thus opened the new continent to the mnltitioiis of the enterprising and adventurous, it was only natural ihat her sailors should haste to follow the path that the galleys of Columbus had marked for them over the seas, and her soldier-adveiilurers should en- ter on a courso of conquest in the countries dis- covered. The stories of the sailors who hud returned to the ports of Spain invested the new lands visited by them with a glory of fabulous wealth that could easily be gfithered from the semi-civilized savage tribes found there by the stronger arms of the men of Castile. Inspired by the numerous stories, three years had not passed before they had began the con- quest of the islands off the southeastern coast of the American mainland, by the subjugation of Hayti. In 1511 the island of Cuba was invaded and conquered in the name of the king of Spain. Three years afterward Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Darieii and discovered the great south sea, of which such knowledge had already been communicated liy the natives that it had already l)een designated on the maps of European geographies. Seven years later Magellan entered it by the straits that bear his name and gave it the name of the "Facitic." In 1519Cortez landed in Mexico at the head of an army of 950 men, and invaut such had been the unpropitious results of the attempts of Cortez to find tempting food for adventure west and north of Mexico, that it is Ijiicly discovery would have stayed its progress in that direction, had not other motives prompted its advance from another quarter. Tliese were the hopes and efforts of ?]uropean discoverers to find a Northwest passage from the Atlantic Ocean through the American continent to the Indian seas. Before 1500 one of the adventurous navigat- 34 aiSTOUY OF OREQON. % ors of Portugal, Vascia de (THiiia, had reached the Indian Ocean l>y sailinij eiv^tward from Lis- bon around tiie Cape of Good Hope. (Caspar (Jor- tereai, aiiotb.or eminent Portngnese discoverer, explored tiio Atlantic coast of North America in 15(K), and sailinir around Labrador entered the straits wiiich opened westward under the 00° of iioitii latitude. Through these lie pa.«8ed into what is now known as Hudson's Bay, and believed tiiat he had entered waters which led into the Indian ocean, and had accomplished, by sailing westward from tlie west coast of Knrojie, what Vasca de Gama had by sailing eastward, — the discovery of a passage to the wealth of Asia, so little was then known of the geography of the world. To the straits through which lit, bad passed be gave the name of Anian, and the land south of them he called Labrador. When Magellan, in lo'^O, sailed into the Pa- cific, through the straits to which liis own name was given, and continued his voyage westwanl until the whole world was circumnavigated, the belief of navigators in the existence of the straits of Anian was greatly strengthened. This arose from their belief tiiat the straits of Ma- gellan were only a narrow passage piercing the heart of the continent, where it was much nar- rower than elsewhere; and they suppjsed the same thing would exist to the north, especially since (Vrtereal had reporteil its discovery. For Miiiny years tlie chief efforts of explorers were put forth for its real discovery. The efforts of Si)ain were mainly directed from the Pacific side of the continent, while England France, I'ortugal and Holiund iiuide theirs from the eastern. It is not necessary to our history to follow the course and story of these expensive and continued efforts, as they had but a remote bearing on the history of Oregon; but this fal)le of tne noithwest i)a8Bage kept up the spirit of discovery for many years, and the search for it was p^rticijjated in by all tlie leading niara- tiine nations of the world. The first knowledge of the countries on the Pacific coast was not to come, however, from any passage of the straits of Anian, but from the spirit of conquest that the conquest of Mexico had kindled in the south. After the snbjugation of Mexiex), Cortez be- gan the construction of vessels on tlie coast of- Central America for use on the Pacific. After these vessels had been employed for some time on the lower coasts, they were sent directly across the Pacific, but he constructed others in which he directed expeditions along the Mexi- can coasts and in Lower ('alifornia. He dis- covered the gulf of California and the Colorado river. He made an attempt at colonization at Sant."* Cruz, in Lower California The first at- tempt to pass around the peninsula of Califor- nia was made in 1539, by Francisco de Ul'oa, the energetic and can..ole assistant of Cortez in all his ojjerations on the west coast of Mexico. He succeeded in reachin>r the twenty-eighth de- gree of latitude, but as so baftied by head winds and sickness among his men, that he was compelled to return to Mexico. Don Antonio de Mendoza, a Spanish noble- man of high rank, succeeded Cortez as viceroy of New Sprtiii. He dispatched an expeilition of two small vessels, commanded by Juan Rodri- guez Cabrillo, and dispatched it in 1542 to search for the straits of Anian, and incidentally to discover any of those civilized nations that the traditions of the Indians or the imagination of the Ciucassiaus located in the northwest. He followed the coast as far north as 88", but encountered a violent storm, which drove him several degrees backward. He found shelter in a small harbor on the island of San iiarnardino, lying near the coast in latitude 34°, which he called " Port Possession," and which was the first point on the California coast of which the Spaniards took possession. Here Cabrillo died, in .lanuary, 1543, and the command ilevolved on Hartolome Ferrelo. who again headed the vessels to the northward and voyaged np the coast. He reached, on the 1st of March, a point as high as 44°, as given by some antli' ri- ties, and withoi't doubt should be credited with having first discovered the coast of Oregon, though he made no chart of its outline, and niSTOBY OF OliEOON. made no landing upon it. The results of the voyage, and of some expeditions sent inland under Alearou and Coronado, satisfied the vice- roy that the wealthy nations of tlie coast and country north of Mexico existed only in Indian fables, and that if any straits of Aiiian existed they must be far north of the fortieth parallel of latitude, and all effort to explore the country to the northward was abandoned. IJut Spain was complete mistress of the Pacific. Her flag ue of the return of the little vessel • Agitilar from Cape liUnco back to Mexico in 161)3, a (entury and more elapsed before the prow of anotlier vessel cleft the waters of the North racific. * Hut suddenly interest in tliese regions revived again. In the north of Europe, Russia rose, by the genius of her enlightened monarch, Peter the Great, from an almost unknown condition to a liijjh rank amonj; the nations of the world. He extended the powers of iiis empire eastward across Silieria, until they reached the liorean peninsula of Kaintchatka. Then he songlit to carry them still farther eastvrard until th«-y touched the western confines of the provi', ,..? of England, Spain and France, on the Am' miuo continent. How far that might be It nr tv ni)t, but his was a mind not to be dn '!?■ 1 h\ ditliculties nor distracted by doubts. He ordered vessels to Ik; built at Ai'changel, on th«> V/iil, sea, for the puriKise of cruisinj? :rii,tward, and endeavoring to pass into the Pacific through the Arctic ocean. Hefore his plans were com- pleted Peter died, and was succeeded on tho throne by the Empress Catharine. Tiiough there was some delay in prosecuting ^Ile designs of Peter tho Great, as soon us pos- sible, Catharine, v, liose ability was eo , to that of her great husband, began to pusi ■,'■■.: i for- ward. In 1728, in accordance wit'! ':■■■■:■ ui- structioiis, vessels were built on the cvw t of Kaintchatka, and dispatche*! in search of the passag'^ siipji) ; I t> exist between the Arctic and 1 iv.'iuc oceiiu^ Vitus Beliring, a Danish navi;' tto! of '.sp' it;.,'e and skill, had been des- ignated by Pet-^r to command the expeditii)n, and his selection was contirmed by Catliarine. He sailed in .luly, and followed the coast north- m U I STORY OF OREGON. •i1 westerly until he found it bending steadily to the west. He beciiine convinced that he had ulroady entere<] the Arctic, and whh sailing along the northern coast of Asia, having reached the 07^ of latitude. Neither going nor returning through the straits did he discern the east lines of America, as the prevalent cloudy and foggy weather obscured it. Being unpre- pared to winter in the ice, or to make a long and t'.vposeil voyage in the open sea, he returned to the port of his embarkation. The next year he made another voyage, in which he endeavored to lind the coast of America by sailing directly eastward, but batHed by con- trary winds was obliged to take refuge in the bay of Okotsk, antl abandoneil the effort and re- turned to St. Petersburg. Other Russian expe- ditions followed, but without decisive result until in 1732,'one of the vessels employed was driven by the winds and currents on the Alaaka coast, when it was discovered that but a narrow strait separated North America from Asia. Upon -this was bestowed the name of Bering. Other expeditions from Russia there were, but with little result to geographical knowledge. One in 1741, under Bering, commanding the St. Peter, and Tcliirkoif, commanding the St. Paul, came to a most disastrous end; Tcliirkoif himself tinally ret\irning with but a few of his men, the remainder having been bntchere that if lier vessels were compelled to double the Cape of Good Hope and then sail around Asia to reach the northwest coast of America; or, oil the othei* hand, to pass around Capo Horn to reach the same point, it was not worth her while to seek for possessions in northwest America. Henco, if the straits of Anian were a myth she was ready to gire up her attempts at northwest colonization. True, the ^[exican viceroy, representing the Spanish throne, di- rected bis vessels in these waters to thoroughly exj)lore the straits of I'uca and the connecting waters, and to ascertain if there were not con- venient points south of the entrance of those straits for the establishment of Spanish settle- ments, but those objects were subsidiary to the main purpose of finding the connecting passage between the Atlantic and the I'acific. Lieutenant Salvador Fidalgo, commanent some time in the river, reach- ing in a row-boat a point of land he named Point Vancouver, in honor of his captain, a place which has retained the name of the English navigator through all the changes of discovery and history. We are now ready to turn to the story of the discovery of the great Kiverof the West by Cap- tain Robert Gray. As the expedition which resulted in this most important event was dis- tinctively American, and was undertaken so soon after the United States had achieved independ- ence and became a recognized force among the world's great powers, it seems proper that we give it a somewhat particular setting forth. Be- sides it was that one venture that thus early gave the United States high place in the his- tory of maritime adventure and discovery, and, so far as claims from discovery and prior oceu- pancy of any region can, under international reasons, give any conntry a right to the posses- sion and ownership of newly discovered uncivil- ized lands, furnished the decisive ground for America's claim to Oregon. It will be well, therefore, if we, as Americans, pause long enough here to get both the antecedent motives and the real story of this expedition clearly set in our minds. For the unknown ages "The Oregon'' had rolled unseen "tiirough the continuous woods" to the sea. From the middle of the eighteenth cen- tury the discoverers and adventurers of FVanco and Spain and Portugal and England, as well as 44 HISTOKY OF OHEOON, the "FreebociterA" of all clinies, liiid Iuhmi siiiliiij; nil ocoiins tiiid ''Iiyiiif; nil shores in keen (jucst of iiuw IhiiiIs to iiihi to olil (loininioMs, or of treasiirt'B of gold ami silvur iintl precious stones to iiiitke more plethoric their !iiitioiml treiisiires, or adil new luster to their jew<»led crowns. Tiie independent rovers sonj^ht forany prizeon sliipor shore that could add to their accnmnlated spoils, either of "heaiity or hooty."' The I'acilic ocean was the great field of their unrestrained roam. From the capitals of Kiirope it was across the Atlantic ocean and the American continent on the one side, and on the other behind the Indian seas and Asia; the largest continent of the globe. There they were secure from the direct interference of courts or kings, and limited only by their iron wills or streni^th came and went at their pleasure. From island to main- land they coursed the ocean. From the Bering seas to Pata<;onia they traced the shorelines of America. They discovered capes and head- lands, bays and straits until they supposed they had charted all the coast. Thus tiieir work went on until 1780, and evc'i later, and still "The Orejjon'' rolled unseen to the sea. A story that had come at last to seem a myth of some great "River of the West'' that went down from the mountains toward the west, had floated, in some mysterious way, into the thoughts of geographers and explorers, and even a name, — Oregon, had been given to it; but no eye save that of whatever barbarous hordes might dwell in its primeval solitudes, had ever seen its springs or traced its course or noted its issue into the ocean. Faith in its existence was well nigh lost. How could it have been otherwise? It had l)een one great object of the quest of the navigators along the western coast. Means and Cook and Van of its soil and sovereignty. I.,et lis !»ee what they were. The publication in 1784 of (^iptain ('ook's journal of his third voyage awakened, not in Kngland only, but New England as well, a pro- found interest in the possibility of an important and profitable trade on the Northwest coast. In Moston a number of gentlemen took up the matter serious y, and dct(!rmined ') embark in the enterprise on their own account. The lead ing spirit aii.ong them was Joseph Harrell, a gentleman of cultivated tastes, wide knowledge of affairs, hi ;^h tocial standing, and acknowl- edged influence. Associated with him in close relationship was Charles Itultinch, a recent graduate from Harvard, and who had just re- turned from pursuing special studies in Europe. The other patrons of the enterprise conceived by these gentlemen were Samuel Brown, a pros- jierous merchant; John Derby, a shipmaster of Sali'in; Captain Crowel Hatch, a resident of Cambridge; and .John Martin Pintard of the New Y'ork house of Lewis, Pintard «fe (Jo. These six gentlemen subscribed over ^50,000, and purchased the ship Columbia, or, as it was afterward often called, Columbia Rediviva. The Columbia was a full-rigged ship, eighty- three feet long and of ■ 212 tons' burden. A consort was provided for her in the Washington, a sloop of ninety tons,' designed for cruising among the islands and in the inlets of the coast in the expected trade with the Indians. Small as these vessels seem to us in this day of pon- derous steamships, they were stanchly built, and manned by skillful navigators. As captain of the Columbia the company selected Captain John Kendrick, an experienced officer, forty-five years of age, who had done considerable priva- teering in the Revolutionary war, and had since commanded several vessels in the merchant service. For the charge of the Washington Captain Robert Gray, an able seaman, who had been an officer in the Revolutionary navy, and a personal friend of Captain Kendrick, was n I STORY OF OliKOON. 41) lioson. Tliene iiith. Btid experienced loaders had ey liui' log, oO.OOO iiiilco. Tliis voyiifTc III' tile ('(iluiiiliia gave tlio ves- Hfl, licr ollicfi'tt iiiiil ((Wiiors grunt ccliit. (lov- ciiior .liilni Iliitii.Mck gave an eiitiTtHiiiment in tlifir lioimi'. ThiMigli tlio pi\)tit8 of the M>yage were small, it was an acliievenient to l)u |)ronil of, and liH(l pre|mre(l tlio way lor niorti prolit- (il)le traije in snlisecjiient yearti. Tiie owners of tiie slii|) llierefore iinnu'diately projected a sec- and voyage tor lior. Slie was pnt in [wrfect iM'der, with new masts and 8|mr.-f and a com- ph'te onttit, ami again li'ft lioston on tiie 28tli of Septenilwr, ITIM), witli Captain Gray in eom- iiiand and a weil-teleeted corps of oHicers and coinpeteiit crew. Stopping only at tiie l''anlk- iand islands for a few days, Captain Gray sailed directly to ('layo(jnot, arriving there on tlie 4tli day of .June, 171)1. The in8t''nction8 to Captain Gray contem- plated a season's trailo witli tiie natives on the wast, then a visit to China for flie sale of the furs he might obtain. lie was charged not to /isit any Spani.sh port, not to trade with any of the subjects of his Catholic majesty "for a single farthing.'' Gray found the natives very treaclierous and cruel. Three of his men were mass.tcred. In .Inly Captain Kendrick in the Washington arrived from (Jhina, and the two vessels and commanders were rennited near wliere they se|)arated two years before, one, the Coluinl)ia having made the circuit of the WuVlll. In February, 1792, a plot was laid by the In- dians for the capture of the ship. The crafty cliiefs had endeavored to bribe Attoo -a Ha- waiian lad, who had been taken by Captain Gray from the Sandwich islands when on his way to China, and who had remained with him until now — to wet tiie ship's lirearms and give them a lot of musket balls; promising to make him a great chief. He informed the Captain of the plot. Gray was greatly e.xcited. His heavy guns were all on shore, but he ordered the swivels loaded, the ship's people to come on board, and the ship to be unmoored from the shore and moved out from the bank. At mid- night tlio warwiioop of the Indians rei<d through the forests. Hunlreds of the savages had asseiiibliMl, but on linding their plans frus- trated by Gray's precautions tliuy instantly dis- persed. On the 2;}d of February, a sloop, which wan built by the men of the Columbia, and named the Ailventurer was launched. This was the second vessel that was built (^n the coast. She was fitted up, secured hor stores, and wi^nt northward on a cruis(< under the command i>f llaswell. ,\nd by this course of events we art; brought up to a date and icident that took the name of the Colui md of ('aptaiii (rray, her commander, o..> lOe list of onlin- ary shifw and ot-dinary commanders and fixed them in a place of transcendent and enduring fame. To this incident let us now carefully attend. Captain (iray now started on a cruise south- ward. On theSythof April, 1792, he fell in with Vancouver, who had l>een sent from En- gland with three vessels of the royal navy ati commissioner to execute the provisions of the Nootka treaty, and to explore the coast. Van- couver said he h id made no discoveries as yet, and in<}uired if (Tray had made any. Gray re- plied that he had: that in latitude 46° and W he had recently iH'en otf the mouth of a river, which for nine days he had tried to enter, but the outset was so strong as to prevent it, but he was going to try it again. Vancouver said this must be the small opening lie had passed two days before, which he thought might be a small river, inaccessible because of the break- ers extending across it. Of it Vancouver wrote in his journal: " Not {iory. On the 7tli of May lio saw an ontrance into H bay, in latitude W 58', •• wliicii liad a very good appoaraiicx' of a liarbor," and l)ort! away anil ran in. TIhh he called liulfincli harlior, but was Boon after deHJgnated an (rrayV Imrbor B8 a desorvod compliment to (tray, by which nainu it is still ami will ahv.iy:* bit known. Here on a moonlight night he was attacked by tile natives and w;i obliged to fire upon them iti self-defense. < >u the lOtli of May he re- sumed his course to the south, and at daybreak, on the 11th, saw the entrance of his desired port. As ho drew near, abuut eight o'clock, he bore away with all sails sol, ran directly in be- tween the breakers, and to his great delight found his ship in a large river of fresh water up which he steered ten miles. Here, rather than change the phraseology of Captain (iray, we give the e.vact laii>;tnage of Columbia's log from May 7tli to May 21, 1792, at which date the Columbia was again on her way to the north, and sailing away from the bold headland of "cape Hancock:" May 7, 1792, a. m,: Being within six miles of the land, saw an entrance in do., which had a very good appearance of a harbor; lowered away the jolly-boat and went in search of an anchoring |)lace, the ship standing to and fro, with a very strong weather current: at 1 P. m. the boat returned, having found no place where the ship could anchor with safety; made sail on the ship — stood in for the shore; we soon saw, from our masthead, a passage in between the sand bars; at 3:30 bore away and run in north- east by east, having from four to eight fathoms, sandy bottom; and, as we drew in nearer be tween the bars, had from ten to thirteen fath- oms, having a very strong tide of ebb to stem; many canoes alongside. At 5 p. m. came to in five fathoms of water, sandy bottom, in a safe harbor, well sheltered from the sea by long sand-bars and spits; our latitude observed this day was 4G° 58' north. May 10: Fresh breu/.OH and pleasant wt^athur. Many luitives alongcside; at noon all the canoes left us; at 1 t: M. began to unmoor; took up till* best bower anidior and hovu short on the small do.; at Kultinch's harbor, now cilled Whit- by's bay, 4-:3() being high water, hove up the anchor and came to sail and a beating down the liarbor. May 11,7:30: Wo wor^^out clear of the bai-s, and directed our course to the southward, alon;; shore. At S r. >!.• the entrance of Hultinch's liarbor bore north, distance four miles; the Bonthorii extremity of thelanil bore south south- east ime-lialf east, and the north do. north norili- west; sent up the main topgallant yard and set all sail; ut 4 a. m. saw the entraniie of our difsired |)ort, bearing east southeast, ilistance six leagues in steering sails, and liauleil our wind in shori': at 8 A. M., being a little to windward of tlw en- trance of the harbor, bore away, and in eaore north by west. At y, in steering an(' topgallant sails . Alidnight, light airs. •May 21: At a. m. the nearest land in sight bore east south east, distant eight leagues. At 7, set topgallant sails and light stay-sails. .\t 11, set steering sails fore and aft. Noon, jdeasant, agreeable weather; the entraco of Hultinch's harbor bore southeast by east half east, distant live leagues. This departure of the ship (Columbia, with her gallant ^,,t|)tain aiul crew, from the mouth of the great river henceforth to bear the name of the vessel, whose keel tirst cleft its bosom, closes the most eventful and thrilling chapter of American discovery and adventure on the north- wist coast. Fp to this time the "(treat River of tie West'" had been but a dream, a vague and UKcertitied conjecture. Henceforth it is an ascertained aiul certitied reality; and after all the efforts of jealous rivals for the fame of the r CTl 2 lUSTOHY OF OREOO.y. 49 important discovery, it must forever reiunin true that on tlie lltli day of May, 1792, the first real knowledge of the existence of this mighty stream was gained by a civilized man, and tlie name it hears forever monuments the day and deed. Undoubtedly Carver, to whom the word Ore- gon is traced, may have heard of the river in 1707 from the Indians of the Rocky mountains; ami Ileceta in 1775 was near enough to its mouth to believe in its existence; and Means in 1788, named caj)e Disappointment and De- ception bay; hut none of these saw the river, nor really knew it existed. Means, whose claim as its discoverer England maintained so long and strenuously, showed by the very names he gave the cape and tin ny that he was deceived about it. And, to conclude the argument against himself, he gave not the slightest sug- gestion of t' \ cr on his map. The honor of discovery nn. ver rest with Gray. His was the lirst shiji !■■ 'rleave it- waters; his the tirst chart ever made of i^s iiores; his the first landing ever effected there bv civilized men. and the name he gave it has ncen universally accepted. The flag he there threw to the breez( was the first ensign of any nation that ever waved over these unexplored banks, and tin cere- mony of occupation that he perfor ■ d was something more than a meaningless pastime. It was a serious act performed of national sig- nificance, and was by liim reported to t!ie wor' as soon as possible. And when we rery r that as a result of this came the expodiiuni of Lewis and Clarke in 1804 and 1805, and the American settlement of Astoria in 1811 — to say nothing of the diplomatic acquisitions of the old Spanish riglits by the United States — we may safely say that the title of the United States to the Columbia river and thu country drained by its waters became incontestable. And hence the outcome of the Oregon (question in 1846. Though with their departure from the river the Columbia and her officers and crew ceased to have any active association with the liistory and development of the region for which tbey had done so mucli, yet patriotism as an Ameri- can, and gratitude as an Oregonian, require that in a few sentences we trace their liistory to its end. The Columbia remained u])on the northwest coast during the summer of ! 792, and Captain (iray ]inrsued an industrious trade with the In- dians in furs under many disadvantages ;ind attended liy many dangers. In the autnnu he hoisted sail for home, by the way of the Sand- wich islands and China, amidst the cheers of bis crew, who sang a joyous " homeward bound" as they spread the canvas to the breeze. At last, after all her rovings, the good ship reached Boston July 20, 1793, having immortalized, if n< t enriched, her owners, officers anii crew; wlilch is, after all, tlu; greatest possible enrioh- • ment. In a few years the ship was worn out and ili^mautled, and soon iier chief officers all passed , tay Kendrick never returned to America. Gray commanded several vessels after this and died at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1806. Ingrahaui became an officer in the navy, and went down with the ill-fated brig Pickering in 1800. Davidson was lost on the Rover in the Pacific, and Haswell sailed for the last time in 1801. and was also lost on the return voyage. Their names, however, will always be associated with the ships they sailed and served so well, and as long as the " Great River of the '"'•^st" flows to the sea so long will the Coluni ;. ,'e gratefully and proudly remembered by the American people. ■ 60 UlSrOHY OF OREOON. ili CIIAPTEU VI. SI ! ■i ,11 OVEULAND EXPLOKATIONS. SrAiN Lki) Makitime Discovkkiks — France Led Land Explokations — New Conditions and Com- binations — England's I'osrnoN — McKknzie's Joukneys — Imtortant Coincidence — Jeffer- son's Piioi'osrnoN— Lewis and Clarke's Instuuctionsto Tiikm — Louisiana Ceded — Lewis and Clarke Set Out — Tuir over the '• Stony Mointains'' — Voyage down Snake Rivek — Rea(;ii the Ocean — Winter Quarters— Start Homeward — Discovery of the Willamette River - Yei.lei't's Tkavei. up the Nez Perces Trail — Reach the United States — Mr. Jefferson's Statement — I-kwis made Governor, and Clahke General and Indian Agent — Captain Jonathan Carver — First Uses the Name "Oregon '"— Caitain J. C. Fremont's Expeditions — RoLTK OF Travel — Visits Salt Lake — Reache.s the Dalles — Visits Vancouver — Win- ter Journey to California. ^ \\ I, fll E coiirst' of oiir narrative, during the long period ot •'iine in wliich the Pacific coast of North America wa3 being slowl}' brought to the knowledge of civilized man, shows tliat the Frenciiinan and the Spaniard were the pioneers of exploration in that region, l)oth by sea and land. Spain led the maritime nations in distant and successfiil voyages. The Voyage of Colnmbus nnder the anspiees of Fer- dinand, his noble qneeii Isabella, whose reign over the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon gave Spain so imicli glnry in that iidveiitmons and chivalrous age, had kindled every maratitne Si)aniard into a very knight of the seas, and inspired the whole nation with a burning zeal for discovery and ooncjuest of distant lands. For Spain the times were propitious. Her rulers were among the greatest and most re- nowned of all ages of the world. Ferdinand and Isabella were succeeded byCJliarles the Fifth, one of the most enlightened and ]iowerful mon- archs that ever sat an any throne. He was suc- ceeded by his son Philip, who, though haughty and imperious, so carried forward the ideas and purposes of his great father that his kingdom reached the very zenith of power and influence in the councils of the European inonarchs. Tlie woe pronounceil iijioii a " land whose king is a child " could not fall upon Spain during this period. Weak and iusterless as may now bo the condition of the S])anish nation, ip the lakes and up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, the BVenchman's piro- gue kt'pt movement with the voyageurs' .songs as these care-free men of France pushed tl'fiir trade and travel into the middle of the continent. The French and English war of 1756, however, by giving England the oppor- tunity to wrest Canadafrom the weakened grasp of France, put a sudden stop to her movements in the line of explorations from tliat province, and opened the same opportunity to England that France had previously enjoyetifiuii of tli(! Iliitlson's Hay Cinnpiiuy, which liiid proved so niiiioiis to the individual traders wlio iiad ventured into tiie country hu- I'ore. In a very few years tiiis became a most prosperous and ])o\verful organization, and its traders and explorers tilled all tiio country cast of the liocky mountains as far north us the Arctic and as far south as the Missouri. The irreat headquarters of this ("onipany was at "Fort Chippewyan " oti Lake Athabasca, and were under the charge on Alexander Mackenzie, a very resolute and able man, whose enterprise in explorations stamped his name of the geog- raphy of all the west and nortli. In 1791 he organized a small party for a western exploration, intending to prosecute his journey until he reached the Pacific ocean. He had, two years before, discovered the river tiiat bears his own name, and followed it from its source in Great Slave lake to where it s, should have a place in our narra- tive, and which may appear here, parenthet- ically, as suitably as elsewhere. The name of Captain Jomitlian Carver, of Connecticut, who, t(!ii years before the Ameri- can revolution, visited the region." of the upper Mississippi, has l)ecoine connected with the his- tory of Oregon, not so much from what he really ilid in the way of exploration and discovery as for what luulesired or intended to do. Captain Carver had won some credit in the war against the French in which jMigland hsd wresteii from I' ranee her American ])ossessions. and was in- spired with zeal to establish Knglish ascendency over the entire northern part of the American continent. From all that appears Carver's act- ual travels were limited to a visit to the regions of the upper Mississippi, which he reached by the way of Detroit and Michilinuickinae. His object, as stated in the introduction to his book, which was published in London, in 1778, was: "After gaining a knowledge of the manners, cus- toms, languages, soil, and natural productions of the different nations that inhabit the back of the Mississippi, to ascertain the breadtii of the vast continent which extends from the Atlantic to the I'acitic oceans, in its broadest part, between the forty-thinl and forty-sixth degrees of north- ern latitude. Had 1 been ab"'^ to accomplish this, I intendedto have proposed to the Govern- ment to establish a post in some of these parts, about the strait of Anian, which, having been discovered by Sir Francis Drake, of course be- longs to the Knglish. This, I am convinced, would greatly facilitate the discovery of a north- west passage, or a communication between Hudson's bay and the Facitic ocean.'' Being unable to prosecute his purp'"' , to proceed "lo the headwaters of the Great Kiver of the West, which falls into the strait of Anian." he gathered what little information he could from the tribes with whom ho came in contact; made somewhat large extracts from French journals and histories, and gave all to the world under the title of I^ands Throughout the Interior Farts of North America in 1706-'08.'' A notice of his work belongs to these pages only because of a iirief reference to tlie "Great Kiver of the West," and the fact that he, so far as can i>e MimmmmimM^ mm HISTORY Oh' OIlKaON. A7 nsctTtaiiied, first uses tlie wonl Orcj^nn as tlip name of the soinewliat niytliical "(irent River." It is due to lijistory, ]icrimp8, tliat we tran- scrilie tiie Uricf paseai^e in wliicli lu; Hi)eal<» of the groat etreain wiiieh he thuit desi 'iiaten. It ig IIS roiiowa: "From thjse nations [called i>y liim Xaiido- wessies, the Assinopoils, and the KilliMlionor»l, together with my own ol)Hervation8, I have learned that the fonr most capital rivers of Nortli Amerien,- -the 8t. Lawrence, the Miesis- slpj)i, the river I'onrhon, and the Ore of the three former are within thirty miles of eacli other; the latter, known as lather farther west. This sliowe that these parts are the highest in North America: and it is an instance not to be paral- leled in the other tliree-(iiiarters of the world, that fonr rivers of such magnitude should take their rise together, and each, after running sep- arate eonrses, discharge their waters into differ- ent oceans, at a distance of 2,0(K) miles from their sources; for in their passage from this Bjiot to the bay of St. I/iwrence, east, to the bay of Mexico, south, to Hudson's bay, north, anil to the bay at the straits of Anian, west, each («f these traverse upward of 2,000 miles." It would hardly seem to the historian of the present, that there was enough in this |)ara- graph, which embraces all Tarver says respect- ing the Oregon, or the "Great River of the West," to associate his name in any way with Oregon liistory, and there is really not, except for his first using the name " Oregon." Though his use of that name was not such as clearly to iijentify it with the river whose mouth was dis- covered by Captain Gray in 1792, and which he appropriately called the (!olnmbia, it really did furnish the name for this vast region west- ward of the liocky nmiintains, lying between the 42ii degree of latitude and 54" 40' , and includ- ing the present three great northwestern States of the American Union. Carver gives no ac- count of tlie origin of the name Oregon, and no authority for its use, and up to this time no research has been able to discover them. There is little doubt but that it was invented by Car- ver, and that it has no liisforii- or scientitic ^ig- nifieanee whatever, except as it is assoi'iated with the mythical (treat River of the West, and I from thai passed to represent the vast country through which it was believed to flow. At length Hryant made it classic in his Thamitop- sis when ho sang of "TliB I'onliniious wooil where lolU the Dregon, Anil lieara no aoumi Hiive Us own dashing." So we trust to be |)ardoned for not pursnitig a wearying investigation into the derivation or meaning of the name Oregon, since all the studies of antiquarians have failed to do more than reach the conclusion we have aniumnced in a single sentence. These two early expeditions, that by Macken- zie in 1702, under the auspices of a eomjiany wholly British, and that of Lewis & Clarke in lS05-'06 under the direction of the (lovernment of the United States, are, perhaps, the only ex- peditions across the American continent entitled to be classed as exploring. Those that followed these entered more into the fabric of the history of the regions by them brought to the knowl- edge of the civilized world: and they will, as far as necessary, be treated of as such in their proper places. If any exception to this is al- lowed it should refer to the expeditions of Capt- ain Fremont, to whiut, cliiel' of the Corps of the Topoj;;riipliical EnjfiiieerB, oi'derwi the expedition ftiid gave its cuiiimaiid to Captain I'reiiiont. Ab this expedition of 1S42 had littlt; more to do with Oregon than to prepare the way for the one of the followiiii; vt'i"' which was continued in foree to the dalles of the (Joluniliia and \>y ('apt- aiii Fremont himself to Fort \^iiiconver we can dismiss it with this hricf reference. The second expedition, that of 1843, like tliat of the preceding yenr, was orj^anized at Captain Fremont's own solicitation. He dictated its ohject, marked out its route and selected its per- sonnel. Its oliject was to connect hi.s own sur- vey of the previous year, which reached as far west as the South Pass, with that of ( 'ommander Wilkes on the coast of the Pacific ocean. He selected a company of thirty-three men, princi- pally of Creole and (Canadian French, with a few Americans, and leaving Kansas landing on the ^[issoiiri river on the 2yth of ^^ay, reached the teriiiination of his former recoiinoissance in the South Pass, by the way of the Kansas, Ar- kansas and upper Platte rivers, passinir r)ver the spot where Denver now is, on tlui liJth of Au- gust. Here he entered Oregon, makiiiir tliisj frank record that " the hroad. smooth hij^hway where the numerous heavy waj^o ns of the emi- grants had entirely heaten and crushed the ar- temisia. was a happy exchange to our poor animals for the sharp rocks and tough shrubs among which they had been toiling so long. " This, it will be remembered, was the great emi- gration of 184B, and Captain Fremont makes no claim in his reports to have had anything to do with pioneering its way or contributing to its safe condu(!t, as his was a purely scientific and topographical expedition, and, in t)ur8Uaiice of these juirposes often led him far aside from the road of the emigrants. We speak of this in simple justice, as some writers have ridiculed him as claiming to be the '• pathfinder" to Ore- gon,— aclaiin which he nowhere makes, but which was only a [lolitical catch-wonl of his friends when he was the tlri.t candidate of the Uupubli- can jiarty for president of tlui (Inited States. It was like •• Fifty four forty or fight " of the can- didacy of Mr. Polk in 1M44, although it did not serve so successfully its purpose as tha' From the South Pass (japtain l'"remont con- tinued his course along the well-beaten emigrant road to (ireen river and then to Hear river, imiking c. .ef'iil annotatious of the topography and ge(dogy of the croiintry ovc ,■ which he passed. His exhaustive description of the locality and character of Soda or Heer springs has been the authority of all writors on the topography and mineralogy of that r fioii from that day to this. It is worth ■ bserving that his astromonical observations heiL lace Soda springs in latitude 42' 39' 57", or less than fifty miles north of what was then Mexico and consequently the same distance in Oregon. These are the "Soda springs'" now on thi; line of the Union Pacific railroad in eastern Idaho. The intention of (Japtain Fremont being to explore the Great Salt lake, which, up to this time had been almost a myth so far as science was concerned, about five miles west of Soda springs ho turned to the left, while the emi- grant road bore away over the hills to the right, and, after ten days' travel, mainly down the Mear Iliver valley, on the afternoon of September 5th encamped on the shore of a great salt marsh which he correctly concluded must be the margin of the lake. He reached the bed of the lake near the mouth of the Hear river, but skirted along it to the south until he reacdied the mouth of Weber river, near which the party encamped and made [)reparation8 for an exploration of some portions of the lake in an inflated india- rubber boat. Finally on the morning of Sep- tember y, the party launched out on the then calm surface of this ocean-like sea, and about noon reached the shore of an island where they remained that ami the following day. The account given by Fremont of Salt lake and its surrounding is exceedingly particular and interesting, but of too great length for these ft iiifiiilifiii fi UIHTOItV OF ONEHON. pa^('!4. Ur nMiiiiiiiud ii|>oii tlut Inko until the I2tli of Jit'|)t('ml)cr, wlii'ii liu ruBiiint'd lii« jour- ney towHrd the CJohiiiihia, returning along the line of liis previous travel. Ilin roinpany •.vas entirely out of food, tuakinj^ oim itujiper out of fiea-gullr>, wliieli Kit Carttoii had killed near the lake. Another evoninff Captain Fremont re- cords the fact tliHt iiun^^er uiado iiio people very quiet and peaceaMe, aiul there wan rarely an oath to lie heard in the catnp. (Certainly those ae- ((Uiiinted with the habits of the men of the mountaitiH and plains in thoHe days will believe these must have been very hunc^ry. lie restored them to j^ayety, and probably profanity too, by permitting them "to kill a fat youni; iiorse" which he had purchased of the Smike Indians. Their course led northward, thronj^h the ranf^e of mountains that divide the (treat Hiisin of Salt Lake frtim the waters that flow to the Pa- cific through the Snake and (!olumbia rivers. From these moutitains they emerged into the valley of what he calls the Pannack river, other- wise known as the Raft river, down which they followed until they emerged on the plains of Snake river in view of the "Three Huttes," the most |)rominent landmarks of these great plains, and reached Snake river on the evening of Sep- tember 22d, a few miles above the American Falls. From this point the reconnoissance of Captain Fremont was down tiie valley of Snake river, along the course afterward so familiar to the emigrants, sweeping to the south along the foot of the Goose Creek mountains several miles distant from Snake river, for all the distance in which it runs through the deeply cut basaltic gorge, in which are situated its greatest curiosi- ties, the Twin falls and the great Slu>>-hone Falls, the existence of both of which was unknown to white men until ten years later tlian Captain Fremont's explorations. He crossed the river to the north side some miles below " Fish- ing" or Salmon falls, thence to the Boise river striking that stream near the present site site of Boise City, and via old Fort Hoise, where he recrossed the Snake river to the south, and so westward through I'owiler river valley and (irande Konde valley to the Columbia river, whicii he reached at Walla Walla, now Wallala, on the 2oth day of October. In this etitire dis- tance nutny cartd'ul and freijuent astronomical oh- eervatioiis were taken, latitudes and longtitudes were fixed, and the country very accurately do- scribed topograpliically. The only part of this stage of his journey, on which Captain Fremont, did not follow the usual route of the emigrants, was from near where La (irande now stands, in Grande lioiidc valley over the Blue mountains, to where Milton is now located on the Walla Walla river just below wliere it issues from the mountains. Here he sought a new route, pass- ing the head of the Umatilla river to the east and north; but though he succeeded in forcing his way through the Blue range there, it has not been adopted as a feasible line of general travel. PVeiiiont continueil hif journey down the banks of the ' 'olnmbia, and on the 4th of No- vember reached the Dalles. Leaving most of his party nt this point. Captain Fremont himself continued his journey down the river, and in a few days reached Vancouver, where his westward journey terminated. The reception ^Ir. Fremont met at the hands of Dr. McLaughlin, at that time governor of the Hudson's Bay CoTnpany, was such as that eminently hospitable and courteous gentlcnan always extended to those who visited that place. The record made by Captain Fremont fully evinces this, and is like the common record of visitors there. He says: "I immediately waited on Dr. McLaughlin, the executive ofKcer of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky mountains, who received me with the courtesy and hospitality for which he has been eminently distinguished, and which makes a forcible and delightful impression on a traveler from the long wilderness from which we had issued. I was immedi.iiely supplied by him with the necessary stores and provisions to refit and sup- port my party inour(!ontemplated winter journey to the States." Dr. McLaughlin also furnished I 1^1 NJ 1 60 fflSTOnr OF OREGON. Captain Fremont with a letter of vecoiniiiendii- tion ami credit for any otHcers of tlu» lliidsonV Hay Company, into whose posts lie miijht he driven hy unexpected niiafortiine. As an item of history re(!orded liy Captain Fremont at this time the t'ollowinjr is worth the quoting, as it reveals Dr. ^rcLiiiiirhlin's treat- raeiit of the emitrraiit?! in a somewhat different and more honorable light than that in which Kome writers have presented it. Mr. Fremont says: "I found many emigrants at the Fort, others had already crossed over into tiicir land of promise — the Willamette valley- Others were dail" arriving, and all of them had been furnished with shelter so far as it could he af- forded by the buildiiijjs of the estal)liehinent. Necessary clothing and provisions (the latter to be afterward returned in kind from the prodnce of their lai)or) were also furnished. This friendly assistance was of very great value to the emi- grants, whose families were otherwise e.^posed to much Butfering in the winter rains whicli had now commenced, at the same time that they were in want of all the common necessaries of life." This record is honorable both to the man who made it and the man ol whom it was made, especially when we consider that the relations of the two governments of whmh they were severally representative citizei'--. and in some sense otHcial representatives, were then in the stress of urgent and somewhat strained di]ilo- matic controversy over the very country in which they had met. Completing the outtit for his jiruposed winter journey toward the States. Captain Fi'einont re- turned up the Columbia, the dalles, arriving at that place on the afternoon of the 18th of No- vember. I roin this point he proposed to be- gin his retrrn exjKMlition. The route selected would lead L'm southward, east eif the Cascade range, clear through the territory if the United States, and then, by a ^outli and eiwtwHrd wheel, through the Mexican territory, includinsir a con- tinued survey of the valley of the (treat Salt lake, back again to the frontiers of Missouri. Those acrpiainted with the region he expected to travel need not be told that few explorers ever ventureaseage of the Sierra Nevada mount- ains into the valley of the Sacramento. lie began this effort on the 3d day of February, and after a cliapter of hardships which have few parallels in the history of explorations, reached Sutter's Fort, in California, on the 8th (lay of March, 1844. The publication of the journal of these ex- peditions of Captain Fremont, in 1845, awakened a much deeper interest in Oregon than ever before existed, and his descriptions of the route from the Missouri river to Fort Vancouver, in the very heart of Oregon, was of great value to the great emigrations that crossed the plains from 1843 onward. His descriptions were remarkably accurate, and his maps of the routes traveled most scientifically correct, and these considerations entitle his explorations to this brief reference in a history of Oregon. — ^^lil:*-)^ CIlAFTEli VII. RIVAL CLAIMS AND PUETEN8I0NS. Claims ok Eihoi'ean Na iions — (^i.aims ok Si-ain — Rlssian Entkhi'ijisk — Eiuct c)f Poi-k Alex- ANDKR — MaZV JJoL'MIAlilKS — ExTKNF OF lUK Ol.n SrAMSIl Cl.AlM — Ok TUK KkkNCU Ci.AIM I'artiks To thk Stuugc.I/E CiiANOEi) — Fra.vce axi) (tkkat BurrAiN — liKsur/rs of tuk Wau ok 1759 TO FuANCK — State OF tuk Cask — What thk Unitkd Statks I'uKcnASKU — Claims of (irKEAr I'UIIAIN — t'OSTEU ON TEhlOl'S DllM.OMACV Two TliEATIIOS AT OnCE — N El the striiean capitals: in Paris and London .".nd St. Peters- burg. It was about the tables of diplomats. Within sixteen years of Kyswick came Utrecht, when the issues of war between France and 04 HISTORY OF OREGOy. i ill England, wajreil cliietly in Xorth Aniecica, brouglit A line of Eiiglaiiii aiui Louis XIV of P' ranee face to face in tlio person of tlioir ein- Ijaseadors. Tlie aged and luunliied Louis XIV gave up to (Tre:it Hritaiu the possessions of France on the Atlantic slope, and thus yielded the morale of position to the S:i.\on. Thus yreat Uritain became reinstated in place of Franco over tlie Hudson's Bay basin. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. I}\it France still held the Canadas, though they were sandwiched between the northern and southern possessions of Great Britain. The grain between the upper and nether millstones could remain unbroken when the stones were whirring as easily as these French provinces could remain in peace in such a position. In the struggles that followed the execution of the treaty of Utrecht, in the old world and in the new, more and more the tide of battle turned against France, in favor of Eng- land. At last the culmination of events came. In Montcalm and Wolf the hopes, and even a large measure the destinies of France and England, were impersonated. When they looked into each other's faces at Quebec, standing at the head of their armies on that great Septem- ber morn in 1759, each felt that was the morn of duty — the morn of destiny for themselves ana for their country. The issue of that day on the Plains of Abraham gave each general to immortal fame, but it gave to England all the territorial treasures of P'ran^.e east of the Mississippi, except three small islands off the coast of Xewfoundland. Had France not already, by secret treaty with Spain, executed about one hundred days before the great trans- fer to Great J>ritain, alienated her J'acific coast possessions, Great Britain would have taken all, and thisw(,uld so have changed the relatiotis of things that the atlas of the world would have had an entirely different lining. Either the whole must have gone without controversy to t'.e United States of America at the close of the Kevolution, or the title of Great Britain would have been conceded and unquestionable to all tlic territorv between CHliforninaiid the Russian possession. Jn either event the story of the history of this cua>t would have been (juito another book. With the transfer of all the claims of France and Spain to the territory on tiie I'acilic coast to the United States, which was concluded in 1803, it would 8een\ tlmt there was no rightful contestant with the United States for any por- tion of that territory; certaiidy not as far north as the 49th degice of latitude. None had ap- peared in the negotiations through which this transfer was made. The state of the cas(> seems to have been this: In the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, between the English and the French, the boundary between Louisiana and the [British territory north of it was ti.ved by commissioners, appointed under il to run from the lake of the Woods westward on latitude forty-nine indefi- nitely. When France conveyed the territory of Louisiana, whose line had been thus fixed, to Spain in 17f>2, she also conveyed up to and along this same line westward, iniietinitely, on to the Pacific cosst. If she did not convey to the coast, it was because Spain already had a more ancient claim along the coast. When Spain, in 1800, reconveyed the sa'no to France, it was, in the lanijuage of the thinl article of the treaty: " The colony or provinces of Louisiana, with the same extent which it luw has in the hands of Spain anil which it had when France possessed it.'' As Spain had not alienated any of the territory she had received from France, of course she rctroceiled to that power all that she had receiveil from her. When, therefore, the United States made the purchase of Louisi- ana she purchased clear through to the Pacific on the line of the lUtli parallel if that was a part of the original cession of France to Spain, or, if not, as Spain had never cinled it to another power than to the Spanish possessions on the Pacific. It was then either American territory, inad(< such by the purchase of Louisiana in 180;}, or it was still Spanish territory. From 1800 to 1819 Spain maileno changes of ownership, sov- ereignty or JMrisiliction tduching Oregon. In the "Florida Treaty"" td' 1819, Spain ceded to il I ' ^'^Troii i ' i ^^''''"' ' ==='='= HISTORY Oh' OHFJIoy. 66 the Ciiitcil Stiitt'siill lier pu.sscusioiis iiurtli of ii line beginning at the tnoutli of tlie Sabine in the Gulf of Mexico and running variously north and west until it reached the Paciiie latitude t'orty-two, or the Bonthero boundary of Oregon. The third article of the treaty said : " His Catho- lic Majesty codes to the I'nitcd States all his rights, claims and jjreteiisions to any territory east and north of said line, and for himself, his heirs and suecossors renounces all claims to the said territory forever."' Therefore, by the pur- chase of 1803 from France and by the purchase of 1819 from Spain, the [Jnited States gained all pretended titles to sovereignty on the I^icilic coast l)etwoen the forty-second and the forty- ninth parallels of north latitude; the exact Pa- cific limits of the earlier Oregon. England at this time advanced no claim to sovereignty. As late as 1826 and '27 her plenipotentiaries for- mally said: "Great Britain claims no exclu- sive sovereignty over any portion of that territory, The present claim, not in respect to any part but to the whole, is limited to a right of joint oc- cupancy in common with the other States having the right of exclusive d oinitiion in abeyance. " This, with the history already recounted, leaves the title of the United States to Oregon beyond any question of power. And with this statement our reader will he willing to follow us through the story of diplomatic negotiations b^jtween the United States and Great Britain inrejard to the o "Oregon Question " as well as the actions of the National Legislature through the quarter tlie century during which Great Britain succeeding in some way, in so beclouding thy title of the United Stales to the territory in question and in bewildering our diplomats as to well nigh secure this vast Pacific enijjire to the crown. We shall make this story r.s brief as we reason- ably can, and he faithful tothP facts of history concerning it. The di])l()niacy was tedious and intricate, and the action, tentative or completed, of the American Congress, often doubtful and inconsequent; yet a careful rcsunioot' both is a need of Oregon history. Negotiations by tlie United States with Spain or Fi'ancu in regard to Oregon are now at an end. Henceforth they will be with Great Brit- ain. At the precise moment the Unite; it niay on the Mississippi, it must con- tinue west until it terminates in the Pacific ocean to the si nth of the (^olumbia river,'' It was this purpose which plairdy dominated tlie British plenipotentiaries in tlie propositions they made to tlie United States. The session of the Congress of the United States for 1>(2()-'21 was made remarkable, es- pecially in the light of sul)sequent events, aa the first at which any proposition was made for the occupation and settlement of the country acquired from France and Spain on the Colum- bia river. It was made by John Floyd, a representative from Virginia, an ardent and very able man, and strongly imbued with west- ern feelings. His attention was specially called to the subject by some essays of Thomas II. Benton, just then appearing in the field of national politics, as senatoi'-elect from Missouri, and he resolved to bring the matter to the at- tention of Congress, He moved for the ap- pointmetit of a committee of three to consider and report on the subject. The committee was granted, more out of courtesy to an intiiiential member of the House than with any expectation of favorable results. General Floyd was made chairinan, with Thomas Metcalf, of Kentucky, and Thomas V. Swearingen, of Virginia, asso- ciated with him. In six days a bill was re- ported, "To authorize the occupation of the Co- lumbia river, and to regulate trade and inter- course with the Indian trilxis thereon. ' They accompinied the bill with an elaborate and able report in support of the measure. The bill was treated with parliiimentary courtesy, read twice, but no decisive action was taken. But the sub- IIISTOKY OF OliEOON. 67 Jeet was before Congress and tlie nation, and that was much gained. In 8tudyinay the Queen of England, and its proclama- tion as the supreme law of the land on the 10th day of November, England was more tirmly in- trenched, so far as law was concerned, in her claims and jiretensions to Oregon than ever be- fore. l>ut while plenipotentiaries temporized and compromised, and executives and sc ates moved at a laggard pace on such great questions, events hastened. The people took up the question and went b'-fore the Government. What they determined, the Government must soon atlirm. So fully did the question which tiie late treaty had postpimed ooc-ipy the public mind, even during the iietidency of the negotia- tion of that treaty, that, had the ear of Mr. Webster been nearer the heart of the people, he would surely have understood that adjournment of the question by himself and Lord Ashburton meant anything rather than a suppression, x>r even a postponement, of it from public debate. The uews])aper8 took it up, and it was thus brought to the boys and girls, father* and nUithera on the hearthstones of the million homes of the country. The 8ei..iment8 of the leaders of political action in our Natioiuii Legis- lature, as those aentiments appeared in the de- bates of the Senate on the question of the rat- ilicatiou of the Webster- Ashburton treaty were criticised, approved or condemned by the people in all the land. One sentiment was for the ratifi- cation, with postponement of the Oregon ques- tion and its easy forbearance with the crafty and insidious policy of England; the other was for the rejection of the treaty, a withdrawal of the United States from joint occupancy, and an act of colonization which would assume the full sovereignty of the United States over the terri- tory in question by granting lands to emigrants, and otherwise encouraging their settlement in Oregon, Jiepresenting die first class, and speak- ing forit,a8 well as for Mr. Webster the negotia- tor of the treaty, was Mr. Ilnfus Choate, senator from MassachusettB, who spoke in his place in the Senate as followa: "Oregon, which a growing and noiseless current of agricultural iirimigra- tiou was filling with hands and hearts the fittest to defend it — the noiselesa, innumerous movement of our nation westward. * * We have spread to the Alleghaniea, wo have topped them, we have diffmscd ouraelveB over the im- perial valley beyond; we have crossed the father of rivers; the granite and ponderous gates of the Ilocky mountains liave opened, and we stand in sight of the great sea. * * Go on with your negotiations and emigration. Are not the rifles and the wheat growing together, side by side? Will it not be easy, when the in- evitable hour comos, to beat back ploughshares and prnning-hooks into their original tbriiis UIBTORY OF OnMODN. 69 of iiiMtriiiiientH of deatli? Alas, tliitt tliat trade is 80 easy to learn and bo hard to forget!" This was heaiitifidly said, and it had a cer- tain amiahiiity al)ont it that commended it to the favorable tlioiight of many. Still it was far from rejjresenting the views of those wlio, from the beginning of the diplomatic strnggle with (treat ]5ritain, had been the steadfast and radi- cal advocates of the right of the United States to the possession of Oregon. Their views were better expressed by Senator Honton, who on the "Oregon (Colonization Act" closed a speech of great vigor and power by saying: "Time is invoked as the agent that is to help us. Gentlemen object to the present time, refer us to future time, and beg us to wait, and rely upon TIME and neootiations to accomplish all our wishes. Alas! Time and Nesotiations have been fatal agents against us in all our dis- cussions with Great Britain. Time has been constantly working for her and against us. She now lias the exclusive possession of the Colum- bia, and all she wants is time to ripen her pos- session into a title. For above twenty years * * the present time for vindicating our rights on the Columbia has been constantly ob- jected to, and we were bidden to wait. Well, we have waited, and what have wo got by it? Insult and defiance! — a declaration from this British mini.-itry that large British interests have grown up on the Columbia during this time, which they will protect, and a flat refusal from the olive-branch minister [Lord Ashbur- tonj to include this (piestion among tlxjse which his peaceful mission was to settle! No, sir; time and negotiations have been bad agents for us in our controversies with (treat Britain. They have just lost us the military frontiers of Maine, which we had held for sixty years, and the trading frontier of the Northwest, which we had held for the same time. Sixty years' pos- session and eiijht treaties secured these ancient and valuable boiindarisB; one negotiation and a few days of time have taken them from us! And so it may be again. The Webster treaty of 184:2 has obliterated the great boundaries of 1783 — placed the British, their fur company and their Indians within our ancient limits; and I, for one, want no more treaties from the hand which is always seen on the side of the British, I now go for vindicating our rights on the Columbia, and, as the first step toward it, passing this bill, and making these grants of land, which will soon place the thirty or forty thousand rifles beyond the Rocky mountains, which will be our effective negotiators." The bill of Mr. Benton passed the Senate by a vote of twenty-four to twenty-two. It went to the House, where it remained unacted upon during the session. Hut its moral efiect was to assure the enterprising people of the West that the period of national procrastination and timid- ity was well-nigh over, and that it would be but a very short time before such decisive action would bo taken as would compel a settlement of the controversy with England. 11 "-■'&it^"ie)iP"^»* ' 70 niSTORY or UIIKOON. ll (^iiArTF:R VIII. UIVAI, CLAIMS ANU PHETEN8ION8, CONTINUED. Pbe8ii)knti.\' I'.i.kction ok 1844 — Watch wokhs ok tiik Campaion — Nkootiatidns aoain Why NOT SkITLKI) in 1844 — NkooTIATIoNS IIKTWKKN SkcKKTAKY ntlCIIA.NAN AND Mu. PacKKNIIAM — AlTION OK CoNdUKSS FoKTY-MNTII l*AKAr.l,KI. AdUICKn ri'ON — An A^NNOVINo KkhiiK — TnK CoDKisH Stoky — Dii. Wmitmax ani> iiiK TuKATY if Mr. Olay fir that eminent position. With this result achieved, and on thi-* ground, this ijiiestion could not ;iluniber. Mi. I'olk brought it promptly forward in his in:iii;;uriil address, reiitHrming the jiosition of the platform on which he was elected. The position of the inaugural threw the public mindof (ireat Britain into a ferment, and the Engli>li nation thundered back the cry of war. For a year the two nations stood face to face like gladiators, with uplifted swords waitiufj for a word that would send them breast to breast in the fierce grapple of war. History must recnrd that the United States must re- treat, in her diplomiicy and in her legislation, from the political decision of her people, or the inevitable war must come. It was an embarrass- ing and mortifying position for the new Gov- ernment, but it had to be endured and met as best it could bo. James Buchanan was now secretary of State. He waited for some time for a proposition from the British minister at Washington to renew the negotiations on the Oregon question, but none came. ( )n the 22d of J iily, 1845, he there- fore addressed a note to Mr. Paekenham, the Brit- ish minister at Washington, resuming ne- gotiations wh(ire Mr. Calhoun had suspendeil them, .iiid again proposed the line of forty-nine to the ocean. This the l'>ritish minister re fused, but invited a " fairer " proposition. The knowledge of this proposition on the part of the secretary of State raised a politic^al storm in his party before which the administra- tion ooworiid, and, as Mr. Paekenham had not ac- cepted it, it was withdrawn. The president recoiM mended strong nic iires to assert and se- cure our title, and the political storm was measurably apjjeased. Meantitne, the with- drawal of the proposition of .Mr. Buchanan, coupled with the recommendation of the presi- dent, somewhat alarmed the British peli decliirin;? tlint it wns ntily to sL-ciire "ii spcetly ami imiiriiblc ad jiistmeiit ot'tlic ditrfrcncex ami (lis|mtes in regard to said territorv." Whfii this ri'soliitioii went to the llonsc tiiat liodv rcoeded from its former |io8ition, hikI, mIiIi I'ViMi a jjreator unaminity than iiad fhar- acturi/.ed their action on that which tiie Semite iiad rejected, aiiopted it; oidy forty-six. and tiiey almost entirely Northern Democrats, vot- i'lfZ afjainst it. With this action tlie danj^er of tiie war with (ireat iiritain was dispelled. It was immedi- ately followed hy a treaty lietween Mr. Miich- anan. secretary of State, nnder the direction ot the president and l^ritish minis-ter at Washing- ton, adopting the tbrty-niiith parallel as the lioimdary between the two countries, with cer- tain concessions touching the line westward of where that parallel strikes tlie {;nlf of (Jeorgia. and, for a definite period, the rights of the Hudson's Hay Company and the navigation of the (^olnmliia river by the British. Thus closed a controversy witii Great Hritain that came very near involving the two nations in a conflict of arms. In a war England could have possessed, and, it may not be too much to su])- pose, would have possessed Oregon, but. per- haps, at the cost of the Canadas. Had the set- tlement been postponed a few years longer, it is not improbable that American emigrants would have so filled the country even up to 54' 40' and all the country would have been one. In the discussion botii sides were partly right and partly wrong, as history clearly demon- strates. The "30,000 rifles" theory of Senator Henton, in the hands of emigrants, was correct. The "time and patience" theory of Mr. Web- ster and Mr. Caliioiin was also correct. These acting together, solved the "Oregon question," and on the whole, as matters stood in 1840, solved it honorably and justly to both the high contracting parties. It is probably due to the justice of history that we shoulil not dismiss finally the subject of the rival claims and claimants to Oregon. and of the iliplomatic negotiation- through which, those claims were led to a final settle- ment, without some notice of a curious and an- noying error into which the people of Oregon were led in regard to what was contained in the Webster-Ashburton treaty. It was not only annoying to the leelings of the people of Ore- gon, but it led to the writing of a great deal of fictitious history, the writers not stopping to ascertain the truth or falsity of the rumors which tlmy ado|»ted as fact. The error was this: That, in the negotiations between Mr. Webster for the United States and Lord Ash- burton for Kngland a [troposition was discussed and well nigh adopted for the United States to cede to (treat Hritain her claim to Oregon for e.xtended fishing privileges on the banks of Newfoundland, and some other privileges con- trolled by the English on the northeast coast. This statement was brought to Oregon by the emigrants of lS-12 am) raised a great excite- ment ainmig the people. It was widely claimed that it was this that prompted, or rather impelled Dr. Whitman to make his perilous winter journey to the Eastern States in order that the Government should be prevented from making that fatal trade. Dram- atic incidents have been recited as veritable history connected with these sui)posed facts, which hav(( had no being but in the excited imaginations of careless writers, or the partial and overwrought eulogies of admiration and friendship. The truth of the matter is clea/ly ascertained to be that the subject of the Oregon boundary formed no part of the formal negotiations of that occasion. There is no reference to it in the treaty, or in the documents accompanying it when it was transmitted t^o the Senate for ratification. The statement so often made that Mr. Web- stei and I'rejidcnt Tyler were prevented from comni'tting this Idunder by the timely arrival of Dr. V\'hitman in Washington, just before the treaty whs to be signed, has not a shadow of fonndatif ii. As lief'ore shown the treaty wa '*-- MOUNT HOOD. A l.OGCilNG CAMl' HiaTORY OF oRsaox. 78 fiigiied AiiffUbt y, ISA'J, two moiitlis before Dr. Wliitiiiaii startcii from his lioine in Oregon. On tlio lull 't \v(i8 .•'ubniitted to tlio Seiiato. On tlie 2(5tl; '! waa approved, and Lord Asldjiirton started witli it the same day for England, where it was ratitied, returned (o the United States, and proclaimed on the lOtli of NovtMnl)er. IJr. Whitman arrived in Washington in March fol- lowing. So plain a statement of fact renders it un- necessary to balance probabilities or weigh ar- guments; the factri are more convincing than either. As the United States had never offered to yield any territory to England sonth of the 4'Jth parallel, and had always peremjitorily re- jected any offer from Great Hritian to com- promise on a lower line, or the line of the Co- liinibia river, so now Mr. Webster and Mr. Tyler conld not and did not depart from the oft- repeated position of the United States on that question, and Mr. Webster's own statement that " the United States had never offered any line south of forty-nine, and it never will," conclude.* it. Although the Oregon treaty was made, and had been proclaimed as the law of •^lie land, one thing remained to be done which became a mat- ter of intiiiite disagreement, and came very near involving the two countries in war before its final conclusion. The line was agreed upon, but it was not run. The trouble arose from a loni;-<'ontinued permission, on the part of (ireat Britian, of tlie application of the description of the line from wliere the forty-ninth parallel of latitude strikes the gulf of Georgia. Thence, as it was wordud in the treaty, it was to follow " the middle of the channel which separates the continent from V ancx)uver\s island," and follow it I'lrough the straits of Fuca to the ocean. No m.;p 6r chart was attached to the treaty on which the line could be traced; so little was really known of the gfography of the gulf of (Tcorgia that it would have been difficult for the commissioners to have traced the middle of the clmiinel had one bei'U present. This left open a ground for dispute and diplomatic finance. between the continent and the island of Van- couver lies an archipelago, a stretch of sea lifty or more miles from east to west, and sixty or more from north to south, in which are thirty- nitie islands that have come uiulcr description and name. These ranges from sixteen miles to cue- fourth of a mile in length and from fifty- four to one-half a scpiare mile In area. Through these islands there run ten cliannels southward, but combine in three as they enter into the straits of l''u(!a. The one to the eastward is the Kosario, the one to the west is the Canal de Ilaro. Great Britian insisted on the line tak- ing tlie eastward, or Rosario channel; the rniled States claimed that the real channel was the Canal de Ilaro, or westward channel. What was between these channels was the real object of desire on the jiart of both the contending parties. This was an area of about 400 square milep, in which area a numl)Br of i)rominent islands, and some small ones, all comprising in land area about 170 squaie miles. The owner- ship and sovereignty of these were what was in- volved in the settlement of the channel question. The most valuable of these was San Juan, con- taining fifty-five square miles, mostly good grazing laud, which the Hudson's Bay Company, whose center of trade was now Victoria on Vancouver island, had been accustomed to use as a pasture for their sheep. The ditl'erence between the two channels was about this; Ko- sario had about four miles wiiif^la> of Vmu'oiivur, tlmt 100 armed nioii of oacli party slioiild occupy tlu- is- land; and tini.s a;;aiii tlie case was rcinandcd to diplomacy. I?iit the act of (iencrai Harney had forced a speedy ailjustnietit. The next resort was a proposal on the part of Great Itritain to sulimit the question at igtsiie hetweeii the two yovertnents to arbitration, and he mimed the king of the Netherlands, or of Sweden and Norway or the president of the Federal Council of Switzerland, as the arldter. This propt/sition was declined hy the I'nitcd States, and for ten years tiie question linj^ered. At length, on the 8tii of May, 1871, the ques- tion was given for final arbitration, without ap- peal to Emperor William of Germany. For twenty-five years, nnder the finesse of J'ritish diplomacy, the treaty of June 15, 1846, had waited for its execution. Its interpretation wae the last question of territorial right between Great Hritain and the United States. It was eminently fitting that George Bancroft, who was secretary of the navy when the treaty was ne- gotiated, and was now the only remaining mem- ber of the administration that negotiated it, should he choeen to expound the treaty to the OJerman Emperor on the part of the United States. His memorial of 120 octavo pages is one of the most finished and unanswerable di- plomatic arguments ever produced. Each party pre.-ented a inemorial setting forth its case. These memoriids were then interchanged and re- plies were presented from each. Tlle^efour papers the Emperor had before three eminent jurists, besides giving them his personal attention. After a full and faithful examination of the submitted case the Emperor decreed this awary so many contingencies incident to the character of the people with wiiom they dealt, that they might well be considered '•ad- venturers," France, hiivinjj tiansferred all lier interests of territory and trade to the United States, was out of the line of competition, either for place or profit, England, with her usual greed, gasped eagerly at both. The United States had legitimately inherited the loftier part of English ambition for greatness and gain, and of course she claimed, as of right, freedom for trade and the occupancy of her citizens in all the westward regions to the sea. Her technical claim was, as we have seen elsewhere, founded on the discovery of the Columbia river by (!ap- tain Gray in 1793, on the explorations of Lewis and Clarke, continued from the springs in the mountains to the discharge between the capes into the ocean of the mighty Columbia in 1805, and by later purchase, from the Government of France, in 1804, of all her rights of territory.and every other right she hold, of the vast Louisiana country, stretching from the Missouri to the Pacific. Engianil's technical rights wore based on allegeon. tlie opoiiiiij; of tlie long and final strii^jj^le that wonid fill-ever (leterinine wlietlit-r ()i'Ci;iMi slionld je Ainerieiin or l>riti.sli -tlie stniui'lo for act ii ill possession, during the first decade of the cen- tury. The influence of Mr. Jefferson, as our readers know, was then potent in American afl'airs, and he earnestly sougiit American Bn])reinacy on the Pacific coast. John .Jacob Astor was then a cen- tral fiifure in American commercial enterprises, and had alreaily extended his ventures beyond the fi;reat lalcos and the headwaters of the Mis- sissisippi. His attention was attracted to the vast region westwanl of the Rocky mountains, and he resolved to carry into thein tlio commer- cial force of an organized com j)any to supplant the fngit've trade of tl^o independent rivers of the wilde Miess aixf tiiesoa. Witli the prescience of a statesman, as well as with the gt^nius of tiie merchant, he resolved to establish a great cen- tral post at the mouth of the Columbia, where the drainage of almost half a continent meets the waters of the mightiest ocean of the globe, and forms a port for the world's greatest flow of trade. Mr. -JefTerson and the most intelligent and far-seeing statesman of the country gave liini encouragement and counsel. They foresaw, Rsin the vision of a clear prophecy, what we read now as a marvekms history. Later, Mr. Jefferson, in a letter to Mr. Astor, thus ex- pressed his own views, of the enterprise the latter had undertaken, in (hese words: " I considered it, as a great public acquisition, the commencement of a sertlement in that part of the western coast of America, and looked for ward with gratification to the time when its de- scendants had spread themselves through the whole length of the coast, covering it with free and independent Americans, unconnected with ns but by the ties of blood and interest, and enjoying like us the rights of self-governmont," Tho pen is moved to draiv the contrast between this fowcast of this great American statesman ami the fulfilments of history, but must forbear. In these intlnunces and under such inspirations wiw the inception of Astoria. \'v. .Vstor"- plan for liic (irgmiizul ion nl the vstoria ("ompiiny -or, as it was called, the i'a- cilic l'"ur Company -was broad and comprelieii- sivo. It contemplated both a luiid expedilinti to cross the continent, and llu' dis|iateb of a vessel around cape Horn, and the two were to meet at the mouth of the Columbia. Every con- tingency that money could provide for was an- ticipated. There was, however, an element of weakness introduced in tin' organization that, from an (!arly date, seriously interfered with its work, and we tliiuk linally proved its overthrow. It was this; Though this was an .\merican enttM'prise Mr. Astor did not sutHcieiitly apprecial<; the neces- sity of making the personnel of his company American. lie himself was a (ierman by birth, and though he had achieved his great commei'- cial success under the fostering freedom ot American institutions, and was perseniilly an American in the purpose and spirit of his life, hardly realized that all of foreign birth who are in Amcri(;a are nion were Alexander McKay, who had accompunied Mac- kenzie on both his j^reat journeys, Diincnn McDougal, David Stuart, Jlobert Stuart and Donald McKenzie. As a providence against future difficulties between the United States and Great Britain, in the regions whither they were bound, these gentlemen ])rovided themselves with proofs of their British citizenship, while while they trusted to their association with an American enterprise to shelter them under tho eagle's wings Only one American, Wilson Price Hunt, of New Jersey, was an interested lA IlIsrOUY OF OIlKdON. liiirtiii'r fniiii tin; lirst; Idit ti liiui wii.s iiilru.-tLtl tlio iiiaiiaifeiiuMit of till' enterprise. So t'tir tliese details ul' tlie iiri,'iinizuti(iii are necessary if we would iiniierstan two parties, numbering thirty-six men in all, 'were again united, not far from where the Union I'acitic railroad now crosses Smike river, near the town of Huntington. Appalled by the ap- parently insuperable obstacles before them, three of the men wished to remain whore Ihey were rather then venture the snowy passes of tlu! mountain ranges that stood like liatlhunents of ice before them. The remainder struggleil wearily on, reaching the valley of Grande Uonde on the last day of 1811. In a forlorn way the company celebrated the festival of the new year in the beautiful valley of Grande Konde — a paradise of green in the midst of a wilderness desert of ice and snow. With great dilKculty and suffering the Blue mountains were passed, and on the 8th day of January they came down U])on the rmatilla river, and found food and hospitable entertainment at an Inilian village on its banks. The mountain barriers wei'e now passed, and their route was now down the o|)en way of the Umatilla and Columbia rivers to the ocean. They arrived at Astoria on the loth day of February, 1812, The party of Mclvenzie having gained some ilays on those of Hunt an(i Crooks by its shorter route and easier travelling, had passed ilouii the Snake river to the tJolum- bia, and down tliat to the ocean ; and. having iiisiiiin Oh' titiKdvS. I Mi5 Hi n^iK'lhMl Antniiii 11 month licfoiH^ tliosc ot II nut Hr- 1 Crookr*, ^tdoil nii tin- Imiiks ot' (lie river as tliu latter hiiiili'il. llif lirst to welcoinc! tlicir olil poiii[iimi(ni.-i til tin; rcf^t iiml iHiiinty of Astoria. Wlit'ii svf lii'^aii to traci; tiii' joiirnc}' of tlie iaml poitioii ol' Mr. Aslor's f/reat expedition, wo kl't tiie i.'o. lie \v:is a |iow- ert'iil as well as a resolute man, luil In^ cime on deck withiiut weapons. Sliewish, the young chief, singled him out as his peculiar piey, and rushed u|)on him at the Hrst outbreak. The captain had hardly time to draw a clasp-knife, with one blow of which he laid the young sav- age dead at his feet. Several of the stoutest followers of young Shewish now set upon him. He defended himself vigorously, dealing crip- pling blows right and left, strewing the(|uarter- y the eifcets of the iirearins. The night oassod away withont any further atteui|)t ou the part of the natives. When day dawned the Tonquin still lay at an- chor in the hay. her sails all loose and Happiiii^ ill the wind, and no one a]i[iarently on board of her. After a time, some of the savages ven- tured to reconnoitre, taking with them the in- terpreter. They luKklled about her, keeping cautiously at a distance, hut growing more and more emboldened at seeing her (juiet and life- less. One man at length made his apjiearanco on the deck and was recognized by the inter- pifter as Nfr. Lewis, lie made friendly signs and invited them on board. It was long before they ventured to coin])ly. Those who mounted the deck were met with no opposition, for Mr. ],ewis, after iiniting them, had diaajipeared. ( )tlier canoes now passed forward to board the prize; the decks were soon crowded and the sides coveicd with clambering savages, iill intent on ]ilnniler. In the midst of their eagerness and ex- ultation, the .ship blew up with a tremendous explosion. Arms, legs and mutilated bodies were blown into the air, and dreadful havoc was made in the surrounding canoes. The iii- teriiivter was in the main chains at the time of the exjilosion, ami was thrown unhurt into the water, when he succeeded in getting into one of the canues. According to his statement the bay ]pr('senled an awful spectacle after the catastrophe. The shiphaildisapjieared, but the hay was covered with fi'iignients of the wreck, with shattered ca- noes and Indians swimming for their lives and struggling in the agonies of death, while those who had escaped the danger remained aghast and etupetied, or made with frantic panic for the shore. I'pwaril of a hundred savages were destroyed by the explosion, many more were shockingly mutilated, anil for days afterward the limbs and bodies of the slain were thrown upon the hcach. The inhabitants of JS'cwectec wiMs \\m\v liiiii \\. iiicliiii ('.holy itilitMi iiiui set olf on tlieir |)ri'c'ui'i(iUH ex- pedition. Tliey Htrovn with inif{lit iiiiil iiiniii to get out uf tlic Itay, l)ut rouiiil it iinpoHriililu to woatiicr a point of land, and were at lengtli eoinpi'lled to tnk(^ siielter in a small cove, where they hoped to remain concealed nnti! the wind shotilil III! moi'e favtirahle. Kxhaiisted hy fa- tigneand waftrhinjx. they fell into a sound sleep, and in that state were surprised hy the savaffes. liutter had it hecn for these unfortunate men if they had remained with Lewis and shared his lieroic death; as it was they pi>rished in a more painl'iil and protracted manner, hcinif sacrificed l)y the natives to tiie manes of their friends, with all the lingering tortures of savage cruelty. Some time after their death, the interpreter, wiio liad remained a kind of prisoner-at-large. effected his escape and hronglit the tragical tid- ings to Astoria. Thus ended tlie career of tlie Tonquin and her able hut obstinate and liot-headod Captain Thorn, and here too closed the career of Alex- ander ^[cKay, a man to whom ^^r. Aster luid just'.y looked as one most able to direct the vast interests that he had committed to this commercial venture on the Pacific coast. Mr. Mclvay, however, left a representative in Ore- gon in the person of his son, who became cele- brated in the annals of adventure on the trails of the fur trader and in the campaigns of tlie Indian wars of Oregon. At a later period his descendants, in the persons of Dr. W. C. Mc Kay, of Pendleton, Oregon, and Donald Mc- Kay, the celebrated scout in al' the Indian wars of forty years, have won for his name continued distinction, and been of great service to the re- gion in the interests of whose foundations their forefathers died. Affairs at Astoria were, meantime, progress- ing slowly toward a settled condition. The fort was completed, and everything put in readi- ness for the large tracJe which was reasonably anticipated witli the surroundincr tribes. Dur- ing the suinnu'r only one event occurred to I'ullle till' smooth li 'W oiiK'wli;it iiinnol onous life of the p,i>t. It was this: On the 15th of Jidy a canoe, nninned by nine white men, was seen deseen llcaver sailed on her voyage up the coast in tne month of August. As the closing months of the year passed by, and the first of the next was following them, and she did not return, gloomy apprehensions of her fate set- fled down on Astoria. McDougal, especially, gave way to the most unmaidy despondency. He had nothini: l)ut evil forebodings and prophecies for the whole enterprise. At this juncture he was surprised on the lOth of .Jan- uary by the appearance of McKenzie, way worn and weather-lmaten from a long winter jonrney, from liis p(jit on Snake Run, with intelligence which brought to McDougal confusion of mind, if not dismay of lieart. It had l)een brought to the post of McKenzie by Mr. ,Iohn George McTavish, a partner of the North w^bt Company, and coininanding a |K)Bt of that company in the vicinity of that commanded by McKenzie. While McTavish was delighted by it McKen- zie was as much alarmed, and lodt no time in breaking up his establishment and hastening with all his people to Astoria. T!ie sub- stance of the news that thus delighted McTav- ish and dismayed McKenzie, was that war had been declared between England and the United States; that as the representative of the English company he was prepared for tlie vigorous op- position to the American, and he clapped the climax of this, to hear very pleasing intelligence, or, by saying that the armed ship, Isaac Todd, was to be at the mouth of the Ct)lumbia river about the beginning of March, to get possession of the trade of the river, and that he was di- rected to join her there at that time. The intelligence brought by McKenzie com- j)leted the dismay of McDugal. All hope of nuiintaining Astoria was abandoned, and the partners resolved to give up the post in the following spring, and return across the Uocky mountains. Meantime all trade was given up, and alter a short stay at Astoria, McKenzie set off for his ])08t on Snake river, to prepare for its ititended abandonment, and also for the contemplated journey to the States. When the party was some distance above the Dalles of the Colutnbia, they met Mr. J. G. McTavish with two canoe- loads of white men, in the em- ployment of the Northwest Company, on their way down the Colninbia to meet the Isaac Todd. Thtr parties encamped together for the night, like comrades rather than rivals, the two lead- ers holding very friendly consultations, and in the morning each proci-eded on his way. With the exception of McKenzie the partners in com- mand of posts in the interior did not agree with McDougal's determination to abandon the coun- try. They had been very successfnl in their trade with the Indians, and considered it un- manly to break up an enterprise of such magnitude and promise on the first difflculty. In this they were mci-e faithful and courageous than their chief at, Astoria. The time for the annual gathering of part- ners, with the pro. McDougal'sliospitality toMc-- Tavisli, was altogether uncalled tbr,aml the more especially when the nation whicli he, as aniomher of the Northwest Company, really represented, was at war with the United States, and McJ)ongal well knew thitt he was there for a hostile pur- pose. He treated McTavish and hie party as allies rather than enemies and rivals. McUon- ijal had but to leave them to their own re- sources and they must have abandoned the coun- try immediately. The moral evidence of Mc- Dougal'rt treason to his coin|)any is conclusive, and the results soon justified the belief. The ship Isaac Todd, which McTavisli expected to meet at the month of the river, not arriving, that gentleman applied to McDougal for a sup- ply of goods with which to trade his way back. They were furnished, and on the proposition of McDougal the posts of the Pacitic Fur Company on the Spokane was conveyed to the Northwest Company. This established that company in the very garden of the trade of the Pacific Com- pany. McUoiigal and McKenzie, who were at one in their sinister purpose, at length succeeded in intiuencing the minds of Clarke and Stuart, and the two other parties present, and the four signed a manifesto to Mr. Astor setting forth the most desponding representations of the condition of affairs at Astoria and formally announcing their determination to dissolve the concern on the lut of the following June. This instrument was delivered to McTavish, who departed from As- toria on the 5th of July, to be forwarded to Mr. Astor at New York by tlie Northwest Company. While these events were occurring on the Pacific, others of not less moment to Astoria were transpiring on the Atlantic. On the 6th of March, 1813, Mr. Astor dispatched the ship Lark with supplies for Astoria. She had scarcely sailed before it became known to him that the Northwest Company liad for the second time memorialized the British Government, represent- ing Astoria as an American establishment of great strength, with a vast scope of purpose, and urging that ii be destroyed. In answer to the memorial, that government ordered the frigate Phft^be to convoy the armed shij), Isaac Todd, of the Northwest Com[)any, which was ready to sail with men and supplies for a new establish- ment at the moutii of the Columbia. They were to proceed together to the mouth of that river, capture or destroy whatever American fortress they should find there and plant the Hritish Hag upon its ruins. To meet this new and alarming cotidition of affairs, Mr. Astor appealed to the Government and the frigate Adams, with Captain Crane com- manding, was ordered to the mouth of the Co- lumbia, and ?Ir. Astor immediately proceeded to fit out the ship Enterprise, with supplies and re-enforcements to sail in her company for As- toria. Just as the two ships were ready for sea the exigencies of the American naval service on lake Ontario called for more seamen, and those of the Adams were transferred to the squad- ron of Commodore Chauncey, and the expedi- tion was abandoned. It would needlessly lengthen our work to at- tempt to trace the complicated movements of the different parties in one way or another con- nected with the various expeditions, by both sea and land, that in some way affected the history of the great enterprise of Mr. Astor. On the whole, taking into account the fact that the un- dertaking had such vast and wide ramifications, touching all the possibilities of Indian trade in half a continent of trade with China and Russia and other parts of the world, and that purchases, sales and returns over the world-wide sweep of Mr. Astor'a plans would needs require, at least, two years before any intelligent estimate of suc- cess or loss could be made, the conclusions of McDougal and McKenzie at Astoria, with wliich even Mr. Il.uit had at last, with much difficulty, been persuaded to agree, appear to have been childishly hasty, or else wickedly disloyal to their patron and chief. Whichever it was, the result to the enterprise was the same, and its record can soon be made. On the 7th of October a squadron of ten boats under the command of J. G. McTavish, 80 IllsroilV t)F otlh'f.dS. who lm they took a ceremonious leave of Oetieral (JIarke and one of them delivered to him a speech that for sad pathos and wild eloquence may safely be quoted as the equal of Logan's plaintive Words. One who was present and listened to it, thus puts into English its words: " I come to you over a trail of many moons from the setting sun. You were tiie friend of my fathers, wlio have all gone the long wa^ I came with one eye partly opened for mere light for my people, who sit in darkness. I go back with both eyes closed. How can I go back blind to my peoj)le? I made my way to you with strong arms, through many enemies and strange lands, that 1 might carry back muck to tliein. I go back with botii arms broken and empty. The two fathei's who came with us — tlie braves of many winters and wars — we leave asleep here by your great water and wigwam. They were tired in many moons of journey, and their moccasins wore out. ily people sent ine to get the wiiite man's Hook of Heaven. You took me where they worship the Great Spirit with candles, but tlie Hook was not there. You showed nie the images of good spirits, and pict- ures of the good land beyond, but the Hook was not among them to tell us the way. I am going back the long, sad trail to my people in their tlark land. You make my feet heavy with your burdens of gifts, and my moccasins will grow old in carrying them, but the Hook is not among them. When I tell my poor blind peo- ple, after one more snow, that I did not bring the Book, no word will be spoken by our old men or by our young braves. One by one they will nse up and go out in silence. My people will die in darkness, and they go out on the long path to the other hunting grounds. No wiiite man will go with them, and no white man's Book to make the way plain. I have no more words." The interview ended, the two remaining In- dian messengers turned their faces homeward. One died on the way, and the other returning to iiis people, disappeared from historic record. "m nrsToar of oiimaoN. 80 Tlie fact of tlie coiiiinif of tliis einlmssy, and its disappointed return to the distant regions wiicnco it came, waH soon noised abroad oa H very romance of religion. A yoting clerk in the ottice of General Clarke, having wit- nessed tiie interview, and noted its sad and dis- appointing end, detailed an account of it to friends in Pittsburg. Oeorge Catlin was then pursuing his studies and investigations in In- dian lore, atid enriching his gallery with Indian portraits and |)ainting8. To liini the letter was shown. He had met the two returning braves, traveled with them on the Yellowstone, and even taken their portraits for his gallery, and they had said nothing to him of the object of their visit to St. Louis and its failure. He therefore asked that the letter be not published until he had written to General Clarke and as- certained the tacts in the case. The reply from the general cume at length, saying: "It is true; that was the only object of their visit, and it failed." On Catlin's advice the letter was given to the world. In his "Indian Let- ters," Mr. Catlin speaks of the matter thus: " When I first heard the report of this extraor- dinary mission across the mountains, I could scarcely believe it; but on consulting with Gen- eral Clarke I wae fully convinced of the fact. * * They had been told that our religion was better than theirs, and that they would be lost if they did not embrace it." The publication of the letter detailing these events stirred the heart of the Christian people of America as a call from God, — as who shall say it was not? bor, though the one lone sur- vivor of this embassy returned sad and disap- pointed to his more disappointed people, hie mission was far from being a failure, and, as we read history backward from to-day, this event seems a divine pivot on which turned not only some of the most thrilling chapters of individ- ual history ever recorded, but mnch of the ('esriny of the Indian people, and probably all of that of Oregon. It was forever contrary to the genius and spirit of Christianity to leave a call so clearly within the limits of the Christiati's idt-ii of i'rovidence unanswered. So, while all the churches of the land felt the "thrill of this provi- dential call, the Methodist Episcopal Church was the tirst to respond. She did not stop to- experiment and explore, but through her con- stituted authorities sought for a man to lead the van I'uard of the forces of civilization and Christianity over the Uocky mountains and down toward the western sea a full 2,000 miles beyond the westernmost fringe of American set- tlement. In a church whose typical legend was a man on horseback bearing a banner inscribed, "The world is my parish." it could not bo far nor difficult to find such a man, and, having found the leader, to find coadjutor.^ jind helpers in the work he adventured. After due and diligent search the authorities of the church decided that Jason Lee, a young man of thirty-one yearh, who resided in Stan- stead, Lower Canada, only just across the lino of the United States, born of New England par- ents, educated in Wilbrahain Academy, Massa- chusetts, under Wilbur Fisk, the most re- nowned educator of early Methodist history, was the man for the hour that had thus struck. The reasons for this conclusion were decisive. Mr. Lee was of unusual physical dignity and prowess. He was six feet three inches in height, and of most stalwart and manly mold. Erect, with open and manly and frank countenance, a clear blue eye, light complexion and hair, he was the impersonation of Saxon vigor and will. Upon him the seal that gave the world assur- ance of a man was set. Without, his own heart was moved in the direction of the work to which the church, through her constituted authorities, was thus calling him. When, therefore his former tutor at Wilbraham, Dr. Fisk, put the question before him in behalf of the church, and also in behalf of the waiting Indian tribes west of the Rocky mountains, " immediately he conferred not with flesh and blood " but stepped resolutely through the open door thus unex- pectedly opened before him, and gave himself to history as the pioneer of civilization and Christ- M /nsroiiy of oiiKnoy. iiiiiitv wost of till- Uocky iiiuuiituiiii*. Otlioru, kinili'cil \\\ |)nri>uso, and of siinilni' lieroii' i|iiitl- ity, wcro soon iissociiitcd witli liiiii. Tlicsi' were Ills own iiepln^w, Ri'v. Daniel l.i'i'. iiml Mr. ■Cyrus Slio|)ard, of MiiaBiicliiisetts. who wim'imiUo, mult'r tlie appointment of tlic Mctliodist Epis- co]>!il Clnircii, (Itsi^fnated to share the lionor as well as the ]ii'rii of a niissionary expatriation anionj^ the wt'st(!rn tribes. It does not enter into tiie ])ni'pose of this liistory to give a detailed aceonnt of the per- Honiiel and work of the varions missionary <'oni- panies that pioneered the work of American civilization in Oroijon, further than is necessary to show tlio relations tliey sustained to the his- tory of tlie country into whicli they entered. It would helonir rather to ecclesiastical than tien- era] history to dfi that. Still that personnel was so great ami heroic, and that work so fun- damental, tiiat neither can he disniissi'd witii a paragrapl). Ilonco wo take up tiie liistory of these missionary companies in the chronoloj^ical order of their occu|)ancy of this field; preniis- intf tlie remark that the essence of the im- portance of their work in every respect that l)()re upon the settlement of questions of na- tional and international rights was in the time, as well as in the fact, of their cominir. With this explanatory remark, and within this limita- tion, we rcsiimo the story of tiie missionary work of the Methodist Episcopal Church under the direction of Jason Lee Mr. Lee received his appointment as "missio- nary to the Flathead Indians" in 1833, from the New England Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Leaving his homo in Canada on tlie nineteenth day of August of that year, he spent the following autumn and winter in traveling through the cities and villages of the North from Portland, Maine, to Baltimore, stirring up the hearts of the chnrcli everywhere hy his fervent appeals for the Indians of Oregon, and inspiring the confidence of the people liy his evident sincerity as well as his commanding aliility. I'nder the iiiHuence of his speeches Oregon liogaii to rise out of a mytiiiciil into an actual exietence in llie thoughts of the people. To Americans even, up to this time, it was as unknown as Ilindoostan, -a name standing only for unexplored regions hetween the summits of the Ilocky mountains and the western ocean, of unsiirveyod limits and unknown conditions. Al- though it had served, in Congress and in Parlia- ment, as H text for vaporing political discourse, yet so little did Briton or American know of it that one sought it only as a preserve for the fur hunter, and the other believed it to be but a barren and inhospitable waste fit only to appear on his maps as the "(4reat Americ^an desert." The appointment of Jason Leo to evangelistic work within it, and the evident intention of tho great church whose commission labored to sus- tain him in the field to which she had assigned him, meant the lifting of a veil that for tiio ages had hidden that vast region from human sight. In the spring of 1834 the company of mis- sionaries for Oregon, headed by Jason Lee, joined the company of Mr. Nathaniel Wycth, of whose trading adventures west of the Rocky mountains we liave elsewhere written, at Indo- pendence, Missouri, prepared to accompany them on their journey over the mountains. His associates were his neph'jw, Rev. Daniel Lee; Mr. Cyrus Shepard, an experienced andeminont teacher of Salem, ^[assachusetts; and at Indepen- dence ho secured the services of Mr. P. L. Ed- wards, a young man of tine abilities and excellent character, afterward a prominent lawyer of Sacra- mento, (California, all men well adapted to sustain their chief in his arduous undertaking. Notwith- standing there was so much of the liistory of Oregon wrapped under the coats of these four men, it would occupy too much of the space that is needed for other events to record the in- cidents of their journey' of two thousand miles on horseback to their field of selected toil. Suffice it here to say that, through all the inci- dents and perils of the journey among such Indian tribes as the Pawnees, the Sioux, the Shoshones, the Blackfeet, the Bannacks, the Nez Perces and the (3ayii.se.s, wild freebooters of tho plains, they bore tiieuiselves like brave men, » * r nrbi'duy of oitKaoN. 9t ready to ilo all tlicir part in every uiiierffeiicy of travel or ilanger. Mr. Lett, in a very s|ieciiil tiiaiiiicr, won tlio confidenc-o and reH|itic'.t of such inuiintain leaders as Siililutte, Wyotli, Fit/.- I'atrick, Walker and others. I'rof. Townsliend, a naturalist who aecouipunicd the party tor Bcientitie purposes, speaks of liini in his journal in most flattering terms. Mr. Leo and his company reaehed Vancouver, the headquarters of the Hudson's Hay Company, and the residence of Dr. McLaughlin, its gover- nor, on the 15tli day of Se|)tember, ISBi. He was received with great respect by Dr. Mc- Laughlin. The moral and political casuist will readily sco that in the meeting of these two men on that day, there stood face to face causes and destinies of wonderful import to Oregon, and even to civilization itself the world over. They were both typical and represer)tative men. They were both ('anadian born. One was a Scotcli- Knglishman with all the stalwart grip and force of that splendid blood. The other was of pure New England parentage. They were both over six feet in height and looked level into each others eyes. Seldom indeed have two such representatives of ojiposing forces and antago- nistic purposes stood face to face with each other, and met so calmly, and so entered at once into each other's personal friendships, as in the case of these two men. One is tempted to stand long and gaze upon this strange moral and in- tellectual tableau thrown against the foreground of an opening and against the background of a departing era; for when their two hands clasped it was the old greeting, perhaps un- consciously, the better new, and the new, per- haps as unconsciously, bidding the old depart. Dr. McLaughlin, as the representative of the Hudson's liay Company, and hence of the poivti- and purpose of Great Britain in Oregon, could not meet Mr. Lee as he could and did meet Mr. Nathaniel Wyeth. The cases and the causes were entirely dissimilar. Mr. Wyeth came with merchandise as a trader, came to set up a rival establishment within hearing of the morning gun of Fort Vancouver. Mr. Lee came as a missionary of help and moral uplift to the de- gradcil trilies that swarmed in tiie valU^yt* and roamed over the hills. Mr. Wyeth had arms in his hands; .Mr. L(!e had ideas aixl moral pur iioses in his mind and heart. The lirst could bo met with stronger and older conimcrcial |)ower or with more numerous arms if necessary ; the other could be met only with ideas and moral purposes better than his own. Therefore, the first was hemmed in, circumscribed, thwarted, linally defeated, and within a year coinp(dl('(l to leave the country a broken and ruined man. Hut Mr. Lee and his ideas had come to stay, One cannot shoot an idea to death. He cannot kill amoral impulse with gun])owdcr. Hesides, those who knew Dr. McLaughlin in his lifetime knew very well that his moral nature was far superior to the purposes and wo.'k of the soul- less corporation of which he, by a providence very gracious to the v^ork, Mr. Lee came to Oregon to perforin, was there the executive head. In the case of Mr. Lee, therefore, his heart became^ the guide of his actions, and hence he not only did not attempt to hinder, Imt really extended efKoient help in the establish- ment of his mission and the opening of his work in Oregon. Still justice requires us to say that it is not probable that Dr. McLaughlin was enough skilled in moral casuistry, or well enough acquainted with the history of the re- sults of missionary enterprises in other parts of the world, to fully comprehend the meaning of the future history of this coast that was wrapped up rt'ithin the white folds of Mr. Lee's commis- sion. So he helped where otherwise he niight have hindered; he counseled whore he other- wise might have opposed and defeated. It was under the advice of Dr. McLaughlin that Mr. Lee finally decided to establish his missionary station in the heart of the Willam- ette valley. Two motives seemed to prompt that advice. First, the putting of the American establishment south of the Columbia river, which the Hudson's Hay people expecteil would be- come the boundary between Great Iiritain an- tablishment, may properly be quoted. He says: " I have seen children who two years ago were roaming over their own native wihis, in a state of savage barbarism, now being i)ri(Ught within the knowledge of moral and religious instruc- tion, becoming useful members of society, by being taught the most useful of all arts agri culture — and all this without the least compul- sion." So favorably did the work of this mis- sion impress him that he made to it the con- siderable donation of l|50, as a testimony of his appreciation. After two years of successful work by these four men in the missionary field, so promising did the future appear that six others, three men and three women, were added to their number by the missiomiry authorities of the Methodist Episcopal Church, arriving in Oregon in Nfay, 1S37, and these were succeeded in September of the same year by four others, two men and two Women. One of the last named gentlemen, Itev. David Leslie, was attended by his wife and several children — a thorough New England family, having some of the best blood of old Massachusetts Howing in their veins; the first real family transplanted from the New England of the Atlantic coast to the better New England of the Pacific coast; the real beginning of American home life in the valley of the Willa- mette. Does not this mean something for American civilization in Oregon. It should be noted that up to this time the Indian tribes were maintaining their old nu- merical strength. They were amply impressed with the superiority of that form of civilized life that they saw in the missionary homes of m tfi UlsroUY i>F UKKUUy. »a OiTgoii, Tlicy could not Imt si'i- tlio ililTeroricc Ixttwuen tlictii and tlie tn)|>|)ur8 nnd triiil-inun of tlio fur coinpitnicM. Tlitty wuro citlliiig for inis- bioniii'y cstablisliincnts el sow lie re. Hunt u\' the Citfciidc niuniitiiinK, lit (Jlutsop, in the Unip(|un, Hrnoiif^ tlu! (Jiiynso!! and Nez Perces. An enmr- ffcnc'v of civiliziition and cliristinnity wiin upon the land. Jason Lee, the Corypheiin o' this hand of Christian civiiizerR, returned to the Kast, by the trail by which he came out, to se- cure help adequate to the great emergency. His appeals from BoKton to Charleston, from St. F^ouis to New York, on the rostrum and through the press, in the winter of 1838 and the summer of 18!}9, awakened profound and wide- spread interest, not only in his special work liut in Oregon itself. lie asked for four or live missionary helpers. The j^reat church to which ho n])pealed, judged that the demands were greater. Kivo clerical missionaries, one physi- cian, 8i.v mechanics, four farmers, one steward or business-manager, four female teachers; thirty-six adults in all, together with seventeen children, constituted the reinforcement of the church, in-whose employ Mr. Lee was laboring, judged not too large to meet the emergency of the hour. It was a missionary company, but it was not that only. It was an American colony ; an educated, refined, patriotic colony of Ameri- can citizens. When in the early summer of 1840, these fifty-three people united in the Willamette valley, with the sixteen who had preceded them, there was a truly American colony, west of the Cascade mountains, of nearly four-score souls, — n neuclus of civilization around which the elements of a great history might gather and enlarge and crystallize until a great and prosperous State should l>e the result. " Man projioses; God disposes." ' So it was here. A single year while Mr. Lee was absent from the country, had touched the Indian tribes as with a pestilence. They were wasting out of being. The beautiful Willamette was to be dedi- cated to something greater and grander than even Indian missionary establishments. A stronger race, with a purpose ajid apower that could carry the country to the highest fornis of civilizeil so. ciety and life was to have and to hold it. Their vanguard of chosen men and women, chdscn for their pcrsmud power ami purpose, was here to fix and drive the initial stake from which should bo traced tho foundation measurements of the history of a thousand years. Nor was this alto- gether an unexpected condition. This great en- ter|)rise had tho countenance of the national authorities with some reference to it.'* political as well as its moral and religious significance. Of course it was known that, so >ner or later, the Indian trilK>s here, as everywhere (dse, would disappear. The men in authority at Washing- ton did not knowthis better than did tho mon who constituted this missionary company. In deed they did not know it as well. Itut it came sooner than was anticipated, though not too soon for the safety of American interests; as the pressure of events in AVashington and in Loudon were hurrying the two nations toward a final issue of their struggles for Oregon, with the coming of this f,'ite--sad, it would seem, to the Indian tribes — there was a necessary failure comparatively, of these Indian missions. Itnt that failure was one of the conditions of the in- coming of that after civilzation the germ of which was in that c(dony of American men and women that had thus strangely Iwen set d'lwn here Justin time to give it most potent relation to what was to be. Still, for three ye.>rs, the work of this company of people was, as I'.ir as those immediately about them were concerned, endeavoring to do good to the decaying rem- nants of the Indian tribes. iJosides the mis- sionaries and those immediately connected with them, the Indians, few and feeble as they were, were all upon whom they could bcotow labor or sympathy. As to themselves they were wait, ing, becoming acquainted with the geography and resources of the country. They were young people. Hardly a person forty years of age among them. They could afford to wait and be ready for what was ready for them. Our readers will see when they reach and study tlie history of " Immigration " as treated M HIHToltr oh' (HtKUON licri-aflor in tliiH hook, tliiit tint luitiiiitti of 1K43 ilitti'h H clmii;;!! ill tlin |i()|iiii tin* M'iiitc mid tiu^ Aiiit^rican iirolonilnatt'H in tiiu country over the Ked and tiic lIii(i»*on'n Imy. lli'iict! \vf do not triK'c tlic iiistorv of this first i'stal>lisin!d and stron^cKl iniswion liirtlier than timt |H5i'i(Ml; lint eoni*iun a inoHt potiMit creator. As we eoiiclnde our diftinetive refer- ence to tliis individiiiil inifsion, tlie tairne!>s of iiistory reipiires ns \u ^\\v. tlie iiiiniea of the j^en- tlenicn then constituting it, or had been prom- inently coniua'tcd with it. 'I'hey were Jason Lee, Daniel I,ee, ("vrns Slie|)ard. who ham- pany they proceeded westward as far as (Ireen river, about fifty miles west of ihe summit of the Riicky mountains, the rendovous of that company. Here they met a large number of the Inilians of the ('nlumbia, and the infoniia tion they rcfeiv;;ti rr;.'iii them, together with that froiii trappers, tradoi.' and travelers whom tlu^y met her", vvas such is decided them to estaiilish a inissieii on or near the middle Columbia. In furtherance of that decisio.i Dr. Wliitirian re- turned to the East, and Mr i'arker eoiitinueil his journey to the ColnmbiH.. lie visited Walla Walla, Vanc(>uver, the mission of Mr. Xmm in the Willamette, and after completing his observations retnrned to New York by (he way of the Sandwich islande and cape Horn in 1837. Two Ncz Perces Indians accompanied Dr. Whitman on liis retutn to New York, where their ap|>earance as H()epiinenH of the tribe among which it was proposed to establish a iiiis- sion exeite (Town iif tills jfrciit ilistiiic- ti(Mi from flitr it, mill we im- j;IhcI to Ktiuly tlu in in tlioir iiniquu iintl niii^iiitict'nt ieolHtion in liistorif. story. Fnll mm whb thin journey with thrilling incident, wo pan do no more tlmn, witli tlieite vew BenteiicuH, uuiidiict tlieHC tnindionArie." to til tlindint nisnion in flie Willrtmette, they liegim thnu in interior Oiegori. The game general course of incident mnrke«l the work (d' t bene mi>-riion8 lis did timt alreHdy diserilieeH of tiie Willam- ette wert' smitten with decay thene were yet vigorous and comparatively nunieroUH. Seven years, therefore, after the Indian mission work was almoHt or entirely abandoned in tlie Willam- ette, that in thin region wan CTijoyin)^ its greatest prosperity. But it was only to meet the same fate at last, excejit as the Indians themselves have proved capable of so far re- sisting the enfeebling and destructive contact with a miscellaneous white popiilatinn, and have maintained an existence as a people even until this day; while those of the Willamette as tril)e8 and nations, have long since disappeared. From time to time these missions of the American Board of Church and Foreign Mis- sions were re-enforced by the addifon of a class of men and women worthy to be what tiieir position made them, founders of a civilization. Some of the gentlemen com|)o8ing the mission became most important and honored instru- ments in the settlement of great questions of State, and iu the final establishment of the in- stitutions of civil society here. Notably this was true of Dr. Whitman, the record of whose heroic efforts to benefit Oregon, as well as of his tragic death as a martyr to his steadfast purpose of life, is given elsewhere, and need not In; re. |H>atn to iiumanitV' Without a ijnt'stion any iipartial history of the tim(*s from i8;iti to 1847, V'ill write tiic names of Whitman, Spaiild- inr Kl'l , Walker, Oray, anil their companions and poliiborers aiiion^ the few dozens ot' names that were foremost in layini'deep and broad the foiindatiini of the great commonwealth that is now what it Is, be iwti the men whose lives and work proje<',ted it, were what thoy were. The history of the insiitiition and work of the missions of the Koinan ('atliolic Church in Oregon is more difficult to trace than is that of the Methoili.>t Kpiscopal Chundi, or of the American Board. The reasons are obvious to those who have made the methods of that church at all a study. Their work is more dis- tinctly a church work than is that of any other Ujdy of Christian people. It consists more ex- clusively of catechetical instruction, and the ob- servance of certain forms of ritual observances, than any other. There is less publicity to it. They do not organize cominunities with a public life outside of the ecclesiastical and church life they inculcate. Their missionaries come and go unheralded and unannounced. Without a family life themselves, they appear for a day or a year, then move forward and another takes the vacated place. What has been done or has not been done is not proclaimed, t^ilent, self- contained, with the air and aspect of men who are moved, instead of moving with a self- porpose, except it be a purpose to obey what is commanded, they do their work with a patience, a devotion, a self-forgetfulness that is worthy of all praise as a method of ecclesiatical prosely t- ism. These methods and pecularities are not mentioned as derogatory to them, liiit only to account for the ditliculty a writer experiences 06 II I STORY III- OltKCON. i i;:i ill t'ollowin<; tlic lilies of their liistory. And it' tlicso pcciiliiritics rt'iiiier it dillicuit to do this in ('>tal)li>lL('il coiidif ioiiiJ ol' society, tlicy rt'iider it iiiiicli more dillicuit when the lielil is siieh as Oref^oii was when tlicy tMitered into it. The Koiiian ('atholics were the third to enter the missionary field in Oregon. Their first |)iie>t.-, Kev. Francis N. I!laneiiet and Kev. Modest Demiise. ciiiiie overland from ^rontreal wilh the re^'tihir ilndsoirs liay E.\|iresSi reacli- inij Vancouver on the 2-l:tli of November, 1838. They came at the instance of the Hudson's Buy C(Mn|)any. Tlii-y were I'ritish sni)jett8, althoii<;!i I'Veiieh themselves, and the servants of the lIucts, and because they were Roman Catholics, and therefore most against the only .Vmerican influence then in the country— the I'rotestaiit missions. This they had a right to do, and our duty is only to record it. JSut the coming of the Iloinan Catholic priests introduced an element of discord and trouble into th(! country that bore very bitter fruit in after years, and this seems the only proper place to fairly consider it. This we shall try to do both judiciou-ly and judicially, "with malice toward none, with charity for all." It is necessary to ol)serve that there had been no controversies between, nor because of, the missions of the A. 15. C. i''. M. and those of the Methodist Episcopal Church. There were two reasons for this. First, the religious ends before both were the same; they were not aiming to make sectaries vf the Indians, but to make (Jhristians of them. Second, they were all Americans, aiul therefore there was no divisitm of ]>ulitical or national grounds. The priests of the Roman Church differed at both these points, ami that difference was at the basis of all the bitter controversies of that period of Oregon history, and of those that have been continued from it down to the jiresent by some writers on both sides, a controversy into which we shall not enter further than to state it historically. It is exceeding diflicult to discuss religious differences so that the discussion itself does not become a special plea on the side of the writer himself. It is ecpially difH'iiilt to make such discussion reasonably intelligent to the un- churched reader. But we will try to do both. Of course the original basis of tlio contro versy wis tiieological-churchly, — Romanism vs. Protestantism, — wliicli is true and which is false. This we do not debate, but it was the core of the trouble. Out of the convictions of either party and both parties on this snliject came their intense zeal and bitterness against each other. The Protestant missions ami missionaries took too much counsel of tl.'eir prejiulices and desires. They did not snHicieiitly consider that the Romish priests had the same rights in the country, either religiously or politically, as they had. Their being first gave them no pre- emptive right to control the religion of the peo- ple. To a very great degree they forgot or ignored this very obvious and fundameiital principle of human freedom: consequently they met the priests with protests against their presence, and probably a somewhat acrimonious denunciation of their teachings and themselves. It is very clear to any candid reader of the his- torical literature of this jieriod that such was especially the spirit of the missionaries of the American Hoard, as it wa.s, to a less extent, of those of the Methodist Hoard. Instances might *f "i >• 7C r > > n 5 r < > H O X > C ^, O O \.i It I I nisToKT OF onuaoN. !)T be friven and langiiuge quoted to evidence tliit:, but its concesBion by a Protestant writer is sutHcient. On tlie other band, tlie priests tnade i t a special pnrpose to break down and destroy the Protest- ant missions. Instead of opening new fields to any considerable extent, they established their missions almost by the very doors of the Protest- ant missions. They declared it to be their pnr- pose to antagonize and destroy them. This was in entire consistency with their beliefs as church- men, and we do not write of it as a crime, but simply as a fact, leaving the reader to his own conclusions. Rev. F. N. IJlancbet, afterward archbiehop of Oregon City, with whom the writer had a personal acquaintance, wrote his- torically, at a later day, of the work of their priests at that time, thus: "They were to warn their flocks against the danger of seduction, to destroy the false im- pression already received, to enlighten and con- firm the faith of the wavering and deceived consciences, * * * a^^j jt y^(,g enough for them to hear that some fabe prophet [meaning Protestant missionary] had penetrated into a place, or intended visiting some locality, to induce the missionaries to go there immedi- ately, to defend the. faith and keep error from propagating itself." In another place, and in reference to the par- ticular mission of the Methodist Church at Ncsqually, north of the Columbia river, the same eminent ecclesiastic wrote: "The first mission to Nesqually was made by Father Demns, who celebrated the first mass in the fort of the Hudson's Hay Company, on April 22 (183'J), tiie day after he arrived. His visit at such a time was forced \ipon him by the establishment of a Methodist mission for the Indians. » » * After having given orders to biiild a chapel, and said mass outside the fort, he parted with them, blessing the Lord for the success of his mission among the whites and Indians, and reached Cowlitz on Monday, the 30th, with the conviction "that his mission at Nesqually luid left a very feeble chance for a Methodist mission there." This statement of this most influential and controlling man, in regard to the modes and purposes of the work of the Iloman Catholic missions, certainly justifies the statement wo have made in regard to them, historically. y\mong the Indians the Catholic missionaries were more successful than the Protestant, in the sense of gaining more adherents. Their meth- ods and principles made this inevitable. AVith them Christians were constituted by sacraments; with the Protestants, by life. With them bap- tism opened the door of the kingdom of hea- ven; with the Protestants, a renewed nature. The difference was radical, and with uninstruct- ed and unreasoning Indians, altogether in favor of Romanists. The symbols and ceremonies of that church were far more alluring to the In- dian, easily approivchable through his sensuous organs, but harder to reach through reason and conscience, than were thp high idealism and lofty spirituality of Protestant teaching. Mr. Hlanchet was right when lie said: "The siglitof the altar vestments, sacred vessels and great cere- monies were drawing their attention a great deal more than the cold, unavailable, long lay services of Rrother Waller;" and this fully ac- counts for the greater influence of the priests over the Indian mind. There was, however, another reason that should be noted, namely, the influence of the Hudson's Bay Company over the Indians, which was very great and always favorable to the Romanists, wiiile the Protestants were in close affiliation with the Americans, indeed, at tliis time constituted the American element of the country. It can hardly bo necessary to draw this. parallel and contrast further. From the time of the arrival of Messrs. Biatichet and Demus, in 1838, priests continued to arrive and scatter over the country. In 1847, nine years after the first arrival, the Ro- man Catholic Church had so increased that Ore- gon City was constituted an Episcopal k^ee, with Rev. F. N. Illnnohet as its bishop. The I)S IIISTOliV OF (tREOON. total iimiil.ei' of cliTfiyinoii employed wag I dilferent parts of tlie uoimtry. It can liardly twftity-six, witli live cliurclu's in t!ie Willain- l)e needful to follow the liistory of these inis- ette valley, three north of the Coliinihia river, \ sions, as separate departments of the life of the with quite a number of Indian missions in I common Oregon, farther. -^^M^^'^- - CHAPTER XI. THE UUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. , -^ How CoNSTlTlTKD— SlK A I.KX ANDER MaCKKNZIE ATTITUDE TOWAKP TIIK CoU^TRY — ExTKNT OF ITS Ol'KKATIONS- -TnK NoUTII WKSTKUN CoMl'ANY — UnION OF THK ('oMPANIES — STAKEft I'l.AYEi) FoK — Mk. .John MoLalghlin— GuowTn of he Comi-any — Captain Bonneville AND THE Hudson's Bay Comfanv — Caitain Wyktii and the Hcdson's Bay Company- — Ekkctton of Foist Hall — Ukaoiies Va.vcouver — Fort William Biilt — Sale to IIid- son's Bay Co.mpany — All Kivalky Crushed — Rulino Policy of the Company — State- ment OF A Chaplain — The Hudson's Bay Company Socially. nilK Hudson's Bay (Company was consti- tntetl by royal charter, given by Charles II on the 16th day of May, 1670. It gave tlie " government and company and their Buccessors the exclusive right to trade, fish and hunt in the waters, bays, rivers, lakes and creeks entering into Hudson's straits, together with all the lands and territories not already occupied or granted to any of the king's subjects or possessed by the subjects of any other Ciiristiaii prince or state." The company bad eighteen original incorporators, at the hend of whom was Prince Rupert; hence tlie name Rupert's land was once given to that region. The first object of the company, as named in its charter, was '• the discovery of a new passage into the South sen," as the Pacific ocean was then generally called. Some curious and interesting facts touching the pretended ownership of the region in which these •' exclusive rights" were thus presumptu- ously ceded, appear both before and after this time. In 1632,Cliarles I of England had resigned to Louis XIII of France the sovereignty of the country, and the French king gave a charter to a French company who occupied it, and it was called Acadia, or New France. Notwithstand- ing Great Britain, by this act of Charles I, had thus given up its right to the somewhat mythi- cal region iiuiiciited, the second Charles reas- serted that right in the giving of t is charter to the Hudson's 'Bay Company. Still, in the terms of the treaty of Ryswick, in 1(597, twenty- seven years after the Hudson's Bay Company received its charter, tlie whole country was con- firmed to France by Great Britain, and no reser- vation of British rights, or of the rights of the Hudson's Bay Company, was made. This, at the present time, since all questions of riglits, real or pretended, have l)een definitely settled, is of interest only as showing upon what fJimsy pretexts the sovereigns of western Europe as- serted ownership of vast regions of country on the American continent, and how they used these " rights " as the small change that settled balances in their accounts with each otiier, not more than 200 years ago. For 100 years little comparatively of interest BISTOUY OF OHKOOy. 00 attached to the company, and few i-esnlts of public iiiiportance are recorded. Something \v;i:i done in the line of ge()^rH])hiciil discovei'les in the northwestern parts of America, and the loaders of the company were growing hopeless of the discovery of an inland cimniiel from the Atlantic to the Pacific. About 1778, Frobislier established a trading post on lake Athabasca, about 1,200 miles from lake Superior. Ten years later it was abandoned and Fort Chippe- wyan was built on the southwest shore of the same water. From tliis post Sir Alexander Mackenzie made an expedition down the river that bears his name, to the Arctic, and returned in 102 days. In the autumn of 1791, he started to e.vplore a route to the South sea, — the Pacific ocean. He ascended Peace river to its head in the Rocky mountains, and in that dreary solitude made his winter quarters with his ten men. They were snowbound until May, when they resumed their jourriey, and in June came to the divide, and saw for the first time the waters tliat flowed toward the Pacific, — a sight that no white man had ever tefore beheld. In July, they came in sight of the sea and were soon upon its shores. There, on a bold rock, facing Asia, this great explorer painted in vermilion these words: " Alexander Mackenzie, from Canada by land, the twenty-second of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three." This was the first expedition of white men across the coniinent to the Pacific ocean. It was a great feat, and had in it the presage of great events, to which our history will soon come. So valuable were his discoveries con- sidered to Great Britain, that he was rewarded for thorn by the honor of knighthood in 1801. Mackenzie was a man of far more than or- dinary ability. He had a statesmanlike grasp of mind, unconquerable determination, clear and penetrating foresight, and by his personal explanations and recommendations laid a foun- dation for much of the subsequent claims of Great Britain to the regions west of the Rocky mountains, and to more of the future progress and prosperity of the Hudson's Bay Conipa?iy on that field. The point ho reached on the Pacific coast was within the present limit.-* of IJiitish Columbia (latitude 53' 21'), and clearly within the limits of the claim made by the United States, which afterward became the slogan i)f a great national party in one of the most exciting presidential contests in our history, when "The whole of Oregon or none." " Fifty-Four, Forty or Fight." streamed on banners and vere shouted by the people all over the land. He was the first and ablest represent- atives of Great Britain in her quest for other empire on the American contiiietit as a compen- sation for that which had been snatched fr <\n her grasp by the American Revolution, that had closi'd but ton years before. The attitude of the Hudson's Bay Coin|)any toward the vast region over which its charter assumed to give authority was actually that of sovereignty. They legislated for it, governed it, made war and peace within it, and all other people were I'orbidden to " visit, haunt, frequent, trade, traffic, or adventure " within it! There was, of course, a confession of allegiance to the crown of Great Britain, in fact that their char- ter was from it, but the power of the company was practically absolute. For all these rights and prerogatives the company was to pay an an- nual revenue of "two elks and two black beavers," to be collected on the grounds of the company. With such uidimited prerogatives, in such a vast and productive field of trade, the company conld not but rapidly increase in wealth and power. With these came a gras])ing avarice and a bold and inexoral)le spirit. The company stretched out its arms like a huge commercial octopus, and drew into itself all opposing and rival interests from the Yukon to the Sacra- mento", from the Arctic to Salt Lake, and from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Colum- bia. What came in and what went out of the country was at its dictation. The Indian and the European alike did the bidding of the giant monopoly. Not to do it was to perish. This power was reaching out and preparing to on- I' I 100 niSTOHY OF OllKdON. fold in its graup nil of tlio Pacific coast from American llussia to S[)aiiis]i California. The original stock of tills company was only 850,820. In tifty years it had made ita stock- lioldcre rich, hesides trebling its stock twice by profits aloni'. In 1821, ita capital stock had gone up to .S457,380, and in that year it ab- sorbed the Northwest CompR .^ of Montreal, with a capital equal to its own. The Northwest Company was the Canadian Britisii rival and competition of the Hudson's May Company. It was organized by the prin- cipal increhants of ^lontreal in 1787, especially to control and monopolize the fur trade over the boundless forests of the Caiunlas, and stretch- ing westward and northward along lakes Huron and Superior to the chain of great and small lakes, to lakes Winnipeg and Athabasca, and along the Saskatchewan and the Red Iliver of the North, following up the game and the In- dians wherever they could be fouinl. Though these were both British companie.'', yet the riv- alry and hostility between them was as radical as they could have been between either of them and any rival American company. There were many reasons for that hostility. The Hudson's IJay Company was the older and more powerful, and held letters patent from the British crown, and its organization and personnel were more distinctively English than the other, which was largely of the French Canadian type. I'esides. the great profitableness of the fur trade at that time made it a prize for commer- cial adventure cigerly to contend for. Hence, as th(! Northwest Company was reaping a rich harvest from its trade in these retjions. and was pushing that trade farther and farther west- ward and soutiuvard and northward, tlie Hud- son's I'ay Com|)any l)egan to set up rival estab- lishments and |)lace I'lval trades by the side of theirs. Personal friendship could not long continue when fonimereial interei-.s came into such sii!ir|) competition. The result was open war between the two companies. Forts were ca])tnre(l, prisoners taken and held in ca|itivity, nations of the same country and snly'ects of the same king. Earl Selkirk, of the Hudson's Hay Company, resolved to establish a colony of Scotch and Irish Hudson's hay people on the lied river, where was the great depot of the Northwest Company, and which that company considered its own ground. His first attempt was a partial failure, but he was skillful and de- termined enough to detach some of the most important partisans of the Northwest Company from its service, and to unite them to that of the Hudson's Bay Company. Among them was Colin Robertson, one of the most success- ful traders and astute administrators of the company, to whom lie committed the control of the interests of the Hu' moccasins," for he wore the In- dian moccasin j^enerally to the end of his life — was erect as a fir tree, and moved with a stately and even nnijestic tread. Ilis face was full and florid and cleanly shaven, and his eye a clear blue. Whei the writer's personal acquaintance with him hejcan, in 185.'?, his full hair was like a silver DR. .lOllN .McL.VrciUI.lN. crown, and worn full and flowing, reaching nearly to his shoulders, and iiis eye had yet a quick and diuting Are. Ilis movements were ilecisive. il' not quick. His voice in ordinary conveisalion was low, and his speech somewhat slow, hut when excited it rang sharply and de- cisively out, like that of a man, who was accus- tomed to his own way in all that he cared to do at all. The writer was then a young man, jnst entering upon his life-work in Oregon, while Dr. McLauj^rhlin had then, for some years, been a private citizen; lint his appearance was so ven- erable and august, his position in the country had been so commanding and his history so remarkable, that he seemed to my imagination the nuist impressing personality 1 hail ever he- held. To this day I doubt whether a more im- posing physical presence ever walked the streets of this great Northwest than that of Dr. John Mcl^aughlin. Iiis character was .t- marked (m his presonc lie had a very higli sense of personal hon' and his integrity was beyond question. Hew, s generous and humane to an unusual degree. Quite a number, now among the wealthy and distinguished citizens of Oregon, owe their flrst commercial positions in the trade of this coast to his helpful hand. And, after the acrimonies arising from the position of the Hudson's Bay Company, of which he was governor, as the overweening inono|)oly of the coast have passed largely out of the personal remembrance of the people, and Dr. McLaughlin is remembered only as the man and the citizen that he ap- peared after he closed his connection with that gigantic corporation. There is no name held in higher veneration by the citizens of Oregon than his. With the Hudson's Bay Company, the period from 1821 to 1833 was an era of growth, and yet of consolidation. Nothing occurred to dis- turb the equanimity of its rule. Its power touched every center and circumference of the vast territory of its operations. True, some American fur companies, like that of Sublette, Smith and Bridger, or some independent traders and trappers like Bonneville and Wyeth, now and then ventured over the line of its assumed rights along the gorges of the Rocky nioiiutains, but it had only to speak and they disappeared. Even before this era it had absorbed Astor's company, as we have before noticed. It would extend this portion of our work unduly were we to follow in detail the adventures of the gentle- men and servants of this company through this decade of its greatest power and prosperity. During this time the Mplomatic debate between Great Britain and the United States as to the ownershij) of Oregon |)assed through many HTSTOIIY OF Olih'OON. \m cliaiigeH, but soemfil not to Hilviinc« towiird any settlement. IJoth pftrties were claiinHnts of tlie country, 1>nt Irotli were wary, procrastinatiiif^, and tearful of a final tender of terinw. Grciit Britain swined to have justest reaaon to post- pone decision. The Hudson's Iky (!oiiipany was Hritish. It held the situation with a grasp it seemod nothing could unloose. Its brigades of hoats were on every stream and its hunters and trappers on every trail. There were liter- ally none to oppose them. Their small but won- derful circle of leaders like Simpson, McLangh- li/i and Douglas, were planning with marvelous foresight and ability to retain for England wliat their former enterprise and courage had apj)ar- ently gained, — all the Pacific coast from Cali- foi'uir. to the Russian possessions, — a region they wtdl knew to be among the fairest and most fruitful on the globe. They held a first mort- gage — that of possession upon it. But give them time and they would do the rest. So dip- lomacy waited upon possession, trusting that might would make right, and the young repub- lic on the Atlantic shore would, in some criti- cal and nervous hour, surrender to power what was clearly her right in law. But both Britain and the Hudson's Bay Company had left out of their account the most decisive element— deter- mination of history, aa we shall subsequently see. Meanwhile the relations of the Hudson's Bay Company, with competitors in its field, whether associated or individual, require some consideration. Subsequent to the defeat of the grand project of .Fohn Jacob Astor, as already related, the ex- pedition of Captain Bonneville was the first that held within itself any real threat to the suprem- acy of the Hudson's Bay Company in the region now known as Oregon. As it seems needful to maintain the continuity of history, and en- able our readers to understand the latent, as well as the obvious, causes that finally wrought out the history of the Pacific Northwest, to give some brief account of that expedition, a few sentences regarding Captain Bonneville here will be acceptable to tiie reader: He was of P'rench parentage, born in the city of New York about the close of the Amuricau Revolution. He inherited all the Krencli vola- tility and fervor of imagination, though it was disciplined in his cai'ly years by mathematical studies. He was educated in the United States Military Academy at West Point, from wliicli lie entered the army, and was for a num..er of years stationed on the far western frontier. The inactive and uneventful life of a soldier in time of peace ill suited his active and adventurous temperament, and naturally his eyes turned to- ward the unexplored regions of the Rocky mountains as the field offering incident and ex- citement enough to gratify his ambition. He obtained leave of absence from the army, and secured from the major-general commanding it, from the secretary of war and from the presi- dent more than a quasi-indorsement of his j)lans. He succeeded in interesting with him- self Alfred Seaton, of New York, a gentleman of high respectability and influence, and formed an association with adequate means for the prosecution of his expensive project. Mr. Sea- ton was the more ready to aid Captain Bonne- ville from having been associated with Mr. Astor's enterprise, and was one of the patriotic American youths who were at Astr)ria at the timeof its surrender to the British. He hoped to contribute to the raising again of the flag of his own country on the shores of the Columbia. Captain Bonneville was also on close terms with Mr. Astor himself. Prepared for his adventurous expedition, Captain Bonneville found himself in the early spring of 1832 on the western frontier at Fort Osage, Missouri, when he enlisted a force of 110 men, mostly experienced in the craft of the plains and mountains, and ready for any enter- prise of profit or danger. On the Ist of May of that year he began his march westward. To Captain Bonneville belongs the historic distinction of first conducting wagons to and over the summit of the Rocky mountains. This was a distinct gain for civilization, as it intro- duced civilized methods of locomotion in the lOl ri/srony oh' ouKOoti. nhu'c ot'tlidSuof tlic l)!irliiii'i)UH Imliaii or tlii'uliiti' iiiiuiuidiM'. Tlicsu tii'st iiii'iiiit (!very siicL't'ciliii)^ wlici'l of trader or ciiiigrniit or locomotive; and, tlioiij^h till' world did not sec it. tliey meant Oref^on for the Americans instead ot" the Knglish. The excitiiipj adventures of his journey west- ward cannot he followcil here. II is route was across the then unjiathcd solitudes where now are the wonderful States of Kansas and Ne- braska, and he opened for wajjons the identical road traveled hy emigrants from western Mis- sonri to Oregon until the rail-car displaced the ox-wairon. nearly forty years after he had pio- neered the way. From the 1st of May to the 24th of Julyjiis long cavalcade of wagons and horsemen moved slowly westward and upward. At nofjii of that day he was beyond the divide of the Kocky mountains and encamped on a branch of (ireen river, then called Sceds-Keo Agio, or Sai^o lien river. On the 27tli of July lie reached Green river — the "rendezvous" of the trappers and traders of the Rocky mountains foi' tliat year, — at least a liundred miles within the limits of Oregon as the maps then described it. lie had now entered a region of indescribably wild and broken mountain ranges, and henco he determined here to abandon his wagons — the tii'st, we repeat, even to pass the gates of the ftocky mountains — and on the 22d of August j)aeked his horses and began his nnirch still wostsvard, having selected the valley of Salmon river, near where Salmon City, in Idaho, is now situated, as the place for his winter's canton- ment. A full year was spent in the region contiguous to this |)hu'e, and the following December he established his winter quarters on rhe Portneuf river. I'nt his main purpose in coniing to the mountains was yet unfulfilled. When all was settled for his people in tlieir winter encamp- ment, with three trusted and hearty mountain- eers, he mounted his horse on Christmas morn- ing of 1833, for an expedition of great peril, as well as of great historic importance, namely, to penetrate the lilue moiintiiins, visit the establishments of the Hudson's Hay ('ompany on the Columbia river, anon's I'ay Company ended in utter failure. i'"ew among the men of the mountains and plains at that time had the cour- age and caution and will of Bonneville, and where he failed none need liojie to succeed. In subsequent years Bonneville, then a major in the United States Army, was put in coiii- niand of the troops of the United States stationed at the old Hudson's Bay post of Vancouver, and there the writer met and conversed with him in the autumn X853. Suave, intelligent and filled with pioneer memories, and delighting to recount the incidents of his three years in the mountains of eastern Oregon from 1832 to 1835, where, though ostensibly a mere trader, he was tliere really under the sanction of the president of the United States as an observer of the atti- tudes and power of the Hudson's Bay Company, the rejiresentative and embodiment of the Brit- ish Government in Oregon. After the power of the Hudson's J3ay Com- pany had com|)as8ed the defeat of Bonneville's well-laid schemes, the next to try his prow- ess against it was Mr. Nathaniel J. Wyeth, ot Cambridge, Mat^sachusetts. Indeed, Mr. Wy- eth's adventure was partly contemporaneous with Captain Bonneville's, though its disastrous culmination was somewhat later. Like all men who assay such gigantic undertakings, Mr. Wyeth was ardent, enthusiastic, determined and capable of inspiring others with his own spirit.' In 1832 he organiiied an emigrating company IM lllSTOltY I IF (illKUOS. of twiMity two perHorm in Mn8r>nc)ineotts, tor the |)iir|i(»fio of pi'ouetMlin^ to Orcf^on, nnd, toj^etluM' with tli.'U of L'stiilili>liiiij{ It tnidi' with tiie In- ilinii)«, occupy portioiiH of tliu country m set- tlers. Willi thin company hn Httirlcil wciitwiird. Knowing little of the prncticul life on the frontier, it wnH not until thoy rcaiihod St. Louin nnii licf^an to come into contact with nucli inen ns the Suhlettes that the true <'liaracter and great ditHculty of the undertaking hegan to dawn upon their mimlM. Some of liiri party turned hack, hut Mr. VVyeth was made of hardy HtufV', and with others he punhed forward, and linally reached the Coliimhia river and Vancou- ver; and, having; made nsoniuwliat cursory oxam- ination of the country, and being greatly im- pressed with its beauty and resources, returned to I'oston and imniediat(>ly entered on prepara- tions to forward a ship load of suitable mer- chandise the followiiii^ year for the (3olunil)ia, while he, with an associated company of men, should return to Oregon by land and enter the list of competition with the Hudson's Ray Company in the very center of its power. In coniiection with this journey of Mr. Wy- eth occurred an event that inci/■■ liHKdOX. vn l!;o entire weif;li» of timt conipniiy will Im iim n'^ion than one of itrt triulin^ |iiirticK \» put in motion. A few ytmrn will make the country wt>st of tii« inonntitiim a« completely lMi).'liHli iiH timy Clin duHire." With tliis complete failnn: of Mr. WyethV ' eiiterpriHc turmitiateil tlu< iHHt orjjuni/.ed effort j of American (raders to cetaliliitli ii BncceHsfnl [ rival to the IIuflMon's May ('om|iany in ()rei;on. either for triwic or the protection of Ainuricrtn interenlH, and the advanc<«inent of American ! claims to the country itself; and IS34 closed i and IHiio was ushered in with Uritisli suprem- ncy represented hy the lIne shaken. It is well, therefore, that we pause here and take a brief survey of what Oregon was in this supreme hoiir of Hudson's Hay domination. It will be remembered tliat we are now writ- ing of Oregon as it was understood in 1834, extending fronn the 42° to 54° 40' of north latitude, and from the Pacific ocean to the Rocky mountains,. It was the distinct and j avowed policy of the ruling company to keep back all tettlemont and hold the country only for the production of game. White men, thrreforc. were unwelcome intruders, unless they were of thone races ready to internnirry with Indian wonn'ti, and thus render themselves fit for the barliaric purposes of that company. They would liav(! no civilization, as we iinder- (•tand civili/alion. The gnafest and ablest and U'st men among them were intermarried with the native wcnnen, atid half-breed chililren swarmeil aiound their l'al)itations. These con- ditions were a necessity of their policy, and that p<)li(;y was the only means of securing thu ends for wiiich the Hudson's l)ayCiimj)any was organized, and for which it e.Nisted. We aro spei^king of this policy of the company as we saw it in the last days of its existence in Ore- gon, when it seemed to us so stningu that intelligetit and eilucated English, Scotch, and Canadian gentlemen could ever have fallen into such barbaric modes of domestic living. Hut we were then comparing tlieir life with tlio ideals of our own New York training, and were ignorantof the history and avowed pnrjjusc of tlie company whoso best social products we saw. When these were studied we plainly saw tliat this was not perverse criminality in the people we saw around us, but a commercial necessity in their relations of life. Anything that meant or typed the civilization of an American vil- lage would of necessity liave been the germ of its destruction to the end for which all this system lived and wrought. Illustrating this, a statement of a chaplain at Moose Factory may be quoted, lie said; " A plan 1 had devised fcr educating and training to some acquaint- ance with agriculture native children, was dis- allowed. * * * A proposal for forming a small Indian village near Moose Factory was not acceded to, and, instead, permission only given to attempt the location of one or two old men no longer fit forengaing in the chase, it being carefully and distinctly stated by Sir (ieorgo Simpson that the company would not give them even a spade to commence their new mode of life!" Coming to understand that this policy was the wisest, indeed, tiie only means of perpetuat- if r :; ;li 108 nrsronr of oukoon. inj^ the company itself, we soon toiiiul that the •• iriMitli'incti ot the coinpiiiiy," as tliey were (•iillt'(l, personally were inritain, and Bonneville com])elled to lly from starvation on the baidvs of the Columbia because the very tish of the rivers and game on the hills were denied him by the lordly barons who ruled at Vancou- ver for themselves and Britain only. So in- trenched was this British power behind the great mountain ranges of the mid-continent, that armies could not march against it if they would; and on the thither side 3,000 leagues of ocean, roamed by the prowling crnisers of the British navy, kept eternal watch and ward over them. Thus they stood, and thus Britantiia rnled, not the wave only, bnt the land as well, when these avaunt couriers of the mighty host of Americans that ten years later began to fol- low in their footsteps, sat calmly down before this mountain power of commercial snpremacyj and that other mountain power of paganism in- trenched in the superstitions legends of a hun- dred generations of jjctrifled intellectual and moral darkness, and began, in their thoughts, if not in their speech, to prophesy to them: "(), thou great mountain, be thuu plucked up and be thou cast into the midst of the sea." These men were nut a power in themselves to outer this vast contention for the possession of a mighty empire, for there were but four of them; but they were the seed of a power, the germ of a force, that was to win that empire to American civilization, and plant it as the thirty- fourth star in the blue fleld of our country's banner. h is now time that wj i)egin to note and measure the growth of that new force that thus confronted the old. The task is difficidt, for who can weigh or measure such forces? — but we must attempt it. We have before remarked the fact that these mission establishments wore of two classes: First, those organized and sustained by great mission- iirsroiir of ottEooN. Ill ary societies, like tlie Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missione; and, second, personal and independent missions, established and sustained by the men who themselves wrought it in them. l?ut they '.ere all Americans, and nearly all of New England blood, if not of New England birth. That onr readers may the better understand the relations, both of men an-('rvcr. The persons will) for this society cntalilisheij this mission were Dr. Marcus Wliitinan and wife, liev. 11. II. Spaidditifi; and wife, and Mr. \V. !I. (Iray, all from the State of New York, and all, like tluise connected with the Methodist coniiniinily, intensely American in training and sentiment. This company of live persons, includiiiif the two ladies, cros^eij the continent from the Missouri river on liorseback, a distance of nearly 2,000 miles. Mrs. Wiiitmnn and Mrs. Spanlding were the first white women of any nation who ever made a home in Oregon, and are forever monu- mented as such in the history of civilization of the Northwest. The American heart lini^ersover tlieir deeds and their memory with a fjreat love and a great reverence, and is glacl to give thein the crownini^ place, of 'vliich personally they were so worthy, and which with such bravery they won that of the first American home-makers between the Ivocky mountains and the eastern sea. The missions of those peo])lo were established in the very lieart of what has since become known as the great '• Inland Empire," at Waulitpu, on the Walla Walla river, and at Lapwai on the Cl-^arwater, among the Cayuses and Nez I'erces, the two strongest and most promising trihes of the entire coast. In 183S Messrs Eels, AValker and Smith, with tlieir wives, joined them, and they enlarged tlieir work and broadened their field. So, at the close of 1S3S the American Hoard had six American families, representing the best forms of American life and sentiment, firmly fixed in the soil of the Oregon of that period; its coiitribntit)n to tlio double result of that evangelization of a pagan peojile and the Americanization of Oregon. In addition to these there were what we have called independent missions, established on the individual responsibility of those conducting them, that (•ontribiited no slight influence to the great aggregate of American sentiment and life that was now beginning to repress and neutralize the sway of the Hudson's I'.ay Com- jiany. In 1838 Kov. Ilarvcy (Marke, .Mr. Little- john and Mr. Smith, I'resbyterian self-snppurt- iiig iiiissonaries, with their wives came over the mountains, and in 1839 Moses GritHn and ifuiiger and their wives entered the country with similar intentions. What we have said of the gentlemen and ladies of the missions of the two great boards would bo true in character of all these. They were of the same type of representative America. is, stood on the same re- lation to the Hudson's Hay Company, and were as thoroughly at one with tlie plans and hopes of the United States in regard to Oregon, as were the others. In a sense, indeed, tlieir in- dejiendence gave them a vantiige ground not possessed by the others, of which they were prompt and faithful to use for the cause of the country they lovt^d so tenderly. Having thus summarily noted the beginniiif; and traced the development of this entirely American force in Oregon up to the autumn of 1840, a period of but six years, wo are in posses- sion of the following facts: The entire number of adult men and women that these Missionary I'>oards had transplanted from the best life of the old States into Oregon, together with those of the independent mis- \ sions was sixty-one; constituting not far from ; thirty American homes. Probably these homes j held at that time not far from 100 children, I born to an inheritance of American patriotism I which certainly would not diminish when they contrasted their own with the homes of those I who disputed with them the dominion of Ore- fe'O"- But it was not numbers only, nor indeed was it numbers chiefly, that gave these American peo]ile the ])restige of conquest. The names of Lee and LeRlie,of Whitman and Waller, of Hitios and Parrish.of Abernethy and (iray, of Spaiild- ing and AValker, of Clarke and Griffin, of l?ab- cock and (Campbell, of Eels and Hall sufficiently attest that, for no writer of early Oregon history can fail to give them hororable mention, or to recognize their great intluence in molding that history. ^ HinTony OF ojiKwhW Hi Two other facts, of a soitiewlmt material char- acter, illustrate the eminent service of the mis- sions in iiiiikiiig civiliziifion a]lo^sil)ility in Ore- gon. One was the establishment of mills, both for the prodnctiou of lumber and the grinding? of grain fur bread, by the missions of both boards; the other was the introduction of a printing,' pres • 'S3!), by Mr. E. O. Hall, who set up his press at Laj)\viii, in the mission of Mr. Spauldingand published elementary books, both in the Nez Perces and Spokane tongues. And so we are brought to the close of 1840. Meantime we should know what the Hud- son's Bay Company, as representing British pretensions to Oregon, has been doin}:f during the six years that the x^merican missions have been developinii; into this formidable and o|>- pofing force. Surely such astute leaders as Mc I^aughlii) and Douglas couhl not fail to com- j)rehend the threat against the position and power of their company tluit was in the very presence of these missionary establishments near them. Two things were done, both in themselves well chosen for the end contetn- phited. First, they introduced in 1838 two French (Canadian Roman Catholic priests. These were British subjects, and it was expected, of course, that the inlluenco their profession and character gave them would be exerted against the American and in favor of the Brit- ish rule in Oregon. This the company had a perfect right to do; and this also Messrs. Blan- chet and Demus, the two priests, had a perfect right to do. They placed these priests at most important strategetic points; one in the Wil- lamette valley, very near the Methodist mis- sions, and the other was a faithful itinerant, visiting the different posts of the company al- ternately. Also in 1840 the company brought an emigration of 12ii persons, men, women and children, from Winnipeg to settle in Oregon. Thus, at the two points where the leaders of that great comjjany feared the inlluence of the American missions the most, they made the most stren\ious effort to countervail that influ- ence. They knew the greatness of the prize at issue, and they were not th(^ men lo neglect any fair means they could use to win that prize for the government of the country tley rejire- sented. We do not blame them for this. On the contrary there is a measure of honor that we accord them. They were faithful to the trust their country reposed in them. They did what they could, aiul in the best way they could, to counteract the inlluenco that, they could not but see left unchecked must give the long disputed Oregon, coveted ccjnally by both England ami the United States, to the Ameri- can tuition. And here it is |)roper to say that, though the men whose acts we an; lure record- ing were both British and Romanist, and this writer is both American and I'rotestaut. there is no record, certainly not up to this date, of any action on the jjart of either the British or American party that was discolored by criminal unfriendliness. On the contrary, while d — ^HaM. J. IvFCLI.KV — -IIiaMK. MillilAI. TO CdNORESS SocIETY ORGANIZED — li'S J'l.AN ( )uTr.lNEl>— K KLLEV's EfFOBTS TO Ol'KN TuAiiK — Ilia Failure — [''kom 1835 to 1841 — Immiguatidn of 1841 -Americans — EIudwin's BaV EMUiRATION OK 1842 — lis Im I'ORTANI'E - - Du. K. WuiTE— ^-UtIIER ImI'oUTANT (,'i1 ARACTEUS — iMii. CiJAWKouii's Story- -Immigration m' 1843— -Its iMi-oKtANT Place in History — Causes THAT hu'Ki.i.Ei) It — Genekai. Direction of Negotiations — Imitlse of Emkiuation. il ■] 1 r 1 JjFN tln' story of etiiigration to the I'licitic coast ^1 from tlie Atlantic seaport and the valleys of ^ the Oliio, Alisfcissippi and Missouri rivers, Mie fouiHl tiie real geriiia of Oregon history. Thi're is in this story a romance of entiMprise, patriotism, adventure and amhition, linely illus- trating tlie geniuB of the American people a^^ it hasexhihited itself si'u-e Jamestown in the South and I'lymuuth Uock in the Ncjrth hecame the early altars of its consecration to tlie service of suhdiiiiiu; a wild continent, and building u|) within it a s|)lendid empire of liberty. It was only a continuation of the activity of that genius of free coiKiuest that first sent the hard}' sons and dauy (Jon;;ress that was asked in till! petition. 'I'he •• Society," however was not discotiraj^ed. Mr. Kelley was appointed ita f/eneral ai^eiit, mid continued his enthusiHStie etl'orts and ajipeals. In 1881, Mr. Kelley, for the society iesiied a •• circular '" to pertoiia de- siring to unite in an •' Orej^on settlement to be coiiiiiieiiced in the sjirinj; of 1832, on the de- lightful and fertile banks of the Colllliibia river." The circular stated that; •• It has been coiiteniplated for iiiiiny years to settle with the free and enlightened but redundant |)Opulntion from the American Republic, that portion of her territory called Oregon, bounded on tlie I'acitic ocean and lying between the forty-sec- ond and forty-nintii jiarallols of north latitude." The plan of the company thus outlined was to have been carried into effect in 1832, iiut the failure of Cungress to provide for any assistance for the enterprise caused it to be abandoned for that year. One of its agents however, Mr. Na- thaniel .1. Wyetli, of whose history and work mention is made elsewhere in this history, did cross the continent with a small body of lioston men in 1833 and returned the following year to prepare for a lar^e personal venture in the line of eiiiiirration ami trade. So clearly diil ,Mr. Kelley coinpieiiend the geograpldcal and commercial relations of Oregon at that time that be had laid out upon paper, splendid city plats at the month of the Columbia, where As- toria now is, and at the junction of the Midt- noinali — or Willamette — and the Columbia river where I'ortland tiiiw is, and in these cities yet to be, each emigrant was to have a "town lot," and Bomewliere else a farm. Mr. Ivelley's personal connection with Oregon was but slight and short, attempting to freight a vessel and fuiiing, he sought to open avcniioH of overland trade through Mexico whose revenue otlicers conliscated the greater jiart of his goods. He finally readied Vancouver Oc- tober 15, 1834. His health soon failed and in March, 1830, he departed for liis home having, lost $'](),()!)() in his elforts to eoloni/.e Oregon. Ijiit while losing this he gained a place in IiIb- tory, and his name is gratefully mentioned as the earliest and one of the truest friends of the "Americanization of Oregon." No history of Oregon can be written that does not thus record the name of Hall. I. Kelley. Many nion have found a much lower place in history at much greater cost and effort, so that, to him, his Hnan- cial loss for Oregon was moral and historic gain for himself. Kroin 1830 to 1841 there was little that might be called immigration into Oregon. True various missionary comjianies arrived in the conntry, as noted elsewhere, but few of these contemplated at tirst a permanent residence, al- though many of the persons comprising these companies did finally remain anil took place among the most intelligent, jiatriotic and enter- prising citizens. Also quite a number of per- sons, who had formerly been connected with the various trapping and trading companies in the Itocky mountain regions had grown tired of their percarions and dangerous employment, and came down into the Willamette valley and set- tled upon land claims. Some of these, too, held honorable and useful places in the subsefjiient history of the country, and did much to help for- ward the cause of the Americanization of Oregon. The records of both these classes will appear in there jtroju'r places in this history. in the autumn of 1841 the iirst regular emi- gration to the Willamette valley, consisting of 111 persoi.s came through the fastnesses of the mountains, thus nearly doubling the white pop- ulation of the country at once. Pndiably at the end of 1841, in all the region that now consti- tntes the States of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, there were not over 300 wdiites, not counting those connected with the Hudsoirs du;== ffisfonr OF oRKonN. IIH liiiy ('oiiipiinv. Tlic uinignttidii of tliis yeur. bclieviiic^ it iiii|)()Hsil)l(' to ('rot's the iiiouiitiiinn with wiii^oiiB, iiimh- no iitti;iiipt todoso. hut per- formed the JaborioUB journey "f 2,()U() miles from the Missoiiri frontic^r on horsehiiek. Ilow tiicy ('Diild inive lieun so misled in rei^ard to the difficulties of the way wppeiirs a mystery, since nonnevillo eijjht years het'iire, and Dr. Whit- man six years before, had each taken wagons far beyond tiie ereete of tiie liockies, and the American I''iir (Company had freiiuently taken them as far as Mink river, but a little eastward of the crest, lint as they were misled, so determined was their purpose of emiirration that they cheerfully performed thi; herculean task of packing all their goods on horses and mules, loading and unloadinir them morning and eve- ning, for the entire 2,000 miles. Meantime while the first spray of the rolling sea of American emigrants that was soon to follow was touching the shores of Oregon, the Hudson's Bay Company, seeinjr the danger to their own j)urpo8Cs of permitting the people of the United States to gain a preponderance in Ore- gon, organized a scheme of emigration from thrdr own Red river colonies. Sir George Simp- son, governorof the Hudson's Hay Company, who crossed the country from Montreal to Vancouver during tho summer of IS-tl, described thisemi- gi'ation as consisting of twenty-three families, the heads being generally young and active." They reached Vancouver in September, and were located by the company near their ('owlitz farm, in the vicinity of the head of Puget .•jound. Quite a number of them, being dissatisfied with their location, moved the next year to the Wil- lamette valley, notwithstanding the desire bf the company to strengthen the pretensions of Great Britain to the country north of the Columbia river by retaining them there. The emigration of 1842,fbr various reasons, took a very important place in the early history of Oregon. It consisted of only 109 persons in all, but nearly half of them were adult.s, and many of these were men who sut)se(piently at- tained considerable prominence in the country and coiitriluiled not a lilth; to ils prohperity. With this compar.y came l)r. Klijah White, who bore a commission as »ub Imlian agent l'<>r till' region west of the iiocky mountains, ami has the historical distinction ul being the lirst commissioned representative of the ( iovcrnnierit of the United States resident in < )rcgon. |)r. White's place in Oregon history is smnewhat nnicjue. He came to the country tir.-t a* a physician to the Nfethodist mission, but on ac- count of a disagreement witli its superintendent, Ilev. .lason Lee, and with other memiicrs of the mission, returned to the Eastern States. His residence of some years in Oregon and his giMi- eral intelligence in regaril to the country itself, nmde it easy for him to secure the attention of the (iovernment, and, though his mental and moral characteristics did not commend him to the people of Oregon, he now returns commis- sioned to the most important place in the col- ony. While Ur. White jiersonallv was obnox- ious to many of the people whose relations to the Indian tribes ho was to arbitrate, yet the fact that ho returned bearing a Government commission went far tf( reconcile the people toward him, as it was a proof that the Govern- ment was not entirely forgetful of the feeble Pacific colony, however slow it seemed to be in asserting its interest in them. He had also been one of the main promoters of the emigra- tion, using his prominence as an appointee of the Government to gain recruits to the standard of emigration, and the people wore gratefully glad for any influence that added white faces to the dark visage of humanity on the western coast. So, much of the antipathy of the people to Dr. White as a man and a missionary, was allowed to slumber, or was ke[»t out of sight, and the good he could do them as an officer of the (Tovernment the rather .thought of. Tho justice of liistory, which neither criticises with prejudice nor praises with partiality, compels the statement that his work was often nseful to the rising commonwealth, although on the whole he sadly disap])ointed the hopes, if not the expectations, of the people of Oregon. I I < L» I I.M) JllSTOlO ('A (lUh:iH).\. With thin etnigration e»tn« L. \V. IIii8tiMg« iiml A. L. I.ovfjov, two 111. 'II \vliay < /oiiipuny. From Captain (rrant, his otlicers and employes we received such favors and assistance as can only he apjireeiated hy worn-out and destitute emi- grants. Here the remaining wagons were left, and our coMi]iany, no longer attempting to keep up an organization, divideil into small parties, each traveling as fast as their cireumstances would permit, following the well-beaten trail of the Hudson's Hay t'ompany from Fort Hall to Walla Walla, now Wallula. The small party to which I was attached was one month travel- ing from Fort Hall to Dr. Whitman's, where we were most hospitaiily reccivevitli (ireut Jtritain in rugaril to the ovvnernliip and lioiiml- niv of Oregon, ami neeiiicd, at least, to a riiper- ficial ohservati' i, the decisive factor in its de- toriniiiRtiriTi in I'uvor of the United Htates. For these reasons it hecoines necessary to discnss both tile motives atid the facts that dL-tinyiiished this above all other iinniignitioim. In doing ho wi! shall endeavor to leave out of slight claims made, for the first time, liy writers a ([iiarter of II century after the events recoriled tranHpiretl, eonct'ived, it may i)e, under the influeiK'c ot' very jiartial rrienilslii|) ami coni|iaiiionshi|i: or if not that then in the prejudice of opposition and por- Honal rivalry, either of which cannot assist care- ful and judicial historic conclusions. Only as wu carefully mark the trend of events and dis- ffufsions relatini; to Oregon, both in Orejjon it- self and the Kastern States, around the firesides of the people and in the halls of ConijresR, and study them in relation to the philosophy of iiiimau action as we understand it, can we arrive nt a just and satisfactory conclusion. And, in writing the history of the inimiifration of 1843, if we cannot write thus it will ho iin|ios8ible to give any adequate and proper understanding of it. First of all, then, the causes that impelled it. With the conclusion of the treaty between Great I'ritain and the United States, which ter- minated in an agreement of "joint oi'cupancv" of th.o country by the citizens of tlu' two powers with equal rights and privileges, the public luind in the United States settled into the con- clusion that the ultimate ownership of Oregon Would be determined by real occupancy. It was tolerably eviequence the fronticsmen who arejilways trtiinbling with the excitement and l(i\eofad venture, felt the thrill of desire to try the en- ticing journey — enticing to them because of its very perils — to the better land and brighter clime lieyond the wesiern mountains. I'esides the "Oregon Bills," which lii'.d been introduceil into Congress by Senator Liiiii. of Missouri, in the fail of 184:2, makiiii; provision for the e>tab. lir-hitient of a line of -'stockaded forts from some point on the Missouri and Arkansas rivers into the best pass for entering the valley of the Ore gon; and, also at or near the mouth of the Co- luml)ia river;" and also to "secui;^ the grant of 640 acres of land to every white male inhabitant of the Territorv of Oreifoii, of the aw of eii'ht- . f^ s^ D een years and upward," besides other provisions highly advantageous io the settlers, had given assurances to the people that their action in re- moving to and settling in Oregon would cer- tainly recei\'-' the strong support of theGovern- ment. The course of negotiation on the part of the Government relating to Oregon had been such before this time? that this proposed movenient by Congress cftme not too soon, nor was it too favorable for the end desired. L;'*^ us glance at that course for a moment: The general direction of the treaty stipula- tions into which our Government had entered with that of Great Britain in regard to Oregon was plainly, in its result, inimici! lo the inter- ests of the United States. The first great false step was tJie " treaty of joint occupancy," as it ih i 122 nrsTOHY OF nuEnoN. >i ,■ Wiis uallcil, ill l.Sl">, iiiulor tlu' adiiiiiiistratioiiof Ml', ^[■)lll•ll(^ liy \.liicli, ill clKfC't. our Govern- iiu'iit put into the liaiids of the Ilinlson's Jjiiy Coiiipiuiy, whieii aliviicly lliiiii<('ii the country, the ])o\ver and right by treaty to enter into it with their driUcil and armed •' servants," and took from itselt tlie riirjit to enter any protest against tliat really ai'inecl invnsion. That treaty was for ten years, and expired by limitation in iS'iS, and in that year by another treaty tlie provisions of tin; former were extended tintil one oi' the other i)arty should give notice for its teriiiiniftion. This was, if |)Ossible. a greater blunder than the former, for it perpetuated what else were dead by limitation, and made all >ubse(juent action ninch more ditlicult and for- midable. Then the Ashburton ne<:;otiiition. whieii delined the boundary lietw"en the I Hi ted State:- and Canada as far west ais the siinimit of the Rocky mountains, should, and iinijiiestionably niii^ht, have been pressed to a Settlement of that boundary to the Pacitie ocoan on the same degree of latitude, namely, the forty- ninth. Then, most unphilosoplii' and unreasonable of all, came President Tyler's rec- ommendation to discountenance emigration to Ori'non, by withholding land from the emiiirants until the two Governments had settled the title — a contingency too distant and doubtful to be counted on. and wliich could only inure to the adval'taJ^e of the Iluilson's Day Comj)any, re- presenting, and in that sense personating, (rreat iiritaiii. Tin's, by a course of vacillation and timidity, if not incompetency, the Goverrmient put in iinii;inent peril its title to Oregon, and nearly lost the stars of our great Northwestern States from the banner of our National Union. jiut in America the people are always greater than the (Government, and they took U|) the work of saving what the (io\ernment had so nearly lost, and they sueeee with religious and patriotic appeals. Eor the number of its jieople at that time, no new country, if ever any old country, had a larger number of men of marked ai)ility and high character than Oregon. Among tlie immigrant civilians were those already iiaiued in this chapter witli others, with such laynion in the mission work as Whitman. Abernethy, Gray, Cam])b(>ll; and in the ministerial field such men as Lee, Leslie, Walker, (iritfin, Ilines, Waller, Eels,' and others, all of whom were men before they wore missionaries, and Americans before they were churchmen. These were all employed from within Oregon itself in awakcm- ing. by ttieir private correspondence and their published letters, a widespread public interest in all the nation on the "Oregon (juestion," and thus it became the question of the hour. These reasons alone are sufficient to account for the large emigration that stood on the banks of the Missouri river in the early spring of 1843 with their faces looking toward Oregon. Still tliei'e was one personal i'lcidorit. and one person having such a romantic, if not su'jli a vital, ctmnection with (his emigrarion as to re- ipiire a candid and somewhat extended discus- sion befero we consitler the emigration itself, BISTORT OF OREOON. 123 Tlmt povBoii WU8 Dr. Marcus Wliitiimn,and tlie in- ciileiit was of his perilous winter's ride over tlie frozen deserts and tliroiigii tlic snow- blocked mountain passes, from his mission station near Fort Walla Walla to St. Louis, with tlie purpose of awaking the Government of the United States to some just idea of the value of Oregon, and of the danger of its alienation, as well as to organize and lead back an emigration to take possession of tiie country as settlers in tlie interest of its Americanization. While something of romance has been thrown about this "ride,"' — and it may have been invested by sorne writers with greater results than it really accomplished, — -it was cer- tainly a bold and romantic venture, and its re- sults entitle Dr. Whitman to a unique place in the histoiy of Oregon. Narrated as briefly as possible, the facts of his journey seem to be about these: His work among the Indians, like all the In- dian missionary work in Oregon, had proved a comparative failure. The board under whose direction he wrought having become dissatisfied with the meager rRsiilts of that work, had de- cided to abandon that station and had given di- rections accordingly. Dr. Whitman tlisagroed with the jiulgmcTit if the board, and sought the approval of bis fellow-missionaries in the- field of his desire to return to the States, and represent boforo the board the importance of continuing it. At'ier some delay, and the ex- hibition of a determination on his part to go with or without their approval, their consent was given, liUd October 3, 1842, fixed as the time for his departure. .Meanwhile the subject of the struggle be- tween the Unitetl States and Great Britain for the actual possession of Oregon was at its height. Dr. Whitman was an ii\ten8e Ameri- can, and must have felt keenly the need of early and eai-nest action in behalf of his own country. lie couhi be of great value to Ore- gon, coming first from the field, and possibly put the Government into trtier relations to the ijuestions pending than any mini then in Wash- ington, besides, at this juncture the emigra- tion of 1842 was arriving, and the tenor of the news they brought was that negotiations look- ing to the surrender of a part or the wholes of Oregon to Great Britain, in consideration of certain privileges and rights on the fishing banks of Newfoundland, were pending in Wash- ington. This added new force to Dr. Whit- man's resolution, and unquestionably broadened the purpose of his own inind in his journey. l5i:t, it is worthy of remark that, before this intelligence from the emigrants had reached him, his plans were formed and the date cf his departure fixed. Circumstances enabled him to anticipate that date by a couple of days, — an im- portant consideration to his journey, as winter was already near at hand. While, therefore, the intelligence brought i)y the emigration served to confirm Dr. Whitman in the '.fisdom of the resolution ho had taken, it could not have been the reason of that resolution, as some writers have endeavored to make it appear. Nor does this in aiiy manner depreciate the value of the services of Dr. Whitman to Ore- gon, nor detract from his true fame as one of the most devoted of missionaries the most patriotic of citizens, and the most noble and chivalric of men. Sj)ace cannot be given to the details of Dr. Whitman's winter journey over the Rocky mountains to St. Louis; yot as it has a connec- tion with the history of the emigration of 1843, and incidentally with Oregon history in a broader sense, some notice of it must be given. On the 3d of October, with a single com- panion, he left his mission station at Waulitpii, on the Walla Walla river, about, twenty-five miles from the Hudson Bay fort, and began his [)erilou8 ride. His companion was Mr. Abbot Lawrence Lovejoy, a Massachusetts man, as his name snfKciently indicates, who was a member of the immigration of that season, and had only reached Waulitpu about a week be- fore. Ho was young and vigorous, of compact and sinewy form and well adapted to brave the liardshijis that were before him. The writer had a somewhat intimate acquaintance with Mr, \M\ i \ H' 1 1 'Hi' ■■ 1 :m- I i IS i 1 m i ^9 1 f *" 1 ( i ; 1 li^ h 3 I; ,| i I 134 iiisronr of ouegon. Lovejoy siilibL'iiHuntly, tor at least twenty-five yeiii's, and oituii con versed witli him in roi^anl to IJr. Whitman's mission to the East at that time, and tlie cireiimstances attending tlieir journey. Dr. Whit^man himself left no record of it, 80 that Mr. Lovejoy's is its authentic story. According to that account, after leaving Wau- litpn they traveled rapidly through tiie J31iie mountains and n|( the valley of the Snake river, reachinj; Fort Ilall, a distance of 400 miles, in ehnen days, or on the 14th of October. Here tlie. direct line of travel, as ])ursuei] by the emigrants who had made a plain waj^on road to tiie NEissonri river, which led over compara- tively low mountain spin's until it reached the hij;li mountain plain that borders Green river, and then throuij;li the wide depression in the itoclcy mountains known as the "South Pass," thence directly down the waters of I'iatte river to the Missouri. For some reason the Doctor, instead of following the beaten road, which would have taken him at his rate of travel be- yoiul the South I'ass in two weeks from Fort Hall, took a more southern route, via Salt'Lake, Taos and Santa Fe, and thence to St. Louis, 'i'his t ' him out of the open way into the •■■'.' ■•v-K !,!• i ost snowy of the Rocky mouut- ;.c'-. ar.i! ■■ least doubled the necessary travel. To .vi' the difficulty and danger of the way selected, the winter storms came on unusually early. While they were yet involved in the mountains between Fort Ilall aiu! Fort Uinta, the snows lay deep around thein, and between Fort Finta and Fort I'ncfdiipahgre, on the waters of Granile river, the main eastern branch of the Colorado, Ih the Sjianish territory and yet wci-t of the mountain summits, it was hardly possible for them to make headway. At this tort they recruited their su))plies, and procuring a guide starteil I'oi' Taos across the jnain divide of the Rocky niouu tains, and nearly a thousand miles by the way of their travel from Fort Hall. Four or five days from Fort Uncompahgre they encountered a terrific storm, when tlieir guide became confused and Dr. Whitman was compelled to return to Fort Uncompahgrc to procure a new one, Mr. Lovejoy reniaininj< alone in thii mountain camp with the animi'ls for seven days ijcfore his return. Recovering their way, it was yet thirty days before they reached Taos, antl they suffered greatly on the way from cold and scarcity of food, bein^ com- pelled to use mule meat, ilogs, -inu such other animals as came in their way. After remain- ing at Taos a few days they siarted for LJent's Foil, on the headwaters of the Arkansas river. Still misfortunes attended the.r way. Desir- ing to reach IJent's Fort more speedily than his loaded pack animals could make the journey, tl;e Doctor selected the best horse, and with blankets and a little food rode forward alone. Ill four days Mr. Lovejoy and the guide ar- rived but the Doctor had not been seen nor heard of. Mr. liOvejoy returned a hundred miles on the trail, but could only hear from the Indians that a lost white man had been iinjuir- ing the way to Rent's Fort. About the eii,hth day from the time he left his companions he reached the fort, worn, we:iry, and desponding, as he believed God had bewildered him for travelinj; on the Sabbath — a thinif tiiat he had always conscientiously avoided. Leaving Air. Lovejoy at Rent's Fort, he im- mediately pushed forward with a company of mountaineers, and reached St. Louis in Febru- ary. He had been over four months on the road. Why he should have left the plain rcjad leading through a comparatively open country, fn^e from precipitous mountain ranges, .iver which he himself had traveled most of it three times, and taken one so much longer, leading through the most rugged portion of the Rocky mountains, and with which he was entirely un- acijiiainted, lias never been decided. On reaching St. Louis Dr. Whitman found that the occasion for his perilous winter's jour- ney, so far as it related to the matter of ne- gotiations between (treat Britr.iii and the Fiiico'S States for the sale of Oregon to t! ■ 'orrner ir; any way, did not exist. Tlietreat> hetweeii (hu two powers known as the Webster-A8lii)urton treaty had been signed on the 'Jlh of August, YJf, I, HISTORY OF ORBGON. 125 mi-' ii;«Is ri.ijr HiL.y iie ;o;ii- lior aiii- •11 1 's vor. -ir- h\i '7., nth precediuif, iieiirly two tnoiitliB before his jour- ney. The Oregon l)oiindary had not heen in- cluded in tile treaty, nor even discussed liy Mr. Webster and Mr. Ashburton, representing the two governments. Consequently the danger of the loss of Oregon by the United States had not l)een so itnniinent as he had supposed. His purpose however was none the less patriotic, nor his bravery in endeavoring to carry it out the less admirable, but this fact certainly demon- strates that all attempts to claim for him the lionor of saving Oregon to the United States must prove failures. The danger of losing Oregon was fully averted by the postponement of the boundary question. Ilis presence in Washington, beginning six months after the treaty was signed, and nearly ' as long after its ratification by the Senate, could not have in- fluenced the decision of the question in the re- motest degree. Nor is there any evidence that he personally ever made such a claim. Indeed it is clear that he did not, but that it was made many years after the occurrences narrated, and lonu; after his tragic death at the hands of the Indians had invested his name with the halo of martyrdom, by those who had been associated with him in his missionary work, and grew out of their admiration of his character and their memory of the purpose that largely actuated him, as they understood it, in projecting and performing his celebrated journey. It is not needful to attempt further explanation of the claim that was, for a time, strongly current, tliat Dr. Whitman " alone saved Oregon to the United States." lie did his part, others did theirs, but if Dr. Wiiitinan had not lived, Oregon would have been, as it now is, a great State of our glorious Union. On Dr. Whitman's arrival on the frontier he found that great preparations were being made for an emigration to Oregon in the opening spring. The desire and purpose to find a home in the Willamette valley, the fame of whose climate and productiveness had already spread far and wide, was becoming a contagion. Re- sponding to that sentiment Dr. Whitman wrote a small pamphlet describing the country and the route thither, urging people to emigrate and aesuring them that they could take wagons through to the Columbia, and promising to join the emigration and act as its pilot on his return from the Eastern States. His pamphlet, added to his personal appeals, added somewhat to the numbers, and largely to the courage and confidence of the emigrants, but he was too late to initiate the great public movement that resulted in the large emigration of that year, — hiatorically the most important that ever en- tered Oregon, as it put such a preponderance of American people and American sentiment into Ore'Jon as to assuredly settle the jtositiou Oregon itself would take in the pending in- ternational controversy. -^^€(i:ii)i^-^ TJfeV' I-.'C. HISTORY OF OREGON. CHAPTEH XIV. S ■ IMMI0UAT10N8, CONTINUED. Dk. Marcus Whitman — IIis I{ki,atio.. - Emiukation <>k 184-3 — His Winter Jouknky — GrKAT PuKrAKATIONS KOK EmIGUATIuIv (I)ENTS UK EmKMJATION Mk. NkSMITh'8 AcCOCNT — .\ Ni:\v Era — Lieutkxant Ficemont's L.^'iiDiTioN — Emigration of 1844— Divided into Com- panies—Sktti.ement Nuuth of tiie Columbia — Emigration of 1845 — Prominent Memiiers — A Nkw ituT DisASiKout* Road— Emigration of 1840 — Party Taking a New Route — Ml'cii Suffi;rin(i — Tiie Donner Party — WA(ioN Road Across the Cascade Mountains — Caught in the Snows — Winter in the Mountains — -Bari.ow and Rector — -Emigration of 1847 — Vamaui.e Auditions— "Traveling Nursery." ' fHE relation of Dr. ^larcus Wliitnian's visit to tiie capital of the nation, and iiis interview witli Mr. Webster, then secre- tary of State, President Tyler and other public men, to the emigration of 1843, was not so direct and powerful as it was to the final cause of diplomacy on the still pending discussion. The information he t;ave from his own per- sotiMJ knowledge of the country, and his strong asjiurnnce that Oregon could be settled by emi- gration from the Eastern States passing over the Rocky mountains on wagons, had a power- ful effect on the sentiments of onr public men, and gave new vigor to the action of the friends of Oregon in Congress. In this way the jonr- ney of Dr. Whitman, and his presence for a few mouths in Washington and Hoston, and in other leading cities of the East, was of great benefit to the young commonwealth on the Pacific, and entitle him to the honorable recog- nition of history. It is as well, once for all, that we give some account of the circiiinstaiiees attending the gathering, de|)arture, and journey of an emi- gration over the mountains to Oregon, and as the emigration of 1843 was so ])rominent in Oregon's early history, we have chosen this as the place in which to do §o. As to the gather ing of this emigration on the western frontier of Missouri we shall permit Hon. J. W. Nes- mith, a young member of the emigration, after- ward, for many years, one of the most promi- nent public men in the Territory and State, and for si.s years senator in the Congress of the United States for Oregon, to tell the story in his own well-cho.sen words, lie says: " Without orders from any quarter, and with- out preconcert, promptly as the grass began to start, the emigrants began to assemble near In- dependence, at a place called Fitzhiie's Mill. On the seventeentli day of May, 1848, notices were circulated through tlie different encamp- ments that on the succeeding day those who contemplated emigrating to Oregon would meet at a designated point to organize. Promptly at the appointed hour the motley groups assembled. They consisted of people from all the States and Territories, and nearly all nationalities, the most, however, from Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri anil Iowa, any pantomime in taking us over the roughest wagon route I ever saw.'" This quotation from Mr. Nesmith must give our readers a fair idea of the courage and deter- mination necL'ssary in this early day to face the dangers and endure the discomforts of a half year's journey, with oxen and wagons as the iinaiis of travel, over the desolate plains and through the rugged mountains that lay wide and dark between the Missouri and Willamette rivers, a distance of a round two thousand miles, [jiit the daily march over the dusty and sun- browned leagues, the night's weird bivouac un- der the stars, the fording of rushing rivers, the ascent and descent of precipitous mountains, the lone camp-guard, the thundering stampede of horses and oxen, the warning and warding off of Indian attacks, amid the crouching of frightened children, or the suppressed sobbing of timid women, these must have been seen and experi eiiced to be understood as they existed in reality from 1S41, when emigration began, to 1860, about which lime the pioneer emigrant era of Oregon may he considered to have closed. In the emigration of this year were many men whose names became very prominently connected with the history of the country. Among these may be mentioned the Apple- gates, Burnett, Cason, Chapintui, Dement, the Fords, the Garrisons, the Hunters, the Ilowells, the Mathcneys, McC^arver, Nesmith, Parker,_ and the Waldos. When the company reached Oregon, bi-sides the gentlemen connected with the various missionary stations, and fifty or more of the former Hudson's Bay Company ■ employes, settled on French prairie, there were resident in Oregon about eight American men, making in the autumn of 1843, with the newly arrived emigrants, a total male population of ■ about four hundred, and a total white popula- tion of not far from two thonsand souls. The introduction of this number of American people, many of whom were educated and re- lined and all of whom were strong in purpose, and had wealth, both of brain and brawn, lifted Oregon at once from a camping-ground for fur hunters and mountain men; and even from a Held of mere missionary occMipaticy, to the con- dition of a civil community — a commonwealth — -with the needs of a community, and with ability and dispositions to supply those wants. So the aiitiiinn and emigration of 1843 brought a new era to Oregon, the era of government, which will be cj>nsidered in its proper place in this work. An incident somewhat connected with the emigration of this year was the (Tovernment ex- ploring ex|)edition under the command of Lieu- tenant John C. Fremont. Mr. Fremont had, the year before, won some laurels as an explorer in a tour as far westward as the summit of the Rocky mountains, and his reports to the Govern- ment had contributed to the interest in the farthest west beginning to be felt all over the United States. This year he was ordered to connect his explorations with the topographical surveys of Lieutenant Wilkes, of the navy, in the valley of the Columbia river. His route gonefally lay on the same line of travel as the rotul of the emigrants, although he made some detours from it. Scientifically and topograph- ically he added something by his reports to pub- lic knowledge in relation to the country over ma^ aibKlHY OK OllKQON. I'JO \pple- it, the >wx'lls, 'arker,_ 'Hclied with fty or npaiiy were in en, newly ion of • )pnla- whicli lie traveled, though pra'!ti''ally as a "pKthfin*, Forty or Fight " emblazoned on its banners as its war-cry in its contest for posses- sion of the Government. They had come to the 180 uisroiir OF ohkoon. const exjM'Ctinf^ tlisit tlie.-ic principles would hc- come the policy of the Goveriiment, hikI lienee they resolved to push American settlement up toward the dead line of " Fifty-four, Forty or Fight" Bt once if the Hudson's Bay Company re- BiBted their northward advance. This that coni- pany was to astute to do except l>y moral in- timidation, which was practiced to its fullest extent. Hut such men as those who had braved 111? pt rils of the trail and camp from the Mis- souri to the (lolnmhia could not he intimidated, and the company dared not violate the stipula- tions of the treaty under which (ireat Britain had laid it. And so American history fairly began on Buget sound, in the present State of Washington, just a decade after it began in the Willamette valley in the present State of Ore- Of the imniitfration of 1845 comparatively little record has been prebervcd, although it was larger than that of either of the two preceding years. The population of the Territory was now beconiiuji so large that a thousand or two of people could melt away into the former ag- gregate without such manifest expansion of the population as before. And besides, when so many had preceded, it was not considered so strange that many others shonld follow. Hence the 2,000 people constituting the immigration of 1845 arrived, dispersed over the country from the ('alifornia mountains to Puget sound, and became integral parts of the body politic, without having taken pains to make a roster for the benefit of the history, or the jjerpetuity of their own deeds. Still a few can be mentioned, culled here and there from fugitive archives, whose names must ever stand connected with some departments of the deeds of the pioneers of the coast. Wo instance T. Vault, the Way- mires, the Iliggses, Gen. Joel Palmer and Wilcox. The road from the Missouri to the Columbia had now become a broad and beaten track. Tiiere was no difficulty and little danger in traveling it except such as arose from deficient preparation before starting or poor judgment in traveling. All that was to bo done was to travel steadily onward, day after day, (juietly ami persistently moving forward as the patient ox swings slowly onward, and in due tiine the goal would surely be reached. But such pa- tience and endnrauce of effort are not common virtues. To face a horizon that never comes nearer; to push into space that never seems to get shorter; to lift at a burden that never grows lighter, are the severest tests of the strongest natures. So it was not wonderful that many of the weary and foot-sore immigrants became rest- less of their seemingly endless travel, and felt inclined to listen to any one who came with the promise of a shorter road and speedier ar- rival at the goal of their desires, the green Wil- lamette valley. This year this was painfully, a!;:;Gst tragicjilly illustrated. When the immigrants reached Fort Iioise Stephen 11. Meek, a man who had been a "fur-tra])per'' in the mountains, and for some years employed by the Hudson's Bay ("oiiipany as such, and who had served as a guide to some small companies in 1842, offered to show them a shorter and more eligible route over the mountains,' and one by whiirh wagons could he taken into the Willamette valley without the costly and troublesome transporta- tion' by water from the dalles. The ronte he propt)sed to travel, leading through southeastern Oregon, and into the Uinpqua valley far south of the head of the Willamette river, he had never traveled himself, but the country through which it passed was known to !« open and far less mountainous than the country farther to the north. Quite a number were pursuaded to follow his lead. These left the old and traveled road at the mouth of the Malheur river, near Fort Boise, and turned southward up the valley of that stream, while the larger portion kept steadily onward in the beaten road, and in good time reached the end of their journey. The company that followed Mr. Meek soon became convinced that he hicnself .was traveling by guess instead of knowledge. >olnte. l'"r(ini lifteeu to twenty miles was an uverage lull (lay's journey with oxen on the emigrant roads, and there were stretches of j^rassless and waterless desert of from twenty to lit'ty miles in width, over wliicli they attempted to lead the l'orh)rn party that had intrusted itself to their gui.lanee. Of course there was much sufferin<^. Many teams perished. Men, women and chil- dren were compelled to go on foot over Inirning sands ami cinereous rocks, tt> climb timbered summits and lord the roaring torrents of the mountains. The consuminfj thirst of the deserts of the sterile interior was at last relieved, it is true, by the springs and streams of the Sierras, but thtMi gaunt hunj^er paralleled their earlier thirst. At last, however, man by man, or fam- ily by family, the worn and strengthless emi- grants strai»i;led down from the Siskuas into the liogue river valley, or emerged from the Ump- qua canon into Unipijua valley, almost without cattle, or wagon, or clothing, welcomed to the end of their sad pilgrimage only by the chill rains of an Oregon midwinter. Taken all in all this was the most deeply shadowed page in the history of Oregon immigration, and has left a heritage of more acrimonious and bitter discus- sions and heart burnings to the historian of Oregon. But, sad as is this record, it is a bright one compared witii the fate of a largo party known as the -'iJonner party," that separated from the Oregon immigrants on Ilumboldt rivei', and at- tempted to scale the winter-clad Sierras into the Sacramento valley. These became entangled in the labyrinths of the mountains, were overtaken and overwhelmed by snow storms, and, unable to proceed or return, many jjerished miserably by starvation, and the remainder were rescued more dead than alive by the courage and energy of a party from Sacramento valley. The place of the occurrence of this sad events bears the name of "Donner lake," which will forever monument this tragic climax in the history of the emigration of VHXG to the I'acitic coast. The immigrants of this year also signalized tln-ir courage anril(iim nml dlfliciilt part of tli(3 jipiiriioy to the W^illiiiiiotti! valley, null came to the tMiii{;;nitit8 when tiiey were wearied ami eiifeehled liy iiio'iths of eoiietant toil and care. To relievo 8iil)8cqiieiit eiiii^rHntB of tliii* dittl- culty a few f;eiitleiiieii of this Hiittiiner'ti coin- pariy resolved to attempt uroSHin^ the iiiomitairiri with their tenuis uiul wa^uim. At the heail of this eoinpauy were Mr. SainiiBl Iv. i?urlow and Mr. W. II. liector. Turiiiiij^ soiitliwurd from the dalles along the oastorn ba«e of the range, they noiiffht a promisiiif^ |)lacu to enter it to the south of Mount Hood. After ahout forty mileri travel over a very roiiffh and hilly, though uti- tiinixM'ed rejrion, they tnrned westward up a gentle slope that appeared to lead south of the great snowy cone of Mount Hood, and l)egan to rut their way into the dense forest. Some ex- plored the route in advance and blazed their way, others cut out ohstrnctions and worked grades down and up the impassable precipices, and others drove the teams and cared for the families. Progress was very slow. It was late in autumn. The rains and snows beat upon tiiem in the deep ravines and on the stormy heights. But they were resolute men, and re- solved to push onward at every peril. After much effort they conducted their wagons about twenty miles into the wilderness, when the snow became so deep that to go forward or to go back was alike impossible. And besides they were not the men to go back even if they could. Nothing remained for them but to build cabins in which to house their families for the long winter, which was fully upon them, and provide as best they could against starvation. This they did in the deep gorge of White river, a few miles below where its waters tlow from beneath the glaciers of Mount Hood. A wilder place can hardly be imagined. On either hand the great mountain sides were covered with giant firs, with close around a dense black pine forest. The Little river, whose dashing waters, whitened by the volcanic ashes washed down from the great mountain cone, rushi.'d stormily liy. Lone, desolate winter covered all. The (iidy possible supply of food tiieso win- ter-imprisoneil men, women and children liad for the months before them was their emi- grant o.xen, worn and jwor from the long sum- mer's journey from the Missouri river. These they slaughtered and tlressed, covered their car- casses with the snow which was sure to remain until May, a?id resigned themselves to the awful task of keeping alive for the long winter. To live just for the purpose of living is the hardest tii^k a human being ever performed. This was all there was for them to do. So they waited and ate their scant rations of j)oor beef, drank water froni the river or from melted snow, cut tire-wood from the pines about them, anil wore away the weary months. When the winter snows were ten or fifteen feet deep on the mountains, two or three of the men undertook to scale them on snow-shoes and reach the Willamette valley, and there pro- cure help to work their way backward with supplies l)efore those left behind had perished from starvation. The distHUce to Oregon city was not leiis than seventy-five miles, and fifty of that was uutracked mountains. With a lit- tle beef wrapped up in a blanket on the back ot each they left the lone cabins and their lonelier inmates and started on their journey, hoping, yet only half expecting, to succeed. Rector was a remarkably strong, compact and sinewy man. Barlow was of slighter and sparer bu'!.!. and less able to endure fatigue; and the stress of the long journey had already weakened him. He came near fainting, and one day when he felt he must succumb to his struggles and die he said to Kector, " What would you do with me if I should die here?" '' Roast and eat you," growled the stronger Rector. Barlow burst into feeble tears. " Come, come, said the really kind- hearted Rector, you are not going to die, rouse up, l)e a man and come on." He cheered and helped him, and these resohite " pathfii ders " toiled on over the snowy waste of mountains for weary weeks before tliey descended from those il V ' 1 1 li 181 Hf STORY OF OHEGON. western slopes and entered the Willamette viiUcy Such men, rather than those who trttveied in their wake under Govern inentcotnmissions, and with all the abundance and conifortH of tfovern- inent equipments were the true pathfinders of the Uocky mountains and the l^acitic coHst. On reaching Oreffon City, Iicftor and Barlow obtained supplies for their families yet impris- oned in the Miowy gorge of White river, and re- turned for their rescue. After the wiiitc- snows had gone they yoked up the oxen which they had brought back with them, and again began their slow and tiresome movement westward. Their winter's camp was some miles east of the sum- mit of the range and up thesteep ascent ; through one of the stateliest and darkest orests that stands on the earth they cut their toilsome way. TluMi after the summit was passed tliey tlonn- dcred through a terrible cedar morass that covers the summit plateau for miles, when they reacluid a western crest that stood sheer above the valley of a mountain river, whose uojier wa- ters cleave the southwestern glaciers of Mount Hood. Into the ftarful gorge into which it runs they dropped, rather than traveled, over the face of Laurel Hill, probably the most trc- nioiidons descent down which wagons ever rolled. And so they toiled on, day after day, wee^ after week, until at last the last mountain was crossed, the last forest passed, and the brave remnant of the emigration of 1840 entered Ore- gon at full midsummer of 1847. Quite a number of gentlemen, who in various departments of civil life became prominently associated with the progress of the country, at- teudeij this immigration. Among them was Mr. J. Qninn Thornton, a man of decided ability and tine acquirements, who became Chief .Justice under the provisional government. Un- fortunately no roster of this immigration was ever kept, and hence our personal notices of those in it must be oiTiitted. W^e have now reached a period in the history of the immigrations into Oregon from which it becomes more and more ilifficult to trace any one of them in anything like a se])ariite story. Still a few sentences must be given to that of 1847, as that was tlie last one that left the fron- tiers of Missouri for the farthest West, that serves to present much of an individual history. Those coming subserjuently started on their journey over the now well-worn emigrant road in small companies, at diti'erent times, traveled at their individual convenience, and when they rea(-hed the Willamette valley, molted away into the mass of the people almost impen^ep- tibly, as streamlets from the hills blend into the currents of widening rivers toward the sea. The immigration of 1847 coming into Ore- gon was about four thousand. California had begun to allure many toward her newly opened j and sunny plains, and probably nearly as many of those who started from the Missouri river I for the West turned thitherward into the valley I of Snake river, as crossed the I'lue and tlascade j mountains into Oregon, liut, in many respects, ] both as to men and things, it was one of the most marked and important of all the emigra- tions. Its members brought more property, more of those things necessary to make a home- like civilization than any that had preceded it. liands of fine cattle, including pure Durham stock, and of the beat breeds of horses, as well as tine bands of sheep, were driven from the Western States. A stock of merchandise was brought by Thomas and William Cox, and a store opened by them at Salem, the now capi- tal of the State. Apple seeds, peach seeds and many other seeds of plants, of which the country had been destitute before, were brought. But that which attracted most attention, and was really of most importance, was what ",,:s called the '-Traveling Xursery" brought by Mr. Henderson Lueling. He constructed boxes about one foot deep and just long enough to lill his wagon bed, filling them with a compost of eartii and charcoal, in which he plant'jd about seven hundred trees and shrubs, of the best im- proved varieties, from twenty inches to four feet hif;h. This wonderful "nursery" thus transplanted two thousand miles was the |)arent stock of that magnificent variety of apples, rffi'Ba^miil IIlSrOHY OF OUEGON. 135 pears, plums, cherries, peaclics, utui other fruits that has ^iveu (.iregoii ii imiue and fiiiiie as the finest i'ruit country on the continent. Tlie immigration of 1847 contained quite a number oCgentlemeii, who became quite promi- nent in the industrial and political history of Oregon. Among these was the Hon. Samuel Ii. Thurston, who became the first delefjate frou! the Territory of Oregon in the Congress of the United States, of whom we shall speak more at length in the appropriate place. With this notice of the immigniHon of 1847 we close our notices of immigrations as separate from the general course of Oregon history. -^'M CHArTEIt XV. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. A Nkw Era — Summary of Arrivals for Five Veaks — Politicai. Tendencies or the Peoit.e — The Questions of Government — " Inai.ienahi.e Uioiits" versus Foreion Control — Petition to Congress —Meeting at Ciiami-oeo in 1841 — Death of Ewino Young— Another Meeting — -Incidental Circumstances — Dr. Eli.iah White, Indian Aoknt — Ab- Eiv iL OF THE Immigration of 1842 — -Artifical Antaoonisms — Proposition for an In- DEI'KNnENT GOVERNMENT — MeETINO AT WlLLAMElTE FalI.S — RESOLUTION OK Mr. AhEUNETIIY — The "Wolf Meeting"^ Plots and Counterplots — Canadian Citizens' Addrkss — Meeting in May — A Close Division — Canadians Withdraw — Provisions fob Govern- ment — Fourth of July Celebration — Report of Lkoislativk Committee — •" Orhanio Laws" — Officers Chosen — First Election — George Abernethv Elected Govebnob — Form of Oath of Office — First Legislature— Documents to Congress — Dr. White — Kesult of the Memorials; — Characteristics of Governor AnERNHTiiy — Second Election — Auernethy re-elected— Territorial Government Organized. [E have now reached a period in our his- tory when Oregon began to assume th form of apolitical commonwealth. Here- tofore its history was mainly that of the abo- riginal tribes, the various fur companies that operated within its boundary, of the missionary esttdjlishments that bad been founded among the Indian tribes, and of individual action and adventure. Tiiat part of tlie story that relates to the presence and action of white men who haii any civilized o»' civilizing object, in their presence in tho country, covers but a singio decade. This was the era of the missionary or- ganizations, and the period when the results of their presence were crystallizing into social coii- ' clitions that called for civil and political order. 1 The dreamy story of the Indian tribes simply j changed into the story of fur tratlic, scarcely I less dreamy, and hardly more a civilization than the other. How little there was of anything that had the fragrance of civilization rather than that of the wigwam about it up to the close of 1840, will be seen by the following summary of the arrivals in the country up to that time. In 1834, the four gentlemen of the Methodist mission and six other men. In 1830, there were none. In 183(5, Dr. Marcus Whi: 'an and four other missionaries of the American Board. In 1837, sixteen additional members of the Meth- odist mission and three settlers. In 1838, cii^ht 9} li 1 ii I .'•ii 136 HISTORY OF OUKOON. persons ri'-OTifurced the missions of the American Board iiiicJ tliree white men from the Koeky mountains came into the country. This year also two Jesuit ])riest8. F. N. Hiimchet and A. IJeinus arrived. In 1839, four independent Protestant missionaries and eight settlers. In 1840 a reeiiforceTnent of thirty-one adults and liftoen children came to the Methodist mission and four inde])endent Protestant missionaries) P. G. De Sinet, Jesuit missionary and thirteen or fourteen settlers, mostly llonky mountain men with Indian wives arrived, — making in all eiirhty-tive connected with the three mission establishments, and twenty-eigiit settlers; a total of 113. Besides these were a small numbei; of the siiperanuated employes of the Hudson's Hay Company located at various points, and yet holding legal as well as social relation to that lioily. In the classification of population thus ])reseuted it will be seen that the one predomin- ating intiuence in the country up to the close of 1840 was necessarily that of the Protestant mis- sionaries. Civilly and politically there were two sentiments; One American aii-y force or civil institutions to protect their lives and property and children, sanctu- aries and tombs from the hands of uncivilized and merciless savages around them. We respect- fully BBk for the civil institutions of the Ameri- can Kepublic. We pray for the high privilege of American citizenship, the peaceful enjo^-- ment of life, the right of acquiring, possessing and using property, and the unrestrained pur- suit of rational happiness. And this your pe- titioners will ever pray. David Lkslik, and about seventy others. It is difficult to fix the exait personal author- ship of this remarkable document. Its hontn- appears to be somewhat divided between David Leslie, at that time pro tern superintendent of the Methodist mission in the absence of Jason Lee, then on his return from the States i)y sea to Oregon, at the head of what is known in the liistory of the mission as the "great re-enforce- ments," and Mr. Robert Shortes, an immigrant of the same year in which the petition was written. It is probable that both had to do with its ])reparation. At all events it reflects honor upon the small American colon}', not then reaching 100 persons in all, and shows how clearly and fully from the beginnitig ourpeoijle comj)rehended the issues pending between their own country and Great liritain, and how tliurouohly American were their sympathies and purposes. There is one phrase in the petition, given in Italics, which was understood by all to refer to the Hudson's Hay Company, and shows with what jealousy that company was watched by the American. Doubtless the phrase had its justi- fication, and was not intended to convey the sense of extreme enmity by that company against the Americans that some writers have supposed. At all events, while the company was faithful to itself, there is no evidence that it did ii'tentionally incite its own pc pie, or the Indian tribes, who were thoroughly under its control, to any acts of violence against the Americans. And besides the humane Dr. Mc- Laughlin was then at the head ol the company, and no unprejudiced man who over knew him could believe him capable of any such sinister action. The above quoted petition had gone on to UISTOliY OF itliBOON. lau CJongress. A year or two must certainly pass before any relief could come from it, even if any ever came. Meantime the necessities of the peopla in Oregon, or, more accurately, in the Willamette valley, where all the American set- tlers and most of the I'rotestaiit mis8io\iaries resided, were growing more and more urgent. To meet tliem a meeting of some of the inhab- itants Was held at Champoeg, not far from the Afethodist mission on the 7th of February, 1841, for consultation on the steps necessary to be taken for the "formation of laws, and the election of officers to execute them. Kev. Jason Lee was called to the chair, and asked to express his opinion of the step required. He advised the appointment of a committee to draft a constitution and by-laws for the govern- ment of that portion of the country south of the Columbia river. Nothing of moment was done further at this meeting. A few days later an event occurred which served to revive the matter in a new and more imperative form. Mr. Kwing V"oung, a gentle- inan of prominence in the country, and pos- sessing a considerable estate, suddenly died. He left no heirs in the country, and no one had any authority to care for, or administer upon, his estate. His funeral was held on the 17th of February, at which most of the people of the valley were present. At the close of the funeral services a meeting was held, over which Rev. Jason "Lee presided, when it was resolved to hold another the next day at the Methodist mission. Nearly all the people of the settle- ment were present. Kev. David Leslie was chosen to preside, and Kev. Gustavus Hines and Air. Sidney Smith were secretaries. A com- mittee was chosen to draft a constitution and code of laws, of which F. N. Blanchet, after- ward Roman Catholic archbishop, was chair- innn. After much discussion it was finally decided to elect a person to serve as judge with probate powers, and Dr. Ira L. Babcock was chosen. The meeting adjourned to meet again on Thursday, June 11th, at the Catholic mis- sion. At that meeting it was found that the chairniun of the committee appointed at tha previous meeting to draft a constitution and laws had not called the committee together, and so this iTieeting adjourned to meet on the first Thursday in October. I'efore that time arrived the feeling had become somewhat prevalent among the people that it would be unwise to establish any permanent form of governmetit so long as the peace of the community coidd be preserved without it, and consequently the meeting was never held. Thus ended the first attempt to establish a government west of the Rocky mountains. Incidental to, atid having no little intluence upon, the final action of the people in the es- tablishn)ent of the provisional government, it must be mentioned that in 1842 Dr. Elijah White, who had formerly held the position of physician to the Methodist mission, and who had returned to the States after some disagree- ment with its superintendent, Kev. Jason Lee, ap- peared suddenly in the country holding a govern- ment commission as sub-agent for the Indians in the region west of the Kocky mountains. He claimed plenary power over all questions be- tween the settlers and the Indians, as well as all civil and criminal cases that might arise in the country. He appointed temporary magis- trates to try cases that might occur in his ab- sence. The people received him joyfully, their thankfulness at any proof that the Government had not entirely forgotten their necessities probably disposing them to a too generous cre- dence of his pretentions. At a meeting called to receive him a series of highly complimen- tary resolutions were passed, and ordered trans- mitted to the Government of the United States, in order that the views and wishes of the peo- ple in relation to this country might be made known. The course of Dr. White in the relation which he claimed as de facto governor of the colony, provoked violent criticism, as well as re- ceived emphatic defense. While it would an- swer no valuable purpose to trace the one or the other, it seems needful to say that Dr. %■ u :it ill '\ i' ' 140 HISTORY OF OREOON. White doubtless claimed miicii more authority than the Government ever designed he should exercise. At the same time he was zealous and active in the discharge ol' iiis duties, visit- ing every yart of the country whenever liis presence seemed to he required, and contributed in many ways to the quiet of the Indian tribes. Still the infirmities of his disposition and temper were such that lie could not retain the confidence of masses of the people however de- sirous he might he of doing so. His letters to the Government earnestly urge that the country might be taken possession of by the United States, and the laws extended over it. A far more fortunate selection tor Indian agent in Oregon might have been made, at the same time impartial history must record that the presence of Dr. White as such, albeit neither the man nor his work waa ideal, did something to prepare the country for the rule of law which was now soon to be instated. The arrival of the immigration of 1842, bringing as it did a great increase of American settlers, decidedly intluenced the sentiment of the country in favor of the immediate organiza- tion of a government. What form it should tiike, whether it should be entirely independent of both nations claiming jurisdiction over the country, or provisional, looking to an ultimate supersedence, by the extension of the laws of the United States or Great Britain over Oreijon, became subjects of warm and often acrimo- nious debates. That this should be sj was but natural, as it was not easy to harmonize the sentiments of those who yet expected the su- premacy of England on the Pacific coast with those who confidently believed that the United States rightfully owned the country. AnJ. L. Meek as sheriff and W. II. Willson as treasurer. The other offices wore tilled and a "legislative committee" of nine was ao- pointed, consisting of Messrs. Hill, Robert Shortess, Robert Newell, A. Beers, Ilnbbard, W. II. Gray, J. O'Neil. R. Moore and I)out;h- erty. The session of the " legislative com- mittee" was limited to six days and their per diem fixed at §1.25, which they immediately contributed themselves. This committee as- sembled at the Falls on the 10th of May and was furnished a room gratuitously by the Meth- odist mission at that place, which, though the best that could be had, was certainly humble enough to suit even frontier views of economy in the work of State building. It was a build- ing 10 X 30 and divided into two rooms, one of which accommodated the first Legislature of Oregon. As the discussions of this Legislature were tentative, and to be reported to a meeting of the citizens to be held at Cliampoeg on the 5th of .luly, it is not necessary to record them in extenso hero. The session continued but three d.iys. The meeting to consider the report of the legislative committee was to be on the 5th day of July. Showing the thorough American senti- ment that pervaded the entire movement a cel- ebration of " Independence Day " had been ar- ranged for at the same place on the ith, and an oration in honor of that day .so dear to every true American was delivered by Rev. Gustavus Ilines. On the 5th the meeting of the citizens was held and the orator of the previous day was chosen to preside over it. Quite a number of L_L iiisroHY i>F .onKfiox. M8 tliose wlio had opposed ori^aiiiziitioii lit the pru- vioiis mcetiiiir were present iit tliis unil an- iioiincod as fuvoral)li! t.) the olijocts suught to lie attained by the American!*. Otlieris, how- ever, including the (Jatliolio missionaries and the Ilndsuii's Bay Company, not only did not attend, i)nt pnbliely asserted that tliey wonld notsui)init to the authority of any government that might be organized. Tiio representatives of tlic [ludson's Hay Company addressed a communication to the leaders of tiie movement, stating that they felt abundantly able to defend i)oth tiiemselves and their political rights. With ati'airs in this attitude Mr. Ilines an- nounced that the report of the legislative com- mittee was in order. The report wa? accord- ingly reail by Mr. Le Briton. It consisted of a body of what was styled by the committee "or- ganic laws," prefaced by the following pre- amble: " We, the people of Oregon Territory, for the purpose of mutual protection, and to secure peace and prosperity among ourselves, agree to adopt the following laws and regulations until such time as the United States of America ex- tend their jurisdiction over iis." Then follows the usual form of a constitution, with the usual definitions and restrictions of the powers of the government. It provided for an executive committee of three instead of a governor, and a legislative committee of nine, and in the main followed the order adopted by the preliminary meeting in March. It i)rovided that the laws of Iowa should be the laws of Oregon Territory in cases not otherwise provided for, and made definite provision on the subject of land claims. The portion of the report that elicited the most controversy was that constituting an executive committee of three, some desiring a single ex- ecutive and some wishing to leave the govern- ment — if government it could then have been ctlled — without an executive head. On the vote being taken the body of " organic laws " reported by the committee was adopted, with only slight amendments by the meeting. It was resolved that the persons chosen to officiate in the sev- eral offices at the meeting held in May should continue in office until the r(^llowlng .May. This left only tlu; executive committee to be elected, and on a ballot beinti taken Ahinsun Biers, David Hill ami doseph dale wore clioscn, and these throe constituted the Kr.-^t executive of the Territory of Oregon. In tliis manner Oregon passed from a condition where every man was a law unto himself into the condition of an organized political commonwedth, and a new era liad dawned upon her. The first election under the jirovision of " the organic law adopted l)y the people at Chainpneg, July 5, 1843, was held on the lith of May, 1844:. At this election P. G. Stewart, Osborn liussell and W. J. Bailey were elected members of the executive committee: Ira L, I'>abeock, Supreme Judge, John K. Long, clerk and re- corder, Philip Foster, treasurer, and Jo.-epli L. Meek, sheritt". Three legislative districts had been organized, covering all of what now con- stitutes the States of Oreiron, Washington and Idaho, and a part of the State of Moiitumi. That was the Oregon Territory of the days of the provisional government and uj) to IS.");}, when Washington Territory was organized by act of Congress. The ])lan of government proved so defective, that at their meeting a*', Oregon City in Decem- ber, 1844, the legislative committee passed several acts amendatory of it, providing for their submission to the people, among which was a change from an executive committee of three to a governor aii as a citizen of the I'nited States, or a subject ot" Great Britain."' Still it is worthy of remark that, so far as we have been able to ascertain there was no case of even alleged con- flict between such duties and obedience to the organic law of the Territory. Indicd there was no danger of this so tar as tiiose who were citi- zens of the United States were concerned, as the organic law was entirely the product of the spirit of American citizenship, and was the act of American citizens. Tills form of oath was doubtless ilesigned to disarm, as far as jjossible, opposition to ]>rovi8ional government on the part of those who, from their relations to the liritish Governnii'nt and the Hudson's Bay Company, yet persisted in opposing it. Prac- tically so far as tiie members of the Legislature were concerned, it had no afiplication, as they were all members of the United States, and liearty supporters of the organic law. As this was the first legislature elected in the usual manner by the ballots of the electors iti Oregon, it seems jiropei' that their names be given here, even though the limits of our work will not permit a continuance of this hereafter. They were: t ('lackamas District: 11. A. J. Lee, Hiram Straight, W. U. Gray. Tualatin District: M. M. McUarver, D. Hill, J. W. Smith. Chainpoeg District: J. }>l. Ciarrison, M. G. Foisy, ISarton Lee, Robert ^l'ewell. Clatsop District: John McClure. Yam Hill District: Jesse A pplegate, A. Hen- dricks. To those acquainted with the geography of the country it is hardly necessary to say that they were all residents south of the Columbia river, for, though there had been a district called Vancouver district, desigmited the year before, including the country north of the Columbia, it had elected no representative, and really there was hardly any settlement in it except by the Hudson's Bay people, and these could hardly be called settlements in tlie understandinif of that term by an American. The new legislature met at Oregon City on the 24tli of June, and elected M. M. McCarver speaker. The first and most important business of the session was the pissing of a memorial to Congress, asking for a Territorial government according to the usual forms of Congressional action. On the 28th of June this memorial was signed by the acting executive, in the absence of Governor-elect Aberucthy, namely, Messrs. Ilussell and Stewart of the old executive com- mittee. Supreme Judge Xesmfth, and the mem- bers of the legislature and Dr. Elijah White was delegated to convey it to Washington. This being done the legislature took a recess until August 5th, awaiting the vote of the people on the adoption of a revised and amended organic law which had been duly subinitteil to them. The vote being strongly in favc^r of the new law, the Legislature began its action under it at the appointed time. After some disagreeable wrangling the action of the body at its first ses- sion electing M. M. McCarver speaker, was re- illSTOHY Oh' nithons. MB (iuiiHidoi'L'd, unti Koliiirl Newull was clectetl in liis place. A spirit of perBonal pHrtisatisliip is diffclosed liy the records of t!ii> session, pcrliaps not irreiitly to be wondertHl at, and still not coni- Miandiiig the body to any special eulogy. The previous a])poiiitmeiit of Dr. White as iiK^ssen- ger to convey the memorial asking the organi- zation of a Territorial government for Oregon to C'ongress, became a great cai'isc of eontetilion. The methods and spirit of Dr. Wiiite, as wc liave previously stated, were such thud he did not command general public confidence, though he did not fail to secure a warm personal and partisan support. Whether the action of the Legislature in first appointing him its messen- ger and placing its memorial in his hands, and afterward, by a unanimous vote, committing to him also a copy of the amended organic law to be conveyed with the memorial to (Joiigress, and then, in a few days, demanding their re- turn, acted with becoming dignity and intelli- gence, is a question wo will not discuss. Certain it is, however, tliat at this pojnt in the legisla- tive history of Oregon there was an amount of personal politics intermingled with all pul)lic politics not coiiservable of the best interests of the new commonwealth. Further than this we need not here draw aside the veil. The ostensil)le reason for the action of the legislature demanding of Dr. White the return of the documents entrusted to him, was that they had not been "attested and dispatched ac- cording to the directions of this house;'' or, in other words, that Mr. McCarver had signed the memorial as speaker of the House, which, it seems, was not what that body desired. If one at this day can truly read between '■'le lines of the recorded action of tlio Legislature concern- ing these matters, a belief that the prominence that body had given Dr. White as bearer of tlteso documents to Washington, and its conse-. quont quasi indorsement of him after his service us sub-agent of Indian affairs in Oregon, would give him a strong moral claim for anv office of lionor or profit he might desire in tlie hopeil-for Territorial organization. The meniliers believed. too, that lit* Would use his position for that eml, which is not only likely, Imt what, probably, most of them wouM have doTie under the same circumstances Dr. Wliile. in a singularly characteristic note, refused to comply with flio demand of the Legis- lature to return the documents, and proceeiled on his way to Washington. iNot to be foiled in its purjiose, the Legislature caused to be forwarded to Congress through the American Consul at the Sandwich islands, a copy of the organic law of the provisional governmeut signed by the governor and attested by the secretary, and also of all resolutions a(lo[)ted by that body relating to the sending of the same to Congress by the hand of Dr. White, and also a copy of the lett(!r of Dr. White declining to return the same to it. On the arrival of the documents thus forwarded in Washington Dr. White, who had reached that city betore them, was confronted by them, and they effectually de- stroyed all his chances for politi(!al preferment in Oregon. The result of these memorials and petitions to Congress, in the then present attitude nf the international dispute regarding the ownership of Oregon, could only be to keep the question con- stantly and intluentially before the Government of the United States, and impress it with the vast importance of the great country in dispute. This they effectually did. But of course no Territorial government could be erected over it, until all the antecedent questions of sovereignty were settled. F^or this the people of Oregon waited impatiently. The (Tovernment seemed much too tardy and indifferent in ))ressing these questions to a settlement, and the people of Oregon were long left in suspense as to whether they were really regarded as American citizens or not. Meanwliilo the alfiiirs of the sul (jcneris commonwealth were managed by the provisional government as best they could be in tlie condition of the country, and the hiS; torian, after making duo allowances for the in- experience of those to whom wa.*- intrusted this p ill \ Uii nrsroii) oa (niKaox. hfiiililiuK f :iiitliurity, iiiusl say tlicy were Well iimimircil. It WHS rortuiiHte timt at this criticiil JMiu'tiiro ill tile iilViiirs of ()re;;oii a iiian of i-alin, self- |)oi8eit, cuiiHurvHtivo mold was its oliicf execu- tive otficer. The only authority of tlie ^overii- ineiit was a moral one. Its only power to tnilorce its decreew Was in tlie will of the people to ohey them. To the iiiiniortal honor of the pioneeis it inav he wiitten that no eoiiiitry ever hail a lar;.i:er inonoition of [leople who governed tlicMifelvus hy the j^eiieral rule of rij;ht-doing than had Orej^on. To that elass of people (tov- errior Ahernethy's ijiiiet, undenionstnitive, eon- scieniioiis conr.se as an otlicer and a man eoin- iiiended itself, and in eoniinendin;; itself also commended the aovermnent of which he was the e.xecMitive head. Oregon had many abler, more hrilliant, more aggressive men, many id' these undervalued hini, and depreciated his conservatism, hut it was hest for Ore- 1,'on. A Hotspur in the executive ehair at that time Would almost certainly have so emhroiled the .\inerican and Uritisli elements then in tlu; country, li}' the eijiial rights of treaty stipula- tions, as greatly to endanger our national pence, if not, indeed, to make prohalile a conclusion of our international controversy less t'avorahle to the United States. lie was strong enotifjh to wait, wise enough to lie prudent. This is said for Mr. Ahernethy without any depreciation of the character or work of other men, coailjutors with him ill the tlirillingly important events of their era, hut in just ap|)reciation of the iiiHnence and work of this man in molding and conserv- ing the early character of Oregon history, and in liringing Oregon through the really most dangerous period of his civil political construc- tion. Xo American at that time in Oregon, who ought to have heeii thought of in connection with the office of governor, had more of the re- spect and confidence of those who were not Americans than he, and it was greatly this re- spect and confidence in hira that prevented a more open and violent opposition to the provi- sional govei'iiiiient on the part of these people. Thin, hy some writers, lm« been set down as a discniint on his ipialitieatioiis for the office which he lieM, hut to lis it heenis one of the prime factors in the real influence of the gov- ernment he ilirected. While many very inipiu-tant events in the general history of Oregon occurred during the existence of tl'ie |irovisioiml government, they will Ix' found recorded elsewhere in ' '•< hook, under the special departments of history to which tliey helong: what relates particularly to the history of that government itself can soon be tolil. Though in 1846 the "Oregon (jiies- tion" between (-rreat I'ritnin and the United States was settled, contirming to the Uniteil States all the country west of the Rocky mount- ains up to the 4!)° of latitude, yet no decisive niovemeiit was made by Congress toward the organization of a Territorial government over it. Therefore on the 3d of June, 1847, another election for governor and other officers, and memliers of the provisional legislature was held. The number of votes polled for governor was 1,074, (ieorge AU^rnethy receiving a plu- rality of the votes and iteiiig elected. The Legislature had then increased to twenty-two members, five coming from the region north of Columbia ri\er, and the names of several who had been, in some relation, connected with the interests of the Hudson's Bay Company, appear- ing for the first time upon the list of members. This indicated a gradual melting down of the old barriers of caste and nationality, and gave some pledge of a future harmonioiisness of teel- jng and action on the part of all the people of t,lie country. The ipiestion of title to the country having been settled, the old causes of disagreement had passed away, except the lin- gering reninantH of personal enmities begotten of adverse national predilections and interest. Many of these disappeared only in the graves of those who w'ere prejudiced or fanatical enongli to entertain them. The bill for the organization of a Territorial government for Oregon was placed on its final passage in Congress on the 12th of August, ■■■^ fi—.^ — i-^- lllHTtmy OF i>HKUON. 147 184S. Tlic incitliMits Icinlit'.!; up to mid iiftcml- iii^ this t!V(int will 1)0 toiiinl elHowlinre and iiueil not 1)0 rofernul to here. Wiieii tlio "ayeH" and '•nays" were eiilleil ii irmjority voted in the (itHriimtivo. I'l-esident I'olk iitHxed hi« hIj^iiii- tiire to it a few hoiir8 afterward, utid itt once appointed (ii'iicral .lnse|ili Lane, u[ Indiana, j(overnor of the Territory of ()i'ej;on. On IiIh arrival at Oregon City, on the 3d of Mandi, 184!t, \w icsiied his proclamation, and assumed the duties of his ofHcc, and the provisional govoriitneiit of Oregon hail cuased to exist. ■-^^^ CIIAI'TEK XVI. TKRKITOKIAI. KUA. Oroanization Dbi.aved — IJknton'8 LiiiTKit — Me. Tuoknton's Mission T" WAsniNoroN -Hii.i. HKKOUK CoNORKSS — il . L. MkKK ISkNT Ti ) WASniNC ION — Hl.S JoUBNKV — Ills lllSToKV — (yONrKASTS-l'uKSIDKNT I'ol.K AlM'OISTS TerKITOKIAI, OfFIOKRs— TiIK (rOVEItNMKNr PuorLAIMKO - Census Taken — (toi.k Disiovekku in California — -Emioration Turned Tiiiimikr — Money (loiNKii — Anomalous Condition of the Country — ^Eleotion of Delegate ro Concjkehs — First Territorial Leoislatiire — Pro.misino Condition of the Territory — (Governor Lane — Sui'erseded »y Governor (taines — The Keijiment of Mounted Uifle.men — tJiiANiiE of Territorial Offu'kks — First Newspapers — Steamer Built — Death of Mr. Tiior.nton. jLTHOUGII the "Oregon question" as an international one was eoiu^liuled in the euiniiier of ISKi, the country itself was left practieally to its own resouryes for two years longer. It was coiiKdently expected by the people of Oregon, and of the Eastern States as well, that the organization of a Territorial government would soon follow the settlenient of the boundary controversy. Ihider this ex- pectation a large emigration from the ohler States crossed the plains in 1847. But C!on- gress delayed. Reasons of politics were more potent in the councils of the nation than rea- sons of statesmanship. The Mexican war was in progress. The administration had all and more than it could do to maintain itself before the people. Its abdication of the politics of the convention and the stump on the Oregon question for those of statesmanship and reason, had angered a large element of its former sup- porters, and the progress of the war, while lifting generals into higli reputations, was add- ing nothing to the honor of those politicians who anticipated preferment as the result of the war. So Oregon must wait. And another question was in the slumbering Oregon (jues- tion. That was the shivery question! and all knew that when the matter of the organiza- tiu'i of the Territorial government for Oregon came before Con2;res8, this " Satan" of our politics for so many years would " come also.'' And for this reason, too, the question must wait. The disappointinent in Oregon over this de- lay was intense. To allay it as far as possible Mr. Buchanan, secretary of State under I'resi- dent I'olk, and Thomas II. Benton, wrote letters to the people of Oregon, giving the strongest assurances that they would be cared for, and the interests of the rising commonwealth on the Pacific protected. Mr. Buchanan expressed the deep regret of President Polk that Congress had neglected Oregon, and promising the presence I 1 \ 1 \ 1 .1 ; i * .1 14S It I STORY OF OliKOON. of ii regiirient uf dnij^ooiis. iiiid tlie occiisional visits of vessels of war to protect the people. That of Senator Benton gave so clear a view oi" the political situation in which appears so much that is vital to the brave frontiersmen of Oregon, that our readers will be glad to see some extracts from it. He says: " WASinNiiniN, March, 1847. "il/y Friends (for such I may call many of yon from personal acquaintance, and all of yon from my thirty years of devotion to the inter- ests of your country), I think it right to make this coinmunication to you at the present mo- ment wiic;'. tliO aujoiirnment of Congress, with- out passing tiie bill for your iroverninent and protection, seems to have left you in a state of abandonment by your mother country. Vou are not abandoned. Nor will you be denied ])rotcction unices yon agree to admit slavery. I, a man of the South, and a slaveholder, tell yon this. Tiie House of Uepresentatives, as early as the middle of January, had passed the bill to give you a Territorial government; and in that bill had sanctioned and legalized your provi- sional organic act, one of the clauses of which forever prohibited the e.xistence of slavery in ( )regon. "An amendment from the Senate's committee, to which this bill was referred, proposed to ab- rogate that prohibition, and in the ill at about 8 o'clock on the morning of August 13, 1848, the Senate having been in ses- sion all night, and the bill was passed. Within a few hours after its passage Presik was a member of the Legislative Assembly, but im- mediately resigned his seat for the purpose of t'iiin])lying with the desires of that body, as, in- ilecd,of all the people of O.'-egon. The selection of Mr. Meek as messenger to carry dispatches* to Washington was, in most respects, a very suitable one. The mission was one of great peril and hardship. It was win- ter, and the route lay over nearly !i,()00 miles of entirely unsettled deserts and iiiountains, on which the winter storms and snows held a ter- rible tyranny. A journey over them by sum- II? ■: i^r.:i i i f ino niSTORY OF OliEOON. rner was difficult and danffcrons ennnsrh, and one by winter had seidoni lieeii attemptuii, and more seldom acconiplielK^d. Mr. Meek was a " mountain man." lie had spent many years as a linnter and trapfier, rang- ing the valleys of the upper Missouri, Golum- l)ia and Snake rivers, C'olorado and Salt lakes, and all the mountain regfioiis from Missouri to California and Oregon. His familiarity with the region to he traversed, his unusual courage, quick wit, and great powers of physical endur- ance pre-eminently qualihed him to undertake the hazardous mission. His credentials from the J.egislature and governor, and a memorial and other docuTiients to be presentei! to the Government at AVashington, were prepared and furnished liiin, and on the 4th of -January he set out on his mission, no less perilous than important. Tile incidents of this winter jo\irney of Mr. Meek belong to the romance of an era long since departed, the chronicle of which lives only in the memories of the few remaining gray-!iaired men whose early manhood belonged toit. • Our space permits only the most gei:- eral reference to them. On reaching the dalles of the Columbia, such was the excited condition of the Indians between the Cascade anJ Hlue mountains, that tlie mes- senger and his small purty, consisting of John Owen and (ieorge Eljl)ert8, were corni)elled to remain at that place several weeks, as it would then have been impossible to have made their way through the hostile tribe. When the troops of the provisional goverti- inent arrived on their way to the scene of the Whitman massacre, Mr. Meek accompanied them as far as Waulitpu, the scene of that dire- ful tragedy. One of Mr. Meek's own children, who was in the care of Dr. Wiiitman and his wife, had 1)een a victim of Cayuse treachery at that time. The place and scene of the murder was most full of sad and impressive recollections and impressions, as the troops and the party of Meek committed the remains of the victims of that terril)ie day to the earth, before he con- tinued on his journey. This done, a company of the troops escorted his small party, now con- sisting of seven men, as far as the base of the Blue mountains, where the lone travelers were cast loose on the vast wintry world that lay cold and white for more than a thousand miles l)e- fore them. Their route lay over the Blue mountains into Grande llonde valley, thence to Powder river and down liurnt river to Snake, then up the great valley of that stream to the Rocky mount- ains, and thence down the eastern slope of the continent to St. Joseph, on the Missouri river, which they reached in a little over two months from the Willamette valley. It is hardly prob- able that there was another man in Oregon who could have accomplished this journey with the celerity with which it was accomplished by J. h. Meek. What remained to be dotm was for him more difficult. Ii v-e give a page to the consideration of the unique place, Mr. Meek, and others like him, held in early Oregon his- tory, this will be better appreciated, and one chajiter of our story will be more clearly read. I To do this we take him as the most prominent, if not the best, type of that element in the social and civil life of early pioneer times in Oregon: Joseph L. Meek was a Virginian by birth. In his early youth he found his way to St. Louis, where, in 1828, he engaged himself to 5'". Will- iam Sublette, then and for years thereafter one of the ablest leaders of the fur trade of the Rocky mountains, and with his company went into the work of hunting and trapping in the great mountain regions of the interior of the conti- nent. In various relations connected with such iTien as Sublette, Rridger, Fontenelle, Smith, I'onneville and others, he spent iiis life until 18-K), when the fur trade, having almost entirely failed in the moimtains, he resolved to seek a home in the Willamette valley. Taking his wife, an Indian woman, and family of half-breed childrew, he abandoned the mountains and took up his residence on a beautiful land claim about twenty miles west of wiiere the city of Portland imw stands, on what was then known jm. mmtm mSTORY' Oh' OHKGQN. 161 as " Tiinlatiti plaiiip. " when he tlins anil tliere entered upon a life associated with the jjurposos and work of civilization. He wae jnst in the ma- turity of his piiysical powers, and a man physi- cally of a fine and engaging presence. Tall, lithe, well-rounded, erect, with black hair and sparkling black eyes, a face radiant with self- satistied good humor, and having a smooth and easy utterance, he could always secure the atten- tion of men. Technically he was uneducated. Really he was educated though unlettered. His educr.tion was that of experience and adventure p.nd dan- ger; a,i education that goes further ii' the inak- inirof a man than mere letters. It gave to him an induration of physical force that was admira- ble. It did nc elevate his ni'.ral nature com- inensurately. It imparted a keenness of per- ception to his intellectual fatuities, while it did not broaden and elevate his rsason. It quickened his instinctive sagacity into adroitness, while it did not furnish it a strong basis of conscientious- ness. Conscious, physical power and a long period of wild and rapid adventure, gave to his naturally independent nature an abandon that verged on recklessness. The wild stories of the camps in which he spent his youth and early manhood, with their frequent excesses and carousals, colored his form of thought and speech with a spirit of exaggeration, which often went beyond the limits of facts or truth. Thus his education, — the education of the camp and the trail and the wigwam crystallized him into that unique personality that is known in early Oregon history as "Jo Meek "; a personality that was not without its importance in place and power in the early pioneer days in which these latter days of a more specious civilized pretense were conceived and born, and that helped in no inconsiderable degree to make these later and bettor days a possibility and afact. Withouthim and such as he thoi\ was, these could not have been now. So we honor these men of the olden times. It is scarcely possible for a man of to day, as he steps out of a gilded palace car, on the banks of the Missouri after a three-days run from Portland to Omaha, to imagine the appearance of "Jo Meek" as he stepped down from the back of his mule after his two months' ride from Oregon, on that Alarch evening in 1848. He was dressed in buckskin pants, with a blanket capote and •noii'-skin cap, with moccasins on his feet. His hair and beard was long and un- kempt. He had neither money nor friends, and his only source of hope to reach Washington was in his mission and himself, and these proved an open sesame wherever he went. When he reached Washington, only a couple of weeks after the arrival of Mr. Thornton, the documents he brought, and his personal intelligence and influence, aided no little in hastening the action of Congress for the relief of Oregon in the adoption of the bill for the organization of a Territorial government. After Mr. Polk had signed the bill on the 13th of August he made haste to complete his part of the work of organizing the Territory by the appointment of its officers. His own term of office as president was approaching its limit, and he was naturally desirous that the new government of Oregon should be fully installed before its expiration. He chose General Joseph Lane, of Indiana, governor of the Territory, and appointed Joseph L. Meek, United States mar- shal, and delegated him to convey his commis- sion to the newly appointed governor, who was at his home in Indiana, and who was entirely unaware of the duty about to be imposed upon him. (ieneral Lane accepted the commission thus honorably tendered him, and, three days after he I'cceived it had closed up his affairs in Indiana and in company with Mr. Meek, was on his way toward Oregon. After the most strenuous effort Governor Lane reached Oregon City, the then capital, on the second day of March. 1849. On the third day of March he issued a proclamation and assumed the duties of his otiice. thus anticipat- ing by but a single day the expiration of the term of Mr. Polk as president of the (Tulfed States. Thus the ambition of the president to iw' - < IS ■1 1 152 irrsToit r of - oitKaoA. I sij^'iuilizc liis tei'iLi ill tlie u\\k\' of [jriwiili'iit (if tlie United States, into wliicli he was undonbt- edly lifted by tlie position of his party and him- self on the Oregon question, by the organization of the Territorial government in Oregon, was gratified, and Oregon passed out of its form of 8elf-ini])osed jjrovisional government, and was fully under the protection of the Government of the United States, Though Oovernor Lane and Marshal Meek were in Oregon, they were the only official rep- resentatives of the United States Government in tiie Territory for a number of months. The other Territorial ollicers. namely. Kintzing Prit- chell, secretary, Wiliiam C. P>ryant, chief jus- tice, and O. C. J'ratt and Peter 11. Burnett, associate justices, were in due time aj)pointed and took the respective places assigned them, and the Oregon Territory was fully organized. Immediately on assuming the duties of liis oflice, (iovernor Lane appointed marshals to take the census, as provided in the organic act. The ])opulation was then ascertained to 1)6 U,0S3, of whom all but 208 were Americans. When the bill for the organization of the Territory of Oregon became a law. containing liberal promises for the donation of lands to actual settlers, it was anticip.it^d that the country would immediately be tilled with those who were an.xions to avail themselves of this provision. The drift of emigration was almost entirely toward Oregon. California was little known, and few cared to venture among tlie Mexico-Spanish people of that region. Almost simultaneously with the passage of the bill, liowever. there occurred an event in that Terri- tory that turned the tide of emigration from the Eastern States thitherward, and even drew very heavily on the po]mlation of Oregon itself. This was the discovery of gold at ('oloina, on the south fork of tiie Amei'ican river, by .lames W. Marshall, who was among the arrivals iii Oregon in the autumn of 1844:, but went to ('alifornia in 1^45, and entered the employ- ment of Captain John A. Sutter at that place. In a few mouths intelligcuice of this event had reached the F^astern States. It awakened a great excitement, and intending emigrants to Oi'egon l>y the thousand turned to California. The emigration on the plains in the summer of 1848 met the intelligence on the way and largely turned toward the fiekis of gold. In August, about seven months from the date of the discovery, tlie news reached Oregon by a vessel which entered the Columbia river for a cargo of supplies for rhe mines. The effect upon the people of Oregon was even more marked than that on any other part of the country. Nearly the entire adult male popu- lation of the territory rushed to California! Farms were left untilled and harvests un- roaped. It looked as though Oregon would be dej)opiilated. For two or three years this ex- odus had a great effect on the prosperity and improvement of the country. Hut the pro- ductiveness of the lands of Oregon, and the average salubrity of its climate had become so well known that gradually most of those who had left returned, and again emigration resumed its old flow into the valley of the Willamette, besides, the mines of California oi)ened the first market for the abundant products of Oregon; prices rose to almost fabulous figures; and for a few years the gold-diggers of the plains of California poured a stream of the yellow dust into the pockets of the farmers and lierdsmen of Oregon. Prospectors pushed their discover- ies northward of the Sacramento, until in 1851 rich mines were discovered in Southern Oregon. So, while the first effect of the discovery of gold in California \vas detrimental to the pros- perity of Oregon, its ultimate result was the opening of an er.. of unexampled advancement. l'{) to this time there had been but little coin, or money of any kind, in the country. So straitened were the people for a circulating medium that the provisional Legislature made wheat a legal tender at one dollar per bushel. Orders on the Hudson's Hay ('ompany, and on some mercantile establishments, and upon the Methodist mission, though not legal tend- ers, passed current among the people the best I it 1 HISTORY Oh' OliEOOy. Vi3 mt'diiitn of exchange timt ooiilil be had. But with the coining of gold dust into the country ill tlie winter of 1848 and '49, tliis was passed cun'ciit as money, thuugh at a great loss to tliose wlio were comjieUed to dispose of it as such, as an ounce of gold dust intriii- sieally worth from 16 to 18 dollars could lie sold for only 11. To remedy this evil the provisional Legislature passed an act for the " assaying, melting and coining of gold." Heforc anything was done under this act, how- ever, the functions of the provisional govern- ment were terminated hy the arrival of Gover- nor Lane and the organization of the Territorial government. Still private enterprise came for- ward and supplied the want by issuing what is known as "beaver money," in coins of Hve and ten dollars in value. Tiiese coins bore on the obverse side the figure of a beaver — whence their name — above which were the letters '-K., M., T., A., W., 11, C, S.," and beneath >'0. T. 1819." On the reverse side was "Oregon E.\- cliango Company, 130 Grains Xative (iold, 5 D" or "10 pwts. 20 grains, 10 D." The letters were the initials of the gentlemen composing the company, namely: Messrs. Kilbourne, i[a- gruder, Taylor, Abernethy, Willson, Rector, Campbell and Smith. The dies were made by Mr. Hamilton Campbell, and the press and rolling machine iiy W. 11. Hector. This was not claimed by the company as money, but simply that so much value in gold was put into this convenient form for uce as a medium of ex- change. In a few years, however, the "coin of the roalm" became [ilentiful, and these found tiicir way to the United States mint for rc- cuinage. Though (Tdieral Lane had assumed the duties of liis office on the 3(1 day of March, 1849, there could scarcely be said to be any govern- ment ill the country for some months subse- (inently. Tiiere was an executive but no laws to execute, and no courts for processes and trials. The condition was anomalous, and far from satisfactory. The seat of government at Washington was so distant, and so much time was required to commiinicate with it, and the appointed Territorial oHicers were so tardy in arriving anil entering on their duties, that the people became anxious and discontented. So much time was required to complete the census, and in other needful preparations that Governor Lane could not call an election for delegate to Congress and members of the Territorial Legis- lature before the 6th of June, 1849. The total vote cast for ilelegate to Congress was but 943, — a very small vote for the population of over 9,000 as ascertained by the census only just coinpletdl. This was owing to the absence of such a i;reat number of the adult males in the California gold mines. Of this vote Samuel K. Thurston secured 47(t, Columbia Lancaster, 331, James AV. Nesmith, 104, Joseph L. ^[eek, 40, and tF. S. Gritfin, 8. Governor Lane, in his pripclaination calling an election, had made an appointment of mem- bers of the Legislature to the several counties or districts as they had i)C(!ii formed by the provisional Legislature, ami the I'ollowiiig-named gentlemen were elected to the lirst Territorial Legislature: Coimcil: W. Ulain, Tualatin; W. W. Buck, Clackamas; S. Parker, Clackamas and Cliaiii- poeg; W. Shannon. Champoeg; S. K. McKeon, (Matsop, Lewis and Vancouver; J. B. Graves, Yam Hill; W. Maley, Linn; N. Fonl, Polk; L. A. Humphrey. BentOii. /iej)reiient(it'V'.'.s: 1). Hill and W. M. King, Tualatin; .\. T. LoMvjoy. .L i). Holinan and Gabriel Walling. ClHcknmas; .1. W. Green, W. W. (■hii.pinan and W. T. Matlock, (Miam|)oeg; N. .r. Hunbree. R. C. Kinney and J. I!. Walling, Yam Hill; J. Diiiilap and J. Carser, Linn; 11. N. V. Holmes and S. Barch. Polk: M. T. Simmons, Lewis, Vancouver and Clatsop; J. L. Mulkey and G. B. Smith. Benton. The Ijcgislatiire assembled at Oregon ('ity, July 16, 1849, and held a brief session, in which they apportioned their future member- ship; changed the names of Champoeg, Tual- atin and Vancouver conntics to Marioti, Wash- ington and Clarke, respectively; .decided wiiat 1.^ tn4 msronr of oreoon. orticer? the viirious counties should have, and provided tor their election the tbllowiiif;- Octo- ber, and divided the Territoiy into three jiidici'U districts. In Octobc tiieconnty elections were held, and the officers who were chosen (jualitied immediately, and the Territorial (iovernment of Oregon thus completed its organization. The condition of Oregon at this date was most promising. The doubt and hesitation and distrust of the period of the provisional govern- ment had passed away. The end of Hudson's Hay domination had come. Henceforth that great corporation was here only for a limited time, and while here could exercise no power over public affairs, only as its individual members chose to become citizens of the United States and take their place in the body politic as such. iNo longer did the power of British ships of war in the Columbia and Willamette rivers alarm, or their threats annoy. Courts were or- ganized for the redress of wrong and the sup- port of right. The stars and stripes truly em- blemed the sovereignty of the land, and was the y)ledge of the protection of a great nation. And ill a climate as genial as man could desire, on a soil as fruitful as an Eden, amidst scenery that was forever an icipiratio!) of great thoughts and high ambitions, and a j)eo|)le whose energy and patriotism and intelligence had marked them as leaders and builders of society even before they had come into this sunset land, there seemed little before the in- fant commonwealth to interfere witli or prevent its rapid growth into a great and prosperous State. And really there was not; as our history will show. The time of General liane as governor was short. James K. Polk was succeeded by General Taylor as presfdent of the United States, .March 4, 1849, one day after General Lane assumed the duties of his office. In April, 1850, he se- cured notice that President Taylor had removed him from office and appointed ^layor John P. Gaines in his stead on the second day of the previous October. An interesting incident connected with this ap])ointinent was that General Taylor first of- fered the governorship of the Territory to .Vbrnham Lincoln, who was an applicant lor the post of commissioner of the general land otlice. That place being filled. President Taylor ofi'ered him the place of governor of Oregon. Mr. Lin- coln declined it, doubtless believing that better opportunities for his future advancement would exist in the East than in the narrower associa- tions of the J'acitic coast. It is interesting to speculate on the changes and modifications in State and national history which wouhl have oc- curred had Mr, Lincoln become governor of this then must obscure Territory. Of course iluring this brief time little occur- red iu the Territory that made much impression on the history of the country. A regiment of mounted rifles was sent across the ])iaitis in the summer of 1848, and were stationed at various posts, as Oregon City, which was its head (piar- ters, Vancouver, Astoria and on Puget sound. This regiment was commanded by Colonel Lor- ing, afterward general, who achieve*! notori- ety, if not reputation in Egypt as Luring Pasha. The regiment was greatly weakened by deser- tions, 400 deserting at once and leaving for the gold mines of California. General Lane, being appealed to by the colonel, collected a body of volunteers and pursued them as far as Rogue river, where 260 surrendered to him and were brought back, but the remainder succeeded in reaching the(/alifornia, and were never returned to their servic(!. In May, Governoi' Lane made a journey to southern Oregon to conclude a treaty with the Indians of that region, who had always been turbulent, and after completing it satisfactorily, he passed on into California. He had fixed on the ISth of June as the time in which he would vacate the office of governor and so, like so many others at that time, he kept on into the gold mines seeking for better fortune. Governor Gaines reached Oregon City and assumed the duties to which he had been ap|)ointe(l by Presi- [ dent Taylor on the l!Hh of September, nearly a I year after his appointment. Tliore was also an msTOIiY OF UHEilON. lis entire change in Territorial offices, consecjiient on tiie incoming of the Whig nationiil iidrninis- tralion. Kdward Hatniltoii was made secretary; Jolir McKain and William Story, judges; Amo:7 llolhrook, United States attorney; Joiin Adair, collector of ciiBtoms; and Ilonry II. Spauldinj;, Indian agent. Joseph L. Meek re- tained to the position of United States marshal. The Legislature Assembly, whose members had been elected in June, iriet in December. This body being Democratic, was not in political har- mony with the Territorial officers who were Wiiigs and the session was not as productive of good to the Territory as it should have been. The Legislature was an able body of men, including some who liave done as much to mold the character of Oregon socially and politically as any men ever in the State, among whom, for the length and eminence of his service may be mentioned the name of M. P. Deady, long one of the most eminent jurists of the nation. It devolved on this body togive the Territory a code of laws, and to adjust all legislation to to the new conditions introduced by the new form of government, and the great increase of popu- lation and enlarged commercial and social de- mands. The members of the body ably and patriotically met their obligations, and tlie result of their generally wise action was in- creased and permanent prosperity in the Terri- tory. Two events occurred in the Autumn of 1850 and the early part of 1851. that were both the product of the new era and an omen of its en- larging life. These were the establisiiineut of three newspapers, and the building of a steam- boat to ply on the Willamette and Columbia rivers. For some years a newspaper called the Oregon Spectator had been published at Ore- gon City by an association of gentlemen of which George Abernethy was president, which had contributed much to the social attraction and general advancement of the people. Hut with the inauguration of the territorial era there was a large influx of ambitious and talented men, anxious for place, and as anxious for or- gans by which they could reach and influence the public mind. Also, rival towns, with views of metropolitan importance and greatness before the eyes of their founders, were established, and they too must needs have inciliums by which their advantages and the disadvantages of their rivals might be made known to the world. Accordingly on the 2'Jtli of November, 1830, the Western Star rose on the horizon of Milwaukee, then a vigorous and formidable • rival of Portland and all other places for metro- politan honors. Lot Whitcomb, a name very widely and honorably known in Oregon in these early days, was its publisher, and John Orvis Waterman its editor. On the 4th of December, Mr. Thomas J. Dryns issued the flrst number of the Oregonian in Portland. In the following March the first number of the Oregon States- man was issued by Mr. Asahel Bush at Oreoft)n City. From the first the Oregonian and States- man became the organs of the two great |)oliti- cal parties of the country, — tlie Whig and Dem- ocratic. They were both of the most pronounced ty))e of party journalism. Theireditors were men of talent, full of zeal for their parties and fearless in their advocacy of their principles and candidates. While it is ])roper to concede to both of the able editors of these papers a sin- cere desire to advance the interest of the Terri- tory, it is necessary to the trutii of history to say that the style of their work was far more that of the bitter partisan rather than of the broad statesman. But, in the disjointed and conglomerate state of social life, then prevalent on the Pacific coast, where, more than any where else in the world, every man did what he pleased, and said what he pleased, perhaps it would have been too much to exf)ect that newspapers would be specially distinguis-hed by their suaviter in modo rather than by their fortiter in re. Certainly these were not, and they won an unenviable notoriety for the style of their journalism; but at the same time they did much in these early and not very (juiet days for the progress and development of the new Territory. 1S6 BISTORT OF OREGON. Tliu Wupturii Still' dill Mot loiiji ii'iimiii iiliuvo tlui horizon. Tlio Statesiniiii iiiiJ* iiiid a soino- wliat clioc'kered career, imt still exists, and is MOW piitjlislied at Salem, the capital of the State. The Oregoniaii has held on its steady course of piihlication in the city in which it was estab- lished; i,'rowing with the growth and strength- enitii^r with the strength of the city and the eonntry, nntil its scope and |)0wer as a daily and weekly Jonrnal it is the fully equal, if not indeed the real sujierior of any newspa[)(M- ])ul)- lishcd on the Pacific coast; and there are few in the nation that can stand as its rival. The steamer hnilt in the antyinn of ISoO, was construeted at Milwaukee and called in honor of is owner the " I..ot Whitcomh " of Oregon. She was launched on Christinas day, a great crowd of peoj)le attending, amid peals of cannon and the cheers of the multitude, Governor (iaines formally christening her as she moved from her ways into the waters of the Willamette. As we give elsewhere an extended account of the irrowth and extent of the inivigation interests of this State, it is not ncccessary to pursue the theme further at this point than to announco the appearance of this pioneer of the magnificent fleet of steam lioats that have since plied upon the waters of Oregon. Early in 1851 Samuel \l. Thurston, delegate to (Jongress from the Territory, died. Ho was on his way home from Washington, and while at sea between I'anama and Acapulco, closed his life, and was burled at Acapulco. Wlien the news reached Oregon a few weeks later it caused a general expression of sorrow. lie was a brilliant young man, full of fiery ambition, and it was expected that he would not only se- onrc fame for himself but would accomplish much for his adopted Territory. lie had made a tine reputation during the sliort time he was in Congress for ability and efttciency, and it was thought that he would be returned, as he belonged to the party that was strongly domi- nant in the politics of the Territory. At its next session the Legislature honored him by be- stowing his name u[)on a county organized north of the Columbia river, and now including the capital of the State of Washington. ^^Bf S^-^- ! ! HISTORY OK OUKQON. Vu rilAPTKU XVll. TEKKITOKIAI. KKA, CONTINUED. Gknkuai. Latkik Elkctki) I)p;i.E(JArK — Gout Disi-uvkkkd in Solthkkn Okwion — Indians (i>- SoUTUKKN ()rK(»(IN A YkAK OK DiSASTKK — ImMIII liAliON (IK 1852 — DlVI81l).N OK TlIK '1'kKKI- TORY — SizkoktiikTerkitobv — I'lOKT Sound Rkgion — -Movkmknt kou a Tkkrikiiiv North ok TiiK Columbia -Gknkkai, Lane aciain (ioveknor — Talented Okkickhs — Lane Elected Dele- N(JKKSS — -JoilN W. DaVIS GOVERNOR — QlIKSTION OF StATE GoVKRNMENT Sill- MiTTED — Is Succeeded hy Secretary Curry — Lkoislaturk again Suiimits the Question ok State Government — It Secures a Lakoe Majority — State Convkmion — Its Personnel — Questions 1'kndino— Constitution Adoi'tkd iiy tiih Pkoi'le— The Slavery (Question — Elec- tion OF Representatives v. Congress and Senators — AuMiasioN Retarded — Oregon Ad- MirrED A8 a State. HIE act ill Mr. Tluirstoir.s CongrcRsional course tliiit lirouglit liiiii most credit was ^ what was called the " <)rogon Land Law." Ill Oregon, e8j)ecially during the active life ot" those who more or less prominently were as- sociated with the events of this period, the au- thorship of this law was a subject of very acrimonious claim and counter-claim. That is a discussion into which we see no reason to en- ter. It seems to us most probable tliat no one man can olaiin to have originated and perfected that measure. In the very earliest propositions in Congress looking toward the settlement of Oregon by emigration from the Eastern States there appears something relating to some propo- sitions for the donation of lands to actual set- tlers. In the measures of Senators Linn and Benton such a ])urpo8e i.s clearly outlined. When Mr. J. Quiiin Thornton was in Wash- ington as a messenger from the provisional governor and other leading citizens of the State in 1848, he prepared a bill with the same general provisions and purpose. The bill finally urged to its passage by Mr. Thornton was of the same tenor. After all that had been done by others in the long course of time, during which Oregon settlement was before Congress in var- ious ways, Mr. Thornton's bill could not have 10 been wholly original in conception nor even in form. Still substantially the bill was his, as the only man authorized to speak on the floor of Congress for the people of t)regon, while, at the same time, its general purpose was a growth in the minds of many men for a series of years. It was Mr. Thornton's duty, as delegate, to put into concrete form the abstraci, and multifarious suggestions that ho had caught up from many sources, and mold them into an act of legisla- tion. This duty he did. This law provided, in general, for the dona- tion of a section, or 640 acres, of land to a mar- ried man and his wife wlio should settle on and cultivate the same before a given time, in accordance to the provisions of the law; uiid 320 acres, or half a section, to a single man. The provisions were liberal, and yet without the set- tlement and cultivation of the land, so distant was it from the older States, the land was valut- lesj to the Government. The effect of the passage of the land law was very marked in two respects: First, it stirred the fever of emigration from fhe Western States, and sent thousands across the plains when, but for it, then would not have i)een scores. Secondly, it alienated the old servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, who had settled on some of best lands in the Territory, from their tM lITsriUir i)F OltFJlON. loyiilty til llmt ('(uniiiiny, which tlicy \\m\ liithurto tiiTved so fHitlifiilly, iiiid tiiriicd their tliouj;;hts lit (iiii,'(' ti) Aiiiericiiii citi/ciishiii as tliat to whieli they must foe thu irieaiis oi' iic(jiiiiiiiif an easy iiiile|ien(lt'iici'. V.ww the active iiieinbers aiid (itliccis of that coin|)aMy licj^aii to feel that it liml (lone for tlieiii all it could do, a'nl 'ta work liec^aii to rest, like a gulling yoke, upon their t*hoiihlor>. In jiroportioii as tlic United Stati'S could hold out promises of help, that company lu'canie less capable of helping any l)ody. and its own iieople could not hut see it. So as the new iK^pe rose to them the old hope eef, and Oregon as an American Territory be- gan at once to feel the pulse of a new and vigorous life. The news of his death reached Oregon a few weeks before the general ele<'tion at which his successor was to be elected, and (ieiieral Joseph Lane, who had returned from California, became the Democratic candiilate in bis stead, lie was elected over W. II. Willson, his Whig opj)onent, by a vote of 2,093 against 548. I'eyond the events hei'e rt'corded there was little during the years 1851 and 1852 of 8])e<'ial historic interest. AVliat awakended the most interest, and contributed most to the general prosperity .of the country, was the discovery of rich and e.xtensive mines of gold in Southern Oregon early in 18.^1. Several thousand miners in a few months tilled the hills and gulches tributary to Rogue river valley. The town of Jacksoiiville was founded, and the inininj^ camps and agricultural settlements spread up aiul down the valleys and tlirough the hills from the California line to the (.allapooia mount ains. Several towns were laid out, the one proving the most important and prosperous be- ing Scottsburg on the Tnijiqua river. Such an impetus was given to the settlement of the country by the discovery of the mines that in 1852 two counties. iJrjuglas and .lackson, were organized by the Legislature. From those, in later times, (^oos, Curry and Josephine have been taken. The Indians of southern Oregon were a i strong and warlike people. They liad always l)cen hostile in spirit, and of[en in fact, since the whites began t(i pa>s through their country. Tiie early hunters and fur traders were put upon their utmost vigilance, and often their greatest bravery, while pursuing their vocta- lions among them. Kveu the Hudson's liay Company was compelled to deal with them with a strong and relentless hand, to secure the safety of their parties when passing through the country. In 1811 two missionaries, Messrs. .lason I>ee and (iustavus llines, made an ex- ploration of the Umpqua valley, with the inten- tion of establishing a mission at the mouth of tliat stream, but found them so untractable and giving so little promise of improvement, and were in such peril of their own lives during the short time they were encamped among them, that the design was ubandone(L .Numerous collisions occurred between the Indians and comj)anie8 of whites traveling on the highways and trails, or engaged in mining, so that a spirit of mutual distrust, not to say hatred, grew up between the whites and the Indians, and much violence was perpetrated on both sides, culminating at last in an Indian war, the story of which is told elsewhere. Eighteen hundred and (ifty-two was a year of much disaster, as well as of some prosperity in Oregon. A very large immigration reached the country, but it came mostly impoverished and forlorn. Probably not less than 10,000 "crossed the plains," as the journey was then familiarly called, that year. The season was dry. The great bands of cattle and horses soon consumed the scant pasturage of the plains. Thousands of stock, coming late in the season, died in consequence. For hundreds of miles the atmosphere was heavy with the fetid and sickening stench of decaying animals. The slow progress, the poor food, the tainted atmos- phere combined to induce disease, and a great number of people Mreil I'lrille JIo •r a ITl'- wart K of turn [isla- lSSfe selections of President Pierce were not only pei.ionally unob- jectionable, but the list j)resente an array of gen- eral talent, executive ability, legal acumen, and personal character altogether w orthy of notice. Four of the men named abov.: reached the posi- tion of United States senator from Oregon, namely: Joseph Lane, George Tl. Williams, James W. Nesmith and Henjamin F. Harding. One, Jo8e|)h Lane, was a candidate for vice- president of the United States. One, George H. Williams, was attorney-general of the United States, and was norainated by President Grant for rhi(!f justice of the (Inited States. One, Matthew P. Deady, reached the high position of justice of the United Stat<'s district court, anil is concededly one of tlw alilest jurists in the United States. It is iloulited if any Terri- torial adniinistnition in the history of the country ever lichl at one time hu<'h a num- ber of men at one t ne, who liecitnu' so greatly and so justly celebrated in the history of their State and of the mition at large, as this ruie. Another fact must be noticed altogetlier to their credit, namely, ail tho^io wiio were aji- pointed to ottlce from the Eastern States bocaino permanent citizens of Oregon, and thoroughly and most usefully identilied thenit-eives with every phase of its progress tiirough all itsTer ritorial history, and afterwanl becntne the chit;' promoters of its welfare as a State. General Lane reached Oregon in May. He was almost immediately nominated to sneceeil himself as delefjjate in ('ongress, and at tlie election which soon followed, was chosen over A. A. Skinner, called "the people's candioveriior hy President I'ierce. Wlien tlie Tx'gishiture mot again in Deceniher, 1S.j4, the oil! subject of the constitutional con- vention was the most prominent one before it for consideration. After much discussion the question was again sent down to the people for decision at the .loxt general election, (ieneral [jane in Congress eiuleavored to procure the passage of a bill authorizing the people south of the Columbia and west of the C!a8cade mount- ains to friuno a State constitution, but witiiout success. When the question, as submitted by the Leifislature, was voted on it was again de- feated; slunving that the proposition was one of the politicians and not of the people, .lack- son county again gave the deciding vote against it, and for the same reason as before, (rcneral Lane was again elected delegate to Conferees over John I*, (-raines, the candidate of the Amer- ican or Know >fothing party, by a large major- ity. A very bitter contontion arose between tiie different as])iriiig cities of the Territory in re- gard til the location of the capital. It had been removed from Oregon City to Salem, then to Corvallis. and tinally under instructions of the secretary of tlie treasury, wdio authorized the expenditure of money for capitol buildings ex- cept at Salc'i until the validity of the legis- lative act removing it had been passed upon by Congress, (toveriior Carry removed the execu- tive offices again to Salem. The contest pa.- sod through two legislative sessions, and two or three general and special elections, ami fin illy ended in the capital remaining where Congress had located il. at Salem. AgaiTi the question of forming a State con- stitution wont to the per pie at the . I une elec- tion ill 18o7. A great change had coiue over the feelings of the jicople. The (Tovernment as ad- ministttred by the territorial Leirislature and otHces was far from satisfactory. Hesides the people of the Territory had claims against the (irovornir,- ut to the amount of several mil- lions of dollars for cxpensis incurred in the In- ilian wars, an account of which is given else- where, and it was evident that two senators and a representative in ('ongress, entitled to vote, as well as talk, would be much more likely to secure th(ur payment than a delegate who could only talk without a vote. The result of this revolution was a very large majority for a con- vention, the vote standing 7,209 lor, to 1,616 against it. At the same election delegates to the cinstitntional eleetion were chosen; and on the 17th day of August, 1857, they met at the capital city for the formation of a constitution for the State of Oregon. The convention to form a constitution for the intended State was composed of the following gentlemen: Benton: John Keksay, II. C. Lewis, II. U. Nichols, II. H>. Matzger. Clatrop; (Jyrus Olney. Columbia: John W. Watts. Clackamas: J. K. Kelley, A. L. Lovejoy, W. A. Starkweather, II. Campbell, Nathaniel Robins. Coos: V. 13. Marple. Curry: William II. Packwood. Dong- las: M. P. Deady, Solomon Fitzhugh, Stephen S. Cliadwick, Thomas Witted. Josephine: S. H. Ilendershott. W. U. Watkins. Jackson: L. J. C. Duncan, J. II. Reed, Daniel Newcoinl), P. P. Prim. Linn: Delazon Smith, Luther KI- kins, John T. Crooks, J. II. Jirattaim, James Shields, R S. Coyle. Lane: Enoch Hoult, AV. W. Uristow, Jesse Cox, Paul Hrattaim, A. J, Campbell. Isaac R. Moores. Marion; (teorge II. Williams, L. F. (irover. J. C. Peebles, Jo- seph Cox, Nicholas Shrmn, Davis Shannon, Richard Miller. Multiiomali: S. J. McCor- mick, William II. Farrar, David Logan. Mult- nomah a;id Washington: Thomas J. Dyer. Washington: K. D. Sliattuck, Jolui S. White, Levi Anderson. Polk: Reuben P. Boise, 1''. Waymire, Benjamin F. Burch. Polk and I Tillamook: A. D. Babcock. trm]V|ua; Levi I .Scott. Jesse Ap[ili\gafc. Wasco: C. ',. Me'gs. >Vlj.kWSM^.'.3.d. i^^filMl^W ni STORY Oh' URKaoN. Km llid |s tlio tlio 111 i I - lii- iiiid ■Ot(>, ly to Olllll this Cdll- ,fU(i l-'S to UM tllO titiii Vain Hill; M. ( )M>. li. \'. Sliuil. K. C. Kiiiiu'y. Join, K. MdlriJe. 'I'lie iiortiomiol of this coiiveiitidH wiis '• lleatli and K. A. Uice. For treapiirer. .lolui I). l>ooii, .1. S liroinley, and K. I.. A|i|ile;i;ate. For State printer, A. Hu«li and J. O'Meary, who were also members of tlie Deniociatie party. M. P. Deady, li. P. Hoise, 11. E. Stratton, and A. li. Wait wore elect- ed judges of tlie Supreme Court. Tiie regular DciMoeratic nouiineert, namely, L. F. Grover, .iolm Wliiteaker. Liicien lleatli and John D. lioon wert< eleeted hy considcralik' majorities. .V State lefjislature was also eleeted at this lime, (•oMsisting of tliirty-cight Democrats ami eleven opposition. The "opposition" was now begin- ning to be ealled liepublieans, altlionifli it was ill reality a fusion of several eleinetits not yet coftlem-od into a distinctive party organization. The newly elected J.egislatnre met at Salem on the (late ti.\ed by the eon.stitiition, the 5tli of July, for the purpose of electing two United States senators. On the 8th the governor-elect look the oath of otHce. The Legislature eleeted .losepli Lane liiid Delazoii Smith to represent the new State in the United Sta es Senate, and adjourned after a session of four days. Although the State constitution had been adoj^ted, and senators and a representative in Oongress chosen under it, and the general State ottieers had taken the oath of office, with the ex- pectation that a State government was in full operation, the wheels of the (Government sud- denly stopped. IntclliL'ence was received that C ingress had adjourned without the House ])as8- ing the enabling net, which hail ])asKe(l the Sen- ate in May, and therefore Oregon could not be admitted into tiie Union as a State until the next session of that bmly. Here was a dilemma. There were two forms of government and two full sets of officers. Nothing was to be done, however, but for things to remain in stntu quo until (Joiiifress should put the oil of leiiislation on the axles of the State government. So the constitutional time for the nueting of the State lA^gislutun! was allowed to pass without the meeting of that body; but the Territorial Legis- lature met at the time of its annual session in December, and held its regular session. Very little business of importance was transacteo.sition to the admission of the State was mainly on grounds of party politics, the Democrats -favoring and the Republicans opposing it because Oregon was a strongly Democratic State. Its tinal pass- age was on a strict party decision. Thus Oregon closed her long period of Terri- torial vai-salago. Reckoning from its first settle- ment by Americans, when the missionary com- pany of Jason Lee arrived in the valley of the Willamette, in the autinun of 1834, it was a period of fifteen years; or, what is more histori- cally accurate, counting from the emigration of 1842, the first real innnigration of any consid- erable number id' Americans for the purpose of establishing an American settlement, a |)eri()d of seven years. Considering the distance of Ore- gon from the centers of population east of the Rocky mountains, and the great difficulty of reaching it eitlier by land or water, the change of the Oregon wilderness into a State of this Re- public by the means of emigration in that length of time is one of the most marvelous movements of history, and demonstrates the unparalleled capability and power of the Saxon race, of which the Americo-Saxon is the I)right, consummate flower. The star of empire had swept its shining way to where the West and the Fjast met together, and stayed its way on the shores of the I'aciiic sea. It is fitting that we close the record of the Territorial history of Oregon by subjoining the signatures of the delegates to the convention that framed tlie constitution tinder which Oregon i ' i Ui y n c. I i I I I; H : ■ ji i 1 1' ^ f " ' ' |;i ; : Iji i ^^ ■— *— '*Hf>-9'-. nV'i.'JJi Z^'*,-^"*" ■■■■e--'-i HlSroHY (IF OHKGON. inri was iidmittLMl iiifd the Union, held in SHlein, Oregon, ScptcMuiier IH, 1857: M. 1'. Dcady, president; Chef or N. Terry, secretary; M. C. Backwell, assistant secretary; Solomon Fitzlingh. Nathaniel liolihins, S. .1. McCorniick, Paul Hrattaiti, Isaac U. Moores. Keiiben S. Coyle, Enoch Iloult, William Matz- ger, William A. Starkweather, Jesse Cox, ,1. II. Hrattuin, L. J. C. Duncan, I. II. lieed, 1'. I'. Prim, A. L. Lovejoy, James K. Kelley, David Logan, Heiijamiii F. Burch, Thomas Whitted, &. V. Short, Daniel Newcomb, (-Jiltin Elkins, La Fayetttj Grove, Davis Shannon, Sitlney n.,IIen- dershott, John W. Watts, P. H. Mayii.'C, A. D. I'abcoek, Uielmrd Miller, V. Wayiiire, Josepli Cox, Delazon Smith, Thomas I. Dryer, John T. Crooks, William II. Packwood, Levi Anderson, John Ivelsav, liohert C. Kinney. Jame.s Shields^ John S. White, (ieorge II. Williams, William 11. Farrar, Stephen F. Chadwick, John li. Mc- Bride, W. W. Hri.^^tow, N. Shrnm, II. B. >ls. J. C. Peebles, A, .1. Claniijbell, Itenlien P. Boise, Cyrus Olney, W. II. Watkins, Ilaman (J. Lewis, Jesse AppU>j;ate, Levi Seott, F. D. Shattnck, (3. II. Meigs, W. Olds. ^if (pi:!i)^^.^- - ciiAPTKii xvin. OUEGON A8 A STATE. SKNATotjs AND Reprksentat:vi;r Ai)Mittei> — PoMTicAi, Statis oftiikCountuv — Or.i) Inpi.uknoes Kkmain — Rbview ok the Conditions Prkoedent — Qukstionb Involvkd in Okeoon's Admission A8 a SrATE--JrDIOIAI, SvSTEM — Ji:DllK8 Al'POINTKl) LKOrsl.ATUliK CONVENED — PoMTICAL Changes — Dei.azon Smith — June Election — Politicai, Conflict ok 18()0--Oki;oon I'oit Lin. roLN — Leoislatubk Meets in SErrEMiiEB-— Baker and Nesmith Elected Senators- -Political State — Intelligence of the Beginning of the Wak — Bheaking Down ok Pakty Lines — ■ Lewis Ketukns to Oregon — Army Okfioeus -Death of Se.naior Bakkk — Oregon Tkob- ouohlv Loyal — Stark Appointed Senator — Congressional Election — Union Party Vio- T0IU01T8 — Legislature Meets and Elects Ben Harding Senator — Goveknor (iini;>i' Mes- sage — Passage of Constitutional Amendment — Attitude ok the State To waiui hie Gen- eral Government — Legal Tender Question— Governor Gihds' Administration. ^ONGIiESS, as we have seen, passed the bill admitting Oregon as a State of the Federal Union, on the 12tli day of Febru- ary, 1859, and the president approved the act oil the 1-tth. on which day Senators Delazon Smith and .roseph Lai'.e and Kepresentative La Fayette (irover presented their certitieates ot election and took the oath of otiice in tlieir re- spective houses. In drawing lots for senatorial terms Senator Smith drew the term ending the 4th of March, following the adniiseion, and Sen- ator Lane that ending Alarcli 4, 1801. Repre- sentative Grover's term wonld al8oexi)ire March 4, 1859. Although this is not a political his- tory, and does not design to deal circumstantial- ly with the political questions, yet it seems proper to jiause at tliis point long enough to give our readers some knowledge of the politi- cal status of the country up to the present time. This is the more necessary because political af- filiations determined more of the relative promi- nence of individual characters in the historv of m IHO Jll.ilOUy I IF DitKGON. It B Uii ':• ll i. i< tliii 'IVri'itoi'v I'liil nf the State tlmn any etibuiitiHl and iiitriii.sic Mipi-riiii'ity of tlie men tliciiiselvos (ivcr other men. Tliis often j^ave men an ajipar- ent elevation to wliicli notliinj^f that they liml really liiiii' for the coiintiy entitled them, and relejrated otliers whose real service to ( )refi;on fully entilied tiieni to t'eeocrnition to historical olis. I ceased to e\ist, Orej^on wa. strongly Dem- ocratic. The first election of dekv'tes to (Jon- gress was not made on a strictly party basis, although the gentleman elected, Honorable Samuel !!. Thurston, was a Democrat. The is- bues at that time were more personal and lucal than political. The country had not yet gotten far i-nongh away from the intliicnco of the (dd con- troversy between the Hudson's l!ay Company and the American citizens, to cease to feel that injioiitics. in social life everywhere, indeed, op- position to that company, extending even to the j;entlemen who had separateil themselves from it, was the touchstone of political and personal merit. Hudson's Iky and anti-Hudson's Bay were the vital distinctions. Heyond this, per- sona] friendships, church atiinities, intellectual abiliti.«»8, entered into and went far toward de- cidinir the canvass for the homn-able ])ost of first dclej^ate to Congress from Oregon. Another (dement entered into it; namely, what was then known as the "missionarv influ- ence." No writer of Oregon history can iixnore the fact tlmt. as Oregon tilled up with immi- grants, theri' grew up a jealousy agains, the missionary establishments and the missionaries tlwmselve.s, Iiecause of the almost controlling inlluence they had so long exertt^d over the counti'v. I'ndiably, too, the inisBionuricii them- S(dve8 felt a like jealousy of the growing power of the immigrants, smd were not a little re- luctant to have the power they had hehl so long slij) out of their grasp. These were natural and inevitable results, and it is not necessary, as some writers have done, to charge, on the one hanut this coinj>licatioii did not prove sufficient to induce Congress to withhold the privilege of Statehood from the distant ter- ritory that her people Inul so fairly won from rugged Nature and an opposing nation. And 80 with the good wishes of all and the enmity of none Oregon began her career as a State, and to her history as such We now turn. In organized States the lirst history is politi- cal. So it must needs be here. In extending the laws and judicial systein of the United Slates over Oregon, Congress had provided for one United States judge, and to this highest judi- cial place in the State, Hon. Matthew i'. Deady, who hain- eoiii ami Ilannihal ilainlin, and the hattle of the i^iants was thus joined. The political conflict of ISfiO was by fur th(! most remarkttlile ever known in ()re;,'on. With a multitude of lesser liahts, the great lights tf the political tirinainent were E. D. Haker on the side of tiie Uepiitjlicans, Delazon Sinitli on that of the Hrecken ridge Democrats, and George II. Williams on tiiat of the Douglas Democrats. Tlie canvass of tiie State by Baker and Smith constituted an oratorical and loffical tonrnainent scarcely excelled by that of Doug- las and Lincoln in Illinois, in 1858. Mr. Williams' canvass was equally able, but being made alone did not attract that intense inter- est that the debates of Baker and Smith did. Smith's oratory was a torrent, foaming, roaring, tearing, and at times apparently bearing down all before it. Baker's was clear, clean, classic, finished, with a rhetoric that was faultless, a logic that left few joints for any spear to pierce, and a grace of action and melody of voice that WHS unrivaled. The themes were equal to the orators, indeed beyond them, or any other o. ■- tors. Vast aiudiences gathered everywhere. There was not much of the thoughtless effer- vescence of ward politics in the audiences, but the strong-faced thinker, and the deep-hearted lover of his eiiiintr\ eaine In listen, learn, mid gii away and act. The rei-iilt of the caiiviiss was decrliired on the III 1S(1(I. lint, in nTiiitlicr ii-iuct, iIk' rrliitimiM of HUiiti liirni ui'ic i|iiili' II ilillVrriit lliin;; fniin timt of liiirty. 'I'lii! voir 1^; lIiTckfiH'iil^r, "i.llT-t, inciis- iired tlic iiuiiiliiT icmlj' fii liilldW tlii' Snuth into S(H!t'SBilHI Mini ll'lici I inn, III', lit ll'lisl, wlin wei'o i-cmly III o;iv«' tniiral Mini Ii';;m1 fM|i|iiii-t to tlimn. Till' iiililcil vdIi'k of i.incolii MMcl I )iiiii,'la!i, 11,180, iiicMt iircil tlic |iro|iiirtii)n of vulers wlio were in I'mvoi- of till' riiiisc of the Union, It wax the sluuiow of sL'cci'sion, |ir(ijec;te(l forwnnl a few niontlis on tlic ilial of time, y«t cU'Mi'ly ilisccriK-il liy all, tliMl iiiiliicfd tlic coalition resulting in tlic election of I!Ml clear that, in any event, the large niiijor- ily of the jieople were on the .side of an indis- eoUilile Lnioii. In an attitude of hesitating ex- pectancy Oregon stood and waited through the winter of 18(10 and "01. There was no railroad nor telegraph th(^n connecting tlie State witii the Atlantic seahoard. The fastest transit was the " pony express '' from the Missouri I'iver to San Frareisco. and thence j by steamer to Portland. The bonil)ardnicnt of Fort Sumter oc(Mirred on the 13th of April, and the intelligence of that event did not reach I'lirtland until the 30th of April. It startled the peo|)le like a thousand thunder peals. I'arty walls criiinlilcd before it. It was no lon<'er Democrat and Republican; it w.as union or dis- union. The Douglas Democrats and tiie Re- y)ulilicaiis declared almost unanimously for the rnioii, and some of those who had sustained Hi'cckcnridge and Lane joined them. Dolazon Smith, the great oratorical leader of the Breck- enridge party, was dead. Ili.s herculean efforts in the prccceding jioliticMl campaign, joined to his bitter disapiiointmeut at the result of it, proved too much for him, and his speeches had hardly ceased to ring in the ears of his auditors when he was borne to the tomb. Lane, who had been the idol of the I'ajik and lilc of the I )eiiioiu'Htic party, and by wlio.-c perMUial popular ity it was expecti^d Oregon would bi^ held to her ancient and continued fealty to that |)arty, re turned to his State in the same steamer that brought the news of the bombardment of Sum- ter. Ho came to tiiid it hi-i .State no longer. The taint of socessiun was u|ioii him. Defeated politically in his candidature with I'reckenridge for the vice-presidency, and having deeply involved himself in treasonable alliances with those who were in arms against the integrity of the Union, the State that had so l.'onored and exalted him offered him no welcome and hardly an asylum on his return. His home (doming was indeed pitiful. Neglected and turned tVoMi by those who had been his friends and earnest supporters, he was comjjclled to find almost a culprit's way through the country to his own home in southern Oregon. It was known that he came j)rcpared, if not commissioned to head a movement tor the [)Uttiug of Oregon on the side of the southern Confederacy. He brought some bo.xes of guns, with which to arm those whose co-operation he expected in plunging the State into rebellion. Hut he found that even the men who had spoken for him and voted for him for vice-president could not be led into any measures of open hostility against the Govern- nient, however secretly they might sympathize with his sentiments or with the side of the south in the contiict of arms just beginning to shake the land. So there was nothing for him to do but quietly to bury himself in the seclu- sion of his retired home in a mountain valley of southern Oregon, and, practically out of sight, and largely out of the thought of the great body of the Oregon people, spend the remnant of his years, lie never again appeared in public life. A Very l.irge number of tho.se who afterward became famous in the great war were serving in Oregon when the Rebellion began, or had served previously, and were well known to great multi- tudes of the people. Among 'them may be named Urant. Sheridan. Rus.-.cll, Reynolds, Al- vord, .Vugiir. Wright, Ord, Casey, Smith, Ilazen and Ingalls. Hooker was a citizen of ifisToiir nllKOfiy. m liar ro liiit iiiii- lU'il itv !, Ori'i^Dii, Imviiijj rt'lirod from tlic nritiy, Me l.flliiii iiiid StovuiiH liHil both e;reat pride in the fact tlnit such men as tliese we have named had resided among tlicm, and tiiat the State liad tiieir fiiendshiji and eon- fidciu'e. Tiiouf^h so tar removed from the aeene of actual war, < >regoti did not pass throu<;ii the conflict witliont sore bereavement. Jler elo- (Hient and gallant senator, K. I). I'aker, who had risen to great distinction in the Mexican war, as well as in the forensic tield, had, with liis siMiatorship, taken the field as a volunteer, and lieen conimisBioned Urigadicr gonc^ra! of volun- teers by President Lincoln. Always at the front, ho eonld not be at the rear now. Nor in the Held was his uniform for dignity, but for service. Jiut a few months of the war had passed before, at the disastrous Hall's I'd ntt", on the 'ilst of ()ctoi)er, he fell at the head of his troops. There were few like him in the nation. It were not presumptuous to apply to him tiie splendid eulogy that Napier gave to Uidge: " None fell on the field with more glory than he, yet many fell, and there was much glory." Oregon mourned him, the nation mourned him, and Lincoln, long his warm jjersonal friend, wept for his loss. These were tributes enough to canonize any name in the calendar of ])atriots. And there forever stands the name of Haker. Throughout the war, Oregon remained stern- ly and uncompromisingly loyal. True, there seemed, at some points to be some slight suspi- cion that she held her loyalty by a feeble tenure, but the occasions were connected with the politi- cal adjustments of antebellum days, which where perpetuated a year or two into the era of the war. One incident was the appointment of Mr. Benjamin Stark, as senator for the unex- pired term of Baker. This appointment was made by Gdvenior Whileaker, ii thorough syiii- ' patlii%(>r with the attitude of the Southern States, who had been I'leeled governor before the di>rnption of the Democratic party. Mr. I Stark was of the same |)olitical sentiments of 1 (iovernor Wliiteak(ut finally did so. Mr. (i. K. Shiel, who had been elected to Congress at the same election that put Mr. Whiteaker in the governorship, eon- tested the right of Mr. A. J. Thayre to hisst'at in the House of Representatives, and finally obtained it, was of tb(! same political sentiments as the others. So that, through that complica- tion, Oregon's repros(t was found that the Union party liad triumphed ty about 3,0<)0 majority over thi opposition. When the newly elected Legislature asaera- bli^d on the second Monday in September, 1863, out of its 'jarliest duties was tlij election of a Uni.'ed S'ates senator in the place of Benjamin Stark, Lo fill out ♦lie ypt unexpired term of Senator Baker. There was a decided Union miijority ill the body, and of course some man in thorough sympathy with the Union cause would be elected. Quite a number of those who had been prominently identified with the canvass were nominated, but the choice fell on Benjamin F. Harding, of Marion county. Mr. Harding was a ;litg of tiie puople of Oreiron, especiiiliy in the t-arly day wiiun ii soniewlmt conglomerate population was ponrint; into tlie country tlirongii the channel of immigration from every part of the Union, lie was not a man of cul- ture, hilt had a masculine intellect and a strong and somewhat pungent wit. lie was a typi- cal |)ioneer, and as such was easily at the head of the noMe. even if somewhat rough, army of pioneers that peopled and siihdued Oregon. Naturally he was a leader; not of all men but a large majority of the [H'ople, and when vigor of mind and body and determination of spirit were especially requisite he naturally stepped to the front. Those who were near him were strongly attached to him, but those who were in anyway in opposition to him dreafled his sarcastic on- slaughts. During the civil war he stood in the Senate for loyalty and won his noblest fame then and there. Like many men of his strong personality and vitality, up tomid Indian wars," and hence need not be further referred to here. The close of the term of Mr. Chadwick left the conditions of parties and politics in tiie State so far removed from the intense excite- ments that attended and followed the period of the civil war, that but little remains to note of their history further than a succession of alter- nate successes and defeats of both the great political parties, that practically meant little more than exchange of offices and emoluments. In 1870, Mr. J. U. Slater, Democrat, of eastern Oregon, succeeded J. S. Smith as representative in Congress; and in 1872 Joseph G. Wilson was elected to succeed Mr. Slater. Mr. Wilson went East some time before the date of the meeting of Congress, the better to prepare him- self for the duties of his plsce and meet the ex- pectations of the State, i)ut sickened and died before Congress convened, in December, deeply and sincerely mourned by the people of his State. He was well adapted to the ])lace to which the people had elected him, and would no doubt have had an honorable, if not, indeed, a brilliant career. The vacancy thus caused was filled by the election of J. W. Neamith, at a special election. Mr. Nesmith was succeeded by George La Dow, who also died, leaving a vacancy, which was filled by the election of Lafayette Lane, in October, 1875. The last three named were all Democrats. At the regu- lar election in 1870, Richard Williams, Repub- lican, was elected and served out his term with credit to himself ar.d his State. Mr. Williams was the first man who had grown up in Oregon, received his education here, anil here entered active life, who received I f IHO muTOIlY OF onmiON. I :|i i ■ Hi! i:i till' ImiHir of an elt'otiuii to unuli lii^li olliciHl p(ii«iti(.>ii liy tliu ]ie(i|ilu uf Oregon. In xoino HtMist', tlu'ii'fiirt', his I'lc'ction iimrks iin oni, and it wu» no ftiimil (listinction to be tlie first wlui iiail spent liin ho.yluxxl and joiitii in this fiir- thett Wost. wiio inid bo impressed iiiniself on those Hnioiiif wiioin lie was reared ik8 siiitahle and ((iiiilitied to represent liis State in a Iwjdy "f sncli eniineiKM! as tliu C'ongrees of the Tnitinl States. Mr. Williams was BiieceecU'd by John White- aker,a Demoeraf, wiiose phiee in ( (rejron history was seenred by beiiijr elected the lirst governor (if the State, lie was succeeded by Hon. M. ('. (ieor>;e, elected in 1880, and re-elected in 1882. Mr. (ieor^e, like Mr. AVillianiR, grew up and was educated in Oregon. A lawyer by profes- sion, and a man of excellent character, he was well qualified to fill the place to which he was chosen, and the fact that lie was returned as his own successor — a thinif that had never occurred in (Jregon before — shows that he did so. If this were the place to speak extendedly of men yet comparatively young, much niif^ht be said of him, as well as others, who are here spoken of with only a few sentences. In 1878 Hon. W. \V. Thayre, Democrat, was elected governor. In 1882 he was followed by Hon. Z. V. Moody, a Ue|)ublican. The adujin- istrations of both of these men were creditable. There was nothing of special interest, either |X)- liticai or economic, to distinguish them, or to lift the times in which they served out of the aver- ai;e level of routine service. Probably, for this reason, they really served their State better than some of those wliose names, owing to the times on which their administrations fell, were oftener on the tongue of the orator or the pen of the writer. In 188(5 Sylvester Pennoyer, a Demo- crat, was elected governor, and he was re-elected in 18'J0, hut, as he is at this writinjj; in Decern her, 1892, still ii» office we make no further reference either to himself personally or to his administration. In the House of Representatives Hon. Binder lleruiann, Republican, succeeded Mj*. M. C. (ieorge. His services iiave so commended him to bis party, as well as the |H!ople of his State, that he has been re-elected at every Congrea- sional election sini^e 1882, and is still represent- ing his State in Congress. At the meeting of the Legislature in 1882 there was a long and somewhat bitter contest for the scnatorship. The Legislature was Re- publican, but a portion of tliat party refused to support Hon. J. II. Mitchell for the place. At almost the last moments of the session of the Legislature Mr. Mitchell withdrew, it being clear that there would be tio election if he did not, and his fortuer law partner, lion. J. H, Dolph, was elected. Mr. Dolpli, six years later, was electeil for his second term. In 1885, however, Mr. Mitchell was also elected senator, and in 18*J1 he was also elected as his own suc- cessor. Having given some notice of Mr. Mitchell on a previous page, it would hardly be right to close this page without some more extended note of Mr. Dolph, his colleague in the Senate; and the more because he has had the indorsemetit of his State for two successive terms in the highest legislative l)ody in the nation. Mr. Dolph is a lawyer, having l)een admitted to the bar in western New York, whore lie was educated in Genesee College. He came to Oregon in 1862 and settled in Portland, where he soon acquired protninence in his profession, and accumulated quite a fortune. He had oc- cupied many public positions, before his elec- tion to the Senate, and at the the time of his elec- tion was attorney for and vice-president of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. He re- signed these places, however, at once, and had directed his abilities with great earnestness to the service of his State and the country at large since that time. In the Senate he has acquired great influence from his general ability, his thorough attention to business, and the excel- lence of his personal character. But one thing remains to be noted in this sketch of the political history of the State of wmmmmiumtmim nisTouY OF ousaoy. 181 Oregon, nnrl that i« tlie ponrsoof its nction to- WHrd imtioiml |M)litic8. Its first votu ill ii presiijeiitirtl election '"as in 1S6(I, when tlio voice of the State was in favor of Aliraiiain Lincoln, and it re[wnteU that choice, with added enipliaais, in 18f)4. In \6\\H and in 1872 it east its vote for General Grant, and in 187« for K. B. Ilnyes. At the election of 1880 (ieneral (4arfield received its vote, sh i:s TO the Mines — Eastern Oukcjon — Powder Rivkk Valley — Grande Uonde Valley — First lIoME-BuiLUKR — Names of Counties — Counrty hetween the Cascades and Hlue Mount- ains — The Klamath Lake Country. IIIILE these political events had been transpiring, Oregon had been changing and improving materially in a very marked degree. When she laid off the garb of Territorial dependence and assumed the author ity of independent Statehood, her population hardly exceeded 50,000. Her largest cities were but provincial villages. She was isolated, without any means of rapid communication with the great Eastern cities. Weeks and some- times months must pass before the happenings 'of the great world could find a place in the columns of her local press. There was little enterprise, for there was really little call for enterprise. With one of the most productive countries on the globe, the paople were so far from the world's markets, and it was so impos sible to reach them, that there was no incite- ment to enterprising production. The home market was limited: a few small towns, an occasional sea-going vessel, or a small demand for some of the products of the State in Cali- fornia, were all. Indeed, this remained the condition of things for some years after Oregon became a State. Population increased but slowly. Contiguous Territories made consider- able drafts on the population of tlie State, and from the time the great emigrations of 1852 and 1853 rirrived in the country, for ten years at least the future of the State was a problem that vexed the wisest and most far-seeing among us. All Telt that some new impul.^e of immigration must be felt, bringing people and capital and enterprise into the country, or those who were here would have to wait through the slow years of natural increase of population for the materials out of which to build a real State. A political one could be made by acts of Con- gress, but a real one could only grow into being and power. It must be confessed the prospects of tlie future were not flattering as the early '608 dawned upon Oregon. Up to 1861 the settlements of Oregon were mainly confined to the region west of the Cas- cade mountains, including the Willamette, Urnp- qua and Rogue river valleys. A few families iHa ntSTOHV OF OHKnnN. ■ i!|i i|i: ro6i(lu*l III tilt' l>all<-''. wlit'n' WM H Diniill villii^u, ilcpfiuliiif; mostly on the fiipport of a iiiilitHi-y pout which liml Ufii i-»talili«iiestly passed it by iitid Imstened onward to the greener vales west III' the mountains, leaving its vast and rolling upland prairies in their unoccupied solitudes. This was not only true of eastern Oregon, hr.t of eastern Washini^ton ai- well, and these then included the present State of Idaiio. Dut the time Imd come when the instincts of enterprise and advtMitiire which had im|>elled tlie pioneers of th'3 Northwest on their search for a better couiitrv across the continent at the first, would turn the tide of einii^ration back again eastward, and its retluent spray would touch and fertilixe and fructify the vales and hills of eastern Ore- fjon. When tliis instinct l>egan to impel, the occasion for its gratification soon offered. In the siunmer of 1860 a number of com- panies of what, in coa-st parlance, are called " prospectors," were tracing and intertracing all the mountain ranges and gorges of the country cast of the Cascade mountains, from Fraser's river in liritish Columbia to Klamath lake. In many places gold w.is iliscovered. and in some localities the discoveries were of startling, almost fabulous, richness. This was particu- larly the case on some brandies of the Clear- water river, in what is now northern Idaho. The announcement of these discoveries in the Willamette valley awakeneil the greatest inter- est, and hundreds of men soon joined the pros- pectoi's in the mountains. l>ut it remained for the summer of 1861 to set the country in a fever of excitement over the golden dream. The mines of Salmon river, or what were soon calletl >' Florence mines," were discovereil, and the stories told of their wiialth made them rival the most wonderful productions of California •luring the golden era o' lS4it-'60. Thousandn of dollars could be gathered in a day. Nor were these stories all untrue. Ueally an almost fabiiljus amount of gold was taken from tiie gulches of Florence, in the very tops of the Salmon river mountains, in a few weeks. Of course while ten found golden wealth, thousands found only sandy poverty in the mines, lint only the story of the ten was published, and it stirred the people of the Willamette into a phrensy of adventure. (Jold! gold! was the note ringing in everybody's ear, and from everybody's tongue. All over western Oregon the farmers, the niechanies, the lawyers, the doctors, the ministers, were soon in preparation for " Florence," a name synonymous with gold, at that time, over the Northwest. However, as it was now growing toward autumn, and the people well knew the rigors of the winters in the snowy height- of the interior, only a comparative few ventured the winter journey thitherward. The winter of 1861-'02 in Oregon was, in some respects, the hardest and most ilisastrous of record in Oregon. It began with heavy rains in the valleys in November, which were deep snows in the surrounding mountain ranges. About the last of November, though the rains continued unabated in violence, the weather be- came very warm, so that the snows on the mount- ains melted away almost in a night and poured , their floods down into the valleys through every creek and gorge and hollow in roaring rivers. The result was the great valleys were inundatecf(liti^ Itoud. When Mui'(;h ciiiiiu in liiitidreilN were in povui'ty who a ({imrtor uf a year liofore wure in comfort and oven in urtliienco. Nt.ii np to tlmt time, — ntwLT since that time iiattMic i n winter fiillen in Oregon. Wiien sprinfj en ■ the hnndreds who had siid'ered Iohhi'm d .g the winter joined tlie other liundredii or thouMiii Is wiio iiad already plnnned to go, and the H|iM.sf^ of 18(!2 naw a literal lu>gira from the VVillamotto valley nnd from HOiithern Oregon to the Salmon river mines. Nor were those who went only the reckless adventurers who float everywhcii like the light foam of the waves, but the solid, sub- stantial business men of the State as well. Among them were hundreds of the staid farmers, who liad plowed the prairies of Illinois or Iowa, or Missouri, before they turned the sod of the Willamette valley. The went both for the gold of the mines and to examine the country, if, perchance, they might not find some favored spot, where they might set up anew their broken and devastated hoii^e-altars, and recover what they had lost. It was not only a gold-seeker's crusade, but an eastward movement of families and communities into a new land. At first the trend of this emigration was northward into the eastern part of Washington Territory. The new mines were there; both the gold for the miner and the market for the farm- er. Hence, there they went. During the sum- mer, however, parties rummaging the hills, discc .'ered equally valuable mines in eastern Oregoii, on Powder river and John Day's river, and in the contiguous Blue mountain range, as well as in what is noW Idaho, on the Snake river slopes of the Salmon river mountains in Boise basin. These discoveries turned the flow of this human movement through the valleys of Grande Ronde, Powder river, Payette, Boise and John Day's, largely along the very roads so many of the people had traveled when they had entered Oregon as immigrants in the '408 and 'uOh. .So the summer and autumn of IMtl'i saw eastern Oregon alive with white-faced nomads, trailiiigover every valley, climliing every mount- ain, pt^netrating every jungle. camjM'd by every water-course, ringing their jiicks against evtiry rock, seeking for gold, — that siiiew of war and conservator of peace. Oradually these reamers liegan to concentrate about more fav4ired "cmnpH." Auluirn. on Powder river, grew infoacityof thousamls in a few weeks. Caflon t-ity, on John Day's river, nearly equaled it. Idaho City, in Boitie biisiii, exceeded it. These were the chief mining camps of that great interior Oregon; and it is probable their supt^riors as placer diggings have not existed on the Pacifle*coa8t. In addition, there were hundreds of tinaller camps in nearly every valley of the Blue and Snr.ke rivnr mount- ains. It will Ik.' impossible for us to trace statisti- cally and circumstantially the history of the mining o{)erationsof this vast region. It would require onr volume entire to do so. But that history was so connected with tho permanent settlement of the greater Oregon that it must needs have had thip general (itatoinent. Although a large proportion of the men who were now the- gold -seekers in the mountains of eastern Oregon had passed through the same region as immigrants yet these found, as they now revisited it under different circumstances, that their former estimate of the country was an erroneous one. Then they were worn with months of weary travel over the interior des- erts, where the nightly bivouac and the sleep- less guard-mounts had kept their nerve.s on a wearying tension and ever anxious for the safety of their wives and children to get through the country into the fancy-pictured vales of the farther West as speedily as possible. Nothing held beauty for their eyes nor hope for their hearts but those. For them this was a region to be gotten through and gotten out as of quickly as possible. Now they came at leisure. Their wives and children were safely houei-d in the valleys to which, before, they so impatiently 184 iiisrouY OF (jHnaoN. liRstened. The jtaradise of tlieir dreams " on the plains " was not yet found. Hence tliey Were prepared the better to appreciate what there was of beauty and of promise in this very region which their feet had spurned so impatiently before. It yet, in the summer of 1802, lay with its virjfin bosom bare toward the skies. As these seekers after gold, and, if this were not found, any kind of material better- ment, pa.ssed over the green hills of I'mHtilla, or through the ])iny glades of the Blue mount- ains, or across the waving meadows of Grande Konde, or up the swinging wilhiwy valley of Powder river, thoughts of a bcatitiful home- making tonclied them, for with all his adventur- ousness, your true jftoiieer is an intense lover of home and wife and children. What might be, entered his mind and a new and enlarged home- life rose to his vision. There was yet another cause operating to hasten the speedy occupancy of these eastern Oregon regions this year. The stories of great wealth in the mines had readied the Eastern States and a large emigration entered Oregon from beyond the Uocky mountains. Then the war, with its devastations and bitterness, led thousands to leave some parts of the Western and Southwestern States, not always from pa- triotic motives. Missouri especially, sent hun- dreds of men who had been in the armies of I'rico and Van Dorn and McCullough, and were glad to get away from the perils of the conflict; at best they did not leave their rebel principles behind them wlien they left. As this array of j)eople came into eastern Oregon, they scattered over Powder river and Grande Ronde valleys, and sprayed somewhat through the Blue mountains and along tlie Tmatilla and John Day's, so that, between the gold-seekers from the West and the emigrants from the East, when the winter of 18t)2-'()3 settled down there was quite a popu- lation east of the Hhu) mountains and within the State of Oregon. The region of country into which these peo- ple had entered as settlers and home-makers has been somewhat noticed in our chapter on the topography of the State, but a few special ob- servations concerning it ought to be made here. The two valleys that earliest drew the favorable attention of those who traveled through the country were Powder river and Grande lionde. The immigrants reached Powder river soon after leaving the gray sage deserts of Snake river, and to them it seemed as an oasis in a Sahara, as it really was. As they drove their weary oxen up the eastern slope of a dry and rocky hill to its summit, and saw before them the green and beautiful plain through whose center the willowed thread of Powder river was glanc- ing away northward for thirty miles, they could but stop and gaze and wonder and admire. The valley, ten miles in width and nearly thirty in length, was all within the range of vision. Just across it, springing abruptly from its western margin, the granite pinnacles of the Blue mount- ains shot sharply up in alpine abruptness and roughnes. from 5,000 to 8,000 feet above its emerald bosom, their sides blue with pines, through which, in places, avalanches of rock and snow had plowed deep and wide furrows to their very base. In the soft haze of an early September afternoon, in 1853, when the writer tirst looked upon it, this Si, 'med an enchanted vale in its gracefulness of outline and its strong enframement by its mountain bordering. The valley has higli altitude, being something over 3,000 feet above the tide, but the sunshine kisses its bosom with fruitful warmth through an atmosphere of amber purity. Grande Ronde valley lies north of Powder river, and is separated from it by a range of un- timbered hills — spurs of the Blue mountains — which are on either side of both. Its altitude is about 500 feet lower than ti.'-t of Powder river, itssizesomewhatgreater, and the timbered mountair\8 crowd it a little closer on the east. It has a length of thirty-five miles and a breadth of sixteen. Through it, in every form of grace- ful curve and careless meander, runs the Grande Ronde river and its many and beautiful bratiches away toward the north. At the time of wliich we write, half of its surface was a swaying m f ■ Hiyroiiy of ohkgon. 188 luoadow of native red-to|) (and clovi-r, and tlip other half a gently rolling prairie of grassy up- land. It would be inipofsiblo to coin phrases to paint its beauty to the imagination of one wiiose eye has never reveled in such scenic lov- liness. And it was not only indescribably lovely, but for the reaper and the mower it seemed the ideal land. In its native condition there was a restful home-likenesB in its aspect that made it the most loved resort of the noblest Indian tribe of the Northwest — the brave and intelligent Nez Perces. Here under the pines and the lindens they pitched their cleanliest lodges, and in their rude festivities whiled away the glorious summers. The first home-builder of this valley was Mr. Daniel Chaplin, who made a location in the autumn of 18(51, and took up his residence upon it in the spring of 1862, and where he laid out the city of La Grande. So rapidly did popnla- lation pour into these valleys from both east and west that, at the next session of the Legislature of Oregon, Baker connty, iiicluding them, was organized, which was soon followed by a division, that covering Grande Ronde valley being named Union. The upper valley of John Day's river was also soon made Grant county. Though all these counties were strongly Democratic, as a large proportion of their voters were said to have seen service in the Confederate army, yet the Legislature was strongly Union, and hence gave the signiticant names of Grant, Baker and Union to them. Somewhat singularly in the settling of eastern Oregon the vast region between the Cascade and Blue mountains, a territory of over 100 miles in width and 250 miles long from north to south remained almost untouched for u number of years. Gradually, however, Lhe pioiieers began to push into and over it. Its wide plains and rolling hills began to feel the sharp cut of the plow, and the wheat fields begai\ to make the autumn yellow and mellow with golden harvests. Still settlement was greatly retarded by the fre- quent recurrence of Indian hostilities, of which some account will be found in our chapters on the Indian wars of Oregon. These at length ceased by the removal or extermination of the Indians, and for some years past the five counties lying north of the divide between the waters of the Columbia and those that How southward and westward into the Sacramento or the Pacific, namely, Crook, Gilliam, Sher- man, Morrow and Wasco, have been ranked among the desirable agricultural and pastoral counties of the State. Two more counties be- sides those already named, Wallowa in the ex- treme northeastern corner of the State, and Mal- heur in the eastern, belong to this department of eastern Oregon. There is nothing in them, either in history or in character, that so differ- entiates them from the others as to require any separate notice. Wallowa was the home of Chief Joseph, and as such is also Mentioned in the chapter on Indian wars. Lung after the settlement of those portions of eastern Oregon mentioned above in this chapter, there remained a vast region of uimc- cupied territory in the southeastern part of the State that was almost unknown. It extended from the northern line of the State of Nevada northward well up to the southern slopes of the Blue mountains, and from the Cascade mount- ains on the west to the eastern boundary of the State, and included not far from half of its area. It is the great lake country of Oregon. In it are Harney lake, Malheur lake. Silver lake, the Klamath lake, and a score of others, scattered over that wonderful and lofty basin that is without visible outlet to the sea except ■' the southwestern corner, where Klamath lake sends out the Klamath river through northern Cali- fornia to the Pacific, and Goose lake supplies the Sacramento river with a part of its waters. This region was so remote from nsual lines of travel, and withal, had such a bad fame for its barrenness of soil and inhospitality of cli- mate, together with the treacherous and blood- thirsty reputation of the Indians that roamed over it, that few ever turned their thoughts toward it as n region offering any inducements for the home-builder. A few Government ex- ,i! 180 nrSTORY OF OREGON. plorers, like Fremont, hud ptissuil over ii tew of its trails, or some stooii raisers, looking out for new and wider pastures for their herds, had ventured within its borders, hut to the people of Oregon as a liody it was a terra incognita, the dangers and rngiredness of which they did not care to hazard for any promise of good it offered them. At last that happened, which so often has liajipened in the history of the world: war made its exploration a necessity by numbers of men, who thus became acquainted with it and spread the knowledge they haJ xquired in the march and the bivouac and battle abroad, so that a public interest was awakened in it, and a move- ment of imn)iffrants into it occurred. They did not go in masses, like the great cavalcades that entered Oregon and California from 184!) to 1853. but singly, by families, by neighbor- hoods, until scattered settlement stretched over its broad meadows and fringed its flowing streams. Still there were only a few people in all its borders as late as 1876, and they princi- pally confined to the basin of Klamath lake. In the closing years of ^that decade and through all the next, there was a^slow but con- stant increase of population. As its value as a grazing country, and its prospective value as a grain country, when it shall be penetrated by railroads, has become better known, its growth has been more rapid. Three counties have been organized in it, with all the adjuncts and paraphernalia of mimicipal government. Schools and churches are established where, but a decade ago, stood the smoky wigwams of the Klamaths, the Modocs and the Snakes. The ubiquitous "itinerant" and the "schoolmaster" are both "abroad" within its wide borders, and the country waits only the fiery dash of the en- gine to thrill with a life kindred to that of the most active and prosperous portions of the State. With the opening of this vast region to settlement the last great department of the State was occupied. Still within its boundaries the population is but sparsely scattered, and it will be many a decade before the homes of the people will crowd each other in this great State. n I STORY OF OJiEOO.X. 187 CIIAPTEK XXI. OREGON AH A STATE, CONTINUKI). Era OK Railroads — DatkofUai'id Imi'rovkmkni' — EImiobvnts — Government Sub vkvino Routks — 1. 1. Stkvens — Ct. B. M(^Cr,ENNAN — Local Movements — Two Companies Organized — Work Commenced — Embarrassments — Ben Holladay Secures (3ontroi Work I'DsiiEDwrriiCtKEAT ViooR — Holladay's F'ailure — Henry ViLLARi) — Opening of a Transcontinental Link — Great Kkioicino — Failure of Mr. Villard — Progki:ss in Willamette Valley — Eastern Oregon Still without Railroads — Another Line Needed — Efforts to Secure It — W. W. Chapman — Mr. Thielson— D. P. Thompson — Progress of Twenty Years. fHE date from which the rapid improve- ment of Oregon began may properly be called the era of railroads. The subject was always before the minds of the Oregon set- tler, especially those who had crossed the con- tinent with ox teams, consuming a half year on the wearying journey. All along the way the question of a trans-continental road was discussed, and that too as intelligently, and more practi- cally, ae it ever was in the halls of Congress. Plain, but sensible and practical men were these old ox-drivers, many of them graduates of col- leges, artisans, surveyors, acquainted with every branch of science and able to put their funded wisdom to the most practical uses. The possi- bility of such a railroad being constructed, its cost, how it could be done, its influence on the destiny c' the coast, and every other possiblephase of the question was discussed around the camp- fires and along the trails of the mountain side by the very men who afterward built the Pacific empire by their courage ptid genius. They came into Oregon full of the idea, and very early be- gan to plan for the consummation of their hopes. In 1853 the Territorial Legislature passed a memorial to Congress in relation to the cou- Btruction of a railroad from the Mississippi river tosomepointon the Pacific coast. Muchemphasis was given to the hone that such a work would soon be undertaken by the Government surveys that were pushed into and beyond the Rocky mountains, all having in view possible railroad lines. The surveying explorations of I. I. Stev- ens over what is now practically the Northern Pacific route, in 1853, awakened a deep interest, and led to the confident hope that the work would soon be undertaken. Captain McLennan was also here at the head of a party of topo- graphical engineers on the same errand and Lieutenant Mullan's name became famous for his explorations. All kept alive the enthusiasm of the people on the subject of an overland road. Put beyond these surveys, and the publi- cation of the reports of the officers making them, nothing was attempted in this direction until after the beginning of the great civil war. Meantime various local movements looking to the construction of lines and branches in the Willamette valley, and also connecting that val- ley with California took place, but being with- out any practical result it seems unnecessary to write their history. One great benefit, however, resulted from these movements, and the organi- zation of companies attending them, namely: through the statements and appeals and me- morials circulated by these companies, wide at- tention was drawn to the character and resources of the State. Thus passed the years until 1868, Oregon having no railroad, except it might be a short portage road as a part of the Oregon Steam Navigation Company's line on the Co- lumbia river. 188 IIlaTORY OF OREGON. But the time Imtl come for more active meas- ures. Two railroad companies were orj^anized, one to construct a road on the east side and the otlier on tlie west side of tlie AV^iliamette river extendinif sontiiwanl from I'orthvnd toward Cali- fornia. Tiiese two companies were rivals and opponents, and their rivalry and opposition ma- terially injured the prospects for railroad con- struction in the State. Still, with due solem- nities and ceremonies, ground was broken on the west side of the river at the city of Portland on the l-tth day of j*pril, and on the east side on the 16th day of April, 18fi8. Actual railroad building was now bejiun on both sides of the river. Various circumstances embarrassed and delayed their work. It was exceedingly difticult for coiupanies in a country 80 new and so distant from the great marts of commerce, to raise the money with which to prosecute their work. At this time the west side company, under the energetic adiniiiistra- tion of Mr. Joseph Gaston, seemed to have the advantage of the east side under the direction, first, of G. L. Woods and then of I. R. Moores as president. The contention between the two companies was very bitter and long-continued, but its history only illustrates how able and energetic and good men can be made to disagree when prompted by an apparent self-interest, and would be too tedions and useless to enter upon here. It should be stated, however, that this struggle between the two companies was to gain possession of certain rights and privileges granted by the Oregon Legislature to the railroad com- pany first filing articles of inuorj)oration with the secretary of State, and a land grant made by the United States to the company which should be designated by the Oregon Legislature under certain conditions to receive it. At this juncture Mr. Ben Ilolladay arrived in Oregon and soon the east side company trans- ferred all its rights and properties to him and he took possession of its appertainings. lie was supposed to have, and without doubt had, great wealth, and was certainly a man of much deter- mination and force of purpose. The controversy became even more embittered, and reached the courts, the Legislature, and even the Congress at Washington. The result of all the controversy was finally to consolidate the interests of both roads in the hands of Ilolladay. After this they were pushed rapitUy forward, that on the east side of the river reaching Eugene city, at the head of the Willamette valley in 1872, and that on the west side reaching a point about fifty miles from Portland the same year. This may fairly be considered the beginning of the era of railroads in Oregon. But these roads were only local. They did not connect Oregon with the great outside world. True, they looked to that ultimately, but it was yet hundreds of miles from their nearest point to any connection that would open Oregon to the free access of business and jiopulation. Still they greatly stimulated business and drew the attention of capitalists abroad to this State as a hopeful field for investments and profit. They were a prophecy rather than a fulfillment of what was to be in a tiiu resolved to go a hundred miles farther into the country and visit the Nez Perces, at Lapwai, the seat of the mission of Mr. Spaulding. The object was to influence the Cayuses by first securinj; the attention and confidence of the Nez I'erces, who had considerable influence with the Cayuses. This did not please the Cayuses, but they did not attempt to prevent it by force. They found the Nez I'erces more jwaceably inclined than the Cayuses, and, after a confer- ence of a few days with them, accumpanied by several hundred of the Nez I'erces, they returned to Waulitpu for the purpose of renewing negotiations with the Cayuses. They found the Cayuses in bad humor, — so bad that when they met the five or six hundred Nez I'erces, who had come down to participate in tl'e expected council, Ellis, the head chief, declared that he thought the Cayuses intended to fight his people then and there. I'ut after con8iderat)le effort tiie storm liiat was so near bursting theti around and upon the agent and his companions was allayed, and a council was opened. A number of speeciies were made by the chiefs of the Cayuses and Xez I'erces, and, after quite a delay a code of simple laws or rules -for the government of the Cayuse people were adopted, and Mr. White and his companions re- turned to the Willamette settlement. Yet such was the unsettled and uncertain State of these tribes, even after the atrreement was made, Mrs. Whitman resolved to accompany the party to the lower country. We have said above that when Dr. White and Mr. Ilines were on their way to the Cayuse country Dr. McLaughlin advised them against proceeding, and that he had stronger reasons for that advice than ho chose at tlmt time to communicate. What he understood and what they did not understand at that time, was the efforts so constantly and persistently made by the renegade epstern Indians to stir up the ani- mosities of the Indians of the coast against the whites, and he also knew that at that very time those efforts were in danger of immediate suc- cess. He did not believe, from the knowledge he had of Indian character, that this small party of men could go among the Cayuses and escape with their lives. He fiirtlier knew that their nrsra/iy or oittcnoN.. iM iniiittiHci'u wiiiild li(! iiiiiiutdiiituly foliowod liy iiii iiidig(;i'iiniimt() biitclierin^ of the ciitiro white |)opiil»tion. IJiit siicli will* the (K'lipiicy of liis |ioHitioii 118 th(* heuil otticci' of the ilmlsoirH liny Coinpiiny, mid 8(, iiiiiriy were the prejudices ntfiiingt liiiii hy tiie American popiiliition ^encr- erally, as Huch, thiit he coiiid (.nly jrive these gentlemen liis conclusioim witiioiit commiiiii- CHtinj^ in full his roKSons for them. Hilt Dr. Wliitmim wat* aware of all tliis he- fore he left for his winter journey to the States in 1842. In an interview with IJr. Mcl,aiijrhlin lifter his return from that journey, r)r. Mc- Laughlin communicated to him his own l)eUef, when Dr. Whitman replied. " C), I ki>;>w all about this, and I have known it for twu years! "' lie then referred to one man, who perhaps more than all others was responsible for thus inspiring those Indians with hatred of the whites and a purpose to destroy them, namely, "Tom Hill, the Shawnee." To quote the lan- guage of Dr. McLaughlin himself: "This In- dian had been educated at Darinoiith College in the States, and had told the Indians that a few Americans had come to settit v^.. the lands of the Shawnees; that the Shawnees allowed them, but when the Americans were strong enough they drove the Shawnees off, and now the Shawnees had no land, and had advised the Indians to allow no Americans to settle on their lands; which acivice the Indians are in- clined to follow by killing the immigrants who first came." Dr. McLaughlin' believed, and wrote, that the Iniliaus would have done so had it not been for the cautious and decided manner in which he himself acted in this critical emer- gency. However this may be, it is certain that Dr. McLaughlin was in a position, by simple silence, to let the Indians understand that his company would not be displeased if the Amer- ican settlements were destroyed. I3ut he did not keep silent, and it was the fear the Indians had of Dr. MoLanghlin and the company he controlled, in our opinion, that saved Oregon in 1842-'43 from an Indian war that would have annihilated the small American population, in- cluding the Miii'.-^ioniuy utiilions, which were all American, if we accept the Koman Catholic missions, which wim'c all iinilur foreign and un-American auspices. With these remarks in regard to the influence and causes operating to make certain and even to hasten a conllict, we may take up the thread of our story. An incident that illustrated the s|)irit that was moving deep and wide, and which resulted first in fatal personal differences between the Whites and Indians occurred at Oregon City. This was then the chief town of the Territory. On this 'occasion it was thrown into great alarm by the vi'^lent conduct of Klockstock, a sub- chief of the Molalla tribe, anil a man of very cruel and treacherous temper, and a small band of his followers. This band, led by Klockstock, were generally, responsible for the many small acts of hostility, which had annoyed and alarmed all the people of the Willamette valley. They had not proceeded as far as actual murder in any case, but were occasionally so violent as to spread terror among the settlements, aiul make the name of Klockstock and his band a constant dread in the cabins, of the settlers. As stated before, Dr. Elijah White, as sub- Indian agent west of tlie Itocky mountains, had prepared a code of laws which had been ac- cepted by several tribes, for the government of the Indians. In accordance with this code an Indian of the Wasco tribe, and a relative of Klockstock, having mistreated Mr. Perkins of the Methodist mission at the Dalles, was pun- ished. Klockstock, with the usual unreason of an Indian, held lh\ White responsible for the indignity thus offered his guilty kinsman, and determing to revenge the insult, visited Dr. White's home in his absence and broke every window pane in the house. He was pursued, but not caught; but became an object of terror to the Doctor, who offered a reward of a hun- dred dollars for his capture. Learning this, Klockstock with four of his band visited Oregon City on the 4th of March, 1S44. for the avowed purpose ot Ijaving a -talk" with the whites IM uisrunr of hueoos. t(i vinilicatf liiiii>flt' IVuiii tlic t-liiirgcH tliiit lind liccii iiiitdi- a^HJiixt liiiii. He rode i>|i('nl}' intii till' tnwii, aii'l after rciimiiiing abuiit hii hour eroi'sftl \\\v river to an Indian village on the i)()|i«i."it(' Mv to procure nn interpreter. II ii* pre.scnce wne known, and on hi» return tu the city several men atteniptcd to arrest liini, when n (lexiierate Hgiit ensued. Kiooketock whh killed, but hirt four followerit niude good their escape. I'lit Klocki-tock had killey a poisoned arrow, which caused hi» death in a tew days. It does not ap])ear that there was any intention on the pari of the In- dians at this time to make any attack upon the wliites, lint that the ditliculty was caused hy the inconsiderate action of a few who were eager to iiUtain tlie reward oftered by the Indian agent. Still the alarm was great, and the ex- ecutive committee of the provisional govern- ment issued a proclamation fur the organization of a inititary company. This was done on the Kith of March by the enrollment of nineteen names, and the election of T. D. Keizer as cap- tain; .1. L. Morrison and F. ('. Carson, lieuten- ants; l)iit their >erv ices were not required. It was not possible, however, that Oregon should escape real Indian wars. The same causes that liave always operated when the white and Indians races have come into contact to produce them were operating here. That they were postponetl so long was largely owing to the fact that the early white settlers of the country were almo.*t entirely missionaries, and that the Indians liad received them as such, and coi.ld not apjireciate the fact, that the mission- arie> themselves well understood that tlioy were but til? advanced guard of an army of occupa- tion of the whites which would soon spread over the j)lains of Oregon. Hence they were treated with forbearance, if not veneration, by thelndians for at least a decade, until the inflow of whites had become so great as to both awaken the gravest fears in the minds of the Indiana and at the same time meai^urably to overawe them. Still, the Indiaiih grew more and more suspicion*, and the leading men among them more ami more Kullen and threatening. Nor did the Indians fail to connect the missionaries with the great host of incoming wliites in the relation of cause to effect, and so hold them largely responsible for the evil that had come to their tribes from the presence of the powerful and intelligent white race. When, therefore, the pent-up imseionsof the Indians broke forth into murder, it was but the natural sequence that the blow that intro- duced the era of Indian wars, that lasted a decade and a half, should fall upon the mission- aries themselves. It fell like a thunderbolt, on the 2»tli day of November, 1847, on Dr. Mar- cus Whitman ami his wife, Narcissa I'rentisB Whitman, and their missionary station at Waulitpu, and with one rej the autnmn of 1847, and the priests were everywhere, and their zeal was admirable as they went on their mission of proselytisra from California to British Colum- IDS J/lsTOIir OF OllKOOK. ■i ;; ! I' i I l)iu. Tliuir luiiJui's wui'c iistuto ami able men. Such iiiitnes as Blanciief, Oceolti, DeSiiiot, .ioset, llavalli, Saiullois, Dennis, Brotiillet and Halduc were reconled airong tlieir twenty-six clergy- men employed in this field. As tlie.ie names indicate, there was not an American among them, liardly one who conld .-^peak or write the Enirlisli lanjruaffe with respectable accuracy, but they were disciplined and resolute and self-ilenyinif men. Thjy liroufflit with them no families. They established no communities. Tney lived with and as the Indians. They found them Indians, baptizeil them into the Roman Catholic Church, and left them Indians as they found them. Their presence, therefore boded no change to awaken tlie apprehensions of the Indians, and hence they could go and eoine, teach and catechise, baptize and confirn; at will, and their imposing ceremonies and eas> moral exactions completely captured the minds of the most of the Indians. The more this was true the less could the Protestant missions succeed. Dr. Whitman's mission in ])arlicular was in a position to feel the blight of their influence the soonest and most fatally. From its beginning some of the Cayuses were iiostile to the mission, more were indifferent, and a small number were favorable. Tam-su-ky. an iiiHuential chief, who rt^sided not far from Waulitpu, was the leader of the opposers of the mission, 'i'lieir opposition became more bitter after the Romish pi'iests entered the country, and was still more intensified after Dr. Whitman returned from the Kast with the great train of etnigrantsof 1843. To add to the impulse which was moving the Cayiiso |)eople toward munler and war. in 1S45, -'Tom Hill," a Delaware Indian, lived among the Nez For- ces and told them that the missonaries first visited his people. Iiut were soon followed by other Americans, who took away their lands. He visited Waulitpu and repeated the same story to the Cayuse. Of course the Indians were still more alarmed. In another year ancither Indian, or half-iireed, came among them, wheiica and from whom history has failed to certify. His name was Joe Lewis. IIj reaffirmed the statements of Tom Hill. Under these infineuces com- bined with a desire on the part of many if not most of the tribe to secure the Roman Cath- olic relitfion. Dr. Whitman's work withered away under them. His most trustworthy friends among the Indians, Um-howl-isli and Stick-ns, warned him of liis danger, and advised him to ai)andon his work. Archibald McKinley, then in charge of Fort Walla Walla, emphasized* the warning and repeated the advice. Thomas Mc- Kayre repeated it. Dr. Whitman knew the dan- ger, understood the influences that were destroy- ing his work and im periling his life, but, brave man that he was, he faced them all. How could he have done otherwise? Still, in the fall of 1847, Dr. Whitman decided to remove to the Dalles as soon as arrangements could be completed. He went there himself and received from the Methodist mission, which had decided to abandon that field, the premises it held at that place as a gift to the American Hoard. On arriving at Wal)a Walla, about the 10th of September, he found four Romish priests at the place, arranging to establish a mission under the very shadow of Waulitpu. At their head was Father A. ^[. A. HIanchet, a smooth, yet resolute and able man, self-poised to a re- markable o..,gree, and unrelenting in his pur- poses and aims. With him was Hrouillet, per- haps fully the et and eflFect- ive, entirely sufficient to set at rest all question as to the complicity of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany in any way with the sad events that had just occurred. He immediately sent a courier express with a message notifying Governor Abernethy, at Oregon City, of what had taken place. Without waiting for any action by the governor or the American settlers, he immedi- ately dispatched Mr. Peter Skeen Ogden, one of the most influential and able factors of the com- pany, with an armed force to the scene of the tragedy. Mr. Ogden held a council with the Cay uses at Fort Walla Walla. He declared the great displeasure of the company at their con- duct. He proposed to ransom the forty-seven prisoners, chiefly women and children, that they held in captivity. Hin prompt and decisive action resulted in the delivery of these jwor people from their captivity. On J(»,ii>.ary 1, 1848, iifty Nez Perces from Lapwai arrived with Mr. Spaulding and ten others, who had also been in great peril from the contagion of murder which had spread through all the neighboring tribes by the action of Cayu.-ie8,and who were also held as prisoners by the Nez Perces. These were also ransomed by Mr. Ogden, and thus all the whites in the infected district were delivered oat of the hands of the savages by the resolute action of the Hudson's Bay Company, Wore the Americans had time to act. On January 10 the rescued prisoners were delivered over to Governor Abeniefhy by tlie nndson's Bay Company's people, at Oregon City. Thus closed the opening and bloody chapter of the Indian wars of Oregon. -^mm^^^^^--- nrsTOUY OF OREOON. riIAl'TP:K XXIII. , INDIAN WAHS, CONTINUED. (iliKAT Af.AKMS — Cam. KOIJ VoI.UNTKKKS — AcTION-OF Li;(iISI,ATDUK KeGIMKNT ()R(iANI/,i;i) RoSTKK UK COMI'ANIKS TkoOI'8 MoVK To TIIK DaM.ES MaUCII TOWAKl) Wauliti'ii- -JJatti.k (iF SaNI) IIoi.i.DW — Indians Vwa. Hack towai!!) Snakk Uivku — Dkath ok Colonkl Giixiam — NEdo- TiATioNs — Mr. ()(;i)i;.\ — Dia'UTAiioN ok Indians to Oregon Citv — Indians Taken and Exe- CITED. U'i:! fii' 'IIKX tlie iiitelliVeiice of tlio murder of Dr. and Mrs. Wliitinaii and tlieii' asso- ciates reached Governor Aberiiethy at Oregon City, the Leirjslature of the ])rovisi()nal governineiit was in session. A call for volun- teers, to proceed at once to the Dalles and take possession of tliat place, was at once issued. Great tears were entertained that the Indians of the interior might assail the settlements of the Willanu'tte valley by the way of the Columbia rivei'. the only way that valley could be reached by them in the winter. The e.Ktent of the de- fection of the Indians was not known at the capital; hence provision must be made for any contingency at once. On the night of the 8th (jf December, the very day the news of the massacre reached Oregon City, a public meet- ing was held in that place, and a company was organized, under the name of the "Oregon Kities," to proceed at once to the Dalles and take possession of that strategic point. Henry A. (t. Lee was made captain, and Joseph Ma- i;one and John K. Ross, lieutenants of it. The Legislature pledged the credit of the provisional government to secure equipments for the com- pany, but the Hudson's BayComj)any preferred the individual responsibility of the committee of the Legislature who applied for the ecjuip- ments. This was given, and erms and ammu- nitions were issueil to the company, which arrived at Vancouver on the 10th, only two days after its organization, to receive them. On tile Slst they reached the Dalles, and the dan- ger of an Indian invasion of the AV^illamette was over for the winter. But this did not end: it only began the war. The scattered people of Oregon could not rest, indeed they dared not rest, with the murders of Waulitpu unavenged and the murderers still at large. To have done 80 would have been to invite a bloody Indian war from end to end of the country. The action of the Legislature and of Gov- ernor .Xbernethy was jirompt and effective. On December 9 an act was passed and approved for the organization of a regiment of fourteen com- panies, and their e(juipment for service. The brave pioneers of Oregon resjionded with patri- otic devotion to the call, furnishing their own arms, equipments and horses. The men who led were the men of mark then and subse- quently in Oregon history, an. Knox; Juclge Ad- vocate, J. S. Uinearson. IITSTORT OF OliEGOX. SOS LINK 0FKICEK8. Conipany A, fifty-live men. Captain, Lun- rencc IJall; First l.ieuteiiant, 11. D. O'Hiyant; Second Lieutenant, John Engent. Company 11, forty-three men. Captain, J. W. Owens; First Lieutenant, A. T. Rogers; Second Lieutenant, T. C. Sliaw. Company C, eighty-four men. Captain, II. J. G. Maxon; First Lieutenant, I. N. Gilbert; Second Lieutenant, W. 1'. Pugh. Company D, thirty-six men. Captain, Tliomas McKay ; First Lieutenant, Charles McKay ; Sec- ond Lieutenant, Alexander McKay. Company D, fifty-two men. Captain, Phil. F. Thompson; P^irst Lieutenant, James Brown; Second Lieutenant, J. M. Garrison. Company E, forty- four men. Captain, L. N. English; First Lieutenant, William Shaw; Sec- ond Lieutenant, M. F. Nnnkers. Company E, tiiirtysix men. Ca|)tain, Will- iam Martin; First Lieutenant, A. E. Garrison; Second Lieutenant, David Waters. Company E, sixty-three men. Captain, Will- iam P. Pugh; First Lieutenant, N. R. Doty; Second Lieutenant, M. Ranisley. Company G, sixty-six men. Captain, J. W. Xesmith; First Lieutenant, J. S. Snook; Second Lieutenant, M. Gilliam. Company II, forty-nine men. Captain, G. W^. Hennett; First Lieutenant, J. R. Bevin; Second Lieutenant. J . li. Payne. Company I, thirty-six men. Captain. W. Shaw; First Lieutenant. D. Crawford; Second Lieutenant, 15. Davis. Company No. 7, twenty seven men. Cap- tain, J. M. Garrison; First Lieutenant, A. E. Garrison; Second Lieutenant, John llerron. F. S. Waters' Guard, tifty-sevon men. Cap- tain, William Martin; First Lieutenant, D. We.ston; Second Lieutenant, B. Taylor. Reorganized Company. Captain, John E. Ross; First Lieutenant, D. P. Barnes; Second Lieutenant, W. W. Porter. This roster shows a force of about 600 enlist- ments besides field and staff otiicers, and with this force Colonel (William proceeded to the Dalles the last of February, 1848. On the 27th, with a hundred and thirty men he inov(>d for- wa^'I and crossed the Dcs Chutes river, wliere he was fn'rly within the enemy's oountry. A ' reconnoisnanco led by Major Lee up that river, al)out twenty miles, discovered a hostile camp, engaged it, when the party returned and re- ported to the colonel. On the following day colonel Gilliam moved up to the same place, and the next morning had a skirmisii with the Indians of the Des Clintes tribe, which resulted in a defeat of their forces, and was followed by a treaty of peace which witlidrew this band from the hostiles for the remainder of the war. Though attended with little fatality the result of this movement was very important, as it would have been entirely unsafe for the com- mand of Colonel Gilliam to have moved forward leaving this hostile band in its rear, and between it and the Willamette valley, which would iiave been thus opened to depredation. Colonel Gilliam immediately pushed forward toward Waulitpu. about a hundred and fifty miles distant. His route was over an open, treeless country of great rolling liills, poorly watered, full of ravines and gulches that aftorded many opportunities for the peculiar tactics of Indian warfare. At Sand Hollow, about half way from the Des Chutes to Waulit])n, the Indians were encountered in force. Their field was well chosen. It was a deep depression among the sandy hills, full of cuts and wa.^hos, affording excellent hiding places for the Indians, and extended across the emigrant roaJ, on which the column was^advancing. Up to this time it was uncertain whether the entire Cayuse nation would enter the war to protect the murderers or not, many believing that a large number of them would not. But here all were undeceived. The great body of Cayuse warriors, under the command of their head chief, Five Crowe, and a chief named " War Eagle,'' ottered to the volunteer force the gauge of battle, whi.'!. was promptly accepted. Upon the company r Cap- tain McKay the first asssiu'i ••as made. Five 204 UlSTOHV OF Olth'OON. III:'! Kl CrowB and War Kaglo l)otli made iireteiisions to the possession of wizard powi-rs and to demon- strate tlieir powers to their own people daslied out of tlieir ooncealnients, rode down close to the volunteers and shot a little dog that came out of the ranks to hark at ilieni. Tiie orders were not to lire, but Ca[)tHiM Melva}''8 Scotch hlood was up, and bringing liis rifle to his face he took deliberate aim at War Kafj;le and drove a bullet through his head, killing him instantly. Lieutenant McKay tired his s-hotgnn at Kive Crows without aim, and wounded him so badly that he was compellep- ing tlie savages at bay. liefore the Indians had conii)letely surrounded the party, tv,-o pri- vates got away »nd hastened to camp Stewart, seventeen miles away, and apj)rised Captain (Joodall of the affair. At the head of his coMiinand ho set out at once ami reached the scene of the eotiHict in the shortest possible time. On their arrival tlie Indians left, taking away the horses, blankets ami sup{)lies of the party. It was found that seven of the volun- teers were killed outright, and three wounded. During the night the main force under Captain Alden came up, and the Indians retired a long way into the mountains, setting firo to the for- est behind them, and thus almost obliterating their trail. The eoniniand returned to (!ainp Stewart for supplies. At this juncture General Lane arrived at headquarters aiul assumed com- mand, as previously stated. General Lane directed the companies of Lani- crick and Miller to advance down Kvans creek to the supposed vicinity of the eneuiy. The regubir soldiers and the volunteer companies of Goodall and Rhoades, all under Cajitain Alden, were ordered to the battle-ground of Lieutenant Fly. With this division was General Lano himself. Scouts reported that the Indians inid gone into the mountains west and north of Evans creek. Into this dirticiilt an. Of the whites I'leasant Armstroiiir and John o Scarhorough were killed and Captain Aldcn and Ciuirles Abbe died of their wounds soon after the buttle, (ioneral Lane never (|uite recovered from his wonnd. Alxiut the time the treaty was concluded re- en I'orceini-nts bei^an to arrive from various quar- ters. One from Vancouver was under the com- man on thi>« «ui>ject liacii to till' fhii'f, anil k<> the matter went on until an iinderstaiiilin^ Wiio tinallv reachiMl. Then we rieiiarated, the Indian>i {joing hack to tlit'ii- iMonntain rctrfat. anil tin- whiten to the camp." During tlic progress of this "talk," thns t;ra|ilii('iillvile:-iTil)ey -nnlge Deady.an Indian runniT arrivt'd at the eonncil liringini» the iii- ti'liigonce of tlio nuirder i)t' a young Indian chief, called ".Mm Taylor,'" that morninj;on Ap- plei^ate creek, where a company of whiten had tied him to a tree and lihotiiini to death. This greatly excittd the Indians, and it hcemed for a time that they would attack the party of tienernl Lane, hut I^ne addpessed them with great skill, assuring them tiiat the killing; of Taylor was not approved by the soldiers, and tiiudly the trouble alx>ut his death was placated by an agreement to pay damages therefor in shirts ami blankets. This closed the war so far as the jMJtliorities were concerned, and the volunteer-' f.t iir ■! dis- l)anded and returned to their homes. I'ut many of the people of that region refiiwA to be at peace with the Indians. Many iiulrages were committed upon them. The same writer qiioteil above, Hon. M. P. Deady, gives a circumstan- tial account of the treacherous murder of a small p:irty of IndiaiLS who had not evon par- ticipated in the hostilities at the "Bates House" at (irand ("reek, who, while pirtakiiig of the pretended hospitality of Bates and others in celebration of the treaty of peace were deliber- ately shot down by their treacherous hosts. Though "peace" was declared, both Indians and whites were restless. There was as much individual danger on l)oth sides as before. Of course this condition of things grew worse and worse, many Indians and nnany whites becom ing victims of " revenge," and it finally resulted in a long and bloody war two years later. While it iloes not enter within tlie »cop of this work to trace the history of the Indian wars beyond the boundaries of fh»! Territory and State of Oregon, it is necessary, to preserve the continuity of our narrativt', to rejer to the fact that the lu'lians of Washington Territory, and those residing in what is now the State of Mahu, fully shared thi? unrest of those of Ore- gon. These tribes were more numerous, and their loaders more celebrated than those of Ore- gon. In 1854 the Snake river Indians com- mitted many atrocnons murders, attacking mainly the emigrant trains moving through their country, and military expeditions were sent out for their chastisenjcnt. What is known as till* "Ward Massacre" created the greatest excitement and indignation all over the coast, in which Oregon fully shared. This occurred near the |)resent town i>f ("aldwell, Idaho. A train consisting of Mr. Alexander Ward and wife, with a fsimily of ten children, Mrs. Will- iam White, Or. (Charles Adams, Samuel Mulli- gan. William Babcock and a German whose name is unknown, was attacked by the Snake Indians, and, with atrocities that woulil chill the heart to record, all but Armour Ward, a lM)y of thirtetMi, who was wounded, but hid in the brush and thus escaped, were murdered. An expedition under Major llaller of the United States Army the next summer undertook to punish the Inilians, but with the exception of killing four of the Winnass Imliana, a part of the band that committed the crime, who came into Major llaller's camp to "talk," and putting his soldiers in camp on Big Camas Prairie, on the u|>|ier ^lalade river, for the protection of the incoming etnigration, nothing was done. The command of Major Ilallcr returned to the Dalles after the emigration had all passed through the country. The smaller and more local conflicts that we have recorded, and which resulted in as great loss of life and a much greater loss in property by the whites than by the Indians, instead of serving to quiet the Indian tribes rather served to excite and exasperate them. Their story was UlsrOHY OF OKKUVN- ■OM re('iteine master man to let loose a storm of war that would sweep the frontier, if not, indeed, the larger settlements, with the besom of de- struction. This, however, the Indians lacked, and hence they were not able to use the power they undoul)tedly had most effectively for their designs. Still they did use that power so that all around the circle of settlements, which ex- tended little less than 1,000 miles, east, north, west and south, war broke out simultaneously, if not, indeed, concietedly, in the autumn of 1855, in southern Oregon, in eastern Oregon and Washington, and along the shores of I'uget sound. It will be our duty Krst to describe the conflict in southern Oregon. Our readers have seen that while there was nominal " peace " in this region, there was still such a condition of enmity between the whites and the Indians that open hostilities were sure to follow. It is hardly necessary to recount the series of lnh' OliEGON. \ii ( 1 Tiiipton was mortally woiiikIcmI liy im arrow which eiitereil his luni£H. The results of this affair were dire and far rcacliiiie. A shot from the Indians had wounded the little daughter who climbed to the attic for greater security. Mr. Harris dii'il in about an Imur after he was shot. During all this liiiic Mrs. Harris, this heroic woman, kept the Indian> at bay, firing through the crevices between the logs of the dwelling, r.nd attended to b'le wants of lier dying husbanil. The Indians dared not approach near enough to set fire to th(! dwelling, although they burned the outbuildinir-. i.ater in the afternooTi, dis comfited by the bravery of this noble heroine of Rogue river, the Indians drew off. She had saved her own and her daughter's life. David, the son, was without doubt taken into the woods and slain by the Indians, as he was never heard of afterward. Never was a braver deed done by woman, which is the same as saying none was ever done. After the savages had departed i the heroine, with her daughter, left the house, ! and found refuge in a thicket of willows ^lear the road and remained there all night. Indians passed and repassed but did not discover them. Tlie next day they were discovered by a com- pany of volunteers from Jacksonville, who had come out as soon as intelligence of the massacre had reached that place, .'hI removed them to the town. With two or three exception'^ every house along the Indian's route had been roblietl and burned. It is hard 'o picture the state of alarm that followed the news of this massai're not only in the Rogue river valley hut all over Oregon. People withdrew from their ordinary occupa- tions and went ii>to camps and forts and stock- ades. Klines were abandoned. Fields and farms were left unwatched, all through so\ithern Ore- gon. Nor was the alarm confined to that re- gion. As far north as Salem aiul Oregon City and Portland, and especially along the foothills of the mountains east and west of the Willam- ette valley, guards and sentinels patroled the trails of both town and country. The contagion of fear raged everywhere, and not without cause, for no one knew the extent of the hostile com- bination, nor when nor where the next blow might fall. At this time there were several thousand In- dians in southern Oregon; descendants of a fierce and bloodthirsty race, full of tliat spirit of war and murder which had made the name of the Klamatlis and Moilocs and Umpquas a syn- onym of all that is cruel and treacherous in war. How many of them were in the hostile coml)ination no one knew. They were all well I supplied with arms and ammunition, lu ttcr. In- I deed, than their whit(> neighbors, ilisioiy now ;V^ IIIstOIlY OF OUEGON. •i\\ records that to the fact that they did nut all eotii hi lie, the people of southern Oregon owes the fact that tiie eetlleinents of that region were not annihilated. I5iit enough did so to tax the strongest efforts of Government and people to withstand them. The forces of the regular army stationed within reach of these disturhances were few, nor were they well adapted to the exigencies of tiie service demanded of them. Tiie young farmers, meciianios, miners and traders of the vicinity could better cope with Indian tactics. These entered the volunteer service with the greatest alacrity. By the 12tli of October a regiiiu'ntof nine coiiii)anie8 called the Ninth Regiment of Oregon militia was organized under the com- mand of Colonel John E. liosa. liy the first of Noveiriber it was increased to fifteen companies, aggregating 750 men. Such prompt and vigor- ous action overawed the Indians, and had the ef- fect of keeping other bauds from joining the hoBtiles. and of restoring calmness and couti- deiice to the whites. It also changed the char- acter of the conflict from one of the massacre of women and children and defenseless and un- suspecting men to one of war, of armed forces. Parenthetically it is proper to say here that, simultaneously with this outbreak in southern Oregon, another even more extensive and for- midable occurred on the northern frontier among the most warlike and dangerous tribes of the coast. TJiis will be treated of subsequently, so far as it affected Oregon history, and is spoken of now to indicate how inuch more ditlicult it was for the forces of the feeble Territory to meet the exigencies of the southern field than it would have been had these tribes been alone in the conflict. With this remark we continue our Btory of the war in the south. When this great Indian outbreak occurred George \.. Oiirry w.is governor of the Territory, and Corvallis was the temporary seat of govern- ment, (lovernor Curry, who had just issued his proclamation for troops to tight the Indians in the north, immediately issued one for volun- teei's to quell the disturbances in the sunth. lie called fur two battalions and one from Douglas, Linn and I'mpqua counties to rendezvous at Roseburg, to be called the Northern battalion, and otie from Jackson county to be culled the Southern battalion, and rendezvous at Jackson- ville. Hisproniptand patriotic action was highly commended by the people of the State. The Indians retired to the neighi)orliood of Grand creek, Coos creek and Galice creek, on all of which wer'; important settlements. The head- quarters of the volunteers were on (ialice crock. On the morning of the 17th of (Jctober several of the united bauds made an attack upon them. They had surrouniled the defenses of the volun- teers and made their attack from all directions. Several of the volunteers were killed or mortally wounded, and the men were all driven from the ditch and took refni;e in the houses near at hand. The Indians under the lead of (!hief (ieorge, who was particularly daring in his eiTcrts, attempted to burn the houses in which the whites iiad taken refuge. At nightfall tlit* Indiana retired. During the night tiie whites Btrengthened thoir defenses, so that when the IndiaiiL a|)peared in the morning, seeing that the volunteers were ready to receive them, they retreated and were not seen again on Galice creek. After their retirement from Galice creek the whereabouts of the Indians was for some days unknown. ]?y a fortunate circumstance, how- ever, they were discovered by Lieutenant A. V. KhiUz, now general of the regular army, set out from Port Orford with a guard of tcMi soldiers to explore the country lying between that place and Fort Lane. In doing this he came upon a large body of Indians, who fired upon his jiarty, killing one man. As soon as arrangements could be made Colonel Ross of the volunteers, with 290 men and Captain Smith of the regular army, with eighty-five men, combined their forces, and iiioved on October 30th against the Indian camp. They attonipted a surpise but failed. The battle began about sunrise and con- tinued all day. Hravery and determination were displiiyed by b.)tli regiilai's and volunteers, but S13 HISTORY OF OHEOON. -M tlie Iiidiann were as brave as they, and much better armed, and successfully resisted every aa- sault. About sunset the whites retired from the field and encamped for the night at " Bloody Spring," some distance from the gronud of the battle. The next morning the Indians came down and attacked the camp in force, but after a time were driven off. No further movements 8ji;ainst the Indians were made here, but the troops were removed from tlie vicinity, having sustained a loss of thirty-one, nine killed and twenty-two wounded, one of whom died a few days later. This battle was a defeat for the whites. The failure of this campaign caused, or was followed, by a complete organization of the vol- unteer forces. John K. Lamerick was made acting adjutant-general for the Southern bat- talion ; and James Bruce major of the Northern battalion: William J. Martin was elected major. His force consisted of 550 men. Jll. M. McCarver, who had been appointed commissary-general established his headquar- ters at lioseburg. As the inclement season had now come on, little more could be done than to station detachments of the troops in such posi- tions as to protect the settlements from the for- ays of the Indians. Cow creek valley, Camas valley, the Canon, North ITinpqua and Scotts- burg were occupied by detachments from the Northern battalion; and Evan's Ferry, Bow- den's, Grace creek .ind other points by the Southern. Finding that the whites had so disposed of their forces as to effectually head off their in- cursions, the Iudi';n8 returned down Rogue river, and took mfnge in a region of 8it?D mountains, deep gorges and dense forests. Tho different commands prepared to foil w fi'.-n: tluMigh from 'be fact that there wa ;.■> ' •• . :t ■ !er-in- chief, their co-operation was .i' jr.>iii perfect. Aboui the twenty-second Oi Nov-eraler they found the Indians in strong force in the woods bordering the river below the mouth of Whisky creek. Though an attack was madt, yit such was the want of discipline among the volunteers that the Indians easily repulsed them. While these events were occurring with that portion of the forces in the intinediate front of the position of the Indians, the commands of Martin and Juday lay on a hill several miles distant and employed their time in firing a mountain howitzer in the direction of the Indiana. Then the command marched back to the camps they had left some days before, and thus ended t)' campaign. It was now Decern l>er, and with thee.xc-t' io • of one or two trilling skirmishes, and a descwi! or two of parties of Indians on outlying settl" ments, where they burned some hf>'.„e8 and stole some stock, there was no campaigning again until spring. '^ms^'m^ — HISTOBY OF OBEGON. 218 CHAPTER XXV. ■ : INDIAN WARS, CONTINUED. . ^ From 1861 to 1865 — Charaotkr of the War — Inpluknce of the War of Rebkli.ion on It — Attempt to Enlist a Cavalry Keoiment — Failed — T. li. Cornelius Commis- BioNEi) — Ordered to Protect Emigrants — Theater of the War — J. B. Scott Mur- dered — " Biofoot" — Misunderstandings — Colonbl Crook — He Takes the Field — Bat- tle ON Owyhee — The Snake Indians — The Reservation System — Crook's Move South- ward — Final Submission of the Indians. SROM 1861 to 1865, during the entire sea- son of the war of the Rebellion, most of the Indians of eastern and south- eastern Oregon were waging continual warfare against the few whites, miners and stockmen who were settled in that region, as well as way- laying the emigrants that were entering t)regon by the valley of Snake river. It was largely a preparatory and fugitive warfare, pursued by small bauds, and yet was very destructive of life throughout all the region south of the' Columbia river from near the Cascade mount- ains eastward as far as the American falls on Snake river, and from the Columbia to the Nevada line on the south. Its fugitive and scattering character precludes any very circum- stantial account of it, yet for incidents of atrocious cruelty on the part of the Indians, and of patient and wearying marches and brave endurance on the part of the troops and volun- teers called to suppress it, it was really one of the most remarkable of all our Indian wars. The Indians were well advised of the great war that was going on in the East, and they seemed to feel that the favorable time had come for them to inflict injury on the whites about them out of revenge for supposed or real wrongs, and as a surety of future good treat- ment. It appeared clear, too, that it was the inspiration of the spirit of rebellion and seces- ion, that was by no means wanting or idle in Oregon, that prompted them to this course. The reason for this belief was clear. Oregon, with the other States, had been called upon for troops to aid in suppressing the Rebel- lion. If they could be detained at home, and engaged in campaigns against the Indians, so much would be withdrawn from the forces available in the East for putting down the Re- bellion. Whether this belief was well founded or not it is difficult to determine, but at all events it prevailed quite extensively among the loyal people of Oregon, and certainly these Indian hostilities had this effect. To meet the danger which threatened some attempt was made to enlist a cavalry company in the spring of 1861, under a requisition made by Colonel George Wright, at that time in charge of the Department of the Columbia, upon Governor Whiteaker, but it was not successful. The loyal people of the State, believing the governor to be in sympathy with the Rebellion, would not enlist, and the attempt was aban- doned. This effort to raise men through the State officers having failed, the war department issued a colonel's commission to Thomas R. Cornelius, and directed him to raise ten com- panies of cavalry for the service of the United States for three years, as a part of the 500,000 men whose enlistment had been authorized by the last Congress. Six companies were soon enlisted, and the regiment was organized, with f 5''' ■ r ( i ■I' { 1 i > i M mSTORY OF OURanN. the full expectation that it woulil he ordered east for actual service in the field. This, how- ever, proving not to he the ease, Colonel Cor- neliufi resigned, and Lieutenant Colonel ^^anny, with three con\panies, was ordered out upon the emigrant . \\) o protect tiie emigrants from the Indian . that were annoying and waylaying theih .us these Oregon vol- unteers entered on the uiost ditticult, tiresome, and thankless service upon which a soldier ever entered, on the wild and yet almost unknown plains of southeastern Oregon. The liistory of the first regiment of Oregon volunteers was therefore written in these sandy wastes, where it is Impossible to gather them U|) auutchery of the immigrauts. and others wlio con.->idered all the trilie guilty of either active participation in, or warm sympathy in that bloody deed, fully jus- tifying his action. Which are nearest cor- rect it is very difficult to determine, and for our purpose tiio record of the facts is all tiuit is re- (juired. These conflicts left a feeliny: of stronir hos- tility between the Modocs and the whites, sure at some time, to result in a general war between them. Hut for a number of years their ani- nnjsities found expression in occasional and limited outbreaks, not involving more tluiu a few individuals, but in which many lives were lost on both sides. This state ot things con- tinued until the number of white settlers in and about the Modoc country made it necessary for their interests and safety, that the Indians should, in accordance with' the policy of the I'nited States Government, be removed from the lands they called their own, and put upon a " reserva- tion."' To effect this purpose a council was held with the Moiloc and Klatnath chiefs in the autumn of 1804, in which the chiefs, inclmling Captain Jack, agreed to go with their people into the Klamath reservation, and ceded all the rest of their conntry to the [Jnited States under the tisnal ciinditious of such treaties. This it was believed, had composed the long standing ditiieulties between the Indians and the whites; but Captain .lack and his peojde soon became dissatisfied and refused to abide by the treaty he haost river. After only eleven weeks ' of life on the reservation they were all home Hgrfin. ; The Governu'i ut the majority was against these views of the chief, and when the vote was taken there were only fourteen men who voted for peace, and the remainder, numbering thirty- seven, were for war. The Modocs were demo- cratic, and the majority ruled. Cajitain .lack reluctantly issued his orders for the battle that was soon to come on the morrow. Early in the morning the soldiers were ordered to "fall in." Tiie ranks close up, and the line of march toward the stronghold is taken. Major Jackson on the one side, and Colonel Barnard and his men on the other. Their position was on a bluff somewhat above that of the Modocs, and a gray, icy fog con- cealed the black and sinuous face of the lava beds from their view as they move cautiously down itito the obscuring mists. The line is formed at the foot of the bluffs, and then the bugle sounds " Forward." They had gone but a little way into the mist and silence when a red gleam shoots out through the gray mist, level at their breasts, and muu after man stum- bles and falls on the reddening rocks. From point to point, the Indians invisible behind their rocky bidwarks, u])on which the soldiers were compelltMl openly to advance, the battle went on, when the retreat was sounded an««,: ■M#^ i^^"^ ' M W^ >-* % --*«• ■'*^" -^„jl ■Hk ^^^^L.'4^^H P ;; ' \." ./ r> ' UPPER CASCADKS WilAKK, COLUMHI A RIV1;R A VIKW OF FORT CAN BY I UI6T0HY llh' OHKOON. 9S1 qimrtorri iitioiit twciity-fivti iiiilett froin tli(< Modui! cuiMp in tliu liivii lii>elief that Captain Jack and a minority of the warriors wanted peace, i)nt that the ma- jority were against them. Throtigh the Indian wife of Kiddle they were warned of treachery on the part of the Modocs, and she urged them not to go to the counciil tent again, assuring them they would be killed if they did. On the 10th of April a delegation of Modocs visited the camp of the Cdininissionersand j)ro- posed another meeting of the Indians with them. An agreement was niiulc with them to nie*!t nnarmed, five uimrnied Indians at the conncil tent at noon on the iie.xt day. Mr. Meachaiu, who was absent when the agreement was made, demurred at it on his return, lielieving that the Indians meant treachery. Still it was decided to meet the engagement. In the Modoc camp the night was spent in council. Jack was still for peace. The war- riors who were for war and inunler taunted him with want of courage, gathered around him, placed a woman's hat on his head and ridiculed his jjretensions t

ng and peril')ns journey across the ])lains. TIk^V had covered wagons ami were provided with tin stoves and all the arms and provisions I needed for such a jourm^y. The Indians were very troublesome that year. The emigrants had exchanged their horses for oxen, which they brought safely through, excepting one ox, whicii escaped from them in the Cascade mountains. They had in I heir team a yoke of cows which did good service, providing them, in addition, with milk. .\fter our emigrant friends left civilization, they found the journey they had undertaken a most hazardous one, as they were ill constant danger, both night and day, of sur- prise and ca|)turt! by the Indians, and the fact that their wives and children were in such im- minent danger caused these brave men to exer- cise their greatest couiiige and foititude. They made nearly tweiiry fixe miles a day, and ar- rived at Alilwaiikee, Oregiiii, September S. 184S. Cpou their arrival in Oregdii, the heads id' the several families took im donation claims ot G4() acres ea(di, all adjuiiiing, on which they enacted cabins, and began pioneer life in the wilds of what is now the beautiful State of Ore- gon, with a population to-day of 325,(100. Thc» subject of our sketch being a inillwright by trade, erected the first iiu'reliaiit lloiiriiig mill ever built in the State. lie also biiilt sever.-il of the fnvt sawmills of that time, thus being one of the most valuable pioneer> in the founding and developing of the State. His land- joined that of Lot Whiteoin. at Milwaukee, with whom and William Tori-onee, he laiil out the town site of what they lit)|icd would be the inetropoli.s of the State. Ths Ciiptain built a sawmill there and also a schooner. The latter the linn loaded with provisions from the adjoining farms, took it to California, and there sold bolli vesstd and cargo, and with the proceeils they bought the brig, Forest, which they used in the lumber trade between Oregon and (California. Lumber in Sacramento was at that time worth i^'lW a l.OOO feet. The firm soon made money enoiigii to purchase tlieiiark, Louisiana, which was fitted with eiigine> and boilei> and tli(! (Muniilete out- fit of a steamer. In the ^pring of I'^oO th(!y began to eonstriiet the steainer Lot VVhitcom. whicli was the first large steam craft ever built in Oregon. They launclieil this boat on Christ- mas day of that year. Captain Kellogg lieing one of the owners of the boat, as widl as of tli(> site of the new city of Milwaukee. They ran /<\ 103S niSTORr OF OREOON. ' 1 !, \\ n ^ ! Ur tlic boat l)et\veeii Milwiinkec atid Astona I'ur i-evcral ycfirs, after wliieli fliey sold it in iSaii Fraticinco. Later ('n|itaiii l\cllof;g witlnlrew i'roin the tiiin, forming a partnership witli I'rad- hnry and Kildy, toj^ctlier urcc.liiig tiio Standard Flour Milln, wliieli for years wero the inost cx- k'nsive in tlie State. In lS(iiJ the Rteanicr, Senator, was liiiilt liy ("aptain Ivfllogg, and was afterward sold by liiin-toliie lVople'8 Transportation Goin|)aiiy, ivitli which company lio became connected in 18f>4. He superintended the building of the basin above tlie falls, in 18G7. wiiicli proveil of great value in facilitating the navigation of tlie river. He was also connected with Captain Pease in the first navigation of the Tiialitin river with tlie little steamer, Onward, and they also constructed the canal between that river and Slicker Lake, making it possible to bring freight to Oswego and thence to the Willamette river. Captain Kellogg also hiid out the town of Os- wego. In 18T0 the People's Transportation Company sold out to Hen Holladay, and soon afterward the Willamette Transjiortatioti Com- pany was forinod, of which Captain Kellogg be- came vice-president and director. His coiii- iiany built the steamers. Governor Grover and leaver, the construction of which was superin- tended by tlie nuViject of our sketcli. It was soon after this that he sold out liis interest in the Willamette Transportation Company and the boats, and formed a new transportation com- pany with his lirother, Jason, anil his two sons. He then built the lieautiful steamers, Joseph Kellogg and Toledo, and placed his lioats on the Coluniliia, on the line to Washoiigal and the ("owlitz river. His two sons, Captains Or- rin and Charles II., were jiut in command of these boats, and they navigated the Cowlitz river far up into the heart of Washington, it becoming one of the most jiopular and paying lines oil the Columbia river. This firm is in- cor|)(irBted as the .fosi-ph Kellogg Transporta- tion Company, the nu'inbers being himself and his son, Orrin. Of the Captain's children, we record that he had one other child, Harvey, who dieil in in- fancy. Charles IL, when ([iiite young became a ca|)taiii and pilot, and as such was both capa- Ide anil popular. Near the close of his life he was associated with his father and brother in the company above referred to, and was coiii- inander of the rloseph Kellogg at the time'of his death, which occurred .\ugu8t 7, 1889. The other son, Orrin, is one of the most capalilc pilots and captains on the Oregon rivers, not even excepting his father, who has had no superior. Captain Orrin Kellogg has been a |)roininent factor in the iin[)roveinent of the ('owlitz river. His company has done much by facilitating navigation of the rivers, toward in- ducing the settletnent of that ])art of the country, and the iiuilding of several towns in that section. Cajitaiii Orrin Kellogg is married and has three children. Ho owns a beautiful home, situated by the side of his father's, at .No. -I()8 Second street, his father's being "20(1. The senior captain has had a long and suc- cessful career here. He began to run boats on the river long before there was a pilot commis- sioned, being one of the first to receive a pilot's license, now holding the unique position of the oldest river pilot here. The wife of his youth, who crossed the plains with him in 1848, and who has shared his joys and sorrows for the past forty-eight years, is still spared to cheer his de- clining years. Captain Kellogg is a respected member of the Pioneer Society of the State, and also of the Veteran Society. As a member of the Ma- sonic fraternity ho has gained distinction in the West. And in this connection, we clip from a leading newspaper the following fraternal tri- bute, penned by Edwin A.. Sherman, at Oakland, California, July 1; '• I learn with pleasure that Hon. Joseph Kel- logg has been appointed Vice-President for Ore- gon, of that eminent body of distinguished Masons, the Masonic Veteran Association, to succeed the late and lamented Christopher Tay- lor, who had continually held that office for nearly twelve years, up to the time of his death, and who was the first to receive the degrees of Masonry on the Pacific coast, and in Multno- mah Lodge, No. 1, at Oregon City, formerly Xo. 8f, under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Missouri. Hon. Joseph Kellogg, with his father, the late Orrin Kellogg, received the charter of that lodge from I'ierre H. Cornwall, at Fort Hall, while crossing the plains in the summer of 1848, and safely delivered it to the Worshipful Master, Joseph Hull, September 11, of that year, at Oregon City, who, with the as- sistance of the Kelloggs, father and son, and others, opened the lodge on that day in due form, being the first lodge establishbd west of IlISTOIli' OF ORKaOS. 10R9 the Missouri river and tlio Kocky inomitains. Cliristoplior Taylor was tiie Hrst to receive tile (legrees iiiuler its cliarter. ••It was a titling close of a well-spent life, full of civic and Masonic honors, that Brother Tay- lor should, on St. John the Ikptist's day, as the sun was sinkinij beneath the wrinkled hosoni of the broad I'acitic. enter into his eternal rest. And it was a remarkable coineideiiee that it should also be the birthday of J3rother .loseph Kellogg, who attained to the age of four score years on June 24, 18it2, and whose appointment as I ho successor of Brother Taylor is directed to be:ir date to comuieniorate both tiiesc events. Wo ail congratulate Brother Kellogg on his ap- pointment as a just recognition of his eminent service rendered to Freeniasonry forty-four years ago, and which iiuve been continued from that tiTue to the present. Long may he live to wear and enjoy las honors.'' tRiS B. ESTES, M. D., practitioner in the jntl city of Asto ia, was l)orn in Savannah, Missouri, April 28, 1854. His parents, Woo'lson S. and Klizal)eth E. (Wilson) Estes, were uatives of Missouri and Kentucky, re- spectively. Joel S. Estes, the grandfather of our subject emigrated from Kentucky to Mis- souri, iu 182'.l, and was one of the first Baptist ministers in the newly settled district of the Platte purchase. Woodson S. Estes engaged iu mercantile life in St. Josvjpli, Missouri, in 184y, and latei' located in southwest Iowa and built the first tinsliop, and cut the first sheet of tin in that part of the State, Snbse(|ucutly re- turning to Missouri, he settled at Camden Point, and as Postmaster and mer»'hant he con- tinned in trade until the firing upon Foit Spuiter, when liis fan'.iiy escaptnl to Illinois, and he joined the Eighteenth Missouri Infantry and was appointed Lieutenant. He followed active service unti the battle of Shiloh, where he was woundod, and was snbsecjuently mus- tered out with the rank of Major. Entering the recruiting service, he was sent to Chi- cago, and there I'emained until the dose of the Mar, when ho joined his family at Mount Pleasant. Iowa, and tlipn engaged in bnsi'iess until 1H69, when he removed to southwestern Iowa, where he still resides. OiiT subject was educated in the public schools of his district and at Prof. Samuel Howe's (College, at Mount Pleasant, lie com- menced the study of medicine at Corning, Iowa, and graduateil from tluf College of Physicians and Surgeons, now the Ainsworth Aledical Col- lege, at St. Joseph, Missouri, in 1882. He be- gan to practice in St. Joe, and in 1883 went to Silver lleef, Utah. From there lu^ journeyed to Ketchum, Idaho, ami while in that town was honored with the oth\e of County Coroner of Alturas county, wh'ch posirion he tilled with great credit. Here ho remained until Novem- ber, 188."), when ho came to Astoria, and en- tered at once into the field of healing the sick. In February, 1887, he was appointed, by (iov- ernor Penuoyer, Health OtKcerof the Port of Astoria, and served in that eapacity four years, at the same time following a general practice in medicine and surgery, in which he has built uj) a very successful business. Dr. Estes was married in St. Joseph, Mis- souri, Docemlier 19, 1879, to Miss Allie Hut- ton, native of Iowa, and to this union have been horn four children, namely: Pearle, Lula, Frankie, and Hazel. I)i'. Estes fraternizes with the I. (). O. F., K. of P.. li. 1'. O. E., and A. (). U. W., ami in his i)roi'essinii enjoys the contidence and re- spect of the citizens of Astoria. A M II E L E L M () R E, proprietor of the I'nion Cannery, of Astoria, was born in Lloyd, Ulster count\, Xew ^'ork, in ISI7. His iiarents, R. P. and Magdaline (Eltini,'e) El- .iiore, were natives of Connecticut and New York, respectively, but subse(]Uently settled at Lloyd on the IIuilsou river, and tlu're Mr. El- more conducted a general merchandise store up to 18"i7, when he removed ids family to Milwau- kee, Wisconsin, and there established a coai- yard, shipping tlio first barge load of coal into that harbor. He has continued the bneiiiess, and though now seventy-nine years of age, is stiU actively engaged. He has nexer entered t!ie political arena, but in philanthropic interests he has been .i munificent giver, and is a trustee of the Lawrence University at Appleton, to which he has rendered substantial snjjport. Samui^l Klmore was educated in the schools of Milwaukee, comjileting his stiidiys i^t the Law- € ii 1010 HISTORY OF OHKGON. I i^■ reiK't' University and (icncsec (lollei^e ut liiiim, Now Yoi'li. I)iirii)ir the tirst years of the civil war he was active in the ri'crutinjj; Rervicc, and in 18t)4, thoiii^ii still iin entire product of the cannery of U. D. Holmes, besides hand- ling Kastern products. In the ejiring of 1881 he came to Astoria, built a small caimery, pur- cliasi'd fifteen boats, with necessary tackle, and during the season packed 8,000 cases of salmon. Increasing bis busiiiesfi as experience and cir- cumstances permitted, he reached an output of 17,000 cases in 1885, and in 1880 he built his present cannery, where the annual pack has been increased to 37.0(10 cases of four dozen cans to each ease. His boats and nets have correspond- ingly increased, until he employs about 35(t men in fishing and 100 men in the cannery. lie also has a cannery on Kuin island. Chatham straits, Alaska; oiu' on Garibaldi, on Tillamook bay, and one on Florence on the Siiislaw river; each with an annual output of 20,000 cases. Mr. Elmore nnikes a specialty of ])acking for the United States market. In 188li he entered into partnership with (ieorge W. Sanborn, and formed the firm of Elmore, Sanborn & C( m- lany, a commission house, and engaged in uindling canned salmon and canners' supplies. Mr. Elmore was married in Oakland, Cali- fornia, in 187(), to Miss Mary E. Ilurd, a native of Michigan. The issue from this union is: Susie II., Floretta A. and Magdaline E. Mr. Elmore is the I'ost Commander of the Cushing I'ost, No. 14, G. A. U., and ex-Mayor of the city of Astoria. Executive in business and genial in his social relations, he commands the respect of all who know him. im^^ ^^^ AMUEL E. WltENX, one of the most en- terprising manufacturers of Portland, Oregon, is a native of JiOudoun county, Virginia, where he was born July l',l, 1855. Hi.'; father, Philip Wrenn, was a native of Fairfax county. Virginia, whose ancestors camo from England with Lord Fairfax, who located in the county which was named after him, and Mr. Wrenn's people, were, therefore, among the earliest settlers of the Old Dominion. Mr. Philip Wrenn married ^liss Susan Vermillion, a native of Virginia, who also belonged to one of the old families of that State, (irandfather Charles Vermillion was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. and Mrs. Wrenn had ten children, all but one now living, and most of them still residing in Virginia. The subject of our sketch was reared and ed- ucated in his native State. On the death of his father ho managed the home farm for a time, after which he was engaged in the grocery busi- ness in Washington, and later was employed in the public workf. of that city. He then traveled in Illinois and Missouri, finallv cominif to Ore- gon. Arrived in the latter place, he first engaged in the butcher business, after which he was in a dry-goods and general nu'rchandise store at Cor- vallis, and later was engaged at his trade in East Washington. He also sjient some time in Pidk county, Oregon, and in 1883, came to Portland, where, in 1885, he stai'ted the Multnomah Hox Factory, in a small way, from time to time ad- ding to his facilities, until now lie has one of nfsrnny of onmos. l04i thu largewt maiinfactories in - tlie Nortliwest, wliii'li iniikes and sliips nil kinds of boxes, send- injj somo of their ooods as far as CaliFdrnia. while they supply various other portions of the Northwest with ifoods in tlieir line. In 18!)() the Muitnoinaii I'ox Company was incorpnnited l)y Mr. Wrenn, Mr. Charles Sliire and Mr. I,. 11. Hreckle. Later Mr. Sliire died, and Mr. Wrenn bought Mr. lireekle's interest, thus be- cominiT the |)rincipal owner, and is now presi- dent of the com jiany and mannirei' of the busi- ness, whiel), in itself, is sufficient proof of his superior ability. lie was nuirried, in ISS"). to Miss Katie Johns, an estimable lady, a native of Oregon and a daughter of (leorire S. tlohns, who came to Ore- gon in 1S5(I. They have three children, all born in Poi'tland: Samuel Ashby, Monltree Franklin and Theressa. Mr. Wrenn is politically a Democrat, but, al- though interested in the welfare of his State and country, he is too deeply engaged in jirivate matters to be mnch of a politician in the general acce])talion of the term. He is a prominent member of the Woodsmen and of the A. (). U. W.. in the success of both of which he takes a personal interest. Of rare bnsinesa and exec\itive ability, unim- peachable probity, and excessive activity, he has hewn a fortune and a brilliant career out of the rnde possibilities of the Northwest, and is de- serving of the universal esteem of bis fellow- men. '^■^■^ »sEXRV KVERDlN(r. shipping and com- mission merchant, Portland, Oregon, was born in the Kingdom of Hanover, Ger- many, in 1833. His ancestors were residents of that place for many generations, and were en- gaged in agricultural pursuits. The subject of our sketch was educated in his native land, and was reared to habits of thrift an; KHI feet, at 45 and 47 Front street, where he has been located for thirteen years. He also handles large (|uantities of hay and grain through out- side warehouses. He handles feed, thnir and staple groceries, and wool and hides on commis- sion. He was married in Portland, in 1870 to .Miss Therese Harding, a native of (Jernnmy. They reside at 301 Eleventh street, Mr. Everding having built iis residence here in lS8(i. lie is a member of the I. O. O. P., and also of the F. & A. M., lia\ ing passed all the chairs of the blue lodge. Royal Arch and Knight Templar degrees. In jwlitics he takes little interest. l»y all who know him he is recog- nized as a nnm of the strictest integrity, and dur- ing his bnsiness career has endeared iiiniself to a large circle of acrjHaintances. fOIIN EWllY, an Oregon pioneer of 1853, was born at La Fayette, Indiana, in 1831. a son of John and Mary (Shell) Ewry. natives of Pennsylvania and Ohio, reppeetively. Mr. Ewry was one of the early merchants of La Fayette, and there passed a life (jf usefulness; he and his wife are l)otli deceased. 'I'bey had a family of nine children, eight of whom arc now living, John Ewry being the second in order of birth. He received his early education in the 1042 ntSTOHY OF OlinOON. I coimiKiii hcIiooIh (if liib iiiitivc town, and ill the ii{j;e ol' twelve yeara went to li'ttrn the clmir anil ealiiut't iiiaker'H trailc, whiuli lie t'oUowed seven years. Ho tlien remdved to Delphi, Indiana, where lie continned the same business. There he wan married to Mary (.'iillar, and in 1852 lie hliirted to the (iolden West, iiis more ohjective point being < )rci^on. Arrivino; at Council i>lnlTs, he passed t.'ie winter there, and in the spring of IHTiA eontinueil the journey; he had hve yok(( of o.xen, and after a long and weary march reached Portland, September 10, IfS-jS, witiiout unusual incident. The rainy season was on, his supplies were exhausted, and he was obliged to do any work that offcu-ed. Jle began digging potatoes, taking potatoes in payment as tiiere was no money in tlie country, lie gradually worked into his trade tlirough nniking the most of opportunities tliat were ])reseiited, but in 185") he joined Company A, under Captain Wilson, and passed tlu^ winter in suppressing the Indian outbreak in eastern Oregon. lie was in one tight which lasted four days without cessatior,, the Indians using Hint-lock guns. These weapons wei'e incompetent, as the iSOO whites suppressed the 1, >")()() warriors. In the spi'ing of 185>50. At thed(^ath of his father he inlierited 1(1(1 acres of the donation claim, and upon it he lias since resided. He wa-* married Novemiier 2!*, 1874, to Miss .lane E. Bradley, a native of Kansas, and the dan^hter of liiciiard Bradh^y. Mr. and Mrs. I'oster have* two children, Charles K. and Mary I'earl. Mr. l''obter takes u jnst pride in the recoril his father maiht as a pioneer of this griMit State; also in the fact that his own coinfbrt- ahle home is situated on a portion of the land which his father secnrecl from the (ioveriiment in 1847, and on which he himself was horn. He ranks with the most enterprising; and hifrhly re- s|)ectcd farmers of this vicinity. Politically, he is a Democrat. [ILLIAM ('.(JOODUICH. — Amonfrthe brave Orei^on pionei'rs who faceil the danfr('rs of the lonir and perilous jour- ney across the |ilains. to found homes and a State on the wonderful Pacific coast, may be found the worthy pioneer whose Tiame ititro- dnces this sketch. This ii;entlema;) was born in liiplev county, Indiana, November 18, 1825. His father, Carin (ioodrich, was boi'n in Pou^h- kee()sie, New York, of Enij;lish ancestry, who emigrated to the colonies previously to the Uevolntion, settling in Massachusetts. Will- iam's grandfather, .loel (ioodrich, and his si,\ brothers served the country as valiant soldiers in its struggle for indepen\ York, soon after removing; to IMiiladelpiiia. The family consistinl, in all, of eleven cnildren, the subject of this sketeli lieing the yoimge-t. Dr. (trahain coni|iletecl his aeholastitr ednca tion ill the city of I'iiiladelphia, and reniovctj to Carroll connty, < >!iio, with liix parents, abont 1830, and Iwro the latter resided until their death, which occnrred about 18it(). Our siib- jtM'.t began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Samuel Stocker. of Franklin, Ohio, where he remained three years, ami then went back to Carroll connty mid stmlied with J)r. DnfTy, a celebrated physician of that day. After conipletin<5 this course he passed his medical examination with MltIi honors, and began the practice of his clu' profession. In 1838 he was maiTied to Mi-s Jane Mor- ten, a Jiativc leas:int home. To flui doctor and hi wife seven cbildren liH\e lieen born, namely: Thomas, Richard. Alarthii and William; and three who are deceas(«| ; Uicliard. who dieil in infancy, while the family were re- siding in Ohio; iiorinda, died in Tennessee; and .Mary, wife of .loseph I). JoIiiin ,n, a ])roni- inent farmer of Benton county, died July, iS'.tii. 'l"he two oldest living children are promiiuMd, young business men of CorMillis. 'I'lie Doctor and his family are consistent mendiers of the K[iiscopal Church. '^^^■^ fEOlKiF, DKSAUT, a well-known business man of Salem, is at the head of one of the most iin|iiirtant industries of tiuit city, be- ing a member of the firm u\ .Murphy iV I )esart, manufiicturers of brick and drainage tile. Mr. Desarl is a nativeof Stephenson coniitv, Illinois, born in 18;{7. lie is descendeil from Fiench ancestors, though his lather, Fraiicis Desart, was born in Ohio; in his boyhood he was taken to Illinois, and lher(^ he was married, and followed an agricidtiiral life until 1850. In that \ear he removed to (JretMi county, Wiscon- sin, and again engaged in fariiiiiig. (ieorire Desart gained his education in the comnnm schools of Illinois and Wisconsin, and at tlieaeo of eighteen year began learning the trade of a lirick-mason; after serving a tour years' appren- ticeship he went tr) Elgin, Iowa, and there fol- lowed his trade. He was married in this place in 1858 to Miss Midissa Armstrong, and remained in that town until 185H, when he removed to Blui^ Springs, Xebrnskii. He t(jok up a Government claim, and was devoting liim- solf to the cultivation of the land when the depredations of the Indians made it necessary to take some action against them. He enlisted in Company M, Second Nebraska VolunteiM's, under Colonel Furness, and with (teneral Sully he went to Dakota. He was in a twetity-four hours' engagement at Devil's lake, and this m itl m If mm W :'!S !.'■ ■:l J.'i lIHO UtsfOHY OA' OliKmtl. " > 1 1 ' ' H ( i WH8 t'ollowt'd by daily Bkiniiirilifs for four vvfi.ks. After ciiilitceti luoiitlirt Mr. DuKini was lioriorubly iliMcliiirf^cil, 1111(1 wiiH iiiiistcrt'|ireifi)ii uiiil Buttlud iit Hiiviirtoii, j)uri;lia»iiii.r 140 acres, whiidi lit- culti- vated, uiiil at tile Haiiie time followed IiIh voca- tion ill the valley. In 1888 lie removed to Siilein. and in |)artnerslii|i witii his Bon-iii law. .1. K. Miii|iiiy, lie lioiijjlit fifteen acres near the fair irroiiiidrt, and the tile and hriek plant of 1). .\anii. Tiie tirni of Miir|ihy it Desart iiave improved this i)ro|ierty, and have established a lar^e and important iiuHiness, They inaiiufactiire about 1,(100,00(1 brick annually, and are ffaiiiing a large and .■stantial patronage; they also iiian- iihictiire tile in all ^i/.e^. from two and a half inches to cigiit inches, or hiif^er when reipiiied. Ml', and Mrs. I)esart are the parents of nine children, four sons and five daii;jliter>i. Mr. hesart is a ineniber of (ieorge II.Thomaa I'ost, (i. A. U., of Silverton. He is a man of energy and ability, and has aided in the develii|iiiieiit and growth of the commercial interests of his adopted home. I LAS \VA(;KIJ DICKEUSON.a resi.Ient of I'orthind. was born in the township of Hector, Schuyler county. State of S'ew 'i'ork. November 10, 1820. His father, .lames hickersoii. was a native of New Jersey, and were prominent in the early history of the county, (ioviinor Dickerson, of New .Jersey, being one of the family. Mr. Uickersoii's father married Miss Elix.a- beth Hart, a native of Morris county. New Jersey, and was of Scotch extraction, and a relative of the ^[onroes. who remai:»ed loyal to King (icorge. and were given an cerate for it in Canada. There were born to them eleven chil- dren, of whom five are living. Our subject was the youngest child. He w:i# raised at Ih-ctor and in the Ui--«/n of I'lirdtcTt. in the fatnous Watkiiis (ileu. He studied medicine and dentistry «t Tru- mansl'iirg, and practiced dentistry there five years, and has now in liir- possessi'in a set of teeth on a gold plate, as well it!> one on vnlctin ized rubber, on which he and his partner received first prizes at the "World's Viiu" some thirty- three years ago. In lSt;2, when ['resident liincoln made a call for troops to put down the rebellion, Mr. Dickers August 2S. 181)2, enrolled himself in the I nion army, ('ompany !•], ( >ue Hundred and Forty-eighth .New Vork Volunteer Infantry. He was tirst in eastern Virginia, under (ieiieial l)i\, then under (ten- i eral lliitler.and later under (ieneral U.S.drant. When Mr. hiekerson tii'.-t enlisted he was a private, but on his second enlistment he was appointed Second-Lieutenant of a colored com- pany, and was transferred from that to the One lluiidred and Twenty-fourth I'nited .States Colored Troops, mid was lati'r pro- moted to First- Lieutenant, and had command of this the greater part of the time. He was a larticipant in the battles of Fort Darling. Cold larbor, and in the light before and at I'etors- biirg. and for a part of the time they did jirovost duty. At the battle of Cold Harbor he received a giiusliot in the thigh, and was laid up by it for some time in a hospital. During his connection with his colored regiment he took considerable pride in drilling them. .Mtogether he wasijiiit siiccessfnl. and at the close of the war his com- pany, in a|)preciation of his kimliiess, and the ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '' , presenl m. H a tine one, and all were excellent soldiers. He was discharged at Louisville, Kentucky. lie then practiced his profession in New .lersey for six years, and then wont to San Diego, California, .Fuiie 1, 1873, from there he sailed for Wasliington. They wei'c thirty-seven days on the jounicy, as they were driven out to sea, and the vessel was reporteil as lost. At 01yin|iia he was appointed a teacher at the Qiiinsielt Indian Afjency, ;;nd was there eight years, four and a half years of the time was Government physician there. In July, 1882, he came to Portland artd invested in some city property. He has recently' fitted up a dental office, at 2(50 Fifteenth street, next to his residence, where he does a little Work for the sake of having something to do. On the 20th of .lune, I8(il,he was marrid to Misa Narmettii Blue, a native of Trumansburg. New York, and the daughter of Mr. Abraham -Mlue. They were blessed with two children, a sen and a daiiiihter. Their son, Frank U., died wien twent\ months old, and their daufjrhter. interest he took in them, presented him with a sword, which cost them ^40. His company was nitiTDiir Oh' oiiKaos. 104t Katie H., only livoii to he oiglit years of H^e. Slit) liied lit the (^iiiiiHiolt ii^eiu^, anil wan luiried there. After four years of illiiess Mrn. I)ickfrsoii also ilied. Her death oecurried Sep- teinher !!». 1S87. They had lieeii married twoiity-Bix yuars. She WH« a t'aithfiil. devoted and lovino wife, and an indulgent mother, and full of sympathy. With h(!r luihhand shu wa8 a rttronir I'nionist, and was part of the time with liiiii in tlu> army, doing what iliu (MMild for thu rnion raiiHe. She had an adorahle clnn'acter. She wan a faithful Giiristiai', and a memtier of the l'resl>yterian Church, Dr. I)iekerson is a memhor of the St. JolinV I'resliyterian (Miurch, of whieh ho is one of the founders and an Hlder, lie is a Uepuhlieaii an!•• oiwaoN. IVurii Portliinil to Aluskii. After one yi'iir lie retiiriKMl til the WillHiiicttL' Iron Works ainl re in.-iiiicil until Aiioiist, 187+, wlicii lu» ciiiiie to Aiiloriii 118 eiiiriiu't'i- ui the iMti|iloy of Captain Klavei, to run tiii^-loats ucroat. thi' l/'oluinbiu imr. Ho continued in tiiis jiofitioii f'oi four anil one-half years, and then eniraged as sn|»'riii- tendent of tugs, in wliich position he remained for aliDiit three yeais, until 1S81, wlien, with (;a|itain .1. (J. Hustler. A. |). Waf.-aiid A. 1„ l'(i\, he orjiranizcd and incorporated the Astoria Iron Works, with a capital of $4,000. In 1884 tlie capital was increased to !?20,00(), and the company has made steady jii'ogress in Imsi- ness over since. The business was originally Ktarted as a inachiiio and repair shop. A foun- dry Wi's soon deemed to lie necessary to the success of the enteiprisc, and later a lioiler shop was added wliich, heing e(|uipped with the latest nnichinery, they wore alile to turn out i^eneral casting.s, lioilers and steainlioat work. They make a specialty of crimping and solder- ing machines, and have equipped many of the C'olumliia river and Alaska canneries. They are also sole manufacturers of the Jensen can- tilling machine. Mr. Fox is one of the incor- porators of the Jensen Can-Filling Company, and fills the otlice of secretary, lie is also a uiL'iiilier of the Ilanililin Ueal- Estate Company, which owns :H)i) acres of city property, located on V ounce's hay. Mr. Fox was married in Yam Hill county, in 1874. to Miss Fannie A. Stewart, a native of Oregon, and the daughter of Benjaniin Stewart, a pioneer of the early '40s. To tlie above union have been added two children, Grace S. and F. (Miester. Mr. Fox has served three years ae- a member of the ('ouncil, several yi'ars as School Pirector, and was elected to tlu^ Legislature by the Re- jiiibliean party, in 18'.K). He is a member of the A. F. & A. M., 1. (). (). F.. \. O. U; W. and H. P. O. E., and is numbi-rcd among the busi- ness iiu'ii of Astoria. fnllX L. DOUGLASS, deceased, a promi- nent and prosperous Oregon pioneer of IS."):.', well-known thrnughout Multnomah county as a man of upright character and genial disposition, and wIionc loss was lamenteil wher- i'Verhe was known, was a native of IVlinsylvania, having been born in Crawford county April 30, 1837. His jiarent^, John and Elizabeth (LeFe- ver) Douglass, were both natives of the Key- stone State, where the former was born, June lo. 171i4. and the latter April 25, 1801. They were married in the State of their birth No- vember 80, I81it, and had ten childi'en.of whom John L. was the ninth in order of birth. About the year 1840, the father joined the general exodus, then commencing, toward the West, and with his family removed to Indiana, set- tling in Wells county. Here tiiey resided eleven years, their son. .lohn L., being reared on the home farm, and receiving iiis education in the c'ounty schools. At the end of this time, in November, 1851, the family aga'n turned their faces toward the West, this time making the long trip across the plains, thus traveling almost across the entire continent, from ocean to ocean, and that at a time when traveling was exceedingly tedious and slow. In their journey across the plains they met with many haidships, which culminated in the sickness and death of the beloved wife and mother, who died Angnst 5, 1852, and was sorrowfully buried on the banks of the Green river. With sad hearts, the re- maining members of this little home circle, then pressed onward, reaching .Multnomah county November 12, 1852- Here they settled on land, and once more commenced the life of pioiu'ers, where the father afterward died. John L. Douglass, whose name heads this notice, was about fourteen years of age when his parents emigrated to Oregon, and lived for some years with tiui family on their laml in Multno- mah county. In January, 1858, he married ^Miss Flixa Mitchell, a lady of domestic tastes and accomplishments, residing in his neighbor- hood. This happy union was of short duration, being tenninatetl by the death of the devoted wife and mother on March 20, 18(i7. Of their three children, two now survive: (Jeorge AV., » sketch of whom immediately follows: and .lames II., also a prosperous resident of Troutdale. While yet a young man, the father ileparted this life on June 13, 187H, bereaving his chil- dren of !i loving father's care, and leaving many friends to mourn his loss. George W. Douglass was the oldest son of tliis worthy couple, and was born in Multnomah county March 31. 1803. He was con.se((ueiitly but ten years of age when he was doubly be- reaved by the death of his fath-ir. Relatives took the place of parents deceased, his early rrrsTonr of owrvox. mil* yonrs being piiescd on the liuinc t'lirin, and liia ednciition ruceiveil lU the county soliools. When twenty yoiu'd of iifre he apprenticeil liimself to the oii'peiiters' triule, and later learned that of ' histcring. He afterward workeil as a eon- tractor until 1892, when he e: tered the mercan- tile ItuninesB, which he now pursues. He has a large and well-selected stock of inerchandise, and by UUm'h! and npri<^ht methods has imilt up a larire and lucrative trade. He ia justly nuniliered ainong the most sutintantial men of liis community, his prosperity boinij; entirely due to his own unaided efforts and steady per- severance. lie was married April 28, 1884. to Miss EU"n iiarnes, a native of Illin()is. whose jiarents are respected residents of Oreijon, and tl«?y have three children: Laura E Nellie G. and (Jeurge A. J\iliticallv, Mr. Douglass is a I'opulirtf. and takes an active interest in national and l'<>^al atiairs. lie has served his coasty two --rnii- as Constable, disciiar^ing his dutie> in that capacity with honor and ability. He is also prominent in educational affairs, and has done much to advance the cDinmunity in that direction. He sei'ved with ctticiency on rhe Cedar District School Board fr<.iii ISHti to l-^HH. Socially, he atfiliates with flie A. <>. 1'. W., of which he is now (lfS'.>'2) Master Workman, besides which he is also a member if the order of Koresters. Thus is the i_'ood inline of a worthy family perpetiuited by ii descendant, whose ew*?ry act is governed by the highest ])rinciples. and wbfjsc cordial jiersonality has f,'rappled l;o him, liy liooks of steel, a host of admirinij friends. IARKY DUNCAN KMHIIEE, a venerable Oreiron pioneer of 1844, rosidinir in Dallas. I'olk county, was born in Clark county, Kentucky. January 11, 18()fi. Ilif father. Thomas Einbree. a native of Virijinia, removed to Kentucky when a boy of live yeair-. and was reared and nnirried there, the lady f»f his choice being Miss Elizabeth Duncan. *be. too, was a native of \'irginia, and Im'T retiJi.viil to Kentucky occurred when she wa- twelve years old. (iraudfather Enibree wa- a native <>f England; catne to Americji ami rf^sidcd in Keri tucky until 182(); removed to lVriss..Hri iin.i settleil in Howard county, where lie sjii'iit the rest of hislire,and died in his oighty-fonrth year. Mr. Enibreo was the si.\th-liorii in a family of fifteen children, and is now supposed tii be the only survivor of that number. His early educational iiilvautagcs were liiuited, his sclinol- ing, all foid, ])robably not exceiMling si\leen months. At the age of twenty he married Miss Lucinda Fowler, a native of his own town, anil two years younger than himself. Ajiril IS, 1814, with his wife and four childien, he>larted on the long overhmd journey to Oregon. Their first child was then eight and the youngest two years old, and when tliey arrived at the waters of the little LJliie another child was born to them, whom they named Alice Irene. This daughter is now the wife of James Denipsey, of I'olk county, and is the mother of ten native sons and daughters of ()r(!gon. The other children who crossed the plains are as follows; Thomas V. ])., a physician and minister, resid- ing in Harney valley; Mary Isadore, wife of T. .1. llayter, a respected pioneer resident of Dallas; Alarccllns .\., of IJenfon county; and lientoii, who lives in Harney valley. Mr. and Mrs. Embrec had one son born in Oregon, John 1!., now rcftiding with his father in Dallas. Mr. Embree has twenty-one grandchildren and four great grandchildren. When they left I'oonvilleon their memorable jonrney it began to rain, and it I'ained hard at freijuent intervals until the Ist of July, so they had iiiiich mud and high water to encounter for forty days. August 22 they passed Fort Lara- mie, and by this time many of their o.\cn had died. They arrived at Fort Hall September "^2. and there traded their weak team for a slromrctr one. When they got within sight of IJlue mountain it began to rain and snow. aiiBmA s*MiiA>Mawaj^aKia» »!'\ io.->n HrniTOm' OF OHKGON. Siitlicf if Id >iiy tliat tlicj (iniilly i-cucIuhI Polk I'lPiiiilv, liis wilV' Btill rtick mill he biirefootud. He took a ilonatifiii claim of ')42 acres just aliovc IMxie. this cliiini haviiii/ botli wood and water dii it. His (tiily stock was a t'ovv and an ox. lU'i'e. with his wife ;iiiil five helpless little childreu, and iif> money, he settled on the fron- tier. While III was i'Httinj_r loirs for his cahin he lieeame so tided with ^rief at the thiino;lit of his situation that lie sut down and cried like a ihild. It was inipipssihie to jfo hack, and as they had no provisions the [irospcct indeed looice'd dai'k. The little eahin, however, was soon coiniileted, they borrowed tlour. and by Mr. Enibree's hard work and ifood niiinnireinent fhf-v succeeded in o;ettini,r aloiiir. He relates nia'iy interesting' reminiscences connected with that winter', exjiei'ience. As the yeai'S rolled by they developed their farm into a valuable jiroperty, and reared a respectable family of children, shariiio; the land with them as they i,frcw up. In 1881 Mr. Einhree was bereaved by the loss of his faithful and loviuj; wife, who had stood by him in all \\\> joys and sorrows. Her death was can-ed by a fall from a wagon. Ml'. Kmbree was made a Mason in Dallas in the winter of 1855 "50. lie was a Ikp- tist in early life, but siibsecpu'iitly united with the Alethodist Ciiundi South. He cast his first vote for Andrew Jackson, and his last for (irovei Cleveliiiid. Now in his eiirbty-sixth year, Mr. Knibreo i> in a measure retired from active busi- ness. His home, situated on a twelve-acre tract of land, overlooks the city of Dallas. Here he works as niueli as his streiiirth wilt per- mit, makinii iiniirovements, etc., his youiitrest son residing with him. Ho is well jireserved, both ill mind and body, has hosts of friends, and is held in the highest esteem by all who know him. Thus if is with pleasure that we record his name aiiiuiig tlie worthy pioneers of thio great State. tL. Dl ' U1I.\ M, a native son of Oregon and representative among the young linan- * ciers of tlie State, was born at Oregon City ill l84'J. ^I''or history of ancestors s-ee sketch of (icorgo Dur'iam.) The boyhood of our subject was pas'^ed with his |iarents. and his education was aci(iiire. U. W. He is vice-president of tlie City Boartl of Emigration, which was begun in IS.Sl, to disseminate knowledge of Oregon, one method being the sending of exhibition cars through the East, containing a collection of Ore- gon products, and literature discriptive of her resources. He is an active member of the Chamber of Commerce, and is one the finance and building committee, in the erection of the new building. He is aldo vice-president of the Oregon Land Investment Company and presi- dent of the Portland Clearing House Associa- tion. In business affairs Mr. Durham holds an active position, and his enthusiasm is quickly enlisted in every public enterprise, whicli pro- motes the development of his city and State. fEHRY II. E ASTON, dealer in musical instruments and music goods, Salem. Ore- gon, was born in Sussex, England, in 18(51, a son of William Easton, a retired attor- ney. He first came to the I'aeific coast in 1882, seeking a suitalile location for a music house; he remained in Los Angeles for two years, and then went to Montana on a prospecting tour; after a brief look at that eecfion of country he returned to ]x)s Angeles, but in a ehort time came to Salem. This was In 1887; he opened a store at iJlU C\'unit*rcial htreet, where he car- nisToitv cv niiKany. 10.51 rics a full stock of all classes oi "itisical goods. IIo has tlie State at^ency for the (!oll)y piano, and iiandles an oi'iran hearinjj; his own name, which is niaiiuraetnred witli reference to ciiniatie inrtuenees on the Pacific coast; it is of execileiit workmanship, iirid has a tone of very admirable qnality. iMr. Haston has appointed a number of aij;ents throughout the State, and is meeting with satisfactory success in the inti'oduction and sale of these two superior instruments. A tal- ented niusician himself, ho has awakened adceji interest in all branches of the art, and througii his efforts much latent ability in this direction is being developed an he orifanized a tine orchestra, which has acconi|ilislied a great amount of work, and has made surprising projfress; he has also or- Kauized (dasses for the mandolin and banjo. The public have shown a keen appreciation of these efforts by giving a liberal support to the enterprises inaugurated. Mr. Ka.'ton's father was an accomplished organist, and spared no pains in giving his -^on a thorough mnsical train- ing. Our subject is a member of the .V. <). V . W., the Knights of I'ythias and the Masonic fraternity. In ll^HC) he was uniteil in marriage to Miss Ilattie Chase, a native of the city of Hostou, and a thorough musician. Two children have been born of this union. In politics Mr. I'luston styles himself a liepnbliean, but he is independ- ent and liberal in thought and action. He has ideutifiead of loose cattle. The train with whiidi they traveled was composed of fourteen wagons and about si\tv people, and of it Mr. Denny was elected captain. The triji was without j)articnlar incident, and was o)ily nnidc wearisome by the slow progress, six months being sj)rnt on the journey. They arrived at ivebanou, i.inn county, in September, 1852. Mr. Denny met with a serious accident from a vicious Indian pony, which, togethei' with mountain fever, caused his death, ten days after his arrival. He left a widow an. Denny were indeed great, but bravely did she work to )rovide food and clothing for iier family of ittle ones. O. N. I)enTiy, the oldot son, and his twelve-year old brother, rendered able assist. ance, plowing and fencing and improving their claim. After the first winter the subject of our sketch attended school during the three winter months, doing chores for his bnai'd, and in the spring returning to the duties of the farm. Thus he continued with labor and study until 185S, when he entered Willamette I'niversity. ociii pyiug a snuill I'oom iind boiirdiug himsidf upon supplies furnished liy hi^ mother, and inicIi spring returning to the farm. The Judge feels that lie owes a lasting debt of gratitude to his mother for her untiring energy, love, devotion and assistance. Ha\ing comjileted his eoursi! at the university he commenced the study of law. un studies in the otllce nf ^les^|•s. Wilson ^ Hiirding, distingni-hed lawyers of Salem. He was admitted to thi' bur in 18()'i by the Supreme Coni'l of the Stati lie then r.,ininenee(i practice at the Dalles, with 'i ¥. IHlK. 1052 UlSTOUY OF OUKGOX. ('. It. Mfi^^s, I'lMt^eciitiiifv Attorney' for tlie I'iftli I)islrii;t. Slioitiv aflur. u vaciilicy occiir- riiii^r ill thu (jIKcc of I'.oiiiity lunl prolmto jml.ijtN Mr. Doiiiiy was a|ij)C)iiitc(l to that position, lint Biili.swjiiciitly rt'siiiiiiid in orijui' to iiiakt'a'uiisim-s.s tii)) to the Itoiso mines, Idaho, whero he was ih'tainci! for six months. lli.s return to tlie Dalles was shortly followeil hy the county and State election, and, lieinjf the unanimous nomi- nee for County and I'robate.l u(lo;e, he was elected hy a hirife majority, aiul tilled the office for n term of lour years. In iNoveniiier, iSfiS, Judge Denny eauie to I'oithmd. lie was married on the 28d of the followiiii; month, at Vancouver, to (icrtrude, dauohter of I'eter I). Ilall, a pioneer of 1847. who WHS killed in the Whitman massacre. The ilall children were all taken prisonei's hy the In- dians, mid liehl until ransomed hy liev. J. II. Spauldino;. After marriast of whon\ is I he subject of our sketch. Mr. Davis received his education in this county. Ills early life was devoted to farming, but, after arriving at mardiood, ho serrwJ an ap|)renticesliip to the carpenter and milhvright trades, which he followed for lifteen years, ex- cept one sear, which was dc\oted to school teaching. W, '4 insToin (IF (iiiJ-jiioN. 1058 Tn 18(31, lured by the marvelous reports 'roin the (ioldeii State, he cuiiu' to ('alil'oniia, lud was for a time located in yaeraiiiotito, later vis- iting (iold Hill. Nevada, where lu^ roihjwid-hi^^ trade until ISIJT, wlieu lie removed to Oreiron. Here he was tor a time enjfaged in farming, on 2'2(l acres of laud, located four miles south of I'liilomatii. Tills land is ni'ai'iy all ilevotiMl.to grain-growini^ and geni'rnl t'armino;, with about four acres y liave three ciiildren; Ivlward L., Charles W. and X'ictor. Politically, Mr. Davis is allied with the Dem- ocratic party, and takes an active interest in school matters, beinir an etticieiit member (jf the School Board. He is one of the city's most prof these onr subject was the second 8on. He was reared in Iowa until his tenth year, when lie came with his father and familv to ( )regon. Thev located near Salem, where he was edncnted. and later attended the Pacific Univer- sity. He was for a time eni;agesr:u\\ Imsi- 00 iiess on his own acconni. In 1890 he became one of the organizers of the firm td' llainesife ISailey, and opened the general merchandise store in Forest Grove, where they now m\\ which has bei^n wonderfully successful, exceeil- ing their great(»st expectations. I'.eing a man of e,\;)erience, Mr. Haines at once became con - vincod of tlu! t'utui'c prosperity of Forest (irove, and accordingly purchased a half-interest in the South Park tract, and with his partners, Messrs. Keep, has platted it and put it on the market, ill which enterprise, as in everything else, he his meeting with i)henomenal success. He is also largely interested in the liv<'rv estalilish- ments of the city, holding considerable of that stock, lie owns stock in the Canning establish- ment and in the Klectric Light (^)mpaMy, also in (Jales Peak Water Company anil in the I'orest (irove Printing (!om]>aTiy. lie is heartily interested in the welfare of the city, to the pros- perity of which he contributes whenever oppor- tunity affords. His partner is his brother-in- law, who is also an energetic ami e\j)erienced buiiiiu'ss man of ability. Mr. Haines was married, in 188S. to .Miss Nettie Shipley, a most estimable young lady, and a diiiighter of M. II. Shipley, a well-known and highly re8|)ected citizen of Fon^st Gro\c. Our subject is a member of tlu^ Masonic fraternity, and Master of the lodge of I'orest Grove. He alHIiates with the Uepublicaii ]iarty, the i)rim'iples of which lie has ailvocated since 113 beg n to vote. (Certainly, if the jirospcrity of Forest (irove depends — Iik(^ the world on .\tlas' >lioulders — on her business men she is most safe; f(M' where intcdiigenco, morality, and enterprise are found together, they form a powerful combination, and these traits are abundant among her citizens, chief among whom is Mr. Haines. -=^<^^#iH®i|#»s ^•^'l( W. IIAINKS, proprietor of the Kngeiie i1/miP Tannery, and an Oregon pion-nT of i«-^srj * 1851, was born in Tazewell county, Illinois, ill 1828. His father, .Vlficd Haines, was from New .lersey. and emigrated to llaniil- ton county, Ohio, in 18011. where he married Miss Mary l.eeper and removed to Illinois about 182() and went into farming. ( )iir subject was brought up to labor, only attending the winter schools ()f .short duration. He remained with '(: ! 1054 HISTORY OF OUKnON. liis pareiitB until 1852, when lie wi-iit in part- Moivlii[) with his twin lirother, Joijcph, mihI llaild- vviiy ('ii>iiniiiM. Tiu'V littt'ij (Jilt oiicwiii^dii wilii three yoke of (ixi'ii iiml thrci' ciiws uihI slui'tcil for Oi'Cf^iiii. ^\'ith tlie nKiiiii imnlsiiips thoir jdurimy pi'u>j;ri'ssi(d, hiit liy their excellent care of their cuttle they rrjivi'h'il rapiilly, iind aiTiveil at the Dalles witli their stoeli in tine eotiilition. Not hnviiijr ^utlieieiit iiioney to ])ay the freie;lit, they left their wiij!;iiiis ami drove their cattle down the trail to Linn (•(iiiiity. Mr. Ilaiiies tli(Mi hegan riistliiie:, with lint 1(1 cents in his pocket. I'roceedini^ to (lorvallis, he spent his 10 cents for ferrying across the river, and then hired out to the proprietor, Ike Moon, to cut conl wood, and after two weeks hired the ferry and started a wood yard, furnishing the river steamer Kaneina, the first steamer on the Willamette river, with fuel. Mr. Haines Boon turned this over to his brother, and he went to ri]ip(jna county, ciittiuf^ rails for Kellon; liroth- ev8. lie reached the mines in southern Oregon in 1852, where ho struck a rich claim, and in one month took out $1,21)0. Heing of a8j)ecula tivc mind he then located claims, and sold out for small ])rofits. He then enj^aged in logginir, choppi.ig and mining until January, 1854, when he purchased 600 apple trei^s at 40 cents each, packed them on one liorse.and sold them throuirh the country at ti5 cents each, reali/iiie; $150 for one week's work. In the year 1853 he had Bhip|)ed f"om Pekin. Illinois, by sailing vessel around Cape Horn, two Haines reapers, the first in the country. In the spring of 1854 he began work in the tannery of \m\-i Kent, at Hcottsbiirg until the arrival of his reapers, when lie >et one up and operated through harvest in Yam Hill county, then sold out and returned to the tan- nery, where he became master of the business, and in 1858 bought the plant ancl property, which he operated until 1874, when the town became so dejiopulated that investments lost their value, and he suffered a heavy loss. (le came to Eugene in 1874 and rcnt(>d the old tan- nery, which he op(,'rated about iive yt'ars, and then built his presiMit establishment and in j)artiiership with his son, .fonathan, continued the business under the name of W. W Haines & Co. The capacity of the tannery is fiOO hides per month, all leather being hemlock tanne, beside valuable property in Hiigene. He was married in Linn (loimty in .laniiary, 1857, to Miss Mary lilain, daughter of Samuel lilain, a pioneer of I85ii. They have seven children, namely: (^rcelia, now Mrs. (irant Tompson; .lomithan; .lessie, now Mrs. H. Mar- tin: Charles, Belle, liehecca and Mary. Mr. Haines has always been devoted to business and his success is the just reward of persevcriiicr industry hotiestly performed. fll. DkFOKCK, manufacturer of fi^ll oil at Astoria, was iiorn in Ilamiltoii county, <* Xew Vork, in 1841. His |iarent8 Diiteo and Marian (Brown) Do l'"orcc were natives of the same State, descended from French and Scotch auct^stry, who emigrated to .Vmerica in the Seventeenth century. The father was a inill- or by trade, but pursued farming as an occu- pation, removing to Warren county, Pennsyb vania in 1S54, whore he continued agricultural pursuits throughout his life. Here otir Bubjoct was reared, receiving his education in the schools of that vicinity, and assisting his father on the farm. I'pon reaching his majority he began supporting himself, goinop to the oil region of I'ennsylvania, locating at Tidiout(<, where he was eiii|)loyed by .lohn I'orter, who owned a small retinerv. Here he remained for four years, learning the process of retining crude petroleum. In 18()() he went to theoil districts of Ritchie county, West Virginia, and there bored and operated a series of wells, the most productive one. at the depth of HOO feet, flowed 300 barrels of lubricating oil per day. As the How lesseneil the well was bored to the depth of 1,000 feet, and the How then increased to 1.200 barrels per day. In 1873 he sold his wells and engaged as superintendent of the main division of the Relief Pipe Company, extemling from Millerstown to Brady's Bond, I'einaining in this ciipaeity until 1875, when he came to Astoria, Oregon. Here he was engaged as a mechanic for three years in iilacint; steaiiiHttinn-s in the Salmon canneries about Astoria, and was Mills led into the manufacture of tish oil from .■iL- .Ll,"..t: -Uh/J niSTOHY OF OllKOOy. WM tilt' rofiis(( ffoiii tlio canneries. Tlieiv weiv BoviTiil (liT fuctories alidut tlio river, but none [iroved a Kiiccceg niitil Mr. I)e Force brmifjlit iiin more cxtendeil cxpcrit'iice to l)ear upon tlie procei-s. which by e\perinient lie has brouoht to a state of perfection, nuriuifactnriiiir a line, clear nil tor luiiricatiiii^ piirjioseH. lie also niann- t'actnres a tisli guano, wliicli is valua'ple a.-i a fertilizer. As the canning season dous not ex- ceed four months and lie depends entirely upon the canneries for his cm ie product, the season for iiianafactiirintr is very short. The annual ontinit of the factory averaijos 2,bW <£allonrt of •111 ' O ' r^ oil and al)Ou„ thirty-live tons of irnaiio. He was married in Warren coniitv. I'emisvl- vaiiia, in 1804, to .Miss Sarah (Jeorge, a native Ohio. They 'lave three children; Charles E., Elton C and Don. -^i^^^Bi '^ J^KXRY FAILIN(i, an eminent financier %m\ '^f t'"' .Northwest, and president of the "■^^ First National liaiik of Portland, is a na- tive of New York city, where ho was born on January 17, 18:J4:. ifis father, Josiali Failing, for many years an honored citizen and pioneer business man of this city, was a native of Mont- gomery county. .\ew York, where he was born on July y, 180(). When a young man he re moved to New York city, where he was married to Miss Henrietta Ellison. In 1851 he came with his family to Portland, ( )regon, where he was successfully engaged in mercantile pursuits until 18(54, when he retired from active busi- ness, leax ing his interests in the hands of his son, the subject of our sketch, wdio had been Ids partner since the foundinj^ of the firm of J. Failing & Co., in ls.")l. I'pon .\Ir. Josiali Fail- lug's arrival in the riew city, he bitcame identi- fied with the interests of the future metrop(di8. In 1853 he was elected Mayor of the city, do- ing much during his term of convention which nominated (ieneral (iriint. He was a worthy and devoted member of the Baptist Church, being the first to join it when it was organized, an. In 18(58 he began to restrict the business exclusive- ly to liardwiire and iron supplies. In 1871 Mr. Henry W. Corbett became associated with Mr. Failing, under the tiriii name of (^orbett. Fail- ing & Co., which, bi'sides the principals named, now consists of the younger brothers of Mr. Failing, Edward and James F. The firm does a wholesale business, which has grown to be the largest in its lino in the Northwest. In 1869 Mr. Failing and Mr. Corbett pur- chased nearly all the stock of the First National Bank, which was the first bank establisluul in Oregon under the National Banking .\ct,it being also for a number of years the only bank west of the Kocky inotiiitainB. Fiider their man- agement, guided by Mr. l''ailing's unerring judgment as ]>resi(ient, it became remarkably prosperous, and is now (1892) the leading oankiiig house of the Nortliwest. Its capital stock in 18(59 was $100,000; shortly afterward it was increased to $250,000, and since then it has been again increascil, this time to 8500,0(10, with a surplus of $(550,000. Since be( oming interebtcd in this bank, Mr. Failing's time has been principally devotpil to tlnnncial affairs, in ' i lonn niSTOUY OF OKEOOir. wliicii he Im8 slmwii liiiiiKclf to possess tliu higliest order <.<[ aliilily. lie lias also been largely iiiterestc(l in real estate, iMitii in and aroiin married on ()cti)i)L'r 21, ISoS, to Miss Kniily I'lieliis Corliett. sister of Hon. H. W. Corbett. Tliey iiad tliree daM;;iiters, all liorn in I'ortland. li. 1870 lie had the nii^-fcirtwne to l.os(! his wife, who was a lady ol' education and refinement, with iiMiny intellectnal and [tersonal charms, and who was helovcd and lamented by her family and ii larfrc circle of friends. Mr. Failing rosideei with his daughters in their handsome an always taken active inUd'est in edu- cational matters, ami was for a number of years a liegent of the State University, to which ollico he was first ap|)ointed by (i.)vernor TliaycM", and atterward reappointeil by Governor Moody. He is also a Trustee of the Deaf Mute S(diool, at Salem, and Trustee and Tntasurer of the Children's Home, and also Trustee and Treas- urer of the Library Association. Mr. Failing has been for forty-one years actively engaged in business in thocity of Port- land, and during all this time has been an assid- uous worker, and owing to his eminent finan-. eial ability, his efforts have been successful in the highest degree. Tenuiorate in all things, he is today, notwithstanding his many years of mental and bodily labor, still a strong, young- looking man, a re[)resentative of what we W(Uild like to have all our American citizens become, but, alas! to(( few aspire to emulate suclicxalted examples, while still fewer succeed in attaining the goal of their commendable ambition. -'^•■^3-;^ f^LHERT .1. GOODBllOD, a very well- [b known resitlent of rnion, Union county. J* Oregon, was born in Germany, luibruary l,*7, 1844. He came to America with his parents wlien he was very small. His mother died when he was a small boy, and thus Albert w,is thrown u|)on the world to tight tlut battle of life as his voung and inexperienced judgment might dic- tate, lie had sonu) limited school advantages during hi> youth, and improved every oppor- tunity with advantage to himself. At an early age he chose the bakery trade, in which he be- came j)roficieiit in all its details, which he fol- lowed at Xewark, New Jersey, until the war of the Rebellion was begun, when he enlisted as a T)rivate in Company U, Scott's Nine Hundred, First United States Cavalry. He started to the front frotn Staten Island, ami went to Washing- ton, District of Columbia. After serving two years in the Army of the Potomac, the regiment was ordered to New Orleans, where it was changeil to the Eleventh New York Cpvalry. UlStOIlY OF OUKGOS. lost Mr. (inuillji'oil Wii- ill soveiiil skiniiitilKs in Maryliiiui, from Mmlily Hi'iiiich to IIurpi'r'H Kerry, was iil-o iit tlio liiittle of I.cfsliiir;;, tlio .--fCoiKl liattloof Hull Itiiii, and at Fairfax IJoiirt- Ilousn.wliero.oii Jmu' 27,18('i;J. the riiioiiariniiia foiiirlit the (JoiiteiiiMatc (Jciieiala, lifu, Stewart, ami Stoiiuwall .laclcson. At this place lio was iiiifortmiatc enough to lie woiiinleil Ity a iiiiiiie iiail, wiiicii liroke the fourth joint of his i);ick iioiie, leading a iiolo tliree ineiies in diameter, wliich he carries to this day. This wound kept him in tlie hospital for seven inonths, at'tor whieli he joined his regiment, and went to New Or- leans. From New ( )rlean8 ho went to Carleton, and from tliere to I5atoii Kongo. The fall of 18lit, in lionisiana. in a skirmish at Liberty. Mr. (Joodhrod was again wonnded.and later on, at Brook Haven I'eceived a severe wound in the head t'roinasaber cut while in a hand, to, hand con- tlict with the lebels. This wound, however, did notdisaljlehiin, l)Uttlie sear he still carries. After this he went to J'aton Uoiij^e. He then oijtained a furlough of sixty days, which he enjoyed at home, at the cx|)iratioii of which he rejoined his regiment at .Memphis. Tennessee, where it was engfti^ed in guarding between seventy and 1' miles of railroad, but was afterward sent to (ierniantown, where they were at the time of the surrender of (ieneral Lee, and where they remained several months, until they were sent to Albany, New ^"ork, where they received their discharge. Mr. (Joodbrod served at Hull llun under General McDowell, at lieesbiirg under (ieneral Wadsworth, in ISlississippi under General Banks, and under (ieneral Thomas in Tennessee. At the close of the war Mr. (ioodbrod returned home, jirobably not dreaming or realizing that the battle of life had just luigun. lie made his Wfiy to San Francisco, California, from which place, in company with live others, he started for Silver C'ity, Idaho, which place was then the center of attraction tor all gold-seekers. The thought of being able to dig gold in large ipian- tities from the earth inspired the then inex- perienced pilgrims with the nerve to face and tight nil hardships and obstacles that might con- front them. While en route, and in the eastern portion of the State of Oregon, they were at- tacked by a large iiuinber of Indians, but made their escape through a deep ('anon. .\ few days later they were overtaken l)y a band of Ciiina- nion at Dry creek, where there was but little water, not enough hardly for the little company of si\,s(i the (jliinamen wert^ asked to proceed, which they did, going on lo < >wyliee river, whore they were attacktMl by tlu! Indians and w<'ro all killed (forty in number) e.xcept (Uie, who some way made his escape. After a hard light with Big Foot Chief and his band, at ihe mouth of Crow creek, the little ])arty arrived at their des- tination .News came to Silver City that In- dians Were committing depredations on the luu'tli fork of the Owyhee, known as Battle creek, and upon a call for volunteers, thirty- eight men from Silver (>ity, among them Mr. (ioodbrod vdliinteered, under Gajitain Jennings, to render assistance to the settlers. The coin- iiany followed up the north fork of th(< Owyhee, where they wi're surrounded by alioiit ■100 In- dians in a deep canon, but inade a successful break through the Imlian line, losing two men and s'jveral horses. Going on to the front, the party came to a spring, where they were again surrounded by about MOO of the reij skins, ind were held for several days. The guides, .iim Becbu, David i'icket, and Archie Mcintosh, a half-breed, managed to make their eseaiie through the Indian line--, by tying sage brush all over Iheni, and going (uit oiuMlark night. One of the guides went to (>amp l^yons, one to Flint, and (uie to Silver ('ity, lor as6ist'"ice to relieve the iin|irisoned men. Three days later the Indians liegaii to disperse, wdiicli was the first tidings they had had of the guides; it be- ing evident that they had been successful in getting through the lines. Assistance soon ar- rivi'd, which averted what would othervvisi! have been a bloody massacre. Mr. (ioodbrod remained in Silver (!ity until 187:2, and then came* to (ir:inde Uonde v.illi'y. lie has since lived at Walla Walla. Washington, and other points along the then stage route fr(jni Boise (Jity, Idaho, to the Dalles, in Oregon. He was for a while engaged in farming near I'nioii, Oregon, was there three time electeil Marshal of the city, which otHce he filled with credit to himself and benetit to the city. As an officer, he was a terror to evildoer.^. In 1887 he purchased the Gentenuial Hotel, in Union, which he continued to manage until the summer of 1>>!)2. His manner of c.omluctiiig the house has given it a name, of which he may well feel jn'oud. It was considered otie of the best between I'ortland and Salt Bake (Jify. In 18'J0 Mr. (ioodbrod was united in iiiar- riaiTc to Miss Louisa Shnemakei'. an ( 'regon-borri lady, belonging to one of the best families of the m w I- 10.18 ll/.HT(llir oh' OliUdihW St.lltO. Till! Illlidll llllH Ix'fll lllcSHL'll Witll OIK* son, Ucorifo /vlljui't, liorn ()ct()l)ei' 17, IH'Jl. Mr. ( ioodlirod liiis liocii Biuicosufiil in l)U8iiie8H, uiid hikd at all tiiiioB ixHtii lilicriil liumiccl towai'd all mattiM'rt of a piihlic orriiaritaMo nature. lie in a man that, never was contunteil to lu; idle, lie is the owner of one of the nici'st rc-fidenccs in the city, toi^ethcr with a tract of liftcfM acres, which he takes ^reat pride in kee|iino; in tine condition. He is a vahieil nieniher of the (f. A. K., Levi I*. Morton Post, at La(irande, Ore- gon, of which he is now .1. V. (!oniinandcr. lie lias also been CJoniinandor of I'restoii I'ost, No. 18, at Union, lie takes a great and active in- fererit in the (}. A. U. organization, and on last l)ecoratioi\ day presented Levi I'. Moi'ton I'ost u itii a tine llaj;, ap|)ro|)riately inserihed with the name and niiiiiiier of the I'ost. The presenta- tion sp'^cch was one of the |)leaKaiitest features ofj^the affair, and the ^ift was highly a])preciated hy Jhis comrades, who well knew how bravely his lioiiors were won in the war of the Uebellion. Politically, he is a Ue[)nblican; such a brave soldier could not be otherwise. He is also an Odd Fellow, and lied Man, in which orders he holds otHees. lie is a man that enjoys the re- spect and esteem of his fellow- men, and is a valnaiile nieini)er of society. fAMP:S FAWK came to Orcfron in 1851. He was bt'i'ii in England, Hertfordshire, September 11, 18]t>. His parents were William and Mary(15ond) Fawk. both well-to- do Enirlish people and iiieinberB of the Estab- lished CInircli. Our subject was the yoiinirest child of the family. He was educated in liis native country, and in 1842 emigrated (o the United States, to make a home in the new world, under the protection of the "stars and stripes." He spent a short time in New * )rleans, and then went to Adams county, Illinois, where lie rented land and remained seven years. In 1851 he started across the plains, with oxen, to (Jregoii. He joined a large conijiany. part of whom went to California. The triji consumed over five months, but only one ileatli occurred. Tlu^y were in danifcr from the Indians, and had to keep a very alert guard while pusliintr throuirh the country of the Snake, etc., Indians. Upon his arrival in Oregon, Air. Eawk remained a month in Portland, Oregon, then a very small hamlet, and then came to Polk county, and took uj) a donation claim on Salt creek, in the Applegatct neic^liborbood. He obtained itIiO acres of land, built a small log house, and began life as an Oregon pioneer. This projierty is still owned by Mr. Kawk. He li\fd on it twelve years, and then puridiapod a ([inirter-soc- tion of land at ( )ak (trove, which he built on and iniprovi'd, residing there ten years, lie then purchased 140 acres on the Salem road, live miles west of Salem; be lias built a nice li(uiie on this |)rope]tv. Mr. Fawk has carried on i'eiieral fariiiiiiii and stoek-raisirn'. lie has taken an interest in ini|)roving the roads in the vicinity, and has also taken a deep interest in the educati(mal matters of his district, and has contributed land for schoolhouses and churclies. feeling that both are essential to the well-'.ieing and prosperity of the county. Our subject was married before starting for America, in 1886, to Miss Elizabeth Kobinson, a native of Bristle, England. Two children were born in Illinois, dolin and Mary, the former of whom is now the wife of Mr. James Hridwoll, and they reside on the farm, two miles south- east of Dallas; John is married, and resides on the farm his father gave him. liesides these children, two other sons were added to the fam- ily in Oregon: Henry is marrii^i, and also lias a farm given liiin by his father, although he spends ])art of his ;'-ne with bis jiarents, as he operates his father's farm for him; Wallace, the youngest son, has the farm at Oak Grove. At their pleasant home, Mr. and Mrs. Fawk are enjoying the fruits of their laliors, sur rounded by every comfort. They were reare(l in the fiiith of the Established Church of England, and are faithful adherents to the '-faith of their forefathers." Mrs. Fawk has proven herself one of the worthy pioneer women of ( )regon. In all of her husband's enterprises she has aided him, giving him eiicourageiiient when needed, and praise when deserved. P)Oth Mr. and Mrs. Fawk are worthy members of society, and richly deserve their success. They enjoy the esteem and respect of a large circle of friends in all parts of the county. ILI.IAH FENTO.V, a prominent and suc- cessful jeweler of Weston. Umatilla coun- ty, Oregon, was born in (iascoiiade, April 1, 185ii, and is the oldest son of five children, born to (i. W. and Louisa Fenton, nee Mattock. The father is a native of Indiana, ami his wife of Tennessee, Thev moved to jMissouri at an HtSTdllY i>F (lUhUWS. WW) early iliiy, mill Mr. Fiiiitnii clio-o muiliciiif in liin |(ripfnK.sioii, wliicli li(' liiis l'ullo\v(i>l fur forty ytmrs. Ho now resideH in N'oriioii comity, Min- Hoiiri, and follows the nnictico of iiit'ilicine, iit tlic ai.r() of sixty iiinp. tlin wife is still liviii;,'. anil fliey arc fort iiniite in not liii\ inj^ Inui a sini^lc ileatli in their I'aniily, iih yet. I'.lij.'ili attemlcil the cdniinnii scIkhiIs of hi^ eoiinly until cii^'htri'ii years of aire, when he Ipcgaii life for hiuiself. lie served an a|)]iren- ticeship in watchinakiiii.j and ei\ il-cn^ineerinj,'. and al.so learned to work in wood, bo he is for- tunate enouj;li to iiavo several trades at hi8 finger tips. lie can make anything' from a watch to a waj^on or plow, as he n\>n worked at the hlacksniith and wheelwright trade. In l^Sl he came to Oi'Ci^'on, and settled in the Willow valley, where he remained tliiec ytiars, workiiio; at his traile. lie theii removed to Milton, where he met with an accident, and was hurt, and lost all his projierty. lie then moved to Weston and commenced anew, and is now rnnnino; a wagon-shop and jewelry husiness. He lia> been ohiifred to make two starts in life, hut now has a very coinfoitahle home, where he and his family reside. As ho is a gtand the strain. Ho was married to Miss Arniilda Norris, a native of Indiana, who ca?ne to Oregon with her jiareiits in 1H82. Her father, H. Norris, was drowned in Snake river, on the journey ; her mother is still living. Mr. and Mi's. Fentoii have three children, namely: l''.lnier, Clintie and Harmon. Mr. I'Vnton is a memherof the K. of J', of Weston, and is a highly respected citizen. lOUTHKKX OKIiiiON LUMI'.EU and MANrFA(;TURIN(i COMPANY, of (irant's Pass. Oregon, dealers iti sugar anil yellow pine Inniher, 8a^h. doors, shingles, lath, moldings, mill work, in all its branches, and fruit bo.xes, was established and incorpor- ated in the spring of IS'JI. They are the suc- cessors to W. (i. (iilhert & Co. The follow- ing gentlemen arc the otiicers of the company: Alexander llnrgess, president; »W. H. (lil- bert, vice-nresideiit and ifcueial inanae-er; .1. A. iJlair, secretary and treasurer. The factory is operated by steam |)ower. and einyloys fifteen skilled workmen and laborers, and does an exten- sive biisiness as far south as Fresno, California, where they do a large trade in lliu line ol rniit lio\e>. The conipatiy also owns mill iiroperty a finv miles Miiith of < irant's I'ass, which lias ii capacity of from ir),(K)() to '.id.Odd feet of luiii ber daily. The company does a large local busille^s in general bull ling material. W. II. (iilbert, \ ice prci-ident of the linn is a native of Wyniiiing, and was born in the citv of Auburn, March :i:f, iMoCi. His parent.-., Moses and Martha (I'nlnam) (Iilbert, wer(! Imth born ill the Kinpire State, of which the former is now deceased. His alicestilrs were among the early settlers of Connecticut. The subject is the fifth born in a family of eight (diildreti. He was leaned to farm life, and received his education in the, town of his birth. Hewent to CJalil'ornia in 1ST7, locating at Teha- ma, where he engaged in the lloiir mill lMi>iness, subseijuently removing to \'irgiiiia City, Ne- vada, where he became a coinmission dealer in the hide and wool tratlici for about three yi^ars. He located at Ashland some six years ago, and his family still lives there. He owns live acres of fruit land adjoining the city of Ashland, where he raised jirumvand pears. He was married in .Vshlaud .Vjiril 15, 188(5, to Cora Kggleston, a native of New York. They have two children: Lewis K. and Willie H. Mr. and Mrs. (Gilbert are worthy pi'ojile, and are highly respected by all who know them. -*t< •m'<®^^>^ tS. ri']RKINS. proprietor of the I'erkins House, of Portland, an (estimable man "* and inlliiential citizen of the melro|)oliB, is a native of Hristol, Kngland, wluu'o lie was horn I'ebruary 4, ls:iO. His father was one of the prominent wlnilesale butchers and cattle dealers of l!ristol,an honest and deserving man, highly resjiected by all who knew him. li. S. Perkins was educated at the boys' school, near liristol, after which lie entered his father's es- tablishment, studying there the process of butchering, in which he afterward became very skillfiil. In 1851 he emigrated to tlm United States, first locating in Cleveland, Ohio, where he was employed by the large establishment of Stedman brothers. In the fall he went to Toledo, where he was em])loyed through the packing season by Howard i\; \Valker. Passing the winter at Worcester, Ohio, he started in .\pril. I'iij'.i, across the plains fur ()iegon. driv- 'i'i. It^' K'^ ■.% 'V^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7 // y. .^^!^^ *' ^.v ^ m v.. 1.0 I.I IM 12.5 |50 lib ■|^ 1^ lio IIIII2.0 1.25 i 1.4 6" 12.2 1.6 V <^ /i Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 o^ 1, 1060 lirsTOIiY Oh' nitEdOS. iiif^ four yoke ol oxen lor Uolicrt I'criT lor liis board mid traiiBiiorliitidii lor the journey. They aceoniplislied tliis long joni'ney without unusual incident or hiird.-hi|i, and arrived at tlu' Dalles in the Moveuilicr iuinicdiutely tollowini^. I'ro- eeeding thence to the Cascades, haviujf only SKi, he was there employed iiy one Hush, who kept a boardiuif house. Late in November he arrived in I'ortlanil, where lie worked for a few weeks for Albrj>j;bt i\: White, butchers, wlieu he and .\. 11. .Iiihnson fornieil a partnership under the firm name of .Johnson it Perkins, and con- ducted the iMMpire Market for about ten years. In lst)2 the tirm dissolved, Mr. I'erkins ciiiiaif- iiiii- in the droving business, |)Urchasinir cattle throughout the Willamette valley, and driving them to the mines in Idaho. IJc continueil in this business for about two years, when ho went to Montana, and was there also engaf^ed in Iniy- inifand scllinir. lie then returneil to Portland, fdllowinji; a similar occupaMon tliere. In ISOSt, with 4-,40() sheep, he started for Califoi'iiia, but Belling them on the road, he then went to Texas, where he picked up a herd of 4,(H)() cattli', with which he started across the plains for Oregon. He passed the winter of 1870-'~l in Idaho, where he sold part of the herd, and in the si)rinii- of IsTl drove the balante to (>rc<;du. where he subsequently sold the rest to .lohnson & IS|iauk'ing, the cnter|)rise proviuj^ very suc- cesslul. lie then followed farniinit iu Wash- ingtoii county until 1S72, when he bought a herd of K)0 cattle, and drove them to I'nnitilla county, eastern < >regon, where he purchased 'jiglity acres on Putter creek fn- a corral; he then turned his cattle loo.'^e, and engaged in the stock business. Increasing his herd to 5,000, with about oOO horses, he continuefl in tiie busi- ness until lfS8(), when he sold out p.nd returned to Portland. He then rented the Ilolton House, which he conducted for five years. In IS'.tO he built the i'erkins House, on tlie eorni.'r of Fifth and A'^ashington streets, lt)0 x 100 feet, six stories high, wliich was oi)ened Februi.ry 4, 1891. It is .)ne of tlifc most imposing b'.iildings and one of the best hotels in the ' ity, proviiled with all modern impro.'emen'.ti and handsomely fur- nished. It is lieadquartei's fov the stocknu'ii of the Northwest. Mr. Perkins was inari'ied in Polk county, in 1857. to Miss plizabeth Fast, a daughter of Jolm Kast, who came with his family across the plains in 1843. They have had eleven chil- dren, ten surviving, five sons ami Hve daughters. Ho owns nnudi valuable iinjiroved property in Portland, besides a (pnintity of that which ia unimproved, but in a desirable location, ell has besides this 800 acres iu Washington county, this State, and eighty acres in Columbia county, having, probably, more land than any other one man in the State. He is a prominent member of the F. & A. M., of the Ancient OhKm' of Druids, and is president of the Cattle Men's Pioneer Associa- tion. ^ .« * ^i iISS MATTIK L IIANSEK, A. M., ilean of the Woman's College, aiii.l Pro- fessor of Ancient Languages in Wil- lamette I'niversity. is a native of Sullivan county, New York. Her father, Jesse C. Ilan- see, now a resident of lilstor county, .New York, is of Knglisli descent. Her mother is a member of the (iillette family, of Connecticut, who were among the early settlers of New England, and connected with Sir I'rancis Drake. Dean Ilansee received hor education in New York, and at the State Univei'sity of Indiana. Thiough Dr. D. S, Jordan, now president of Stanfoi'd Pniversity, she was called ti the Uni- versity of Washington, located at Seattle, where she tilled the chair of Ancient Languages. She remained there three years. In 1888 she was elected to the position in Willamette University, which she now occuj)ies. — '^^m^'^^^ — fllARLES IIEILPOPN, a popular citizen of Astoria, ( )regon. and the founder and senior member of the firm of Charles Heilborn & Son, the leadi.ig furniture estab- lishment of the city, was born in Umster, I'ms- sia. in 1825. His father was a cabinet-maker and furniture manufacturer, niuler whose direc- tion and able tutelage the subject of this sketch learned the business. Seeking broader oppor- tunities and a larger field of labor, young Ileil- born. in 184!^, emigrated to the United States, that Mecca of discontented and asjiiring spirits. Arriving in this country, ho first went to Ciucinmiti, Ohio, a manufacturing center, where ho found oinployment at his trade with Smith iV Ilawley, a jirominent firm of that place, with illsruRY OF OUKnoN. ludl wlioin lie ruinuiiitid until 1864. He then went to Mankato, Jiluc Eartli county, Miniii'bota, where he establiijlu'd iiinisclf in tlic niann- fai'turinrj biiBiness in u t-nnill way. livin>r mid transai'tini; l)n8inuss in a little loj^ cuijiii. With the lapse of time and the extiMisiun of iiis Im^i- ness, his facilities were increased, until his fuctory ^ave 8teal>s has gone through life prosperously, followed by the kindest wishes of all who knew him. ^••^ 15 U A ir A M II AC K L E MAX, a pro- minent pioneer and influential citizen, of Linn Cdunty, was born in Itiish county, Indiana, in 182!t. His parents, Abner and Klizabeth (Lyons) llackleman, were natives of North Carolina, and emigrated, with a number (if the llackleman family, to Uusli county, Indi- ana, being the pioneer settlei's of that county, subseijuently removing to Iowa. His father was employed in agricultural puiniits and also in tile practice of medicine, which profession he followed (piite extensively. In IS-to he was seized, like so many others, with the desire to emigrate to Oregon, and he was induced to act as captain of a train of forty wagons, in their western journeying, regarding which and their destination, very little was then known. Ac- complishing the trip successfully, Mr. llackle- man j)roceeiled up the Willamette valley, and loeatemember of the A.O. V. W.. of Weston, ami is also a member of the Odd Fellows, and is \'. G. of that order in Weston. Politically, he was a Democrat for a long time, but has lately allied hiin.self with the People's jiartv. believing that the best for the country. He is an active, energetic young man, who has made his own way in the world, and deserves the prosperity whicli has crowned his efforts. fOSEI"' GALIHtEATH, a prosp-rous farm- er of \, ashington county, < )regon, was born in Iowa October '.», ISo'i. His father, Samuel (ialbreath, was born in Pennsylvania in 1S30, and served as a soldier in the Mexican war. He married Miss Mary Spencer, a native of loWa. Two children were born to them in their Fastern home, (leorge and Josejih, and with his wife and two little sons, iti 1852, crossed the plains to Oregon. They had a safe journeyand they located in the Tualitan valley, on r>-K) acres of land, on which he began ])ioneer life in a little log house. Here he labored and made a good farm, and was an industrious and upright njan. a worthy member of the Method- ■'::a\1 ludl utsTony ov oiihvox. ist (-liui'cli, itiid wiiK II mail ulio (■oiiimHiulcil tlio rospuct iiinl esteem (pf all witli whom he had ever iiuiiie in cmitact. He and liis wife are both deceased. .loseph (iallireath, the snbjeet of tile present i^lu'tch, was leaivd on tiie new farm until iiin tentli year, and then beiran life's t^tniifirli' on his own account. As a boy he herded cattle, and as lie grew up lie enirajred in other farm work. Later he went to the mines at Orophaiia and made good wages. In the full of ISTG he was able to purchase thirty-six acres of land, ami in 1877 he married Miss Louisa Cuminiiif^s, who had been in Portland in 1^552. She was the daughter of Krwiii Ciimmiiii;s, a pioneer of ( >regon. She and her young husliand liveii on the little fan:; for one year, and then rented her father's farm, until later he purchased 170 acres of it, and she inherited ninety-live acres. Since that time our subject has conducted the whole farm very successfully, and in IH'M erected a tine and comfortable residence upon it, and there the family now resides. With them lives Mrs. Cummings, a dear and honored old lady, now in her seventy-sixth year, one of the iiinch-esteemed and lirave |)ioneer women of Oregon. ^[r. and N[rs. (ialbreath have^a family of seven children, as follows: Arthur, Clara. Kva. Klla, .lane, Doiin and .Jolin. Mr. Galbreath is a Republican, and a success- ful and enterprising man, and has held the po- sition of Constable for four years, and that of School Director for si.\ years. lie was only eleven years of age when he went to the mines, and remained there seven years and gave his family all he made, amounting to about $1,G()0, and this was previous to his becoming of age. He never neglected or forgot his duty to liis parents, and such has been his life in the county where he has been reared, that he deserves and receives the esteem of all; II is family are everywhere held in tlu greatest respect. II. GOLTllA, one of the wealthy ami influential citizens of Albany, is |« an Oregon pioneer of ISoii, and has done his |iart toward helping to develop the re- sources of this section of tlie country. As one of its prominent citizens, it is eminently fitting that some personal mention of him should be made in the history of his county. W. II. (Joiira was born in Middlesex county, .New Jersey, in lSi!4, son of Oliver and .Maria (Harris) (ioltra. natives of the sanio locality, liis ancestors were among the early settlers of that State. Iteared on the farm and educateil in the pojiiilar schools of that day, he remained in his native State until 1852, when he went to Illinois. There he soon afterward contracted the Call'' nia fever, and in the spring of ls53 started overland for the Pacific coast. With one team and four yoke of oxen, he joined a train hat was composed of six wagons and about hi'teen people. The grass giving out on the California trail, they turned their course to- ward Oregon in order to get feed for their stock. Tlieir journey was without unusual in- cident until they reached the Cascade mount- ains, their only loss of stock being from drink- ing the alkpli w^aters. The Indians gave them no troubli' whatever. In the Cascade mount- ains they met a heavy snowstorm as they crossed tlie summit, and with the delayed travel and short supplii'S, the situation became serious. At this juncture they were relieved by a travel- ing trader, who sold them Hour at ^:J0 per sack of fifty pounds. Continuing their journey, tiiey arrived at Oregon City, uii the 12tli of October, 185ii. There Mr. Goltra passed the winter, engaged in work at the carpenters' trade, as he arrived without a dollar in his pocket, and with his one suit of clothes badly worn. In the spring of 185-1 he rode up the valley on horse- back, looking the country over for a suitable location. Arriving in Linn county, he selected a site which he predicte (if tlic Alliaiiy Street liuilmad in 1890, wliicli laid the track from First and Wa.-liinffton strcL'ts to the Soiitliern I'acific depot. They expect soon to extend the track three miles, running throngh Goltra I'ark .\ddition, and to exclianju;e horse- power for Ktcain. Mr. (idltrii was also an in- corporator of the l^inn ('oniity National Hank, and is vice-president of the institution, lie is B stockholder in the Alliany Mining iV Milling Company, and in the AUmny Electric Light Company. He and his wife are the parents of three chil- dren, viz.; .Vddie. wife of I). W. Rumhangh. of Alhany; Laura, wife of ,1. 1'.. Starr, of Olympia, Washington; and John ()., secretary of Port- land Savings Hank & Trust Company. Mr. Goltra is just completing a handsome and .-spacious residence on the corner of Fourth and Montgomery streets, lie started out in life with the idea that "The Almighty helps those who help themselves," and upon that proposition he has performed his duty, and been prosperous in his undertakings. * '• 3 '- ^ ■{■ ^> <- : <- ff-:<)U(iE AV. GRAVES is one of three lu'others who reside side by side on three good farms, located just soutii of Sheridan on the Vam Hill river. These brothers are all prosperous farmers and honorable Oregon pio- neers of 1847, their father, the Hon. James B. (rraves, having crossed tlie plains with his fam- ily tliat year. (See the biography of Thomas }s. (-traves in this work.) (leorge W. (rraves was the si.xth of the family. He was hoin in Warren county, Missouri, De- cember ^3, 18i(;!, and remained in his native State until he was fourteen. Of the long and tj'dious journey made across the plains at that time he has a vivid recollection. After remain- ing awhile with the brother and brother-in-law who had eome to( )regon theyear previous, the father selected a donation claim, and the family settled on it about Christmas time, lS-1-7. The following March they buried the kind and lov- ing mother. She was adevoted Christian woman, and a member of the Baptist Church. Her untimely death, just ta they were stirting their new home in this western country, was a sad blow to tliem a]l. The subject of our sketcdi remained on tlie farm with his father until he was old enoiigii to take u|i land for himself, .lames, who was next to the oldest brother, had taken a donation claim, and (ieorge W. purchased •,'",'5 acres, located six miles southeast of Sheridan. .Mr. (iraves was married aiioiit this time, settled on his ian B. Graves was a native of the Ohl Dominion. He came to Ore- gon a3 early an 1848, and was a ])romineiit liic- tor in public affairs here, serving several terms as a member of the Territorial Legislature of Oregon. He died in the seventy-eighth year of his age. Mr. Graves' father, Charles B. (iraves, lOIIII llISToUr oh' UUKOOX. \vu» tiorn in Kentucky in l^'2i. ami in 184() I'ainu ti) Oi'i'iron unil Kuttk'il 3, wliiMi he went to ("alifornia, rctnrninj^ after an rtlisence of ai)oiit a year. He tlicn |)ureliascd a tract of land two miles and a half northeast of McCoy, where he re.-ided and to which heailded until he liecatne the ownei' of 1,()(H» acres. He was a meniher of the Christian Clinrch, was in polities a liepublican, and his lite wjis character- ized by honesty and industry. He died .lannary '2ii, IW'2, in the sixty-ninth year of his ai;e. His widow and eie;lit ehihlren >urvive. Tiie names of the children are as follows: Kmma S.. wife of I'aul Kiiiton: Thomas .1.. Glenn <).. .lames I,.: Mary I''., wife of l'\ !•'. Post; .Nellie, wife of Felix Kertsoii; and Nt^ttie and Daisy. Thomas .J. (iiaves was reared on the farm on which he was horn. He is a i^radnate of the Mun- mouth Colle^re. class of 1S74. October 20, 187s, lie married Miss Martha V,. Shelton, a native of Vam Hill county. ( I retro n, who died January <), 1881, leavinir a little son, Herbert ( Juilford. May 31, 1885, Mr. (i raves wedded Mrs. Mary E. Wilcox, widow of .lolin E. Wilcox. She had two children by her first nntrriage: IJelle and Martha, ^[r. and .\[rs. ( i raves have three chil- dren: Edith, Cecil and Glenn. Mr. Graves is a Royal .\rch Mason, and a member of the (irand Lodregon, three dauirhters were liorn in the family: Uebecca, Mary, Elizabeth ami the subject of this sketch. T'he dauirliters have since dieil, and •loSDph, one of the (diildren who crossed the plains, is also dead. Mr. Hall's mother survived her husband only four years. The orphan then livecl with his nnclo five years, when he was lifteeii years of ajje, and thencefor- ward he cared for himself, workinj^ and attend- iiiir school until he was twenty. He then fol- lowed farminir for three years, imd Octlive Powell, a native of Orcfron, and a daughter of Jackson Powell, a worthy ])ioneer, who came to ( Iregon in lS47. In 1878 he came ; East Portland, investing in property which has since greatly enhanced in value. As an illustration of the growth of the place and the increase of value, he says: "Two of the lots which 1 bought for SOOO l' have re- cently sold for S2,000."' After arri\ ing in Portland he was in the feed and livery business two years, and then associ- ated himself with J. M. Stott and purchased the pioneer hardware business of East Portland, from Kirk .Sheldon. They conducted the busi- ness successfully until 1883, during which time Mr. Hall studied law. After selling out his hardware business he commenced the regidar study of law in the office of Judge Stott, Waldo i^: Smith. In October, 1888, he was admitted to the bar, and has since then continued in the |)ractice of his chosen profession. Office, on the east side. He has held the office of Deputy District Attorney several years. In 1890 he was elected a member of the State Legislature, and he is now (18'.t2) the member for ^^ultonlall county. During the last session he was a mem- ber of the Jmliciary ('oinmittee, and he has the honor of introducing in the House the bill for the .Vustralian ballot system, to which he gave his best efforts until it paseed. In politics Mr. Hall is a stanch Republican, and has given hi.s party efficient aiil in the campaigns; he is a member of the County Central Committee Mr. liftll is a stgckholder in the Citisens' Bank nrsToUY (IF liliKdON. UMV Soiiiu ycarr* iigo tlio citi/.eiis on the I'ust side felt tlii'iriHeKes oj)|irftiee(l l)y u grinding iiiKiiop- olj, and an untcrprist" wiin started to rt'iiU'uy till) L'\ il liy linildinga water hystein of tiieir own, nii'ftinij; wilii strong ojiposllion. Mr. Hall l)n- wmic i'nli>tu(i in the eaMHc, anil actcil as : ttorncy. The issni) was taken to tlic Supreme Court, ami the complaining citizens succeeded in the case; and now they Hre Bnp])lied with an ahuiidancu of pure water at cost; and also, \>y the same cnter|)rige, the city is lighted hy electricity. Thus, throughont Kast Portland, property is greatly onhnncecl in value, owing in a high . O. I'". III! is an illustrious "native son," a capable and honest lawyer and a useful and upright citi/en. His career has, indeed, hecn a reinarkahle one as, step by step, he has arisen, by his own honest efforts, from the orphan farmer boy to the attluent citi/.en and the Legis- lature (if his State, the growth of which has been Bimultaneous with his own. — -^m^^m^ SOX. r. W. HALKV, of I'olk county, is f?li an Oregon pioneer of 1850, and a native of thiv State of Illinois, born Oecember 2n, 1847. He is of Scotch- Irish ancestry, his grandfather, Henrv Haley, emigrated to Amer- ica and settled in Kentucky, wjiere Petrarch II. Haley, the father of our subject, was born, in 180"i, and married some years later. Here live of his children were born, and his tirst wife died, and ho then removed to Illinois, where ho married Jane McWater, a widow with five chil- dren. Our subject was the only child of this marriage. The father of our subject came to Oregon in IS."):?, with his wife and three children, two of the Others having preceded him to the West and one was left behind, who iftorward followed them. He located on a donation claim, to which ho bought the right, situated near Monmouth. Here he resided for twenty- live years, and then retired to Monmouth, where he resided eight years and then died, in 1884. He was a (piiet, industrious man; an Kkler in the Chn«ti»ij Church. He liaJ his own opinions on all public (|uestions. and while he was a lle- pnblican during the war. at its close voted the indcpendiMit ticket, and coMtinned to do so until his death. His faithful wife 8ur\ ived him six years before she, too. died. < )ur subject was educated at Alonmouth and graduated in lS(i7, then atteudel Ilespanan (College, at Woodville, California, and also graduated ut n business college .Inly 1, ISti'.t. he Jthen retired to ( )regon, and in the fall of 1809 was uuirried to Miss Alices I'arkcr, a native of Missouri, born hebruary, 1853. II! 1870 he purcliased ninety acres of land, his present home, live miles south of Monmouth. Ilei-e he iitul his young wife began their mar- ried life, Mr. Haley teaching 8chor)l. He has succeeded in life and purchased K50 acres of land adjoining, also has ;i70 acres in I. inn county, and is now the owner, in all, of Old acres of improved land, on wliich he ie raising grain and stock; raising good Clydesdale horse-. In politics he is a !)cmocrat, and has taken a lively interest in the pjlitics of the county. He was nominated and elected by his party a mem- ber of the State Legislature, in 1887, and was an earnest and ca|)able worker in the interest of his party. Ho is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the A, O. U. W. Both he and his wife arc members of the I5aptist Church. They are tho parents of 'ight children, namely: Orion E., IvaL., David W.. Nellie .M., Kn'la J., Minerva .\., Uuby I., and Percy. Mr. and Mrs. Haley are highly esteemed by all who are acfjuainteil with them. Mr, Haley is noted for his tine business ability and strict integrity. ?ACon F. FKUCilEX, partner in the Hrm of Arndt & Ferehen, pniprietors of the Pioneer MachineShop8,of Astoria, was born near Hamburg in 1847, His father. Jacob M. Ferclion,\va8 an extensive manufacturer of plows, harrows and light and heavy wagons, and in his factory his son, Jacob, began to learn his trailo at the age of ten years, beginning with the blacksmithing department and siibseiiuently taking up boiler-making, lock and gunsmithing and general machine work, passing eight years in the several departments. \t the age of twenty v»'ar« ho started out in life, lirst visiting Quebec and Montreal. He then entered tho I'niteJ States, and accepted hi9 (irsl engagement ,. 11 fl ;i;.' 1':'^! !:i m u M lOtW //l.sTiiUy Dlf tUlKUdS. n\ ( 'lii(!Hi;o in the Sclmftlcr Wii^'nn Mamifactdry, liut lifter :i fuw iiioiitli- In; wiiiit to An Salilc, Micliij.faii, t'lij^iiniiifj iifi 8ii|ifriiit('nc|fiit of tlic iimcliinc mdiI lilack^initli simps nf a liirjie IiiiiiIht cuiiipaiiy, oiiiplovin^' fnnii tirici'ii tn twi'iitvliv e lianils. Mr. Kurclii'ii was inarrii'il at An Sal)li, and in the fall of the same year he formeil a partnership with .lacoh Arndt. and started the I'ioneer Ma- chine Shop of Astoria. They eiii^ai^ed in general hlacksmitliin^ and cannery work. After ahont three years Mr. Arnilt retired from the tirn), first selling his interest to his lirother, Saninel, who is still in the hnsiness. Their shop is lo- cated at the foot of l,a Fayette street, and is fully eipiipped with planers and lathes for {.leneral ma ~j^.\'^ est Grove, Oregon, and an eminent mathematician and scholar, is a native of Bar- ton, Vermont, where he was horn October 11, 18.")4. Ilis father, Kev. Clark E. Ferrin. 1). I)., was born in Londonderry, New Ilainpshirc, July 20, 1818. Five generations of the family have been born and reared in the Eastern States, and three of Prof. Ferrin's uncles served in the civil war. liis father married Miss Sophronia Boynton, a nati veof Derby, Vermont, and daugh- ter of John Boynton, of that State. They had livo children, of whom our ttiibjecl was tlie third. Our Riibject's father was for twenty one year* a ilevoted and acceptable pastor of the ('ongrega- tional Cliurch at lleardsburg, \%'rmont. Ho died in 1881, aged sixty. three years, much la- mented by all who knew him. His wife and faithful jiiirtner for so long, survived hlni but a cou|>le of years. Prof. Ferrin was educated at Heardslmrg, in the academy and nuiversity, graduating at the latter in 1873 with the degree of Hachelor of Arts. Afti'r reading law foi' a c()U|do of years, he decided to adopt for Ids life-work the voca- tion of teacher, belie\ing he could in that ca[)aci- i ty be of the most benefit to his race. When a boy mathomatics seemed peculiarly his forte, hi- taste running ill that direction; accordingly, he soon berame a very proficient mathematician. Ill' is |) irticiilarly endowed with the ability to impart his knowledge and to insjiire in others a love for his favorite study, both uf which facul- ties render him an eminent success in his pro- fession, lie canio to Forest (irovo as the jirin- cipal of the acadeitiy, in 1877, and afti'r serving for four years in that capacity was elected to the professorship of mathematics, in 1881, which position ho has since tilled most acceptably. He was married in 1885 to Miss Martha M. Haskell, a native of I'loomfield, Ohio, a daugh- ter of George II. Haskell, a substantial fanner of the Western lieserve, < )hio. They have three children, all of whom were born in For- est Grove: Livia E., Ilaskoll E. and Ilolman B. The Professcu- has purchased property in an attractive location in the beautiful city of Forest Grove, and is about to build on it a liandsoine residence. He is an efficient member of the Congrega- tional Church, tilling the office of Clerk of tliat society, lie is a liberal-minded and progressivo citizen of the commonwealth, devotedly attached to its interests and the prosperity and welfare of his favorite city. His blameless life renders liim an object of afTectiouate regard to all who know him. MOTHY ({OODRICII, a reputable and prosperous farmer, of North Yam Hill. >> Oregon, was born in Alliens county, Ohio, March 1(1, 1837. Ilis ancestors came to Amer- ica from England, being passengens on the May. niHroUY OF OtiKllOS. I (MO II) rtdwcr on lifi- ftcoonj voyn^'i" to tliit< country. TIk'V HL'ttli'd ill MiiBfiiicliUKcttf iiiul Connecticut. 1111(1 in tlio intt(tr Stiitc Imk fntlicr Hnliio,anil tliiTC inari-icii .NlisK Tiypiiosa Ilewctt, n native of Atiieiis CI 'iiity, Ohio, anil adauj^liter of Kiiliraim Ilewctt, wlio was liorn in (loniiccticiit. Tiiey rcareil a fainiiy of i-evon chiliircn, only three cif whom are now living, the siiliject of our eketcli and his two ^rcgon, tliey first settled on a tract of timber land in Marion county, located eight miles north >if Salem. He improved his property, and as soon as he was aide purchased other land, atone time having acipiired 4(H) acres. This he sold in 1S80. in 187".t he came to Vam Hill county and piirciiased 222 acres of laud, where he now resides, half a niilt- north of North Yam Hill. IJe has since added 17t( acres to it, making in all 395 acres, one of the choicest farms in this favored portion of Oregon. Of the three children Mr. and Mrs. Goodrich brought with them across the plains, we record tliat two die(l young; tlio other, (-loorge ("., re- sides on a farm near his parents. Since coining to this State other children have been added to their homo cinde. whose iianies are as follows: Mary E.. wife of ^[onroe Tallinan, Dayton, Yam Hill county; Minnie M., a .-uccessful teacher, residing with her parents; and Kalph H., Aforris Luke and Hay T., also at home. Airs. Goodrich is a member of the Christian Church. i'olitically, Mr. (roodricli atHliates with the Democratic party. In 1884 ho was elected one of the two County Commissioners of his county, a position rwjuiring both ability and integrity, and the duties of which he performed n-ith credit to himself and to the satisfaction of all conceriie rcgardcil as a conservative ma.i, lio is, nevertheless, ready to aid any enterprise that he thinks will licdp the farmers, and aid in the impnivemcnt an |)assed in New ^'ork. but in the spring of the tollowing year he made his way to NVisconsin, from there to Louisiana, ami in IHt'iO he went to Califcmia, where he engaged in mining, at which he worked for three years. His next removnl was made to Idaho, where he riMuained but a short time, then returned to Oregon, went to ('ai'ion City and there remained for four years, engaged in min- ing. At these mines he was so successful that he was enabled to make a good start in life, so ill 1808 he came to Union county, settled in Indian valley, bought land and engaged in raising stock. Mr. Ilallgarth then settled near Klgin. rnion county, where be purchased land and improved it until his farm is one (if the finest ill the entire county. On this land he built himself a fine residence, at a cost of ^2,000, ai.d ill addition he has two largo barns and other sub«tai)tial oiitbiiildingB, iiecssary for the carrying on of a first-class farm. He has engaged in the sheep business, and in it, as in every other enter])ri.so Mr. Ilallgarth under- takes, be has been successful. He now owns 1,200 acres of good land in Niles township, 500 acres of which is cultivated and farmed by our subject. Mr. Ilallgarth was married to Miss Jane Long in ls74. This lady i^* a native of Indi- ana, but her parents were both natives of Penn- sylvania, of Pennsvlvauia-Dutcli ancestry. The parents of Mrs. ifallgarth came to Oregon in 1804, where her father is still engaged in farm- ing. Mr. and Mrs. Ilallgarth have bad ten chil- dren, namely: VVilliani, accidentally killed when he was ten years old, by a stray shot; John, George, Nellie, Joseph, Jessie, Carl, Jacob, Samuel, James and Frank. Mr. Ilallgarth is one in a family pf ten and erne of liia l)rother.s ia IT tOTll UlsronY OF UltKQON. li I I a piirtiu'i- ill all of li!« liiiHiiivMrt ciitorpritioe. Tlicir hliftip M'litii'T i> iiliinit tin) ino»t miccj'kh- fill, ii!- they tiDW Imiiilli! iilioiit H,()(t() ^lll•t'|l, ail iif tli(! Mi'riiKi >lipcl<. I'.y tiii'ir strict altciitidii In liiioiiU'HH Ml'. iliill;;artli iiiul IiIh hrntliiT liavu Bcciiiniiliittil i|iiitt' 11 rm'tiino. Our guhjeet ia u nu'iiilifr I'i" Kl^'iii FiOiljie, No. !*S, A. !•'. A- A. M. lio rcccivi'd Ills niiiiiiiiiitiiiii liy tlie Ilepiililicaii jmrty fur a cimiity oHicc April, I8!»'i. ami will iiial<(< a goiMJ riici', at- lie i^ very popular tliroiijflioiit till! county, esp'ci:iily at li'ime, an lie has never liiid any tidiilTc '.vitli his neighbors or i'iigiij{U(l ill a lawbiiit n iiin life. II A. '^' SON was iiiiinliered Riiionj^ '/he Oregon pioneers of l^o3. From neeos- ^* sity, anil not from choice, ho was wreck- ed at the mniitli of the ('dliimhia, hut the land of his forced habitation has |.riven him a successful career, and he docs not reirret that decree of fate, or overriilinir providence, that throw him, homeless anea before the mast, and after five years of study and training graduated from the naval college at Tanning, and was then engaged in the Sclileswig war until iS.jO, when as tirst-iiiate he shipjHid upon a I)anish government sloop running between (!openliagen and Russia, and then, as second-mate, from Demiiark and Liver- pool, and Hoston, Massachusetts, where he ar- rived in the spring of 18.")!. He then shipp'd before the mast on the barque, George Law, to San Fraiiciscd. arriving in November. 1852; then as second-mate of the sailing \essel ^[aratllOIl. they sailed north, and for twenty-one days lay in the month of the Columbia river, trying to get across the bar; at last sailing in, tiiey an- chored inside of Clackaeop Spit, but during the night, with a heavy wind blowing and a change of tide, the vessel drifted then taken to I'nrtland, .laiiiiarv 12, 1*^5;J. The following iiicirning he began work upon a tiat-boat, and was there engaged until he hail acciiniiihitod I^IUO. then \.-eiit to tlit- mines in >oiitliein Orei;on, but beiiiir driven out by the liogiie river Indians, he retiirneil to Milwaukee in the fall id' 185il. and was em- ])loyed in the pioneer iiurf-ery of Llewellyn A: Meek. Having accumulated about !J(2,nO(t in 1858, Mr. Hanson purchased fifty acres of land in Kast Portland, for %\^\ an acre, and still occupies the same. The lind was covered .. .th a heavy timber, but being an ambitions man, Mr. Hanson labored to clear his land and soon began planting a small orchard, which he in- creased to twenty acres in a short time, which for years proveil a source of great profit, the fruit sidling readily in the markets of San Fran- cisco. Ill the spring of IxGS he started a nur- sery, and in the fall of 1873 engaged quite e.xteiisivelv in the seed business, imiiorting seeds from the kast and opening a store in town. He reduced his nursery to ornamental trees and shrubs, and continued the business until 1880, when he sold out the seed department, but continued his nursery, which is now condiicteil by his son. (!harles E. Mr. Hanson was married in 18r)tJ to Miss Nancy .\kin, at Milwaukee, a pioneer of 185'.2, and daughter of James Akiii. who crossed the plains from Iowa with his family, losing his wife upon the jilains. He only survived her a few weeks after arriving in Oregon, and his death left fatherless and motherhsss seven idiil- dren, the oldest i!ot eighteen. These poor children were left orphans and homeless in a strange and unsettled country. In marrying the daughter Mr. Hanson became a father to the little ones an dguided their destinies. Mr. and Mrs. Hanson have three children: Frederick W.; Ida E., wife ofj. CJ. Roberts, of Portland; and Charles E. Mr. Hansom is one of the oldest living mem- bers of Orient Lodge, No. 19, I. O. (). F., of East Portland. For thirty-six years he has been an active member of the Centenary Methodist Episcopal Church, and for fifteen years was Su|)erintendeiit of the Sunday-school. He is still a member of the adult class. He was on the building committee which erected the first church in l^fi7i w-hich has since been siip- ■'* HISTORY OA' OUKdON. 1071 mem- F., of been lodist was le is is im tii-sl Bllp- iilniitod by a tine 8toiu< striictiii'c. Wk is a Ui'|iublican lit pulitius, unut is a member of tiic City Council, lie tiikert an active ii, >••••■••■» in public Bcbool mat- ters, ami for nine yt;i -served on tlie iSoard of Directors. He tieli. \ s in tlie luw of com- pulsory I'dm'ution, fe-li'ig tlmt tbo scliool sys- tem etluctuiilly "iiied out is tlio primary foundation of ' "est govern men t. K. lI.MilflNfJToN, a well-known r.:.' favoiiilily regarded buBincss man of 9 I'Mrtlaiid, ()reij;on. is a nativi; if Xow- foumlland, wlicrc be was born on Xoveinbor ;J:.i, 1828. His father, .lereniiali Harrington, a na- tive of Ireland, emigrated wlieii (juite young, locating in St. Johns, .Newfoundland. Here be married Margaret Collins, a native of St. Johns, Newfoundland. They had teti children, of whom only two survive. They removed to the TnitcMl States in ISiio, locating in Boston, iSIassacbusetts, where the mother died, bis father continuing to reside there until his death in his Beventysccond year. AVben fifteen years of age our subject went to Dover, New Hampshire, wheri^ he lived for five years, learning the bricklayers' trade, at which lie worke, con- tinning there a year, when he started a grocery, on I'irst street; then began ship- ping Oregon fruit to San Francisco, annclusivcly the cor- rectness of bis judgment. He has erectetl a number of buildings, which he has sold as op- portunity olf(!red, and all at a good good jince, still retaining a number of residences and biMi- ness blocks. In 1857, on coming to Portland, he purcbaseil of (Japtaiii l'"!aiider> a Mock for $1,000, which at that time was located in the woods. This be cleared and built on it, which he still retains, at a valuiifiou of $105,000. Heat- tributes his succe>-< to his real-estate invest uudits, having accumulated a fortune of !i<;{00,000. He has Imilta large and hanilsome brick block in Hast Portland, on Fourth street; the Harring- ton block being a credit alik to him and to the city. lie has attiliated with the Democratic party all his life, and have several times been honored with ofHce by his constituents, serving for some time as a member of the City (!ouncil of Port- land. He is not, however, an ottiee-seeker or wire |)nller, but with more retired tastes has ceased to take active part in either politics or business, being employed in collecting rents and interest, anil looking after his large investments in projierty. He is still hale and heirty, ever cordial, kind-hearted and ap])roachable. He is absorbed in Portland and her interests, and in the welfare of the State at large, feeling, as ho says, that lie should shoidd "speak well of the ship that has carried him over." His many Worthy traits of character have endeared him to the community, his friends and his family alike. fAMES W. HARE, the obliging, efficient and popular Postmaster of Astoria, was born in Barnesville, Belmont county, Ohi.), September 8, lS5~, a son of Dr. William Hare. The latter died in Tyler county, West Virginia, 1072 BISTORT OP OREOON. m ill ISnS, liaving iiiovcil tliero from Oliio in 1863. Our subject was ediicatoil in tiie ])nl)lie scIiodIs of AVust Viririiiia, and later in tlie city ttry very broken, a great deal of snow, thousands of men, and no gold to be found out- side of the claims already taken. He reported adversely, and went to the Dalles and worked in the Mess house, where they were huilding the railroad. He was hired by L. F. Carter who has since been Surveyor-General of Idaho. After this Mr. Gay went to Oregon City and formed a partnership with William E. lirainard, and they were together a year and a half, then in the fall of 1864 came to Mount Tabor, and pur- chased 160 acres of land. In 18f)5 Mr. (ray was married to Minerva, daughter of N. JJ. Gillham, who in 1852 brought a large train of emigrants to Oregon. They have had six children: Emma C, died inlier twentieth year; Nellie ('., married Frank Wal- ton, and they reside in AVashington; Frank E., resides in California; Rufiis A. is at home; (trace O. and Clara C. are at school. Mr. Gay and h.is partner o,Hirated the proper- ty together, and set out 2,000 pear trees. They till n divided the place, Mr. Gay taking forty acres with the improvements for his share. They were a mile and a half from schools, and in 1874 Mr. (ray sold the property for !f5,000, in cash, and purchased forty acres on the west side, near the schoolliouse, o* Mr. ,] . S. Newell, for 84,200. Mrs. (iay's father gave her thirty acres adjoining it, and the farm is now consid- ered as being worth $70,000. Mr. Gay has ii n I STORY Of OliKGON. io:;t continued to invest in real estiite until ho now has 700 acres of land. He has built a nice home. The property where he built has been changed from a rough forest to a beautiful ini- proveil country, dotted over already with homes, showing that it has been settled by people of re- lined tastes, and, in many instances, wealth. The family are members of the Portland Taylor Street Methodist Church, and Mr. Gay takes an active interest in its welfare. Jle was the Superintendent of the Sunday-school. lie is a strong temperance man and Prohibitionist. In 1875 he was nominated on the Independent ticket for State Senator, and he stumped the county, coming within forty votes of election. Considering that he ran against great odds, the canves was very creditable. He has been Super- visor and has given great satisfaction. He is a man of character and ability and is worthy of the succesb he has attained. fOllN L. DOUGLASS, deceased, a promi- nent and prosperous Oregon pioneer of 1852, well known throughout Multnomah county as a man of upright character and genial disposition, and whose loss was lamented wher- ever he was known, was a native of Pennsyl- vania, having been born in Crawford county, April 30, 1837. His parents, John and Eliz- abeth (Le Fever) Douglass, were both natives of the Keystone State where the former was born June 15, 1794, and the latter April 25, 1801. They were married in the State of their birth, November 30, 1819, and had ten children, of whom John L. was tlie ninth in order of birth. About the year 1840 the father joined the gen- eral exodus, then commencing, toward the West, and with his family removed to Indiana, set- tling in Wells county. Here they resided eleven years, their son, John L., being reared on the home farm, and receivi-.ig his eddcation in the county schools. At the end of this time, in November, 1851, the family again turned their faces toward the W^est, this time making the long trip across the plains, thus traveling al- most across the entire continent, from ocean to ocean, and that at a time when traveling was exceedingly tedious and slow. In their journey across the plains they met with many hard- ships, which culminated in the sickness and death of the Injloved wife and mother, who died August 5, 1852, and was sorrowfully buried « fOHN KItKDKRICK GROVES.— Among the enterisiiig and prosperous hop-growers and business men of Polk county, Oregon, is to be found the gentleman whose name heads this tketch. Mr. Groves is a native of Indiana, born Sep- tember 25, 184(). His father, John Groves, was a native of the State of Maryland, born in 1826; removed to Indiana, where he married Miss Jane Sutton, who was born in that State. They had six children, of whom five were reared to maturity. In 1864 he came with his family across the plains to Oregon, starting from Adel, Dallas county, Iowa, May 5, and making the journey in company with a large train. They had good health, the Indians gave them no trouble, and their horses stood the trip well. When they arrived in Oregon they settled on rented lauds, two miles south of Dallas. There they farmed successfully two years, after which they purchased 320 acres in Marion county, and resided on it eight years. At the expiration of that time Mr. Groves sold out and removed to northern California, taking all his family, except John F. He jiurchased 500 acres of land ill \lodoc county, and there resided until the time of his death, in 1890. He was a member of the Christian Chui-ch, was in |)olitics a Democrat, and was an honest, indils- trions and respected citizen. His wife survives him, and is still living at the home in Modoo county. One of the sons, George, is in Idaho. The other children are in California. wk lUaTURV OF OltSUON. 1075 city The subject of tliii sketch was in his eigh- toenth year wlien he arrived in Oregon. Vonng as he was, he liad just married, in Iowa, Miss Ada Mericl, a native nf that State, and a daiicrli- ter of Benjamin Mericl. Ilis young wife ac- companied him to this State, and they began life as farmers on rented land. Hy steady, per- sistent industry he was prospered, and in 188-4. when the hop business began to be talked of in Oregon, be purchased twnnty-five acres of land, which is now in the incorporated limits of Dallas, and became oifc t)f the pioneers in tha hop culture industry. The following year, 1883, he purcliased 147 acres of land on the I.uckanuite; these lands he has since farmed. The hop vines he planted in 1884 are still bearing, his average crop being 2,500 pounds to the acre. He has received as high as 40 cents per pound for his product, and from that down to 7 cents. After coming to Dallas to reside, Mr. droves at once identified himself with the best interests of the city, and has since been interested in its growth anil development. He was one of the organizers of the Dallas Land & Improvement Company, of whicli he was elected a director. The company purchased large tracts of land aay View, AVashing- ton, and continued in that capacity until the fall of 1870, when he commenced building his pres- ent spacious cannery at Astoria, in partnership with Willian Wadhams and Wesley Jackson, of Portland. They commenced packing during the season of 1877, and put up 16,000 cases, which output has steadily increased, witii experience and increased facilities, until their annual pack lias 11)78 lit STORY OF OREGON. rciichcd iiliout 30,000 cnecs. Their cstiiblisli- iiient is conviMiieiitly iii'raiiued for (•(iiidiictirijjf this hirire Itiisiiiuss, and tho stiindsird of their iHU'k is hiirli in Knirlaiid and Aincrioa. Tiie tirin imiiie of J. O. llanthorn & t'o. is con- tinued, altiiouf;li the controlllTig' interest has centered with tlie siilijectof tiiis sketcli. Mr. llanthorn was married in Portland, in i874, to Miss Ida.I. ivelioifjT, a native of Oregon, dangliter of .1. !>. ive]loi;cr, a pioneer of 1852. They have had I'oiir children: Claude 15., Wesley 11., Ida Hazel, deceased, and Ida Faith. So- eiall.y. Ml-, llanthorn attiliates with the I. O. O. F., K. of P. and A. O. l'. \V. In Uusiness he is energetic, resolute and enterprising, and is iiiini- hered among the I'cpresentativc Imsiness men of Astoria. His name is a familiar one among the cannedifoods dealers throui>'h the United States and Furopo. He owns valuulile projierty in Portland. Oregon, also in Astoria and (Clatsop county. Oregon. In fact, he is what is termed one of Oregon's self-made men. UlAULES W. IIFLLENURAX I) emigra- ted to the State of Oregon in 1851*, and is now one of the most enterprising and prosperous Imsiness men of Salem. lie is a native of the State of ifaine, horn in Hangor. J )ecendier 13, 184."). His father, Charles Ileilen- brand, emigrated fi'om France to tlie United States in 1835, and was married in liangor, Maine, to Miss Martlia Foster, a native of that State, and the daughter of William Foster, of Argyle, Maine. Thei-e were born of this union ten children, oidy two of whom survive. Charles W. was given the advantage of the public schools, anil took a commercial course in the college at I'ortland, Oregon, lie was in the hotel business in that city with his father, but in 1869 he catTie to Salem and opened a restaurant, which he has managed successfully; he is also a manufacturer of confectionery, and sells large (piantities of fruits, cigars and tol)acco8. His promptness, liberality, and honorable moHiods soon secured a line trade, which he has held for twenty-four years. Charles llellenbrand, father of Charles \\ .. died in ls71 ; the mother still survives at the age of eighty -one years (1891). Mr. llellenbrand was united in marriage in 1871, to Miss Alvina Short, a mitiveof Oregon, and a daughter of li. V. Short; two children were born to them. Lottie J. and Charles V. He is a Worthy member of the I. O. O. F. and of the A. O. U. W. Politically, he supports the issues of the Uepnblipan party. He has r. lirst class establishment, which is well sustained by an ap- preciative puliiic. fli A N K I'. H F M P. H F E , a prominent farmer t)f North Yam Hill, and a native of Van) Hill county, was born at La Fay- ette, March 8, 1X51. " His father, Absalom Hembree. was a native of Tennes.see, where he married Miss Nancy Dodson, and had three children, and with his fannly came to Oregon. ( H' the children who came from the East, Nancy A[. has been twice married; Jane E. nuirried Page Tustin, and resides in Pendleton; and Annie F. is now Mrs. ,lohn Cullum, and resides in I'astern Oregon. After their arrival in this State five sons and a daugiiter were born, viz.; James L., who resides at Sheridan; Andrew Jackson, inCalifornia; Joel Jordan, at La Fayette; Frank P., the subject of this sketch; Absalom Jefferson, who resides at Tillamook; the daugh- ter, Lillie 1?., died in her fifteenth year. Upon arriving in Oregon, the family wintered at Oregon City, and in the spring of 1844, Mr. Hembi'ee took as a donation claim a section of land nine miles northeast of McMinnville — one of the first tracts located in the county. Of course, having the choice of the country, Mr. Hembree made a splendid selection; it is the very Eden of Oregon. In this delightful valley he built his log cabin and began the life of a pioneer. He resided there until the Indian war of 1855-'50, when the brave pioneer enlisted, was elected Captain of a company, composed principally of his neighbors, entered the contest and fought valiantly. In one of the battles Captain Hembree was shot. His remains were brought home to his bereaved family, and the hearts ot all the people were tilled with gre.it grief. He wan buried on his donation claim, the Masonic fraternity and the military both taking part in the last sad rites. Men from all parts of the county came to pay tribute to the brave pioneer and volunteer soldier. Notwith- staniiing the country was new and the methods of travel inconvenient, yet the funeral was one of the largest ever held in the county. The widow survived many years, keeping house uu- lllsrORY OF OREOON. I07U til within 8 few yt'irs of lier deutli, wiiicli oe- cun-ed iit lier son Joseph's, in Lii Fayetti;, in 1887, and her lionoreil remains were phieed heHidf thoKe of her hnsband in the little taniily buryinj;-irround on the donation claim. Kniiik I'. Ilembre6 was reared principally in \m Fayette. At the ajfe of ciirhteen years he began to care for himself. He iidieritctl 1125 acres of the donation claim, occupied it, and worked out some. In 1S7;5, when twenty-two years of age, he married Miss Mary L. Monroe, also a native of Yam Hill county, and the danifhter of John A. Monroe, who was a native of Marylatxl, and an honored Oreiron pioneer of 1845. By persistent industry Mr. Henil)ree has snceeoded, and now has 403 acres of the old homestead, one of the finest farms in the county. As be has prospered, he has inve.sted in land and real estate, in Portland and other places. He has had four children, namely: Charles A., now eighteen years of age; Clandie M., sixteen years old ; Frank V. Jr., nine years ohl ; and Min- nie Irene, born March 9, 1888. In 1889 Mr. llembree erected a good farm residence, which overlooks the beautiful Eden in which the farm is located. Both Mr. and Mrs. llembree are people wiio liave paid close attention to home affairs, and have seldom been out of the county in which they were born. In politics, Mr. Hembree is a Democrat. He is a gentleman of the highest respectability, having jn.st reason to feel proud of the tract of beauti- ful home he occupies, and of the county in which he and all his family were born and spent their lives, and also of the great commonwealth of Oregon, his favored State. W. HAIiDESTV, one of the reliable business men of Oregon, and a veteran ,^.'- of the great civil war now residing at Needy, (Jlaokamas county, was born in Indian- apolis, Indiana, November 4, 1843. His father and grandfather were both natives of Ohio. The former, Noah Hardesty, was born in Belmont county, December 24, 1811, and remained in Ohio until after his twentieth year, when he removed to Indiana. In 1832 he married Harriet Baxsley, a native of North Carolina, born in 1812, of Irish ancestry. They remov(Ml to Illinois in 1853, a year later went to Missouri, and from there, in 1804, crossed the plains to < )regon. Tiiey had a family of foiirleun children, eleven of whom came to Oregim, and three died at an early age. some of the married ones, how- ever, eaiiie in a different train. .Mr. Hardesty settled on a farm three miles south of Needy, where he remained ti\e years, and from whence he removed to eastern Oregon, residing there until the time of his death, which occurred in 1889. His wife departed this life in 1874. S. W. Hardesty was the sixth-born in his father's family, and was reared on the frontier. He was seventeen years of age when the groat civil war burst upon the country, and on the 7tli of August, 18til, he e'.listed in Company M. Seventh Mis-sonri Volunteer Cavali-y. He served two years in Missouri and .Vrkansas, and while engaged in the battle of I'rairie (rrove he received a gunshot wound in the left thigh, and also lost one eye while in service, and the left and last eye was also affected. Hy reason of his disability he received an honorable discharge and returned home. After his arrival in Ore- gon, in 1864. he engaged in farm work, at which lie continued until the total loss of sight, which misfortune came upon Inm on the 28th of Jan- uary, 1873. Notwithstanding his total blindness, he still did some general farm work. In 1877 ho opened a general merchandise store at Needy, buying his own goods and judging the (juality and style by the feeling. His business prospered from the first, and ere long he started a branch store at ^lolalla, where he also had a good trade. He has made investments in real estate, and now is tlie owner of several hundred acres of land, and other property besides his store at Needy. Mr. Hardesty was married, in 1870, to Alar- garet E. Sconce, a native of Ray county, Mis- souri, born in 1849, daughter of Robert II. Sconce. Her father and family came to Oregon in 1853. Mr. and Mrs. Hardesty have had four children, namely: Elmer, who was born in 1872, is now a jiartner in his fathers store; Ella, who was born in 1875, died in her eighth year; Edith, born in 1877; and Mable, in 1879. For a number of years Mrs. Hardesty has been Post- mistress of Needy. Politically, Mr. Hardesty is a Republican; re- ligiously, a member of the Christian Church. lie is a member of the G. A. R., and several times has been Commander of Ids Post. lOdU niaroRY of onsnoN. BB After he left the army, Mr. llardesty hegaii life as a day lahorer, ami when ho engaiicd in the mercantile hnsiness his eaj)ital cmisisted of only |l-i50. In spite of his misfortnne he pros- jiered, and for the snccess he has attnined is de- servinif of great credit. After many years the Government was not iinmindfnl of his services, and granted him a pension of S72 per month. Since writing the above, Mrs. Ilardesty, the wife of S. \V. Ilardesty. and I'ostniistress of Needy, departed from this life January 17, 1893. Deceased was a member of the Oregon Pioneer Association. (KAN'CIS HANSWIRTII, a retired mer- chant and capitalist, of North Yam Hill, and a resident of Oref^on. since 185>^, is a native of Hungary, l>orn August 11,1828. His ancestors had long been residents of that place, and most of them were artisans. In 1852. when he was twenty-four years of age, the subject of our sketch embarked for America, and in due time landed at New Vork. There he learned the trade of cabinet-making, and worked at it until 1858. lie then came to Ore- gon, making the journey by way of the Isthmus, and stopping at San Francisco one day. This was at the time of the Fraser river gold excitement, anil he went to the mires, but lost money in the venMire. Landing in Portland, lie first worked for wages, digging potatoes at §1.75 per day. In 1859 he came to Noi'th Yam Ilill, and as he had studied architecture and understood the use of carpenters' tools, he worked first at the car- penter trade. He built about twelve of the first houses in the town, everything at that time being made by hand. After tliat he engaged in genei'al merchandising, being in partnership with .lames Fryer a year. At the eiul of that time he and Lee Langhlin purchased the general merchandise business of Hrogg «fc Co., and did a successful business for niise years. Mr. Ifaiis- wirth then sold out to his partner, made a pleasure trip to his old home in Furope, and while absent visited the Centennial Fxposition. On his return to North Yatn Hill, he engaged in busiiuiss, under the firm name of Bidwell & Co., retiring at the end of five years. Mr. Ilanswirth early began to invest in real estate. A portion of Nortli Yam Hill has been built upon lands which he once owned. He still has large real-estate holdings, and while he is re- tired, has extensive interests in various busi- ness enterprises. He was happily mari'ied to Miss Neoma Laughlin, daughter of James Langhlin, who died June 4, 189L leaving three children : Theodore, i'ariiara and Nellie. Mrs. Ilans- wirth was a most amiable woman, a devoted wife and lovi lother, and her death was a source of me iiereavemont to her family and many friendt The Misses Ilanswirth are enterprising young women, who have distinguished themselves for their bravery, each having taken a timber claim in the mountains. They are good hunters and horsewomen, have had many a thrilling experi- ence in the mountains among bears and pan- thers, and have had more than one hairbreadth escajie in swimming their horses across swoll- en streams. Each has made several thousand dollars by her bravery and daring in settling valuable timber lands in the remote and wild portion of the county, and necomplished what many of the young men of the county have declined to do. Mr. Ilanswirth affiliates with the Republican party. He lias served as a member of the Town Council. Enterprising, public-spirited and generous, his career lias been a useful and successful one. . ■ . fA. IIIMPEL, mill proprietor and lum- ber dealer of Chitsanie, Columbia couii- * ty. Oregon, is a native of Prussia, born May 14-, 185i. Ileisasonof John and Mary Eliza ((iroseniaii) Ilimpel, who emigrated to America when the subject of this sketch was young. They first located in Muscatine county, Iowa, where they remained until 1838, when they re- moved to Leavenworth county, Kansas, where young Carl was educated and reared to young manhood. Py trade Mr. Ilimpel is a practical sawyer and has always followed that tvade. He came to Oregon in 187G, locating at Rainier for a time, later removing to the city of Clatskanio, where he now owns a mill plant situated some four miles south of town. The property is at this time idle, iiut will soon bie put into operation The jilant has a capacity of 24,000 feet of lumber daily in a run of eleven hours. aiSTOHY or OREnoN. lOSl lie employs thirty men wlien riiimiii^ full ca- pacity, and sliipa principally to tlie city of rortland. Air. 11 impel owns oneiialf Bection of timber land near the mill site from which loj^s are sup- plied and also owns 100 acres of land, with twenty acres under cultivation. He ha? a fine younif orcliard of over 1,000 trees, consistinfr principally of pr\ines. Our subject a'ttliates with the Uepublican party and has been of service in her ranks, as he is always active, although not an office-seeker. His private business affairs occupy all his time. Our subject was nominated and elected to the office of County Commissioner four years ago, but resijjfned soon after, the vacancy being filled by the ajjpointment of X. Nicholas. Mr. Him- pel was married in Cowlitz county, Washington, March 20, 1887, to Miss KUa Myers, a native of Missouri, and one child of this marriage is liv- ing, Carl A.; and one son is deceased. fllOMAS M. HINES, of Forest Grove, is an lionored Oregon pioneer of 1848. He was born in Howard county, Missouri, May 1, 1819, and is of Welsh ancestry, although his people were early settlers of Virginia. From this State they removed to Kentucky and thence to Missouri, and were pioneers in all of the States in which they lived. His grandfather, John Hines, born in Virginia, was a pio- neer of Kentucky and of Missouri, and he reared a large family and died in his eightieth year. The father of our subject, Wesley Hines, was born in Kentucky, in 1797. When he was a lad his family emigrated to Mis.souri, where he grew to manhooil, and in 1818 married Miss Klizaheth Davis, born in September, 1800. She was the daughter of Augustus Davis, native of Kentucky, although of Virginia ancestry. Mrs. Uines was also a Kentuckian by birth, Mr. and Mrs. Hines had seven children, of whom four are now living. Our subject was the eldest of this family and spent his boyhood and youth in Howard, Kay, Caldwell and De Kalb counties. In 1842, No- vember 17, he married in the last named county. Miss Mary Buckingham, a native of Pennsylva- nia, born January 1, 1819. After their mar- riage they residev' in De Kalb county until 1848, when on May 2, th.^y crossed the Jklissouri river on thi>ir journey for Oregon. They brought one son with them, namely: ('icero, who is now a farmer of Washington county. They nuide a successful journey and arrived in Vam Hill county, September 2"), 184S. where they rcmaineil for the winter. Mr. Hines then took up .. donation claim of 040 acres of land on a branch of the Tualitin, in Washington county, where he built the li*tle log cabin of the pioneer, and began the life of a western farmer with a few head of cattle. In 1849 tiie discov- ery of gold took hini to California, where he engaged in raining on Feather river, but was taken sick and obliged to abandon mining and return to Oregon. lie remained on his farm for eight years, then sold, in 1858 came to Forest drove, purchased a farm, on which he resided from 1859 to 1882. This farm was sit- nated on the south side of the town and con- sisted of 419 acres of land. He subdivided his whole tract and sold it. Since that time he has dealt in I'eal estate and has iieen successful gen- erally, in his transactions. He has also given his three sons farms: to the oldest, Cicero, 225 acres; to George, 240 acres, and to Charles, the youngest, whom he educated for a physician, he gave 119 acres, on which is a valuable mineral spring. The latter is now practicing his pro- fession at Dallas. Mr. Hines is now retired from active work, has a nice home in Forest Grove, and is now liv- ing on the interest of his money. In politics he was first a Whig, then a Douglas Democrat, but upon the outbreak of the war he was a strong I'nion man, and joined the ranks of the Republican party. He still prefers Republican ideas, but is quite independent in his views, prefering to judge for himself of the efficiency of a man for office. He lias never sought for office, but while engaged in farming ho always took a deep interest in the making of good roads, and for a number of years acted as Road Snj)er- visor. He has been n honest, hardworking and intelligent man, and on this account has pros- pered. He is now wealthy, and a worthy, reprer sentative pioneer of 1848. !S. HINSHAW, of Baker City, Oregon, one of the |)ioneer8 of the Pacific coast, <» although comparatively a young man, has seen about as rough times as any of the frontiers- ! losa lllsTdltV or (lUKOON. %^ Nit I ft-', !j| jMfii of iiiiy fomitry. He was l)f)ni in Ilciirv tdiiiity, Idwa, Marcli 11, l^ilU. iind \vii8 tlii<)iftli cliild of John A. imd Kli/aliutli (llocket) llin- sliaw. Ilis fatliei' was born in Nortli (,'arolina, rtMrn)ViMl to Indiaiiii when a yonn;^ man, and was married there in \H\\x. lie any her first marriage she had one child, a girl, who died in March, 188'.); hut has had no children hy her last husband. They have an adopted child, named Freddie Hinshaw. The farm of >[r. Hinshaw contains 161 acres, handsomely improveil, upon which can he seen some very tine thoroughhreil Jersey cattle, to the breeding of which he has devoted much attention, although the herd is not now very large. He is a very well-to-do man, having jiroperty in Iowa, to the value of .S8,000; share in a business in California, to the amount of $!),000: a number of lots in Baker City, and his home place. The only assistance ho ever re- ceived was !?l:i5, which came from his father's estate soon after he learned his trade. What he has, has been earned by the labor of his own hands. So honest and ellicient was his ailminis- tration of the otliec of Sheriff, that the Kepiibli- cau County convention renominated hiin in March to be voted for in June. The county auilitor's examination showed that every cent hail been accounted for, and that ofKcer gave him a clear receipt, after four years of service j as sherilf. Although he had some hard strug- gles at times, he was always honest, true to him- self and his fellow-beings. tAUS C. HKXUICHSEN, one of the many worthy citizens contrib;ileil to America by Denmark, cast his fortunes with Portland in her obscurity, having risen with her growth, and prospered with her develo|)nieiit. He was born in I)enmark on March 9, 18:59, remaining at home with his father, a farmer, until 1854, going at that time to Schleswig, to learn the watchmakers' trade. This he followed for si.x years. In 1860, having become of age, ho decided to seek his fortune in the new State of Oregon, accordingly coming to this coast. Ho worked for a short time at Vancouver, thence came to Portland, where he worked for a time as journey- man, then purchasing .laoob Cohen's business, which iiad been started in 1858. In 1867 ho formed a jiartnership with Giistave Hanson, under the firm name of K. C. Ileiirichsen & Co. They were at first located on First street, but in 1870 removed to their present business place, at Xo. 149 First street. Mr. Hanson retired from the business aftt'r a jieriod of three years, after which it was continued by Mr. Ilenrichsen alone until 1870, when Mr. S. II, Grcenberg liecame a partner, remaining with the firm seven years. Since then Mr. Ilenrielisim has been sole owner. The enterprise has grown from a small beginning, to be the largest wholesale and retail jewelry establishment in tho State. It is also the oldest continuous business of its kind in the commonwealth. Mr. Ilenrichsen has given it the closest attention, having by liberal methods and commercial ability and reliable dealings, brought the business up to its jiresent standing, a high one in the estiiiiation and confidence (jf the city and State. '- m nisToitr OF oRicaoy. 1083 III 18f>T lii> wiiB iMiiri'icil t» Mi>H Iliiiiiiiiii Winter, u native of Deniiinrk. Tiicv luive two dimgiitcrs, both born in I'urtliind. I'lie olilcHt, Liiiin, in tbu wife of O. K. MiitttTii, of I'ortland. Till' other (i,.iiij;liter, Laiirinc, lives witii her Sareiits, in a beautiful Ikhir'. on the corner of [aiii and I,o\vii«dalo street;!. A lionie replete with all eoniforts and cunvenioiicei!, tastefully Biirroiiiided and ornainented. Ill politics Mr. IleiiriciiNen is a l{e|iublicaii. Ho is a proininenl nieniber of tlie Masonic fra- ternity, liavinir received tiie tliirty-second degree, Scottish rite. In matters of religion, he is an Kpiscopaliaii, lieiiiff a member of that Ciiurch. I'lmssuiiiin^ and eoui'teous in iiianiier, in- dustrious and honest in cliaracier, he c. joys the esteem of the comin unity, and the affectionate regard of his family and friends. [ILLIAM IIEMSTOCK,oneof the most ^n^TO ])rosperous farmers of Yarn Ilill county, V ^'1 was born in Kiigl.ind, March IT, 1827. His parents were Henjamin and Ann (Butler) Uenistock, both of Knglisii descent, and highly respectable antecedents. In -^ i they emi- grated to Canada, where they resided for five years, when, in 1S47, they removed to Wiscon- sin, which was then a wild and little settled country. Here they purchased land, on which they lived until their death, the motiier iegoii, in 1874. They had four children, born in the Itadger State, wlii(di accoiiipanie(l them to their western home: (Jeorge II.; llannali II., now Mrs. Elsia Wight, of McMiiiiivillc; Fanny II., who i> now the wife of Mr. .1. !•'. Spencer, a |irosperoiis farmer of Vain Hill county; and .\. I!., who is now attending the Portland University. LFjiun their arrival in Oregon, Mr. Ilemstiick purchased 297acre8 of land, located five miles southwest of McMinnville. This land was then wild, but he has since highly cultivated it to grain and fruit, ami is extensively eiigageil in stock-raising, consisting of Durham cattle, horses, and large numbers of Cotswold and Leicestershire sheep. He has erecte(l a comfort- able residence, and good, large barns, for his grain and stock, besides other iiio, has met with a very great success, being now oiieof the ino.,t prominent farmers in the country. He has recently purchased land near the I'ortland University, where \w is now building a good residence, and intends to retire from his farm, and take U[) his aboile in the city, where he intends to open a bookstore, sujiplying the students of the University ami others with arti- cles in that line. In earlier life he was a strong Union man and Republican, but in later years, the cair-e of intemperance has appealed to him so strongly, that he has become a Prohibitionist. He and his wife have belonged to thc^ Meth- odist Church for more than thirty years, and have been ardent workers in its cause. They are the charter members of the church at this place. They recently interested themselves in the building of a church edifice on a hill near their home, which was to bo erected at a cost of 81,200. Afr. Hemstock was a Trustee and member of the building committee, and was instrumental in securing the subscription of the desired amount. This neat house of prayer now overlooks the whole valley, being " a city set upon a hill, which cannot be hid," and reflects credit on the contributors to so worthy a cause. Mr. Hemstock is Class-leader and Superintendent of the Sunday-school, and is deserving of the highest commendation for his efficient efforts in the cause of righteousness, and his example and lOHl HiHTonr OF QiiKnoN. iiitlni'iiCK for ^^ood, «liicli lmv« Imd n wide- H|iic!iil clli'ct on tlip I'liiiiinmiity, cli'viitiii^' iiiul ])iii'iiyin^ nil ill timt \ iiiiiitv. He mill liis wiirtliy wilV liii\u liccii faillii'iil |i!iitiu'i-w for t'nriv two v(!ui'i<, iiiid iiru Htill in'iicc- fully |)iir>iiiiiw- ilicir u;iv, fullowi'd liy tlii' (rood wirtiics (if tilt' wlidlc comiiuiiiitv, to wlioiii tiu-v liiivc fiidciiii'd tlu)in«(dM'4 liy tile iiractico of nil Cliristiim virtiii'-. tI)(»l-l'IlUS FINNKV, of Hill8boioiij;l., Oi't'^roii, caiiu' toCiilifoniiii ill iSoT, and to Orcein in lSu8, and 1ms tince liecuinnone of lii'i- most honored and sncroBsfiil inaiiiirMctnr- crs and citizens. Ilo was lioni in Maine Feb- ruary 11, 18;i(». His father, Thomas Finney, was l)(irn in the same State in 17i)3. Jlis father lived to he ninety-six years of iij;e, while he himself lived to the age of seventy-nine. (Jrand- father Finney was eiigaj^ed in the Uevolution on hoard an American privateer, and they were enf^a};ed in captnrin;; British vessels. His son married Miss Oatliarine Mackintosh, of Scotland. They had eif^lit children, of whom William, who resides in Maine, and our subject are the only survivors. Mr. Finney resided in A[aine until bis twen- tieth year, and then went to New Orleans. From there he went to .Inekson county, where lie worked at the trade of carriai^c and wa^on- maker, and also worked some at carnoiiter work. In 18iJ7 he went to California, and worked in the Santa (!lara valley till ISoS, when he went to I*ortland,()rei,ron,any have four children, three daughters and a son. The eld- est, .Miiiira, became the wife of iMr. S. T. iiiint- inj^ton, and resides in('lackamas county; [da married Mr. William A. .Mead; she died in her twenty-second year. The youngest daughter re- sides with her father, and is his housekeeper. Her mother died at her birth. She was a woman of great sweetness of character and dis- piisition, and is greatly mourned by her husband anil chililreii, as w(dl ;is by the hosts of many friends r-he had made for herself. Her husband has honored her memory too much to put any one else in her place, but has remained single since her death. Mr. Finney lias not ^iveii much attention to politics. His policy was to vote and use his in- fluence for whatever he deemed best f(U' the in- terests of bis State and city He has voted with the Uepubliean party ami has been strong in liis correction of what seemed wrong. Mr. Finney is now in his sixty-second year and has retired from his manufacturing business. He has led an industrious life and has secured a neat littUt fortune. His motto lias been: '• Enough for self, and some to give to snch poor souls as need it." His persistent efforts have been a good example, and in this and other ways he has aided in the substantial growth and im- provement of Hillsborough. tKNIlVC. FLETCIIEK, has for many years been identitied with the agricnitural in- terests of Marion county. lie was born in Mercer county, Illinois, .\pril 17, 184-9, a son of Samuel Fletcher. The father was a native of New Ilaiiipshire, boi'ii in 1814, and descended from Knglish ancestors. Henry C. Fletcher emigrated to Oregon in 1804. He gives espe- cial attention to the breeding of standard horses, haviiifj some animals of the best families. He was married June 2H, 1S77, to Miss Zella Savage, a native of Oregon, and a daughter of iiiHTimv Oh' oiihiKiy. lon.'i 11(1 Li'win Siivnp', n |iioii('t'r wlio i'i»!itii to tlio Stiitc ill I'^ltl, iiDW i( resilient of Siilcni I'niiiie. I'oliticiilly, 111! ;illiliiiti'« witli the I (tMiKKTatic piu'ty, liiit is lilici'iil in liiH views, iiml cii^tH his KiilTrii<{0 fur. the iiiiiii best littcd in liis cittittia- tioi) for tilt' olHce. He mid iii> wil'i' arc iiumii- liorrt of tlie lliiitiii'iaii (Jiiiircli. ^' -iiJvt-M.-- ■ ***^ — IlIAIM.KS T. IIOWAI;:), Miiliim, (Macka- mas enmity. Oru^oii. hiiH liet'ii a resiih-nt of tliis Stiiti) fur •.ii>ai'l_v lialf a cetitiiry, and a>* oiii' of it« iTpi't'sci.tntivo pidiicd'H is jiiatlv i-ntitli'il ti' jicrsoiia! inuiitioii mi tin- pagesof thia Miliime. Mr. Howard's t'orefathiTS were Kngiish. iSoinc inoiiiln'i'rt of thi' faiiiiiy cainc tn Aiiit'i'ica at a very early iieriixl in tht; history of this country and BCttlcil in Maryland, Howard e(Minty, tliat 8tnto, liaviiijj lie<'ii named for them. Several ({enerations of tiie family were horn there, and many of tiie Howards were proiiiineiitly identi- tie(l with the alfairs of that State, (irandfather William Howard was horn, reared and dieij in Maryland. He fought for iiiiie|iendetu'e during the Uevoliition. Ilisson, o\ir siihjeet's father, Ikiuliard It. Howard, was horn in Oceil eoiinty. Maryland, in 17".iT, tiic third child in the fam- ily, and was reared to manliood in his native State. In early life he s|H'nt some time in ( )liio, Hlitiois and Iowa, ami returning to Illinois, was married there Deeeinher 18, 1828, to Miss ('yiithia Turner, a native of Kentucky, horn Octolier ID, 1810, daiifrhter of Frantis Turner. After his marriage Mr. Howard continued to reside in Hlinois until 1840, when, with his wife and six children, he crossed the jdains to Oregon, arriving here late in Sejitemher. He settled on a donation chiim on Milk creek in Claekanias county, and, heing a good ])ractical surveyor, diil considerahle in that line from time to time. He built a sawmill in 1849 and a gristmill in 1851, and ran them both in con- nection with his farming operations. Thus he did his part to develop the resources of this portion of Oregon. Previous to tlie civil war he was a Democrat, but was a strong Union man, and afterward atfiliated with the Kepuli- lican party. He was in religious matters an Agnostic, while his wife was a devoted Chris- tian, a memlior of the Metliodist Clinrch. His death occurred .\o\einber I'-i, 1805. and hers OS .Inly 20, 1877. Four other children were added to their household in (Iregoii. and their liimily weie as follow-: Franci- T., born May .". IMMO, ami his wife, were drowned I'eliriiary 20, 1804, while attempting to ford the Molalla river on their way toCliiircli; |{ev. William Howard, born December IH, ISMl, died S.ptember 7. 1802; Kev. .lohii Howard, born l''i,'bruary 22. 18U4, died ill 18S8; Sarah, wife of K. C. ( )llicer, was born March M). 18;JS. and -lied .liiiie 10, 1801, leaving a hii^baml and three daughters; Charles T. (Mibject), born duly 28, 1841; Daniel l!october 11, 1854; Ann, wife of .\dam Weatherston, born November K. died in 1880, leaving Miree chil- dren; Mary, born February 2, 184'.l, dicil ( »cto her 11. 1854; (Irace, born July 8. 1852, and died < >ctober 27, same year; and .Vntlioiiy W,. who was born September 22. 1857, and is mar ried and enc-aj'ed in biisiniiss in Orei'on (lifv. William and .lolin were local preaidiiTs in the Methodist Episcopal (.'hiircli when they died; but John had |)reviously been for more than ten years a member of the Oregon Conference. He ali-ii Served a term of two years as Super- intendent of Douglas county |()regon) schools. CJharles T.. wlio>e niiuie heads this article, the fifth of the family, was horn in Sludby county, Illinois, .luly 28, 1841, and was live years old when he arrived in Oregon. He was educated in the piUdic schools, worked on the farm and in the mill with his father, |)urcliascd and inher- ited the property, on which he now resides. He was niariied May 28, 1874, to Miss Mary 11. Saudei's, who was hoi'ii in Marion county, near Salem, Oregon, May 1, 1853, daughter of Asa SaiKlers. Her father came to < >regoii in 1851 and settled in Marion county, rornoveii in 1858 to Molalla prairie, wdiere he has since resided and where lie owns one of the finest homes and farms in the valley. Mr. and Mrs. Howard have two children: Claud Sanders and Bayiie Asa, both at home. 15()tli Mr. Howard and his wife are influential members of the Metliodist Church. He lias served as Steward, Trustee and Class-leader, and she has /'endered most efficient service as Sii|)er- iiiteiident of the Sabhath-school. They arc prominent members of the Grange, ami are also active temperance wori- rs. He in in ])olitic8 a Republican, and has served some time as J ustice of the Peace, but 1ms usually declined ottice, notwithstanding his |)arty has fre(|uently oiTerod 1 him nominations for important positions at a ^■fr-'^Tfi t t ' t , h ^■-■1T-"!!| 1086 HISTORY OK OHEGON. time wlicn a iioiiiinatioii was equal to an elec- tion. For a iiiuiiliei' ot years he has been the oliliging I'dstniaster of Miilino. Uo still runs his mills anil eoniluets his t'arming o])eration8, heing successful in hoth. lie oumh 58(5 acres adjoinirig tlut millg. Such is a lu'ief sketch of one of Clackamas county's jirosperous and intluential uieu. fAMES S. II inns was a iironiiiuuit ami suc- cessful farmer, of Vain Hill county, Oregor, a native of I'ennsylvaiiia, where he was horn October -23, 1825! His fatiier, Samuel llihlis, was liorn in (Ti'eene county, l'enn>ylvania, and his ancestors were early settlers of Virginia. His father married Miss Rebecca Smith, also a native of the Keystone State, and they had four cliildren, two of whom are now livinir. When but twelve years of a<^e the subject of our >ketcli accoin|ianied his parents to West Viroinia, whei'e he was reared to manhood. Ho had a common school education, and learned the traile ofa joiiUT. lie afterward worked at his trade for a year and a half in Georgetown. Penn- sylvania, whi'ii, in 184'J, he was married to Miss Kiizalieth Uiggs. He then removed to Illinois, where he farmed and worked at his trade. Six children were born in the I'rairie State. Having, by this time, beconu* informed of the opportunities atlbrded in the extreme West to actual settlers, he and family made the long journey overland to ( )roji;on, with the usiud oxen and wagons. They passed the graves of many emigrants on the way. but they, together with the large company, of which they formed a part, camt' through in safety. On arriving at his journey's end, he had only a cheap outfit left, having only been able, in Illinois, to make a living for himself and family and save enough to bring them to Oregon. Ho first stopped in Marion county, where he rented lands and raised three crops. Hesides being without means, he had the misfortuiu' to lose his first crop, lie persevered, however, and the >ucceeding crops were good ones, and he was much encouraged. In IStio he came to Yam Hill county, where he at first rented the farm of Mr. Jordan Hem- bree, consisting of a half-section of laml, located near Ln Fayette. This he worked for two years, realizing good cro|)s. He then rented Mr. G. W. IJuruett's farm, situated two miles from Mc- Minnville. Here his prosperity was continued. He finally made his first purchase of land, 500 acres, at %\'Z an acre, paying S1,000 down, and going in debt for the balance, paying 10 per cent interest on all future payments. The first year tbe wheat was sjioiled, by reason of heavy rains, so that he could not meet his first pay- ment, and agreed to pay 1 per cent a month, to have the time extended. His next crop was a success, as was also the succeeding ones, which enabled him to immediately pay for his Ir.nd. As his means would permit, he added from time to time to his origiiud purchase, until he had 800 acres of as choice farming land as was to he found in this beiV.itiful valley. This iu» culti- vated with care, and improved by the erection of a substantial residence, and large barns for his grain aiul stock, and became one of the most prosperous farmers of his section of the county. After arriving in Oregon other children were born, until they numbered nine sons and one daughter, all but one son now living. The two eldest, 1. N. and J. M., are in Idaho, where they have farms; George H. is in the vicinity of the homestead; Alice is the wife of Mr. Milton llichardson, and resides in McMinnville; 11. B. is on land near the homestead; S. 1. is in busi- ness iii McMinnville; .1. V. is on land, a part of his father's estate; 11. W. is at home; and O. H. is at home. Mr. llibbs gave his married chil- dren a division of his large landeil estate, reserv- ing for himself 275 acres of the home place. Mr. ilibbs distinguished himself by lending a heljiing hand to the differetit enterprises of ^IcMiniiville, having taken a ifiSOO scholarship in the college and stock in the Frrmers' Ware- house and Grange store ami also in the creamery. Ho was a Republican in politics, having bo- longed to that party since its organization. He sas elected County Coininissioner, and served .,. that capacity with ability and honesty, but preferred to give his entire attention to his i'arnniig interests. He was a worthy member of tlie Methodist Church, of which he was a Trustee, as is also his wife, Hud to its welfare he and his wife have contributed of theii' means and iutluence. Mr. Ilibbs died at his late residence, January 10, 1893. His faithful wife is still living. Thus we find what pcrsistt'Ut ettbrt intelli- gently applied to the rich soil of this glorious commonwealth can accomplish, being, like an nisronr of oheoon. 1087 iiicxliaustible gold mine, iin unceasing means of wealtli, and Iiy her aliundant resources she has giitlicred together on her liroad bosom the best and noblest of the sons of the earth. [ILUAM IIKNRV HAKIUSON, asnc- cessfn! fanner of fjood repute, residing in Yam Hill county, Oregon, was born at Jerusalem Ilill, Herkin\er county, \e\v York, July 18, 1844, of Knglisli ancestry, who were early settlers of Connecticut. His father, Tlmddeus R. Harrison, was born in Herkimer county, Xew York, in 1816, and married Miss !Maria A. p]verett, a native of his own county; came to Oregon in the month of April, 185;j, by way of tlie Isthmus of Panama, and engaged in teaching at liethel (Jollege, in Polk county. He returned to his home in the East, in iJSijS, and brought his wife and twochildien to Orei/ou the same year, settling in Yam Hill county, ^^r. Harrison took a donation claim of 320 acres, where his son, the subject of this sketch, now resides, one and three-fourths mih^s southwest of Amity. There he built a log cabin and liv(- 1 and prospered, and added to the property until he had '.100 acres of land. In IH12 be was elected Lo tl;c Legislature of the State, on the I'^publican ticket, and in 1874 was appointed Receiver of the Land OtKce at Oregon (3ity. After serving his term of four years he wm reappointed for a second term, but on the very day on which he received his com- mission he died, in his office, of heart disease! He was a successful, reliable, intelligent and eii- terj)rising citizen. He had one son after his arrival in Oregon, Edward R., who now ivsides near McMinnville, and is a farmer. His mother, a noble woman and an exemplary member of the Congregational Church, died in 1884. Jlr. Harrison was fourteen years of age when he came U) his home in Yam llill county. When Tiineteen years of ago ht< went to the mines at Oro Fiiio and Florence, where, in his operations, he met with moderate success. He now has 300 acres of choice land, upon which he has made many improvements; is enterprising and capable, and has the reputation of being a Hrst-class, good citizen. In ISlU he enlisted in Company B, First OregoT) Infantry, which was stationed at differ- ent j)lace8 in Iilaho, to take th.e place of the regular woldiors, who were sent to the seat of war, while the Oregon soldiers were engaged in keeping the Indians in check. They had many skirmishes with the red savages, always, how- ever, putting them to flight. Mr. Harrison served as Corporal and as Refi-imental Provost- bergeant. After his discharge he returned to the farm, and in 1868 married Miss Lavina Iiillings, a na- tive of I'olk county, ( )regon, and the daughter of George W. Rillings, an Oivgon pioneer of 1852. Mr. and Mrs. Harrison ha\esi\ cliildien, namely: Floy, Herbert, (iertrnde, Delmar, Thaddeus U. and Eva. Ml-. Harrison is a Republican in his political sympatiiies, is a member of the A. O. U. W., and of the I.O.O. F. -=s«< iH=~- fAMES E. HA8ELTIXK, one of the prom- inent representative iron and hardware mej-- chants of the city of Portland, is a mitive of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, born Septeml)er 30, 1833. He is of New England ancestry who came to this country from England t>arly in the year of 1(5)57 and settled in Massachusetts. His father, Daniel Ilaseltine, was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 179", and was during his lif(> a builder and contractor. He erected the light- house at Robin's Ucef, in New York harbor, and on Whalesback, in Portsmouth harbor, which are ilestined to be lasting monuments to his honest work. He married Miss Mary H. Hill, a native of Portsmouth, and the daughter of Mr. Elislia Hill, of that city. There were born to them seven chilili-en, six of whom are living. Mr. Ilaseltine, the subject of our sketch, was the youngest son, and is eminently a self- made man, as he had no money given him to start with. When he entered the Pembroke Academy he rang the old liell and swi'pt the floors to aid in paying his tuition. In 18t)7 his business career, on his own account, began in Portland, Maine. He engaged in the iron and hardware business until he came to Portland, Oregon, in 1882, and jmrchased an interest in the business of V..,]. Xorthupit Co. in tlii' iron, heavy liardware and carriage material, both wholesale and retail. Mr. Ilaseltine succeeded to the whole business, and such has been his special gifts for this line of business that his success has been very sat'jfactory. Mr. Ilaseltine does not conrtne himself to mercantile affairs oxclu- 1088 UIsrORY OF ORECON. mm sivi'h', but is one (pf those bmad men wlin take an interest in everything that will teniltohuild np their State, Iiotli tiiiancially and morally. Ill all sucli work he is ready, willinir and can he depended on. It is ju.st as safe to count on him in all worthy enterprises as if he had been seen and promise 1 to take hold. Such men are val- uable and important factc.rs in the history of this city and State. Mr. Ilaseltine lias interested himself considerably in city property, having built a wharf and numerous houses, ineludiui^ a tine house in which he now resides with his amily. In 1855 he married Aliss Mary E. Knox, a native of New Hampshire. Mrs. Ilaseltiue's grandfather, Daniel Knox, was a paymas- ter in the war of 1812, in America. Mr. and Mrs. Ilazoltine have had eiglit cliil- dren, six of wlinni are living. Their tiiree eldest sons, Edward Knox, J. Ambrose, and Harry Alonzo, are all filling important places in their father's store, and the youngest son, William Carl, is at school in the East. The daughters, Annie Mabel and Mary E., are at school, the former at Wellesley Col- lege, and the other at Portland High School. Mr. Ilaseltine is in politics a Republican, and h(^ and the most of his family are Methodists, and he takes an active part in the ehurcli. lie is a member of the Board of Trustees, and is also Secretary of the same, of Grace Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he became a mem- ber at its organizatidu, iind aided in the build- ing of th(^ tine church ediKce. He is also Assistant Superintendent of the Sunilay-school, and takes a deep interest in all its efforts. Before removing to Oregon Mr. Ilaseltine was for two years a member and President of the Portland, Maine, Common Counci.l and also served two years on the Board of Aldermen. He is a Past Grand Master and Past (irand Representative to the Sovereign Grand Loclge of the I. (). (). K. from the State of Maine and has held the presidency of the Y. M. C. A. in the above city. He is at present one of the vice-presidents of the Xational Board of Trade, composed of t'le representative business men of the nation. In the aft'airs of his adopted city he takes a deep interest. He is a member of the Finance (Jom- mittee of the Chambsr of ('ummerce and omt of the Building Comir)ittee. He is one of tiie Directors of the City Board of Charities and Sea- men's Friend Society. Mr, Ilaseltine was one of the organiiiers and the first vice-jiresident of the United States National Bank of Portland. He is the leading owner of Ocean Park in Pa- citic county, Washington — a ti'act of iijnvard of 200 acres — bordering on the Pacific ocean, one of the most delightful summer resorts in the Northwest. He has a fiu(^ fruit farm a few miles from the city, where pears, peacLss, iirunes and small fruits are raised in abundance, and in the growth of which he takes a great interest. From all this, it will be seen that Mr. Ilaseltine is a man of versatile talents. He is also an agreeable gentleman, and has hosts of friends wherever ho is known. IlLLIAM ADDISON HOWE, a promi- nent land owner and inerohant of Carl- ton, Oregon, was bom in Brooklyn, Massachusetts, October 12. 1850. His fath'er, Hon. Solomon Henry Howe, was born in Beidin, same State. The ancestors of the family camo from old England to New England early in the history of this country, and were participants in the struggle for independence. Mr. Howe's father was for many years a prominent dry- goods merchant of Boston; was elected a mem- ber of the Massachusetts Legislature; aided in building, and was president of several railroads of the country late in his life, and finally retired to Bolton, Massachusetts, where he died, in 1870. He had mari'ied Miss Lu;-inda Savage, a native of Boston, anil the daughter of a very prominent andiitect who, among other works, designed and built the Bunker Hill Monument. Of their five children four are living, thrive in the East. Their son, W. A. Howe, was (*du- rated in the East, gnilualing at Ilarvanl I'ni- versity in the class of 1881. After being in business in New York for a year, he, in com- pany with a classmate, Mr. Mills, came to Ore- gon for the purpose of engaging in farming and stock-raising. Pundiasing 1,000 acres of land, they made many improvements and engaged in raising fine stock of various kinds. This prop- erty Mr. Howe still retains. tn 1888, seeing the need of a^. od mercantile establishment at Carlton, he opened one there, which he has since conducted successfully. It is the (Uily store of the kind in the (ilaca, and ho keeps a gcjod quality of stock, and has a good tra**- fOSEl'H E. HUnnARI), the proprietor of the drayingand truck business of Indepen- dence, is a native son of Polk county, born f^epteinber 4, 1856. His fatlier. David' Hub- bard, was born in Hlinois in 17!I7. where he was reared and marrieil. By liis first marriage he had ten children, and upon the death of ids wife he married again, in 1841, a Miss Mary Thomas, hy whom he had eleven children. He crossed the ])lains to Oregon and located on a lialf-section on the I ittle Luckamnte, in Polk county, where he made his home until tlie time of his death, which event occurred in 18()8. His wife survived liim until 1883, when her death occurred. During his long lite Mr. Hubbard was a faithful and elo(juent minister of the Baptist persuasion. While engaged in agricultural pursuits he continued his ministerial duties in the new State of Oregon iiso])portnnity offered, thereby advancing the cause of iiis Master. In politics he was a stanch Kepubliean, at the time of theontbreak of thegreatcivil war, anirduring that struggle was a strong Union man. and by his example and iuriuence did much to advance the cause and preserve the Union. He and his good wif(^ were highly respected pioneers of Oregon. The son, Joseph, our subject, was the eight- eenth child of his father, and was reared in Polk county, and was educated at the academy at Dallas. He began life for himself on rented land, and in 188() purchased 137 acres of the Stephen Staats donation claim. This property he farmed three years, then sold it and turned his attention to buying shee|) and speculating. In 1889 he came to Independence, purchased lots, built a nice residence and opened his truck and draying business, in wliich he has since con- tinued. So successfully has ho operated this enterprise, he has the majority of the freight- ing done ill tht city of Independence. He is also Deputy Marshal of the city, and in that office, as in all his relations with his fellow-citi- zens. Mr. Ilubbanl has proven himself an oblig- ing gentleman and capable officer. In 1880 he was married to Miss Carrie Staats, a native of Polk county and the daughter of Mr, Stephen Staats. one of Polk county's most hon- ored and widely known pioneers. (See sketch of liim in this book.) Mrs. Hubbard was born iit 18.j9. Mr. and Mrs. Hubbard have a son whom they have namecl Claud J. They are good rep- resentatives of the native sons and daughters of Oregon, and by their upright, honorable lives, they have gained for themselves the esteem and respect of the entire community. They have passed their lives in the county that gave them Ijirtli. and few citizens of Polk county are more widely known than Mr. and Mrs. Hubbard of this notice. PL. HEXNESS. — Among the many owners of beautiful homes in Alouiit Tabor, none * are more highly respected than the worthy pioneer of Oregon, Hon. Benjamin Lee Hen- ness and his respected wife, Rebecca Henness, both of whom came to the State in 1850. He is a native of the State of Virginia having been born June 4, 1819. His father, Joshua Hen- ness, was a native of Kentucky, but the family came from (ierinany to Virginia at an early day am! were pioneers of Kentucky. The Captain's father married Miss Sarah Rhodes, a native of Virginia, a daughter of Thomas Rhodes, of the same State. He was a soldier in the Revolu- tionary war, and was engaged to be married to Miss Sarah Lee. aunt of (General Robert E. Lee. whom he married at the close of the war. The j..ireiits of the subject of this sketch had five sons and a daughter, three of whom are now living, the brothers in Oregon and the sister in Washington. Captain Henness was next to the youngest of this family, and he left his father when he was but a child. He lived in Virginia until his eighteenth year, when he removed to Iowa, where he resided until 1850, and then made his first journey across the plains. It proved b i,a!e one, not a man being lost, although they we;o six months in completing their trip. He looked the country over a little and then went to 1 -»'/ loao HISTORY OF OREGON . Ml A^ Vreka, iti Ciilifoniia, wlii'i'o ho milled, iiiueting with fair success. He returned Kast to Iowa iiy way of tiie Isthimis, and remained there until ^[arc.ii 25. 18.j"J, wiien he again started across the plains, this time taking with him his wife and four children. His marria;ie occurred in Fehruary, 1837, his wife lieiuir Miss Lucretia Chandler. The clnl- drt'n who crossed the plains with their parents in 18r):2 were: Nareissa Jane, now the wife of Joseph (xibson; Sarah Virginia, who married Jiiseph Hrannon; Mary Rebecca, wlii died at the age of twenty-one years, and C'ornelius Clark. All the survivors reside in the State of Wash- ington. This trip across the plains was a de- lightful one, being madt^ in a family carriage. He located on a donation claim in Thurston county, then in Oregon, but now a part of Wash- ington. He had 040 acres of land and made that place his home until 1808. He began with a little shanty and traded in horses, hogs, sheep and cattle, driving them to Victoria. In this (iccujiation he was quite successful. In 185o, when the Indian war broke out, he enlisted as a private, but was elected Captain of Company F, Washintiton Volunteer Militia. The soldiers jirovided their own iKjrses aud e«iuipment8. His company was disbanded and he enlisted in Company C, Secoi d liegirnent of Volunteers, and terved to the close of the war as captain of the company, fighting valiantly in many engage- ments with the Indians. During his absence the family, with others, resided in Fort Huines, near C4rand Mound I'rairie. The volunteers beat the Indians in every en- srairemont. notwithstanding they had to contend against great odds. There was no choice. It was whip or be scalped. The Indians had killed a great nmny of the settlers, aud among whom ivere Cajitain Ilemiess' son-in-law's brother, William l!rannon,and all his family. In lHS-1, while residing in Thurston county, he was elected to the Territorial Legislature, and so satisfactory were his services that he was re elected five times. .\fter the close iif the war he closed out his stock and went to the Caribou mines in Hritish America, where he made a fortune, but lost it again by investing in aTid working deep claims. The first claim he had there cost him Slti.KOO for one- seventh interest, yet in si.\ months' time he took out .'iil2i3,(tflfl over cost, lletiien retireil to Portland. He hal lost his wife some time )revious, and on tlu^ li5fh of T'ebruary, 180S, le was united in marriage to Mrs. IJebecca V. Ross, widow of Sherry Ross, a worthy jiioneer of 184o. She was the dauirhter of Christian and ^latilda (Landers) Deardof, both natives of Virginia, and of Oerman ancestry. Their fore- fathers settled in Virginia during the early his tory of that State. The Landers are of mixed Welsh and Scotch blood. They removed to Indiana and went thence to Iowa, where Mr. Deardof's father and mother died. He crossed the plains in ISoO with his wife and three sons and two daughters. They were caught in the snow in the Cascade mountains, their teams gave out and died, aud they were obliged to separate, t\w mother and daughters coming out of thi^ mountains with a highly respected pio- neer, Hon. Jesse Walling. They barely escaped beinji buried alive. Some of the thinofs ttiev buried, but when they went back for them they found that they had been stolen. The privations that these peo|)le endured can hardly lie realized in these days. That woman and her two daughters walked nearly all the wi^y throngh the mountains until they reached shel- ter. It seems wonderful that that young girl who had to endure so many hardships to reach Oregon, is now one of the most refined and wealthy ladies of that State. The family all came out of the adventure alive, and the father at first worked by the day loading vessels at Milwaukee. He then took a(iovernmentclaimof ()4U acres, for himself and wife, six miles east of Milwaukee, which he improved anil retained until his death, which took place on the 18th of December, 180(5. He was a member of the Christian Church, aud a man of integrity and worth. "^ His wife died on the SOtli of April, 18'.tl. She was a faithful wife, a loving mother and had mp.ny friends. Mrs. Ilenness had seven children by her first husband, Mr. Ross, four of whom lived to num'a estate. The eldest, Mary Jane, is the wife of the Hon. Tyter Wood Ward. Clara married Hentham B. Hrodenden, and resides at Spokane Falls. Her son, Delman H. Ross, lived to be thirty-five yi^ars of age, and he was married and reside ?-^-T -)> y)N. N. B. HUMIMIUEY. a widely known and liiglily respected citizen of Pendleton, I'matilla county. Oregon, was born De- cember ;i(l, 1S40. lie was the seventh child of George and Elizabeth (McCoy) Humphrey, na- tives of Jefferson county, Ohio, where they were married, and soon afterward removed to Iowa (in 1836), and remained there farming un- til 1805, when they came to Oregon. The father died in 1871*, at the age of seventy-nine, and the mother at the same age, in 1882. They were the patents of twelve children. The education of our subject was limited to the |)ublic schools of his district, he remaining upon the farm until lie was seventeen, when lu' began the study of law in the ottice of T. B. Perry, of Iowa. Four years later he was ad- mitted to the bar (iti 18(51), but in the follow- ing year, being fired with patriotism, he enlisti'd, July 28, 1802, as a private in Company B, Twenty-second Iowa Infantry. Soon afterward he was made First- Lieuteiujut, and nine months later, upon tlii' recommendation of the regi- mental oHieers, and by the unanimous vote of his company, was promoted to a captaincy. Captain Ilumjihrey was a favorite and popu- lar oliicer; in fact, he has liostti of warm friends and admirers wherever he may be, and made for himself a most honorable record as a soldier, remaining until the war was over, being mus- tered ont August 30, 18t)5. Although slightly wounded three times, he never lost a day from duty. Ue took part in the following buttles: Fort Gibson, Champion Hills, Black I'iver Bridge, siege (d' N'ickslnirg, Jackson Missis- sippi, Winchester (September, 1804), Fisher Hill, Cedar Creek and many snniller engai^e- inents. At Vicksburg he was slightly wounded in the arm by a bayonet thrust; at Winchester iiy a minie ball, and at Fort Ciibsnn by a shell, carrying the mai'k of the latter to tiiis day. His conijiany was mustered in 108 strong, and came out with but twenty-three men, " was born in Denmark, in 183(i. He was educated in the schools of that country. reared upon a farm and continued to engage in agricultural pursuits until 1863, when he em- barked for the I'nited States, and in due course of time arrived in New York. Proceeding to Colorado, he followed mining for three years, then went to Pennsylvania and engaged in rail- road work until 1867. when he followed coal- mining in Illinois, and later in Wyoming, and then his inventive genius began working, and he produced a miicliine for the rapid loading of box cars, carrying coal to the ends, and saving the work of two men. He labored in coal and gold-placer mining in Wyoming until 1S73. when he came to .Vstoria and engajfed in salmon i I' i I ' 1093 II I STORY OF ORKaoif. iisliing. Tlu' repiiiring of lifts suirfresteil the Jensen Needle-Filliiio' Mucliiiie, wliieli supplied ii loiig-l'elt want, hut with tho liinitej market 450 iiiaeliiiu's filli'd the (ieiiiand, and in 187U he returned to tisliing. In Issl he perfected a nettini^ iiiachiiie, which turned mit tiie woi-k tiie >aiiie as hv iiaiid, but this interfered witji the worii I if the tidierineii diiriiiij; the idle season, and the union ohjeetcil to the inaehine iieiiig used. In Ifi'i'i Mr. Jensen patented his can- tillinrf iniieliine, wiiicli packs the fresh salmon ill one-pound cans, at the rate of forty-eight eans per minute, .doing the work of sixteen men. About 120 of these machines are now in Alaska. His can-capjiing and crimping and can bodv-formini;; and si structure, is located on land he sold them. As the years have rolled by, prosperity has attended the earnest elforts of this worthy couple, and they are now in the en- joyment of a nice home, surrounded with all the comforts of life. Mr. llornbiickle has been a Republican ever since that party was organized. .Afrs. Ilornbuckle is a member of the Methodist Ohurcli. [EPTIMUS lIFKLATisone of the oldest lawyers of Clackamas county, only one other lawyer, Hon. W. Carey .lohnson an- tedating him. These two were opposing coun- sel in nearly all the leading cases in the county, for many years. Judge lluelat has resided in Oregon for nearly forty-two years and has been a practitioner at the bar for thirty-two years, and is a thoroughly read and experienced lawyer. The Judge's father, John Huelat, was a native of England, but came to New Vork when a yi)\ing man. lie married Louisa Freshwater, a native of England, and they had fourteen chil- dren, of whom our subject was the seventh son, hence his name, Septimus. During a visit of the Judge's parents to England, some fifty years ago, this talented son of theirs was born. Soon after his birth the jiaronts returned to New York, and here Septimus was reared and educated. If our subject had had the ordering of his birth he would have chosen the United States as his na- tive land, but for all that, he is a citizen of the United States, born while his parents were abroad, as his parents were naturalized. He came to Oregon in 185(1, and at first was a clerk in a store, later eiii'ai'ed in mercantile pursuits, and in 1855 was elected Sheriff of the county of Clackamas, in which capacity he served two years and then engaged in ranching, raising stock with Mr. James K. Kelly, now an ex-I'iiifed States Senator. The ranch was on ' Hu tte creek. He read law with .Mr. Kelly and was admit- ted to practice in 18(J0, and at once began his practice, in which he has continued ever since. In 1^62 he was elected Judge of the county, on what was called the Union ticket. It was dur- \\w the war. and Judi£e Huelat was a strong I'liion man. This was the year and ticket on which Governoi' (iiitbs was elected (Jovcrnor of Oregon and Mr. .MclJride was elected to Con- gress. Every one who loved his country was in- terested in that ticket, anil they cairied the State by a large majority. It was a general uprising of the loyal people. Judge Huelat took an act- ive part in the stirring events of those «lays, he being then a |)rominent young lawyei'. After serving creditably as County Judge for two years he resigned to give his full attention to his ])ractice. br. McLonghlin, the founder of Oregon City and a resident there, was very friendly to our subject. In the general election of June. 1855, at which time there were numerous candidates to be voted for, including member of Coi'gress, of the Legislature, .Vssembly, etc., .ludge lluelat was a candidate for Sheriff. The Doctor came to the poles and voted for the Judge alone, llK(li)S. as very reliable and valimlilc. lie is a iiiaii of idciis and originality of tlionglit, and is guided by liis (,wn judgment. He usually votes the Dcniocrntic ticket, but the year ^Ir. Cleveland ran, he cast his vote for James (i. Hlaine. From this brief Bketcii, ijrief because it was impossible to get as modest a man as the Judge til talk of his own achievements, and not for lack of incidents in so eventful a life, one may easily see that Judge Iluelat is a manly gentleman, a good lawyer and reliable citizen. -^•€@-®^'^ fOIIX UONEYMAN. senior member of the firm of John Iloneynian iV: Co., proprietors of the City P^oiindry and Atachine Shops. Portland, is a native of Glasgow, Scotland, born August I'i, 1S15. He is descended from a family of mechanics, and very naturally adopted the trade in which he is now engaged. Begin- ning the occupation of a molder under the di- rection of his father .J (ilasgow and Greenock, he emigrated to Canada in ISiJl, and there com- pleted his apprenticeship under instruction in the fouiulry of Bennet i^: llenderson at Montreal. After four years (jf faithful service he began work as a jonrneynnin, which he continued until ls:-{t). During that year and the following he participated in the Canadian rebellion, and after the declaration of peace he removed to C^uebec; there he was foreman in the Tweedle foundry, holding the position until 1841. Then he went to Kingston, and was foreman in the foundry and machine shop until 1840; in the latter year he started the Ontario foundry and machine shops, which he sold at the end of two years. The ne.xt enterprise in which he en- gaged was the establishing of the Vulcan foundry and machine shops which he operated until 1800. In July of that year he disjiosed of his interest there, and, accomj)anie(l by hie son, William B., he started to Colorado. They traveled to St. Joe, Missouri, by rail, and tlience by the Wells-Fargo K.\pres.s to Denver, a dis- tance of 00(1 miles. They engiigeil in mining at Canon City and California (iulcli, now Lead- ville, until the sjiriinjof 1802; then they crossed the plains with ox teams to Oregon, arriving without serious mishap at the Dalles; theycon- tinueil their journey by river to I'ortlatid, wlierc they arrived Dei/ember 23, 1862, without a penny in their pockets. Mr. Honeyinan soon secured work in the Oregon foundry, and there remained until. June, 180:j. when he went to Idaho Basin, where he followed mining and also worked at his trade. At Kocky Bar he erected several quartz mills, receiving wages of $10 per day. Mr. Honeyinan was married, in I8i(0, on the 0th day of May, to Miss Eliza Levitt, a native of Yorkshire, England, ami they reared a family of ten children, seven of whom survive. In 1807 Mr. Iloneyman returned to Portland and brought his family from Kingston, Canada, for permanent settlement. He followed his trade until 1871, when he starteil the City Foundry and Machine Shops, on the corner of Front and Columbia streets, which ho managed very successfully until 1873. when the entire plant was destroyed by fire. With great courage and energy lie set about bringing order out of the chaos, and at the end of twenty-two days a new structure was completed and tlie first cast- ings had been run. The firm of J. Honeynian & Co., was then organized, the members of the corporation being J. Iloneyman and his three sons, -foil;, .\., William B., and Benjamin V. They did an extensive and profitable business until 1885, when the firm dissolved, John Iloneyman and his son, Benjamin F., continu- ing the business. They manufacture every- thing, from a boiler and engine to the most deli- cate castings; the shops are very completely e(juip|)ed with the best improved machinery, and the furnace stack is capable of melting six tons at a single heat. They employ on an aver- age of twenty hands. In 1S82 they built the city dredger for the Willamette river, which is pronounced by the I'nited States engineer to be the most jicrfect he has ever used. Mr. Iloneyman is one of the originators of the St. Andrew's Society, and is a charter member of that body. He has devoted his life to busi- ness, and by the em|)loyment of high ami honor- able methods he has won the regard and esteem of a wide circle of accpiaintance. |.\THANIKL HOLMAX, proprietor of tiic Ilolman Hotel, Dallas, Polk county, Ore- gon, is a representative business man and capitalist of this city. Following is a brief sketch of his life: UtaroiiY Oh' OREGON. 1005 XatliiinicI Iloliiriii was l>orn in Pliittu foiiiity, Missouri, A[)ril 11, 1840. His fiitiicr, .liiiiies S. Ildiinaii, a native of Tomiessco, was born November 28, 1813, iiis popple l)uini^ early set- tlers of that State, lie mirrieil Miss Mary Bowman, also a native of Tennessee, the date of her birth beinj^ Xovcmbor 22, 1811. Both had emigrated to Missouri, and their marriage occurred in that State. Seven children were born to them in I'latte county, two of whom died there. In 1847 he and his wife and the surviving, children crossed the plains to Oregon, making the six months' journey with ox teams, and meeting with no serious mishap on the way. Arrivercgon in ISo'i. Of tili^t union six cliildrcn have linen iiorn; Oscar M., lio-io K., I.nlii I!., (tcurj^'ii', Clyde and I'linl; UoBio K. is Hie wife of Willis McKlroy. son of tlic lion. K. li. McKlroy, btatc Superintenilc'iit ol' I'ulilic Instrnctjon. Sir. .loliiiHoii is a worthy ineinhcr of the Ma- 8oiiii', fraternity, liuloiiiiing hoth to the liliio l()i|i;('aiid cliiiptt'i'. llc('ii>t his first |)rcaidi'iifial vote for the world-riMiowiu'd noldier anil patriot, (iciioral r. S. (irant, and Inis since utKliatcd with the HepiiMii'aii party. He is a nmii of (jiiii't, thoiif^htfiil manlier, strictly lionoralile in business, and a liheral supporter of those enter- prises whicli teiiil to advance tiiu intereutH of the city, county and State. fOlIN ISOM. a proiniiieiit citizen of AHiany. was horn in (Jrayfon county, Virginia, 011 October 7,18:27." His father, David bom, was born in the saiiie county, his ancestors having been pioneers of that locality, all of wiioin followed agricultural pursuits. Tiio mother of our subject, Sarah ((!noat) Isom, was a native of North Carolina, bein<; (Joscended from a family which was eminent in Uu- 'e^al jirofession. Our subject was educated in his iiali>e c iiiiity. where he lived with his parents, b' iei: ■; .iployeil with farm duties, and at blacksinirliing in his father's shop, until ho was twenty years of ajje. He then started in life for himself, first emi- grating to Cole county, Missouri, where he en- gaged in farming. In 1848 he was married in that State to ^liss Klizabeth M. Smith, a native of Grayson county. Virginia, lie eoiitinued farming and blacksmithing until the spring of 1853, when he, like so many others, determined to seek a far distant land in the West. With two wagons, ten yoke of o.\en. and some loose cattle, and his wife ami two children, he started on the long journey across the plains. His trip was without pai'ticular incident, exceiit the loss of considerable stock by drinking alkali water. He arrived in Oregon on October 7, with four and a half yoke of oxen ami one wagon. They followed the course pursued by many othei's. that is. embarking at the DalK'.s on the (\)liiiii- bia river, they proceeded by boat to Oregon ('ity, proceeding on their journey by bind to i.ebanon. Here .Mrs. Isom had a brother, William M. Smith, who was a pioneer of 1845. Mr. Isoin located five miles north of Hrowns- I ville, |iiircliasing a claim of 'A'M acres for iftiOO, which included a small log cabin. Wi'ri' he en- gaged ill tanning, subsetjiiently iinrchasing ad- ioiniiig liindrt to the amount of 1,4U() acres, UOO acres of which he dinoted to agricultural |)Ur|i08e8, and using the rest for a stock range, having about li^O head of cattle, whicli he owned in partnership with his son. He has also pureluised other lands in Linn and I'olk counties, to the amount of ~,500 acres, and now has ill fiirin lands about 4,()()(( acres. He has been engaged since 18')5 in raising horses in eastern ( )regon. where he now has a herd of iJOO of the American anil Clydesdale stock, in lS('i4 he became interested in the Willamette Valley ife Cascade Mountain Military Wagon Road, extending from Albany to Hoise, Idaho. In 1KS7 Mr. Isinii moved to .\lbany. where, in part- nership with -Martin HalUrd, he bought his pres- ent mill projierty, which was toriiierly used for a warehouse. In 187'.) they put in biihr maeliin- cry for grinding flour, and thus established the " Ked Crown Flour Mill." In a few years, the advance of milling machinery made it impera- tive for them, in order to coni])eie with other tnoderii mills, to put in im|iriiveinents and the latest roller- process machinery, which they ac- corijiiigly dill, at '.be same time increasing their capacity to 150 barrels of flour every twenty- four hours. At about that time E. Gowens and E. J. Lanning bought the Ballard interest, and subseiiiiently the Gowens interest was sold to Isom A: Lanning, who now operate the mill. This brand of Hour, the Red Crown, has so in- creased in popularity throughout the Northwest, that improved machinery is about being added, and the capacity of the mill increased to 250 barrels. Power for this mill is gained by water from the Santiatn canal, and all wheat is pur- chased in the Willamette valley. ^Ir. and Mrs. Isom have eleven children, four sons and seven daughters, who have grown to maturity, all being satisfactorily settled in life. Mr. Isom is in politics a Democrat, and has served his county several times as County Com- missioner. He is interested in enterprises and various pursuits, being a atoekholder in the Albany Ice Company, stockholder and director of the Bank LiBinzaujria ^ nisToay of onsuox. 10!)l) (if ()rpj^i>ii, proiiriclor of tli(> AHmiiy Sddii Win'ks mill (Jimrfi'tioiu^i'v Mimiit'iirtory. Iiotiidi's liuviii^ rxti'imivc miiiiiii^r interests on tlio Sim- tiani river, wliicii Imve ii (|uiirt/, mill in oporu- tion. His jwlicy liiw l)een (itie of progression, and lie is nuniiicri'd aiming tiie foremost dc- veli'liers of I, inn county. lA.lOU FRANK K. HOI )(i KIN, a well- known piililic man and esteemed citi- zen, is Assistant State Treasnrer of Oregon, and resiiles in Salem. He is a native of TcenniHidi, Michigan, wliere lie was liorn March H, 184(5. His ancestors v.'cre English, those on his mother's side lieing I'liritans. Ilia maternal grandt'ather, Dr. William I'acon, for- merly ol' Connecticut, pushed westwanl to Western New York, in 182(1, and served the United States Government as postmaster. His fatlier. Rev. Edmund F. Hodgkin, was horn in England, and emigrated to tlm I'nited States, and was connected with the work of the Episco- pal Church in Michigan. The mother of our subject, Mrs. Mary (Hacon) Hodgkin, was born in New York State. The subject of our sketch was left an orphan at the age of nine years, and was reared by his maternal grandparents. Dr. and Mrs. William Bacon, tluMi residentsof Rnreaii county, Illinois, but later of Niles, Michigan. A fa(;t worthy of mention in regard to this worthy couple is that they lived to celebrate their sixty-eighth wed- ding anniversary, an e'-ont so rare that it may be called uni(ine. Onr subject received the beneiits of a cominon-school education, and commenced, at the age of si.xteen years, to Ifiani the tinners' trade, at which ho worked in Jlich- igan, Illinois and Missouri, until 1870. He then crossed the continent to San Francisco, and thence journeyed by the old steamship Califor- nia to Portland, whore ho joined his uncle, G. V. Ikcon, who was then proprietor of t/ie Black Ilawk Stables. In September of that year, he received the appointment of .night clerk in tlie Portland post office, under Hon. L. II. Wake- field. Here he remained until the spring of 1872, when he went to Salem, where he acted for a few months as local editor of the States- man. In December, of that year, he accepted a position on the editorial staff of the Portland Daily Bulletin, remaining there until the sum- mer of 1874. in January. 1^7o, he was ap- pointed mailing and delivery clerk in the Salem post ollice, under Cdlnnel T. I!. Rickey, leinain- iiig in that position until the spring of ls7((. He then returned to Portland, where, n|ion the organization of the Daily Evening Telegram, he was otfered the position of city editor, with Ex- (tdvernor (ieorgo 1,. Curry as editor-iiichief. Here he roniained one year, when he becaino associated with W. S. Chapmiin in tlu' editorial manageineiit of the Daily l!ee. This position he resigned in September, 1878, to accept the office (if Assistant Secretary of State, under the Hon. K. P. Earhart, who that month assumed his otHcial duties. In September, 1881, Mr. Hodgkin was commissioned Assistant .\djiitant- (ieneral on the staff of Brigadier-v York, Fehrnarv 18, 181U. His father, Charlo.; Johnson, was a native of Saratofi;a county. New York, and was of Scotch- Irish ancestry; the mother's maiden name was Kachel Pratt, and she was horn in Yermont, of Puritan stock. Hiram A. was reared on his father's farm, and received his eilucation in tlie common schools. lie remained under the par- ental roof until he was twenty-one years of ai>e. In the sprini? of 1S4() he started out on a career that has taken him throuifh many hard experi- ences, but has also brought its reward.' lie went to Pike county, Illinois, and duly, 25, 1841, was united in marriage to Miss Klizaheth ,f. Whit- ney, a native of Wayne county, Illinois, her ancestry beiui; Scotch-Irisii anil Hnalish. Air. Johnson purchased and partly iin|)roved two places, but in April, 1847, "he started from Pittstiehl, Illinois, for Oregon. There was not a bridge or a ferry on the whole distance. There were twenty-three wajrons in the train, and Mr. .lohnsons' family eansisted of a wife and two children, to which was added another Boul before the journey was completed. They were the first train to take the liarlow trail. They arrived in the valley Septemlier 10. After their arrival in Marion county, Air. John- son took up a donation claim oftUO acres, which had been taken up jireviously by a sailor, who had built a log house and tlien abondonod it; this structure was without windows or ortion of the land, gave each of his sons a farm, and removed to Salem. While a citizen of Jefferson he was elected .i assessor of the county; he was Justice of the Peace several years, and soon after coming to Salem he was elected to this office which he tilled acceptably for twelve years. He has served one terrn as Deputy County Treasurer. In 1882 he built a r'sidence in Salem, and is now retired from nct.v'e pursuits. He has a family of six sons and a daughter: George W. and John C. are the subjects of biographical iu)tice8 in this volume; the other children are: William W.. Hiram A., Jr., Samuel Thurston, Ilachel C , wl.o married J. Earl, he died and she is married again to J. II. Haurts, of Salem; and Francis M., a farmer, living near Moscow, Idaho. Mr. Johnson was made a Mason in 1862, and has been a Alastor of his lodge and an active Mason for thirty years. He and his wife are consistent members of the Christian Church. He aiul his gooil v.-ife celobratt'd the fiftieth anni- versary of their wedding day July 25, 1891. In 1S76 they maile a trip to the Hast, visiting the scenes of earlier days, but the landmarks had disappeared, and there was little to remind them of their youth. They are people of much force of character, and have done their share in the development of the wilderness of the Pacific coast to one of the greatest commonwealths of this nation. tH. JOHNSON, County Clerk of the county of Clackamas, and a native son of ■3 Oregon City, was born July 23, 184 t. He is the son of Rev. Ile/okiah .Fohnson, a pioneer of 1845. (For fuller particulars see bi- ography of Hon, W. Casey Johnson i'l this book.) mm'^& I; m w I 11891 ^B i: i jS^. f^. .St^Je^. lUSTOUY OF OHEdON. 1101 llezeskiali II. Johiison, our subject, was the youngest child of the family, and he was raised and educated in his native city, lie en- gaged in different occiijiations as he was grow- ing up, and received the appointment of Deputy United States Surveyor. He served in this capacity for eight years, and during that time was engaged in Idaho establishing lines for the Oovernnient. In 1N88 he was elected County Clerk, and gave sucii satisfaction that he re- ceived a re-election in 1890, and is now serving his second term in a highly satisfactory manner. He was married, in 1886, to Miss .losephine Day, of Ohio, and the daughter of Mr. AI)Baloni Day. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson liad one daugh- ter, Violet Olive, born in (Jregon City. Mrs. Johnson died in 1889, and her husband bat- had the sympathy of the whole community. Not only (lid they sym])athize with him, but they felt that they ail had lost a true and faith- ful friend in the death of Mrs. Johnson. ^Ir. Johnson is a Republican and a man of excellent reputation. Me is proud of having ticen born in Oregon City, and he is one of her sons, of wliora she may well feel proud. ^■•^ tON. HENRY W. CORBETT. the worthy pioneer, the successful business man, the distinguished Statesman, the Christian philanthropist and the quiet, unassuming citi- zen of Portland, has for forty-one years been identified with the busiiu'ss, the religious and the tolitical interests, not only of Oregon, but of the Inited States. He has been one of the promi- nent and potent factors in the development of the great Northwest. His birthplace was West- borough, Massachusetts, February 8, 1827. The first ancestor of his family of whom anything is known, was Roger Corbett, a military chief, who won distinction and lands under William I in the conquest of England in KXiC). The oldest Bon of Roger was seated at Wattsborough. His second son. Sir Robert Corbett, baronet, had for his iidieritance, the castle of the estate of Cnrrs, with a large portion of his father's domain. His son and namesake, Robert, went to the siege of Arce witli Richard I. having for armorial bearings in this campaign two ravens, which have been his descendants' crest ever since. The Corbetts all along thu line were worthy men, who won distinction in the affairs of both church and State. Some of them were learned 60 mend)ersof professions. TheCorl)ett8 in Amer- ica are their lineal ''ascendants, the connection being made quite clear by the family record, kept at Mendon, Massachusetts. The ancestor of the family in America, Henry Winslow Cor- liett, came from old England to New England early in the seventeenth century. The grand- father of our subject and his father were both named Elijah Corbett, the latter marrying Miss Molinda Eorbish. He was a mnchauie and established at Westborough, the first edge-tool manufactory in that part of Massachusetts. He subsequently removed to Washington county, New York, where he continued his munulactory until his health failed. He then settled in Cambridge in the same county, and engaged in farming until his death. They had eight children, of whom six grew to maturity, Henry Winslow was theiryoungest child. His boyhood was passed in Washington county, New York, where he received a common school education. In ISKt, when thirteen years old, he began his business career in a store at Cambridge, where he remained two years Ho then took a regular cour.se in the Cambridge Academy, and next secured a clerkship in a store at Salem, the county seat. At the end of a year he went to New York city and secured a clerk- ship in the dry goods store of Williams, Brad- ford it Co., serving sevan years in that busi- ness. During this j)criod he became firmly established in the confidence of his employers. In October, 1850. they furnished him the neces- sary capital to ship a general line of merchan- dise to Portland, Oregon, by the way of Capo Horn, on the bark Francis and Louise. Ho arrived at Portland in March, 1851, when this town contained aliout 4(Kt to 500 inhabitants and five small stores. Stumps of trees stood in Front street, and back of First street stood the virgin forest. He secured the rental of a frame building, then not fully completed, on the corner of Front and Oak streets, at $125 per month. He removed his goods to the second story of this building before it was completed, his customers being obliged to ascend a tlight of stairs. At night when ho was ready to retire, he pulled u|) the stairs after him and slept in the store. Within fourteen months he had disposed of his entire stock of goods, the net profit amount- ing to the sum of i!20,0(l(>, with which he re- turned to New York city; but before leaving ho formed a partnership with liobert and Finlay 1102 UISTORY OF OltECON. ^McLaren, wlio were to etiiitiiiue the biisirii'ss in Portliuid. He reiiiiiinud in New Vorli one year and continued to pliip jfoods to iiis partners in I'ortland. He then determined to nialso i'ort- land liis 'i mi.o. he (UrsoIn; ness in his e general nierca. Some inonthi;; after his return "■ 'ship and eontiinu'(l the i)nsi- )e. He eontinned to do a MsineBB until I'^'KI, when lie chanifed tua whon-ale hardware business, which, in ISin. he consolidated with the stock of Henry Failing & Company, which has since occupied the first place ainonj^ the mercantile houses of the I'acitic Northwest. As soon as he had his financial niiltters on a firm basis in tlu^ city of his adoption, he began to take a prominent part in the c'^^rprises, which he saw were needed to develop tiie re- sources of the country. Ho first turned his attention to the improvement of transportation facilities on the rivers. lie was also among the first to advocate the liuilding of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and while in the Senate labored zealously, although he had no personal interest to subserve in so doing. After the failure of Jay Cooke to carry the undertaking through, he assisted ii> the reorganizing of the company, took stock in the company and became one of the most active promoters, [n 18i)5-'66 he secured the Government to carry the mail be- tween San Francisco and Oregon City. The line, 040 miles in length, he stocked with four liorso stages and successfully conducted the business until his election to the I'nited States Senate, when he relinquished his contract. In 18(59, with Henry Failing, Mr. Corbett purchased the controling interest in the First National Bank of Portland, which had been established four year.s previously. Its business, however, was very limited, its deposits amount- in"; to abont $4(),00(). Tnder the new manaife- ment it has steadily grown in magnitude until, at the present time, it is at the head of financial institutions of the Northwest, with deposits aggregating over S3,000,000, and capital and surplus over §1,000,000. It is the strongest national bank in the Northwest. Mr. Henry Failing has been president ever since they took control, and since his retirement from the Sen ate Mr. Corbett has been vice-president. N umer- ous are the other enterprises, which have re- ceived and are still receiving his encouragement ami pecuniary assistance. Being a director of the Oregon Railway and .Navigation (Company he has always cast his influence in behalf of liberal measures in its management and to secure the lowest rates of transportation possible with good and (|uick service. He is also largely interested in the Oregon Fire and Marine Insur- ance Company, of which ho is vice-president, and in the Oregon Rope Works, the Oregon Linseed ( )il Works and the Street Railway Com- pany. He is president of the company, which lias completed the erection of the Portland Hotel, which is second in size only to the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. He was also largely instrumental in the organization of the Portland Board of Trade, and for several years was its president. lie has also been prominently con- nected with the Board of Immigration. All the above have been potential in the growth and development of the country. He is a largo owner of real estate, and has built several large blocks in the city. In private enterprises, which have had for their object the advancement of the city or the promotion of the moral and intellectual good of his fellow- citizens, Mr. Corbett has responded readily and wisely. His name heads every subscription list to tvorthy objects. He gave $35,000 toward the erection of the Presbyterian Church, made a liberal donation toward the endowment of the Children's Ilonie, and contributed largely to the Young Men's Christian Association, to the Boys' and Girls' Aid Society and Sailors' Ibjine, in fact to everything lie gives, and so (|uietly, that half of his benefactions are not known. He seeks ojjportnnity t(i do good and to help his fellow-men and his city. He was reared in the doctrines of the Presby- terian denomination, and for many years has been a consistent member of that church, but his sympathy and substantial encouragement go out to all agencies, irrespective of I'eligion or creed, which tend to help the snffei'ing and to improve mankind. In jiolitics Mi'. Corbett was a Whig and a devoted tollower of Henry Clay. When the formation of the Republican party in Oregon took place he became one of its leaders, and, in fact, jiarticipated in its organization, and has since been one of its strong adherents. As Chainiian of the State Central Committee he did Some \aliant service in seciii'ing its ascendency in ()regon. At the convention held in 1860 he and Leander Holmes were electecl delegates to the Chicago Convention, which nominated liincoln for the ju'esidency. They failed to reach the convention in time and Horace (J reeley represented Oregon l.y proxy for Mr. Corbett iffsronr of orecon. \w. and Mr. Ilolines, and tlie two votes Mr. Greeley was thus able to cast for Mr. Lincoln, backed by iiis jwwcrfnl intinence, bad a most potent uiTect in tlie nomination of ^fr. Lineoln, and all the conse(juent results to the country. Durinjf all the events which afterward trans- pired in the country, during the war and after it, in upluilding its credit, Mr. Corbett made no mistakes, and was in the lead in the measures, wliicli were afterward adopted by the (Tovern- ment in the suppression of the rebellion, and the eminently successful methods which he sus- tained to the credit of the country and settled all the questions, wliicli at that time seemed so ditficnlt of solution. To such men as Senator Corbett the country owes a debt of gratitude that will never be overestimated, and all future generations will revere the memory of the pa- triot pioneer, who planned so well and labored so efficiently in laying the foundation and build- ing the edifice of a great, rich free State, which challenges the admiration of the world. lE()Il(4E U. JANXEY, one of the pioneers of California and Oregon of the times of the gold excitement, was born in Hoone county. ^lissouri, .August 9, 18;i2. His father, Nathan Janney, was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, in 1792, and went to Kentucky when lie was a young man and there nuirried Miss Elizab(>th Grimes, a native of Kentucky. They moved to Moone county, Missouri, and from there to nortliern Illinois, and then ho entered the lead mines of Wisconsin. By occupation he was a miner, but while he lived in Missouri lie was elected Sheriff of his county. After his removal to Wisconsin, our subject's father entrajred in both farminrr and nuning, and in that State !ie died in March, 1S55, at the age of sixty-throe years, and his wife passed away December 31, 1886, at the age of eighty years. Our subject was the fifth child in a family of eleven, and he left home to make his own way when he was but nineteen years of age. His idea was to seek his fortune in the California gold beds, and he reached that State in 1851, with just $1. His father had given him enough to pay hi-^ fare there, but he was forced to go to work at once in order to get money for his support. As long as lie remained in that neighborhood he engaged in mining, and soon became quite an expert. As a prospector, ho discovered tlie richest mine that was ever discovered in Cali- fornia, called the West Canon Mine, on July 4, 18.50, and that mine is being worked at the present day. Having made considerable moiusy out of his discovery, the news came that gold had been discovered in Oregon, and he, being filled with ambition, stai'ted for the gold fields of Oregon. Landing in Oregon in 1862, he remained in Portland one year, and in 1863 came to Haker county, wh(s AmiiiKla I'oty, u native of Illinois. I''ollowinir are the names of their children: I rancis. at home; I). L , mai'ricd ami engaged in business at Perrydale; Nellie, wife of William Townsend, lives near her parents; Henry (t., at home; Edwin, residing in this vicinity; and Lena and William, at home. #.-J.^« AMES MADISON KEENE. one of the most prominent of the native sons of Marion county, and one of Salem's ntost able professional men, was born on French prairie, October 20. 18(i4:. His father. David M. Keeiie, deceased, was a wi Catharine Phillips, a native of the State of Xorth Carolina. Her parents, David mid Sarah Phillips, came to Oregon in l85i{. After he had resided on his farm for several years he fold it, came to Polk county and pur- chased 200 acres of land near Dixie, where he mad" iinpr()\eineiits and resided live years; then he sold out and in 1871) |)iircliased 1()5 acres of land near McMinnville. on which he has since resided. In 188!t he built on it a very nice farm residence. He has made of the ])roperty one (if the nicest farms in the county. He has been a very industrious and paini'taking farmer, and has been amply repaid in large yields of grain, raising 5,000 to 0,000 bushels annually. lie liasliad seven children, namely: David Ed- ward, the eldest, is settled in Linn county, a farmer; Sarah Ann has become Mrs. William Newman, her hnsband is a farmer near La Fay- ette; Ella married Mr. It. Aliilkey, who is a farm- er near Bellevue; and (Jeorge and Franklin are at home with their father. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are members of the Christian Church. — she from girlhood, and he for the past ten years. Ill politics Mr. Jones is in sympathy with the Democratic party, but he does not take an active part in public affairs. He has given his undi- vided attention to his farm, and by it has pros- pered, and because of his iijiriglit life he enjoys the respect of all who have ever known him. ILLIAM J. JONES, an Oregon pio- neer of 1847, and an Indian war veteran of 1855-'56, was born in Indiana May 13, 1833. Of his life and ancestry we present the following sketch: The . I ones family originated in England and some of them settled in America previous to the IJevolntionarv war. His father, William Jones, was born in Kentucky August 8, 1811, and his mother, nee Mary Davis, daughter of Isaac Davis, was born in Indiana. He is the oldest of their eight children, six of whom are living. In 1840 the faniily moved to Iowa, and seven years later Mr. Jones brought his wife and six children across the plains to Oregon. They •uo ntSTOHY OF OltKOOX. hi- HtiirtiMl ut n point Htnoti iiiilcs wost of niirliiig- ton, IdWii, ill Aliiri'li, unci ul'ttT ii joiiniKV of six inoiitlia laiuli'd in the ("lu'liulcin vftiley in Yam Hill coiintv. Heir the fiitlit'i- took ii een(hint of one of the old families of that State; and by this inarrir.gc there have been five cliildr(Mi born in Missouri. In 185;! the whole family emi'Tated to Oreiron, crossini; the plains with oxen. (>f the children who came in this emigration; Mary married Thomas Mc- Kinley, and resides in eastern Oregon; Lydia married Dr. N. Hudson and after some years died; Sarali Jane married Melom Jetrerson, and is also deceased; I'annie beciiine the wife of William I'arkttr, and riwides in Jackson county, this State; Alice Alvina became Mrs. John McCord and is living in eastern Oregon; one child died in the East; d the youngest, William, was only three v old when they started for the far West. Upon his arrival in Ort^, ..o fatlier pur- chased 320 acres of land, a mile south of Hetliel, in I'olk county, and occupied it for twenty years; then his good wife died, and lie sold the farm and went to ilnckson county, and afterward returned to I'olk county, and died at the house of his daughter, Mrs. McCord. He was aipiiet, industrious farmer, living an honest and honor- able life. Harry I. Jones, the youngest liiit ono of the family, was eleven years of age when he came to this State. He was brought up on the farm, and when twenty-two years old married Miss Jo8e|)hine Van Ibiskirk, a native of Ohio, and a daughter of John Van Ibiskirk, who came to this State as early as 1852, and died in 1882, and his wife still survives, residiriif with the sub- ject of this sketch. Mr. Jones purchased a part of his father's land, and after two years ho sold out and bought a place in Yam Hill county, nine miles southwest of McMinnville, an iinim|)roved tract of 15!) acres, and on this pro]ierty he was a suc- cessful farmer, adding to it from time to time by jnircha.-e until he had 27!) acres. In 1889 he gave this place to his sons and Iwiiglit l;i9 acres near it, on which ho built a gooiH! of the Or.'^c.n pioneers of iS-t'J, was horn in Diihiin, Iro- iaiui, May 15, im8, the non uf a prominent manufacturer of woolen goods; hia aticestors iiatl heen enj;at!;t'il for generations in tlie same inijnstry, and lie icanu' very |iroticient in every department ot IiIh futiier's tactory. In 1838 he i)ade farewell to the parental roof, to his friends and luitive land, and crosted the sea to America. IJe lived at llawkshnrfi;, Canada, for two years, as superintendent of a small factory. He removed to Swanton, Vermont, and in a like capacity resided there until 1842. In that year he^pusheil further westward, and located at Waterford. Wisconsin, whore he anil (ieorj^e llo- vey cstahlished the Waterford Woolen Mills. At the (Mill of five years he disposed of his interest, and went to St. Louis; in this city he enlisted tor service in the Mexican war, joiniiiif the Third Uegiment Missouri Mounted Volunteers. His chief and Katie S. Mr. Kelly is a member of the I. O. O. I"'., and in both busi- ness and social circles has the highest respect of all who know him. *' i — 3' ^ ■ { '■L-^'^ — :•- fRAXK P.. JOLLY, attorney-at-law, 149 First street, Portland, Oregon, is a native of Washington county, this State, born .Vugust 31, 1850, on the donation claim settled by his father in 1847. Of his life and ancestry we make the following brief record: As early as 1775 s Yakima Indian war, in 1855, Mr, Kane heroically vol- unteered his services, furnished his own horse and e(juipments, and became a member of Com- pany I), Washington County Volunteers. He sewed in the first expedition in Yakima county, and was later employed on the Government posts, serving for a year in all. When a young man he cast his first presi- dential vote for Stephen A. Douglas. Later he became a Uepublican, and at the time of the war was a strong Union man. Mrs. Kane is a member of the Conifreija- tional Church, being actively engaged in pro- moting its interests. As citizens and pioneers he and his wife are looked up to and respected, because of their intrinsic worth an Ballahoochio, which he ran night and day, until ho lost his health, in conseijiience of which he went to Cali- fornia in 184:9, spending the whole of 1849 and 1850 in San Francisco and Sacramento. After lartiallv recovering his health, he came to Port- land, wliere he was engaged in setting up the ma- chin<'ry in the Lot Whitcome, which was the first steamer built on this coast, lie ran her as cl.ief engineer until she was taken to ('alifomiu. lie then built the first stern-wheel steamer ever constructed here, called the Jennie Clark. Captain .1, C. Angel was interested in her, and Mr. Kamm ran hor about four yeare, lie thou 'J'^f-i-S^" HISTORY OF OliKOoy. II 15 bccaiiip chief engineer of tlio Oregon Steam Navigation Company. This company was or- ganized in lSf};{, aftci-Wiird selling out to tlu^ Oregon Railway «fc Navigation Company, and later still was 'leased by the Utah it Oregon Short Line. Mr. Kanim is no longer connecti^l with any oC these organizations, hnt has turned his attention more to the local interests of the city. He is a stockholder in several of the city hanks, and was one of the organizers of theliank of California and the Western Oregon National Bank, and also of the First National iBank of Astoria. Some time in the 'GOs, he bought at a nominal price, eleven acres of land in Portland, which has since become much enhanced in value. At one time he was the owner of the propeller, George S. Wright, which made regular trips to the Sound, Victoria and Sitka. He has master, chief enginec: and pilot papers, and was master of his own vessel. He has built one of the best-designed and most valuable busi- ness blocks i' I'ortland. He was n 3d, in 1869, to Miss Caroline A. Gray, a native ■=* ' f its full statement of the events that transpired in Oregon, from its first settlement until the year of 1849. His wife was born in New York on July 2, 1810, and, as previo\isly stated, came to Oregon, in 1838, to tea'h the gospel of salvation to the heathen in thi iar off and inaccessible land, and here she lalioi ! at her life-work for forty-three years, nnt' ho sank peacefully to rest, on December ^. 1^>1, eight years previous to the death of her iius- band. She had grown old gracefully, time seem- ing to lay its haiul gently on her brow, only to add the lines of kindness and patience, worn by the experiences of her daily life, and to stamp indelibly on her manner the outward form of th •■ in ■ ard spirt of Christianity, which g .'rued brr liti'. The surviving childr 11 of these iiighly e.^teemed pioneers are Captain J . H. D. of Astoria; Airs. Tarhell, of Tacoma Aberuethy; Captain W. P. Gray, of Washington; A. W. (iray; Captain J. T, I'' Vancouver, Washington, and Mrs. Kiimm. Mr. and Mrs. Kamm have one son, Charles T., who is married to Miss Fannie Walk, and they have three children, all born in Portland. Caj)tain Kamm is in politics a Republican, and during the late war was a strong Union man, but has not since given particular attention to politics, and is what may he termed independent. lie is a Royal .Vrch ilason, of which fraternity he is a respected member. He has worthily Won the regard of his fellow-men, by his \ip- rightness and cordiality of treatment, avid >t- tracted to his side a numerous retinue of arin personal friends. 'UOAIAS IIOLMAN, a prominent and in- fluential ''itizen of Salem, Oregon, is a na- tive of Devonshire, England, where he was born in 184U. His father, John Holnian, was a well-known mannfaiaurer of threshing machines ivnd farming impluiuents in England. Gray, Mrs, Pa'^co, Gray, Jacob v! ; \V UKi msTOHY OF OREGON. I 1 'I I 'Hi Dosct'iiiling from a family of I'liiiiiont lucclianics, if was must natural that our subject's mind sliuuid havu been jiredisposed in the same direc- tion. Accordin}j;ly, as soon as he was old enough, he entered his father's shop, and, later, at the age of Iburtoeii, he was sent to Cardiff, Wales, where, in the large car-buildiiig numu- faetory of the Taft'vale Kailroad Company, he continued his studies, learning the process of woodworking and pattern-making, remaining there for four years, in 18()7 he returned to England, where, in Epsom, he followed car])enter work in house building until 1871, when he I'nigrated to Toronto, Canada. There he found occupation in the naniilt(;n Car Shops, as pat- terti-m.^ker and car-builder, remaining there un- til the fall of 1873, when ho crossed to the I'nited States, and made his way to Salem, Ore- gon, where an unele, Joseph Ilolman, a pioneer of 184:t which 70 time his son, the subject of our sketch, became interested in the business, and continued it until 1879, when ho sold out advantageously. In 1881, however, he again engaged in business in Amity, and continued in it until 1887, after which he returned to his farm, on which he now resides. The subject of our slw^tch was educated in the district school, after which he graduated from the I'ortland Business College, in 1871-'72. He now has in the old homestead farm, 833 acres of choice agricultural land, for which Yam Hill county is noted. Besides this he also owns a farm near Sheridan, consisting of 400 acres, and another farm, the Buffum donation claim, of 647 acres, making in all aboiit 2,000 acres. Besides this he owns considerable city property in Portland. All of this he has purchased himself, aside frotn the home tract, and is prob- ably the largest individual land-owner in the county, and perhaps, in the State. Mr. Lancefield was married August 9, 1874, to Miss Sarah J. Madox, a native of Missouri, and a daughter of Mr. George Madox, an es- teemed citizen of Amity. They have seven children, all of whom were born in Yam Hill county, and all living at home with their par- ents, viz.: Alda P., Victor S., Jessie, Lloyd, Willie R., Georgia C. and Hilda M. They are all intelligent young Americans, and reflect credit on tlie county and State of their nativity. Mr. and Mrs. Lancefield are worthy members of the Christian Clnircb, to the support of which they liberally contribute. If Mr. Lancefield has reason to be proud of his State, one of the grandest of the sisterhood, she certaitdy can boast a most promising son, who is devoted to her interest, and would die in her cause. ^■ '■^^ L. LAMB, manager of the Albany branch of the Mitchell, Lewis »& Staver Coni- .i3pB'» pany, of Portland, Oregon, was born on Cape Horn' mountain, Washington, in 1865. His father, Henry Lamb, a native of Vir- ginia, removed to Ohio in early manhood, and was married in Dayton, that State, in 1858, to Miss Lavena Hopkins. He was engaged in fanning there until 1802, when he came to Ore- gon, making the journiiy overland. There were about 150 wagoiia in !;he train, mid he watj 1118 nisTonr of ohegun. elected captain of tlu' company. Tlirougli tlio Indian country tliey were Cfcortcd by a coni- panv of llnitt'(l States cavalry, coinnianiled by Captain ("rawtord. Mr. I.ainb came in l)y the Colnmbia riviM', first located at ('ti])c Horn, and snbse(iuently removed to CMacl\anni8 county, wliere lie lias a t'arin of 'iOO acres, on wliicli lie is still liviiifj. lie is now eighty-two years of age. His mother dying, the subject of our sketch was taken when an infant and reared by Thomas Mncknian, a farmer of C'lackanias county. In 1885, at the age of twenty, he engaged with his brother Henry, in the dairy business at Sauvais island, and remained there one year. He then sold out and took a course in the Portland Busi- ness College, after which he started a retail grocery on Ninth and L streets. East Portland. A few montiis later he purchased the New Deal (irocery, on Fourth street, which he continued one year. In November, 1888, he entered the employ of Mitchell & Lewis, of i'ortland, and after eleven months in their wari'house, was placed in charge of their agency at Albany, llere they have a salesroom, 44 x 103 feet, and warehouse, 15(5 x 80 \et, and carry a large line of wagons, buggies, agricultural implements and farm machinery. Mr. Lamb is an active and enterprising young business man, and as mana- ger of this establishment, has attained a degree of success that is highly satisfactory to his employers. December 25, 1885, in Clackamas county, Mr. Lamb was united in marriage to Miss Estella Howard, a native of Ohio. They have two children: Klla and l^ertha. Mr. Lamb joined Linn Fire Engine Company, No. 2, in June, 188!l. lie has tilled the ofHces of assistant foreman and foreinaii, and in De- cember. 1891, was elected assistant chief, which (irtice he now holds. He is a inember of the 1. O. (.). F. and the Encampment. — ^^^M^W^ — tARItlSON R. KIXCATI), proprietor of the Oregon State Journal, published at Eugene, was born in Miulison county, In- diana, January 3, 188t). His father, Thomas Kincaid, of Scotch ancestry, was a native of Virginia, but eiiiigrated with his jiarents to In- diana ill 1817, ami settled on l''all creek, eight- een miles iiortliei^st of Indianapolis, and re- claiming farms froiii the timber, cultivated the soil for many years. He was married in 1831 to Miss Xaiicy Chadrick, of Ohio. She was of German-. Vinerican parentage. lieinaining upon their farm until 1844, they then set forth in a two-horse wagon to tind u milder cHmato, jiass- ing the winter in Iowa, in the spring of 1845 they started for Te.xas. As they journeyed through the western boundary of Arkansas they met many emigrants returning, who gave Te.xas a bad name. This changed their plans and they started for home and spent the winter at St. Francis river, on the main road leading from Tennessee to Te.xas, along which great numbers of slaves were being driven westward, lioing opposed to slavery they decided to return to the free States, so by wagon and river steamer they returned to their old home in Indiana, having been absent nearly two years and traveled about 3,000 miles. In 1853 they started for Oregon, the family comjwsed of Mr. and Mrs. Kincaid and five children. They had two wagons for trans- portation, one of them being two-horse and the other drawn by oxen. The trip was laborious and severe, but with no unusual hardships, they landed at Foster's September 29. They con- tinned up the "Willamette valley until they came to Eugene, which then contained about three houses. They located a donation claim three miles southeast of Eugene and there resided un- til 1800, when they removed to Eugene, which has been their home. Harrison !{., the first-born of the family, crossed the j)lain8 with his parents, walking nearly the entire distance while driving the ox team. Locating with his parents in Lane coun- ty, the first two years were passed in splitting rails.and building fence. In the spring of 1855 he W(>nt to the mines in southern Oregon, but with the breaking out of the Indian war, con- tinued to Crescent City, and there engaged in such work as offered, splitting rails, chopping wood, teaming etc., until the fall of 1857, when he went to San Francisco, and by steamer re- turned to his home in Lane county. He then worked on the home place at cutting and haul- ing saw-logs, an.l infting them to Eugene city to make lumber for a liouse which he built in 1859, and into which the family moved in 1800. In 1859-"tiO he attended Columbia College in the class with Joaquin Miller, \V. H. Byers, J. I). Miitlock and others. In the summer of 18f50 he worked in the office of the People's Press, a Republican paper published in |£ugene city, by UISTORY OF OllEOOX. 111!) Joel Ware. In 18r)2-'ti;j he was printer and r art of the time editor of tlie State Uepublicau. n 1864 lio woriied on a weekly paper called the I'nion ("riisader, whieh he and others siib- 8e(juently purchased, ami finally March 12. IHti-i, in j)artnersliip with Joel Ware, he founded at Knirene (Jity the Oregon Stati! Joui'iial. The partnership continued for one year, and ainee then Mr. Kincaid haa been sole editor. His paper has always been the advocate of Itepiibli- ean principles and he has frequently represented liis party in County, State and ^fational Con- ventions. In February, 1869, he was appointed one of the clerks of the Senate of the United States, and served in that position continuously until .lune 11, 1879, when the DiMuocrats chanii;ed the officers of the Senate. He was married in Macoinb county, Michi- gan, SBpteini)or 20, 1873, to Miss Augusta Lookwood, and they have oii'j child, Webster Kincaid. -^tm^'^^ ^ANIEL II. KIUK, one of the s\iccessful young farmersof rmatilla county. Oregon, now claims the attention of the biograplier. He was born on the banks of the St. Ivawrence river, at Ontario, March 11, 1861. His father was Robert Kirk, who was born in Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1818, and carae to Canada at the age of fourteen years with his his parents. Aft- er reaching maturity he married Miss Janette Atkins, also a native of Scotland, in 1820, who came to Canada with her parents when quite small. After marriage Mr. Kirk began life as a I'arnier on the banks of the St. Lawrence, in the heavy timber of that country. lie there cleared a spot, built a eai)in with puncheon floor and into that rude home he and his bride moved, and there they lived until the death of the father, in 1870, at the age of fifty-two. Mr. Kirk was an industrious man and worked hard until he had won a line farm from the wilderness. He had made everything coinfort- (ible around him with the thrift of his race, but- ^vas called from earth in the prime of lite. His friends deeply mourned li'm as a good husband »nd father, and one of the kindest and best of neighbors: The mother survived him until J88t), when she died in Oregon, at the home of her son, at the age of sixty-six years. Daniel attended the common schools of his native country until he was nimttcon years of age. At that time an older brother canu- to the old home on a visit to his mother and relatives, and Daniel listened to the tales of this brother of the great Northwest, and gladly acconi|)anied him on his return to the Willamette val- ley, lie reached there in 1880 with just SI. 50 in money, and then looked about for a |)laco to work. He understood farming, and there hired as a farm hand and worked for two years. Our subject then came to Umatilla county and took up a 1 race of 160 acres, which he commencc^d to improve and farm for himself. After ho had secured that place, he then took up a half-sec- tion, making his farm 4:80 acres, which he con- tinued to improve and cultivate. Conse(]ueiitly, at the present time, our subject has a fine farm under the best cultivation, in which he takes the greatest pride, and he is considered one of the best farmers in his neighborhood. Hi' has two good residences on his land, which he rents to his temints, and has a fine herd of horses, which he takes great pains to continually improve. His wheat crop averages 6,000 bushels yearly. When our subject decided that fortune was smiling he took to himself a wife in tlu^ person of Miss Gertrude C. Gordon, who was born in Pennsylvania, in 1857, and who came AVest with her parents iu 1864. The name of her father was O. L. Gordon and her mother's name was Abigail. Mr. Kirk was forced to part with his beloved wife after four years of happiness, but she left him a son, Ilarland. Politically, our sub- ject is a Democrat,and in June,18'.l2, hewasinado Sheriff of Umatilla county. He is sure to make a good ofHcer, for he has shown so much ability and good management in the affairs of his own career that he will do his duty by his constit- uents. No man in Umatilla county can show a better record from as small a beginning than our subject. AIUIEN MERCHANT, a prominent farmer of Nortii Yam Hill, and a native son of Oregon, was born on his father's donation claim, on the 7th of June, 1848, and still resides on the land obtained by his father from the Government in 1847. Of his father and family mention will be found in the sketch of William Merchant, m this book, 1180 HISTORY OF OREGON . : }A ait Hi i.l iM.; III The subject of our skutcli wan reared on the farm, rcceiviiiir his iMlucatioii in the little locf sclioolhoiisc diirinji the winter terms, and work- ing on the farm in summer, lie was thirteen wiien his fatliui' died, in 18(il. and lie remained with his motiier and helped to eonduct the farm as loiij(^ct of our sketch accompanied the family to Illinois when he was but sLx years of age, and was there reared and educated, learning the trade of carpenter. When ho was a young man ho was engaged for some time in teaching school. lie was married oif March 25, 184)!, to Miss Cynthia Fry, a native of Rhode Island, and a daughter of Oliiey Fry, an honored Oregon |)ioneer of 1840, now residing in Albany, this State, at the age of ninety years. Her mother died in 18()2. Mr. and Mrs. Markham have had eleven chil- di'en, five of whom are now living. Three were born in Illinois, and accompanieop- ularity appears to be his fixed principles of in- tegrity, industry and courtesy, the practice of which have gained for him the favorable '.egurd of the people he so faithfully serves. fl). KELSEY, (Japtain of Company A, First Hegimeiit, Oregon National (tuard, » and a promising young lawyer of Port- land, is deserving of biographical mention on the pages of this work. tiTsrour Oh' oiikgon. 1I2H Mr. Kulncy wap bom in ('uliiiiilins, Oliio. ill 186t>. IJis ffttlitT, Ivt'x, I,. Kelney, II iiutivu of Vermont, wiis iin curly resi lent of Colnmlnis. where lie lieeaiiio pastor of thu Coni^regatioiial Cliiircli. IIo was iiiarried in ( ■oIiiimIjii-. to Misu Mary Duncan, of Kentucky. lie continiiuil IiIh pastorate in tl.at city nntii 1885, when he caiiie with his family to Portland. In this vicinity hu iiiiiiisteicil to the spiriliml wants of the people until the time of his death, in 1889. His widow and .-"ix children survive him, F. 1), Kelsey be- iiij.;; the youngest of the family. lie received his early education in columbus, and subseijiiently attended ivnox Colleire, at (hilesl)iir^, niiiiois, where hef^radimted in 1888. Jle then followed his parents to the i'acitic coast, stopping six months in Spokane Falls before coinini^ to I'ortland. In this city ho entered the otttce of Judge Kaleigh Stott. under whose direction he pursued his legal studies at the law department of the I'niversity of Oregon, lie was admitted to the bar in the spring of 18!)0, and the following year he .-pent, in the office of Messr.^. Wood iV Smith, at Ilelenii, Montaiiii. Keturning to Portland in the spring of 1891, ho coiniiienced the practice of law, and ill I)ecember following enterergeaiit, and in October Second-ljieiitenant. Upon the reorganization of Company A, in June, 1890, he was elected First-Lieutenant, and in Jnne, 1891, was elected Captain. The nucleus of this company was organized in 181)2, a? Com- pany 13, Washington Guards, S. (!. Mills, Cap- tain. During the war the company did volun- teer Service, guarding forts and Indian reserva- tions, the regular forces being withdrawn. In 186tS they assumed the letter A, which has con- tinued the letter of the company, rpmi tliu death of ( 'a|)taiii Mills, in l87iJ, Horatio Cook was elected to the vacancy and tillt'il the oflice until 1887, when the company was made a |i!irt of the First liegiment, and A. ,1. Southerlaiid was elected Captain. This was followed by fre- (|ueiit changes, and such dissatisfaction that the company broke up. This was in June, 18i)(t. It was soon afterward reorganized, with H. 11. .Vldenas as (Japtaiii, he Iteing succeeded in June, ls91, by (!aptaiii Kelsey. The company now • numbers forty members and shows great proti- cieiicy ill drill iiiidei' the new tactics. A sense of satisfaction and li.'irmony pervades the com- pany, and with energy and pciseverance they are iiusliiiiij; forward to a hiidi staiidinif in drill and excellency of de[)ortmeiit. ^-i?^-^ — - fOlIN CJHARLFS JOHNSON, a represen. tative citizen of Marion county, ( Iregoii, has been a resident of tin' I'acitic coast from childhood, and since arriving at mature years has been prominently identified with the agri- cultural interests of this section. He is a native of Illinois, born May 29, 18-12, and at the ago of five years was brought with his father's fam- ily across the plains to this State. (See sketch of Hiram \. Jtibnsun.) He received his educa- tion in the schools of Jefferson, and was reared to the occiiiiation of n farmer. When he came of ago his father gave him 160 acres of land; four years he devoted to the cultivation and im- provement of this tract, and then disposed ot the farm. He afterward purchased 9(10 acres of land in Linn county, j.nd after four years spent in placing this under cultivation, he sold it and embarked in mercantile trade at Scio, Linn CMiiiity. He formed a partnership with J. C. Brown, and they did a successful business until 1890, when Mr. Johnson sold his interest, and eamo to Salem. He investeil in city and country property, and engaged in real-estate transactions on his own account. He has boon very fortunate in his operations, and has become possessed of much valuable property. He was married in 186;J to Miss V^ioletGiin- sanles, a native of Illinois, but a resident of Oregon since 1853. They have had born to them a family of seven children, five of whom arc living; Lizzie, wife of John Daniel; Archie na-t nisTonr of uuEdON. ! € : I- ;• i-r .(., will! iinirrieil Miss 1,, Voiiiij;; Kttic A.. \vi('(» III' il. Siiii|)giin; N'ii'i^il itiiil Ia^Ih Ht Ikiiiic. Mr. floliiirtdti cast liiH tirst pi'esideiitiiil vott« for Abrnlmiii Mticolii, iiiul 1ms since lieeii a iiu'ml)nr of the KopiiMicaii |mrty, lioiiij; activu iiiul ftHciciit scivicc; he liiis Imen a delegate to iniiiiy ccnivciitiMiis, and while a eiti/en of Scii) was twice I'leeted Mayor of that city. In IS'.K) ho was elected ii nicinlier of theX'ity (Jonncil of Salem. lie is a ineintier of the \. O. IJ. W. and of the Masonic fraternity, lieloiigini; hotli to the blue lodij;e and chapter or the latter order, lie is a man of excellent business jn(li;;ineMt,and by cneri^y and perseverance has adiievetl suc- cess in all his undertakini;s. ■"^V y^i.^^i^ fllOMAS J . .!( )I1 NST(3N. 233 First street. Portland, Oregon, has for thirty years been connected with the plumbing inter- ests of this city. Of his life the foUowinji; facts have been gleaned: Thomas .[..Johnston was born in liirminghain, Kni^land, in ls-i3. of ICnglish parentajre. His fatlier, Samuel .lohnston, was a business num of that city. Thomas J. was primarily educated at the KdgeliisteTi School of iJirminghani, and at the age of ten was apprenticeil for five years with VVinfield k, Son, prominent manufacturers of brass goods and jjhimbers' sujiplies, employ- ing ."),(IU() hands in their extensive establish- ment. While leai'uing his trade, young John- ston attenilcd the night schools, and thus secured a good business education. In 1857 he was one of fifty picked men to engage in the estab- lishment of the northern boundary between the I'niteil States nnii British Columbia. This work was accompanied by many dangers inci- dent to travel through a wild country infested with Indians; but, in connection witli tlie United States corps and the nccessaiy laborers, the party numbered about 250 men, and, tieing well armed and ecjuipped, met with little trouble from the red men. Mr. JolinstonV duty on this expedi- tion was to care for the instruments, guns and implements, keeping all in ])roper order. Tlio English party was in charge of Colonel Hawkins, aided by (Captains I'^gg and Darrow as astronc - mers. The survey extended from San Juan island on the Pacific coast to the Red river country, wdiere they met the Eastern surveyors. After three years engaged in this service, Mr. Johnston came to i'orthind, and was employed as journeyman in the plumbing shop of C'. II. Myers, wiu're he workeil six years, In .lanuary, lMi7, ho opened u shop and began business tor hiniaelt'. .Miuut 1871 lie formed n co)nrtner- shi|) with II. M. Ilolden, which contin ic I for live years. .Mr. Ilolden then withdrew and Mr. .lohnston was alone until 1888, when the present copartnership of Johnston Ac Lawrence was established. They aro located at 232 First street and occupy a salesroom, 25 x IIM) feet, with a shop in the rear. 40x40 feet, opening on Main street. The entire basement of this buihlin;' is used for storage purposes. I'eing skilled in every department of the plumbing business, suc- cess luis always attendeil Mr. Johnston i;i his labors. Among his early important contrii"ts were the gas and steam tittings (d' th.' '^' ' 'd States custom house and post otHce of i ort- land. Mr. .Johnston and his two sons doin<; all the work, lie now employs on an average lifteen lianur subject led a roving life for numy years. Ho began as a sailor, his first voyage being made in 1849 across the Atlantic to N'ew Vork. which IllliTOtiY OF OREnoff. iiai ho rfiiclu'(l . ill Si'|it(iinlii'r; tlioiicc to lj\(trict honoBty and fur correct li\iiig in all things. f^f«-.>E=|«i--rt^.4-84€-| fAMES W. E.\l)V,oneof Yam Hill county's pro8|)eroiis iarmers and honored pioneers, dates his arrival in Oregon in 1853. He was born in 'renucssce, ( )ctober (J, 18;{2, son of W. (i. and Sarah (liewlcy) Lady, both natives of Tennessee. The family nioveil to AHssouri in 1812, and in ISoii came overland to Oregon. \V. (1. l..ady and his brother, .Joseph, made the journey together, bringing their wive,- and chil- dren, tile former lui\ ing nine children and the latter live. Their wagons were drawn by o.\ teams, and after beiuir six months on the road they landed safe at Foster's. They wintereil at Salem and the •following 8|)ring located on the father's donation claim, a tract of 320 acres. Here W. G. Lady spent the rest of his life and die1, aged eighty years. They were honest, industrious people, were members of the Meth- odist ("linrch, and led consistent (Christian lives. The subject of our sketch was iwenty-one when he landed in Oregon. He took up a quar- ter-section of land near his father, and "bached '' on it two years. lebruary 12, 1857, he married Miss Sarah Wood. She was born in east Ten- nessee, October 12, 1840, daughter of . I ohn P. and Amy (Witt) Wood. Her father was a na- tive of South Carolina. With his wife and five children he crossed the plains in 1847, and this journey ^Irs. Lady well remenibeis although a mere child then. They arrived in Oregon in October, spent the winter at Dr. Whitman's, and in the spring took a donation claim of G40 acres, located three miles west of where Sheiidan now is. On this claim, a most beautiful tract of land, they located in 184'J. In 1859 her father retired to McMinnville, where he spent his clos- ing years, and died in 1878. His wife had died in 1852. They were highly respected people and members of the Baptist Church. Ui6 n/fiTonr of unmaoK Mr. ami Airs, f.aily lived on tlieir claim two years, and tiien pure!.a>od a part of lier I'atlier's farm, on which thev liavo since made tiieir iiome. This they have developed into one of tiie most beautiful rural places in the county. Their attractive residence they built in 1S7~, and from time to time have made other iiiiproveirients. Their te;i children are all liviiij;, and are as fol- lows: John, who is married and resides in Sheri- dan; Marion, wlm is married and livinjr on his l'atiiei'"g donation claim; Leander, who is married a. id settled at Willamina, Mary C, wife of "iVilliam Savage, lives near Willamina; -laspcr, ■.vlio is married and lives at Grande Itonde; Leona, wife of William (iwinn. resides in Sheri- dan; and laylor, Susie, Ileniy and C^allie, at home with their parents. Mr. and Mrs. l.,ady l)"ve eiij;hteen grandchildren. Airs. Lady is a Mioinber of the Baptist C'hurcii, having united with it when she was thirteen. I'olitically, Mr. J.,ady affiliates with the Republican party. He takes an active interest in ed\icatioual affairs, and has frequently served as School Director. [LLI.V^r MNIi- IIT. a proniinert citizen of Canby, (^Ilackainas county, < •regon. was horn in the State of Pennsylvania, April 17, 1859. and is of (Jerman d( -cent. lli.s father, Joseph Knight, fijir.iidfat ler, Adam Knight, and great-gran.it'ather .ilso .\dam Knight, Were all born !■ I'ennsylvania. • Knight was born in 1797, and when lu n]) married Sarah Gates, a native of thi State, the date of her i>irth being 1800. had ten children, four of whom are now Charles, Jose])li, William and George. Knight died in 1843. The family removed to Missouri, and there the father married a second wife, by whom he had four children, the oldest and youngest of whom are living. The latter, .John, is now sheriff of Mai'ion county, ( tregon. Tilt father can.'j to Oregon in 185ii. and after remaining somi time, returned to MisBouri. In 18(53, however, he ngain crossed the plains to this State, this time bringing wrnti him his family, William then being twenty-tiiree years of age and unmarrieeveral bu^iness houses hero, in- cluding the Town Hall. When the- railroad was built to this point, Ue sold the company 200 acres of land. Fifty acres of this were given T 1 the Methodists for camp-meeting grounds, and on it lias been built a tabernacle, with a seating capacity f r ;?,000 people. Mr. Knight'^ residenci' is situated on his fine farm of 145 acres adjoining the town. In 187n he was married to Miss Martha IJurchard, a native of Marion county, Oregon, born in 1855, daujihter of (ieorge Bnrcliard, an Oi'egon pioneer of l85ii. Mr. and Mrs. Knight have five ciiiWreii, as follows; Hertha E., \'in- nie J., Artliur LI., and Morth Viva and Mary Vesta, twins. Mr. Knight has been a Republican all his life. He is a member of the A. O. U. W., of which order he has served as Financier a num- ber of years. He is also a member of tlie Good Tem|)lars. M. WILLIAM KOEHI.FR, now one of the oldest practicing dentists of Portland, i> a native of Havaria. (ienminy, born November 28. 1833. He is of (ierman ances- try. His father, Frederick Koehler, was a sur- geon, and many of the ancestors of the family were members of the medical profession in tlieir native land. Dr. Koehler was educated and began the practice of dentistry before coming to tills country. In 1854 he came to New "^'ork, and after three months' residence there, eaiiH' to San Francisco, spent some time at PlaiCBrville aiif the esteem and conlidence tliat they all feel for him they are all his patrons still. He is progressive and schools in Zena, Poik county, and Lane county, also at Corvallis, and ^loiiroe, in Pentoii county. He has been principal of the Corvallis school, of the Junction City school, and in 1880 lie came to Paker (^ity, whore lie was principal ''or four years, until called to a position hi !'"r'bi!iJ I'niversity, where he now is. He has a manner that pleases, and his k'1- licioncy is so well known that he gives the best of satisfaction wherever he goes. Our subject was married June 11, 1800, to Miss Jessie (iroves, daughter of William and Emma (Horning) (irovcs. The mother of Mrs. Kittredge was born in Missouri, in Kansas City. Her father raised the money with whicli the first church was built in Kansas City, and he was the principal I'oundei- of tiie Agricultural College in Corva'lis, Oregon. The family are of Uernian descent, having como to America in the jiorson 01 the grandfather of Mrs. Kittredge when he was ton years old. Mr. Groves was born in V^irginia in 183t), and Mrs. Groves in Missouri in 1840. Mrs. Kittredge has 11^ OtSTotiY OF UllEdO^. W: two sisters ancl one brotliei- ut home with her i'atlier, slie lieiiig tlw next oldest iiiid the t)iily one of the family yet married. Prof, and ^frs. Kittredge have one little boy, Tracy B., born May 5. 1«91. They both are HRMnbers of the Methodi.-it Episcopal Church, and the Professor is a member of the .^[a8onic and I. O. O. F. fraternities. Mrs. Kittredge is a lady of intelligence and education, li.'wing graduated from tiie Agricultural College at (Jor- vallis, with the degree of A. !!. in 1888. William O. mack, another one of the venerable Oregon pioneers of 1852, now a resident of Caiiby, Clackamas county, dates Ills birth in llarperstield, Delaware coun- ty. New York, December 7, 1820. His ances- tors originated in Hngland. Joel Mack, his grandfather, was born in Tol- land, Connecticut. When (juite young he en- listed in the Continental army and fought the JJritish in the battles of lirandywine and Mon- mouth. His eldest son. Abner Mack, our sub- ject's father, was a soldier in the war of 1812. lie married Miss Ilulda Watrous, of Connecti- cut, and they had a family of live sons and seven daughters. In 1848 lie removed with his fam- ily to Mcllenry county, Illinois, where he re- sided >ip to the time of his death, which oc- curred in his seventy-eighth year. His wife survived him some time and died in her ninety- sixth year, at Crystal Lake, Mcllenry county, Illinois. Of tlieii' numerous family only two eons and two daughters are now living. William O. was the third horu in his father's family, and was reared in New Vork. In 1845 he was married in i'enusylvania to ^[iss Louisa M. Graham, who was born in Delaware county, New Vork. Ajiril 22. 1820, daughter of Orson (Traiiam, of Connecticut. In 184S they re- moved to Illinois, where Mr. Maek rented land and worked at the carjjcnters' trade. On Apiil 19, 1802, he started with o.\ teams for Oregon, brinains: with him his wife and three children: Estella, now the wife of Charles Moahherger; Oscar, married and I'esidiug in Washington; and I.edru, who lives near his parents atCa'iliy. Aftei' a long and tedious journey, they arii\ed at the Dalles ( )etober 2. There they built a iioat, and in it came down the Columbia river to the Cascades. From the Cascades Airs. Mack came with the children in a steamboat to the mouth of the Sandy, while Mr. Mack drove the stock down the trail. They came dire<'t to. Clackamas county, and took a donation claim of 320 acres on the Molalla, live miles southeast of where Canby now is. Here they built a log cabin in the timber, and on this property made their home, and by honest industry pros|)ered. Mr. Mack brought with him his carpenter tools, and in addition to his farming did considerable building for his neighbors. Many of the sub- stantial buildings in this part of the county are monuments to his industry and skill. In 1878 he retired from his farm and purchased forty acres of land at Caniiy. Here he built a com- modious dwelling, in which he and his good wife are spending the eveinng of their useful lives. He has dealt sotnewhat in real estate and is still the owner of 300 acres of valuable land. In Oregon eiirht children have been added to their family circle, all of whom are living, namely: Arthur, liamon, Hyroii, Yolney, Cecil; Ola, now Mrs. Douglas Gurley; Morley and Orainel Ilosco. They also have sixteen grand- children. Mr. Mack has been a Itepublican ever since the organization of that l)nrty, but hns never been an oHice-seeker. He has taken a com- mendable interest in the educational aft'airs of his vicinity. ^-(^-^ A. LOCKWOOD is a native of New Vork, ''orn in Chautaucpia county in <» 182s. His ])areuts, Jacob and Sarah (I'ut- nam) Lockwood, were natives of New Kngland. and like many c)ther8of Nc\\i England's sons and daughters, they set out early on their pilgrim- age westward and settled in New Vork State, where Mr. L(ickwo(id engaged in farming, and died there about 1839. Our sul>ject was then about a year old and be was taken by his uncle, John Putnam, of .New Vork, and by him reared to the agc! of seventeen years, when, with a grow- ing dislike for farming, he went to Erie county, Pennsylvania, and learned the trade of making shoes; accomplishing his purposes, he then re- moved to I'ittstield, Warren county, and after working as a journeyman for a brief period, he opened a shoe store, to which he later addtMl general merchandise. In llS(')3lu' was appointed agent of the I'liiittdelphia & Erie Pailroad and held the ollice lor ten years. In 1873, Mr. HISTORY OF OliEGON. 1139 Lock\v(;od liaviiig become closely identified witli Pittslield, and representing the city in many of the town otliccs, sold his business interests and settled in Xorthfi(^ld, Minnesota, where lie conducted mercantile interests until 1870, wlien he removed to the Pacific coast, seeking a more salubrious climate for his wifc; fhe;-, in tailing health. They stopped ie. Colusa City, (Jali- fornia, for one year, and then came on to Ore- gon, locatinir at lioseburu;, tem|)orarily, but more perjoanenth in Eugene in 1878, t(j give his children tlie benefit of the university edu- cation, flo purchased 320 acres of land, two miles southwest of town and followed farming abo'jt three years, and then sold his farm and foUowed steam- saw injjf and threshing during ♦iie season until 1884, when lie retired to farm- ing, purchasing 3()0 acres twelve miles nortli of Eugene, and remained there until 1891, wlien he moved to town and built a comfortable home west of Eugene on Fifth street, where he now resides. He was married in 1848 to Miss Barbara Dalrympio, of I'ittsfield, who died in 1870, leaving three children: Minnie, nowthe widow of G. S. Washburn; Elma, Mrs. W. F. Eakin; Charles E., Assistant I'nited States District At- torney of Eugene. Mr. Lockwood is a Repub- lican, l)Ut has been inactive in politics during his life in Oregon, lie has attended faithfully to the duties of liis business, and has the respect of all his fellow-citizens. ^-^-l^* iLPIIONSE E. LA KOCQUE, a native son of Marion county, (Jregon, was born De- cemlter 25, 1858. His paternal ancestors were French people, and were early settlers of Canada. His fatlier, G. La Kocque, was l)orn in Chambly. now a part of the city of Mon- treal, Canada, in the year 1820, and when he was sixteen years of age went to St. Louis. Mis- souri. He was soon afterward employed by the Hudson's Hay Company, and served in the capaeitv of trapper, hunter and guide in the Rocky mountains for five years. Ho returned to St. Louis, and from there went to Chicago, where he wiu-ked for a year, and recieved for llis services fifteen acres of land, in what is now the heart of the city. Soon afterward he sold the property for $1,50(1, and in 1875 represent- atives of the property visited him in Oregon to have their title correcti^d. He ijuit-claiined to them. Not long after this the contestants came to Oregon, and offered him ^10,000 to (juit- claim to them. ,\fter si'lling his Chicago projierty he came, in 1839, to the Snake river country, then con- sidered a part of Oregon. Here he was en- gaged with the fur company till 184t). That year he came to the Willamette valley and .mot- tled at lintteville, in Marion county. Upon the discovery of gold in California he took passage at I'ortland on the brig, Henry, for San Fran- cisco. When they got outside the bar at the ('olumbia river the passengers were ordered be- low, a!id all the officers deserted the ship. One of the passengers took command of the brig, and after ninety-three days they landed at San Francisco. He mined on the American and Feather rivers, took out in less than a year about §20,000, and returned to Buttevillo with about §12,000. He then engaged in the mer- cantile business with F. X. Mathieu and J. B. Fiette, and later John Harvey became a partner with them. They built the Imperial Flouring Mills at Oregon City, the second mill built in the county, the first liaving been washed away. This Mr. Harvey was a son-in-law of Dr. John McLoughlin. For a number of years Mr. La Roc([ue and his partners liad an extensive trade, and were among tlie most prominent business in the Territory. In 1856 he purchased the donation claim of Alexander Auberclieud, and also the claim of Joseph La Forte, in all about 800 acres. Ujion a j)art of this prop- erty a portion of Butteville now stands. In 1876 he made a trip to Colorado for his health. The change, however, did not prove beneficial, and he started to return to Oregon, but died on his way, at Oakland, California. He had mar- ried Miss A. C. Clock, a native of New York, who '.'ame to Oregon in 1853, and they had five children, three sons and two daughters, only two of whom are now living. George (\ died ill November, 1890, in his thirty-fourth year. Hattie M. married Mr. W. T\ Arthurs, a jjrom- inent business man of Washington. Eugene S. died in his twenty-first year, and one child died in infancy. The wife and mother died in 1882. Their son, Alplionse E., was educated in the pul)lic schools at Oregon City and at the Bishop Scott Academy. After his father's death, and the youngest child became of agi', he purchased 000 acres of the Marion county estate anil 900 acres in Yam Hill county, and has since de- vott;d his time and attention to thy cultivation 1130 HISTORY OF OllSaON 1111(1 iin)>roveiTient of this \iiliiiililc property. lie is doinir (renci-al fiiriniiit; oi\ a lai'ijo seale, raising f^riii") '"ly- ^w^ifi and etandai'd-lired tiot- tiiif^ li(irs('8. lie is a yoiiiiif man oi' more tlian (irdinary enterjirise and ability. I'oliticAJly, ho affiliates with tiie Democratic party. lEOlUiE R. LASH, the ol)liu;ingand pleas- ant City Kecorder and Polic-e .liidife of I'eiulleton, wa-; hoi'ii in ISt. John's, Xew- funndland, April 4, 1862, His father, (ieorge l.ahh, was a iiatix e-horn American, who went to Xewfoiiiulland, where he married Miss Alarion Page, a native of Ireland. Mr. Lash died in St. tlohn's at tlie age of forty-two, when liis son was a email hoy. His mother came to New ■^'ork, and is now a resident of that city. Our snhject received his education in the common schools of f^t. John's and the Methodist College at lielfast, Ireland, from which institu- tion he tcraduated in 1887. After he tinished his education, Mr. Lash hecame a sailor and joined the mercantile marine service in the Shakespeare line of Liverpool, hoarding the ship. Desdemona, sister ship to Othello, and eailed for four years, goinj:; round the world three times, lie visited evei'y port on the con- tinent. He saw the Zulus of Africa, and was in Africa at the time of the killing of Prince Impci'ial; saw the spear with which he was killed. He also saw the Zulu chief with three of his wives. Mr. Lash left the ship at Astoria, Oregon, after he had finished his four years on the ocean wave. During this time he rose to the position of third mate of the vessel. He was not con- tent to remain on land, so went aboard a steam- boat, and worked there for two years, but l)y that time, becoming tired of the life of a sailor, he left the boat and engaged in railroad work for the < >regon, liio Grande it Union Railroad Company, working as hrakenian for a short time, whtm he was jiromoted to the position of conductor on the construction train. He ran the first train along the line of the I'nioii Pa- cific railroad, from Cmatilla Junction to Hamil- ton and also the first train into ('cnterville, on the Sp among the early ])ioneei'5 of Ore- gon, having crossed the plains at early day. Mr. and Mrs. Lash have one little girl, (yeorgia Lash, born November, 1885. ,DAM S KIGHTLIXGER, one of the worthy jiioneer settlers of Oregon, is a native of Crawford <'oiinty, Pennsyl- vania, born September 2(!, 182;!, a son of I. aac and Elizabeth (Conroid) Kightlinger. also Penn- sylvaiiians by birth, and descendants from good, old (ierman stock; they had born to them a family of thirteen children, four soi>:, and a daughter, still surviving. Adam S. was reared in the Keystone State, and in his youth learned the carpenters' trade. In 185(1 he went to Illi- nois, and thence, in IS.jS, came to California. He worked at his trade fo)- n year, receiving SO per day, and !?12 for Sabbath labor. Wearying of the drought and dust of California he started for Oregon, April 8, 1854; arriving in Port- land, he found that hamlet little more than a muilhole. so he came to Salem, and was favor- ably impressed with appearaucys. He decided to make this his home, and purchased S(jine lots near the (.'ongregational cluirch, on which he built a dwelling. At the end of twelve years, however, he went to Albany, arid was engaged inmerchandising there. Under this employment his avordupois increased so alarmingly that he was obliged to take more active e.xercise than that business afforded. He returned to Salem, and resumed his trade, assisting in building nearly a ((uarter of the structures that now stand in the city. Mr. Kightlinger has always been an ardent advocate of tempcrftnce, and fo; nearly twenty «, HISTORY OF OliKOOX. 1131 1 yenrs was a iiieiiibci' of the (lidiKl Tfiiiplars. For all these years of lalior he has tiie satisfiietioii of lielieviiiir that ho saved one man from a clriinkai'd's frrave — an ahiuidaiit reward. lie was united in marriage January 3, 185(5, to Miss JIary J. Haiiey, a native of Maples, Illinois, and to them have lieen horn nine chil- dren, iive sons and a daughter are still living: Elmer, Ellsworth, Elhideu, Clarion, Ulysses Grant and Schuyler Colfax. The deceased are: Athelia, Izadore, and AValter. In his political convietions Mr. Kightlinger formerly aHiliated with the JJemocratic party; hut during tlie great civil war, when he saw such numbers of the Democracy arrayed against the Union, he came over to the Republican ranks. He was bold in denouncing the Jtebellion and all its sympathizers, thereby making some dangerous enemies, but possessed of the courage of his convictions he stood by his colors in the face of ojjposition. IIo has now nearly reached the biblical three-score years and ten, but is hale and strong of body and mind. He has been a man of the strictest 1)n8ines8 methods, and while he has not accumulated a fortune, ho has ft good dwelling house and a nice little farm, which he is setting to hops. Ilis beloved wife, the partner of his sorrows and joys for thirty- seven years, still abides with him, and they are spending their declining years in peace and comfort, in the home wliicii their industry has lirovided, honored and respected by a wide cir- cli! of acquaintance. [IIOMAS BENTON KILLIN, a repre- sentative and well-known Oreron pioneer ^ of 1^4:5, was born in Springfield, Illi- nois, May 10, 1830. Flis fatli-^r, John K'illin, was horn in Penn- sylvania, in 1792, and his mother, Frances (t'lam) Killin, in 181;i. They removed to Illinois, where Mr. Killiu was superintendent of the construction of tho Illinois & Michigan Canal. In 1.SJ2 they went to Iowa, and pur- chased land, and farmed there until the sjiring of 18-15, when they crossed the plains to (Ore- gon, bringing with them the following named children: Martha, who afterward married Field- ing Jones, anil had four children, is ik.w de- ceased; Thomas I'enton, now a prominent law- yer in I'cirtlund; and (.rcorge W., who lias a pait of the iionu' place. They were from April to October in crossing the j)lains. While on the Platte river they were corraled by the Indians, but the present of an ox purchased their release. They left their teams at the Dalles, and made rafts, and on them came to the Cascades. After getting past the latter place, they came in boats down the river, and wintered on theTual- itin plains. From there they ".ant to Linn county, and took a donation claim, and raised a cro]) in the summer of 184(5, their nearest neighbor being then twelve miles away. Ne.vt, they removed to a place near (iervais, in Marion county, and in March, 1847, they came to the donation claim in Clackamas county, on which T. 1)., and another of their sons now reside. They traded a yokc^ of oxen for 640 acres of choice land, the oidy improvemont on it being a cabin. This property now has two tine farm residences upon it, and is worth §35,000. Hero the honorccl father lived and jirospered for twenty years. His death occurred in October, 1807. Pie was a thoroughly honest and reli- able man; was a Democrat before the war; knew Abraham Lincoln at Springfield, became a Republican, and was a strong Union man. His widow still survives him, now \:\ her sexiity- ninth year, beloved by all who know her. Thomas Benton was the t!iird-l)orn in his father's family, and was six vars old w'hen ho arrived in Oregon. He was sent to the primi- tive district schools of Clackamas county, until he W!is sixteen years of age, when he struck out to mfike his own way in the world. When the great civil war was inaugurated he became deep- ly interested in the cause of the Union, and when the call for volunteers became most urgent, in 1803, he enlisted April 21, in Com- pany (t, First Oregon Cavalry. They served a year at F^ort Vancouver, was afterward stationed among the Snake Indians, and in April, 186(5, he was honorably discharged, having been pro- moted to F'irst Sergeant. Returning to his home, Mr. Killin purchased a fourth-section of the doiuition claim from his father. December 3, 18(57, he married Miss M. A. Adair, who was born in Illinois, January 8, 1849, daughter of William R. Adair. The Adair family came "West in 1862. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Killin began life on the farm, where they have since lived. In 1880 ha built a tine frame residence, and from time to iime has made other imj)rovements, developing his farm into one of the best in his county, if 1133 iirsrouY OF oregon. f I'fl I r not the lost in the State. Mr. and Mrs. Killin Imve two cliiklren: May, wifo of Walhice Dii- raiit, rt'sidt's at Woodbiirii; and Ronton, wlio is at sohool. Mrs. Killin is a inoinlicr of tlie <'oiifrreii;a- tioiial Church. Politically, Mr. Killin is a stanch Uopulilicaii. He is an cntcriirisiiij/ and capable citi/.i'n, and he and his faiiiily arc highly esteemed by all who know them. ;ILLIAM WILHERT LEVIS, a sncccss- ful and eminently esteemed farmer of Yam Hill county, was born ill Pennsyl- vania, February 2, 1850. His father, Mitfin Levis, and several of his ancestors, were also na- tives of the Keystone State. His father married Miss I^ucinda McCurdy, a native of the same State, and they had nine children, eight of whom ai'e now living. In 1857 he and his family removed to Iowa, then anew country and sparse- ly settled, and the parents have ever since con- tinued to reside there. The subject of our sketch was the second child, and early worki'd on the farm, attending the district school a little, but had very liiniteil opportunities for acquiring an education, and has received most of his knowledge in the hard school cif experience. When but sixteen years of age he liegan life for himself, and when twenty-three years old had saved very little money. IlavMig by this time heard of the marvelous opportunities in Oregon, of the mild climate and productive soil, and large donations of land to actual settlers, he determined to avail himself of them, and, accordingly, in 1873, came to Yam Hill county, believing it to be the best county in the State. He began as a farm hand, receiving better wages than he had been getting in the East. He worked and saved fur two years, and then rented 300 acres of land of Mr. A. C. Martin. The secdiid year he sowed 300 acres of grain, and realized about A-i,000 for it. This gave him a start, and was wonderfully encouraging, demon- strating fully the excellent possibilities of farm- ing in Oregon. Ill Marcli, 1876, he was happily married to Miss Eliza Martin, the daughter of Mr. A. C. Martin, hikI a native of Illinois. She proved to be an etlicient hel[)iiiate, and aided him in all his fcfjbrtsat home snd fortune making. In 1878 he purchased 183 acres of land, lo- cated three and a half miles northeast of Mc- Minnville. They moved onto this new prop- erty, and have since continued to reside on it, expending much labor and care in its cultiva- tion. He has just coinmenci-d to make im- provements on it, which are destined to much enhance the value of the property. lie has since purchased an additional forty acres, imme- diately adjoining, making a large and valuable farm, which, nnder his able management, has become oiu' of the best in the county. Mr. and Mrs. Levis have four children: El- bert Marion, A. C, Willie and Jessie, all of them intelligent, and reflecting credit on the State of their nativity. Air. Levis is an independent Democrat, and takes an active interest in the ofHces of the school in his district, and has served four years as School Director. He appreciates fully the advantages of education, and intends that his children sliall have better opportunities for ac- quiring useful knowledge than he himself pos- sessed in his youth. He is a prominent member of the I. O. O. F. in both of Its branches, and also belongs to the A. o. r. W. He and his worthy wife have exeinjilified what intelligent and persistent eft'orts can accomplish when ajiplicd to the fruitful and responsive soil of this, the most productive of States. Honest, kiiKlly iind intelligent, they are held in very great esteem by the community in which they reside, and are eminently worthy of their pros- perity. ENJAMIN F. LEWIS, a widely known and esteemed Oregon pioneer of 1852, is ,,, a native of Hart county, Kentucky, where he was born October 2(). 1832. His father, Edward W. Lewis, born in Kentucky, came of an old and prominent Virginia family. Great- grandfather Edward Lewis, moved from the Old Dominion to Kentucky in the early settlement of the latter State, where he was well and favor- ably known as a man of ability and energy. The father of the subject of our sketch married Mies Mary O. Maxey, an estimable lady, and a native of his own State. She was descended from an i)ln teaching, and at present (1892) io Democratic candidate for School Superintendent of Yam Hill county. Mrs. Lewis is a worthy member of the Chris- tian Chuich, and is an ardent worker and liberal contributor toward its support. Mr. Lewis is politically a Democrat, the prin- ciples of which |»arty he indorses, as ap[)earing to him the most comuu'udable. His constitu- ents have honored him with public office, elect- ing'him to the position of County Commissioner, in which capacity he gave universal satisfaction. He was one of theoi'ganizi'rs of the (i range, and served for some time as is Master. Of great probity, liberal-minded and progressive, uni- formly courteous and obliging, ho enjoys the esteem of all his fellow-citizens. IlLLIAM C. MfKAY, M. D., a native of Oregon, was born in Astoria, March 18, 1824, of Canadian birtli on his fatlmr's side, and Indian on his mother's. His father, John McKay, was a native of Canada, who came to Astoria at a very early day, and there married an Indian maiden of the('hinook, a niece of the ol.l chief. Corn Comly. The grand- father of our subject. Alexander McKay, was also a native of Canada, and one of the early explorers of the Pacific coast, it being supposed at that time that there was some channel which connected the two great oceans. A largo sum of money had been offered by the IJritish gov- ernment 'for the discovery of that passage, and Mr. McKay at that time was the clerk of a ship that was exjdoring for the chamu'l for the Northwestern Fur Company. He was familiar IP 1184 ursrnnr of oreoon. 11 1 with the lIudsDirB liay Coinntiny, ami when they discovered the elianiii'l Mr. McKay iiiiide liiK way to Now Vork mid reported the fact lo John .lacoli Astor. A company was iinniedi- atcly formed, composed of two of the Stewarts, JoliM .lacoli Abtor and Mr. McKay. 'I'ho hitter was sent Imck iind Ujcated at Aatoria as a trading post, and made it hits lieadcpiarti'rs, and was for many years connected with tiie com])any. Aiter- warii iiis Son, Joiin, came on to .Vstoria and married the Indian fj;irl, as before stateil. After the birth of our subject he moved to Vancouver island, .\bont tiiis time there was a man by the name of John J^ell, wiio Inid been sent out from Hoston to open up schools. He estab- lished one at \'aneonver, and there the Doctor received liis first education. *IIis father in- tended to send liim to Scotland to completi^ it, and started there with the boy; however, he stopped in New York with a friend by the name of Dr. "Whitney, and the latter persuaded Air. McKay to place liis son in a New York school to receive an American education, tellinc; him that if Ids son should be educated abroad he would receive ideas which would interfere with his love for his native country; therefore Mr. McKay left his son with his friend. J)r. Whit- ney, in lS38,and lie placed him in the Fairfield Academy, from which he (graduated in IS-iii. On account of his youth, beini^ then only nine- teen years old, a diploma could not be given bin), but he received an hf)norary certificate which promised iiim that if he returned when lie became of age, the diploma would be given him. Our subject then returned and estab- lished himself at Oregon City. About this time the Willamette College was opened at Salem, and he attended that school and received from it his diploma of M. I). Returning to Oregon City, he went into co-partnership with old Dr. A[cI,oughlin, with whom he practiced until the first gold discovery. .\t this time he engaged, in mining and pr I'orty acres, and which is now all Ipuilt on. having' n been matters of jiersonal interest to him, and possessinj^ foresight and bnsiness ability, he has aided her materially in hor march to opu- lence and fame. I mi^ ^ •^o '•^'' II. l.KWIS, the capable and efHcient yardmaster of the yards at T'ondleton, ^ of the < )regon & Washington Territory Railroad, is the subject of this l)rief notice. He was horn in Marion county, ( )regon, January "Jl, IS-i."). and is one of the first white children born in the State. His father, Reuben Lewis, was born in Tompkins county, New York, in 1814, and was married in Oregon to Miss Mary A. Fra/.iei', a native of .North Carolina. The occu- pation of ilr. Lewis, Sr., was farming and stock- raising, and he crossed the plains in 1842, being in the first train of eiiiij^rants that cros.sed the plains. Only two of his cotnpany yet survive, and they are, as far as can be determined, ('aj)- tain Mos>, of Oregon City, and !•'. X. Mathies, of Hutteville. Oregon. .Mr. Lewis settled at Oregon City, whent his mari'iage occurred, and residet Oregon Cav- alry, and served three years. Although ho en- listed as a private, he was discharged as a First Sergeant ot his company. He was in several battles with the Indians, one of them occurring at Crooked Rivers May 18, 18(^)4, and also had some engagements with the Snake tribe. At the close of his army service, during which time ho ac(|nittcd himself bravely and honorably, he returned home, took up his profession and fol- lowed it for twelve years. Since that time he has been employed by the railroad in different cajjacities. At present he is in charge of the yards at Pendleton, and has gained the esteem of his employei's, the Oregon & "Washington Territory Railroad. Mr. Lewis was married January 1, l>»t57, to Miss Marie J)ibble, also a native of Oregon, born in 1850, daughter of ILtrace and Julia iJihble, yet living. Mrs. Lewis is also the niece of Senator George D. Wright, of l)eni.son, Iowa. Mr. and Mrs. Lewis have two boys, Mark Twa'ii and Re.\ Wayne. Mr. Lewis is a Mason, both blue lodge and chapter, and, politically, he is a Kepidilican. He has .served very efficiently as Justice of the Peace, and was Postmaster at Dundee for the period of three years. .Mr. and Mrs. Lewis enjoy the esteem and respect of a large circle of friends and acquaintances. jP|KNJAMIN F. LINN, a pioneer fanner sP) "'"^ lumberman of ClacKamas county, *e!^ Oregon, was born in the State of Illinois, April 15, 184ti. He is descended from ances- tors who were among the early settlers of Penn- sylvania. Phillip Linn, his father, was born in Penn- sylvania, and in early life moved to Kentucky. In the latter State he was married to Mies Ma- hala McDannald, a Kentucky lady, and in 1832 they settled in Illinois. They had a family of twelve children. The wife and mother died in lirsTOkV Oh' OUKOON. 1137 farmer county, Illinois, 111 ances- of Penn- IM5H, iiml in IS'iU Mr. Linn > urriud (ij;iiin. In 1S(!5, with lii^ wifu iiiiil iil Ium cliililri'ii. Iiu crossed tlio ])liiins to Orc^'Hi, making!; tlif joiir- iicy in tlie iibuiil way, wilii o.x teams. ( *iie of the daiiij:liter8, Martlia, and her IiiisIjuihI, Jonn- tlian Loiinlierg, died on tiu' plaiiLs iiiiiuo, accepting;' in de- fault of cumIi lor eomjien- ■oii.apieci^ td' limber land near the present villa^'c of (Geneva, 'i'his he perseveriiigly impnjved, and after complet- ing the simjile home accommodations of the pio- neer, he was married in Shetlield, Lorain county. Ohio, to Miss Sarah Maria llurrell, a native of MaBsachusetts. They had seven children, of whom the subject (jf this sketch was the youngest. Kichai'd was rear«'d on th<' farm, and his prin- ciples of honesty, integrity and Justice, were strengthened by the iniluence of a father, who was rigorous and exact, and a mother of strong an, in 1IS.")',I. he also was employed in a similar jwsition until March 1, iMiO, when a partnership was foi'iiied between. I. B. K'na|)|i, M. S. Burrell and U. B. Knapp undt'r the lii'm name of Knapp, P.uirell tV: Co. From that date the produce business was gradually closed out, and more particular attention was given to the implement business, which was increased with the growth and developmi'iit of the country. J. B. Knapp, the founder of the house, a man widely known and highly respected, having met with reverses in milling nnd other enterprises. 1139 nrSTORY OF OHKOON. ri'tinul from tlio firm in lxT(*, anil took up IiIb residcMc'c on II (iiiii-y t'urni which lie owned on tlu; ('ohiinl)iii livcT, situiitcd Komo twcrty miles lielow I'ortliiiitl, where lie has resided ever «ince., folhiwiiig nil airrii'liltnriii life. Since \^'ii) I he time and iittention c>f thetirm liiis heeii entirely devcited to the fale of farm machinery, enifines, waijonj* ami veliicleH of every description. Afr. l^nrrell continued as a partner in tlie husinesiA until his decease in April, 188."). Mr. li. H. Knapp, the survivinif partner, then (irf;;anized a stock company, which was incorporated in Novemlier, ISS.", under the corporate title of Knapp, Hurrell vV Co. aiul eomnnuiced husiiu'ss .laniiary 1, l^SO. Mr. Knapp has continued as the principal stock- holder, and has heen ])resident and treaKurer of the corporation since its or;,'anization. Jjeginninjf in the days of small things, thein- tlueiice of the house has attained vast propor tions, and hesides the ])arent house in Portland, they have some fifteen liraneh houses located at the most y the Indians, although they for some reason did not molest or detain him. After he luid reached California he went right at mining, working for wages until he h.ad learned the nuiniie;' of working, and tl'.en set to work for himself. .\t one time he had !?25,0()0, hut loaned a friend .S'll.dOO and lost it all. Then our suhject went at teaming, making money fast at this husiness. In LSoti he entered the Sacra- mento valley, honght land and there engaged in farming, becoming acquainted with W. S. Pritchard, they togi^ther engaged in the stock husiness, and for a time conducted this with great gain, Imt misfortune came to them, they losing $7,000 worth of hogs in the Hood of ISoS. Then our suhject removeil to Maryville, and stari^id a stock-feeding ranch and a trading post, hut h_v this time his health had hecome j)Oor, and he s )Id out and quit the liiisiness. This was ahout the time of the o|)ening of the war, in 1861. and Mr. McDaniel was one of the few men in that pa 't of California who openly avowed his ■sfMimr niaroRY of onnaoN. 11 iuIIhm'i'iicu to tlio OoveriiiiiPiit. A Siinitiiry Coininissioii was tbi'incil (iiiinMg the loyal men ut' that [mrt of ( 'alifoiiiia, ainl our Biilijcct wan cliosiMi as OIK! of the otliccrH. lie |iaiil ifl7A) out of his own jMK'ki't, and collccteil a larfjc aiiioiiiit of money from tlii' loyal [U'oplo, uliich lie tor warded to tlu> Union lio.-j)ital« lor the relief of tiio Wounded sukliero, and he bbyh that iio in firoiider of that act than of any other deed of hiw ifc. Mr. McDaniel lived in Calil'ornia until 187i', then removed to liaker City, Orei^'oii, V here he met liis old partner, W. S. I'ritchard. ( )iir siilijcet t!ie!i went into the toll-road IniBineRf, estahlishinf^ a road liy which he made consider- allo nu)ney. When In- removed to i'.aker City, it wa.s with the idea of sendinj; his children to 8chool, and in that place lie engaged in the livery linhiness for three years, then sold it anil rc- n)oved to (irande Kondc valley, in i'nion county, near Cnion. Here he honirht land and engaired in tanning and stock-raising, hut later Bold the farm and with his son-in-law, H. 1'. Stewart, bought 400 head of liorscB, which they drove to Montana and sold. Tlii.s was a suc- cessful venture, and they followed it by buying adroveof cattle, shipping thcin to Helena, Mon- tana, these being the first cattle shipped over the Northern I'acitic railroad. 'I'liis proved a loss. After returning home our subject was ap])ointed a eominissioiier in connection with two others, to build a road that the State had engaged to construct, ami ^[r. McDaniels was chosen chair- man of the Hoard and successfully built the road. In IHfiy our subject had some thrilling experiences with the Indians. He had taken up a claim to a large body of land in Pitt river valley, right among the wild Modocs. The In- dians gave him so inuih tr(>id)le that he sold out and let't the place. Before this he was one day warned by an old Indian that a raid was going to be maile upon him, therefore he immediately took his family into linrgetville, but he returned all alone to protect his farm and pro|)t'rty. Ilis only coinpanions were two dogs, fivc^ reliable guns and revolvers, and plenty of ammunition. Making jiortholes to his house, he was soon well fortified, but the Indians disbanded and ilid not molest him, going back to the reservation. Feel- ing that this life was too trying on his family, Mr. McDaniels moved back to Tnion county, where he has been engaged in farming and stock- raising ever since, being now Stock Inspector of Union county, having filled that position for several years. - - Our subject wasunirried March. In.",', to Mis» Anutnila Humus, a natixe of Wisconsin, and they have a family of four children, namely: Charles, attendinir colleife at llui.'i'Mr; Sim is at lioMM' rtilh his I'uthei'. farming; Mrs. 11. I*. Stewart and Mrs. W. S. I'lilchard. I'lrlitically, our subject is n strong and tried Kepublican. fASI'KU NEWTON McKINiNKV, a pio nee!' of 1^45, and one of Hillsborough's most substantial liiisiness men, was lidrii in Di's Moines county. Iowa, hecomber "JO. lS;tS. His father, William McKinney. was born in Ohio in 180"J. His grandfather was from Ire- land, and came to America soon after the Kcvo- lution. Mr. McKimu'y married Ilenryanna Walters, and they had six children in Iowa. In the sjiriiig of 1^44 they staitcd to cross the ]ilains for Oregon with two wagons, drawn by a sntlicient number of oxen. They remained at St .losej)h, Missouri, till the following spring, and then joined a train of 100 wagons, and started upon their long and perilous jourtiey to a land then thickly inhabited by Indians and wild beasts. .lasper was then in his fifth year, so has but a slight recollection of the journey. The journey was a safe one, but they suffered some from shortness of provisions. Wlcn they came down the Columbia on rafts from the Dalles and reached Vancouver, they fouiul a schooner to take them farther on their trip, but on examination, the boat proved to be unsea- wortliy, and they were obliged to stop for re- pairs. As it was cold and raining at Viincouver, they went into a large tent on the banks of the river and found large kettles filled with bai-ley and beef boiling. The hungry women and children l.i'lpcd themselves out of the kittles. The woman in the tevt was an Indian, the wife of a white man. She was very kind and fed the hungry peojile with beef, bread and tea, which they greatly enjoyed. After som.' days spent in repairing, they went on board, '.ni! after traveling for several days, laiule'l ;.. l''inton in November, and from there went on to Wash- ington county. They spen'. the wintt^r near Glencoe, and lived almof,t entirely on lioiled wheat, ])Otatoes and meat. Mr. .Alclvinnej'. Sr., took a donation claim of G40 acres of land and built a log house on it. He farmed the land until the gold excitement of lS4',t, when he mi 1140 lUSTOUY OF OBBOON. ■Jfi'l .;ir ! ! lit'' went overland f(p California and cnifairwl in iriiiiini^. lie did well, and in a year n'tiirneil lioiiu', and tlie)' iijii^ratcd to Doiiolas county. < >ii the Mjiitli 1 ni|i(|Ma ri\e he look another donation claim, mi wliieh Hiey rcBided lor ciglit years and tlitMi M)ld it and wont east of the mountains ami took nj) stock-raisino. Ju ISGi] he rctnrncd and retired fioni active hnsiiiees, an (•hildi'en until his death in JHSit. His widow still survives and lives with lier dauoliior. Nfrs. (Jornelins, in Kast I'tirtland. She is now in her eiirhty-fifth year, and is in the enjoyment of good health, and is hi;,fhly esteemed by all wiio know her. J. N. Mclvinney was in the cattle business east of the mountains till lS(i4. lie then re- lumed to Wa.^hiti^ton county and took up farm- ino; tor several years, hut in 18.S0 he entei'ed into the livery husiiiess in Jlillsl'ii'ongh, and i.s in the same Inisiiu'ss at this date. IJe lias just completed a tine stable, and is fully up with the times in every respect. He oiarried l\lissJaue Coriielius. the daugh- ter of Mr. Denjamin ('(uiiolius. a jiioneer who went to Oregon in the same train that the Mc- Kimu'vs were in. 'I'liey had two daughters; .Sarah .lane, now the wife of Mr 11. (t. Aseoil: and Kachel ,Vnn, who married Mr. Uollis Con- over. Mrs. McKinney died in l!i71,'and two years later .Mr. McKinney married Miss Sarah lirown. They luid three sous and a daughter, luimely; William Walter. James Montgomery, lierliy and Susie. His second wife died in 1S',(2." Mr. Mclvinney is a member of the K. of 1'., and is a Democrat in politics. He is a reliable citizen of Hillsborough, and is highly esteemed by all his fellow-citizens. j^KANK (i. McLKNCll, one of Oregon's native sons, was horn in I'olk county, .'^ ugust 7, 1853. His father, lieiijamin F. NiiLench, was born in Kenebec county, Maine, in IH'So. The family is of Scotch aucesti'y that settled in the north of Ireland, and came to America prior to the Itevolntiou. On the maternal side the family was of Knglish origin, and can be traced among the early settlers of America. Our fliibject's great-granfather, John McLench, was a colonel in the Ikcvoliitionary wfir, and his son, also, .lolm, was a lieutenant- colonel in the war of l^l'J. The father of our subject nuirried Mary .\. Crcy, a native oi Vermont, anil a daughter of Samuel Orey. of Irish auce>trv. who emigrated to America just after the l{evi)lulion. She was one of the seven ladies who came to Oregon by water, in 1851, tlie e.xpenses being paid by (Congress. Mr. Mc- Leiudi came to Oregon the ])reviou8 year, and August "-28, IS52, they were nuirried. After their inarriaiie they settled on a domition claim, in Spring valley. I'olk county, where Mr-'Mc- l,encii buill a little cabin, and in this they be- gan the lib' of an Oregon jiioneer. The live stock consisted of a cow, a pig and two horses. On this property hv labored for forty years, raised his fan)ily and made the prcperty a valuable farm. He built upon it and the fini^ residence he erected is still staiuling. In addi- tion to this fai'ui. he had acquired other land, which he bestowed upoti his childi'en, and a nice home in Salem, to which he retired from the farm six months before his death, wliicli occurred February 11, 1891. He had been a member of the I'aptist Church for twenty-nine years, was a lieutenant- colonel in the ()regon ^'olunteers, having received his ajipoiutmoiit from (ioveruor Davis, but was obliged to resitin from this position, on account of the ill health of his wife. Previous to his death he w.aa elected Commissioner of the County, in which position he served three and one half years, but at last was compelled to resign, on account of failini; health. Previous to the late war, he was a Douglas Democrat, but after the tiring on F'ort Sumter, he joined the I'anks of the Republican jjarly, and was a strong Fnion man until his death, lie had one son aiul threfe daughters, one of whom died in infancy, and the others were: Mary E., wife of A. E. Watson, resides in Salem; .Mice E.. wife of F. P. Calwell, re- sides 0!i the old dnnation claim; Frank (!., the oldest. The oldest dauohter is a c;raduate of the Willamette I'niversity; the other of the high fichool. Our subject, who kitidly furnished the data for this sketch, was also educated at the Willam- ette University, has since read both law and medicine, l)ut was obliged to give up his studies on account of the ill health of his lather, which compelled his attention to farm duties. He h:is helped to mamige the farm for the past twenty years. In 188S) he married Mrs. Amanda Ilobbs, a native "f Mason county, Illinois. She had one ch'h; l,v 1 er tirst husband: Willie Ilobbs. After »^ftW>W*MMH|fc«iWI1ill'i*lM'«MO*'* ttf«*««AW'*tM«Mi irfsTonr of ouKimN. 1)41 inarriiigc, ^^r. ami Mrs. McLciicli fiettlwl on tlii-ir pn-rteiit fiinii of 210 arrus, on wliicli Mr. Mel "f'.li liar< liuilt n oikhI fnrin resiiltiiuv, in whiii- onitlo this liap()y cijII|jIi'. In luiditioii to his fartninn; interests. Mr. Me- Lencli is iiite.vsteii in eoal. iron and gold mines. H<( is a li^'pubiican in politiits, und is very ninch interested in the edueatiuiml affairs of his sec- tion. He has served as ("lerk of tin- 8(diiK)l Board, and i.s an indnstrioiis. capahle and intel- liijent gentleni.m, who is read^ ami willing to lend a helping hand to whatever promises to be of benefit to his county or State. fCDGE .lOIJN HUllCll MKJLANK and his esteemed wife are tlie two e»^liest set- tlers of the city of Salem now iivirtsr (1891). having located here in l>J4i}. H<' was ijorn in the city of Plii]adel|)hia. January 31, 182(t, a son of Jolin McCMane, who em iterated from tli« nortli of Ireland to America at the age of seven- teen years; he settled in i'hilaileiplii*. and tiiei'e was mari'ied to Miss Miiry Swallow, a native of Now Castle, Delaware: tliey had a family of five children, of whom John l'>. is ne.xt t; the yonngest. He was ediiwited in his native city, and tliere learned the trade of morocco finisher. In his twenty-second year he went to Xew ( tr- leuns, his objective point being Texas, and hi* intention, to join the forces of (ienerul Houston. This project was abandoned, however, but be- fore leaving Xew Orleans the yellow fever Sroke out, and he made a precipitate retreat. He went to St. Lonis, and after a few weeks in that city, went to Hurlington. Iowa, where he spent the winter. Attracted by the •'Donation" bill that wasabout to be passed in ( )regon, he de- cided to come to this coast. A company of 150 was raised, of which he was elected cap- tain. A man was sent ahead to ludependene.e. but as heilid not return, only thriM^ of the large company started. At lnile])cndence they were ro-en forced by a caravan of 400 wagons, 'y to iiack their iroods, but, bv tlu' counsel of Dr. Whitimin. they kept llieir wagons. Two horses Were hitched to a wagon, and driven by Judge Mc(,'laiie, it made a trail which leil tiie band through in safety. In .S'ptember, I^IH. Judge McClane came to Salem; the Mclhecember, 1847, he enlisted for service in the < 'ay use war; the Marion comity men pro- posed that he be elected Captain, lint (ieneral (lil- 1am desitt-i that he slioiihl be a stall otticer with the rank and pay of Cajilain; he also acted as private, and was with the general until his death, whieli resulted from the accidental discharge of a gun that was lying in a wagon, from which he ww«- getting a rope; the bullet struck the miildlo of his foreliead, and passed nearly through his head; he fell and never spoke again. Judge Mc('lanc received only the pay of a private from the Government. Alter his return from the Indian war. witli a c.om|iaiiy -A eleven men. he went to tht; gold- liehis of California, and mined four months at Itedding. in Shasta county; the first pan he washt^"! oBl --ontiiined S)JO, and his success con- tinued; he went from this point to Sutter's fort. laj. i in a supply of provisions, and started to riijK. l>.g bar on the .Vmerican rive"*; here he m n*^l a month, taking out 8200 a day. He tiieti returtK"! to Sutter's fort and bought (iOU p«nml8 of provisions; with this, packed on three iiorses, he start^^l back to the diggings; the Hrst night out, he and his companions c.imped on the hills, and before morning two of their horses were Bt( 'Ion ; lu' went in pursuit of the thieves, but failed to overtake them. Fortu- nately, a teamster v-amo along, and by the ex- change of conrtesies, Judge McClane succeeded i 1142 UtafoRt oh' oHFJioN. in fretting to tlie iliij;giMp;> witli his provisions. l''or ii I'tivv diiys lollouin^ lie took out only an ouiKto of jj;olil u (iiiy. liut later lie .struck a I'icli vein, iiniJ realizcil froin !?10() to 82(K) ii day. Wlicii at Sutter's fort, in March, where lie had gone to look after liis horses, he learned that a steamer was to sail rom San l-'raiicisco for Oregon, lie fold his horses, ahandoned Ids mines ami out tit, and went to San Francisco; there he purchased merchandise witli his gold, lint as the ship diil not arrive as e,\pected, he and another gentleman chartered a vessel, and went to Oreffon; the expenses of the vessel was eancelled by (jiie trunkful of goods. I'pon his rctni'n to Oregon, he ojiened a store and contin- ued his milling operations. lie was married to Helen C. Johnson, a (hinghter of Rev. L. II. Johnson, a missionary of tlie Methodist Kpiseopal Church; he had linilt the iirst house in Salem. The Judge continueil his nulling business until ISS'J, wluMi he sold his interest for $15,000. In I'lp to Nicarf family, going via tlie Nicaraugiia route. I'pon his return, in ISofi, he found his place jumped, and he entered a suit, which lasted thirteen years, at the end of which time Ids claim was sui tained. For sevei'al years he has been en- gaged in real-estate transactions on his own iiLi'ount: he owns a large amount of property in Salem, and has an aitdition to the city, in which there are many valuable lota for sale. Judge and Mrs. McClane are the parents of sixteen children, nine of whom are living: George F. ; Louie I!.; Annie 1., wife of J. 11. McCiirmic; Eva E., wife of Samuel Nutting; (Charles II.; James L. ; Xellie II.. wife of Pu- laski (ininii: llarrold G.; and John B. Judge McUlane is a stanch Democrat, and lias been closely connected with local politics; he has the honor of having l)een the first Post- master of Salem, and in 1851 he was elected Treasurer of Marion comity, serving one term; in IStiO he again received the appointment of Postmaster of Salem; he has been Justice of the Peace for several years, and served two terms as State Librarian; he was at one time Hailiff of the Supreme Court; in 1885 he re- ceived the ajjpointment of Indian Agent, and served four years. It is tiow almost iialf a cen- tury since Judge McClane crossed the plains :uid mountains and rivers to the Pacific coast; he has seen tlie growth of villages into cities, and the development of the wiM land into a fer- ;eu liy a in All hfiiior lap- tile fanning section, thickly inhabited py, prosperous, inte!lig(Mit peopN'. All hf)iior to the pioneers, who, by their courage and indus- try have wrought so great a work as the coin- monweakh of I )r(^iron. ^m^^m^m^ -=^4 AKLEY MoDONALl), a respected ami worthy jjioneer of 1850. one of those ad- venturous, enterprising sjiirits, who helped to lay the solid foundation on which the iiiag- nifictmt suporstrneturc* of this vast common- wealth now rises in un>urpasse:' »pl' '■ , was liorn in the smallest of States in size, ''I'V. ■', hich makes up in i]uality what it lacks in (juaniity, namely, Rhode Island. In thi.s pet State of the Union his birth occurred on July 21, 1825. His great-great-grandfather, John McDonald, was a native of Scotland, but came to Rhode Island many years previous to the Revolution ary war. llis son, I'arucli McDonald, was a farmer in Johnstown, Rhode Island. lie mar- ried Elsie Spiague, of the same State, who was a member of the celebrated family of Spragues of that State. Raruch was a valiant soldier in the Revolutionary war. Uis son, Captain John McDonald, was also born in J(jhnstown, and married in 179() Rhoda I'everly, of Providence, Rhode Island. Ills son, John McDonald, Jr., was also born in Johnstown, on May 2li, 1790, and married ^liss Mary Phillips, a daughter of Luke Phillips, and born in F(jater, Rhode Is- land, November 26, 1800. They had three children, two of whom are living: A daughter, now Mrs. Martha Coflin, of Rhode Island; and the subject of our sketch. The mother died November 2(5, 1S26, on her twenty-sixth birth- day, and his father survived until September 15, 18-14, when he died in the midst of a host (jf admiring friends. They were both highly es- teemed for their many virtues, and were lament- ed by all who knew them. The subject of our sketch was reared ami educated in Providence, Rhode Island, where he learned the trade (jf an architect and builder, at which he workeil in his native city until 18-18, at which time gold was discoverecl in California. The rej)orts from that far-distant country, grew like a snowball in size, until by the time they had reached the extreme Fast, no measure could tuicompass them, or j)ower restrain them. Among those whose imaginations were tired by these marvelous reports was the J'onng nrsTonr of oRHnoN. ih;i arcliiti'ct of I'rovidciicc. who naturally ls the bay, and which were nuule for a nnm who aftiu-- ward distiiiguirhed liimself in llie great civil war, (ieueral W. T. Sherman. Mr. McDonald rennmcd a year in C'alifornia, annge on the brig, Tan|Uena, and arriving at .\storia about the middle of .Inly, 1850, whence he came to I'ortland. Here he worked at his business l'(ir eight years, gaining the reputation of being a capable and reliable contractor and builder. .\mong other work that he did in that eai'ly day ill Portland, mav be mentioned the building of the First (longregatioiial church, ami he also bnilt the Iloosier, thetii'st steamboat which ran on the Willamette river. In 1^58 he eam(» to Forest (irove, where he built the First Congregational church and several other buildings. In l8tiU he went to Salem, where he resideil for ten years, and was next a residentof I'ortland foraconple of years, limilly returning to Forest (Jrove, wlu're liejinr- chased lots, and built the bouse in which he now resides, located at the corner of Mulberry and Flm streets. For the last twenty-five years Mr. McDoiuild has been largely ent;atred in (lovernment work, as architect and superintendent, and has ac- quired a wide and favorable reputation in his business. The monuments of his ability and skill are scattered all over the commonwealth, and shall enduie as lasting testaments of his ta! cut. He was married on September 5, 1847, to Miss Metsey M. Sampson, a native of Massachu- setts, and of Puritan ancestry, tracing back to the landing at Plymouth Rock. On her moth- er's side she was a Nelson, a well-kiKiwn family of I'arly New England. Her maternal gran. is assisting to write the history of Washington; R. A. is married and resides near the old home; W. II. is also mar- ried; the others are at home. Their names are: l.ucretia D,, George Lewis, Thomas Paine, Winnie 1']. and Miley K. Mr. Merchant iidieriteil seventy-four acres of his father's estate, and eiglity acres of his mother's, and on it built a choHji house, iw which lie rcsideil a niiniber of venrs. \i\ his Ludiistry niSTniiV OF OUHdON. 114-. mill j,'(H)(l inim;iguinent he iimilc iiiDiuiy, iiiul I'riiiii tiiiiu til tiiiiu, us lie wii.s alilc, l)all^llt niit otlur lieirs, (iiul is now tlm owner of oOO acres of tlit (loiuitioii claim, lie has ex|ii'iiil(;il inaiiy tiiim- s.'iml ilollnrs in ini|ini\ino- tlii- iii'uncrty. In IS82 lie linilt a i'CsIiUmicc at, a coul ol' ^(1,00(1. TIiIb attractive homo is sitnatcil on an cmini'iicf in oru! ol' the most lieantifnl |ioi'tions of Orcifon, and the view ohtaincil fi'om it is one of nnsnr- (lassing loveliiu'ss. Mr. Merchant is a Freetliinker and a Re|)ul>li- can. lie is jronerons and pnlilicspirited, and takes a dee|) interest in tin* cdncational affairs of iiis district, lie has freiinently served as Scliool (Merk and Director and also Supervisor of Itoads. fS. McNALLY, architect of Salem with oltiee in the I>ii. li-Hreyraan lilock, on * Commercial street, is a native of the province of Qneliec. horn iScptember 4, 1858. llis fatlier, N. NcNally, was a prominent lum- ber dealer of (iuc^bec, wIkj removed to Alcona connty. Michifran, in 1868, where he purchased extensive timber lands and contin\ied in the lumber hnsiness. Subject was edHcated at the pnlilic schools of Alcona and graduated from the Ilarrisvillc Col- lege in 1873. lie was then bound out as an apprentice to learn the trade of carj)enter and joiner, wiiich ho followed for si.x years, becom- ing nuister ot every department of building and construction. In lS7!t, with his parents, sub- ject moved to Fort (^JoUins, Cuhn-ado, where he engaged in architecture and building residences, while his father purchased 640 acres of land at North Park, ami is still engaged in raising horses and cattle. Sultjoct was married at Fort Collins August 14, 1881, to Laura A. Jones, and in 1882 re- moved to Los Ang(des, C'alifornia. where he re- sumed his profession and for seven years con- ducted a very successful business, constructing many of the prominent residences and business blocks of the city. In 1880 he changed his location to Salem, Oregon, where he has gained the contidonco of tlm people and as architect and contractor has constructed valuable builditigs. Ho was first engaged upon the new wing of the insane aijlnm, and was later employed ai super- vising architect of the institution. He was Hrcliitect and supeivisor (jf the conetrnctiou of the State IJeform School, the farm liuildiug itl the State farm, and other Slate work, also churches and school buildings in .Marion, l.itni and Folk counties, ln'sides bu.-iiiess blocks and handsome residences through the \\'illamelli« valley. Mr. and .Mrs. McNally ha\ f two cliililren; Frederick IS. and Agnes, lie is a un'mbiM- of the Olive Lodge, No. l8, I. O. O. F. and I'ucilic J,odge, No. 5(1, F. A: A. M. LEXANDFR W. MoNAliV, an Oregon pioneer of 1845, an Indian war veteran and a successful and prominent farmer of I'olk county, Oregon, was born in the State of Illinois March ;5, 18;Ji{. The family is of Irish e.xtraction, the great grandfather having come to .\merica and settled in N'irginia, where grandfather ilngh, was burn. He bt^came a soldier in the llevolntionary war and lived to bo ninety years old. Jlis family consisted of four sons and four daughters, and one of these, Alexander JfcNary, was born in Kentucky iiv 1802, and he was our subject's father, and moved to various States, living altormitely in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and Missouri. In 184if Mr. Alexander Mc.N.iry married Miss Ladocia Stockton, who was a native of Tennes- see, born in 1802, and they had a family of seven children, of whom only two now survive: a daughter, now Mrs. Sarah K. Shaw, of Cali- fornia and our subject. In 184r) the family crossed the plains to Oregon with a family of live childi'on and settled on a doiuition claim I i-even miles east of Salem, and began lite in the vvilds of Oreiion in a little log cabin. At this I place the father passed tin* rest of liis life and died in 1862, the mother in 1876. They were worthy kind-heartevl and hosjiitable people, do- ing much to aid the poor and n(ir uiotlics fur the bhIiikiIi, niui tlii< Iiidiatis trailiMl with them all iiroiiiKl the Cuf-eiules. Mr. AIc- Ts'ai'} was nent to school at Salem, and remained with his father until he lie(^niie of a^e. In I800 lie voliinteei'ed to tiii;ht the Indians, t'nrnishing his own liorst' and ei|ui]inient, and served hruvely (hiring the war. under ('a]>taiii li. F. JJnndi. There was niuel) hard tiiiiitiiif; and a great deal of hardbhiji, and at one time the brave soldiers had to eat the llesh of their horses to keep alive. After tlio close of the Indian war our suhjeet eni,'aged in the stock hiisiness, and when eoni- forlalily settled, in 1857, lie married Miss ('elta (triit)h, by whom he had two children; l.i/.zie and Klla, the liitter hecomini; the wife of Mr. K. Ci'uizan, the Sheriff of Marion coiiutv. Both daughters reside in Salem. After five years of happy married life, Mrs. >[cN'ary died, in 1802. Our sMi)ject rciMained in the stock business un- til 18f)(), doinir a very larj^e business and ])rci8- pering. lie remained with his mother on the donation idaim for twelve year^, and took up one of his own near that of his tiither, but sold it, and has engaged in a number of land deals. In 1875 he purchased 200 acres of land, where he now resides and later 540 more, and now owns a line farm of 740 acres. Upon this tine prope'-ty Mr. ]\IcNary built a commodious residence in 1887, and Ik^ has lately engaged extensively in stock-raising, general farmiiif; and in the growing of hops. lie has made a sjiecialty of the raising of tine cattle, his llerefords and shorthorn cattle are noted as the finest in the State. Mr. ^^e.^'arv was married in October, 1874, to Mrs. .'-^Inier J. Miller, a native of Iowa. She has three children. She was the daughter of William Allen, a native of the State of Michi- gan. Her family came to ( )regon in 1852, took a donation claim in Polk county, near Ikthel, and there her father died in his fifty-sixth year, and her mother in her si.xty-third. Mrs. Mc- Nary's children were: Addie, now Mrs. (icorge Savage; Kinma, now Mrs. Charles Watts, and Abby Louise, now Mrs, Henry Kobinson. Mr. and Mrs. McNary have one son. Archer .\lfoiiso, now in his sixteenth year, at home with his parents, an efficient helper on the farm, and a very promising young Oregonian, Mr. Mc- Nary has been a Kcpublican since the organiza- tion of the party, but in late years he has been somewhat independent and leans toward the People's pai'ty. He is a thoroughly reliable and upright man, has been a very hard worker, and richly deserves the good reputation lie bears among the Oregon pioneers of 1845. — ^^@{:i§)^s■';^ tAUr.OW C. MKSSENGKK, a successful business man of .\sliland, was born in Che- nango county, .New "^'ork, June 25, 1857, a son of Ezra and Harriet (Newton) Messenger, also iLatives of New York, and their ancestors were early settlers of that State. The father dieil in 1S72, and the mother in 1875. Harlow C, our subject, was reared to farm life, and after the death of his parents he went to Valparaiso, Indiann, where he attended school, completing his studies in 1877. 'n that year he went to Wooster, Iowa, a few months later followed railroading in .Vbili'iie, Kansas, one year, and in the fall of 1878, located at Ashland, Oregon. .Mr. Messenger followed vai'ious occu- pations until he jiurcliased the ])roperty in which he is still interested. The jdaning mill was purchased by onr subject in 188(5, and has since been under his management until re- cently, being now foreman of the enterprise. The mills are run by water-power, and the mo- tive machinery is a IB-foot overshot wheel, of 18-liorse power. The planers and other nuKdnnery are of the latest and most im- jiroved patterns. The mill is located on Granite street, near the business part of the town, and the trade reaches south as far as Yreka, Cali- fornia, and north to Grant's i'ass, Oregon. The mill-yard is constantly supplied with a large stock of all kinds of native lumber. Mr. Messenger was married at Ashland, July 5, 1882, to Miss Hessie L. Marsh, a native of Mova Scotia. They have four children; Walter J., Nathan II., Oscar K. and Hazel G. fONRAl) MKYKR, who is engaged in the grocery business at Albany, Oregon, was born in llheinfels, Bavaria, Germany, in 1845, his ancestors ha\ ing long been resi- dents of that locality, engaged in mechanical and agricultural pursuits. Conrad lived at home ami attended school until he was thirteen years of age. He was then apprenticed to the trade of baker and coiifec- ■*»y;g*igy^i**»^'ip i 'W WH '* ^ | tiisTouy "A" ouKdo.y. hi; tionur, at Kni])li)ynu'nt from liii88 iV' IIiij'\varo. He then went to Eagle Clitf, on the Columbia river, and worke. ( ). F. and the A. O. U. W., Inning passed all the chairs in the former lodge, including the Encampment. |UTHLK T. MEHWIN, one of the pioneers of tlie Wei-t was born in McConnell county, Ohio, dune 124, 1840, and was the son of Edwin ai.d Susan (Jenkinsj Merwin, both of whom were natives of ( )hio. Ili' died in I'olk county, Oregon, in 18'.M), at the age of smenly six, but Mrs. Merxvin is still li\ing in I'cdk coiMity at the age of seventy there. They liad a family id' fivi' children and oursnbjt-ct is the Kocond child. When .\rthur was twelve years (dil, his father moved to Lawrence, Kansas, iu Is.jti. .\t thai lime it wa> the frontier of civilization. V(Uiug Mei'win began freighting across the plain> lu!- I'oro he had had anj" chance to attend school and hence all of his learning has been obtained outside of a stdioolhonse. As this rec Government, hauling (iovernment sup plies, and often he would have hard lights with the Indians to protect his trains. ,Jlo went with his teams when the whoh^ country was alive with the worst savages that ever cam[ied on the Western prairies. When there was a very valuable train to start he would always lead it in person, lie was very sue- cessful and never lost any of his freight, with the e.xception of one time. Then he was sur- rounded by tell times his number, in a ])laco where he could not (hd'end himself, only hav- ing thirty-two men. The savages made a cliarg(< from ambush and captured a part of his train but he managed to corral the others and fought until he saw that it was a case of life or death. Telling his men to follow lie charged into tlie savages and drove them away, losing only two ofhismen, but his own clothes were rid luiivury and eourai^e would make him a line dIHcci'. He docs not seem to know the ineanini^of the woi'd (ear. Our enlject Inis Krown very e\|iert with tlie laHso. He Inis now a nice farm 'of 1*50 acres, well stocked with horses and cattle and a'so ovvns jiropcrty in Baker ('ity. lie has met with some misfortunes, but has met them bravely. He is a member of tiie order of Odd Fellows and is a stanch, tried and true Republican, although he is tlio only meii\her of his family that ever voted that ticket, lie has one brother who was elected on the Democratic ticket for Mayor of Inde- pendence, Oreifon. lEDFOlil) 1)1!STILLIX(4 & REFIN- ING COMPANY.— The above distil- lery was built in the fall of 18!tl, since which time it has been running steafiily. The grounds, where the plant is located, adjacent to the city, consists of twenty-two and one-half acres. The* ituildino; is 40 x 170 feet, and al)out sixty-tive feet high, and a storage capacity of 30,000 bushels of grain. The engine is 150- liorsc power, and all tlie machinery and equip- ments connected with the plant are of the best and latest improved pattern. Much of the in- terior fixtures are very fine, especially the still, which is of .Mr. Medynski's own design aiul construction. His k)ng experience as superin- tendent of the International Distillery, at Des Moines, Iowa, has given him an op})ortunity of further and broader study, as well as greater ex- perience of tliis and kindred subjects. lie is a master of civil and mechanical engineering, as is sliown in the design and construction of the en- tire plant. The firm have on hand, in their Btoreliouse, over 000 barrels of high-proof bor- bo>irn and rye licjuors. Their sales up to this time have not extended beyond the limits of tlie State. Their wholesale house will soon be estab- lished in Medford, and their salesmen will can- vass the entire coast. The present runinng ca- pacity is 500 busjicls daily, hut they can and win probably increase it to'l,500 Ijushols daily. i The senior member of the firm, Mr. F. V. Medynski, is a native of l.ondon, Knghind, born Febrmiry I!, iSol. His |)arentH were Vincent and Sarah ('I'hompson) .Medynski, the former a native of Roland, the latter of English birth. i They had seven children, the subject being the fourth. He served seven years' ap|)renticesliip as nnichinist and marine engineering, and came ; to America in 1871, locating in Chicago, where I he engaged in shops for a time, and later fol- I lowed his profossion oil the lake for some two j yeais. He was next employed at the PlKCuix Distillery for three years, when he again followed engineering and piloting on the laki' until 1881, when he went to Des Moines, Iowa, and was en- gaged at the Atlas Distillery for several months. He lU'xt took charge as superintendent of the International Distillery, in the interests of (ieorge W. Kidd, for several years, at a salary of ;?;i,000 a year. In 1880 he" went to La Salle, Illinois, in the employ of the same gentleman, and built a distillery, which was purchased by the trust syndicate before being put into opera- tion. He was married in Chicago, in April, 1876, to Ella Palmer, a native of that city. They have one daughter, F^tta, and one son, deceased. 1). I'. Thoiss is a native of Lee county, Illi- lujis, born .\pril 10, 1800. He was reared and educated in his native State. His parents were Godfrey and Rarabe (Reever) Tlieisa, both na- tives of Germany, the mother now deceased, dying March 22, 1871. In a family of nine children our subject was tlie third in order of birth. He followed farming until fifteen years of age. lie then engaged in a still-house some eighteen months. The following twelve years he engaged in clerking in a merchandise house in La 8al]e, Illinois. lie was married October 5, 1887, to Minnie S(!ott, a native of Illinois. They have one daugh- ter, Geraldine. The famil}' removed to Med- ford in 1890, whei-e Jlr. Theiss engaged in manu- facturing spirits as above stated. tON. NORMAN MERRILL.— Mr. Men-ill is a native Oregonian, born in Colnmbia county, December 25, 1851, son of Josepli and Elizaliotb (Freeman) Alerrill. These par- ents were niarricMl in the State of Ohio, ai\d crossed the plains to Oregon in 184:7, the family m *'^%^rei(,~.„SC'V' ^^^ «!^'/!l„-^ * OtiKifoV 1 1 III W , Jill ■ ch - ^1' Wflfi ft ■ /f intcjjritj' •.;,('»«ivf f)io 1^ life in Mh_v, ltd. • U'V of l)irtli in ?iis H'li tMlncatcil ill hi!" ' "luwed liiriiiing until • ori^aj;<»(l Jri loggiiijt.', ivHly (.'ngftgwl in tliHt i.'if ri«n-;**Mi»ur of vald- r^ I I ^M(>ie Bi>ft ficres \!ihotigli H ffrat'ticftl ' ■U'i(<'^'l i" gt'iiaral tiiri!iin<,; ■. iUiiig u i-iMn.'ittliy i!' i.i:('f .: u young or(;liac(l, ciinri-t.ry ...t l,;ii"i • .1 gcncial variety, chiotly [iriintw. Polifi- iir riiiliji'i-t IB ail acti.ij in« Trf^aii(ir«r. A£t(>r .■«Tving taitlit'iiliy fur two years Ik- rc».um«'j r»»«t (if hi* tif« luti'f. Il.» iiiicc-liiri* well' origi imUv ^<> II itt<)i7!ani), wl}'i settlcil in \'ii'i^iniii iin>l K*«M!«»''(( y i rt?v «i»rty da.>, wiicri' thoy witc well ».n\\ faiM>Bf>;» 'lUiwii, Mis pari'iits, .laiiics '■' ■ ' 1 (SiIIIIIIMM'k) lldiillUII, w«'rt> ■ J»,lOII»t»'l> t?i lH4n fKiiniv I ,*,<: ntiii'ky, ami liniKircil . (licli State tlicy came Uirv >>f lii> lather ami iittt'reMts tuitil !>>■ h'f^h -{i-k Vi*ti Y?»»rti ! H Ildliiiaii eaiiiii to I'r.rii'Kiil wild ltitiilion he ;;railnatoil in ls75. lie iluin stiidicil law under tlio in-itnictiori of Coloiiol \^ . II MHiiii,'!!', hein^r ndiiiitted to the I'Ur in l"<7'l, ami lie(^iiiiiiiif,' Inn jiPW^tioo in fortlawl, >v!i' he has coniinned, •':.i '■ 1. .V ;■, ,. ../-.i' '. . ;, : b and relialile Work, He IniB a jjoiieral . iself moBtly to that ten to cor|iiirationK, ! .1. ilite. crat. He hart in vwl'iu? '•4)ii|Kiiyi»« if.ii.»'u-ti niateriiil aid hy diflivering jaililie "j^^iwhoft in the Stale, in thi^ interoct of hi;* (wirty nnd it« candidates. Mr. ''■•' ■! '>■■!■ .>f tin* Orcyon delegateii to the ■ml Cou^ft-r ion held at Chi- iou,.d- ■ ' . Ldltli [5. V ft(ii,,ij;*i;. (It. and thc'V Imvu rhcei cluliiv. > ; . ,' Ori'BSH .!>. and Ret*. Mr. M , jtrnin'. social giMitleuian, and \iM always 'lU-.e;! an:*nivt' interest in t!u» d(ue!"|)ni8iit of i!i« Btnti* nnd conuty. He is a worthy and eonfcieidi ne oifi zen wli" enjoys the rpspeut and i">I(t n ot th«* entire coniriiiuiitv. '1.^ A^ i'acKi- 29, 1852. • Oregon Tt'i : Waftiiingtou. ; denee at tho -tgi- 78 •m n rally ha,-- ifreat r irielrniiiilis, the at their intorcatu his own. . («fe.*.?y5. f.'\Ml',.< Mel'UIIJ.Il'S, on. >f the most Biiu^ ivhcrul of the early m-ttlof of Oregon, was tt liKiivd , where he was twirn. of Iiiish paront», iii l^-- While still a hay Ik; Mint>Tatci4Si, wiiere mh wh.- for a time em- ployed in working in the mines. Later he re- he purchased cattle, 118 to Oregon, 'nl venture, so ali/.ing a very 18r)5-"r>(i he r, and distin- I.' ,. 1. s***»f'.tH . ', •■ • lie ;m>1 i<- '•'. .1 '.':i\ t>»'^ ttlHt fit'i lejH'Htfii ■' ■ i^rotit. In the y t Mie Vukinm Indiai •elf for hraverv -■ith-d in t'„ U ■• a hills, where lie engaged in stock-raising, in wliieli he was %^ i.% %. ^/^. Q^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^/ /. 1.0 l^|2^ |25 1"^ IS I.I mm j 1.4 1 1.6 1.25 ^^ . ^ 6" ■ ■ V] <^ v: '^. v> cf; 7 ^ Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^ N \ ^s'^'O fii I /■ * ii! % vr,«*— -^._ 11 r STORY Of niiKOON. 1110 ■ *■ i then (.•oiisisting of tliree children besides tlie parents. After his arrival in Orcj^on Joseph ^Ierriil became a well-lcnown lariiicr and stock- raiser of Cjhin;l)ia connty, althonirh during liis first years of resideni'c in the county lie was a miller. He was honored tis a nnm of intei^rity and was a worthy citi/.eii and proffressive pio- neer. This ifood man departed this life in Way. 1879, his wife still surviving him. Our subject, the tit'tli in order of birth inliis father's family, was reareated it, realizing a very handsome jirofit. In the year 18o5-'o() he fought in the Vakima Indian war, and distin- guished himself for bravery. He then settled in the Willamina hills, where lie engaged in stock-raising, in which he was 1150 irrsTonr of orroon. "■ :^ m V(tr_Y Hiicc»>Ksfiil at lir«l, lnit lost uvcry licinl of stock in tlio iiii'iiiiniililc winter of IStil '()2. Ill IStKI Ik' wms iimrrit'plication granted, he opened an office in l)ak(>r City, then a stragjiling village, in 1882. and since thatavaria, (iermany, in 18-11, Uj) to thirteen years of agtOio improved the educalional advantages of his native town and of the city of Furth.aud was then apiiren- tieed with a prominent iiusiiiess house, to en- ter their house and learn the elements and prin- ciples of business. He remained there until 1S57, when, desirous of a broader field of lai)or, he emigrated to the United States, landing in Xew York, with but .*<■") in his jiocket. Secur- ing a positicii as l)ookkee|ier he then attended night schools and thus perfected himself in the language of his adopted country, liemainir in New York until the fall 18(i3lie then started, via Panama, for Albany, Oregon, where he had friends residing. Duly arriving, he entered the general merchandise store of A. Schlussel & Co., but after a few months, went to Scio, and opened their branch house, which he oper- ated until January, 186"), then went to Harris- burg, as clerk for J. Levy & Cr)., and continued with their successors, Moore, Gerst & I'aber, until 1868, when the tirin was reorganized, and Mr. May purchased an interest, and the firm of May, Gerst & Co., was established and continued until 1x74, when the stock was reduced, and II V:.! 11.V.' IllSTOUY Oh' OUHilOS. Mr. Miiy nnrclijiscil tlio iiiliiv li\itV Si'iiilcis \v;is iii>litiiti'il. Mr. Scinlcris \vii8 l)oni ill I'niMiia in l'M7. Kdin'iiicd in lii« own ('(puiitrv, lit' I'lniiinilt'd to our own coiin- Irv, .\nii'iic(i, in 1M54, Iniuiin^f in New York. {^ninj; direct tn lirounsvilli". Oregon, wiiere iii^ <' eleri<, mid remained tlierc until 1S7(), when he entered into jmrtiier- ^liij) with li. lireiinei', and ])iu<'hase(l tlie Im-i- iiet^s iind eoiitiniied Uie bu>iness until 1^75, when the the sfoek was eleared out. and the linn ditisnlved, anil Mr. Senders entered into his ])r('.-ent position, lie was married in ls7<') to Aliss lleifha (ierst, and they ha\e four chil- dren; N'iola, IJeriiard, Arthur and Edjjar. Mr. yeiiders is a nieinher of the I. ( ). ( ). F., and lMicnin|inieut. In 18S0 the firm jiurchased their |trescnt store. 25 .\ !l() feet, on tlie northeast corner of Kirbt and Smith streets, and removed thereto. Thev carry a lartock avera(,nng $~5.()O0, and they handle annually 100,0(10 hiishcls of orain. with four spacious warehouses on the hank of the ri\-er fur that purpose. The firm owns 820 acres of land four miles east of Ilar- rishurir. and each have individual interests in the city and residence property. ^^l•. May was marriLiI in Ilarrishurff. in 18t)8. to ^[i>s Caroline (ierst, of i'avaria, and they have nine children; Amelia. I'aiiline, Nora, Jia.ney, Kdith, Amy, Ella. Kdna and Anita. lie is a nieiuher of the hlue lodo;e and chap- ter, V. & A. M., anil has officiated as Mayor and Councilman, hut his life has been devoted to his huBiness interests, and his efforts have been ainj)ly rewarded. ^OX. DAN IKL A. MrALISTKU, a pioneer and a prominent farmer and stock-raiser, of eastern Oroiron, is the subject of this sketch, lie was born in Coles county, Illinois, February ti, ls4~'. juid received a common- school education. The name of his father was Macliii McAlisler. and he was a native of Ala- bama, who married .Mary Ashmore, a native, of Teiinessee. ifr. McAlister died when Daniel WHS three years old, but Mrs. McAlister is still living with her son. the sulijcc* of this notice, at the a<^e of seventy-four year-. They reared a family of three children, of which Daniel was the second, and he is the only one now liviiiii. Mr. .McAlister came to Oregon in 18G2, and stop|H-d in (irande Kondo valley, where lie lias made liis home ever >ince. lie came here a |ioor boy, having worked his way across the plains, and landed hert^ withou! noney. Ilu hired out and worked for wages until he had accumulated a little money, and then he took up a elaiin of ItJO acres of land, and improved it as fast as he could, having to work for other people to^'et eiioiii;li money to carry liini along, lie now owns !t~0 acres of good land in the valley, and has it well improved with one of the largest residences and most commodious barns in eastern ( )re^on. Mr. iMcAlister deals !ii sliorthor'i Durham cattle, always keepinir the best, and ho has now over iiOO head of horses on his farm. His stock is thoroughbred and graded, and he is the owner of a stallion, Lamont, that he has refused to sell for ftlO.OOO, and this horse is of Ilambletoninn Mambrino Chief. One of his horses has iiiaile the fastest time of any animal in Oreiron. He sold a mare, Spokane, that trotted in 2.24 for !ii2,.")00, and there are no finer horses in the State than those owned by Mr. McAlister. The marriage of our subject took jilace in 1S(')7 to Miss Nancy Moe. a native of Michi- ^ran, who came to Oregon in 186-t with her parents. To Mr. and Mrs. McAlister nine (children have i)een born, and all are at home e.\ce|)t the two oldest. The joint Senatorship of l^nion and Wallowa counties was tendered to oiir subject by the Democratic convention, and he was elected by a majority of 350 votes. During the cam|)aign he was kept at home by the sick- ness of his family, ana by the death of one of his dear children, so that he made no personal effort, or the majority might have been much larger, as he is a very popular citizen, and adorns the position. -4- *•*=- |Ii. JAMES M(dU{Il)E, now a prominent physician of Oregon, came to tlie Territory 111 1840. He was of Scotch- Irish ancestry and his grandfather, .lames McHride, came to America before the Uevolution and settled in M iffsToiir OF oitaaoN iir.3 ml)jcc* ot Michi- ISfi-l- with her tfcAlister nine I arc at home nt Senatorship A^as tendered to onvention, and votes. During lie hy the sick- ' death of one ; he made no light have heen lar citizen, and ^H=^ 1 a prominent o the Territory -Irish ancestry Hride, came to and settled in North (.'aroliiKi. When war wiis dccliin^l iii.r:iinst (ireat Mritain, he enrolled himself in the colonial army, and was eoinniissioned a ca|itain. In that ciinipany he served to the close of the wur, Soon after jieace was declared he removed to 'Jennessee with his family. Ilis son, Thomas Mcliride, was the Doctor's Father. He was a cousin of Andrew Jackson, their mothers hoiiif; sisters. Dr. McHride removed to Missotir', and was married there to Mahaln Miller, a native of that State and the daiijjhter of Philip Miller, whose peo|ile were early settlers in I't-nnsylva- niu. The Doctor and his wife had fourteen chil- dren, ten in Missouri. With these children they crossed the jilains ill 1840. It was an undertaking in those days to make such a journey, us it took months to do what We now can do in as many days. These brave jKfople were from early spring to late in the fall, and consideriiiir everythino; the journey was a safe one, yet they were glad to reach Ore- gon CMty. Dr. McCride .settled in Vain Hill county, Oregon, a donation claim of (540 acres. It was a choice tract of land, and is now a part of the celebrateil It. II. Toinpson farm, one of the best farms in the State. On this property, in 184-0, when they had very few neighbors either far cc near, the Doctor built his log cabin and began life with his numerous family. Dur- ing the early days he practiced his profession nearly all over the State, making his trips on horseback for hundreds of miles through a new country over trails. There were many Indians, yet he passed through the country in safety, and in all those early days he was an angel of mercy, visiting the sick ami alleviating their suffering without any thought of compensation. By his kindness in every way he endeared himself to every one he met. He resided on liis farm until he received an appointment as minister to the Sandwich islands from President Lincoln, the Doctor being a prominent and active Republican and Union man. His family removed to the village of La Fayette, and he held his otiice in the Sandwich islands until the death of Presi- dent Lincoln and Johnson's succession, when Dr. Mcl'ride resigned his otiice and returned to (Oregon, settling with his family at St. Helen, Colninbia county, where he spent the evening of his uSFi'uI life. lie was a member of the First Territorial Convo ition held in Oregon, and was the lirst Superintendent of Public Instruction in the Territory. Dr. Mi'l'iridewas boni in Tciinu-sie, in 1^01), and died in 1S74- II is wife, who was one of tho very excellent piimeersof the State, >iirvived him seven months. -Twelve of their cliildreiniic liv- ing, one of the largest and most rcpiiluble families in the wholo State. The eldest son, J. K. Mcl'riile, is a prominent lawyer at Spokane Falls; Thomas A., another son, is a widely known lawyer .iiid district attorney, who resides at Oregon City; James II. was the Superintend ent for years of the State Insane Asvliini at Milwaukee, his cousin is the head of a private asylum, and editor of the department of nervous diseases in a mcdicul journal; (ieorgo A. is Secretary of State and resides at Salem; Klvira, the widow of 15. I). IjUtler, resides at St. Helen; .N'liiicy v.. is the wife of W. II. holmaii, a nier- cliaiit of St. Helen; Louise, the widow of (Jeorge L. Wood, has her home at San Jose, California; Kmily L. is Assistant Physician in the State Insaiu- Asylum of California; Susan is the wife of I*. F. (iiltner. Chief Clerk in the Secretary fif State's oitice; Mary is the wife of M. C. Ilolman, and they live in San Francisco; Liicinda is the wife of Dr. U. (i. Ca|ilcs, of St. Helen; Judith is the wife of .liidgi! A. Smith, of liuisc City; Martha, wife of Hon. \. C. Adams, died in 1883; Ellen died in lsG7 in her Hfteenth year. This is but a very brief outline of one of Ore- gon's most distinguished families, and it is doubtful if tliert' is any other Oregon pioneer who has left so large, talented and highly re- spected a family as Dr. James McBride. -=*-< |}««^§€*'i^'--> fUANCIS M. MI LLKU, Postmaster .at Leb- anon, was born in Iveofauipia, Iowa, in 1844. His father, Jacob Miller, was of Scotch descent, and was born in Virginia and removed to Ohio. There he was married, in 18:51, and engaged in farming until 1837, when he moved to the frontier and settled in Van IJiiren county, Iowa, among the HIack Hawk Indians. He took a homestead of 100 acres and built a log cabin, and reclaimed from the wilderness and improved a fine farm. There he resided until his death in 1848. His wiilow still occupies the farm, at the age of seventy- seven years. They had nine children, seven of whom lived to maturity and still survive. Francis M. was the youngest son, and received what little education he received in his early BB J.if If I ust lIIsroUY OF OltKdON. i\\\\» ill Kuo.-aiii|iiii. Wlu'ii I'Orl Siiiiitt'r whs ii/eil upon, tlie wlmle rainily weri! tlirilleii witli patriotism, ami tiirce l)rotliers and oiit^ lii'ntiiL'r- iii-law eiiliftiMl, in 1801, ami Francis t'ollnwi'd tliuir i'\aiii]ile as soon as age would jii'iiiiit. llo I'idisted in inu spring ol' IsO:!. in tlic Tliird Iowa Cavalry, coniinandei! Ip_v C'oloiiel ,1. \S . NoMc. latf Secretary of tlio Interior. Tiieir first cngagunu'nt was at Pilot Kiioli, Missouri, and later at tlio capture of l.ittle Uock, Arkan- sas. They were then transferred toflie Dcjiait- iiient of Tennessee, and joined in tin- raid through Alabama ami (Jeorgia, and aided in the eapttire of .lefVerson Davis. Mr. Miller was diseharged in August. IHfio, without wounds, but prostrated liy hardships and ex])08nre, which left hifting efl'ects in weakness anled at Pittsburg Landing. After his discharge Mr. Miller returned to his home, and in the fall entered the Iowa Wesleyan University, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, takini; the classical course, and gradwatini; in lS~i, with the second honors of his class. Means for his education were procured by teach- ing and by practicing the most rigid economy, lie had tilings to such a fine point, that ho was able to live at the expense of tJS cents per week. Considering the difliculties under which he labored, it is wonderful that he not only was able to go through the university, hut that he >hou!d ilo so with high honors, lie again returned home, and was at once elccicd Superintendent of County Schools, filling that office until January, 1874. lie then entered the ottiee of Messrs. Lea A: "Work, prominent attorneys of Keosanqua, and was admitted to the bar in lsT5. 1I(^ followed the practice of law at KeosaiKjua until the fall of iNTt!, when he removed toOregim. and passed the winter at Albany. In the spring of 1877 he was engaged as principal of the public school of Lebanon, but after teaching for eighteen months he re snnieil his practice of law. lie ])ui'cha8ed town property in Lebanon, and has built several resi- dences besides the Miller business block, <'om- pleted in 1891. He was apjiointcd Postnnister of Lebanon in .Inly, 18!J1, by Postmaster- General Wanamaker. lie has also sei'vcd his citv as Pecorder and Marshal, and in 18S8 was instrumental in organizing the •lohn Miller Post, No. 42, G. A. H. Ilo is serving his tliird term as Commander and Junior \'ice- Comnianderof the Department of Oregon. Ilo attended the National Kncamipinent at San I'rancisco, as a delegate, and he also went in the same capacity to St. Louis. In March. l8iCJ, he was appointed Judge Advocate on the staff of II. II. Nortlicamp. Commander of the Depart- ment of Oregon. For eight years he has been Secretaryof Lebanon Lodge, .So. 44, F. A A. M. and is a member of the Phi- Delta-Tlieta fra- ternity of the Wesleyan I'liiversity. He was married, in 187.'), to Miss Ilulda S. Armstrong, of Tuscarawas county. They have three children: Walter A.. Pessie 15. and Cath- arine. <--^*^il*®|^» >t<^;^a». fOSKPII MEVKRS, the leading dry-goods" and carj)et dealer of Salem, is another of _ the many good citizens and capable busi- ness men that Germany has furnished to the I'liited States. The business of which Mr. Meysrs is pro- prietor was established in February, 1864, by Warren and Ivugene lireyman, the firm bjl:.' known as lireyman P.ros. They did a largo business for sixteen years, and were exceedingly successful, their name for the store having been the White Corner. Mr. Meyers became the owner of the business by jiurchase, in 1880, and continued its name by calling it the Old White (!orner. The building is two stores wide by ninety feet deep, and he deals heavily in dry goods, carj)ets, gents" and ladies' furnishing goods, and hats, lie has carefnilv retained the good rejintation of his store, and has been ex- ceedingly prosperous. He is eminently a self- nnide man, owing his success entirely to his own natural ability and force of idiaracter. He was born in (Tormany of (ierman parents, in 18:{I'), and came to the I'nited States alone, a poor, honest boy of seventeen, for the purpose of seeking his fortune in America, a land of which he had heard as offering better indnce- iiieiits to tlii^ industrious, who, without means, might by their own exertions rise to affluence. When lie arrived in .\nierica, he had the lan- guage of the country and nearly everything else to learn. After working as a clerk for wages for several years, he went to Kern county. Cali- fornia, and, in IStifJ. starteil a general merchan- dise store, on his own account, near Pakersfield. He purchased his first stock on time, by giving two notes of ^fiOO each, and by close attention, lIlHTOIiy OF ()RK(Ut\. ll.V, ineiil lit San <) ut'iit in tlio ivli. lS!):i. lu. tiic Ktiiir of tin- Dcjiait- lic I1118 l)UL'n 4, F. it A. M. tii-'riu'tu frii- y- lias Ilnlila S. They liave I!, and Catli- ng dry-goods is aiiotliiM- 0/ ciijiahle linsi- lislied to tiio eysrs iw pro. iiry, 1804, hy "lu firm l)-;!:g did a large ■c exceedingly (' iiaving been 3 became the laae, in 18S(>, ig it tiic Old 'o stores wide lis heavily in es' furnishing ■ retained the has been ex- nently a self- tirely to his hnrai'tcr. rnian parents, tates alone, a the purpose ica. a land of etter indiice- itliont means, to atlluence. had the lan- erythingelso rk for wauea comity. Cali- ral merciian- !• Hakerstield. e, by giving se attention. and liberal methnds in bu^ine8s, ho had. in six years, secured a large trade, and was (nrrying )j(30,()00 worth of stock. At that tinu' he sold out to come to Salcin, where he has since en- joyed the leading trade of the city. During the war iiis political views were lie- publican, but. more recently he has favoreil l)emocraey. He is a member of the A. (). I'. W., and is ul.-ui a Master Mason. hi 18(5() he was married to Miss Kllen Harvey, a native of Xova Scotia, who was raised in Boston. They have six children, all sons, who were born on the I'acitic cuast. His two oldest sons. Henry W. anil Milton 1... are etticient helps in their father's busintws, while the others, Charles Iv, Arthur W., (ieorge II. and Josej)h, are attending school. .Mr. Nleyers owns a gooy tlie Favorite, the Tomiuin, the Wenona. the R. MiMer, the May Flower, the Eclipse, the (^ucen, the R. I'. Elmore, the Occi- dent, the Sea Foam and the Hattie. Small boats for fishing purposes he has manufactureil as high as twelve |ier month, during the bu>y sea- son, anil empliivs from two to fifteen liands, hh business demands. Ilir. tWD-story shop, 3(1 xOO feet, is well eipiipped for the rapid performance of work. He owns city and country proiicrty adjoining, and ha- KSO acres of timber-land. In his business relations Mr. Leathers has overcome many difficulties, but by hard work and per- sistent eifort, paying the closest attention to de- tail he has built up a name and re|uitation ran ne tuts uuiit up a na throughout the .Northwest. |j« L. LEE, M. I)., a well-known practitioner 1™ at Junction City, was born at Vermont, * Fulton county, Illinois, in 18ii7. His parents, I'hilester and Eliza \. (i'urge) Lee, were mitives of the State of New York, but settled in e;irly life in Illinois; later they re- moved to Iowa, where Mr. Lee followed his life's occupation, farming. In the spring of 1847, with an outfit of four wagons, twelve yoke of oxen and some loose cattle, he set out for Oregon, accompanied by his wife, seven children and his father, ageil eighty years. They started with the Oskuloosa train, which subse- ipiently divided into smaller traiiiK. The journey was without partidar incident or accident, and by wise nuimigement any engagement with the Indians was avoided. Arriving at the Dalles, they left oxen and wagons and proceeded to the Cascades by canoes, and thence by flat-boat to I'ortlanil, which was then composed of three farm houses, a few log cabins, and inhabited i)y 100 jieople. There they passed the winter, and in the summer of 184S, .Nfr. Lee moved his family to Tualitin plains, where he secured a home. With the discovery of gold in California, lie went to that State, and mined with great success for one year, taking out ^SOO in a single day. He returned to OregoTi in the fall of 1840, and moved his family to Salem, where he embarked in mercantile trade. In 1850 be took his family and stock of goods to Soda Springs, but shortly after decided that merchandising was not his forte. He tlien disposed of his interests and located a donation claim of (540 acres; he conducted a general farming and nursery business until 1880. when he sold out. aasn IISII nrsTour «f oii/cnoif. iukI irt now living witii his c-iiildren, imving Ht- tiiiiiuii tlio I'ipe old age oi' I'lj^lity-two yi'iiis. |)|'. Lue win ndiicatod in tliu country n(diools, iind at Willanietle UniviM'sity. llu roniiiint'd ii|)(in tin- I'arm nntii Isiil, when lie uidiiitcd at Ailianv, in Cunipany F. First Oregon \'oliinti;i'r Infantry, (•(inunanded liy C'>|oni'l (Jeorjjt! 1>. (hirry. ilo \va.- statidni'd at V^ancoiivfr, Walla Walla and at i'ort l,a|)\VHi, ainonj^ tiie Nez I'lM'ci'S Indians, and continued in the service nineteen tiiontli>, at llie end ot' wliicli time lie was Imnor- ably diM'liarged. He liej^^an readini; medicine at Fort l.apwai with Dr. (Jeorire K. Smith, hut after his discharge was employed as carpenter at i''iirt Klamath Indian Iteservation; he re- iniincd there tilteen nu>nths, ami during his leisure hours devoted hiuifelf to the (-tudy of the profession he hail decidi'd to iiKike his life's work. In the fall of ISti'J he cntored the medical department of Willamette University, and was uraduated with the dej'ree of M. I), in .March, 1871. lie liegan practice at Lancaster, Lane county, Imt removed shortly to . I unction C'itv, and has estahlished a tine practice with the liuilding of the town. Dr. Lee was married in Linn county, in lSfi7, to Miss .\nianila .M.Origgs.a native of Illinois, and a daugl-fer of \. )>. Griggs, an Oregon pio- neer of IHbO. They are the parents of live children: Knrneet, Annie, Claude, Wright and Clare. The Doctor is a member of the blue loilge and eliajiter of the Masonic order, and be- longs to the I. O. F. and to the A. O. ['. W. lie was aj)poinfcd Fostniastt-r of . I unction City by TresidtHit Harrison in ISS'.I. He is a stock- holder and director of the Junction (Jity Hotel Company, and is one of the most energetic and progressive members of professional and com- mercial circles in the city. U)N.JKSSK (1 MOORE, an Oregon pio- neer of 185'.i, and a prominent citizen and business man of Washington county, Ore- gon, was horn in Fayettevillc, .\rkansas, Sep- tember 3, 1830. He is the sun of Thomas and Kliza (Wilson) Moore, both natives of Ken- tucky, born, respectively, in ISO-l and in 181(t, and were early settlers in the State of Arkansas. Our subjecl's father was a farmer in Arkansas, f.nd reared a family of ten children, and died in the fifty fourth year of his age. Six of the children are living. Our subject was the second child in the fam- ily, ami was reaird in Wa>liington county, .\rkansas, near layetteville. He became of age in September, and in the following spring he started for ("alifornia. The emigration had been so great to California that in order to get food for the cattle, the party «ith whom our subject was connected changed their ])lanB and came to Oregon. I'hey were six months and seventeen days on the journey, and arrived at I'ortland October '^2, and our subject came almost directly to Washington county and took a job of splitting 1(1,000 rails for Mr, William Wilson. Ihf Worked at jobbing and farming until IH.'io, and then went to California and en- gaged in digging gold in Siskiyou county, meeting with success. There he remained for three yniiTb, and then I'eturned to Oregon, having lost his health by a snnsti'oke. Ho then came to his present locality, at (ireeiiville, and was sooi' elected Assessor of the county, serving two years. On May 17, ISo^, he was united in marriage with Miss Uaehel S. Wilson, a native of .Missouri, born in 1843. Her par- ents came to Oregon in 1843. After marriage Mr. Moure purchased 320 acres of land, and engaged in fai'iiiing for two years, and was then elected Sherilf of the county, and served in this oflice so acceptably that he was re-elected for three terms. At the clo.-e of his service as Slieritf lie returned to his farm and successfully cai'i'ii'd on operations there for a number of years, and added to his property 1(!0 acres, nniking the farm 480 acres, and this |)lftce ho still owns. In 1877 he rented his farm and purchased an interest in the (rrcenville store, with Mr. Pierce, the firm being I'ierce it Moore. They continued to do a prosperous business, and in 1885 they dis- solved partnership, Mr. Moore continuing the business until 1892, when Mr. Walter Foster purchased a oiU'-tliiril interest in it, and the name of the firm now is Moore, Foster it Co., the "company" being Mr. Moore's son, who was taken into the tirin. From the first con- nection of our subject with the business tlicre has been every imlication of prosperity, and the trade has been constantly increasing. In 1888 Mr. Mo(M'e was elected a member of the State Legislature, and vs-as re-elected a second time. While serving he gave strict at- tention to the interests of his constituents, and served on several important comtnittees in a very capable manner. His wife ia n member of itis'iony 01-' oKKiioN. WW If of tlR" acceptably till' Coii^i't-'^Btionnl Cliurcli, while liu 'j a inciii- bur (if tiic Christitin Cliurcii; and, iiotwitli- xtiiiiding tiiiit lie was icnrcil in tlie Suiitli, whoru i'eeliiif^ wan iiif^li at llic opciiiii^ "f tiie war, lie took H (inn staiid for lliu riiioii iiiul jdiiioil tliu raiii engaged in mining, and was very nnHuccesB- fui. At last he and eight others conceived the idea of turning tlm Kealher river from its course, wilii a viev of working in the lied of that stream, where they liojied to tind much gold. Mr. Simmons was otfered N",'.()(IU for his claim, init he ]iroiMptly declined it. After they had sunk most of their money in the enterprise, it proved to bo a failure. 'J'hus, after eleven months spent in the mines of Cali- fornia, he left, almost destitute of means. He then went to I'ortland, Oregon, where he arrived in September, 1850, being 810 in delit. lie soon secured work and ])aid up what ho owed, and then went to Ilillshoro, Washington county, where he worked for several months. On December 0, 1850, he was married to Mrs. David Hill, whose maiden name was I.ncinda II. Carter. She was a native of Ken- tucky, and accompanied her liist husiiand to Oregon in 1845, settling in Washington county, on the (540 acres of land on which the city of Ilillshoro now stands, and from whom the city derived its name. Their land was that |)ortion of the town where the depot and public school building now stands. Mr. Simmons farmed land which he owned near McMinnville, raising wheat, which he sohl us low as ()5 cents, and as high as S4 a bushel. lie platted a part of Ilillshoro, selling some of the property, but there is still mnch remaining. After twenty-nine years of happy married life, his wife died, in 1879. She was a woman of intelligence and many amiable traits of character, and was greatly lamented by her husband and friends. In 1880 lie married Mrs. Lucy Ellen lii'rgan, the widow of Mr. II. II. Hurgan, a promi'ieiit resident of this county. Her maiden name was Lucy E. Moon. They have two children: Her- bert P. and Orville M. In 1887 they removed to McMinnville, where Mr. Simmons purchased a good home and in- vested largely in property, besides taking stock in the various ciiterprifes of the city. He has built ee ^iiiee lici- icciniU tlmn nlinoHt any otiier Stato in the i'nion. >'^-^i^^7<-^ fOllN MILNK. the pfopriefor of flio Iliiln- lioningli lliiiiring mill, and a primiinunt citizen lit' Wasliinj,'t(in cunnty. wa" liorn in AliiTiit'enHJiii'c, Scotland, on tlu' '2t5tli of ilay, 1S32. 11 in parents wuro .lames and .lane (Adam) Milne, both nativeti of Scotland, and o' old Scotch ancestry. They were fanners and I'resliyterians, and had twehc children, eight sons and i'mn' dani^litcrs, ten of «lioiii lived to niiiidiiKid and wiinninliood, and six of whom ari' still li\ing. Mr. Milne was edncatcd in his native conn- try, and leai'ticd the trade of miller. In his nineteenth year he emigrated to Canada, and after workinij at his trade there for 8tiic!', and in thi- way is |iroducing a strain of horses that arepiod for any kind of wdrk. Mr. Milne was unirried in 1877 to Miss Mar- i^'aret Lnrklcader, a native of Scotland and of Scotch ancestry, 'Vhv\ have three children; ■iiihn. I.izzy. and .lacob William. Mr. Miliu; has built a pleasant and cnmmoilious home near his mill and the railroad statior. where llu>y reside. He is a Kepublican in politics, ond is sirving his fourth term in the City Council. He has lit. for all of I hi.'- he deserves great crcilil. He and his wile are members of the Tinilitin Presbyterian Chui'ch, and he is oiu' of the Trustees. This is but a very brief 1 istory of one of the most honored of the ciM;;ens of IlilUboniugh. When we consider that thissame nuui left his fa- ther's home with lint half a crown in his pocket, and that it is oidy by his own industry that he has attained the position he now occupies, we must f<'el that loo much praise can not In' given him for his success. ? 'J^ "l^'l-y^ *^-^ 1 '^ IM.IAM W. MILLKK. one of the re- liable citizens of Dallas. Oregon, was born in the State of Illinnis, December ^8,'183l. The Millers ori^rinated in Ireland. Sonu' members of the family came to America, and settled in the South previous to the IJcvo- lution. (irandfatlutr Millci' was a soldier in that war, and lost on(t of his eyc^s while Hghtinj,; for independence. Our subject's father, Wil- son W. Miller, was born in East Tennessee in 1803. He unirried Lneinda Wilkinson, a na- tive of KentiU'ky. and a daughter of Carey Wilkinson. Her father was of Scotch ancestry, and he, too. was a soldier in the Kevolutionary war, losing his life therein. They had eight children, four of whom are now living. When William W. was fourteen the family removed to Iowa, and were anuing the first settlers west of Fort Des Moiiu's. The father died in .that State, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. and the mother at the age of sixty-two. Mr. Miller remained in Iowa until 1860. In 1857 he married Miss Lydia Leaming. who was born in Indiami. and reai-ed in iowa. Her UlsroUY ''I"' oilf-'OON. iinu riitlior, Jiiiliili l.cHiiiiii^, wiiH cil' I'liritiiii iiiii'«'n try. Iti lS(i(i, with liiH \vif(» itiid only cliilil. Cliloc, lio cniKB'.'il tliu ipluins to ( (rcj^on, coniiiii^ ill II truiii 111' twfiity wiii^one, stiirtiiiji May I, Hiiil riMicliiiii^ I )iilliii', their (ItNtiiuilioii, in hiil'i'ty, AiigiiHt 18. They wi'i'i! grt'iilly iiiiiioyoci liy thu Iinliuiis uii thi.'f journey, lint no serionH iiiLnhnp hcffll them. Mr. .Miller inircimsed a sauniiil noine iiiilcf- weBt of l).llllt^, itiiii ran it iiiiil itnotlu'i' iiiill sevtrii! yenrn. lleKold out aiid returned Knst in ISIiU. and in 1871 again eaiiie to Orei/o? liMvinf^ inado tiiree trip^ aeroHs the iilaiiis, and i)i ;ii time with liorBUH. Ilu renteil laml near Dallas for ei^ht years. In tin fall of IS81 he |iiiruliascd M')'Z acres adjoining the corporation on the east, ami here lie has since rcsideil, the value of his jiroperty liavini^ inereaBed with the growth of the city. '{"he children of tliis worthy coiiplo are as fol- lowe: (Jliloe. wife of II. S. I'lit/; Liicretiii. wife of .1. F. llolinan; ani\ty ac^res as a ton n site, na'miii;; it .Mbuiiy.in remeinbraiiceof the capital city of their native State. In the I'lill of 1848 they joined a company of men, went to theCali- f.'ri'ii gold mines and passed the winter there, nie- I :; with substantial siiccess. The i'ollow- iiicr -I ling liiey returned to their embryo city, an I oiiilt the tirst house in the town, on the oornrr of Second and Washington streets. This iioU'-e still stands. They eatiiblished a small store, whii li wa^ comhicted by the brothers jointly for a period of twelv(> years. .\t the (■', 1 of thill time Thomas piirdmsed the stock, aii'l continued the business alone for several years thereafter. In 18.";.' 'bey erected till' tirst flour mill on the Calajtooya ri\er, and the flour mill at the foot iT Ferry street they built in 18(i5. The brothers co.iliniied in partnership until about 1880, when they di.-sulved. Thomas, however, devoting his time to milling interests till 1885, when be sold out and retired from active life. Ill 1854 Thomas Monteith returned to Oska- loosa, Iowa, and on the ™'.ltli of July was united in marriage to Miss ChristiiH' M. Dunbar, re- turning at oni'e with his bride to ( )regon. After many years of happy married life, he passed to his eternal home -Inly e elected people, allowed the jmii'iiey to lie resumed. Wlii'ii J\Ir. Miller arrived in the Willamette valley he set- tled upon a Government donation of land, the tract consisting of (i40 acres, and built a resi- dence there. When the Caynse war broke out, he was one of the first to offer his service to (piell the I'cvolt, and was one of theeeventy men who volunteered to "jo to the rescue of "Walker and Meal when they and their families were in danger of beinir murdered. Longhead, a chief who hail not engaged in the war, gave as his reason in a 8])cech, that he had been informed that there was no end to the guns and ammunition owned by the I'ostons, and that they were thick as grass on the prairie; they would, therefore, come by legions and ovei'- power and destroy the Indians. ]\[r. Miller went to California, in the fall of 1848, accompanied by his partner, Mr. lilevins, the agreement being that they woidd take care of each other at all hazards; they mined on the Mokelumne and Stanislaus, and were very suc- cessful. ^[r. Hlevins, however, fell sick, and it was decided that they should return to the East; this they did, coming by the Isthmus. Mr. ^Miller's family were in Illinois, and in 185(1 lit^ came back to Oregon, accompanied by them and a party of thirty-five; he purchased the outfit, and was to receive 8100 each from the men, but upon his arrival here he would accept nothing from them. On the journey a daughter was ad- de(l to his houshhold, who was namere- gon, settling in Yam Hill county, where they lived for two years, after which they removed to Wasliington county, where they lived until their ileatli; the mother died in 1873, the father survived the mother twelve years, dying in A. D. 1885. They were both consistent members of the Christian Church, and enjoyed the esteem of all who knew them. Mr. J.J. Morgan was married in 1873. to Miss EminaE. Humphreys, a native of Washington county, and a daughter of Judge T. D. Humphreys, an honored pioneer and ex-Judge of the county. Mr. Morgan was principally educated in Washington county, and began to manage fo. himself with a rented farm near Hillsboro. ile was later engaged in the warehouse business, and also in sawtnilling at Hillsboro, for about twelve years. At this time he turned his at- tention to the real-estate business, investing and dealing on his own account. He first purchased two half-sections of land, five miles north of Hillsboro, for which he paid §14,000, which he held for two years, receiving for it then the amount of $2(),000. lie lias since then invested in other farm property in Hillsboro and other places. He has also been largely interested ir, the building up of the city of Hillsboro, having built a number of residences, warehouses and business houses. He, in parUiership with Dr, Ilceived his education in the public schools. When ho became of age he received the appointinentof Deputy County Clerk, and served under A. Lewelling, A. W. Lewelling and .John Steot. During those years ho became an ex- pert in the business of a clerk, and in 1844 he was renominated for the place by the Republi- can ])arty, and was elected. After serving for two years he was renominated and re-elected, and served his second term, which was as long as he could serve, there being a rule to that effect. Mr. Moriran's service in the office was highly satisfactory, and through it he has become widely and favorably known to all the citizens of his county. After the close of his term of office, he engaged in general mercantile busi- ness in Ilillsboro, under the firm of Hughes, Morgan ife IJogers. They do a large retail gen- eral II, rcantile busint-ss, and all of the young menbeingeiiterprising business men, and as they always follow honest methods in their dealings with their customers, they have a great portion of the trade that naturally belongs to Ilillsboro from Washington county. Mr. Morgan was married in November, 1886, to Miss Susan ISrown, of Oregon, the daughter of William and Susan I'rown, worthy pioneers of Oregon. Mr. and Mrs. Morgan have one son, Fdwin. They live in a nice house in the city of Ilillsboro. Mr. Alorgan is a member of the I. O. O. F., and has twice been elected and served as a mem- ber of tlie ('ity (!ouncil. He intCi 'sts himself in everything that is likely to aid in the devel- opment of the city and county. SRANlv M. Ml'LKEY, an esteemed native son of I'orthuid, Oregon, and a prtunising young member of tlu; bar of the metropolis, was born August 4, 1800. His father, Marion Francis Mulkey, was born in Johnson county, Missouri, November 14, lSi3l), and was the son of Johnson Mulkey, who crossed the plains to Oregon, with his family, in 1840. He located on a donation claim in lienton county, where his son, Marion, spent his boyhood, ol)taining his primary education in the customary log schoolhouse of the pioneer. Later he attended the college at Forest Grove, which was then under the able guidance of thu late Dr. S. II. Marsh. While he was yet a stu- BISTOHV OP OUECON. lie,-) dctit tlie lucliiin wnr of 1850 bnikc out, ami he iiiiiiu'iliatoly joiiUMl the ariiiy, eerviiig until the IndiauB were subdued and peace, declared. In 1858 he entered Yale (blleire, at whieli institution he graduated in 1802. lie then re- turned to Portland, Oregon, where he coni- niencod the study of law under the tuition of Judge E. I). Shattuck. While thus ciujiloyed he acted, during 1863, as I'rovost-Marshal, aid- ing in the enrolltnent of tliat year. The follow- ing year he was admitted to the liar, and was for several years a member of the law firm of Hill ife Mulkey, of which the senior partner was W. Lair Hill. Mr. Mulkey was so thoroughly equipped for the practice of law, tor which he had such marked ability, that, in 1800, he was elected Prosecuting Attorney for the Fourth Judicial District, and the following year repre- sented the Third Ward in the City Council. In 187:i he was elected City Attorney of I'ortland, and the next year w'as re-elected to the same jjosition. On retiring from office he formed a law partnership with the Hon. J. F. Caples, and during his partner's three successive terms of service as District Attorney, Mr. Mulkey served as Deputy. Thus his business increased with his growing reputation until he found his time most profit- ably employed. In the midst of his multiform duties he found time to make many valuable in- vestments in real estate in his favorite city, all of which he improved by thi' erection of sub- stantial buildings thereon, thus enhancing the value of his own property, besides benefiting that of others, and at the same time building up and beautifying the metropolis. Among others may be mentioned tlu' Mulkey lilock, a substan- tial business pile of 100 feet sijuare, three stories high, with a basement, located on the corner of Second and Morrison streets, which is a monii- nient to his enterjirise and business ability. In politics, he was a Republican, and a worthy member of the Masonic fraternity. He was married, in 1803, to Miss Mary E. Porter, of New Haven, Connecticnt, belonging to a highly respected family of the city of l""lms. By this marriage there were two sons: Frank M., whose name heads this sketch, who is now his father's representative; and Fred, now in college. The mother resides in I'ortland. The father's death occurred on P'ebrnary 25, 1880, when lie was at the height of his success and usefulness. It was most unexpected, and lilled the community with sadness. His life 78 high minded and jjublic-spirited citizen. His son, whose name lieiids our sketch, was was one of unswerving integrity and exidlecl honor, and the public press vied with the bar, of which latter institution he was so long an csteenuid membei-, in expressing in feeling terms, their deep sense of the irretrievable loss suffered by the community in the death of this d ])Mblic-spi )se name h( educated in the Oregon I'niversity, at wliicl' he graduated in 1889. He then studied law with .ludge (-aples, of Portland, aii('veiitcen, slie inirried Dr. M. CMoriind. Tliey had two son,«, the siilijec-t of our sketcli and Khner K. Moriind, who is now a coinniiesion inordiant of I'oi'thiiid. Ill 1874, the mother came to Orcifoii to prolong licr life, and ti^ ■ ytiars later hecame till' wife of Dr. (leorgc ivellogg, from whom she had received niHterial aid fur con8nni|)tion. With iiiin she began the study of his system of medieiiu", and became eonviiiced of its value, and has adopted it in her practice. Siie engaged with him in the manufacture of liis medicines, which she now continues with her eon. The subject of our sketch was reared in Illi- nois and in Iowa. In IS'U, his father enlisted ill the I'liion army, in which lie served until the close of the war, in which he was wounded and rendered blind. Our subject read medicine in Carlton, Missouri, with Dr. Atkinson. From there, he moved to Kansas, and, in 1877, came to Portland, where he continued his studies witli Dr. Kellogf^, and, as before stated, commenced his jiractice with that gentleman, and is now associated with his mother in the manufacture and sale of medicines, besides continuing his practice. Dr. Morand has investeil considerably in property, both mining and farming, both of which liavc proved valuable. I'olitically, he has always affiliated with the Republican party, its principles being more nearly in conformity with his sentiments. The Doctor labors under the disadvantage of being overshadowed by the talent of an unusu- ally gifted father and mother. As it is, how- ever, he thrives remarkably well, and iinrsuesliis way ([uietly and successfully, followed by the good wishes of his fellow-men. fA.MKS M. AfARTIN, one of the most enter- prising and progressive business men of 8alein, is a native of Lawrence countv. I'enn- sylvania, born August 4, 183(i. The early an- cestors of the family were Scotch; they emi- grated from their own land to Ireland, anil there Joseph Martin, the father of James M., was born. He married Aliss .fane (troves, and tliey crossed the sea to the New World, settling in the State of Illinois. They ha4 born to thpni seven children. W. W. and James M. 'being the only surviving members of the family. The father died in 1888. He was a man of high and honorable jirinciples, and merited the re- spect lie freely received. James M. Martin was reared in Illinois, but returned to Pennsylvania, where hi' finished a collegiate education. He afterward returned to Illinois, anil was engaged in the grain and shipping business with his father at (ialena, where he remained until he came to the Pacific coast, in iSti^. He crossed the plains, and came direct to Salem, driving a mule team from Omaha; the journey was ac- complished from the last of April to September 17; the party was attacked by the Indians, and although they escaped uninjured, the train iin- mi'diately following was almost annihilated by the savages. Afr. Martin's first occupation in Oregon was teaching school, and he was afterward engaged ill clerking for two years. He then went to the mines in Idaho, where he met with fair success during the sunimerof 1865. He ecld his claim, returned to Salem, and embarked in (he grocery trade in partnership with David Allen, now of Seattle. The firm of Martin ^: Allen did a prosperous business for twenty-five years, and was regarded as one of the most reliable estab- lisliments in the city. In the fall of 1885 they closed out the business. On tlie 22d day of February, 1871, the City Water- WorksConipany was organized and incor- porated: W. F. Patlihy, president; David Allen, secretary; II. Stapleton and J. M. Martin, di- rectors. In 188.") Mr. Martin was elected presi- dent of the coni])any, and has also filled the office of secretary, having the exclusive management of the business. It has grown in importance, and has come to be recognized as one of the most profitable enterprises of the city. Mr. Martin was prominently connected with the or- ganization of the Presbyterian Church of Salem, in 18()9, and has since been one of the oftiolul members of the society. He was united in marriage, in 186(5, to Miss Cynthia C. Kobinson, a native of Tennessee, and of this union two children have been born, only one of mIioih survives, Maud .\., now at- tending school. Mrs. Martin died efuly 14, 1877, and Mr. Martin's second marriage occurred November 14, 1884, when lie was united to Miss Miranda Tillotson, a native of New ^'ork. He owns a handsome residence on the corner of Court and Twelfth streets. I in STORY OF UUKOON. 11U7 I'olitically, lie affiliates with the Ue|Hiblipan party; altlioiigli his connection with the water- works preeluiles the possihility of his holding otHce in tin- city, he takes a dee[) interest in the affairs of government, and is ever ready to lend liis support to those movements which tend to benefit the masses. It was Mr. Martin's good fortnne to have the honor of a personal acquaint- ance with (reneral Grant, when a citizen of Ga- lena, Illinois. JUS. fl()up:n('I': hrown martin, the alile and popular vice-principal of the Failing School, Portland, Oregon, is a native of Ohio, and is a daughter of Mr. David Brown, a prosperous and highly respected farmer of the Buckeye State. The family originatcil in Scotland, and were early settlers of Virginia, where various memhers resided for many years. The father of the subject of this sketch married Miss Fanny I'age, a native of New York, who was of Puritan ancestry, and inherited the zeal- ous traits and religious traditions of that sect. Their iiome was in Delaware county, Ohio. They had ten children, six of whom are now living, the subject of our sketch being the sixth in order of birth. She was educated at the Wesleyan Female College, Delaware, Ohio, and later attended the Iowa State College four years, where she grad- uated in the class of 1878, with the degree of B. S. She has since graduation taken a course in physical training, under Dr. Anderson of Adelphi Acadi^my, New York, and holds a di- ploma from that institution. She has also taken a course in special lines of literary work since graduation, in connection with the school of Liberal Arts, at Chautauijua, Xew York, having spent some of her summer vacations at that poj)ular educational and literary retreat. She served for some time as princij)al of the Wheatland Schools, in Clinton county, Iowa, after which she served in the same capacity in the (Tarfield School, at Ottumwa, the same State. While officiating in the latter position she was elected principal of the schools of Astoria. Ore- gon, where she remained for five years. She was at that time elected vice-principal of the Failing School, in Portland, in which capacity she is now serving her fourth year. She has made teaching her life-work, is a thorough scholar, and genuinely in love with her profession. Her nuiiiy amiable traits of character have endeared her to her fellow-teach- ers and pupils, and contributed no little to her eminent success in her chosen calling. She is a worthy member of the First Congre- gational Church of Portland, and, as becomes an educated American, is liberal and tolerant in her religious views. In this time of political domination, the West seems determined to set the older civilization of the East an example of freedom from such en- tanglements, by advancing the deserving and giving honor to whom it is due. She is an en- thusiastic admirer of the West, and glories in the great and promising Held of educational work, which opens to those who bring to their work devotion and the spirit of progressive aggression. fW. MASTERS, of IlillslHiro, Oregon, is a native of Washington county, Oregon, * born on his father's donation claim, two and (jne-half miles east of Hillsboro, on the 5th of March, 1845. His father crossed the jilains in the year 1843, in the first overland wagon team that came to the Territory. He was a native of Kentucky, of Scotch and Welsh an- cestry, but they were early settlers in Kentucky, as his father was also a native of that State. Mr. Masters, Sr., married Miss Sarah Jane .lenk- ins, of the same State. They had five children. The marriage took ])lace in Missouri, in 1842, and the following spring they started across the plains for Oregon. The first winter was spent in the Willamette valley, and in 1847 they took a donation claim at Reedville, where they built a cabin and began pioneer life. The discovery of gold in 184'.t took them overland to California, with the oxen. They engaged in tavern keep- ing at Suttersville until the fall of I80O. Mr. blasters had only mined one day, but had made money at his hotel business. They returned to Oregon on the steamer Aurora, and were ship- wrecked at Astoria. They were taken off m boats. They then returned to their homestead, and here Mr. Masters resided to the day of his death. He died in 1856, but his wife still sur- vives and owns the property, l^ater she mar- vied Mr. Mull, and they have had three children, and all are living. J. W. Masters was educated near Farmington until his father's dentil. After that he worke4 1108 HISTORY OF ORKnON. \ oil tlio tHi'iii until )iu beuatiiu nl' ai{c, and tlion lie purt'liased 280 iicivs of land adjoining and tioiin after Miarricij Miss Harris, of North Vani Hill, and the dangliter oi' Thomas and Ilnlda (Dawson) Harris. They came to Orcffon in 18+!), and Ins served in the Vakinia war. He died in 1857, and his wife died in 18(18. Mr. ami Airs. Masters ri'sidt'(l on the farm until 1888, when A[r. Masters sold ont and re- moved to llillsboro, where ho pun-hased thirty- five acres of land adjoining the town and hnilt a tine residence, lie resiiles heri' and carries on agricultural jjursuits. Mr. Masters is a li(^- puhlican. ami takes a deep interest in the att'airs of his State, and is justly proud of its growth. He is a good citizen, who devotes his time aiul attention to tlu' good of his State, county and town. ^OiN. JOHN 11. MOOllES, deceased, came fM) to Oregon in 1852, and during the re- h^ mainder of his life, was prominently iden- tified with the history of the State and tlie city of Sali'm. Ho was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, his forefathers emigrating to America more than acentui'y ago. llis parents, Colonel Isaac K. and .Jane(.\lexa!ider) Moores, reared a family of seven children, of whom none survive. lie was horn at Iluntsville, Aiahama, in Lawrence county, June 21, 1821; when he was three years old his father removed to Danville, Illi- nois, and there he grew to matn.ity. lie after- ward went to Henton, Missouri, and was en- gaged in merchandising for several years. In 1847 he returned to Danville, Illinois, and there was married to Miss Virginia Lemon, a native of Virginia, and a daughter of John and Rachel JiCnion, early settlers of Virginia. In 1851 Mr. Moores disposed of his property in Mis- souri and returned to Illinois: there he decided to come to the Pacific coast with his father; they organized a company in 1852, and in Alarch of that year they started on the long and weary journey across the plains; they reached the Dalles late in the autumn, and from that jilace made their way down the Columliia river to I'ortlanii, where they arrived in Novemher, 1853. In February, 1858, Mr. Moores came tt) Salem, and embarked in mercantile pursuits, which he continued for years; later in life ho made large investments in flouring mills and in lumber interests, lli.s death occuf.'ed December 15, 1880. During the civil war he stanchly supjiortod the I'nion, rendering eflicdent service to the Sanitary Commission. For several years during his early residence in Salem, ho was Postmaster of the place, and for a long |)eriod, was Treas- urer of the county; ho was Oouncihnan, and for four terms, was Mayor of the city. In 1870 he waselecteil Seiuiturfrom Marion county, ami was re elected to that otHce, the duti 'V which ho performed with great credit to hi .f and the entire satisfaction of a Uepublica: i ii- stituency. He was one of the Commissioners who secui'ed for the State, the ground now oc- cupied by the State Penitentiary and the Insane Asylum. He was one of the founders of the Oregon State Agricultural Society, and was for many years its Treasurer. He took a deep in- terest in public and private educational institu- tions, and was at one time School Director. For nearly a (juarter of a century ho -was a member and officer of the Hoard of Trustees of the Fniversity. During his latter years he was in ill health, and the last public act of his life was to cast his suffrage for Garfield and Arthur. This duty done, he retired to his home, and did not leave the threshold again until borne by the hands of his brothers of the I. O. O. F. fraternity, lie was a truly loyal citizen, and in his relationship as husband and parent, he left no obligation unfulfilled. ¥^k^ PAVID A. OSHOIIN.— The above named gentleman, wlio is the popular Sheriff of ISenton couTity, is the son of John M. Os- born, a native of Pennsylvania, whose ancestors were early and iiiiiuential settlers of the Key- stone State. The mother of our subject was also born in the State of Pennsylvania, and the family removed to Uenton county in 1804. The subject of this brief sketch was born in Crawford county. Pennsylvania, November 2, 1850, but grew to manhood and received his education in the county, which he now serves as Sheriff. He was reared to farm life and at- tended the common schools, but later had the opportunity of attending the State Agricultural College, of Corvallia, and completed his col- legiate course in i878. Ho tlien engaged in stock-raising for several years, and in 188t') was appointed Deputy County Sheriif, under Will- lUSTOUY OF OHEOON. iidd y 8ii|i|(orto(l vice to tlio years during i Post master was Treas- iciiinan, and 10 city. In irioii c'ouiity, 11' diiti -f it to lii .f iibiica; i ii- imiiiiesioiiers niiil now oc- d tiie Insane nders of tlio and was for k a deep in- ional institu- ool Director. iry lio •was a f TrusteoB of ter years he lie act of liis Gariield and I to his home, : again until J of the I. (). loyal citizen, d and parent, above named liar Sheriff of John M. Os- lose ancestors of the Key- ' subject was mnia, and the in 1804. I was born in November 2, received his e now serves II life and at- later had the ) Agricultural leted his col- jn engaged in J in 188t) was f, un.ler Will- iam MacKiiy, and to continued until 18U2, when his party nominated and elected him to the im- portant office of Sheritt". February 28, 1880, Afr. Osborn was married to Miss Emma Uodgcrs, a native of Oregon, and the daiitrliter of Charles Kodtiors, one oi' Culi- fornia's early pioneers. Mrs. Dsiiorn has borne her husband one child, Kcliia. Politically, Mr. Osborn has always acted witii the progressive wing of the Denincratic party. In his social affiliations lie is allied with the A. F. it A. M., also the K. of I'., in the last named order he has passed all the chairs, and is a iiieinber (jf the grand lodge. His reputation in the community, as a worthy gentleman, is beyond (piestion. His upright and inaiily (juali- ties have gained tor him a large circle of friends. ^OX. W. T. XEWMY, the founder of the W\ city of McMinnvillo, and one of Oregon's honored pioneers of 1S4;5, was born in McMiimville, Warren county, Tennessee, March 23, 1820. He was of Scotch descent, his ances- tors having located in America at an early day. Left an orphan when ijuite young, he was reared in his native State, and in 1834 removed to Missouri, where he lived four years. In 1841 he married Miss Sarah Jane MeGary, a native of Kentucky. About this time the far West presented many attractive features to the ambition.s young man. In 1843, lured by the rich lands and mild cli- mate, and the prospect of helping to found a new commonwealth on the Pacific coiist, Mr. Newby and his wife crossed the plains to Ore- gon. He located at Oregon ("ity, then the trad- ing station of the Willamette valley, and in 1844 came to Yam Hill county, which then contained only six settlers. He located his donation claim, where the prosperous city of McMinnville now stands, and here began his labors as a pioneer farmer. In ISoS he erected a gristmill on Ikker creek, and on this same 8i)ot, in 1889, a large sawmill waserected. The site of this mill became the nucleus of the town. It was located at the foot of Third street. In 1854 Mr. Newby built a store, and the follow- ing year the town of McMinnville was founded. He named it in honor of his old home in Ten- nessee. He at once became the principal factor in all the enterprises connected with the up- ItuiMiiig of this embryo city. He donated liiid to the college, built churclies, warehouses, mills, stores, etc., and gave to McMinnville such a start as resulted in its iieing to-ihiy the most enterprising business town on the west sido of the Willamette, excepting Portland. In 1870 he had the pleasure of seeing his town an incor- porated city. To him is due the creilit of put- ting in motion the great enterprise of mii' lug McMiiinville a wealtliy manufacturing town by liriuging to it an immense water-power in a ditch from the headwaters of the Willamette, a dis- tance of eighteen miles. In the furtherance of this great enterprise he formed a company, and had six miles of the excavation completed, when, through the fault of some of the incorporators, he WHS oblige.', to abandon the work, and it has never since been taken up. In politics Sir. Newby was a Democrat. In 1848 he was elected ("oniity Assessor. In 1870 his fellow-citizens chose liiiii as their repri-senta- tive in the State Senate, which ofticc he filled in the most honorable and upright manner, credit- able alike to himself and his constituents. Mr. Newby's siulden death in 1884 was not only a source of great oereaveinent to his fam- ily and many intimate friends, but was also a shock to the entiri' comninnity. His wife, a most amiable woman, survived him only two years. Of their eight children, one, the oldest son. James H.. died in his twenty-sixth year. The others are all fettled, and leading useful and respected lives, thus doing credit to the memory of their honored parents. They are as follows; Luther A.,* engaged in business in Portland; Virginia, wife of Hon. James V. Watson, an ex- judge and prominent lawyer, (jf whom see sketch elsewhere in this work; Harrison C.,of Califor- nin; Ollie. wife of W. F. Lemon, Oakland, Cali- fornia; Emma, wife of T. 15. Ladd. a well-to-do farmer of Yam Hill county; ^fartlia Ann, wife of C!. N. Groves, of Centralia; and Uosa Lee, wife of Branian Chirk, McMinnville. To Mr. and Mrs. Clark we are indebted for the facts presented in this sketch. Mr. Clark is one of the most enterjirisiiig young business men of this city, and of him we make brief mention in connection with the foregoing. Braman Clark was born in Schoharie county, New York, November 26, 1853. His father, M. B. Clark, was also a native of New York. The family removed to Wisconsin at an early day, and on the frontier in that State Braman was reared. He learned the trade of carpenter r I ■' I I ' I '^ 1170 nrsTonr of biisfioN. ami cHliiiictiiiakcr, niid also Btiidicil arcliitectiire. llccaiiio toOri'proii in 1880, and in 18HS founded the McMiniivillo Kiii'niturc Manufactory, the tifHt and oidv one of tlie (own. His bnwiiu-ss has o;ro\vn, and been enhiri^'t'tl iiy him, and hi; is now gi\ ini^ emplovrnt'iit to a luimiier of men. He is also eiiiiiti^ed in contracting and hnildino;. Some of tlie finest and most complete houses in ^IcMinnviMe. iiave been designed and eon- 8tru('tear town, purchasing sixty acres addi- tional and engagiMl in farming. He began housekeeping in a box house, without doors or windows, and the table for t'.io first meal waa loose boards placed across two saw horses. He was "dead broke"' from his late cattle venture. With his knowledge of wood work lie nnide the necessary furniture aiul so passed the winter, but with the jilatting of the town of iJrowns- villo by James HIakely, he purchased a few lots, built a box housis removed his family and en- gaged at his trade, which he followed until 1802, when ho went to the Florence gold (excitement in Idaho, packing across the nu)nntain8. The trip was very laborious through the snow in the mountains, and he became foot sore and snow blind, and after an absence of some wteeka and an outlay of $800, he returned to Brownsville a sadder, if not a richer man. He then con- tinued his trade until A[)ril, 180i{, when he bought the sash and door factory of William Linville, at North Brownsville, and immediately took possession. In August, 1803, he removed his family to the location of his present home, where he built a modest house and operated the mill. He refitted it with additional machinery and by devoting long hours to the work, built up a large and extensive business. In time his health broke down under the strain and he was obliged to stop work. In 1875 he rented the mill, which is now being" operated by his son. In 18(50 Mr. Moyer was one of the organizers and builders of the Linn Woolen Mill at Browns- ville, which burned down in 18(52. The mill was rebuilt in 1804 and a comjiany was organ- ized as the Kagle Woolen Mill and continued about six years, when they became involved. T'.ie litigation continued about live years, when tlie entire property was sold in 1875 to a syndi- cate organized by Mr. Moyer and the Browns- I^^^UUIMJ Insronr of ouKaoN. il7i Then wiMit WfolvK witli lit)' W118 ten- I'fi'i' sold, iind .-•, Imtciiet itiid 111) CHl(i[Mioya Waters, neiir ttled forsoini! tnulu, wliicii until 18ijo, iuul in the iiiii, but the returned to ttled on 100 ' acres iiddi- Jle began ont doors or rst meal was horses. Ho ittle venture, he made the 1 the winter, of Browns- - W. MOORE, Captain of Company E, F'irst Regiment, Oregon National Guard, Ho and a resident of Portland, is a native of Gardiner, Maine, born June 5, 1857. His an- cestors were among the Puritan settlers of New England, having located in Maine at an early day, where, as men of sound reason and strong principles, tliey materially added to the develop- ment of that State, ^md to a just and eipiable government. Hip parents. .Iiinics 1). and Har- riet Moore, were natives of iMaine, and in that State passtxl their useful lives. They had six children, four of whom siirvivis 10. W. Iieiiig the yt)Uiigt'st child. Mr. MtMire was e(ln('ate. SiiiMiiii'iv, ('. Morf^iiii, l>. ('. SiMitliuiM'tli, ami lliu [iroHoiif Cuptaiii. hiii'iiiir tliu Cliiiiemi riot, C(>iii|iaiiy V, icspohdi'd Id tlic ciiii to Rorvicc. It liiis [mr- tiitiiiiitfil ill (•(•IcIinitiiiiiK, Ims won |)i'i/.ep in cniii- ni'titiM' iliili, Mini liiiM always cariioil oil' tiio IiiinorH ill coinpiiiiyi team ami inilividiin! liliu >li(Hititi^. Oiintain Moore is llic im'si'iit lioidfr of tilt' j^ovL'i'iior's iiii'diil for iiidividiial coiiiiio- titioii. and ilso possfsncs tlii' ^'ovcriior'* iiiediil of till' State il' Maine, wiiicli liu won wliili! a iiu'iiilier of "jiii]iany 1", i'irst iJeoiineiit, M. V. M.. in tilt! yea;- IsSO. — '^'m::m^^ — U)N. SVLVKSTEU I'KN NoYKI!, tlie [(I't'Pt'iit (iovernor of Oregon, was liorii ill (irotoii, Tompkins eoiinty, New York, .liilv I'l, 1831. His father, . I iiRtns I'owers I'eii- iioyer, was a native of Aiiieiiia, l)iiteliess county, New 'I (irk. wiio, sooiiafter his niarriiif^e, removed to (irotoii, and setliino; ii|ioii (ioveriimeiit land, was tile pioneer of that section of tiie eoimtry. 'J'iiroiiyli his industry and tliritt, niaterialiy aided by his growinij sons, he reidaiined the wilderness, and in time had one of those lieaiiti- fiil t'iirms for which New York State is noted. The (iovernor inherited from his father an luimixtiire id' ( iermiin and I' rench blood, and from his motiier, a llowland, of K imh .iiook. in the saim; county, a further admixture of Kno|i>h, Scotch ami Welsh blood. His father was one of the leading farmers of (irotoii, and one of the foremost men in all piii)iic eiiter- ]iiises. At one time, thonoli no jwlitician, he represented his county in tiie N'ew \ in-k As- Beml)ly. In the year lI'iTd, William I'ennoyer, of N'oifolk county, I\iio;land, wiio had previously removetl from France to the Now Haven colony, and thence to the eountry of HnglHiid, died, leaving; by his will his estate in such county subject to a rental ciiarife ot t-K) j)er year. This Sinn was to be sent to Harvard Colleire, in Massaciiiisetts, to he applied to the edncation of the de.seendaiits of his l)rotlier, Robert I'eii- iiover, of the Now IIa\eii colony; and in case they ilid not not up|)ly it in this iminner, it was to be appropriated to the use of any indigent students whatever. Since that period, for more than two eeiitiiries, has that l;4() per aniiuin been K'lit to the colle^'e without asingh" failure. I)iiringthe lievoliitioniiin war, when nearly all eommiM'ciid intereonr^e with the mother country was sto[)ped, it. came with its accustomed rej^ii- larity. In H5B, when the future (iovernor of Oregon iirrivinl at college, lu» met the Hon. .lareii Sparks in the steward's ottice, and he thanked him for the great favor the brotlier on record; thence by the bark, Leonesa, he sailed to I'liiiet sound, und by Indian canoe down the Cowlitz river, and a Bteamer on the Coliimb'a ho arrived at l*(U'thind, Oregon, on .Inly Kl, 18r>5, finding the town almost depopulated by the Colville mining excitomeiit. Soon after his arrival ho engaged in school teaching, which he f(dlowed for several years. The year following his arri- val ill < )regoii he was married to .Mrs. Mary \. .Mien, by whom he had live children, two of wdiom are still living, vi/..: (iertriide K., now Mrs. George F. Kussel.and Horace N., engaged in securing an education. ,\ bout the year 18(33 he became employed in the lumber business in Portland, in wliicdi he is still engaged. In IStiS he associated himself with the ( tregon Herald, as editor, under Dr. Wetlierford, and siibserpiently purchased the paper, which ho sold the follow- ing year, but, except a brief absence, edited it until ISTI. As a political writer, hia main characteristic was precision of style and force fi,» nisTouy Of oiiKuoN. \\H por luintiiii >iiii_'le failiiri'. I'M nciii'ly III! )tli<'r coiiritry foiiit'il rcj^u- (ioM'IIICM' of IC llcitl. ,llll('l| \w tliiuikud 'of his anceft- *n liu liiinRcU' llrt II 1)01)1' l)i>v III ill his own one tiiiit! tilt) I'lit (Iceils of lice, arc inont ;lit) foncJitioii er Pennoyer, I nor lioys of Work (liiriiifT I, with Bcliool I. gave liiiii a II liis mind a 1 1 was ^lati- Iiiincr Acad- itli a course aol. Harvard (I iiis ili|ilo- followinir rk, via Niua- twi'iity-onc iiig, wiiicli oil record ; od to I'liiji't tiic Cowlitz a lie arrived <.")5, tiiiding the Colville . arrival lio e followed iiif liis arri- ri*. Mary A. ren, two of de Iv, now N., eiif^aired le year 1802 insiness in . In 18(i8 Herald, RH iil)scr|nently tlio follow- )nce, edited his main imd force of exiircsHJoM, aiwayn liittinji tlm nail i«(|iiHrely on the heitil, hut hy the infiioion of wariii hu- mor, anil the entire iili>cnce of Hiiy malice, lie aviiided the aroiiHiiii^f of animoHity. While, theri'fore, he heciime Hoiiiew hat |ii'oiiiiiieiit iic a pdlitical writei', ho never tifiiired proniiiieiitly in ixilitich until hir nomination for (Governor in iHWt, for the reanon that he |ierKi8teMtly re- fused the um< uf hix name until that time in connection with tlu! nominiitioii for any olHcc. It is a I'uct tliat his noinimition for (iovernorliy the l)i':iiocnilic State ('onvonlion of ISSli, was |irociire(l witiiont any exertion on his part, he decliniiiir to do anytliiiiif further than to state that if siich noiiiiiiution were ;;iven him, he would accept. It is prolmlile that the control- ing cause that procured his nomination at that time, was the l)old etaiid he had just previously tiikeli ill rej^ard to the agitation of the (!liinese (|ue8tion. l)uring the winter of 188.") and 1880, a Btron^j; feelinj; ao;aiiist the Cliiiiese was aroused in Portland. Itiisiiiess hecame stag- nant, all aviMiiies of lahor were tilled hy the Chinese, who, through simple food and reduced wages, restricted the work of the white immi- grant with a fairiily to support. The working- men of Portland organized, and projected a movement toward the expulsion of the Chinese from the city. This led to a counter niovemeiit, and a iiieeting was called l>y those oppo.^iii}^ the expulsion, at a certain day at the courthouse. The workingmen then captured the iiu'eting from their opponents, placed Mr. I'eiinoyer in the chair, and after jiassing resolutions favoring law ami order, finally adjourned. This cauj) (Vi'tat gave peace to the city. It also encour- aged the anti-Chinese element throughout the State, and | "'cured the nomination and elec- tion of Mr. I'ennoyer as Governor of the State of Oregon hy a |)hirality vote oi' 3,702, while on the general issue, the State was strongly Uepuhlican. His inaugural address as a liter- ary iiroduction was faultless. It, however, pro- voked sliarp criticism on account of the posi- tion he took and maintained in regard to the ahsenceof i)owerin the courts to nullify a law of the State, lie claimeil that, under our State Con- stitution, the courts had no more right to set aside a law of the Legislature hy a judicial opinion, than had the Governor a riglit to set it aside hy an executive order. The Governor is a nmn of positive opinions, which was demonstrated hy the action he took in regard to the anticipated trouhle on account of the failure to pay the lalHirers l)y the eontraetors on the railroad east of Alliany in 1 088. An ollicer of tlu^ road, at Corvallis. telegraphecl tli(> (iovernor that the lahorers '.,ere iiiiir''liiiig upon the town, and asked that the Sherilf he author ized to call out the troops, if iiecessiiry, to sup- press any riot. The ( iovernor at once went to Corvallis and told the oIllceiH that, unless they ])aid the orders of the lahorers as they were presented, he would take no action, hut it. after payment, (• riot should occur, he woiihl se(^ that it woulil he suppreBwoil. The result was that the lahoreis were paid, and all danger of a riot .avoiilcd. His positive character and opinions were agair demoiistratcd iliiritig thi' session of the Legislature of 1881). During the previous Legislature in 1887, a hill was introduced giving the Water (/'oinmittee of I'ortlanil, the right to issue honds for the purpose of hringing |)uro water into the city, and providing that such honds should he uxenijited from all taxation. The (iovernor vetoecl tlie hill, on the ground that when such honds were paiil out hy tlio city to private parties in exchange for ineaiia and appliances to bring water into the city, such honds then hecame private ]iro])crty, which under the State constitution, could not he ex- eiiij)ted iVoiii ta.\atioii. His veto was then sus- tained. In the Legislature of 188'.l such a hill was again introduced and passed. The (iovernor ngiiin vetoed it, and the veto was again sustained. It was introduced a third time, and, in a dif- ferent shape, a fourth time, and at each time was vetoed, and the vetoes were sustained. The (tovernor coin|ilcted his term of otHco faithfully and satisfactorily to his const'tiients, and liaving again received the nomination of his party, in conv-ntion asseiiihly, the vote of the people ill the election convened in . I line, IS'JO, gave voice to their approval, hy the hand- some majority of 5,156 votes, andrestored him to the guhernatorial chair for another four years. W. ()GLP:SI!V. M. I)., has long heen prominently indentified with the med- ical profession of Lane county, and is entitled to more than passing mention in this work. He is a native of Adams county, Illi- nois, born in 1837. His parents, William and Mary (Stockton) Ogleshy were natives of South 1174 lllHTOliY OF OJiEaoA. Carolina and Tennessui', respectively, and emi- grated to Illinois about the year lSii2. Mr. (Wjesliy engaged in tanning, but liecuine aetive in the politics of the county, iind was eleeted to the otlice (if .ludge; he also served as Justice of the Peace for several years. About 1842 ho re- moved to Missouri, and in 1850 joined the emi- gration tide to the I'acificr coast. He spent eigh- teen nyinths very profitably in tlie mines, re- turniD'g to Missouri in the fall of 1852. In the spring of the following year he set out for Ore- gon with his wife and ten children; he was well e([ui|)ped with live wagons aixl twenty yoke of oxen, and was elected captain of the train, which, was coinjKised of twenty-tive wagons. Tiie com- pany nnmbered many relatives and friends of the family. The trip was safely accomplished without particular incident, Foster's being reached September 10, 1S53. The first winter was passci' on the Saiitiam river, and in the spring of 1854: Mr. Oglesby removed to Lane county, sctiling upon a claim of ii^O acres, four miles east of Cottage (trove. In ISOi he sold out, and spent the two years following in Rogue river valley; thence he moved to Cnnitilla county, where lie passed the remainder of his life. Dr. Oglesby was educated in the common schools of the State, and began reading medi- cine at Corvallis in 1807, undCi' the pivceptor- sliip of Ur. T. J. Johnson. In ISii'J he took a cour.se of lectures at the Toland ft[edical Col- lege. San Francisco, and engaged in practice at Hill's I'Vrry, California, in 1>17II; he continued his work here until 18T5, when he returned to Oregon, and tooK two courses in the medical department of Willamette I'niversity, being graduated in 1877. Jle then located in Tuni- tilla county, and enjoyed a most tlattering prac- tice for three years; at the end of this period he nent to Fossil, Wasco county, and while con- tinning his prot'casion, he also engaged exten- sively in the breeding of tine horst's; he owns some of the best thoroughbreds in the State, and has greatly elevated the standard of all classes of horses. In 188'J he disposed of his business, and returned to Cottage Grove, and devoted liis attention exclusively to his profession; he has done some very skillful work us a >nrgeon, and has an enviable reputation. Dr. Oglesby was prominently connoeted with the wars )f 1850 and 1S58, which were waged witli the Indians, and in 1878 he commanded the volunteers in the famous Willow S|)ring battle against the IJannock Indians; tliree of his company were killed, and several were wounded, while fifteen Indians were sent to the "happy hunting-grounds." He has always been interested in the great industry of tiic coast, mining, and was one of the discoverers of the famous Anna mine in the Cascade mountains, which pi'omises sncli ric'i returns. He owns a one-third interest in the Clemen- tine mine, which is about developing. Dr. and Mrs. Oglesby have one child, a daughter, named Anna. He is a member of the Masonic order, and of the I. O. (). I'\ He belongs to the State Medical Society, and is thoroughly posted in all Matters pertaining to the profession. fAV C. OLDS, a member of the linn of Olds it Summers, importois and jobbers of china and glass. 181) First street, Portland, Oregon, is a native of Washington county, this State, born in 1854. Mr. t)lds' paternal ancestors wel'e among the pioneer settlers of Vermont. His grandfather, Martin Olds, was born in Vermont, in 1795, and was reared and married there. After his mar- riage he emigrated to Ohio, and in 1884 to Coldwater, Michigan, where he follo.-'ed fann- ing, and served as .fudge in the Judiciary of the State for eight years. In 1851 he emigi'ated to Oregon, and located in Yarn Hill county, set- tling on a farm and giving his attention to ag- ricultural |)ursuits. He was a memli.c of tlie Contitutional State Convention, and served as County Judge for eight years, until his death, in 1872. George Olds, the father of our sub- ject, was born in Ohio, in 1820. and was mar- ried at Coldwater, Mil'higan. in 1851, to Miss Sarah A. Fairbanks. Receiving glowing ac- coutits from his father in Oregon, in 1852 George Olds converted the farm atid every available investment into a band of horses and cattle, and started with them across the ])lains for Oregon, taking his family and nniking a very successful trip. He located in Washing- ton county. The very severe winter of 1852 settled upon them, and with insutiicient fodder and the reduced er.ergies of *he stock one after another of them died until all were gone. Mr. Olds then continued farming and the lum- ber brisiness until his deatli in 1802, His \i r Ill STORY OF OimiON. 1175 illow Spring ins; three of several were vere .sent to le has always iistry <>f the B discoverers tiie Cascade ric'i returns. the Clenien- )pinor. one child, a I iiieinher of O. (). F. He ciety, and is pertaining to the linn of md jobliers of L>et, Portland, II county, tiiis i'e among the grandfather, ;, in 1795, and ftcr his niar- 1 in 18;i4 to )llo.-'ed farni- uliciary of the he emigrated ill county, set- antion to ag- emlwr of the nd served as itil his death, p of our snh- . nd was mar- L851, to Miss glowing ac- Si;on, in 1853 m and every if horses and )S8 the plains nd making a in Washing- inter of 18o2 Hicient fodder :ie stock one all were gone. and the Inni- 1 1803. His widow survived nu'll 1881, when she died, leaving live children, viz.; Helen, wife of John Jolly; Jay C; AVilliani P., of the firm of Olds & King, merchants of Portland; (Jlara, wife of Owen Summers; and Mary, wife of 1). C. Southworth. At the age of fourteen years, .lay 0. started out in life on his own account. l!y personal effort he secured three years of study at La Fayette. He then obtained a clerkship with A. li. IJurbanks, general merchant at La Fayette, and remained in his employ about four years, storing up valuable infornuition to assist him in his later career. In rhe spring of 1874 he came to Portland and was employed as salesman, buyer and general superintendent in the furni- ture store of Ira F. Powers, with whom he re- mained until 1879. That y"ar he formed a co- partnership with Colonel Owen Summers, and with him has tince been associated in business. The firm of Olds & Summers commenced business in small alleyway. 5 .\ 30 feet, which they inclosed, and there opened up their first stock of common china and glass. A detailed aciount of their successfnl career will be found in the sketch of Colonel Owen Summers else- where in this volume. From their small begin- ning they increased their facilities until they now occu])y a surface of about 20,000 S(piai'e feet, aiul liave 'ine of the most complete stores of the kind in the great Northwest, transacting both wholcsaln and retail business. Mr. Olds was married, in San Francisco, in 1878, to Miss ISessie Summers, a native of Brock- ville, Canada. 'Miey have two children: Will- iam S. and Kenneth. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. fOHN 0'(H)\N01i.— Among the many en- terpi'ising business men of Portland, who have been l)ronght up and educated in the metropolis of Oregon, may be I'ouml the gen- tleman whose name heads this sketch. He came to the city in 18(i3, when eight years of age, and is, therefore, almost a "native eon," re- membering little 01 any other place but Port- land, whore he has resided for twenty-nine years. lie was born in Hlinois, .Iiine 10, 1855. His father, Thomas G. O'Connor, w,is born in Ireland, in 183+, and came to Xew York when thirteen years of age, in 1847. Ho married, in the East, Miss Alice Slattery, also a native of Ireland, and in 1803 came to t)regon, bringing witli him his wife and three children. Aftei' arriving in the city of Portland, lie became in- terested in real estate here. In lS(i7 he re- ceived the appointment of Deputy I'nited t:\ates Marshal, which jiosition he held to the time of his death. The subject of this sketch learneil in his youth the trade of jilnmber, and when he be- came of age he entered the firm of .lohn Barrett ii Co., which relation he still sustains. When the (inn ceased to do plumbing, and became wholesale dealers in plumbers' goods, he became a stockholder, and was elected its secretary, which position he still holds. ' The firm have the largest wholesale house in the Northwest, in their line. Mr. O'Connor has liecaTue iden- tified thoroughly with all the details of the business of the hcnise, and has been a valuable factor in its success. He is a member of the A. O. II. W., and is one of Portland's highly esteemed young busi- ness men, and is justly proud of Portland and its pro8i)erity. In 1875 he mai'ried Miss Kate Christie, a native of Illinois, and they have two daughters and a son, born in Portland: Alice IMargaret, Kate Edna, and Raymond. zm^^ — fOSEPII M.MIIOX MCKUM is a pioneer of Oregon, lia>iiig conu' to the State in 1853. He is a native of Lee county, Iowa, horn May 19, j850. His father, John L. Xicknm, was a native of ^^aryland, as was also his grandfather, Joseph Xicknm. John L. married Susana Kockey. of Pennsylvania, and daughter of .lauob Rockey, of the same State; of German ancestry, but early settlers of Penn- sylvania, and fpiitc a number of the family par- ticipated in the civil war. Mr. John Xicknm crossed the plains to Oregon, and brcuiglit his wife and children with him. They settleil on Government land near Oregon City, in 1854, and soon after procured a donation claim near Cedar Mills, in Washington county. They had to cut a trail in order to reach their land, and they built a cabin on it, and were ])ioneers and old residents on the property until 1801. A half of the property is still owned by Mrs. Xickuut, who now resides with her son in Port- laud, her husbaiul having died in 1887. i! 'to i f'N 11 i I : I 1170 tilSToity Oh' onmoiK. Ill 1801 the I'amily removed to tlie city of I'ortlaiul, where J(ise|)h Nickiiiii lias since re- sided and obtained liis education. AVhen the civil war hrol®--- fUDGE M. L. OLMSTED, an eminent jurist of Oregon, and an esteemed public citizen of that State, residing at Haker (Jity, is a Tenneessean by birth, born at Tullahonui, Sep- temiier 2'.t, ls44, and is of military ancestry, his paternal grandfather having been a captain of cavalry in the war ol the Uuvolution, and his maternal grandfather an eminent general of France under the first empire, his mother being Charlotte liertrand Mcl^eoch. When the subject of this sketch was four years old, his parents separated, and he was stolen by his mother, who it^ft him in the State of .New Vork with people whose name he now hears, she returning to France, on the ascen- dancy of the second empire. At an early ago he was thrown on his own resources, and early in life leariu'd the lesson of self-reliance, indus- try and perseverance, which has been the means of securing him his prest'iit honorable position. In the fall of ISGO he fitted himself to enter the military school at West Point, as a cadet, and was to re|)ort in May, 1801, but before the time arrived, the fir.-tgunof the great Rebellion sounded, and his wai'like spirit and patriotic pride called liiin to the field, as a volunteer, in the Thirteenth New York Militia, for three months, enlisting April 17, ISlil. After theex- j)iratio!! of his term of service, he returned home, and on November 5tli of that year he again en- tered the army, and sei'ved in three dilferent regiments, receiving his final discharge in Au- gust, 181)5, having attained the rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel. He participated in tlu^ first battle of Hull Run, and was at the surrender of Johnston's army at Dui'ham's Station in 1865. Ho fought with the Army of the Potomac in all its principal battles, from I'lill Ruti to Gettys- burg, and in September, 1803, went West with (ieneral Joseph Hooker, participated in the bat- tles of Waxahachie (ilen, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge and Ringgold Pass; in the follow- ing year he seived in the Atlanta campaign, aiul was wounded and left for dead on tlii' bloody slope of Kencsaw. Joining his command at Atlanta, (Georgia, again in November, 1804, ho marched with Sherman to the sea, ami carrieil the first stand of colors into the city of Savan- nah. After the closi' of the war of the Rebellion, tiie Judge went to Mexico, and took jiart for a short time as a liberal under Ji'.-.irez, in the res- toration of that Republi<'. (ind has also served as a volunteer in seviial Indian wars on the fron- tier. After the war the J udj'e read law at the Law University at .Albany, Xe v Vork, came West, and fimilly, in 1874, settleil in Haker City, Ore- gon, whore he now has a large and lucrative practice throughout the State. In 1800 the Judge was married to Miss ('elia East, of Cedar Rapiils, Iowa, a very intelligent and wor- thy lady, daughter of Ilaywai'd East, a pioneer of that Slate, who came to Iowa when it was yet mm nrsroHY of oheoon. im ) position. It' to imter IS a cadet, before the liebellion I patriotic lunteer, in for three :'ter the ex- iled home, iigiiiii en- ! different ^e in Au- of Brevet in tile first irrender of in I860. J mac in all to Getty.s- West with in the hat- ^lonntain, the foUow- ii Territory. Jiul^e and Mrs. Olmstead have two sons, rerey N. and Ilarland II. J'erey is Oregon's cadet at the Kaval Academy at Ann- apolis', Afaryland, where he has a tine record as an artillerist. The Jndiancy (I^night) Palni'ir, were both natives of that State, and wer<' both of Knglish di;- scent, their ancestors having settled in America previous to the Revolution. They had twelve children, all excepting one arriving at maturity. In 183G they removed to Ohio, then a new and sparsely settled country, where they remained thirteen years, then removing to Sheboygan county, Wisconsin, where they located on a wild, uncultivated tract of ' lud, which in time was much iinjiroved by their industry, and where the father lived until his death. His wife, the faithful com|)aiiion of so many years of care and trial, survived him many years, dy- ing in California, in 18S(), at the age of ninety- three years. The subject of our sketch \vas reared in Ohio from his second to his fifteenth year, then re- moving with his family to Wisconsin, where, in 1857, he was marrieil to Miss Mariani Smith, a native of New York, and a daughter of Mr. John Smith, of that State. They had one child, Ettie. During the Pike's Peak mining excitement, Mr. Palmer went to the mines, remaining tliere five years, meeting with many thrilling advent- ures and making some money. While tluire he discovered a quartz mine, for which ho was paid ^8,000. All of his own mining was placer mining. He retiiriu^d to Wisconsin, and pur- chased a farm of 80 acres, which he improved, and on which he resided for fourteen years. He then sold out, and, in 187f), came to Ore- gon, locating in Portland for a year, when he purchased a farm of 320 acres, four miles east of McMinnville, wher(^ he built a good residence and grain and stock barns, arid otherwise im- proved it, besides cultivaving the land, making of it a very valuable place, and then sold it for a good price. He i\w\\ bought 14.") acres, whicli he also improvt'ii with good buildings, and put the land under a good state of ci|ltiva. 1178 niSTORT OF OREGON. ill! i. \ \ * m tioii, which he also scild, ])iirehasiii^ 225 acres, wliich he liki'wisc iiiiprovt'd and cultivated, and also sohl, reali/.injif a liaTidsoine siiin in pniiits. lie tlieii retni'ned U\ McMiniiville, where he purchased citv |iri)|)iM't_Y, hiiihling a eointbrtahle liome for liiinfcif and family, and also hiiildintf other residences, wiiicli lie rented, thus realiz- iinr a e;ond incoine. His property is located in the heart of the city, ami is very valuable. His faith in the future i^rowth and prosperity of his favorite city is unbounded, and has been the cause of much of hi» success, his investments having iiroved einitientlj' profitable. He is still engaged in real-estate business on his own ae- eoiint. The character of his buildinifs are cred- itable to the town, and have enhanced the value of a'an in politics, but not a par- tisan. He held the otliec of School Clerk of his district tor twelve years, serving his constit- uents in that capacity with marked ability. He affiliates socially with the A. O. U. W., and has held most of the olRces in that order. In 1888 ho had the misfortune to loss his estimable wife, a lady of sujierior mental en- dowments, and great loveliness of character Since then he has remained single, and has re- sided with his daughter, in their pleasant and attractive home. '^■^■^ iEOKGE M. I'ATTV, a farmer near Amity, came to Oregon in 18o2. He was horn in Arkansas, Ajiril it, 1845, of Knglish ancestry. His great-grandfather. Patty, came from i.ondiin and settled in Hast Tennes- see, where his son, Josiah Patty, and the son ot the latter, William li. Patty, were both horn. William U. was born October Id, 1817. and inariieil Miss Martha .\nii Green, a ntUive of his own State, and had three children : Wiiliaiii, Elizabeth and .lames. With this family he re- moved to Arkansas and settled on a farm twelve miles from \'an I'uren, where three other chil- dren Were liorii in the family: (ieorge M., Will- iam It. and Maria; and with this family he crossed the plains and mountaitis to Oregon, in 1852, with oxen. George M. was then in ins Bcveuth year, The son James died with cholera, and the bereaved family buried him by the roadside, and pressed forward to Oregon. Maria and William K. ha■ ' flane. The parents are wor- thy and wee .tiiiie members of the Methodist Chnreh, and N[r. Fatty is now aidinir the society in tile erection of a new house of worship in Amity. In politics he has always been a Re- pnhliean, and ho is an ardent temperance man, ill favor of prohibition, lie has resided in^Oro- goii during the wliole of its growth and devolop- inont, and takes a just pride in the wonderful advancement that this State has made since he first arrived here. By his own upri our subject spent the winter, and in 1853 located a donation claim of 320 acres, two and a half miles east of Halsey; he afterward in- creased this to 4f)4 acres, and continued its cul- tivation until 187t), when he rented the farm and removed to Halsey. He then embarked in the mercantile trade as superintendent of the Grange Store. After two years he formed a partnership with T. J. Black and 'J'homas Por- ter, and they purchased the business which they conducted until 1883. Mr. Pearl sold his in- terest in the establishment at this time, and began buying horses for the Portland market; he now has an interest in four tine stallions ot the Clyde and liiiglish strains. Mr. and Mrs. Pearl are the parents of ten children, five sons and five daughters, all of whom, excepting the three younger ones, are married. Mr. Pearl is a iiiembt>r of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, having joined when a lad of fourteen years. For more than twenty-five years he has been a local preacher, and is now Buperinteiident of the Sabbatli-school at Halsey. lie erected his residence in 187(5, and has other valuable property in the town. His life has been devoted to commercial and agricultural interests, and his success is the just reward of diligence and persevering eiTort. IHARLES H. NEWELL, one of Hills- borough's business men and Coroner for ^ Washington county, has the credit of being the first white child born in Washington Terri- tory, after the Territory was separated from Oregon. He dates his birth May 23, 185)!, and he is the son of (ieorge P. Newell, a native of England, who was born May 23, 1810. He came to the United States in' 182S, and settled in Ivalaniazoo county, Michigan. He was a pioneer in that State. In 18f'.l he went to Cali- fornia, and in the spring of the following year he went to Oregon City. In July, 1852", he married Kmma Weston, of Ohio. They had five children, of whom three are living, namely: Charles 11., Geoiiie 11. and William A. They rge ; — -tm lino murouY OF onmoN. •ri retui'tu'il Kn.9t, and Mr. Xcwel! Ituiiig an ac- (|iiaiiitiwu'oof I'l'L'siileiit Killiuoi'i', was a|)|)()iMted Surveyor aiui Inspector of Customs. Return- ing to ()re}j;oiK lie eiitored upon liis duties at Vancouver, where lie remained until tlie fall of 1854:, when lie went to Oregon City, whore he settled and was prineipally engajfed in tea':'iinij; vocal and instriiini'iital music, ilis wife died in 187~, and his death occurred in September, 1880. lie and his wife and two children are huriod together. Charles II. Newell, the eldest child, received his education at the ))ulilic school, and the liij^h school in Portland. He then learned the oar- iienters' tracle and worked at it, and at book- keeping, in I'orflaud. From there he went to llilisl>orou<S he was married to Aliss Mary I'lur ton, of Missouri, and a daucjliterof John I'liir- ton, now of Modoe county, California. When ?hewas a little child she immigrated to Califor- nia, and she was raised there. Mr. and Mrs. Newell have live children: Kinnia A., ("arrie E., Myrtle M., Frank O. and Arthur Ellsworth. They are members of the Baptist Churcdi, and Mr. Xewell is of great assist.wice in the ninsical line, he having inherited his father's tine voice. He is a Republican in politics and a memliei'of the K. of P. He is the agent of the London & Lancaster Insurance Company. IJeing a good business man, he has won the contidenco of every one with whom he is brought in con- tact. (RTHI'i; IN'.iRAM NICKLIN, M. I).— The ancestry of our subject dates back to the early settlement of X'irginia, and P)n a paternal side to a remote generation have !» a family of physicians. Dr.dohn Xicklin, ail tiininent practitioner and |)lanter of Virginia, was one of the early reformers, and in oi)posi- tion to the prevailing feeling, liberated his slaves as early as 1835. His h'rst wife was a Miss Huff, a iirst cousin of (ien(M-al (ieorge Washington, who was a freipient visitor at their house. John Huff Nicklin, the father of our eul)ject, was born July L 1804, and was educated a physician, but devoted his life cliielly to busi- ness pursuits. He was married in 1822 to Miss Sarah Ingram, a native of V'^irginia, who was born December 24, 1804, ami the wedding was celebrated on the old Nicklin [)lantation. He then followed a mercantile life until 1842, when he removed to Iowa and took up and itn- ])roved a tract of land, until ISoO, when, with the glowing accounts from Oregon, of her broad acres and fertile soil, he too, decided to go West with his large family to give them a better start in the new country. To accomplish that end, lie, in 1850, loaded his household effects upon three wagons and a carryall, and with eighteen yoke of oxen, and with ten head of loose cattle, with his wife ami ten children he started to cross the great plains. That was a year of great hostility among the Indians, and of cholera among the emigrants, but being with a large company that used constant vigilence, the journey was accomplished without loss of life or property. Arriving at the Dalles in Sep- tember, too late to cross the mountains, they left their wagons, and by the river trail drove their cattle, the family coming by the Hudson's Pay batteaii.\, to Portland, where they passed one month in a loghouse, and then settled on a 'tonatioii claim on Salt creek, in Polk county. Our subject, A. I., was born in Tyler county, \ irginia, October 4, 1848. He began the study of meijicine at an early age, but with limited opportunities, and it was not completed until later in life. He followed his |)arents through their several changes, and with them came to Oreijon, walkinir the whole distance from Omaha. Upon alternate days he would drive the cattle, or would shoulder a musket and as- sist in guarding the train. On arriving in Polk county, in partnership with his brother, Israel T., they purchased the Applegate saw and grist mill, which they operatecl until iSofi, when through an unfortunate accident, Israel T. was killed. Following this the mill was sold, and the entire family removed to Salem, where the father and Arthur purchased the Rector sawmill, which they continued until 18t)l), and then en- tiaacd in merchandisint; until the death of the father, and then the business was closeil out. During the Indian war of 185i3, the gonian," and sang "Tom (^orwin, the Wagner boy." In 1801 he joined the Union farty, and now stands witii the Republicans, le has valuable real-estate interests about the city, and is deeply intoresced in the advance- ment of this beautiful State. ■^^•ea-^- flDNEY AVALTEIi MOSS, of Oregon City, is a pioneer of 1842. He was born i.i Paris, Bourbon county, Kentucky, March 17, 1810. His parents were Virginians. When he was four years old he w^.s indentured to a man of wealth who had no family of his own. Mr. Moss wm to be taught to i-ead and write, and as far as the " rule of tliroe " in arith- 74 metic. and when twenty-one years of age ho was to have a freedom suit and £5. When he was si.xteon years of age his parents came to see him, but he did not see thoin again until he was a married man and had two little daughters. He married Rebecca, daughter (jf Thomas Tay- lor, who was a first cousin of President Taylor. William Parnell, with whom Mr. Mo3s lived until he became a man, married the aunt of Jefferson Davis, and as boys he]and Mr. Da- vis went to school together. Mr. Parnell did not fulfill his promise to Mr. Moss, who when he left was given nothing but the suit of clothes he was wearing. He then learned and followed the trade of stonecutter. He went to Fort Smith, and was in the employ of the Government there, but his heulth be„anio poor, and he left intending to make a trip across the Rocky mountains to California, but he changed his ])lans and went to Oregon. When he started he had his horse, saddle, gun and a few dollars. His horse being a fine one he used him in a livery for some time after he got here. The rivers were so low that season that he forded every stream west of Fort Smith andGreen river, and the water did not reach his saddle girths. He arrived at Oregon City, April 26, 1842. He assisted Dr. John McLoughlin in surveying for the location of the town site. His first work was cutting wood at 75 cents u cord, then he purchased a lot on Alain street, on the southwest corner of Third, and the next year erected a buildins on it for a hotel, culling it the Main Street Hotel. It was two stories, 6S x 105, and was the first hotel west of the Rocky mountains. When it was opened there was not a bed or a chair in it, but he made a table; and men slept in blankets, and paid him $5aweeU for board. He also bought and sold goods and pros- pered. In 1850 he sent his partner, H. A. Lee, East with $63,000 to buy goods with. He had made this money out of his various enterprises. Mr. Moss' first wife and family of five chil- dren are all de."d. In 1843 he married Dorcas Richardson, born near St. Louis, Missouri. They had five children. When ho sent his partner Eaot for goods he was to bring out with him the surviving chil- dren of his (irst wife. Lee died on his way back. He had lost all the money and borrowed Sl,0('/0 besides. Mr. Moss' son died on the way from Panama, f id that left one daugh^iir to come on the way alone. She had i^llO, all that was left of the fortune that her fftther lia besides. Diiiiiiir Lee's al)senee iNlr. M1188 was (•uiitiiiiiin;.; the hiisiiiess. Oiitside of the goods sold !>}' the Hudson's IJay Coiiipiiny, he had the first store West of the Itocky inoiiiit- lins. lie iiiscDiitiiiued the store in 1851-, Imt continued his other linsiness. In 18S2 ho was worth !i^75,O()0, and he then divided it between his children and stepchildren, >hare and share anke. Mr. ^[oss \ras at one time in his life a newspaper man, anut some days he obtained only an ounce. Finally he decided to try staging from Placer- ville to Napa, which he accordingly did, con- tinuing in that business for six years, driving the old fashioned stage coach with six horses. He afterward made five different trips overland to the States, purchasing stock, with which he returned to California, camping out all the way, and undergoing many hardships and dangers. He was engaged from time to time in various enterprises in as many different jilaces. Was for a time in Mendocino and Sonoma counties, where ho was engaged in the redwood lumber business, and did the first logging on the Russian river. He ne.vt went to ( arson City, Nevada, whence he returned to California, in Xovembcr, I80I, and thence came overland on horseback to Oregon. That winter W'as thgden to Walla Walla. In 1802 ho was married to Mrs. KUen Ilafety, a native of Ohio, the widow of Joseph Rafety, and a daughter of Jacob Wooley, who came with his family to Oregon in 1845. They have four childrt^n, all living at home with their jiarents: .Vvery J., Charles A., Carrie W. and Nellie. Mrs. Porter has been a member of the Congregational Church for thirty years, taking an active interest in its welfare. Mr. Porter was a groat admirer of the " Little Giant," Stephen A. Douglas, and espoused his version of Democracy most emphatically, but Ill^ToliY Oh' OUKCON. 1183 the Russian ty, Xeviida, Xovi'iiibcr, I liorscUiuuk Uclolll'lltt'll li siiU'criiig ;imiit of tlio I'iiiif to tlio iviiig spriiiif lO, lIUH'titlg ilmI for two lie "Hiiio to )roved witli eil tlio land oiy valiiahlo nitil liu now iiiiig land in 5 interests lie estiiti" on his ' had visited lere was still he went in 1 penetrated uif by means several good ifet supplies, not return. lul, were per- il the creeks Faetor in the railway, who, the eonstrnc- tlio East in id with 21U to hriiiij; them il, he accoin- issistance was ed to do. lie oin Ogden to Kllen Ilafety, >seph Kafety, (-, who eanio . Thoy have e witii their larrie W. and lomlier of the years, taking )f the " Little espoused his hatioally, but now styles liiinsolf iiidepeiidenf, desirinjj; only the welt'aro of his country, with power veste fiitlier's I'liriii. Ho on- MmocI ill tlie Me.xiL'iiii war. in wliidi he served un- til its(rlo8L', al'ter wlii(!li he returned to liis home, and contii lud rariiiinif until lSo2, when 1m crosseil the plains to California. Ho inir 'J(l near Sonora. Tuolninni! eoiinty, ot that Stale; afterward at Coster's creek; altogether, speii'l- inj.' a vear in the ( 'alit'ornia iipply of f^old dust. After clei..-- ing lip iJil.SOO. he went to near .lainostown, and eiifraired ill dealiiij; in hay and liarley. Lr.'er lie hecuine interested in a iniiiing ditch eiiter- jirise in the town of I,a (irange, the construction (if wliicli he superintended. Ue was afterward elei_tei! .Sjieriff of Stanislaus county, servint; in that capacity for nearly throe years. In l;^")^ lie had a water ditch, which lii' ran until 1860, at which time he sold out and came to Oregon, where ho arrived in August of that year. Ho purchased property in Oregon City, and en- ffiured in the general merchanilise trade, do- ing a successful Inisiness for twenty-eight years. In 1*S68 he was elected Sheriff of Clackamas county, and afterward represe ited that county in the State Senate for the sessions of 1872. 1.S74, 1S76, 1878 and 1880. During liit service in the State Senate, he distinguished liiinself as a fluent speaker, thorough parlia- mentarian and a clear-headed, practical states- man, commanding the resjiect of his fellow- members, as well as that of the people of t. i State. While in Oregon City he figured proinii. "H- in public reports of successful business men. He was president of the Board of Trade, and aided in building the first briS52, where ho fitted up an ox team and pru|mrcd for the loni^ journey, beginninj^ it in the sprint; of I85ij, and ha 1 uiiUiJiial jjood fortune until he reached Snake river; here his cuttle bej^aii to die, and when he landed at the Cascades he haci only three living oxen. .\t this place he eolil out his outfit and went by boat to Portland, where he engiiged in the blacksmith business, remaining there until the next spring. At that time Portland was a village of about 4(H) pc(i])le, and after leaving this city lie wont to Albany, where he followed his trade for a short time, and then went to Eugene City. At this jilace he renewed an ac([iiaintaiice with a young lady who had crossed the plains in tlie same train as hiin- self. and this resulted in the marriage of Mr. Powers and Miss Elizabeth Winters, December 'J5, 1854, the bride being a native rif Zancsville, Ohio, daughter of Robert and Elinira Winters. Mr. Powers resided in P^ngone City until 18(50, then returned to Albany, where he remained for fifteen years, following his trade. Success at- tended his efforts, and everything seemed prcs- perous until 1871, when death came and re- moved his faithful companion from his side. Eive children have been liorn to Mr. and Mrs. Powers, one of whom died in infancy, the oth- ers being: William, who resides in AVeston; Charles, a printer in San Francisco, California; Maud, married A. J. Stanford, of Athena; and Uicliard is still at home. After tlie death of Mrs. Powers Mr. Powers removed to Lebanon, where later he married Mrs, Mary Ii<>yiiold8, -a native of P(^nnftylvania, who came to Oregon in 1801. Slie was the mother of four chihlron at the time of her inarriagt^ to Mr. Powers, two of whom are living, Ilattie and John. Mr. and Mrs. Powers resided in Lebanon seven vofvrs, hut in 1871* came to Weston, where they' built the hotel Delinonico, and successfully conducted it for tliirteon years; becoming tired of the busi- ness, however, in .Inly, 1892, Juilge Powers rented it out, and removed to his tine residence, on a three-acre plat of ground in the north end of Weston, whore he expects to make extensive improvements, and spend the remainder of his days. The Judge has filled some important positions in Oregon, serving fourteen years as .justice of the Peace in .\ll):iiiy mid one year as (Jity Uecurder. lie has been .lustice of the i'eace of Weston ever since his ar- rival here. Governor Wood appointed Judge Powers, with Captain Ilnmpliroy and .lacob Mann, to inspect and ri^purt on the oM iiiilitiiry roail rnnninit from Portland to Malheur, which rofjiiired them forty days to revii w. Like al- most all of theold pioneers Judge Powers caino in for his share of Indian fighting, taking part in tile R iguo river-war ill 185tU"57. lie had many narrow escapes, and took part in ii num- ber of battles with the Indians. lie mentions one time when a small squad of the soldiers surrounded a whole band of Indians on top of a bluff. The latter had no way of escape, and in the morning (!uptain Perry, with liis whole band, killed all the Indians. lua\ Ing only a deaf and dumb Indian, who manageil to cscajie at that time, but was afterward captured. .Judge Powers has spent forty years in active life, and is well known as an old settlci'of Oregon. For the last fourteen years ho has been engaged in law business and in collecting pensions f(.ir the soldiers, lie is a life-long Democrat, and a moniber of the Masonic onler. X D R E W .r E F I'^ E R S () N .\ 1-: L S O N, a lianly pioneer of 1852, and an honortj citizen of McMiiinvillo, Oregon, was born in Monti;omery county, Tennessi^e, May 28, 1827. His father, .lames Nelson, was a native of N'^irginia and a distinguished officer in the war of 1812. In 1807 he married Miss Eli/abeth Allen, also a native of Virginia, born June 10, 178(5 They had seventeen children, eight sons and nine daughters. Three died in infancy, while six daughters and all of the sous lived to have families of their own. Their names are: Milley, Mary, Elizabeth, William .VUen, Martha, Louisa, Nancy, James M., Dazel, Zenos Hush, (ioorge W. and Sarah (twins) Andrew. I offer.son. Robert Rutherford and Nathan Dixon. In 1828 the family moved to Kentucky, whence, in 1882, they again moved to Adams county, Illinois. Here his father resided on a farm until his death, on October (5, 184(5, aged sixty-seven years. Ho was a man wlio was much esteemed for his probity of character and general thrift, and was a very successful farmer. His faithful wife survived him eight yeai's, dying April (5, 18.")4, ageil sixty-c'ght years. Mr. Nelson's i i\ - i iisn UlsroHY nF iiRKaoN. grciit-gniiiill'iitlior Ncl^dii win l»urn in Iri'liuul, Hiid his jrreiit-grHiidriilhiT Ailoii was u imlivo df Scnllllllll. 'I'lif suliject of (iiir BJ^t'tcli was the tiftociitli I'liilil, ami is iiciw one of tlm fonr siirvivorB of tliirt lari^ru family, llo was rearoil on liis fatliiM-'H farm, in Illinois, work in;,' on the farm in siininii'r, and walkin;^ two ami a iialf miles to a lo;,' school- iiowsc in winter, thus ohtaining a very limited cdiication under most adverse ciri'iimstances. In ISls, the year of the diseoxery of ;;old in California, he rciiciied his majority, and. tired iiy the f{lowiiiij reports from that fur country, he determiiu'cl, in 18.")0, to test their merits, and aceordinifly set forth on his loii^ and iierilons journey. His intention at the time was to re- main ill the We.st but for a eoiiiile of years, whereas twenty-nine lono yeai's elapsed liefore he recrosseil tlu' plain.'- to meetaoniii his neare-t iiiid dearest relatives and friends. While in California he was located in the vicinity of I'hicerville, where lie was eii^'iiged in teaming from August. iH'M, until Fehruary, ISo'i. His first $1,.">00 was invested in oxen and wagons, with which to carry on the teaming liiisiness, which was then very remunerative. After some time iliey were all stolen from him in a sinirle night, and ho Jiad to start aifuin, which he did. earning and saving $'.,'. i)(MI, of wIiIlIi he gaveifiT') for a steerage jiassage on the S'eamer, (Joluniiiia. to Portland, Oregon. Tiiey H-ere three and a half days making the voyat,'e, owing to very rough weather. e.\|ierienceil on the ocean, and he was so seasick that one potato Butiiced him during the i)a8Siii;e. ( )n arriviiKf at Astoria, he was not favorably impressed with the place, so he secured passage on the Wil- lamette to I'oi'tland, which coincidi^d more with his views of a city. At tirst he renteil a farm on Tualitiii plains, but finally came to the vicinitj of Mc.^^innvilll•, whore he purcliasd ItiO acres of land, giving a man S2u() for his claim, which he afterward held under the donation land law. lie built a cabin, into which he moved, in .\ugust. Is."j2. where he worked and lived alone until .Vpril. 18.")4, w hen he was mar- ried to Miss I.ncretia !■]. Iiiirnett, a native of Clay county. jMissonri. where! she was born .Vpril 3(1,' 1837. ' She was a daughter of (4. W. and S A. liiiinett, and a niece of the lion. I'eter II. Hurnett, t!ie tirst governor of California, and she came to Oregon in 184(). After rcsidiiii; here for tive years he sold out. mid purchased 38.") acres, located two and a half miles West of .McMiniiN ille. Mere he resided for eighteen years, rearing his family of seven children, improving his property, erecting on it siibHtantial buildings, a comfmtalile residence, and large barns for grain and stoid;, beside4 highly cultivating the land, making a very val- uable farm of it. In 1877 he retired from thin |)Iace, and built a pleasant home in McMinii- ville, where he has sim^e resided, enjoying a Well-earned rest from the arduous labors of his yoiingi r years. Here, chcereil by the society of his faithful wife ami with si.\ of his chililren near him, he is tasting the sweets of a well- ordered and industrious life. Alice .lane, their oldest (laughter, wife of Mr. Allen Sludton. died soon litter her marriage; Annie I'urnett, niiir- ried .Mr. William A. Harrison, a |irominent merchant of MeMinnville, and they have a vi'ry pleasant home near her father's; .Martha liecaiiie the wife_of .Mr. regoii. From there he went to Salem, where he worked for a short time at his trade. He then came to ^loMinn- villi', where he worked for a year and a lialf for Mr. Norton, when he purchaseil his emjilover's shoj), and began business for himself, which he has ever since continued, liy close attention to buainess and satisfactory ami reliable work. his business grew from year to yitar, and in ad- dition to this, his uniformlv courteous and cor- dial manmjr, roudei'-'il him ii very great favorite ill the conuniitiily, nnd he becanu' one of its most inlliiential bnsine'S men. Mr. .Nelson fiu'ine 1 a partnership with Mr. (/. D. .lohnsmi, a leading blaoksmith of the city, and together tiiey made goiid and substantial carriages ami wagons, both of u hich were in de- mand, and from tliu sale of which they realised a handsome proHt, with a constantly increasing trade. Mr. Nelson now owns a valual>le lot and >hop on Ii street, besides which he has puridiasnd laud in an attractive part of the city, on which ho has erected a substantial residence, which ho lia-t surrounded with grounds tastefully laiil out and oniaineute 1 with tretM and flowering shrubs, the whole being suggestive of comfort and ro- tinement. In lS7ii he was married to Mi-s Uansena Chriatena Hansen, a native of (iormany,a lady of education and retini'mont. They have live intelligent children, all of whom retiect credit on their native city and State. Mr. Nelson is jjolitically a Ilepublican, al- though taking no active part in politics other than desiring the welfare of his adopted coun- try. Ho is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and also of the A. < >. l'. W., of which latter society he is now .Master. Having for twenty-two years successfully done business in McMinnvine, it is not surpris- ing that he should bi> devoted to the interests of his fa\orite city. He is one of this ciiy"s nio.st en- terprising busine-is inon, and never misses an opportunity to contribute to her U|il)iMing and general prospei'ity. These commendable i|uali- ties are universally appreciated by his fellow citizens, who vie with each other in their general indorsement of respect and good-will. ^►^-==j.-.^{-€:^ . — : ■ « ■ :iLIJAM XESMITH, a native son of Polk county, was born on the ohl home- stead, which he now owns, and where lie now resides, July 10, 1859. II'.s father, Colonel James Willis Nesmith, was a native of Missouri, born in 1820. Their ancestors emi- grated from Londonderry, county Diuiegal, Ireland, lo America, ](revioiis to the Itevoln- tionarv war. Colonel .Nesmith was reared in his native State, until 1813, when !.<_■ crossed the plains as captain of the company that crossed H i ,\ Hi 1: I 1188 niSTORY Of OREOON. that year, lie was a carpenter by trade, and his worldly possessions consisted of a rifle and Ilia saddle liorse, iiiit as lie was a single man, it was easy for bini to snpport himself by working at his trade. Ho carried on his trade at Ore- gon City for some time, and then came to Vo\k county, purchased the Foster donation claim, three n iles sonthwest of Kici him such a monument as they know would be in accord with his spirit of in- dependence and unassuming ideas. The noble pioneer rests in the land he labored to obtain, in the great State of which be was one of the founders. Nine children were born to Senator and Mrs. Nesmith, of whom four only are liv- ing, namely: Mary Jane, wife of Levi Ankeny, resides in Walla Walla; Harriet K., wife of L. L. McArthur, a prominent member of the bar of Oregon, (see Judge McArthur's hiftory, in this book); Valine I'., wife of William Moleson, resides in Rickreall, on a farm which was left to her from her father's estate; .lames ISusb, and William Golf, now own the donation claim owned by thei grandfather, Mr. Goff. James Hush has kindly furnished the data for this brief sketch of his honored father and his family. He was educated in the schools of his county, and in the Portland Husiness College. He has spent the whole of bis lil'e, however, on the farm on which he was reared, and of wb'ch be now owns 253 acres. Mr. Nesmith married Georgia Clark, a na- tive daughter of Oregon, born in his own county, daughter of W. E. Clark, an Oregon pioneer of 1852. Tl?y have one son, Lin Willis. Mr. Nesmith is a Democrat in politics. He resides on the homestead of bis ancestors, and ho loves and reveres the mcniorv of bis father, and grandfather, and is justly proud of both his county and State. fHAllI.ES T. XKKP, a successful Wash- ington (!Ounty farmer, now residing in Cornelius, Oregon, is a native of Wiscon- sin, born May '5, 1854. His father, Charles Neep, was born in England, in 1815, and was educated in his native land, and learned the wagon-makers' trade. He marrie(l Theodocia Hocking, of England. 'I'hey came to America in 1851. and settled in Wisconsin, where they resided until 1872. and then weiit to Oregon, and settled at Forest (irove. They brought Ave children with them to Oregon, miniely: John HISTORY OF OREGON. 118U f $1,000. Ho and impartial s fiiinily, kind and devoted to family, know- aii3 thing like nunentas tiiey 8 spirit of in- IS. The noble red to (jhtaiii, •as one of the )i'n to Senator only are liv- I..evi Ankeny, K., wife of L. ler of the bar r's liiKtory, in lliiitn Mol'osoii, lich was left to es Hush, and )nation claim tuff. d the data for atlier and his ehools of his ness College. ', however, on and of wh'"o,h Clark, a na- sown eonnty, ;on j)ioiieer of Willis. Mr. He resides and hfi loves father, and of both his 'ihh\\ Wash- residing in i of AViscon- ther. Charles Uo, and was h'arned the il 'I'iieodoeia I to America , wiiere they i to Oregon, bronght five "ely: John » Alfred, William, Charles T.; and Kanni ! T., now Mrs. 'J'honias Talbtit. The father lived on a farm at Forest drove for seven years, and then retired fro.n active business, and now lives at Cornelins, where he und his wife are spending the evening of their useful and industrious life. Charles T. was the fourth ehild, and he v.as in his eighteenth year when he arriveil in Ore- gon. He fanned on rented land until 188(5, when he ])urcbased 217 acres of laud, three miles east of llillsboro, the purchase price being $+,500. He resided on this property a few years, and then sold it for ^l(),()0U. He next went to Corn(iliu8 and purchased forty acres, i'oining the town, and also several town lots. le liuilt a good residence on the new purchase, and aho a large barn, «nd is doing a successful business. He married Irena Ennis, of Oregon, in lS77. Slie is t' e danirhter of Allen Ermis, an Oreifor. piouL.T. Five children have been added to this union, namely: Annie, Minnie, (leorgie, Tracy and Henry. Mrs. Neep died on April 11, 1891. She was one of the best women, a faithful wife and an indulgent mother, and her loss has been felt very keenly by her hnsband and children. They have the sympathy of all their friends. Mr. Xeep is a member of the K. of P. lie is an enterprising citizen, and interests himself in everything intended to benetit Oregon, tlie State of his adoption. HS. LHCRETIA OVEIiTUitF. nee Whitrimore, of Milton, I'matilla county, Oregon, was l)orn at Eugene, I>ane county, Oregon, November 20, 1854, her father being McDouough Whittemore, a native of New l\)rk. He was married to Nancy Bow- Mian, a native of Illinois; emigrated with her to Oregon, in 1853, settling at Eugene, where he worked at bis trade of a bhicksmith, until his death, in 1882, aged tifty-four years; his wife following, in 1887, aged si.xty three years. They were parents of ten children, the sui)j''ct of this sketch being next to the youngest. I.ucretia Whittemore, of this l>iography,met, in 1873, Hon. F. M. Crockett, of Pendleton, thei< County Clerk of Pmatilla county, at Pendletun, and was marricil to him .July (i, 187i5. Mr. Crockett had then tilled two terms, and bad just been elected a third time. He was a native of Tennessee, having been born near Xashville, June 1, 1834. In the fall of 18(;0 he luft his home for Vreka, ('alifornia. in response to a let- ter from his bi'other, E. S. Crockett, who at that time was in the black8mi''iing busiiu's< at Yreka. Mr. F. M. Crockett remained in northern Cidi- fornia for a year, working in the mines, mn't- ing with very good success, but on account ot ill health was compelled to leave. He then came to Oregon and settled for a tinu' inJAIbany, and, on recovering his usual health, he went to Flor- ence, Idaho, whfc e he engaged in mining dur- ing the brief excitement in that camp. He went from there to MoiseCity in 186ii, and thence to the Willanu'tte valley, where he followed farming for one season. In the fall (^f 18(i4 he removed to Butter Creek, Umatilla county, where he bouslit a farm, on wiiich he remained until 187(5, at which place he resided whe!i first elected County Clerk. At the regular Uemocratic convention, 'n 1872, Mr. Crockett. Nathan I'iercc, Hugh Mc- .Vrtliur and James Moore were candidates for the position of County Clei'kof Umatill,. county. It was arranged between Messrs. Crockett and Pierce that the one who should receive the least number (jf votes on first ballot would withdraw in favor of the other. Pierce withdrew, Crock- ett was nominated and subseijuentlv elected by a vote of the people. After serv ig the first term, Mr. Crockt^tt was again nominated and re-elected by a large nuijority. Before the term h.id expired he resigned, on iiccount of fail- ing health, and a successor was appointed, lut Mr. Crockett A'as still retained by the court during its session.-; until the expiration of the term. 11^ then sold his land on Putter creek and bought a ranch of 240 acres, situated three miles north of Milton, which he began to im- irove to fruit culture and where be made his Jioiue. During the winter of 188(i Mr. Crockett was strongly favored by the peophi of Eastern l,'m- atilla as a 'andidate for Representative to the l.(^gislature. This was unsolicited by him, but Ka-tern rmatillawaslin need of an honest man - a man who, although unassuming and not ,i leader of men, could be dejiended on when the liallot was cast. Thus was Mr. Crockett put forward and subsequently elected to the memor- able f.egislature of 188G-'87. Well did he de- serve the confidence placed in him, and it was, in |)art, due to his honest but silent work, that such a rousing majority for the great and press- UiiO ntsToHT OF oiiKaok. iiig need of divibion, grcctiMl him in the House of Kcpreseiitutives. And liad this true-lu'iii'ted man lived until another year had passed, the legislative halls would liave again echoed his cjuift "llere,"inans\verto the daily roll-call V>\\t his health, none too good for years, gave com- ])lete!y away, ami he died February !i5, 1887. Mr. (I'ockett was mourned by a host of friends, lie was a man who could illy be spared from any community with which he might have been identided. He was strictly honest, but very unassuming; active in business and poli- tics, but quiet and not given to buncombe; in- telligent and learned, but still of the common jx'ople; in fact, a man whose name will always cairy with it the memory of honesty, integrity and uprightness among those who knew him best, lie was buried in the Valley Cemetery, and his funeral was the most largely attended one ever witnessed in his vicinity, thus mutely testifying to his widespread popularity and ster- ling worth of character. Mrs. Crockett was left a widow with live children and another was born soon after his death. The names (jf the children are; Clyde, Myrtle, Edith, (irace, Pansy, who dietl April 2(5, 188f<;and Frances, whodied January 7, 1889. Mr. Crockett was a poor boy when he came AVestand was compelled to work hard foraliving; but soon accumulated enough to go into busi- ness fo- ^ mIT, and before his death had made "•.ih^Meiii T (e ve his wife and children in coiu- 'n-.r\ !i; v.ii instances, leaving an estate that is -..)rt!. Ill 181-3, $50,000. The farm is adaptei. to the raising of fruit, including all kinds of berries, a great variety of all kinds having been planted by liim before his death. The subject of this notice was ini.rried a sec- ond time to .\. J. Overturf, August 12, 1890, he being a native of ^[issouri, who came to Oregon in 1889. He is a practical agriculturist and conducts the home farm. ^-^ m^ (UWIX ('rMMIN(;S, one of the honest pioneers of < Iregon in 1852, now deceased, was b(}rn in Steuben county, New York, in '1810. His j)eiiple were early settlei's in that State. He removed to Michigan and from there to Illinois, where, in 18:iSI, he married Miss Martha Jaiu' Uird. Her father, mother and family emigrated to Oregon in 18 11. and in 18.")'2 Air. Cnnimings. his wife and two children, Annie and Steuben, also came to Oregon and the journey was a safe one. Our subject stopped at Irene City, where he ke|)t store for a year, and then came to Washing- ton county, and took a donation claim in the woods, where he built a log cabin. They !iad but little to do with, but his faithful wife cared for the children, and he worked f.c bricklaying in Portland, as he was an e.\pert at this trade, but in those early days Mrs. Ciu ninings often longed for the comfortable homo she had left and shed many useless tears, bu' as the years went on Mr. Cummings prospered 'ind improved his land, and comforts came to the wilderness. Mr. (,'umniings was a Republican in his poli- tics and a most worthy and reliable man. and one of those whose sup|)ort of the Union was open and pronounced. On April (!, 1885, lie died, lamented by all who knew him. as he had led a good life, and wan very highly respected. Oidy two of the children ai'e now living. The eldest daughter is the wife of John L. Fuller, and re- sides in Clarke county, Washington; Ivouisa is the wife Joseph Galbraith, and lier mother re- sides with her on the old donation claim. Mrs. Cummings still enjoys quite good health, and is one of the ]>lea8aut pioneer women of large experience, who has made many an7, and he paid !?1,000 for it, and a liltie hitt.r sold it with a gain of 8100. With this money he SM.. HISTOUr OF OR BOON. mi 1 cliildivii, 'rt'iTon imcJ pureliahetl a lialf-sectiuii of lund twoand oue-liall' miles west of Hillsborough. It cost in 18()5, $l,;i50. Here he lived and im[)roved the prop- erty until it became one of the finest farms of the county, and now (1892) its value is ^'JO per acre. Ue still owns 200 acres of the orii;inal purchase. In December, 18U1, he retired from the farm, and purchased a place in Hillsborough. He has other property interests, including a businesss lot and building, and is conducting a harness-making establishment. He was married on the 17th day of April, 1845, to Miss Martha Tate, of Tennessee. She came with her parents to Illinois in 1S29, when she was two years old and she was raised in the same State. David Tate, her father, was in the war of 1812. Mr. anil Mrs. Thillips have had twelve children, ten of whom are living. Mary Jajie, now ilrs. C. W. Purden, is the eldest daughter; and she had nine children, and is now a widow; Alonzo is married, and has four children; Kllen married (t. ^Vickers, and has six children; Sarah ie the wife of D. Smith, and has si.x children; Millie mari'ied M. W. Shear; George W. is ]iiar- ried; Emma is now Mrs. Jackson Ford, and has four children; Charles W. is married, and has one child. The two youngest sons are Alliert T. and Franklin W. Mr. and Mrs. Phillips have been married forty-seven years, and they both enjoy good healtli. They have thirty grandchildren in addition to tiieir ten children. Tlay have reared this large family to be indus- trious and honest, ami they are a comfort to the declining years of their worthy parents. He is a member of the 1. (). (). F., and has always been a Democrat in polities. He is a reliable citizen of the great State in which helms resided for so loiiii. > fC HEED, Fish Commissioner of As- toria, was born in Sagadahoc county, * Maine, in 1847, a son of Crosby Reed, a ahip-carpenter and farmer by occupation. He learned the earpenters' trade when ii yi'ung nniii, but from the cumpletion of his education, until twenty-eight years of age, he foil, wed logging on the river. March 28, l^i75, he nnvrried llattie E. Webb, and A|)ril 1, of the same year, he started for Oregon. Like many other suc- cessful men of Astoria, Mr. llt^ed engaged in fishing for one season, and later worked at his trade, ile then formed a joint-stock company, called the Fisherman's Canning Company, the first stock company on the river, the members being C.Tim mens, P).( lallagher, James Williams and Pen Young. He then built the White Star Cannery, with Alessrs. Timmons, (iallagher and Prakke, but two yeai's latter went to Alas- ka, where he was superintendent of the Cape Fox J'acking Com[)aiiy from April until Octo- ber, 1886. lieturning to Astoria, he was elected to the otHce of Fish Commissioner, February 18, 1887, and has succeeded himself ever since. He is president of the Poard, which consists of U. C. Campbell, of Painier, and G. T. Myers, of Portland. In 1882 Mr. Reed was elected by a large majority to the State Senate, where he served four years, and the district was then coni- po.sed of Clatsop, ('olumbiaand Tillamook coun- ties. Politically, he afWliates with the Repub- lican party, butisa jwpularman with all parties; and socially, is a member of the Masonic fra- ternity, the Odd Fellows and the A. O. U. W. He lost his first wife in 1880; and in 1882 he married ^[iss Myra A. Whitney, a native of Freeman, Maine. They reside in Ffiper Asto- ru), where .Nfr. Peed owns valuable city property. UPTAIN G. PEED,aC.,lnmbia river pilot '**■ between Astoria anil Portland, is a native of Freeport, Maine, born in 1839. His an- cesti'y were among the pioneers of that State, his grandfather serving in the war of 1812. The parents of our subject, Edward and Mary \. (Pandall) Keed, were both nati\-es of Maine. Mr. Peed followed the si'a during his early life, but engaged in agricultural pursuits for the remainder of his days. Caj)tain Peed resided with his parents until his sixteenth year, and then 8hij)])ed before the mast on the brig Lauretta, owned by parties re- siding in Freeport, but sailing between Boston and Savannah, returning to New York, where the subject shipped on the bark Palestine, and made one voyage to the West Indies, and then as third mate sailed upoTi the same bark for Melbourne, Australia. From there he sailed to San Francisco, which he reached May 5, 1859. He then retired from the sea ami went to the gold mines in southern Oregon, where he re- mained for two years, with fair success. In 18()(l he cast his first vote, at Chetco, for Abra- ham Lincoln. In 18(51 he went to the Oro Fino mines, in Idaho, and remained there about eight- 1193 tltSTORY Oh' OimiON. ei'ii montl's; not lieincr siK'cessfiil, ho witlidrew (Hid went to I'ortliiml. ivlifi-e lio was various- ly einployt'd unMl 1S05, wlien he eiiifapeil ii3 deck liand on a >teainlioat upon tlic Col.ini- liia river, shipping upon the -lohn II. ('ouch, running between I'orthmd and Astoria. As deck hand, mate and master lie followed ■ '»,n- hoating until 1><7(). During the latter while master of the Okaiiagan, he towetl '.. MontironuM-y Ca:tle from Astoria to Portland. This was the first iroTi ship that ever came up the Columbia river. In 1S70 the Captain retired from steamboating life to engage in piloting be- tween Astoria and Portland, in which business he is still engaged. lie looks after all the steam- ers of the I'nion Steamship Company of Yan- coHver, Hritish Columbia, the Sitka steamers and all steamers of the Oregon Improvement Coin])any, which come to Portland. The Captain wai married, in .Vstoria, Febru- ary 22, 1870, to Miss Kosetta Nolan, a native of Illinois, and daughter of Michael Nolan, an Oregon pioneer of 1852 and farmer of Clatsop county . (.'aj)tain and Mrs. Kee-l have four chil- dren, namely: Edward C, Nancy (i., William li. and Klizabcth 1!. The family reside at Astoria, corner of Third anshkosli, and by working ijid teach- ing was enabled to advance his education. Early in life Mr. Potter's attention was di- rected toward Oregon, and at the age of twenty- 'iree, on the last day of March, 185'J, he left shkosh, and started on the long overland jour- cy to this State. He arrived at Portland Oc- tober 1, after six months of travel, and at that time Lis only capital was his willing hands, ami his determination to succeed in life. For two years he was employed in cutting 8awlog3 at §1.10 per 1,000, and one year he hauled cord wood for the steamboats. In the spring of 1^02, lured by the jjrospects of the gold mines, he .Weill to the Salmon river country, and miiiod at F'lorence City. After four years' experience in the mines, during which time he made n more than good wages, he returned to Port- land. .\fter his return 'o IVrtland, Mr. Potter was united in marriage to Mrs. Elsie Southnayd, a native of Ohio, and a dautjhter of Dr. William Caples. Dr. Ca[)les and his family came to Oregon in ISIO. An incident connected with their o\erland jri(lan. He. however, siioii sold his .ntcrest to Allison & Sanders. nisTOHY Oh' ouEaoy. linn Kollowiiif^ arc tlio iianics of Mr. mid ^Ii-s. let- ter's cliildrun: Marvin L., wlio is inarriud and rcsidos on a farm; Waitur i'lriiest. (Mi,.;a;;od in l)usiiiess in Slierid.in; Ida Mai'tlia, wife ,if Kd- wanl Y. ('liiircii, I'ortlaml: and Ad;» Elsie, wlio resides witii lior iiareiits. Mr. I'utter is proniineiitiy identified witii tlie A. ( ). U. W., Iiaving scvod as i''iiiaiu'ier of his lo 'jvo for six years. ITe is an active incni- ber in lie Coii>frei;ationaI Cliiircli. Ever since the organization of tiie Itepiiblicaii party he lias artiliated with it, and diirincr the war lie was a staueh Cnion man. For year.s ho has Iteeti a member of the Sheridan City Gonncil, and for tile past two terms lias served as Mayor. ^[r. Potter has in his possession tho old raw- Iiide ciiair that was tise(' by Lieutenant I'hil Sheridan when lie was stationed near where the town of Sheridan is now located. The Lieutenant was very popular with the old settlers here, and in lionor of liim this town received its name. IK*®' **=— [IIOMAS W. PEIIRY, a worthy Orefron pioneer of 18o2, and a prominent business f^-. man and real-esti'e owner of North Yam Hill, is a native of the State vi Ohio, born No- vember "20, 1839. His father, Robert I'erry, a native of England, was married in 1822 to Miss Martha Rossetter, also a native of England, and three weeks after tiieii marriage they set suil for thi- United States, landing in duo time at New York. They spent a year in New York, and then moved westward to Ohio. He "'as a butcher ))y trade, and followed that business in Ohio un- til 1852. That year, with his wife and three chddreu, he crossed the jilains with ox teams to Oregon. Thomas W. was at that time fourteen years of age. They escaped tho cholera which r..ged on the plains that year; made the journey in safety, and landed in Oregon City on October 8, 1852. coming direct from that place to North Ypiii Hill. Three miles northwest of North Yam Hill Jfr. I'^rry toolt up 320 acres of land, '.. iiilt a log cabin, and became successfully en- gaged in stock-raising. He subsenuently pur- I'hased '{()6 acres wheni the North Vain Hill depot is now located. All this property he re- tained until his death, which occured in 1872. His wife siirviviMl him five years and died in 1877. lioth were members of the I'aptist t'lnucii. They passed active and useful li\es and had the respect and esteem of all who knew them. After their death the estate was divided between the children, of whom only two are now li\ing, the siiiiject of this article, and his sister, Mary Ellen. wi'Lw of V. I). Stout. Slio is now station agent at \orth Yani Hill, Fn the division of the property above referred to, Mr. Rcrry got 106 acres uf land at tho depot and 210 acres of tho donation claim. All of this property he has since successfully fanned, and has added to it by subsequent purchase until he is the owner of 60li acres, all improved land. In 1881 Mr. I'erry built a fiouring mill and Iprge warehouse at the station, which he ran successtully l•.^til 187t), -.vhen fire consumed them both. They were insured for about one- third their value and his loss amounted to some $7,500. He built a new warehouse, which he has since run, and he also has the personal super- vision of his farming interests. Mr. I'erry was married in 1871 to Miss O. J. Torrence, a native of Massachusetts and a daugh- ter of J. Torrence, who came to Oregon in 1854. Following are the names of tludr eleven children: Martha Emma, Elsie Mary, Robert Allen, Ressie N. I^ella, wdi. die years and a half, when his health failed, and he sold out and rested for a while. A short time after- ward he engaged in real-estate transactions, in which he is still interested, and is now the owner if several valuahle jiieces of property, iioth city and rural. He is local corresjiondent of the Oregonian, being a highly capable writer, of originality and incisiveness. lie has taken an active interest in the affairs of tlie lle|)ublicaii party, and lias acte political iinil enjoys itiicfina anil nt and in- 1 Ali)any, th county, 1853. His U'liiteman) ed to Wis- t'atlier was mtil 1857. , Iowa, and ', where lie 1 also con- sketch re- iisiness life nov{'(l with i, where he II ojiened a nil of 1883 a store in boots and lone three Mr. G. E. : Hrownell. is|)oscd of pnrchased II. Allen, dry goods lie 18 now lorators of Company, has since Jilt of the Com pan V, er organi- ineornora- t Railroad idgo, Mis- '. a native n; (ieorgo Mr. Read is a member of the I'\ vV: A. M., the P^astern Star, the Select Knights, aii8 acres of land near St. Helen, some forty acres of which is improved and has a line young or- chard, consisting of ii variety of fruits, prunes predominating, and also owns residence prop- erty in town. Mr. (iiiick was inarrie. Kees, of Cove, Union connty, Oregon; Major K. K. Heee, editor and merchant, died in Walla Walla, in 1889; S. (i. Kees, accidontly killed at Alturas, California; Thomas Clayton Rees. drowned in Kansas river; Lieutenant I). A. Rees, of Sher- man's army, wi.s Killed at Kenesaw Mountain; and Lieutenant (!orwin P. Rees, I'nited States Navy, now on duty at World's Fair at Chicago. In 1844, while yet a young man, tilled with the spirit of adventure and with a desire to see the country, he crossed the plains to Oregon, and came in the same company as did Ilan. .fohn Minto, with others. The season was a wet one and the party was obliged to ford the streams, as they were much swollen, and the party covered seven months on the journey. Tliey met with many ditliculties, but surmounted them all and reached the cud of the journey safely. At Vancouver Mr. Rees met Dr. .McLoughlin, then a man of sixty years of age. Our subject at once took a mill- building contract, the mill to be erected above Astoi'ia, and he was engaged in this business until May 1845, when he came to Oregon City, taking a contract on the Catho- lic Church and several other buildings, .\fter this he came to St. Louis, in Marion county, to build a Catholic church for the French-C'aiiailian settlement. Here he learned of the rich laiul (m French prairie, ami was induced to purchase a right to a donation claim of one Stephen Pelchie. For this property Mr. Rees paid $975, and here he has since made his home. This farm is now one of the most desirable in the county and here our subject has lived and reared his family. In January, 1847, he was united in marriage with Miss Amanda Hall, who was born in Missouri, August 20, 1828, and was the daughter of James E. Hall, an Oregon pioneer of 1845, from the State of Ken- tucky. The father of Mrs. Rees died in his Seventy-second year, but her mother is yet liv- ing, in )>er eighty-ninth year. The discovery of gold in California gave many of the emigrants the gc';l fever, and Mr. llees, with a number of his neighbors, made the trip overland with pack animals in 1848. They were thirty days on the journey, and it was one in which they were in great danger. While prospecting in California a party of the com- pany were attacked by Indians and one of them was killed, one severely wounded and two others slightly wonnde T' \i . i^.i'ti; (.orH C. is ihe wifo ■ ..« I'oftlBMi; r»svlil <• ■: iir,j, Wiisliinjttoii; I'l n!:h 111 lioiia-. nmn;", • :\sl mnlio ••; • <; .:u'«ii jiHriy. In 1847 lie wux i-l* -.*/<. \ n4»*i..i)«r of the TerritoriBl f j^rislfttaiv, t,n*i *.i- - - '11 tn- •Vt •■^>t'' i"^ ^ ■ • ■ ::- * •.«»(!, .U>i)i; I.. . ■ J'lii'uii. iiviitnd, Hfld canic if >>*JUt. and lirou^dit with hiia his ■ '1. nnil settlod in I'tUorson, ' died in ISfSl. flif wift^ VI iiv Tliey liad oeven ■ill; slill living: a soli '.* Ik w^ A iii'it-' • thin con'.!! -•, wjft) ai K«w .' " l.|!fviv.,i: . <'hi)dri if.-. With IM iioylf, ,iiid !•.•- I incinco; and the hhIijccI of thin i.'in i.t>ti»ii was sent to tlio public nuhools uariv(/*l 1riii1« i-i his umcIc's shop. M'hrriiiig tln' trwlrt tho.oiighjy lie went to .iiviUw. Ki'.rid-i *tt«r,., with an elder til the crreat civil 3d home, and in ■ inyC, Ninth New I l)y Colonul Rush ailed "Hawkins' first stationed at icre proceeded to jiart in the liglit ed in one of the n army. It loft liutjer'ii cxpef Unidi- > A' ■ '■■♦j ,*-.•!.. fiiide "ill j)u' ! .?;.; niil i it^ ; ^9' II |l|^Hi' ] |H ill' m^. ! :■ ' i 1^ 'f' i ^s| n ■ p^H |lill 'W^'' II 1 1m'^ >^.. "-•^^ij^'; -^m^. "-■.*f ; Vcx.v\AA.'i avA X\.v\ lllHTOIiY ilt' OltmiON. wvt (tovt'rniui'iit liuil(liii|{f) iit (Miiiin|ioi'^. wlion' OfcgonV tirnt liiiliHii treaties wcie liclil. During all lliiA time. lie coiitiiiiieil hit) faniiini^. To Mr. iiini Mrs. Itees were liorii twelve eliil- (ireii. iiH tolldwn: Olivia iimrrit!ii .1. \V. Weleli. HIkI reniiJeH in Abtoria; Kli/,ali<'tli K. iieeaiiie tliu wife (if Wiliiani llemlersliott ; Annie It. in now Mrs. .lolm (Murk; Lorn (!. is tlu^ wife of Dr. ('. II. Day, of Portland; Daviil (\ residcH at Waitsl)iirfj, WaKJiin^itnii; Tlionias IF. and Marry L. are liotli at lionie, rimniiii; tl;e farm; I'lirk A. is a dentist at Astoria; Willard II. is at home; (!lara A. and I'risciihi are botli at home; and Lilly died in her si.\teentli year. There are now twenty-one grandchildren in the t'umily. In iiii- early lile Mr. Kws was a Wlii;^ in his politics, hut he has the honor ol' iiaving iieen one of the organi/.ers of the liirpiihlieaii party, and sinw then he has hren staneh iti the raidts of the IJepidilican party. In 1847 he was elected a meinlier of the Territorial Legislature, and was Chairman of the Committee on (bounties, and gave Linn county its name. Since then he has declined oftice. Ilo drew up the cdiistitution and took a leading jiart in orgaiiiziiii; tlie Ore- gon I'ioneer Association, a useful institution. Its historic research is limited to the original Territory, embracing Oregon, Washington and Idaho. The aeatedly the Chairman ot the Republican (Jonnty Committee, and in every campaign lie lias t;iken a prominent part. Ho is a very capable worker in the ranks of hid party. In 18(58 Mr. Lotan wiis married to Mis^i Emma Carroll, of Boston, Massachusetts. They have had one child, William S., horn in I'ort- lund. who is now with his father in his business. Mr. Lotan is a iriember of the I. (). (>. V. in all its branches. His success in business i-; the rcsidt of thorough knowledge and persistent work, and his ability and enterprise have not only resulted well for himself, but have proved valuable to the city of Portland. ^-^-^ 'liOMAS «. RICHMOND, deceased, one of the most widely known and highly es- •j teeme. (). !■'. iti msiiiestj i-i tlio iiid pei'i^istent )rise have not t iuive proved , (lereaKeil, one ukI hiirhly us- I'olk comity, county, Ken- ttth and L\ieia s of Coiinecti- bttiers (if that tt J in Kiighiiid. it cliildien, six d to Kentiicliy, iiois, whi're thn 840. 10 age of fif- Kraiicis, at that Illinolw. Mr. and took tlie end. In l8ot), lue, and hired gold (lire(>very ssed the plaiin* /est, landiiifj; at as siu'cesstiiUy 1 otliers, lie en- rive', ""xnect- e hi<;;h waters [•work, and this ith what money ided to return 'he journey hy le ajrain crossed landing; :\t Sa- ^'ve he went to i-alley engaged hont this time, ue river Indiana hroke out. lie and twenty-seven otliers volun- teered tlicir services, and did tlieii' (lart in help- ing to biiu^ ahout peace with the red men. After the surveying was completed, ho went to the mine', at Vreka, but met with only moder- ate success. In 1856 he returned to Oregon and took u|) a claim on Willow ('reek, being one of the tirst settlers there. Some two years later he was married. He continued to reside on his claim until 18()5 vlien he sold out and en>;a(jed in the cattle business. He bought and raised stock, and drove his herds to the mines in Idaho, Montana, and liritish Columbia, continu- ing this business ten years, and spending much of his time out-ofdoors, camping wherever night overtiMtk him. lie was freijiiently or- dered off In the Indian.s. Hy treating them kindly, however, he gained their g(rod will, and they l)ecanie his fast friends. When he sold out and decided to leave, they tried to induce him to remain. (!ominK '(> Polk county, he purchased 90U acrosof land four miles and a half nortli of Dallas. In 18(58 lie bought a home in Dallas, and here he residtJ for the past twenty-four ye^irs, up to the time '»f his death. During the latter part of his life he bought and sold land, had exten- sive land-holdings, and was largely iiiterested in raising sheep and horses. He was a man of good business ability, and strict integrity. He joined tlni (Grange as a charter member, and was an influential and efficient member of that order. He was aiipointed by Governor Peii- noyer a member of the State Hoard of .Vgricul- ture, in which position lu served five years, do- ing all he could to advance the agricultural interests of his Stide. I'(ditically. he was a Democrat. He was a Royal Arch Mason, and a Past Noble Grand of the 1. f). O. F. January :2(t, 185',), Mr. Richmond married Miss Sarah .lane Whitley, daughter of A. II. WHiitley, an Oregon Pioneer of 1H46. Thuy had six children, namely: Susan Nettie, wife of H. .1. Ellis, died in her twenty-second year; Alice E., married ,1. H. Townsend, a lawyer of Dallas; Minnie is the wife of .1. M. llolman, a business man of Salem; Mary E. is now Mrs. Otlu) Williams, her husband being engaged in business in Dallas; and Tlioiiias G., .1 r., and f^dward C, who reside with their mother. Mr. RichmondV death occurred very sud- detdv on the morning of July 15, 18S)2. Leav- ing home that morning in usual health, he went to bis farm. While glutting ov(M' u fence 't gave way, and lie fell backward and was in- stantly killed, the fall dislocating his neck. The blow was a severe one to his wife and chil- dren, and also to the people of I'olk and adjoin- ing counties. His remains were followed to their last resting place by the orders he loved, and of which he had bcaii ,\h honored member. Fully 200 Masons > •! Odd Fellows attended liis funeral. Tlier, ,\:u: ^•lO carriages in the procession, and many p.v sins .'ollowod on foot, all wishing to pay u list tribute of respect to this honored (dtize.i. 1^ "i=^ » '■ )|=:i i-» ?AMES 13. PUTNAM, State Librarian of Oregon, is one oftlie most cajiable officials, and is entitled to a space in this history. In giving a sketch of his personal career, it may be mentioned that he was born in Law- rence county, Missouri, March 15, 1857. His grandfather, Henjamin Putnam, immigrated to Missouri from Tennessee, in the early history of the country, and there reared liis son, Newton Putnam, tile father of James H. Newton i'lit- nain was a soldier in the war of the Rebellion, and rendered the cause of the Union valiant service. He marri(iii Miss Nancy M. Stockton, a native of Polk county, Missouri, and there were born to them seven sons aiwl a daughter, James I), is the third-born. The family remained in Missouri until he was tifteen years of ago, and then crossed the plains to Oregon, arriving here 11 .S72. The father purchased 200 acres of land ■'1 Polk county, which he has since occupied and improved. Mr. Putnam was educated in the Willamette University, and afterward engaged in agricult- ural pursuits which he followed until 1882. Ha was operating a threshing machine, and met with an accident which resulted in the loss of his right arm. In February, 18S,5, he was elected State Librarian by the State Legislature, and has since had the honor of being elected four terms in succession. He was united in marriage in 1885 to Miss M. A. Wait, a native of Oregon, and the daugh- ter of T. B. Wait, a pioneer of Oregon. Of this union tlvo children have Iteen born. Mr. Put- nam is a member of the A. O. U. W., and is a charter memljer of the Sons of Veterans, being the tirst Captain of the order in Salem. He ig 121)0 llIsrOIlY OF OKEGON. a stniipli adherent to the principles of tlie Re- piilijiciiii party, ami is one of the most otiicieiit otfifiTrt ever elected tiy that body. The li- brary in liis cliarife contains 17,000 volnines on the subject of law, the wliole l)eiiig fys- teniaticaiiy and earefnlly catalogued. Mr. and Mrs. i'utnaiii own a pleasant homo in Salem, wliere they are livinir. with their family, in the (juiet enjoyment of the acenmnlation of years uf industry and patient toil. -Si.^ ■ms^'^^^' \l. V. M. KOBINSOX, the leadin- phy- sician of I'eaverton, NVashinirton county, Oregon, is a uativt? of this county. He was born on the ilth o. Febrnarv, 1S4S, and is the son of James P>. Robin.-on. who was horn in J'ennsylvania, in 18(K), at a place which is now within" the city limits of 1 hilii(lel|)hia. The Ifobinsons are of Gernnin ancestry. (i rand- father John Itoltinson was connected with tin? marine service of (iermany. lie caiiie to America, and settled in Pennsylvania in 171)0, and in that State his fan)ily were reared, the Doctor's father being the oldest child. When a young man the latter removed to Iowa, and married Miss .Melissa 11. Warnei', a native of York countv, Tennessoe, l)orn in IMS. In the East one child, a daughter, was horn to them, whom they named Amanda, and in 1S47. with his wife and little daughter, he crossed the plains to Oregon, making the long, tedious journey with oxen. They arrived at their des- tination in Decemlier. At the Dalles they left their teams and wagons, and came down the river in boats, coining lirect to Washington county, and taking a ilonation claim, two miles and a half northwest of where Hillsborough is now located. Here Mr. Robinson built the log cabin of the early pioneer, improved his land, and spent the rest of his life on it. He -was an in(lustriou;> and honest man and a prosper- ous farmer. Ilis death occurred .luniiary '•', 11S57. Roth he and his wife were members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, hut liiter in life she became a Methodist. She died on the 4th of March, 188fi. The Doctor was their second child, and was horn not long after their arrival in Oregon. Tlicy gave him the name of Francis .Marion. He was reared on the farm, near Hillsborough, and was sent to the primitive little ecliuuihouse, two miles and a half from his home. lie re- menibi'rs Harvey Scott, now editor of the Ore- goniaii.as one of his early teachers, l/nter he went to the Pacific University at Forest Grove. Then he tinned his attention to medicine, .and studied under the instruction of Dr. .loseph Royee, of llillsborongh, later with Dr. Teale, of Unnitilla county, and in 1885 he gradtiated in the medi- cal liepartuient of the Willamette University. The following year he ci>inHienced the practice of his profession at lieavcrtoii, where be has since remained, nieecing with excellent success and enjoying a wide and remunerative practice. He is thoroughly identitied with the interests of this jilace. lias invested in real estate, built a nice cottage home, and is a partner in the mer- cantile firm of Robinson it Davies, doing a general merchandise business in Heavert.on. In 188'.). October 20, Dr. Robinson married Miss Lottie A. Danks, a native of tlie State i f Wisconsin, born in lSti9, daughter of Augustus .V. Danks. They have one child, Xeilie Melissa, born duly '27, 1800. The Doi^tor is a member of the 1. O. O. F., and also of the Masonic, fraternity, being Past. Master in the latter. He is in national politics a Republican, but in county matters votes for men and measures rather than party. lARTlN ROl'RINS, an ()regou pioneer of 1852, and a wealthy and etiterpiising farmer of (llackainas county, dates his birth in Indiana. April 18, 183S. He was the fourth- born in the lamily of ten children of Jacob and Sarah (Spillmati) Rolii)iiis, nativiM of Kentucky. In 1852 the Robbins family catne overland to Oregon. Their journey was made in safety; hilt, when they n^ached the mouth of the Samly on the Columbia river, two of the sons, Theo- dore and Aaron, died of mounrain fever. The father purchased a farm on Salem pr.iirie, where they resided tor a nnmlH>r of years. He is still living, liaving attained the ripe old age of eighty-three years. The mother died in iStJ"). Four of the sons and three of the daughters still reside iti Oregon, and are among the most prominent people ot their .■ounty. Martin Rolibins was fo;irteen yt'ti's of age when he landed in Oreiron. In 1802, when he became of age, he went to eastern Oregon, and ;4''T*i:;'k_* UlUTURY OF OHEOON. 1201 ;>iiie. lie ru- r of the Ore- Lviter lit! went iji'ove. Tlien e, and studied .'pli Hoyce, (if !, of Ullllltillll in tlie iiiwli- B University. 1 the practiee vhere lie hiis elleut sneeess itive practice, tlie interests astute, bnilt a •V in the mer- cies, (h)ing a ieaiertoii. iisoii married the State ■ f ■ of Angiifitus Kiilie Moliiisa, e 1. (). (). F., y, heing Past ional politi('a ers Votes for coon pioneer enterprisiiiff >ty, dates his He was the children of ns, natives of e overland to e in safety; of the Sandy e sons, Theo- 1 fever. The )raiiie, wln-ie lie is still old afft- of lied in ISH"). le danirhters jng the iriost years of auje <()2, when lie Oregon, and "tl eiigaiied in the stock businoss, and for ten years Kiic(!e88fiilly carried on operations tliei'o. Re- turning at the Willamette valley at the end of that time, he purchased 720 acres of land in Clackamas county, and on it he has since re- sided. He built a nice residence, made other substantial improvements, and to-day has one of the liiiest farms in the county. In 18()5 Mr. Robbiiis married Miss Rose A. Thonipsoii, who has b- cm a resident of this State since 1852. They have four cjiildren; Kffie E., (Jilbert H., Herbert ^I. and Roselynn, all at hijme. Mr. and Airs. Robbins are active mcinbcrs of the Cxrange. Politically, ho is a Democrat. tA. IIAMPY, institutor and proprietor of the Harrisburg i3ank. was born in Carl- <* ton, frreene comity, Illinois, in 1832. His parents, Philip and Oatharino f Davis) ilampy, were natives of South Carolina, subsequently immigrating to Carlton, where AFr. Uamjiv e! gaged in the mercantile business and was alsi' quite prominent in piildic life, serving one term each as Clerk and llecorder for the county, and eight years as Postmaster of (Carlton. After the death of his mother, in 18311, R. A. Rampy was reared by his aunt, Sarah Davis, and re- moved to Ailains county. Remaining with her until twelve years of age, he then struck out for self-support, jjerforminj; the lighter duties of farm work until more mature, when he engaged in driving stage for John E. (!reghton. Govern- ment contractor. In the spring of 18r)2 young Rainpy started for Oregon, as helper to A. J. VVigle, and drove his o.\ team l^rom Adams county to Oregon City. The train numbered about sixteen Wiigons and seventy-five people, and tliongh there was some sickness in the train, Mr. Rainpy came through without acci- dent or inconvenience, considering it a very coMifiiitable trip. Arriving at the Dalles, the peoiiii. went iiown the river to the Cascades on a flat-l)oat, and tl ■■ itock were taken down the trail. At the uioiith of the Samly river they again took to their wagone and drove to Oregon City, arriving there September 22, 1852, having Iwon live and oneiialf months on the journey. Mr. Rampy iirst found occupation in hauling logs to the old sawmill .>n the (Mackanias river, driving live yokes of oxen, and often wading waist deep through mud and water; and subse- (jiKintly to the san'mill on I.a Camas river, in Washington. Hen; he woi'ked and passed the summer in rafting lumber down the river to the Columbia. In the fall of 185)} he was taken sick and went to Portland, where ho was soveial months in convalescing, and by the time his health was restored his money was gone, and he was dead broke. He then returned to Oregou City and passed the winter with .J. T. Hun- sicker, lieing too weak for hard labor, he at- teiidef 1 •■ he built his brick bank building on ,iier of Second and Smith streets. In .i v, 1888, he insti- tuted the llarrisburg Hank, and engaged in a gen- (Mal banking business. He owns 100 acres of land three miles east of town, and has other valuable property interests in both acres and town property. He was married, in 18(35, to Miss Sarah E. .Johnson, daughter of Dr. Gabriel Johnson, pioneer of 1853. They have had two children, Walter Millard and Cecil Orilda. Walter Mil- lard died at the residence of his parents, .(anu- ary 18, 1803, of typho-inalarial fever, at the age of eighteen years, four months and twenty-six days. From' the llarrisburg paper we quote the following: VM'i lIlti't'OHY Oh' OHEOuy. i I'll i 1i "Our city now mourns tlw deatli of Millard ]kamf)y. The reluntlef !* messeiiffer, Dontli, whose tiat none can chiiiij^c, has chosen for his maris one of onr nohlcst voiinir :nen. lie is taln(l. It is certiiiidy reasonable to helieve that Ailllard was met on the confines of the country acros.-. the river by the whole outpost of guardian angels, who would safely conduct him to the haven of rest for which the ifood deeds of his vonnrs, and the coriu't band, of which de- ceased was an etlicicnt member, attended in a body." Mr. Uampy is a Republican in politics, and has served his party its Treasurer ot the city for one term, and for many years as Councilman; is also a trustee of the Harrisburif Land Com- ])any, aiui one of the directors and treasurer of the Ilariisburg Water- Power Company. He is one of the active and enterprising business men of Harrisburg. ILI-IAM J. RICK, District Attorney of Columbia county, is a luitive of the lilue (irass State, and dates his birth neiii' Olive Hill in Carter county, July M, IStU. He was the son of Benjamin .1. and Lucinda (McClnrg) Rico, both natives ot Kentucky, the paternal ancestors formerly from N'irginia and the maternal were of Scotch-Irislr e.xtraction. Our sul>ject was the tirst-born in a family of ten children. His collegiate c^'.I2. When the partiu-rsliip ceastnl Mr. iJice located at St. Helen, where he has estab- lished a lucrative practice, and purchased a fine property. Mr. liice was appointed District At- torney in June of that year (18',t2). He owns pniperty in the Chehalem valley, consisting of inO acres with forty under cultivation He has ten acres in prunes and two in a general variety of fruits and, in addition to his home property, he owns vacant lots in the city of I'ortlaiuJ, and in Highland i'ark, all of it very valuable. Mr. Rice was united in mairiage at More- head, Kentui^ky, to Miss Sallie i arey, March 1, 1S85. She was the daughter of Jiulge and Permelia \. Carey. Hon. James Carey is a well-known and jirominent gentleman, of More- head, Kentucky. He sefveil the Federal Gov- ernment during the liebelliim with the rank of (Jolonel. He also particij)ated in the Me.xican war with (leneral. Scott. Mr. and Mrs. Rice liav(! but one child, (,'ar(*y L.; another, Kdney I'., having died in infancy. Ill STORY OF OliMaoX. 1203 j)()litic,s, iind t till- city for i'oimuilinan; Land Corn- treasurer of )an_y. lie is msiiiess men et Attorney lative of tlie e8 his l)irtii Illy ;{, 18«4. iiul Lucinda entucky, tlio rirgiiiia and I- extraction, 'ainilj of ten studies were anvjlle, Vir- 3ar lie began '. VouTig and nitted to the 1885. lie ir years, and Washington partnersliip ill practice ) cea6«l Mr. le has estab- liiased a fine District At- ). lie owns :on6isting of on. He has leral variety ne [ir()()erty, 'ortland, and liiable. ge at More- ?y. March 1, .iudge and Carey is a an, of More- 'ederal Gov- 1 tiie rank of the Mexican I Mrs. \l'u-e >tlier, Edney Mr. llice is a stanch and steadfast Repub- lican, and takes an active interest in political issues. He is prominently connected with the K. of P., also St. Helen Lodge, No. 117, I. O. (). F. and the order of Foresters. Mr. Ilice'e parents are still living, and reside upon the same Kentucky farm where he was born, as was his mother before him. I?-,^AY11) J. KILEY. — Among the prosperous and enterprising bu>iiie8s men of Dallas, Polk county, Oregon, who have done much to promote the growth and development of the city in which they reside, may be found the gentleman whose name heads this article. David J. lliley was born in Boston, Massa- chusetts, in 1853, son of F. J. and Bertha ((Tfeon) Uiley, the former a native of New York and the latter of New Jersey, but reared in New York. Grandfather Robert Riley came to the United States from Nova Scotia. F. J. Riley was a machinist by trade, led an honorable and upright lite, and died in 18U2. His wife is h. Duriiiir the six years I hat he had it he made a cdearin^'on it, anil at the end of that time sold it for j(iJ,(IO(), His ne.\t venture was in the mercantile line at ^^onticello, where he remained until 1870. While he was engaged in farminir, the first thinii he tried to raise was ven-etahhs, which he sent to the mines. Then he found that hay was a paying crop, and he has the credit of taking the first scow load from the Cowlitz country to the harracks at \'ancouver, and he received $20 a ton for it. In 1871 he went to Forest Grove, to be near the Pacific I'niversit}', as he desired to give his children the ailv.mlages to he ob- tained in that school, lie tirst purchased a one- half section of land between Cornolins and Forest (xrove, hut later sold it and ])nrchased seven miles southwest of Forest (irove 500 acres. On this property he has been engaged in raising hay, heavy work horses, and also Hereford cattle. In all the enterprises of his lil'i^ he has been a success. This success he has ac(iuired by the most jiersistent industry and honesty. lie has also taken a deej) interest in the growth ami improvement of Forest Grove, and to aid the town has taken stock in the cannery and electric light plant. lie was nnirried on the 10th day of Movem- her, 1857, to Miss .Mary .Vnn Ostrander, of Missouri, and a daughter of Dr. N'athaniel Os- trander. I'bey came to Oregon in 1852. Four children have blessed this union, of whom three are living. One son, liarnett Y., became a lawyer, and is now nianajijing the farm; Charles O. is in business in Tacoma; and the daufjhter, .\iina E., is now attcMiding the Pacific Univer- sity. .Mrs. Roe is a mcndier of the Congregational Church. Mr. Kue has always lieen a Democrat in |)olitios, but is a man of a great deal of char- acter, and vot(^s his own ticket. Il(^ has never comuicted himself with any of the societies of the country. In 185() he was elected to tlu^ Washington Legislature, and in 1874 was elected to the Ore- gon Legislature. In both instances he distin- guished him.'ielf by the clearness of his political opinions. In 1872 he built a very pleasant home in' Forest (irove, where he has since resided. It is a jileasant jilace that these worthy pioneers have built, and where they enjoy the comforts that their honest efforts have secured. f.VSPEIi RICIvAItD, one of the successful farmers of Lane county, living near .Inne- tiun City, Oregon, was born in Davidson county. North Carolina, March 15, 1S22. II is parents. Peter and Susan (Kijiley) Uickard, were natives of the same State, but in 18iJ5, immigrated to I'ike county, Indiaiui; there the father reduced a wild tract of land to a state of cultivation, and also engaged in the blacksmiths' trade. Casper Rickard remained with his par- ents until ls47, but during the latter years of hi- lesidence at home he had independent aj^ri- cuiiural and milling interests, lie was mar- ried in Pike county, Indiana, March 25, 1847, to jMiss Catherine Ivinie; he purchased a farm after this event, and lived on the place until 1858. lie then sold out, and with two wan-ons, seven yoke of oxen and hfteen cows, he set out to cross the plains to the Pacitic coast, as cap- tain of a train of seven wagons. The latter part of their journey was most laborious, as they opened their own trail, much of the time traveling in the river bed. At the end of eight months they arrived in the Willamette valley; the whole company had suflfered from illness, and the oldest son of Mr. Rickard had died. Much of the live-stock perished, and it became necessary to ])nrcha8e an extra yoke of oxen to complete the journey. .Mr. Rickard located in Benton county, twelve miles south of Corvallia on a claim of 825 acres; he followed farming and stock-raising for twenty years, and added other lands by purchase to the amount of 1,000 acres. About the year 1875 he removed to Lane county, and bought a tract ol 562 acres of land, which he has since increased to 700 acres: 170 acres are sown to grain, and the place is well stocked with sheep, cattle and horses. Mr. and Mrs. Rickard have four surviving children: Jasper, Susanna, wife of Ferdinand UftiTUliy OF OliI'J(!'>.\. 1205 Tracer; Ainiimla J.,wifeot'.Junies Calvert; Sarali A., wife of Alexander A. Foster. Mr. llicluird is a member of . I unction City Lodge, No. 5(), A. F. A; A. M. Politics liave claimed little of luB attention, but tlKiij^li lie lias attained the allotted three score years and ten, he still takes the active management ot his estates. fll. oil!. AN DO I'. S. PLl'MMKU, is one of I'ortliind's higlily res|)ccted business and jiroits.sional men. lie was born in the State o'f Penn.^ylvaniH, April 13, 1836. His father, John B. I'luminer, was also a native of that State, the family originatintr in England, from where they emigrated to New England with the Puritans, settling at Newburyport, Massachusetts. 11 is grandfather Plurnnier, mari'ied a Miss AVard, a daughter of General Ward, who fought in the Revolution. The Doctor's father married Miss Elizabeth Craig, of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania. They had live children, all of whom are living, the Doctor being the youngest. He was reared in Mercer county, Pennsyl- vaiua, and was educated in the Greenville Academy, and received his medical education at the Jelferson Medical College;, from which he graduated in 1857. He practiced his profession for five years in Illinois, after which he came to Portland, Oregon, in the summer of 18^)8. He came to Oregon in the interest of the telegraph company, the line having just been established and connections made with California. Dr. Phiinmer did popularity, and, without doubt, has a bright future before him. ISAAC W. SMITH, secretary of the City Waterworks, of Portland, was born in Sj)uttsylvania c(Minty, Virginia, in 182B. llev. George A. Sn)ith, his father, was of En- glish descent and was a noted clergyman of the Episcopal Church. He officiated for a number of years at Norfolk and Alexandria, Virginia, and died at the latter place at the advanced age of eighty-tive years, lie was founder and pro- prietor of the Southern Churchman, which is still being published at Alexandria. His wife, < )j)helia (Williams) Smith, was born in (hilpoper county, Virginia, where her ancestors, English people, had settled in 17~0. Her gi'andfather. Captain Philip Slaughter, served the ('ontinent- al army for eight years, during the {{evolution- ary war. It was on the Slaughter plantation that the battle of Slaughter was fought between Generals Poi)e and "Stonewall" Jackson in the late war. Mr. and Mrs. Smith had eight chil- dren, seven of whom are still living, Isaac W. being the tirst-born. The sul)j(H't of our sketch was educated at the State Military Institute at Lexington, Virginia, where he graduated in 1848, " Stonewall " jack- son being one of the |)rofes8ors. After complet- ing his education he was appointed by Presi- dent Polk as Second Lieutenant of the Voltigeur Regiment for the ^Mexican service. At Vera Cruz Lieutenant Smith was connected with the detachment of Alajor i-ally and engaged in a running tight while marching toward the city of Mexico. At Cordova he was taken ill and confined several months in the Castle of Perote. Then returning to the States, he was placed in the recruiting service and stationeil at Haiti- more. At the close of the war and disband- ing of his regiment, Mr. Smith returned to his profession of civil engineer. In 1853 he joined the United States Engineer Corps, under charge of Lieutenant Williamson, and with them came to the Pacific coast to make the Government survey of the Southern Pacific railroa/'' OJlKiloy. 1S07 Mexico. Ill 1870, lie ivtiirned to Oregon hihI WHS eiiifftgod upon tlui Nortlierii I'licitic, railmiid Ix'tweeii tlie Culuiiiliia river iind 'racouift, mid laid otf tin- site of tim preaeiit city of Tacoina, lioforc a iioiirtC whh erected there, lii lS71-'72 he i)uiit the steanilioat ioclis at Oregon (Jity. He was next employed hy tiie Doiniiiioii (iov- eriiinetit in inaKiiiii; a wiirvey of the Fraser river. Tlien going to (!alit'ornia, lie wan ap- pointed a member of the Hoard of State Railroad Cotninissiotiera, and served two years. lie aft- erwardserved two years as chief engineer for the San Fnincieco Ilarhor Gonimissionerfi. Hetnrning to Oregon, he was an|)ointed As- sistant chief engineer of the Northern Pacific railroad, and located the lines across the Cas- cades to Tacoina. In lSS5-'86 he snperin- tended the coiistrnetion of the waterworks at Tacoina, ilanuary 1, 1887, he canu' to Portland as engineer for the City Water Company, in bringing the water from Bull llun to this city. That work, however, was delayed, and in the meantime he was appointed Superintendent of the City Waterworlvs, which fills. position he now tON. WILLIAM SAVAGE, a prominent business man and farmer of Polk county, and an ( )regon pioneer of 1845, was born in Oswego county. New York, in the town of Mexico, September 18, 1826. His father, (ribson Savage, was born in Onei- da county. New "\'ork, July 15, 17U6, his an- cestors having come from Ireland and settled in America at an early day. (ii'andfather Joel Savage enrolled himself in the lievolutionary army when seventeen years of age. He fought in the battle of Saratoga. Afterward he was captured by the Indians, was made to run the gauntlet, was saved and adoj)ted by an Indian woman of influence in the tribe. He had been wounded several times. After being held a captive about a year, he was taken by the En- glish to (Quebec, and at the close of the war was »M\t by the English Government to Boston. Gibson Savage married Ester (Joit, whose an- cestors it is supposed were originally (Termans. Several hundred years ago, however, they set- tled in Ireland, and from there emigrated to America, coming here during the early settle- ment of the colonies. Mr. and Mrs. Savage had four children, three of whom arc living. One daughter died in 1815. One son resides in lierrieii county, Michigan, and a (.'aughter in Mexico, New York. Mr. Savage at the age of five years lost his father, and when sixteen left home to make his own way in the world. He went to Findlay, Ohio, where he clerked in a store, taught school, and later served as clerk in the Treasurer's otlice. In 1845 he worked his way across the plains by driving loose cattle for Colonel Tay- lor, of Astoria. They left Independence May (), 1845, and made a pleasant trip, arriving at the Dalles September 27, and at Liniiton Octo- ber 17. There were four or five houses at Linn- ton then and only one house where Portland now is. ^Ir. Savage worked on the Cohimbia a good deal that winter, helping emigrants down and doing any other work he could get. That winter he helped to build the first sawmill in Yam Hill county, which was known as the Hubbard mill in Moore's valley, and which was burned down the tbllowing year. In the winter of 1846-'47. he worked for Dr. Sitton, and later went to the Uinpqna valley on an exploring ex- pedition. In 184U, lured by the discovery of gold in California, he went thither and was en- gaged in mining cm Wood creek and the Mokel- umne river. Sickness caused his return to Ore- gon, but after his recovery he again sought the gold diggings i'l California and mined on Chmr creek and Feather river. One morning as they started to work, he and five others, they agreed that the first one who got $100 should buy a bottle of whisky. It proved a fortunate day for them, as several got $100 and one man got $700. With what gold Mr. Savage had secured, he returned to Polk county in 1850, and in the northwest part of the county purchased i]20 acres of choice land, on which he kept " bich " four years. In 1854, July 30, Mr. Savage married Miss Sarah Brown, a native of Illinois, and a daugh- ter of James II. Brown, a pioneer of 1850. They resided on the place thirty years, improved the farm, and reared a family of eight children, all of whom are living, six sons and two daugh- ters, as follows: Edson, who is married and re- sides in Sheridan; Gibson married and living in Franklin county, Washington; James lives near his father: Laura, wife of P. li. Fennal, resides in Yam Hill county; William, Franklin county, Washington; Sarah, wife of T. B. Stone; Daniel, engaged in the stock business in Wash- ft 1808 iijsroitr uF (tUKooN. iiigton; hikI Austin nt home with liiK t'litiier. Mr. Savn^i' iiiai'rieil his ]iresniit wife Dccciiilior ^0, LSS3. Shi) was fonii. riy Miss Mary C Lady, and is a native of Vain Hill comity. A biograpliy of hur fatiior, .laini;» \V. I.,iidy, will be found on another paj^e of tiiis work. The eiiihlren of this union are Kster sind Alta. Mr. Savage engaged extensively in the ntock Inisiness, raising large iierds of cattle, ami from 18(>2 till 187ii he was out with his stock in all kinds of weather, camping wherever night over- took him. In 1871 he went East and drove hack across the jjlains "i/iOO head of cattle. After getting them fairly out on the plains, he drove tlicni tliriMigh in safety with the assistance of only six iiieii. As the years rolled by and pros- perity attended his efforts, he purchased other lantis until he i)ecairie the owner of 1,500 acres. Later he sold oif a portion of his land at a nice profit. Ills farm, now eoniprising 400 acres, IS one of the most valuable in the county. While he has been largely engaged in farm- ing and stock-raising, he has also been interested in various other enterprises. He is the founder anil president of the Dallas City Hank, the first bank established in the county. M. M. Ellis is his partner in the banking business, and is cash- ier. Mr. Saviige has lieeii a loading Ivcpubli- can since the organization of the party. He attended the tirst meeting of Republicans here and helped in its organization. Ili' served two years in the State liCgislatiire, during which time he aided in carrying through, over much opposition, the measures which resulted in the buihiing of theOrjgon Insane Asylum, an in- stitution which is a credit to Oregon, and now contains ."JOO of these nnfortunate wards of the State. Mr. Savage also helped to organize the (irange here, and was Master of it for five years. Such is a brief sketch of one of the repre- sentative pioneers of Oregon. ».^H-^ '" :Slit U)N. JOHN lULEY SANDERS, a promi- nent farmer of Vam Hill county, and an esteemed Oregon pioneer of 1851, is a native of IJlooniington, Indiana, where he was born March 8, 183o. His father. Joseph Sanders, was born in Ken- tucky, May iil, 1812, of Irish ancestors, who settled in America previous to the Kevolntion, in which conrtict they jiarticipated on the side ol the C(donies. (Jrandfatlier J(jhii Sanders, was a Haptist missionary and farmer, and a j)ioneer settler in Kentncky. His son, Joseph, was married to Miss ( !harlotte Kay, also a native of Kentucky. They had two children, Nancy Emaline, now the widow of ^Mr. George Hill- ings, residing in Sheridan; and John liiley, the subject of our sketch. At about this time, the eyes of nnjst of the inhabitants of the cinmtry wen; turned in e.\- pojtancy to the golden fields of the extreme West, of which marvelous tales were tolil. Thus it happened that, in the spring of 1851, Mr. tlosepli Sanders, with his family, started across the jilains. They were in company witli about twenty-live others, who had five wag( lustice of the Peace, discharging his (hities in that capacity with impartiality and judgment. He died in Sep- tember, 18()S, leaving his family and many friends to mourn his loss. His i'aitlifnl wife still survives him at the age of eighty-one, re- nuirkably active and well preserved, and resides on the home claim with her son. She is de- servedly esteemed, by a large circle of acqmiint- ances and friends, for her many amiable and worthy (qualities of mind and lieai-t On becoming of age, the subject of onr sketch purchased lands of his own, but continued to remain with his father on the lionie farm, and now owns, including the homestead, 550 acres of as choice agri(!ultural land as is to be found in the St>ite, and is numbered among tiie most prosperous fanners of tiie county. In accordance with the adage concerning the cage and tlie bird, he jirefaced his marriage by erecting a Inrge and substantial residence on the home property, besides making other valuable improvenu-nis. On March 2'-J, 18(10, he was married to Miss Helen (t. Everett, an estimable ludy and a native of New York State, a daugh- ter of Mr lioughtoii Kverett, an esteemed citi- zen of that State. They had ten children, si.x of whom are liv- ing: Amasa iM.,theoldest son, is now a success- ful business nnin of McMinnvillc; .John liiley, Jr., is a proniineiit merchant of Sheridan; KtHo {{., Dolph li., Joseph \j. and Matthew O. are at liome. In 1^84, the faithful wife and devoted I iti i mother dit'(l, greatly lamiinted t)y all w!io knew her, to whom she had endeared herstdf by her intelligent and praeticaUMiristian virtues, which were heightened by the enthusiasni of a loviig heart. In 188(5 Mr. Sanders married. Miss Nettie IvniLX, of Imliana, a highly esteemed lady, and a warm, personal friend of his former wife and of his family, having lived with them for some years. They have one child, a beautiful little daughter, who is the light of their home, and is mimed Avis L. Mr. Sanders has liei^n a life-long Republican, and was honored by his party in 1S(5."), by being elected a member of the State Legislature, serv- ing witli ability and honor. While a represen- tative he aided in the election of Hon. John F. Mitchell to I he United States Senate. Since 18(54 lie has been a valued and helpful member of the Baptist ('hureli. and assisted in the building of the chundi edifice in Amity, where he has long served as Deacon. Thus is added another illustrious name to that memorable list of noble pioneers which adorns the records of Oregon, who are noble representatives of a noble State, and citizens of one of the greatest nations in the world. fItOF. FRANK S. ROSSETKR, principal of tlie Failing School, Portland, is a native of Marietta, Washington county, Ohio, where he was horn April 18, 18.")8. His father, George li. Rosseter, was a native of Boston, Massachusetts, and a descendant of Edward Rosseter, who came to America in the May- flower. ■ They are a family of ministers and college graduates for five generations in suc- cession. Prof. Rosaeter's father was J'rofessor of Mathematics for twenty-five years in Marietta i 1210 nrsroui of ti/KdoN. ColU'^o, r(>ceivitij; liis deifreiiof IJ,, I). tVoni tlip WcMtciii liucfi've ( 'dllcj^u. lie iimi'iii'(l Miss Eliznlielli I'liirk, u niilivc uf (HiniiL'ctiiMil uiiil tliu daiiglitui' of Ciirti* Clark, wlio (Icsceiulfd I'l-oin an eurly Ntiw Kiiiflainl tiiinily. Tlu-y had three 80118 ami a (hiiij^liliT linmifht ii|) to \eiirn of ma- turity, mid they hw Btill living.. iSoverai of tho family dli'd in iiitancy. I'rof. Kor^^cter, the second so,", irradimti'd at Marietta Col lege in 18T7, and reeiived his df- ;,'ree of A. M. from the tame inslitntion in May, 1(S8((, at whieh time I)r. J. W. Andrews was [iresident of the coilefje. lie was president for thirty-tive years, and is considered one of the most |)rominent educators of the nation. Prof, luisseter was the thirteenth of th(! family who gradnateil at that colleiie. lie siil)8e(iiiently took a course in law, and was admitted to the bur in the Supreme (Jourt in 18Si}. Soon after this, however, he decided to adopt the profession of teachinf;. For the first year he taught dis- trict schools in Henry county, Illinois; ne.\t was principiil of the Kewance (Illinois) High School for two years, and Superintendent of Schools for Stark county, that State, having his otMce at the coiinty eeat, Toulon; then for the next three years he was snperlnteiulent of the Hiawatha ?KaiisaB) schools, and from there he came to Portland, assuming his present position in 181)1. On {'hristmas day, 1882. he married Miss Lnella M. Hrace, a native of Stark county, llli- nois. Her parents were pioneers of that State, moving from Pennsylvania, where their ancc,-- try had lived for several generations. Prof, and Mrs. Kosseter have two children: Myrtle born in 1884; and Ethel L., born in 1886. Prof. Ikosseter i.« a prominent member of the I. (). O. v., being now Past (irand and Past Chief Patriarch, and he and his wife are niein- bers of the First Congregational (Jhurch ol Portland. In politics he is a Republican. Having made teaching his life-work, from the imj)nlse of enthusiasm in the cunseof education, lie is signally successful in all the departments and features of the work. were of Scotch-Irish ancestry, who for several generations have resided in America. On the maternal side tlie deacent was from Wales, his mother being a i'utler. He married, in Illinois, Miss Mary lloovt^r, a native of Indiana, and ol i'cnnsylvania- Dutch extraction. Her father, Mr. Felix Hoover, was iiott«d for being one of the talle^t men in tint Stale of Illinois, measuring six teet eight inches. Mr. and .Mrs. IJaH'ety were blessed with five children luifore they startoil out on tlm ''>th of May, 18oX!, for the great West. They went by team, and crossed the Mis8u\ unci Uial iiiaiiii^L'« tilt! drug 8t(ire, wiiili> Dr. (J, II. Kallcty and Dav LMiiitiiiiie tliuir |iractii'i'. Tlicir driij^ iiiisiiLcss iH till! oldi'st I'diitiiiiiiPim Imniiiess ill tlii'ir liiK! on tlin i-ast sidi-. Dr. CliiirUs II. Kafrcty iiiiirrii'il Mies Ariiiaiida Sitiitli. tlie daiii^litor of ('a|itiiiii .lolm Smith. Dr. Diiv Itaffuty marriiMl Mit^s l'"aiiii_v L'i).5aM, daii^litcr of Mr. A. II. huf^aii, u relative of tlie laiiieiite( jiatriot, HtateBiiiiiii ami soldier, .loliii A. I.oi^aii. riu> cliildri'ii are Harry L. ami liiiof^eno. Tliese brothers have lieeii successful |ihjsieians and hiisinesH men. and have invested, years airo, in city [iroperty in Kast Portland, which has i^rown to be very viiluahle. I.. IIOWLAND, M. D„ LL. D.. V. II. S., one of Oriifjon's most honored [lioneers ^^ and 8ii|n.Tiiiteiident of the State Asy liiiii for the Insane, is of Kiiglish ancestry, some iiieinliers of whom emiirrated to North Carolina before the Uevolution. His father, Judge Jeremiah Rowland, was born in North (Jarolina. lie married Miss l>ucy IJiitler, a native of South Carolina. She was of Scotch ancestry, iiiemliers of whom were eijualiy early settlers of the colonies. Her mother was a Lindsay, also one of the noted old families of the country. The Doctor's parents removed to Tennessee, where there were horn nine children, six of wlioir. are still livinj;. The Doctor's father was twice married, the Doctor beiiig the first child of the second marriage. He was born at Nashville, Tennessee, on the 17tli of September, ISiJl, and was namiMl Levi Lindsay, In 1844, when thirteen years of ajie, he crossed the plains to Oregon with his father, and they settled on a (Jovermnent donation claim, where ho remained, helping his father in the improvement of the farm, where he obtained such practical information in regard to stock and fiirming, as has been of value to him in later life. When eighteen years old he entered into an agreement with his father for his time that he might go to the gold mines, which had just been discovered in (California. The bargain was that lii.s father should have half of the jiroeeeds. He mined from 1849 to 1851 and met with fair success; half of the proceeds were paid to his father, and half he invested in Mexican rattle. Till! work in the gold mines and his piotil on the invest'iieiit in stix'k, gave lii:ii the means with which he obtained his ediicatioii, lie accordingly went to Itethaiiy College, X'irginia, taking the courses and obtaining hi,- de;;rceB, Ho then traveled in nearly cmtv State iind Ter- ritory id' the rnion, teaching in diU'eielit places, in the inean'inie studying medicine. On November IS, 1S5'.I, at Marvin, Alaliama, he was married to Miss Kmma .1. Sandiis. She was a native of Alabama, having been born .May 1, 183U, and was a graduate of Franklin Col- lege, Tennessee. They had five children, of wlioiii four died in childhood. Their sur\ iving daughter, Levia, married ,Mr. Jay ('. Smith, and resides in Salem. After his marriage Mr. Rowland ivliirned to Oregon, where he obtained his medical degree, in the Willamette Lniversity, and has practiced his profession for over twenty years. In 1874 he was elected State Superintend- ent of I'ublic Instruction, in which capacity he served for four years, or until 1878, win n he went to Europi' for two years, attending lect- ures and traveling in I'^gvpt and the Orient. During all his career, the Doctor has been actively engaged in educational iiiterests. He was an ordained ministerof the Christian Denom- ination, and was presiilent of their college at Monmouth. I'olk county, now the State Normal School. He was also ('ouiity Superintendent of Schools, and, in 1800, organized and con- ducted the first teacliers' institute held in the State. Tn 1801? he became the owner of a ranch of 800 acres at the Dalles, on which he has bred many fine horses, for which he has received numerous first premiums. He was an active member of the State Agricultural Socie'.y, of which he was elected the Vice- president. Ho was one of the organizers of the State Insurance (^ompany, and has been its president since its organization. This corporation has met with marked success from the start. He owns some city property, and has done some building, be- sides which he raises considerable blooded stock on his large tracts of land, consisting of short- horns, Holsteins, Polled-Aiigus, and other valuable breeds. In the midst of the many enterprises, in which the Doctor is engaged, he does not forget his connection with the medical profession. In 1874 he assisted in organizing the State Medic»l Society, and has filled many i*r;.,V .rf'.i' lais IIIHTORY OF OREGON. of its i;;!jv^rtr\!it offices, iiipliKliiig that of presi- dent, lie lias represented the Atnericiiii iMedical Assoeiiitioii several tines, and in 1871) attended tlie Ainsterchun (Ilolhind) International Medical Association as a representative of tlie Willamette University, of whose facnity he was for a time dean, he also served this fae\iltj as secretary for several years, and for eiifjit years was Pro- fessor of I'hysioioiry and Micro.-cojiy, and has heen a iectnrer on Hygiene. In.liily. lS!tL, lie re- (•eived tlie ii|)pointnient ot Supei'intt'udent (d' the Oregon State Asylum for tiie Insane, and to this institution and its importanf needs, the Doctor is now ffiviiig the liest efforts of his mature medical I'vidirment and Inisiness exi)erience. and certainly no man is better htted tor this im- portant trust U...n he, the institutinir of which is a credit to Oreiron, as an exponent of its human; sensihilities. He has been a member of the Masonic fraternity since XHhl. He is a lealiio until 18vt4, when she removed to Illinois, where she was marri»»d to Mr. Stephens. There were three children born to them in Illi- U I STORY OF OREGON. 1218 Marcli f), il fii tlie IV lore lie ein- 800. r.odae. No. tlio chapter, ■an. He was iiMH Tlioiiias. ii^ a mail of >ni (Miviiible of the tinii Lima, Ohio, Teriiian ex- iii Ariierica hin father, lurried MiKs in ti'.e liiick- |iiir children, i"r of birth. uul since lie iiadu a study fanned upon iioKt relini)lo en an active ■iteiiier since le is a luein- takes a laud- "lie N.ational file iionor of li iicfifiment. manner, and I and out of ENS is one iitative pio- i'ortiand in ate Tliornas crossed the of Ohio on lie daughter His people and Ohio. , 1821. He is of (Teinian ances- try, and his forefathers were among the early settlers of the Empire State. His father. Isaac Staats, was a merchant for sixty ycNirs in the city of Albany. He married Miss Jane Ann Crolins, a native of New York city. They had ten children, of whom three daughters still sur- vive, and our subject ia the only living son. The latt(M' was reared, until his fifteenth year in Albany. New York, but in 18U5 he emigrated to Fort Leavenworth. Kansas, and was clerk in a sutler's store f Luckamiite. They built a log cabin and lived alone until March 29, 1846, when ^Ir. Stephen Staats was united in marriage to Miss (Cordelia Forct. The hajipy groom was dressed in a buckskin i 1',>U Ji/sroiiy OF ojiKtioA. suit, iiiid it is >mi\ that tlie bride at'terward hc- kiiowiedf^i'd toa friend that she tiiou^lit lie looked '■ f^ooii." Rev. Mr. liallaii |)i'rroniie.| tiie core- moiiy, and Mr. Staats' brother Uaac, and tiie '■ride's fainilv. Vvere ail the guests present. Mr. Staats remained with his i'alher-in-law until l'S47, when they all went with pack animals to California, thinking they wonld like it better tliere. They located in 8)infa Clan county, and Mr. Staats obtained work In the redwoods, and was at Slitter's tort when iece that was testcil, and foiinil to by clear gold, and Mr. Staats has had in liis hand the tirst ounce of gold that was dug in (^'Hlifornia, after that discovery. .Mr. Staats clerked for Sam Brannau on A[oriiioii island, and sold bhinkets to the Indians, at §10 a i)air; that is, he would put ^10 in silver in one side of the scales, and gold dust to raise the beam whs put in the other side, and that was th • price re- ceived for the blankets. While ho was there he made a pil(> of gold for his employer, and re- ceived ten |X'r cent of the l)iisiness done for his wages, lie left there in the fall of 1S48. and he and his relatives returned to Orej^on by water, the passage for himself and wife beinj^ $;500. When asked las reason for leaving California, he says that they hail been sick, ;ind that gold was found in such abundant (|Uantiti('s that they thought that soon it would l>e of n J. E. IIiili- ;e; Chiii'li's reicoii; Lily iM. ami tiu'v Stiuifs died loiii,' period tine (jiapo- iiiiij ahviiys liiiif,'. sill? '1 hill' lii't'ii lli'i- family, nil 1)1' witii t''^, is a well iiadi! iiiKiiy ()ai'ty, aiid has l)een a I'l, in 1^7(}, ' Static r,c(r- rt'i- tor the very widely 'ivsident of lion at any 1 fififiTtain ;i' iiini very '■ prosperous s one of file e eanit) to It'll ill the 1 Ids father, ,' and came •i< years of irried. mihI Bared from a year and fatijei' soon year. Five Ml he was in attendixi lit to sclidol lies Chris- I'M ill 184S. HH-B inein- T was eii- lony liidke H ft \ sever 1(1 fiis wife Our siiliject worked industriously and thus succeeded well. He has added to his land forty acres nior.i adjoininir it, and now has a t'ariu of 1;2() acres, and is coiiBidered one of the most successful I'anners in this vicinity. To our worthy siiliject and wife have licui horn nine children, as follows: Andrew (1, llonry A., Aui:jiista J.; Amelia and Mary twins; and an- otlier |iair of twins died in infancy; Ernest and Ida twins; and Lawrence J. Little Ida died in her secoiul year. In polities Mr. Snydt'r is a Uepiililiean. He lias never joined any of the secret societies hav- injf strictly confined himself to his family :':.A Imsiness. He is everywhere re»7arded as :in up- right ind honorahle citizen. HjAUTLN M. SPAULD^VG, a successful Imsiness man of Fortiand, was liorii in Massachusetts, May 21, 1847, the sou of Cheruhiah Spauluin arisen to atHiience. He is liberal and enterprising, and hat; hosts of friends. ILLIAM SIlAllP, decea.sed. was one of the hiijhly respected early pioneers of Oregon, and it is fitting that honorable mention be maile of him on the pages of this volume. Mr. Sharp was born in Hiitler county, Ohio, December '.i4, 1832, a descendant of Irish an- cestry. Ho was the oldest son in the family of nine sons and four daui;liters of Samuel Sharp, and was reared in Indiana, to which State his parents had moved, and where his father died in the tifty-second y(!ar of his age. In 18o2. at the age ot twenty years, he crossed the plains to Oreiron. starlinif in April, and arrivino; at his destination in ?\oveinber. On tin; Kith id' .No- vember of the following year he married Miss Zobeda Uobbins, wdio was born in Indiana, De- cember It), 1834. She came overland to Ore- gon with her ])afents and brothers and sisters, the family comprising ten children when they set out on the journey. Hut the family circle .vas broken long before they reached their jour- ney's end. 'i'hree of the sistiMs and i; brother- in-law died of cholera on the plains, also two other members of their party, and were buried by the wayside. Three more of the iiobbina family li.ad the cholera, but recovered. K'lfi nrsTOBY OF OlIKGON. i ' l^revions to his mniriaifo Mr. Sharp had taken a (lonation flaiin, wliich was within a mile of where tlie family now reside. On it ho liuilt a little lof^ caliiii. and in it kopt "hac.h" until he brought his young hride to share tlie joys and sorrows of lite in it witli him. After living tlu^re seven years he traded the propi;rty for a farm near it, and two years later traded again, this time tor the present home |)laee, it tine tract of 200 acres. At the time they set- tled here tliis land was all covered with lieavy timher. ^[r. Sharp worked liard to clear and develop it, and in due time ereuted a good frame reMilence and made other imf)r(>vements, and here his family were reari'il. (le was a man of more than ordinary aliility. and in the atfairs of his (lav he took an active part. P()liti(;ally. ''e was a Democrat. lie was elected County (Com- missioner, and during his term of otKce rendered most etKcient service. It was while \\c was in office that the tine bridge across the (/lackamas was built, and the initiatory steps toward the bnildinif of several others in the eountv were taken, lie was an honorable, upris^ht and in- dustrious man. and for his numy estimable (jualities was lu'ld in the highest respect by all who knew him. lie ileparted this life March 2, Of the tliirteeu children con)|)osing the fam- ily of this worthy pioneer, all are living, save one. They are as follows: Alfred C; Margaret E., wife of John Cairns, Seattle, has three children; Mary I., wife of James T. Nfiirphey, Sidney, ^^'^asllitlgton, has six ihildren; Oliver P.: Samuel F.; Minerva K., wife of John Mayes, lias one child, aiul resides near the old home; N'ancy M.; Er. SHELLEY, one of the repre- sentative and leading business men of the city of Independence, hv. been a resident of tlie county for the longest period of tinui of any one in the county, with the exception of Mr. Hill, who is its founder. Mr. Shelley is the senior member of the firm of Shelley & Vandnym. the heading dry-goods establishment of the city of Independeiu'e. Our "ubject is a native of Iowa, born in Fairfield. Se])teml)er2ti, iSin. His father, Michiud Shelley, was a native of Kentucky, born in 1814. He married Miss Lena Mays, also a native of Kentucky, both of whom sprang from families wiio wcu'o early settlers in that State. They had ten i-hil- dren, of whom seven are living. In 1848 they crossed the plains to Oregon, when our subject was two years old, the baby of the family. The family settled on a donation claim, ten miles above Eug(>ne, in Lane county. Hero the unide, ]5ostou, had settled in IS4."). and sent them a glowing ile>cription of the Wiliamotte valK'y. The first winter was a hard one, and this family endured all the privations incident to pioneer life. I'art of the time their oidy article of food was boiled wheat, as the nearest mill was at Oregon (Mty. .Vfter eleven years spent on the farm, Mr. Shelley removed to Monmouth for the purpose of educating his children at the Christian College. He bought property in MoMuionth and resided there from 1S57 to lS7l,and was one of the pioneers of that town. He then purchased liiO acres of land near In- dependeiu'e, where he nwided until 18((!t, and then went to eastern ()regoi> an, where he now reside^ with his children. He has been a strong Republican, and an upright. h()noral)le man. His wife died in 1857, and he has been left alone ever siiu-e. Our si'bject was the seventh child^ and re- ceived a eomnion-school education at Mon- mouth, where lui attended school in the small schoolhouse there. After receiving his erhu^a- tion he encatred in larminii' and raisinir stiu'k, until 1871, wiieii he was entraged as a clerk in the store which then (K'<'U'-ied the coriu'r where he now has his large mercantile establishment. Then there was only a email store there, that containeij n s'ill smaller stock. In 1882 Mr. Shelley was noiuinatcd and elected ("ounty Clerk of I'olk county. After serving his term he retired to Independence, and (Migaged in nu'rchaiidising in partnership with Hon. F. \. I'atterson. In four nuinthi'' time he consoli- n>[iei'ty in oni LSoT to jf that town. LMil near In- til IStJlt. and eiijrafrefl in lie then re- iiles witli his IJepiiMicun, lis wife ilied e ever since. lild; and re- n at Mon- i" tlio small ', Ids ''duca lisiiijr stock, ' a <"lerk in orncr where aiihVJiment. ! there, that. ' 1882 Mr. «1 ('oiinty io- Ilis term ■iii^aged in Hon. F. A. he consoli- • Vandnyni ' A- Sij't' ■iix months I r. Smith's wnt form, and has continned to grow in ])ros])(iritv, until it. is now the largest and most prosperous estal)- iisiiniei't of its ttind :'n the county. The store huildinir that was erected in iSfiO remained until 1881, when it wa< moved off tlie lot and the present edifice was erected, which is 30 x'JU feet, and is one of the best brick liuildings in the city. The busine./<■ oumaoN. iiected with tlie land otKee at Kuroka, Hiiin- holilt coiintv. for twoiity yiMi's. Mr. luul Mrti. Ross art tliii piuviitr of five cliildreii: Frwl; Etiiel and Editli, twins: Vern, and ai'ly .-ettlers of the town, lie was horn in Mnseatiiie, lo'>a, March U. 1S45, and is a son of (ieorije 8mith, a native of Haden, (i(M'many, who eaine to the United States in 18ii'J and settled in St. ], and Mr. Smith was one of the comuiittee to collect it and divide it among the memhcTs. Ill politics Mr. Smith is a Kepiihlican, and served a term as .lustice of the Peace, and has given his fellow-citizens service as Treasurer and (!lerk of the school district, lie is a very intelligent man and well acii of Ueorgo and Mary (Perrin) Smith. Our suhject, tlie sec(Hid in the family of nine cliil- dreii, came to the United States in 1880, locat- ing in Rochester, New York. In ISiJlthe fam- ily removed to Clevehmd, Ohio, in 18H4 to La Porte county, Indiana, and in 1847 Mr. Smith and his brother started across the plains to Ore- gon, leaving St. .los((pli, Missouri, May 2)i, 1847. Of this trip across the wild and barren plains Mr. Smith can talk for hours, as his memory is exceptionally good for f)iie of his ago. After arriving in this State he located near Kufi;ene, wlu>re he took up a donation claim. In 184!) he located a claim at Winches- ter, Douglas county, near Rosehiirg, where, for many years, he was successfully eiifjagt^l in tarm- inc ami stock-raisinir. In .lime, 1MS7. he pur- chased property in llosehnrg, and lu^ now owns several valuable residences in this cityliesides WijB —B88g!^ S~ urnTony of ohegos . 1319 .)•• ii.ul the titlo me of I'ri'Ki- '\w (Colonists Dr. Kffl to liiiii the I'ol- ii ilivi.siou, Kit' WHS iilso 110, and Mr. to colloc't it lilicaii, ii'uJ 'I', illltl llfis I'roasuror u i.-i 11 very wifli tli'o He lias iiict, and lio (' arti.'lt's of pi'il will be ^ articles on ill ( 'hicacro. 8 prill f(«l in 'elve inches new it Imd taken away also H stone family for oy. * pioneer of Ileiilv, Ox- 12, 1H24. a nith. Oiir nine eliil- Hao. locaf- JUthefam- IS;{4 to La Mr. yinith ins to Ore- May 2;{, "1(1 liarreii It's, as his >nc of his !ie located donation Winehes- where, for d in tarin- 7. lie pnr- now owns ;y Itesidos liis own neat home on Douglas and Wushiiifrtoii streets. lie was one of tiie orjjaniztirs of this county, and in 1852 was elected County Coinniis- sioiier, served as .lusticeof the I'eace from 1853 to 1858; was I'ostinaster from 1854 to 1800, at Uinciiester; in 1858 was elected Public Ad- ministrator of Douglas c unty; from 1874 to 1878 served as County Judge, and at the pres- ent time is Inspector of Stock for the county, which position he has tilled for eiiflit years. For many years he served on the School Board, and has a record of havini;; run the best and cheajiest schools ever conducted in that county. Mr. Smith was married, in 1852, to Miss Arotliusa E. Lynn, a native of Missouri, and a dauijhter of Daniel and Annie (Ilaun) Lynn, both well-known nioneers of Oreiron. Our subject and wife have had the following ehil- i Ilepnliliciin, lioiiest and iiid.is- trioiis, quiet and nmissuininri;, Imspitiililo iind fji'iierons, imd iiincii respected and osteeiiiud l)y his followciti/.ons. all of wliii-.li may l>o tnitli- fidlv said of his e.stinial)lu wife, who is one with 'iini ill his ainliitious, and sorrosvs and fares. ^.N'Oi^HW C. SMITH, M. I).~Anionrr tlio youni^ur |)liysi('ians of I'ortland who have rapidly risen into proniineiice. we find the the name of Dr. Andrew C Smith. He wa.s l)i)rn in iiiehlaiid ooiiiity, Wis(;oiisin, July U, l*S5t'). His father, 1'. C. Sniitii. a na- tive of IrelaiKh LMiii^ratef' to .VintM'ica wlien a liov, and was anion^ tlie early settler.-* of Wis- eonsin. He married Miss Klizaheth Tully, daiiiihter of I'rof. Hdninnd Tnlly, of Oavan, Ire- land, who was principal of a celebrated classical school for i)riests. .NIr. Smith followed fanning in Wisconsin until \V>M. when lie came to I'ortland. Orci^riii. Kor s(>\-eial years he was connected witli the river improvements as cap- tain of the Commodore i'eriy. He snl)se(|iiently removed to HI Dorado county. California, where lie is now eiii^.a^'ed in ti.rminir. Andrew C. attended St. .Michael's Collej^e, I'ortland. and complotod his classical course at private schools in California. In December, 187+, he entered tlie I'licitic Medical Colleije, later called (Jooper Medical Colleire, and there jfraduated in November, 1H77. .Vcceptiiifr an a])poiiitnient as .surijeoii in the reo;ular ai my. he was stationed at '"amp McDermott, Xevada, diirinij the IJannock Iinlian campaign, and with Major Mti/ner was in the field throuifli the I'matilla country. He was the medical officer who accom])anied the command of (leneiid Howard to I'riest Kapids diirinj^ the memorable council with Chief Moses and his warriors. .\fter peace was declared. Dr. Smith was sta- tioned at Front I'oiiit, San Francisco, until his discharj>;e. In 18S() he o|)ened an office in Amador City, California, and built up an exten- sive and lucrative ))raetice, wliich he con- tinued until 188s. That year he went to New York city ami took the post-c' adu- ate conrse at tlu* New York Polyclinic. He then extended his ti-ip to Furopeaiid passed oik; year in the hospital in Vienna, aiul in visitinif the hospitals of nerlin, (Glasgow and London. kcturniiif^ to the Pacific coast in September, 1890, he located at I'ortlaml, and in February, 1891, was appointed County I'hysician, which office he still holds. He is a member of the K. of !'.. F(u-ester8, A. O. F. W.. Portland Medical Society, and the State Me..icnl Society of Cali- foi'iiia. Dr. Smith follows a ijeneral practice in medi- cine and surgery, and with his advanced studies and experience, ha.s ra|)idly ac(|iiired a larire practice, which is constantly increasing. ■i^ON. .IKIUvY STONE, one of the pn.nii- i\m\ '"'"^ .V^i'i'ii business men of Oregon, and *;^if (Mie of the pioneers of that State, was lK)rn in ("harleiton. Illinois, June 12, 11^5-1. He".vas the fourth in the family of nine children bom to Dr. John and Perinelia (White) Stone, both natives of Indiana. After the former finished his e;J with his family crossed the plains to Oregon. The family came, via California, where they stopped eighteen months, making the trip with ox teams. .\fter their eighteen months' sojourn in (Jali- fornia they pushed on to Oregon, arriving in the Willamette valley, at the little town of Hethany, where the father remained six years, then removed to Walla Walla, and practiced his l)rofe3sion until his death, which occurred .March, 1870, when he was but fifty years of age. His wife is yet living, residing at Athena, sixty-seven years of age. She and her husband were the parents of nine children, the seven now living are all residents of the State of Ore- gon. Onr subject only enjoyed the advantages of a limited schooling, as he was compelled to look out after his own interests as soon as old enough. His first work was handling sheep for others, and never allowed inclination to influence him in the choice of work, l)iit took whatever presented itself. He saved his money, and soon was able to purchase a tract of land, homesteading in 187^t U>0 acres of good land, which he after- ward improveil, and made into a good farm. He lived on this for twelve years, then sold out his first farm of 200 acres ami again bought, this time a farm of 400 acres, three and one-halt miles south of Athena, where ho now resides. ursrojir of oueoon. 1921 Scploinliei-, I'\)l)nmi'y, <'ii>ii, vvliicli !!• of till! K. 11(1 Medical V of Cull- Here he Imti iiyood and valuable fiirin, on vvliicli he riiiHos grain, devoting all his land to that proihict, havinif an average of 4,500 bushels of grain a year. Mr. Stone was marrie 1 in 1870 to Miss .Fo- sopliine Perinifer, a native of Kansas, wlio cainu to Oreiroii witli her parents in 1877. She is the daiiirhter of John and Car.iline I'eringer. Five children have been born to .N[r. and N[rs. Stone, as follows: Oassie Estella, Stephen Ar- thur, David Taylor, Edward Clitt'ord and one who died. Our subject is one of the self-made men of Oregon, coiiiineneing life as a herd-boy. lie worked his way up from that hjwiy position to beinir one of the Legislators of the State, but has had to work very hard in order to attain such wonderful results. He is still in the prime of life, and now enjoys the fruits of Ihh labors, liarilsliips and early privations. In March, 1802, he received the iioininatioii at the Demo- cratic convention, held at Pendleton, for the lioiiorable office of Ueprosentative of Umatilla county, and in June, of the same year, after a hard-contesteil electi in, with two other candi- dates in the field, he was elected by a handsome plurality, and he will take his seat on the first Stonday in January, 18'J,^, among the law-mak- ers of the capitol. where he will serve his con- stituents to the best of his ability. He served as volunteer in the Indian war of 1878 in this State, and was in the battle of Willow Springs, fought on July ti, that year. Mr. Stone is a member of the Wild Horse Lodge, L O. O. F., No. 73, at Athena, and has passed all the chairs in that lodge. -*« ^m **- fA. STANTON, one of Oregon's respected pioneers of 1852, now a resident of Or- o ville, Clackamas county, was born in Clay county, Missouri, .January 17, 1833. His grandfather, John Stanton, emigrated from Ire- land to Kentucky, and was a soldier in both the _Ilevolntionary aiid Black Mawk wars. Uemar- 'ried Miss Nancy Pealy, and they became the parents of four sons and three daughters. He died in his soventy-Iiftli year,and his wife in her eightieth. He was a boot and shoe maker by occu|)ation, and in religion was a Uaptist. His fourth child, Jerry Stanton, was born in Ken- tucky and reared in Missouri. He married Miss Mary Smith, a native of Missouri, and the daiiLflitiir of .Vndcrsoii Smith, of Tennessee. lie died in Andrew county, .Missouri, in 1847. She also died in Missouri. They hail nine children, of whom seven are still livinir, ,1. A. Stanton being their c)ldest child. Mr. Stanton was reared in Missouri. His father died when ho was si.Nteeii years old, and he was then cast iijion his own r;\sourcos. He obtained work on the Missouri river as a steam- boat hand, and in the spring of 1852 started to cross the plains, having a horse and mule and working his passage. The party with which he traveled were harassed by the Indians, but reached their destination in safety, arriving in Oregon on tlui loth of Octolier. He came to Marion county, and for a time worked tor his uncle, near Silverton. August 29, 1854, he married Miss Harriet Moser, who was born in Indiaiia, September 13, 183ti, daughter of Joseph .Moser, of (Torman descent. Somi after their marriage, Mr. Stanton purchased a farm 1 of 210 acres in Marion county, on which they resided from 1S()3 to 1877. They then bought a place on French prairie, where they lived three years, and from there, after selling out, they came to Clackamas county. Hero they pur- chased a farm of Itio acres, and on it they have since resided. Mr. and Mrs. Stanton have had the following named children: Mary Ellen, who died when two years old; Isabella, wife of William Murry, resiiles at Grande ll(jude; ■losephinis wife of 11. S. Thomas, resides on Butte creek, in Marion county; Jennie, wife fif F. RIackby, die I in her twenty-third year; William Franklin, who re- sides in Clackamas county; Jasper N., who lives near hia father; Henjamin at home; .Viuanda, wife of William Woodcock, lives lujar her par- ents; John A., Willard, and IJlewford. Mr. Stanton is in politics a Democrat. He is a reliable, upright citizen, and a good represen- tative of the ()regon pioneers. g T^Jtft .1,1 ?r, where nuiMV of the company contracted cholera, which was so jircvalent upon the plains that year. A brother-in-law of Mr. Wortman and several other members of the party die^ed two and a half yearit in the University of Vienna and the hospitals of Iterlin and London, Htudy- iiig under the in8triietir)n of private tiitorB in ordei' to make more rapid advanceinent. lie- turning to I'ortland in the fall of IS'.M), he opened an otlice for jreneral practice and, with his hroad knouledfje and piactical exjierii'nce, in liotli UKMlicine and surgery, his reputation as a ekillcii physician was (jiiickly estahlished, and his success achieved from the very start. The Doctor is a memher of the V. & A. M., K. of P. and B. l\ O. E. lie is a frequent lecturer hefore the medical f the following Septemher; tliey had a safe trip, and oidy ono of the company died on the way. The lather purchased '■JO acres of land, on which ho liviMJ one wintn , In the spring he ^dd the tract, and located on another farm of 320 acres of tiovern- nient land; there he huilt a home, and culti- vated the lancl for two years; celling it at the end of that time.; he next purchased (IT' » acres near Macleay. When lliinm il. Smith started out to meet the respiin^ibilitii'- of life, he wa> first I'uiployed hy the month, Inil in Octoher, 1^.")4, lie went to \ reka, Si-kiyoii county, California, and engaged in placer mining; ho followed this business witii lair success for three years, his hest day liringiuf* him #100. He next went to the Idaho mines, where he met with divided fortunes, hut came away with enough money to buy 200 acres of choic(< land in the Waldo Hill district; there he huilt a li -e, improved the laiiy emigrated to Missouri in 1882, where Mr. Scott attained prominence and served his county ' in the State Senate for six years, and was also j elected Lieutenant-Oovernor of the State. With j his wife and six children he started for Califor- i Ilia in the spring of Is-l.'), the train of ox teams I nuniberiug about fifteen wagons and fifty people, 1334 niSTOKY OF OHKnON. Mr. Scott lieinj{ ulfcti'il fiipliiiM (il' tlie Iraiii. After six iiiuiitlis of triiM'l llioy IiiimIoiI iit Siit- tiu'V fort, and passed tiin winter, and in tlio sjiriiif^ of IS4I) sold llieir waj^ons, and uitii llicir cattle and puci< lirrseu went liy Imlian trail to Oregon, direet to Vani Hill eoimlv, and passed the winter with Joe Watts, in tin,' spring of 1847 tliey returned to Lane county, and localtMJ on ti4()acres in the forks of the Willaniette river, and en<;at(e(l in stoek-i'aisinfj. lie iillilt a saw- nill,arid followed Ininherino; for about two years, hut in 18HS went to Calil'oinia, and ndneil very snecesst'ully for a year. Ten years later he re- turned Kast hy wali'i- to purchase sonic tine horses, I'etiirning in the spring of 1859 with ox teams, ten head of horses and two men as help- tira, across the plains. The journey was nuide successfully until they reaeluMi the headwaters of the I'it river, and there they were assaulted )y the Indian^, inunlered, and the stock stolen. lie had been a Ueprcscntative to the Territorial liigislatnre, and in 1H47 he was appointed by President I'olk to treat with the lnt jiroductive farms of this beautiful valley. He paid for his tirst purchase S17 an acre, since which ho has, from time to lime, as his means permitted, added to his original purchase, until he now owns, in one body, 404 acres. His last pur- chase of 188t acres cost him §39 an acre, and the whole is now valued at $75 an acre, and is ■ not for sale. Mr. and Mrs. Scott have three children, all born in Vani Hill county: James Winticld, William and Sarah lOlizabeth, all of whom are graduates of the McMinnville ('olieire, and re- Hect credit on their educators and the State of their birth. Mr. Scott is Democratic in politics, and takes a very great interest in all the officers of the county and in the schools. He holds the office of School Clerk, and, in 1890, received the nomination for County Commissioner. He is a member of the A. O. U. W., and takes a prominent interest in the Cxrange. He and his wife and three of the children are ineitibers of the liaptistOhiiAh, of which church he has been for the last fifteen years a Deacon, and most active in its behalf. Heaided in build- ing the church edifice and also in erecting the college building, both of which are ornaments to the filace, as well us worthy objects of care, diifnsing, as they <1<>. knowledge and i.'orality throughout the conitnuiuty. He has also erected for himself and family a comfortable residence in McMinnville, on iin Htsroiir Oh' (iitKdos. 18'JS •MtilllKMl to !■> Vvllt-li, ill iinty, Ore- I. Ill' riiar- 'lio Ik iilno iiilili! lady. • ■'ii-iii rmnr lii'Of! yoi«rN, wlifch lid 1 vnry oti- ■aiii raiMer. ar^ru yiold Ito Day. ii'in a very it^ pi'fsctnt H' \V( irked •iiiir it and ^' it witli a .riaiii and unt, it has |ir()diurtiv(i lid t'cir Mh 'di ill! has, luTinittcd, il ho now last piir- I acre, and ere, and is ililren, all Winlield, whom are e, and ro- e State of and takes ii"s of the file oUico sived the and takes Idren are ill cliundi I'eacon, in Iniild- i-'tin^ the •nainents of care, i>'orality famil_j' . on iin a attractive Bite, botli hoiiee and siirroiindin^fH !)e- in^f sn^jj^chtive of cidliire and taste. Thus, honutftly and iierheverinj^ly, he haa carved out his fortune from the nafiinil advan- taM;es of this lieailtifiil and productive eommon- weallh,thaM which there was never a more j^dori- ons one in the worhl. In acconiplishini.' this, however, he has never foi'feited the ^ood-will of his nei(^id)orrt, hut enjoys, iindispntodly, their lushest respect and eBteeui. fiCOKGP: W. t^TAVKH.oneof the foremost developers ■'' ;ne ajjrienltiiial husinivss in the j.'r<-.t iSorthwest, a pojudar citizen of Orejron's heautifnl metn. polls, and a compaii- ionahle j^entlenian, wr.s horn in Center county, I'ennsylvunia, in.lSiiO. His parents, I-'rederick and Kehecca (McKesson) Staver, were also na- tives of tlie Iveyetone State, hoth leinj^ de- Bcended from old and honored residents of that State, whose ancestors tijrui'ed in colonial times. IJis father followed ajfricnllural |)ursuit8, re- moving from his native State to Illinois in 1854; and, thence, in 1JS55, removed to (Ireen county, Wisconsin, where he now resides in peace and comfort, after an active and useful career. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools of his native county, and re- moved with his parents to Illinois. ' In ISfil he entered Warren Academy, at Warren, the latter State, where he was scarcely installed he- fore the country was rent with civil discord. Fired with patriotism, he hastened to offer his services to the country, and, in September, 1H()1, eiLlistcMl in the Fifth Wisconsin I'attery, and re-enlisted in ISfi4, nntil the close of the war. His service was in the Department of the Cumberland, and he was enj^aj^eil in the battles at Farmington, I'erryville, Stone IJiver, Chicka- mangii. Missionary Ridfre, and, under (ieneral Sherman, participated in the bottle at Resaca, following that (ieneral on his summer campaitrn, making the final march to Washington, where he took p.irt in the grand review. lie was then honorably discharged, after three years and nine and one-half months of faithfu' .^iid ef- ficient service. On liis return to his home, he becaim a victim of Cii])id's wiles and inarried a tnos' charming lady. Miss Sarah \. Thorp, at Clarno. (Jreen county, Wisconsin, in thinuary, 18tJ(i, of which Stale she wiH a native. Locating on ii farm, he followed agricultural pursuits for alxiut two years; atter which, he rt'irioMMJ to Nashua. Iowa, where he engageil in mercantile business for three yeiirs. lie then returned to Wiscon- sin, locating in Momne, where! he engaged in the hardwMie ami agriiidtural implement busi- lU'ss. the latter of ,\. I. Case & C!o.'h man- ufacture, lie continued to follow this occupa- tion successfully until .lanuary, li^TH, when ho sohl out and entered the employ of .1. I ('as(<, as a traveling sale.rrgoii, as manager of the .1. I.<'nse& j Co.'s au'ency, which he conducted successfidly I for two years. In Febrnaiy. ISSI, he or- ganized the firm of Staver it Walker, pinrhas- ing the agency of J. I. Caso&Co., and adding ■ other lines of goods, until he had a com- |)lete stock of farm and sawmill imichinery, 1 wagons, buggies, etc. With these he built up \ an extcnsivt! trade, established agencies through- out ( )regon, Washington and Idaho, realizing from these various sources a hands(une iiKrome. In 1887 this business was incorporateil uiiasiirer. Mr. and Mrs. Staver have tour intelligent and promising children: Fraiddin, Ida Thor|), .lohu Frederick and Klla Hannah. Mr. Staver is intensely public-spirited, as is witnessed by liis wide and varied coiiiu^ction with nnnerous social, ecliicational, charitable and re- ligions institutions. He was one of the most active organizers of the (xartield Fost, (i. \. li., in which he takes a prominent part. He is a trustee of both the Willamette and Portland Fniversities, being elected trustee of the fiu'iner in 1887, and of the latter in 1891, having been a prime mover in the hitter's (U'ganizatioii. As a useful member of the First Methodist Kjtisco- pal Church, has served as Trustee and President of the Board for many years. He was for four years President of the Portlatid Methodist Hos- pital, during which time their new hospital was erected at Sunnyside. For six years he a 'ted as president of the Pacific Christian Advocate, until the pajier was taken in charge. May, 1892, by trie pajier was taken in ci tile Meihodist Conference. laao HlSTOHY OF OHKOON. m I \}m 'M 1 hi ; !;lk: It Ik i^riililviiif; til litiil u MKiii uIki ciiii anil u ill turn iiHiilcfnnn luoiicy inakiiij; tn K*f.ssioiiH tooot'ten i liliiiil (Mir siirjit to tin; greatiii' pD.ssesnioiis lio- voii'l, onlv atliiiimlile l)_v l'iilfilliiii( our iliity to iiiankiiiil ami (iod. fOllN V. STKKFE.Washipl.iiil.kMat North l'(ji'tlaiiil, ouiirt and operates oiu; of the laruent sliip yai'dn of tlio Xortliwost. He was lioi'ii in (ii riiiaiiy in 18-t"^, ami spunt his i;arly youth upon a t'ann. He was ajjpictiticcd to a sliipl)uildcr at Iiiih(!(' to loarii the siiip-cai'- pcnlers' tiade, and after four years of servieo he entered the Prussian navy-yard at Daiitzic, where he followed his vocation until November, ISd'l. He then ship|)ed as carijeiiter upon the (iernian hri^antine Volador tor Alanzaiiithi. but left the vessel at N'alparaiso in .Inly, 1S65, and re-shipped iijion the Aineriean iiarze Dolphin f'.)r l^altiinore. lie next sailed iijion the Anier- iean sliip t'owpor for Japan, and, after visiting the important |)orfs, he returned to the United States with ;iS4C!hiiininen, who were landed at ISan I'Vanciscii in .lune, 18(i8. Mr. Steffeii then followed his trasels upon the eoant. The .Vlliaiice. Vrillipan and the tug boat I'ilot are still in active service. In 1890 the (Jeorgia Oaks was built upon Cceur d'Alene lake, in Idaho, for passengei' service. Mr. Steffen was married in I'ortland in 1873 to Miss Laura K. (iallosvay, ami they art; now the parents of four children: Lorena. V.W-a May, Freiiirick K. and Margneriti;. Mr. .'^teflen has taken an active interest in the Masonic fratern- ity, ill wliicli he lias taken the thirty-second degree. For twenty years he has been engaged in the art and industry of shiplniilding. and has carried the business to a high degree of per- fection. A dull season is a stranger to him. and the fact that he is always pressed with work is the best evidenct of his skill and the iiiteir- rity and honesty of his methods. -^'-« ^^^■'T^ ICIIAEL STEFFEN, one of Portland's reliabh" merchant tailors, is a native of the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, born on May 18, 184:4. His father, Jo.seph Steft'en, was born in Prussia, Germany, and married Miss Ann Steffen. a native of (Termany. having his own name liul no relation. They came to the United States in 18;?!' and settled tirst in Detroit, Michigan, then in Cleveland, then in Chicago, Illinois, and finally they removed to Sheboygan, Wisconsin, where he died. They had eight children, tive of vvhtjiii are now living. Michael Steffen was raised in Sheboygan and went to school there, lie learned the trade of tailor in Milwaukee, and .Vpril 3S, I8rt2, re- s|ioiided to the call of President Lincoln for troops, enl'.sting in ('oinpany (-i. iMghteentIi United States Infantry, and fought three years in the Union army. Department of the Poto- mac. He was in the battles of Hoover's (iap, Ciiickamauga and at the siege of Chattanooga, and was one of the heroes of Missionary Uidge, where the good army of the Republic wrote one (rf the most brilliant pages in the history of tlie country and coveveci themselves with glory. Aftin' the battle they pursued the enemy to Kinirtrold. Here Mr. Stetfen was taken with ill-])ox and remained at (Jluvt.tanooga the sn '.mmm^ HH msm. lll.^TiH;) OF i>l;h'ilil\. 1*57 aii'l Ocean 'i.ltcr. Si-a .1111(1. All Millllt'il 1k'- "^^^('ls ll|>()ll Mil tlu' tllfr in isyo iir d'AltMie until till- .'Idkc (if till! wiir. Me cam.' out ol llio j^jifiit >trifi' wirlioiit a ^oratcli, ami was iKMiDca- bly clis{'h;ii'i;t'\: l{t)l)ert.s, the leadinj^ cliitliinj^ lionne of l\>rtlan(l. Since then lie lias cut lor and lirei connected with the most nroinincnt house- c^f Poi'tlaiid. In August. l8iU, lu ii|iened lii« present merchant tailor husines!;, where he has experienced workmen ami a good stock of im- ported cloths. Mr. Stert'en has had lonj; expe- rience in the Inisiness and is reliable, as well a» artistic in his work. lie is liiglily deserving of the nice business that, he enjoys from the best citizens. He wv.s married in 1880 to Mary < >"l)ea of Massachusetts, and they have a d(»liglitfiil home. They have a daughter whom they have named Irene. Mr. StefTen is rather independent in jioli- tics and is a worthy inembei' of the (I. A. li. —rg^i ■m:^^^^^ UTRTIS C. STROXG, M. I)., came to the Northwest Territory, formerly known as Oregon, in lS4rit, and now rejiresents the medical profession us the oldest continuous jirac- titioner of the city of I'ortland. Ili.« father, Judge William Strong. deceased, for inanvyears filled a prominent place in the pulilic alfairs of Oregon and Washington Territory lie was descended in the .seventh geinM-ation from KMer John Strong, of Xortlianipton, Massachusetts, who arrived in New England in ICJO. Judge Strong was born at St. Albans, Ver- mont, July 5, 1817. He was giadnated from Yale in 1S38, and afterward went to Cleveland. Ohio, where lie taught school and studied law. After his admission to the bar he be;;an the Flractice of his ])rofession in this city, where he ived until .lannary, 1850. He was married at (ioshen, Connecticut, October 15, 1840, to Miss Lucrctia Robinson, a daughter of William Pitt Kobinsoii, of Xew Haven. Illinis. In 1849 he was appointed As.-oeiato Justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon Territory, and with his family embarked, in January. 1850. on board the I'nited State:" ship Sup|)ly The Supreme Court was held in those days at Oregon City, then tht capital of the Territory, and upon its removal to Salem Judge Strong and Chief .lustice Nelson declineil to admit the lei;ality of the act, and the court conlinned lo sit at Oregon City. Tli(> judges recei\cMl their share of critieii-m, and e\en abiiNC, but nniin- lained their position with firiiiness and dignity. I and, tluuigli the advoi ite-nf the lemovid linally triiimplied by congressional action, no luu; to- day thinks ot i|uesfii)ning the integrily or abilit\ (if the eonrt I'y the division of the Terr it "ry in ISoJi .linh'e Strong became a eiti/.iMi of Washington Terri- I tory. In 1858 he was appointed (Jnitecl States District .lii'ige for Wasliini,'ton Territory, and reimiiried on the bench until 18(tl. He re- moved with his faiiiiiy to I'ortlaiid in iK*!:.', ami there resided unt;', his death, .\pril 1<», IMsti, i>uriMg the last four years of Lis life he reliii- (]iii;-he(l his professio'ial diitie~. From l.Sti2 until the dissoluf ion o'' the Oivgow •■team Navi- gation (Company he muh its legjii art. Iser. Hu was one of tlie prime •overs is the organiza- tion of the Library Assi^Mrttion of this city, and was for teveral years its vice-president. He was president of the liar .Association during its brief continuance as an active lioily, a position to which he was ent:"lei|, both by seniority and rank in his profession He was an ardent friend of the Indian, one for whom the red muii IwkI great respect and wh'se eoutis«'ls were alwaj* heeded. For two years previous to his death In? lived a widower, his cvcellent wife having been called to the other lite .November '>. iHH-i. They were the parents of eiglii'' chlld.iu'n. two of whom died in infancy: Dr. Curtis C Stroiii:, Frederick K. and Thomas N . lawyer-; Williinii il., Ellen and Caroline, all living in Portland. The Judge's career as a lawyer wa»> a most suc- cessful one, and as an :!dviser his ci>nii-el was highly esteemed. Curtis ('.Strong was bom in Clevehii.d. OL ". December ~!, Is48, but, having been bnmjjht to the Pacific coast during his infancy, his »^rlie>'t recollection is of ( atlilamet. wlnre he lived intrtut fourteen years of age. In 18()2 h* caii.tie to Portland, and attended the city sel«*»l- luitil 1867, when he entered Marietta Cwileijt; at Marietta, Ohio. The president d' rhi» iiistitm- tion. Prof. Isaac j\ndrews, was ;i c<>n«t»ction of the family. He remaine! there until ls('>9, when he went to liutf'alo. .Xew York, ami in 1870 he began the study of ine«licine under tiie jiri^ceptorship of Dr. Milton (r. Porter. He then took two courses of lectures in the medicHJ department of the Fnivers-tj of Ruflalo, and # \^\\^X''i ■n Vi-M HlarOHY OF (iumo\. f! lij .'iffcrwanl c'ltorod Belloviic Hospital .Nfediriil (Uilli'^rc. New York, from whieli \w was j/racl- imti'il ill 187:2. IJctiiniinj^ to I'<]rfiiiii(l Ik- lic- gmi his jinirtirc. wliich lii' lias I'lillowtMl uiiltout iiilfrniptioii. In 1S74 lie WHS Olio of th been horn of the union: Alice, Frederick H., Kohert H. and Stuart II. l)i-. Strong Is a lueinlier of the Masonic order, lieloiigiiig to lodge No. 55, A. F. & A. M. He is one of the directors of the Oregon I'ioneer Association, and is jiresident ol the Coliimhia River Centennial Celehration Siiciety. He is the owner of coiisideralile val- iialile I'eal estate in Portland, and, while he in- vests hie surplus means in this way, his atten- tion is Dover diverters softlcd in tliat State |ir('\iiiu- in tlie licvdlntiiin. He niarriiMl ALi.-.s Mai-y iin.-.-. till! dauiflitcr of the l{ev. AloxaiuK-r li^l^s. Of four cliiliircn horn to tiieni, two survive: Manly Levi, anil I. L.. the hitter heiiif? the cuhjeet oi' tliis bketeli, who was l)orn in thi' sanu' State, and who was the ehie.-t ehild. Ili^ motiier died wlion he was six years old. and his lather mar- ried Miss Mariraret Sclireve. of Illinois. To this union were added nine eliildren, of whom seven are livinir. Ilis father continued to re- side on his larm until the time of his death, and J[r. Smith was reared anil educateil in that State. He learned tlie tnnle of earjienter and cahinet-maker. and in Illinois he euffairi'd in contractino- and huihiincr. Later he was in the furniture liusiness. until the civil war hurst U[)on the country; when the demand for men lieeanie great; in 18t)3, to fill up the hrolicn raidis of the Union army, he enlisted in Com ])any H, ^'iuety-fourtll V\)lunteer Infantry, ami he served in Mi.-souri, and participated in the hattle of S|irinnHeld. He was at the tak- inir of Vickshuro;, was then sent to N'ew Orleans, and fi'om there to Hrownsville, Texas, and as- sisted ill the ca|)ture of Fort Morgan and Mo- hile. They then retired to (Jalveston, and were there when news of the surrender of Lee ar- rived. Mr. Smith was sick in tlus summer of this year, and the result of it was that his hearint; was impaired, and he never fully regained it. When he was niu.ster*^d out he I'c.turned home and resumed his husiness, and renniii.ed there until 1870. In that year he went to Forest Grove, and engaged in contracting and huild- inju;. lie huilt the Ladies' Hall of the I'acitie University, a splendid edifice, and also huilt many of the hest residences in the city and all s Mjirgaret Matl..rs, of ()liiay is a .-uc cessful teacher of music; I'Ved lioss is a clerk in his father's store, and Carrie is at her lunne with her pa.'-euts. .Mrs. Smith, who ha^ he.-n his faithful wife for forty-thiee years, is still livinir. Mr. Smith is a Kepuhlican in politics, and has sei'ved on the City Council, and has hecn ! twice elected to the State Legislature, lie is a charter meiidier of the (i. \. K. Post in l''ore.st Grove, and is also a worthy memher of tlu' Ma- sonic order. He is a valued memher of lie Methodist ('hurch of which he has heen a Trus- tee, Steward, (Jlass-le.ailer, and Sutniay-school Superintendi'iit. He was one of the numher who served on the huilding comniitt(M' when they erected a new church. It cannot hi' said that Mr. Smith has lived for himself alone, as he has heen all his life dtivoted to the hest in- terests of the town in which he has lived for so long. He has made in.'iiiy friends hy his uji- right, honest, manly way of performing the husiness iiitrusted to him. fT. SMITH was horn in Monroe county, Tennessee, in 18;-34-, whei-e his gi'and- » father settled prior to the Uevoltitionary war, and after defending the country of his ado|)tioii against Great ISritaiii, he settliMl to an agricultural life, and lived to the n\>K old ago of ninety-four years. The father of our siih- iect sold out his interests in Tennessee in 1852, and with his family emigrated to (irand Prai- rie, (ireeno county, Missouri, and there engaged in farming, hut was more extensively interested ill the stock husiness until his death. Nine cliildren were horn to this union, P. T. Smith heiiig the youngest ehild. He was rjared upon the fiirin, and early inclined toward the stock husiness, in which he was cliiefly engage'! after reaching Missouri. In )8.");i he was purchasing agent for Messrs. Whitlock & Steward, and. in 18.")4. with a hand of 1,(KKI head of cattle, they set out to cross the plains to California, our suhject heing ont of the drivers, rnd also detailed i.s hunter for the party, thus v orking his way across. The trip was inaile in four monthsand twelvedays, arriving at i h I I'i- laao IlLSTfUlV OF OUEOON. S.-icruim'tito valley, where!, iil'tcr six iiioiillirt in l';it- ti'tiiiii;, tiiestoc'k wiirt Hidi] (ml. Soiiii after liisiir- I'ivnl Mr.Sniitli wont to the mines on nettle Ornfk, Shitstii county, ami in that hjcality lie followed jihicer inininii for ahout four years, witlioiit t-triliini; iniv rieh " leiul." lie then went to the I'rasei' river mines in Uritish C'oliimliia, but lie- eause of tlu! larj^e emir;ration, the rivi^ was ovcr.-toekiMl, prices of livino; were very hio;li, ami sniiject rclMrned to ()ri!i;on. lie then pnr- chii.-iMi l.")t} acres of the 1). S. Sonthmayd do- nation claim near the present town of St. John's Town, and "Misraf^jed in the loirainif business, which he followed successfully for thirteen years, investiiio his savino-s in other lands until 'he owned lt;,0()() acres, 'lie also built 400 feet of dock upon thii river, and I'ngaj^ed in the wood biisliit^ss, supplying the river steamers with fuel. Aliout 1872 he began tradino- in stock, aud starteil a dairy of twenty cows, wdiich was grad- ually increased to sixty cows, and i.s still con- tiiHied under the manaj^ement of his son, Henry W. Mr. Smith is also enijaired in raisiuix horses, and some very choice stock. He has re- duced his lauded interests to 1,000 acres of farm land and rnnge for his horses and cattle. Beside his dock he owns forty rods of valuable water front helow St. ilohn's. He laid (df Smith's addition to the town of St. John's; built his res- ideiute there in about 187(j, aud there he still resides. Ho was married in Multnomah county, in isr)2, to Miss Mary J. Wiude, a daughter of John Wiiide, wlio crossed the plains in lS5;i, and took iii) his donation claim in Multnonudi county, lo the above union has been added nine children, seven of whom survive: Henry W., Fraidi. Sarah (i.. Mary A., Etlie L., Philip A. and hi/zie 1'. Mr. Smith has taken no lively interest in jiolitics. e,\cept to help maintain hon- est elections, and as School Trnateoto aid in ad- vaticiufr ''ducntional facilities. His life has been one of activity, push and entorjii'ioe. and liis success is but the just reward of intelligent, hon- est labor. IWKN SrMMKKS, Lieutenant-Colonel of the First Regiment, Oregon National :ing detained in San Francisco, hec«iise of the ice on the (.'olumbia river,heilid not arrive in I'ortland until February. Not liking the city, ho retnrr»«Ki to I'hicago, but again visited San Francisco, and ther(! (Migaged ii\ a paint and oil manufactory as cK'rk, and remained thei-e until February, MU /iisninr (•!'• (H!h:i,(>\ Vi:n ) their luar- Hiiil tliiiro iifiicliiro ol' to ( Miiciiifo, iioi"ili)iilii>ii 57. wiien ho ■thiM- wiirld. ih-eii. ( )wcii ily w.i^ li/t't. h(iiin;h liiit Ills iiiDthor [i) tlin nt re- ■i, and after 'ingiigud at em Toniies- etly in skir- tho Oonf'ed- St. Louis, 18(55 went care of the 3 northern , 1 S(i5, they in(ii><. Mr. licli he i"ol- len he went entrained in During the U serviee in r the siilfer- stant to tlie etive ineas- e eontra<^ted 1 buildings, and b';ing r tlui ice on in I'ortland he rotnnnxl ancifco. mid II iinu factory Feliriiary, 187'.>, wlien lie reliinuMi to I'nrthiiid, Ore- gon. and foniicd a jiarlner!-iiiii witii iiis iirntlu'i- in-liiw, J.C. ( ''ds, under llie tirni name of ( Hds A: Siiniinei'K. I'iiey rented ii sniall iiilev, 5x:i(l f<'t't, whioii tiiey fitted ii|) with liricl^ front ami tin roof to coiii|ily witii tire ordinance, and llicii e!*tal)li»licd tlie nucleus of their ]iresent lar^e and .successful liiisineHs. Starting witii a stock of common crock(M'y ware, t;lass and laiii|is, lliey kejit abreast of tlie rapidly increasing business, and, in 1882, tliev renteil a store adjoining, 2").\7(l feet, where thev reinaiiiet Lieutenant, .\ Iter the orgauiziition of the com- pany known as tlw; First Regiment, ( ). N'. G., tile Veteran (4iiBrd was enlisted as Company K, of that regiment. In 188.5 Lieutenant Siini- iners was appoiiited lieginiental .Vdjntant of the First Battalion, O. S. M., ami upon the organization of the First Uegiment O. N.(t., in .Inly. 18^7, under the new law. Adjutant Sum- mers was elected Lieutenant-Ojlonel of the First Regiment. ami was una.iiniously reelected . I iilv 9, 1801. In 188t) (%)lonel Sum'mers was elected by the Republican party to the 14fh session of the Oregon iA'gislatiire, and it was through his personal efforts that the bill for the Oregon National (iiiard became a law. He was also instrumental in the passage of the badge bill, wiiich makes it a misdemeanor for an impostor to wear the Imdge or lutton of the (t. A. R. (_!iiloiiel ."^iiiiimers was a nii'iiil' 'r of llie Ti^er Kngiiic Cnnipanv. .No. o, ol the old vidiinteer lire : department and I'or three and one half years I served as tr<'asurer. lie is an active member of I thelieerge Wright i'ost, (i. A R., ami as I'ost Coininander and Di'partineiit Comimnider Las rendered ellicieiit scrvi"e. Thus briefly is summonc(l up the liir,lorv of OIK' of I'ortland's active and enterprising citi- zens, wliiidi should servi; as an exaiiiiile to every strilgi;ling young man, as herein is shown the success which attends faithlul, ciin>eieiit ioils labiir when in'rformed with jieisislent cleler- miiiatioii. iSIU'RV Slim/rZ, -me of the most relia- //KiK ''le and enterprising business men of Dal- las. ()reg. .111(1 wim'il now In- clicap lit >c20() |M!I' Hci't!. Ill his yoiiHi Mr. Sluiltz Ifuriu'il tlic triir- pciitfrK' tnulc, iinil iliiriiig tlii' yi"ii's (.)!' liis rt'si- (li'iicc ill Diillii-i liiif. ii!^ II ciJiitnictoi- mill liuildi'r, lirc'i 11 |iriiiiiiiit'iit tiicliir ill iiilvunciiii; the i)08t iritt'i'i!.-ts of i\w town. Wt.' 1ms Imilt sevural nice rcsiilcMci'n for himself, unci at this writiiiff (!S'.l:i)is liiiililiiii^ iiiiotlu'i- tine one. IIo Iwis iiImi liiiilt mill sold niiiiierons residences. He is ii stockholder in, mid one of the Uiiilders of the imye woiilen factory now beiiii; completed ill Dallas, he having superintended il8 erection. Another child, lOva, was Imrn to Mr. and ^^r8. 8hnltz after their arrival in Dallas. Their uldet-t child, (iertrlide. is now thi^ wife of Frank Seahriiii;, and reside^ in Doiii^ias county, < >re- i^'Mi, (icor^iaiia died in her eighteenth year, njlii i.N the wife of R. 11. Me,('nrf:er, and Kva, of Enjii'iie llavter, tiotli livinji; in Dallas, .lolm ('. is niarrieii and is also settled in Dallas. Sani'ord is married and resides in the eastern [.'ii't of ( M'egon. Mr. Shiiltz is a ineinher of the I. O. O. V. in liotli its hnuiclii's, and in [lolitics lie is a l!e- pulilicaii. .gaATlLVN KOONTS SITTON, who came Wl to Oregon as early as l.s4i{, was horn in Fnltoii, Callaway county. Missouri, Sep- teiiilier 2, l^-J."). His father, Fn.nklin Sitton, was a native of Tennessee, of Seottisli ancestry, who eaine to America early in the history of the colonies. II is j/raiidfatlier. dell'ery Sitt.m, was horn near Nashvillf, Tennessee, and during the Ilevolutiouiiry struggle aided the colonies by forwarding horses to the American forces as iieeiled. AEr. Sit'on's father married ^liss Re- heeca .\iistiii. who was born in N'irginia, and brought up in ivenlncky, the daughter of .John Austin, and believed to be of (ierinan descent, or, at leiust, partly so. liy that marriage there were tive children, only two of whom, however, are now living Mr. Sitton, whose name introduces this sketch, was the eldtfit sou of his father's family. He was brought up in his native State until bis seventeenth vear, when, with two other young men, he started on a tri[i to Oregon, and while on the journey, he. in some unexplained man- ner, attained the .sobri'Tiit, tut! Will yon let a inaii ilieT' He then sent for a boat and Indians, and sent I'rown and Cox to Vancouver, to the care of Dr. Uurkley, where he was taken care of for four weeks, when he had siitiicieiitly re- covered to take care of hiimielf. Cox stayed with him two weeks. The Doctor's charges were o'lv $~0. which he said the recovered man could jii'.v when he was al)le. Mr. Sitton says that too much jiraise cannot be given Drs. ^[c- Loiighlin and Rarkley for their kindness to the iininigraiits. The young pioneers had left their home in Missouri May 2, l84!i, and Mr. Sitton arrived at (;)regon (!ity October 15 following. IHs comrades had been sent, as stated, to Vancouver, and there he ..tood, a big, rjigged boy, bare to his kuees, the legs of his trousers having been worn otf acainst the low brush as he came over the mountains; his animals were lean and worn out by the privati(uis of a long journey; and there he stood leaning against a log, in this great and comparatively uninhabited country, when old Mr. (Jertimin walked up to him and asked, " Do you know Doc. Sitton?" Jle re- plied, "I am Sitton.'" -'Well, then, C(Mne to my house and stay with me." Mr. Sitton thought it would not he right to go without, telling hint that he had no money. The reply to that was; "Never mind; none of us have any money here. Your comrades have beeti here and have been sent back to Vancouver, to the doctor, and they told us you were coming, and to look after you." So they went to the house together; and as young Sitton sat by the lire, n'ith his legs bare to his kuees, a stranger asked : '■ Is that all the pants you have?" Sitton re- plied: ".My other (dothes are at Vancouver.'' The man replied: " I will give you the cloth for tllsTOIiV OF iiliKiluy. lj:i:i u jiiiir if yiin ciiii t;et tlit'iii iimdc;'" iiiiil tlio lady ot tliL' house siiid: "I will make tlicm fur }'oii;" aiul \i\ iiiglit tlie next day lie had his new ti'uuser.-: on; and there was no ehai'ge lor any ol' it! Thin kind-hearted hidy Miiil tohiui: •'My son, you eim go into the jiantry whenever yuil like, and eat all the l>read itrid meat you want. I crossed the plains last y(!»r, and I know how hungry you are." This was in aii- dition to his regular meals, and is told to ^h()W tlu^ kind ot j)eo[)le the early pioneers of Orey-ou wore. Doc. 8ittun could never forget these kindnesses, and they lielped to nuike hiiu tlu> great generousliearteil man he is; and h<( hiis aeciuiiid the reputation of heingom: of the must hospitable. Ills house is open as a hearty wel- cri8s i'riscilla Rogers, a native of Indiana, auddan;;literof Lewis Rogers, an hotiored Oregon pioneer of lS4. They had a teakettle without a cover, a Hudson's I'.ay frying-pan with a long handle; and her parents gave lici' UHHiey with which to buy a coH'ee pot; and with this stinted supply of hoiiseholil goods this worthy yiniii^ couple .-tiu'leil out in life, ha]ipy iti each otlier'.^ love. In the autnnni of iSlK, lured by the discov- ery of gold in ('alifornia, Mr. Sitton went to the niiiics, and remained there from September UTitil i 'hristnias, on the north fork of the .\mer- icaii /iver, iKMUg (piite Blie.c(^ssful; he and two others tcirether took out six ounces id' ifold one day, and in thi^ course of live months Doc had ac- cumulated .<(1, 20(1, with vvbieii he ret urned home, by the way of San Francisco, being fourteen days on the .seta; and ever since then he has re- mained on his farm, raising principally grain, and some cattle and horses. His present home is oil the lands of bis lirst wife, which now is the property of her children. They are about to Imild an excellent residence hiu'e. The .situ- ation is a pleasant one, in which the worthy jiioneers can spend the evening of life — a well- siieiit one. Doc Sitton is not a member of any church, but is a believer in the I'-ible and Christianity, and seconds his wife and the neighbors in their efforts to teach the children of the community the truths of the Bible, believing that tliey will make them nobler and iiotter men and women. He is a Master Mason of long standing, and in politics is a Democrat, but never a narrow oni>. lie has never sought or held oflice, but has de- voted his energies to his tine farm, which has grown to be very valuable. During his forty- nine years' residence in Oregon, his honest and industrloii- life and noiihi generosity have won for him hosts of friends, and every one who knows him speaks well of Doc Sitton, tlie [lio- necr of 1843. The children by his first wife were: Charles E., I)i>rn July 0, 1848, iliod April 111, 1890; Amanda Klle'n, born January 23, 1800, died in infancy; (Caroline E., born October 21, ISol, and married L. C. Rogers; Ora Ann, born Oc- tober 23, 1854, married John McCiillah, and dill April 4,1881; Ella \V., liorn February Ifl, i.85S, died March 9 followini;; Harry W., born August 11, 1859; Noah H., April 29, 18(53; Fred D„ Fehriiay 2;i. lS(i5; Eldridge D., September 23, IHCu. 11 : f ViHi iiiyruuY OH' (i/ih'uoy. .Iiitic ;J2, IHO'.I. tin- I'liitlil'iil and lnvili^ iinil iiiihil^fi'Ml iiiotlicr (lictl, ami Mr iSittcm was Ik; rt'l'l of the wife til' lii> vmitli, .mmI Icl't with ii lar^t,' yoiiMf^ laiiiily to imic fur. On tlic last (lay of .lamiary, ISTl.lu iiiai'iicii Mih. Maiy 1-aiii.tiiliii. llic daiij^fhtiT of Micliacl ami Suna Slifllcy, iionoriMl ( )rfj;oii iiioiieerti of 1848. iMi'h. Siltuii had two I'liildrcii \mm ll.Ll.WI WAU-.VCF T1IA^ FK, ix- (iovi-rnor of the Stiite of Orcffon, is a native of New York Stiite, and was liorn m i.nii!i, l.iviiiirtiton cotinty, of that State, on Jnly 15. 1827. His father (iidcouThayur. was a nativt: of Uliode Ishind. His [ifiternal ^'ran**=- mm'-'^M^4 'IIOMAS THOMPSON, one of Umatilla county's most successful young farmers, fp.v was born in Dundas eonnty, Ontario, December ~il, 18()0. He was reared to farm life and received his educal ion in tlie common .schools of his county. Of the nine children born to James and Sarah Thompson, our sub- ject is the eldest. The father died in .878, but his wife still survives and resides with her son in Oregon. Our subject came to the ITiiited States, set- tled ill Fmatilla county, and as he was a poor boy, hired out for wages, doing whatever came in his way. Finally he secured a position as ■Hi iBiTTiTriiMiiiiiiriniiiiM iiisrour or n/.'/tv/o.v. i-.';i5 forcinaii «if tlio (^niififriictiuM tniiiis. while tlic Ort'f^oii liivnr iV Niivijratioii niilniHii \vii> liciiifi Imilt, coiitiiHiinij; witli tlic cciiiiiiiiiiy Im' two yeiu's, (liiriiiii; wliicli tiiiitt lii^ liml siivcd (mkhi^Ii to purclmt-c ItlO ivcrt'K of Imid, on wliieh lio iiii- iiiLMiiiitely iriovod. In adiJitioii, li(! iTiited oiie- iiall' K(n;tinii of laiiil, adjoiiiiiif; liis rariii, on whicli 111" I'iiist'd wlioat So .-iico.cnsfii! was ho at tliis tliat lu' Wiis soon aldu lo add to his possessions, and now owns 'd'M acres of j^ood t'armintt hind, on whicii heaveniires aliont 0,000 liubhols of wlieat per year. After u ftnv years Mr. Thompson einharkedon u new ventnre, that of horse i)roedin}r and lias become an iinporltM' of (;iv-^>- - ^MEDEP] M. SMITH, the president and manager (jf the Oregon Pottery Company of Portland, one of the largest manufact- uring |)lants of the Northwost, was born in Geneva, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, August 8. 1H30. His father. Freeunm Sitiith, was a na- tive of New Jersey, a inechanic and ship- builder, who, after settling in Penur-vlvania, built the lirst sleimlioal whi(di ran niion the .Monongahida river. His wife was Mai-j^aret llillerbrand, who wa^ a luitive of Marjlaml. In 1842 tlui large family, coiif-isting of laiher, mother and iiiiu^ children, of whom .\ni('(li'(^ was the yonngesl, emigrated to Ceclar Raiiids, Iowa, where .Mr. Smilhengaged in farming and buililing boats suitable for na\igating on tho Cedar river. The last one of these, the lllack j Hawk, was used as a transportation boat on the U])per Mississipjii during th<' war of the Ri'lnd- i lion. Young Smith procured an education ' chicllv by peixMud effort, as schoid privileges j wei'c lindted tgiment, lu^ was musterelfiiuil' iiiiu'liiiu'ry ii'^i'il till' that |iiii'|his(' in tlio Niiithwt'.-t. In l>i7ii. till' tiist main hcwit was iiiiiili', (•isliiijr |iriii('i|iiilly of lo incii pipe. 'I'iiis wiir- phu'uii ill Siiii'k stiuot, Pofthiiid, iiml has now lici'ii in iisu twenty y*""'"- i^iin'i" that liiiiL' Mr. Siiiitli anil his aasoiMatt^s have I'lir- nisht'il nearly all llin s(;wi'i'-|iipi' that has htvn u~ril ill roitlaml lis well as many other towns in Oref^oii ami Wanhingloii, aniiiiintiiif^ to iiiaiiy miles. After siii'cessfully I'linniiii,' the works at Piiieiia \'i^ta for aliont twenty years, Air. Smith, in IfS'M, (ii'fTaniy.ed tlu' Oregon Pottery Coin- |paiiy, with a capital stock of Sod, 000, he. hecom- ilig its pre.-ideiit and manager. New works were built ii: Portland at a cost of ahoiit S()0,0()(). These wiM'ks were soon estalilished on a linn footing, and did a siieeesst'nl InisineBs until ISUO, when the entire plant was destroyed hy tire. With his cliai'acteristie spirit of enterprise Mr. Smith at once set ahoiit to ro-estahlish the works on a larger seale tlinii before. The capi- tal stuck was inereased to S'x 21-34 feet. This is e.xclusive of the wharf adjoining the plant, which is 100 .\ 300 feet in size. The ground occupied by the compiiny is about three and oiie-lialf acres in extent. Mr. Smith was married in .Mt. \'ernon,Iowa, in 181)1, to Miss iMary Iv Spielinan, w ho was a faith- ful companion through the ])ioneer days, but she was called to her eternal home in lfS.s3. leav- ing live childri'ii: Klizalutli, wife of William LI. Ih'itts, of Diilnth, Minnesota; Amedee M., Jr., P.laiiie U., Mary K., and Leiii \\. In iHHl Mr. Smith was mairied at <,'oiinellsvill(>, I'enn- sylvaniii, to .Mis. I'linnia .1. ('oiiller, and they have two children: llaridd S. iind Mildred. The fiimily reside on the northwest corner of Tweii- ty-lirst iiiid Kverelt streets, where he built his home in IHNB. Mr. Smith is ii inember of a number of stn-rel orders, and liasiilwavs taken ii lively interest in moral rffurius. lie has been u member of the .Metlindist Cliiii't'li foraboiit forty yi'iiis, iniieli of tiie lime in an ollieial caiiacity, and is now an olHcial inember of tho First .Meth- odist ('hiircdi of i'ortland. Helms also always taken an active interest in educational niatlers. lie is a Trustee of the Portland University, and 11 Trustee for the iMidowmenI Funds of the Wil- lami'tle rni\ersity. lli! liel|)ed ortjaiii/.e the Porlland Trust Coinpany, of Portland, Oreo-on, and was for several years one of its directors. He is a inember of the Chamber of (Jommerco and one of the most energetic business men of Portlund. f FORGE W. STA(i(iS, one of the young 1 and enterprising; business men of Weston, ^ifV was born in Vam Hill county, Oregon, December 20. 181)2. His father, .Vlfred Staggs, is a native of Kentucky, who married Miss Surah Davis, a native of Afissouri. Mr. Staggs eiiii grated to Oregon in 18r)2 with his brother. They fitted up an ox teiim and started on the long joiiwioy to tho coast. The bi other was taken sick and died. His lonely, unnamed j,'rHve is on the plains, where his sorroiving rela- tives were obliged to leave his remains, among tlie savage Indians. Mr. Staggs was a brick maker by trade, bnt in later years ho abandoned it for the occupation of fanning. He was married in Oregon, and ho and his faithful wife lived together until 1872, when death claimed his own and called the beloved wife to her last home, at the age of forty-two. They had five diildren, and George was the fourth. Only three of these children are now living, two ill Idaho and our subject in Oregon. Gecjrge received his early education in the common schools of Oregon, and was reared on Mil.' farm and to farm work. He loUowc-d that occu])atioi. until 188S, when he went to Weston. lie owns a tine fane of 380 acres three miles north of Weston, which ho continues to farm in (connection with his other bus.ness interests. On this farm ho grows wheat principally. nis/oiir OF oHh'doy. ion III .\iif;il>t. iHiCJ, he cii^i-iir;!'!! in tlic Imiilwiiif liiiwiiifs!- ill Weston, wlici'i' lie ciiri'ics a st(.ci< of sftri.OUO, ciiiir-it.tiiicr of ail liiiiiih of liiinlwarc uml ii^riciiltiiriil iiii|iii'iiitMitH. Ill' iiiit'!4 a i^immI litisi- iiixi fur II iiewciiiiu'r in tlio Idwii, ami, a> lif ix well known anil liked tlironKJiout the entire coiintv. lie will ('1111111111111! II laif.'e tnule in time. Mr. Stiig^jh «ii- niaiiieil. in isTli, to Mis.s .Martha I'inkertDii. tliiiii^liler ot William iiinl Sanili I'inkeiton. Tliin laily in alco a native of < >regon, anil lias liin'iie lier liiii^liiinil t vvo cliililren, naiiiely; Kniery hiuI iSeiiiali. two liri^lit chil- dren, who render happy the lives of their par- ents. M. StaiTffw m a meiiiher of the Modern Wiiiidmen ol the W'orlil, ('aiiip No. 112, of Wet^toii: ali-o a iiieinlier of K. of I*, lie votes tht! IJepiililicaii ticket, and is a tlinronolily re- spected and representative citizen of Oreifon. IK. li. 1). STA.NLEV, u prominent and siic- eessfiil pra',;ticinfi; physician of I'olk conn- ^ ty and a hij^hly respected hiisiness man and citi/en of Uallas, was horn in Indiana, . I line 23, 1«.-)1. Dr. Stanley's father, .losiah Stanley, was liorii in Nortli Caidlina, and was descended from early settlers of the ("arolinas, havini^ orifrinally come from Kiio;land. .losiah Stanley emigrated to Indiana when a yoiiiifr man, and there married Miss Maryaret Ilinkle, a native of that State and a daiii^hter of oamiiel and .Nancy (Storr) Ilinkle. IL.twell H., the subject of this sketch, was their only child. Dr. Stanley lie^an the study of medicine in the otKee of Dr. S. S. (!ani;)iian, with whom he remained one year; also studied under the direction of Dr. PIiel])8. He then took a class- ical course in his native State, irradiiatini; in 1874. After this he went to < 'alit'oriiia. At Diifcli Flat, that State, lie studied medicine in the otHce of Drs. Mariiii \- Wil.-on, and sulise- ipiently entered the medical department of the University of Cnliforiiia. Later, he attended medical lectures in the University of Orcfron, where he took the honors of his class, frraduat- in^ Ajiril 2, 1H88. He then practiced a short time ill Davenport, Washington. In IS'JO he came to Dallas, |)urehased property, hiiilt an ortic", and ut once began the practice of his pro- fession and identified himself with the best, in- terests of the city. His professional career ami corded him (tarmiviUo, thus far has been one of in.irki'd success. While he does a m'lieral practice, he maker, a specialty of treating diseases ot the eye, car, iii>.--e and throat. Dr. Stanley was in.inicd in 1^7^ to .Min* I'liiima Irish, a native of K\ Durinlo county, Califiirnia. Tliev have live .\, of the lirm of Wat.-oii. IliiiiieiV Walnoii, is a repre- sentative member of the bar of Oregon, ir Worthy of the space that has been ae- iii this history, lie was born at Clayton county, Iowa, October 7, 18-11:, and at the age of nine years c.rosned the plains with his parents to Oregon. ^l'"or history of the family, see sketch of his brother, .liidgc! .lames K. Watson.) The tirst winter was >-])ent ill l.aiie county, Init the billowing spring they removed to Uinpijiia valley, in Douglas county, 'riiere l']dvvard 1!. worked with bis father on the farm during the siiinnier seasmi. and in the winter devotiMl his time to his books and the district school. In 18(11 lu; was sent to the Uiiipi|Ua Academy, wlici-e be (Mintiiiiied his studies until 181!;}; lit! then entorcMl tin; I'acilic University at I''orest (Jrovo, and was graduatt'd from this institution with tliti class of I8(')t). He then returned to Douglas county and began reading law with his brother. Judge .1. K. Wat- son, who was then in legal jiracticeat liosebiirg. Two years later he was admitted to the bar; ho located at .Jacksonville, and was closely otrciipied with professional duties until 1872, meeting with merited success. In the yvav just men- tioned he was olecti'd .ludgcof .lackson county, ( )regiin, a position be filled faithtully and with aliility for tour years. In 1878 he was elected (Jotinty Clerk, serving two years in this oltice. IJeing nominated liy the Uepublican party for the otHce of Supreme .luilge. he made a successful canvass, ami was elected over a strong opposing candidate. The first two years of his term he was Associate . I ustice, but in 1882 he became Chief .Instice, filling ihe position with great credit to himself as well as his constitu- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) Y /. y. 1.0 I.I ■^ ■-Its t 1^ 2.5 2.0 1.8 IL25 nil 1.4 IIIIII.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 1S88 UltiTOUr OF UUEUON. eiicy. Uis decisioiiH wen? "lear, ctinciwe and lof;i(;al, eviiiciii}{ a tliomiiirli kiidwleil^o of tlio law. I'jMiii I'ctii'iiifr I'niiM tlie Siipieiiu^ Ik'iR'li, tlic law tinri of AVaiiioii, II nine Ai Watsnii was formed, and an office ojaiiitMl in I'ortland, wliiTc .liulfre Watson lias since residecl. The lirni is made U|) (d' the ahlt^st and most talented gentle )nen-the liar of the State ean prodiiee, and is worthy of thi^ coiitidenee reposed in it by nieni- liers of all professions. rhnli^i^ Watson is married to a most estimalile wife, anil has two interesting; cdiildren. In his home he is surronnded liy all the refininj^ in- flnenees of cultivated taste, and there has oppor- tunity and leiHiire for intellectual pursuits. He is a mendier of the A. O. IJ. W., and of the Masonic fraternity. ^.ON. .lA.MIvS F. WATSON, tlie senior IMJ iu''I"''''''<'' 'Ii*' widely and favoralily known ^^yi law firm of Watson, Hume tV: Watson, came to I'orlland, t)re^on, in 1853. lie was liorn in Duliuque, Iowa, on March 15, 1840. His father, .lames Watson, was horn in South Carolina in 18(32, and at nine years of age, in 1811. n'lnoved to the Teirilnry of Indiana, where he waH at I'ort Kosciusko durini^ the war of 1812. .Vfterthis he removed to I'ikecounly, Missouri, where he married .Miss Kmily A. Franklin, a native of that State. In 18)55 he went to l)ubn(|ue, w'.iere lie was engaoed in mercantile pursuits until 18+1, when he re- moved to (iariiavillo, Clayton county, Iowa, re- maining ihc'e until 1858, thence crossinij^ the plains lo Crefjnn, hringing his wife and six children with him. He settled on Mount Scott, on the North rmp(ina river, si.xteen miles northeast ol Koschurgh, on a ranch of 2,000 acres, which he improved, and where he reside! until the tim3 of his death, which occurred in .Inly, 1871. He was electeil a meinher of the Legislature ii 1802, and to the Senate in 1S()4 and l^BiD; tlic^ family is (if (icr man oriirin and tlit' niinu' was fornit'i'l}' s|iellt'ii iSc'lii'yvi'r. Till' uai'licKt ani-ostorH in tliis oonn'ry came ionji; jirior to the war of the Ivcvdliitioii. Conieliim ..x-riber niari'ii'd Miss Amelia Wal- grove, a native of New York, of Scotch ancestry, ami a family of five children was born to them, fonr t'i'i whom snrvive. Charles W. remained under the parental roof aintii he was eifjhtcen years of age, at Catskill, New York, wl ere ho learned the blacksmiths' trade. Alter he had eerved iiis aj)i)renticeshi|) he shipjicd on board the whaler, ('diaries VV. Morgan, of New Hedford, in 1>S40, criiife(l two years and had many wild adventures and narrow esea|)es from death. Next he shi|)]icd aboard the bark, Kdwiird, of I )artmoiitli, and ten months alter- ward on the Martin, of Nantucket. Tlien he stopped at t'allao aiid worked at his trade for II time, from 1S47 to iSoO, aii'l then came to ('alifornia. In the foUowinj;' autuinn ^l^rv.!) ho came to Oregon, lie was in the employ of tlie (uiverninent at Vancouver troni .Vufjust until .April, and then came to Marion county; he settled on a tarm ten miles east (d' Salem, a tract of ')4() acres of (huiation land; he ma(|e many valuable improveinents and cultivated tlii! place for idifht years, at the end of which time lie exchanged it for a farm of 'M^ acres, this place he occupied eight years and then rented the place and came to Salem in ISIiS. Here he ])urcliaseil two lots and built .. pleasant, attract- ive home, in which he still resides. Me re- sinned his former occupation, which he has fol- lowed continuously since that time. In lSSi3 he formed a |)artn(»rsliip with .Mr. I'olilecard, and a carriage and wagon making de|iartm( iit was added to the business. Mr. Scriber married Misa Mary .lane (iritlith in February, 185 1, -and tla^re have been born of this union seven children, four daughtcs and three sons: Amelia is the wife of Ezra Miller and resides in Salem; iMiima is the wife of Al- fred ('u(dridge and li\es in C^olfax; Jelferson niarrie(l Miss Klla Leonard, and is a resident of I, a (ilrande; ,101111 lived to the agi^ of t'vei;ty-six years, when lu' was accidentnlly shot while hunt- ing; Ada is a graduate of the Willamette I'ni- versity, and is now studying and teiudiingin the Coiise'rvatorv of Music, Hostoii; Charles is clerking in ('olfax; and (trace is a teiichor of elocutiui). Mr. Scriher is I'ast N. i.i. of the {, (). O. F., and has been a (lood Temiiliir for more than twenty years, lie is a worthy member of the (Jiiiiiberland I'rcsbyterian Cliiircli. In politics he has always been an ardent kepublican. He is a man of many sterling traits of cliariKaer, he has always met his obligations |)roniplly, and has been loyal to the interests of his ,,^11 Stale and cdmitv. -S^ ^.*^K5*0^-> fA. I!( MM'IKT, one of the most prominent architects of I'orlland. Oregon, and poii- » iilar as a citizen and man, was born in Canada, in 1854. He was educated at St. Hcr- sae. College, after which he took tiie course in :.ri'liitceture at the (ioveriimeiit school, at Slier- brook^^ When eighteen years of age he mm'MmI an apprentice ship of four years to learn car- |ieiitry, witli A. Adiim, who was one of the leading church builders of the jirovince (d' (^nciiec. .Aft- er this he was for five years with (ieorge W. Crosby, I) prominent andiitect and b.iilder of Kastern township, v here he pursued the study of architecture and construction. .\t theexpira tioii id' this time Mr. Uobert entered into part- nership with Mr. Croijby. in general contract work. During all these years .Mr. IJoberl had attended night school for the piirpo.-e of pur- suing sp(!ci .1 studies with a vii'w of promoting his work. Mr. Crosby was atiiiisliecl iiie(dianic, thoroughly competent in every departmeiil, anii it is to that gentleman's excellent training that Mr. Robert attributes his later emiiKMit success. Their partnership continued until 18S3, when Mr. Uobert went to (Jranby, proviiiee of (Jiiebec, wdiere he commenced biisiiicss alone. Willie here lie ei'ectc(|, as arcliit.'Ct and builder, the tirst g(>s>iiiiier goods factory in that piov iiico, tor the (iraiiby llubberConi|iaiiy, for which com pftiiy he sub8e(|ueiitly did much work; and also erected many other prominent buildings in that locality. In 188() he came to I'orlland to visit his imr- ents. who had come to the Slaf(; in 1878. I!e- coining infatiiiil(.>d with ihe milder climate and attractive siirroiiiidiiigs, be de.'ided to pei ma- ne itly locate here, and accordingly returned to Canada to make his final arrangements, lie then settled in i'ortland, where, without friends or intliience, he commenceil the practice of his business. His first contract was with the I'niied Slates (lovernnieiit, to erect buildings at the ' V-i % I24U IllSTOUY Oh' OUKilOS. Imliiin ti'iiiiiiii^ hc^IiooI, iiinii' Siiltnti. In tlio ca- piicity of architect ami liiiililer lie eii'i'ltMl, duiiiig liis first two and a half jx'ars in this country, over ijlUJO.OtKI worth of lniil(liiii£s, amoiisj which wore St.- Mary's Acationiy, in I'ortlaiul; the lioiuan Catholic ('hun^h, in Salem, and many other liiiil(lini;s of proininence tlirou^'hout the valley. In lSf<7 ho locatcil iti Salem, where he executeil a lari^c! contract on the Statu building!*. While tJK're he was president of the (Jliurchili S'lhh vV: Door Factory, at Salem, ancl was an extensive dealer in Inmher in carload lots, also purchasing for his customers. Ik'sides this lie dealt largely in real estate, in which he was very successful. In ISDO he whs one of a syn- dicate to purchase 7,000 acres of timber land, on which was two sawmills, hut owing to mis- management of the property he became a heavy loser. In November. ISSJl-, he returned to rortlaml for the pur|iose of being in the busi- ness center, and that be might the better lievote liis entire time ami energies to his profession. Mr. Uobiu-t was married in (4raiiby, June 14, 1S77, to Miss Mary A. Cusack, and they have live children: Catherine I).. William L.. Mary L., (MiarlesU. and I'earl M. (lifted with oritrinal and artistic ideas, a sin- cere student of his business, to which he is en- tirely devoted, and thoroughly conversant with every detail of construction, he has, by his abil- ity ami energy, attained the foremost rank among the architects of the State. llIARI.HS SAMCKL TCSTIN, one of tlie nio.'-t prosperous farmers of Yam Hill county, of which county he has been a resilient for forty five years, is anative of Illinois, where lie was born Se])teinber 2, 1845. When but two years of .age, his parents crossed the plains to Oregon, liis father, Charles Samuel, after wlunn the subject of the sketch was named, was a native of Pennsylvania, where he was born in 1818. His ancesters were (iernian, who settleil in Pennsylvania in an early day. (irand- fatlier Tustin and family removed to Illinois early in the history of the State, and here, in 18iJi), their son, the father of our sut)ject, was married to Miss Mary Jarvis. They had four children in Illinois: Marion. Amanda, Mai'vand Charles Samuel. In 1847, Crandfatlier Samuel Tustin and family and our subject's father and I'imily. all crossed the plains to Oregon, to aviiil themselves of the rich tracts of land given by the United States to tlio.s*' who would settle on them. The grandfather took his donation claim near La Kayette, ti4() acres, for himself ami wit'o. The father of our subject bought a siprnt- ter's right to a section of land, located three miles northeast of McMinuville. on which he and his family settled. They remained unin- torrnptedly on their resptictive claims, until 1849, when the gold excitement in ("alifornia was at its heii:ht, wlitin tlufy also wetit to the gold iliggings. The father of our subject re- turned the t'lillowing winter. lie had gotten some gold, and hail purchased a quantity of sup- plies, which were needed by the family, but which, on the account of the high water, he was obliged to leave behind him, in Oregon City, while he rejoined his family, and his goods were BtoliMi. ami the thief never discovered. The grandfather after many operatioiit^. settled at I'etaluma, Califm'uia, where he resided for the re- maiinliM' of his life, and a sister of his, still resides there. The grandfather died in ISlil, greatly mourned by his family ami friends, wlio esteemed him for his many sterling qualities of heart and mind. The father of our subject continued ever after this to reside on his farm. He was a carpentei-, and a man of good morals and abil- ity, and was respected by all who knew him. He died in the midst of his family, in 18(J2, greatly lamented by all who knew and realized his worth. His faithful wife survived him until 1877, when she died, at the age ot fifty- seven years. She was greatly beloved on ac- count of her many practical Christian virtues, and warm and generous heart. The subject of our sketch, who was the eldest son at home at tlie time of his father's death, became the head of the family. His older brother was married and resided in California. He, accordingly, cared for his mother and sis- ters. His father's part of the land was sold to meet his father's indebtedness. In the division of the remaining land, his eldest sister received eighty acres, but she has since died and the property has reverted to the other members of the family. The subject of our sketch now has 245 acres of the old homestead, on which, in 1887, he built a substantial residence, and oth- erwise improved it, greatly adding to its value. The excellent orchard, planted by his father, still atfiirds the family an abundance of the very best fruit, besides which our snliject is raising IIISIDHy OF (iKKdON. I'-'ll considerable grniii, 801110 lio[m, hikI ib also rait*- | ing KoiiU' !»t()ck, including Noriiian-IVrcln nm lioi>e8. Mr. TiiHtin aiid liin sihter, Naiicy KIIlmi, liave ! l)otli remained Hiiigle, anle many lirotliers and sisters wonld do well to emulate. Mr. Tiistin is Democratic in politics, and, for twelve years has served most ethciently as Clerk of his sclio(d district, lie is a promiiieiit mem- ber of the I. ( ). (). K., in the widfare of which he takes a ~.5<) per acre, paying Sol 10 down and gi'ing in debt for the rest, and in a lojr Iiiiu>e on this farm they began their pioneer life in Oregon. As the years rolled by their honc>l iridiislry \\iis crowned with success. In 18(1!) a good frame residenc(< took the place of their primitive log hous«', and Mr. Turner not only paid for his first purchase of land but also added :!()0 iicrcs more to it, making 4t)() altogether. Fight children were added to his family in Oregon, viz.: Annie M. (wlm died in her third year), .lames., Alliert I'., Klla 11., Ilerlicrt T, Susie li., Charles F., and Smith. Mr. Turner's political views are in harmony with Democratic principh's. He and his wife are charter members of the Orange, and he is Past Master of the order. Mr. Turner has iieiii a hiirdworking man bir a number of years, in fact his whole life has been one nf great iictivity. Soon alter coming to Oregon he kept aid ran a large plow, breaking up iiincli of the wild land in this vicinity, and thus bus been a useful I'ac tor in the im|irovenient of this sei'tion of the country. fllOMAS P. \'A1!\VI({ is a native son of llie (iiilden West, born in Sacramento, ^ Califoi'iiia, in ISol ' father. Herman j Varwig, was a native of (iermany, and there i passed his boyhood and youth: afier his inar- j riage he emigrated to the I'nited States, atid spent a brief season in Now Orleans and St. ! Louis before coining to California; in 1850 he joined the emigration train, coming via the Pannina route. He wiis engaged in meicliandis- j itig chietly until ISof), when lie returned lo Sacrameiiio ami embarked in the ^rrocery busi- ness, which he carried on until 1^114; in the i latteryear lie removed to Portland, and is now a ViAi UlHIUtRY OA' OREOUN. p. ; rc-iil'-'it (if flii-^ <'ify. Ili> wmi. TlioiiiHf 1*. Var- wii'. Iii'iriin t(» ciirii liis own hiintMirt at tin; lurc of I'li^vLMi years, so tliat his oiliic.atioii was ac(|ii iced only lliroiif^li jMTsistmit ett'ort. His lirst ex- |H'r-J(iii('c ill tin- cipiiiiiiorcial world was a>> errand ImiV al)oiit lidli'ls and slioiis. At the ao;o of fit'tt'iMi years he mitered the ('ni|)l, to Miss l^)8a Morrow, a native of Washiiiffton, and a dauijhtcr of (ieorife Mor- row, a pioiuMM' of early times. This union has resulted in the hirlh of four children, three of whom survive: Kiizaheth S., Lillian and Susan. The family reside at the corner of Kast First iind Halse't streets, East Portland, where their residence was erected in 18!)1. Mr. Varwig has improved other residence property in the city, lint has given liis best etiorts to his business, which is in every fense a coinj)k'te success. [IM.IAM HATT("HF:TT VAITGHAN. an honored ( )regon pioneer of 1843, now residinj^ on his donation claim on the Molalla river, in Clackamas county, is de- scended from Scotch-Irish ancestors, who emi- grated to the colony of Virginia at an early period in the history of America, whore they were people of wealth and intluerice. His father, James Vaughan, was born ginia, and was there m.rried to .Min in \'ir- 5 .Nancy llattchett, also a native of the Old Dominion, and one of the nine children of Thomas llatt- chett and his wife, n«e (Jhatin. The llattchetts were of English descent. Mr. Hattchett served in the late (-olonial army during the Revolution. He died in the seveiity-fonrth year of his age, and his wife |)asse(l away at the aj;e of ninety- six. After their arriago Mr. and Mrs. Vanghaii removed to Tennessee and settled in Hiitherford county, where they reared a family of thirteen cliildre i, seven sons and six daugh- ters. Of this numerous family only five are liv- ing, three sons and two dauifliters. In 184:2 the family moved to Missouri, where the par- ents resided up to the time of their death. William H., the tilth son in the family, was born ill middle Tennes.see, Januarv 17, 1822. At the age of sixteen, through an elder brother, and the (.'ongressman from the district, ar- rnngoments were made for him to attend the military si:hool at West Point, but his father said " No," and that wa^ a cut deep and wide, as his only aspiration 'v.as blasted. That was the cause of his crossing the Rocky mountains. Heiiig an expert riHeinan and tilled with the spirit of adventure, April 20, 1843, be left bis father's home, in southwestern Missouri, to cross the ])lains to Oregon. He was with the tirst waifon train that ever came all the way through to Oregon. They cut their own roads through the I'liie mountains, siirmoiinting evt^-y obstacle that presented itself. They came by what was called the Meidian route. The way they sc>ded the steeps, forded rivers and made their way over the ntew country, can never be fnlly ap- preciated by the uninitiated. They came by way of Walla Walla and then down the Oolumbia river, arrivingatOregoii City abom November JO, 1843. For a time Mr. Vaughan was emjiloyed at fencing and barn building by the Hudson's. Hay (Company. In May, 1844, he came to his donation claim, sixteen miles soutiieast of Ore- gon City, and was the tirst permanent settler in this ))art of the county. Here, in bis primi- tive cal)in, he kept "bach" for several years. In building his log honse he made it, as far as possible, a stronghold against the Indians, with whom be frequently had trouble. At one time he was attacked by sixteen of them, but by his dauntless courage be succeeded in overawing them, and made a miraculous esca]H'. In the fall of 1847, after the murder of Dr. Whitman, msToiii OF ouKdoy. tS48 Mr. Vauf'lian hroiiijlit Witli li fni lioine in Teiitieswe a tine old Kentucky ritie, ami with it, attt'i' liis arrival in Oreirdii, he dis- tinguished hii'iself as an expiM't hiinlei', beiiiij known (ar and M-ide as the "Kinijof llunters.'" or many years lie lade e Imnselt very iiselul m he volunteered and ^^erved in thi- Cayuse war, unrht, when flu! Ftidiaiis withdrew. Mrs. Vanirhaii's father was also a participant in this war. August 27, 18 47, Mr. Vaufjhan married Miss Susan Mary Office, a native of Missouri, born ■ March;}, 1833. Ilor father. James OHic-. a ! native of Tennes.see, came to ()rej;oii with his i family of seven children in 18lo, and settle(l on | a donation claim, twelve miles south of ( d'ci^on City, where he resided tor a number of years. Her mother died June 14, 1S78, and her father, now nintrty-one years of ago, makes his home with thein. Followinjr are the ini'iies of ,VIr. and Mrs. Vaufjhan's children: Frank White, wlio is married and has eleven children. iesid(!s in the Hig iJend county, of Washington, whei'cHie is en- gaged in the stock business; Isom ('., a firmer in Olackamas county, is niarricMl and has live children; \ancy Virginia, wife of Orcn Cut- ting, Clackamas county, has two children; .Viary Tennessee, wife of (Toorije T. Frazier, Clacka- mas county, hasonecdiild; Viola F., wife of John Stubbs, has one child, and they ntside on thu home farm; Stonewall Jackson, a merclumt at Molalla; Hardy f^ongstreet. a farmer in (!lacka mas conntv; and Susan Florida, John C., Cora K., and W'illiam Officer, all at home. Mr. and Mrs. Vaughan have been industrious jieojile all their lives. They have a fine home and other substantial buildings on their farm, and their landed estate comprises '.((iO acres, iioth he and his wife were reared in the faith of the I'aptist deuoininatiou, and for ten years lu! served as (llcrk of the church. I's defeated. killing off tlu! wolves and mountain lions that had made havoc among his stock and the stock of his neighbors. His hounds and his guns were his delight, and even yet, at the age of seventy, his clioice hounds and his rifie afford him great pleasure, Mr. Vaughan brought with him from tho j Sunny South home tin- warm hearted fi'iendship and [\ir. genial hosjiitaiitv of the trin- Southern g'nfleman. He is oui' of the most widely known and highly estt-emed of that band of brave men and women who came to Oretjon in 1S43. ^ ^-=^©e>^ ^^ fONU.M)S('iIIIl,MFRI('H,on.M,rthesnl. stantial business men of II illsburoii:;!), is a uulivo of (rcrnnitiv. born I)('cemlnT 2lt, 18^17. II '< father and anct'stors were (ierman farmers. He was educated and raised to nnm hood in (iertnany. and was cirafretl and sorveil two years in the (Jerman army. He fought in the war of l8f8-'4!». In 18.")() lu^ came to this coiinlry, laniiiug in New Vork He \vorkeii7.0(fO with him. and came to Oregon, and purchaM' I a far n tliri'o and a half miles south of II illslioi'oiigli. it is 3°.'0 acres of laud, and six ycNirs huer he purclri'^"d a farm .d' iioO acres, 'i'liey have be'ii engaged in raising grain and miki:ig creamery Iniller, aniid Mrc Scliul- iiicriidi in Ftill iiviiifr. Ho is a Miisiur Miisnii, a meiiilier 1)1' the iJuinocratic jiarty, and is a goud saiiiph' of < Jreffon's iiioiiccrs. fll. .lOIlN W'KLCll, one of tlie proiiiint-iit deiitista of tiiL' c.itv of I'orthiiid, was l)orii at Miiioral I'oiiit, Wisconsin, Se|)ti'iiilifr li{, ls3(). His jiariMits, William and .lane (l'ognf diirinir the lead- mine excitciiK'iit in Wiscoiipin, in IH'd'ii, he removed to Mincial I'lfint, and followed mining intcrestK until IHiW, and then movtMl to {!a- iiiiiiudie, Iowa, and farmecl until 18B0, when he with his fon . John started for California, cross- ing the plains with horse teams, coveriiiir tlu' di-tancc lietween the .^^ssollri river to I'laeer- vlUe. Califoinia, in just ninety days. They en- gaged in mininj; and continued in the same for four years, then returned, via steamer and I'unama, to their dear ones in Iowa. In 1863 Mr. Welch again crossed the [)lainB with horstf ti'anis, liiit this time came to ( )rei;on, brinijin!; his family with him, for [lernmneiit settlement. After four months of easy travel tliev landed in (Clackamas county, and here William Welch pas>ed his closing years in agricultural pursuits. John Welch received his acailemic education at the liock Island (Illinois) Seminary. Hebe- gan tile study of dentistry with Dr. W. J. Lau- rence, at Lyons, Iowa, and one year later, in 1857, engaged in practice at Cliillicothe, Mis- souri, and subsequently at Georgetown, tliesame State. In ISB'.I he was married to Elizabeth Clem- ents, at Fairview, Missouri. Soon after their marriage the young couple removed to ('liicago and Dr. Welcii continued his studies in the otiico of Dr. K. CartK>nter, and remained with him until l8tK5 ann (Jity, continued both offices until ISSS, when he purchascil resident properly, corner of Sixteenth and Hast Kverett streets. For fourteen years the Doctor has been lo- cated in I'liion i'lock. corner of First and Stark streets, and followed both operative and me- chanical dentistry. He also carries a stock of dental goods, witli a braiudi stock at Spokane, and supplies tlu> market of the Northwest. Mr. and Mrs. Welch have nine chililreii: William Edward. M. I)., located at rittsbiirg, Kansas; Sterling, deceased; John, Harry, Frank, Catherine, lioiibon, Annie and I'enjamin.' The Doctor is a member of the I. O. O. I'" and with the organizi'tion of the St.ite Board of Examiners he was apiiointed one of the four to constitute that body. He is one of the oldest practitioners of Portland, and is well known and highly esteemeil among his associates in the profession. IILLIAM L. WELLS, Sheritf' of Folk county, Oregon, isanau.eof this State, born in Marion connty, .January 6. 1859, the son of an honored pioneer. Mr. Wells' father, George A. Wells, was born in Pike county, Missouri, in 1830. He mar- ried in Illinois Miss IlenriettaTurner, daught.'r of Laweon Turner. In 1853, with his wife and two children, H. F. and Mary S.(iiow Mrs, W. P. Heviiis), both born in Illinois, he started across the jilains for Oregon, making the journey with ox teams, and after a long and tedious journey arrived at their destination in September. He settled on a donation claim near Falmouth, in Uenton county, where he made improvements and resided five years. He then sold out, went to Marion county, bought 320 acres of laiul at Hubl)ard Station, and made that place iiis home until ISI')?, when he sold out and came to I'olk county. Here ho purchased a farm at Buona Vista, and on it has since resided. Their chil- dren born in Oregon are as follows: Sarah E., wife of H. H. Collins; Maggie, who died in her second year; C. P. and G. A., .Ir., fanners in Polk county; EinnniJ., wife of F. P. (irounds; and William L., the third of the Oregon children. The subject of our sketch was educated in the public schools of his native State. When he became a man be purchased land near liiiena -■■ 't-. *".v .4v;.giajimi/i»'>'*'* /^7/^; <^^^ ^ (J mm ry y^/^t-/^:^^^^, ; ■ - / '■■ ■':•■■> - ■■ ■■■...! \ :•: .•:^: • .MvJ,<:£. A ''J*€-^rt^ '■H.J * I ^-y^y r^ Jitj£. /^ ^7-/^^-^-^-^'- Hisronr uf dhkuos. I •-•la Vitta, 1111(1 uiif^Hgud in i'aniiiiij< and lio|)-nii8iiiir, at wliicli liu lias bet-n \vi-\ sncocsst'iil. In IS^fi lin was elected Arisessur, and in that capai'ity nerved Ids county satisfiietorilv. In Is'Jdlic was elected Sheriff of I'olk cimnty, and in 1S'J2 was elected to succeed hi'nself, and is the present incniiil)cnt of that utfici', provinj; himself a most efficient officer and in every way worthy of the important trust ])hiced in him. Mr. Wells |)iirchas(«l |iro|ierty in Dallas und liuilt the attractive home in which he and his family reside. He was married In 1SS7 to Miss Sarah F. Murphy, a nativeof I, inn county, OrefTon. Her lather, II. W. Murphy, came to this State in 1852. Their two children are Leroy and Klhert. Mrs. Wells is a member of tlie Christian (3hui'cli. Her irriindfather, John E. Murjiliy, was a Chi'istian minister, a missionary, and a jiioneer to ( )re(ji)ii in 1852, he lieiiij; one of the founders of the Mon- mouth College. Mr. Wells is a .Methodist, a inember of tlio 1. (). (). 1'., and in ])olitics has been a Republican since he has been a voter. fAMKS M. ftlLMAX.— All honor t.. the Tacitic coast ])ioneer. Captain James M. (lilman, who came to the undeveloped HcM in her early setthmient, seekinir name, tame and a fortune, in the development of her varied re- sources. Amonj; the California pioneers of 1849. and the Oreffon pioneers of 1852, we find the subject of this sketch, who was born in New Hampshire in lN2ti. I.osiiifr his mother when but seven years oM, he was taken into the fam- ily of an uncle, with whom he passed his boy- hood. Ills talent for mechanism was (tarly develojied, and it was the hei^^ht of his youthful ambition to iiiider.. niid and run a steain-enirimi. This early inclination dominated his entire ca reer. Startino off with his small bundle while tint a lad, he walknl to Charlestown and finally to ^ranchcster, findiiio employment as an ap- {irentice in the threat shojji. of that city. Ilis pay was §14 a month and board. Toward the chJse of his five years he received S2(l. After fnlfillinif his time at tlie shops he turned liis face homeward, anxious to .see his family, lint more anxious, perhujis, to see an old-time school mate who was dear to hie heart. At IJoston his plans chantfcd; the citizens were agog over the oold excitement of California, and meeting; 78 with a company of 1(10 yoiint^ men, each of whom was putting up SHOO, the fund to be used in the |iiircliase ami ('(juipment of the ship, Leonora, to make the trip, young (iilman cast in his lot with the daring comiiany, and set his face toward the I*acifi-|iiiv, Im was eniployed iijxni the I'l'll. which ran to tho l)iilli'8. Discovt'iinu; tlic imiiiniiKU piolitrt (if riavi(j^^atioti on tlic iippci' ('()liiiiil)ia, a rdinpanv "as ornaiiizcil, aii (Jarrif I-aild. 'J'his was Iniilt in the most Biiht^tantial niamier, indeed, witli tlie c.\|H'C'tation that she could run tiie ni|)ids at the (Cascades. This was the heijinnini: of the ()roi;on Steam Xa\ i;,'atioii Company, which is the tits became very i ^reat. anio\inliMj,r to !S1,0()0 a nuintli. Captain ' (rilman remaineil with the cuni|)an\ ir many ■ years, investing; his money in PurtUm I property to goml advantage. lie hnilt the (Tilman House, one of tiie leading iiotels of the city. .Vfter fiv(! years on the coast, ifr. (iilman re- turned to his native town, and niarrieregon and estab- lished the above uame. F., and Ivniglits of Labor. Mr. Walter is a man of plv.gl■es^ive views, and is thoroughly posted on all the topics of the day. .\bove all things ho is a stanch advocate of the e(juality of all men. fOEL W.VItK. Prominent in the history of Lane county, we find tlic subject of tiiis sketch, who was born in Mahoning county, Ohio, in 1S.'}2. His parents. A^;l and Sarah (Crew) Ware, were natives of New .Jersey and Virginia. res|)ectively, and sub.se(juently settled near Salem, Ohio, wliere Mr. Ware engag-d in farming, and they passed their lives in this (juiet way. JoLd was 11(1 content with the lit- that he led with his parents, and in the spring of 1802, pining for change, he started tor California, across the plains, and reached the land of his desire in September, landing at Sa- cramento. He began his life in the new country by bookkeeping and printing in the office of the I>ee, which was started as a Kej ublican gaper, andat Eugene (Mty in 1858. He then en- gaged in the printing business, and established a Ilcpublican papercalled the People's Press, which was reorganized by the party ancl circulated throughout the State. Severing his connection in 18(')1, he entered the Surveyor (Tcneral's of- fice as chief clerk, tilling that position for nine years. In March, l^fi.1, lu' entereil into part- nership with Harrison U. Kiiicaid, and estab- iiisniity (IF (iiiKdos ViM isit t.) teller, lu lias trado )iit)ty. re- iiirino net of lislied tlie Oregon State Journal, and eoiitinmui his cmuH'ction with the jiiiitcr iiliniit a yoar, perfonniiiir, nieunwhili', lii.s duties in tlm survey- or's ottii-e. In 1870 ho was ult^cted (Mork of Lane county on the ltu|)ubli(',in ticket, and tliony:li the county was Democratic, he was elected continuously and tilled that i)o>ifion for twenty years, wiicn, in IS'JO, ii., refused further nomination. lie tiien cnjiaged in a liind-oflice business, in honiestciidini^ and olitainiu:; pat- ents. He has 400 acit^s of land near Irviuij, and a stock and fruit farm in the Mohawk val- ley, with valuable I'csidencc property in Kuijone. Mr. Ware was married in Wiisliinirton Terri- tory, in 1801, to Hlizabetli Cocliran, daughter of James II. ('(xdiran, a ])ioneer of ISaii. Tliey have five children: William, Frank A., Freder- ick F., Mary and Joel. He is a memlier of I. (). () I'".. in(duding the Kncaiiipmeiit, and the A.o. r. W. (UTHUU WAKXFU, deceased, an hon- ored Orei^on pioneer of 185:2, an esteemed _^_ citizen of Oregon City, and a widely and favoial)ly known public man. was the second s(Ui of John (7eublie calamity, as an indomitable champion of universal right was laid low. Members of Multnomah Lodge. No. 1, .\ F. & \. iM. to which he had belonge(| for years, took a prominent part in his obs((|uie8. His loss fell heaviest on those; g(Mitle beings who had been most intimately associateil with bin', and who knew best his wcu'th. Three children are deccase(l : .\lfreil, Surrey and Imo. Annie is now Mrs. .Mfred iving, and resides in Ilwaco, Washington. Two children, Ilideli ami Arthur, reside with their mother on the hoiiu' farm, which the son is mamigmg. Another son, (Jeorge. is a primiinent biisineBS man of Oregon City. He was born August 2(i, 18()7. and was reared on the home farm, attend- ing the public schools, and gradiniting from Armstrong's Ihisiness College, in I'ortland. in 1888. He was first engaged in the salmon canning business, when he afterward I'airu' to Oregon City, and purciuisiMl a haH'-interest in the furniture ent.-i prisi; of Mr. liolman. the firm becoming Hohnan iV Warner. They have met with encouraging siu'Ci-ss. and mic doing a general fnrniiure and uiulert.aking business. Hoth of the members of the firm are eiiterpris ing young men of ability ami integrity, ami have the confi48 ll/STOnr OF OIIFOON 11 II taken II deep iiit('i-o»t, in liK-al ami Stiitu alt'airs, as wi'll an ill tliuPc of liis wliole ("(Hiiitry. Hu in a liij^iily rc-iiiecteJ ineiiiln'r oi' tin- Kniirlits of Pytliias.of which nnhtr ho is Prehit(!. The ahilitii's and i^xaltml ri'iiiilation of tlio futlicr rather oversliaihiw tlio a('ciiiii|)lishiiieiit« of th(f soil, hut a clos*! atialyi^iH of their oliaracturs woiilil show that they iiad iiiiifii in coiuiiioii. Tlicre is the same incisive ju?> W. n. SAMSOX, the prompt and ro- liahle Sheriff of (;lackamas county, * was horn in Somerset county, Penn- sylvania, July 2, 1842. Hia father, Henry Samson, was also a native or' Pennsylvania, of (lernian descent, his ancestry coming to Amer- ica settling in the Keystone State in its I'arly history. Tlu^ grandfather, Richard Samson, was a soldier in the Revolution, and stood the rigors of that trying winter at Valley Forge. Mr. Henry Samson married Miss Ellen Boyle, a na- tive of his own State, and had eleven children of whom six are living; two sons and fonr daugh- ters, all in Oregon. Tho family came to Ore- gon in 185ii. overland, settling in (Uackainius county, on the Mollala river and on a donation claim, huilt a small log house and hegan pioneer life. There was no schoolhouse nearer than Oregon City, and the subject of tiiis memoir did not have the advantages of a school education. At the ago of seventeen jears he could not write his name. He worked with his father until they paid all their delits, and then he went to school. He learned rapidly, anil was quali- , tied to teach school in a snort time. His first school was at (rliul Tidings schoolhouse, and he contiuned there for thirty-five terms! in Clacka- mas and Marion counties. He has a sister who lIlHTttliY OF DIIKdOS. 1249 Mr •iiig: !•:., .Ic niid serv- I ways and tiio iiii'iit M. Imw tuiiglit tiftv-fievni) Ummms; she is now the wife ot' Alluift lloigi'rity, I'csiiliiii; iit Uiiiiitinii. AftiT his coiitimiou.'* iinil biicw^smI'hI toHciiinfr for KO many tei'iiis, liu (filtered into winti'act to carry tho mail hetwi'cn < )remiii City and Wiliinit S|)rings. Tlieii iiu was I)('|iMtv SiuM-iir tor fuur- tuen years, and next was I'loctcd Shcrifl', l)y tiio liOpnlilicans, riinninfj; far ahead (if his ticket. lie served two years and was rt; eh'cted, and lie is now serviiij; liis seeond term, lie lias heen a jiolite. energetie and reliahle otlicer. Ina(hli- tioii to the usual duties of Sherilt' lie has had the oounty taxes to eoileet, and lie has tilled this resp(;nsilile position in a most creditahle manner. Ilis honds are §iJ(),(K)(). Mr. Samson is a mt'iiilier of the Masonic fra- ternity; is j'ast Master, and is also a Koyal Arch Mason. In the 1. <). (). F. he lias passed all tiie chairs, and he is an otlieer and a Trustee of the A. (). U. W, As a voter he cast hia first vote for Ahraliani Lincoln for I'resident of tlie Knited States, and ever since then he has been an active Kepnhlican. Durinj; tho jfreiit civil war he was active on the side ot the Union; was Orderly Serf^eaiit of a company that was organized in ()ref;oii to prevent se- cession at home. liotli his own life and that of his father were threatened at that time. Financially. Mr. Samson has heen successful. He has invested in land, and now lias three farms, iigf^refratiufj; ahout KOO acres, on which are raised irrain and stock. In 18M;{ lie was married to Miss .Iidianna K. I'orter. a native of Oreiron, ami the daii^jhter of Stephen Porter, a pioneer of IN-t? and a man of prominence in his county. .Mr. and Mrs. Siimson have one daughter, named Echo W. V. fUGKXK I). WHITi:, one of Portland's most progressive and enterprising citizens, is a native (d' the State of Oregon, horn in Clackamas county. Octoher KJ, 1S51. lie is a son of the Hon." Samuel S. White (see hist ory elsewhere in tliis volume), and was reared on the tarni his father located in 1845. lie re- ceived his education in the coiiimnn schools of Forest City and Portlaml. and hegaii his hnsi- ness career in the Jatter city in 1S8(). o|ienin^f a real estate, insurance and money loaning otlice, the lirm name heing FeriT i^: White; Inter it was Ferry, White iV Co., and in 18H1 hecaine Kiigono I). White & Co. In addition to this enterprise wlii(di Mr. White has conducted with signal success, he is connected with some of the most important corporations of the city ; he is president of the Citi/eiis" Investment (Company, is president of the Commonwealth Invc-lmeiit Company, is president of the Portland I'nilding iV Loan Association, and is secri'tui'y of tho Portland Railway Conipany. of whiidi lie is also a director. For the past eleven years h(« has heen handling niany of the large additions tu the city of Portland, .\lways loyal to Inmio interests and home enterprise, he has aided very materially in the growth and de\eloprneMt of X\w. city, and it is to men of such hioad, piihlic spirit that hei' present prosperity is owing. .Mr. White was marriei! in lS7li to .Miss Funice (iiltnei-, the oldest daughter cd' .1. S. Ciiltner, of I'orthind, and they have had horn to them one son, Kiigene She liad liueii a faitlifiil helpiiiatu ill every kimihc of the word, working hard wiiih' tliei'c was iitli, Missouri, and Sacramento in 105 days, arriving August 7, following. John met with a painful accident early in the journey, hreakng his leg. but after riiliiig three days.'crutches were con- structed, and upon these lie walked across. They began mining :.t llangtown and were among the discoverers of the big bar on the Cosuiniies river, which subse(|uently proved very rich. Owing to his accident John M. was not able to do iiiueli mining, 8o hired out to drive n ti am between llani;tiiwii itml Sacramento, fur two inonihs. and at the end of thai time leluriuMi lo the mines ami built the lirst cabin at •• Mad Springs" in the fall of 18411. There they spent the winter and his brother William die.l. In the spring of the next year. John boiiohl a leam and dio\(' to Redilin<,f's iliggings ami IhIIhwimI teaming. siili>e(|iienl ly going to San l''rioicisco, where he emliai'keil by ship in .lanuiirv. ISoil, en route for Oregon. Ila' ,ig arrived he pro- ceeded to Mini <'ounty, and built the tirst house in the present town of llarrisbiirg. In J8r)S he went to .losephine coiinly ami engaf,'ed in farm- ing. This occupation he followtvl one year and then returiMMl to llarrisbiirg and puri'hii.-.id an interest with Jack Hall in the old mill. 'I'liey ciirrieil this on until IS(;2, and tliiMi Hall sold his interest to Asa A. M<'(;iilly. hrollicr in-law of Mr. Watcj's. and the new tirni continiieil until 1S77. when .Mr. Waters sold his in- terest and removed to I'rowiisville ami pur- chased an interest in the ISrowiisville Elonr Mill. They increased the capacity by re]ilaciii;; the buhr mill by the roller process. The mill was afterward sold to the wooh^i mill. He then joined the Albany Woolen Mill Com|)any in huililing at .VIbany. where ho still holds inter- ests. Ill ISiil he «as one of a syndicates lo liuihl a 'JO'l-liarrel mill at Seattle, but the eiiter- jtrise was too groat for their caiiital. ami they closed out. Mr. Waters has valuable land in- terests at Merlin, Jo8(*|iliiiie county, besides tinu residence (iropeity at Hrowiisville. He was married in 18.")4 to Miss Klleii Moose, a pioneer of 18o2. Tlu^y have four children, Mary J., wili. of J. |{. R, Moreiock; RiuOicl L., wife of W. R. ( 'artwrif^ht; .loliri and William. Mr. Waters is a member of the blue lodge, chajiter and commandery V. it A. M., and A. O. r. W. -^#' '?•!.•-. A=a_ fllANDl.KR I!. WATSO.X is among the most worthy memherB of the bar of south- ern Oregon. He is a man of nnassuining disposition, and es]ie<'iaily reipu^sts that no un- due praise sliouhl be given him in le produc- tion of this article. While we will endeavor to comply with his recjiiests. there are soiiu' facts regarding the history of this gentleman which, in ;)ur judgment, should be set forth in a work of this charactirr. I '^'>'i lllHTOIiY OF (tUKUOS. Siiicn liiH iiilvciit iiitd the Statu of Orcfjon, III' liiis lici'ii iiiii' iif it-i iniixt |iiililic-s|iirit('il uikI |>iiigi('ssivi' citi/.fiis, fs|iriMiilly in tlii-il(\il(i|iiiin- of iiiiiiin}f rii*inin:i'H nf HoiitlRTii < )i'c(^(iii, nl llmiigli liis cM'iMitivc aliilit)' in iitlitT dc^ntuH lilts lid!!! Iii^lily iMTilitiililc tle and viilnalile pro- ductions of a statistical and historical mitiirc, hut owinir lo liick of space we will not ffo into de- tail in this notice, hut in jnstico to him will stale thai from early hoyhood he has hceii an active and indnslrioiih worker, both montally ami physically. A hrief resiime of his life and various clianires imiy not he amiss in the sketregon in 187~. They have two children: Lilly and Warren. J. SAWTELL, of Molalla, Oregon, is the pioneer and pnjsjjerons teasel-growor |<* sr)2, and the founder and president of the First National Hank of McMinnville, is a native of New lirnnswick, where he was liorn March I'.t, 1827. His father, .lohn Wortman. was of (iernian ancestry, who was l)orn in New Brunswick, and married Miss Rebecca ("aine, a native of England. They had six chilclren, five of whom are now livinir. When the suhjectof this sketch, who was the second child, was lint two years old. his jiarents removed to Ohio, whieii was then a wild and sparsely settled country. Here they resided un- til 1838. when they ai^ain removed this time farther west, to Iowa, \vher with which In procure an ontlit for cri»'.ingthe plains In Ore goii, when tiiiiilly, with a covered wagon and live yoke of oxen, his wife ami eldest (inii, .iolin, who was tliiMi an infant, in eompanv with forty other wagons, he started on the long and ha/, ardons journey across the jilains; nnd with lii> long. o\ whip on his shoulder, he male iiio-t of the journey on loot. Tliat year the cholera was epidemic, and the many newly made graves along the route, where a cuiistanl reminder of the very great risk they were Incurring, and had he not been accompanied by his luinily Mr. Wortiimn would not I'ave undertaken the jour- ney. The eoin|)any were prepared agaiiii-t an attack from the Indians, and statirHliip,iindiUrtMl«Moond store in Koiiton cciuiity, MK'i'tiii^ with imiKt lliilti'ring riii<'c(!i«H in liotli cntrrprixuB. l''illHil}, ill ISHl, lie iciiiovcij to McMillli villc, wiii'i't' ill' lit'ciiiiii' tlic I'lHimli'i' iiiKJ |ii'iii<'i' iiiil owner (if liii' I'iisl Nnfi(pniil itii'ik, tlic tii'Kt ill tile coiiiitv. Niiici' '\\h (■•^tiililii-liiiiciit. lid lm» I II its |iri'Mi>lt'iit iiMii iiiiiniip'i', anil Iiiih Ihm-m of very J»l'Cllt llhslHtllllCC to tin' l)ll«illl'fiS ItMli '.•o|l|. iiu'i'ciii! iiitfi'csth of tilt- (Miiiiity, iiiui iiiiH (lone u liirp- an|i(m| iiikI oIkiw It ili>|illi (if ir)() fl'l!). Ill> JH (f(|iii|i|iin)r llic i|uuri'Y witli ni's. Itn loi'iitinn \»''n\a (inly tliicc i|imi'li'rt lie curved a cciitiT piece, vpui- Ktintin^ till! cniit of urniH of iIk- Slatein' Oreijon, whicli was surrounded liy enilijenis re|ir.'»eiitiiif{ ajjriciiltiire. Iiortienltnre, mining, tlowen*, ferns and {»ra9Bt'n -all d'jHcriptivc of the rcKmirccH of <>rei,'oii. Thin ir. mw of the tineHt Ktones in the ini'ininiL'iit ,Mr. Wooil was niarried in 'I'liidly I'.oiiiitv, (Jalifoniia. in IHIil.and Ijan three cliildreM, vi/.: Frank N.; Klleti, wife ol Williiiin Henderson, (if Oakhiiid, California; and .Vfary, wife of Will- iaiii Pleifer. In political iiiatterH .Mr. Wood is a Uepuli- liean, and is an active worker in the ranks of his jiarty, not however, lieiiifr an office seeker. aAJ()U(iK()K(}K WILLIAMS. a hanker and one of the rejiresentative Imsiness men of Salem, (Jregmi, is a native of Findlay, Ilancdck county, Ohio, where lie v. as born on the 5th of Ajiril, ISSSI. He is the son of Klijah Willi,.ni8, a proniint>nt Ohio lawyer. His mother died when he Wdf (juite y(inii of hi^ rij;ht leg. wliiidi terniiii)ite(| his further servic, in the war. His alteiidants testify that, joined to his pli\>ical pain and siilfering was the mental torture he exnerienced at the ihoiight of his disahilily to further con- tinue in till- service, the cause of which ap peared to him so just, and the success, and linal triumjih of which lie so ardently desired. .\fl(M- four months spent in the hospital, he so far re eoM'red as to he alile to i-eturn to his home, which he did on the 1st of .Nmeiiilier, I'SOi?. After the (dose of the war he ser\('d as .\id (le- Cani|) to (ieiieral Freil .Steel, at \'aiicouver, Wyoiiiiiif; Territory, and performed the same service for (ieiieral L. I!, lioiisseaii and (i'Mieral Ueoriie Crook, I'liili^d States Army. In 1S7T the linn of Willimns iV: F.n^land was formed in .Sulem. and for years they ciiiidiict(Ml a suc(tessful real-estate and money loan in;,' liusi ness. until 189(1, wdien they o|ienei| the li;inl,iiig house of Williams iV Fn^^lnnd. .Major Will- iams was also one of the oroani/ers of the State Insurance Company of < )regoii, Im^Iii;; one. of its directors, and of wdiich he is treasurer. His liusiness experience has heen a veiy successful one, in the various ventures in which he has en^'ajred. .Major Williams cast his first presi- dential vole for tlieilistingiiished patriot, .\liia- liam Lincoln, since wliiidi time lie has faithfully adhered to i\w, kepiihlicaii parly, and feels a just |ii-ide in hi- |)arliei|iation in the electing of such illustrious men as Lincoln. Crant, Oai'iield and Harrison to the first otiice in the land. Aside from his vote and influence for his party, the principles of wliiidi he vigorously espoiisim, he takes no further interest in jiolitical atl'aiiM. lie li.'is the courage of his eonvictiniis. his in- deiieiidence of character being respected alike by friend and foe. He has never been an office- I>i 1236 lUtiTOHY OF OHKGUN. seeker, but Inisies liiinself witli liis own affairs, Imviiifj the I'l^piitatioii of heiiiff h man of excel- lent liusiness judirinent. He is tii'in in liis friendshii) to i^ocxl, true and honest men, ile- spisin^ sham, outward show and pretense of every kind. In IHSS he was elected Mayor of Sideni, in which Ciij)aeity he served to the liosl of his ability tor two years. He is deeply in- terested in the projrress of his city and .State, and never fails to sup{)ort any enterprise winch lias for its object their benefit and develojiinent. He is a jjroniinent and highly esteemed member of the (i. A. U. Major Williams was married on the 25111 of April, 1872, to Miss Hmma Adams, a native of "\ani Hill county, < )regon, the eldest and only surviving daughter of Hon. S. C. Adams. Her f'alher came to Oregon in 1850. He was a Christian minister, and was elected to the Ore- jfou State Legislature. He is the author of Adams' Illustrated History of America, and is one of Salem's most respected citizens. Major and Mrs. Williams have three childrtni, all born in Salem: I"' red S., Lucy \. and Dick W. They reside in a handsome and comfortable home, situated near the State Capitol in Salem, which is provided with and surrounded by all tla^ im- i:"oveinents which refined taste can suggest or abundant means can gratify. Here they reside, secure in the respect and esteem of their fellow- citi/ens. S^i^t'V?**^' fASON WHEKLKK, an Oregon jjioiu^er of 1847, and now an honored resident of Al bany, was born in Ohio, August -t, 182i}. S(](iii after his birth the family moved t(» New \(irk, locating near Syracuse. His parents. Deliverance and Margaret (Court) Wheeler, wert^ of Knglish descent and :iatives of Vermont and iNew York, respectively. Thi father was I'Ugaged in agricultural pursuits all bis life. His death occurred in ls3i. The edneation of our subject was very limited, owing to the inferiority of the schools of those days. His s(di()ol reader in childhood was the New Testament, which was followed by the old English ri>ader, anti his other books were only primary. With tiie death of his father, as the family was large,— numbering eight sons, -and the resources small, Mrs. Wheeler offered her sons tlieir"time." .lasoii was the second child and nt that time was eleven years of age. He has ever since supported himself. The first two years he worked for his board and clotlu^s, with the promise of three months' schooling each year. The three months, howe"er, were cut down to about ei.x weeks. With advanciiiii years he se- cured small wajjes, but the hiirbest he received by the year was !?S per month, being at that time eighteen years of age and doing a man's work While visiting his mother about 1843, as he bade her good-l)_,e, young Wheeler said ha wouldn't stop in his western journeyings until he reached a place where he could call a piece of land his own. He then went to (Jenterville, southern Michigan, where he worked at the car- penters' trade until March 4, 1847, when, with C'olonel Lancaster, Aaron E. Wait and A. Van Denser and their families, he started for Ore- gon. They set out with two wagons and four yoke of oxen, purchasing four addtional yoke before reaching St. .losepli, Missouri. They crossed the Missouri river on the 4th of May, and started on tlufir long journey across th(< plains. The train of which they were a part was coin|)osed of forty-five wagons and about 150 people, Albert l)aviirited contest, were repulsed. Mr. Wheeler siiti'cred ; a severe wound in the ki.ee. Proceeding to the site of the Whitman massacre, the wounded were placed in a ruined adobe, and the troops j)Ursued the Indians across Snake river, caiitur- iiig over oOO horses and cattle. On ,lic return march Colonel (iilliam was killed by the care- less discharge of a gun that was lyiiisr on (jne of the wagons. Arrived in ( )regon City, Mr. Wheeler was received and cared for by warm anil interested friends until his recovery. In the spring of 18-ii), with a company of friends, he started for the California mines. 'I'hey worked a short time in the Redding diggings, on the Sacremeiito river, each securing alioiit $()0(). They then went to San I'ranciscd: and, ill July, of the same year, einiiarked on the schooner, W. L. Ilackstaff, for Oregon. The schooner was wrecked at the mouth of Uoyen river. The jiassengcrs, however, all made their escape, and, shouldering their packs, gnus and gold dust, started on foot for Oregon. .After twenty days of the most intense siiff'iriiig from fatigue and starvation, they reached the Califor- nia emigrant road, where they met friends who gave them food and assisted them on their jour- ney to the Willamette valley. In 1850 Mr. Wheeler took up a section of land three miles from Lebanon, and married and settled on this farni, and lived on it for tweuty years, engageil in farming and stock-raising. He was one of the active promoters of ihe \V. V. >ervcd one term as .Mayor of Ihe city of .\lbany and three terms as City Councilman, lie is a stockholder of the Albany .Mining vV, Milling Company and possesses valuable |iro|)erty interests, being rec- ognized as one of the prominent and successful business men of Linn coiintv. lie is a mem- ber of the .Masonic frafernitv. and also of the Daptist Cliiiich. L. W .\ I)K is numbered among the Territorial pioneers of California. i^-^ifl <* where he arrived in achiisetts to .Maine, and were a seafaring peofile and builders (jf shijis. He was ediicatiMl at Liiicolinille, anil in December, 18 t'.t, he left his home and family for New York; there be seciircd passagii on tins brig ludependence. Captain .Morse, boiiixl for California, via C ipi' Horn. ;\lter an unevent- ful vovage of si,\ months he landed sabdy in San Francisco. He first went to Ihe mines in Stanislaus and Calaveras counties. He liegan phicer iniliiiiiT, but afterward engaged in ipiartz mining, which he followeil very >ucce>sfiilly iin- lS(H. While placer mining on Scott's river be found a nuge('t of gold which weighed lil'te<>n pounds, se\en and a quarter (Uinces, which he sold for SllilOO. In istil he went to Poise Basin, in Idaho, and tliere lifted up a company to cxiilou" the ( )wyhee country; here lu! followed iihii'iM' and silver mining until 1805. Wbili' at the l''lorence mines Mr. Wade was a memlicr id' the tir>t Pepiiblican political cmi- veiition ever held in the new Territory of Idaho, and assisted in nominating the lirst county olli- cers and members of flii^ first Territorial Legis- lature. In 1805 he went to Iiig I'ciid mines, in I'litish Columbia, but tlli^ expedition proved a failure: so he refiirned to Idaho, and remained there until 1S()7, when he came to Salem. I ViM lllSTOIiY Oh' OHEaON. Soon sftpr lii« arrivtil in tliiH city liuenilinrli*sippi. After tlie hftttle of Vickshurii, in the summer of ISIi-l, Joseph was taken prisoner, and sniVered the horrors of .Vudersonville prison for eifflit tnonths, and then died of starvation, as thousands of others were starved to death there! Rufus served thi'ee years, and then returned hiMue. As the war still C(mtiMned, ami the country's need for soldiers was jfreat, Willis en- listed, too, in July, 18(J3. He was then only nineteen. He (Uilisted in Company L, iNiuth Iowa Cavalry. He served to the close of the war. His reiriment was in .Vrkansas almost all of the time. A , and moved to llillshorough, wherehepurchased property and huilt a residence-, lli^ v.'as electeil Coui'ty Re- corder of (\jnveyances in 1888. He still occu jiies that position, which he has satisfactorily iilleil for four years. He was married in 1880,10 Miss Kmnui I'.Caa- cadden, of Cana en- only -Ninth of the Dst all le was tiiient I tnns- n listed 1 owa ttle of ii« left I lieiii^ illowed < iiome lail re- fantrv, ii^riiinst irc'li to review (• coast, to Cl'OSS hut froze to tiisiness The siihjeet of our sketch was edncatcil in his native town, attemlinf; school ahoiit three inonths each year until he was sixteen. Then he went to New Jersey and tauifht school two winter terms, spendino; his vacation at hiinie. It was about this time that the California i;old fever spread over the country, and as it reached the Atlantic coast young liisli >p was anionjf its tirst victims. Taking passage on the hark Canton from New York, he set sail for the new El Do- rado of the West, maliiuii; the voyaire via (Jape Horn, and six months later, in the tall of 1S4-!I, sailed through the (iidden (Jate into h'lrhor at San Francisco. Mr. Hishop spent one year in the gold mines of California, and in February, 18")!, eame to Oregon, stopping tirst at the cascades on the Columbia river. There he contracted with Captain Vanbergin to chop 200 cords of wood, at .?tr per cord, and when his work was com- ))letod received SsOO. Then, in company with 1*. F. Hradford, he built a tlatlmat ani freightiMl from the CasiMdes to the Dalle.-. Witli the money lu! made in boating, he commenced buy- ing cattle and horses from the immigrants, and in the spring sold his stock. In 1S53, in com- pany with I). F. and I'. F. Hradford, he engaged m salmon tishing at Cascades on tiie Columbia, catchinii- and barndintr 500 barrels of lish. whicli they sold at a nice |u-otit. During this time they continued their tlatb(tating sncces>fMlly, building a steamboat and cari'ying iioth freight and ])assengers. In 185+ he, in company with the IJradfords, built the steamer Mary, "to run between Cascades an'egon. where he now resiiles. In 1S7H he was elected by thepeopleot I'en- dleton to the otlice of .fnstiee ol' the .'eace, whicli position he has held continiiou.-ly t ver since, with the exception of two years. His present term of otlice will expire in .iiilv. 1*^!'!. May 12, iSSil, he was admitlecl to (iractice law in the Supri'inc Court of the State ot (>regon. Ml'. liislop was married in 1^52, to AIi?s l.iiiia Pab ler, a native of llliii'is, who eame to ()reg.),i with her parents in 1851. They have five children, namely; Kdward IJ., ca-hier of the National Hank of lle|)piier; .Sophia, wile of John Mean, residing in Pendleton; (ieorge, en gaged in the wandioiise business at IIep|>nii'; Kmma, wife d' Thorp Roberts; anil Miss llelle, the youngest daught(>r. who is with Ihm- pirents. Politically, .\lr. I'ishop is an Indeprndenl. <■a^t- ing his vote for the man rather than the part\. Dining the war of the Uebellion he was strongly in favor of the Union. When the Indian wars raged here in tht; West he was among the brave volunteers wliowent forth to sto[) the hostilities (d' the red men and prote(;t the settlers friuii depredation. In 1855 'ofl he was under Phil. Sheridan at the Cascade massacre, who was at that ti.iu; a Lieutenant. =4e©-^ F. WILLOICtlll'.V. of Oi.L'on City, is a re|u•e^enlati^(! citi/en and one '^ of those good and Iriie men \. iio risked his life in the service of hiscounlry, in the Fiiioii army, during the great civil war. It is thought that smdi n en wen of eniuigh ser- vice to their country to haml a bricd' record of their lives down to future jior-teriiy that their chihiren's cdiildren and other men of future ages may emulate their deeds of bravtiry. Mr. Willoiighby was Ihm'II in (Joluiiibiis, Ohio, November 24, iSiU. His father, John Will oiigliby. was born in the same town on the 4th of December. 1S05; so it will be i-eeii that they were iiioneers in (>hio. The family origi- nated in Knglaiid. and came to America pre- vious to the IJevolutioii ; and the grandfather, John Willoiighby, served in the Itevoliitionary l'Ji't'f for tlu' (Joiitiiifiiliil iiriiiy. Mnd ill tliis way ^(M'vcd the coiiiitry faitlit'iilly diiriiii^ tlu: 8(!V(iii year.-, Htriii^i^lc for iiidujit'iid- I'licf,'. Our siil)j('et's t'atlu'r iniirrifd Miss Sarah Luke, horn in tlie Keystoiie State, July 8, ISl t. She was liorn of Scotch ancestry and fiho liort! litjr hushainl idevon chihiri'ii. cifiht of wlioiii are still livinjf. Two sisters and our siih- jcct are in ( )rei'()n. Mr. Willoiiijihliy was the eldest child and was re.ired on a farm, atteiidiiii; the piililie schools and learniiie; the trade of inarlile cut- ter, at which ho has worked all his life, earning an hoiujralile liviiii,', paying 1(10 cents on the dollar, and in 18H4r retired from active work, with a coinpetenci siitHcient for his old iiee. Such a history is one to he jiroiid of, hut that is not all. tor when the war of the oreat liehellion hroke out lie was (|uietiy at Work lit his trade in I'coria, Illinois. In an- swer to President iiincoln's call tor volunteers the patriot hlood of his grniKJI'ather in his vei'18 hecanie hot with indignation against the enemy of the Union, and he enlisted in Company l<\ Seventeenth Illinois Volunteer In- f'litry. His first shot tor the Union was fired 11' Fort Donelson, where ho hecaiiie u^ed to the latfli' (if mu>ketrv and the liooui of cannon, the groans of the wounded and n'l tiie horrors of war. After eiirht months of M^'htiiig and ex- posure to the cold and wet, he hecaine disahled and was discharged on account of that disahility. He retired to his home and aidt^d in recrnitiiii^ * 'om|iaiiy Kj )ne Iliiiidrcd and Twenty -first Ohio \dliiiit( cr Infaiitrv. He retiiriUMl to the front anil I'oiiohr lit the liattle of I'erryville, Kentucky, as I'irst Sergeant. Here he was taken jirisoner hy Morgan and his men, hut was paroled and afterward returned to his regiment, where he was made Second Lieutenant. He then en- gageil in the Imttles of Chickaniauga and .Missionary Ridg(>, where the Union soldiers coverecl theniselves with glory : also fought in the hattles of Kesaca and Lookout Mountain, and Kenesaw Mountain, where his regiment lost tw( -thirds of its men, he heing the only of- ficer on the west wing that was not killed or wounded. It was a fearful struggle, hut the reniaiiider of the regiment joined in the siege and capture of tiie city of Atlanta, Sherman's niaich to the sea, and the two days" fight at Beiitonville, where .Mr. Willoiighliy was Wounded in his left arm and taken to (iolds- horongh, Xorth Carolina, where he lay in the hospital for ten days. Alter the linttle lie was promoted to he First Lieutenant of ('oni|)any 1), and after the luittle in wliiidi iie was wounded he was promoted to the Cajitaincy of Company H. When discharged from the hospital he ob- tained thirty days' leave of ahsence. but re- turned to his regiment and reported for duty at Washington. He participated in the grand re- view ill Washington. and then was discharged, the iji'cat striio'ixle heinj; over in which so manv thousands of men had jierished. The tirave soldier returned to his peaceful ociiipation of iniirhle cutter, working in St. Louis nnti' '8(')',t, when he came to Portland, where he also car- ried on his trade until 1884, wlien he purchased lliO acres of land in ('lackamas county, eight miles northeast of Oregon City, where he en- gageil in raisiujr all kinds of grain grown in this part of the State. In 18S!I lie soM his farm and moved to Oregon City and purchased lots, and houglit a good residence, where lie now resides. Mr. Wiiloiighhy was married to Miss Mil- dred Cook in 1873. She was a native of Missouri and horo her hushaiul three children: Ilaltie, now in her last year at school; Edward and Alfred. Mrs Wiiloiighhy dii^l , Inly. 1891. She was a faithful wife and mother, and was highly esteemed by all who knew her. Cap- tain Wiiloiighhy is a member of Meade Post, No. 2, and it is neeilless to say that he is a stanch Repuhlican in jiolitical matters. aWliKDOLIFN J. OjiEUFK. the proprietor f^ of the Iiiver Front Planing Mill, is a na- «^-. tive of the Piiickeve State, having been born at Miatnisburg, Montgomery county, Ohio, 1, 1808. His parents, Fredolien and (I'oiit) ()l)erer, were both natives of Ger- nnd were the parents of five children, of our siibjeet was the thinl in order of Ajiril Mary many. wdiom birth. Fredolien Oberer, dr.. was reared in his na- tive county, where he received a liberal educa- tion in the public schools, and at an early age begun his apjirenticeship, in the factory of Boot- waiters Hrothers & Co., of MiamiRbiirg. He coni|ileted his apprenticeship in 1887, having served tive years as wheelwright and general wooilworker. .Vfter completing his term of iiisrojir OF o/iMooff. I. 'CI II tho was ipMiiy iikIuiI iipany II' ol)- llt IV, - II fy at ihI iv- igi'd, iiaiiy l)rave m of • 8(i!l. car- Jiasi'd eiirlit lie eii- iii this fiirm lots, le now service he coMtimied in the employ of the coni|)aMy until 188!), when ho went to Inilian- apolis, Iniliana, ami eiiga(^eil with the Ameri- can Wheel CoiTipauy for five months; later he rotiirned to Ohio, and in 181(0 was en^aj^ed to place tlie machinery in tiie Sidney (.'ar tlompany He worked at Minnea])i)lis, on tho eompletion of Ilia contract witli the company, which lasted about eiirht months. Then it wa-*, in 18"J1, tliat lie turned his face wstward, visiting Washington; hut in Septein- he came to Oorvallis, and soon eni;ai;ed in placing the wood-working inachinerv in the ('orvallis Carriaiijo Factory. Mr. Oberer is a skilled mechanic in wood work, and in tlie use of wcod-working machinery. On the completion of his engagement with this company, he purchased a lease on tho River Front I'laning Mill, ti. run five years, and since he has taken charge and jiut the machinery in order, new life has lieeii intused into the old place, and the buzz of saws and whirr of tho planers may be heard regularly, and the old mill lias become a thing of life. Mr. Olierer has leceived most liberal encouragement and patron- age from local Iniilders and contractors, as well as from adjoining towns. The mill machinery will be probably overhauled, in the coming spring, and some of tin; old replaced by new. The present cajiacity can be judged only by the inimber of einjiloyes. The business consists of the manufacturing of doors, windows, mold- ings, frames, etc. lie obtains, liy special con- tract, thoroughly seasoned lumber, and the grade of work turned out is second to none in the State. Although Mr. Oberer is a new arrival in the State, h<' has tlie confidence and good-will of the entire community. W. BRANNI^^ a respecteil citizeu of Pendleton, has l)een a resident of [Inia- }<» tilla county, Oregmi, during the past decwle, and is thoror.ghly idciititied with its best interests. Following is a brief resume of his life: W. W. liranniii was born iti Cooper county, Mis,souri, March 10, 1812, the oldest of a fam- ily of five children, four of whom are living, two in Oregon and two in New Mexico. His parents were .lames "W. and Sarah (Neal) liran nin, natives of Virginia and Kentucky, respect- 70 ively. dohii Neal, a brother of his iiiothc-r, was a noti^d I'resbyterian minister ol Kentucky, .lames W. lirannin was one of the pioneers of Missouri, he having moved tliere in lsl!<, and for a number of years seived as Indian agent among the Osage Indians; also served in the (Quartermaster Departint'iil, holding a commis- sion as Captain, lie died in lS5l, agi'd forty.- seveii years. W. W. lirannin attended tlu' common schools of Cooper county and the Westwood .Vcadcmy at iiooneville. llewas in his senior year in the academy, when, in June, 18(il, he drop])ed his studies and entered the service of his country, enlisting in Company II, Sixth Missouri (!av- ali'y. After serving almost three years he w- enlisteil, this time entering the Fortv lifth Missouri Infantry. lle\i'as hoiioraldy discharged in St. Lunis, .Inly 2, ISIi."), having S(n-\(id four years. During all this time he wan ever at the post of duty, acting well the part of ii bravi' soldier, jiarcicMpating in numerous battles and skirmishes, lie carried his comjiany's llag while he was in the (cavalry, and in the infantry lie bore aloft the colors for more than a year, thus being a target for tlieenemy; but in all the dangerous jihices through which he, jiasscl he never received a wonnil, nor was he ever captured. 'I'he only injury he sustained was at the battle near .lefferson ('ity. Missouri, where the drum of his left t^ar was burst by the report of a cannon, resulting in the |ierman(«nt deaf- ness of that ear. After the battle he was de- tailed in the (Quartermaster's Department and served as Qiiartcnnaster Sergeant. i'pon his return from the war .Mr. {{raiiiiin settled on a farm, and later was ordained as a I'resbyterinn minister, lie cnntiniieii in the work of the gospel, preaching throiighmit Mis^ soiiri until 1SS3. wliere he became noted as a successful minister. Thai yi^ar, on account of his wife's ill-health, he came to Oregon and set- tled on a farm in Umatilla county. Here lie again entered the ministry. He is a memtier „( the Walla Walla {'re^byfery, the Hoard of Trustees, and the Committee on Home .Mis- : sions. i Politically, ho atliliales with the Dciiiocratic . ]>arty. He" was ehfcted on that ti<'ket in i8'.lO I to the otlice of County Asses-or of Finatilla I conntv, and in June, 18U2, was re-elected to the ' same otlice, being the first man ic-electe.l to i this position here. He received tin? nomination j by acclainatii'U. .After his election he moved 1203 fllSTOJir OF OJIEOOA. to IVnidlctoii, wlii'i'e lie Btill resides. Mr. Hrdii- iiiii \H iiii iictive worker in the (iriii;(l Army. On coiiiiiif^ to l'en(ll<'t()n lie foiiiiil the post here disorganized, got jicrinission troin tlie (iraiul (loininaiider of tlii' i)e|iiirtniiMit to reorganize it, and did so with a nieniliersliip of thirty. This post, Kit (Jarsoti, No. ~8, is now in a flourish- ing condition, its ranks having heen increased to sixty nienilier.s. Al the time it was reorgan- izeall, were both natives of England and of good old English ancestry. They were farmers by occujiation, and in religion Episcopalians. Of tlieii' family of twelve children Mr. Hall is now the only survivor. His mother died in her tifty-second year, and his father attained the ripe nge of eighty-six. h/l83;5, at the age of twenty, Nfr. Hallcame to the United States. For four summers he was engaged in making brick on the Hudson, eight miles below Albany, and the winters he sj)eut in traveling. In the fall of 183(5 he went to New Orleans ami worked at whatever he could get to do, chiefly loading and unloading ships. From there he went to Mineral Point, Wiscon- sin, from thonce to Madison county, Illinois, where he engaged in brick-making. In 1838 Mr. Hall married Miss'Abigail IJow- hind, who is still by his side, and who for fifty- four years has been his constant and faithful helpmate. They remained in Illinois two yearn and then removed to St. Charles county, Mis- souri, whei'e he continu(«l the manufacture of brick, a)id where he resided eight years, lit the spring of 1848, with his wife and six chil- dren, he started overland for Oregon. They left St. Charles about the first of Ai'ay, with four yoke of oxen aiul a wagon, and were a part, of a train that comprised twenty-four wagons. As they journey onthey were joined by others until the number of wagons increased to sixty- four. After they had been out some time, Mr. Ball's oxen took fright and ran away, and in the accident his l"g was broken. Tlu>y set it as best, they could, anil with him lying in the wagon continued their journey. Since then, for forty- four years, this hardy pioiu'cr lias walked with a crooked leg. They arrived in Vara Ilill county on the let of October, 1848, and built a little hut at a point four miles east of where Hallston now stands. Although his leg was not yet strong aiul he was still on crutches, he was not able to with- stand the California gold fever, which was at that time spreading to all parts of the country, and he and William Graham went by water to California. On the middle fork of the Ameri- can river they were having good success in their mining operations, liut aiFter an experience of forty days Mr. Ball got hurt and was obliged to quit the business and return home. As the re- sult of his earnings he brought home $400. After his return from the mines, he settled on his present property, and here lie has since been engaged in farming, otock-raising and brick- making. When the railroarica previous to the Revolution, and (iraiidl'ather Neheiniah Vernon served as a gmiainith in the war of 1812, and died on the way back to his home, when the war was over. Ebenezer Vernon, when twelve- years of age, was brought from east Tennessee to Cole county, Missouri, where he resided for some yt-ars, and then reinoved at the time of hisileath. He had married Miss Naiuty Biirris, a native of Kentucky, and they had eight sons and five Iolin L. Mulkey, who was a distant rela- tion. 'I'be joiiriuiy was a safe one. and to tin* young adventurer a |)leasant one. Mrs. .Mulkt^y died on this journey, and they liiiried her on the western slope, east id' the Blue mounlains. It was the (ith of Ociober when thev reached Mr. Foster's jilace, wlii(di was then the pioneer inountaiu house, twelve miles easterly from Oregon City. He raised a great iiiiiny vegeta- bles, and made much money, selling to the im- migrants, who had had nothing of the kind for six months. Mr. VeriKrii came to Vain Hill county and aided in luiildini; a barn for Kohert I-ancefitdd. and tliiui came io Polk county and worketl in the sawmill of Mr. lOlias Bindl. There he was employed for nini' years, and earned the money with which he |iiircliased his farm. In 185ti he married Miss S. d Byerley, a native of Indiana, a pioneer of 1852. in 1857 he purchased his land, but he continued to Work at the sawmill until 18ti3, when he had jiaid for his farm, and retired to it with his wife. They luiilt a cheap house, and had nothing else. This farm was on Salt creek, P(dk counly. and here thev resided for so.r.e years, and then sold and came to this present jiroperty, two miles cast of Derry, Polkcminty. Here he purchased 275 acres, and on this ])roj)erty he lias since lived. Ho now has a valuable farm of 475 acres, with good orchard and Iniildiugs, anil all of the comforts which his industry and thrift have illU 1204 niSTOHY OF DItKnoN. Ke(Mii'u(l. Mr. ftnd Mrs. Vurrion liiive hud tivo (Iim^litors mid three sons, and tlmy idl avo liviiiir. Natu'v married .1. A. Allen, and tiie.y have H farm and reside near. Louisa married .1. W. Allen, and his farm joins that of Mr. \'ernon. lOmily Jane married .lohn \V. Hnster, who is n liiisiness nntn of liide[iendeiicc, Polk eonnty. Kutie i.s the wife of John Voniii^, and resides in Indejiendenee. A. W. and A. M. lire twinn, and, witli .John II. and Alice, live at home. Mr. and Mi's. Vernon are memhers of the liaiitint Clmrch, whioli .Mr. V^iM-non joined in IH'yZ, and has identified liiinself with the re- liirioMS interests of the eonnty ever sinee his residence in it. lie has aide, and has been thoroughly identified with Oregon and its interests for thirty years (U' more. Mr. Stowell was born in Delphi, Carroll county, Indiana, February "it!, 1841. His grandfather, (Jeorge Stowell. was a silk merchant in London, England, as were his father anil grandfather befuri? him. He came to America before the lievolutioii nnd had start ed on his return home when war was declared. lie turned liack and took sides with the eolo- iMSts, entered the colonial armv and fought through the war and settled in Rockbridge county, Virginia, where he married. From there he moved to Tennessee, whei'c his son, .lohn Stowell, was born, in 1707. lie was raised in his native State and married there Miss Mar- garet Armstrong, of the same State. She was the daughter of John Armstrong of North C'aro- liiui. They removed to Indiana, where ho was engaged in fai-inii.j^ and surveying, in Wabash county. I'hcy had twelve children, of whom six are living. Our suliject W!;^ the tenth child, and in 18.">(5, wl"';; lu, was in his fiftetinth year, the f'vr.iiy came to California and were enifa-'cd in the stock busniess two years, and then came to Oregon and settled at Eugene, which ho farmed Hll 187-1, and then retired from active business and moved into Eugene City, and re- sided there until the time of his death, which occurred in 1882. lie was eighty-five years of age. His wife survived him two vPf'rs, and died at Eugene City, in her eighty-fourth year. They had attaiiu^d to a good old age, and raised their large family, and were highly respected by all who knew them. Mr. Alfred Stowell began life for himself as a clerk in a store in Eugene (Mty, and after having learned the business, he opened a store of his own and continued it until 1S71, when he sold it and later accepted a position in the ottice of the Surveyor (ieneral as Chief Clerk, and he served in this capacity for three years, and continneg^ amas county, has been identified with the interests of Oregon since 18-18, am! is therefore ranked with its early pioneers. He was born in I'oiintain county, Indiana, February 20, 1821, and comes of German an cestry. His grandfatluu', Daniel Trullinger, was born in Germany and emigrated to the United States, settling in Pennsylvania, and aft- erward in lioss county, Ohio. The original spelling of the name was Drollingei'. His son, also named Daniel Trullinger. and the father of our subject, was born in Uoss county, Ohio, in 1801. He was reared in Ohio and Indiana, and married in Marion county of the latter Slate, April 27, 1805, to Miss Elizabeth Johnson, who was born in Tennessee, February 10, 1805, silt! being a daughter of .Xrchib.dd .lohn- son. In l8v! I they scttlcil in l''ounlain county, same State, and n-movecl to Iowa in 18iJ0, whero he had a farm, and whence, in 1818, he started tor Oregon on the (ith of April. G. .1. Trul- linger, th(> oldest of the family, was at that time twenty-four years (jf agi?. They had tlinu" wag- ons; one wagon was drawn by fouryoke ofoxeti, and each of the other two, liy three yoke, our subject and two of his brothers each driving u team. One of the sons, Nathaniel, was marrieil and brought his wife with him. Their journey was made in safety, and their arrival in ( )regon City dates Septeiiibcr 14, 1848. The latlirr ■ purchased a doinition claim on the Waldo Hills, and, after living on it till the spring of 1850, sold out anil went to Milwaukee, where ho bought a house and lot. He sulisi'(|uently dis- ivised of this |U'op,?rty. Tliel\ became to Milk creek, in ('lackamas (•(Uiiity, took a donation claim of 040 acres, an* a I)eiiiociat, Imt hince the tiriiuf mi Koil Sumter liiift allilialed with the lte|iiililieaii party. I" 1S7(I he was elected County ('(iiiiinissioiu'r of (Ilackaniaii county, and suived in tiiiit capacity nuist edicienlly. lie in a iiieiiil)er of tli.o 1. <>. (). I'"., and in his reli>;i()iis view- iw an .Vtheist. tON. ,1. (!. TIUILMNGER, the present Stale Senator from C'hitsoj) cuiinty. is a veneralile pioneer tif 1S4S. lie was liorn in Koiintain county, hidiaua, .Inly 29, 1S28, a sun of l)aiiiel 'rrullin),'er. who was horn in (jhio in IHOl. lie enisled the plains to Oregon in 1848, arriving; Septemher 15, bume year, at (Ore- gon C!ity. They eamo from Davis county, Iowa, and our sulijuct, then twenty years of aj^e, drove nn ox ti'iim all the way. After arriviufj; in that city he npened a shue store, hut soon sold out nnd jiiiiied his father, who had settled on a farm in Alariim county. The following 8|(rini,', 1849, lie went with his hrother to the mines in Cali- fornia, liiit a short tin: • afterward hoiight a sup- ply of miners' floods anil opened a store at ()oloma. ,!anuary 1, iKijO, Mr. Trnllinj^er went hy schooner from San Friincisc'o to tlie Coliim- iiia river, locating at Portland, hut afterward went to Milwaukee, six miles distant, and erected a hu'ge waridionse. In .lannarj, 1S52, he sold out and took up a claim nine miles south of Portland, wlii<'h he inipro\ed aiul lived on eleven years. There, also, he Iiuilt two large sawmills. In 18()5 he lionghl the Oswego property, laid out the town of Oswego; in Nuveinher, 1870, l)onj;lit the site ami laid out the town of Center- ville, where he ran a saw and ilo\ir mill until ■ 1875. In that year he houglit proj)erty in As- toria, erected the West Shore Mills and has twelve acres covered with mills, warelion.-es, wdinrves, luniher liarns and electric light station. From 187t> to 1880 this plant was run as a can- nery. Mr. Trullinger employs forty men. Ilo hiiilt three miles of railroad for logging pur- poses six miles soiitlieiist of Astoria; erected ills ele<'tric light plant in Deceniher, 188"). Iiy which this city is lighted, with full are and in- candese(Uit lights; has held various otllees of piiUlic trust in Astoria and Clatsop county; from PSMti to 1888 was .Mayor of the city, and previous to that «as a iiiemher of the (!ouncil. In Dceemiier. 18yi, he was elected President of the Pxiard ot i'olice Commissioners; in.liino, lSil2. >vu (dected liy a large majority to the Legislature; was one of tlu' organizers of the IJepuhlican iiaity in (Iregon, in lH5t), and has never since departed from the faith of that party. ( )ur suhject is married and has reared a large family of children, lie and his si.x sons form a corporation known as the West Shore Mill Company, of whicdi he is ju'esident, Thomas O. Trullinger, vice-president, and Grant Trullinger, secretary. They do a large hiisiness, and the company is regardeil as one oft he most reliuhle in Astoria. .AVID vSTOUT, a ])roiiiinent ( *regon pio- neer of 1852, and a prosperous himine.sa man of McMinnville, was horn in Ohio, Felu'uary 0, 1847. Ills father, .J omithau Stout, was liorn in Xew .lersey, Sej)temh(M' 12, 1812, and was of Kngli.-h and Scotch ancestry. His progenitors came to America jirevious to the Kevidution and participated in the thrilling events which followed in the i^arly history of the colonies, (irandfather Stout distinguished himself hy fighting on the side of the colonists in their struggle for independence. His son, .lonathan, the father of the subject of our sketch, married Miss Sarah Swank, a na- tive of Ohio. Her ancestors were Oerman, and early settlers in the colonies. They had nine chihlren, five of whom are now living, our sub- ject being the fifth in order of birth. In 1852, when he was five years of ag(>, his parents crossed the plains to Oregon. The i'amily then comjirised the father, mother and five diil- dren: Margaret, Mary Jane, Frank. David and Until. The journey was iinniarred, and invested in other farming jiroperty. |iiirchasing 2H() acres of Dr. Sitton, which he retained for five years, , when he bought 100 acres, situated northwest of McMinnville, all of which lie diligently culti- vated, and which yielded large|and remunerative ' crops. In 1870 he was nmrried to Miss Agnes Mar- j tin, a daughter of Mr. J. S. Martin, an honored | Oregon pioneerof 1851. lie had recently added 210 acres to the 100 originally purcli.is in the State of their choice, they have nothing luit praises to bestow upon her geiuu'ous usai;e of them, and unreservedly attribute to hi^r glorious resources their present prosperity and consciineni hapjii- lUfSS. - -^^^mm^^ — fli. STEI'IIKN A. YOn.NG. a widely and favorably known physician of MiMlinn- ville. and an Oi'egon pioneer of IM50. was born in Sangamon county, Illinois, March II, 1840. His father, .losepli K. Young, was a iia tive of Kentucky, where he was born in IS07, who traced his ancestry back to early colonial times. Ue ni.irried Miss Mary Hussy, a native of Ohio, and of (Terman ancestry, her |)rogfini- tors having been e(|ually early settlers of Amer- ica. They had seven I'liildreii, of whom the gubjeet of our ^-ketch is tlii' sole survivor. Vim iiisiuny OF oliKooN. Ill flic -|iiiii^» (if ls5H ilic I'liiiiily fiiirtcil mi tlii'ir liiii^ jdiinit'v li'i' < h't'j^iiii, Willi the iipiiiil iiiiilii (if WH^cins iiiid (i\('ii. TIk! Miil)j('ct ol' 1)111' ^^('l(•ll wiin III lliiit time tell yciuv of ii;;t', iiiid liiiH II iiiortt vivid rfciillirliiiii of tlit< aii|inlliii(; iiiciilfiitrt (»f tliiil Idiij; mid wnariiioino |i)iiriiey. Till' pnrriitH Htiirtod witli tlioir flivt'n Hiirviviii)^ rliildri'ii, (iiir niiiiji'ct, iiiiil it lirollicr and Hi>t('r. 'I'lic liiiitlicr, havid Tayldr, diiMJ of I'lioicra, and tim i^ricf >tiicki'ii iiari'iitu liiiiit'd liiin on tlio |iliiiiii*. 11(1 wan ^iicatly 'm'IovimI l>y tiiiMii, and liirt loHH \\i\f II diKtrcHHiii;.' Hoiircc of ;;rii't' and in- i'\|ir('fisil'li' Hadlii'HU. Misfiirt lines often (toiiie tii;;etlier, ami soon ufter tliu fuinily'H arrival in ^!llll Hill eiiimfy, in tliu latter |iart of Octolier, 1 sno, Maiy Mari^aret, the only r.iirvivinjr daiij^ii- tir, wai* taken ill witli Idaiii IVvi-r. ainl another irrcat liereaveiiient tell M|ion tlie iilrt'ady heart limkcM [laientH. Work and the eventH ('onnecteil wilji neciiriiid; a home in a new coiintiv. |iro\ed ii lilcHHiiijr, af I'ordin;^ leii« time for dwellini; on thiMr aliliction. The |iareiitH took a donation eliiiin, located two iiiilei< iiortheiiHt of the present nite of McMinn- ville, on which a xmall Iok hoiiei^uo;ed in stock-iaising. The tiithcr was con- lined i) the house and most of the time to his hcd diiriiiir the Hrst winter, his iiidis|)ositioii lici!!!; due to tlie (dl'ccts of ii wound received in the ISIack Hawk war, where, in the hattle of Had A.\i<, he waK shot tliroiiirh the 1iiiij.m, from the effects of which wound he never fully recovered. In con- MM|iience, their little son, mounted on a hojv'-, did the most ot the herdinj^ of the Htock, and altliou;;li the father became better in health, y> \ he was never able to do a wiiole dayV work, Ji'id died in ISon. ^'reatly himentei! by his family and frieiidrt. He was an honest, iiidiititrious and kind-hearted man, and was in uch esteemed by all who knew him. He took a prominiMit part in the early |)olitical atl'airsof ()rca(in. He was a Uhifi; and was elected by his constitueiitstothe position of (.'oiinty .liidjje. di8cliaro;ini; his duties in that capacity with jndi^meiit and im|)artiality. Ho was a consistent member of the Nfetliodist H)pis- copal (Jliiireli. to the siipjiort of which lie lib- erablly contributed, both of his means and iiitlii- ence. His faithful wife survived him until 18S4, when she e.\pircd. leavinj^ many friends to mourn her loss. She was a woman of intel- hVcnce, and c^reat industry, kiiiddiearted and generous, and had many warm friends. The subject of onr >k(«tcli receivecl his I'diica- tion at the Mi'Minnville Colleoe, alterwaril Hlitdyin^ mcdic.ini^ at l.afMyi'tte. He commenced the practice of incilieim^ in the fall of IM!,"), ut l''orent Orovn; remained there on(> yt'iir, tiieii moved to Marion (Mimty, and priu'tieed there three years, lilliii}^ the otiice of (loroner two years; then moved to .Mc.Minnville, and in 187IS firadiiated iit the ('ooper .Medical Collej^e, of San I'raiiciscd, returning to Mc.\[iiiiiville and resuming his practice, where he has remained iiiosf of the time since. His practice has ex- tended through Yarn Hill and I'olk coiintieH, and ItaH riMpiired his traveling long distaneug, night and day, in iiotli nieasant and storiny weather, to alleviate siith'riiig tind cure the atHicted. Ho has served alike the rich and iioor, to the best of his ability, never withholding his skill from the |ioor and altlicled, but rather be- stowing in charity tlmse attentions which far surpassed alms. This uninterrupted devotion to priictiei< has made inroads on his health, and he now finds liimself unable to undergo the hard practice of his earlier years, and is eiideavoriiiir to take life a little easier. In .laniiary, 1862, the Doctor was married to .Miss (!ecilia .M. Spem^er. an estimable lady and a native of I'cniisylvania. She was a daugh- ter of Rev. John Spencer, a well-known M»'thod- ist minister, who crossed the jilains to ( >regon in 1852. They had one daugliter, Ilosamoiid 1. After twenty-seven years of happy married life, Mrs. Young died, greatly lamented by her fam- ily and friends, to whom she had endearcij hor- B'if by her intelligence and great amiability of disposition. She was a deeply devimt church woman, and gave much attention to the weltare of both (diurcli and Suiidayscho(d. bv both of wliicli her death was mourned .is a public calamity. In the fall of 1889 Dr. Young married Miss ilennie M. Newell, a highly esteemed lady, and a native of Illinois. The Doctor was one of the organizers of the Medical Society of Y'am Hill county. He served for four years as Coroner of the county, giving entire satisfaction td all concerned, lie has dealt somewhat in real estate, and still owns some valuable property, among which is a part of his father's original donation claim. lie is a Itoyal Arch Mason and also a mem- ber of the I. (). V. W., being the Medical Ex- aminer of the latter society. T lllt^roUY < a Uc|iiililicHii, hiuI rnkctt u il('t'|) intci'L'Ht ill tlic itttiiirH or hitt Stuti' iiiiil country. Ili^ Iiiih rcnidi'il tor forty-two yimrii ill ( >rt'gi III, Hill! witiKtHMiMJ itH ^rrttiiiiiii ruc.liiiim- tioii rrmii 11 will! iiikI iiiiN'ttliMJ coniitry t<> oiiu ikliduinliii^^ ill liij^lily ('iiitiviilt'ii liclijs of irrititi lliid Imp- oiclmriin bcMilin;^ wilii tlic ut'i^iit of tlic cliiiict'ttl fruit; uitliii |Mi|iiiliitiiiii of tlioii- ennilt*. all iMlcllii^cnt, iniJiit'trioiiM iiiiii ilovoicil to till) Sliit'V liijfluTi iiml lii'!-t iiitciTsli*. 'riiriviii^' citit'ft liiicl towns (lot the ]iriiirii^ wliero onci^ tliu (Icitr iind iintL'lo|ie \v:inilcl'i'(| ut will; ht('iimi'lii|)(i of tlio nuwt'ht linild iiml latest H|i|iliiini'Ci« |ily to and fro on tlio licaiitifiil rivcru, whose siirfa<:t! was once riitlled liy only tlie oecasional di|) of an Indian paddle, or tlie wini; id'soiiie lowllying liird. 'I'liiis liviiij:, lie lias iieconie wedded in tlion;;lil and daily e\|ierieiice to this, one ot'tlie most (»lorioiis of the iiiaiiy niiignilit'unt Stateiiof the Union. -s$**' •*— flD(iE J. .1. Wll ITNKY, li prominent niein- her ot the Liiin county liar, ami a highly resjiectecl citi/un of .Vllmny, Oreoon, was luirn in Detiaiice, < )hi(i, in 1X40. His H:ice«torrt ciiiiie from Kiioland to .\iiierica. and settled in the (\)imectieut colony in the seventeenth cen- tury. John Whitney, the .ludf^e's father, was liorii near Hartford, IJoiiiiecticut, and spent his early life there, .\fter rcachiiiff manhood he removed to Ithaea, New York. He married Miss Until Iliitthinsoii, .md in WM settled jier- niaiiently at 1 )eliance, Ohio, where he followed his trade, that r, of Defiance, and in the fall of 18Ga entered the Law School at .Mliaiiy, New York. He was admitted to the l)ar in tlie spring of 18t)4, returneii to Defiance, and coiii- meiiccd practice, and in the fall canvassed the county for Geord safe in San Kraneisco. Kroni there he went to the Idaho mines, want of nieaiis making it iiecesMary for him to widk, and after a few months spent in miiiln;.; we find him in the fall of 1st).") in I'oitlaiid. < >r,'piii. The fullowin^ winter he was eiij^aiJi'd i:i ti'iu'hiiijf in the Waldo Hills, and afterward taught nine months near Krowiisv ille. in the spring; ot lSt)7 he oetlled in Alliany. He hint sinci* heeii engageil in the practice of his profession here, la'ing now one of the oldest practitioners in tin unty. In 1M71 he was eleete(| I)istri(^t .\ttoiney, and in \H~H WHS re-eleeled to the haiiie ollice liy a roiis- iiio- majority, running 700 votes ahead of his ticket. In IMS:.' he was elected to the Slate l,e;;islatuie. While a ineinli, r of that liodv he drafted and iiitrndiiceci the lull reducing the fees of Sheriff and State employes, which lie came a law. He also reiidereij other ellieient service while in the l.egislatu>'e, performing his duty in a manner that rellected cri-dit on liiin- self anil his constituents. In IMS4 he was electe(l (lounly .1 iidgi', and served four years. Since 1SS8 he has Keen engaged in the practice of his i)rofes^i()n. .Iildge Whitney wa^ married in San .lose, in Deceinher, 18s'.(,'to Miss Kli/alielh Wotlake. a native of ( )regon, and adaiighter of ('yriis West- lake, a pioneer of 1S48. They have two chil- dren: Stevi'ii A. and John Cyrus. The.lndge has accumulated coiisiileralile pmiierly. He linilt his re,-ii!'iice on the curner of I'ourth and Maple streets, in lS7!). and in this county he owns a'loiit 0(H) acres of land. .1 lldi'" Whitney is a good e\iilll|ile of the ~clf made man. l-'rom a poor hoy !;■ rturkcil his wiij- up to his pre.si'iit position of Wealth ami iiiliii eiice, this residt l)eiiig attained through his own unaideii i ft'orts. ^IH^^*- tOiiKKT WH ITNKY. a pioneer of is 17, and one of the prominent fanni'rs of French I'rairie. is a native of tlii' State of Indiana, horn in La (iraiige county, Dircmhcr '2S, ISIil. II ■ is of Knglifh ancestry, his father, William Whitney, having lieen horn in Lincolnshire in the year 1807. He married a lady of his own country, Miss Kli/.alie'h Taylor, who was three months v''"ia, in 1848, and enjraged in mining on the Mcxiuelumne river. Here he re- mained about six months, undergoing much hardship, but retnriu^d witli ^1,200 in gold. He then tnrne(l his attention to farming, and becMUie the owner of other tracts of land, and hitei- in life he gave these to his children. Mis death occurred .lune 1, 1S78, his good wife hav- ing passed away April ('), 1875. They were kind, hosjjitaiile people, well and widely known by the piont'ers, and enjoyed the esteem of all who knew them. Robert was the fourth child in the family of his parents, and was in his thirteenth year wIkmi he accompanied his parents to Oregon. Here he iittendeil school, hut later entered the mines at I'lorence City, and in 18(i4 at Boice, wher(> he worked the most of the time for wages, re- ceiviTig $100 p(>r month. He was married Feb- ruary 12, 18t>(), to Miss Hannah Pendleton, a native of Logan county. Illinois, born January 1(), 1837, a daughter of Mr. ('hampney Pendle- ton, who with his family came t(t Oi'egon in 1847, settling on a donation claim on IJaker's Praii'ie, wluM'e he died in 1857, his wife having died in 1MM2, in her sixty-seventh vfiai'. After marriage Mr. and ^Ir8. Whitney settled on the present farm of 590 acres, they having purchased it from his father, jiaying down .ta.OOO. and going in debt $2,200, at (i per cent.; and this debt bns all been paid, and other land, amounting to sixty- three acres, were ay close attention to details, persever- ing in lad, tlnis clieatiiiiT himself of tiie opportunity of an edu- cation, aitiiougii in lifter years when he ivalized his delicieiicies he reineioiiei>r of Ore- gon. After his marriage he continuiMl in the live-stock trade and Government surveys until 1870, when 'le began reading law with George U. Dorris, of Eugene; he was admitted to the bar October 5, 1882, bnt did not engage in active practice, except as referred ' to the man- agement of the land business of the Willamette Valley and ('ascade Mountain Wagon Road; he conducted the business until 1883, residing in Portland. T!-is coiu'ludeii, ii.' r.-Mirned to his ranch at Springfieh' arid has r ' !«■ his head- (luartcrs there whili lookin|' af i ds specula- tions and stock interests. niHTOHY OF onmaoN. 1S78 In 1S80 he embarked in the raising of sheep in eastern Orefron, ami eontinueil witli marked success nntil 1887, wiien through a severe win- ter he lost 10,01)0 head; in 1890 he sold his sheep, hut still owns a range of 3,700 ueres in ] Lake county. { Mr. and Afrs. Thurston have three pjiildren: | lilandina S., Samuel IJ. and Anita Hlizabetii. j Our subject is a member of no secret societies, and seeks no jjolitical honors. Ho has devoted j his energies to ids business, and has met witli the success equal to his efforts. fONATIIAN TODD, an esteeincil citizen of i Mc]\Iinnville, is 11 native of Nradison eountv, ! Kentucky, where he was born Feiiruarj 12, j 1S16. His t'atlier, .Fosepb Todd, was a native of | K(n-th (Carolina, where he was born in 1777. i The family was of English descent, and among the larliest settler.s of North (/ai'oiina. His father married Cjntlua Williams, a dauirhter of .Tarrett Williams, a distinguished Kevoliitionarv soblier. T'hey removed to Missouri In the fall of 1S17, locating in Howard county, neai' Fay- ette. Here they resided four years, and then removed to Clay county, in the same State, re- nniining there until 1838. They then removed to I'lattc county, where they remained until 1853. at which time his father died, aged seven- ty-three years. Their eleven children grew to niaidiood and womanhood, live of them still liv- ing, three tons and two daughters. He had been for forty years a IJaptist, when he united with the Christian Church. He was a great and good man, and was lamented by all wlio knew him. [lis wife stirvived him, and died aged eighty-six years. The subject of our sketch was reared in Mis- souri, whore he was married to Miss I'atsey A. Hrock, a native of lielniont county, Ohio. He- foj'e his marriage, he purchased land in I'latte county, Missouri, and later removed to .\ndrew county, same State, where he married. They had eight chihlren, one of whom died in in fancy, the others still surviving, and comfortably set I led in life. Wlum Mr. Todd came to Oregon in 18(15, lu^ brought with liini his wife and seven (diildreii. The names and present location of the chil- dren are as follows; ({oliert Harrison lives in Davenport, Washingtoi., and is cashier of a bank at that place; Mary F^. is the wife of the licv. Peter It. IJurnett, a (Miristiau minister residing in .Medford, >lacksoii countv; Cynthia .Lis the wife of 1>. K. Sjiarks, and resiINTON KHLLY. deceased, a pio- neer iMefhodist minister of Oregon, was born June 15, 1808, on Clifton creek, near Somerset, the county seat of Pulaski county, Kentucky, at the place now known as Mt. Zinii. His JMiyiiood uas ^|)cnt on the farm, bis eve niii;;s devoted to readingaml study. ami altlioiigb his school days were few be ac(iiiiri'd l>y perhc- 1874 l/lsroiiV OF OIIKOON. vcriiij; (.".\rc »!iil iinplicatioii nifoid oJiication loi' tilt' tiinus. When ijuite .yoiiiiff his intellci'hial attainiiieiils M'curifii fur liiin the position of Bcliooliiiiister, wliicli poaitioii lie filled acci-pta- ainoiig his His l)oyliood life rc'Kpoiisi- itlior 'ieiny; 'I'Dlll lioini! .wiiieiit of h\\j for sovi'ial yciiis, niiiiilifriiii; pupils many liis senior in years. AlethodiKt EiiiKCo])al Church, serving in that ca])acity for several years, lie joined the Kentiudvy Cont'erence in 1885, and was assigned to tlu^ (ilasgow circuit, with Uev. J. V,. V. Thompson. He continued in the itinerent service until the division of the church in 18+1-, serving thereafter in the same Halation the Methodist I'^piscopal (Church to the timeof hisdepartiire to()regon. He strenuously opposed church division, both in jmhlic ami pri- vate, chietly for two reasons: lie was unalterably opjiosed to slavery and considered it the duty of the church to denounce the inhuman traffic. He prophesied that tho separation in the church Would be tli(! first step toward an attempt to disrupt the nation, and the one event would necessarily hasten the other, when fJucoln was nominated by the ('hicago ilepuhlican conven- tion of 18(50. After the rupture had taken place in the Charleston Democratic convention he prophesied that war was inevitable. During his twelve years, active connection with the Conference he traveled over the greater jiiirty of Kentucky, much of it a sparsely settled wilderness, making his work exceeding labori- ous and attended with peculiar hardships and privations, preaching once and often twice each day. except Saturdays, and even thus occupied an entire month would be necessary to a(H'()m- |)lish one entire round. Money being scarce, trade was carrieil on by barter; hence, his re- innne-ation was small and inadeijiiate to support his family, which were sustained by the lahors of his sons upon the farm, he assistiiii; in their maintenance by making baskets, .-epairiiig shoes, t^tc, as he rode on horseback from ap])iiintment to aj)pointiiient. He was bereaveil of his wife June 14, 1837, and was united in mai-riage to Jane Hums in .1 line, 1838. They had a daughter, now deceased. His second wife lived but two years after mar- riage, dying in .luly, 1840. After this event he removed with his young family to his mother's home, his father having died in 1834. The succeeding winter, .lannary 2(5, 1841, liis beloved mother (lied, leaving him deeply and peculiarly bereaved. The following March, accordingly, he was married to Mariali Crain, by whom he had nine children, six of whom are living; Sarah M. Kern, East Portland; Hon. Pe- numbra Kelly, Hast Portland; Laura F. Turner, Tuhii-e county, California; M. Emily Shaver, East Portlanil; K. I!. .Iiidy, P'resno county, Califorina; and Dr. liichniond Kelly, i'ortland. .\fter the separation of the church, foreseeing that a rupture must occur, and desiring to rear his family far from the blighting intliience of slavery, he conceived the idea of emigrating to the West. Accordingly, in the fall of 1847, with his faniily and household goods loaded upon three wagons and a cart of his own iiianu- facture, he set out from Greene county toward Oregon. The winter of lS47-'48 was spent in Van I'liren county, Missouri, twenty miles south of Independence, departing in the 8))ring for lu. Markle, Sr.. was u native of Milton, I'ennsylvHriia. and settled at llazh^ton in 18411, then a eoal-niniiiff camp, largely owned hy his lirotlier-in-law, Mr. A. Pardee, in whoso eni- |)loy Mr. Markle hegan hnsiness as a bookkeeper, eoal dispatcher and snrveyor, hein<^ a natnral accountant, (jiiick at tioiires and very rapid in computing interest and valuations. lie snbso- fjuently took (duuve of the Krm store, and hy liis allien maniiirement and husinoas iibility ao irij^riitiated himself in tht? minds of the princi- pal tiuit in 18r)S. associated with A. Pardee, (teneral William Lilly and Gillinaham Fell, the tirm of (i. H. Markle A: Co. was organized, to carry on the mining of anthracite coal at .leddo, Pennsylvania, where the tirm iiad se- cured an extensive lease of 05,000 acres of eoal lands. The business continued very success- fully until lS7t), when Messrs. Pardee and Fell retired from the lirm, tirst selling their interest to Judge Asa Packer, of .Maucli (Jhnnk, pres- ident of Lehigh Valley Kailroad Company. Tiie firm of (i. P>. Markle iV: Co. continued to tlic death of Mr. Markle, in 1888, when the affairs were closed n|i and the live children of Mr. Markle reorganized under the same name, and Continue ihe mining at Jeddo. Mr. Markle also (uganized the banking house of I'ardee, Markle it (irier, at Ilazleton, which has had a successful career. (i. H. Markle, the subject of this sketch, was educated at the private' schools of Ilazleton un- til twelve years of age, then attended the Alex- ander Military Institute at White- I'lains, New York, for two years, and graiiuated from the scicntilic dejiartment of Lafayette Ccdlege in 1878, with the degree of Ph. I). He then went to the mine at Jeddo and renuiined one year, when, because of his father's failing health, he went to Ilazleton ami represented his father in the banking house of Pardee, Markle & (irier. In 1881 Mr. Grier retired from the business, and tho firm dissolved in 1882, when the bank- ing house of Markle Bros. & Co. was organized, our subject continiiing the nninager until 1886, when he was succeeded by his brother, ;V. Mar- kle. Mr. Markl(! made a tour through the Pa- cific coast States, deciding upon Portland as his place of settlement. After about six months in making ac(]uaintances his first business enter- prise was in 1887, when he organized the North- west Loan and Trust (bmpany, and was ele'cted jiresident. In July, 1887, with associates, ho organized the Oregon Xational Hank, with of- fice of vice-pre.-ident. .Vbout 1S88 he organ- ized the Kllensbougli, at Washington, with office of president. In P^ebruary, 1888, be was of a syndicate to jtiirchase the Multnomah Street Railway, and was elected the president. This road lias been converted from horse to electric power, a praiseworthy step in the development of the city of Portland. In 1888 he purchased the Silver Lip, Mule Doer, Ked Di'agon and Sitting Bull silver and lead mining claims, situated on Sunset moun- tain, ShoshoiKi county, Idaho. He organizei'ew York city, when he moved to Warrenton, Missouri, where, six years later, in 1804, he died. His faithful wife survived him ten years, expirinir amidst her friends in 1874, greatly lamented by all who knew her. ylie left two children, Thomas V., our subject, and a younger sister, at present residing in Portlanll. The subject of our sketch lived with his mother and sister on their farm in jMissouri, until he arrived at the ago of ten years, when he was sent to the Christian I'rothers' School, at St. Louis, where he remained a year, from whence he went to \ew Orleans, to live with an uncle. Here he again entered the Christian Brothers' School, in which he remained until he reached the age of fourteen years, when he went to Chariton College, of JSIississippi, where he took a business course of studies, in which he graduated creditably to himself and teachers. He then returned to .Mlissouri. where he engaged in railroading, securing a jio^itlon as operator for the Northern Missouri Railroad; soon aft';r 80 he was |iroiiioted to the position of train-dis- pat(dier, at r.exington . I unction, which was a deserved indorsement of his ability and lidelity. It was at this time that he received the news of his mother's death, conveying the further fact that she had left to his care a younger sister. This charge he has faithfully fiillilled, for wdiieh ho cannot be too highly commended. On leaving Lexington ho railroaded through Missouri, Iowa and Kansas until 18S1. when be went to i'lieblo, ( olorado, where he secured a position as cashier and chief clerk of the Domer ifc Rio (iraiiile itailroad Company, where he re- mained until 1882, when he came to Portland, Oregon. He was employed in the latter place by the O. \\. & M. Railroad, and worked at J'endleton as operator and clerk, and afterward as agent of that station for two years, until, ir 18sf, he discontinued railroading, ainl com- niciiced business lor himself in Pendleton. Ho embarked in the transfer and wood business, and finally worked into the grain trade, until he finally organi/.eides all these various e-iter- prises and multituilinous cares incident thereto, Mr. Koiirke finds time to oversee the cultivation of his farm of IfiO acres, adjoining Pcudloton, where lie resides. Ho has other lands amount- ing to 1,500 acres, which he rents for agricult- ural piiriioses. He rai( s some stock, but does not make a specialty ol chat business. He owuh anil ui-es for bis private purposes probably as fine a team of blooded trotters as can lie found on the coast. His prosperity is all tlie more 1278 UISTOItr OF OHEGOX. reriiai'kiiUlu wlicii wo reiiicinln'i' tliiit liu had but !(i7.50 in iiKiiioy wlicii lie liiiiilfd in Oretfon, ten vem'n ii;i;(i, lii> jiresent J)o^ifi(Jn in tlie world re- ilectiuf^ nmi'li credit nn his liniincial ability, ciuTfiy i"'d integrity. Mr. Uonrkii was married to Miss Lillian C. lioosvelt, a dani^rlitor of VVilliiini lioosvclt, of Sioux Citv. liiwa, a dt'scendant of I lie celebrated Koo^velt i'airiily of New York eity. They have one ciiild, i,illiaii It. Kourke, born April 9. ISSd, wlin is very iiitellii^eiit, and i^ives promise of retlectinij credit on Oregon, the State of her nativity. lie is a member of the Odd l*\dlows' Associa- tion, and has tilled all of the ofliccs of his lod rejireseiited at the (Irand L<>du;e, and also iielongs to the ICiiijflits of Pythias, in th(< affairs of wliicli he takes an active interest. He atliliates with the Deniocratic party, tlie principles of which he unreservedly indorses, as appeariiiff to him most eotnniendablo. We seek in vain for the secret of his pros- perity and po])iilarity unless we cite the oppor- tunities jirox ided by this land of promi.ie to all aspiring intellects, recalling Sh .kespeare's say- iiiff. that " there is a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the full, leads to fortune," but wo must not withhold the meed justly due to his ability to perceive his great opportunities and perseveringly pursue them. W.STKVKXS it C(J. are the pioneer and only manufacturers and di>alers in mili- * tary, band ami society unit'orniB, e([iiip- iiients and supplies in the Northwest, and are located at Portland, Oregon. The nucleus was formed in 1879 by Ward 8. Stevens under the firm name of Stevens & Newcomb. In 1884 the firm was succeeded by a corporation known as the Oregon Regalia Agency, with Mr. ^V. S. Stevens as manager, and was continued by liim until August, 181)1, when his death occurred. He was a gentleman of the highest order of character, and was prominent in the fraternal societies of Oregon. Ife was born in Albany, ^'ew York, Juie 15, IS-ll, and descended from a prominent Kngl>sh family which is traceil back to the time of William the Con(jueror. They came to New York early i!i the history of that State, where several generations of the family resided, and where Mr. Stevens was raised and educated. When twenty years of age he made a journey to China, where he arrived at the uoinmencenient of the Tai-I'ing war, and was commissioned a Cajitain under General (iordon, in which capacity ho served till the (dose of the war. He returned to his native land, and in 18(17 came to Portland, Oregon. He was on- gaged for some time in the brokerage business. In lH7t( he received the ap|)oiiitment of l.)cputy United States Marshal, in which position he discharged his duties for fifteen years, and be- came widely and favorably known throughout the State. He has tlie lionor of Laving insti- tuted the first lodge of the K. of P. in the State of Oregon, later of organizing the (irand Lodge of the State. He was the first jiresiding officer of the Gi-and Lodge. He was elected (irand Keeper of the Record and Seals, which position lie faithfully discharged for fifteen years, up to the time of his death. He also lield the ofHco of Ooloiud of the Uniform Rank of the order, and was a prominent member of the Red Mi-n, Di-nids, Workmen, and of the Masonic fraternity. He was marri(d August 8, 18()9, to Margaret Hamilton, of Wapello, Iowa, born February 21, 1851. The family crossed the plains when she was only one year ohl, and her father, Alexander Hamilton, settled with his famih' in Portland, wh(>re she has since re- sided. They had three children; Dudley Ward, Helen Alma and V^iolet Margaret. Dudley Stevens succeeded his father iti the business, and is the senior member of the firm of D. W. Stevens & Co. He was born in Port- land, December 25, 1870. He was educated in the Uisho]) Scott Academy of this city, and for two years held the position of Deputy Clerk of the United States Circuit Court. He is an enterprising young business man of the city, in which he had his birth, and is a worthy type of one of Oregon's sons. He is a member of the Red Men, and K. of P. Mr. Xorman Pierce, who is the junior mem- ber of tlie firm, is also a native of Portland, born June 3, 18T1. He was educated in the city of his birth, where he now lives. He is a son of Captain S. S. J'ierce, a j)rominent officer of the civil war. He is of Knglish ancestry, who came to America just |)revious to the Revolutionary war, in which tliey jiarticipated. (Japtain Pierce enlisted in the Union army, and at the expiration of his term re-enlisted, and re-enlisted for the third time at the close of the second. He was a brave soldier, and received a HISTORY OF ORKCrON. vm wound lit Wclildii raiUvdy, tliiit i-auHcd liiiii iiiiicli sufferiiif^, and rosiiltcd in imrtial par- alyrtis, from wliicli lie has never fully re- covered. He was jiroinotcd to the rank of Cap- tain, lie has lii'ld many ixisition^ of trnst dnrini^ his resideiici' in rortianii. and is widely and favoi'alily known thninf^hont the State. lie marrii'd Miiriali AleMann, of I'altiinore, Mary- land, a ijnidnato of the Norfolk .\cadomy, and the ;lit('r of .lainca I'. McMann, of Haiti- more. They had four uhildren, of which N. S. J'ieree was the yomij^egt. After rceeiviiifr liin ediieatioii he entered the employ of Staver it Walker, one of the leading firms of the city, in wlii<'h position ho remained tivt^ years. He rc- Bii(ned his jiositinn to enter his present firm. Messrs. Stevens ife I'ierce have hcen life-lonif friends. They are obliging and intellij^ent, and enjoy the confiilence of a large circle of patrons. They are regarded as enlerprisinjj hnsiness men of the <'ity where the whole of their honorable lives have been spent. fllAULHS W. SKARS. a successful hnsi- ness man of .Mbany, Oregon, is a native of Vermont, born at Uichford, in ls37. His parents, Aldcn and Caroline ^Cailton) Sears, were natives of \'crmont. anil descendants of Puritan stock. Alden Scars, a mechanic by li'ade, was for a number of years fnii;aircd as a merchant and maiiufacturiT at Uichford. He was a man of considerable prominence. For several terms he represented his party in the State Let^islature. In 1852 he went to Califor- nia and engaged in the numufacture of lumlier and builders' materials at Columbia. From time to time he bought ont different members of his family, as circnmstancc.s would permit, traiis])ortati'.t, when he came to ( >rcgnn and located in I'ortland, engaged in mill work. He con- tinued thus employed until IS72. I'Voni that time till 1S71, he worked on the Custom House building. .Next, we find him at Salem, as fore- man on the State House; a year later, contriict- ingand doing mill woi'k. In .laniiai'y, 18.s',i, lio came to .Mbany and purchased the Zcvss inter csts in the planing mill, then operated liy Zcyss i^; Hochstaler, and engaged in general mill work and in the manufacture of all wood linisbings. March 1, IS'JI), they incorporated with the .*. r. W. He is not active in ])i)litics. iuit, having been deeply interested in temperance from \vi youth up, naturally inclines toward the advancement of the prohibition movement M. W.VDDEL, an intelligent and sue- cesifnl farmer of Vain Hill countv, was I* born in Stratliniore, Scotland, Deceml'cr 10, 1S4-5. His jiarents, l)avid and ICIIeii (Mor- ton) Waddel, were both native.-, of Scotland, and were well and favorably known in their country. The' subject of our sketch was educate 1 in Dundee, and conimenoed to learn the trade of a millwright, but changed hi.H mind, and, in ISlit), be went to New Zealand. When be arrived at his destimition, he was presented with S'i.oO, with which he purchased a spade ami shovel, and engaged in digging ditches and making 12«lt nrNToiir of oukoon. foiiccs. After eiirlit ycnr8 of tliis liard work, lie went to AiiHtnilia, where lie r(add the jiosition of manager of their large farm in ^'am Hill county, where he eminently proved his aliility as a scientific anil tlioroui^h farmer. He had tlie full manajruiiieiit of it, and put it in shape, and made of it the hest farm in the county, lie produced large crops, and very tine species of blooded horses and cattle on this farm, and made it an emi- nently protitalie investment to the 'owners. The origin of the name of the farm, liroad Meads, is thus explaini^l hy Mr. Waddel: An intimate friend of Mr. Reed, one of the owners of the farm, was a Dr. Toliny, who was at one time connected with the llitdson's J5ay Company. They were payinir a visit to the farm one day, wdieii,in thecourse of theconversation.it was re- marked that so important a farm ought to have a name, whereupon the Doctor was asked to suggest a suitable one, and he immediately said, "Itroad Nfeads," thinking that very appropriate to such liroad and beautiful meadows as were comjirised in the 3,000 acres contained in this valuable jiroperly. Hence the name. Mr. Waddel continued to inanaije the farm for fourteen years, giving tliii very highest sat- isfaction to its proprietors, by whom he was urged to continue longer in its management, liut,as he hadmanagcd so profitably for others, it occurred to him that it would be iirotitable to manage a farm for himself. lie had sold his farm in ilackson, and imd placed the money on interest, and with this money lie piircliaseil 400 acres of land, located on the narrow gauge railroad, three and a half miles east liilid. We nli- scrvc in Kik'iitii', ami profit hy his cxanipli', Imt with Ainoiican jiriilc, pronounce it a rumilt of our own superior education and tnrninj^. Ilcifh couiifriuB, however, arc great, and lioth are good, and neither lian reiiHon to envy the other. iLIVEIl UOlilHNS, oneof Ihe enterpris- ing and Biihstantial fariiiciv of Clacka- iiiart county, is an Oregon pioneer of 18r)2. Mr. Kolihinrt was horn in Imliana, .hinc 1, 18K), son of Jiicoli Ilohhins. At the hm;u twelve years lie croHsecl the plains with his father and family, riding a horse most of the way and hel|iliig to drive the loose stock. After their arrival in Oregon he was sent to school, and remained on his father's farm until he reaclieil manhood. He then went to eastern Oregon, and was in the stock business for seven years, meeting with success. lloturning to Clackamas county, he was mar- ried to Miss ^^ary 'riiompsoii. who was horn in Ohio, Ajiril 2, 1847, daughter of IJohert Thoinp- Bon. a descendant of Irish ancestry. Her father came to Oregon in 1S5~, and is now a highly- respected farmer of Clackamas county. About the time of his marriago Mr. Kohbins purchased 1,008^ acres of land, and with his young wife settled u|)on it, where they iiave since resided. They have both been industrious, have niaile a fine farm, and now own They have two children; Mr. George Adams, and ents on a farm which her Oria is attending college are members of the Methodist ("liiirch South, and arc i)eo])le of high standing in the com- munity in wliich they have so long resided. t valuable property. Katie is the wife of resides near her par- father gave her; and at Corvidlis. They fAMES WILLIAM RfXiEUS, whocame to Oregon in 1845. and is one of the most highly respected citizens of Vam Hill countv, was born in Indiana, .\pril lii, 1821. Jlis fathei', Lewis Kogers, was born in Ken- tucky and reared in Indiana; and the grand- father of our subject, Aipiilla Rogers, was one of the pioneers of the .State of Kentucky. The an- cestors of the family have been prosperous faniiers. and inestlv ineinbers of tiie ChriHtiaii ilenomiiiatioii. I.invis Rogers miirrieil .Mi>s Nancy A. Richards, ii native of Indiana, and the daughter of Ziid(pk Richards; this family were Tennesseeans. Mr. Rogers, whose name heads this sketch, was the second of the nine children of the above family, and the eldest son. He was lirought up on a farm in Indiana. In 1840 he went to low 1, where he wa- employeil by his father, and put in crops on shares; in 18l.'j, in com|iany with his brother and a brother in-law and il neighbor, ho started with o\ teams and fhn'e wagons on the long journey across the continent toward tlie "sunset land." The joiirnt^ was successful, .\fter crossing the Missouri river they fonled every stream until they reached the Des Chutes river, which they crossed by making a raft of canoes lashed together. Indeed, Mr. Rogers enjoyed the journey very much. They killed buffalo and antelope, and the bitter ex- periences so common on such tedious espedi- tions were so few and light that he looks back on the whole trip with scai<'ely any feeling but that of ])lcasiire. Coming to Yam Hill county, he tnok a dona tiiiii claim a mile and a half sonthwesl of wliiHe now stands the beautiful cily (d' .McMinnville. (No town was then thought of at that jMiint.) Mr. ('o/ine and wife were his nearest neighbors. He erected a small big hcnise anvi*r_v tiiKiiiciiil ciiturpiMHe tliaf lio coii- xido'-i'ii II ^oihI iiiovi'iiiciit. Ill' was olio of tim liMlderK of the McMiniivilhi, a Htcumhoiit liiiilt t" ciiiiM'y Fii'l^jlit ami past-ciiffern ti> ami from I'nitliiinl ; hf li('i|ii,'il (•ri^iiiii/f Ihn (iniii^o, took Htoi;k ill its (Miti'rpriscs iind wii!< its (!iiR|)liiiii for Hcvcriii yrai's. Wlicii the iJaptist coIIi'l'o was Htarti'il III! aiili'd it liliiTaiiy; and, in fact, ho Iiuk inifoniiiy exiiiliitt'd hy his dwdrt hia wiiliiij.;- lena to contribute to tlin welfare of McMinn- v.lle. Mr. lioj.(er(* nindc u public profesnion of Chris- tiaiiity in tho year 1851. He joined the Ciiin- lioilaml l'n\-diyt(M'ian (Jhiirch, whi'i'e he «till colli iiiiR's a iiifinlier and MIder, which otlice lie has lilled for iiioie than twenty year<*. lie if now in IiIh seventy tirst year, in the eiijoynii'nt of jfood health, of active intellect, kind-liearted, social and in every way a worthy citizen and a f^ood representative of the Oregon pioneers of 1845. Mrs. Kiii^crB died February 25, 1st)!), and Mr. Koc^feis reiiiiiined single until December 2H, 1H7S, when he niarried Miss Mary \. Small, a native of southwest Missouri, and the daiio;h- tcr of Henry and Mary A. (McCall) Small; her father wa.- a Keiitiickian, and her mother was a native of Tennessee; and iier f^randfatlier came from Scotland. llTGrSTl'S FAN NO. deceased, an honored ()re>;on pioneer of 1840, whose industry assisted in the early development of this country, and wmse uprifrhtness of character ex- erted a widespread and beneficial influenco on his ciiininimity, was a native of the Pine Tree State, iiaviiii; been born in (hiiiiberland, Elaine, March 2(i, 1804. II is character much resem- bled one of those proud monarchs of the forest of his native State, whoFe heads tower aloft in the pure air and siinsliineof heaven, leaving all low and degr.nled objects at their feet. His father was John Faniio, and hid' grandfather was a I'rcnchman, who came to America dnriiic; the " reifjn of terror'' in France, having been de- spoilcil of his estate and (lersecated by the Revo- Intionists. Coinins; to America he settled in I'orthind, Maine, wliore his j{nind»ion, Augustus, Hiibjeet of this sketch, was born and reared. .\t the early aije of twenty years .Xiigiistiis became a sailor for three and a half years, lie then traveled e.xtoiisivelj, and Hiibseiiiieiitly settled in Missouri, where ho engaged in school teach- ing. Mere be married Miss Martha {''ergiison, a native of that State, and their first child, Kiigene !!., vas born there. fie was, however, in the path of the moving stream of wt'stward emigration, which he joined in IH4(), and with his wife and idiild faced the dangers and hardships of the long trip across the |ilaiiis to Oregon. His devoted wife died shortly after their arrival in this coiintrv near Oregon City, and was buried at i.inn (Jity, amid the lonely sweep of the forests and the sighing of the wind. Their son, Kugene 1!., has 'oiig since attained to sturdy, honorable, mn d; and, like his father and grandfather befi •, is a warrior for the right, and by his efforts has done his part in the devel'ipmeiit of the State. lie now resides near Newport. In 1847, after the death of bis wife, Mr. I'"aiino removed to Washington county, Oregon, and took iiji a claim of (lid acres, situated seven miles southwest of the jirtifcnt site of I'ortlaiid, which was then a scattering collection of fisher- men's huts, and gave but slight indication of its present magnificent proportions. The sur- rounding coiiiitry was unsettled, Mr. Fanno's nearest neighbor being live miles distant. In 1849 Mr. Fanno married Miss Uehecca.I. iK'iiny, a native of Kentucky, where she was born in ISl'.l. He and wife settled on his home- stead, and I)y industry and economy became greatly prospered. The fertile soil responded giMierously to his efforts, and repaid his foster- ing care with abundant and excellent crops, until he had a goodly amount of this world's goods. On his original homestead he reared and educated an int^-resting family, whose mem- bers now refleet honor on his name. He was an honest and industrious man of kindly dis- position, devoted to his home and family and greatly esteemed by the jieople of his coin- iiinnity. He died after a long and useful life, tlune 29, 1884, having encompassed nearly a century, his mind and soul being rich in expe- rience and all benevolence. There were six children by his second mar- riatre, four of whom survive, one haviiiif dieil in infancy, and one, Josephine, pas'jing away in her twelfth year. One of the canghters, imw innTOIlY l)h' liHEOnH. Mm -tun, At |Minu It lien Ittlcd ||H(I||, hilil, ■vine ■unci I tliu |cro«8 1 1 led iieai- iiiiiid liiiiK long ■1; if Mrx. I. I, 'Miirclock, reiiidca witli her liUKlmnd (III n good fiiriii iiiiiii' lii'i' old liciinc. Tliv otluT diiii^^iitt'i', now Mrw. .Ihiiich I). Wihnot, liven with licr liii>liHnd on ii pm-tioii of lici- tiitlicr'H (ii'i;^iiiiil diiiiiition clniin, vvliicli In- iind liis laitli- flil wilt' liclpcd to rcclHiiii thiiii itn niitiM' wild iionh. Till' ftoiis, Aiif^uBtiin.l. und A. IJ., own tlio ro8t of the ehiiiii. whicli is now one ol' the iH-.-it fui'iiiH in Oivgon. In addition to tiieir otlior iii^i'iciiltiinil intei't'stft. they nre eiij;;agiiii,' lai'f^i'iy i'l the cultivation of oiiioiiK of Hiiperior (|iiuiity, and have the ilisiim'tion of hcing the larijest prodiii'ers and Klii[i|)t'iv of tlii> ooin- nioility in the Stale, shipjiinif. asthoy do. larije oiiantiticH throiiglinnt tlu! Ntirtliweht and to Alafika. Tlie fttitJifiil wife and mother, whonc thrift and economy had no siimll hIih in the piOK- perity of her hiinhand, and wlmse constant folieitnde and watchful care of her childien has lieen rewarded liy their irrowth to honoralile men aii. O. F., and one of the active young men tif Salem. A. WKTZHLL, County Superintendent of Schools for Multnomah county, I a Oregon, vas born in Washington county, Vermont, in 18.")2, a descendant of the colonial settlers, who were chietly engiiged in agricultural pursuits. lie received his ele- mentary education in the common scliools at Farmer City, and aftei-ward attended the Nor- mal School at Normal, Illinois. ]5cing attracted ill early years to the profession of teaching, his whole education was acipiired with this one ob- ject in view — that of liecoming one of the edu- cators of the land, lie began teaching at the age of seventeen years in the public scliools of Illinois, ami continued his work there without interriip*'ioii urtil 1883, when he took a higher course of study at the State .N'oi'mal, ISIoom- iiigton, Illinois, lie also tilled tliecdiair of elo- cution, ami was assistant teacher of Knglish literature. Whileat the Normid.in 1884, the Hoard of Kd- ucation of I'ortland sent Mr. Wetzella call to East l'ortland,as Superintendent of the I 'iiblic Schools. During the five year.- of his sojourn the school buildings havegrown from one to four in number, and the corps of teachers h.is increased to twenty- eight. In IXHH he was nominated by the Re- publican party, and (fleeted County Superin- tendent of Schools for .Multnomah county; the last year he taught he tilled the dual position of City and County Superintendent. In 18',(0 he was re-elected County School Superintendent, and has proved himself an alile ami ellicient di- rectoi'; he has greatly improveil the methods of instruction, and has infuseil a spirit of enthu- siasm and zeal Ml to pupils ami teachers alike. The [diilosophy of mental training and culture has been the study of his life, and the n^sults at which he has arrived have been most satisfactory. He has inaugurated a system of local school meetings, holding a series of twenty each year for the pur- pose of bringing teachers and parents together, and discussing methods of iinnroving the con- ditions of tlic schools. Mr. Wetzell also holds an annual iKJiinal of two weeks, during the va- cation, for the benefit of schoolteachers. There are tifty-eight districts in Miiltnoniah county, employing :iOO teachers, and the names of more than 1(),()()() pupils are iijion the roll. Mr. Wetzell was married at Farmer CJitv, Illinois, December iiO, 1874, to ^liss Ella (Jum- ining, a native of that State. lie is a member of the Masonic order, having arisen to the de- gree of Knight Templar. ' lie has devoted hit life's best energies to educational interests, and through liis successes as an instructor in the institute, he has gained a wide acquaintance, and has made hosti of friends throughout the State. fllARLKS M. WIIiERU, one of Pori- land's pioneer liitsiness men, was born in Sweden, of Swedish ])arents, on the 2()th of March, 1820. He was raised in his native land, where he learned the trade of shoemaker. From Sweden he went to London, England, working at his trade in that oity for three years, when he came to New York, lie worked in Connecticut for a year, going from there to New Orleans, where he worked for a similar length of time, when, in 1S52, he came direct to I'ortland, Oregon. I','-e he worked at his trade, and started a shoe-store, in which lie con- tinued forseveral years, after which he was associ- atetl with J. A. Strowbridge in the wholesale boot and shoe business. During the war, by capable business nanagement, he accumulated considerable mon.^y. Since the dissolution of their partnership, Mr. Wiherg has been inter- ested in the piirch.ise and improvement of city property, and by his judicious investments has added etill further to iiis wealth, lie has con- niSTOllY OF ,1/1 BOON. 1^85 lU lie llt'iit, It (Ji- Jis of (tliii- Tho lijeen 111 Ik- : lias c;itv, iiin- rnbcr (le- lut and II the ance, t the trilmted liii* full share to the growth of the city by the construction of iiiinienius hulMini^s. He has not only acquired wealth, hut lias, by his nnli'orni ijooilness nf heart and relialilo liusiness integrity, secured that which he jirizcs more hij»hly, II good name. He is a Repuliliean in ])olitic8, but is inde- pendent in local matters, lie was at one time one of the (Jonnty (lonimissioners. lie was one of the promoters of the i)ridge spanninir the river at Morrison street crossiiiir, which was the first bridge across the river at Portland. lie has been a trustee and director of the brid^re organization ever since, r.nd was at one time il> president. lie was married, in 18."J8, to iMiss I'auliiui Ingi'ahai!!, a native of Iowa. They have had nine children, all still living, excepting ntie son, wiu) died in bin twenty-sixth year. Several of his daughters are married, viz.: Annie, married Mr. Frank Morgan; Sallie, married Mr. Van Jackson. Mr. Wiberg owns a handsome resi- dence, whi(rh lie has built, and which occupies a beautiful siglit near M_unt Taber here. .Sur- rounded with ali the conveniences and ini|>rovo- ments of modern invention, he resides in the society of his fan)ily, secure in their atfcction, and an object of the esteem of his fellow-citi- zens. — ^€@:!i&'^— fOSEPlI A. WKKillT, a prominent and successful merchant of Sparta, Union county, Oregon, was born in Hcnrbon county, Kentucky. October '-iS, 1S35. and is the second son of a fairiily of three children born to ex-latiire, on the llepii! I', in Hcket. and was reelected in 1S',12, on t:ic same ticket, to till tlie same otiice. He has a great many friends in I nimi cmintv, where he has become one of Its representative men. Mr. W^riglit is a Ueptiblican, and has been evei' since he was old enough to vote, the principles of the party being instilled into his mind by his distinguished father who embraceil the teaching of the new party upon theonlbreak of the war. Previous to tliilt lie bad been a Democrat. ASmUY STA UU, A. M.. P. I)., the ef- ficient and popular jirofcssor of Natural '* Science and History at Willamette Uni- versity, was born in Monroe, I'ciiton cuunty, Oregon, in 185-t. His father. N. A. Starr, was a native of Ohio, ami a miiiislcr of the Metlual- ist Episcopal (Ibiucli, and was one of the able educators of Ohio and Iowa. With tiie tide of emigration of ISoO, he crossed the plains (o Orci'on to join his brother, who had come to the State in IMio, settling in lienton cininly. where he located the present town of .Monroe, foriiicrlv called Stari'V Point. IJev, ,\. ;\. Starr devoted his Oregiiii lil'i' to prciediing Ihrongh- (iiil this State an oc- cuiiieil up to the time of his death in 188:i. He was a great ami goof which duties he ])erforu)ed until 1882. lie then resigned his |)osition to accept the chair of nat\iral sci- ence and history at Willamette I'niversity, where he has since heen continuously em- ployed . Mr. Starr was marrieil at Chatham, Xew Jersey, in 1878, to Miss Sarah I''. Littell, an ac- e(un|ilished representative of a distinguished family of that State, descended from Puritan stock. They have four children: Stanley A . Ethel, Hda and Carroll 1^., typical Orcijonians, who l)iii fair ultimately to take their rank among the noble men and women of this State. Mr. Starr owns his cottage home at No. 255 Ferry street. Salem, where, murrounded hy his interesting family, he may he said to enjoy true happiness. He is also interesved in real estate in Port 'rownscnd. The i'rofessor has held many positions of trust, having heen Treasurer of the Oregon Methixlist Episcopal Church tlonference for many years, anar8, then sold his im])rove looks at tlie nuissive trunks, the productiveness of Oregon is demon- strated. This farm because of its improvements andnciarnessto Hillsborough has also become very valuiible. On it Mr. \Vood has raised wheat, oats, hay and hops. He has al>o engaged in stock- raising, Imving produced pigs, sheep, cattle and horses on this same farm. Tliis does not pre- vent his taking an interest in the business af- fairs of Hillsborough. When the First National l!aid< was cganized he helped by taking stock. He also aided in the building of (ti'ange Hall and has various other property interests in that city. UtSTOHY OF OR/SOON. 1M7 lioiii land lanil laiiil ad a to ntv the I ad goii ler- II a rty d's wn the , 1 as I'C- 1- lo llfh and ace )rtli lOSt- Ife ater t to ling this ndj. Ill 1853 Mr. Wood iiiari-ied Miss Elizalieth Jane Sliaw, of Missouri. a iiatn (I mechiuiic himself, and can make almost an\thing he wants. He ran a blucksmith shop in McMiiiiM'ille for two years, before the war. Soon afti lie cimie out of the war, he. and his brother inventeitand built the tirst combined he!i was married in July, l^tiSK to Miss Lucv I iiikerton, a native of Mi>sonri, who came across the plains with her parents in iMlo, making the Journey with ox teams. Mr. and Mrs. Davis have four children, namely : William H., Malissie K.,.loIin H.. Jr., and Maggie M., all at liouKM'Xcept Malissie E. who is the wife of Saniiiol Sample. Starting out in life a pool' boy. Mr. Davis has risen by his own pluck ami energy to his pres eiit jiosition of ])iosperity, and hi'^ career is a fitting example of what can be accomplished in this country. With advanced years he has 128S nisTbuY OF oiiEaoN. i; Ai i '^ I* V , \ itii limm I. \' m. ■ x. . liriictically I'otircil from farm work, still, liow- evei', continuing tiie nianagenient of liih isx- tensivc fiii-niini^|)eii a liirm on wild liind. In 183:^ lie enlistcil in the JJlark Hawk war, hh l''irst Mcntenant in Colo- nel ALirahani l.iiicoln'ii rcirimcnt, and had com- mand of his eompany at the close of that war. In 1840 he retnriied lioint* and married Misa Ann L. Christian, of Illinois. He continui'd a ri'sidciit on the farm mentioned until his death, which took place Ano;u8t 8, 18H',(, when he was moimI eigiity-two yeai's ami twenty-eight days, ili.s wile snrvived nntil .lannary 1, 1802, dyinj; at the I'csidenee of her son in I'enilleton, ()re- jfon, at the age of seventy-two years and ten days. .lames L. Carroll enlisted in the war dnrinro they resided four years; then started for Missonri, his father dyino; on the way. His mother lived in that State until 18f7, when, with her si.\ children, her two brothers and their families, they crossed the plains to Oregon. This journey was made in safety, the only sad event connected with it being the death and burial at (jrecn river of one of his uncles. Voung Townsend had charge of his mother and the ehildi'cn, and drove their team of oxen. They were poor [leople wlu-n they arriveil in Oregon, and at once took a donation claim in Polk county. The mother and children settled in Dallas, whore that venerable pioneer lady, now in her eiffhty-third year, still resides, re- spected and beloved by every one. In 1848 Mr. Townsend went overland to Cali- fornia and mined in ^[ereed county, meetiiiif with fair success. His largest nugget was worth $68, and his largest day's work amounted to S104. After an absence of eight months, he returned to Oregon, bringing with him in the neighborhood of S2,0()0. lie then built a house for his mother, on her land north of Dallas, In 1850 ho took a donation <'laim of 3".iO acres of land near where I'errydale is now located, and on it he built a little board house, lii x 18 feet, and spent his time there and with his mother until 1853. That ycai', December 10, he married Miss 15. F. Smith, a daughter of George Smith, a pioneer of ISoii. He had a few things in the house, and his wife had a bed and bedding, and with these they began tlieir married life. In 1855 Mr. Townsend voliintcored in the Yakima war, and was elected First Lieutenant of Company G. He served a part of the time under (Colonel Cornelius, being in one engago- ment which lasted from 2 c. m. until 11 o'clock at night. The Indians were in vastly superior numbers, and had them for a time corraled. .\t the close of the war he returned to his farm. In 18f)8 Mr. Townsend was elected a member of the State Legislature, and in 1878 he was again electeil to the same position. He is in politics a Democrat, and has always taken a deep interest in the growth and development of Oregon. He was one of the organiz''rs of the first school in liis district, and has ever taken an active part in the advancoment oi (^ducatiunal interests. He was alsj one of thi^ organizers of the Grange at this jilau'. He Is a leading t( ad ap- pointed cashier, he resigning his place as I'ost- master, and at the last election he was elected vice-president of the bank. He is also inter- ested in some valuable mines in linker county. ant nine years, during which time he ha-^ licen connected with the building of several schoolhouses, one of II I i i2i»a insToiir OF onEQON. m ... sia [if 1 -i )i' tlicBO eostiiig $30,000. Wlicii lio was tniirricd lie wiis lint a poor lioy, akerCity, forin- ini; a partnership with H. W. Keynolds, and built the first store in that iilaceof any respect- able size. Snbse(]ueiitly he went into part- nership with W. F. McCrary, wiiose daughter he afterward married, and who was a brother of the late Secretary of State under I'residtMit Hayes. After iipiirtnership of four years, Mr. MeCrnry, being appointed I'ostmastor, sold out, and, in 187."), died, when Mr. Tracy was ap- pointed i'ostiiiastor, which position lie held for ten years. In connection with this he also sold books and stationery. Starting out in life with barely enough to take him to California, ho has worked his way up to liis jiresent coin- fortal)le jiosition through many vicissitudes. danuary 12, 1870, is the date of his marriage to Miss .Mary M. McCrary. In the fall of 1881 he went with his family to California, on a visit. Keturning to Oregon the next spring, ho was apfiointed Deputy County Clerk of Ha- ker county. He also served several terms in the City Council, was elected City Treasurer, i''ebrnary 8, 1890, and was .ijipointed Post- master, as before mentioned. He has always been a liepublican. Mrs. Tracy was a native of Iowa, born .Fan- iiary 3, 1849, and came to Oregon with lier parents in 18(52, crossing the plains in wagons. Mr. and Mrs. Tracy's three children are: (Maude, now twenty-one yoar.s of age; Myrtle, nineteen and (ieorge II., Jr., fourteen. These are all at home with their parents, and constitute a happy family. — **< ILLIAM SHERLOCK, for forty years an interested observer of Oregon's growth and prosperity, was born in county Wexford, Ireland, where he was raised and educated. His jiarciits were John and Dorotha Sherlock, also natives of Ireland. Our subject came first to the Dalles, Oregon, in 1850, and thence to Portland, whei'e, in company with Mr. C. P. Bacon, he established a livery busi- ness, which they named the I'hick Hawk Stables. They were Hrst located on Second street, between Oak and Stark. Tlieir business, which was at iirst small, grew to be a large and romunorativo one. They bi-came dealers in fine horses, and had one of the finest establishments of its kind in the city. After a partnership of twenty-one years, Mr. Sherlock sold out to liis partner, and devoted his iitteution to real-estate interests. He purchased several laKge tracts of land, and ])latted the Sherlock Addition to the city, which has iiisTour Oh' uuBios. I-JIKI Iter liicr ■lit Ml', htit, Ian- tor ■sold llife rnin, I'oin- bs. Hago II of oil ■ays Binre l>t'(, Washington, and also linaiiciidly cini- necteil with l\w .lackson County Hank, of .Mi^l- ford. Joseph (t. Pierce is jointly i?itt'reste(l with his brother, and makes a s|iecialty of survi^yiiig boundary liiuts. fOHN P. WALKER, an esteemed Oregon pioneer of 1852, and an active business mini of Oregon's metro])olis. was born in i,ogiiii. Hooking ccmnfy, Ohio, October la. 182'J. His parents, Thomas and Eli/.ab(!tli (Harmon) Walker, were born in England, but were nianid in Ohio, and were among the pioneer settlers of Lagrange county, Indiana, wluui it was yet a wilderness and infested with wild Indiatis. The father engaged in farming and in the live-stock business, and, 'oeing a great worker, met with financial r.uccess. This worthy eouple had nine children, eight of whom are now living. The subject of tliis ski^tch was the third child, and was reared on the lioinn farm, performing the numerous dutiesot the place in the summer, while through the winter he would rise at four o'cloektolook after the stock and other "chores," after which he would walk a mile and a half, thrmigh the deep snow and biting wind, to the country schoolhouse, where be improved the limiteii facilitit>s offered tor attaining an educa- tion. He later attended the Lagrange Semi- nary, where he completed his studies. His , .1 sfl.;ll r.'iii trisrour or oitnaoN. lilt her was oppdHed to Iii8 lonrnin^ n tratli'. but iil'lcr hid I'allii'i-'rt ilciitli. in ISlS, ,lolni 1'. tuok lip cariKMitiT work, wliicli lie coiitinucil to follow. On Keoruary 2<5, \X'o'Z, lin was iiinrriuii to MIks lliiri'itittt! a. Kiii^litlcy.of Kiij,'li;
  • -ini_r milliiii; machinery, and in ISIH) Btarteil the second (.1. C (Jarson's heitij; the first) ]daninj,'-niill in the city. His mill was located on the corner of VVater and Oiliiinbia streets, and did a i;enerat business in sash, lilinds and wood-tinishin^' materials, and it was very success- fully operated until duly, 1809, when it was de- stroyed liy fire. Wv immediately started over- land for the East, where he Mi,'ain purchased new machinery, with which he returned. He at once proceeded to erect a substantial brick Imildini;, tiOx'.K) feet, two stories liio;h, with a basement. He placed bis new macliinery, re- fitted the buildini^ throui^boiit with the latest improvenients, and on December 19, following, his mill was aj^aiii in operation. This continued to do a thriviiif; busiiuss until the groat tire of August, Is7i5, when twenty-three blocks of (uty proiierty were completely destroyed, his build- ing being among the number to be reduced to ashes. This catastrophe found him uninsured and he met with h heavy loss, being obliged to Sell some of his city lots to meet his indebted- ness. He then returned to his tradi? of carjien- try and millwright work. In 1870 he coin- nieiiced pattern-making, which he followed in foundries until 18S0. He then started a shop at No. 318 Front street, where he continued to do general work until October, 18'J1, when he retired from active business to devote liin ntten- tioii to his property interests. From the wreck of his losses he saved valuable |)i-o|)(!rty on the corner of Second and Montgomery streets, run- ning through to First street, where he owns two resirt- land to the lands tiiey are now plntting for a city. The capital stock is now etitimatcd at •SS'.ri.JO.OOO. Mr. Walden is inaiiaginj,' the iiii- |)rovenieiit of tlie lain), and has various other imsiiiesB inten^sts in Ore^jon (lily, lie has Imllt a tine residence overlookiiiir the river, and has a vtu'y pictiiresijue view from his (rroiinds. Mr. Waldeii was married, in 187S, to Miss Winnie Kershaw, of \ew York. They have two children: Antoinetle and Hilda, hoth horn in ( )ii'j;on City. Mr. Walden was one of tiie ornani/.ers of the Jiank (d' Oregon, and is nowonecd' Iheilirectors. He is a meniher of the A. O. l'. W., and of the 1. (). (). F. ''n all of its branches. He if a Ke- pnblican in j)olitics, and has served as Director of tiie city schools. He is a (piiet. nnuBsuming man of excellent bnsiness jiidifment. and is a thoroughly good citizen, who is highly deeerv- iiijr of his success. tON. SAMUEL SIMl'SON WIIITK. who came to Oregon in 1845, is one of the worthy pioneers who has lived to reap tlie reward of tlie early years of toil and privation on the frontier. He was born in I'utler county, Indiana, December 11, 1811, a son of Edwin and Nancy (.\flii'rlon| While, imlives of Mary- laud and Ohio, re,-|irciivel\. The |)ateiiial an- cest(U's were English, and the nialernal grand lather was Aaron .\theit(Mi. The parents of our subject reared a family of four sons and f(Uir ilaiighters; they were |)ioiieers of Ohio, re- moving to Cincinnati when it WHS ii log tort; one clunghler, Martha llarrisiui, was taken cap- tive with her infitnl child, the other children being slain by the tavages; «lie was hidil six days, then made tier escape \nlli her baby, ami rt<- tnrnecl to her home. .Indgc While received his education in Illinois, -ind at the age of twenty- one years enlisted in the I'lack llimk war. Ho afterward engaged in mercaiitih^ piirsiiitB at Knox (!ity, Illinois, and remained there three years, at the end id' wiii(di \\nw he closed out the business. When a treaty was made with the Indians lu- removed with his brother in- law, Ama/iah Ooolittle, to Miirlingtwii, Iowa, being among the lirst settlers; h, lost his land there through a del'icti\ e title, and then went to Fort .Madison, Iowa, wdiere lie ran a steam ferry across the .Mississippi; this was a piotil- able business and he ciuidHcted it four years. Ill ISi.") he joineil a train going to Oregon, starting on thejoniiiey .\piil Llth; they made a Hucces^fiil trip, free from many of the dangers that usually atteml tho.se early traveiern, irriv- ing at the Dalles, October f), lSt5. .1 ndi;e White was married in Warren county, Illinois, May ti, ISiH, to Miss lluldah .leniiin'gs, and ho was accoiripanied by liis wife and three children, named as follows; Nancy J., Eilward .Miltcui and William Linn; all tlies(^ (diildreii have since died, .ludge While settled on a farm of t)2'.) acres within a mile and a half of ( Iregoii City, ami there built a small log house; be imjiroved this property, and for tweiityeighl years made it his home. In 1S73 he came to I'orthind and built several houses, wlii(di he rented, and also bought a farm of i'Xl acres, four miles south of Tacoma. After ciuning to Ori'goii two more children wvre added to the family of .!udg<^ White ami wife; they were named Onzella and I'liigene D.; only the latter survives; he is one of tlu^ jiros- perons Inisiues.- men of I'ortland, and a skeli'h of him will be found on another page of this volume. In iiolitics the .ludge was in early days a Whig, but since the organization of th ■ Uepublican party he has cast his suffrage with it. He was appoint''d Judge of Cla(d III itn hordert, two week*' <'i>iii'i lnM i wire a year was hlltli'',i('llt to (lihpOhU of nil tlu! lp|lcilU'!*M lll'in- ilif{. Ill' wilH tiU'f.tcil li iiii'iriiu'r of tin; I.('o;ii»|ii- tiim ill IHIT, iiinl drovv up tlio liill ordi'iiiig tlii' Turritiiriiil (ioviirtniiuiit to riiisd troop.-* to buI)- iliio tilt! Iii(liiiii8. Wlii'ii lie- cniiK! to I'ortliinii Il() wan cluctcd luHtico of tlio IVai'is iiiiil Hlluii this olllci' nix yt'iirs. WliiU' living in Orcj^on City III! WHS oiif of till' organizers of tlio I'irst Coii^ivgatioiiiil (!iiiirili Sdi'ii'ty, wiiirli lie lilicr- iillv Mipporliil cliiriii^ liis rrsiiliMifi' tlierc. IIo was one of II coMipunv of tliree who liiiilt tlie liOi Wliitc.iiiiili, the first steainlioiit riiiuiiiig be- tween Astoria ami Oreijun (^ity; she was luiinclied ut a cost of ltSr)o,U(H>, liiit sold fur $4(1,- Mrs. White, who has lieeii a faithful eiMnpan- ioii to her hiisliand for sixty years, still survives, and they are spending their deeliiiinir years in pence iiiid eoiiifort, honored liy their deseuiid- imts and respected l»y all who know them. -.J-. •*- fOilN 1). WHITMAN, .\iiionjr theproiii- iiieiit liortieultiirists of southern ( )re^;(iii, lew Miiiiies are more familiar to the piiblie, espeeially of .liicksoii eouiity. than that whieli heads this sketch; and while not a State pioneer, lie is certainly one of the pioneer fruit-growers of this section, ami has done much to lulvaiice the interests of the coiniiMinity in his line and, incideiitiilly, iK'netit the country at large. .Mr. Whitnian settled in Meilford in 1S85 and iiiimeiliatel\ luriird hisattenlion to fruit culture, to which he found the country in this vicinity pe culiarly adiipled, both (ui account of the mild cli- mate and till.' fertile soil. He bought eij^hty-tivc acres of good laud just outside of the city limits, thirteen of which he planted the following year with (dioice fruit trees of a general variety, to which, in lS,-(li, he added tifty-seveii acres more. His orchard now consists of seventy acres, di- vided as follows: Eighteen in |)eiu!h. both early and late, numbering some 1,700 trees; three acres each of pears ami prunes of diil'fc.'ont va- rieties; and the remainder, forty-si.x acres, are in ajiple trees of a general assortment, although principally of winter apples, niimbering 4,()0() trees. These are all in a thoroughly healthy condition, and the yield of fruit in IW'.'l. as re- garils size, ijiiantity and quality, was something marvelous, but that of 18!i2 Was light, owing to late froHtK. in IMIL. tt> further fiu'llitate the hamlling ami shipping of this large amount of fniit, he erected a warehoiii-e, wliiidi is provided with all the niodern iiiiprovenients ami eonveii- ieiiees for the purpose. .Mr. Whitman's son, •lames A., who lias heretofore had charfje of the shipping, will hereafter have added to his duties that of handling the fruit. The sliipiiieiits of IH'.ll were extensive, larire iinantitie-i lieinsr sent r> 1 p^ both north amlsoiith, |iartii'ularly was tliisso of apples, which were shipped into t!alifornia ami thence consii^ncd to .New York and iMirope. Mr. Whitman is [irobably as well informed in regard to fruit culture as .iiy man in the iStiite, having made horticiilturo a special study and practice for many years and, during his residence in Medtord, has been among the |ir(igressivp element, ever aiiiong the first to lend aid and encoiirai;eiiient to all public and private enter- prises, which have for their object the advance- iiiriit ami prosperity of the city and county. Ho is an etHident mem her of the State Hoard of Horticulture of the Third District, to which position ho was appointed by (Toveriior Pen- nuyer in ISS'J. As a citizen he is eiimdly public-spirited and enterprising, and has iin- tioiimled faith in the future prosjierity of ^^ed- ford, on account of its central location, su- perior natural advantages ami excellent railroad facilities. The snbjeot of this sketch is a native of the Kmpire State, having been born in Austerlitz, Columbia county, August 20, 1824. lie de- scends from an old New Knglan.l family, whose ancestors were English, and came to America about 1();{8. The .Vmerican Whitmans are de- scendants of John Whitman, of Massachusetts, the subject of this sketch belonging to the sev- enth generation. Mr. Whitman'.'i parents wore Levi and Mary A. (Dt'ty) Whitman, both na- tives of New York State, the former born in 1792. They joined the westward tide of emi- gration in 185S. rcmovini; to Dallas county, Iowa, where they both died, the father Sep- tember 17, 1867, ami the mother December ;"), 1881. They had five sons, of whom Mr. Whit- man of this notice, was the third in order of birth. Tliis gentlemiiu was educated in the State of his birth, and at an early ajfe learned the car- penters' trade from his father, which young Whitmiiii followed for many years in Massa- chusetts, the fan.'ily having removed to Stock- bridge, iliat State, in 1S4(J. He accompanied ■mnmm uitiwuy uf uuKoun. vm liu of l.'.l nil, tllO icM of cut ...f liin iiai'ciitH. twelve y<'i'* liittT, to Io'vh. ami tliiiic cii^^iim'il ill licirti' iilturo ami fariiiiii^, rc- muiiiiii}^ nil mil! plaet! twdiity-wuvtMi yeais, mii't iiij^ witli lliitlcriii^f rtiK'ci'hS. liuliiccd liy t'avi." illtlc it'iiortH iif the ^(l^tllwt■^t, Mr. vVliiliiiiiii rmiiiiMMl in ISNu tn Mt'dfuril. whom his pros, perity has heoii contlmicil as a jiiiit reward of Ills oiier^y, industry and aliility. Mr. Whitman was lirst iimrrii'd in Loo, Ikirk- sliirc county, Massaciiusctts, in lS4(i, to Miss Clatlicriiic llarti:iii, of T'l'i'iicii (h'scciit, ami aiiii- tivc of that Slate. Tliis union was of short duralion. In^iiiii teriiiiimted liv the deatii of the (h'voted wife, Mareii 1«, IfSGl. In 1H52 .Mr. Wiiiliiian iiiarriiMJ Miss Mary A. llidet, also a native of Maasaeliiisetts, who. afftir a married life of thirly-nine years, passe(l away July '2M, 18D1. leaviiif^ her family and many friends to iiiourn her loss. To this union wiin born si\ eliildreii, two of whom hiirvivi>: ine, were natives of the same county, and after inarriaire resided upon the homestead un- til lh(i',>, wlieii they removed to Delaware county, Iowa, and there lived to the age of sixty-tive years. Dr. I'aine was ediiented at the State I'niver- sity of Iowa and began the study of medicine at'Moiiticello, Iowa, in 187.>, under the precept oi'sliin of Dr. I. H. I'liillips. followed by u two- years course at the iiieclieal dcpartiiuMil of Ceii- triil I'liiser-ity, Kentucky. lie |p,.j;un piaelii'e 111 Ka|>i,i City, lilack llilir-, I lakota, and later at S.iiid Spring, Delaware county, lowa, ru- iiiainiiig until the tall of t'^ST. whi-n he visiteil New Vork city, and passtNl several iiionllis in Bpeciul study at the New Vork hospitals and colleges. Ill the spring of IHSM he eaiiie to Kiigene, where his lirother, D. !>. Taine resided. Dr. I'aine eommeneed jiraetice at Fiigeiie, in parliiersbip witli Dr. .1. .1 McDonald, the linn of I'aine tV McDonald coiil inning iiboiil one year. He then formi^l a parliiersbip wilb Dr. \V. II. .Mc.Mlirtrey, which lasted iiiiln ihe fall of Is'.tl, when, lliroi gli the death of his partner, Dr. I'aine was left alone, and he has c made siiperinteiicl- eiit of the company and worked through Utah, m laos insrOHY OF OREGON. Montana iinneer, who, by intelligent and persistent effort ajiplii.'d to the wonderful resource of this great State, has accumulated a competence and gained the confidence and esteem of his fellow-men. [ILLIAM L. WAHRl'X, an esteemed native son of <>)'ogon, and prosperous ?» farmer, and popular Sheriii of Yam Hill county, was born in I'ortland, Aui;ust ti. 1841). (See history of his father. William Kd- ward Warren, an honored Oregon pioneer of 1847, in this book.) He was the second child, and was reared on his fathei-'s donation claim in Yam Hill county. He attended tiie district school, traveling three miles to reach the primi- tive log scl o(dhou8e. In 1S(51 he went to Portland, where, for five years, he lud the bene- fit of the public schools, in IHiSfi he returned to Y.im Hill CDUiity, where, for two years, Uo attended the McMinnville Haptisl College. He then retnrnecl to the farm, where he was engaged in the )irod\iction of grain and stock for several years. On April 3. 1870, he was married to Miss Anuinda J. Payne,a native of Yam Hill county, antl the e chil- dreii, and upon Mrs. Warren's nhare, the subject of our sketch btiilt a substantial houMs and otherwise improved the place, and also wurkeil the other portions on, was born in lis, July 21, 1?S12. He is the son of l!en- jaiiiin J. Whiteaker, one of Oregon's iiioneers, now deceased. (See history of David Jesse Whiteaker for family history.) (ieorge Wash- ington Whiteaker was si\ years of age when he crossed the plains to Oregon, .\fter his arrival in Oregon he had a siivere attiU'k of mountain fever, ami as it affected his memory of the jour ney and all that preceded it. he has no knowleilgi' of any other State b\it Oregon. He was ieare