IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / O / V 5? V ^ /A. ^^ m. Wr 1.0 I.I ill 25 ;;;3 2 .36 m 4 20 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► ^JM & '^A ■&, /} >f ■;> /. VI om /A y w Photographic Sciences Corpordtion ^ >j^ €^ iV S V \\ 4v \ ^N y X ^ t<. "^ «\ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER NY 14580 ( 7)6) 872-4i03 ■ ^ I Wr CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques % Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. 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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper \fH hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis d des taux de r6duction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 6 partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, d?< gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^J nil Kli.lll llil\ ~IK lollV \ MMlMiNAIh Kl 1: I I CANADA UNUKR lllli \^ NATIONAL POLICY. ARTS AND MAXrFACTllRI'S. 1883. inoiitrcnl: TWV. INDrSTRIAI. lUlU-lSHIXC. COMIWNY. 1883. /'■. li...^. Mil iii.i'.ii i.\M.i\iN. 1 .r... K.i.M.c; Minttl.i ,/ the .Sr/rij/r 1I..S. J. II. I'.ilK. iIm.s. Slk l.l.i\M.ii I'lLln. 1 ,11., K.l'.M.li, Mittjitif aj /-'iHittuf. 11m%. .sin .\i I \ tMii K C wii-iii 1 1 , k.4 ..M.(>. MtmtUt t*J Juttiw. ir-.N. A. W M. t.ii \N. lliiN. Fr\nk Smith. H v Jnus r^..lisr., Il of the Speaker of the Senate, the Hon, D. L. Macpherson, already a member of the Cabinet, but without portfolio. H THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. who lias continued to act. Certainly into no more competent hands could the work of the department have been placed. A cool head — a large and practical acquaint- ance with business — an extensive knowledge of men, both from the older Provinces of the Dominion and from h^irope; a clear insight into the working of measures, and a keen perception of the requirement of the times were needed, and these were possessed by the Hon. Speaker of the Senate. The duty was accepted at Sir John's request and from personal regard for his chief, but it will be admitted by all who understand the working of the department that Mr. Macpherson has given to it an aptitude and enthusiasm which have operated to the best interests of the country. A glance at the land regulations will prove this. The settler is provided with a homestead of i6o acres, which he gets free of any cost, except $10.00 as registration fee, and the adjoining 160 acres may be pre-empted at $2.00 per acre in Class I), and $2.50 per acre in Classes A, R, and C, — an average price of $1.00 to $1.25 per acre for a farm of 320 acres. The regulations are as follows : — 1. The surveyed l.inds in Manitoba and the North-West Territories shall, for the purpose of these Regulations, he classified as follows : — Class A. — Lands within twenty-four miles of the main line or any branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, on either side thereof Class B.— Lands within twelve miles, on either side, of any projected line of railway (other than the Canadian Pacific Railway), approved by order-in-Council published in the Canada Gazette: Class C— Lards south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway not inrhided in Class A or B. Class D. — Lands other than those in Classes A, P, and C. 2. The even-numbered sections in all the foregoing classes are to be held exclusively for homesteads and pre-emptions. a. Except in Class I), where they m.iy be afiected by colonization agreements, as hereinafter ])rovided. /). Kxceiit where ii may be necessary out of theia to provide wood lots for settlers. <-. Kxcejjt in case where the Minister of the Interior, under provisions of the Dominion Lands .\cts, may deem it expedient to withdraw certain lands, and sell them at public auction or otherwise deal with them as the Govcrnor-in-Coiincil may direct. 3. The odd-numbered sections in Class A. are reserved for the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. 4. The odd-numbered sections in Classes P and C shall be for s.ale at $2.50 per acre, payable at the tim^; of sale ; a. Except where they have been or may be dealt with otherwise by the novernor-in-Coiincil, 5. The odd-numbered sections in Class D shall be for sale at $2 per acre, p.iyalile at time of sale : a. Except where they have been or may be dealt with otherwise by the Governor-in Council, b. Except lands aflected by colonization agreements, as hereinafter provided. THE DEPARTMENT OE THE INTERIOR. 15 u. Persons who, stibsc'iuent to survey, but before the issue of the Order-in-Council of the glh October, 1879, excluding odd-numbered sections from homestead entry, took possession of land in odd-numbered sections by residing on and cultivating the same, shall, if continuing so to occupy them, be pennittcd to obtain homestead and i)rc-cm])tion entries as if they were on even-numbered sections. PRE-KMPTIONS. 7. The prices for pre-emption loU shall be as follows :— For lands in Classes A, B, and C, $2.50 per acre. For lands in Class D, $2.00 per acre. Payments shall be made in one sum at the end of three years from the date of entry, or at such earlier date as a settler may, under the provision of the Dominion Lands Acts, obtain a patent for the homestead to which such pre-emption lot belongs. Provision was also made for the encouragement of colonization companies for filling up the North-West, and the value of the whole land policy of the department may be measured by the fact that the sale and homesteading of lands, commenced on a small scale in 1871, exceeded, for the year 1882, ten millions of acres, and that the money receipts from 1870, the date of the transfer of the Territory from the Hudson's Bay Company to the Dominion Government, to the first of January, 1882, amounted to but $820,000, while on the first of January, 1883, the returns gave the enormous stun of $2,250,000. A startling statement in proof of the marvellous rapidity with which the country is being settled. The following are the regulations for granting land to colonization companies : Agreements may be entered into with any company or person (hereinafter called the party) to colonize and settle tracts of land on the following conditions : a. The party applying nust satisfy the Government of its good faith and ability to fulfil the stijjulations contained n these regulations. to. The tract of land gran ed to any party shall be in class D. The odd-numbered sections within such tract may be sold to the party at $2 per acre, payable one- fifth in cash at the time of entering into the contract, and the balance ni four equal annual instalments from and after that time. The party shall also pay to tlie Government five cents per acre for the survey jf the l.-ind purchased by it, the same to be payable in fmir eciual annual instalments at the same times as the instalments of the purchase money. Interest at the rate of six per cent, per annum shall be charged on all past due instalments. The [larty shall, within five years from the date of the contract, colonize its tract. Such colonization shall consist in placing two settlers on homesteads on each even-numbered section, and also two settlers on each odd-numljered section. The party may be secured for advances made to settlers on homesteads according to the provisions of the loth section of the Act 44 Victoria, Cap. i6 — (the Act passed in 1881 to amend the Pominiyn Lands Acts). a. to. c. ¥ 1! ! l6 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. b. d. Tlie homostead of i6o acres shall be the property of the settler, and he shall have the right to purchase the ])rc-em;)tion lot belonging to his homestead at $2 per acre, payable in one sum at i-nd of three years from the date of entry, or at such earlier date as he may under the provisions of ;he Dominion Lands Acts obtain a patent for his homestead. C. When the settler on a homestead docs not take entry for the pre-emption lot to which he has a a right, the party may within three months after the settler's right has elapsed purchase the same at $j jier acre, payable in cash at the time of purchase. In consideration of having colonized its tract of land in the manner set forth in sub-section b of the last preceding clause, the party shall be allowed a rebate of one-half the original purchase-money of the odd-numbered sections in its tract. a, lluring each of the five years covered by the contract, an enumeration shall be made of the settlers ])lared by the i)arty in its tract, in accordance with sub-section b of clause 9 of these regulations, and for each bona fide settler so found therein a rebate of one hundred and twenty dollars shall ue cri'dited to the party ; but the sums so credited shall not, in the aggregate, at any time exceed one hundred and twenty dollars for each bona fide settler found within the tract, in accordance with the said sub-section at the time of the latest enumeration. On the exi>iration of the five years, an enumeration shall be made of the bona fide settlers on the tract, and if they are found to be as many in number and placed in the manner .stipulated for in sub-section b of clause 9 of these regulation.s, a further and final rebate of forty dollars per settler shall be credited to the party, which sum, when added to those i)reviously credited, will amount to onc-h.i'ii of the purchase money of the odd-numbered sections, and reduce the price thereof to one dollar per acre. But if it should be found that the full number of settlers required by these regulations are not on the tract, or arc not placed in conformity with subsection, b of clause 9 of these regulations, then for cash settlor fewer than the required number, or not placed in conformity with the said sub-section the party shall forfeit one hundred and sixty dollars of rebate. If at any time during the existence of the contract the party shall have failed to perform any of the conditions thereof, the Governor-in-Council may cancel the sale of the land purchased by it, and deal with the party as may seem meet under the circumstances. To be entitled to rebate, the party shall furnish to the Minister of the Interior evidence that will satisfy him that the tract has been colonized and settled in accordance with sub-section b of clause 9 of these regulations. OFFICIAL NOTICE. The Government shall give notice in the Canada Gazette of all agreements entered into for the colonization and settlement of tracts of l.ind under the foregoing plans, in order that the public may respect the rights of the purchasers. TIMBER FOR SETTLERS. The Minister of the Interior m.iy direct the reservation of any odd or even numbered section having timber upon it, to provide for homestead settlers on sections without it ; and each such settler may, where the opportunity for so doing exists, purchase a wood lot, not exceeding 20 acres, at the price of $5 Jier acre in cash. The Minister of the Interior may grant, under the provisions of the Dominion Lands Acts, licences to cut timber on lands within surveyed townships. The lands covered by such licences are thereby withdrawn from homestead and pre-emption entry and from sale. c. d. I « i 1- i8 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. PASTURAOK LANDS. Under the authority of the Act 44 Vic, Cap. i6, leases of tracts fur grazing ])uri)Oscs may be granted on the following conditions : a. b. d. Such leases to be for a period of nor exceeding twenty-one years, and no single lease shall cover a greater area than 100,000 acres. In surveyed territory, the land embraced by the lease shall bj described in townships and sections. In unsurveyed territory, the party to whom a lease m.iy be promised shall, before the issue of the lease, cause a survey of the tract to be made, at his own expense, by a Dominion I..and« Surveyor, under instructions from the Surveyor-General ; and the plan and field notes of sucli survey shall be deposited on re<:nrd in the Department of the Interior. The lessee shall pay an annual rental at the rale of $10 for every 1,000 a ::res emb.-aced by his lease, and shall within three years from the granting of the lease, place on the tract one head of cattle for every ten acres of land embraced by the lease, and shall during its term maintain cattle thereon in at least that projiortion. After placing the prescribed nimiber of cattle upon the tract leased, the lessee may purchase land witliin his leasehold for a home fanii and corral, Jiaying therefor $2.00 per acre in cash. e. Failure to fulfd any of the conditions of his lease shall subject the lessee to forfeiture thereof When two or more parties apply for a grazing lease of the same land, tenders shall be invited, and the lease shall be granted to the party offering the highest premium therefor in addition to the rental. The said premium to be paid before the issue of the lease. GENERAL PROVISIONS. Payments for land may be in cash, scrip, or police or military bounty warrants. These regulations shall not apply to lands valuable for town jilots, or to coal or other mineml lands, or to stone or marble quarries, or to lands having water jiower thereon ; or to sections 1 1 and 29 in eacii Townshij), which are School Lands, or Sections 8 and 26, which belong to the Hudson's Bay Company. As there are large tracts of valuable timber limits in the North-Wcst, it has been deemed well to enact regulations to govern the granting of yearly licences to cut timber. They are as follows : I St. The area of a timber berth to be covered by yearly license shall not exceed 50 square miles ; and not more than one berth shall be given to an individual or firm. .Vny departure from this rule, which special circumstances may render expedient, shall be made only with the sanction of the Governor- in-Council. and. Licenses sh.all be granted under the following conditions : — (a.) The licensee shall pay a ground rent of five dollars ($5) per sipiare mile. (b.) Within a month after the date of the Order-in-Council granting a timber bertli, the party in whose favour it is passed shall pay the rent for the year in advance, the said rent to bear interest at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum from that date until the same is paid. (c.) The licensee shall pay a royalty of 5 per cent, on the amount of the sales of all products of the berth. (d.) When applications for licenses conflict, berths shall be laid o!T .and described as the Minister of the Interior may direct, and tenders shall be invited for the same. Parties tendering will be required f ;5& I ■J f THE Dl-PARTMI'NT OF THE INTERIOR. 19 i I 'if to state the sum or bonus per scjuare mile wlikli tliey will jiay, in addition to the ground rent and royalty; and the limit will be awarded to the party offering the highest bonus. (i:) The licensee shall have in operation, within a year from a date to be fixed in the license, and keep in o])eration for at least six months of each year of his holding, a saw-niill capable of cutting daily at least 10,000 feet, broad measure, of lumber. 3rd. When a licensee has fully complied with all the .above conditions, and where no portion of the timber berth is required for settlement or other public i)urposc, of which the Minister of the Interior is to be the judge, the license may be renewed for another year, subject to such revision of the annual rental and royalty to be paid therefor, as may be fixed by the Governor-in-Coimcil. 4th. In unsurveyed territory, the party to whom a license shall be promised, shall, before the issue of said license, and before the said party shall cut any timber, cause to be wmK; at his own expense, under the instructions cjf the .Surveyor-Gener.al, a survey of his timber berth, by a duly (lualilied Dominion L.an(ls Surveyor, and the plan and field notes of such survey shall be deposited on record in the Department of the Interior. In surveyed territory, berths shall consist of townships, sections, their legal sub-divisions or fractions thereof. For .some time it was feared that the supply of fuel on the Ljreat prairies would be but scant, and render life to the settler difficult durinj,^ the e.xtreme cold of winter, but subsequent surveys have discovered numerous beds of coal there. In tlie region west of Edmonton, bounded on the north by the Athabasca River and on the south by tlie Retl Deer River, a coal field has been found covering an area of not less than 25,000 square miles. Coal seams have been .seen on the Pembina River 20 feet tlu'ck. It is also foimd on McLeod River, and at Coal Creek, near the entrance to the Jasper Valley. In the elevated country, south of Little .Slave Lake, many fine seams have been found, and its occurrence on Peace River is well known. The best known to-da\-, although by no means the largest, are the coal fields of the Souris River district, where mining has already commenced. To regulate mining in the coal districts, the following "Regulations" have been adopted :— CO.VL REGUL.\TIONS. The following districts have been set apart, and the lands therein withdrawn from ordinary sale and settlement, and declared to be coal districts, the s.ame to be known as those of the Souris River, the Bow River, the Belly River and the .Saskatchewan River, the said districts foV the present to be composed as follows : — I- — The Souris River coal district : Tps. 1 and S. >5 of 2, Rgs. 4, 56, west of 2nd jirincipal meridian. I, 2, 3. (( 7. S, ' t 2 3. " 9. 10, I. -1 3. 4. " 1 1, J, 2. 3. 4- 5. " 1 2 '3, 2, 3- 4. 5- " "4. 3. 4- s. " >.■;, 4. 5. S. 16, «7 I 90 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. ir. — Bow River Coal District : 'l'\>s. 19, 20, 31, R(,'s. 18, 19, west of 4ih principal meridian, " 20, 21, 22, " 20, 21, " " III.— Belly River Coal District : Tps. 8, 9, 10, Rgs. 21, 22, 23, west of 4tli jirincipal meridian. IV Saskatchewan River Coal District : Tps. II, 12, 13, Rgs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, west of 1'. meridian. " 14, 15, 16, " 2, 3, 4, 5, and. The land within the coal districts will be surveyed as soon as possible, and thereafter will be periodically ofTercd for sale by tender or public auction at an upset price the .same, together with tiie terms and conditions of the sale, to be fixed from time to time by the Minister of the Interior. 3rd. With respect to leases which have already been granted, each lessee who lias fiillillcd the conditions thereof, may, within two years from the date of the Order-in-Council authorizing his lease, convert the leasehold into freehold, by paying in cash the U[)set price placed by the Minister of the Interior on the lands in the co.il district wherein the said leasehold is situated, but the lease shall be null and void in all cases where the conditions have not been fulfilled by the lessee, s))ecially the conditions contained in clause 5 of the said Regulations, which is as follows : — " 'I'liat failure to commence active o])erations within one year, and to work the mine within two years of the commencement of the term of the lease, or to jiay the ground rent or royalty, shall subject the lessee to forfeiture of the lease, and resumption of the lanu Sy the Crown." 4th. In cases where the Minister of the Interior satisfies himself that Companies or persons have exi)ended a considerable sum of money in cx|)liiring for coal within the limits of any district for which they m.iy have applied under the Regulations nf lyih December, 1881, the said lands maybe sold to such Company or person at the ui>set price fixed fiir lands in the coal district in which such tract may be situated. 5tli. The boundaries beneath the surface of coal mining locations, shall be the vertical planes or lines in which their surface boundaries lie. 6th. The rights of lessees and of persons in favour of whom Orders-in-Council authorizing leases have been passed, shall not be affected by these Regulations, except in so far as they may be consistent therewith (Signed), LINDSAY RUSSEL, Dtfuty i^f the Ministtr of Ike Ittttrior. These Regulations shall not go into operation before they have been laid before both Houses of Parliament for thirty days without disapproval by either House. In order to administer the affairs of this huge country as its settlement may demand, and to prepare the way for its self-government in the near future, the Government have divided the whole territory into four provinces, viz : Assiniboia, bounded on the South by the International boundary line, on the East by the western boundary of Manitoba, on the North by the 9th Correction Line of the Dominion Lands System of Survey into townships which is near the 52nd parallel of latitude, and on the West by the line dividing the loth and i ith ranges of townships THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 21 ^■ by the west ot the 4th initial meridian of the Dominion Lands Survey; th«! district comprising an area of 95,000 square miles. Second, the .Saskatchewan Province, about 1 1 4,000 square mile.s. bounded on tlie South by the district of Assiniboia and the northern boumlary of the Province of Mani- toba ; on the Last by Winnipejr, witii a part of Nelson Rivir; on the North by the iSth Cor- nxtion Line and on the West l)y tl.c Correction Line dividing the loth and iith ran,t,'es of town- ships west of tile I'onrth initial meridian. Third, the district of .\lberta, comprising"- alioui 100,000 square miles, bounded on the .Soutli by the Inter- national boundary, on the East by the district of Assiniboia, on the West by the Province of British Columbia at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and on the Nortii l)y tlie iSth Correction Line, b'ourth, the district of Athabaska, containing an area of about 1 2 2,000 square miles, bounded on the South by Alberta, on the East by the loth and 1 ith ranges of the Dominion Lands Townships, until it intersects the Athabaska River ; then by that |MH^/|^ KyBBBl^^if '^[: wSBw^Sh^^ WH^K!^ • ''Mi !mM m^wM ' . y- •t. « M^^k M ^^mtj*''sS9 ' '*Jl %C ^-i^^'f -'■- ^iS > Mfi^^-' r. -\ n if. \ :..ss^ < 1^^ b ■r y. ^m|flv:' * v.; ^jaMffML^ )■' X w^ lA i 22 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. river and the Athabask.i Lake and Slave River to its intersection with the northern boundary of the district which is to be the 32nd Correction Line. To provide for the administration of justice, to protect the rif,'hts of settlers and the Indians who arc placed on "reserves," a system of mounted police is maintained in an efficient manner. As the result of this and the friendly attitude of the Government toward the native Indian tribes, the North-West is absolutely free from the turmoil and bloodshed which so generally mar the frontier life in the western parts of the United States. So that this North-West, with its healthy and fruit- producing climate, its inexhaustibly rich soil, its abundance of timber, coal and water, offering health and wealth to all who will settle with a mind to toil, must, in a few years, become the happy homes of millions who will provide corn for the markets of the old and new worlds. Statement shewing total amount 0/ Receipts and Extienditure on account North- West Territory up to June, i88j : — Total Expenditure $35-975. 739- °7 Less paid out of Capital Account : Purchase of Territory $ 1,460,000.00 Canadian Pacific Railway 20,418,982.14 Dominion Lands ^46,563.73 Other Service Charged to Organization of Gov'jrnment. . 1,460,000.00 Total Receipts 24.185, 543-87 $11,790,193.20 $ 6,183,401.38 Comparative Statement — Entries aiui Sales Dominion Lands iSSi. 1882. I'lntrics. .Acres. Entries. Homesteads 2,753 438,707 7,383 Pre-emptions 1,649 263,647 5,654 Sales 1,417 355,165 3,703 Acres. 1,181,652 904,211 613,282 In'-rease. Entries. 4,630 4,oo5 2,186 Acres. 542,945 640,564 25'^,"7 5,819 1,057,519 16,740 2,699,145 10,921 1,641,626 1M81. 1882. Increase. Receipts Homesteads, Pre-emptions and Sales. $352,000 $1,618,366 $1,266,366 " Colonization Companies 547,7" 547, 711 Miscellaneous 5-780 5,7'^° $352,000 $2.i7i,«57 $1,819,857 THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ml URTANT as the DcpartmnU of the Intcrio,- is and must be, the Department of Agriculture has very much to do with bringing about its successful operations. The country is great and good beyond description, but the facts must ije made known and settlers induced to come to the new and the older Provinces, or the wealth will lie unused. When the National Policy Government began operations in 1870, it was with the intention not only to foster the industries of the country by a protective tariff, but to make a great effort to build up the country and create home markets for home industries by drawing people and capital from the old world into ^•ses": '"r" ■^fe? -*■-■( ^ilM-^' - •«. T r ■' THE SOURIS. tlie different provinces of the Dominion. Such a work may at first sight appear simple, but in reality it involves much of science and art. The right kind of machinery must be adopted and then most carefully worked on a carefully prepared system ; capable agents have to be appointed to the proper places at home and 24 THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. abroad ; literature in full and honest description of the country must be prepared and distributed that results may be effected ; care must l)c had that encouragement is given to settlers worth the having, on account of their capital or industrious habits, and not to those who would become a burden upon (jur thrift and charity. .Sir John Macdonald knowing the importance of the office, and having a mind that it should be well filled, placed its administration into the already experienced and competent hands of the Hon. J. 11. Pope. Prior to leaving office in 1873, Mr. Pope had been Minister of Agriculture for two years, during which period the value of his services were fully understood by the Government and the country. Rut in resuming office in 1878, he found a new impulse in the duty. TIk' great provinces of Quebec and Ontario had lost none of their value and attracti\eness ; still the story could be told ■^w^^^'^r^-'-l^ lURII.E MOUNTAIN of rich clu'ap lands in lh(.' I'^aslern Townships and llif west of Ontario; \vood(.:ii lands whicii may be cleared at a profit and then fiu-nvd with a yearly increasing advantage, but besides all that, the wonderful XonivWCst had Ijeen just discovered as a rich wheat-growing country. With a keen appnciati(jn of the resources of the Dominion, a patriotic desire to help the work of development, and the steady exercise of extraordinary ability, Mr. Pope has carried on his work to the satisfaction of all who, under any circumstances, could or would Ije satisfied. Maps of the coimtry have been published by the hundreds of thousands ; pamphlets and guide books, giving reliable inform uion on every conceivable subject of importance to settlers, have been distributed b) the millions. In 1880, the happy idea was formed i THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 25 of inviting some British farmers to visit, inspect, and report upon the country ; they did so, with beneficial results. Knowing well the wants of this agricultural and industrial country, Mr. Pope has made great and patient efforts to induce labourers of all kinds to emigrate to the Dominion. The rapid development of agricultural resources keeps up a constant demand for farm labourers ; railway building makes demand for navvies ; mechanics and artizans are needed to carry on the common trades, and most of all are domestic servants wanted. To help the work of supply, Mr. Pope has devised a system of assisted passages. Female domestic servants and families of agricultural labourers are helped to more than half tiie ordinary and advertised passage money ; other labourers and mechanics get a consitlerable reduction in the fare, and altogether, all that can be done is l)eing well and vigorously done to build up the Dominion in numbers and prosperity. How effectively these efforts have told may be gathered from the following statement as to immigrant settlers in Canada : — 'S75 27,382 1876 25,633 1877 27,082 1878 29,807 1879 40,490 1880 38,505 188 1 47.991 1882 112,458 The total number of persons who went into Manitoba and the North-West in 1 882 was, in round numbers, about 70,500. The vaku; in money and property ascertained as brought by immigrants into the country during the year was $3,171,501.59, besides a very large amount unascertained taken into Manitoba and which cannot be reckoned even approximately. A l)ank(r made the statement tiial he knew of $8,000,000 on deposit m Winnipeg for Lnvestment in lands. riu's department has also care of the catde trade of the country which, in matters of quarantine, &c., demands most prudent watchfulness. As Canada is an agricultural country, first of all things the cattle trade must form an important factor in its future prosperit)-. In the general export trade of cattle there was a decrease in the year 1882 as compared with 1881, but the e.xport of sheep shov.ed a large increase, so large that this bids fair to become one of the leading 9 ' j6 THI' DEPARTMENT (Jr AGRICULTURE. fi9i THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 27 industries of the agriculturist. Tlu; number sliippctl to Europe give a total of 75,905 for the year, worth about $500,000; and to the United .States 233,600, worth some $900,000; altogether, a trade of about $1,400,000 per annum. When it is considered that the development of the Phosphate mining of the country — now rapidly becoming a source of great wealth, — also a supervision of Forestry, Dominion Exhibitions, the Archives and the Patent Olilice are entrusted to this department, it will be readily seen that the Minister of Agriculture holds an office demanding attention and ability. The Agricultural census of the older Proviiices gives figures which indicate an increase of 5,045,388 in the number of acres occupied, of 3,500,000 in the number of acres improved, and of 2,489,580 in the number under crops. The total production of grain in the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, was as follows: — Provincf.s. 1 Sl'RlNO Will -AT, Bushels. Fall \Viii;at, liuslicls. Barley, Bushels. 1871. iSSi. 7,213,024 1,999,815 5 '7,997 522,602 1871. 1S81. 20,193,067 19,189 3,959 6,649 ! 1871. iSSi. 7,891,989 2.035,921 203,592 224,410 6,341,400 2^'55 >,3'9 3,087 9, 46'. 233 1,668,208 70.547 296,050 14,279,841 ',75',539 84,183 228,748 Quebec New llrunswick Nova Scotia Totals 10,355,912 10,253,438 6,367,961 20,222,864 11,496,028 >f',344.3" usliels. Provinces. Oats, li Rye, 1 Bushels. Peask and Beans, Bushels. 1871. 1881. .871. 18S1. 1871. 7,761,470 2,284,635 45,016 35.203 1881. Quebec 22,138,958 15,116,262 3.044, '34 2,iyo,099 40,209,929 10,990,205 3,297.534 1,873,113 (i5.j70.78l 547,609 458,970 23,972 33.987 i,';y8,S7i 430,242 |S,268 47.567 9,434,872 4.170,456 43,121 37.229 New liruuswick J'.'ova ScoUa Tot.ils 42,489,453 1,064,358 2,094,948 10,126,364 13,685,689 28 THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I'ROVINCKS. Corn, Bushels. Potatoes, Hushels. Hay, Tons. iS,i. 1881. 1871. 1881. 1871. iSSi. ',,148,467 .S.006.782 ■7.138.534 18,068,323 6.562,35s s. 560,975 18,893,996 i.8od.4.:6 2,038,659 Qufl]fC New Hrunsw ii k Nova Scotia Totals 603,356 27,658 23.349 88S,i6y this statement that the production of Sprinij;- Wheat has declined a trille, wliile that of Fall Wheat has enormously increased, the tendency beinijf to cultivate the latter more largely as the more profitable crop. The following statement of the number of Live Stock owned in the four older Provinces of the Dominion will be found of interest :— Provinc.s. Ontarii) (,)uclicc New Ilrunswick Nova Scotia . . . T..t.ils ... I Torses. 1871. Si. 368,585 '96,339 36.322 41.925 473,906 225,006 43.957 46,044 64J,'7' 788,913 Colts and Fillies. 1871. 1881. 120,416 116,392 ' 57.038 48,846 8,464 9,018 ; 7.654 1 11,123 '93.572 '85.379 i Working Oxen. 47.94' 23.263 4S,34S 49.237 ".'.',2 8,8l2 32.2>4 33.275 n'h^'i'^ "4.5>*7 I'RCIVINXES. Ontarii) Quflw'C New DninsH'ick. Nova .Scutia . . . . Milcli Cows. 1871. Totals 406,542 I 83,220 I 122,688 1,251,209 1881. 638,759 782,243 490,977 103,965 '37.639 Other Ilorneil Cattle. 1871. 1S81. 716,474 3:8.572 69.335 I 119,065 1 1,514,824 I 1,233,446 1,641,252 Slicep. 1S71. iSSl. 896,661 ]l 1,514.914 1.359,178 i 490,119 ' l,co;.Sou ,SS9,833 99.783 j 234,41s , 221,163 •54.689 I, 398.3""/ i 377.801 3.'5S.509 I 2,847,975 THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 29 i Provinces. Swioe. 187. Ontario Quelwc New lirunswick. Nova Scotia .... Totals . 874,664 371.452 65,805 54,162 1881. * 7O0,y22 329,199 52,087 47,206 1,366,083 1,030,464 Cattle Killed or Sold. Pounds of Wool. 1871. 1881. , 1871. 1881. 1 277.yS6 155.373 31.551 ! 42,815 1 3'''3.043 160,207 35.414 63.389 6,411,305 2,763.304 796,168 1.132,703 6.013,216 2.7,30.546 760.531 1.142,440 ; 5"7.72S 622,053 11,103,480 10,646,733 The recapitulation of tliis table ,iL,nves tlie foUowinjj result : — Horses Colts and Fillies Working Oxen Milch Cows Other Horned Cattle Sheep .Swine Cattle killed or suM .. Wool, pounds produced Increase I88I. or Decrease. 788,913 Inc. 145.742 1S5.379 Dec. 8,193 114.587 ! )cc. 25,048 1,514,824 Inc. 263,615 1,641,252 Inc. 407,806 2.S4V.9"5 Dec. 307,534 1,030,464 Dec. 335.619 622,053 Inc. 114,328 10,646,733 Dec. 456.747 ~i^i«:-:"'8^ It • C -7 — o>- THE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE. ^&" j'4 HE importance of this department can hardly 'oe exaggerated, for the Minister has much to do in giving practical and detailed effect to the policy of the Government. Every question of tariff, to raise or lower or maintain, is submitted to him, adjudged by him, and then by him laid before the Council ; when agreement is reached it is submitted to the Legislative Assembly as a Government proposition, and to which the Government is pledged. Such being the case, it follows that a great responsibility must at all times rest upon the Finance Minister, for it is to be assumed that his colleagues at the Council board are l.-'.'-gcly influenced by his judgment and recommendations, so that a blunder may ..t any time cost the Ministry its existence. In ordinary times, when there are no great changes in the tariff, the office must entail onerous duties, for even a revenue tariff must demand occasional revision, but when such radical changes are proposed as those promised when the National Policy was adopted, it will readily be conceived how that many and great difficulties had to be met. When, on the formation of the new Cabinet, Sir Leonard Tilley was charged with the administration of this important department, it was generally felt that Sir John Macdonald had exercised a sound discretion. Sir Leonard has been taking a prominent part in politics since 1850, when he was elected to a seat in the New Brunswick Legislature. In 1854 he was appointed a member of the Executive Council and Minister of Finance, which office he held, with the exception of two years, until the union of the Provinces in 1866. This may well be taken in proof that he was possessed of a natural and cultivated aptitude for dealing with the facts and figures of trade. At any rate, it was so understood, for when Confederation was consummated Sir Leonard was made Minister of Customs, and, on the retirement of Sir Francis Hincks, in January, 1873, he became Finance Minister. On quitting THE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE. .•?! that office, in the same year, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, but, in 1878, resigned to accept the nomination for Parliament by his old constituents, in order that the country might have his services in the initiation and development of the National Policy. With Sir Leonard Tilley, as with Sir John IVIacdonald, this was no new idea, no mere expediency to meet a passing exigency, or " cry " to carry an election : it was a long cherished and settled policy. As early as 1854 Sir Leonard was one of a committee appointed by the New Brunswick Legislature to change the tariff of the Province so as to make it protective in its operation. Sir Leonard felt, and said, and it is recorded in the official journals of the day, that their national industries should be protected from the slaughtering practices of American merchants and manufacturers. When the work of revising the tariff was entered upon many predicted failure, and some disaster. The first would hold that a tariff could not be framed for Canada which would be at once protective and revenue producing, while the second held that a protective tariff must end in speedy ruin. Time has proved both sets of prophets wrong. The tariff of 1879 protects, produces revenue, and has resulted in amazing prosperity. In a large measure this is due to the extreme carefulness exercised by the Finance Minister in acquiring an accurate and extensive knowledge of the varied industries of the country by a personal investigation of the leading industries of the Dominion. The general effect of the Policy can be tabulated thus : — ■ Abstract .Statement Racil>ts and Expciuliturc ConsoliJatcd Fund for year endirii; June 2>ot/i, 1882 :— RECEIPTS. Customs .-inJ Excise $27,549,046.45 Post Office 1,587,888.15 Public Works, including Raihv.iys 2,711 134.10 Other Receipts 1,535,386.62 $33,383,455-52 EXI'E.NHITURE. Interest Public Debt $7,740,804.47 Sinking Fund 1,290,724.90 Subsidies 3-53o,9<)9-48 Dominion Lands, Indi.Tn Grants, Mounted Police, &c 1,633,770.44 Public Works 1,423,440.74 do Charges on Revenue 2,893,5:2.92 Post Office 1,980,567.25 Other Expenditure 6,573,283.38 $27,067,103.58 32 T1II£ Dl'l'ARTMl'N r OF FINAXCI'. JUoiit;lii/oiHuuJ $.-7,007,103.58 Suriilus $6,316,351.94 Add— Sales Dominion Lands i,744.45'>-S8 Ni:t Suriilus . $ 8,060,808.52 Add— Deposits Governincnl Savings ll.uiks Si93i.8Sy.oo $ij,()v;,()f)7.52 Out of wiiicli has been expended on Capital account : Miscellaneous Public Works $i/,6 i.5.'5.7i Tacific Railway |.;''''>°75-7'> Intercolonial Railway S'^5^S('^-V) Dominion Lands 511-88^.32 Has been paid on account Redemption Public Debt |,307,>Sc5 .co 11,658,857.01 .\vailable for current year $ -'•.333'*',?9'9i 'I'hrough the above surplus, added to the redemption of debt, the rut ddi''^i • '9 5,808,093.20 68,912.01 Average Rate of Interest 4'73 P- c. 4'39 P- '■ Amount Total Debt $174,957,268.96 $205,365,251.97 $30,407,938.01 Interest 7.i°o.°33->7 7,848,764.76 748,731-59 Average Rate of Interest 405 V- ^- l'^- P- '^• Amount Total Assets $34.595''99-°5 $51,703-601.09 $17,108,407.04 Interest 566,718.20 1,057,474.43 490.756-23 Average Rate of Interest r63 p. c. 2-06 p. c. Amount Net Debt June 30th, 1S02 $153,661,650.78 Interest " " 6,791,290.33 Average Rate of Interest 440 p. c. TUM ni'PARTMKXT OF I-INANCK. 33 rObl (.iFUCt, MUNIKLAL, f 34 THE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE. Tlie census just issucti cU'iiionstratcs the womlcrfiil tjrowtli of thf industries of the country from 1S71 to 1881. As will be seen the fitjures for 1871 relate only to the four old Provinces — Ontario, Ouehcc, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick : CAriTAL INVISTED. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New ISrunswick Prince Edward Island Manitoba I!ritish Columbia .... The Territories Total ... 1871. $ 37.874.010 28,071,(168 6,041,966 5,976,176 $ 77.964.020 1881. 80,950,847 59,216,993 10, 1 Sj, 060 8,425,282 2,085,776 ' 3Sj.3j' 2.952.835 104,500 $165,302,623 NUMBER OF HANDS EMPLOYED. 1871. 18S1. 87.281 66,714 I5.5"5 >8,.;52 118,308 85.673 29.390 19.9-2 5.767 1,921 2.871 Quebec . , Prince Edward Island British Columbia 83 Total 187,942 254.935 THE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE. 35 r" VALUIt O? r»ODUCTS. Ontario Queliec Nova Scotia New Urunswick Prince I'M«;iiil I l.-.nl Manitoba T'lritish Columlia . . . . 1 lie Territorii-s Totals. .. 1871. $114,706,799 77,205,182 12,3.58.105 '7.3*';. ''»7 $221,017,773 1881 $157,989,870 104,662,258 18,575,326 18,512,658 3.400,208 3,413,026 2,936, 78.^ '95.938 $309,076,068 RKlAPirUl.ATIDN. Capital invested Nuii.ber of hands empltjyrd. Yearly wage* Value of raw material used Total value of products . . . . 1871. $ 77,964,020 187,942 i 40,851,009 $ 124,907,846 221,617,773 I88I. $ :65,302,623 2S4.935 $ 59,429,002 '79>9'8,S93 f 309,676,068 DEPARTMENT OF RAILWAYS AND CANALS. ONG before Confcderatioa Sir Charles (then Mr) Tuppcr was well known in his Province of New Brunswick as a politician and orator. Capable of grasping a subject in general, and dealing with it in detail ; having a ready command of language with which to express himself, and an impassioned style, it required but little to foretel his future eminence. The splendid promise has been amply fulfilled. Through whole decades of political life and work his great qualities have been manifested in the service of his country. When the National Policy was being advocated before the country, the oratory of Sir Charles stood his party and cause in good stead, and, when the new Parliament met, quite naturally he held an important office in the Government. As Minister of Railways and Canals Sir Charles was prominent in conducting negotiations for the Canadian Pacific Railway contract — the greatest railway contract, perhaps, ever given by a Government — demanding in the negotiators a general and comprehensive knowledge of facts and figures. The battle between the parties, over the proposal, was fought with fury in and out of Parliament, and the fervid eloquence of Sir Charles helped to make victory sure. Since tlien time has audited his figures and found them correct, and confirmed his statement, as will be seen by reference to the writing under the caption : " Canadian Pacific Railway." In the matter of Government Railways, the Intercolor \1 is the principal charge. In the main it represents an idea, but in pros^jective it represents commerce. When the Dominion became an accomplished fact it was felt that the different and widely seperated provinces should be united by one vast railway, so that intercourse might be promoted. At each extremity of the country were found seperate communities, all possessed with the sentiment that they had interests in common ; all owning allegiance to the Empire of .* THE DEPARTMENT OF RAILWAYS AND CANALS. 37 Great Britain ; all willinfr tn he devoted to her in any tiinc of peril, and yet, all unable to unite for a common purpose because means of intercommunication '.vcre wanting. To meet that want llie Intercolonial Railway was projected, and after much diplomacy, and scheminj,', and wran},dinj,f, built under the con'iol of the Department of Public Works. 'I'hr. line was opened for through traffic between Halifax and Quebec in 1874, a distance of 688 miles. Since then more than 150 miles of extension have been Jidded. At Halifax, ample wharf and warehouse accommodation is provided to aid in the movement of freight, and immediate steps will be taken to furnish .St. John, New Brunswick, with like facilities. The total cost of the road and equipment, branches, extensions, &c., and charged to capital account on the 30th of June, 1882, was $39,560,021.23. But the revenue account shows a continued increase. The gross earnings for tlie year were $^,079,262. 66 The working of expenses were 2,069,657.48 Net c.nrnings 9,605.18 The gross earnings showed an increase upon the previous year of $318,868.74. The gross tonnage carried during the year was 838.956 tons. Besides the Intercolonial, the Minister of Railways and Canals has direct control of Prince Edward Island Railway, which is 154 miles long and has 44 miles of extension. The cost of construction and equipment on the 30th of June, 1881, was $3,466,588.57. The revenue account for the year amounted to $137,267.54. In addition to the railways owned by the Government, it has vast interest in other lines which have received national subsidies, notably the Canadian Pacific, the Canada Central, and other lines. To see that those subsidies arc properly earned is the duty of the head of this department. The Canal System of Canada is perhaps the most magnificent in the world. The River St. Lawrence, with the System of Canals established on its course above Montreal, and the Lakes Ontario, Erie, St. Claire, Huron and Superior, with connecting canals, give a course of water communication extending from the Straits of Belle Isle to Duluth, at the head of Lake Superior, a distance of 2,384 miles, with a depth of water at the shallowest place of about 12 feet, except between Montreal and Prescott, where the depth is less, but the work of deepening is in progress, and soon a depth of 14 feet of water will be given at the lowest observed level of the St. Lawrence, In addition are the 38 THE DEPARTMENT OF RAILWAYS AND CANALS. Montreal, Ottawa and Kingston Canals ; cxtendinjr from the Harbour of Montreal to the Port of Kingston, passing through ihe Lachinc Canal, the navigable sections of the Lower River Ottawa, and the Ottawa Canals to the City of Ottawa, thence by the River Rideau and the Rideau Canal to Kingston, on Lake Ontario— a total distance of 246 miles ; and Richelieu and Lake Champlain Canal, commencing at Sorcl, at the confluence of the rivers St. Lawrenc(; and Richelieu, 46 miles below Montreal, and extending along the River Richelieu through the St. Our's Lock to the Basin of Chanably, thence by the Chambly Canal to St. Johns, and the River Richelieu to Lake Champlain— a distance of 8 1 miles ; and St. Peter's Canal, Cape Breton, which connects St. Peter's Bay on the Southern side of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, with the Bras d'Or Lakes, and crossing an isthmus gives access from the Atlantic. The value of this great Canal System cannot well be estimated, but in the near future: it must prove of enormous advantage to the country, as it gives waterway, and consequently cheap transit from such western centres of trade as Buffalo, Chicago, &c., to Montreal by canals of more than double the capacity of the Erie Canal and 600 miles less in distance. THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS. HIS department is administered by Sir Hector Langevin, who is descended from one of the old aristocratic Frencli families of the Province of Quebec, and now the recognized leader in politics of the powerful French-Canadian wing-. On this account alone, Sir Hector would have the right to claim an important position in any Conservative government, but to this is added an ability for executive administration which marks him as peculiarly fitted to fill high office in his coLintry's service. Until within the last few years this department embraced canals, works on navigable rivers, harbours, light-houses, beacons and buoys, slides and booms, roads and bridges, public buildings and provincial vessels. In 1878 the ilepartmcnt of Railways and Canals was formed, so that in this work canals have been described under another caption. Of all Canadian public buildings the Government Houses at Ottawa are most important. That they are exceedingly spacious and haiulsomc will be gathered from the cut given representing a full front view, but a brief description may well be given. The site chosen for the Buildings is in the centre of the City of Ottawa, about a mile below the Chaudiere Falls, on a prominent rocky point jutting out into the Ottawa River, at an elevation considerably higher than the city and lands in the vicinity. On the eastern side it is flanked by a deep ravine, in which are situated the combined locks of the Rideau Canal. Thc! north side is bold and precipitous, and on the western side the ground slopes quickly towards the south-west and diminishes in width. On the southern or lowest side it is, for a distance of 1,750 feet, bounded by Wellington Street, which is one of the principal streets of tht; city, and descends in a westerly direction towards the I'alls- The point is of an irregular shape, 1,050 feet wide at the centre, and contains an area f 40 THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS. of fully 29 acres. It was formerly known as Barrack Hill, and is a part of the Ordnance Lands conceded to the Province. The buildings are placed so as to form three sides of a quadrangle, measuring from north to south 600 feet, from east to west 700 feet, and containing an area of over gj4 acres. The Parliament Building is on the north side of the square, upon which it has a frontage of 472 feet. It faces toward the south, and its extreme depth at the centre is 370 feet, covering an area of \ ' "•aUMAMENTAKV I.IIIRARV, OTTAWA. about 82,886 Superficial feet, or about i ~ acres. The Departmental Buildings form the east and west sides of the square ; they are of a rectangular shape, having both quadrangle and southern fronts, the line of the latter being 100 feet north of Wellington street. The Eastern Block has a frontage on the square of 319 feet, and 245 feet on the south. It covers an area of 41,840 superficial feet, or full nineteen* THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS. 41 the arm ; to ling ices a of ings ving h of and ;eeti' twentieths of an acre. The Western Block has a frontage towards the south of 277 feet, and on the quadrangle of 220 feet, with an area of 36,276 feet superficial, equal to about seventeen-twentieths of an acre. Thus the total area covered by all the Buildings is about 3 ^ acres. The Parliament Building is on the highest part of the ground, and its basement floors are about 1 59 feet above the ordinary summer water level of the Ottawa River. Those of the Eastern and Western Blocks are respectively 135 feet 3 inches and 142 feet 3 inches over the same datum. All the Buildings are constructed in what may be termed the Pointed Gothic style of architecture, and from the bo' 1, broken outline they present — their numerous towers, high pitched, variegated slate roofs, pierced by dormers and surmounted by ornamental wrought iron cresting and terminals, together with the quaintness of the carved figures, combine to produce an imposing and i)icturesque effect. The outer facing of the walls is principally composed of a light coloured, compact sandstone, obtained from the Township of Nepean, at a distance of about 12 miles from the city. The dressing, stairs, gablets, pinnacles, &c., are chiefly of a greyish-colored freestone, from the State of Ohio, and the relieving arches over the door and window openings are of a reddish sandstone, from Potsdam, in the northern part of New York State. The slates are generally of a dark color, witli bands of a lighter hue placed at inten'als. They were obtained in the .State of Vermont. The foundations and interior portions of the walls are of limestone, quarrietl in the vicinity. The division walls and lining of the external walls are chiefly of brick, manufactured either at Ottawa or at other places in the Province. Tiie marble u.sed in the Buildings was principally obtained from Arnprior and other jilaces on the Ottawa River. The valley of the Ottawa also supplied the timber used in the construction, with the exception of the oak, which had to be brouglit from otlier parts of the Province. Th<»- chamber of the House of Commons measures 82 by 45 feet inside, and is arranged for the accommodation of two hundred members. It is lighted from the ceiling, and by large windows on three of its sides. The Senate Chamber is of the same dimensions, and presents throughout an almost similar appearance to tile 1 louse of Commons. Apart from the main building and forming what are known as the Eastern and Western Blocks, are the massive Departmental Buildings, each block having a picturesque and broken sky-line, thus presenting a great variety of light and shade. !- THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, i I riiL- Parliamentary Library forms a separate building and in appearance Is w >;ul rfiiUy unique. The main room is circular inside, and ninety feet in diameter. I'l : m lin wall is four feet thick, and its exterior face forms a polyt^^on of sixteen sides, at each ang^le of which is a flying buttress spanning the roof of the lean-to and joining the main wall at a height calculated to resist the thrust of the vaulted roof. The design is very bold and effective. JKONTO. Among the other prominent buildings may be reckoned the Montreal Post Office, Italian Renaissance in style, covering an area of 1 1,804 square feet, and built at a cost of $490,593 ; Montreal Custom House ; Post Office and Custom House at Toronto ; Post Office at Ottawa, and many other public buildings which have been erected at great cost, nLf, ince IS imeter. sixteen lean-to ^^aulted THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS. 43 This department has also under its charge the harbours, the works or navigable rivers, the lighthouses, beacons and buoys, roads and bridges and the provincial vessels ; altogether forming an important portion of the Dominion holdings. 40 ^B^-Ol tf^ :al Post :et, and Custom s which DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND FISHERIES. • HIS important Department, controlled by the Dominion Government, attends to the Marine interests of Canada — the building and furnishing of lighthouses, the locating and erecting of fog alarms, as also the leasing and protecting of the extensive and valuable fisheries of the country — and has under its jurisdiction Harbour Commissioners and Harbour Masters, Pilotage authorities. Shipping Masters, Port Wardens, Registrars of Shipping and Examiners of Masters and Mates. When it is remembered that Canada ranks fourth among the nations in the ownership of shipping tonnage, the magnitude of the Department will readily be conceded. Some two thousand officials are engaged in its inside and outside service. Since Confederation, when the department was formed, it has been presided over by Ministers from the Maritime Provinces, viz. : two from New Brunswick — Hon. Peter Mitchell, who held office from 1867 to 1873, and of whom it may be said that he created the Department, on account of the complete efficiency with which the work was organized and carried on during his tenure of office ; and Hon. Sir A. J. Smith, from 1873 to 1878; one from Prince Edward Island — Hon. J. C. Pope, 1878 to 1882 ; and the present efficient Minister, Hon. A. W. McLelan, from Nova Scotia. The Lighthouse Service is divided into the following districts : — Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and British Columbia. In 1868 these comprised 198 light stations, 227 lighthouses and 2 fog whistles. At the close of 1882 there were 470 light stations, 562 lighthouses, 23 fog whistles, and 9 automatic fog horns. THE DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND FISHERIES. 45 \*, The Department employs, in the Lighthouse and Fisheries Service, 7 steamers, for the purpose of supplying the lighthouses ; taking up and keeping in position the buoys situated in the harbours and bays ; laying and replacing telegraph cables, and in the protection of the fisheries. During the last fiscal year the cost of maintaining these steamers was $135,355. This Department has also control of the inspection of the boilers and machinery of steamboats, their hulls and equipment ; for the efficient carrying out of which a Board of Steamboat Inspection has been established, consisting of a chairman, resident in Toronto ; Inspectors of Boilers and Machinery for the Districts of the Maritime Provinces and for Quebec, Three Rivers, Montreal, East Ontario, West Ontario, British Columbia, and for Hulls and Equipment for the Maritime Provinces and the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. By the Steamboat Inspection Act, passed in 1882, 45 Vic, chap. 35, it was enacted that '-The Board shall meet at least once every year at such place as they may agree upon, and may make rules and regulations for their own conduct, and for the uniform inspection of steamboats, the selection of ports of inspection, and granting licenses of engineers, and for such other purposes as may be necessary under the Act, and may, from time to time, repeal, alter or add to such rules and regulations or make others in their stead ; and such rules and regulations shall come into force after they have been approved by the Governor-in-Council, but not before ; and copies of the minutes of the proceedings of the Board, certified by the chairman, shall be transmitted to the Minister of Marine and Fisheries ; provided that such rules and regulations made before the Act came into force shall remain in force until repealed or amended under it." From the report of the chairman for the last calendar year there has been issued 795 certificates to engineers during that period, classed as follows : — First class engineers, 22; second class engineers, 126; third class, 407 ; assistants, 240. The total number of steamboats in the Dominion wA 795, having a gross tonnage of 160,850 tons, and 99,716 tons register. Of this number 192 belonged to the West Ontario, Huron and Lake Superior Division ; 122 to the East Ontario Division; 130 to the Montreal Division; 53 to the Three Rivers Division; 97 to the Quebec Division; 114 to the Maritime Provinces; 63 to British Columbia, and 24 to Manitoba. Of the whole number 274 were paddle, 509 screw; 323 passenger steamers, 83 freight and 377 tugs. 46 THE DEPARTMENT OE MAR/NE AND FISHERIES. The receipts on account of the Steamboat Inspection Fund for the past thirteen years has been $182,669.88, and have exceeded the expenditure, $149,278.68, by the sum of $33,391.20, wliich remains as a balance to the credit of llie fund. The Harbour Police of Montreal and Quebec, established for the purpose of preserving order among the crowded shipping at these ports, and, as far as possible, preventing crimping, is, in a great measure, maintained by the levying of a tax of three cents per ton on all vessels entering these ports. This, however, is insufficient for the purpose, as tTie expenditure is in excess of the receipts. A fund for the relief of sick and distressed seamen is provided for by a duty of two cents per ton on shipping, all vessels over 100 tons burden paj'ing the tax three times in the year, and vessels of 100 tons and under being liable to pay the duty once in each year. The following is a synopsis of the number of vessels and tonnage owned by Canada, up to the 31st December, 1882, arranged by Provinces, on the Registry Books of the Dominion : — • Province. Total Number of Sailing Ships and Sieamers. Number of Steamers. Gross Tonnage of Steamers. Total Net Tonnage of Sailing Ships and Steamers. 3,026 '.754 1,112 248 84 23 67 64 334 430 '3 48 '7 9,922 6,3>3 88,235 71.787 2,978 8,C29 3.638 308,980 546,778 215,804 137.061 41,684 7,687 2.783 Prince Edward Islaml Total 7.312 973 190,902 1,260,777 The Fisheries Branch has assumed such dimensions as to be almost equal in importance to that of the Marine. Necessarily a large staff is required to carry out the details of this intricate service. The present value of the Fisheries THE DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND FISHERIES. 47 is estimated at $16,088,672, an increase, as compared with that of the preceding year, of $271,510. The vahic of fish exported for the fiscal year of 1882 was $6,898,884, an e.xcess over iSSi of $245,537. T'^e extent and vahie of the Fisheries are shown in the annexed table, which, while as authentic as the records of the Department can furnish, are believed to be much underrated : — Ybar. Value of Fisheries. Year. Value of Fisheries. 1872 $ 9.570." 16 11,681,886 10, 754,998 10.681,886 ! iSjs $ '3.215.678 13,529,254 14,499,979 15,817,162 16,088,672 1873 i 1S70 ■874 1871; iSSo 1881.. . 1876 1877 ".'47.590 12,029,957 l8&2 ""i This branch has also made rapid progress in the artificial propagation of fish, eleven hatcheries being now established, the total expenditure for which, during the fiscal year ended June, 1882, was $31,223.93. 37,983,000 eggs, consisting of salmon, salmon-trout, speckled trout and whitefish, were laid down. Of this number 22,649,000 healthy fry were turned out, and rivers, lakes and streams partially exhausted, re-stocked. By reason of Act 45 Vic, chap. 18, coming into operation, and which provides for the distribution of a bounty of $150,000 among the fishermen of the Dominion, especially those more immediately affected by the Washington Treaty, to aid them in developing the sea fisheries, much extra work has been imposed on the inside staff. The total amount expended on the various branches of the public service administered by this Department, during the last fiscal year, was $894,642.60. I! ■,! DEPARTMENT OF MILITIA AND DEFENCE. 'ANADIANS do not anticipate a war of aggression or defence at any time in the near future. They propose to live peaceably with all men, and by industry make material prosperity sure. Never- theless, the Department of Militia and Defence is a necessity, for troubles will sometimes arise with which the police are unable to cope. The present organization dates from 1 5 years back, but the Militia has existed for 150 years and played an active part in many a well remembered battle, such as the war of Long Sault, the defence of Quebec, the war of the Succession in Spain, the Campaign of 1774, the American invasion in 1775, the war of 1812-15, ^"d last of all the Fenian raids, when Canada's Militia and Volunteers gave proof of their courage and loyalty. When Sir George Cartier introduced the act in Parliament for establishing a militia he told the House that the chief difficulty consisted in building up quickly and cheaply a system which in other countries had been of slow and costly growth. Everything had to be done, not only soldiers found, but officers, arms and clothing. But the proposal was received with general enthusiasm. Two years after the passing of the Bill two Batteries were established, one at Quebec and one at Kingston, for the purpose of training soldiers in the European Arts of war. Officers of the Royal troops had command of the Batteries at first, but now the places are well filled by Canadians. The Red River Expedition demonstrated the efficiency of the service, and at different times more than thirty strikes have shewn the need of our military peacemakers. M Tin: DF.PARTMENT OF MILITIA AND DEFENCE. 49 CE. I he dcpartnunt is administered by die Hon. Joseph 1*. R. A. Caron, a lineal descendant of Robert Caron who came from France with Samuel de Champlain, the first Go\'ernor of Canada. M. Caron is comparatively yoimpf for so important a position, Init havini^- lx-('n born and reared in the political arena, of an ancient and powerful family, plnnging while yet young into the turmoil of political life, pfrasping popularit)' by that sitaviter in modo axxA foytilcr in vr which always must command, JK' could but fmd an early prominence. When, on the retiremant of M. Masson, M. C.iron was called to office, he entered upon the duties con amove. The A and R Batteries, the militar)- college, as well as the rank and file of the service, have been well and carefully supervised. The present strength of the little army is represented thus : — defence ;ably with Never- ;essity, for unable to :, but the ly a well c, the war 1 in 1775. ilitia and Dlishing a ip quickly y growth. clothing. after the nd one at Officers places are iciency of He need of 1 Trovincks. Military District. Ontario OUflKC New IJrunsu ick Nova Scot i. I Manitolia .inil X. W. T. r.iiuli Coliinibi.i I'rincf IMwaril Ishinil . . "A" ai:d 'I!" naileries. f No. .. Tot.-, I ToWl II I ': ^^ ■' ''' 9 i •' 33 • ■ 10 20 10 .! 22 T ' 3 4 In CiTii-.s. 52 148 38 96 45 179 I 482 Number of OfTicers and Men. E (. avalry. , F. A. u 162 160 80 80 80 80 81 So G. A. Engineers. I Infantry 90 302 '35 125 374 89 91 45 802 1,212 '34 308 1.520 6.749 427 ',5'o 76S 355 I,20S 5'o 694 376 694 45 90 72 Total. 641 1,908 900 473 1,730 5'o 1,005 501 1,148 170 181 212 9.379 308 9,687 50 THE DEPARTMENT OF MILITIA AND DEFENCE. Provinces. Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Manitoba and N. W. 'I'. liiilish Coluniliia , Prince Edward Island , . Military District. No. I . 2. 5- 6. 7- 8. 9 lo. II . 12 , KlRAL. B o O Total Rural . . Total Cities . . Total . 79 9« 54 10 40 (>3 42 59 9 3 II Number of Odiceri and Men. I ( avalry. I F. A. ! G. A. '35 270 277 45 I 366 '■ 324 45 569 1,462 179 482 So So «o Ifo 45 67 90 Engineers. Infantry. 3.597 4.034 '.'99 45 1.820 45 748 1,944 1,440 2,742 '35 "5 495 45 802 I 1.520 45 63S 1,JJ4 j 45 '34 3.22s 1,920 2,869 1,296 2,258 405 90 460 24, '73 6,749 179 30,922 Total. 3.855 4,45' 2,646 1,990 3.796 1,930 3,004 2,050 2,798 405 122 505 27.542 9.687 37,229 m THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. ,229 GRAND TRUNK OFFICES, MONTREAL. NE of the greatest private enterprises ever undertaken in the Dominion of Canada Mas tlie building- of the; Grand Trunk Railway. Some speculative Canadians, having faith in the future of their country, inspired British capitalists witii a like faith, and money was freely subscribed for what could have been but a vast adventure. That mistakes were made in the early construction and working of the road there can be no denying, for British capital in Canada was entrusted to British manipulation, and extravagance was the immediate result. Then, also, for many years after the road was built, the business in Canada was not sufficient to support so costly a means of transit as a great 52 THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. railway, placed as it v/as alongside of the most magnificent water communica- tion in the world, wiiich kept rates during the season of navigation at a low and unprofitable figure No Canadian can fail to sympathise with the many in Great Britain who suffered such heavy losses by investing in the first issue of stock by tlie Company, but every Canadian must know and appreciate the immense advantages which have accrued to the country by the construction of this railway. Without it Canada would be occupying a very different position from that filled by her to-day. From the time of the inception of the Company until now the interests of the Grand Trunk and the interests of the country hav(i been identical; the lands of Quebec and Ontario, rich as they were in lumber, minerals and agricultural possibilities, were practically worthless until the railway made them accessible and brought markets within reach. The great Cities of Montreal in the east and Toronto in the west in great part owe their prosperity to the road which has annihilated the vast distances of the country, and provided a sure transit when all water ways are frozen into uselessness by the hard cold winter, thus benefiting agriculturist, importer and manufacturer alike. Wiiat is now known as the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada was first formed in the year 1851, with tiie object of l)ui]ding a line to Sarnia, so that the inland districts might have communication wiih Montreal, the head of Atlantic navigation, in liie Sununer, and Portland for a Winter port. In 1853, the line was opened for trafllc from Portland to Montreal ; in 1854, from Richmond to Quebec ; in 1856, from Montreal to Toronto, and through to Sarnia in 1859. The capital at first was /^t), 500,000, wliich in 1882 had increased to ;^34,2io,730 composed as follows : /. 13. 394. 655 ordinary .shares, ^12,713,999 Preference stock ^3,111,500 Canadian (Government Debentures, and ^4,990,576 Debenture stock and sundry Bonds. As admitted, no doubt there were mistakes made at tlie inception, construction ami I'arly working of tlie road, I)ut it may well be said that in no country has so great an undertaking as the Grand Trunk been conducted free from mistakes. Mistakes, notwithstanding, the work, destined to lead to magnificent results, went on. In December 1859, the first passenger train ran over the spleiulid tubular V^ictoria Bridge, across the St, Lawrence. This stupendous undertaking, having 6,592 feet of tubes, 9,144 fict including abutmcnls, and costing $7,000,000 >vas designed b)- Robert Stephenson, constructed by the firm of Peto, Brasscy THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. 53 and Betts, under the engineering direction of James Hodges, and was formally opened by the Prince of Wales in i860. In 1862, after the line was finished through from Portland to Detroit, Mr C. J. Brydges was appointed Managing Director, a man of great reputation foi capacity and energy. The task devolving upon the management was onerous, for the credit of the Company had, when he assumed charge, become impaired, for a Commission appointed by the Government some short time previously had reported, that the expenses of the Railway through a period of nearly three years VICTOlilA rUIIM.F. MnNlKFM. exceeded its receipts. During the thirteen yt'ars from 1S61 to 1S74, the line was worked principally as n Local f^nilway. with different gauges, which practically made it impossible to largely tlevelop the through traffic with the American Railways, which traffic is to-day, a principal factor in jiroducing the great revenue ilie Company is now earning. The interchange of this large through business has been rendered possiiiK; by the uniform gauge completed in 1874, and also by the acquisition of the Montreal and Champlain Railway, in 1864, 4 54 THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. which connects with the Central Vermont and Delaware and Hudson Railroads, at St. John's and Rouses Point, giving an outlet to Boston, New England and New York, and also by the absorption of the Buffalo and Lake Huron, in the same year, having a terminus at Buffalo, and running over the International Bridge, which spans the Niagara River — another great work constructed for the Company JOSEPH HICKSON, Escj. by Mr. C. S. Gzowski, of Toronto, and opened in 1873. Connections are made at liuffalo witli the Erie, New York Cintral, and Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroads. At Detroit, tlic Grand Trunk connects with the Michigan Central, Lake Shore, and tiie Great South-Wcstern system of American Railway's, known as tin; " Wabash". THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. 55 On the resignation of Mr. Brydges, in 1874, tiie Company iiad the good fortune to appoint Mr. Josepli Hickson as General Manager. How great the good fortune, stockholders by this time know, Mr. Hickson had been sent to Canada in 1861, to till the office of Chief Accountant, and afterwards succeeded to that of Secretary and Treasurer. With sucli marked ability were those offices successively administered, and the financial affairs of the Company conducted, tliat none felt surprised to know the Company's choice of Manager. The practi- cal, earnest and devoted new manager, set himself to achieve success. In a brief period after taking office, the gauge of the road East of Montreal was changed, so as to complete its uniformity throughout with that of its connections, and to enable cars to be sent throucrli without change of bulk. The advantages of this, to the Company, may be estimated from the results shewn in the following tabulated statement : 1 Year ending June 30tli. 1862. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1876. 1878. 1880. 1881. i.ogo 768,400 695,400 1.377 1,695,100 1,526,600 1.377 1,746,200 1,570,500 ■.383 1,976,600 1,744,800 1,388 1,972,500 2,113,900 '.390 2,025,700 2,387,900 '.273 1,995.500 2,835,600 1,406 2,179,800 3.295.300 No. of Tons t)f Freiglit ..... Passenger Train Laming?. . . Freight " " ... Oilier Receipts /285,ioo 513.594 3.7'57 ;f59.2.39" 1,209,112 3.3'8 ;^646,953 1. 214. 347 4.079 /;6S9,I34 1 ;C645.48o t 1,369,736 : i,334,3'3 io,SS8 i 22,629 ^602,887 ;f620,564 1,292,019 1,341.354 24,597 8,277 /;68l,ooi i.S4>,5>9 9.324 /^8o2,46i ;^i, 804,821 /;i.865,379 8I-2I /2,o6g, 7 ?8 /'2,002,422 /Tl.QIQ.COl ;{;i,970,i95 ^^2,231,844 Per cent, of Fxpenscs on j Kcccii)ts ) 80-17 68-19 79-48 77-52 74-83 70-46 68-21 Note — -From August I2th to December 31st, 1S82,— twenty weeks— tlie receipts of the Grand Trunk (including the Great Westlrn Division) 2,322 miles, shew an increase of over a million dollars, compared with the receipts of the corresponding period of 18S1, f.r the two Companies. YEAR. Miles „r R.lil»ay. I'rritilit Tons and 1 '.IS '.enters Moved One Mile. Receipts. Kcrcipl IVr .Mile, loils and Passengers. Cenls. Kxpenscs, Per Cent of Receipts. Cost [icr 'I'on and Pusscngcr One Mile. Cents. Freight... 1873 Do. ... 18S1 1 Pas'gers, 1873 Mails &■ Fxpress. ' 1881 '.377 1,406 1.377 1,406 425,000,000 1,035,000,000 120,000,000 148,000,000 1. 214. 347 i.54i,5'9 646,953 681,001 1.44 0-75 2.20 2.00 81-21 6821 81-21 68-21 I.i6 J S. 0.51 "s^ S.2 1.80 c S J! 1.36 ll Thf! small increase shown in freight receipts, when compared with the increase in tonnage movement, was caused by the lower rates prevailing during 56 THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. the period named, and by the fact that a considerable portion of the additional business was through traffic, which caine to the Company in through cars, requiring simply haulage over the line ; while the business done in previous periods was principally local freight, a great deal of which had to be loaded, unloaded and carted. The fact remains however, that whether a cent and a-half or three quarters of a cent per ton is obtained under equal circumstances for a similar description of traffic, the cost of carrying it is the same, therefore the decrease in percentage of working expenses, when based upon the smaller receipts, is a result alike creditable as it is marvellous. During all this time however, the prospects of the Company kept steadily improving, which result was largely due to the watchfulness and care on. the part of the manager in all matters of cxj^enditure. On the first of August, 1879, an important departure was made by the sale of the unprofitable Riviere du Loup section of the railway, which was handed over to the Government of the Dominion, and the proceeds expended in acquiring a western outlet for the Grand Trunk to Chicago, thereby giving access to the Western Railways of the United States, and through them to Manitoba and the North-West of Canada. The newly purchased line was promptly put into good ordcT, being laid entirely in steel ; the equipment was greatly increased and improved, and already the line has become so popular as to make it probable that soon a double track will be required to carry the immense volume of freight and passenger business attracted to that route. For reasons already given, the Company paid no dividends prior to 1874. and very meagre ones up to 1880. This was owing to the commercial depression and the frequent freight rate wars between the Trunk line Railways in the United States ; also, to the comi)etiton kept up by liie Great Western Railway. It was even at times, a matter of difficulty to pay working expenses, the cost of leased lines and preference charges. The several Trunk lines have, however, within the last year or two begun to feel the strength of the position held by the Canadian Company. In the last figlit over freight rates in iSSi, Mr. Ilickson's master-move in reducing the passenger fare between Chicago and Boston from $19 to $5, so advertised and brought into prominence, the new through route to Chicago, as to create for it a business which seriously affected the traffic over all the old established passenger roads, causing the Trunk lines to capitulate and all freight rates to once again resume their normal condition. THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. 57 In 1 88 1 and 1882, dividends were paid on the first and second preference stock in full, and a portion of the third, and from the results of the working, since the fusion with the Great Western, the shareholders have, to use the words of the Directors' report, "to be congratulated on the benefits already derived from the joint working of the two systems, on the marked success which has so far attended the substitution of identity of interest and unity of management, in the place of separate control and continual dissension, and on the commencement of a new era, with improved prospects, under arrangements equitable to the various interests INTEKNATIONAI. LKII'Gl., IlLTFALO. involved and satisfactory to all classes of the proprietors of the now United Company." It is to the credit of Sir Henry Tyler, whose frequent visits to Canada have made him thoroughly acquainted with the geographical position, and also with all the details of construction and working of the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways, after twenty years of effort on the part of others and himself to effect it, that during his presidency and by his ability in conducting the negotiations, the fusion of the two Companies has been accomplished, and 58 THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. the advantages which have already accrued show the foresight which prompted this decisive move in the right, because mutually profitable, direction. The Grand Trunk has entered into an arrangement for working the North Shore Railway for fifty years, running from Montreal to Quebec, which, with branches, consists of 209 miles. By a deed dated 28th May, 1882, the Great Western Railway became united with the Grand Trunk Railway, under the name of the latter, and the former title became extinct. Seventy per cent, of the net earnings of the united undertaking is to be appropriated to the Grand Trunk, and thirty per cent, to the Great Western share capital. The Great Western capital, at the time of the fusion, consisted of ;^3,844,6oo loans and debenture stock, and ^6,622,000 preference stock and ordinary shares. The Great Western Railway runs from Toronto to Hamilton, and from Suspension Bridge to London, Sarnia, and Windsor, opposite Detroit ; and it also controls the Wellington, Grt;y & r)ruce, London & Port Stanley, and the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railways. The latter line runs from Detroit to Urand Haven, Michigan. Grand Haven is situated on Lake Michigan, and is connected by a line of steamers, owned by the Company, with the important City of Milwaukee, in the State of Wisconsin, on the opposite side of the Lake. The length of the Great Western and leased lines is 903 miles, and the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee 1S9 miles. The Great Western Suspension Bridge across Niagara River, at the renowned Niagara Falls, connects Canada with the United States, and with the New York Central and Erie Railways. The Grand Trunk now possesses tlnee of the finest structures, in bridges, in tlie world— the Victoria, across llie .St. Lawrence, and the International and Suspension across the Niagara R'ver. Some idea may he formed of the vastness of the Company's operations, when it is stated, that fully fifteen thousand persons are employed on the stall". Such in brief, but accurate, outline is the history of the Grand Trunk Rail- way of Canada. And the history may well be taken as prophetic of its future.' The management is one of ambition tempered with carefulness. The stock- holders interest is never lost sight of; as the country grows in east or west this great railway throws out its trunk or branch lines so as to help and earn results by the developments ; and it looks to-day as if holders of original stock may well hope to see some returns for their early and sanguine outlay. THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. ^Mp HEN the different provinces now forming the Dominion of Canada l^ecame confederated, one part of the bargain entered into by the eastern provinces was to the effect that a raihvay should be built uniting Ontario, Quebec, and the Atlantic seaboard, with British Columbia, which lies between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Almost immediately Sir John Macdonald's Government entered upon the important inter-provincial undertaking. That it would be incalcul- ably great and costly all were agreed, and the Government was of a mind to accept outside help to a great extent. Then came disaster to the Conservative party. Sir John Macdonald was compelled to resign, and the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie reigned in his stead. But under the new irgivte the old obligation was recognized, only it was held that Government should build the road without having recourse to private enterprise. .Surve\'s were made, routes decided uijon, and the work of construction begun at tUrferent points, but before much could be accomplished the general elections of 1S78 sent .Sir John Macdonald back to office as Premier. The old policy was resumed, and It was announced that Government was prepared to otter a contract for building this huge highway. After sundry negotiations with foreign capitalists, the contract was made with " George Stephen, of Montreal, in Canada, Esquire; Duncan Mclntyre, of Montreal, aforesaid, merchant; John .S Kennedy, of New York, lianker; the firm of Morton, Rose & Company, of London, in England, merchants ; the firm of Kohn, Rcinach & Company, u\ Paris, in France, Bankers; Richard P). Angus and James J. Hill, both of S.-. Paul, in the State of Minnesota, Esquires ; with all such other persons and corporations as shall become shareholders In the Companj." Subsequently, and after exciting debate in and out of Parliament, led as to pro and cow by the chiefs of both political parties, an Act was carried through both Houses of the 6o THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. Legislature confirming the contract. Tlie charter conferred large powers on the Company, such as the right to construct branches along the entire route ; to establish lines of ships or steamers at any of its different termini, and to construct and work telegraph lines for the carrying on of its own and public business. At first, the capital stock of the Company was twenty-five million dollars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each, but subsequently the stock was increased to one hundred million dollars, or twenty million pounds sterling. In consideration of the completion and perpetual operation of the railway, as stipulated in the contract, the Government of the Dominion granted to the Company a subsidy of $25,000,000 in money, and 25,000,000 acres of land, all the land to be guaranteed as "fairly fit for settlement;" also those portions of the line already completed or under construction by the Government, viz., about 135 miles of the main line from Winnipeg, eastward, to Rat Portage, and the branch line, 68 miles in length, from Winnipeg, southward, to Emerson, on the boundary of the United States ; also, 300 miles of the main line from Rat Portage eastward, to Port Arthur on Lake Superior, and 213 miles of the main line from the Pacific terminus at Port INIoody, eastward, to Kamloops, in British Columbia, now under construction, all of which, aggregating 713 miles of railway, costing about $35,000,000, and covering two of the most expensive sections, are to be completed by the Government and transferred to the Company free of cost or charge. Already the sections between Winnipeg and Port Arthur, and between Winnipeg and Emerson, have been handed over to the Company, and the section between Port Moody and Kamloops will be completed and transferred to the Company in the year 1885. The length of the main line, from Montreal to Port Moody in British Columbia, is about 2,870 miles. It is now in operation from Montreal westward 444 miles ; from Winnipeg eastward, 535 miles, and from Winnipeg westward to the summit of the Rocky Mountains, 963 miles, making a total of 1,942 miles. The remainder of the main line, north of Lake Superior and in British Columbia, is under construction and well advanced. It is expected that the whole will be completed early in 1886. A branch line from a point on the main line of the eastern division to the northern extremity of Lake Huron will be completed and ready for business when lake navigation opens in the Spring of 1884, so that the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, by means of splendid new steel built steamers, THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 6i plying between Algoma, tlic branch terminus on Lake Huron, and Port Arthur, will then have the advantage of a through rail and water route from Montreal to the Rocky Mountains. At present, Portland asks the honour of being the wlntiT port of the Canadian Pacific upon tlu; Atlantic, and Boston hopes for notice in the same direction. A sliort connection between the main line and tiie railway system of the State of New York is afforded by a brancii from Carleton Place to Brockville on the St. Lawrence River. The branch from Winnipeg to Emerson connects with the railway system of the United States, by means of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway, on the east side of the Red River of the North. During the past season the Company have completed a branch line, lOO miles in length, from Winnipeg southwesterly to the Pembina Mountain, and a branch of 13 miles from this line to Gretna, on the International Boundary line, where it connects with another portion of the main line of the last mentioned railway, on tlie west side of the Red River of the North. The Company have acquired, by purchase, a number of smaller branches, all of which arc of local importance in connection with the several sections of the main line. The rolling .stock of the Company is very complete and of the best kind, 1,931 miles being fully equipped. Steel rails of the first quality are used throughout, and the Company have extensive shops at Montreal, Perth, Carleton Place and Winnipeg, where their locomotives, passenger and freight cars are manufactured and repaired. The road east of Lake Nipissing traverses, for the most part, an old and well developed country, and commands the universal lumber trafiic of the Upper Ottawa. iM'om Callander westward, and throughout the whole of the Lake Superior section to Winnipeg, the line runs through great forests of valuable timber, and many miles of mineral lands abounding in silver, copper and iron. Between Winnipeg and the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, a distance of over 800 miles, it traverses and opens up for immediate settlement that magnificent agricultural territory already described under caption " Department of the Interior." The Old World is beginning to understand and appreciate the value of that region, and thousands pour into it every year. The City of Winnipeg, which is the distributing point for the whole country between the Red River and the Rocky Mountains, numbered a population, in 1871, of 350. 62 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. It was then called Fort Garry, and was simply tht; lludion Hay Company's principal fort and station, and few, outside the officers of that company, imagined that it was the entrance of a fertile land soon to become the greatest wheat- -rowin-r held of the world. But the advantages of the site for a city were 64 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. discovered at an early date, and now, what with its command of great water- ways and its network of railways, giving ample facilities for transportation, Winnipeg gives promise of growing into a great city. In twelve years the population has increased from 350 -to 30,000. Tlie city is well laid out and solidly constructed. The assessed value of the rateable property of the city in 1874, was $2,676,018; 1879, $3.415,065 ; 1881, $9,230,435; 1S82, $30,432,270. One iuindred and fifty ir''es beyond Winnipeg lies Urandon on the Assiniboinc River, already a will developed and thriving town. IV-yond that again is Regina, the central and distribut- ing point of the beautiful and fertile district of Ou'Appelle. All tliese promising towns were made by the Canadian Pacific Raihva)', and to that Railway they look for future prosperity. In time they will bring benefit to the Railway, for each town will become and is rapidly becoming the centre of a thickly populated agricul- tural district, taking its treasures of corn to tiie railway for transit to market. The advantages of the Canadian Pacific Railway as a througli line will .readily be seen when it is stated that the distance from New York to San Francisco, by the shortest lailway line through the United States, is 3,331 miles, while by the Canadian Pacific, from Montreal to Port Moody (its Pacific terminus), it will be only 2,870 miles, and from New York, via Brockville and the Canadian Pacific Railway, it will be 3,132; and that the distance by the shortest line in the United States, from Chicago to San Francisco, is 2,408, wiiile from Chicago to Port Moody, by the way of St. Paul and Winnipeg and the Canadian Pacific Railway, it will be 2,342 miles. So that, taking into consideration the route followed on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and the shorlness of the Company's line across the Continent, it will be seen that, when this road is completed, the journey between tiie ports of China and Japan and those of Europe will be at least 1,100 miles shorter than they now are, and the Canadian Pacific Railway will, therefore, be in a position to command a large share of the trans- Pacific traffic. The prospects of this Company can hardly be estimated, so great are the possibilities. Even in the year 1882, when the different sections of the line were isolated, disconnected and incomplete, the gross earnings of the line were $2,484,760.89, although the Western Division was not opened for traffic until May ist, 1 88 1. These earnings represent revenue from actual traffic, and do not include freight on construction or other material for the use of the Company. Tin: CANADIAN I'ACIITC RAILWAY. 65 In ;uM of lIk' cunstruction of the Canadian I'acific Railway, and in aiKlItion to the 714 miles of railway to be transferred to the Company free of cost, the Government of the Dominion has granted to it a subsidy of $25,000,000 in money; 25,000,000 acres in land, embracing f>nly lands fit for settlement. Their contract with the Government j,n-ants the land reciiiired for road bed, stations, dock grounds and water frontages, in so far as such arc vested in t^ie Government. Also the admission free of duty of steel rails and fastenings, material for bridges and for the telegraph line. Also the power to build branch lines with the same grant of right of way, &c. They are also protected against the construction of competing lines fetr a term of twenty years from tlu: date; of the- contract, and the station buildings, rolling stock and Capital stock of the Company are free from taxation for all time by th(; Dominion or l;y any Province hereafter to be established, and the land grant within the North-West Territories is declared to be free from taxation for twenty years unless sold in the meantime. The financial position of the Company is one of the most unprecedented strength. For example, the Company are authorized by their charter to issue bonds, which may be secured by a special mortgage upon their railway and franchises, or upon their Lantl Grant, or upon both classes of property ; but they have only used these powers to the extent of issuing bonds for $25,000,000 securecJ by a mortgage upon tlu: Land Grant alone. Of these bonds $5,000,000 have been deposited with the Government, for a limited time, as security for the performance of the contract, and bear no interest while so deposited. To the end of last year the Company had sold about 6,452,000 acres of their lands, the [)ayments on account of which redeemed Iionds to the amount of $3. 79'. 500 and tlie deferred payments will redeem a further amount of, say $13,451,000, leaving less than $2,700,000 of thest.' bonds unprovided for. The remainder of the Land Grant, amounting to 18,548,000 acres, will then only be charged as securit\- for the payment of $2,700,000 of bonds, exclusive of the $5,000,000 of bonds deposited with the Government, which will be returned to the Company on the performance of the contract, to secure which they were deposited. The portions of line extending from Montreal and Rrockville respectively, westward to Callander, comprising, with branches, 450 miles of railway, werq 66 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. acquired by purchase and amalgamation ; and, undt r tlicsc purchases, the Company assumed obligations, the unpaid portion of which, amounted, in December, 1S82, to less than $5,500,000, and nmaincd as a charge upon 441 miles of tlic property so accptired. But, witli that exception, no cJiargc or incumbrance of any kind exists upon tlie railicay or franchises of tlic Company. The proceeds of the $20,000,000 of Land drant iionds, as sold, arc deposited with the Government, which ])ays interest on sucli dc[)osits at the rate of 4 ])er cent, per annum. These proceeds are paitl to the Comj)any in agreed mileage proportions (in the same manner as the Government casli subsld\), as construction progresses ; and the balance of these proceeds and of the cash subsidy c(jming to the Company at the date mentiontd, amount to about $31,500,000. It is believed that this sum, with the proceeds of the cajntal stock now remaining unissued (exclusive of $10,000,000 of the stock which is to be reserved), will be amply sufficient for tin- complete construction and efficient equipment of the railway, and that i.Soo,ooo acres of land will be more than sufficient to extinguish the outstanding $2,700,000 of Land Grant lionds. The position of the Company ma\-, ther(,:f(jre, be thus stated : — After providing fully for the construction and ecpiipment of the railway and telegraph lines, the Company will hold in their treasury $10,000,000 of unissued stock. They 'vill also hold ab(jut 17,000,000 acres of land, unincumbered except by the $5,000,000 of bonds, held by the Government as security for the operation of the railway for ti'ii years. The whole pro[X'rty of the Company, when com[)leted, will be represented by $90,000,000 of capital stock, and will be unineumlu'reil except for about $5,500,000 on the purchased lines. The Comi)aiiy pa)' interest semi-annually, upon paiil-up shares, during conslruction, at the r.ile of not less than 5 per cent, per annum. This interist, to the amour t <>f 3 per cent, per annum, has been guaranteed by tlu: Canadian Govirnmeiit for ten jears, so that Stock- holders have an absolutely reliable securit\', besides which, the proceeds from lands as yet unsold, will be available to supplement the net earnings of the Railway for divideml puiposes. Such, in briefest outline, is the story of perhaps the greatest [irivate enterprise ever undertaken on this or any other lionlineat. In opening up the new world Till': CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 67 of the Nortli-Wtst ihf Cinadiui I'acihc Railwaj' is tlic main factor. To that Company tlie country looks in great part for its future greatness. The interests of die Company are identical with the interests of Canada, and the best guarantee for prosperity is, first, the unlimited resources of the North-West, and secondly, the ability and energy displa\-ed by the men who are directing the Company's affairs. The following is a list of the Directors and principal Officers of the Company : — George Steijh.en, President, Montreal; Duncan Mclntyre. ist Vice-President, Montreal; Richard B. Angus, 2nd \'ice-President, Montreal. Directors: Hon. Donald A. Smith, Montreal; ]<>hn S. Kennedy, New York; Henry Stafford Northcote, London; Pascoe du P. GnMifell, London; Charles D. Rose, London; Haron J. de Reinach, Paris; Wm. S. Scott, Erie, Pa.; R. V. Martin.son, Amsterdam and New York. Wm. C. \'an Home, General Manager, Montreal; Charles Drinkwater, Secretary. Montreal. Agents of the Company in New York: J. Kennedy, Tod & Co., 63 William Street; Agents of the Company in London, England: Morton. Rose & Co., Bartholomew Lane, E.C. THE SHIPPING INTEREST. HE commercial progress of Canada has, during the last fifty years, in proportion to tho niimhcr of its inhabitants, far outstripped that of any other country in tin; world. The following figures giving ;^'' the Imports and Exports at the Port of Montreal will confirm the statement :- 1835 $ 3.543.C00 1840 5.4=S.-i53 19,935,228 32,245,941 1SR2 $26,503,001 Or an increase of about 2,400 per cent. The following talnilatcd statement is in i'lustration of the enormous growth of the sh!p])ing trade as to tiMin;ige and cla.ss of vessels. N... Stt.mi. r.ii.ii.iK.-. i.ni. Tuniian.:. Tol.-.l T..l;ll Tonti.^S*^- i8',5~l (1 l.ni* were n. .Si'paratt Hgures 'tc8 2-^873 18.(0 [ pievicus tn i.S;i;. Imt all j 137 31,266 >«45! 1S5O were s.iil "K ships) 210 21 1 • 51,848 46.1 q6 6 5-545 "17 48.454 203 53. i)iji) Im.and C RAFT. 18O0 37 45-3''^5 222 76.174 25') •^'■359 N . r-i n.iKo. i,S65 63 7S,,:;i 2.15 74928 358 '5-^943 4.77' 6.6.550 1S70 I It '3'.')'- 536 182. .134 680 3i6,.'^.(6 6.3 1^ 8'9.47<' '875 251J 255 43 > 3,s6 i3r.677 6,2 386,112 (..17S 811.410 1880 3=; 4 475-74' ;, -6 I:2.^;,o 710 628,271 6.4S9 1.044.^,80 88» 379 475/>79 2(<) 79.013 648 554/>9^ 5-947 .^4^.780 THE ALLAN LINE OF ROYAL MAIL STEAMERS. K\ llic late Sir IIii;^h All:in, as a liny of thirteen years, entered the Cduntiny-house of a .Scottish firm at dreenock, conihictin;^'' an agency for Canaiiian shiijpin:,^, neither the boy. nor others for him, could foresee that the first work of his life was siiygcstivc of his after career -that lie had then found a line whicli, being f(jllowc:d, would lead to irreat result-. Hut circumstances did for t/i'^'^A.^- SIR IlVCll AMAV once help natural ability, for not onl)- did the business which came to his hands tell him of Canada, but his father, a far-seeing, calculating sea captain, owning the -r^aoBBSiSM 70 THE ALLAN LINE OF ROYAL MAIL STEAMERS. ship he commanded, and trading- between Scotland and Montreal, believing that Canada was destined to an early development, and wanting- to get a footing in the trade, persuaded his son Hugh to try his fortune in this new world. How new it was can be imagined, for when the voyager landed early in the year 1826 there was but one tow-boat on the River St. Lawrence. There was a brief interregnum, during which Mr. Hugh Allan was clerk in a dry goods store, travelled through some portions of the .American Continent, to ]un-o[)e ami iKick — during which time his father was increasing his business and had built the " Canada," the largest ship in the Montreal trade at the time — but this was brought to an end and the original line resumed by an engagement in the house of Mr. James Millar, who was doing business as sliipbuilder, shipf)wner, &c. This was to his taste, for it gave him an opportunity to learn not only the mechanical science but the practical art of shi[)building. Then followed years of ope'rations in the grain trade, buj'ing arui ship[Mng, which always demantled ability and often hardihood. The demands were met and i.)usiness ajilitude, devi'lopeil by experience anil self- reliance, learnt. In iSj^.} Mr. .\lla;i became |)artner with Mr. Millar in the business and part [jroprietor of the ship "(ilasg-ow." The grain trade was increasing every year, ;u-nl ihi^ Millar .Mlar. firm was at iI'h' head of it; but enterjirisc was not conlined to that, for, in iS^o — Mr. Millar having meantime died, Mr. lulmoiistone joined Mr. Allan -at the rccon-iinentlatiiin of the Governor- General they receiveil a contract for building a large steam gunboat for the liritish na\-y. These were the early tl;iys of steamshii)s. For long the matter had been discussed by the K'arnetl, and Dr. Ganlner, a great authority, had de'clan-d that a ship could |-iot b(.' constructed to carry sufficieiit fuel for a passage across the Atlantic. I'ut Icariied opinioi-is did not hinder experin-)ents, and, in 1S37, the first steamshij), the " Sirius," crossed the Atlantic, sailing from Cork to New York, and, soon after, luirns and Cunartl startetl the Cunard Line with four steamships. Tin; .Mian firm, strengthened by the acipiisition of Mr. .Andrew .Allan, who joined the firm in iS.|.6, was n-iaking rapid progre.ss in enlarging their trade Ijy increasing tlnir lleet of sailing ships, but soon came to .see the advantage of steam over wind. Their policy in life was to discover and use all possible improvements, and so keep well abreast of the age. They had no desire to exemplify the chiklish folly of standing still and watch other men de'velo[) ideas and buiiiness, so prejudice for wood over iron and wind over steam THE ALLAN LIXE OF ROYAL MAIL STEAMERS. 71 soon went by the board. Nor did improvement stop there, for, early in tlie history of steamships, the question of the best methods of propulsion came up for discussion, and the Allans, quick to see the advantat^cs of the screw over the paddle, built their ships fitted with screw propellers. The first contract was given to a firm in Dumbarton, Scotland, for building the " Canadian." the "Indian," the "Anglo-Saxon" and the "North American." The "Canadian" made her first trip in the autumn of 1S53, ^"d, soon after, with the "Indian," was employed in the service of the British Government, in the Black Sea, during the Crimean war. On the conclusion of the war the four ships commenced a regular service between Canada and Liverpool, under contract fi)r mails with the Canadian Government, which contract still continues. But at first grc;at diftlculties had to be encountered, and sometimes disasters, met and borne with patient fortitude. There were fiw ligluhousi's in the River or Gulf of .St. Lawrence ; the various actions of the currents were not well umlc-rstO(jd, and the captains were new to the work of iiandh'ng steamships. Tiie "Canadian" was run ashore, by the fault of the pilot, anil wrecked in the river and, tiu-ough various causes, other catastrophes happened. I'ut the owm rs never failed in courage, believing that they could conquer all dil'ficuliies and demonstrate th.U the .St. Lawrence route can be made safe, and ])leasant. In that they have succeedeil. Tlu;ir ca[)tains, commanded first of all things to be careful, rapidly gained e'xperience as to the position of shoals and the set of currents ; the Government gave a well-lighted service for the River and Gulf, so that now, and for years past, tin; Allans have such confidenc(' in tluir cajjtains that they take all the risks u[)on their own ships, and find it nion- iirofitalile than insuring. In 1850 the Canadian Government called fiir a \veekl_\- mail service, in lieu of a fortnightly, to meet the- growing demands of the Dominion. More ships were therefijre built, each an improveme-nt on the last, culminating, for the present, in the superb and popular " Parisian." To describe one of these steamers will furnish some idea as to the structure of the fleet and the intentions of the Company. The "Parisian" is the largest steel merchant ship afloat, and, in regard to construction and structural arrangements, is thoroughly abreast of the latest achievements in naval architecture. The first of trans-Adantic shippers to replace iron b)' steel, the Company have been among the first to construct a passenger ship to meet the requirements of the *z 72 Till-: AI.I^AN' l.INI' OI" U()\'.\l. MAll, ST1:AMERS. Admiralty, diviiliiii;- Ivr iiUo Iwi nty \v,U(r-i.i;;lu conijiarLincnts, and tlius greatly increasing her satVly against accidents. 'I"hc gen< ral dimensions of the vessel (which was designed Ijy Mr. Wallace, the Company's .Superintendent Engineer) arc as follows: — Length over all, 450 fci t ; breadth, 46 feet; depth (moulded), 36 feet, with a gross tonnage' of about 5,500 tons, and a load displacement of about 10,000 tons. The machinery, up(jn which have been expended immense skill and industry to utilise all the Litest results of engineering science, consists of a massive set of compound engines of the three-cylinder type, capable of developing 6,200 indicated horse-power, which will propel the ship at a speed of from 15 to 16 knots per hour. Four double-ended tubular boilers, with 24 furnaces, supply the steam. I'^or the purj^ose of obtaining the maxinium of strength, the hull has been built of steel, made by the Steel Company of Scotland, and the bottom has been constructed upon the longitudinal bracket- framed system, with an outer and inner skin five feet apart ; this space is also suijdividcd into numerous watertight compartments, and, while .available for water ballast, is principally valuable in reducing danger should the outer skin be damaged, while ten watertight bulkheads afford protection against the perils arising from collision. In the matter of accommodation for passengers, Messrs. Allan Brothers, in their instructions to the builders, have maintained the great reputation of the firm for attention to the comfort and convenience of those who cross the seas in their vessels. The staterooms, of which there are sufficient for 150 first-class passengers, are luxuriously furnished apartments, fitted with sofa cushions in crimson Utrecht velvet, Brussels carpets, damask door and berth curtains, pneumatic bells, Broadwood's patent washbasins, &c. The rooms are well lighted, admirably ventilated, and are altogether of the most cheerful and comfortable character. On the main dining saloon much pains have Ijeen bestowed to secure elegance and comfort, and the result is an apartment which, for beauty and gorgeousness of app(jarance, as we'll as capacity for securing ease and enjoyment, it w(juld be difticult to surpass. The saloon is [)laced before the machinery space, where there is the least vibration, and it occupies the full widih of the vessel. The fittings and decorations of the ai)artnient, the artistic effect of which is exceedingly pleasing from ,an asthetic point of view, are in the Jacobean style, and the aim of the designer has been to give the room a bright and warm appearance. The sides or walls have been divided into a series THE ALLAN LINE OF ROYAL MAIL STEAMERS. 73 of arched panels by fluted '.vahmt colunifs iind( r tlic beams. In tlie centre of each panel is a sideliglit, while richly decorated miiralis work forms a background to the blue silk tapestry curtains which arc festooned round the sidelights. Respecting the quarters for the steerage passengers, for whom there is accommodation for about 1,150, the owners and builders have been equally solicitous to secure all possible comfort, and to obviate as far as can be done the inconveniences which arc inseparable from a voyage across the Atlantic. The berths for females and children are provided in exceedingly commodious, well- lighted and healthy apartments. The rooms are unusually lofty, well-lighted and ventilated, have watertight doors afiixcd to them, which can be closed in case of collision or other injury, and thus prevent the water reaching them. There is also accommodation provided for thirty-six intermediate passengers, and those who choose this class of passage will have no cause to grumble at their quarters, which are of an exceptionally comfortable and convenient character. It may here be stated that in each of the staterooms the pillow with which, the bed of the inmate is supplied constitutes, in case of danger, an effective life-saving apparatus. This pillow, which has been invented and patented by Mr. Woods, Superintendent of the \'ictualling Department, is made of the hair of the moose, and is so constructed that in the hour of danger the passenger could immediately fasten it around his body in a way which would make his sinking impossible. The pillow consists of two parts, one to cover the chest, and the other the back, and the two portions can be readily fastened by the passenger himself. Once secured to the body, it cannot be rimoved by the pressure of the water; the end of the pillow supjjorts the chin, and therefore keeps the head above water; wiiile the whole cunlrivance will act as a protection against injury fro.'u floating wreck. The steerage passengers an; all supi)lied with the pillows at a very moderate cost, antl, thus fcjrtified against danger, there would, in the event of anything serious happening, be no tendency on their part to Indulge In the panic which so ofl(-n breaks out on such occasions. In all, the Allan lleet consists of 27 steamships measuring- nearly 92,000 tons, and 15 sailing ships measuring jiearly 21,000 tons, all of iron and steel. In addition to the line running from Liveq^ool to Montreal in summer, and to I lalifax and Boston in winter, a fortnightly service is maintained between Liverpool and Baltimore. The work of augmentation is still proceeding, and promise is made that even the splendid " Parisian " is to be outdone. 1SSS533 74 THE ALLAN LINE OF ROYAL MAIL STEAMERS. That the business of the Allan Line has grown so enormously as to demand this increase in the llect is no matter for wonder, for while the Dominion has been rapidly developing its resources, tlie travelling public have not been slow to discover the many advantages of the St. Lawrence route. Quebec is nearer by 500 miles to Liverpcjol than is New York, and to that may be added the fact that 600 or 700 miles of the jnurney are through the Straits of Belle Isle and up the Gulf and magnificent Rivir .Si. Lawrence, so that the actual sea passage is reduced by mnvc than a thousand miles. Nor has the comfort, even the luxury, of tlu! passengers Ix'en lost sight of by tlie Conii)any. Who but has heard of the terrible sufferings of einigraiUs at sea -sufferings from overcrowding, want of ventilation, of food and attendance ? b'ven now dirt; complaints arc often made against the .ships of lines to New York, but the .Allan line is beyond just reproach. The present writer has crossed the .Atlantic many times in the Allan Ijoals; has visited tlu; steerage in rough weather and in smooth, .and never heard or saw reason for a substantial coniplaint ; tlv i-oom. the air and the attendance arc; ample, and tlu: system adopted, by which the sexes are separated in the steerage, deserves uncpialified api)roval. .As for the saloon passengers, it goes without saying that they are supplied with every possible luxury, and receive every possible atti;ntion. In ( viry way tlu; line deserves the success it has achiev< d, and givi s no pronu'sr of filling beiiind in the great race for excellence in transadantic trarfic. THE RICHELIEU & ONTARIO NAVIGATION CO. UAIN'l" ami iiicturcsqiic Ouclicc held the ()|)ini()ii firinl)- at one time tliat s^t'cyraphy liad coiux-iU il to it tlic riglit to \)v, coiisick'red the head ol navis^ation for ocean -ooiny steamers. .Small craft miyht threatl their way to Montreiil. Init larger craft were compelled to find harl)oura;.^e there. .Montreal :nt:rchants, however, conceived the i(.lea of ih-'epeniiiL,'' the channel Ijelween their city and Quebec, so 1 . A. '^F.Nr.rAI,, Ksr... that yreat (K;ean-y()in.L;- steamers niii^ht lirin^- their freight to their harbours, thus transferring the head of naviiratiijii from Oui l)ec to Montreal. .Still, transatlantic 76 Till' RICHELIEU .«l: ONTARIO NAVIGATION CO. passengers conliiuK'l to he landed ai. Oui l)ic, and had to fiiKi tli(;ir way inland by rail. This siin-ocsted the need for river boals to ply between the two cities, and the demand was early met by supply. In 1845 the Richelieu Company had been formed by Mr. Sincennes, for the purpose of buildinj^r and running' a boat to carry passengers and freight between Montreal and Chambly, witli head (juartcrs at Sorel. This first river boat was of 125 tons, commanded by Mr. Sincennes himself, and named after the river to be navigated by it — the Richelieu. Business prospered with the Company, and in 1848 another buat was built, called the Jacques Cartier, and set to work to ply between Montreal and Ijcrlhier. In 1S55 the Company niade an amliitious new departure in the way of development, and built two new boats, the Victoria and the Napoleon, of 350 tons each, to run between INIontreal and (Kiebec, in opposition to the Torrance Line, which had started some tiiin' previously, and was carrying on successful operations. The capital of llic Richelieu Company at the time was $125,000. For three years the keen competition went on, eacli Cominmy hoping to wear or work the other out, Init in 1S5S the Torrance Company gave up the contest by selling their boat, 'he Oueliec, to the Richelieu ComiKuiy for the sum of $30,000. Without a rival on the St. Lawrence and its large tributaries, the Company found its trade ra])idly incn.'asing. In ]86o die Columbia was pur- chased and the capital raised to $131,000. In the following year the "Europe" was added to tlie lleet at a cost of about $15,000, but a still more important step was taken in 1S6.:, !))• the amalgamation of the Lake St. Peter Line and the Terrebonne & I'Assomptiiin Liiie with the Richelieu Comj)any, wliich incn.'ased their line (jf steamships by four new boats to ply between Montreal and Three Rivers, Montreal and C!'. imbly, Montreal and Terrebonne, and Montreal and I'.Assomplij:!. 15y thi; ani ilgam ition the capital of the; Company was increased to $230,000. Not cont;. nt with merely success, the manageuHMit pushed development to meet and even make demand for accommodation for travel and traffic on the great St. Lawrence River. In 1861 the magnificent steamboat Montreal was built at a cost of $120,000, atTording not merely accommodation but luxury for all its passengers. A further extension of the Company's business was effected in 1863, by the purchase of the boat St. Francois Yamaska, but the following year saw the crowning of the Company's 78 THE RICMF.l.IF.U i^ ONTARIO NAVIGATION CO. efforts, for tlu; siipi'rl) "Oiu'bci-" w.is Imik at a cost of $17.2,000. 'I'lic Directors had corner to the decision t;) place on tlie route heiween Montreal and Oiuhec, .steamers e(|ual in carryine; capacity, coniniodiiy, comfort and speed, to any boats on the Hudson or other Anv.ricin w.Uer njntes. 'I'lu; above mentioned "Montreal" was tli • first |)roiliict of the amljitious idea, the "Quebec" was the second. A brief descriptioh of the l.itler will .L,nve, perhaps, some impression to the reader of the enteri)risinj,r spirit by which capitalists were animated in those days. The hull of the ste;uner " Quebec," was contract* il for in Mn^lantl, built of Bessemer steel, due care li 'inL^- taki'U in the design as to her strenj;th anil capacities especially as she was lUslineil to tarry two tiers of staterooms abovi> her main deck. I br leiiLjtli from fore p.u't of main stem to after jiart of stern post is 282 feet 6 inches; her depth of hold is 12 feet, her boiliTS (2 in number) are placeil in tin; hold, securel)- fastened, so as to oive steadiness of motion ; slie is fitted with a low pressure eiiL.diu: and skelilon walkini^ beam ; lu:r speed is from iS to 20 miles an hour for ordinary requirements, but when pushed she has attaimd a maximum of 22 miles. The dining saloon is aft, replete with comfort and elei^^ance. well lig-hted, and con- tiguous to a very spacious kitchen. As many as 200 guests can be .seated at table, which is served l)y a well trained staff of w.iiters. On the main deck the commodious ladies' saloon is plac( il aft, and adjoining stands the Purser's office. The fore part of the boat is reserved for freight, of which she can carry a very large quantity, on account of her spacious guards. The upper saloon is one of the grandest, for size and elegance of finish, in the Dominion. The furniture and carpeting are of tlu' latest design, and. when the saloon is lighted up at night, pjrescnt to the traveller all thi' re(|uirements of home comforts, combined with safet\-. On the whole the saloon cannot be surpassed, if equalled, i)y any other line of steamers on tlu' C(jntinent. But with the building of the "Quebec" the developments of the Company's business did not cease. The work of rc-iniilding .unl improving went on until all the boats were of iriMi ,uid steel. A further and jet more ambitious extension was made in 1S75, when the Richelieu Company amalgamated with the Company owning the boats running from Montreal west to Toronto and Hamilton, and the name of the enlarged company was changed into the Richeheu & Ontario Till' RICIII'LIF.U Si ONTARIO NAVIGATION CO. 79 Navigation Company, with a capital of $1,500,000, represented by ei^^'Iit splendid boats. In \9>j6 the ''Atlienian'' and ".Abyssinian" were Ijoiight ; in 18S0, tlie "Ciilti- vatcur : " and in 1883 the "St. I'rancis." The object of the Company was to have ^:^2r>^ -^i^^g^tg^^ SIlnOTINi; 'IIIF. RAriDS. unchallenjjed control of the river, and after many years of patient and persistent effort, the end soupiit has been attained. Nor have the travelling public much, if anything to complain of on account of the monopoly. Although there is no competition on the river, the (irand 'i'runk Railway will always keep the river rates for travel within reasonable limits, iiut tliis apart, the Directors of the Com])any have alw.iys i)cen as now, not only en'.erj)rising, but prudt:nt. Under the Presidency of the late .Sir i high .Allan -which lasted from 1876 to 18S2, the Company greatly de\-(lo])etl iis resources, but when Mr. I,. .'\. Senecal was called to the Presidency, ;i new imjielus was given to ,ill its working. This can hardly be matter for wontler, for Mr. .Senecal. besiiles ha\'ing been identified very largely with railwa\' building, may almost l,iy ;.l,iini to be st)'led the father of the river tr.ide of (Juel)ec. .\s earlv .is i''^5,v seeing the great possibilities in this direction, he bought and look command of ihe "Cieorge I'rederic," then plying at Ogdensburg, came ilown in her with ihe ice as it broke up in early Spring, and at once started i)usiness between Montreal .and .Sorel. In the following year he had her fitted with new (Migines and named " X'ercheres." TJie line was main- tained until 1857. when the " \'aniaska " was added to ply on the Yamaska River, between .St. Anne and Montreal. In the I'ollowing year yet another was built, to inaugurate navigation on the' St. I'raneois River, the ports being St. P'ranqois 8o THE RICHELIEl' .^ ONTARIO NAVIGATION CO. and Sorel. So that to Mr. Siiucal Ixlongs llu: credit of first opening up those rivers for steamboat traffic, often at i;r(\U cost to himself. Tlie value of his work there has received abundant demonstration in dicse later years -4 At -- :-^ m*': ''1 m (► * , 1 / A ^^fcjaW P i 1 r^'BBBlX'l i ,.^-.^.iv. ..j:ifc. iNPiw ' II '^r. In iS6o Mr. Scnccal conceived the amluLious idea of competing with the Riclulieu Company, and to that end started die strainc r Ottawa to ply between Montreal and Ouebec. Meantime he was earr\ ing on an extensive business with the Liniled States in gniin and lumber. He was employing elevi'n steamboats and eighty-nine barges trailing Iieiween Montreal, .Sonl and Whitehall. Although misfortunes came which lurned Mi-. .S-.necal to other lines of business wlu:re his restless energ)- and indomiiabli' ability CMminanded success in milling, lumbering. railway building, ivc , when the opportuniu came. noUiing loatl'. he turned again to the old and congenial trade (ni the ri\er as i're^,iclent of the Compan\' he once o]iposi'd. I'ndcr his regime great things are t'xpected, anel as great thing;, are possible in the way of de\( IdpMig the riv('r traffic, there is no reason to d )ubt that the gem ral luipe ^\ill be fulfilled. As Mr. .Senecal is liie .uidinr df ilie riiluMv l.iid (ni the l\iver .S|. Lawrence at Montreal in winter time, it is htling that .i sketch of the i|uaiiU construction should be inserted here. THE DOMINION LINE OF STEAMSHIPS. (/^^^^■HIS enterprise was commenced in 1872, and orii^inatcd in Canada witli the fin of David Torrance ^c Co., wiiose senior, Mr. David Torrance, had been long engaged in mercantile pursuits, and extensively concerned in the inland shijunng trade, more particularly as owning or managing steamboats between Montreal and Quebec, with which the old firm of Jt)hn Torrance & Co. was specially identified from a very early period. Mr. David Torrance became President of the Bank of Montreal in 1873, and died in 187(3. His partner, Mr. Cramp, who had beim a Director of the Canada Shipping Company, previous to 1S72 having become convinced that tlie business of the Port of Montreal could be most favorably carried on by ocean steamships, and that the day for sailing vessels was rapidly passing by, proceeded to England, and there entered into negotia- tions at Liverpool with the firm of Fliiin, Main tS: Montgomery, then managing steamships in the New Orleans trade. Mr. Henry Minn, the head of that house, had long been known and respected in Canada as having commanded vessels in the trade, thus acquiring large experience in that business ; he had also enjoyed the special confidence of the late ^ir. Andrew Shaw, whose name all old Mont- real merchants greatly respect. The Company thus formed was named The Mississippi and Dominion Steamshij) Company, and at once' enteretl wiili '.-igour into the Canadian trade Its ca[)ital was raisctl partly in Canada —principally in the City of Montreal — -but the largest share lias always been held in Liverpool. At the ovitset the Company practically confined its attention to the transport of merchandise, Init was one of the pioneers in th<- callle tratlc, which has now grown to such large proportions, and from which the larming interest h;is dirixcd very important and yearly increasing advantage. I'"rom an e.uly period, also, the conveyance of immigrants was undertaken, and this branch of business speedily assumed large dimensions, the arrangements for comfort and convenience THE DOMINION LINE OF STEAMSHIPS. 83 of sucli passengers having been carefully studied. In this connection it may be also said that the Department of Immigration has ahvajs received from the Dominion Line active co-operation and support in its jjolicy, a fact which has frequently been referred to and acknowledged by the Hon. J. H. Pope, the present Minister. Within the last year this Company has made progress in another direction, more especially to meet the wishes and rc'quircmcnts of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, with which great corporati«ttMjWW-yf,:;«w»agafi BANK OF MONTREAL. 'HE men wlio decided tliat a Bank of Montreal was a necessity of the limes were remarkable for their caution in enterprise. Promi- nent men all of them, they could not afford to lose a well-earned f^p reputation, so \vhen they started the new adventure in 1S17, with Mr. John Gray as president, they were content to rent offices at ^^150 per annum. The work was placed in the hands of Mr. Robert (Jriffin, cashier, one teller and one accountant. Business was opened upon a paid-up capital of $350,000; in 1819 it was increased to $650,000 and in the following year to $750,000. The story of the increase of the paid-up capital of the Bank is one of the most remarkable things in Banking history. In 1829 the capital was $850,000; in 1S41, $2,000,000; in 1S45, $3,000,000; in 1S55, $4,000,000; in i860, $6,000,000; in 1873, $12,000,000, at which it now stands, the largest capital on the American continent and one of the firmest banking institutions in the world. In the first full year (18 19) of the Bank's operation a dividend was paid at the rate of 8 per cent, per annum, and since then (with the e.xception of the years 1827 and 1828, when it paid nothing to the shareholders) the annual divi- dends have ranged from 6 per cent, to 16 per cent., or say, a dividend of 12 per cent, with a bonus of 4 per cent., according to the earnings. The dividend for the last year, 1S83, was 10 per cent, per annum. That the affairs of the 15ank were carefully conducted will be seen from a glance at the gnnvth of the "rest," or reser\ed jirofits, which are held as so much adilitional capital. After 8 per cent, had been paid as dividend in 1S19 a balance of .$4,168 remained on har.d, and was laid .aside as a rest. From that date of small beginnings the aninunt has steadily grown, making the assurance of shareholders doul)ly sure. In 1825 it was $30,780, going down to $12,064 in the following year, and up to $107,084 *'■". years later ; in 1830 it .^loud at $31,360. Five years later it stood at $80,660, rushing up to $197,828 in 1837; BANK OF MONTREAL. 89 in 1840 it showed $89,480; in 1850, $120,192; 1S60, $740,000; 1870, $3,000,000; 1880, $5,000,000, and in 1883, $5,750,000. The advantages of this "rest" have been many and great, for it lias stood the shareholders in good stead in times of depression, for among other things it was an enormous earning power. The great disasters which befell the banking community of England in 1826 exercised a powerful influence upon Canadian commerce, and strained tlie strongest institutions. The I5ank of Montreal was able to pay but 3 per cent., and that at the cost of more than half of its reserve. Years of hard times followed, but with 1832 came a change, and the dividends steadily increased until 16 pur cent, was paid in dividend and bonus upon an enormously increased capital. The par value of the shares to-day is 200, the selling price of which is 356 or thereabouts. The prosperity which the Bank of Montreal has commanded almost from its inception, and its long continued immunity from anything like a threat of disaster must be attributed mainly to the ability and prudence with which its affairs have been managed. Under the presidency of Mr. John Gray, who held tnc p(jsition from 181 7 until 1820, a careful banking regime was established. Mr. Gray's policy was endorsed and perpetuated by his suc- cessor in office, Mr. .Samuel Gerrard, who occupied the presidential chair unti 1827. The Hon. Horatio Gates was called to the presidency upon the retirement of Mr. Gerrard, but he held the position for only a brief period, and Mr. John Molson took die reins of government into his hands. And capable hands they proved to be, so capable that the shareholders were well content to leave their business to his management. Then followed the prosi)erous reign of the Hon Peter McGill, beginning in 1835 and lasting until 1S60, during which years great success was achieved. When Mr. McGill retired on account of failing health Mr. T. 15. Anderson was elected to iill his place, which he retained unti declining years compelled him to retire in 1S69. That success was mainly due, however, to the ability of the principal executive officials. In 1827 Mr Ben- jamin Holmes succeeded Mr. Griffin as cashier, and during his regime it was established that the Bank must depend rather upon the cashier than upon the President for general management. Mr. Holmes held the position of cashier until 1826, when he resigned, and Mr. Alexander Simpson, who had for some years previously been in charge of the Quebec branch of the Bank was elected 90 BANK OF MONTREAL. to fill his place. On Mr. Simpson's retirement in 1855 Mr. David Davidson, who had been for a considerable time Manajj;er of the Bank of British North America in Montn^al, became Cashier, and at his su|;jgestion an Act of Parlia- ment was demanded, and granted, changing the title of Cashier into that of General Manager. Mr Davidson was a man of great ability, in whom enter- prise and caution were evenly balanced. His first act was the reorganization of the working of the Bank by the introduction of tlie Scotch system. At the time our financial institutions were feeling the strain of long continued com- mercial depression, and Canada was suffering as only a young and undeveloped country can suffer in such a time of general disaster. This depression became a panic in 1857, and to Mr. Davidson's bold policy and full appreciation of the position must be ascribed the fact tiiat the merchants of Montreal passed through the crisis comparatively unscathed. Thus a double object was gained ; the trade of Montreal was saved, and a great and valuable business was secured to the Bank. On Mr. Davidson's retirement to lieconie the Treasurer of the Bank of Scotland, Mr. E. H. King, who, as well as Mr. C. I". Smitiiers, had followed Mr. Davidson from the Bank of British North America, succeeded to tlie general management. His name will long be remembered as a banker of ex- ceptionally great ability. Mr. King continued the policy so successfully inau- gurated by Mr. Davidson, and year by year the position of the Bank was strengthened while the shareholders were rewarded with increasing dividends. So greatly did Mr. King win his way that in 1859 he was made President vitii Mr. R. B. Angus as General Manager. This was, in fact, a joint management, for Mr. King was not President as other Presidents had been since the days of McGill, that is, commercial men giving to the Bank a portion of their '.ime mainly as filling the chair at Board meetings, but as giving all his timj to the Bank's affairs in conjunction with his able coadjutor Mr. R. B. Angus. When Mr. King retired in 1873, Mr. David Torrance was elected Presi- sident, and he held office until the time of his death in 1873, when Mr. George Stephen (now President of the Great Canadian Pacific Railway Company) was called to the office, which he held until 1881. But it meant a reversion to the old policy of placing the affairs of the Bank mainly in the hands of the General Manager, who consulted and advised with the Directors. Mr. Angus BANK OF MONTREAL 91 in his associate managfcmcnt with Mr. Kin;,'' iuul won the confidence of Directors, shareholders and the pubhc, no tiiat all who had a voice in the matter were well content to place him practically at the head of this great institution, where he continued, ably fulfilling the obligations devolving upon him until the time of his resignation in 1879. In some respects It was feared at the time that the resignation would lead to trouble for the Bank, for again de- pression had overtaken trade — the times were worse than critical, and it was felt that ability, experience and prudence were required as they only can be required in times of emergency. Feeling the need for some directing genius, with one accord the Directors turned lo Mr. Smithers, who had hccn connected with the Bank almost continuously since 1858. He had well filled the position of Inspector at one time, and then liad been a most successful agent of the branch in New York. Who else could meet the emergency .-' With common consent he was called to Montreal, and more than fulfilled the general ex- pectation. Under the General Managership of Mr. Smithers the Bank weathered the storm and reached safe anchorage. In 1S81 the Directors recognized the ability and services of Mr. Smithers by a revc^rsion li> the policy adopted during Mr. King's rcoiDu, that is the)' elected him to the Presidency, with Mr. W. J. Buchanan as General Manager. Mr. Buchanan has been connected with the Bank since 1853, filling post after post in upward gradient. Mr. Smithers devotes all his time and great abilities to the Bank, and finds an able and faithful associate in the General Manager. The following gives the Bank's financial holding, its Directors, officers and agencies : — CfVPlTAL {a// paid up) i<.L:.SERVEU FUND, Si 2,000,000. - 5,750,000. HEAD OFFICE -MONTREAL. BOARD OF DIRECTORS ; C. F. S.MITHKRS, Esq., President. Hon. D. A. S.mith, Vice-President. Gilbert .Scon', 1'2sq. I Ai.ix. Mi'kkav, I'".s(j. I Alfrkd Bkhwn. I'',sq. A. T. I'atekso.n, Esq. | G. A. Dru.m.mond, I'lso. | Hugh M'Li;.\nan, Esq. Hon. John Ha.milton. W. J. UucuA.NA.v, General Manager. ..^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 - f2| 32 1.4 lillM IIM IM 1.8 % <^ //, A VI ^. a, v^j ^ . /; / O / /A Photogi^aphic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER NY 14580 (716) 872-4503 c

K ION, JIUANTIOKll, KINi;ST()N, " I'OIMAIHC I.A rRAIKH-;, Man. 11K(JCKVII,1,E, " I.INUSAV, I'OUr HOPE, Ont. CHATHAM, N. H. LONDON, (,»UEIIKC, Oue. COUNWAI.L, Ont. MONCTON, N. H. KEOINA, Aissinilioia, N.W.T. (iODKRKH, or TAW A, Ont. SAKNIA, Ont. GUELl'H, I'tUTII, STRATFORD, Ont. ST. JOHN, N.Il. ST. MARY'S, Ont. TORONTO, WINNIPEO, Man. AGENTS IN GREAT BRITAIN: LONDON, Hank of Mdntrkai., 9 Uirclihi Ijinc, I^mbaM Street. C. AsllWORTH, .M.in,iger LONDON COMMITTEE: IC. II. Kllii.;, E.S(,i., - - Clutiiman. I Sir John Rose, lUar , G.C.M.G. Kohert Gii.i.Esi'ir., r.«j. BANKERS IN GREAT BRITAIN: LONDON, Till Hank of Enciand, " Till: l.'.MoN Hank (if London. " The London and \VF.sTMiNsrER Dank, LIVERPOOL, The Hank or Livfrpooi.. I TiiK Uritisii Li sen Company SCOTLAND j and Uranciies. AGENTS IN THE UNITED STATES: NEW YORK, Waiter Watson .mil Ai.kx. I.ano, 59 Wall Sticot. CIIICACO, Hank of Montreal, 159 Madi on Street j W. Mi nro, Manager. R. \, Hehden, Assist. Manager, BANKERS IN THE UNITED STATES: NEW YORK, The I'.axk of N'i w \nRK, N. H. A. " The Mi.rchants National Hank. BOSTON, The Merchants .N'aitonal Hank. HIIIAI.O, Hank of Commerce im Uufpalo, SAN FRANCISCO, The Hank of Uritisii Columbia. COLONIAL AND FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS: .ST. JOHNS, Nm, The I'mos Hakk 01 NnvFoiNOiANn. HUITI.'^II ((il.l'MllI.S, The Hank of Hriiimi Coldhiiu, NEW ZEALAND, The Hank of New Zealand, INDIA, rillNA, JAPAN, AUSIRALIA, Oriental Bank Corporation, Montreal, Die. 1S83. THE MERCHANTS BANK. ^'')Ck|f^.ARLY in 1864 it became crcnerally known that Sir Hiiyh Allan contemplated startintf a new bank in Montreal, and at once it became a subject for discussion as to whether the banking ?*^^^^^' business was capaljle of further extension. Although the general g^ ^L opinion was against any new venture in that direction, Sir Hugh, ^ relying as his habit was upon his own judgment, established the Merchants Bank with a paid up capital of $100,000, a strong Board of Direc- tors, Sir Hugh Allan, President, and Mr. Jackson Rae, Cashier. Before the first report was produced in July, 1865, the paid up capital had been increased to $395,502, and as justification of the judgment of those who had started the Bank a dividend at the rate of 8 per cent, was paid for the first year, besides a balance of $604.83 which was laid aside as rest. In the following year the paid up capital was increased to $657,952, upon which the net profit was $94-793. "f nt.arly iJ^yl per cent, interest upon the capital. During that year a further issue of stock was made and taken up, which increased the capital of the Bank in 1867 to $857,985, upon which a net profit of $108,208.50 was m.uk-, or I2>^ per cent. On this declaration of success it was resolved to increase the subscribed capital to $2,000,000, which was at once taken by the e.\isting stock- holders ; but during the year negociations were enteretl into for taking over the business of tlie " Commercial Bank of Canada," whicii had its head (piarters at Kingston, and had recently suspended payment. Negociations were entered into which finally resulted in the shareholders of the Commercial Bank receiv- ing one share in the Merchants Bank of Canada for every three in the Com- mercial Bank. To meet the great volume o( business thus created the Directors determined to further increase the subscribed capital to $4,000,000. The .stock offered was taken, and also another $2,000,000 in 1869, making the capital $6,000,000. Although the year 1869 was a period of great commercial depres- m : 94 THE MRCRHANTS BANK. sion the Merchants Bank held its way, paying a good dividend and maintaining a rest of some $700,000. For many years tiic success of the Bank was uninterrupted — branches had been oj)ened in various parts of the Dominion, adding greatly to tlie general business done. Tiie ordinary net profit on each year's operations was i2»i per cent. ; 8 per cent, dividends were naid and the balance went to increase the "rest." The report of 1873 showed a paid up capital of $6,946,280.00, a rest of $1,700,000, and the net profit for the year was $753,712.65. Although the mercantile community met with a severe check in 1874, the Merchants Bank made a net profit of $940,968, and paid its shareholders a dividentl of 12 per cent. But the times of hardness had been entered upon; in 1875 the report gave a paid up capital of $8,102,046.67, a rest of $i,8jo,ooo, and a net profit of $834,202.84 — which allowed a dividend of 9 per cent. The depression not only continued but deepened and became universal. It was a time of crisis, if not of panic, and was everywhere felt. The Merchants Bank had to endure its share of suffering, as is sliown by the report of 1876, when the shareholders were compelled to accept a reduced dividend. During the year 1876-77 the General Manager, Mr. Jackson Rae, resigned his position and Sir Hugh Allan vacated the President's chair. The Hon. John Hamilton was elected President, and the Directors had to cast about for the best possible manager to meet the emergency. Fortunately for the ilirectors ami shareholders tiie man they needed was available. Mr. George Hague, of Toronto, h.ul earned a good reputation as a banker. His first schc ')1 was in Ivngland. Having learnt his business well he emigrated to Canada in 1S54. His first banking position in Canada was that of Accountant in the recently formed Hank of Toronto. Tlun followed tin; mana- gership of a branch, and then ilial of the head l>aiik for fourteen years. Mr. Hague, as principal, more tlian fuIhlKd liis early promise, and when he retired from the banking world it was with llir regret of the clients of the llnik and the public generally. .And so it came to pass that in tiie time of depression the President and Directors of the Merchants Bank earnestly urged Mr. Hague to undertake the management of tiicir affairs. He did so. A new policy was at once inaugurated, which Ijore mainly upon cutting down the number of branches distributed over the country, combined with rigid economy and a well organized THF, MERCHANTS RANK. 95 system of inspection. A careful survey of the position l>y ihi; new Manager and a committee of the directors showed tliat the capital account hail to be reduced to about five nnd a half millions and the continijent fund to $750,000. In this dissection notiiintj was spared ; cverythinj^ dead was ruthlessly written off and the institution placed upon a sound basis. I'ublii: confidence came to the help of the mana^'emmt and ilic reortjanization resulted in dividends of 6 and 7 per cent. Hy the report of 1S7S the paid up ca|)ilal was shown to i)e $5,461,790; the rest, $475,000; the eoiuini^ent fund, $530,000; and thr dividend for the year was seven per ciui. <>n ihr capital. .Since ilien the affairs of the Hank have been cinfuliy and successfully adminis\'ered. Sir Hui,d) .Allan was ajjain elected I'resident at liir .innuai meclln.i,^ in iSs^a. 'I'he President dyini; suddenly in Scotland, after a htiiiiL; iiUtrv.il, durinL,^ whicb Mr. Robert Anderson filled the position, Mr. .\ndr(w .\ll.ui w.is < iectid to the vacant post. The report of 18S3 showed a paid uji capii.il, $5,714,506.6'); rest, $1,150,000; contingent fund, $255,000. The Directors are : .\\hUI.W ALf.\N, i:%0.. rrcMiU-nl. ROIll.Kr .\N1'1;KsoN. li,(j, Vicel'aM.km. Win. iJ.irlitv.;, l'Nc|., Jciiiaili.\ii llucl)4»on l'<'i., Ail..l|.lic M.^^^un. Kv) . Il'.-ct'ir M.ickcn/ie, Eso., Jnhn Duncan, l.s.|., Jlilin ('.l»sils, l^sr| , II J J. C. .\l.l..iii. 1,1.1-., M r. (.I'.ORiaC HAGUE, (Jcncrnl M,inaKcr. J. II. ri.l .MMi;i;. .\>iUl.int tiihui.il Manager. BKAM lU:s IN oSrAKIO AND iiVEUKC. llcllo»ill,-, Kiiuwrtlinc, rrttii,>kf, Iiiycrsoll I'crth, Torumi', WiiuUor, \V ilk cilon. liR .Weill ;s IN MAM r HiA. l'''fi Mmcison, IlMnil..n llankrrs in tlre.it Dritnin The Clyilvsdalo Itank, (l.lmiUil,) 30 l.nmlianl ktrett, hmilim, tllatj^iiw and rUcuhcie, Agency ill New York, (>l Wall street, Messrs. Henry ll.ii;uc and John 11. Harris, Jr., Agents. Uankers in New Vurk — llie Hank uf New Vi.ik, N. H. A. Id THE CITY AND DISTRICT SAVINGS BANK. MONTHEAL. 'illC iiU'U of a saviiiijs bank fur Uk; poor people was first put into shape: ii Kny^lantl, 1804, wlicn llic Tottenham Bank was cstab- lislu'd. The itlea soon Ijecanie j^njiieral and leading men were found to tjivc it the aid of tlnir name and experience — practical good canu; of it, and Canada followed suit in the benevolent effort. The work of laying the foumlalion upon which the present large and firm superstructure was built w.is mainly done by the late William Workman — a man emirent in the commercial world—of great mental force, benevolent of mind and rich withal. He, and others with him, saw that the poor could be helped in a practical way by having their small savings safely cherished for use at any time. In 1 8.;. I a measure v.as passed through Tarliament incorporating Savings Banks. It was a general Act. At the time only one institution for savings existed, it was the .Montreal .Savings Bank and kept within the Bank of Mont- real, but at the death of its manager, Mr. John .Armour, it became a part of the Bank of Montreal and .vas the origin of the Savings Bank Department of that institution. Five Banks were fouiidi:d on I'.e Act of 1S41. The Provi- dent .Savings Bank of Mon.real ; the Montreal City and District Savings Bank in 1S46; La Caisse D'Economie, Quebec, in iS55;the Provident an I Savings Bank of Quebec in , ami one in Ontario, then known as l'p|)er Canada. The .special feature in the .Act was that .Savings Banks were permitted to invest in Bank stocks and mortgages. But a feeling of insecurity had soon been manifested on account of the fact that the only Savings Bank then existing, the Provident and Savings, was supposed to have invested too largely in mortgages. To those who took an interest in the welfare of the poorer classes it seemed inevitable that, with regard to some at least of the mortgages then THE CITY A.\n DISTRICT SAVINGS RANK. 97 held, tlic ultimate result must be loss to the Bank, and, as the lahouring class had small opportunity for cliooslns,' an institution to which it mi^dit confide its savings, the establishment of tin; City and District was seriously considered. In 1S46 thi; Rank was founded with fifteen Managing Directors choosen fron; some sixty 1 lonorary Directors. They were William Workman, Alfred LaRocque, Joseph Bourret, L. II. Ilolton, Francis Hincks, Damasc Masson, Henry Mulholland, Pierre Beaubien, Henry Judaii, Charles Wilson, Joseph Grenier, John E. Mills, Nelson Davis, John Tully, Jacob DeWitt, L. T. Drummond. As the Savings Banks, under the Act of 1841, were entirely of a charitable character, the then Bishop (jf Montreal, Monseigncur Bourget, became its patron, without, however, giving any sectional bias to the institution. An im- portant decision also made .vas, that no portion of the Bank's funds should be invested in mortgages. The prudence of this lias been fully demonstrated hv the after )ears of financial operation. I'"or the first two )'ears tlie Bank progressed rpiietly with one mishap, wiiicii might have proved serious but for the devotion of the Directors, who, altiiough unpaid for tlieir services, subscribed their names to notes to meet a loss resulting from ili'preciation of City Bank stock. There was no stock or accumulateil profits at the lime to secure dejiosits, and only this act of the Directors s,i\ed the Bank from ruin and enabled it at a future time to recouj) the loss. During the general depression of 1848 the Provident and Savings Bank of Montreal was compelled to suspeml jjayment, which unfortunate event shook the confidence of the' working classes to such an e.xtent that for yea -s they regarded such institutions witli suspicion. The amounts due depositors by the City and District were in 1847, $250,702; in 1848, $178,241; 1849, $153,770; 1850, $273,994. But from this time progress was rapid, each year showing a large incn^ase in business, except in the years 1S54-55 and 1857. In 1870 the amount due depositors was $2,880,769 ; the number of depositors, 9,362 ; with an average of $307.68 for each depositor. It having been felt by many leading financial men of the country that necessity existed for gi\ Ing greater security to depositors, a change was effected so that interest should dei)end not merely upon the Banks, accumulated profits. fjS Till- CITY AND DISTRICT SAVINGS HANK. In tlic caso of tho City and District the accumulations arnountci! to al)Oiit $180,000, a sum insulVicicnt to mi-ct any consiiU-rabli; loss wliicli mij,'!u occur, and out of proportion to tin: sum then due its depositors. To meet this felt want it was determined to create sufficient stock to |)lace the depositors be- yond the possibility of losing their earninj^js. When this chani^e was made in 1S71 the Directors of the City and Dis- trict were: — Hon. I.. II. Ilollon, William W'nrkman, ;\. .M. Delisle, Edwin Atwater, Mr. Justice J. .\. Hertlulot, lly. Judah, A. LaUoccpie, Ily. Mul- holland, lly. .Starnes, l-*dward Murphy. The c.ipilal stock of the Hank was fixed ai $;,ooo,c>oo, and it was stipu- lated that the hooks of the liaiik shcjuld he b.ilanced, and whatever profits existed at the lime wie to form a Poor I'lind to be invested in Municipal or Government Debentures, approved of by the tiovernment, the interest to be dis- tributeil amonj,' the various charitable societies of the city. (This of course was applicable to all Savini^'s Hanks.) Dther rej^'ulations were made, prohibitinjf .Savini,'s Hanks from invesiini^^ funds in mort.i,'aj,'es or other securities than Muni- cipal Debentures and Governmi in Securities ; providing,' for the acceptance of Hank stocks as collateral, and that twenty per cent, of the total amount depo.sited should consist of 1"< dn-.d ( lovi rnmeui Securities or cash in chartered Hanks, &c. Of the then existini:; Hank^, two, the City ,iiul District, with two millions subscribed and $600,000, .uid l.a Caisse l)"lCconomi<-, villi one million sub- scribed and $250,000 p.iid up, electitl to "conliiUH- tiuir business and subscribe the slock, payinj^' it up according; to liie recpiireim nls of the .Acl," inst'-ail of " handiiMf over their assets to a ciiarlired I5ank" or to the "Governnunt to con- tinue ihv-ir i)usiness." The accumulatt'd protiis of llie Ciiy and I'istrict, when the stock was sul)scril)ed, was $iSo,ooo, wliich constitutes the Poor I'und. Hesides this sum the Hank iiad previously paid to cliaritiis of the city during several years $80,715. The interest of the Poor lund is paid to v.irious charitable institutions according to popul.uioii. and a new distribution is made after each decennial census. The Hank has had its limes of hartlness and difficulty; it has been con- vertetl from a pun 1\- lienrvolcni institution into a Joint Stock concern, and its enemies have been many. Hut die management has been eipial to every THE CITY AND DISTRICT SAVINGS RANK. 99 emergency, incctintj all drains witlioiit having to |)l(ilv,'c any of the Hank's se- ciiritks or to call in any of its loans. The following,' liijiircs arc; taken fronj the balance sheet of 31st December, 1883, and will show the important services it renders to tlu; public ; — Capital stock siiti<;cril)t.il $j, 000,030 00 " (i.-tiJ up 600,00000 I.IAl'.II.ITIES. Due di'pohiiors, Head Ofiirc and liranclics , $6jij,6j5 57 Special Charity Trust Fund 180,000 00 Sundry open accounts 232,041 94 Total $0,C).'4,67S 51 RESOURCES. Bonds, .Securities (Municipal and .Montreal Harbour) $1,153,849 54 .Special Poor I'und liuestnient 180,000 00 Loans on collateral securities as recpiircd by law j, 226,904 5S IJ.mk premises, Head Oirice and branches 375>"^- 54 15.-»nU fiMuris and other furniture 5'5'9 ^° Sundry open accounts 44.,1.Vi 3' Cash in Hanks 1,530,20693 Ninnber of depositors Aver>igc amount due eac li depositor. =9-795 2o8 51 The prrsciit Directors are : — EDWARD .MrurilV, President, W. H. llINti>l()N, TIU)S. \V()KK.\IA\, J. AI.D. OLI.MKT, IRKI). T. JUOAH, AI.F. I.AROCtjrK, Vice I'resident, J AS. O'HKII'N, K. r,i:i.l.lM.\RK, K. J. r.AKlJKAr, JoilN II. R. MOI.SON. The first manager was Mr. John Collins, who left the I?;ink In 1855. He was succeeded by Mr. Mtlinond J. Harbeati, who, entering the lianl< in 1850, retired in 18S0, afu-r thirty years' faithful .service, was .succeeded by his brother, Mr. Henri Marbeati, who is the present manager, and who during his .short connection with tl'ie Bank has given evidence of the possession of qualities which eminently fit him for the position. 'I LA BANQUE DU PEUPLE. ^«^EVERAL well-known and well trusted financial gentlemen banded together in 1835 to estaljlish a Bank for the immediate advantage -^^» of the original people of Montreal and the Province of Quebec. Vjp*^ They were : Hon. Louis Viger, Jacob DeWitt, Esq., John Donc- i<''>] gani, Esq., Pierre Ikaubien, Esq., Augustin Tulloch, Esq., II. H. Smith, E.sq., Timothy Franchere Esq., A. E. Montmarquet, Esq. ; and they commenced operations under the name of Viger, DeWitt & Co., en com- mandite. Under this semi-private form it continued and prospered until 1845, when it was handed over to a Joint .Stock Company, when more extensive operations were entered upon. At that time the offices were in St. Francois Xavier street ; subsequently the Bank of Montreal building on St. James street was purchased, which occupied the position now held by tho General Post Office. The policy of the Bank has been and continues to be extremely Conservative ; it seeks for no great opportunities for enterprise nor has aimed for speculative busi- ness, but the officials are well content to maintain their traditions and regularly pay the half yearly dividends. From the time of the Bank's establishment five Presidents have filled the chair, viz. : Hon. L. W. Viger, Jacob DeWitt, Hon. F. A. Quesnel, H. li. .Smith, Jolin Pratt, C. .S. Chcrrier. Three cashiers have ably administered the Bank's affairs : Mr. Lelourneux, B. II. LeMoine and A. A. Trottier. The capital of the Bank is $1,600,000. The Directors : C. S. CHERKIER, E.sq , Q.C., rtcsidcnl. G. S. BRI'SII, JACQUES GRICNIER, Wll 1.1 AM FRANXIS, P. M. GALARNEAU, A. PREVOST, A. LIXLAIRE, Cashier— h. A. TROT ITER. ■I 'THE MOLSONS BANK. \J^^fl«fHE Molson family had achieved fjrcat distinction fn the city of Montreal as merchants of abih'ty and intctjrity, and when the brothers William Molson and John Molson started a private i^'^ bank in 1853, under the Free Banking Act, the general public of ^ o^T^ the city at once accorded to them a generous confidence. I'or (y two years business was carefully and successfully conductetl, wlv.-n it was determined to make of it a Joint Stock Company, for which purpose a special Act of Parliament was obtained in 1855. The first capital was $1,000,000. On the 22nd October the first meeting of shareholders was licUl, wiuii five Directors were elected, viz.: William Molson, the Hon. John Molson, Mr. Thomas Molson, Mr. J. H. R. Molson, and Mr. E. Hudon. From the list of Directors it will be seen how appropriately it was named the Molsons Bank. Mr. William Molson was subsequently elected to the Presidency and the Hon, John Molson to the Vice-Presidency. At the first annual general meeting of the stockholders on the 3rd of August, 1857, the report showed that the Bank hail entered uiion a prosjierous career. A dividend of 8 per cent, was paid ; the contingent fund or rest had been in- creased from .1^734 to .€4,650; all thL' stock had been subscribed and almost all paid up by its 1 70 shareholders. At that meeting a resolution was passed tendering thanks to the cashier, W. .Sache, Esq., and t( le officers of the Bank. Mr. J. H. R. Molson having retired from the Board, Mr. Thomas W'orkman was elected in his place. During the following jear (1858) the Molsons had to share with other banks the trouble consequent upon the general depression in commercial circles, but this, notwithstanding, the ordinary dividend of 8 per cent, was paid, and the sum of $10,898.09 was added to the reserve fund, thus raising it to $29,500. Although the depression continued the Bank prospered, having a policy of doing a safe rather than w loa Till- MOLSONS HANK. a large business, ami in iSGo the usual divideml of 8 per cent, was paid, with $J5,ooo added to the rest. The lion. John Molson havinjf died during ti\e year, Mr. J. II. R. Molson was elected to fill his place as Vice-President. In 1865 the rest was $i6o,cxx), equal to 16 |)er cent, on the capital, ami the report showed tliat llie ordinary rate of dividend had lieen maintained, although the Hank had suffered heavily fn^m forgeries. The nite iiad lo lie lowered, however, in the year 1S69 owing to depression in trade. An.xious to e.xteml the business of the Hank at home and furtiur afield, in 1S70 it was determineil to increase the cai)ital to $2,000,000, and a branch was opened in London, Ont. $500,000 of the new stock was issued and taken up by the old stockholders ; Mr. Sache retired from the position cT cashier; Mr. l*". Wolfcrstan Thomas was invited to fill tin: vacant cashiershii), and a return was effected to the old dividend of 8 per cent. In 1S72 the rest was doubled, and re])resintcd nearly 14 per cent, upon the paid-up capital ; n«w branches were established at Toronto, Morrisburg and Windsor, and at tlic general meeting it was announced that the $500,000 of new stock authorized had been issued to ilic shareholders and all taken at a premium of 5 per cent. During the following year occurred tiie suspension of Jay, Cooke oi o? " " " after notice :,\.\-,:(f; 14 225,419 95 -'-'.<'>05 87 Due to other Banks in Canada — " " other Blanches " " Agp.its in Tnited Kingdom " " Foreign Agents Profit .-ind Loss Rest . Fifty-sixth Dividend Dividends unclaimed Interest, Exchange, &c., reserved.. 255.014 96 37,460 21 .V'<-4-'7 73 500,000 00 80.000 00 4,'i7o 10 75,5cH (>i $9,S<.S,i2> }8 104. Tin: MOLSONS BANK. ASSETS Specie f3'3-557 55 dominion NoU's 413. '44 °° $ 75<5-7°' 55 Notes and Cheques of oilier Rinks ^4^.595 49 Hakince?. due fro'u other ll.iiiks in C^in.ida loy.cjc; :y " " Domiiiiim (JovcrnnieiU 6,c.|3 do ■< " Aijeiits ill railed Kingdom ^ w'l' °° '• '• I-oreign Agents 3'2j4- 9' Loans and Dills diseo mled on I'.onds. llebentures. ^:c. 3c(',,jiS oo Loans to Corporulioiis ■'"55.-49 -5 ]iills diseounled and current •.1^2X1^6 v5 " " pasl due, secured 7i,6.'Sc3 •< " •• and not se< ured '7/'3' '"^l Real Estate, other tli.ni ISank jMeniises '^7-545 ■''S Hank premises , It I lead ( )tlire and liraiuhes 184,000 00 Odier Assets 5'^")'^ 54 $'J,.SoS,I3J 28 -:o;- IlOAKIi lU hlUI iTOKS. ■IIIDMAS WORKMAN, Tresiden;. I. II. R. Mol.MlN, Viee-rresident. R W. s!Il-rilKKI). I Hon. D. I,. M \rPHi;RSON. Mll.l,.'^ UU.IdAMS. S. II. KWlNt;. A. F. C.Ari/l'. UOl.l l-.R.^r.W I'IKiM.V.S. t'li-neral Manager. M. lir..\ION, In^pea.u. liRANCm..-^. A'.lnier, Ont.-W. II. URM'I.R. M.iiuiger. Ilroekville I. W . R- Rl\ I.R>. Clinlon— II. I . IlKI.W KK. Kxeler-.\. .\ f lil.M)\ AN. lagersoU - f. W CI, INCH, London- H >.■>. ILI' ll'.ia'. Mealord— 1'. I i I.I.I. R. Monireal-lA.Ml S KI.I.K ' I', Morrislmrg— L. W . IliiUARD, Owen ."^ouml— 1'. W. H RkOliRlCK, Manage. Ridi'ciown — I.. I. I.\l !.. Snuih's |-ai:s— .\. 1'. •IRIXU'.N 1", Sotel— C. CRI.Il \.v^\. Si. ■|'llonla■^ Ci. K. \IOR TON. •r.uonio--I.. II. Roll!' R I. SOX, 'I'leiilon— R. 1 R\SI R. " Walerloo-^J. lll.Sl'LI.KR, THE DOMINION BRIDGE COMPANY. IRMC'ri.\' to llu: Xailonal Policy is to hv. ascrihcd llic cstahlihli- uiciu ot tliis Company in Canada. 'I he Canton ISimiIl;!' Company . of Ohi(j had ln( II Iniildin;^' bridLjcs at London. Ott.iw.i. and other \Aj;J,AS,'.\ places in Oni.irio from 1S7J to \^-i). Lnt the Trotcctivc policy i^avc ^ •-;■:.:> a chance for hcadqu irier-. In Caiiad.i, ami the " 'I'oronto IJridsjc V^ Company" was orLi.mi.^cd lor ihr manutacturc ol iron hrid^;!' and structur.il work in tlu: l)oininioii. .\ibr a shop had b.cn liuilt in lOronto in 1S70 and cnlar^i d in iSSi, tin; whole works of the Company wen- t.iken (j\< r in iSSj by ilu; Dominion liridL^e Comp.my. Limited, and still further enlarged to 1 k - \ 1 > W I 1; 1^ : 1 III 111 MlMiN I Kll 1. 1. I'l Mi A\'. meet the growing,' demands of business. The wo.ks situated at Kini^'- .Street, T( ronto, covers an area of three acn s of ground, ha\i,' a capacii\- ol lour thou- sand tons p acres; the main shop is 515 feet long and 125 feet wide, the whole forming one room, having only seven columns inside for the support of the ronf. The g.is producer house 40x515 fitt, and boile'r house 35. \ 40 feet, are also of brick with iron roof. Tlu; general office and [)r.Uern ^hoj) is a brick building 40 .\ 130 fee t; the stock house Sox 150 feet, and barns 30 x 1 jo feet, are of wood. The Company intend creeling during ihe coming year forty neat brick cottages, supplied with water and electric lights, along the street THE DOMINION BRIDGE COM PAW. 107 luitl out on the western side of their lands, for the use of tlieir employees. There are about two miles of railway switches and sidin^r.s on the Company's lands, with yard locomotive for the handlinjj of material ; and a complete system of steam cranes for loading heavy bridge work. All coal is converted into gas on the Company's grounds by tiie Siemens proces'-, and this gas is burnt for fuel under boilers and in the heating furnaces exclusively, an essential feature for the ijroper working of steel. The main shop roof consists of heavy trusses capable of sustaining ten tons, load at any point, and carrying the same to any other point in the shoj) ; and both main shop and offices are lighted with electric lights. The Company have their own mill in Glasgow, Scotland, for rolling steel blanks, plate and other material to be matle up at their works in the Dominion. The shop is thoroughly equipped wiih machinery of the heaviest description and the latest designs, and is operated by si.xteen steam engines located at different points in the shop. .Steam is supplied from the battery of five steel boilers to the various engines, and the exhaust steam is all utilized for heating the shop in winter, and heating water for the boilers in summer. The capacity of the works, which will be in full operation in the spring of 1S84, will be about 10,000 tons per annum ; and employment will be given to from 300 to 400 men. Among the prominent constructions by the Toronto Works are 5, 155 deck spans on the Credit V^alley Railway at Gait, Ontario ; 2.S00 feet of iron trestle work from 75 to 125 feet high on the Ontario & Quebec Railway, near Toronto, Ontario; 11 steel spans of lOO to 135 feet on the Canada Atlantic Railway between Coteau and Ottawa; 230 fiet steel span on the Oueljec 1.^ Lake St. John Railway at St. Raymond, P.O. ; 230 feet steel swing span at St. James, Manitoba; and 160 feet steel deck span at 'Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, on the Canadian Pacific Railway; 5, 150 feet steel and iron highway sjjans at Rich- mond P.O. ; with over 20,000 feet of iron and steel spans on the leading rail- ways of Canada. The Lachine Works have contracted for the railway and bridge at St. John, New Brunswick, connecting the Intercoioiial Railway with the American railways, at that city. The main Ijridge is a steel canti- lever, having a total length of Sio feet, and a centre span of 477 feet. The general design is similar to the cantilever bridge constructeil at Niagara; but the bridge Is a through instead of a deck bridge:, and will be the fu-st tlirough I OS THE DOMINION BRIDGE COMPANY. cantilever bridge ever erected. The centre span will be raised witlioiit false work by means of overhanging cranes working panel by panel from each pier. (AM H.I.VKR IIRIUIIK Al St. JOHN, N. II. The Company was fornunl under a Dominion charter aiul has a capital of $500,000. Its officers ari' : Job Abbott, President and Chief I'ngineer; Ira Abbott \'ice-President ; and Liikt! Lyman, Si cretary ; W. S. Thomson is the .Super- intendent of th(- Lachine Works. The lioard of Directors are: Jol) Ai)bott Ira Abbott, l.uke I.yman ami .\ngus M-.Tliom. of Montreal; Phelps Johnson of Toronto; Jann's Reid .Stewart and Jam- Kin;^, of (^dasgow, Scotland. The general office of the Company is at Room No. 1, Windsor Motel, Montreal, V.O., with branch offices at Toronto and Lachine Works, THE HAMILTON BRIDGE & TOOL COMPANY, HAMILTON, ONT. cnr>^ HIS Company was formed in iIk; year 1872, but was rc-orffanizod in 18S0, the Hoard consistinfj of— I'rcsident, Wm. IKnilric, Railroad Contractor and Director; Vice-President, W. A. Robinson, late of Moore, Robinson i^ Co. Directors — A. T. Wooil, of Wood ridg(? is situated aliout a ([uarter of a mile from the Chaudiere Falls, near Ottawa, and carries the Ca'iadian Pacific Railway across the River Ottawa into the capital of Canada. It lias eleven piers and four abutments, and co't tliree hundred and sI.Nty tliousand dollars. The work, e.Ntrtmeiy difficult in character, being mostly under water, was begun in May, 1879, and finished in !>( cember, iSSo, In the .spring of iSSi Mr. Heemer took a contract for the OUEDEC GATE BARRACKS EXTl'NSION, for the Canadian Pacific Railway at Montreal, being an extension of the line from I lociulaga Station to liie new station, which he is now Iniikling .-)t Ouebcc Gate Barracks. Tlu's was iieavy work, and consisted of large quantities of cril) work, retaining walls, ramps and liridge abutments in massive masonry. Tile work was rapidly completed, and has ijeen in use since 1882. Tiie wiiole cost will aggrt'gate five hundred thousand dollars. In 1S81 he also ui;derlook the WELLAND CANAL AQUEDUCT. by wiiich tlie W'elland Canal will he carried over and ihrougli the Chippewa River, neccssilaling the building of immense coffer dams, as the river had to be uinvali red in two sections, the depth of water being from Iwcnly-six to thirty ft et, wiili ;i soft clay botlt 111. The work when cornplett il will cost about one million of dollars. This work was under contract for three years to other parties, who having been unable to uilwater the coffer dams, it M-as at their solicitation taken over by tlie Government, and then relet to Mr. Beenier. Under the able personal supervision of his working partner, Mr. John Sullivan, new dams were built and successfully unwatered, and the foundations, piers, abut- PUBLIC WORKS "3 mcnts and arches of the first section— lialf of ih(! work— rapidly completed. The balance of the contract is bcin^r as .inickly pinihcd forward as the difficult nature of the work will permit. In 1882 Mr. Beemcr undertook the construction of the TORONTO AND OTTAWA RAILWAY, upon which has been expended already about $600,000, the contract price for completing the whole being about one million and a half dollars. A portion of this railway has, at the recpiest of the companies interested- the Grand Trunk and Midland— been suspended for the present. The balance, which has been completed and is in operation, comprised very heavy cutting of " hard pan," which offered a most disheartening obstacle to the work, yielding neither to picks, steam shovels, or any of the ordinary methods. In 1883 Mr. Beemer signed a contract with the Corporation of the City of Quebec, for a second pipe for the QUEBEC CITY WATER WORKS, to be completed December ist, 1884, at a cost to the city of about $500,000. It will consist of nine miles of iron pipe carried over the St. Charles and Des Meres Rivers, on iron tubular bridges on first-class masonry. This work is pro- gressing rapidly. In July, 1S83, Mr. Beemer closed a contract for the largest public work he has yet undertaken, which will am )unt to several millions of dollars. This is the building of the QUEBEC AND LAKI-: ST. JOHN RAILWAY. This line, which will extend from tlie City of Quebec to Lake St. John will be one hundred ami scvcnty-five miles in length, exclusive of about 100 miles of branches which are not yet under contract, and is of such importance that it is attracting more attention, at the present time, than any other public work except the Canadian Pacific Railway. The road will open up to settlement an immense fertile valley in rear of the Laurcntian Mountains and around Lake St. John. The Crown Lands Department of the Province of Quebec estimate that there are in the i..imediate vicinity of the railway about 0,000,000 acres of land, of which 3,000,000 are timber lands of ■vreat value 114 PUBLIC WORKS. and 3,000,000 acres of the best arable lands to be found in the Province. Althougli as yet comparatively little known, this small portion is estimated to be capable of supporting a population of 750,000 souls. Although farther north than Quebec, the climate of the Lake St. John District is said to be as temperate as that of Montreal. Grains, vegetables and garden products of all kinds are successfully raised, and yield abundantly. Although only known for about twenty years this district already has a population of over 32,000, and so fertile IS the soil, that twice as much wheat as the best counties in the Eastern Townships, and as much as the greatest wheat growing counties in Ontario, is grown. The e.xtent and fertility of this great region have attracted so much attention, that great efforts are being made by the public authorities to open it up to settlement. For this reason, the Quebec and Lake St, John Railway has been well assisted by a subsidy of $3,200 per mile from the Dominion of Canada, $2,000 per mile from the City of Quebec, and $5,000 and 5,000 acres of land per mile from the Province of Quebec. The Directorate of the Company is composed of some of the largest capitalists and most influential men in the Dominion, among whom are Messrs. Wm. Withall, E, Beaudet, Hon. Jas. G. Ross, J. B. Rcnaud, Hon. A. P. Caron, Hon. J. Thibaudeau, Hon. P. Garneau, and others. Some 42 miles are now in operation, and are doing a business exceeding the most sanguine expectations of its promoters ; and creating new milling and other industries along the line as it progresses. Mr. Beemer has a large force of men at work on this contract, and steam shovels and other plant requisite for its rapid prosecution, valued at $100,000. The work is to be completed to Lake St. John by December, 1886. Some idea may be formed of the magnitude of the works which Mr. Beemer is carrying on, and the position he holds, when it is stated that he ususally employs from 1,000 to 2,000 men, and that his contracts now in progress aggregate about $10,000,000. Although these contracts are being carried on at points far apart, they are kept well in hand by his admirable administrative system and efficient staff, and they certainly place him at tlie head of the business as the largest single handed contractor in Canada or probably on this continent. Mr. Beemer resides in Montreal, at the Windsor Hotel, where he has his chief place of business. THE EDWARDSBURG STARCH COMPANY. HIS concern was originated In ,858, as a private enterprise, by Mr. W. T. Benson, who erected a factory on the site of the present large works, at Cardinal, (then called Edwardsburg) on the River St. Lawrence. Mr. I3cnson carried on the business for some years on his individual account, but finding the trade greatly increasing he sought the co-operation of friends in Mont .•eal and elsewhere, and in 1866 a Joint Stock Company was organized under the name of "THE EDWARDSBURGH STARCH COMPANY." with an authorized capital of $120,000. The new concern continued in suc- cessful operation until 1874 when the factory was burnt down, but was speedily rebuilt on a greatly enlarged and improved scale, the charter being amended so as to increase the authorized capital to $250,000. Since then the busmess has steadily grown from year to year and the Company's Starches for laundry and " Prepared Corn" for culinary use« are known in all parts cf the Dominion. Exportation to Great Britain has also been undertaken, though as yet on a limited scale only. The starch industry is protected by a specific duty of 2 cents per pound on all imported starches. This protection dates antecedents to the inaugura- tion of ti,e "National Policy" in 1879. which practically reduced it by about one-third of a cent, per pound by the imposition of seven and a half cents per bushel on imported corn. Prizes for the several classes of starcli, &c., manufactured at the Cardinal Works, have been awarded from time to time at International. Dominion and Provincial Exhibitions; notably, to Mr. W. T. Benson at the great London E.xposition of 1861, and to "The Edwardsburg Starch Company" at the "Cen- tennial" in Philadelphia in 1876. The factory employs some 70 men and boys the year through, and the monthly expenditure for wages only, exceeds $1,500. Il6 THn nnwARDsnuRG starch coMrANv. i|i:'!i'.'iMi*ii.''!:i!|!niii ^lil' il; '"-..I, m I lH';' '■'! lliilll 1;! (l,';i:'l n-\ ilit'llilj Z o < z a < z < D. s o o ^ • < a> o OS s n 0! C 2 <■ o .- o j5 i« THE WILLIAMS MANUFACTURING COMPANY. I us is the most important Scwlnq* Machine Company in Canada. The trite old axiom that nothinp^ " nuccccds like success," has been amply verified by the rapid {{growth and development of this enterpris- ing; Company, whose ramifichtions now extend to every quarter of the civilized plobe. The nucleus from which the present mammotii industry has been developed was formed in 1861 by a few enier- prisinjT and energetic pentlemen .is a private Company, and .as such was continued until 1872, when a Joint Stock Company w.as formed with a capit.al of $500,000. Owing to the great impetus given to the business under the opcr.ation of the National Policy it was found necessary to increase the capital to $1,000,000, and to construct two new and magnificent factories, each witli a capacity for turning out t,ooo machines ycr week; one being located at St. Henri, a thriving suburb of Montreal, the other at Plattsburgh, in the St.ite of New York. A new and improved machine has lately been put on the market by this Company, which is said by experts to be a marvel of mechanical ingenuity, and which is, doubtless, destined to [.lay an important part in the Sewing Machine trade of this continent. ••V MR. ALBERT J. CORRIVEAU, MANAGING DIRECTOR OF THlf CUUKIVHAU SILK MlLLb COMPAHYj MOHTAB^ HE Silk Industry of Canada has scarcely passed front its first and trial stages. Until the year 187S no one had put into practical shape the idea of its manufacture here. Mr. Corriveau was the first to make the experiment, which he did with complete knowledge of the business in all its details. The beginning was marked by sufficient modesty and caution, only a few looms being worked as a test of possibilities. And at first discouragement thre.itened to lead to disaster, but the indomitable perseverance of the founder prevailed, and in 1880 he was master of the situation, for he had created confidence in himself and the industry upon which he had set his heart. Others joined Mr. Corriveau and business was started jpon a firm basis. Determined to support the National Policy in all its bearings, they rested altogether upon the skilled labor of Cana- dians, and Mr. Corriveau had to train native hands to do the work. This was hard enough, especially when the ambitious project was to rival the stuffs produced in France and I'^ngland, but pluck and perseverance carried the day, so that in 1882 the Corriveau .Silk Mills Company was organized with a nominal capital of $200,000, one half of whicn was subscribed by a few of the leading merchants of Montreal. Four gold medals and several diplomas have already been re- ceived for excellerce of work, and in the competent hands of the Managing Director the succcs of the Company is well assured. THE SILK INDUSTRY. 119 BROAD GOODS, Gros Grains, Satins, Serges, Damasses, Broches, «c. RIBBONS, Faille, Gros-FaUle, Ottomans, Sc. 00 •— • "Fsi ^ 1—1 ^ V 'XSIMX .SHO'IIVi 'XSIMi aNIHOVW 'XlIS ONIMaS •ov? 'sjsujnw 'papBsoJH 'sasSuja 'buibij 'SJaiHOaHMaNVH THE COTTON INDUSTRY. T is early, perhaps, to say much as to the Cotton Industry of the country. Previous to the initiation of the National Policy the trade had been in a languishing and not very hopeful condition. Canada had long been the slaughter market for the over-wrought mills of the United States. But with protection came a chance for a home market for home industries. At once the business- sprang The Canada Cotton Manufacturing Company, Cornwall, Ont. into an almost too vigorous life. Shut out from this country by the new and heavy duties English capitalists found it profitable to introduce to Canada capital and machinery for manufacturing purposes, Canadian capitalists took their full share in the prospects of the new enterprise and mills sprang up on every THE COTTON INDUSTRY. 121 hand. This meant competition, which, although the industry paid for a time almost fabulous dividends on the capital invested, soon brought the price of goods down to its normal state. Among the many mills established notice can only be given here of one, namely, "The Canada Cotton Manufacturing Com- pany," which has its headquarters in Cornwall, Ont. The Spinning Mill shown here is 350 feet by 90 feet, has 35,000 spindles, and is one of the completest of its kind on the Continent, besides the Spinning Mill there is another for weaving which is 3S0 feet in length by 120 feet in width, having capacity for a thousand looms, and lighted at the sides and top with glass. This is admitted to be the finest and best constructed weaving mill on the American Continent. The goods manufactured by this Company are cottonades, dyed ducks, teint and sail ducks. Canton flannels, white and colored grain bags, and bags for sugar manufacturers. The capital of the Company is one million dollars, and its aftairs are managed by the Hon. D. Mclnnes, President; Gilbert Scott, Esq., Vice-President; J. P. Dawes, Arthur Prevost, VV. M. Ramsay, E. Kewin, J. Macdonald, Directors, with A. S. Watson, Secretary. The property of the Company is beautifully situated on the banks of the St. Lawrence, at the foot of the Cornwall Canal, about 90 miles west of Montreal. Other Companies will be noticed in a later edition. Suffice it to say now that although competition has for a time brought about a depression in the business, the prospects of future success are well assured. The trade, fostered by the National Policy, has secured a firm footing in the country, and with the certain increase of population must necessarily become one of the leading and most remunerative of our great Canadian industries e)--^,^^^^_^,^-r5v^ JOHN MACDONALD cSc CO WHOLESALE IMPORTERS OF Dfij ^ood^, Gafpet^, Woolen^ \ FancJ (|ood^ TORONTO, ONT. TIms large firm is now proli.ihly the oldest cst:tl)l'shcis of this establishment for building, 'launching and repairing vessels are unsurpassed, and the works contain mills and all machine shops and buildings necessary for carrying on the business. The proprietor, Mr. A. Cantin, purchased the land — on which these works are situated -in 1845 and commenced to build and fit out the place in 1846. Since then he has built 184 moulded vessels, including the famous privateer " Sumter," three steamers which were to sail under the Spanish flag, two re- venue Cutters for the French Government, and railway transfer boats for the Grand Trunk, Intercolonial and South Eastern Railroads, steamers for the Riche- lieu and Ontario, Ottawa River and other Navigation Companies. In building these vessels Mr. Cantin has been very successful in combining carrying capacity, speed, strength, and light draught of water, All the vessels MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES. >3i turned out proving thoroughly up to the expectations of their owners and the designer. Mr. Cantin has always recognized the importance of the carrying trade of the St. Lawrence and has kept abreast of the times. He is now preparing to build iron vessels and barges and will shordy be fully equipped for that work. In the manufacture of Cordage we have the important firms of the CANADA CORDAGE FACTORY AND PLASTER MILLS, of Montreal, under iiie superintendence of Mr. Morris, and that of MESSRS. C. WILLIS & CO. of the same city. In Furniture we have the UPPER CANADA FURNITURE COMPANY, doing business at Bowmanvillc, Ont. ; also, TEES & CO., of Montreal, noted for their Desks and Revolving Book Shelves. The Gananoque Carriage Works under the efficient management of C. W. Taylor. MR. I. J. FRAME is a w known maker of Electrical and MR. F. GROSS of Surgical Instruments. A. NORMAN has become so renowned for his Liver Pads that mention of of his name suffices for all notice The Book Binding business of T. LEMIEUX, of Quebec, some of whose work is known as chef d'ocuvrcs. The Biscuit business is an important trade, having one of its best known representatives .ind exponents in MESSRS. STEINSON & CO., doing business at Montreal. J. WRIGHT & CO., of Hcrminc street, Montreal, are well-known as manufacturers of Art and Church Furniture, Inlaid Office Fittings, Inlaid Floors and all kinds of fanc\- wood work. CANAi \ JUTE COMPANY— President, George A. Drummond ; Vice- President, Urbert Cowans; Directors, Hon. John Hamilton, Alex. Murray, John McDougall ; General Manager, John Dick ; Secretary, John F. Raphael. The Jute Bag and Canvas manufacture is a new industry in Canada, it having been started on a small scale only some two years ago by this Com- pany, but having secured the services of Mr. John Dick, a gentleman of great experience in this trade in Dundee, Scodand, and Toronto, as General Manager, the Company is now fully equipped and determined to push and 132 MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES. extend its business by adding new processes and bringing their manufactures to the highest standard of excellence. The present capacity is two to three million Bags per annum and about a like quantity of Canvas for packing and other purposes, and arrangements are made to extend the capacity at short notice. The material principally used is Jute, grown in India, and which is now the fibre almost solely used throughout the world in the manufacture of all kinds of Bags and Packing Canvas for strong coarse work, combining both cheapness and strength. But the Company does not confine itself to Jute, but also manufactures a considerable quantity of Cotton and Flax goods for finer purposes. The rough cotton cloth for Bags until very recently all camfe from the States, but the N. P. is enabling the Canadian cotton manufacturers to supply it, and this Company is doing its best to encourage them in doing so. The manufacture of Barb Wire Fencing is rapidly increasing, and is well represented by THE ONTARIO STEEL BARB FENCE COMPANY, TORONTO, who make the improved four pointed Lockbarb, (under the Glidden patent.) To MESSRS. CHARLES GURD & CO., Monacal, whose Ginger Ales and Soda Water is so well known throughout the country, is largely due the success of the Aerated Mineral Water business. From small beginnings, some 19 years ago, they have advanced to the foremost place in the Dominion, and have brought their specialties to such great perfection as to be awarded Gold and Silver Medals, &c., at the Dominion and other exhibitions. They have also done more than any other firm in developing the natural mineral waters of the country. Their present capacity is some 2,000 dozen per day, MR. BERTRAND, Asphalt Pavement Contractor, doing business at 386 Craiir Street, Montreal, is well-known for the excellence of his work. THE TOBACCO BUSINESS of llic country promises to be a growing industry. Flourishing Factories being established in Montreal and other parts of the Dominion. The firm of S. DAVIS & SON.S is one of the most im- portant in the trade, starting business in 1862, by the htlp of capital, persever- ance and ability tiie firm soon made itself known, and has secured medals and diplomas in Paris, Philadelphia and other places. MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES. 133 MES'^''"'" W. & F. CURRIE are well-known as Wholesale General Mer- chants, Qv ainess at lOO Grey Nun Street, Montreal, as importers of Scotch Glazed Drain Pipes, different kinds of Chimney Tops, Cement, &c., &c., and manufacturers of Bessemer Steel Springs. They are also proprietors of the Dominion Paper Company, whose mills are at Kingsey Falls. WM. McNALLY & CO., doing business at 67 McGill Street, Montreal, as importer of Drain Pipes, Portland and Roman Cements. C^-^L") Note. — In bringing this volume to a close, I have to express regret that so many industries have been left unnoticed, and some noticed but briefly. But the reader will readily understand the difficulty of obtaining reliable information, so that the cost in time is great, and the demand is made that the publication of the book be no longer delayed. In a future edition, I hope to do ample justice to ihe important matters herein discussed. Since the early portion of this publication went through the press, some changes have taken place in the Government. The Hon. D. L. Macpherson has vacated the Senatorial Speaker's chair to devote himself entirely to the Depart- ment of the Interior. Some alterations have been made in the land regulations, throwing open the mile belt, and otherwise making matters easier for settlers. The Cotton industry has passed through a period of depression, but promises soon to be buoyant again, and the future of the country is well assured. Although I huve written mainly for the National Policy, and in so doing have confined myself to the notice of those in politics who inaugurated and have developed the policy, I am free to say that all the leaders of parties, Conser- vatives and Liberals, have the good of the country at heart. They differ in methods but are united in purpose. One sentiment actuatey them all— a lo\c for the peace and prosperity of our Dominion. A. J. BRAY. 134 CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. GANANOQUE ^nt. HEBERT PAT SULKEY. jBiranoquej •-<©►-« MANUrACTUR::nS OF GEARS AND BODIES IN THE WHITE .,c., /;iSO ALL STYLES OF FINISHED VEHICLES. -«>— SPECIALTIES: Patented Truss Skein Farm Waggon, L'ght and Heavy Democrats, Open and Top Buggies, Speeding Read Waggons, Heber; Pat Sulkcy ^see cut , Phaetons, Two-wheeled Pleasure and Busine:s Carts, Sleighs, Cutters, &c., &c. WE ALSO MANUFACTURC: LARGELY SOLE MANUFACTURERS IN CANADA FOR THE CELEBRATED HEBERT WAECDN TGNGUE SUFPDRT. Send Jar Illunlraicd Cciiuioguc and I'ricc List. C. W. TAYLOR, Manager. CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. 135 PIANOS STEIN WAY. CHICKERING HAINES. GABLER. SECOND-HAND PIANOS IN LARGE VARIETY. FROM $75.00 UPWARDS. Lftr" & LOWEST PRICES. TERMS EASY. A.&S.)HpRDHEIMEI^ TORONTO: 15 KIIlsTG STKEET EAST. MONTREAL: BRANCHES ! Oaazc,:, Lcruim, IlamiUcn. METAL AND GLASS Tube BJanufactoef^ GAUGE GLASSES AND OIL GUPS, ALL SIZES AND LENGTHS \LWAYS ON HAND, AND MADE TC ORDER. GLASS TUBING AND CYLINDERS FOR CHEMICAL WORKS ON HAND, AND MADE TO ORDER. niETAI.8. Ingot Copper, Brass, Cake Zinc, Pig Lead, and Babbit Metal Manufacturers. C^'Send for Price List. 12 Dofcliester Street East, Mootfeal, ADAMLOMAg^^ J. ^ . COAT^' JiWiBIjI^HKD 1S42. % MANUFACTURERS BKHT SIX CORD '-^".* O F V"".- Flannels, &c. SHERBROOKE P. Q. Spool Cotton UNSURPASSED FOR HAND AHU MACHINE SEWING. RAiMOn^ BEATTIE Zt €0„ 12 De Brcsoles and u Lc Royer Streets, MONTREAL. '.'l 136 CANADAIUNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. -<©►-• II UU ORQAN 5- a u u CI. z < a o > z o H 2 W H H < J < U u 0. K O Q. « o [1, CO U Q O > o o o 6 > M » to W > n o 2! r »< 2 t/O H n r > M z H C s w z CO --- ^* 24,000 :n'ow ijX use. , b: H OFFICE AND FACTORIES; GuELPH, - - - Canada. EUROPEAN BRANCH: NEUMEYER HALL, ■ • - HART STREET, * BLOOMSBURY.W.C, LONDON, ENG. CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. 137 WHOLES JkLE BQOTSIIESMOIS^ J e Jy*'® ■W00DIE)T EVERY DESCRIPTION OF -f LAI i^WD Ff GY BOOTp f D pHOEp- -•-r>- nvE j^iDE ©niriD :F(Dia s^iair(s:i as©^ FACTORY: No. 21 CHAREST STREET, ST. ROCHS, MX 34 GARNEAU STREET, QUEBEC. i^rti^tiic Bool^ Binding Establishment Account liooks, Sl.itloncry Stock, and Plain and Fancy CASE Work. LETTER-PRESS " Specialty." Ornamental and Conventional Binilinga elaborately executed. AWARDS : PARIS, France, Bronze Medal. MONTREAI^ Canada, 3 First Prize!! and Diploma. MTEBSATIOHai TEIUT kp aWwiwiI Co. MANUFACTURERS Or Teots, Hwninp, Camp Beds, Cliaifs, k, 184 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA, ONT. At the two great Exhibitions of 1883 at Toronto, Ont. and St. John, N.H. we made the best tlisplay of Tents ever shown in Canada. We control the Patent for the '•I-atour" Camp Furniture, which wasawarded the only Gold Medal ever yivcn for this class of goods. SEIsTD FOJEl C!-A.Tj!\.IiOC3-TJE. OUR NUMBER IS IS'4 Spares Street. Otta^^-a. ' 138 CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. OFFICE : MONTREAL. MILLS: BRIDGEWATEK, ONT. c C/) Address all Correspondence: P. O. BOX 909, MONTREAL. ,.;mf»c^Z-icr-;' "■^i xnj.t s^i^iarrg—?; c*o O ManuTacturcrs of Galvanized Iron Cornices and SKyli(,'hts, Conservatories and all Glazed Structures in Sheet Metal constructed under the latest patents and improvements. office & works, - - - corner latour st. -«o>-» TXiE^ ♦<•►♦- fi^ ] LA1(I|E^T f D IVjO^T GOMMODlOUp BI(EWEI(/ ;; aBfflmfMBiiifflsnBiBiMfflffiaffifflcffi^ 2^IN THE DOMINION. 5=^ ORDERS FROM THE TRADE RESPECTFULLY SOLICITED AND PROMPTLY FILLED 142 CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. iX^"^ MANUFACTURED BY DAIUL. KEliI^, ^dM t.0© OFFICE, AND FACTORY: 56 TO 64 PEARL ST., TORONTO, ONT PRICE LIST AND CATALOGUE SENT ON APPLICATION. CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. 143 ,'l!; .LI .■•i!.,i:l| jMv DhhO JBKil i m^ i DGraM He^ obbe]' profi mm JteEj^ DHBfl OBBll UBXSU ,0B1^ ]HnBO POE^' I l,litl imifiQ 3BB0 DHDBQ Ji: mm mm dhba li^ mm mMk\% mm 0K.S1] jBiiisi a ' f .", !E] "mm ^ED!^ '^ aE3E] 3E1E3 ]^i^!i:i "' il ]e:eo JEIEII o*^ !@ 11^^;^ S. \;.- \-^^- ■■!■ v!'' I'' ' >'f 111 Ik m HI 1^ © 03 S^ OS r uc=n « xja a u OP •CO, 03 s e u 144 CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. This Machine won the only COLD MEDAL In CanaJa, 1883, competing with all the leading Sewing Ma- chines in thd World. ■ THE WANZER b Noiseless, Roomy, Light Run- Oing, Rapid, Smooth, and ^ Steel-Made. THE WANZER Is the BEST MACHINE for Dealers to handle. THE BEST FOR ALL KINDS OF SEWING. IS THE co3s-a:iisra- 3^.A.oi3:i3srB i WILLIS & CO., 402 & 404 NOTRE DAME STREET, MONTREAL, SOLE C03SrTE.^CT0ieS B^OE. EASTElia3iT CA-ISTA-IJA.. CANADA UNDKR THE NATIONAL POLICY. ESTABLISHED 1863. >45 l5«L. -,;- - *'«'alr> ,. -., ■•■■■,■■■..■.-1 Wat— ■-— '- "",".-"; 'ii-^r'. "' : xy )^'$"-" KINGSTOH YIMEGAH W0EKS. H:-^.^Z BI30S. SUCCESSORS TO KIIITCS-STOISr ^USTEOJ^K. ■\AroK/K:s oo. MANUFACTURERS Or JVHITB WfNn. MALT. CIDER AND OTHER -:.=:5)T(^ V^IIN" ECS" jA.K,S IS 1L$Q ft t$9 Qni0tvi9 Street, Kingston, 0»t. 146 CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. I r <>^~ESTmiSttED 1855 ^ _.=3)T<2n:.— I Toronto ^afc ^^orfts MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF FIKK AND nrRGLAR PROOF SAFES, VAULTS, VAULT DOORS, COMBINATION LOCKS, BANK LOCKS. PRISON LOCKS. AND ALL KINDS OF FIRE AND BURGLAR PROOF SECURITIES. 117 & no :P3^03SrT STK.E1ET Ej^.ST, TOHOiMTO» CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. 147 JOHN I.1:MI;SLKI1;R, Esq. iR, LEMESURn'"R after a hard and somewhat chequered career, started tlie Oakum business in Quebec, wliich eventually failed to prove rcmuner- aP;^^5i?? ative. A Brewery, established in 1873, proved a better investment, but Mr. Lemesurieris now best known as the head of one of the largest Tobacco factories in the Dominion. Still better is he know'n as a man of integrity and public spirit. In 1859 he was electetl to the Quebec City Council ; in 1867 they make him Mayor and re-elected him tlu; following year, so that while helping to deveiope the industrial resources of the country, he pushes on the public good. You lli;it li.ive knelt in the Temple of Duly, \V(jrslii]>ping Honor and N'alor anil lieaiity, Who, like a l)ra\c man, in fearless resistance. Have fonght the good fight on the field of existence. A home you have won in the tonlli< t of Labour, W'itli Truth for ytnir .Armour and Thought for your saliir, lie that home a calm home, where your old age may rally, A home full of peace in this strife-beset valley. Your deeds of the past shall forever defend you — And blessings of good men to life's sunset attend you I I,i:MF.?uitii:K 'tis a tribute of love and devotion. 'Long the stream of your life, to I'".ternity's ocean. GusTAVius IL (liuinN, M.l)., D.A. mifK w M * M W f f f w'-^K , tlnoftttuilig Hi Wholiiilt Iitttllibmnt «t Sr. PBTBit Sr,. QUti/iEC 148 CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. ca z • ^4 02J ss ( — . s GO Q ea ca ? g § ^ >' <, H -4—' 0^ ^ ►^^ £ CO S*l ^ <1> c< a> rn HE CO CO CO CO © CO -4-' ^ ft-1 <- m Ji < u tt h Z O S H U u h (0 o < o CO can U H ca £ CvJ 5 < 55 o H (/} •< o X 3 < u H Z O s IS u cc \- (0 < Of Q £9 CO 1*^ ta CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POl ICY 149 > 14 to 34 King anb ifiueen Streets, Montreal, MAKER OF Circvilar Saw IMIills, Barlr Drills, snixi^ie l^Cills, ^;^ater -V^rneels, J^m a-earxng-, SHafting-, Hangers and I=-allies, Hand. and. Fott^qx Hoists for ■Vv^ar©lao-u.ses, ^c, &;c. ALSO SOLE MANUFACTURER OP BLAKE'S "CHALLENaE" STONE BREAKER, ilfD AGXNT FOt f '-iVaters" Perfect Steam Engine Oovemor, and •> Heald -♦ MANUFACTURERS OF «-.•*-•- BJH SSD OFFICE FlTTIliCS, INLIID FLOORS, WOOD CJPETIKG MD JI.I, KINDS OF FJKCY 11 to IV Hera^CLirLG Street, Hv^orLtreal. JUistnited CalaloguoB of ^iilaid Floors on apjilication. J^«- [[ftTHER BOAfiO COMPANY, (UIMITED ) 3aB>S0I^I13HD ■ $40,000 ^:'0,000 r,r>i Patterns with Latest /inpruvcnicittft. j-l/so Hoilcrs, Plain Slide Valve Engines, and the Harris-Corliss Engine, Ska/ling, J/anoers and Pulleys, inclndino Complete Onlfit for First Class Pianino Mill. Saw Mill, or Furniture Factory. PRICE LIST AND CATALOGUE ON APPLICATION. J. COWAN & CO. CALT, OHT„ CANADA. CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. I3:-A.3^IXjTOasr, OI^T^^-i;lli«* #il*i Itcgocinttfs cu Coiis ct Pcnux ijcrtcs. EXPOR'Fi^'riONh^S i^t- (-'([IKS DOMl'lS'l'K^ai'iS K'l' S/iclY/iGHiS. No. I a 20 RUE ARAGO, ST. ROCH, QUEBEC. ^ssjss^mss^^^m^&^^misss^si^s^^^A ,- ^ CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. '65 --- P ESTABLISHED IM 1862. §- \-- S. DAVIS & SONS, M(3NTREAL, " Who have received the HIGHEST HONORS ATTAINABLE for the manufacture of CIGARS, namely : MEI>AL,S AND IJIPI.OJIA&i in Paris in 18(17, •^"'1 at the Centennial at Philadelphia in 1876,— in Competition with the World,--also at several Provincial Exhibitions. They are sole proprietors of the well-kncwn brands, "CABLE," "EL PADRE," "MODERN," "VERY FINE," " SENECAL, ' &c., &c. JtoTThc rioi)iii.'tur.s ;uc erecting very extensive Works 011 Cdtte Street, and expect to move to their new ])remise.s, about October, 1884, i66 m^ CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. S'S> «mSSs,hi^v~S Kil&i »,7i.«55t t?S»*' . 4z\fm (qingeit i^Ie aqd ^oda Wat;ei'=> :M:-A.::tTTJi^.A.orrTJiSEi5S, 39 TO 45 JURORS STREET, MONTREAL, RQ. The only firm in America that have been awarded GOLD and SILVER MEDALS for the superior quality of tueir sjoods Our present capacity is 2,000 doz. per day. Orders from all parts of the Dominfon will be promptly attended to. LIST OF "V^^TEK/S. SUPER-CARBONATED SODA WATER. GENUINE r.EEFAST GINGER ALE. SELTZER WATER (very fine). POTASH WATER. VICHY WATER. KISSENGEN W.\TER. LEMONADE. GINGER BEER. SUPER-CARBONATED Lll HIA WA'I'ER. CHALYBICATE WAFER. CRATED .SARSAPARILLA. SPARKLING CIDER, &c. WHOLESALE AGENTS AND BOTTLLUS FOi; THE CALEDONIA NATURAL MINERAL WATER COMP'Y. -•-•-♦--* ^X^Ti] p-'^^^- CHARLES R. WILLIS & Co., Managers. ST. CABHIEL VILLAGE. MOKTREAL. MANUFACTURERS OF FINE CORDAGE, FISHING LINE.S, CLOTHES LINES, PLOUGH LINI'S, TAI'i: RING 1'1.()U(;H LINES, DEEP SEA LINI'S, LEADING AND HAND LINE.S, LOG LINES AND HALTER ROPES. SE3ITD FOI^ :PI^ICE LIST JLNTD OTlElCTJlLjJ^S.. CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. 167 -^_HlEiaiUA IRON ^mfOHKe SMITH m MACHINIST 22 PRINCE STREET, MONTREAL. SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO THE SHIPPING TRADE, X3:eav3r and. Lig-Ht I^org-ing-s in Steel or Iron, Ice I=lo-ws and. Ice Tools, E-atter and. Clieese TrjT-ers, l>Tail Extractors., Tapping- Bits, 1^111 I=iclss, IDies, tScc, FIRST PREMIUM FUR ESTABLISHMENT 394 NOTRE V.iAfli SrHliHr. CORNKR .ST. I.AMIIKRT. Was awarded FOUR I'IRST CLASS .MKD.M.S at tlic Provincbl fndiUitrial K.\liil)ilion.'it IheC tv nf Montrc.il, in i860, during the visit if II.1;.I1. the I'rincc of \V.-il.s. Canada pipe Woi^I^^ M.\\n'A('Ti;KKni hk P./^NOY 'FOBHCCO PIPK3 I'F i;vr.i!V iii:sc!:ii'TioN iMrcKii'i;.'- .\Ni) hk.m.kks in knci.ish i'ire ^.\.\\. irUNAtl'. ,\M) sldVi: I.IMNCS. CM'. eriA' iS.coo (.KdSS I'lili ANNUM I IKsl I'lU/l-: (jiR'licc l'r.p\in.i.il Kxhil.ilion, 1S7S, and l.'oiniiiion 1^ .liibiiion, Olliiua, 1879. MONTREAL. 1". IKKVSI.NC. J. v.. DOYLE. J. E. DOYLE dz CO Alarufiicturors and imijorters of o 3 I -ALSO— CAPSULES, TINFOIL, BOTTLING WIRE, WAX, &C., CORK DRIVING AND CAPSULE MACHINES, LIFE PRESERVERS, &C, IJ}(S St. J.'Hues StiT&fr^ Afgsit, MONTREAL. TORONTO I!RANi'H : ' Dominion Cork Cutting Co. I 69 & 71 Jakvis .SrRKi'.r, Toronto, Ont. CANADA UNDER TH.^ NATIONAL POLICY. ^-" t^kmsi^-^ 169 ^BOWMANVILLE, ONT- — UANiK.\S- Australia. Auckland. L. E. N. PRATTE, General Agent, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL SALESROOMS, ■ 280 NOTRE DAME STREET, MONTREAL, Where we keep In stock over loo Instruments of all descriplions, at factory jircs. f 170 CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. FAIRBANKS' GSS^ARE THE- -^^tandai^d ^cale^ on Dominion {(ailwaij^K- r'.^^IIEBBu^ItTSIS ^c CO., ^s^^^i^g^^ii^i^HB® 0FFIC:EI&7S^ CRAIG STREET MO N2 REAL P(^SE>(TED BY UNDER THE DIRECT PATRONAGE OF HER MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT. J0iiEiST©H'! in H) DJ 51 . .1 v Ti 0) O c 3 O c u Q, C (U ID a £1 ^1 a Has been pronounced by leading Scientists and Physicians everywhere to be the most perfect form of Concentrated Nourishment at present known. JOHN L. JOHNSTON, Patentee, Montreal. CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. 171 0!IM!iCte FH!ELC ° ' Hiti'iiHBLlgHEU. 1S7]. (LIMITED.) Gnimnu, $100,000. ^_ LOMDOfl, Dmp PRESIDENT! -.. Vice-President: Manaoinq Director: ANDREW ROBERTSON, E^q., Montreal, Que. HUQH MACKAY, Esq., Montreal, Que. THOMAS MUIR, E»q., London, Ont' Directors: Jonathan HODQSON, Esq., Montreal, Que. W. K. MUIR, Esq., Detroit, Mich. y^COLD MEDAL >v /tJILVER MEDALS ^ Toronto Exhibition ONj^^ Foi'sing? and dagting^. > MEDALS AND FIRST PRIZES Locomotive, Car | and Tramway^ WHKSLS. X ■*+CAPACITY+«^ 3 Coaches, or Baggage and Mail Cars per month. 8 Freight Cars per day. 60 Chilled Cast Wheels per day, 15 Tons Castings per day. Also Light Forgings, Brasj ^ Castings, Bolts, Ctc, to ' order. *'i!?©i;ESSi?i^3d: -e-fOBSPtCificsrasiiiiDPfimf Apply to THOMAS MUIR, Manager LONDON, ONT. '"•«...»,_ ,; ONDON MTEEL . THOMAS MUIR, Manager, (LinyillTKID.) LONDON, ONTARIO. AND MAKERS OF CE^XJCIBILIE] CAST STEEL. STEEL CA-STIIsra-S OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, FOR MACHINERY AND TOOL PURPOSES. Valve, IVIacliiiiery and Railtvay Coil Springs. STE EL-: Uachi&ei^ Shafti&g, Waggon T^e, Sleigb Shoe, File, Spring, is Bounds and Flats. IRON : SestBefined, Best Best, Swedish or Koma^, mede promptly to epeclSoitlos, f 172 CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. A. MEDCALF, AND ' . ORGAN H mmi^ AND BiAdHiiiii^T^ MAHUFAO •URERS OF Rotary Board Mills, Shingle, Lalh, Clapboard and Planing Mills, Water Wheels, Shafting, Hangers, Pulleys, Agricultural Implements, Etc., Qrist and Paper Mill Machinery. NATIONAL POLICY. 173 CANADA TRUSS FACTORY SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF ■^KinnGy's Patenl; Fountain Fencings FOR LAWNS, PRIVATE HOUSES, CEMETERIES, ic. PRICE WITH TABLETS For Cenneteries, Lot 6 ft. X 2 ft $35.00 " 5 ft. X 2 ft 30.00 " 4 ft. X 2 ft 30.00 For Lawns, Private Houses, Family Lots, &c., 80 Cent3 per foot. @£&erl7irooke, F. j^. R. A. KELLOND, ^Solicitor of <;Batentd, — AND — Expert in Patent Cases, -* 156 St. James Street, <■ MONTREAL, WITH nRANCH OFFICF.S IN ALL FOREIGN CAPITALS. I'radc jj|),itrk3, '^c^i^n: nnd ^opyri(]Iit5 t'jci)i;lcrcd. Opinions given reg.-ircling V-iIiilily of Tatents. Searches ii).ide. Assignments and Agrceinenls drawn. Advice on Patent Laws, d-c. «f Fpi^^iGN Patents and R^jicteo Cases a Sfsciaity, ■^-^ J^. O-iR/OSS, ->•> MAXCr.^CTrRKU Of ALL KISD.H OK |ristnutneiib (on physical jhofoi'miticG, lovalid GItairs and Bedsteads, etc., etc, KLBCfI'I^O-M7J(3NBTIOB;qTTEr^IK3 EL.dSTIC STOCKIjYGS, ■^db. ^Ijniiio (tiid |n5o!co fo? j^'jijciimaliom, &c. Nos. 688 and 690 Craig Street, ASimcuL uias luit to osizit. INSU S7SSEII SOOSJ Of ETZS? SZSCiilFTIOII. GEO C, MORRISON, MANUFACTURER OF \tmmwm. Mmmm^^ BOIHiEI^S -^ ''-V^ TII.\,T CASVOT HP. RE.Vr POU ECONOMY AJfD BVRABILITY. A-LSO, — Wmm Wmmm 4. m^mp^ fesi> They aru all testwl before leavina: t!io slioit, uriU .-xro of the MOST IMl'UOVEU PATTEH.NS. RKPAIRIKO I«Hl0.tII»Tt,V ATTE?(nE;o TO. mmi mm, iim. w, r. TMFfic smios, HAMILTON, ONTARIO. 174 CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY, Bi^cuili Manufactui'ei^^ and Gonfectioner'^s- IMPORTERS AND GZN.-RAL DZALER3 K'J FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC FRUITS, &c., &(.:. 16, 18 & 20 ST. MONIQUE ST., MONTREAL. j E are the iBadintJ Hlscuit MaauiacturHra in MniitrBal, J Early in the Spring of 1334, wb Gxpact tn mava ^ into nnr nsw prEmisBS nn St, MnniquFJ tit, TIigsb 6 V ^ ^ q) Di aoDut BquBl tn an anrn in Extent, Whan WB gat into anr naw bnilding, it is nnr intGntionta pn ^-ixtansiu-Bl}- into tha mannfactnrG nf CanfactinnBiy in all ila branchES, DnrincreasEd raamv/ill alnj BnablG us to turn dui a much largBr qnantily nf HiscnitSj and nf liF^ttsr quality ilisn v/g G:!n pcasihly new dn in uur prESEnt craniptid prmnisGs, .\'oiili\<:'. 1. 1 i)i)?iEF.';!i;i.E, iim ^ONTARIOh Presidi-nt Vicc-rn:. ^y* Man. Dh\ Sec'y 6^ Treas^ ^tee! Mq Fence Go. LIMITED.) k PFlontreal Axe Ictlorhs. MOCOCK & SON, M,\MKM ii Iir-'S fjl (Licensed under the GliJdcn Patent.) >:" HASrKArTl'R8HH OK '^' I The (mprovit) "Lockbarb" FOUR-POINTEn STEEL FEKCING WIRE 55 AND [j/ WMmm STilLLT EAST, TORONTO, l^z% ^l^f>, pinl^^ And EVci'iJ Depcfiption of Ed|iG Toolf. 5 C.TI^c AMD Wr.WA'. St. Gabriel Locks, MONTREAL,, ->• CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY, 175 INSOLES, CHEST PROTECTORS, LUNG INYIGORATORS, THROAT PROTECTORS, ARM AND LEG BANDS, SUSPENSORIES AND OTHER ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES IMMEDlATi l.Y RELIEVE AND PERMANENTLY -< CURE *- Spinal Conr plaints, General and N"rvous Debility, Rlicuinatism, Goul, Nervousness, Liver, Kidney, Lung, Tliroat and ( I • 5t Complaints, Neuralgia, Btuncliitis, Incipient Paralysis, Asthma, Sciatica, Sprains, Consumplion, Sleeplessness, Colds, Indigestion. ASK FOR NORMAN'S ELECTRIC BELTS And you will be safe n(;;\in.t imposiiion, for they will du J their work well, and ate chc.ip at any price, TE.STIMONIAI.S. Waterville, N.B. A. Norman, Esq. r-ar Sir, — Please semi nie a Waist licit. Enclosed find price. Head band got fur my wife has almost cured her of neuialgia. Yours truly, C. L. Tillcy. Dalkeith, Ont. Mr. Nokman. Dear Sir, — I am pUa'ed with the Ik It I got from you, and wish you would send circulars to the following addresses. Yours truly, N. M. llelgradc, Ont. MK. a. ^'l)KM.^N. Dear Sir,— The Ml I got from you la t Sipti'niber ilid me lots I f gO-!(l. I «.!'. ii"t nhli; I J work then, but 1 am now. riea e sind mo another, and a [lair of kuec c.ips, ami two pairs of iu'olcs. ICncloscd amc.uut, $21. Please send them by niad. Yours truly, JAMIS Pi ARKN. cEKcn.Aus FKici:. AJTliO (IIAIICE FOR COlr.ULUIlO The very brst in tli.' Woild ; w.irr.iuted lo !ioId and be eonif 'rlable. A. NORMAN) 4 9|uccn Street Eu8t, TORONTO. 176 CANADA UNDER THE NATIONAL POLICY. H v rj D H n .■ IJ I\ lA 1 Wholesale General Mer.uAnts, 100 GREY NUN ST., MONTREAL. — Xi.ITPOE'X'E K,S OB^ — SCOTCH GLAZED DRAIN PIPES CHIMNEY TOPS. CANADA CEM3NT, VENT LININGS, i WATER LIME, FLUE COVERS, FIRE BRICKS, FIRE CLAY, PORTLAND CEMENT, ROMAN CEMENT, WHITING, PLASTER OP PARIS, BORAX, CHINA CLAY, &c., &c. BESSEIVEEIE^ STEEL SOFA, CHAIR AND BED SPRINGS. r----iK=r: s-rccK ^x.t -- - 3 C-T II.i-j.iT33. i-Vl L ^A D H D COMPANY, llA:Nll-AfrfKKUH «>l.- ,,-in f*T.CI,AS8 FINE NEWS, BOOK, PRINTING, BLANK \A/ALL. HANGING. TINTS, COLORS, BLEACHED MANILLA, UNBLEACHED MANILLA. WHITE MANILLA, LEATHER COLORED MANILLA, IMPRESSION MANILLA. SPCCML S/ZES AND WEIGHTS MADE TO OfiDEH. MILLS: AT KINCSEY FALLS, P.Q. OFFICE : 100 Cray Nun Swot, MOKTSBAL,