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The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce d la g6n6roslt6 de I'dtablissement prdteur suivant : Bibliothdque, Mui6e% Nationaux du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul cliche sont film6es d partir de Tangle sup^rieure gauche, de gaurhe d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Le diagramme suivant iilustre la mdthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■m n \^ ■^ ■- A m 6\9A3 c^' f: :^. '^1rtu-,Ac/?^ aj /C^ LAumX»Z Ju,y,1,Ji' 1896-97.) THE D^N^S OF AMERICA IDENTIFIED WITH THE TUNGt'S OF ASIA. ,67 f f * THE DENES OF AMERICA IDENTIFIED WITH THE TUNuUS OF ASIA. By Rev. John Campbell, LL.D. (Read 2nd Febrnaiy, i8(jj.) GUTZLAFF writes: "The Mantchoo;:, a Tot ^ocsian race, have, since their conquest of China, become a civiUzed people. Tho.se who remain in their original country form, neverthele.s.s, a portion of the imperial forces. Every male is obliged to enlist under one of the royal standards, of which there are eight. Many thousands are dispersed throughout the whole Chinese empire, where they are either soldiers or hold the highest offices in the state. They were originally Nomades, in manner not unlike the Mongols, though inferior in courage. The inhabitants of the northern provinces are a mi.serable race, living almost exclusively upon dried fish." Klaproth .says : " All the Tungusian .stocks under Chinese sway bear the common name Mandju." The Mantchus, therefore, arc simply a .section of the Tungus, of whom Klaproth further remarks : " The Tungus have no common or national name, yet most who dwell in Siberia call themselves Boye, Boya or Bye, that is, men (ManLshu beye, body, self). Some give themselves the name Donki, people, whence the name Tungus appears to have arisen. * * * However this may be, it is acknowledged without doubt that the Tungus' name is already very old, for we find it among the Chinese as early as the birth of Christ, when they called this people the Tungchu." Among their tribes, which I shall enumerate later, are tho.se called Djrm, Donggo, Djanggia, Dung- gia. Dung, and Djang. Father Morice's able, interesting, and instructive monographs on the Den^s of the far Northwest have had the effect of reviving my interest in the extensive and widely scattered aboriginal population .so-called. Just sixteen years ago, within a few days, for it was on the 17th of December, 1880, and I write now on the 22nd, of 1896, I read a paper before the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, in which, among other things, a comparison was instituted between the D^nes of America and the Tungus of Asia. These peoples are .so well differentiated in Asia and in America from neighboring tribes as to make the task of comparison void of much difficulty, the chief want being material on both '1 f .. • . .' '1 » » J* 1 , • '' ' ' ^ ^ \ ^^^lyil^ ■HMMMIilliila ■B^ \m Miiipvia^ha i68 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vol. sides, although the labors of Fathers Petitot and Monce have done mu to fill up gaps on the American side. Writers on Siberia have, unf tunately, acted after the fashion of former dcscribers of the Americ Indian, by confounding the Tungus with the TchuUtchis and Yakuts, t Koriaks and the Kamtchadales. Apart from Father Morice, and t comparative vocabularies of the. Dene dialects taken from the coUectic of Petitot, Bancroft, Dawson, Tolmie and others, my authorities ; rather ancient, but their antiquity is really in their favor, as it represei the two stocks in a native state, unaffccted by external influences. \ the Tungus, I am indebted to Santini, Martin Sauer, Adelung, Kl; roth, and Malte-Brun, and for the" Dt^nes, to Mackenzie and Hearne. shall have occasion, in making the argument cumulative, to repeat soi facts stated by me in a paper entitled " Asiatic Tribes in No America," which was published in the Proceedings of the Institute 1 88 1, New Series, Vol. i, Part 2, p. 171. y'. THE DfiNli TRADITION. Sir Alexander Mackenzie says, concerning the Chipcuyans or Chip W3.'ans, who arc now called Athapascans and Montagnais : "They hi also a tradition amongst them, that they originally came from anotl country, inhabited by very wicked people, and had traversed a great 1; which was narrow, shallow, and full of islands, where they had suffei great misery, it being always winter, with ice and deep snow. At Coppermine R.iver, where they made the first land, the ground v covered with f opper, over which a body of earth had since been coUec to the depth of a man's height." Father Petitot has a larger version. " 1 863, the Denes of Great Slave Lake, whom I questioned as to the plac( their origin,told me,' This is what we know : In the beginning, there li\ a great giant named Jakke-elt-itii (he whose head sweeps the sky), m barred our entrance to this desert and yet uninhabited land. The n (Denes), pursued him and killed him. His dead body fell across the t continents, became petrified, and served as a bridge over which reind have passed and repassed until our days, from one shore to the otl The feet of the giant rest on the west shore, and his head reaches to C Lake." Who does not recognize, under the allegorical form, narrative of the arrival of the Denes in America, and the struggles tl had to endure there against the barrenness of the soil, and the harshn of the climate ? For proof in support, the Denes call the long Cordill of the Rocky Mountains, Ti-honnn-kkwene (the back-bone of the ear' which they observe to run down the length of the continent, and wh they regard as the back of the giant that has served as a bridge to th I- "p • • • •• y.^-*^^ ,1^' 01 *♦■• V'^-* [Vol. V. lone much ive, unfor- American 'akuts, the e, and the collections orities are represents inces. For ung, Klap- Hearne. I epeat some i in North Institute of sor Chippe- " They ha\e rom another a great lake had suffered )\v. At the irround was ;en collected version. " In ) the place of ^, there lived he sky), who d. The men cross the two hich reindeer to the other, iches to Cold al form, the truggles they the harshness mgr Cordillera of the earth), nt, and which ridge to these 1896-97 ] THE DI^N^S OF AMERICA IDENTIFIED WITH THE TINGL'S OF ASIA. 169 waves of humanity for passing from Asia to America. As a second proof, they call by the name, Thi-lan-ottinc (the inhabitants of the top of the head), the Den^ tribe which haunts the shores of Cold Lake, where, they say, the head of their giant lies. It is thus easy to see, that by this giant they meant to symbolize their own nation. ■* * * The Peaux de Licvre have another version of their arrival in America. Formerly, they say, we dwelt on the shore of a western .sea, and our enemies were on the east, but since the earth has changed sides we find ourselves in the east and our enemies in the west. By these enemies they now mean the nation of the Molloiuhes (? Kolush or Thlinket) ; but, in their tradition, they mention a powerful people who shaved the head, wore wigs, and reduced them to live in slavery." Mr. W. H. Dall, in his article on "The Origin of the Innuit or Eskimos," published in the fii''^t volume of Contributions to North American Ethnology, favors the Asiatic derivation of some of our aborigines ; and, from the fact that, at the present day, Behring Strait is frequently crossed by natives on the ice, infers that it constituted a highway for immigrants in the past. He quotes, somewhat di.sjointedly, from Mr. C. R. Markham's Arctic Paper, of 1878, presented to the Geographical Society of London, as follows : " During the centuries preceding the appearance of the Innuit in Greenland (1349 A.D.), there was a great movement among the people of Central Asia. The pressure caused by invading waves of population on the tribes of northern Siberia drove them still farther to the north. Year after year, the intruding Tartars continued to press on. Their descendants, the Yakuts, pressed on, until they are now found at the mouths of rivers falling into the Polar Sea. But these regions were formerly inhabited by numerc >fc tribes, which were driven away still farther north over the frozen sea. Wrangell has preserved traditions of their disappearance, and in them, I think, we may find a clue to the origin of the Greenland Eskimos. The Yakuts were not the first inhabitants of the Kolyma. The Omoki, the Chelaki, the Tunguses, and the Yukagirs, were their predecessors. These tribes have .so wholly disappeared that even their names are hardly remembered." Sauer found the Tungus between Irkoutsk and lakoutsk, the latter being the centre of the Yakuts, whose tradition, reported by him, is that they passed by the Tungus, when migratin<' from the south, so as not to come into conflict with them. The Russians found this northern spur of the Turkish family in lakoutsk in 1620. Mr. Dall corrects Mr. Markham in some particulars, and denies that the Yukagirs, Tungu.ses, etc., have disappeared. The fact that the Mantchus arc Tungusic sufficiently di.sproves Mr. Markham's as.sertion, but the fact of %.:■ ^^.,,,-^v; ■ " I 170 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITl TK. I Vol. V. Mongol pressure and displacement since the days of Kublai Khan, in the latter part of the thirteenth century, and even before then, cannot be disrrted. There was an old civilization at Lake Baikal, as archa;ological remains attest-, long before Kublai's time, and its consequence was the expulsion of nomad, and especially of hunting and fishing, tribes, into the north and east. It is, therefore, most probable that a large body of the Tungus followed the Dakotas and the Eskimos into America over the ice-bridge of Behring Strait, and made their way through the latter to their present habitations, where they are known as the Dtines. t-^'f r.,. f^ THE TUNGUS AND DltNli TRIBES. Sauer, towards the close of last century, said : " The Tungoose wander over an amazing extent of ground, from the mouth of the Amou- to the Baikal Lake, the rivers Angara or Tungooska, Lena, Aldan, Yudoma, Mayo, Ud, the sea coast of Ochotsk, the Amicon, Kovima, Indigirka, Alasey, the coast of the Icy Sea, and all the mountains of these parts ; constantly on the look out for animals of the chase." The names given their tribes by Adelung and Klaproth are largel>' derived from their places of abode and posses.'Hons or mode of life. Thus Klaproth's eleven vocabularies are those of Yeniseisk, the Tshapogirs, Mangaseya, Nertchinsk, Bargusin, Upper Angara, lakutsk- Ochotsk, the Lamuts, Lower Tungusa, and the Mantchus. Here Tshapogir, Lamut and Mantchu cannot be taken as Tungus titles. The Russians divide them into Horse, Reindeer, Dog, and Foot-going Tungus. The Mantchu, or rather Tungus emperor, Tai-dsu, who over- threw the Ming dynasty, and took pos.se.ssion of the Chinese throne, left on record, through his chronicler, a list of the Tungusic tribes under his sway, about the year 1616 A.D. These arc some sixty-five in number, and should be valuable for comparative purposes. The lists of the Mithridates and of the Asia Polyglotta are not quite the same, although Klaproth' appears to have been responsible for both. The following tab.e presents the tribal names in alphabetical order, the variants to the right being those of Adelung. TUNGUSIC TRIBES IN 1616 .-X-D. Akir.in And.irki-.Ainiiiii Andarki. .Antshul-iku Antschulaku. Antu-Clu.tlgi.i Barde Chad.T fCh hard.) Chcsichc Cheshiche. ChiiiKan Chinn'kan. Chiiifa Choifa. Ind.-ichuii-takiirara-Golo . . Kuala Mardun Muren Namdulu Neieii Ncycn. Nimatsha Noro Olchon Olcho. ■■3^ 2^ am tuamm [Vol. V. 1896-97. 1 THH D^N^S OF AMFUICA IDENTIFIED WITH THE Tl'NGl'S OF ASIA. «7> Khan, in the n, cannot be •cha'ological nee was the , tribes, into irge body of mcrica over ^h the latter ;ne.s. c Tungoosc 3uth of the oska, Lena, lie Am icon, ind all the imals of the ^laproth are ; or mode of 2nisei.sk, the ira, lakutsk. ;hus. Here i titles. The Foot-going J, who over- : throne, left es under his ; in number, lists of the ae, although le following riants to the TUNGUSIC TRIBES IN 1616 A.D.-( Co»fi>me,iJ. I Chiineche-Aim.-iii Chuncche. Chiintshun Chuntschiini. Churcli.i Chuye Chu J a. Djni.sian Djakuma Dshakumu. Djakuta I )shakutn. l>jan Ushan. njanjf Dshann. Djan^gia Dshnnn'gia. Ojetschen ni .\iniaii. Oshetschen. Ujootfia Dshoogia. I>jusheri Dshuscheri. Uonggo Doiin'go. HiinK Dunn. Dunggia Eche-Kuren Elmin Feneche Fiu Fodocho Giamucha Giamtichu. Gualtsha Gunaka-Kuren Omocho-Shoro Omnchosaoro. Onggolo Onn'tfolo. Sachalian-ni-Aiman Sachaltsha Saachaltsha Sakda Ssakda. Sargu Ssargu. Sibe Shibt>. Sirnchin Shirachin. Sirin Shirin. Suan Ssuan. SuIfun-NingguJa Ssiiifun : Ninngutc-i separate. Suksuchu-Aiman ..S.nikssuchti. Tomocho Ula Urgutshcn Usui Ussui. Usuri Wanggia Fanggia. Warka Uarka. Wedsi-Aiman' L'edsi. Yaran Yarehu Yechc )kho. Major J. W. Powell, in his elaborate and complete work on American Linguistic Families, gives the following statistics of the D^n^s or Athapascans : " The present number of the Athapa.scan family is about 32,899, of whom about 8,595, con.stituting the northern group, are in Alaska and British North America, according to Dall, Dawson, and the Canadian Indian Report of 1888; about 895, comprising the Pacific group, are in Washington, Oregon, and Calif ia : and about 23,409. belonging to the Southern group, are in Arizo i.». New Mexico, Colorado and Indian territory. Besides these are the Lipan and some refugee Apache who are in Mexico. These have not been included in the above enumeration, as there are no means of ascertaining their number." M. Malte-Brun, writing in 1878, gives no statistics of the Mexican group, but furnishes the names of tribes included in it. He says : " The Apaches or Yavipei constitute a barbarous nation which has no fixed abode. They wander through the northern provinces of Mexico, some- times approaching the vicinity of Zacatecas. In their incursions they commit all sorts of depredations, destroying and burning the pueblos haciendas, and isolated farms. They are divided into several tribes ; the most important are those of the Navajos, Gilenos, Mimbrenos, Chafalotes, Faraons, Llaneros or Lipillanes, and Lipans. They speak the same language, which only varies in accent from tribe to tribe, so as not to hinder their being mutually intelligible. They have no connection in language or origin with the Comanches. The principal dialects of :%-^i\'fr^ ith ■,'Jt I ! 1 1 ■ r ■ ■ f '7^ TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INST Apache speech are : the Chime^ue, the Yuta, Faraon, the Llanero, and the Lipaii. Returning to Major Powell, we find him clas in three divisions, or groups. Northern, Pacific, { including most of Malte-Hrun's Mexicans DESt TRIBES IN 1888. A. — Noitheni droiip Ah-ti'iia, Kutihin, K.'iiyuh-khotana, Monta^iitiis, Kcnitiina, MontaK'iards, K'naia-kliotana, Nafy.'iiler, Koyukiik-khotana, Slave. B.— /'«(•//?(- C!>vii/< : Ataakiit, Kwalhioqiia, Chasta Costa, Kwataini, Cheto. Mieikqwutine-tiinne. Pakube tede, Mikono-ttiiiiu', Euchre Creek, Nallunne-lunne, Htipa, Owilapsli, Kalts'erea-tiinne, (JwinetiiiHietuii, Kenesti or VV'ailakki, Sai.iz. C, — Soul he III Group Arivaipa, I.ipan, Chirii'.'iliua, l.laiuTO, Coyotero, Mesealero, Faraone, Mlmbreno, Gileno, MoBollon, Jiearilla, Naisha, The only additions Malte-Brun makes to th Chimegues, Muca-Oraives, and Yutas, Some of are not tribal ; a few are English, French, Sp terms. The Montagnais are the Chippewyans and their true name is Dcne-Dindjie ; the Mon the Tenan-Kutchin ; while the Slaves or Dogri dtinne. But the name Mountain Men is also a] Kutchin. The classifications of Mr. Dall and ] Northern group are somewhat different, and that fault with Mr. Dall's, is obscured by English n; and of very little scientific value. Mr. Dall's lisl Abbato-tena, Acheto-tinneh, Ahtena, Daho-tena, Han-Kutchin, Kai-vuh-kho-tana, Koyu-kukh-otana, Kuteha-Kutchin, Nehauni, Natsit-Kutchin. Tahto-tinneh, Tehanin-Kutchin, r [Vol. V. uca-Oraive, the [ifty-threc tribes thcni, the latter laciis-tinnch, LCllIlit ihltaii, in-khotnna. iltiictiiii tilde. :cnii', ;t'tlt'stcaii-tiinne, erwar, latscan.'ii, iilowa. iitu-timni'. av.njo. iial Ciiyotoro, L'hikiin, L-hishi. J the Chafalotes Powell's names fancy and local ical Athapascans Is are, I suppose* the Thing-e-ha- to the Tutchone- Morice for the latter, who finds lat are confusing bes is as follows : 'enan-Kutchin, 'ennuth-Kutchin, 'ukkuth-KutchIn, 'utchont^Kutchin. Tnakhotana. f^unta-Kutchin. "?. 1896-97.) THE D^N^S OF AMERICA IDKNTrFIED WITH THE TlNOrS OF ASIA. '73 Father Morice object.'-- to this list, and maintains that the Kutchin tribes of Mr. Dall are, all but one, imaginary. But what shall we say of his own list, followed by the form in each case of the word for man ? Western Dinh . Chilcliotins toeni. Carriers tocii6. Nahanes \.knk. Intermediate Binds : Sekanals . .tocni. Eastern Dinis : Chipcw.-iyans iiin6. Cariboo-eaters Mn6. Beavers dan^. Yellow-Knives d6n(^. Dog-Ribs diiii6. Slaves iiin6. Bad People dind. Hares d6n6. ad6n6. Northern Ddnis : Loucheux dindjyt^. The Carriers, we know, are Dr. Dawson's Takuili, or Teheili, Indians, whom Father Morice calls Tachelh ; the Chipewayans are the D6n6- Dindjies ; the Beavers are the Tsatens ; the Dog-Ribs and Slaves are the Thingehadtinne ; and the Bad People, or Mauvais Monde, are said to be of the same stock. Dr. Latham, however, calls the Mauvais Monde the Daho-dinnis, and makes the Hares, or Peau-de-lievre, and the Slaves one people. The Yellow-Knives, or Copper Indians, are the Ahtena, and the Loucheux are the Kutchins, Father Morice's Tudukh ; but who are Cariboo-eaters ? I find them neither in Pilling nor Powell, Dall nor Latham, but, as they dwell east of the Chipewayans, they must surely be the Safisadtinne, or, as Latham has it, the See-eessaw-dinneh. Father Morice's deliberate avoidance of personal names has, doubtless, good reasons, but it is unfortunate that one so able to enlighten our darkness on this matter should decline to lift the veil. As our present purpose is to find tribal names belonging to the D^n^s, a series of twenty septs of the three important tribes called by Father Morice, Tsilkohtins, Takelnes, and Tsekehnes, is worthy of presentation. Hwotsu-tinni, Lthan-tenne, Nahane, Nakraztli-tenne, Natlo-tenne, Nazku-tenne, Netu-tinni, Nutca-tenne, Otzenne, Saschiit-qenne, Takelne, Tano-tenne, TIaz-tenne, TIeskohtin, Tlothenkohtin. Totat-qenne, Tsat-qenne, Tsekehne, Tsekehneaz, Tselohne, Tsetaut-qenne, Tsitkohtin, Yutsut-qenne ";■• »,!- «t4 TRANSACT'ONS ClP THE CANADIAN II There arc other terms which connect in son clature, found in the collections of Pilling and critical about these, for Father Morice, by his Some of the names were given by stranger trouble us any more than the titles Allemand, others, it is thought, may be Algonquin and t if true, would be awkward. In each case, a re accidental coincidence and no sign of relation, with the material that is to his hand, and trust learned critics, who can appreciate difficultie-s the names of the Dini tribes Tungusic ? T comparison of our two lists, one of which, belongs to the early part of the seventeenth ce Ttingtis. Akiran, Andurki-aiman, Antshulakti, Antu-Gtiatgia, Barde, Chada, Chesiche, Chingan, Chuifa, Chiineche-aiman. Chuntsun, Churcha, Yarchu, ('huya, Yeche, lL>jaii>ian, Djakuma, Djakutu, Djan, Djang, I^janggia. Dunggia, Djetschen-ni-Aiman, njoogia, Djusheri, Usuri, Dongo, Dunn, Eche-kuien, Elmin, Feneche, Fiu, Fodocho, Giamucha, Glial tsha , Gunaka-kuren, Kuala, Gualgia, Warka, Mardun, Muren ? Mumren, Namdulu, Neyen, Nimatsha, Ninguta, Noro, Olcho, Olchon, 1 I ^'\ I. ■^■" ■ 'WW.!* [Vol. V. th D6n^ nomen- VVe must not be bids us to be so. ; this need not id Welsh. Still, no words, wliich^ would be mere r, one must work ulgence of truly uestion is : Are ae decided by a be remembered, <. 1896-97.1 THE M.sAs OF AMRRICA lUENTIFIKO WITH THK TUNOl'S OK .\SI.\. '75 ■tenne. ube, kut, e, Suan, lin, qenne, ihko-tinneh, trilla, Wailukki. le, Nulato, traon. tunne. lau-tenne, 7'ioix'iis. Omochn-doro, OtiKKiili'i Snchalian-ni-nimnn, Sachnltnha, Sarxu. Sibi, Shibo, Sirachin, Sliirin, Suan, Stiilun-NinKuda, SukKuchu-aiman, Tomiwho, L'la, t'rgutshcn, VVangK>o> FangKia, VVedsi-alman. Yaran. .Vlcntalcro, M0K0II011, Tsokclno, TcetlcHti'an-tunnt'. SUink'is, S.'ifiHii-iltiniu', Ki'altana, Tahltiiri, TaltULtuii-tiiJi.-, Tsclohnc, Olzonnv. Cliafaldle, Saschiit-qciino, Tunmith-Kutchiii. Willopah, Tolowa, Ukitce-lcnne. Tlatsk.inai, \\intii-Kutchin, Abb.iUvTcn,i. HwotHH-tiimi, Faraon. The above fifty-seven resemblances may not constitute in themselves proof positive that the present Ddn^s are the old Tungus tribes, but they clear the way for more definite evidence. PHYSICAL FEATURES AND HABITS OF THE TUNGUS AND THE DliNfiS. Adelung quotes Dr. Redowsky as thus describing the Tungus : " They have flat faces, projecting cheek bones, little, sparkling eyes. The women are almost universally uglier than the men. The Tungus are for the most part, under medium stature and of a feeble bodily frame. They are very lively in conversation, and accompany all their utterances with gesticulations, that sometimes descend to the ludicrous. They are a good-natured, harmless people, quick to be angry, but, on the other hand, that as readily forgive offences. They do not trouble themselves about the future and are not industrious, so long as the necessaries of life — fish and skins — can be procured easily and without trouble. The objects of their luxury, tobacco and brandy, they obtain from the Russians. Of brandy, they are inordinately fond ; for a single beer- glass full they w' " n give ten and more minever skins." Santini's description does . ways coincide. He says : " Their faces are round, the cheek-bones high, the lips thick, the eyes small and black, the fore- head small, the ears large, the teeth white, and t*ie hair black. ♦ ♦ * The Tungus are generally tall, athletic and straight. They run with such velocity that I have often seen them overtake the swiftest animal in the forest. Corpulency atid deformity of person are blemishes which are seldom seen among them, because from their youth they are trained to the chase and war." Sauer, so far as he goes, agrees rather with Redowsky than with Santini. " They are rather below the middle size and extremely active; ; have lively, smiling countenances, with small ***'. / I ! f I I ■■; M'i i, I 176 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITITE. [Vol.. ' eyes, and both sexes arc great lovers of brandy." Referring to h guides, he says : " I took leave of iny Tungoose and their reindeer, an declare that I did so with regret ; for I was now an adept in riding, an found them more easy and agreeable than horses ; but, above all, I wi enchanted with the manly activity of my guides, their independence an contentment. Satisfied with the limited productions of nature, whet nature itself seems to forbid the approach of mankind, their astonishin fortitude, keeping in full force every lively sensation of the mind, an surmounting all difficulties, until they obtain the interesting object c their pursuit, inspired me with an ardent desire to participate in the dangers and delights." Elsewhere, he writes, " They are religioi observers of their word, punctual and exact in traffic." Martin Sauer goes on to say : " They seldom reside more than si days in one place, but remove their tents though it be to the sma distance of twenty fathoms, and this only in the fishing season, and durir the time of collecting berries in such solitary places as are far distal from the habitation of Cossacs. Here they leave their supplies of drie fish and berries in large boxes built on trees or poles, for the benefit ( themselves and their tribes in travelling during the winter. Berries the dry by mixing them with the undigested food (lichen) out ofthe.stomac of the reindeer, maldng thin cakes, which they spread on the bark of tre< and dry 'pon their huts in the sun or wind." In a footnote Sau< remarks regarding their frequent removals : " They say that their ten contract a disagreeable smell from remaining long in one place." " The seem callous to the effects of heat or cold." " They allow polygamy but the first wife is the chief and is attended by the rest. The ceremon of marriage is a simple purchase of a girl from her father ; from twent to one hundred deer are given,or the bridegroom works a stated time fc the benefit of the bride's father. The unmarried are not remarkable f< chastity. A man will give his daughter for a time to any friend ( traveller that he takes a liking to ; if he has no daughter he will give h servant, but not his wives." Abernethy supplements Sauer's statement regarding marriage : " I the marriage of the Tutjgusi many ceremonies are used, but the princip and indispensable one is, the offering a plate of corn or some game \ the bride by her intended husband. Among .several tribes of the Tungu; marriage is attended with dancing, music and a variety of games ar sports, which sometimes continue for several days. There are othe who do not exhibit any mark of rejoicing on these occasions. The courtship is generally of a very short duration. Among some tl contract is conducted by their parents, while others allow the lovers 1 ■k' K. [Vol.. V. " Referring to his 1 their reindeer, and adept in riding, and 3Ut, above all, I was r independence and ns of nature, where id, their astonishing )n of the mind, and nteresting object of participate in their They are religious eside more than six it be to the small g season, and during :cs as are far distant leir supplies of dried les, for the benefit of vinter. Berries they ti) out of the stomach 1 on the bark of trees n a footnote Sauer r say that their tents 1 one place." " They ey allow polygamy ; rest. The ceremony father ; from twenty rks a stated time for c not remarkable for Tie to any friend or rhter he will give his mg marriage 'In sed, but the principal jrn or some game to tribes of the Tungusi, variety of games and There are others :se occasions. Their Among some the s allow the lovers to 1896-97.] THE O^.Nlfs OF AMERICA IDENTIFIED WITH THE Tl'NGUS OF ASIA. "77 choose and come to an agreement. They frequently bestow presents on each other, in order to ascertain each other's minds, for the acceptance of these gifts is a sure mark of their consent. The husband generally takes his wife among his own relations, where she spends several weeks, and is entertained with kindness and hospitality." " If the husband be a hunter, which is generally the case, for the greater part of them procure their subsistence either by hunting or fishing, every domestic charge is devolved on the wife ; still there are some who attend to agriculture and the rearing of cattle. Nothing can exceed the modesty which both the bride and bridegroom assume on the night they are wedded ; and I have also been told that a separation frequently takes place a week or two after they are married, by reason of her desire to live four weeks in perfect continence. This, however, is not generally true, for I observed that chastity was very often violated among them before they are legally united." Barrow, the author of " Travels in China," says : " The Mantchoo Tatars are scarcely distinguishable from the Chinese by external appear- ances ; the Chinese are rather taller, and of a more slender and delicate frame than the Tatars, who are in general, short, thick and robust. The small C)-e, elliptical at the end next the nose, is a predominating feature in the cast of both the Chinese and Tatar countenances, and they have the same high cheek-bones and pointed chins. The native color, both of Chinese and Tatars seems to be that tint between a fair and a dark complexion, which we distinguish by the word brunet or brunette ; and the shades of their complexion are deeper or lighter, according as they have been more or less exposed to the influence of climate." Klaproth, and other writers, mention the fact that the Tungus, and especially the Tshapojirs, were wont to tattoo their faces after the prevailing Siberian fashion, with bars or straight lines on the cheek and forehead. In the matter of valour, the Tungus seems generally to have been the man of the receding area, save in China where the Mantchu is supreme. Adelung refers to the Mantchusof the Ssolan as a worthy and valiant people. All who have had to do with the Mantchu officials of China, civil or military, regard them as the ne plus ultra of falsehood and low cunning. Gutzlafif has characterized the Tungus tribes as deficient in valour ; and Wood, in his " Uncivilized Races," describes them as good-natured but full of deceit. Yet Sauer gives an instance of the Tungusian's fidelity to his word. ' An unchri.stened Tungoo.se went into one of the churches at Yakutsk, placed himself before the painting of Saint Nicholas, bowed very respectfully, and laid down a number of rich skins. con.iisting of black and red foxes, sables, squirrels. 178 TRANSACTIONS OK THE CANADIAN INSTITl TE. ! I I I I i ^ I ! ; I i I 1 '\- ;■- etc., which he took out of a bag. On being asked rephed, ' My brother, who is christened, was .so ill th: death. He called upon Saint Nicholas, but would ha promised that if Saint Nicholas would let him live, what I caught in my first chase. My brother recovere skins, and there they are.' He then bowed again an< euphemistically deals with their begging propensities : resort to the .solitary habitations of the Cossacs appoin stages, as they are there generally supplied with branc and such trifles as are requisite among them and always accompany them in their wanderings." Turning now to the Denes, we find Mackenzie sayii wyans are sober, timorous, and vagrant, with a selfish has sometimes created suspicions of their integrity, nothing remarkable in it ; but, though they arc .seld< are sometimes robu.st. Their complexion is swat coarse, and their hair lank, but not always of a dingj they universally the piercing eye which generally ai countenance. The women have a more agreeable as| but their gait is awkward, which proceeds from their nine months in the year, to travel on snow shoes and weight from two to four hundred pounds. They are their husbands, who have, however, their fits of jealo trifling causes, treat them with such cruelty as .some their death. They are frequently objects of traffic possesses the right of disposing of his daughter. * have blue or black bars, or from one to four straig cheeks, or forehead, to distinguish the tribe to which t marks are either tattooed, or made by drawing a th necessary color, beneath the skin. * * * Plurs common among them, and the ceremony of marriage nature. The girls are betrothed at a very early period parents think the best able to support them ; nor is th woman considered. Whenever a .separation takes p times happens, it depends entirely on the will an( husband. * * * They are not remarkable foi hunters, which is owing to the ease with which they sn fish ; and these occupations are not beyond the stre men, women and boys ; so that they participate it occupations, which among their neighbors are confir They make war on the Esquimaux, who cannot re r'X mtm i^' TK. [Vol. V. 189697. THE DK.VKS OK A.MERICA IDENTIFIKD WITH THE Tl'.NGlS OF .ASIA. '79 ed why he chd so, he that \vc expected his have no sorcerer. I vc, I would give him ered, I obtained these and retired." Sauer js : " They frequently lointed to the different andy, needles, thread, id their women, who aying : " The Chipe- fish disposition, which ty. Their stature has eldom corpulent, they iwarthy, their features ingy black ; nor have / animates the Indian : aspect than the men. eir being accustomed^ and drag sledges of a ire very submissive to jalousy ; and, for very ometimes to occasion iffic, and the father * ♦ * Both .se.xes raight lines, on their ;h they belong. These i thread dipped in the urality of wives is ige is 01 a very simple ■iod to those whom the s the inclination of the es place, which some- and pleasure of the for their activity as y snare deer and spear strength of their old :e in those laborious )n fined to the women, resist their superior numbers, and put them to death, as it is a principle with them never to make prisoners, At the same time, they tamely submit to the Knisteneaux, (Crees), who are not .so numerous as them.selves, when they treat them as enemies." " They do not affect that cold reserve at meeting, either among them- selves or strangers, which is common with the Knisteneaux, but communicate mutually and at once, all the information of which they are possessed. Nor are they roused, like them, from an apparent torpor to a state of great activity. They are, consequently, more umform in this respect, though they are of a very persevering disposition when their interest is concerned. * * * in their quarrels with each other they very rarely proceed to the greater degree of v iolence than is occasioned by blows, wrestling, and pulling of the hair, while their abusive language consists in applying the name of the most offensive animal to the object of their displeasure, and adding the term ugly, and c///aj' or stillborn. This name is ahso applicable to the foetus of an animal, when killed, which is considered as one of the greatest delicacies. ♦ * * f he country which these people claim as their land has a very small quantit)- of earth, and produces little or no wood or herbage. Its chief vegetable substance is the moss on which the deer feed, and a kind of rock moss, which, in times of .scarcity, preserves the lives of the natives. When boiled in water, it dissolves into a clammy, glutinous substance, that affords a very sufficient nourishment. * * * They are also of a querulous disposition, and are continually making complaints ; which they express by a constant repetition of the word ct/nij', "it is hard," in a whining and plaintive tone of voice." My copy of Hearne's Voyage is a French translation, which will account for the variation of the extracts from the original. He sav's : " The Northern Indians are, in general, of medium stature, well propor- tioned, and strong ; but they have little corpulence. They lack the activity and suppleness natural to the Indians who.se tribes inhabit the western coast of Hudson's Bay. The color of their skin approaches that of dark copper. Their hair is black, thick and shiny, like that of other Indians. * * * The features of these Indians differ entirely from those of the other neighboring tribes, for their foreheads and eyes are small, their cheek bones high, and their nose aquiline, their face pretty full and their chin, as a rule, large. Their features vary but little in the individuals of the two .sexes ; but it might be said that nature has submitted to fewer abnormalities in the case of the women. These natives have an exceedingly soft and even skin, and when they s^^fT''w5?7**Ai:»-inf^;^^ .n'r^&' n *■■' / I ! ( ' M ! t; •■[! 180 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITITE. keep their clothes clean there is no people in the \vi smell. All the Northern Indians, as well as those of and the Cote de Chien, bear, on each cheek, from thre lines which they make with an awl or a needle inserte which they rub with powdered charcoal when the ins drawn. In general, the Northern Indians are very believe that they have no word in their langua<;e to e They speak incessantly of their poverty, and, during t their stay at the fort, there is not one of them who doe: a thou.sand needs." " Kach of these Indians hastens to make known his or imaginary, and takes care to accompany his recitt tears. There are some, even, who pretend to be lai better to excite pit}-. I know of no people .so thoro themselves on such occasions, and, in that respect superior to the men ; for, I can affirm having .seen on whose face expressed joy, while the other was bathed ii Flattery is no less known to the.se Indians ; they make as interest prescribes it but no longer. * * * [ certain time, this conduct of theirs does not produce th they break forth into invectives. * * * For the rest, temporary, and they soon become reconciled with the had intended to dupe. ' He is not a child,' they end themselves, ' therefore he can't be taken in." * * * bad qualities, the Northern Indians are still the most e all those who frequent the Company's stores. As tl liquor, they keep their senses, and confine their violenct The.se Indians are, in general, very jealous of their wi doubt that the .same is the case with thorn ; but the afraid of their husbands to dare exhibit the least sus better compare the attitude of a Northern scpiaw bel than to that of European servants in the presence of thi marriages of these people are accompanied with no cer proposals and arrangements are made by the fathers ar nearest relations, and the women, under the.se circumst reduced to have no other will than that of their relat choice simply consult interest. * * * Divorce among the Northern Indians. It arises often out of more frequently still, from incompatibility of dispositic When it takes place, the ceremony begins with a voll a stick which the husband applies to his wift;, and ends / ! ' 1 1 [Vol.. V. 1896-97. THE DIsNits OF AMHRICA IDKNTIKIED WITH THE Tl NCIS OF ASIA, l8t world that has less of the Copper River liree to four parallel rted under the skin instrument is with- ry selfish ; I really express gratitude. i?•■■ / !{■ lazy, without skill or any artistic ilispositioii. is it so with the Nava l''vcii anion;4 our Carriers, the |)r< iidest and most jjroLjressivc of all VVei.lern tribes, hardly any siunnier ,)asses off but some part)- runs h panic stricken, and wh)'? They have heard at some little dist;i some ' men of the woods,' evidentl)' animated by inurderous desij^ns, have barely escaped with their lives. Thereupon great commotion tumult in the camp. Ijnmediately everx'bod)- is charitabh- warned to venture alone in the forest, and after sunset ever\- 'loor is card locked against any possible intruder. Compare these puerile fea the Carriers with the indomitable spirit, the warlike disposition ol 'terrible Apache.' Conipare also, the rude, inartistic implements primitive ind'i.ilries of the same tribes, with the |)ro-n-j. nil' I>i'NKS ok AMKKIfA IPIA' TlKli:!) Willi Till'. TlSlitS Ol' .\SI.\. •HS ^o with the Navajos? proi^ivssivc of all the )inc party runs home some little distance, .irderoiis desi^nis, and ;reat commotion and haritably warned not jry door is carefully these puerile feats of ike disposition of the istic implements, the •oducts of the Navajo silverwork especially criterion of ethnolo;;ic 1 Denes, esijecially of ilization, is their ^^reat metimes <,'o on a trap- out fear of any of its all in his absence, help item, as he may need ; ivalent in furs. Now, e in vorrue ainonrii7'rr-s//ii/rs for mc?" To which, if she refu.sed him, she would make answer : " No, there are plenty of women, ask another one." Hut, if agreeable to the maid, she would at once answer, without any conventional blushes: " Perhaps, ask my mother." Upon which, the lad would not ask her mother, but the girl would immediately tell her about it. Then, following her parent's advice, she would hasten to erect a branch lodge alongside their own primitive habitation, and, in the evening, the affianced youth ("such was he after the propo.see's answer) would, on entering it, hand her his " beaver snares." Without further ceremony they were man and wife. * * * The preliminaries, if not more complicated, were at least more difificult and tedious among '^he Carriers. According to their etiquette, the intended wife had absolutely nothing to say for or against the projected union. Whenever a youth of a different clan had singled her out to be his future wife, he would not exchange a word with her, even when proposing, but, installing himself ) ! I M 186 TRANSACTIONS OF THK CANADIAN INSTITl TK. |Vo. at her father's home, he would bejjin to work for hfm, not failinj present him or the j^irl's most influential relative with anythinf:^ of vj which mij^ht come into his jjossession, either h\' hunting or otherv Meantime, he would never tell them the reason of such unwoi liberality, neither would they ask him, but the>' easily j^uessed it. VV after one or two years' wooin' of obli^dn^ friend. If at^reeable, the suitor was thereb\- married. If then the recipient of his favours was bound to return an equivalen kind. * * * Poly<^amy flourished to a ^reat extent amonj^ al the tribes. The more e.xalted the man's rank, the more numerous w( be his wives. * * * Xevertheless, there was always one, necessarily the first in pricjrity of co-habitation, who was rej^ardcv superior to the others, whom she then called her youn^^er sis receiving in return the title of elder sister from them. ICven polj'an was in honor conjointly with polygamy among the Se'kanais ; remained unknown to the Carriers." i)ur:ss .WD or\.\mp:nts ov the tungi's .wn tiik i>km::s. Abernethy does not sufficiently distinguish betvvecn Siberian peo| when he says : " The Tungusi, Coriaks, Kamschadales, and other tr in the northeast parts of Asia are differently attired from what 1 were a century ago. Like every other rude nation in their original s they covered themselves with furs and hides, like the shepherds of Sj and Italy, the upper garment consisting of one i^iece, with a hood sleeves ; it bears also .some re.semblancc to the dress of Capuchin Mo though not so long, for it reaches not further than the knee. From knee downwards they are covered with leggins of deer or buffalo s their shoes, also, are made of the same. These robes were form dres.sed with the hair on, but the Tungusi, especially, and the Cor have made themselves so well acquainted with the art of tanning, hair is not .seen in any part of their dress, except the hood, the neck, the cuffs of the sleeves of the upper garment. The tanned coverii generally painted with considerable taste. The figures represent t animals which have been chosen by each tribe as their distinguis marks. In the summer .season they wear a kind of petticoat round waist which comes down to the knees ; it is made of coarse line cotton, which they manufacture them.selves. At this time they f their bodies with a variety of colors. The process of thus ador themselves consists in pricking those parts of the body which art n-|tii llHil TK. [Vol.. V. iHq(y-i)y. Ill DIMS OK AVl-RK A lOI- NTIh li:i> WITH TIIK 11 SCI S OV ASIA. 187 )!• htm, not failing to ■ilh aiiNtliin^ of value Inintinji or otherwise. M of such unwonted ily j^uessed it. When, :"s parents, he thought rts, lie would demand islrumentality of an eby married. If not, :turn an equivalent in extent amon;4 all of inore numerou.s would was always one, not who was regarded as her younger sisters, m. I'-ven polj-andria the Se'kanais ; but \\n TIIK DKMCS. \veen Siberian peoples, dales, and other tribes tired from what they in tlieir original state, he shepherds of Spain piece, with a hood and ss of Capuchin Monks, the knee. From the f deer or buffalo skin ; ; robes were formerly :ially, and the Coriaks :he art of tanning, that :he hood, the neck, and 'he tanned covering is figures represent those as their distinguishing of petticoat round the ade of coarse linen or t this time they paint 3cess of thus adorning \e bod)' which are not ' covered, and rubljing them over with different colors. * * * The warriors paint their faces that they may appear more warlike. Others who are not engaged in hostilities, do the same, becau.se, I suppose, they imagine the)- look more handsome. * * * They take great pains to dress their hair, which is geiierall)' long and oily, by reason of b<:ing smeared with grease. The |)eiulaiUs in their ears and nostrils are usually shells, which are painted on one side with a red, and on the other with a blue color ; but the)' never consider them.selvcs in their full uniform without a crown made of the plumage of a bird called the rootoD. Their women may be said to follow the same practices, although they pay ver\' little attention to their hair." Santini confines himself to the Tuiigus. "As to .,e dress of the Tungusi, like that of every barbarous nation, it is generally made of the skin of wild beasts. This dress is simply fitted to the form and shape of the body, or, it is adorned with various ornaments, according to the degree of civilization which the.se nations have arrived at. The Tungusi, in their orginal state of barbarit)-, were dres.sed in skins ; they p.iinted their bodies and faces with various colors ; they bored their noses and ears, whence hung colored shells. For their hcc-id covering the)' had crowns made of the skin of a young deer, ornamented with the plumage of rare birds, especially the peacock. Every part of their dress was embellished with coloured porcupine quills ; they had shoes particularly suited to the winter, in order to traverse the snowy plains more easily ; their length was about two feet. From the lightness and structure of these shoes, they were able to perform long journe)'s. The soles consisted of a net made of strings of a raw hide. * * * I have always ob.served among the Tungusi, at least, among the greater number of the men, that, in their modern dress they wear two shirts, one next their skin, and the other over their waistcoat, i do not know the rea.son of this custom ; nevertheless, some hav'_ told me that it originated from the motive of vanity." Sauer's statement i.s brief. "' Their tents are covered with shamo)-, or the inner bark of the birch, which they render as pliable as leather b)- rolling it up and keeping it for .some time in the steam of boiling water and smoke. Their winter dress is the skin of the deer, or wild sheep, dressed with the hair on ; a breastpiece of the same which ties around the neck and reaches down to the waist, widening towards the bottom, and neatly ornamented with embroidery and beads ; pantaloons of the same materials, which also furnish them with short stockings, and boots of the legs of reindeer with the hair outward ; a fur cap and gloves. Their summer dress only differs in being simple leather without the hair." In I In 188 TRANHACTIONH OK TIIK ( ANADIAN INHTIIITK. hit: .iccoiint of the V'likaj^irs, he says : " Their dress is now tl the Russians of these parts: it was formerly iii\e that of the whose tailors the)' still remain, einbroiderini; the ornament! their clothing, for which they 'eceive in return articles of dre> furs." Again, in his illustration of a Tungus settlement, facin he represents a nativt; clad with an imier garment of a lig descending liUe a petticoat, to the Knee, and an outer one, mu like a sleeved but open overcoat, falling a trifle lower. The s represented is very similar to that pictured b\- I"'ather Moric huts are circular, with conical roof made of branches, rising f wall of stakes or boards. Of the Denes, on the other hand, Mackenzie writes : '' Tli people more at^^cntive to the comforts of their dress, or le; respecting its extciior appearance. In the wi er it is compc skins (if deer and their fawns, and dressed as fineas an)' cham< in the hair. In the suinmet their apparel is the same, excep prepared without the hair. Their shoes and leggins are sewcc the latter rcciching upwards to the middle, and being sup[)f belt, under which a small piece of leather is drawn to cover t parts, the ends of which fall down both before and behind. Ir the)' ])ut the hair of the moose or reindeer with additiona leather, as socks. The shirt, or coat, when girded round I reaches to the iniddle of the thigh, and the mittens are sev sleeves, or are sus|)eiided by strings from the shoulders. . tippet surrounds the neck, and the skin of the head of the de curious kind of cap. .-\ robe made of several deer or fawn slv together covers the whole. This dress is worn .'single or d always in the winter, with the hair within and without. Thu a Chipewyan will lay himself down on the ice in the middle and rejjose in comfort. * * * 'j"|-,e snowshoes are of ver workmanship. The inner part of their frame is straight, pointed at both ends, with that in front turned up. The) laced with great neatness with thongs made of deer-skin." M little to say on the matter of dress, be)'ond mentioning the frc attire of the Northern Indians was made of Cariboo skin, or with its hair, and thus a receptacle for vermin ; he also desc snowshoes as quite different from those of the Southern ] Crees, Father Morice quotes the Rev. E. Petitot as follows : " K blouse of white skin, with tail appendages, decorated with fi metallic trinkets, which was the primitive costume of the Den IK. I Vol.. V. iHgO-q;. TIIK DKNKN OK AMKKU'A lOKNTIFIKI) WITH TIIK Tl NCI S 0\ ASIA. 189 s is now the saiiic as liat of the Tungoosc, ornamental p.iits of ;les of dress, skins or iKMit.facini;- pa^c 44, It of a li^ht colour, ;er one, much darker, cr. ilie store-lv ? ther Morice, and 1.. j les, risiiii;^ from a 'o\v tes : " There are no Iress, or less anxious it is composed of llie 1 any chamois leather, ime, except that it is s are sewed together, icinj,' supported by a 1 to cover the private behind. In the shoes li additional pieces of kI round the waist, ;ens are sewed to the loulders. A ruff or d of the deer forms a or fawn skins sewed .single or double, but out. Thus arrayed, the middle of a lake, s are of very superior is straight, and it is u\). They are also r-skin." Ilcarne has ling the fret that the 300 skin, ornamented e also describes their Southern Indians or Hows : " Besides the ted with fringes and of the Dene-dindjies, and which the l.oucheux still wear, the former, as well as the I lares, a'nx,or marmot skin, with the fur next to the body- The outside was painted in variegated designs in vermilion, and adorned with numerous fringes to conceal the seams, and bands of dentalium or dyed porcupine ciuills. A pair of leggings reaching to the thigh, together with moccasins, which, in the case of the poor, were of salmon skin, completed their costume. Unlike their kinsmen of the Great Mackenzie Basin, they had no hood attached to their coat or tunic, but instead, wore a head-dress made of a small ground-bos'- -i .n, and fashioned somewhat like a Scotch bonnet. The '■ on. m »earing apparel differed only from that of the men by the ieuj^uiot their tunic, jFrr:, -ifn*^ ■ ^.p- '■^n7--^''-r^.^ A ' I ■ I ] li V ! I HI in"' i 11' ' ,. 190 TRANSACTIONS OF TllK CANADIAN I^ which was ordinarily covered Wi^ .1 skin clo robe falHnKNTIFIKI) WIT 11 TIIK TIXCIS OF .\SI.\. 191 Tungusi enter in great triumph. They send two inessengers before to announce their approach and relate their success, if they come off conquerors. All their friends of both se.\es are snmmoned to meet them, at some distance from the village, with provisions and other refresh- ments. Here they inake a feast, during which everyone recounts his own e.xploits and heroic actions. .After they amuse them.selves with dancing and singing, they return home, where they are entertained with more sumptuous festivities which last for several days. The prisoners are contented with singing mournful airs, in which they implore the compassion of their conquerors. When captives are adopted among them, they fail not to show them that they are nc^ less humane than they are ferocious when they inflict punishment." Mackenzie describes the arms of the Slaves and Dogribs : " Their arms and weapons for hunting are bows and arrows, spears, daggers and pogamagans, or clubs. The bows are about five or six feet in length, and the strings are of sinevvs or raw skins. The arrows are two feet and a half lotig, including the barb, which is variously formed of bone, horn, flint, iron or copper, and are winged with three feathers. The pole of the spear is about six feet in length, and pointed, with a barbed bone of ten inc'-'F . With this weapon they strike the reindeer in the water. The daggers are flat and sharp pointed, about twelve inches long, and made of horn or bone. The pogamagan is made of the horn of the reindeer, the branches being all cut orf except that which forms the extremity. This instrument is about two feet in length, and is employed to dispatch their enemies in battle, and such animals as they catch in snares placed for that purpose." Mearne gives the details of an attack made by his Northern Indians upon a body of Eskimos. The expedition began by leaving the women and children and the baggage behind. " The se[)aration then took place, but hardly were we on the march \vhen they uttered lament- able cries, which were prolonged until the moment we lost sight of them. This heart-rending scene made so little iinp"ession upon the Indians who accompanied e, that they continued their march laughing, and I may even say that I never saw them more joyful." Several other Indians came to share in the glory of the exjiedition, concerning whom Hearne says : " Kach of them, as well as my own Indians, had made shields for them.selves before leaving the wood of Clowey. These shields, made of boards, were about three-quarters of an inch thi'^k, two feet wide, and three feet loner. They were intended to pa»ry the arrows of the P^squimau.x. * Arrived on the other side, each of my companions set himself to paint the face of his shield. Some depicted n. 'rf*'!:' J A'.- «(' "i^tT^ 'vj--.i'r'vm~-^. ri ijs "? 'y^. ' ^ T ^ Ty^ T^f»^-i;' ■? >»f«r» ■^»»-^-— -,-/ ■■■ '' ; ^ i' 4'^^'^"iT^~pT75T'^ r*. . S : 19J I RANSAlTIONS OF llIK lANADIAN INSTl 11 Tl |V> iV. i I the sun, others the moon, some birds and cithers beasts 94 TRANSACIKINS OK TlIK CANADIAN INSTI Tl no common respect to tlie memory of their depar period of mourning, cutting off their liair, and ne\ propert)- of the deceased. Nay, they frequently their own, as a token of reijret and sorrow." lleii people do not bur\' their dead. The\' abandon tht thej- die, so that one must suspect they are eaten birds of prey. This is the reason why the IiuH; the wolf, nor the crow, unless constrained by nece of one of their near relatives, they strip themselve: remain naked till someone comes to console them, father, a mother, a wife, a son, or a brother lasts a \ e.xception of shorn hair, nothint; indicates this moi of the Northern Indians. It consists solely in incessant. Apart from time devoted to sleep and walk or rest, they emit at intervals a j)rolonged repeated in unison b\- all pi rsons present." Dr. Yarrow, in his " Introduction to the Study ( amontj the North .American Indians," sa_\-s : " uncommon amonL( the nations of antiquitj', for the their dead in sacks of skin and hunij them to trees and Scj'thians did the same." What he says rc^ is taken from .\rrian, De Var. Hist. IV. i, but I recollection of coming across similar facts in clas have not succeeded in verifying. It is unfortunat his informant does not mention his authorities. Yarrow at page 75 for the following \V. L. Ha example of log-burial in trees, relating to the I America. ' They inclose the body in a neatly-ho! and secure it to two or more trees, about six feet log about eight feet long is first siilit in two, ai carefulh" hollowed out to the required size. The and the two pieces well lashed together, prepara secured, as before stated, to the trees.' " Mr. I)all,in Nomenclature of the Native tribes of Alaska, etc.," h on Tinneh tribes: '"Uttakliotatia — the bodies of placed by them above ground in a bo.v or wooden Kutcliiti — They formerly burned their dead. 7>/ bury their dead in boxes above ground on which tl Father Morice's account is fuller than the pr found in his paper, "The Western Den^s — their M; It sets forth the wailings of the relatives for a dece ^ ::(ii -•ti^lfrv^ V K. (Vol.. \'. iH<)6-f)7. rilK DKNKS OV .XMKRIIA IDK.NTII'IKil WITH TlIK Tt Mil S OF .\SI.\. ")3 :d friend.s, by a long ;r making u.se of the destroy or sacrifice ne writes : " These n in the place where ))• wild animals and IS never eat the fox, ~ity. On the death of their clothe.s and The mourning for a hole year. Witii the rning in the costume ttering cries almost I eating, whether they howl, which is often of Mortuary Customs Tree burial was not ; Colchians enveloped the ancient Tartars warding the Colchians have a very distinct Lssical authors which I ite that Ur. Yarrow or However, I quote Dr. ardisty gives a curious Loucheu.x of British ollowed piece of wood, t from the ground. A and each of the parts e body is then inclo.sed -atory to being finally in his "Distribution and has the following notes )f the dead are always n receptacle. Kutcha- I'/iauin-Kntc/iin — They the)' i^ile up stones." preceding, and will be Manners and Customs.'' cea.sed man of note, the I announcement of his death to all concerned by young men of another clan who were rewarded for their jxiins, the singing and dancing of a mercenary alien clansman, to the assembled mounlers, meeting for .several nights. The remains were then provisionally jjlaced under a bark roof-like shelter, near which the widow and children dwelt in a small hut of similar form. l"V)r two or three )-ears the widow was the slave of her husband's relations, and bewailed him. Then his chief representative, having acquired much propert)-, was prepared for the cremation of what remained of the corpse, in view of a large as.sembl)- the funeral pile was kindled, and attemjjts were made to burn the widow, after which the property was given awa\' in a |5otlatch. This was the Carrier custcMn, but among the Sekanais it was different " Supposing the deceased was an influential person, dear to the band, they would hollow a kind of coffin out ot a large spruce tree, and suspend his remains therein on the forks formed by the branches of two contiguous trees. Some instances are also recounted in which the remains of such persons were closed up in a standing position in the hollow trunk of a large tree while in its natural state. The lid or door of these primitive coffins was usually formed of a split ])iece of wood, which, when strongly laced with long switches of red willow, held it to the trunk of the tree in its original shape." PKCULI.VR .ARTS OV THl-: TL'.NGLS .WD THI-: DKXKS. It has already appeared that the Tungus and the Denes equally made use of porcupine quills and beads, or, in default of the latter, tubular shells, such as the dentalium, in the ornamentation of their dress. The snowshoe was common to both. This contrivance is, at least, as old as the Christian era, for Slrabo found it in the Caucasus. " The heights are impassable in winter ; in summer the)- are ascended by fastening on the feet shoes as wide as drums, made of raw hide, and furnished with spikes on account of the snow and ice." The toboggan, or sledge, was also a Tungus vehicle drawn by horses and reindeer, but inore frequently by dogs, and not .seldom by men or women. The Russians classified the Tungus in relation to it, as Horse, Reindeer, Dog, and Foot-going Tungus. This toboggan was called by the different tribes natar, tolyoki, tolgoki, tiirki, slwrclic, and fara. By a strange perversity, none of my vocabular-'es contain the Dene word for toboggan, and Father Morice, in his Notes on the Western Denes, has nothing to say regarding it. Mackenzie, referring to the Chepewyans, as he calls them, remarks : " The sledges are formed of thin slips of board turned up also in front, and are highly polished with crooked ^■. ; if 1 1 1'?^! iMiii t Si! 196 1 KANSAll Iv'NS OV I UK lANADIAN r NSITI I'l K. knives, in order to slide aloii^ with facilit)'. Closc-^ra that account, the best ; but theirs are made of the red c fir tree." lleartie writes : "In winter, tlie Northern Indians t of cariboo ie^s, which, in this condition, present i\ portmanteaus. Stripped of their hair by bein^ -f(%i^(Vi. These boards are bound to each othe bands of cariboo skin, and crossed above by several bai serve to strengthen the sledge, and, at the same time, k in place, which is fastened to them by smaller leathc front of the sledge forms a semi-circle of from, at least, inches in diaineter. 'I'his kind of front has for its obj sledge sinking in the snow, and, at the same time the hillocks j^roduced by it on the plains and barren la of these vehicles consist of a band of leather, the two e united and tied firmly together. The jterson charged of the sledge passes it round his shouklers .so that it adh Simple as this harness may be, I def\- all the saddler make a better." Finally, Father .Morice says : " A travelling, proper to the cold .sea.son, is by means of or sleds drawn by three or four dogs, trotting along The.se animals (which are now of different breeds), are to the natives; for, even during the summer, when fam for their hunting grounds, their canine companions a assist the woinen in packing part of their master's secured with lines to their sides." The Tungus make extensive u.se of birch bark fo houses, for making various kinds of vessels, and for bodies of their dead. They also employ it in the manu • lii,'t,iO>.-.l-'.\-.^Vi:'^.'-^»,.;'.-v. run;, (Vol. V. I.S.,(,.;,7.| INK i>i';ni::s 111- amkuua idi.n i ikikd wiiii nil-; ii Ni;rsoF asia. '97 osc-Ljraiiiecl wood is, on c red or swainp spriicc- iliaiis tie toi;ctliL'r skins ;ciU tlie form of lon^ (Iraiii^cd over the siio>v. )ort the bajf^aj^e of ilie , in tile first wood they spruce. These sledj^es )f the persons meant to less than from twelve i broad ; hut, generally, ^elve to fourteen inches lot more than a ([uarter ■eds five or six inches lents of these Indians^ it the point, whence the (>///, and the Southern :h other bj- parchment ;ral bars of wood which time, keep the bagtrage leathern thongs. The : least, fifteen to tweiit)' its object to hinder the : time, to break down rrcn lands. The traces 2 two ends of which are urged with the drawing t it adheres to his breast, saddlers in the world to 1 : " Another mode of ans of light toboggans [ along in Indian file. :1s), are very serviceable en families are en route n'ons are compelled to aster's baggage, firmly ark for covering their nd for enwrapping the manufacture of canoes Mr. .Mcintosh ([uotes i'ennant as saying: "The Tongusi use canoes made of birch bark distended over ribs of wood, and nicely sewed together. The C"anadian and maii>- other .\niericaii nations u.se no other sort of boats. The paddles of the Tongusi are broad at eacii end ; those of the jieople near Ccjok's River and of Onsia.scha arc of the same form." We know that Pennant is right, fi)r the Tungus have a special name for the birch bark canoe which they call i{jalba)i-({v(Vi. the first word denoting the birch tree. Mackenzie thus describes the canoes of the Dogribs ; "Their canoes are small, pointed at both ends, fiat-bottomed, and covered in the fore part. They are made of the bark of the birch-tree and fir-wood, but of so slight a construction that the man whom one of these light \essels 'bears on the water, can. in return, carr\- it overland without any difficult)-. It is very seldom that more than one person embarks ,n them, nor are they capable of receixing more than two. The paddles are si.\- feet long, one-half of which is occupied by a blade of about eight inches wide." Hearnc's descrijition is as follows: "The canoes of the Northern Indians are in form somewhat like a weaver's shuttle, having fiat bottoms, straight sides and pointed cwCi. The stern is always much larger than the bow, as generally intendefl to hold Ijaggage and some- times to be occupied by a .second [lerson, stretched at full length in the bottom of the canoe. The man and the baggage* cross rivers and the narrower parts of lakes by means of the.se little crafts, which rareK' exceed from twelve to thirteen feet in length and froin twenty inches to two feet in their greatest beam. The bow of these canoes is elongated and narrow ; it is covered with birch-bark which adds considerably to the weight without adding anything to its usefulness. (ienerall\- the Northern Indians make use of a single paddle, though some have a second, like the h'-squimaux ; but the latter is rarely emplo)-ed, save to club cariboo when crossing rivers or narrow lakes." Father Morice says of the Carriers : " The)- use ' dug-out ' canoes made of the hollowed out trunk of a large cotton-wood tree f^.-l/;/V.v .s7//^^?/^/W). There is no , artistic merit in their design, which is of rather a rough description, for we must not forget that ' dug-outs ' are. among them, a recent im()orta- ; tion from the l"-ast. In the beginning of this centur)- they used only birch bark canoes." RITKS .WD CKRKMOMKS OF THK TINGUS .\.\I) THE DENKS. I Abernethy states that " The Tongusi believe in the existence of a i supreme being, according to whose will they shall either conquer or die. They call him the god of hosts, because on him, they ^ ;[ •■ V '-' ;t I I i I 1 I 1<,H TRANSAlTIONS t'lV TlIK CANADIAN 1 imajjinc, the fate of tlieir warlike expcc worshi]) likewise an ////rr//tt/ /)r//i(>//, who and veiij4eance ; while they invoke him, tl b\' fear, lest he may afflict or torment them him all their calamities and i.iisfortunes |)rocc they are as cliaritable as the ['nivrrsdlist, for a future state of torment and dainnation. ima;4ine that they are to enjoy all the pleasur in this world. They have their priests, pro their sacrifices consist ^^enerally of those 1 consider the j^reatest favourites of the ev supplicate the (iirnt Spirit, except before a benevolent Deit)-, who is disposed to favour * * * By offerin^f sacrifices to the r seldom that they worshi|) the benevolent (h'it avert his wrath. 1 have often observed that t tribes of Siberia, are tho.se who pay the relii;ious ceremony ; for, when ver they scarcity of food, they first offer a sacrifice ; fully convinced of their success. Their moc attended with many ceremonies which arc warriors. Having liLjhted a fire, they take a < which they suspend above the fire b)- .sevei totally consumed. It is customary among dance during the sacrifice ; there are others and motionless till the offering is completed, which lasts for several hours, as if rejoicing for Before they go to battle they never fail to ma their villages arc asseinbled and they form women walk one after another till they arr sacrifice is to be offered. This place is genei at some distance from the village. The war with their faces painted. Before the dog is they whisper something in his ear, telling \ obtain for them the assistance of the girat o and {)revent the ci'i/ or miscliievons one from I " On the night previous to their departure ment is given by the chief, in which the i is introduced, for the purpose of binding t bravery. The Potoosi, among all the Tongi sacred instrument, which their fathers receive ,1 K m [\o\.. V. 1 8q6-97 TIIK DKNKS OF AMKRKA IDKN TIKIKI) WITH TIIK Tl Sur under diseases or then set out to hunt, f offering sacrifices is )rinetl by their bravest and sometimes a bear, )oles, till the animal is e Toiif^usian tribes to ivever, who stand silent en a dance commences ,'asiny the angry ^/<-W(W. an offerin^f. Then all lid of procession. The at the spot where the some elevated ground i march in full uniform nmitted to the flames, as I iiave been told, to icvolcHt spirit in battle, shing them." cry singular entertain- m/, or the sacred pipi\ varriors to fidelity and 1 tribes, is considered a om the Great Spirit or I God of War, to make vows by fuming tobacco. On the evening therefore, before they depart, the warriors are summonetl to a{)pear before the chief in their martial uniforms. The women also attend, and they are attired in their richest robes. Having formed a circle, the musicians stand in the midst. Their music is very simple, for it consists only of two instruinents, which prr^duce neither harmony nor order. The daticers. however, keep time to the cadence of the music. This dance, as usual, was a ring or circle in which they moved roundwards incessantly, till it was announced to seat themselves on the ground tf) partake of the feast, the principal dish of which consists of the flesh of a 7L'/iite doi^. Before the dog is put into the kettle they perform several ceremonies in offering him while alive to the Great Spirit \ for they imagine that no animal is more pleasing, in a sacrifice, than a white dog. All their feasts are supplied with the flesh of the dog, and they might as well be called sacrifices a'^ feasts ; because the offering of the dog to their .Supreme Deity always precedes the feast. After the dogs are consumed they rise and renew their dances. The first thing, how- e\er, after the feast, is the offering of the Potoosi to the Great Spirit by the senior chief The fumes of the pipe are directed upwards towards the Great Spirit. This ceremony resembles, in a great measure, the .Asiatic offering n{ incense. When the Chief imagines that the Deitv is full)' satisfied with this act of adoration, every warrior in his turn takes the pipe, which is decorated with various ornaments, and, at every quiff, promi-ses to adhere to his commander, and never fly from his enemy. .■\t the same time he relates what he has done in favour of his nation, and he foretells his future achievements. The Chief takes the Potoosi a second time, and, at every quiff, he enumerates the various engage- ments in which he conquered his enemies. The whole as.scmbly then join in applauding his bravery and undaunted spirit. The feast of the I'otoosi is concluded with the soni^ of death, in which they swear vengeance against their enemies. Then they retire to their cabins or huts, to prepare for their departure on the following morning." Mr. Mcintosh, referring to the festivals of dreams, which he compares to the ancient Saturnalia and modern Carnivals, remarks : " According to Abernethy, they paint and disguise themselves when they go abroad, without paying any respect either to morality or decency. Many of them, especially among the Tongusi, says the same author, consider this a favourable opportunity of revenging insults and injuries, because they imagine that they are not known to the sufferer. * * ♦ Abernethy speaks of his having di.sguised himself on one of these occasions among the Coriaks for the sole purpose, as he himself tells us, of saving his life ; 3 ■P .i«a.JM jTT^.T"'^! -:l ' 2T_.' MO TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANAI i lil!l' i Ml '^:'^i'l because he considered them actually der? in danger on account of being a straii found himself in the same predicainei Tongusi, and would most likely have be- converts, the Tongusian princes, interfere Gambling is not a ceremony, but it i unworthy of a special treatment. Mr. I the Patooni, which La Roche briefly des ance, originally the same as that of the / Indians, although in Kamschatka sticks \ is surprising," says LaRoche " to witness of some of these people while they play out to hunt they frequently form a pai consists in throwing up in the air sm; orange, with four sides, and re.semblinj because each side has a certain numb number upwards when they fall to the gi to be the most successful in the chase, a great favour to belong to the winn themselves into different companies, be cannot be utterly disappointed while the is to kill the most." Abernethy obs( games, which he did not deem wort! speaking of a certain game, which he d Tongusi, when they played, resemblec beings, from the way in which their feeli In regard to the rites of the Ddne-Din( is not easy for any European to discover this people, because they surround the strangers. A long stay among the Ind old men, from whom I derive knowledj; a considerable part of their customs, hav( discovery." This discovery amounts to mythology with its gods and devils, th tality of the soul, and that, in lieu of medicine men, who practice confession, f incantations, and to whom they attribut to earth. He also states that the Det never eat its flesh. In his other partic straining after Hebrew analogies as tc [Vol. V. :onsequently his life foreigner. Santini ;oine tribes of the nsulted, had not his lalf." isidered here, being ys : " The game of , from every appear- mong the American tuted for bones." "It city and superstition ;s. Before they set r the Patooni, which ibout the size of an of the Europeans^ ho has the greatest )nqueror, and expects lered, therefore, to be when they separate y imagine that they associates of him who and other frivolous ' notice. Santini, in escribe, says that the more than rational excited. ler Petitot says : "It ms and ceremonies of mystery and distrust the confidence of the )ene traditions and of abled me to make the hat the Denes have a (elieve in the immor- hey have jugglers or ongs which are called ver of recalling spirits ;s abhor the dog and re is such an evident hem doubtful guides. 1896^.] THK nisis OF AMERICA inKNTIFIED WITH THE TlNOl'S OF A.SIA. iOI Hearne represents the dog as the father of the Northern Indian race and of all creatures. Then he says: "The Indians have no religion, and though their sorcerers, by songs and long discourses, conjure beasts of prey as well as imaginary beings, by which they pretend to be helped in the cure of diseases, they are as deficient as their credulous compatriots of any religious system." He tells how his Indians had been reiulercd ceremonially unclean by killing the Eskimo, which condemned them to abstinence of many kinds. " When the time to put an end to these ceremonies arrived, the men, having carefully removed the women, lighted a fire at some distance from their tents and threw into it all their ornaments, their pipes and their eating utensils, which were soon reduced to ashes. They then prepared a feast, composed f)f everything that had been denied them during their time of expiation, and, when it was ready, they were all free to eat, drink, smoke and embrace their wives and children at will." Mackenzie gives the story of creation somewhat differently, making the large bird, which, according to llearne, produced all creatures from the fragments of the primitive dog, to call forth "all the variety of animals from the earth, except the Chipewyans, who were produced from a dog ; and this circumstance occasions their aversion to the flesh of that animal as well as the people who eat it." The same author says : " They are superstitious in the extreme, and almost every action of their lives, however trivial, is more or less influenced by some whimsical notion. I never ob.served that they had any particular form of religious worship ; but, as they believe in a good and evil spirit, and a state of future rewards and punishments, they cannot be devoid of religious impressions. At the same time, they manifest a decided unwillingness to make any communications on the subject. * * ♦ They believe that, immediately after their death, they pass into another world, where they arrive at a large river on which they embark in a stone canoe, and that a gentle current bears them on to an extensive lake, in the centre of which is a most beautiful island ; and that, in the view of this delightful abode, they receive that judgment for their conduct during life which terminates their final state and unalterable allotment. If their good actions are declared to predominate, they are landed upon the island, where there is to be no end to their happiness ; which, however, according to their notions, consists in an eternal enjoyment of sensual pleasure and carnal gratification. But, if their bad actions weigh down the balance, the stone canoe sinks at once, and leaves them up to their chins in the water, to behold and regret the reward enjoyed by the good, and eternally struggling, but with unavail- ' A^«^ ri: I 1 20 2 TRANSACTIONS OK THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. (Vol.. in^ eiulciivours, to reach the blissful island, from which they a excluiled forever." Our author, in another place, thus refers to the dances of the Slav and Do^ribs : " Duritij^^ our short stay with these people they amus( us with dancin^f, which they accompanied with their voices, but neith their soiijj; or their dance possessed much variety. The men ai women formed a promiscuous rin^. The former have a bone dagger piece of stick between the fini^crs of the ri^ht hand, which they ke( extended above the head in continual inotion ; the left they seldom rai so hij^h, but work it backwards and forwards in an horizontal directioi wiiile they leap about and thrcnv themselves into various antic postun to the measure of their music, always brinj^in^ their heels close to eac other at every pause. The men occasionally howl in imitation of son animal and he who continues this violent exercise for the longest pcri( appears to be considered as the best performer. The women suffer thi arms to haiif^ as without the power of motion." Finally, Mackenz treats of the game of the IMatter as played by the Ik-aver and Rocl Mountain Indians : " The instruments of it consist of a platter, or di.s made of wood or bark, and si.x round, or square, but flat pieces of met; wood, or stone, whose sides or surfaces are of different colours. The are put into the dish, and, after being for scnne time shaken together, a thrown into the air and received again into the dish with considerab dexterity, when, by the number that are turned up of the same mark colour, the game is regulated. If there should be equal numbers, tl throw is not reckoned ; if two or four the platter changes hands. * * They carry their love of gaming to excess ; they will pursue it for succession of days and nights, and no apprehension of ruin nor influeni of domestic affection will restrain them from the indulgence of it." After the mention of certain feasts and dances. Father Morice add: " Another observance, formerly in vogue among the Carriers, was tl the-tsoebii'oes (precipitate exit). This was analogous in character to, not identical with, a practice of which we read as having existed amor certain European and Asiatic nations, the Lycantliropia of the ancient the Loiipgarou,o{ France, the Persian Glioule, the Teutonic Weltr-rvolj all, probably, the result of a simulated ecstasy of superstitious origi In the case in question and on the occasion of a large gathering aborigines, a band of men would suddenly run out of a lodge, an simulating madness, would, amidst wild yells and incoherent songs, mal frantic efforts to bite the passers-by, or, failing in this they would .sei; upon a dog and devour him on the spot. * ♦ * Apart from t! superstitious dances of which mention has been made in the precedir |Voi.. V. which they are noes of the Shives :<)|)le they amused voices, but neither The men and - ;i bone da^f^^er or , which they keep they seldom raise )rizontal direction ; ous antic postures, heels close to each 1 imitation of some the longest period women suffer their l''inally, Mackenzie Beaver and Rocky :)f a platter, or dish, flat pieces of metal, nt colours. These ihakcn together, are h with considerable )f the same mark or equal numbers, the mges hands. * * * will pursue it for a af ruin nor influence ulgcnce of it." •"ather Morice adds : le Carriers, was the us in character to, if iving existed among ■opia of the ancients, "eutonic Wehr-wolf : superstitious origin, a large gathering of ut of a lodge, and, :oherent songs, make :his they would seize * Apart from the lade in the preceding i8<)<>-07. TlIK DliNICS OK A.MKRK A IDKN I II IKH WITH TIIK TlNdl S OV ASIA. -!03 paragraph, the Western Denes observed n(j religious ceremonies. They made no sacrifices, worshijjped no deity, and had no definite ciiJtus, unless we dignify with that name the Shamanism of the Northern Asiatic races which obtained among them. True, they vaguely believed in a kind of impersonal and undefined Divinity, not (juite pantheistic, but r.itlier more so than individual, almost co-essential with the celestial forces, the cause efficient of rain and snow, winds and other firmamental phenomena. They called it Yiittorn' (that which is on high), in Carrier, liut they did not worship this power — they rather feared it and endeavoured to get out of its reach, or, when this was impossible, to propitiate it and tiie spirits who were supposed to obey it. with the help and through the incantations of the //(///i.'^r// or conjurer. This shjiman was credited, when exercising his mysterious art, with the power of controlling the coming or departing of evil spirits, lucn when not actually conjuring, he was believed to be able to kill by his mere will any objectionable person. Mis services were called into requisition in time of famine, to prevent tempests, procure favourable winds, hasten the arrival of salmon and ensure its abundance, but, more generally, in case of .sickness, which they believed to be concrete (not unlike the microbes of modern chemists), and always due to the presence or ill-will of spirits." Elsewhere Father Morice says : " We find that the Navajos and Apaches .still hold to their superstitious beliefs and ceremonies, antl keep themselves aloof of any civilizing influence." The mythology, rites and ceremonies (jf the Apaches and Navajos are very elaborate. Some of them are treated in the Fifth and Fighth Annual Reports of the United States Bureau of Fthnology, by Dr. Washington Matthews and Mr. James Stevenson. These tribes had altars and sacrifices, but whether they sacrificed white dogs, as formerly did the Dakotas, I have no present means of knowing. The eating of a live dog by the Carriers in their lycanthropy looks like the degradation of an original rite connected with the animal, and the almost universal tradition that derives the Dennis from a canine ancestor is too remark- able to pass over. In his Three Carrier Myths, Father Morice gives three such traditional stories, one of which is embalmed in the Dogrib name. One of the Tungusi tribes was called " Indachun takurara Golo," the region where dogs arc kept. In a paper contributed to the Royal Society of Canada, Father Morice has illustrated the propensity of the D^n^s to borrow foreign customs, and thus almost necessarily to lose their own. It is, therefore, hardly begging the question to ask whether the white dog sacrifice of the Tungus may not have been one of the D^n^ rites that have fallen into desuetude in the course of years. ^-■'•'-^-■- ■ "^-^ "iV". v:,-^:?"-?^ .i-gr''.-^ '^'fi;'"-:^!*- ::fr'].s^'' ■ <^X- 'ft -i^' m;;i I I i'r !iiH' iiii liii f ' !• 204 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITU THE LANGUAGE OF THE TUNGUS AND ' An instance of the strange over lookingof things at one's hand is the conduct of Mr. Lucien Ad the author of a Mantchu grammar and the anal Western Montagnais, failed to perceive the intimat grammatical systems. The Tungus and the D6r peculiarity of Northern Turanian languages, that postpositional, and place the genitive and ace regimen. In these respects they agree with the Ja of Asia, and the Dakotan, Iroquoian, Muskhogear families of peech which I have classified as Kh differentiated from the Khitan languages by 1 Father Morice calls attention to the monosyll; substantives, as Adelung and Vater did long agi Mantchu. The former says : " A third process change of meaning by intonation or vocal inflectior some — not all — of the Den^ tribes. Some of these proper to fractions of tribes only. Thus jya, wh almost all the dialects, becomes 'louse' to a So pronounced in a higher tone." Adelung has man supposed Chinese peculiarity in Mantchu, as wh( instance, means I, to be, to have, to leave ; /;s gave much trouble to the Spaniards before they were subdued ; this did not take place until towards the seventeenth century. The Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg writes : " There is reason to believe that the Othomis occupied the mountains and valleys of Anahuac a considerable time before the Nahoas and the tribes afterwards known by the name of Toltecs. Rude and barbarous in their persons as in their customs and language, leading a hard life, preferring the mountains to the plains, the Othomis have pre.served, since the farthest removed period of Toltec tradition, the same manners and the same icfiom, without ever becoming absorbed in the nations settled beside them, who persecuted them more than once, and have themselves |:)assed away without leaving a trace behind. Their language, rough a.; thcm.selves, is monosyllabic, embracing every kind of sound, but destitute of grace, exhibiting, nevertheless, in its simplicity something majestic that savours of antiquity. It calls itself ' Hiang-Hiung,' that is to say, the language that endures and is permanent, and the name ' Othomi ' which those who speak it bear, expres.ses in a touching way, their condition of dependence and misery in the course of matiy ages ' never quiet." Whence came the Othomi ? Through what countries did they pass before descending to Mexico ? What is this language m " \^^ , •"'s'V" ^^~ ■ TI7!T<^ ^^•' ,.^,-rr->'-^1JI ^T^*^^''»,<"j:>*^i IL I'iWl ! ii lilt 1 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. (Vol. V. so different from others to which they give the name of the permanent hiang-h'ung? All that i.s known to-day is that they preceded the Tolteci., and that they not only inhabited the province of Tula before the foundation of the kingdom of that name, but also a considerable portion of the regions of the Aztec table-land. Though rude and barbarous now, they are far from the state of mere savages, which seems never to have been their condition. Harsh mountaineers, they have always been known as an essentially agricultural people, acquainted with the same arts as the other peoples of Mexico. In their simple religion, deficient of the ceremonial and superstitious rites of the Toltecs, they seem to have preserved longer than others the purity of the ideas of natural law. They recognized only one God, creator of heaven and earth, to whom they gave the name ' Okha,' composed of O, which means remembrance, present notion, and of Kha, holy. For heaven they said ' Mahetzi,' from ma, place, he, extent, and tzi, in circumference." " The first of their chiefs who had been their guide in Anahuac, named Otomitl, or Othon-Tecuhtli, in the Nahuatl tongue, received from them a sort of inferior worship. Two other less exalted heroes or divinities of their's are known, one called Atetein and the other Yoxippa. They showed most devotion to the last. His chief feast was celebrated in the fields ; it lasted four days, which were passed in eating and drinking amid great rejoicings. They recognized also an evil principle which they said to be the author of all evil ; they called it ' E ' the malevolent. They attributed great power to their diviners and conjurers, and made use of their ministry to consult the gods and lay the souls of the dead. The chief of these diviners to whom the name Tecuhtlato was given, had the rank of high-priest, and enjoyed great reverence in his nation. The temple of Yo.{c, I). vv'idaliii T., der^fi .\tiintthu. all kiiiitlan, kwantlati. ffiMiiii, tfarulzi .M. arm nala. n^ala. tiikka. axu taih. hhashill. shuko. theni, thyiile, tsintli. tabtir. bad tschoolta. kaniiilt. bark alah. uliiz, latuz. urta, arekte. ttuz. IuUch^^ o^dv'kon. boar stiN., Has, /us. yas. ii^shuki, iichikan, kiiti. beard edara, tarra. tshurkan, garKal. sala M, beaver ts.'ih, sha. /..'lb. chattala. belt shoedh. Ivyat. belly katfott. lx»er . chiikito. 11 r, oor. papiit. chefell M. bird kak.-ishi. ^asha. f^i;skha M. tsoje, tshiasi, tshetsha. doghi, doi. black tkhNiinc. klazin. sakhaliyai) M., sachriii. tar/i, diilktis. kara M., tshakarin, atra (dark), blood sko, skai, tab. .shosha, sb.iksbo. shtule. tiitkhl. su«al, sooKial. htiie detleze. Isai, tse, ttsi, allachi, shaluzi. tshiirin. boat dsau, dyaii. djacba M, yraktadjati. body skotil, cheziikbtai. giidi^e, iikit (belly). ezi. beye M. Ixiw nettuny. nonKa. klintiin, alhtin. lunga. bov tshil. tai>'iiz, tsiah, tazyuzc. chiirkonoM. "^ ? ' • adzijfbe (small). diiiias, tinji, tenair. kunga, kiingakaii. bread kliiithchii. kiltora. breast tsoo, tthu, adsoh. tacfheii M. brother chah, kacb.iocb. shoiia, scliaii>;:i. hati, .tki, agi M. akin, kongakan, achtin M. buflfalo ... ahkik. yakkay. iiktir, hiikiir, kiikiir chasska. chitikun. Kiddy. MTeldak. chief nitzilin. nyunga, noyon. biichahiidry. turun-bayo. child tshilaks, quelaquis. iili, aljukan. beye. buyadzui. is-chynake. kungakan. astoque chtito, kootian. clothes thuth, tsuda, tsthi. teti, tctti. taink, togaai. etukti, tetiga, targraha. etlunay. shun. cloud kkoh, kkswosh. tukshu, taushu. I "■""'"™™— '""..-.so,...,,. '■"I'l , , , fungus. "Kylilsihie.-iii, •■'I'll'luirun M. .'iiliv.ul/i.., '"■Ttfiion. .M. "ikkudi., hun^kox, „„.,„„i ^'•"''''.f""' •'-'•O...C... '*,"•"'"•''"""«.•.. »u/.»fu,. ■ '"*f'"''"'''' '"*?>">••'. inKinU,, lopiHT . ■■■■ '■''•"'•I'.H.. udi-ssav. hnchi.^.,, .^, Jark .....■; "-•"Xs.u-il.hosc, ■,)„.„„, '"';'"''''• dn„,f|,,„ •-■•Iiolkus. •-'"'"'I'CMi, Lshirit. iiieihit. haktcTvakiK., J.,., Mskai. '"i.iiljii. liljl*.!!!. '"ihadka. ilrin, klut. 'irifaiii. U...d... '■•'"■ ^■'"■'■"»fo,ja.u-». "'■'''■■'• i'i"i. lazan. """K. iiunjfa, 'iillliin. hiidcii, hiiddaii. dcvr .... '"•"~. '^liwvl.H it. I'dJer.n. "''••■'. iiflsiziv. "ii'lcnn, iliii ri„. "'•■'.M/f, moirhisl). ""I'lJiicliiN, (,.||,,. hatshiih, vutzaili. '<""ialtHUM'a. nil.'ih. inla. xhlaa. kholaa. skona. kah. koh. saekh.'ille. kak.'iklat.-tii>ii. eJ/.ai. tit'liili. ethi. hitsi. chittri. eeyah, yaha. yas. y.'itakahiMuo- yuyan. t.'ionwechon. kun.'i/.nl. nidh.'i. n.'ihdesestk.'i. woel.'i. .-i/ooinieuU.ih. ye. zeh, jetz. kune. kiiin, ki>nan|{h. kuntukh. kiitlakat. sukkini. etsnyoh. aholeey. dinnie. dene>u. ttat/. thiin, tnn. satsiiM. sh.'it.'iin. chitsih. ketle. atls. shies tay. USSR, oshia. inonsai. nosai. kUiek. L'ha^utt. ntteis, tish. lekhe. kissaki. marsh, peiilso. tl.ny. rsih. kakikltoun. touey, talotin. vun. pinjf, pungent. ni.'o^iih. ntithee. '/'llllgUS. njunKJaki (kihihu). ashatka. asatkan, itljiikiMi-ashadka. s.irkan-.tl/.iit. Khooi'kan (daiiK'iter). pu. hiinhi M. iMniil. tinuili. (fenenie M. Keiil^ai'. y.inakal. neriiU'p. K> lul.'tkun. Klu'i^oki. ssain. *>rehi>. orokto, orat. ek/sliain, e^djitn. anilia .M. i>kdi, choydi. tsluirin. Ishi'r4>ll> . shenil>an. shi^^il^en (siu>\v). niiuiril. In)ksy.'iki. inai'lt;.la. knr.'itli. iidshu, iitshu ,M. nuid/i-lon .M. shel.'t'i.i. ahkha M. th.'Ui^si^lla. n\an^'n.'i. \apiishin, ^^hoehsin. klialkhon. iieniyakde. n\ .'inil.'in. nyamaldan. ilju, il/ii. d/sho. MuU. Kiilya. nioriKuljuk. jal.ihiishara M.. djalt^.irrain. ei^en M. .idi. eiliii. .'id> wn. edin. djuko. djncha. tshntsheni. tshctshinni;i (i\ipper). djikt.'i (Clipper). trirokt.i. -ilat\a-tshlrll (lopper). ik.'i. iko iniitshen M. kalau. okallan. ehie^i'n. utsh. chiieii, koto, parta, pttrt.'i. tsherk.'in. hiirt.'i. tonar, ton^or. amundji. anui/i, ainatch, amut. <8<)6-i)7. TiiK ni4NiJ:s Of amkrua inKNTiPiKn with thk tingis ov asia. -•'7 Ui lauyh iBRf leK li'MKth life liKht liKhtiiin^' . , . , lips man inartci . . mot\'asins. moon morning . . niollur . . nunnitain mouse . . . . mouth . . . nails , . neck night . . . . no nose . . . old .... . pain pipe rain kvhiik.'il. alii. ;itan, ^'liitun. tin.iJMUii, ii.ikaitshun, ki-itshin. KwaNhini, Inelhan. kin. rliitlialh, edzare. ku.'iti.'i. anna. ^hinn.'ih. kiMul.'iih. ri-nah. attri, hutkhlin. iiahttinkun. kwntatlek. fj.'iniu'. p:i\ >alina\ . leiitfi. t'UK'i. ten^hie. ilt'nt^, ilina\, tana. titHiin. i|uaiet.'ii. :ik'. tclu'laqui, tsehilje. t.'ikhkhile. tli.ili, tshinili. Uini'lu'c. kilikoi, kesUiil. alt/.i, i){li.'ilishi. tialtolla. klan.ii, klaihonoi, tiakannu. Iscll.'UK'. Ii.'iei, kai'li.'i. kaJamatonali. altktni. \'un, pimet.'i. .'inmia. n.'ih, na.'i, .'inna, an, lum. ts-.-itl, tsuti, tiillkool. s-elie'.l, klehl, -.aiiri. /ctli, Jdhah, chesh. j^loiine, kloiin^e. tan. na/ai. ni/ik. ta, edha, hu7.zay. niUassut. wickkost. huekquon, lK'...e\vatl. cliekoh sehonite. kleakut, kliltohl. hiitlih. khutli. i>ssay, nokwa. toh, ta, doo. nenzi, iiinintsis, mintshesh. huntchu, chintsih. hutchih, witchess. ata, saiyidhelkai. iyah, tsin. tsikatsuh, tekatsi ; teka (tobacco). tchandellez. tsin, naoton. alkun, alcorn. natkhlhika. 7'iiiigus. inyaklokal. ahdah.i .VI. auilaiiita, audanila. ch.inlshen (knee). ehye»{eM (knee). iinKon (knee). tyshak (knee). ^honamin. inn>, inen. innikin, veiehun M. indyn. erjfen. tirg,-i, lir^ani (da\ ). talkian M tapkitan. hugani-utula. aedjen. biiye, hey, evenki. donki, di>nKK^^> dun^>(i;i. dj.'in. djetsehen . o>d/.ah, djakuta. t.-r/eu, tojfoya. ehing.'in, chiintshun. ni;dm,'i, on^t,fi>lo. antshiil.'ikii, s.'iehaltslia, tljusheii. dyukon (otter). unta tjulcha. del.itsha, dulyadja (sun). nullan, nyultan (sun). shun, shi^tin (sim). hcRa. tematna. erde M. unoki. erne .M. ani, oni, an>a, enie. tsolchon M. urra, ere, alin M. Kokda, Kokdakan, akatschan. tsli.'ilooktsh.'in, tslnn^irkan, singeri. an^'^,'a M. aedjen (lips). iista. bilBa, bilcha M. niki^i, nikin. golban. .iktera, atra (dark). .'iko, aku. atcha. niqsha, onokt.ih. untfata, ongot. ogot, oiokt.'i. s.akda, shagdi. even. lagon. tekdol. od,in, uddun. shi^t^ilf^an (snow). oloksha, ulaksha (wot). *l! 'W^.fiJi'-.C' !^' r j! ^""*f 4:}* ■ f: ■M 218 TRANSACTIONS OK THE CANADIAN INSTITCTE. [VOL.^V. English. red river >. salt sand sea to see to sing sister to sit to sleep sni.ill snake . . . son soul .... to speak. spoon . . . spring... star stone stronj? . . . . summer. . . sun teeth thread . . , thunder . .. to-day .... to-morrow ...ntrue .... tulkun, JiilkuM. tilii'l. tig-altil. delicouse, delksozi, tkhlsscwe. surkencr, towkahuntsha. hun. khanee. okox, ukokh. sekargut. kutnii. ted hay. totuzlkun. chey, shay, e.npashk. cshi, yuKsee. utschtsfhiilia. ncstah, nontah. luinitlin. nhhi. shin, cschen, iitshin. chih. chidh. schutta, tatscha. dhintih. naniistce, nanistin. azut, tsetcz. hoosh. it tern, netsul, misul, nintsool. snl. tsootah, astekwoo. nadudhi. /iazay. naskai. eyunc. yatltik, yaltuck, katlijach. kanna. schitl. olte, a^"i>ltsin. sii. klune, shium. sun, sum, ssin. delH-ayhe. khal]at>lie kunishaet, keemshaet. kiohla. tschayer, kulehniki. zeh. seh, chi, t.-ieha, tse. tsi, ' ^iinzuii. honH^zil. ssin. saner, tan. ytlkun, taltohna. ehij^nonakai, chokonoi. channoo, skeemai. e^^^ho, ho\vj?o, howwah. shti, esu, shij^o. sakoisth. mo. idt. titnaik. nahtuno. ganneh, kiintsMi, ji^anitzin. an til. karooman. {jfambeli. puntt. tziila, natsol, thula. tljnlja, szyho. Ttmgits. chul^ian, fnlachun M siifjel (blood). kula: i, ulaty. sekiyen M. eyen M. okat. \\\i\S^\r. okatshan. tak. tnruka, davusun. chulikton, semH^i. anuitsh, anuizi (lake), ttshesliim. iUschiawetshittal, ctshikuerern. oshinitschettc. ashiniitschere. iy'oornn ikan. oki. ashadka, asatkan. teme M. anu'tshen. adjikta. ukladaJ. ukladaku. iiklyarem. nitkun. nitshukiin. chnlyokun. .idzij^rhe. nof^ai. hutta, dzui M. ucichiin. ^foli, turateikta. :,''uken. ehendnmbi M. kuili M, tschinaka. obhiiasha. iisikha M. hanlcn. shen. shi^^un, shivnn (sun), dyleg-a (sun), delatsha (sun), ntaniikta. djolo, dzshool. Ja. hysha. veche. ehusun M an^^anal. dyoj^-anni. UTj^ani (day). shi^un. sij^funi. shun, shivun. veihe, veike M. itsh, ikta. iktal. umi. addi, akdi, ashdoo. akdjan. enennj^i, eshetianjif. t>sitirM:a. tumi. chiniaUa ziniacha M , teiiianta. tsholi. ilua a:-3 .1896-97. THE D^NES Of AJIKRItA IDENTIFIED WITH THE I I NtllS OF ASIA. 219 English, Di'ii,'. Tmigus. tonj^ue lasom. ilenK^u. yui\e. k.'inat. tree choonia nui. tctshiin, t.'ikiin, tecliun. budj.'ui (fiirest) M, tsbal.-iroo>a. mol (forest). v.illey dilaUooi, tekalkttlkiil. t;ila. konakon, kiinatri. koont.i. village kohal.'ii. falan M. zekkeh. tokso M. to walk ts-,iiiitl, Kihhey.nil. shurukel (to go). kaee?idio. gynakun (to go). yiicko kiiyyal. yavkan \,'inakal (to go). w.Tter to, toh, toe, too. tkho. tygda (r;iin). thiinajjalffus. tckdol (rain). tL-hd<'in (rain). chii. kaja. Uo. agha (rain). to weep hunt 7. -I. shoiigodz. white kliyul. hlekiil. giltaldi, giltaldin. talk.'ii. delks;iy geltadi, w.agd.lri. itesina. shangiyen. wife sak, at, tsniat. aki, ;iji asi. adjiu, atshiu /a> imai, tsekiinselin. sarkaii M, wind atse, etsec. edilvii tatfi. tit (storm). niintsi. ayanedun (storm). eldo. niltse. winter hon^kazone. ttlgOIUli. wolf yoss. yush. guski>, gushko, gusika. noonooy«\ . nioihe .M wolver'ne n.ljjuiy;ii. yentaki. woman t.seke, shiko. okhe, chaka. etchatfah. tseukeia. heghe, cheche. adjiu, atshiu (wife). ttsekwi. ashiwu (wife). saltiirn. sarkan .\I. (wife). wood tetshiin, dekiii, dethkin. budjiiii M. (forest). tsush. shigi, ishig (forest). tsroh. urae (forest). wood, forest teshintlan. kenila. to work chakljfschejahga. goorgalden. to write edesklis. tatloh. dethore, tiiltsau. dokli, dokiikal. yellow shurin. ves ha, hauh, ahuh, alio, antf, hum. y.'i. J ^^ inu M. yesterday hulta. iitlta, iitlutltan. .'tehelt,'uia (evening) voungf kechitedha, klatakoltinilla. asicha, ashcha. niioIsi>olktshan. I hwe. shi. hi. Thou ssi, si. He iyc. iyi. i. atinne, cdinne. tere. no\an. {y.-xnuk. niingenatsh.i. We wane. be. bol ntnkontlaii, nachune. noiig.'iiuibe Vi,u she, k.ajuku. hontatl. soue, sowe. ellia. They tsii. teso, tchc. this. e>er. ere. that tiri. lai. tere. many, much lalxlu. who ? nunt/ui. ni. Mipolii, we. li .i,ii.ii_.ij]tin,j.i .jjupnij ■*H!^:i3^ 220 TRANSAtllONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITl TK. [Vol. V. 10 English. 1 . . 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diiiie. lahsc, t.ishtc, etschn, titsoh. lihlii^'f;n, tnthl.-ii, kisjilcka. n.iki, n.'ike, nihkcc, nckni. nnnkh.iy, nankuh, nankoh. tahc, ta({C, takkf, takci. taiiK. ilunkht', tinikc. tciiki. chwola. sinviillak, schwallah. i-lkctalicy, iilkitake, kooslak. tltiz. titi/iiddiinkhf, oukaiUin^kce. c-lkei-diiiKhe, etsudeentay. koostcnckha. ka\'iia\'Jay, kwiinesa. '/'llil\'lis. J\sak, ilishak, Kamtfhittitite. attajlik, Tihuktchi. nicclitsh, Koriak. liatif^a M. tsok, tshoiik, Kamtvhtiiinlf. ili^in, ili^iMl, Titn^ua (4). douin M. tiin^fa. ti>n^aii, Tititf^iis (5). koinlcli, h'tinttrhaiiiile. kilkok, Tiiitj^Hs, k> lkitk:i. Kamtihailalf. otj^atiMiok. 7'unf^us. fttu'littitiuk, Kanitfluiiliui'. tshi)ki»ttMiok. 7'ungits. tshotiidiiiuif^, h'anttchatiaif. tshakatDMok, Tunffus. 1sliakataiu>ch, h'nmtehadale, kuincL'httik, Komtfhndale. tsli\iinkotak. Titngits, APPFNDIX II. COMP.ARATIVE \OC AHLL.ARV OF THE OTHOMI WITH THK TINT.LS •WD DEXl^ L.WGLAGES. English. afr.'iiJ ... . arm axi- bad beast . . . belly bird black . blotid blue b«at lH)dy bime biiw Ixiy to break . . . brothel' . . . . to call cane chief cloud cold to come . . . ( )t/ioiiii. ttzu. ya. yani. ttatji. ilu>. h\o. hin^, n;ilU/v^. b;uMit. bite, tionibi. ttzintey. biii, l>ode. bothi. qui. ccan^ui. inohtz-a. tfhai, haiitjKici. ruU>yo. za. by, iso. b:ihtsi, butsi. yaxkhi, soKfi. cu, ida.t qhuada. da sothi. bethyo. hmu, no>,'ue. Kui. tzaa. ehe. '/'iiii,i;iis ami D('iii'. nil-tshut I>. inay.in T., b,'ini;a T. (hand); kiin. skona I). tukka T.; taib I). ekhe T. eiani; T.; nunt/un I). bi>yuii T.; elUmi I). boya T. (body); bitt, voct. papnt O. niuriKyaki T. (t^oose), doghi T.; tsihtsoh, dettani I). bochokon T. (dark). shosha T. ; sk-** >. niochuii T oimi, oiiuoi^cho T.; mctaui P. ukyt T. (belly); ezi. nizi I). nuM-kwut 1). ka, kaza I). luita, dziu T. (son); jay, eyaze I). buyadzui T.; yaase. eyozc I). bekkeschtz I.), aki, deu, ekdan T. ; chah, de. skill,! I>. tetquh I). hunniu, nyunjfa T. : inowdisli. toeneza 1) tiihu, tutfi T.; kkoh, kos I). shakhorun T.; edz.ih, azoii I). dsi, ishi, dnhi T.; yeudessav I). RP 1896-97.] THK DENKS 1>K AMKRICA IDENTIFIKU WITH THK TINCIS OF ASIA. 321 English, corn to dance . . . . (lay death deer to descend . to d>' make. d"B door to drink ... ea^lc car earth to eat eKtf enemy .... evening . . . eye to fall .. . family far father feather ... female ..... field finger fire fish flesh flint foixl foot forest . . . friend . . . from fruit girl to give . . . tf (Hi tfoid goixl ... . grave great green .... hair ...... hand head heart heaven hot house hunger . . . husband . . . idol kettle to kill knee knife lake ( Uhoiiii, delha. nci. pa. tu, du. phanti'hc hot-phani. ctii, gai. qha. t/ahtvii. gosthi. nyvtti, tzi. tzithe. xyni. B"- hay. tzi, tza. mado. diMii. noogui, ytzaqui. nde. da. tagi, dagi. qhai. yanih. ta, hta. sihui, sini. nsu. hatha. zaha. dehe. hua. ngoe. astio, di>tzbi. him', thuhme. nliihiiiii. gua. Iwrza. ntylx'. iihepha. dtHMigahu. tti.xii, n?tuh,-ihtsi. ra. oqha. ccaxtti. nho. inanho, niz;i. ha. yagi, otzei. na, m.'innoho, ndi. bucthc. si. .vt.'i. y;i, na, naxtiui, nasinu. myi. inahi'tzi. pa. ngu, buy. thului. dame. hetqh.n, phetrigha. tzamqua. ho, hio. nahnui. d,'iquhu,'li. nK>he. pt>sdi'hc. '/'iii/giis ami D^ni. dji-kla T.; djiyr l>. (fruit). U7nutti, Mitetai O. shiwun T. (sim); vun, puncta O. (morningjf butschit, edderen T.; tatsai, itini I). buchu, kandachan (elk), bayun (reindeer) T.; batshich, od-hun H. M-ha, kia, gia T. ; ah-goshlah I>. katshikan, itul.ichun T. ; tllka I). ut.sche, tiigha T.; tathi I). djebdau T. (to eat); esdan, chidetlch 1) kyren T. ; dat.inni.tchos I>. korot T. : ocho, zach I). na, usin T. ; keia O. dshemc T.; setze O. oomta, omukta T. ; pukka D. cnHi'i, ;»ts.choen P. y.imdzi T.; n;iai, iiachiai O. eha, e^^ha, tuanibi T. (to see); eta, ente I). ki>h l>. (riiiuse). .'intshuii T.; niz.'it, nijah 1). ata, tab I). tsuth, tshus, tab D. nechu T.; ttseyannc I>. pitema, bik<'iii T. simchun T.; slutskca. cull I"). ure, mol, budjaii T.; tsbalacooya D. (tree). unte I), (love). noempa H. iljiye. nli't : iiitzi I), (str.-iwbcrry). ash.'itka, bctti'lc. un.idjikuto.T. ; tshekias, diltsl I). gl-cvH>ki T.: tibugun I). djikt.i T. (copper); ,itis; chitsih H. (iron). etniovi, sain T.: nuzzo, nezun, ienesou I). changar T.; Isungut I). .'imba, hadvuga 'P.; w.-ine, nintsha, imsbaw, nitsih D owtikto T. (gr.-iss). ingakta T.; zuga. ilse. ethisa, hutsee I). hanga. gala T.: la. I.ib. law, skona 1). onkoto, shengin T. (forehe.id); nuntse, nuittsai D. mewiin. mewam T. ; se tuiiyitz, bitsi I). iibkha, niengnv't T.; \atak.ibonzo, nuntsi (jiir) O- yapusbin F.: wuzul, wela I). mom.'iLljuk. btH> T.; kon.'uigh, koh I"). ilj,-imushim, yiiyim T.; t.'ii I), (famine). edin T.; dciieyu, dinnie I). >iitti>ere O. (god). mutsben T.; nu>nsai. sebin ]>. kokan T. (death); uzeagba I). n\\>ngi T.; n.-ikaitshun I) (leg). chueji, kotii T. ; tckbe, texc O. omo, iimuzi. amutt T. (sea); maigah, pungut I). * TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITITE. [Vol. V. English. Othomi. to learn p.'idi, deji. life. te, hyi. light hiattzi. lightning nhuei. lizard matga, botga, ttzathi. to love madi. male ta. man yeh, yehe, nanyehe. dame. month zana. jiioon zana, rzana. morning sudi, hiatzi. mother be. Die. mountain , . . tthehe, ganthe, xantle mouth ne. name thuhu, thohr. near guethua. sui. night no hinna. north moby, mahuihgi. nose siu. xiyv, xinu. niiya. now pain dumyi. rabbit qhua. rain ye. rainbow beccni. red ntheni. river dathe. salt u. sea mimthe. to see nu. shoe /cthsi. sick gehe, hienni. sin tzohqui. ttzogi. to sing tuhu. sister nqhu, qhuhve. skin si, siphri. cha. to sleep small ttygi, notzi. snake qqena. south madatti. star tze. stone do. sun hiadi. bindi. to take ha. hiani. teeth tzi. thunder nyquni. to-morrow .... nisudi, rihiatzi. tongue qhane. tree bay. rz-a. eamrz-a. turtle saha. to walk yooiii. wall ghoti, ghado. ne.'isi. tulmi, magagui. war water dehc. to weep rzoni. a well lyytzi. west mayyi, yybiadi. ritiii:;iis and Di'ii^, tatshinT.; udhestthan I). indyn. vi-'him T. ; giittah, mainch P. tek, erdt T. (morning); attri I). nyama T. (Hame); nabtunkuii I). itiogai T. (snake); nadudhi (snake), ttsale O. (frog). amuran T.; nute I). edshe T,; ten O. bey, lthiakh;i T,; sykka. enday I). edin, donki T.; dini. tana P. men. nan 1). shen T. (sun); tschaiie I). tek. erde T.; katoomau 1). (to-moriow). cme T.; .amma I). dabaga, gokda, yang. davan, emkir T,; zcth, ddhah. tzati I). •tiiga T, ; nazai, nizik I), gorbiT,; kedetude, vorzih 1>, khantchi T; nihtuk O, shikshe T. (evening); tsis, hkah P. mangga T.; ownluh P. ogot, ongat;\T.; hutcbin. butchib, cbintsih, nenzi P encnggi T, (to-day); ganneb P. choonatshT.; tsin P. tuhaki T.; koh P. agha T.; ebu, ko. kaj.i P. (water). bohre T. (Iniw). ulatyn ; sengi T, (blood); dulkun P. okat T. ; tesse. t;iseke P. davusun, tak T. ; tedhay I>. amundji T.; pungut P. (lake). omnin T.; aiin, nent.ib P. unta, guleba; dootan T. (stocking); kcskut, kincbi P. eyenT.; eya. tinneluh P. kotat, ssui T. ikanT.; shin, butybn. tsutsbun P. nougu, ckmu T. I'eri, ipree T.; uzuz, eve P. adjiktaT.; azut. tzetez P. adzighe, nitkun T,; astckwoo, nacoutza P, meikeT.; itini ; t.-menuz P. (r.'ittlt^snako). ujicha, otshikat T.; sii P. djalo T.; tsi. tse, ttza P. dulyadja, sben T.; sbethie. houtsah. channoo P. gbenoom T.; enesbi P. itsh, ikta T.; esu. hti P. akdjan T.; indnaih. titnaik. nabtuno P, tsbaguda T, (alter to-morrow); katoonian. punti P inni. eiiga T. ; kanat P, mo ; yraakte (larcb); obkomchora (juniper) T.; cbooma. tsbalaoooya ; tsroh (wood) P. genembi T.; kaeendie P. cbooniat, ko^isikatshin. dzsbarg.amat T,; tatzuzan, taiitltzan (to kill) P. tygda (rain) T.; tu. toah P. shongon T.; huntzah P. yuukto. guiudzeren T.; kwtzil (wet land) P. mmm ^iPiP"VPi!PiP mmmnfm^'m 1896-97.) THE mtlNftS Ol- AMKRICA inKNTIKIKO WITH THE TlNOl S OK ASIA. 223 English. Oikami. riiiigus ami Dthn'. "f"'*'' "■•'zi. k'c'lt.idi T.; itfsina 1). "■f" il.itzu, Bli.ida. adjiu ; chi-che(\voinaii) T.; Is-aiat. al D. W'"'' "d-'hi. i-ildcn T.; nuntsil). W'"B hu.i. Utah I). ""^■•'f muhii, t/iito. iiioche. tshipkakii. Kiisika. Balyiiki 1'.; nun, nnont'L-yay, yes, tshcc-onav I) to work paphi. *"■"»" nsu. nitsu, danxu. nccliu. djoanatkan (ffniali-l T. ; kyssynj, ttsejannt- I). y^^f Khfva. auKaiir T. ys h.-ia. ya T.; ha I). yesterday .... m.inde. yanid/.i (evening) I'.: purulala (murniiiBl; hulta l>. ' nu(fa, nugui, nu(fa«:a. nlyuu, tsunuz 1>. di. siit I). ''"ho" nuy. niinue nannnk, nunuz. iiiii 1). qui. shi T.; shi O. "^ nunn, hi V. nontfenalshe. i T.: unna, neyan, iyc. I). ^y*" nuKuihe. nouKenoohc I". ; mnihi-e. nachune I"). ^'"" naKuegui. sonwi- T.; nahhinno l>. They nuyu. tyiniyii I). ' "a. ra, unra. ennen Korink ; iiil.iM' I). ' yoho. yti'chgau K.; teiha I). i hi"- (fii'ch K. ; kahyay l>. 4 Booho. sfi),'ae T.; (jyrai'h K.; U'ucheh I). 5 cytta. soundeh.i T.; chiht-lukmili n. 6 rato. luff.u-, kilkokX.; tlkketase I). 7 •, yoto. ettjatanok T.; hoituhi I>. 8 hiato. djakun T.; ctsudccnt.iy I). •J cyto. dshugao, tshakaianok T.; lOoMcnrkha 1). 'O ratta, ra-tta. djulaka T.; atllshantal 0. 'oo L-) tta-tc, nanthclie. ncmadie. ihai T. \ ^ J