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The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplairo fiimi fut reproduit grfice d la g6n6rosit6 de I'Atablissement prAteur suivant : Dana Porter Arts Library University of Waterloo Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour Atre reproduites en un seul clichd sont filmdes A partir de I'angle supArieure gauche, de gauche A droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mithode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ' N. ^mmi I /' / d^s ^m L ;/5 o o a^,-* ■»• -•vr » ,r V "^V lii •*- ■73K _ TT""?cr~ — iJUMlttUk . AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE NEW WORLD: CONTAIMIMQ A GENERAL HISTORY or ALL TOB VABIOl'S NATIONS, STATES AND REPUBLICS OP THE WESTERN CONTINENT; COMPKISIXC THE KAIM.IEST DISCOVEKIES BY THE SPANISH, FRENCH, AND OTHEI! NAVIGATORS, AN ACCOIST OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS, AND A Complete History of the United States to the Present Time. INXLIDISG THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS, THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION, THAT OF 1812, THE MEXICAN WAR, AND A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TIE LATE REBELLION, EMBRACING THE BRILLIANT CAREER OF GRANT, SHERMAN, SHERIDAN, AND THEIR BRAVE COMPATRIOTS. WITH AN AITENDIX, CONTAINING THE CONSTITITION OF THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER IMPORTANT PUBLIC DOCUMENTS, AND VALUABLE STATISTICAL TABLES. EDITED BY JOHN L. DENISON, A.M., Editor of The Pictorial History of the Wan, Pictorial Naval Hiatory, The New World in German, etc. THE WHOLE ILLl'STRATED WITH OVKB THREE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS, COKSI&TINO OFBATTI.R .«0FNK3 VIEWS OP CITIES, FLAGS OF THE VARUM s NATIONS, PROMINENT EVENT.t, AND I'CIUTRAITS OF UISTINGIISHEU MEN. FHilM DESIGNS BY LOS-"IVG, CRIIOHE, UEVERAl X, AND OTUEB CELEBRATED AMERICAN ARTISTS. SOLD ONLY BY THE PUBLISHER'S DISTRIBUTING AGENTS. NORWICH, CONN.: PUBLISHED BY HENRY BILL. 18G8. Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the jrear i$6S, I'. Y HENRY BILL, In t!>e Clerk's Office of l!ie District Court for the District of Connecticut Putss OF Geo. C. R\sd & Avkkv, Boston. s .JlkdiStdiiwaa^rittaiiaraBwtMr^BtdHi PREFACE. The presentation of this volume to the public, real izes a long-cherished object of its author, and also sup- plies a want that has long been felt, but that has hith- erto been imperfectly if at all gratified.' It is intended as an " Illustrated History of America, or the New World," and is believed to be the most complete, if not the only attempt that has been made, to present in a single volume so interesting and comprehensive an amount of matter. As an accession to the library of the student or gen- eral i-eader, this volume, it is confidently believed, will be found of great value from the variety of its statisti- cal facts and details, so important for reference and use- ful information ; while its ornate presentation and beau- tifully illustrated character cannot fail to recommend it to public acceptance. In executing this task, the author has availed himself of the ample collection of historical works, which his studies and writings for many years have led him to amass ; and in condensing the history within the limits prescribed for the work, he has endeavored to avoid omitting any thing which wi»s important to be com- prised in a general history of the American continent. Such a history necessarily comprises many events of romantic and thrilling interest; and brings into view 4 PBEFAOB many characters wLo have won the admiration and applause of the world ; while its historical details con- vey many important and useful lessons in morals, mili- tary and political science, and legislation. To the American citizen all that relates to the history of his own country is always interesting; while the condition and character of the contiguous countries pre- sent objects of interest of a nature scarcely less attrac- tive. The pictorial embellishments which are inserted in the work are not intended for mere ornaments. Their use is to impress historical facts indelibly on th 3 mind. This effect of pictures is now so generally acknowledged, that they seem to be indispensable in a book intended for general circulation among the people. For this reason, a very large number have been inserted in the volume ; and they will be found by the reader to em- brace an unusual variety of interesting subjects. It is hoped that the work now submitted to the pub- lic will be found not unworthy of the same kind indul- gence which has been manifested toward the previous attempts of the author to advance the great cause of popular information. 1 *! - ■«^h«liMtMMUM*iM CONTENTS. rtm CHAPTER I.— Discoveries OF the Northmen.*. 13 II Discovery of Columbus 21 III. — Spanish Discoveries and Conquests 27 IV. — The Conqi'est op Mexico 36 v.— Reie.nt HisTKiiY OF Mexico 80 VI. — Central A.merila 91 VII — California 113 VIII.— Florida 120 IX.— Canada under the French 143 X. — Minor Provinces of B ritisr America 163 XI. — History op Oregon < 194 XII..— Greenland 198 XIII — Russian America 200 XIV — Settlement op Viroinia 203 XV. — Viroinia till the Peace op 1763 • 226 XVI.— Maryland 234 XVII. — Massachusetts 240 XVIII.— Settlement op Connecticut 259 XIX. — Rhode Island 264 XX. — Maine and New Hampshire • 266 XXL— New York 869 XXII.— New Jersey 281 XXIII. — Pennsylvania and Delaware 289 XXIV. — The Carolinas and Georoia S9S XXV.— The Seven Years' War 801 XXVI. — Commencement op the Revolution S» XXVII — First Hostilities of the Revolution 319 XXVIII.— Expedition to Canada 336 At i CONTENIS. I PAOI OHAP.XXrX.— Cajcpaion or 1776 334 XXX. — Campaign or 1777 and Conclusion of thb Treaty with France ■ 354 XXXI.— Campaign oi 1778 377 XXXII.— CA.MPAIGN OF 1779 3b9 XXXIII.- Campaign of 1780 403 \XXIV.— Cajipaign of 1781 417 XXXV. — Close of the Revolutionary War 435 XXXVI. — Organization of the Federal Government. Washing- ton's Administration 440 XXXVII. — Administration of John Adams 454 XXX VIII. — Administration of Thomas Jefferson 4o9 XXXIX. — Administration of James Madison 474 XL.— Campaign or 1812 48C XLL— Campaign of 1813 490 XLII— Campaign of 1314 .')04 XLIII. — Administration of Jame.s Monroe S20 XLIV. — Administration of John Qi:incv Adams 523 XLV. — Administration OF Andrew Jackson W5 XL VI. — Administration OF Martin Van Buren 529 XL VII. — Administrations of Harrison and Tyler 5?1 XLVIIL— History of Texas KM XLIX. — Administration of James K. Polk — Opening op thb Mexican War 5-10 L. — Operations or General Taylor 544 LI. — Operations IN California and New Mexico 560 LII. — Campaion of General Scott 5G4 Lin. — AmVINISTUATION OK TaVLOR (Jlj.i " " Fillmore fii8 LIV. — Admimsttiation or Pikboe 648 LV. — Administration of Buchanan ij.id LVI. — Aijmixistuation of Lincoln C7l LVII. — Administuatiox df Joiixsox 7G3 LVITI. — Canada uni>eh the Britisu. . , 769 LIX. — South America 7Sj LX. — The West Indies bll APPENDIX. ccnstiturion op the united states 831 Declaration of Independence 840 Articles of Confederation 843 Population of all the Counties in the United Siati's, accord- iNQ TO the Census of 1860 853 u LIST or THE PRINCIPAL ILLUSTRATIONS. PAG I Head Piece to Chapter 1 13 Discover}' oi' Greenland 14 Landing of the Northmen 15 Tyrker discovering the Grapea 16 Ships of the Northmen 17 Northmen trading with Indiana 19 Biorne's Presents 20 Columbus 21 Francis 1 23 Henry VII 24 Saihng of Columbus 25 Vespucci 26 Balboa 27 Fi'/MTO 30 Balboa discovering tliu Pacific Ocean 31 Fedrarias 33 Landing of Cortes 36 Olmedo 39 Volcanic Mountains, as seen from Tacubaya 43 ( 0« GERMAN MERCHANT FRANKFORT ON THE MAYNE 'JM/j" IMPERIAL STANDARD OF theCERMAN union; J 1 d C t( ir ni . lUmiwiuMTi mimMui CHAPTER I. DISCOVERIES OF THE NORTHMEN. jHE name of Christopher Columbus has so long lean associated with the first general knowledge of the New World, by Europeans, that numbers of the pre- sent day are ignorant of any discovery of our con- tinent prior to his time. There is conclusive evi- dence, however, of such discovery having been made, although the fact cannot in the least detract from the hard-earned fame of the Genoese mariner. The people whose records and traditions bear testimony to this event, are the Normans or Northmen. In ^the dark ages, the Northmen, natives of Scandinavia, which included Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, were the most daring ad- venturers of Europe. At different periods, they conquered portions nf France, England, Germany, and other nations of Northern and '•. 14 DISCOVERIES OF THE NORTHMEN. Middle Europe, and established naval and trading stations along all the north-western coast. They also fitted out numerous expeditions for distant parts, several of which visited Iceland as early as the ninth century, and established a colony there. In the year 986, Greenland was visited by Eric Rauda, (the Red,) who planted a colony on the south-eastern shore, and named it Brattalid. The whole country he called Greenland, either ironically or, most probably, for the purpose of alluring emigrants. Different settlements were styled Ericsfiord, Heriulfsfiord, Rafnsfiord, &c., after the names of the colonists. The Northern Chro- nicles give the honour of originating the spi- rit of discovery which resulted in first visit- ing the Continent now called America, to an . enterprising young man, named Biarne, son of Heriulf. He had distinguished him- self bv his activity in mercantile pursuits, and acquired great knowledge of men and society, by visiting foreign countries. When Eric's expedition sailed from Denmark, Biarne was in Norway ; but, on ascertaining this, when he arrived in his native country, he followed it thither. Being totally unac- quainted with Eric's course, the navigators wandered for some time upon the ocean, encountering violent winds and severe weather. This was succeeded by fogs. When the atmosphere again became clear, they discovered a level, sandy coast, swelling gradually into hills, whose tops and sides were crowned with thick woods. As this did not correspond to the description of Greenland sent to Eu- rope by Eric, no landing was attempted. On the following day, more land was discovered, presenting the same topographical out- line. Three days after, they came in sight of an island, and con- tinuing their course for forty-eight hours, they reached 'he southern extremity of Greenland. They were received gladly by Heriulf, und remained in Greenland, until his death, when Biarne succeeded the administration of affairs. CISOOVXB? OP OBXBNLAND. LANDING OF THE NORTHMEN. Ifi to an LANDINO OF TUB NOBTaMBN. ical out- and con- southern Heriulf, sucoaeded The account of tlie land seen by the young navigiUur excited much attention in the Greenland colony, and roused a spirit of ad- venture, somewhat singular in a youthful settlement. Under its inrtuence, a son of Eric, named Leit, purchased Blame's vessel, and, with thirty-five men, set sail on a voyage of discovery, (about A. D. 1000.) Touching at the island seen by Biarne, he called it Helluland, (flat land,) and reaching, soon after, the first land men- tioned by his predecessor, he gave it the title of Markland, (woody liind.) Two days after, they landed on an island covered with vege- tation, and then sailing westward, they reached the mouth of a river, •lear a strait which separated the island from a high promoiitoiy ' rr 16 DISCOVERIES OF THE NORTHMEN. \ f TYKiCBH DISOOVBRINO TUB OHAPBa. iiiiid. A lake was the source of this stream. Pleased with this wild spot, Leif determined to establish here a colony ; and, accord- ingly, erected wooden huts on the shore of the lake, and caused his goods to be conveyed to the lake in boats. After remaining some time, and building more commodious houses, ihe colony was organized into two parties, one of which explored the country at regular periods, while the other remained at home, the leader accompanying them alternately. On one of these expe- ditions, grapes were discovered by a German named Tyrker ; and from this circumstance the country was called Winelund or Vinland. fhis discovery, together with the mildness of the climate, and the great abundance of salmon and other fish in the river, rendered them still more wiUing to form a permanent settlement. DEATH OF TUORWALD. 17 ;?'* v'^^ ilh this accord- caused houses, xplored homi', e expe- r ; and "inland, nd the ?d them SHIPS OF Tax HORTHMXN. According to the chronicles and traditions of this discovery, Vin- land now forms the states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The other provinces visited by the Northmen are identified as Labrador. Nova Scotia, and the northern part of New England. The climate of the new-found province was delightful. The {pass is said to have remained green during winter, and the cattle, (luring the same time, placed at pasture in the fields. In the spring, Leif returned to Greenland with a cargo of wood, a circumstance that revived the spirit of discovery among his countrymen. His brother, Thorwald, sailed the following year in Leif's ship, reached the New England coast, and passed the winter at Mount Hope Bay. In the ensuing spring, (1002,) he again put to sea, doubled a cape, supposed to be Cape Cod, and sailed leisurely along the coast, until, he reached a headland overgrown with wood. Two skirmishes here occurred with the natives, in the latter of which Thorwald received a mortal wound. He had been instructed in the Christian religion by his brother, and feeling his death approach, he collected hi.s followers, and asked if any had been wounded. Being answered m the negative, he said : " As for me, I have received a wound under the arm from an arrow, and I feel that it will be mortal. I advise you to prepare immediately for your return : but ye shall linst carry my body to the promontory which I thought so beautiful, und where I had determined to fix my residence. It may be that it was a prophetic word which fell from my lips, about my abid- ing there for a season. There shall ye bury me, and ye shall plant a Bii 18 DISCOVERIES OF THE NORTHMEN. a cross at my head and another at my feet, and ye shall call the name of the place Krossanes ^Cape Cross] through ail future time." After Thorvvald's death and burial his men returned to Moun*. Hope, and in a year after to Greenland. The narrative of their discoveries and sufferings excited much attention, and Thorstein, a brother of the unfortunate adventurer, determined on sailing to Cape Cross, and bringing back the body. This spot (situated, it is supposed, in Massachusetts Bay) he never reached ; and, indeed, escaped total shipwreck only by being driven back to the coast of Greenland. In 1006, a new impulse was given to maritime enterprise, among the Northmen, by the arrival, at Ericsfiord, of two ships carrying Thorfinn, a wealthy and influential person of royal descent, and Snorre Thorbrandson, also a distinguished person. Eric and Thor- stein were now dead, and the two visitors seem to have been en- trusted with the management of affairs during the winter. Daring the festivities of Christmas, Thorfinn became enamoured with Gud- rida, widow of Thorstein, and soon after married her. Through her entreaties, he fitted out an expedition to visit Vinlana, consisting uf three ships and a hundred and forty men. He sailed in 1007, accompanied by his wife, his companion, Snorre, and a number of other distinguished persons, male and female. After a prosperous voyage, during which Thorfinn coasted along the Continent for a number of miles, a landing was eflxicted on an .sland which received the name of Straum Ey, (Stream Island.) So great was the number of birds at this place, that it was impossible to walk without crushing their nests. After passing the winter at this place, Thorhall, one of the leaders, was sent with eight men to search for Vinland ; but, meeting with westerly winds, they were _,, driven across the Atlantic to Ireland, and made prisoners. Ignorant *.^ of their fate, Thorfinn set out with the remainder of the adventurers and reached their destination in safety. The country was found to correspond to the descripticf. of it given by former navigators. Wild wheat covered the fields, and grapes the hills. The lake was easily found, near which the former settle- ment had been made, and here, after erecting additional dwellings, I the company passed the winter. Numbers of the natives visited them in canoes, carrying on a system of barter extremely profitable ;• to the Northmen. In a few months, this friendly mtercourse wuj ABANDONMENT OF TEE COLONY. 19 THB NORTHMIN TRADING WITH THB INDIA.NS. :n ^3 e- s, -■5-,-t jd .^■; ie as '^^ interrupted, and skirmishes ensued, in which several of the settler? were killed. This event discouraged them, and they determined tc abandon all ideas of founding a permanent colony. Sailing to Straum Ey, there they passed the winter ; and at the opening of the following year (1011) returned to Greenland. During their three years' residence, the wife of Thorfinn presented him with a son— probably the first descendant of Europeans ever born in America. He afterwards became a person of great distinction, and his descend- ants, traced by undoubted genealogy down to the present time, have included srme of the most distinguished persons of Northern Europe. Members of every profession, law, politics, letters, and the church, have been proud to trace their lineage to him ; and, among these, we hav*> in our century a Bishop of Iceland, Chief Justice Steven- Bon, of the same country, three professors in the Copenhagen Uni versity, and the great sculptor Bertel Thorwaldsen. Straum Ey is supposed by the Danish historians to be Martha's Vineyard, and Straum-fiord, the body of water named by Thorfinn, "s said to be Buzzard's Bay. 20 DISCOVERIES OF TOE XORTHME^. In the same year that Thorfinn's colony was abandoned, (1011,) a female, named Freydisa, who had been with him, visited America in one ship, with a number of men and women, for the purpose of forming a settlement. Her object seems to have been defeated by dissensions among her followers. Some years after, (1026,) an Ice- lander, named Gudleif, while sailing for Dublin, was driven out of his course, and landed, as is supposed, in America. Being carried by his captors into the interior, they met ao old man, who, after ad- dressing them in their own language, and inquiring after several Icelanders, presented them with a sword, requesting that it might he carried to one Thurida, a sister to Snorre Gode, with a word fo. her son. He is supposed to have been the bard Biorne, formerly a lover of that lady, and of whom nothin? had been heard smce 999. All idea of forming a permanent settlement in Vinland was now abandoned by the Northmen; and, in their subsequent wars with England and France, the very remembrance of their discoveries was obliterated. It was reserved for the power of one master-mind to unite the Old and New Worlds, and lO open the path to glory in the western wilds, brighter and nobler than the nations of the East. ■'!e. BIOB»B'» FBItaVTa. OOLtJUBas CHAPTER II. DISCOVERY OF COLUMBUS. HE history of the world does not afff«yd = an epoch more important to mankind •\ i_ ^^^^ ihe discovery of America by Co- lumbus, in 1492. It formed, as is weli known, an era that gave a new and more adventurous direction to the anibi* ti(n of European nations; and whil? the consequent passion of enteqirise sent bold spirits to the vast regicas of the newly-found world, — and simulta- neously, by an almost equally great discovery, — that of sailing round Africa to the Eastern Indies, — fresh explorations enriched the sci- ?nces, — and, from that period, geography, astronomy, and narj^a- tion became more practically and more usefully known. A most remarkable coincidence of events distinguishes the perijr a 22 DISCOVERY OF COLUMBUS. which followed the application of the magnet to the marln'?r's com pass, and the age which immediately commenced after the discovery of America and of the East Indies by sea. During this epoch, gunpowder and the art of printing were both invented ; ancient jearning, the arts and sciences, were revived ; a powerful and sue* cessful resistance to the papal authority was declared ; and the balance of power among princes became a leading policy in Europe. To Portugal and to her sovereign, King John I., is due the honour of being the first nation and prince in Europe to undertake great discoveries. Some adventurers from Spain fell in previously with the Canaries ; but this discovery was not considered a national enter- prise ; although the pope, in his assumed divine right to all the countries in the world, granted, in perpetuity, these Fortunate Islands, as they were called, with their infidel inhabitants as slaves, to Louis de la Cerda, of the royal family of Castile, who transferred them afterwards to a Norman baron. In the year 1412, John I., King of Portugal, commenced those voyages along the coasts of Africa, directed by his son, Prince Henry, which, in 1419, discovered Madeira, and, in 1433, extended BO far south as to double Cape Boyador, and to enter the dreaded torrid zone. Before the death of Prince HcMiry, in 1463, the Azores and Cape de Verd Islands were discovered by the Portuguese. From this period until the accession of John II., the nephew of Prince Henry, in 1481, the spirit of maritime discovery languished in Portugal, although a trade with the previously found countries was carried on without interruption. In 1484, John II. fitted out a powerful fleet, and declared himself the patron of navigation and discovery. It was in his service that Columbus completed that knowledge and acquired that distinction which prepared him for engaging in the voyages that render his name immortal. The Por- tuguese, after advancing south and forming settlements along the coast of Africa, reached the Cape of Good Hope ; and a voyage round it was accomplished by Vasco de Gama, in the year 1497, five years after the discovery of America by Columbus. The mind of this extraordinary man had, from an early period, been occupied in preparing the design of the sublime enterprise that was destined to extend the limits to which ignorance and supersti- tion had ionfined the boundaries of the earth. He, as a dutiful citi- zen, made his first proposal to sail westward to the Indies to Genoa. His offer was rejected ;is that of a visionary adventurer. He fel* m PERSEVERANCE TINDER DTSCOITRAaEMEXT. 23 the consolation arising from having discharged a patriotic obligation, but was mortified, but not disheartened, that his native country should have derided a project, which he foresaw would extend fame to the nation under whose auspices it should be undertaken. He was received favourably by John II. of Portugal, where the intelligence, and nautical skill, and boldness of Columbus were well known, and where he had married the daughter of Perestrello, the discoverer of Madeira. But Ortis, the Bishop of Ceuta, not only thwarted his views and derided them as chimerical, but meanly at- tempted to deprive him of the honour by sending, in the direction proposed by Columbus, a vessel under a Portuguese pilot, in order to attempt and secure the glory of the discovery. The pilot had neither the genius nor the fortitude which are necessary to accom- plish bold enterprises. He consequently failed in the treacherous attempt. Columbus applied, soon afterwards, to the government of France But neither the prince nor the people had, at that period, been ani mated by the spirit of maritime di? covery. The chivalrous and gene rous Francis I. had not ascended the throne ; and it was destined that the most brilliant project ever made, was rejected : — a project which finally succeeded under the patronage of a royal family which became, in con- 3.^ sequence, the most powerful rivai •^ * that ever mortified the predecessors of the House of Bourbon. Columbus then sent his brother Bartholomew to the court of Henry VII. of England. That distrust- ful prince, after one bold and successful attempt to obtain the crown, never encouraged great, if in his mind the least hazardous or doubt- ful, enterprises. He, however, by slight but not conclusive pro- mises, detained Bartholomew in England for six years ; and the latter finally arranged with the king for the employment of his bro ther Christopher in the proposed voyage of discovery. In the mean time, Columbus, disgusted with the meanness and exasperated by the treachery of Ortis, proceeded with his charts nd proposals to the court of Ferdinand and Isabella. For eight years he exercised his address, his patience, his interest, and his FRANCIS L 24 DISCOVERY OF COLUMBUS. '■X abilities at this court, so remarkable then and long after for the tardi* no«s of its decisions. It is a trite remark, that projectors are enthu- siasts. It is fortunate that this accusation is true as regards the projectors of arduous undertakings ; otherwise, the spirit and tho health of Columbus would have been subd'ied before he accom- plished his great mission. He had to endure the most fatiguing delays, and to hear pronounced against him presumptuous and in- sulting judgments by the ignorant and by the bigoted. To the honour of Isabella and her sex, and at her own expense, we are bound to attribute, in justice, the final success of Columbus : who, after displaying, during eight years, in his whole character and con- duct, an assiduity, a firmness and resolve of mind, never sufficiently to be applauded and imitated, sailed from Cadiz on the 3d of August, 1.492, on the most daring enterprise ever undertaken by man. He proceeded on this voyage without any chart to guide him, — with no acquaintance with the currents, the winds, or climates of unknown seas and lands, — and in ignorance of the magnetic varia tion. His own genius and instinctive judgment, — his confidence in •J M ■^ DISCOVERY OP SAN SALVADOR y.f. r^o,^jy^j^/\o/\G/\o,^\o/\Gr^^i THB 8AILINQ OT OOLOMBUS. aidi* thu' the the om- uing d in- the are who, con- n*.ly gust, |m,— ts ot pria ice in ■I '» ihe spherical system of the world, although the law of gravity was undiscovered, — his knowledge of the human heart, — and his address in commanding and winning those placed under his authority, en- abled him to prevai' over a crew which at length became impatient, and to advance, regardless of imaginary as well as real dangers, until he discovered the island of San Salvador, on October 12, 1493. COLUMBUS, on his first voyage, disco- vered San Salvador, Hayti, and Cuba. He opened a friend- ly intercourse with the inhabitants ; ob- tained permission to build a fort at a place which he called Na- }f^ vidad, on the north side of Hayti, where he left a colony of thirty men, with various stores. He then re- turned towards Europe with gold, cotton, &c., and accompanied by some of the natives. He experienced a boisterous, dangerous, and If dious passage. He put into the port of I^isbon with his vessels .G DISCOVKnY OF COLUMDUS. crippled. John TI, received him with honourahlo respect, nlthougl' inorlififd n( having lost for ever, by rejecting the offer formerly made by Columbus, the glory of discovering a world which was now to be assigned to Spain. Columbus proceeded to the court of Ferdinand and Isabella, where he was received with as much distinction as was consistent with the cold and formal etiquette of the royal house- hold of Spain. It is not within our present design to enter on the history of this memorable achievement. The voyages of Columbus have often been, and especially by a distinguished American, well narrated. The merit of discovering the Continent of the New World was attempted to be denied to Columbus ; and so far with success, that an able, unprincipled adventurer, with whom Fonseca, an unfor- giving bishop, conspired, obtained by forgery and mis-statements the credit, for some time, of being the original discoverer, and had, in consequence, his name given to all the vast regions of the West. Columbus reached the Continent of America, in August, 1498; whereas Alonzo Ojeda (one of the former companions of Columbus) und Amerigo Vespucci did not sail on their first voyage from Cadiz, until the Wth of May, 1499. Amerigo made skilful use of the ad- miral's maps and charts, which the Bishop of Burgos put, from hatred to Columbus, into his hands ; and to whom the bishop gave llso clandestine licenses, in contravention of the authority held by Columbus from Ferdinand and Ispbella. -'I ''I vxarvcoj. ive by BALBOA. CHAPTER III. SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND CONQUESTS. HE passion for discovering unknown countries, inspired by the success of the projects which the great mind if Columbus conceived and planned, and which his persevering character ac- complished, became soon the mania of the age. The principal man among the ad- venturers of that period was not Ame- rigo Vespucci, but Vincent Torres de Finzon, who commanded one of the ships during the first voyage of Columbur. He was an able seaman, of liberal education, great courage, and of such ample fortune as to enable him to tit out four S7 iiiF^.i^Mi^iiai 28 SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND CONviUESTS. itout ships at his own expense, with which he sailed, in January, 1500, on a voyage of discovery. He was the first Spanish subject who crossed the equinoctial line, and discovered the country of Santa Cruz, oi the Holy Cross, and the river Maraaon, or Amazon, in Brazil. He did not succeed in persuading the natives to tradft with him. He returned north to the river Orinoco, which was dis- covered previously by Columbus. He soon after encountered a great storm, lost two of his ships before he reached Hayti, and finally arrived safely in Spain. In 1501, Roderic de Bastidas fitted out, at his own expense, two ships ; and, sailing from Cadiz, he discovered the couniry since then called Carthagena, pnd Magdnlenna, and about a hundred leagues more of the coast of America than was known to Columbus. He opened an intercourse with the natives, brought some of them away, and proceeded to Hayti. So jealous were the Spaniards of each other, that Bastidas was imprisoned for the success of his enter- prise. St. Juan de Porto Rico, called Borriquen by the natives, was dis- covered by (y'olumbus, in 1493, but neglected until 1509, when Juan Ponce de Leon, an enterprising, ambitious, and tyrannical nobleman, was informed that gold was abundant in that island. He crossed over from Hayti, and was received kindly by the principal cacique and by the natives ; who showed him the streams which carried down great quantities of gold with the sands and washings from the mountains. On returning to Hayti, he managed to obtain a commis- sion from Spain for conquering Porto Rico ; and was, on landing, received by the natives, who believed the Spaniards to be immortal or they would, from their superior numbers, and with their poisoned arrows, as was their manner of defending themselves against the Caribbeans, probably, on the attempt of Ponce de Leon to subdue them, have driven back the Spaniards with great loss of life. The natives believed the Spaniards invulnerable, and they submitted to labou: a.nd to slavery, until a young Spaniard, on being carried across the fo'd of a river, on the shoulders of a native of more than usual boldness, was thrown ofl^by the latter who, with the assistance pf other natives, kept the Spaniard under water until he was drowned. They then dragged him ashore, and, doubting whether he was dead, the Indians cried out, asking pardon for the accident, during three days, until the body became so putrid as to remove all thai: doubts. The natives being now convinced that the Spaniards FRANCIS PIZARRO. 29 'M could le killed, rose upon, and slaughtered more than a hundred of their oppressors. Ponce de Leon finally succeeded in reducino the whole island to his authority, and the natives to slavery in the mines ; in which, and under other cruelties, they became extinct in a short period. Diego Velasquez sailed from Hayti, in November, 1511, to con- q\ier Cuba, which he accompHshed, after committing the most hor- rible atrocities. Attempts were made, at this period, to conquer and settle on the coast of Carthagena and Darien. In 1509, Jchn de Esquibel was sent by Diego Columbus from St. Doming to form the first settlement in Jamaica, to which Alonzo de Ojeda laid a claim, and threatened to hang Esquibel. During the following year, Ojeda and John de la Cosas, who had received a license to capture and t;.lce possession of Veragua, Car- thagena, and other western countries, sailed from St. Domingo, landed on the Continent, and had several conflicts with the natives who were a bolder and more advanced race than the aborigines of liayti. In vne attack, seventy Spaniards were killed, and the re- mainder wounded with • oisoned arrows. Ojeda and Cosas were saved by the arrival of ari .her adventurer, Nicuessa, with four ships. The latter attacked the natives, burnt their town, in which they 'ound a large store of gold, and taking a number of prisoners, sent •em as slaves to work in the mines of Hayti. Among the com- manders of these vessels was Francis Pizarro, whom Ojeda left at St. Sehastian, the place where he fixed upon for a settlement. The latter entered into an agreement with an outlaw, or pirate, to take him in his vessel to St. Domingo. The pirate's vessel was wrecked on the coast of Cuba, from whence they escaped to Jamaica in a canoe. The pirate was there apprehended and hanged. Pizarro was obliged to leave St. Sebastian, and escaped with a few men to Carlhagenii, — where Enciso, with two ships, arrived from St. Do- mingo. Pizarro and Enciso then proceeded to St. Sebastian, where they were shipwrecked, and, on landing, found the place entirely destroyed by the natives. They saved, from the wrecks, provisions, arms, and various articles, and proceeded to re-estabh'sh themselves at St. Sebastian, but they were reduced to great extremities by the attacks of the natives, and by the scanty supply of food. One of the most remarkable men among the explorers of America accompanied this expedition. This person was Vasquez Nunez de fj 80 SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND CONQUESTS. P I Z A R B O. Balboa, a man of good family, who had formerly sailed with Bas iidas on his voyage of discovery. He had obtained a settlement at Hayti, but having been accused of some excesses, for which he was to have been executed ; he escaped by being concealed on board Enciso's ship in a bread cask. He ventured after a day to make his appearance. Enciso was enraged, as he had been warned not to lake any one but those on his muster-roll, from Hayti ; but the prin- cipal persons on board interceded for Nunez, and he was conse- quently protected. He was afterwards almost the only person at St. Sebastian who had not absolutely given himself up to de- spair. Enciso was rallied and encouraged by Nunez, by whose energy the stranded vessels were at last got afloat, and they sailed, according to the advice of Nunez, to where he had seen a town, when he had made the voyage with Bastidas. They, accordingly, steered fox th* river Darien, and found the place and country such as both were described by Nunez. They marched against thf caci'^ue and his people, attacked and put them to flight, — found i» 'it ^D-Uy^jyj^lg^ VASQUEZ NUNEZ DE BALBOA. 81 n D an Pv\/czA/c" — ^-■^'^'^- BALBOA. BISOOVBRINO T H B PAOtFIO OOKAN [l at vvaa )ard his It lo irin- Inse- at de- lose Jed, iwn, giy« ucli thf idi) ■f tiie town, which was immediately deserted, abundance of provisions also cotton spun and unspun, household goods of various kinds, and more than the vakie of $10,000 in gold plates. I'he success of this adventure being justly attributed to Nunez, his reputation became great. He deprived Enciso, who bore him no goodwill from the first, of all authority; gained, by his boldness, the confidence of the Spaniards, and founded the settlement of St. Maria. Nune^ established his authority and retained his power in Darien, and the country then called Castell d'Oro, by gaining over, or defeating, the chiefs of the country, by buying, with the gold he sent to St. Do- mingo, the authorities there over to his interest, and by his superior fertility of resources under the most difficult circumstances. In the middle of September, 1513, having been informed of rich tnd vast regions to the south-west ; stretching along a great ocean which was not far distant, he departed from St. Maria, accompanied by the afterwards celebrated Francis Pizarro, on an expedition, in which, after some desperate conflicts with the natives, he advanced so 8 S2 SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND CONQUESTS. far, on the 25th of September, as to behold, lying broad in view the greai Pacific Ocean. Nunez possessed the manner and ability of making himself be- loved by his companions and followers. He was kind to the sick and the wounded, and shared the same fatigues and the same food as the humblest soldier. Before reaching the shores of the Pacific, he was opposed by Chiapes, the cacique of the country ; who, how ever, was soon routed, and several of the natives killed by fire-arms, oi torn by blood-hounds, those powerful auxiliaries of the Spanish con- querors in America. Nunez then made peace with them, — exchang- ing trinkets of little cost for gold to the value of four thousand pieces. Pizarro was then sent in advance to view the coast, and two others proceeded, on different routes, to find the nearest way from the heights to the sea. Nunez followed as soon as he could bring up the sick and wounded. On reaching he shore, he walked, with his armour on, into the sea, until the water reached his middle, and then performed solemnly the ceremony of taking possession in the name of the crown of Castile, of the ocean which he had disco- vered. The Indians provided him with canoes ; and, contrary to the ad- vice of the natives, he proceeded with about eighty Spaniards, and Chiapes, the cacique, to cross a broad bay. Bad weather came on, and they barely escaped perishing on an island where several of their canoes were wrecked. On the following day they landed with great difficulty ; being opposed by a cacique, whose people, however, were soon put to flight by the fire-arms and by the dogs of the Spaniards. Nunez soon brought this tacique to terms, and, for a few trinkets, received a considerable weight of gold, and a considerable number of large pearls of great value. The dif- ferent caciques gave him the most flattering accounts of the vast countries which they described as extending to the south and south- west. Before attempting further discoveries, he considered it prudent to return from the Pacific, and arrived at Santa Maria about the end of January, 1513, with the gold and pearls he had collected, and which he distributed fairly among the soldiers, deducting one-fifth for the king. He immediately sent the king's share of gold and pearls and all his own to Spain by an agent. On arriving at Seville, this agent upplied first to the Bishop of Burgos, who was delighted at the sight of the gold and pearls. The biihop sent him to the king, and used t \i n m PEDRO ARIAS d'aVILA. 38 PE D R A R t A ! [Ills, land dif- fast utli- it to of lich [the (and rent [ght aL his influence with Ferdinand, who entertained a strong aversion to Nunez de Balboa. The old king, Ferdinand, who, unlike his deceased consort, Isa- bella, was always jealous of superior men, and especially of disco- verers, did not on this occasion depart from his former base policy nf supplanting the men who performed the most arduous undertak- ings, by the worst and most perfidious of his own creatures ; such as Ovanda and Bobadilla. The Bishop of Burgos had, previous to the arrival of the agent with treasures from Nunez, counselled the king to supersede him by one of the worst characters in Spain. Instead of confirming Nunez de Balboa in the cfovernment of the countries he discovered and annexed to the crown of Castile, Ferdi- nand appointed Pedro Arias d'Avila, or, as the Spanish writers, by contracting the first name, call him, Pedrarias, governor of Castell d'Oro. He was destitute of all the qualities which constitute a good man of great mind ; but haughty and ignorant, he was a master of the arts of oppression, violence and fraud. He left Spain in April. 1514, with a fleet of fifteen ships, two thousand troops, a bishop, John de Quevedo, and numerous greedy and rapacious followers of noble birth ; among others, Enciso, the enemy of Nunez. On their arrival at Santa Maria, they were received by Nunez with great 84 SPAIflSn DISCOVERIES AXD COXQUESTS. ffcdppct. They found the latter inhabitinir a small house, in simplf attire, living on the most frugal diet, and drinking no other Iif]uid than water ; while he had, at the same time, a strong fort with foui hundred and fifty brave soldiers faithfully attached to him. That he was ambitious, and did severe things to obtain that power which he was never known to abuse, is admitted. His accounts and state- ments were clear, and he had annexed the countrj', between the Atlantic and the sea which he had discovered, to the crown of Spain. Pediarias imprisoned this great man, and sent strong representations against him to Spain. There were, however, some honest men among those brought over by Pedrarias, who sent a true account of Nunez to the king; and the latter formally expressed his approbation of the conduct of the late governor, and appointed him lord-lieutenant of the countries of the South Seas; directing also that Pedrarias should act by the advice of his predecessor. On the king's letters arriving from Spain, they were suppressed by Pedrarias ; who, in the mean time, by his perfidy and cruel exactions, brought the whole native population into hostility and revolt against the Spaniards. The Bishop Quevedo then interfered, Nunez was liberated, and, by his skill and demeanor, established tranquillity, and proceeded to the South Sea to build a town, which he in a short time accomplished, and was then recalled by Pedra- rias. To the astonishment and horror of all the Spaniards, Nunez was charged with treason by Pedrarias, and publicly beheaded, on the charge that he had invaded the domains of the crown, merely by cutting down, without the goveinor's license, the trees used in erecting the town which he built. His execution was declared a murder by the Royal Audienza of St. Domingo; yet Pedrarias, whom the Bishop of Chiapa described Bs the most wicked monster who was ever sent to America, conti- nued for many years, by the king's will, to exercise his cruelty and injustice. Thus perished Nunez de Balboa, in 1.517, at the age of forty-two years, for having served his king with more fidelity than any of the Spanish conquerors ; of whom, if we may except Cortez, he was the ablest ; and whose character stands far higher than any of those who added new territories to the dominions of Spain. Pedrarias, after the murder of Nunez, removed to Panama, where he erected a palace. In his hostilities and cruelties to the caciquet CONQUEST OF NICARAGUA. 3t and the native tribes, he caused great destruction of life ; and so ill- judged and planned were his enterprises, that, m sobduing one cacique, Uracca of the mountains, more Spanish lives irere lost than during the whole conquest of Mexico by Cortes. The only important conquest made under Pedrarias, was by Francis Hernandez, of the territory of Nicaragua, to n-hich the go vernor immediately repaired to take possession of for himself. Jealous of Hernandez, as he was of Nunez, he charged the formei with a design to revolt ; which the latter, confident in his innocence, boldly denied. Pedrarias immediately ordered him to be executed : power was to be upheld by the immediate death, according to the maxim of this tyrant, of conquerors who were suspected. For this murder, equally barbarous as that of Nunez, Pedrarias was not called to account. • BiF or TBS riuB or balbc^ TBS LANDINa OV OOBTBS. CHAPTER IV. I TUB CONQUEST OP MEXICO. HE portion of the New World earliest colonized by the Spaniards was the island of St. Domingo, Haj'ti, or Hispaniola, discovered by Columbus, in his first voyage, in the year 1492. For nearly twenty years, this island was the only colony of importance held by the Spaniards in the New World ; here alone did they occupy lands, build towns, and found a regular commonwealth. Cuba, although the second of the islands discovered by Columbus, remained long uncolonized ; indeed, it was not till the year 1509, that it was circumnavigated and ascertained to be an island. At length, as we have already seen, it was conquered and colonized by Velas- quez. Ambitious of sharing the glory to be derived from the dis- covery of new countries, Velasquez fitted out one or two expe- ditions, which he despatched westward, to explore the seas in that direction. In one of these expeditions which set out in 1517, com- manded by a rich colonist called Cordova, the peninsula of Yuca- tan was discovered, and the existence of a large and rich coun ry aa f EXPEDITION OF HERNANDO CORTES. 37 ,s- at I called Culua or Mexico ascertained. Elated with this discovery, Velasquez fitted out another expedition under his nephew, Juan de Grjaiva, who, leaving Cuba in April, 1518, spent five nnonths in cruising along the newly discovered coast, and trafficking with the natives for gold trinkets and cotton cloths, very skilfully manu- factured. The result of this expedition was the importation to Cuba of gold and jewels to the amount of twenty thousand pesos, or up- wards of £50,000. Delighted with his success, Velasquez wrote home to Spain an- nouncing his discovery, and petitioning for authority from the king to conquer and colonize the country which his subordinates, Cordova and Grijalva, had discovered. Without waiting, however, for a reply to his petition, he commenced fitting out a much larger squad- ron th'a either of the two f)rmer; and this he placed under the command of Hernando Cortes, a respectable Spanish hidalgo, or • gentleman, residing in the island, and who was at this time thirty years of age. Cortes proceeded with the greatest activity in making his prepa- rations. "Borrowing money for the purpose," says Bernal Diaz, the gossiping chronicler of the Conquest, "he caused to be made a standard of gold and velvet, with the royal arms and a cross embroi- dered thereon, and a Latin motto, the meaning of which was, ' Bro- thers, follow this holy cross with true faith, for under it we shall con- quer.' It was proclaimed bj^ beat of drum and sound of trumpet, that all such as entered the service in the present expedition should have their shares of what gold was obtained, and grants of land as soon as the conquest was effected. The proclamation was no sooner made than, by general inclination as well as the private influence of Cortes, volunteers offered themselves everywhere. Nothing was to be seen or spoken of but selling lands to purchase arms and horses, quilting coats of mail, making bread, and salting pork for sea-store. Above three hundred of us assembled in the town of St. Jago." These preparations were likely to be interrupted. Velasquez, rumi- nating the probable consequences of the expedition, had begun to repent of having appointed Cortes to the command, and was secretly plotting his removal. Cortes, perceiving these symptoms, deter- mined to outwit his patron. Accordingly, on the night of the 18th of November, 1518 — having warned all the captains, masters, pilots, and soldiers, to be on board, and having shipped all the stores that nnd been collected — Cortes set sail from the port of St. Jago, with •;?,a 88 TUB CONQUEST OF MEXICO. out announcing his intention to Velasquez, resolving to stop at soniti of the more westerly ports of the island for the purpose of complet- ing his preparations, where he would be beyond the reach of the governor. Nothing could exceed the rage of Velasquez at the sud- den departure of Cortes. He wrote to the commandants of two towns at which he learned that the fleet had put in for recruits and provi- sions, to seize Cortes, and send him back ; but such was the popu- larity of Cortes, that both were afraid to make the attempt. At last all was ready, and Curtes finally set sail from Cuba on the 18th of February, 1519. The expedition, which consisted of eleven vessels, most of them small, and without decks, met with no disaster at sea, but arrived safely at the island of Cozumel, off" the coast of Yucatan, after a few days' sail. Here Cortes landed to review his troops. They consisted of five hundred and fifty-three soldiers, not including the mariners, who amounted to a hundred and ten. They poss^-ssed sixteen horses, some of them not very serviceable, ten brass field-pieces, four smaller pieces, called falconets, and thirty-two cross-bows; the majority of the soldiers being armed with ordinary steel weapons. Attending on the army were about two hundred Cuba Indians, and some Indian women. And as religion in those days sanctioned military conquest, there were in addition two cler gymen — Juan Diaz and Bartholomew de Olmedo. For nine or ten days, the Spaniards remained at Cozumel, making acquaintance with the natives, who were very friendly. Here Cortes, whose zeal for the Catholic religion was one of the strongest of his feelings, made it one of his first concerns to argue with the natives, through an interpreter, on the point of their religion. Hi even went so far as to demolish their idols before their eyes, and erect an altar to the Virgin on the spot where they had stood. The natives were horror-struck, and seemed at first ready to fall upon the Spa niards, but at length they acquiesced. While at Cozumel, Cortes had the good fortune to pick up u Spaniard, who, having been wrecked in his passage from Darien to Hispaniola in the year 1511, had for seven years been detained as a slave among the Indians of Yucatan. The name of this poor man was Jeromino de Aguilar; he had been educated for the church; and as he could speak the language of Yucatan, his services as an interpreter were likely to be very valuable. On the 4th of March, 1519, the fleet, consisting of eleven vessels, commanded respectively by Cortes, Pedro de Alvarado, Alonzo Puerto Carrero, Francisco da )i EC th Ci it . no wa ma of not nat anc up pre Jsic ;::ii CnAKACTER OF HERNANDO CORTES. 89 OLUB Da ip a jn to as a I man irch; IS an larch, lively lo de 1 Montejo, Christoval de Olid, Diego de Ordaz, Velasquez de Leon, luan de Escalante, Francisco de Moria, Escobar, and Gines Nortes, set sail from Cozumel, and on the 13th it anchored at the mouth of the river Tobasco or Grijalva, flowing into the south of the Bay of Campeachy. The expedition had now reached the scene of active operations ; it had arrived on the coast of the American continent. Cortes does not appear to have been naturally a bloodily disposed man. He was only what a perverted education and the vices of his time had made him — a man full of mighty notions of the Spanish authority ; of its right to take, by foul or fair means, any country it liked ; and not without an excuse from religion to rob and kill the unfortunate natives who dared to defend their territories. We have now, therefore, to record the beginning of a most unjust and merciless war r f aggression. As Cortes, with his followers, sailed up the river as far as Tabasco, he everywhere observed the natives preparing to repel his attack, and at length he was brought into col- jsion with them— of course, overpowering them by force of arms. <0 THE CONQUEST OF MEXIOO. with immense slaughter. On reaching Tabasco, his soldiers fough* their way through dense masses of Indians, who discharged among them perfect clouds of arrows and stones. Pushing through the streets, which were lined with houses, some of mud, and some of stone, the victors reached a large open square in the centre, where temples of large size were erected. Here the troops were drawn up ; and Cortes, advancing to a large ceiba tree, which grew in the middle, gave it three slashes with his sword, and took possession of the city and country in the name of his royal master, Don Carlos, King of Ca&tile. Next day, another great battle was fought between the Spaniards Mid the Tabascans on the plain of Coutla, a few miles distant from the city. For an hour, the Spanish fought in the midst of an ocean of enemies, battling on all sides, beating one wave back only thai another might advance — a little islet encircled by the savage break- ers. At length, with the assistance of their horse — a terrible sight to the Indians — the Spaniards were victorious. The spirit of the Tabascans was now completely subdued. HEIR chiefs came to the camp of Cortes with ^ faces and gestures expressive of contrition, i«;^. and brought him presents of fowls, fish, ^V'j//.^ maize, and numerous gold toys representing many '>inds of animals in miniature. For the horses, they brought a feast of turkeys and roses ! They also gave Cortes twenty s^^SaE^^" Indian girls to attend the army. To his inquiries respecting the country whence they obtained the gold, they replied by repetitions of the words "Culua" and "Mexico," and pointing to the west. Having obtained all the information the Ta- bascans could give him, Cortes resolved to proceed on his voyage. Accordingly, after a solemn mass, which the Indians attended, the ►rmament left Tabasco, and, after a short sail, arrived ofT the coast Df St. Juan de Ulloa, the site of the modern Vera Cruz. It was on Holy Thursday, (April 20,) in the year 1519, that they arrived at the port of St. Juan de Ulloa, the extreme eastern province of the Mexican dominions, properly so called. The royal flag was floating from the mast of Cortes's ship. The Spaniards could see the beach crowded with natives, who had come down to gaze at the strange "water-houses," of which they had formerly seen specimens. At length, a light pirogue filled with -jatives, some of them evidently ■I DONNA MAKINA. 41 I ley ind ra- ise- Ithe bast on at Ithe ling ich ige lAt tl> men of rank, pushed off' from the shore and steered for the ship of Cortes. The Indians went on board without any symptoms of fear, and, what was more strikinnf, with an air of ease and perfect good-breed- mg. They spoke a different language from that of the inhabitants of Cozumel or the Tabascans — a language, too, which Aguilar did not understand. Fortunately, one of the twenty Indian girls presented by the Tabascans to the Spaniards, was a Mexican by birth. This girl, whose Spanish name of Dunna Marina is imperishably associ- Hted with the history of the Conquest of Mexico, was the daughter of a chief, but, by a singular course of events, had become a slave in Tabasco. She hud already attracted attention by her beauty, sweetness, and gentleness, and she had been mentioned to Cortes. Her services now became valuable. The Mexican was her native language ; but, by her residence in Tabasco, she had acquired the '1 abascan, which language was also familiar to Aguilar. Interpret- ing, therefore, what the Mexicans said into Tabascan to Aguilar, Aguilar, in turn, interpreted the Tabascan into Spanish ; and thus, though somewhat circuitously, Cortes could hold communication with his visitors. I HE Aztec visitors who came on board the ship of Cortes, informed him that they were in- structed by the governor of the province to ask what he wanted on their coasts, and to promise that what- ever he required should be ^^J>^''it^^"^'' "^ supplied. Cortes replied that his object was to make the acquaintance of the people of those countries, and that he would do them no injury. He then presented them with some beads of cut glass, and after an entertainment of wine, they took their departure, promising that Teuthlille, the go- vernor of the province under their great emperor, should visit him the next day. Next day, Friday, the 21st of April, 1519, Cortes landed with his troops, and had an interview with Teuthlille, who received the visitors with suspicion ; and this feeling was not lessened by the parade of mounted dragoons and firing of guns, with which the Spanish commander thought fit to astonish him and the other na- ves. Sketches were taken of the appearance of the strangers, in e d2 i2 THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. INDIAN nOT IN TB3 TIBRRA nALIXNTS. order to be sent to Montezuma, the king of the country, who was likewise to be informed that the white men, who had arrived on his coast, desired to be allowed to come and see him in his capital. Here we pause to present a short account of the Mexican empire, in which Cortes had landed; also of the character and government of this monarch, Montezuma, whom the Spaniards expected soon to be permitted to visit. If a traveller, landing on that part of the coast of the Mexican gulf where Cortes and his Spaniards landed three hundred and thirty years ago, were to proceed westward, across the Continent, he would pass successively through three regions or climates. First, he would pass through the tierra caliente, or hot region, distinguished by all the features of the tropics — their luxuriant vegetation, theii occasional sandy deserts, and their unhealthiness at particular sea- eons. After sixty miles of travel through this tierra caliente, he would enter the tierra templada, or temperate region, where the products of the soil are such as belong to the most genial European countries. Ascending through it, the traveller at last leaves wheat- fulds beneath him, and plunges into forests of pine, indicating ht« THE MEXICAXS — THEIR ORIGIN AND CIVILIZATION. 43 VOtOANIO MOaNTAINS, AS SHBN FROM TACtJBAYA. piitrance into the tierrafn'a, or cold region, where the sleety bla?'.? from the mountains penetrate the very bones. This t'erra fria con- stitutes the summits of part of the great mountain range of the Andes, which traverses the whole American continent. Fortu nately, hov.ever, at this point the Andes do not attain their greatest elevation. Instead of rising, as in some other parts of their range, in a huge perpendicular wall or ridge, they here flatten and widen out, so as to constitute a vast plateau, or tahle-land, six or seven thousand feet above the level of the sea. On this immense sheet of table-land, stretching for hundreds of miles, the inhabitants, though livmg within the tropics, enjoy a climate equal to that of the south of Italy; while their proximity to the extremes both of heat and cold, enables them to procure, without much labour, the luxuries of many lands. Across the table-land there stretches, from east to west, a chain of volcanic peaks, some of which are of immense height, and covered perpetually with .now. This table-land was called, by the ancient Mexicans, the plain if Anahuac. Near ita centre is i. valley of an oval lorm, about 14 THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. two hundred miles in circumference, surrounded by a lamparl of porphyritic rock, and overspread for about a tenth part of its surface by five distinct lakes or sheets of water. This is th? celebrated Valley of Mexico — called a valley only by comparison with the mountains which surround it, for it is seven thousand feet above the level of the sea. Round the margins of the five lakes once stood numerous cities, the relics of which are yet visible ; and on an islet in the middle of the largest lake, stood the great city of Mexico, or Tenochtitlan, the capital of the empire which the Span- iards were now invading, and the residence of the Mexican emperor, , Montezuma. The origin of the Mexicans is a question of great obscurity — a part of the more extensive question of the manner in which Ame- rica was peopled. According to Mr. Prcscott, the latest and one of the best authorities on the subject, the plains of Anahuac were over- run, previous to the discovery of America, by several successive races from the north-west of the Continent where it approaches Asia. Thus, in the thirteenth century, the great table-land of Central Ame- rica was inhabited by a number of races and sub-races, all originally of the same stoclv, but differing from each other greatly in characte and degree of civilization, and engaged in mutual hostilities. The cities of these difl^erent races were scattered over the plateau, prin- cipally in the neighbourhood of the five lakes. Tezcuco, on the eastern bank of the greatest of the lakes, was the capital of the Acol huans ; and the Tenochtitlan, or Mexico, founded in 1325, on an island in the same lake, was the capital of the Aztecs. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the dominant race in the plains of Anahuac was the Acol huans, or Tezcucans, repre- sented as a people of mild and polished manners, skilled in the ele- gant arts, and possessing literary habits and tastes — the Athenians, if we may so call them, of the New World. The most celebrated of th*^ Tezcucan sovereigns was Nezahualcoyotl, who reigned early in the fifteenth century. By this prince a revolution was effected in the political state of the valley of Anahuac. He procured the formation of a confederacy between Tezcuco and the two neighbour' ing friendly cities of Mexico and Tlacopan, by which they bound themselves severally to assist each other when attacked, and to carry on wars conjointly. In this strange alliance, Tezcuco was the prin- cipal member, as being confessedly the most powerful state ; Mexico Btood next ; and lastly, Tlacopan, as being inferior to the other two epre- ele- ians, H)ratetl early ecteJ the hour- ound [carry priri' lexico two ya, I THE MEXICANS — THEIR ORIvJIIf AND CIVILIZATION. 45 Nezahualcoyotl died in 1470, and was succeeded on the Tezcucan throne by his son Nezahualpilli. Durinrr his reign the Tezcucans fell from' their position as the first member of the triple confederacy which his father had formed, and gave place to the Aztecs or Mexi- cans. These Aztecs had been gradually growing in consequence since their first arrival in the valley. Decidedly inferior to the Tez- cucans in culture, and professing a much more bloody and impure worship, they excelled them in certain qualities, and possessed, or. the whole, a firmer and more compact character. If the Tezcucans were the Greeks, the Aztecs were the Romans of the New World. Under a series of able princes they had increased in importance, till now, in the reign of Nezahualpilli, they were the rivals of their allies, the Tezcucans, for the sovereignty of Anahuac. In the year 1502, a vacancy occurred in the throne of Tenoch- titlan, or Mexico. The election fell on Montezuma II., the nephew of the deceased monarch, a young man who had already distin- guished himself as a soldier and a priest or sage, and who was noted as his name — Montezuma (sorrowful man) — implied, for a certain gravity and sad severity of manner. The first years of Montezu- ma's reign were spent in war. Carrying his victorious arms g day Cortes, terprise ly what yield : willing- vereign. et becB rai9i?d, and the site had alone been determined on, was nameJ Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz— "The Rich Town of the True Cross." Magistrates were immediately appointed in the king's name; the two captains, Puerto Carrero and Montejo, the latter a friend of Velasquez, being nominated alcaldes, and others to diflerent offices. "Thus," says Mr. Prescott, "by a single stroke of the pen, the eamp was transformed into a civil community." At the first sitting of the new magistracy, Cortes appeared before it, with his cap doffed, and formally resigned his commission from Velasquez into its hands. He then withdrew; but after a short time was recalled, and informed that he had been unanimously ap- pointed by them, in the king's name, " Captain-general and Chief Justice of the colony." Thus, by a clever stroke of policy, had Cortes shaken off all connection with Velasquez. He held his com- mand now directly from the king, and could be superseded only by royal authority. The friends of Velasquez were at first furious wiih rage ; but Cortes ai length soothed them into acquiescence. A little before the conclusion of these proceedings, an erent of some consequence happened. This was the arrival in the Spanish camp of five Indians, differing in dress and language from the Mexi- cans. They informed Cortes that they were a deputation sent by the Cacique of Cempoalla, a city at a little distance on the sea-coast, the capital of the Totonacs, a nation which had been recently con- quered b}- Montezuma, and was now groaning under hts yoke. They were sent by their cacique to beg a visit of the Spaniards to Cempoalla. A light instantly flashed upon the mind of Cone*. He saw that Mrntezuma's empire was not so firmly compacted as he had suppcsed, and that it might be possible to divide it against itse«f, and so overthrow it. He, therefore, dismissed the ambassadors kindly, and promised a speedy visit to Cempoalla. Accordingly, as soon as the disturbance which had arisen among his men was quelled, Cortes marched to Cempoalla, a city not rich, but prettily built, and containing a population, as it appeared, of about thirty thousand inhabitants. He was cordially received by the cacique, a large and very corpulent man. Remaining some time in Cempoalla and its neighbourhood, while the city of Villa Rica was being built, '' Spaniards soon gained the reverence and good-wiL of the inhabitants, the Totonacs, who willingly submitted themselfes to the dominion of the distant monarch Don Carlos, of whom the Spaniards told them. Here the Spaniards were horrified by thi ■# ftO THE CONQUEST OP MEXrCO. •ymptoms of human sacrifice, which were perpetually visible in th» •emples — the blood-stained walls, and the fragments of human flesh which lay about ; and, fired with religious enthusiasm, they resolved to put a stop to such practices by tearing down the idols. Cortea informed the cacique of his intention ; but although the announce- ment filled him with speechless dismay, no opposition was ofTered, and the idols were broken in pieces, and burnt before the eyes of the Totonacs, while the priests went about shrieking like demons. "These priests," we are told, "were dressed in long black mantles, like sheets with hoods : their robes reached to their feet. Their long hair was matted together with clotted blood ; with some it reached to the waist, and with others to the feet : their ears were torn and cut, and they smelled horribly, as it were of sulphur and putrid flesh." The destruction of their idols did not alienate the Totonacs from the Spaniards ; on the contrary, it raised their opinion of them, inas- much as they saw the gods patient under the indignity. The inter- course of the two parties, therefore, continued ; and by his frequent conversations with the cacique, Cortes gained greater insight every day into the condition of Montezuma's empire. By this time, the town oi Villa Rica had been nearly finished, and nothing remained to prevent the Spaniards from commencing their march into the interior. Before beginning it, however, Cortes deemed it advisable to send a report of his proceedings to Spain, to be laid before the king, knowing that Velasquez must have repre- sented his conduct in very disadvantageous terms to the home go- vernment. Accordingly, Cortes drew up one letter, and the magis- trates of the new colony another, detailing the whole of the inci- dents of the expedition down to the foundation of Villa Rica, and announcing that they were on the point of commencing their march into the heart of the country. To increase the efl^ect of the letters, they were accompanied by nearly all the gold that had been collected, together with the splendid gifts of Montezuma, and such curiosities as might interest the learned of Spain. The business of carrying these letters to the kmg was intrusted to Montejo and Puerto Car- rero, and they were instructed, above all, to endeavour to secure the appointment of Cortes as captain-general of the colony. On the 86th of July, 1519, the little ship set sail, freighted with a more pre- cious cargo than had ever yet been packed within the timbers of a vessel from the New World. The pilot was instructed to make 'i CORTES DESTROYS UI8 SHIPS. 61 uoNTazniiA. nished, lencing Cortes ain, to re pre- me go- magis- e inci- ca, and march letters, Uected, iosities jarrying to Car- ure the lOn the re pie- rs of a make direct for Spain, landing at no intermediate station, and especially avoiding Cuba. The departure of this vessel seems to have raised thoughts of home in the minds of some of those who were left behind. A con- spiracy was formed by some of the soldiers and sailors, along with the clergyman Diaz, to seize a vessel and return to Cuba. The con spiracy was discovered ; two of the ringleaders were hanged, and the rest whipped or confined. Foreseeing, however, that such con- spiracies would be constantly occurring, unless effectual means were taken to prevent them, Cortes came to the resolution, almost unpa ralleled ir the annals of heroism, of destroying the ships which had broughi him tu Mexico. Accordingly, taking counsel with a few of his most attached followers, he procured a report from the pilots that the vessels were not seaworthy, and caused them to be broken in pieces and sunk, before the majority were aware of his design. When the Spaniards thus saw themselves shut up in a strange and populous country, with no means of retreat, their first impulse was one of rage and despair, and Cortes had nearly fallen a sacrifice. As he foresaw, however, the daring act had the effect of bracing his men to a pitch of resolution all but supernatural. Besides, by the destruction of the fleet, he obtained a reinforcement of a hundred and ^ti., 62 THE CONQUEST OP MEXICO. ;^'n:t. C O R T S 3. ten men — the mariners, formerly employed in the ships, being now converted into soldiers, and very good ones, as it afterwards proved. All being now ready, Cortes, leaving a considerable force as a gar- rson to the new settlement of Villa Rica, under the command of fuan de Escalante, set out from the territory of the Totonacs, on his march inland, on the 16th of August, 1519. His army consisted of four hundred Spaniards on foot, and fifteen horse, accompanied by thirteen hundred Cempoallan warriors, and a thousand tamanes, or Indian body slaves, furnished by the cacique of Cempoalla, who were to carry the heavy burdens and perform other laborious offices. Advancing through the tierra caliente, they began to ascend the mountains which separate it from the vast table-land of Anahuac. A few days' march across the tierra templada and the tierra fria, brought the Spaniards to the small mountain province of Tlascala, situated about half-way between the sea-coast and the Mexican val- ley. The Tlascalans were a brave and high-spirited people, of the same race as the Aztecs. They had refused, however, to submit to the empire of Montezuma, and were the only people in Anahuac who bade defiance to his power, preferring poverty and hardship in their mountain home to the loss of independence. The government ■)f Tlascala was a kind of feudalism. Four lords, or caciques, held their courts in different quarters of the same city, independently of i 4 TREATY WITH TLASCALA. 53 fnc ind of on his ted of ied by ics, or who ffices. d the huac. fria, scala, n val- of the mil to ahuac hip in nment ,held tly ot nch other, nnd yet mutually allied ; and under these four chieftains the Tlascalan population, nobles and commons, were ranged assubjecls On the approach of the Spaniards, a consultation was held among the 'I'lusciilan lords and their counsellors, as to how the strangers nhoiild be received ; some being inclined to welcome them, in hopes of being able, by their assistance, to cope with Montezuma; others maintaining that the Spaniards were enemies and ought to be repulsed by all means. The latter opinion prevailed, and three desperate battles were fought between the Tlascalans, under the command of Xico- tencatl, a brave and able young chief, the son of one of the four caciques, and the Spanish invaders. These engagements were far more serious than the battles which the Spaniards had fought with the Tabascans; and it required the utmost exertion of Castilian valour, directed by all the ability of Cortes, to gain the victory. But Indian courage against the flower of European chivalry— the maqunhuitl, or war-club, dreadful instrument as it was, with its sharp, flinty blades, against muskets and artillery — coatings of war-paint, or doublets of fealherwork, against Spanish mail — were a very unequal contest; and, as usual, the losses of the Spaniards were as nothing compared with the fierceness of the struggle. But how could the little army hope to advance through a country where such battles had to be fought at every step ? If such were their reception by the Tlascalans, what might they not expect from the richer and more powerful Mexicans? Such were the reflections of the Spanish soldiery. The idea of their ever reaching Mexico, says Bernal Diaz, was treated as a jest by the whole army. Fortunately, when these murmurs were reaching their height, the Tlascalans submitted, and sent ambassadors to beg the friendship of the Spaniards; and on the 23d of September, 1519, the Spaniards entered the city of Tlascala, a large and populous town, which Cortes compared to Granada in Spain. Here they were cordially received by the four caciques, and especially by the elder Xicoten cati ; and in a short time an intimacy sprung up between the TIas calans and the invaders, and a treaty was concluded, by which the Tlascalans bound themselves to assist the Spaniards throughout the rest of their expedition. Her^-, as well as elsewhere, Cortes showed his zeal for the Catholic {p ih by endeavouring to convert the na- tives ; and it is probable t'.iat the same scenes of violence would have taken place at Tlascala as at Cempoalla, had not the judicious fathci b8 ^ 54 THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. UA3SA0HB AT OaOLOLA. Mi Olmedo interfered to temper the more headlong fanaticism of the general. While in Tlascala, Cortes received various embassies from pro- vinces in the neighbourhood anxious to secure his good will. About the same time, an embassy was received from Montezuma himself, entreating Cortes not to place any reliance upon the Tlascalans, whom he represented as treacherous barbarians ; and now inviting him, in cordial terms, to visit his capital, pointing out the route through the city of Cholula as the most convenient. This route was accordingly adopted, and the Spaniards, accompanied by ai« army of six thousand Tlascalan warriors, advanced by it towards Mexico. Their approach gave great alarm, and Montezuma set on foot a scheme for their massacre at Cholula, which, however, was dis- covered by Cortes, who took a terrible vengeance on the sacred city. Montezuma, overawed, again made overtures of reconciliation, and pro- mised the Spaniards an immense quantity of gold if they woulJ ad- vance no farther. This Cortes refused, and the Spanish army with i 5 -■'■-'-'— ^- ■"- ^^A MARCH INTO THE INTERIOR. 56 pro- About uiseif, calans, viling route route by ai> owaids set on ■vas dis- d city, nd pro- uU ad- ly with the Tluscalan warriors left Cholula nnd proci-oded on their march, i lel everywhere by deputations from neighbouring towns, many of which wore disafiected to the government of Montezuma. The route of the army lay between two gigantic volcanic mountains, and the march, for a day or two, was toilsome and bitterly cold. At last, "turning an angle of the sierra, they suddt-nly came on a view which more than compensated their toils. It was that of the Valley of Mexico; which, with its picturesque assemblage of water, woodland, and cul- tivated plains, its shining cities and shadowy hills, was spread out like some guy and gorgeous panoiama before them. Stretching far away at their feet were seen noble fcrests of oak, sycamore, ana cedar; beyond, yellow fields of maize, and the towering maguey, intermingled with orchards nnd blooming gardens. In the centre of the great basin were beheld the lakes, their borders thickly stud- ded with towns and hamlets; and in the inidst, like some Indian empress with her coronal of pearls, the fair city of Mexico, with her white towers and pyrauiidal temples, reposing, as it were, on the bosom of the waters — the far-famed 'Venice of the Aztecs.' "* Descending into the valley, the Spaniards halted at Ajutziiico, a town on the banks of the southernmost of the five lakes. Mean- while, Montezuma was in an agony of indecision. When intelligence reached him that the Spaniards had actually descended into the val- ley, he saw that he must either face the strangers in the field of battle, or admit them into his capital. His brother, Cuitlahua, ad- vised the former; but his nephew, Cacama, the young lord of Tez- cuco, was of the contrary opinion, and Montezuma, at length, sent him to meet the Spaniards, and welcome them to his dominions. Cacama accordingly set out in state, and arrived at Ajotzinco just as the Spaniards were about to leave it. When he came into the presence of Cortes, he said to him, "Malintzin, here am I and these lords come to attend you to your residence in our city, by order of the great Montezuma." Cortes embraced the prince, and presented him with some jevjls. After a little while, Cacama took his leave and the Spaniards resumed their march. Travelling along the southern and western banks of Lake Chaico, they crossed the causeway which divides it from Lake Xochichalco, and advanced along the margin of the latter to the royal city of Iztapalapan, situ- ated on the banks of the great Tezcucan Lake over against Mexico * Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, vol. ii. p. 47. 56 THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. To the eyes of the Spaniards, all that tliey saw in their journey seemed fairy-land. It was on the 7lh of November, 1519, that the Spaniards arrived Rt Iztapaiapan ; and here lliey sjjent the night, lodged in magnifi- cent palaces built of stone, and the timber of which was cedar. From this position, the eye could sweep over the whole expanse of iht Tezcucan Lake. Canoes of all sizes might be seen skimmirg along- its surface, either near the middle or close to the banks, wheie the thick woods came down to the water's edge. Here also, moving slowly along- the margin of the lake, might be seen a still stranger sight — the chinampas, or floiiiing-gardens — little islands consisting of earth laid on rafts, planted with flowers, shrubs, and fruit-trees, containing a small hut or cottage in the centre, , ocupied by the jno- prietor, who, by means of a lung pole, which he pushed against the bottom, could shift his little domain from place to place. But what fixed the eyes of the Spaniards above all else was the glittering spec- tacle which rose from the centre of the lake — the queenly city of Mexico, the goal of their hopes and wishes for many months past. In a few hours they would be within its precincts — a few hundred men shut up in the very heart of the great Mexican empire ! Wha' might be their fate there ! The islet on which Mexico was built was connected with tht miinland by three distinct causeways of stone, constructed with in credible labour and skill across the lake, and intersected at intervals by drawbridges, through which canoes might pass and repass with eaae. The causeway by which the Sjjaniards must pass, connected the island with the southern bank of the lake, about half-way across, to which it branched i "nto two lines, one leading to the city of Cojohuacan, the other nn-cting the mainland at a point not far from Iztapaiapan, where the Spaniards were quartered. This causeway was about eight yards wide, and capable of accommodating ten or twelve horsemen riding abreast. It was divided, as before-mentioned, by several drawbrit'ges ; a cir'^unislance which the Spaniards ob- served with no small alarm, for they saw that, by mcc^ns of the^e drawbridges, '^eir communication with the mainland could be com pletely cut ofT by the Mexicans. On the morning of the 8th of November, 1519, the army left Iztapaiapan, and advanced along the causeway towards the capital. First went Cortes with his small body of hurse ; next came the Spanish foot, amounting to not more than four hundred men ; aftet th tht ilh in Itervali s will, ncc.lcd cross, ity of r from so way ten or ioned, Ids ob- the^e com ■ly left liipitnl. lie the I; aftet C O K l' B 8 M A B n I N Q INTO U K X I U O. thrill ciimo tlie Indian (amant's, carryinn; the bagcape; and lust of ai. came the TIascalan warriors, to the number of about five thousand. As tliey moved alonjf the causeway, the inhabitants of the city crowded in myriads to nraze at them, some findintr standing-room on the causeway itself, otliers skimming along the lake in canoes, and clambering up the sides of the causeway. A little more than haif- way across, and at a distance of a mile and a half from the city, the branch of the causeway on which tlie Spaniards were marching, was joined by the other branch ; and here the causeway widened fur a small space, and a fort or gateway was erected, called Fort of Xoloc. On arriving at the gateway, the army was met by a long procession of Aztec nobles, richly clad, who came to announce the approach \)( the emperor himself to welcome the Spaniards to his ca})ilal. Accordingly, when the remainder of the causeway had been almost traversed, and the van of the army was near the thresh old of the city, a train was seen advancing along the great avenue. "Amidst a crowd of InJian nobles, preceded by three officers o! state bearing golden wands, the Spaniards saw the royal palan f)uin of Montezuma, blazing with burnished gold. It was borne on the shoulders of nobles, and over it a canopy of gaudy featherwork, Itowde red with jewels, and fringed with silver, and was supported i 5H THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 11 i by four attendants of the same rank. They were barefooted, and walked with a slow, measured pace, and with eyes bent on the ground. When the train had come within a convenient distance it halted ; and Montezuma, descending from his litter, came forward, leaning on the arms of the lords of Tezcuco and Iztapalapan — the one his nephew, the other his brother. As the monarch advanced under the canopy, the obsequious attendants strewed the groiyid with cotton tapestry, that his imperial feet might not be contami- nated by the rude soil. His subjects, of high and low degree, who lined the sides of the causeway, bent forward with their eyes fast- ened on the ground as he passed, and some of the humbler class prostrated themselves before him."* Cortes and the Mexican emperor now '^lood before each other. When Cortes was told* that the great Montezuma approached, he dismounted from his horse, and advanced towards him with much respect. Montezuma bade him welcome, and Cortes replied with a suitable compliment. After some ceremonies, and the exchange of presents, Montezuma and his courtic s withdrew, the Spaniards fol- lowing. Advanbing into the city, wondering at all they saw — the long streets, the houses which, in the hne along which they passed, belonged mostly to the noble and wealthy Mexicans, buih of red stone, and surmounted with parapets or battlements; the canals which here and there intersected the streets, crossed by bridges ; and the large open squares which occurred at intervals — the Spa- niards were conducted to their quarters, situated in an immense square in the centre of the city, adjoining the temple of the great Mexican war-god. Montezuma was waiting to receive them ; and the Spaniards were surprised and delighted with the princely gene- rosity with which he supplied their wants. Next day, Cortes paid a visit to Montezuma in his palace, attended by some of his principal officers. In the conversation which ensued, Cortes broached the topic of religion, and informed Montezuma "that we were all brothers, the children of Adam and Eve, and that as such, our emperor, lamenting the loss of souls in such numbers as those which were brought by the Mexican idols into everlasting flames, had sent us to apply a remedy thereto by putting an end to the worship of these false gods." These remarks seemed to Jia- please Montezuma, who, however, made a polite reply. i^ • Prescott'a Conquest of Mexico, vol. iL p. 67. CORTHS IN MEXrrO. 59 ittended ensued, ' that that as jers as irlasting end to to Jis- AY after day, the intercourse between Cortes and Montezuma was renewed; the Spanish soldiers also became gra- dually familiar with the Mexicans After describing Montezuma's house* hold, including a great aviary or col- lection of birds, and a menagerie, the chronicler Bernal Diaz gives us an account of Cortes's first tour through the city, acccmpi;nied by Montezuma. They first vi?ited the great bazaar, or market, held in the western part of the city, "When we arrived there, we were astonished at the crowds of people, and the regular- ity which prevailed, as well as at the vast quantities of merchandise which those who attended us were assiduous in pointing out. Each kind had its particular place of sale, which was distinguished by a sign. The articles consisted of gold, silver, jewels, feathers, man- tles, chocolate, skins dressed and undressed, sandals and other ma- nufactures of the roots and fibres of nequen, and great numbers of male and female slaves, some of whom were fastened by the neck in collars to long poles. The meat market was stocked with fowls, game, and dogs. Vegetables, fruits, articles of food ready dressed, salt, bread, honey, and sweet pastry made in various ways, were also sold here. Other places in the square were appropriated to the sale of earthenware, wooden household furniture, such as tables and benches, firewood, paper, sweet canes filled with tobacco mixed with liquid amber, copper axes and working-tools, and wooden vessels highly painted. Numbers of women sold fish, and little loaves made of a certain mud which they find in the lake, and which resembles cheese. The makers of stone-blades were busily employed shaping them out of the rough material ; and the merchants who dealt in gold had the metal in grains as it came from the mines, in transpa- rent tubes, so that they could be reckoned ; and the gold was valued at so many mantles, or so many xiquipils of cocoa, according to the size of the quills. The entire square was enclosed in piazzas, under which great quantities of grain were stored, and where were also shops for various kinds of goods. Courts of justice, where three judges sat to settle disputes which might arise in the market, occu- pied a part of the square, their under-officers, or policemen, being in the market insiecting the merchandise." 60 THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. Tax aRBA.T TIMPLB Or U B Z 1 O Pio./ecding from the. market-place through various parts of the city, the Spaniu :Js came to the great teocalli, or temple, in the neighbourhood of their own quarters. It was a huge pyramidal structuie, consistirir of five stories, narrowing above each other likr the tubes of an extended spy-glass, (only sq'»are in shape,) so as tc leave a clear pathway round the margin of each story. The ascent was by means of a stone stair, of a hundred and fourteen steps. Arrived at the summit, Cortes and his companions found it to be a large flat area, laid with stone ; at one end of which they shuddered as they saw a block of jasper, which they were told was the stone on which the human victims were laid when the priests tore out their hearts to ofTer to their idols: at the other end was a tower of three stories, in which were the images of the two great Mexican deities Huitzilopochtli and Tezcatlipoca, and a variety of articles per .*i THE TEMPLE OP MEXICO. 6t of the in the raiuidal 30 as to I ascent steps. I to be a iddered |e stone )re out nver of lexical! Ilea per taming to their worship, "From the tnp of the temple,'' says Bei» nai Diaz, "we had a clear prospect of the three causeways by which Mexico communicated with the laml, and we could now perceive that in this great city, and all the others of the neighbourhood which w«re built in the water, the houses stood separate from each other, communicating only by small drawbridges and by boats, and that they were built with terraced tops. The noise and bustle of the market-place below us could be heard almost a league off; and those who had been at Rome and Constantinople, said that, for conveni- ence, regularity and population, they had never seen the like." At the request of Cortes, Montezuma, though with apparent reluctance, led the Spaniards into the sanctuary or tower whore the gods were. "Here," says Diaz, "were two altars, highly adorned with richly- wrought timbers on the roof, and over the altars gigantic figures resembling very fat men. The one on the right was their war-god, with a great face and terrible eyes. This figure was entirely covered with gold and jewels, and his body bound with golden serpents ; in his right hand he held a bow, and in his left a bundle of arrows. Before the idol was a pan of incense, with three hearts of human victims, which were burning, mixed with copal. The whole of thai apartment, both walls and floor, was stained with human blood in such quantity as to cause a very offensive smell. On the left was the other great figure, with a countenance like a bear, and great shining eyes of the polished substance whereof their mirrors are made. The body of this idol was also covered with jewels. An offering lay before him of five human hearts. In this place was a drum of most enormous size, the head of which was made of the skins of large serpents: this instrument, when struck, resounded with a noise that could be heard to the distance of two leagues, and so doleful that it deserved to be named the music of the infernal regions." This state of things could not last. Cortes, of course, had no intention of leaving Mexico, now that he had made good his quarters in it ; out as it was not to be expected that Montezuma and his sub- jects would continue their friendly intercourse with him if they sup- posed that he purposed to remain, he saw the necessity of taking some decided step to secure himself and his men against any out break which might occur. The step which he resolved upon in his own mind was the seizure of Montezuma. By having him in their power, he would be able, he imagined, to maintain a control over 82 THE CO!yQUEST OF MEXICO. the whole population of the city — amounting, it was beh'eved, to nearly three hundred thousand. Nor was a pretext wanting to g'ne an appearance of justice to the daring act which they contero plated. Cortes had just receive'^ intelligence that a battle had been fought between the garrison which he had left at Villa Rica, and a body of Mexicans under the command of the Mexican governor of a province adjacent to the Spanish settlement. Although Cortes cared little for this occurrence, he resolved to avail himself of it for his purpose; so, after a night spent in prayer for the blessing of God on what he was about to do, he proceeded with five of his offi- cers and theHvvo interpreters. Donna Marina and Aguilar, to Monte- zuma's palace/\ The monarch, as usual, received him kindly ; but when Cortes, after^upbraiding him with being the cause of the attack on the Spanish gammon at Villa Rica, as well as with the attempt made by the Cholulans to arrest his own progress towards Mexico, informed him that he had come to take him prisoner, he could no longer contain himself, but gave full vent to his rage and astonish- ment. But the rage of an Indian prince w£is impotent against the stern resolution of the European general ; and as the helpless mon- arch gazed on the unyielding countenances of his visitors, whose fingers were playing with the hilts of their swords, his anger changed into terror: he was seized with a fit of trembling, and the tears gushed into his eyes. Without any resistance, he was re- moved in his royal litter to the Spanish quarters, giving it out to his nobles and subjects that he went voluntarily, on a visit to Cortes, and desiring them to remain quiet. Another degradation awaited the unhappy monarch. He was obliged to surrender the governor and three other chiefs, who had led the attack on the garrison of Villa Rica , ana these were burned alive by the orders of Cortes, in front of Montezuma's palace, the emperor himself being kept in irons while the expcution was going on. All this took place within ten days of the arrival of the Spaniards m Mexico; and, for three or four months, Montezuma continued a prisoner in the Spanish quarters. Here he was attended with the inoEt profound respect, Cortes himself never approaching him with- out taking off his cap, and punishing severely every attempt, on the part of any of his soldiers, to insult the royal captive. Such instances, however, were very rare ; for the kindly demeanor of Montezuma, his gentleness under his misfortunes, and, above all, his ■^M m te re va so tfa act dir ext Spi ion the hitt con hav beei obe( Mox ever that, gian time MEXICO CEDED TO THE SPANIARDS. 63 paniarda linued a hvith the Im with- |mpt, on Such lanor of all, hn COBTBS OBDSRINO MONTI'. ZrUA TO BZ CHAINHD. fiberalit}' to those about him, won the hearts of the Spaniards. an * 's^V. ^ ■•«.. '^«>'<<\ ^ -1.- ^^ 1j" .a * r^^ h> 68 TDK CONQUEST OP MEXICO. SBFaAT OF NARVABZ. Stealthily towards Narvaoz's quarters, surprised the sentinels, and shouting the watchword, "Espirito Santo!" dashed in among the half-awakened, half-armed foe. The struggle did not last long; for Sandoval, with a small body of picked men, springing up the stairs of the house where Narvaez was lodged, succeeded, after a hand-to- hand fight with the general and his followers, in making him pri- soner, after he had lost an eye and been otherwise severely wounded. On learning the fall of their leader, the rest yielded ; and when daylight came, Cortes, "seated in an arm-chair, with a mantle of an orange colour thrown over his shoulders, and surrounded by his officers and soldiers," received the salutations and the oaths of alle- giance of all the followers of Narvaez. In his treatment of these new friends, his usual policy was conspicuous: he plied ihem with flatteries, and loaded them with gifts, till his own veterans began to be cnrious. Thus, by a single bold stroke, which cost him but • MEXICAN REVOLT. 69 Is, and ong thu )ng ; for e stairs tiiind-to- im pri- iTounded. d when lanlle of d by his of alle- of these lem with began to liiu but • ew men, Cortes had crushed a formidable enemy, and increased hid :jwn force sixfold. Fortune favours the brave ! His arrfiy now amourAed to thirteen hundred men, exclusive of the garrison he had left in Mexico; and of these thirteen hundred nearly a himdred were cavalry. With such a force, he might now prosecute his designs in Mexico with every prospect of success, and bid defiance to all the efforts of the Mexicans to regain their independence. He was disagreeably roused from these self-congratulations by intelliffence from Mexico. Some difference had occurred between Pedro de Alvarudo and the Mexicans, the latter of which had risen en masse, and were liesieging the Spaniards in their quarters. Without loss of time, he commenced his march towards the capital, leaving a hundred men at Villa Rica. At TIascala he was joined by two thousand of his faithful iiiountain allies ; and the whole army then pushed on Air the Mexican valley, anxious to relieve Alvarado, whom the Mexicans were now trying to reduce by blockade. On the 84lh of June, they reached the great lake, and marched along the causeway without opposition, but amidst an ominous stillness. Alvarado clasped his general in his arms for joy ; and now, for the first time, Cortes learned the origin of the revolt. Alvarado, sus- pecting some conspiracy among the Aztec nobles, had treacherously massacred a number of them collected at a religious festival, and the in- habitants had risen to take vengeance lor tne mjury. Cortes sharply rebuked his ofiicer fur his misconduct; but the evil was already done, and to punish Alvai?Hr> would have been attended with no good effect. Moodily and bitterly, therefore, Cortes expended hia vexation on the unhappy Mexican monarch, accusing him of being concerned in the insurrection, and calling upon him to check it, and procure provisions for the Spaniards. Montezuma complied as fui as lay in his power: Cortes also used his best endeavours to allay the storm ; ar'" for a while, it ajjpeared as if their efforts were sue cessful. The calm was only temporary. The day after the arrival of Cor- tes, a soldier, who had been sent on an errand by him, returned breathless and bloody to the Spanish quarters. He had been fallen upon by a multitude of Mexicans, who endeavoured to drag him away in thjir canoes for sacrifice, and he had only escaped after a desperate struggle. The whole city, he said, was in arms ; the drawbridges were broken down ; and they would soon attack .he Spaniards in their stronghold. 70 THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. The news was too true. The Aztecs poured alonjT the street? like a fl(Hid, approaching the square where the S|)nniards vrere lodged, while the terraced roofs of all the houses in the vicinity were crowded with sh'ngers and archers, ready to shower their mis- siles upon the besieged. And now commenced a struggle which lasted seven days, and to which there is no parallel in history. Day after day, the fighting was renewed, the Spaniards either making a sally upon the besiegers, or beating them back when they advanced to Sturm or set fire to their quarters. The only relaxation was at night, when the Mexicans generally drew ofl^. The Spaniards were always victorious ; but their losses were considerable in every ac- tion, and the perseverance of the Mexicans alarmed them. Instead of yielding to their first defeats, they seemed to act on the conviction that they mast be defeated continually until the Spaniards were all slain. This resolution astonished Cortes, who, till now, had under- valued the courage of the Aztecs. His soldiers, especially those who had come into the country with Narvaez, heaped reproaches upon him; although, when they saw his conduct in the fray — the bravery with which he spurred his horse into the thickest of the enemy, the generosity with which he would risk his own life to res- cue a comrade from the hands of a crowd of Aztecs — their re preaches were lost in admiration. Wearied out by his incessant efl'brts, and perceiving the hopeless- ness of continuing a contest against so many myriads of enemies — for recruits were flocking in from the neighbouring country to assist the Mexicans against the common foe — Cortes resolved to try the effect of negotiation, and to employ Montezuma as his intercessor. At his request, therefore, Montezuma, dressed in his imperial robes, appeared on a terraced roof, where he was visible to the multitude gathered in the great square. A silence ensued, and Montezuma was parleying with four nobles who approached him, when suddenly a shower of stones and arrows fell on the spot where he was stand- ing. The Spanish soldiers tried to interpose their bucklers; but it was too late ; Montezuma fell to the ground, his head bleeding from the effect of a blow with a stonj;. He was immediately removed, and every means used for his recovery ; nor was the wound of itself dangerous. But his kingly spirit had received a wound which no words could heal ; he had been reviled and struck by his own sub- jects, among whom hitherto he had walked as a sacred being : he refused to live any longer. He tore the bandages from his head DEATH OF MONTEZUMA. 71 opeless- inies— to assist try the rcessor. 1 robes, ultiiude tezuina uJdenly s stand- but it ing from emoved, of itself A-hich no wn sub- ing: he Ihis head wmd rejected all nourishment; and in a short time the Spaniards were informed that their unhappy prisoner was dead. Cortes and iDWjy of the men could not refrain from weeping ; and the body «u surrendered to the Mexicans with every testimony of res pect. The fighting was now recommenced with greater fury, and pro dijines of valour were performed by the Spaniards ; but all to nc purpciK. Another attempt was made to induce the enemy to come to terms. The only answer was the threat that they would all be ■acnbced to the gods, and the appalling information, "You cannot escape; the bridges are broken down." At last, as death was befure their eyes, it was determined by Cortes, and all the officers and soldiers, to quit the city during the night, as they hoped at that time to find the enemy less alert. Towards midnight, on the 1st of July, 1520, they left their quar- ters secrvlly, most of the soldiers loading themselves with the gold whkh i diacbatgcd opoo them in clouds from the Aztec cam^es.. chf? xnriv impatieiit o( the delay, and began to cast anxious glances bitui4M)(nin°d uking the causeway for the appearance of the bridge. ^^luiiJWiiilx the appalling oews was passed along that the bridge hiui :iaui& an itss at the first opening that it could not be pulled up. Hha wtt-^jgili]: of the men and the heavy oaggage crossing it had faatentfti! \h Jidii the earth so firmly as to detr i*simiicit- tion. When this awful inr«liiir»«aitif reached the vanguard, order aaili tn(in>- niand were at an end; uprnair luui! (D«m- fusion ensued ; and, seized vwinli) aibe instinct of self-preservation^ eauiL inuni tried to shift for himself. Flioj^iiur themselves headlong into the goflv. liht^' struiiuled with the Mexican wmmniiii* in the water, upsetting their aaai£it!i> lin their drowninj; a^nmiea. Riuik jriiur rank followed, each trampljajr agr.m ibe bodies of its predecesaorsr amil dluuD- dering among the canoes wiLdii Hay between theui and the oppi:au»' side. Sandoval and a few of the aatwralrj- swam their horses across ; some of the foot also were able ttji mcucb the sde (d the causeway and climb up ; but of the vun^uaimfi tiibf great i^iiajority were drowned, or slain, or carried oS wuundtttfl im oibe Mexican canoes. Meanwhile, on came the re ,t of the axmy; mum, guns, baggage, all were swept into the trench^ whiufti wm choked up oy the wreck. Over this bridge of brokea wiu^oits. ; of coaco, and the dead bodies of their companions smf <«Qe- mies, Coites and his veterans were able to reach the other si&e id the trench with less difficulty. Here, joining Sandoval and! nlitf few ■u i t i f UH of his band, they dashed along the causeway tuwaijR& dihe third and last opening, regardless of the darts and arrowit wiiiidki ttihe alexicans discharged among them from their canoes. Ktoidiiing (the thiid trench, they crossed it in the same manner aa the ku^ liut c»KXlOTAL. ALVARADO S LEAP. 78 ivithout 80 much loss, and were rapidly approaching the mainland, \vh«-n, I oking back through the dim morning twilight, they saw Alvarado and his rearguard pent up on the causeway between the second and third bridges, and almost o\'erbome by the Mexicans who surrounded them. Cortes, Sandoral, and a few of the horsf. instantly wheeled round to the rescue; and.recrossing the third gap, bhouted their battle-cry and interposed between the Spaniards and their pursuers. This timely succour enabled most of the infantrv to esca|)e; and at length all had crossed the opening except Cortes, Suiiduval, Alvarado, and a few others. Cones, Sanduval, and the rest soon followed, carried through by their horses ; and only one man reniaitied on the Mexican extremity of the causeway. It was Pedro de Alvarado : his horse was slain: and he was slandinir on the brink, surrounded by enemies ready to drag him off, should he plunge into the trench. Five or six warriors were already advanc- ing from behind to seize him, when, casting one glance at the oppo- site edge where his countrymen were waiting him, he planted the end of his lung lance among the rubbish which choked up the gap, and, rising in the air, cleared it at a bound. 1 .e spot where this tremendous feat was executed still bears the name oi Alvarado' i Liitp. The Mexicans now desisted from the pursuit ; and the relics of the Spanish army, advancing along the remainder of the causeway, entered Tiacopan. Here they did not remain long, being anxious to place themselves beyond the reach of the Mexicans, and to arrive at Tlascala, the city of their faithful allies. They were now able to count the losses which they had sustained during the night. About four hundred and fifty Spaniards, and nearly four thous.-nd Tlas- calans, had been drowned, slain, or made prisoners during the pas- sage along the causeway ; a Joss which, added to the numbers killed within the city, reduced the army to little more than a fourth of what ii had been when it entered Mexico ten days before. But the most deplorable part of the calamity, in the eyes of Cortes, was the loss of all the artillery, firearms, and ammunition, not so much as a musket remaining among the five hundred who survived. Still; under this accumulation of misfortunes, his heart did not sink ; and his resolution was taken not to leave the country till he had re gamed his former footing in it, and annexed it as a province to the dominions of his sovereicrn. His first object was to reach Tlascala, where he might recruit tb« to n. T4 THB CONQUEST OF MEXICO. OOBTZS AT OTUUUA. Strength of his men — almost all of whom were slifT with wounds— ■ud arrange his future proceedings. After many difficulties, anu another great battle on the plain of Otumba, in which he defeated the Mexicans, he reached it on the 9th of July, 1520. They were kindly received by the generous mountaineers, who withstood all the solicitations of the Mexican sovereign, Cuitlahua, Montezuma's brother and successor, that they would assist him in driving the Spaniards out of the country. It was early in autumn, before Cortes left Tlascala. His inten- tion wxis 6rst to punish several states of Anahuac which had revolted during his absence in Mexico, especially the districts of Tepeaca and Cachula ; and then, after having reduced the whole country east of the Mexican valley, to return to the capital itself, and take :'. by storm. With a force so reduced as his, without cannons or othei 6nramis, this was an apparently hopelesfi enterprise ; but hopeless was a word of which Cortes did not know the meaning. Fortu- natel}', while engaged in subduing the eastern districts of Anahuac, he received reinforcements which he never anticipated. Velasquez, ignorant of the fate uf the expedition which he had sent under Nar- raez, and supposing that Cortes was by this time a prisoner in the hands of his rival, had despatched a ship with stores, arms, and ammunition to the colony of Villa Rica. The vessel touched at the port ; the captain and his men disembarked, suspecting nothing, and were instantly seized by the officer of Cortes ; nor did it require CORTES RETURNS TO MEXICO. 76 ounds— lies, anu defeated ley were Istood all tcziiina's ng the inten- revoUed ^epeaca country d take :». or othei hopeles» Forlu- A.nahuac, elasquez, der Nar- r in the rms, and ed at the hing, and t require much persuasion to induce the whole crew to enhst under the stand- ard of a man of whom they had heard so many eulogies. A second vessel sent by Velasquez soon afterwards shared the same fate; three ■hips sent by the governor of Jamaica to prosecute discoveries, and plant colonies in Central America, chancing also to land at Villa Rica, their crews joined the army of Cortes ; and lastly, a merchant vessel, loaded with provisions and all the necessaries of war, arrived Bt the Mexican coast and was purchased by Cortes — sailors, cargo and all. Having completely subjugated all Anahuac to the east of the Mexican valley, Cortes resolved to found a second Spanish colony in the interior of the country, which should form a half-way station between Villa Rica and the city of Mexico. The site chosen was Tepeaca, and the name given to the settlement was Segura de la Frontera. From this spot, Cortes wrote a second letter to Charles v., giving an account of the expedition from the date of the last let- ter down to the foundation of Segura, and announcing his intention of marching immediately to reconquer Mexico. It was five months after the date of their expulsion from Mexico before the Spaniards were in a condition once more to march against it. Part of the necessary preparations consisted, as we have seen, in the subjugation of those parts of Anahuac which iidjoined the Mexican valley on the east ; but another cause of delay was the con- struction of thirteen brigantines at TIascala, under the direction ol Martin Lopez, a skilful shipwright, who had accompanied Cortes. These vessels were to be taken to pieces, and transported, together with the iron-work and cordage belonging to the ships which Cortes had destroyed ofT Villa Rica, across the mountains to the great Mexi- can lake. At length all was ready; and, on the 28th of £)ecember, lo',ased to fight. On the 14th of Auufust, a murderous assault was com- menced by the besiegers. It lasted two days; and on the evening of the second, some canoes were seen to leave the city and endea- voured to reach the mainland. They were chased and captured ; and on board of one of them was found Guatemozin, with his family and his principal nobles. Guatemozin's capture was the signal of complete defeat; and on the Iflth of August, 1521, the city was sur- rendered to the Spaniards. The population was reduced to about forty thousand, and in a few days ail these had disappeared, no one knew whither. The city was in ruins, like some huge churchyard with the corpses disinterred and the tombstones scattered about. HUS was the ancient and beautiful city of Mexico destroyed, and its inhabitants slain or dispersed. A monstrous act of unjustifiable aggression had been completed. Following up this great blow, Cortes pursued the con- quest of the country generally ; and in this, as well as in organizing it into a colony of — •' Spain, he did not experience any serious difficulty. On proceeding to Spain, he was received with honour by Charles V. He returned to Mexico in 1530; and again revisit- ing Spain in 1540, for the purpose of procuring the redress of real or alleged grievances, he died in 1647, in the sixty-third year of his age. It is very much to be lamented, that, in the execution of his n RELIQUKS or ANCIENT MEXICO. 7^ purposes of colonization, the monuments of Mexic«.i civilization were everywhere destroyed, leaving nothing to future generations but the broken relics of palaces, temples, and other objects of art, scattered aniidMt the wilderness. Some of these ruined menu- ntents, recently explored by Siejiliens and other traveller.'', show that the ancient .Mexicans had made remarkable advances in social /ite as well as in the arts, more particularly architecture ; and what renderj all such relics the more interesting to the archaH)logist is, the growing conviction, that the old Mexican civilization was of an original type — a thing noway derived from, or connected with, the civilizatjun uf Egypt, or any ether nation in the eastern hemisphere. .•■ /■-./:/■/■ /■■ /""/ ^i£SJ .■/\A/-:./iz\:n^ INTZRIOB OT A MBSIOAM HOTI8B. CHAPTER V. RECENT HISTORY OF MEXICO. FTER two years of continuous and laborioiu warfare, Cortes succeeded in overturning the empire of the Aztecs, and the smaller states were subjected to the Spaniards al- most without a struggle. The position which the Spaniards held with respect to the natives of the country very much re- sembling that of the nations of German ori- gin who overturned the Roman empire and st;Uled in the countries of Western Europe. Like them, the S])n- iiiards were obliged to establish a kind of feudal system, to protect ao l!i-. COLONIZATION OF MEXICO. SI Ibemselves against the much more numerous native population. In Europe, the victors and the vanquished in the course of time united so as to form one nation, but such a change has not taken place in Mexico, and probably never will take place. The Spaniards and natives belong to two different races of men, differing in colour and in many other respects. The Spanish conquerors also had attained a higher degree of civilization, while in Europe the conquerors learned from the conquered the most useful arts of civilized life. Even now, more than three centuries since the conquest, the Spa- niards and natives constitute two perfectly distinct classes. As the number of the conquistadores, or companions of Cortes, was very small in comparison with the native population, they were anxious to bring over more of their countrymen. A considerable number of Spaniards accordingly anr.ually emigrated to Mexico, and there acquired great wealth, as officers of government, merchants, and adventurers in mining. As many of these Spaniards were pos- sessed of extensive property in land within Mexico, their descend- ants, the Creoles, settled, of course, 'n that country, and their num- bers were continually increasing. '1 he Spanish government, how- ever, seems not to have formed a correct idea of their condition among the natives, and to have thought that the government of that country could only be entrusted to persons who considered Spain as their native country ; it, therefore, excluded all the Creoles, or de- scendants of Spaniards born in Mexico, from all offices of govern- ment, and even from commissions in the army. Such exclusion excited in them a considerable degree of ill-will against Spain and the Spaniards, which would probably have manifested itself in resist- ance and rebellion, if they had not feared that the native population would take advantage of such a circumstance to effect their own destruction. They had still to fear another enemy which had grown up imperceptibly among them. Few of the Spaniards had brough' wives with them. From their intercourse with the native women sprung up a race called metis, or mestizos, wh ch increased still faster than that of the Creoles, who, however, being in possession of great wealth, were well aware that as long as a regular govern- ment subsisted they had nothing to fear either from the natives or the mestizos. This will account for the fact, otherwise difficult of explanation, that no signs of active dissatisfaction manifested them- selves in Mexico during the first thirty years after the United States of North America had obtained their Independence, though the m 82 RECENT HISTORY OF MEXICO. JOSXFR BON&PARTI. Mexicans were well acquainted with the advantages which thcu neighbours had obtained. It is even possible that the political condition of Mexico would not have undergone any change for a long time, but for the events in Europe and in Spain, in 1808. By the intrigues of Bonaparte, the royal family were compelled to abdicate the throne of Spain, at A he conferred the whole Spanish monarchy on his brother Josepi", then King of Naples. The Spaniards in Mexico and the Creoles were unanimous in declaring their resistance to the government established by the French. The viceroy could no longer receive orders from Spain, and it was necessary to organize a government which should act independently under a certain sanction, and with authority. But, as to this point, they disagreed. The Creoles wished to esta- blish a national representation ; the Spaniards opposed the measure ind prevented the establishment of a system of national represent? lion for Mexico titll Mo beil Maf '''m: HIDALGO AND MORELOS. 89 vhlch tlicii (xico would the events naparte, the lain, a! '\ he [osepi-.then re-'ies wef^ established orders from ■hich should authority, ihed to esta- he measure |i represent? t with the Spanish government. "HE Creoles submitted ; but the public tnind had been agitated by the dis- cussions which had taken place, and soon afterwards, in 1810, the natives and the mestizos rose against the government. They were headed by Don Miguel Hidalgo y CastilL', the cura, or parish priest of Dolo- res, a SMiall town in the state of Guanaxuato. The Creoles sided Hidalgo, who had soon an immense loice with him, took Guanaxuato by storm, and occupied Valladolid, whence he advanced over the table-land of Tolucca to that of Tenu- chiitian. The Spanish governor sent a small corps against him, which was defeated by Hidalgo on the 30lh of October at Las Gra- ces, a pass in the chain which separates the table-lands of Teno- chtitlan and Toluca. But, notwithstanding this victory, Hida.go retreated, and eight days afterwards was, in his turn, defeated by Calleja, at Aculo. Hidalgo retired to Valladolid and Guadalaxara ; and in the neighbuurhood of the last-mentioned town, he was agair. defeated, and soon afterwards taken prisoner and shot. In the mean time, the whole country had risen in insurrection, and many leaders began to act separately. The most remarkable among ihem was Don Jose iVIaria Morelos, cura of Nucupetaro, who, with ^rreat activity, talents, and success, maintained the southern pro- vinces in rebellion against the governor, and formed a junta, or cen- tral government, which, in September, 1811, assembled in the town of Zatacuaro, in the state of Michoacan. But that town was soon after- wards taken by Calleja, and the junta were dispersed. Calleja, however, was soon obliged to march against Morelos, who had pene- trated into the table-land of Tenochtitlan from the south. He was attacked by Calleja, in the town of Cuantia y Amilpas, and, after defending himself for nearly three months with great skill and gal- lantry, he abandoned that place and took Oaxaca. The junta was now increased by new members, and under the title of the National Assembly, it declared the Independence of Mexico, on the 13lh of November, 1813. But, after that event, Morelos had less success in his daring enterprises ; and, in Novem- ber, 1815, he was taken prisoner, conducted to Mexico, and shot. Many of his companions in arms maintained the conflict for sorr.e M RECENT HISTORY OF MEXICO. time, but they did not act in concert with one another ; especially after one of them, Teran, had dissolved the Congress, which had been transferred from Oaxaca to Tehuacan in the state of Puebla. The viceroy, Venegas, supported by the gallantry and skill of Cal- leja, destroyed successively the armies of these chiefs, so that when Don Xavier Mioa, the famous Spanish guerilla chief, landed in Mexico, in 1817, the fortune of the insurgents was at so low an ebb that he was unable to restore their cause, and he perished in the attempt. The country gradually became more tranquil, and in 1820 it was restored nearly to the same degree of order which it had enjoyed before 1808, to which fortunate results the mildness of the new viceroy Apodaca materially contributed. The events which occurred in Spain in the beginning of 1820, suddenly changed the aspect of affairs, and deprived Spain of the most valuable of her possessions in America, which it had regained at the cost of much blood and treasure. The Spaniards and the Cre- oles, who had formerly made common cause, were now divided into two parties, royalists and constitutionalists. Apodaca, who inclined to the former party, wished to overthrow the constituti^-n of Mexico, and chose for his instrument Don Augustin de Iturbide, a young man, born in the province of Valludolid, of respectable but not wealthy parents. He had distinguished himself in the battle of Las duces, and always shown great attachment to the Spanish part ITDRBIDE DECLARED EMPEROR. 86 Iturbide had about eight hundred men under his command, when, on the 34th of February, 1821, at the little town of Iguala, on the road from Mexico to Acapuico, he issued a pr.clamation, which, since that time, has been called the Plan of Iguala. Its object was 10 conciliate all parties. It was to establish the independence of Mexico, and still to preserve its union with Spain. To effect this, the crown of Mexico was to be offered to the King of Spain, and in case of his refusal, to one of his brothers, Don Carlos or Don Fran- cesco de Paulo, provided they would consent to reside in the country. jllOUGH Iturbide had certainly exceeded th,' powers which he had received from Apodaca, the viceroy, seeing that this proposal met the wishes W± of most persons, took no stop to crush Iturbide ; and the Spaniards S^ of the capital, alarmed at this de- lay, deposed him, and placed Don Francisco Novella at the head of affairs. But the disorders which alwaj's attend such violent changes, gave Iturbide Jme to unite hia troops with those of Guerrero, the only insurgent chief still existing in the country, and to bring over to his party all the western and northern provinces. Before the month of July, the whole country recognised his authority, with the exception of the capital, in which Novella had shut himself up with all the European troops. At this moment he received intelligence of the arrival at Vera Cruz of the new constitutional viceroy Don Juan O'Donoju. Iturbide hastened to the ccast, obtained an interview with U Donoju, and persuaded him to accept the Plan of Iguala as an armistice and final settlement. if it should be approved in Spain. This is called the treaty of Cor Oova, from the place where it was made. Iturbide thus got possession of the capital, where a junta and a regency were established, but in such a form that all power remained in the hands of Iturbide. By a decree of the cortes, dated the 13th February, 1822, the treaty of Cordova was declared to be illegal, DoiU and void ; and Iturbide, who had the power in his hands, and t great number of adherents, found no difficulty in ascending the throne. The army declared him Emperor of Mexico, on tnc 18th •f May,4S22, and he took the title of Augustin I. He was acknow- ledged by the Mexican Congress, which had been opened on the ' f< t tt ■ BECENT IIISTOUY OF MEXICO. j4| ITOBBIDB. S4th of February ; but a struggle for power aooa ams«' Eterwem liailwde and the congress, which the emperor terminateii By ifiiHBoJv- ung ihe assembly, in the same manner as Cromwell diiafflsi'iwttfl xbe LMig Pariiament, on the 30lh October, I»22. On the ioinit iluj l>e fxjmued a new legislative assembly, cuinpdsed of person* iTawimxaLks iw his wishes and intentions. But he had not skill enou'^ii tts- mocan- cile his companions in anns to these changes. Severail :f«Deral« decSaied against his proceedings, and prepared for resiscinm^- ILtur- Iriiiiie. terrified at the storm which was ready to burst om ajili sidtx, caljed together the old congress, abdicated in March^ l325li.;mifl whjdi to Europe, whence, however, he returned to Mexico nk E'^sSft. He bad been outlawed by the congress, and upon laading aoi alLe ica&sl be «ras shot at Padilla, in Tamaulipas. Mexico was thus left without a regular form of gnwsinmnrait, or eren a constitution, affairs being managed proviaionaJiy liy E3ra"yo, Tictona,and Negrete. But on the 24lh of October.. I!3if t a iccuiBti- tndcMi aniting the sixteen original states into a Federail Kt^irUic, prcdaimed by a national convention after a sesaium aS SimaHeeD The first congress assembled at Mexico, (Januaaiy l«t92&^ istfal'ed General Victoria as President of the ootiuiic PARTISAN WARFARE. 87 With the exception of some discontents occasioned by pronundtt- maxlos of RoLato, Padre, Arenas, and olbe'S, Victoria's administra- tion was encouraging to the friends of repuMicanism, until his terra of office had nearly expired. All parties had then merged into two, the Escoceses and Yorkinos, or Scotch and York parties — the tirsl slronoly opposed to republicanism, the second in favour of it. In Dtceniber, 1827, General Brcvo placed himself at the head of the Scotch party, and marched against the president ; but he was de- feated by the latter and banished. In the succeeding election, how- ever, the Escocfses elected their presidential candidate Gomea Pedrazti, by a msiji'rity of two votes. The exasperated republicans were not disposed to submit to this defeat with a good grace ; and even before Pedraza was in:>tailt'd, Santa Anna marched against bin. with a small force. The Indians fl Krked to the slandord of the in- surgents, and, on the 4th of December, IS28, a pronunciamento was issued in favour uf Guerrero, the president's political opponent. The city of Mexico was rifled, and Pedraza compelled to fly to llie United States. Immediately after, congress declared in favour of Guerrero for jiresidt-nt and Bustamente for vice-president. The latter act was most unfortunate. The new administration had scarcely gone into o})eration when the vice-president raised an army, induced Santa Anna to join him, overthrew Guerrero, and seized the government. Not long after, (September II, 1829,) Santa Anna broke the remaining Spanish influence in Mexico, by the victory of Barradas. Guerrero was executed by order of the government, in 1831 ; and in the foll(jwing year, Santa Anna took up arms against Bustamente. After various successes, he induced the president to permit the recall of Pedraza, who was immediately elevated to his former dignity, and served out his term of ofllce. At its expiration. May 15, 1833, Santa Anna was elected to succeed him. Santa Anna's energy of character and skill as a general were known, and dreaded throughout Mexico; but he was subjected to the same dangers from insurrections, declarations, and other symp- toms of discontent, as his predecessors had been. The most formi- dable to the constitution was the "Plan of Tuluco," substituting a central for a federal republic, abolishing '.he individuality of the States, and constituting the chief mag>trate a military chieftain. It gave rise to the Texan revolution, during which the president Diarched into the disufl!ected department; and, after alternate success RKCBNT HISTORY OF MBXICO. BUST AUK NTS. and 'isastA-, was entirely defeated and taken prisoner at San Jacinto. On returning from the United States, he found his influence de- stroyed, and retired to his farm at Manga de Clavo. During hia absence and retirement, afiairs were conducted by Barragan, Corn, ■nd Bustamente. The insurrection of Alexia, in 1838, afforded the first opportunity for Santa Anna to reappear in public life. The insurgents were de- feated, and their leader put to death. The blockade of Vera Cruz by the French, during the ensuing winter, was another step towards regaining popularity. He there received a severe wound in the leg, which rendered amputation necessary ; but this mischance he knew well how to appropriate to his own benefit. In July, 1840, Urrea attempted to overthrow the government, but was defeated ; but one year after, Valentia, Lombidini, Akman, Pa- rades, and Santa Anna, pronounced against Bustamente. This revo- lution was one' of the most fearful of all that have distracted Mexico since the days of the viceroys. The armit?^ 'ouirht more than a month in the streets of the capital, after which it was subjected tu CIVIL WAR. A. L A U ik S. bombardment. The president was finally overthrown, and Santa Anna inaugurated military dictator, (January 1, 1841.) The dictator held his power with great firmness until 1843, when ne ordered Paredes to be arrested at Tula, in consequence of his having joined Valencia in a proposed insurrection. This measure incensed the friends of Paredes, and they collected in small parties preparatory to revolting. The dictator then changed his policy, and invited the general to accept the government of Sonora and Sinaloa. This, however, was ineffectual ; and, leaving Canalizo at the capi- tal, Santa Anna marched against the insurgents. A civil war was the consequence. This was ended by the indiscreet zeal of Cana- L'zo, who, on the 2d of December, 1844, closed the sitting of con- gress, and declared Santa Anna supreme dictator. Incensed at this act, the people and arn)y ruse, en masse, imprisoned Canalizo, and caused Herrera to be proclaimed president, by congress. Santa Anna was left almost entirety alone, and, after the most violent efforts at the head of a small torce, he was taken prisoner. Aftei 12 Hii M RECENT HISTORY OF MEXICO. .ong drIiLenition, congress condemned him to perpetual exile. In June, 1645, he embarked for Havana, in company with his wife, Dtrphew, and a few friends. Congress non- proclaimed a general amnesty, and passed a vote recognising the independence of Texas, on condition of its not be- cctning a part of the United States. This state of quiet was of short duration. The separation of Teias from the jiarent government was, of all measures, the most unpopular in Mexico; and soon Pa- redes, aided by Arist.i, was in arms against Herrera. The latter was de|>rsed, Paredes assumed the reins of government, and the United States minister was ordered from the country. In the ensu- .ig war, Paredes marched with the army to the north, leaving the u.anagenient of aflairs in the hands of General Bravo. His efforts were attended wito uninterrupted misfortune, and the nation again turned its gaze towards Santa Anna, as the only one capable to retrieve its disgraces. Vera Cruz and other cities declared for him, and General Sa'as assuming provisitnal authority, imprisoned Pare- des, and in\-ited Santa Anna to return. He arrived at Vera Cruz, August, 1S46, and was immediately appointed president and dicta- li-r. His subsequent public career, together with that of his country, is identified with the recent war wa^ed against the United Stales, of which a history will be given in a subsequent part of this voluuie PBDRO ALV^RADO CHAPTER VI. CENTRAL AMERICA. EIE term Central America is usually applied to the region formerly known us Old Guatiniala. In a geographical sense, however, it may be applied still more extensively, including the pro- vinces of Guatimala. Yucatan, and the Balize Guatimala is an extensive region, stretching between the Pacific Ocean and Carribean Sea, from the southern boundary of Mexico, to the Isthmus of Darien. In its climate, soil, productions, and geographical fea- tures, it much resembles the West Indies, except that the Andes render it one of the most mountainous of American countries. The Wf-stern shore is subject to the most violent earthquakes ; the inte rior is but little known. Politically, it is divided into the states ol Ouatimala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. n ■^ M CENTRAL AMERICA. Giintimnia was discovered nt the snme time with Me'xico ; but it is doubtful whether it was ever a part of that empire. The origin of its people and of their civilization is unknown. The same marks of national industry, the same massive ruins, great cities, temples, and palaces, the same order and regular government, prevailed here as in the north ; but over them was thrown the same mystic veil which hid from eager gaze the inner and more interesting truths of their origin. Tradition among the natives pointed to a party of Tolteras from Mexico, as the original settlers, and even preserves the name of Nimaquiche, as the chief who led the party from Tula to their new abode. At the time of the Mexican conquest, Kicab Tanub, an alleged descendant of Nimaquicho reigned in Utailan, the principal seat of the Q,uiches or primitive inhabitanis of the coun« try. This chief, who appears to have been of a most a. tive warlike nature, was then engaged in hostilities with the neighbouring nations, called Mams, Zutugilcs, and even with Sinacam, a king of Gua- timala. After the conquest of Mexico, Cortes despatched Alvarado against the southern countries, with three hundred infantry, and thirty-five Norsemen, two hundred Tlascalnns and Cholulans, and a hundred Mexicans. His artillery numbered four pieces. Such was the army destined to conquer provinces who numbered their warriors by hundreds of thousands. This army commenced its march in 1521?, moved through the region of Socunusco and penetrated to the city of Xetulul in the Palahunoh chain of mountains. This, togethei with its fortress, was soon captured. On the banks of the Zomala the troops were suddenly attacked by a numerous body of Indians who, discharging stones and arrows upon them, compelled the auxiliaries to fall back. A discharge of musketry soon drove the assailants to their retreat in the mountains ; but at short intervals they renewed the attack, seriously retarding the progress of the invaders. HE news of this formidable invasion surprised Kicab Tanub in the midst of his military operations. His anxiety at so imminent a calamity absorbed all other feelings, and he determined immediately to conclude peace with the neighbouring chieftains. A plan for peace, and a general coalition against the invaders was sent to them ; but so far was it from being accepted, that Sinacam openly declared himself the friend and ally of the Spaniards, or gods, as they were called. The king of the Zutugiles fiercely replied that he was OPERATIONS OF TECUM DMAX. 9S K tO&a T ANU a. Strong enough to defend his own territory asrainst any enemy; and thus Kicab Tanub saw himself re^ iced to the necessity, not only of contending with his former enemies, but also with the Spaniards. Undismayed by the gathering storm, the king apph'ed hitnself diligently to finding means to avert it; but in the midst of his pre- parations, he sickened and died. His eldest son, Tecum Uman, ha' just ascended the throne, when he received intelligence that the Spaniards had quitted Soconusco, and were marching toward Xela- huh, (Quczaltenango.) This place was the best fortified and most important of any in Utatlan, containing a garrison of twenty-five thousand men. To maintain this position was a matter of no little importance ; and to that end Tecum Uman determined to direct all his efforts. He, accordingly, issued from his capital in great pomp, surrounded by the nobles of the kingdom, and at the head of seventy thousand men, under his best general, Ahzol. Eighty thousand joined him at Cheinequina; and at Gluezaltenango, where be came in sight of the Spaniards, his force was swelled to two hundred and thirty thousand fighting men. Without waiting for ofltrs of negotiation, the king determined at once to give battle. His preparations for this issue prove that the iletermination was not a blind confidence in superior numbers — the too frequent error n *he Indian armies. He chose the field of m. llJ|iM»'Ji",W"l"".i' "iipfiW'liiiMlif 94 CENTRAL AMERICA. # Tzaccaha, and began fortifj'ing it with the greatest care and preci sion. A wall, bordered by a deep ditch, was extended around its entire circuit; and in front of the ditch were planted rows of poi soned missiles, designed to interrupt and disorder an enemy's ranks. 'I'hus intrenched, the Quiches awaited the advance of their power- ful antagonists. HE Spaniards approached Xelahuh with the utmost caution, in order to avoid surprise. In winding through the mountains, now known as Santa Maria de Jesus, they encountered, very unexpectedly, a host of Indians who barred the passage. The table- hind above was in like manner swarm- ing with warriors. Soon the wild passes of the Cordilleras rang with the shouts of tens of thousands, and the two armies joined in a fierce and bloody struggle. Victory declared for the invaders, and, filing through the ravine, they recom- menced their march. But their toil had only begun. At every pass, a new battle was offered ; every peak and crag rained down showers of missiles, and the whole mountain range seemed con- verted into a hostile camp. Six engagements took place between Zamala and the river Olintepec. The last was fought in a defile on the river shore. The slaughter was so terrible that streams of blood ran down into the water, staining it for n any yards along the banks, thus giving rise to the present significant name of Xiquigel, or bloody river. In a subsequent action, the Quiches fought with such desperate valour, that, forgetting all discipline, they seized the horses of the Spaniards by the mane, and struggled to overturn both steed and rider. Two days after, the victors entered Xelahuh which was found deserted. In a little while, however, the inhabitants re- turned and concluded a treaty with the new occupants. The great battle between Alvarado and the Quiches took place on the following day. The first shock was terrible ; and for a time the Spaniards seemed in danger of being defeated ; but, as the crowds of their opponents continued to pour on, they became so densely packed, that exertion was almost impossible. Hundreds were mowed down in passive slaughter. The battle was not restored until the Spaniards had cut an opening into the living mass with their weapons. The vast multitude swayed to and fro like ilia ONSUCCESSFUL STRATAGEM. 9b DliSlEl GREAT BAT TLB BHT^TBBN AL VARADO AND THB aOICHlCS ocean, and a wild uproar rose upon the air, and rolled from rock tc rock of those lofty plains. The king behaved in a manner worthy his cause and station; and, at length, singling out Alvarado, he T'lohed 'inon him and engaged in a furi )us personal encounter. The horse of the Spanish general was struck dead ; and, for a while, he was himself in imminent danger. He finally overturned his opponent with his lance. But, instead of being discouraged by tht death of their king, th« Quiches threw themselves upon the Spa- nish cavalry, and grasping the horses, struck maddened but vain blows with their hands. The steeds with theii riders plunged breast-high among piles of dead bodies ; and the ground in the im mediate scene of battle was one great pool of blood Discipline at last prevailed ; and the rout of that day was total. These great reverses were not sufficient to dampen the spirit of i.he Quiches. King Chignauivcelut, successor of Tecum Uman. "^rdered a great council to assemble at Utatlan, to deliberate upon I iture measures. It was there resolved to abandon open force, and 7 '^ 96 CENTRAL AMERICA. attempt to draw the invaders into a snare. Accordingly, the king sent a solemn embassy to Alvarado, announcing the submission of the kingdom, and offering a rich present in gold. Overjoyed at this news, Alvarado received the envoys with high disi nction ; and, on being invited in the king's name to visit the city and repose after his fatigues, he cordially assented, and dismissed them with presents to the monarch. On the following day, the army commenced its march for Utatlan, pjated with the prospect of speedy peace. After entering, they be- held, to their surprise, that their road lay through a narrow street, cimmanded by heavy fortifications, anti flanked by ditches ; that the women and children had all been removed ; and that anxiety and trepidation displayed themselves among the inhabitants. Suspicions of treachery arose, and were soon confirmed by the Indians of Glue- zaltenango, who had discovered that the enemy had resolved on firing the city during the night. They also affirmed that large numbers of warriors were concealed in the neighbouring defiles, ready to fall upon all who should escape the flames. *^Y^lN this perplexing extremity, Alvarado called a coun- cil of war, and announced to his officers the dangers of their situation, and the necessity of an immediate retreat from the city. This was instantly agreed upon. Without any appearance of fear or agita- tion, the t'-oops issued forth in good order and gained the plain. So abrupt a departure necessarily asto- nished the king; but Alvarado excused himself by alleging that the pasturage of the plains was, in the evening, indis- pensable to the horses. The king still continued his pacific pobcy ; but in the eagerness to free the land from its invaders, he over- stepped the bounds of prudence, and committed a fatal error. He accompanied Alvarado to the plain. Hardly had that leader placed himself in safety, when he seized the monarch, brought him to speedy trial, and, on the same evening, hung him in the presence of both armies. By this decisive step, it was thought the Indians would have been awed into submission ; but the result was far other- wise. The various forces of the duiches, as though by common consent, poured down upon the Spaniards, and a contest ensued in which the latter found themselves attacked on all sides. But, although jnpropitious at first, the battle soon turned in favour of the inva* FOUNDING OF ST. JAGO. m greed agita- rained ^ asto- self by indis- ol'cy ; over* r. He placed him to resence Indians r other' Iconsent, which although inva* ijere, and, broken down by repeated failures, the Indians now im plored mercy. From that time the empire of Utatlan was con* qiiered. This victory was gained May 14, 1524. A small chapel wai hastily constructed on the field of battle, and the next day, being Easter, the army attended a solemn celebration of mass. Thus wa« the Catholic religion introduced into Guatimala. Anxious to conciliate the Indians, Alvarado now appointed a suc- cessor to Chignauivcelut. About the same time, he received offers of congratulation and alliance from Sinacum, whom he resolved to visit. Leaving Jean de Leon Cardona in command of Utatlan, he marched for Guatimala, with a numerous es* cort, met the king on the road, and both leaders with their forces entered the capital in company. Here, for the first time, the Spaniards enjoyed that, rest of which they had so long b(>pn desirous. After remaining in the city for some time,Alvarado yielded to the entrea- ties of his host, and accompanied him in an expedition against the warlike tribe of the Zutugiles. These were overthrown in several battles, and theii chief city taken. On returning to the capital by a new route, the Spaniards Hrrived (July 24, 1524) at a place named Atmulunca, or Almolunga. The picturesque beauty of this place, the rich meadows extending far into the interior, watered by hundreds of sparkling streams, the high mountains rising from both sides of the country and rushing up to heaven, either wrapped in never-melting snows or in flame and smoke, so charmed the Spaniards, that, with one consent, they determined to establish here a permanent colony. Aided by the Mexicans and the Tlascalans, they laid the rough foundations ; and on the 25th of July, the day dedicated to the great Spanish patron, the troops attended divine service in the church which they had raised. The founding of the city was attended by rejoicings which Insted three consecutive days. On the 29th, the alcaydes and magis* tiates were installed ; and on the 12th of August, the public funo C A. R r> O N A. 98 CENTRAL AMKRICA CBI.IBBATIOB 0» THB FOUNDINO OF ST. JAOO. tionaries and other persons, to the number of eighty-seven, were enrolled as citizens. Such was the origin of St. Jago. Alvaradn now turned his attention to the various tribes who were not yet conquered, but whose submission was essential to the secu rity of Spanish authority. In the fullowing year, some of these submitted, and others the Spaniards artfully involved in war among themselves The province of Esquintla, laying on the Pacific, offered more serious resistance ; so that in a great battle fought at night, although the Spaniards had surprised the foe, their whole force was engaged five hours in hot contest, and was even repulsed They then barbarously threatened the Indians with burning their plantations of cacao and maize. The unhappy natives, dismayed at the prospect of immediate famine, submitted without further resist- ance. By the end of December, the campaign had terminated. Alvarado returned to the capital of the Cachiquels, laden with wealth and glory. The rapidity of his movements had been no less sur- prising than the ease with which he had conquered the Indian armies. He had subjected the important provinces of Zonzonate, Custatlan, (San Salvador,) and Chapparaslic, or, San Miguel. The greater part of the Pacific shore acknowledged the authority o' CAPTURE OF MIXCO. 1*51 Spain. At the same time, Alvarado's brother, Gonzalo, had de» feated the Mams in several battles, took possession, after a bloody siege, of the important fortress of Socolbo, entered Giiegiietenango^ and carried his victorious arms throughout the province of Totoni- capan. HE fortress of Mixco, which was always considered impregnable by the Indians, was situated on a high perpendicular rock, the only access to which was so narrow as to permit but one man to pass at a lime. A small force could de- fend it against an entire army, by merely throwing down rocks upon the assailants. The first detach- ment sent against this place was so disheartened by its strength and the apparent impossibility of making any impression upon the works, that they determined to abandon it. But the arrival of Pedro Alva- radoin camp changed the appearance of affairs. That intrepid general immediately called a council of war, over which he presided in per- Kin, and which determined on a vigorous prosecution of the siege. The Spaniards now resorted to stratagem, but in this they were ffflled with considerable loss. Their cause now appeared hopeless, and it is more than probable that they would finally have been com- pelled to relinquish the undertaking, had not the caciques of Chig- Qinta appeared in camp, demanded a peace, and informed the Spa- nish general of a subterranean passage leading from the citadel to ihe bank of a neighbouring river, by which the garrison could escape should the fortress be captured. This infused new life into the besiegers. A general attack was made on the heights by the army, marching in single file, while a detachment posted itself at the moatb of the subterranean passage to intercept stragglers. The fortress was finally carried by storm, and the Indians, with their irires and little ones, either killed or captured. The works were then entirely destroyed. The submission of the country being now complete, Alvarado deiennined on returning to Spain and announcing his conquests t< Charles V. But, when on *,he eve of departing, he received notice ihid Cortes bad arrived in the province of Honduras ; and deeming 160 CENTRAL AMERICA- OBABLBS V. ■ ka dntj to visit his superior, he set out (February, I5t3K> ffiiirttihck parpcee. On reaching Choluteca, he met a detachment of Sgranmb Hoops ooiDing from Honduras, and was informed that tToiitKs Ifaao reuinied to Mexico. Not being able to follow him so fiir,. JMkiwrado seems to hare abandoned, for a while, the idea of viaitiair JEwerupe^ and retonied to Guatimala. He fbaod the country, which had been left so peacefiiilly;, ira a tlale of the most violent excitement. (lis brother, Gonzuluv wlbti Ihad mled in his absence, had, by his cruelty and tyranny,, tisgwcialiy toward the Indians, alienated all parties from him. The &ii»^ of Quiche, Sequechul, with King Sinacum, were gatherings u&if i&ifler- cnt native tribes for a desperate effort to shake off th& yJktt of boodage. Alvarado immediately adopted the most energetic meawnmes to ■oppress so formidable a rebellion. Confident of the 3ap(5ifWi cif all Spaniards, be marched against the Indians, and ia a gmtiii battle, (Nbrember 22, 1326,) he completely routed them, takirn^ tdbe (two kii^ prisoners. The unfortunate princes, by fifteen ye:iE» ttf -haru eapliritj, expiated the unpardonable crime of having w^-^etii ic le- covrr independence for themselves and their oppressed peopfift. Thisrictory broke the spirits of the Indians inhabiting thit^ffunigiDered pnnmces, and from this time they seemed willing to ackaowdkifi^ tho of Spain. In proportion, however, as tbia danger itenisatBec DEATH OP ALVARADO 101 03 » iiad ftiffiar- at* to tiT ali ftiBtlle, IB aje- BBSeC a far more formidable evil began to display itself. This was dissert* sion among the conque/ors — the almost inseparable sequel to Spa- nish conquests. The difficulty of defining boundary lines between different provinces was one fruitful source of these disturbances. Either by accident or design, petty rulers encroached on the terri tory of others ; and several rich provinces were claimed simulta- neously by numerous competitors. These claims kept the whole country in a state of civil war, until December, 1527, when Alva rado received froni the emperor the office of captain-general of Gua- timala, an appointment which rendered him independent of Cortes. The energetic, and often oppressive rule of this officer restored in a great nioasure the general tranquillity. The influences of religion were added to his own efforts. In 1537, the execution of a most extensive plan for the conversion of the Indians was commenced by a number of missionaries, at the head of whom was the celebrated Las Casas. They visited nations hitherto unconquerable, and by inducing tliem to accept Christianity, opened an easy way to a cor- dial recoi^nition of Spanish authority. These labours were conti- nued through great difficulties, by themselves and successors, for upwards of a century : and to them, as much as to the mail-clad warriors, was owing the Spanish ascendency in Central America. The year 1541 was signalized by the death of Pedro Alvarado. After this event, the emperor established an audience, (November 20, 1542,) or supreme tribunal, of which Alonzo de Maldonado was named president. The seat of this court was fixed at Valladolid de Comayagua, but subsequently transferred to Gracias-a-Dios. In 1555, it was again removed to Guatimafa, then to Panama, and finally to the capital. The tranquillity which the genius of Alvaradd had secured to the province was buried with him. Faction, exas- perated by the temporary obstruction, broke out fiercer than ever. Public morals were depreciated to the very lowest scale. Justice was but a name — crimes of the deepest and darkest dye were com- mitted with impunity, and the criminals bought off from retribution by trifling sums. The Indians were treated as brutes — in short, all government was at an end — anarchy, crime, and reckless audacity rioted over the ruins of the Indian civilization. Such was the con- dition of afl^airs for a great portion of the long period of the Spanish dominion in Guatimala, till at last the country was ripe for revo* ution. The first symptoms of dissatisfaction exhibited by the Indiana and l8 102 CENTRAL AMEKICA. AX.ONZ0 DS MALDONADO whers, was after the invasion of Spain by France, in 1808. Tn*) deepest anxiety was manifested throughout the whole of the Penin- sular War, and the subsequent continentul struggles. But after the tall of Napoleon, hardly had Spain adopted a constitution when Qua* timala, anxious to extirpate the remnant of absolute tyranny, appro- priated the same one to herself without any alteration. But the formation of a junto in the following year, with absolute power to settle "indispensable" measures, gave rise to two parties, one in favour of entire emancipation from both Spain and Mexico ; the other advocating the installation of the Bourbon family on the throne of Central America. The old Spanish party, supported by Leon, the capital of Nicaragua, and Comayagua, capital of Honduras, were in favour of the latter course ; but the greater part of the cities and provinces adhered to the act of independence proclaimed by the •unta. Such was the situation of affairs when, on the 19th of October, 1821, Ilarbide, Emperor of Mexico, addressed to the inhabitants of Guatimala a manifesto, in which, after having complimented thein DO their independence, he announced, that to consolidate their grow- ing liberties, he would direct a numerous body of troops to their REPUBLIC FORMED. 103 Tfifl enin- r the Gua- ippro- i tl>e er to lie in the jhrone iLeon, uras, cities y the Itober, Ints of tlieiii I groW" theii fioiitiers. This strange proclainalion was not received l>y the inde- pendents as favourably as the emperor had wished ; but I he influon tial members of the Spanish party solicited his protection, chanj^ing the appellation of his troops from that of servants to imperialists. This faction chose us their chief, Filisola, president of the junta; ind by him the proclamation of Iturhide was distributed through- out the dillerent provinces. Not satis-tied with this, he joined with it an invitation to the people, to merge their nationality into that of Mexico; and he even took upon himself the respmisibility, as president oi the junta, to declare the union effected, (January 11, The indignation of the people at this arbitrary streuh of power rose to the \itmost pilch. The junta was dissolved. The president marched with some troops against St. Salvador, but was completely beaten, (July 3.) Defeated a second time by the people of the same province, (February 23, l!S'/i;J,) he recommenced his march to Gua- timala, where he received news of the revolution which had preci- pitated Iturhide from the imperial throne. The blow was astound- ing — his last hope was gone ; he immediately gave up all resistance and consented to the act of independence. A national convention having immediately assembled, ordered the Mexican troops to leave the country, Filisola led them out in person, taking possession, during his march, of the province of Chiapa, which he claimed fi i Mexico. This act was afterwards made good by Mexico, and Chi- apa has ever since remained a fruitful source of dissension between the two countries. This obstacle being removed, the National Assembly met again on the 24ih of June, 1823. Complete independence was declared en the 21st of July, and on the 17lh of December, the basis of a new Constitution, modelled alter that of the United States, was pro clainud to the nation. The republic was styled the " United Pro- finces of Central America." On the 6th of September, 1824, Congress completed the basis of the confederation at Costa Rica , nine days after, (15th,) the Federal Congress was installed ; and on the 22d of November, the constitution was solemnly signed by the deputies. Thus Guatimala had proclaimed her freedom, and established a republican constitution ; but, very soon, she was to learn by bitter experience, that something more than these is necessary to secure the tranquillity and happiness of the people. Hardly had the instru- 104 CENTRAL AMERICA. I FLORSS. ment of independence been signed, when fierce party spirit again sowed seeds of discord among the populace. The citizens were divided into aristocrats, or Centralists, and Federalists. The former wished to consolidate and centralize the powers of the general go- vernment. They were composed principally of influential families, who, pampered, during the domination of the Spaniards, with pri- Tileges and exorbitant monopolies, had gradually imbibed the state and feelings of the European nobility. The Federalists, on the con« trary, were led by men, young and energetic, many of whom were actuated by an ardent love of country, a desire to set her free, and a disgust at the former civil oppression. They advocated the supremacy of the states, and freedom of conscience in religious matters. At the third session of congress, the two parties came to an open rupture Soon after, the vice-president, Flores, visited the city of Q,uezalte- nango, where he had rendered himself odious by his republican principles, and by levying a contribution on its convent. Seeing him in their city, the religious orders now excited the common people against him, and soon an infuriated mob were before his house ex- claiming, " Death to the heretic." Flores ran to the church ; but, when entering, he was seized by some women, his face and heati >everely beaten, and his life placed in the most imminent danger REPUBLICANS AND CENTRALISTS. '106 By desperate exertions, he escaped into the church ; but even here he was not secure. The bell rung, crowds collected from all quar- ters, and, although opposed by the soldiery, forced their way into tho church. Fearful of the result, the priest came forward with a cru- cifix, and implored the people to spare the officer, promising to send him immediately from the city. The unhappy man confirmed these words on his knees. But ail was of no avail. The populace rushed upon him, dragged him into the convent, and delivered him into the hands of its women. He soon expired under their dreadful treat ments, and the body was submitted to the insults of the mob Crowds then rushed through the streets, exclaiming, "Viva la reli- gions-death to the heretics of congress." Encouraged by this suc- cess, the Centralists of the province of Guatimala rose in open rebellion, and extirpated the Republicans. These outrages roused the indignation of the inhabitants of St. Salvador, who resolved to avenge the patriots of Guatimala. Ac- cordingly, on the 6th of March, 1827, their army appeared before the gates of the capital, and threatened it with complete destruction. But religious fanaticism was too powerful to be easily intimidated. The priests ran, exhorting the people to take arms ; the nuns and other women assembled with knives in their hands, swearing that every enemy of their religion should perish by their hands. The army of St. Salvador was in the issue entirely defeated. The other provinces of Guatimala were in a like condition. In Nicaragua, the streets were barricaded, the chief Centralist and his soldiers massacred, part of the city burned to the ground, and the two parties so exasperated against each other that, for three months, even an ambassador could not be sent from one to the other. At Leon and Taguzgalpa, horror and desolation reigned supreme. The war continued with but little intermission for two years, at which time (1829) the troops of St. Salvador, und'jr General Morazan, again marched against Guatimala. After three days' continual battle, the city was taken. A scene of ste.n retribution followed. The leaders of the Centralists were exiled, 'he convents opened and sacked, monastic orders abolished, the nujs sent from the country, and the archbishop driven into exile. In 1831, Morazan was elected president of the republic; and for eight years managed the public affiiirs with a degree of quiet long unknown to the country. But at the expiration of his second term, ligns of faction began to reappear. Many of the banished Central- 14 100 CENTRAL AMERICA. ists had maintained a correspondence with those at home, some even venturing to return. These attentively watched an opportunity to recover their lost ascendency. They found a leader in the notori- ous Carrera, a mulatto, who, from an obscure station, hnd raised himself to the command of numerous parties who infested liie high- roads. This iPiiivi'Jiial kept the country in a state of continual fer- ment, and, thorgh often defeated, he still managed to rally lound him the priesi?, Indians, and most of the Centralists. The capital and other cities were several times taken, and shocking excesses com- mitted on the opposite faction. Morazan was finally driven into exile, and with him fell the republican party. Since this time Gua timala has exhibited little more than a scene of national misrule, anarchy, and bloodshed. Yucatan is an extensive peninsula running up into the Gulf of Mexico, between the bays of Campoachy and Honduras. It is not remarkable for the fertility of its soil, and is without mineral wealth. In the central parts, where there are no sireams, when the rainy season fails, the people suffer greatly from deficient crops. This country owes its discovery to Juan Diaz de Solis, and a com- panion of Columbus, named Vincent Yanez Pinzon. These adven- turers were fired by Ponce de Leon's success in Puerto Rico, and obtained leave to perform a voyage to the continent. As far as the island of Guanaios, they held the same course that Columbus had taken ; but standing thence to the west, they discovered a new and extensive province, and proceeded a considerable way along its coast. This was the modern Yucatan. No settlement was at that time effected, the voj'agers contenting themselves with exploring portions of the shore. ^ j-, *% OR some time after this discovery, the Spa- niards were deterred from availing thein- selves of it, by the disasters experienced by Ponce de Leon, and other adventurers. The prudent administration of Diego Ve- lasquez in Cuba had rendered it one of the most flourishing of Spanish settlements; ^ and many persons from other colonies were allured thither. As the ocean stretch- ing to the west of Cuba had not hithertr been explored, this circumstance invited adventurers to attempt new discoreries. Instigated by the desire of obtaining sudden wealth by EXPEDITION OF CORDOVA. lOT 3XIKV DIAZ DB SOLta. Jeeds of daring, several officers who had served under Pedrarias. in Darien, entered into an association to undertake a voyage of disco- very. Velasquez not only approved their design, but assisted in carrying it on — he and an opulent planter named Cordova, advanc- ing the money to purchase three small vessels, with materials for traffic or war. On board of these a hundred and ten men embarked and sailed from St. Jago, February 8, 1517. On the twenty-first day after their departure, they reached Cape Catoche, the most eastern point of Yucatan. As they approached the shore, five canoes met them, bearing people clad in cotton garments — a circumstance that excited the wonder of the Spaniards. Cordova oflered them small presents, and endeavoured to gain their good will. Though evi dently amazed a*, their strange visitors, the Indians invited them with an appearance of cordiality, to visit their habitations. Accord mgly the adventurers landed, and as they advanced into the country were struck by the sight of white stone iioises. But they foon 108 CENTllAL AMERICA. in found ihnt if the people had miiue progress in improvement bsyond their countrymen, they were likewise more artful and warlike. For though the cacique had received Cordova with many tokens of friendship, he had posted a considerable body of his subjects in am- hush, behind a thicket, who, upon a signal given by him, rushed out and attacked the Spaniards with great boldness and some degree of martial order. Fifteen of the latter were wounded ; but their fire- arms soon compelled the assailants to fly. Cordova regained his 6hi|)piiig and quitted the spot, carrying with him two natives, and the wealth of a small temple which he had plundered. Continuing their course toward the west, without losing sight of the coast, they arrived, on the sixteenth day, at Campeachy. There they were received with more hospitality ; but water beginning to fail, they ])rocecded along what was still thought to be an island, until they arrived at the mouth of a river at Potonchan. Here all the troops were landed in order to protect the sailors while filling the catiks, but, notwithstanding this precaution, the natives rushed down upon them with such fury, and in such overwhelming numbers, that forty-seven Spaniards were killed upon the spot, and the remainder, with but a single exception, in some manner injured. The com- mander received twelve wounds; but he conducted the reircat with admirable skill and courage. On regaining their vessels, they im- mediately set sail for Cuba. During the passage thither, their wounds, exposed to a burning sun, brought on a sickness, which ■was increased to the most dreadful height by the want of water. Some died by the way, and the commander expired soon after arriv- ing at Cuba. HESE disasters did not discourage the Spaniards. The sight of gold wrought into curious shapes, the reports of nations advanced into civilization, and the hope of suddenly grasping a fortune, induced many [p to offer themselves for a new expedition. Velasquez fitted out four ships at his own expense. Two hun- dred and forty volunteers, among whom were men of rank and fo^ tune, embarked in this enterprise. It was commanded by Juan de Grijalva, a young officer of tried courage, who was instructed to barter for gold, and, if possible, attempt a settlement. Sailing from St. Jago, (April 8, 1518,) he steered in a direction with the former expedition, but was driven by contrary currents to the island of Oo:;uniel. the inhabitants of which fled at his approach. He again i^jBuii rill' irtfch ^ift EXPLORATION OP YTJCATAN. 10« puJ to Rca, rounded Cape Catouche and reached Polonchan. Here he di'terniined to land and avenpe his fallen countrymen in such a manner as would strike terror among all the surrounding tribes. But, th(iiii;h he employed all his troops in this attempt, aiding them wiih some field-pieces, the Indians fought with such courage that a victory over them was gained with difficulty. The Spaniards then rf-embarked, and continued their voyage. The beauty of the coun- try and the novelty of Indian towns and cities excited their wonder and ailminition. In the numerous villages scattered along the coast, many stone houses were observed, which at a distance appeared while and lofty. In the warmth of their feelings, they denominated the country New Spain, a name by which it was known in Europe for more than three centures. Proceeding to the southward, they found the natives more friendly, and at fJiiazaca they wej-e perfumed with incense of gnm-copal, and treated with the most flattering attentions. In six days, they pxchanged European trinkets for curiously wrought ornaments of gold, worth fifteen thousand pesos. The Spaniards now learned, for the (irst time, the existence of Montezuma, the great monarch to whom this province and the neighbouring ones was subject. Re« embarking, Grijalva continued his course toward the west, and, on the I'Jlh of June, landed on a small island, where he beheld, for the first titiie, the horrid spectacle of human victims offered to a deity. He named this spot the Isle of Sacrificios, and a neighbour ing one San Juan de Ulua. From this place he despatched Pedro de Alvarado, one of his officers, to Velasquez, with a full account of his important discoveries, and all the treasure acquired by traffic with the natives. With the remaining vessels he proceeded along the coast to the river Panuco; but finding it impossible to plant a colony, he returned to Cuba, October 26, 1518. Yucatan was conquered by the Spaniards soon after the over- throw of Montezuma's power by Cortes ; its history, therefore, forms a part of that of Mexico till the year 1839, when symptoms of dissatisfaction with the policy of the Mexican republic began to be displayed by a party calling themselves Rochclanos. These de- manded either a more liberal central government, or entire independ- ence. In order to effect the latter, they secretly favoured the move- ments of a faction calling themselves Federalists. On the 29th of May, a militia captain, named Santiago Iman, raised the revolutionary standard in the village of Tizimin, and declared for the Constitutiop 110 CENTRAL AMERICA. w SANTIAOO lUAN. of 1824. He then ni.nrched to Espita, the cominanda.it of >»ii,ch had agreed to join him, but, on making a feint attack, the better to conceal his design, Iman found himself drawn into a snare, and immediately retreated to San Fernando. Here, at the end of twn months, he was attacked by the commandant. The defenders ran away, the assailant entered in triumph, and immediately annou.-ced to his government, that by a great victory he had endi the revolt. Iman now gathered around him a number of Indians, and endea- voured to insure their co-operation by a promise of exemption from religious contribution. The government then sent against him Colonel Roguena with six hundred men, who, after another " de- cisive victory," gained because the enemy ran away, entered the place in triumph. Partial quiet was preserved until February 11, 1840, when the insurgents attacked the city of Valladolid. Here were three hundred men under Lieutenant-colonel Arans. This officer appears to have possessed both talent and energy ; but unfor- tunately, while marching against the enemy, he was killed. His troops immediately capitulated. A band of outlaws then took pos<- session of the city and proclaimed the Constitution of 1824 to be in force. The influence of this proclamation soon became contagious. Towns, one after another, hailed the new order of things, and were Btrengthened by the capital itself. In June, Rivas, the commanding generaU surrendered the province of Campeachy, and for a time the INDIAN W^R IN YUCATAN. Ill country was thus actually separated from Mexico. A new state constitution was proclaimed on the 3 1 st of March, 1841. During the war between the United States and Mexico, Yucatan declared her independence of the latter power, and even discussed pro- positions of annexation to her more powerful sister republic. But the disorders consequent upon these acts had not yet subsided, when a far more formidable danger than Mexican oppression menaced the country. This was a general rising of the Indian population — au event almost unheard of in the annals of Europa-American nations. Early in 1848, all the interior settlements had been abandoned by tlie whites, and an army of sixty thousand Indians was desolating tlie country, Valhulolid and Izamel, after being defended for a long while, were abandoned in March, and the citizens fled to Merida. The Yucatoes published a statement of their fearful condition, and earnestly invited other nations to help them. The whites have mainly recovered their position, and the country is now compara- tively quiet. Notwithstanding her declaration of independence, V^ucatan still continues a part of Mexico rOOATAM BUT. SAN FRANCISCO. CAHIORNIA. CHAPTER YIT. CALIFORNIA. ^S>. HE term Califdrnia was formerly applied ex- clusively to the narrow strip of land between the Pacific Ocean and the Californian Gulf. Now it designates the extensive country ranging from latitude 22° 48' to 42° north, and between the 107° and 124° of west lon- gitude. It is divided into Old, or Lower, California, and New, or Upper, Californi.i. Old California was unknown to Europeans until 1534, at which time Hernando Cortes, the celebrated conqueror of Mexico, equipped a small fleet, took the command in person, discovered the Peninsula and Gulf of California, and ascended the latter about fifty leagues. He named it the Vermillion or Red Sea, and it was subsequently styled, by bis countrymen, the Sea of Cortes. This voyage was liii DISCOVERY OP THE COUNTRY. 113 onfortunate. By storms and other disasters the conqueror of Mexico t\-a« not only prevented from planting a colony, but forced to retrace his course, and even to abandon the original design of the expedi- tion — a north-west passage to the Old World. Pluvious to this, and during the visit of Cortes to Spain, Nunez de Guzman had marched with an army from Mexico toward the north- west. In his progress, he collected a large quantity of gold, and received the submission of many caciques ; but was finally stopped bv a rugged mountainous country, which he named New Galicia. This had induced Cortes, prior to his own expedition, to fit out an armament at Acapnlco, which he placed under the command of Hartado de Mendoza ; but vioU-nt storms, and the misconduct of the officers emplo3-ed, defeated the objects of the expedition. Six years after the discovery of California, the viceroy, Mendoza, s^nt an expedition to continue the observations of Cortes. The officers are said to have reached the fortieth degree of north latitude, where' they observed snow-capped mountains on the coast ; and, acC'crding to their own statement, met vessels with gilded yards, sup- posed to belong to China or Japan. After this period, the burden of conti- nental difficulties and South American con- quests aflx)rded the Spaniards but little opportunity to colonize the obscure pro- vinces of the remote Pacific. The decline of maritime adventure in that nation also contributed to the neglect of California. The coast was visited, however, by S r Francis Drake and other voyagers, and the northern coasts partially explored. The buccaneers frequently touched upon it, and the neighbouring Tiean seems to have been a frequent resort for whaling expeditions. SvAi, for more than a century, no settlement was attempted ; and the inierior of the country remained as little known as though the coast had never been touched by a foreign vessel. Bot, notwithstanding this apathy with regard to colonization, a field was opened not long after the discovery, which, exciting that ttroDgest of all motives, the love of gain, soon brought numerous visiters to the adjacent waters. This was the finding of a rich pean cj«er-bed on the coast. The pearls abound chiefly in the southern part of the peninsula, in the Bay of Seralvo, and around the islands e:s fbascis dbaki. 124 CALIFORNIA. h^ of Santa Craz and San Jose. The most valuable pearls in tAff jsm- jf«as*a«i of the court of Spain, were found in 1615 and I? nnmber of CaJifornian pearls brought annually to market has ftieta: ledaced almost to nothing. The Indians and negroea who ffjUliiiMneD the serene occupation of divers, were frequently drowned at (flawimawd br sharks. T length, in 1769, pursuant to tfte fcinrr"* direction. Admiral Don laidcu' ©tiundu undertook the conquest of Citliffsmnia. He was accompanied by a auniiRtflr of Jesuit missionaries, under Far&er Ebbb- bio Francisco Kino. The acuniraOi; of this undertaking are exceedinsily nueuiirei but the grneral owed hia ultimaCfr sniiDefiB as much to the effjrta of the eccfitMutsticB as to those of the soldiers. Froim iia, Olhe caaiinenc nil features to that of the United States. California has taken an active part in the Mexican war, against tha L'nlted Slates. The first military operations consequent to that event within the territor)-, were the result rather of accident than design. |APTAIN FREMONT, of the Corp of Topographical Engineers, wa sent by the United Stales govern nient on an expedition to the country lying beyond the Rocky Mountains The avowed purpose of this com mand was to find a new pass to Ore gon, and part of the route lay through the settled portion of California. On the 29th of June, 1846, Fre- mont reached the neighbourhood of Monterey, in the upper province, where he halted his command, and proceeded along to the city, in order to acquaint the authorities with his plans, and request permission to pass some time in the vallej-. Permission was granted ; but, on reaching the valley of San Joaquin, he learned through Air. Larkin, the United States agent, that General Castro was about to attack him with a considerable force. He then took post about thirty miles from the city, and, raising the national colours, in- formed the Californians that he would defend the place to the last. Castro, however, did not attack, and Fremont, after a tedious retreat, arrived (May 15, 1846) at the TIamath lake. This place he soon left, in consequence of the appearance of hostile Indians. On retracing his steps to the Sacramento river, he ascertained that Castro was still in arms against him, and was even preparing an expedition against the Americans who had settled in the neighbour' hood. In these circumstances. Captain Fremont considered him- self authorized to attempt the complete conquest of California, and its annexation to the United States. This was on the 6th of June. War already existed between the United States and Mexico, but of this fact the captain had not yet been ap^zed. The movements consequent to this resolution were rapid and bril- 5ani The garrison at Zanona was captured, together with nine CONQUEST BY THE AMERICANS. 117 Cftfinon and two hundred and fifty muskels. On the 25th of June, a pari of Castro's army was attacked and completely routed. On the 4th of July, Fremont assefiibled his forces at Zanona, and de- dared the independence of the province. EANWMILE, the American government had ^ \Sj2^~ U^ sent a fleet, under Commodore Sloat, to the coast of California, and ordered General Kear- ny, with a large force, to invade the country, after having conquered NewMexico. The former officer, on anchoring his fleet, landed a con- siderable party, and took possession of Mon- terey. Here he was joined by Fremont, with a hundred and sixty men, the captain being in close pursuit of De Castro. At the same time. Commodore Stockton landed on the coast, and proposed a plan to intercept the retreating general, by sailing down the coast and landing the troops at a proper point. Castro, however, evaded his pursuers and marched to Mexico. After this fruitless expedition, Stockton, in company with Fremont and Mr. Larkin, entered Ciudad de los Angelos, and renewed the declaration of freedom for Califor- nia. Soon after, General Kearny arrived and assumed the direction of affairs. But the ease with which the Californias had been subjected to foreign influence, was but the calm during which the storm gathers its .energy. Officers had been appointed in all the principal towns, and entered upon the discharge of duty as though in one of the L'nited States ; but they were soon to learn that something more than a sudden revolution is necessary to insure to a people the bless- ings of republican government. On the 15th of January, 1847, tht; whole province rose in arms against the new system. At night, Governor Bent with twenty-four men were massacred at Fernando de Taos. Other murders took place at the same time, and in a few days a large number of the Californians were marching upon Santa Fe. The commandant of that place. Colonel Sterling Price, placed himself at the head of four hundred men, and advanced to meet the enemy. He came up with them, placed to the number of fifteen hundred, in a strong position, near Covoda. Notwithstanding the disparity of force, he gained a complete victory, killing or wounding •hirty-six of their men, and losing but eight of his own — six of them wounded. A few days after this battle, (January 29th,) a hundred nnd eighty of Price's men, under Captain Burgwein, defeated a num- Vi' 118 CALIFORNIA. ber of Mexicans, strongly posted at La Joya. Their total loss, px« elusive of prisoners, was eighty. On the 3d of February, the vic- torious Americans entered triumphantly into the toA'n of Fernand< de Taos. The Mexican and Caliibmian forces now retired to the village of Paebia de Taos, a strong position, whose churches and other build' ings were admirably situated for defence. An attack was made by the Americans on the afternoon of the 3d, and renewed on the fol- lowing morning. At nine o'clock, a cannon and two howitzers were opened upon the buildings, and, after a cannonade of two hours, two separate charges were made under Captains Burgwein and Angrecy ; the former was killed. The Americans attempted to scale the walls but failed. They then stormed the church through a breach in the wall, fired it, and commenced vigorous measures for the reduction of the remainincr buildings. Hostilities were termi- Dated, however, by the submission of the inhabitants. The garrison lost about three hundred killed and wounded ; the Americans fifty- lour. GENERAL KEARNY, during these movements of Colonel Price, had n.'-.ciied from Santa Fe with a considerable force, and, after cross- ing plains, rivers, mountains, and deserts, came up with the enemy, (December 6, 1846,) at San Pas- cual, Upper California. They numbered a hundred and sixty, under Andreas Pico. The Ame- ricans attacked with twelve dra- goons, under Captain Johnston, fifty under Captain Moore, mount- ed on mules, twenty volunteers under Captains Gibson and Gilles* pie, and two mountain-howitzers under Lieutenant Davidson. At break of day, (December 6,) Captain Johnston made a furious charge upon the enemy with his advanced guard, and was soon after followed by the dragoons. The enemy gave way. They were folk}wed by Captain Moore, and the cavalry mounted on mules. After retreating about half a mile, the enemy, who were all ac'I moonted, suddenly wheeled round and attacked the captain whose SUBJECTED TO THE UNITED STATES. llfl •e Pas- They sixty, Ame- dra- hnston, mount- unteers Gilles- ~| furious jis soon ^y were mules. [\[ ACH whose men were some distance in advance of the others. On account of iheir vastly superior numbers, few of the advance remained un- touched. Captain Moore and Lieutenant Hammond were lanced, with several other inferior officers. The Mexicans held the ground Jor some minutes, but were finally repulsed. Besides the officers already mentioned, the Americans lost Captain Johnston and sixteen i.ien killed; and sixteen wounded, including General Kearny, Cap- tains Gibson and Gillespie, and other officers. On the 7th, Kearny resumed his march, and, after being joined bv Commodore Stockton of the navy, again encountered the enemy, (January 8, 1847,) at the San Gabriel. Their force is estimated by the general at six hundred men, and four field-pieces, under Go- vernor Flores. The Americans crossed the river in face of the enemy, stormed the heights, drove the enemy into the open plain, and after an action of an hour and a half, remained victors of the hard- fought field. Their loss had been trifling. On the 9th, the Americans continued their march as far as the plains of Mesa. Here the enemy, who, during the day, had hung on their front and flanks, opened their artillery, which was answered by that of the Americans. After hovering around for about two hours, and occasionally skirmishing, the Mexicans concentrated their forces, and charged Kearny's left flank, but were repulsed. The next day, the Americans entered Ciudad de los Angelos, without opposition. Kearney and Stockton now took possession of the province in the name of the United States, and published a proclamation regulating the government and other matters of both Californias. By the treaty of 1848, between Mexico and the United States, Upper California and New Mexico were ceded to the latter power, and from that pe- riod the history of these countries is included in that of the United States. pONoa oa Laoi CHAPTER VIII. FLORIDA. LTHOUGH the southern extremity of Florida lies so near to the West Indies, yet its existence was unknown to the Spaniards for a consider- able time after the voyages of Columbus. It is supposed to have been visited by Sebastian Cabot during his celebrated voyage along the American coast ; but the principal records of this expedition being lost, precludes the possibility of establishing this opinion. The hope of reaching the East Indies, or of discover- ing empires glittering with oriental luxury, led the Spanish adven- turers in a southern or south-west course ; and it was not till Terra Firma had been examined, and Nunez de Balboa had discovered the Pacific, that the Spaniards even suspected the existence of the region now forming the United States. The glory of discovering Florida belongs to Juan Ponce de Leon. 120 'V ADVENTURES OF PONCE DE LEON. 121 nn nd venturer who had accompanied Columbus in his second voy- age. He had then won such reputiition as to be intrusted with a share of the government of Hispaniola. and subsequently with the conquest of Porto Rica. But his claims as governor conflicting with those of Columbus, he withdrew, and obtained, in compensa- tiun, Bimini, one of the Bahamas, whico lay nearest to the conti- nent. At this place, the veteran received intelligence which decided his fiiiuie destiny. An opinion was then prevalent among the Caribs that in one of the West Indies a fountain existed whose waters could impart the gift of perpetual youth. In that age of romantic and chivalrous adventure, of new-found worlds and empires, it is not won- derful that the eager knight should embrace almost any opmion con- cerning the mysterious recesses of the lands daily unfolded to view. Punce de Leon immediately embarked in search of the wonderful fount. Nearly all the northern islands of the Archipelago were visited, and the eagerness of the voyager increased in proportion as iho fairy waters eluded his grasp. ^ii^^_ ME industrious search after this chime- rical object was rewarded in a manner totally unexpected. On the 27th of March, 1512, the Spaniards came in sight of an extensive country, hitherto unknown. It being Easter, (Pascua Florida,) they named it Florida ; and having landed (April 8) near the pre- sent site of St. Augustine, they were delighted with its splendid vegetation and magnificent forests. Elated with the great discovery, Du Leon, after sailing down the eastern coast to the southern point, repaired to Porto Rico, and thence to Spain, where he laid before the king the particulars of the new country, and obtained permis- sion to conquer and rule it. Had Ponce de Leon been able to sail immediately on his expedition, his fate and that of the expedition would probably have been different. But circumstances delayed his preparations so long, that nine years elapsed before he again appeared in the nei^iibourhood of Florida. He was then broken down by war and misfortunes ; and probably his skill and vigour in planning and executing military achievements had been much diminished. The point at which he landed is uncertain. His intention seemx 18 L 'BfjpJW" rin»- 122 FLORIDA. ill f (•« PONCK DE LEON WOUNDS D. to have been to found a permanent colony ; but in the midst of his preparations he was attacked by a large party of Indians, his men routed, and himself severely wounded by an arrow. Discouraged by so unexpected a catastrophe, the survivors regained the vessel, and sailed for Cuba, where their leader died of his wound. Spain now claimed, under the title of Florida, the who'e coast from Cape Sable to Labrador. Her pretensions, of course, wero never enforced ; but Spanish vessels continued to trade along the coast as far north as Virginia, mainly for the purpose of stealing Indians, who were afterwards sold as slaves. A company was even formed for this infamous purpose ; and under their auspices, Lucas Vasques de Ayllon was sent, about the year 1520, to Florida. He discovered South Carolina, and sailed up theCombahee river, which he denominated Jordan. The natives received him most cordially, bringing provisions and other supplies; but after decoying great numbers on board, he detained them, and the ships sailed for the West Indies. Before reaching their destination, one of the ships sunk ; and nearly all the captives in the other died. A second ex- EXPEDITION OF NARVAEZ. 128 pedition, conducted by the same leader, was attacked by the Indians and almost annihilated. Some time after these voyages, Stephen Gomez, in attempting a north-weii passage to India, reached, as is supposed, the latitude of 40° or 41° north, which coast was denominated, by the early Spa- niards, the Land of Gomez. An adventurer now appeared who seemed worthy to accomplish that in which the unfortunate Ponce de Leon had failed. Pamphilo de Narvaez, the rival of Cortes, in the conquest of Mexico, deter- mined to attempt the conquest of Florida. For this purpose, he was invested with the office of adelantado, which gave him full power to subjugate, settle, and rule the coveted region. In June, 1527, Narvaez sailed from St. Lucas with five vessels and six hundred men; but, before leaving C'lba, (February 20, 1528,) where he had stopped to refit, desertion and other causes had re duced the armament to four vessels, four hund 'i men, and eighty horses. He reached Florida in April, and landed in sight of an I'ldian village, proba- bly near the bay of Spiritu Santo. Here he erected the empe- ror's standard, and claimed the country for Spain ; after which the village was en- tered, and such things seized as the Spa- niards had need of. The Indians fled into the interior ; and it soon became neces- sary for the invaders to pause and consider on their future course. Alvaro Nunez, narrator of the expedition, advised the commander to re-embark, and sail onwards till he should find a fertile country, and a safe station to retreat on, should it be necessary. But Nar vaez determined to push at once into the interior; and, on the 1st of May, at the head of three hundred men, forty of whom were cavalry, he commenced his march through Florida. After passing through various tribes of Indians, some friendly and some hostile, exploring forests, swimming broad rivers, and wading through I.ANDINO OF NAHVABZ. v i (.■ -i ^ y 124 FLORIDA. Hi I NARVABZ IN FLORIDA. ;H^ marshes, they arrived, at the end of fifty-seven days, near a village which the guides pointed out to them as the seat of a flourishing empire. The food they had brought with them was now entirely consumed — a circumstance which gave additional enthusiasm to the feelings with which they hailed the village, as the fulfilment of their brilliant expectations. Alvaro took posses*sion of the place ; and, after a series of skir- mishes with the inhabitants, learning that a town named Aute, abounding in maize, lay nine days' journey to the southward, the dispirited adventurers directed their steps thither. The difficulties of the way were greater than any they had yet experienced ; bul they reached their destination,' and secured a valuable store of maize. Another day's journey brought them to a river, opening upon u bioad arm of the sea, probably the Bay of Appalachicola. Here, while gazing upon the broad extent of waters, and reflecting on the wilderness through which they had passed, the loneliness and utter wretchedness of their situation burst upon them ; and many a bold heart, which foi years had struggled for glory even in the jaws of fate, now sighed like a child for home. The situation of the party was indeed distressing. A third of their number had perished, and disease was rapidly thinning ths remainder. To recede into the interior would be folly ; and it was impossible to remain alive on the coast. No resource remained bul JOURNEY OP ALVARO. V25 the almost hopeless one of constructing barks to sail along the const. Narvaez and his companions set themselves diligently to work, and between the 4th of August and 20lh of September, five boats were built, each capable of carrying fifty men. They were constructed of light wood, and held together by twisted oakum and the gum of trees. The shirts of the Spaniards served as sails. After embarking, they seized '5f::^^'> five Indian canoes, which mate- ^ rially improved their condition ; and at the end of more than a month, landed at a village where they were hospitably received. At n)idnight, an attack was made by the inhabitants, and the invaders were forced tn their boats with loss. They met a like reception at annther island. The provisions were now nearly ex- hausted ; and the canoes in such a miserable condition that they could scarcely be got forward. In this forlorn situation, Narvaez abandoned his brave companions, and, pushing ahead in the best vessel, left Alvaro and the others to ti;ke care of themselves. He is supposed to have perished at sea. Thus deserted by the man who had led them to ruin, Alvaro, after a great variety of adventures, finally led a small remnant of his companions, by a circuitous route, across the Mississippi and Rio Grande, to Mexico. He was well received at Culiazzan, by Go- vernor Diaz, and also at the city of Mexico ; and having there re- cruited himself by a stay of two months, he set sail, and arrived a^ Lisbon, August 9, 1537. Alvaro found his own country intoxicated with the recent acquisi- tion of an empire, which had realized all the golden dreams that had cost so much blood and anxiety. Peru, discovered, conrjuered, and rifled by Pizarro and Almagro, with a handful of adventurers, had given a new impulse to adventure, Ferdinand de Soto, a princi- pal actor in this grand drama, had returned to Spain, laden with fame and wealth; and, on hearing of Ponce de Leon's adventures, he solicited permission to conquer Florida, and was immediately constituted adelantado. At this juncture, Alvaro arrived with his doleful tale; but nothing could damp the ambition of De Soto. His fame drew together a vast company of adventurers, from whom he selected nine hundiea l9 126 FLCRIDA. i \i !»■ d A. L U A a B O. and fifty of approved character ; and on the 6th of April, 1538, em- Darked in ten vessels for Cuba. He there spent a year in prepara- tion, during which time he was joined by Vasco Porcalho, a veteran who, like himself, had gained an immense fortune by his sword. He was appointed lieutenant-general. Soto reached Florida May 25, 1538, and, on the 30th, landed in the bay of Spiritu Santo. Four individuals were sent out to ascer- tain the fate of the former expedition ; but these were seized by a neighbouring cacique and condemned to lingering death. Other dif- ficulties followed in such rapid succession, that Porcalho became dis- couraged and returned to Cuba. It was unfortunate for De Soto that an expedition had preceded him in Florida. He came with a sincere desire not to provoke the Indians by acts of cruelty ; and as he had the reputation of being one of the most humane of all the Peruvian conquerors, there is room to believe that his desire would have been attended with th« wished-fnr harmony. In fact, the measures that he adopted at hnd- V- .lfc# ABVENTTJRES OF SOTO. lot »:t3 appoistid adilantado bt thk cooncil of Taa indibj •nj were admirably conducive to this effect. But the natives still reirieoliered the perfidious crueltj'' of Narvaez ; and they looked opon the new-comers only as a fresh band of robbers and murderers. Had Florida, like Mexico, been under one great government, this dlScuhy would not have been so formidable ; for then Soto could hare beaten its army, entered the capital, and been master of the countr}-. But he struggled against a multitude of fierce petty tribes, trho, although offering no point at which an effective blow could be r.rack, never left him master of more than the spot on which his anay stood. After the departure of Porcalho, Soto commenced his march into tie interior — a march which has no parallel in the history of Ame- rcan adventure. The people either met him with showers of ajTows or fled into the interior, leaving the region through which he fasse » w 180 FLORIDA. *, 't % ningof May. Considering it impossible, however, to mnrch throuffii ihe country without being attacked, he seized the queen, and obliged her to issue orders that the Spaniards should be supplied with what- ever her territory afforded. She escaped near the frontier. HE Spaniards now passed through the Chero- ^ kee region, and over a barren territory, to the land of Coosa. Here they were met by the cacique in the most friendly manner — a kind- ness requited by seizing his person. The same ^ ^ system was practised on the cacique of Tusca- V \ loosa, a person of gigantic statYire, fierce, proud, knd ruling over extensive territories. On finding himself a prisoner, he dissembled his real sentiments, until the invaders had reached Mauvila. (Mobile.) a large town, strongly palisaded, and containing numerous families. Soto, having entered by invitation, was enter- tained with dances and other kinds of gayety ; yet, while surrounded with these flattering demonstrations, he received notice that the houses were filled with armed warriors, collected from every quar- ter; that the children had been removed, and even the women, ex- cept many who had also prepared for battle. Strange to say, in the face of this evidence, and notwithstanding his past bitter experience, the general contented himself by merely directing his followers to be on their guard. He was scon undeceived. Order was succeeded by uproar, terror, and death. Yells from thousands of infuriated savages appalled the stoutest heart, and clouds of arrows darkened the day. Unable to breast the storm, Soto shouted to his men to fall back — a movement which continued, under galling showers, until they reached their horses. One after another was loft behind, the victim of Indian vengeance, and many of the survivors were pierced by arrows. But once on horseback, they regained their superiority, and easily drove back their pursuers. The palisade being strong against a force ■vilhout artillery, some time elapsed before the gate could be forced open. Even then, the Indians were found so strongly posted in ihe houses, that they could not be overcome except by the dreadful expedient of firing the town. The scene that followed was terrible. In that warm climate, houses constructed entirely of reeds and branches, flamed like tinder, and suddenly, as by magic, both armies were involved in volumes of fire and smoke. As the natives rushed funvard, many fell a sacrifice either to the flames or the sword ! Sittii DISCOVERT OF THK MISSISSIPPI. 131 Those who escaped to the fields endeavoured to renew the battle, and even the women lent their assistance; they were, however, finally obliged to seek safely in a general flight. Difle'ent accounts slate their loss at from two thousand five hundred to t in thousand. The Spaniards had eighteen killed, a number severely wounded, and all their baggage consumed in the flames. After this melancholy affair, S.jIo fuught his way into the great valley of the Mississippi, hitherto unknown, and reached Chicasaw, the small capital of the wail.ke nation of the Chicasaws. Here h« passed the winter. On the return of spring, he had apparep'.'.y removed all cause of dispute with the Indians, whom he now re- quested to lend him two hundred of their number to carry his biiggage. A storm, however, was about to burst upon him, of which he was little aware. The Indians had long been seeking an oppor- tunity for surprise, and now taking advantage of a dark, stormy night, passed the Spanish sentinels, penetrated, undiscovered, into their cantonments and set them on fire. At dead of night, the troops were roused from slumber, by the crackling of flames and the yells of their assailants. They would probably have been entirely cut ofT; but that the horses rushing with w>ld neighings from place to place, were mistaken for mounted troops, and caused the Chicasaws to fly in disorder. Eleven Spaniards were killed, fifty horses, and nearly all their hogs. The clothes which had escaped at Mauvila were burned, and the iron armour damaged. In this forlorn condition, the Spaniards again pushed forward, until their progress was arrested by the Mississippi. This great etream is accurately described by the survivors as more than a mile broad, rapid, muddy, extremely deep, and with many large trees floating on its surface. Solo's passage being opposed, it was twenty days before he could construct barges to contain his men. It would be tedious to follow the intrepid Soto through the whole of this astonishing expedition. Fle appears to have wandered far north, into what is now the state of Missouri, everywhere toiling and fighting, amid dangers apparently insurmountable. At Auti- amque (Utiangue) on the Upper Washita, he passed his fourth dreary winter. In the spring, his condition was so wretched, that he determined on the measure from which his mind had so long re- volted, of returning to the coast, and seeking reinforcements from Cuba or Mexico. He, therefore, hastily descended the Washita to ts juncture with the Red River, and the latter stream to its conf u- ft' ^■•-r \a2 FLORIDA. r5r ;a ence with the Mississippi. Here he found himself in the territory if Gauchoya, which contained a brave and numerous population ; his men being reduced to less than five hundred, and the horses to forty. He, therefore, announced, himself as the child of the sun ; and takincT adranta^re of their astonishment at seeing theniselves in a mirror, he announced' that that glass would display to him what- ever they did at any distance, and thus detect any plot which might be formed against him. He was now informed that the sea was yet iar off; and the road thither greatly obstructed by streams and entangled woods. Amid these anxieties and distresses he wt*? seized with fever, which closed, in a few days, his earthly career The death of the commander who had shared with thera so ma iii^ DEATH OF SOTO. i8d toils, and whose voice hud been their rullyinjr power in hours uf (l;vrliness, fell with stunning force on his hitlu bund. Moscoso, hn successor, endeavoured to conceul liie event from the Indiuns, pre- tending that the generul hud merely gone on a visit to heuven, whi-nre he would quickly return. Lest an ordinary burial mij,'ht lead to other conclusions, it was determined to sink the body in the Mississippi. At dead of night, with nothing around but a few broken men, the silent stars, and the rolling flood, the chivalric Sotu was committed to his watery grave. He who had made caj)tive the mighty Inca of Peru, who, to grasp an empire's wealth, had battled among tens of thousands, and whose fame hud drawn to hi banner the most splendid army hitherto beheld in the New World was robbed by fortune, even of that little spot where friends couk. console themselves by reflecting that they wept over his remains. Alter his death, tliL- adveiilurers wandered about for a long while over an immense tract of country, and finally constructed boats, de scended the Mississippi, and sailed to Panuco. Of the entire com- pany that had sailed from Cuba, only three hundred and eleven were left. After marching four years over live thousand miles of savage and hostile regions, they had achieved nothing, nor left even a vestige of their route, save the track of blood by which it hud been too oiten stained. Thus, the first three Spanish exjiedilions to Florida did not establish ior that nation one single fort, notwithstanding that more blood and treasure hud been expended on them than on the combined outfits of L'ulumbus, Cortes, and Pizarro. Such reverses diminished the attractions of Florida to Spanish eyes; and the idea of colonizing it seems to have been for some '.ime abandoned. A Dominican mis- sionary, however, named Canceilo, visited the country for the pur IJose of converting the Indians, and received t-nple encouragement trom government; but he and his companions were massacred. The Spaniards, however, continued»to claim Florida, and even the »hole of North America. It was not to be expected that so preposterous a claim would long •emain undisputed by the more powerful European nations. Fran- ks I., the great rival of the Spanish emperor, was ambitious of esta- Jlishing a colony in North America, which might act as a check to ais antagonist's power in that quarter ; and with this view, he sup- plied Giovanni Verazzano, a noble Florentine, wi'h four vessels fc America. This adventurer, after being driven back by a storm lo M IM FLORIDA. 7ZRAZZ A NO fitted his fleet, and engaged in some successful naval operations on ;he Spanish coast. He was then given command of the Dolphin, 4v,,-,' ^Q work as a galley slave. On receiving intelligence of the Floridan catastrophe, his own wrongs, together with those of his countrymen, took full possession of his mind ; and he devoted his whole energies to the work of vengeance. By sell- ing his little property, and borrowing from friends, he equipped three ships, with two !. -ndred and thirty soldiers and sailors, mostly chosen adherents, who had often conquered along with him. Care- iully concealing his object, he obtained a license for the shve-traOe, and sailed on the 22d of August, 1567; but on approaching the Cape de Verd islands, he changed his course, and stood across the Atlantic. It was not before reaching the western point of Cubi. hat he unfolded to the whole par.y their dreadful destinatiou %: OMINiaUE DE GOURGUES was uni- ''■' )^^ versally distinguished in that age as a 110 FLORIDA. Some were disposed to shrink ; but, beino; persuaded by the real they at length joined in a unanimous consent. De Gourgues, in sailing along the coast of Florida, passed impru- dently near to San Matheo, of which he was warned by his squad ron, who had found themselves saluted as Spaniards ; whereupon he hastened to anr.ther river fifteen leagues distant, and landed as secretly as possible. Finding the natives as usual imbued with deadly hostility towards the subjects of Philip, he engaged their co- operation ; and learning that the -enemy had built two small forts, he made a rapid march and spent the night at a short distance from them. In the morning, he was alarmed to see the whole garrison in m ition on^ the ramparts; but they had assembled from some acci- dental cause, and soon withdrew. The French then advanced through a thick wood, which brought them almost close to one of the smaller forts. On emerging from the forest, they were seen, the alarm was given, and two guns fired ; but, rushing f )rward with wild impetuositj', they scaled the ramparts, an Indian chief being foremost; the garrison, seized with terror, ran out in every direction, and were nearly all killed or taken. Those in the next station followed their example, and soon shared their fate ; but the main fortress was still untouched, and defended by troops far more numerous than the assail ants. A small party, however, having rashly sallied out, were sur- rounded and nearly cut off; whereupon the whole body, struck with the general panic, at once abandoned their stronghold, and sought safety in the woods. Being eagerly pursued, most of them were taken ; and De Gourgues had given strict orders to bring in as many alive as possible. He then led them all together to the fatal tree on which the remains of his slaughtered countrymen yet hung, and having upbraided them in the strongest terms for their treachery and cruelty, he hanged them all; suspending a number of their bodies on the same trunk, and substituting for the former one the following inscription: — "Not because they are Spaniards, but be- cause they are traitors, robbers, and murderers." Had this execu- tion been confined to a few of the ringle!"':-is, it might have been held as a just retribution ; but being inflicted on so large a stale. It almost rivalled the atrocity which it was meant to avenge. De Gourgues had not come with any intention of settlement. Embarking, therefore, with whatever was valuable in the forts, he sailed for Rochelle, and was received in that Protestant capital with the Joudcst acclamations. His reception at Bordeaux was equally RECENT HISTORY. Ill fluttering; but it was very different at Paris, where Charles showed 110 little inclination to transmit his head to Philip, who loudly de- manded it. Steps were even taken for bringing him to trial ; but ihey were found so exct'ssively unpopular, that it was deemed expe dient to withdraw them, and allow him to retire into Normandy. Amid many vicissitudes of fortune, Florida remained in the Spa- nish possession until 1703, when it was ceded to Great Brit&in. In I7*(l, Di n Galvez conquered West Florida; and by the treaty cf Paris, nSi, brith Fkiridas were restored to Spain. In IS 19, nego- tiations were commenced between the United States and Spain, which resulted in a treaty ceding the whole territory to the former country. It was ratified by Spain in October, 1820, and by the United States in the ensuing February. In July, General Jackson took formal possession of it, since whiih time its history is included n that of the United State?-. Ittlement. forts, he )ital with equally i: m JAGC 3 3 CABTiaa. CHAPTER IX. CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. ' N the year 1497, John Cabot a:mJ Ifaia fnn Sebastian reached the continent niff3i»tirui America, being the first Europtfiumfi -who ^_^: had touched there since the i?t)mlii;n>en. ^ In the following year Sebiiatinia) ■per- formed a most extensive eiplotsificrgr Tor- age along the greater part of tdiie fast- ern coast, from latitude 56^ or 3*^ mtmii. to Florida ; and in 1517, H* aiQered Hudson's Bay, with the hope sS Amco- reiing a north-west passage to India. A mutiny of the crew dftiiin^d hiin to retnm. After the return of the Cabots to Europe, and the (£iat& Tal patron, Henry VIl., the English grew careless of fijm«ir7n dis- coTeries; but the French entered upon them with all die eacftiiHfiiafini k^^itfi. DISCOVERIES OF CARTIER. 143 - '^C*'^ bniien. •eafit- 3d OARTIBR TAKINO P033I33tOS OF » I W F 3 A N C X. necessary for success. Notwithstanding the difficulties under which Francis I. then laboured, he commissioned Giovanni Verazzano, a Florentine navigator, to explore the eastern shores of North Ame- rica. In virtue of his discoveries, the coast from Carolina to Nova Scotia was claimed by the French monarch, and named New France. A second expedition under Verazzano was unfortunate; but ten years after, Jaques Cartier, a bold and able mariner, made two voy- ages, in the l-'.'.ter of which he ;iscended ihe St. Lawrence as far as the site cl Montreal. In 1310, the same officer was employed under the Sieur de RoH' il, who also sailed up the St. Lawrence, and erected a fort where Q,uebec now stands. The two leaders could not agree, and parted ; but nine years after, while sailing to Ame- rica with a similar design, Roberval and his brother perished, as is supposed, by shipwreck. 10 114 CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. If- w These failures, together with the distracted condition of France, withdrew the attention of government from schemes of transatlantic colonization. Yet the merchants of the great commercial towns had opened communications and even established posts fdr the pro- secution of the fur trade ; thus keeping alive the spirit of adven- ture until a more propitious season should occur for its develop- ment. Accordingly, on the restoration of tranquillity under Henry IV., the Mar- quis de la Roche undertook to settle America on a large scale. Not only did he receive the countenance of the liberal monarch, but was also ju- thorized to levy troops, make >»ar, build forts and cities, enact laws, and to create lor Is, dukes, barons, and similar dignities. Several vessels were equipped, and crews provided, in part, from the prisons. Notwith- sland'-^g, however, these favourable auspices, the expedition proved a total failure. Forty colonists were left on Sable Island ; and being neglected, suffered such hardships as caused them to sigh even foi their dungeons. In this deplorable condition they remained seven years, at which time they were visited by the Norman pilot, Che- dotel, who found but twelve alive. These were taken to France and munificently rewarded by the king. Meanwhile, La Roche. being thwarted in his plans, died of vexation. Some time after this ill-starred enterprise, two settlements were attempted by Chauvin of Rouen and Pontgrave of St. Malo. Some houses were built, and trade established with the Indians ; but no permanent station was built. These repeated failures could not damp the spirit of the French people; and now a more propitious era was dawning upon them. The Commander de Chaste, governor of Dieppe, planned an enter- prise, in which he was joined by several merchants, among whom was Samuel Champlain, " the father of the French settlements in America." He and Pontgrave ascended the St. Lawrence as far as the Sault St. Louis; but, finding it impossible to pass that cataract they with some difficulty reached the height above it, making the E i N H T IT. FOUNDINQ OF QUEBEC. 14.') OHAMPLAIN ASCBNDINO THB ST. LAWHSNOB. Irench Ithem. lenter- Iwhom us in I far as ig tbe best observations they could on the river and country. On return- ing to France, he found De Chaste dead ; but he was flatteringly re- ceived by the king, and ever after exerted much influence in the colonial affliirs of the crown. An opulent gentleman, and especial favourite of Henry, namrd De Monts, now undertook to prosecute the enterprise commenced ly De Chaste. His expedition was on a more extensive scale than any preceding one ; and its success was proportionate to the wishes of the proprietor. The first voyage, however, was disastrous : although the company left on Nova Scotia were ultimately the means of founding the important colony of Acadia. De Monts was prevented from accompanying the second expedi tion, which consisted of two vessels, and the command was intrusted to Champlain. He sailed from Honfleur on the 13th of April, 1608.. and on the 3d of June reached Tadoussac. The port of this place was tolerably safe ; but the shore consisted only of dreary rocks and sands, scantily clothed with larch and pine. Ascending the St. Lawrence, the company passed the isle of Orleans, and soon after reached a hill called, by the natives, Quebec. On this spot, Cham- plain laid the foundations (July 13, 1608) of the modern capital of British America. Here they passed the wintftr, and sowed 8om« grain, for which they found the soil well adapted. w N 146 CANADA UNDER THE FREXCH. As scon as the season admitted, Champlain resumed his voyage ap the river, between banks covered with noble forests. At the isle of St. Eloi, twenty-five leagues above Quebec, he met a number of Algonquin Indians, who were proceeding against the Iroquois. L'hampiain, with a zeal strangely contrasting with his former pru- dence, j'jined this party, and after a tedious journey, the allied forces came in sight of their enemy (June 29). The Iroquois were de- feated, and Champlain, with his new allies, returned to Q,uebec. Not long after, he returned to France, in order to solicit more ad- venturers. During his absence, important changes respecting his colony had been transpiring. De Monts's com- mission had been revoked, and with it the exclusive monopoly of the fur trade. This having formed a principal motive among the settlers, its repeal was regarded as exceed- ingly disastrous, if not fatal, to their future prospects. The energy of Champlain overcame this difficulty. An agreement was made with some traders at Ruchelle, to give them ihe use of his building at duebec, as a depot for their goods ; while ihey, by way of recompense, engaged to assist him in his plans of roiunization. By this means, in 1610, Champlain was fitted out with a considerable reinforcement of men and supplies. On his return to the St. Lawrence, he received an application from the Algonquins to assist them in a fresh dispute — they promis- ing to join him with four hundred men at the mouth of the Iroquois river. He complied with the request, marched with his allies against the hostile tribe, and, after a severe battle, utterly defeated them. Champlain soon after sailed for Europe, taking with him a native Indian. lu 1611, Champlain again reached America, bringing with him the young Indian. On the 28th of May, he arrived at the place of rendezvous appointed for another warlike expedition ; but, not find- ing the savages, he employed his time in choosing a spot for a new AS IHOQ'DOIS INDIA. :J. bAi^ FOUNDING OF MONTREAL. 147 FLACK D AKMBS, MONTRBA.I. settlement, higher up the river than duebfc. After a careful sui vey, he fixed upon ground in the vicinity of an eminence, which he denominated Mont Royal; and the choice has been amply justifie'l by the prosperity to which this place, now named Montreal, hue attained. He cleared a considerable space, sowed some grain, and enclosed it by a wall of earth A distressing accident soon after wards occurred, by which Savignon. the Indian who had accom panied him to Fiance, Louis, a European, and a native chief named Outetoncos, were toGsed in a whirlpool, while descending tlie river, and both the latter drowned On coming to the spot, Champlain could scarcely believe it possible that any person should have attempted to pass so formidable a rapid On the 13th of June, a party of friendly Indians appeared and evinced much pleasure at the sight of their countryman, who gave the most favourable report of the treatment he had received in France ; the allies then unfolded the cause of their delay in meeting ut the time appointed A prisoner having escaped the previous year, had spread the report, that the French, having designed to espouse the cause of the Iroquois, were coming in great force to exterminate the Algonquin nation. The French leader bitterly com- plained of their having listened to such a rumour, which all his actions belied. A perfect reconciliation was then effected, and both 148 CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. I ;'■" I partiej solemnly declared their delertninalion of ndhering to their alliance, and aiding, to the utmost of their power, the design of the French leader to penetrate into the interior. Champlain received from his allies very extensive information respecting the rontinent, as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. They acquiesced in his proposal of returning with forty or fifty of his people to prosecute discoveries, and, if possible, to form settlements in the interior. For some reason nd explained, the war with the Iroijuois appears to have been dropped ; but the Algonquins re- quested that a French youth shijuld accompany them, and make observations upon their territory and tribe. They asked their visitor to use his influence in order to dissuade one of their bravest war riors, who had been three times niade prisoner by the Irotjuois, and as often escaped, to relinquish the purpose he had now formed of setting out with only nine companions, to attack the enemy, and avenge his former wrongs. Attempts were made to divert him from so rash a purpose ; but, exhibiting his fingers partly cut ofK and his whole body covered with wounds, he declared it impossible to live unless he obtained revenge. Champlain now returned to France, where he found the interests of the colony in a very unsettled state. De Monts resigned the whole business into his hands, who was fortunate enough to secure an influential patron in the Count de Soissons, who was appointed Ueutenant-general of New Frxnce, the functions of which high office were delegated, by a formal agreement, to Champlain. Soon after, the count died ; but his place was well supplied by the Prince of Conde. Champlain was confirmed in his former authority. f^Sf^D' ^^ FRANCE was again visited by Champlain. In Nttif'V the beginning of March, 1013, he sailed from Hon- r\V| ^^ fleur, and arrived at Quebec on the 7th of May. His Ij^P^^L, aim was now different from that of former expeditions. "~" Among the objects of adventure in that age, a favour- ite one was a north-west passage to China, and every thing connected with the report of a sea beyond Canada inspired the greatest hopes. A Frenchman, named Nicholas de Vignau, who had spent a winter among the savages, reported that the Ottawa river issued from a lake connected with the North Sea ; that he had visited its shores and beheld there the wreck of an English vessel. This news ap- peared so doubtful that the man was compelled to sign his declara- tion before two notaries, and with the assurance of being hung io DISCOVERIES OF CUAMPLAIX. 1!!) MM of bfing detected in an attempt to deceive. Champlnin then recommenced his voyage, and, on the 2Isl of May, arrived at tlio Fall of St. Louis. Here, with but two canoes containing foul frenchmen and one native, he pushed forward, on an unknown river, boiling with eddies and cataracts, skirted by craggy rocks, whose forests stretched an unknown distance into the interior, and where, for every mile, they knew not but that an enemy wu,i tiilenlly following them as they glided into some snare. At length, they reached the abode of Tessonat, a friendly chief, whose country was only eight days' sail from that of the Nipissings, where the sup- posed shipwreck occurred. pie received the French adven- turer courteously, calling together, at his request, a solemn council. With re- luctance, however, that body consented to aid his expe- dition ; and, on being a second time assembled, the chiefs demanded on what grounds so momentous an enterprise was to be under- taken. On hearing of De Vignau, they called on him to say if he had ever made such a journey ' and when, after long hesitation, he answered in the affirmative, they raised loud and fierce cries, de- claring that he was speaking falsely, having never passed beyond their country, and that he should be tortured to death for having sc grossly deceived his chief. Seeing his follower confused, Cham- plaiu took him aside, and adjured him to tell the truth. Recovering confidence, he persisted in his former declarations; and the com- mander, on returning to the < luncil, referred to the interior sea, the shipwreck, and other confirmations of his subordinate's report. At this, they shouted louder than ever, and commenced a close interro- gation of the alleged traveller. The latter finally conlessed that he had been attempting to deceive, and thus Champlain found, to his great mortification, that during the whole summer he had been toil- ing for nothing. There was no alternative but to return down the Ottawa: in doing which he was joined by a considerable number of Indians who rendezvoused at the fall of St. Ijouis. After leaving "vo Frenchmen with them to obtain a knowledge of the country. h3 150 CAN4DA UNDER THE FRENCH. LAKE 0S0R3B. Chainplain sailed to Tadoussac, and hence to St. Malo, where he arrived August 26, 1014. He was soon enabled to equip another expedition, with which he arrived at Tadoussac, May 25, 1615. From hence he sailed to Glue- bee, and thence to the place of rendezvous, at St. Louis Falls. He found his allies prepared to embark in an expedition against the Iro- quois, and without hesitatior '"■irnished them with a plan for the campaign. After a tedious \ ^ .ige, the united forces reached Lake Nepissing, and were received by the tribe inhabiting its shores with cordiality. Proceeding onward, they reached a large body of water, named, by the Indians, Attigouantan, which appeared to be three hundred leagues in length, by fifty in breadth. It was, probably Lake Huron. After quitting th's, they struck into the interior, and came to a smaller expanse of water, finely diversified by islands, which seems to be Lake George. On its banks was the Iroquois fort, which, in expectation of an attack, had been rendered particularly strong. A brisk fire from the European weapons soon drove the garrison into their inner works, where, however, they defehdcd themselves with 1 courage as heroic as it wis unexpected. The Indian allies soon b«?came discouraged, and retired, leaving the brunt of the battle ta sit". '■n:-' DISCOVERIES OF CHAMPLAIN. 151 K 1 C U E L I E D. oe sustained by Champlain and his few lollowers. He was twice bounded in the leg ; and an expected reinforcement of five hundred warriors having failed to arrive, the assault was discontinued. The whole party soon after effected a precipitate retreat. In the follov\ ing spring, Champlain again sailed for Europe, and arrived at Hon- fleur, September 10, 1610. The scheme of colonization was now interrupted by the intestir. - tumults of the mother country. The Prince of Conde was dis- graced, and finally obliged to sell his share in Canada to the Duke de Montmorency. Champlain was continued as lieutenant; but it was not until 1G20, ihut he was enabled, in company with his family, to return to Canada. Two years after, the Duke de Ventadour took charge, as a viceroy, of the affairs of New France, and, for th ! pur- pose of converting the Indians, sent some Jesuits to Canada. At the same time, a number of Calvinists, under their leader the Sieur de Caen, were actively engaged in the fur trade; and the disputes between the two parties concerning religion greatly retarded the prosperity of the settlements. With a view to obviate all cause of dissension, the Cardinal dc Richelieu established the company of New France. It consisted of one hundred associates, engaged to send three hundred tradesmen to Canada, and supply their settlers with food, clothing, and imple- ments for three years, and with land after that time. The priests kveie to have all expenses defrayed for fifteen years. The kin^ -"m lo2 CANADA UNDER TUE i-RENCH. ■ XPBDITIOH OF Sia DiVID KIIIKB reserved to himself supremacy in matters of fiiitli ; homage as sove- reign of the country ; the nomination of all commanders and offi- cers of the forts; and the appointing of all officers of justice, when it should be necessary to establish courts of law. The company, and their successors for ever, received the fort and settlements of Gluebec, all New France, including Florida, with the countries along the course of the great river of Canada, and all rivers emptying into it, or into the sea, on both the eastern and western coasts of the Continent, with all the harbours, islands, mines, and rights of fish- pry. Two fihips of war were presented to the company by the king, the value of which was to be refunded if the company failed in sending at least fifteen hundred French inhabitants, of both sexes, to New France, during the first ten years. This insitrument was signed April, 1627, and created among the friends of colonial prosperity the most flattering expectations. The administration under a viceroy being omitted, Champlain was con- tinued as governor of Canada. At first, the colony was reduced to great distress, particularly through the capture of the first vessels sent fronri France with stores. This was efl^ected by some English ships unc'ler Sir David Kirke. That officer even appeared with DEATH OF CHAMPLAIN. 153 his squadron before Quebec, and had the famished condition of the carrison at that time been known, he could easily have compelled a surrender. Besides the dangers from a foreign source, the prosper- ity of the colony was retarded by the folly or corruption of the company's directors in France, so that even Champlain's powerful mind, so fertile in expedients on occasions of difficulty, was sub- jected to vexatious mortifications, by orders and restrictions from the old country, and unfortunate circumstances in the'new. In the midst of these perplexities, while Ci.'amplain was reduced to the utmost extremity by the want of food, cloti'iing, and imple- nienls, and exposed to repeated attacks fron: the Iroquois, Sii David Kirke, at the head of an English squadron, again appeared before Quebec. The deplorable situation of the colony, and the very honourable terms proposed by the assailants, induced Champlain to surrender the fortress, with all Canada, to the crown of England. Kiike's generosity to the colonists induced them to remain ; and, in 1G32, the treaty of St. Germains restored the whole territory to Fiance. In the following year, Champlain arrived with a squadron and all necessary supplies. Measures were immediately adopted for maintaining harmony among the inhabitants, especially in reli- gious matters, and affairs speedily assumed a more prosperous aspect. The efforts of the Jesuits to inculcate morality among the inhabit- \nls, and their extraordinary perseverance in making discuveries ind establishing missions — 'he regulation of their great college, "ounded in 103.5, by Father lieni, Rubault, and the fiefs which they ibtained, contributed in no little degree to this result. iN 1035, Canada met with an irreparable loss in the death of Champlain. In establishing and supporting the colony, this energetic man had surmounted diffi- culties which few would have encftiiflkered. His comprehensive grasp of intellect and sound judg- ment enabled him to divine the future greatness of a rt'giun like Canada, and stimulated him to untiring perseverance in prosecuting the vast design of its settlement. His sole object during the greater part of his life was to found a colony, which he felt con- fit'ent would eventually attain to extraordinary power and grandeur. He was succeeded b}' M. de Mcmtinagny, a well-meaning officer, bit totally deficient in the experience, knowledge, and abilities of "lis predecessor. The colony, in consequence, began to decline. About this time, the Jesuits were busy in establishing schools and lU CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. it'.'- '!t V' w 1 KSW ca:;hbdrau montbial. colleges throughout the province. In 1630, an institution for ilie instruction of the Indians was founded at Sillery, near Quebec This was followed by the Convent of St. Ursula. The order of St. Sulpicius sent a mission to Canada, and a seminary was consecrated with great ceremony at Montreal. The Hotel Dieu was founded in 1644; the College of St. Sulpicius, in 1650 ; and the order of the Gray Sisters, in 1652. All the ancient religious edifices, however are surpast;"d by the recently erected Cathedral of Montreal. The company of New France almost entirely neglected the terms of their charter; ano he Iroquois, taking advantage of the conse quent derangement of the colony, continued to harass the inhabit ants with unabated ferocity. The actual extinction of the settlement at Montreal was prevented only by the arrival of M. d'Ailleboul (1647) with a reinforcement of a hundred men. More than ten years after, the Marquis d'Argenson was appointed governor-general, and soon after, in company with the Abbe de Montigny, the apostolic vicar of the province, he landed at Quebec. Still the condition of the colony was wretched. The company entirely abandoned it. The Iroquois, who had spread terrible de- struction among their old enemies, the Algonquins and Hurons, seemed also determined to exterminate the French. Several hundreds of their warriors kept Quebec in a state of almost actual siege, «.vhile unother band massacred a great number of the settlers at Montreal. SMALL-POX AMONG THE INDIANS. 155 In this miserable condition, the energy of one man probably saved lie colony This was the Baron d'Avangour. He was stern and rigid in the performance of duty; but these qualities are necessary in such an extremity. He became governor in 1601, and commenced his administration by transmitting to the king an accurate account of the beauty and importance of the country, and its defenceless condi- tion. So influential was this state- ment to the king, that he immedi- ately ordered four hundred troops, with the necessary supplies, to Ca- p\da, accompanied with a special commission. Their arrival infused new spirit among the colonists, en- abling them, for the first time, to cultivate their lands with security. The 5th of February, 1G63, is memorable for the occurrence of a fearful earthquake, which was felt at intervals with more or less in- tensity for six months, and extended throughout the province. From this lime until 1670, 'he affairs of the colony continued to improve, although occasionally disturbed by inroads from the Indians. In that year, the Church of Quebec was constituted a bishopric, and imponant measures were adopted for the better government of the Cfi'jntry, and the maintenance of peace with the savages. But the enthusiastic efforts of the clerical orders for the conversion of the (ndians, were suddenly interrupted by a fearful calamity, previously jnVnowu in the western world. The small-pox made its appearance iraong the tribes north of the St. Lawrence, and, together with the jue of ardent spirits, destroyed a greater number of the aborigines of North America than war or all the diseases to which they were preTiousIy subjected. In 1672, Fort Frontenac was built on the spot where Kingston new stands ; and, not long after, the illustrious man whose name it l*ai?, was appointed governor of Canada. During his administra- L-m, and that of his predecessor, M. de Courcelles, the .French ex- P -red the greater part of Canada, and the savages were taught to tVDI&N WARRIOH. .■i ! 7 -gpii V^ CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. ciTAT'Si. or ximasTON vbou tbb ar. LAwasircrai regard the Europeans with some degree of awe. M. Peinmitt, an indebtisable trareller, visited all the nations in the vicinity (tif ibe Great JLakes. The Falls of St. Mary were surrendetred! ttp tthe French sorereign, and a cross erected there, on which wemt piianefl the national arms. Toirard the close of Frnntenac's administration, fresh (CiffimiikieK occarred with the Iroquois, chiefly through the inflneafn?' tiif the English traders, who were anxious to secure the fur trade- tsii affaflro- selres. M. de la Barre succeeded Frontenac, in 1682,. all wrftridi time the Iroquois had assumed such a tone of defiance,. oDrifi anafle such formidable preparations, that a general war with the- ImfiiaiK seemed inevitable. The new governor found himself in a oritical sitnation, more especially as the West India Companjr, iiii ^idhtse bands Canada had been placed, cared little for their trust., ao) lltm^ ue they coald mon<^polize the fur trade. The whole popaliitii!™ luuro- Itere^ but nine thousand inhabitants. To prevent the utCtw «steT- mination of these, some decisive measure was necessary; and, bd- eurdiogly, De la Barre determined on invading the hoatillff ImfliauB themselres. This he did with one thousand troops; but cite ffxpe- diiion resulted in nothing more than an unsatisfactory a ggnni i iiit m The iiiari)uis was soon afterwards succeeded by M. de NaawHBp f I WARS WITH THE IROQUOIS. 157 This officer appears to have entered upon the duties of his station i\ith a fixed (ictermination to destroy the Irwjuois as a nation. The means he toi k to accomplish this object were as active as they were unsciupulnus. Having brought with him a considerable reinforc ;- ment, he proceeded with two thou- sand troops to Cataraqui, where, through the influence of the Jesu- its, he induced many of the hostile chiefs to meet him at Fort Fronte- nac. These were immediately seized, loaded with irons, and sent to France to be employed in the galleys. After this act, the go- vernor began the erection of a fort at Niagara, notwithstanding his being notified of a treaty having been concluded b. ween France and England, and in lirect opposi tion to the remonstrance uf the go- vernor of New York. rKMALK IROQOOI3. Thcse proccedlngs aroused the whole nation of Iroquois to arms. Fort Frontenac was attacked by their warriors, and the surrounding plantJitions d*>sola^*"d ; and a French bark, laden with provisions and stores, was captured on Lake Ontario. These successful effi)rts were attended by a policy, singu- larly contrasting with the usual want of system characteristic of savage warfare. Deputies were sent to treat with De Nouville ; but they were attended by five hundred warriors ; while, in case of the rejection of their terms, no less than twelve hundred held themselves in readiness, near Montreal, to fall upon the settlements, set fire to the buildings and cnrn-fields, and scalp the inhabitants. Under these circumstances, the lofty tone of the Indian orator, in staling the con- dition of his nation, formed no obstacle to the speedy acceptance of the proffered peace, and of the demand that the chiefs then in sla- very should be sent for without delay. Thus, to all appearances, the difficulties under which the colony had long laboured were soon to be adjusted; an unforeseen event dissipated these hopes, and rekindled the flames of war. Le Rat. the principal chieftain of the Hurons, perceived the danger to which his tribe would b 5 exposed, should their o'd »»neniy conclude a peace ] 138 fir CANADA UNDER THg FKHNCn. •7 bk RAT. wtD the French ; and with a refinement of treachery which woitIq not disgrace the most artful pol'licinn of Europe, he formed a scheine to prevent it. Learning that a party of the Iroquois deputies were to land at the cascades of the St. Lawrence, on their way to Mon- treal ; he and a party of his countrymen lay in ambush and killed or captured them as they successively disembarked. He th>'n in- formed the prisoners that this crime had been committed at the insti- gation of the governor, and that they were to be conveyed to Mon- treal and hung. On being informed of the treaty, he feigned the greatest astonishment, and loudly exclaimed against the Frenchman's treacher}', which had made him its tool. Ke then sent them home, retaining one to supply the place of a warrior whom he had lost. The governor was entirely ignorant of this triinsaction, and still waited for the deputies of his new allies. In this frame of mind, he was visited by Le Rat, and through the artful representations of thai warrior, induced to shoot the Iroquois who had been substituted for the slain Huron. Le Rat took care that an old Iroquois slave in his p'ttsession should witness this execution, although J|je causes of il WARS wrrn the iROQUOia. 159 OANiDIAN LOO HUT frere carefully concealed ; and he was then sent immediately to his own tribe to report that even this solitary Iroquois, notwithstanding all the remonstrances of Le Rat, could not be saved from the go- vernor's fury. It is easy to conceive the indignation of the Iroquois when they heard of the massacre at the Cascades ; but the last stroke of Le Rat's policy roused every element of war and destruction. The whole tribe rushed to arms ; and descending on the island of Mon- treal, laid it waste by fire and sword, carrying off two hundred pri- soners. The Fort at Cataraqui, like that at Niagara, was blown up and abandoned. The colony was now in a perilous condition ; its very existence was threatened ; and some officer possessing energy of character and address in dealing with the savages, was now imperatively de- manded. These qualities were united in the Count de Frontenac, who, during his former administration, had made himself both be- loved and feared by the surrounding tribes. The few errors which led to his recall, experience, it was hoped, would enable him to ivoid. He took out with him the captive chiefs which his prede- cessor had so unjustly seized, behaving towards them in so fascmal- ing a manner as completely to gain their favour. Oureouhare, tho principal one, remained ever after most stronjrly attached to him 11 160 CANADA UXDKR TOB PRENCn. UUKIOCB ABS. '*r Frontenac arrived in lf»S9, and endeavoured to open a negotiation with the Iroquois, in which he was seconded by the captive chiefs. The Iroquois, however, refused to treat. They complained of the former governor's treacherj', and, aUhough professing respect for the count, they argued that they were unable to perceive how the gover- norship coul'j ever be given into different hands. A second attempt on the part of Frontenac was attended with like success. Two cir- cumstances eml)oldened the Iroquois to assume this high tone. One was, the war between France and England, consequent to the former power esoousing the cause of James II., and which enabled the Five Nations to depend on the cordial co-operation of both the Eng- lish and Dutch. The other, the treaty lately concluded with the Ottawas, by which that tribe had severed themselves from the French. Under these perplexing circumstances, Frontenac formed the bolJ resolution to ivvade the English colonies, and, by striking a sudden blow, to teach the savages that they were dealing with an enemy who could "rramand their respect. Accordingly, he fitted out thret FRENCH AND ENnLISH WARS. 161 erpeditions (1090) destined to net against Maine, Now York, and New Hampshire. Casco and Salmon Falls were surprised and burnt; and, soon after, the third party entered Schenectady at dead of nijxht, completely surprised it, burnt the dwellings, and massacred many of the inhabitants. . This daring measure roused the English colonists, and a project was formed for the complote reduction of Canada. An expedition, under Sir William Phipps, sailed from Boston against duebec; and a second proceeded by land towards Montreal. After capturing Acadia and Newfoundland, Phipps appeared before Quebec, and Bummnned it to surrender. Although the garrison had been almost completely surprised, a haughty refusal was returned ; and al'ter some vain efforts both by sen and land, the expedition returned in disgrace. A like result attended the attack on Montreal. A similar invasi(m the next year by the English and Mohawks, under Major Schuyler, was also unsuccessful. These attempts were followed by inconsiderable efforts of both parlies, until the year 1096, when Frontenac resolved on an invasion of the English territory with his whole force. Crossing Lake Onta- rio and up the Oswego, he entered the country of the Onondagas, laid it waste, together with that of the Cayugas, and then returned, with but little interruption, to Montreal. The peace of Ryswick (1079) put an end to these desultory invasions and soon after nego- tiations were commenced with the Iroquois. Frontenac died in 1098, but a treaty was concluded by his successor, Callieres, in 1700, and the prisoners of both parties released. Queen Anne's war, in 1702, renewed the dangers and exertions of the American colonies. The English, intoxicated by their successes in Europe, commenced a systematic plan for the complete reduction of Canada. The Iroquois, however, refused to join them, wisely niaintainmg a strict neutrality. Their efforts were signally unsuc- cessful, and the French power in the New World was established on a firmer base than ever. A harassing war with the Fox Indians interrupted the intercourse with Louisiana, but these savages were at length totally defeated. From the treaty of Utrecht (1713) until the commencement of the Seven Years' War, Canada continued to advance in prosperity, and finally secured the friendship and co-operation of nearly all the neighbouring Indians. Various forts were erected at different places, and circumstances were already favouring the grand scheme 21 on ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^ ^ 2A 22 U il.6 :^ us, u V] V/. 7 :> > /A w'^w 7 i3 liP 162 CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. of uniting Canada and Louisiana, which, at a subsequent perioa was fully accomplished, and which eventuated in the loss of Canado and Its neighbouring provinces. The events which immediately preceded the conquest of Canada by the united forces of Great Britain and her colonies, will be fully narrated in a subsequent chapter, in connection with the history of those British colonies which eventually formed the republic of the United States. i\ \ rf OANOI OrOA,IIADIAH HABITAM* BAT or gasBso. CHAPTER X. MINOR PROVINCES OF BRITISH AMERICA. I. NOVA SCOTIA. ^HE British possessions in America, exciu sive of Canada, may be divided into two portions. One -"nibraces the maritime provinces of N^»v tJrunswick, Nova Sco- tia, Newfoundland, and the islands in their vicinity. These are all of political and financial importance, commensurate with their size and natural advantages. The second portion includes the vast re- gion lying north of Canada, a part of the continent little known, inhabited by numerous tribes of Indians, and hitherto valuable only for its furs. It is divided by Hudson's Bay into Labrador and New Britain. These shores were the first towards which voyages of discovery 164 BRITISH PB0VIKCE8. INDIAN VILLAUB ON THS ST. LAVBXNO] in North America were directed. The Cabots, Cortereal, and Ver azzano, pursued their course, exclusively, either along them or the neighbouring part of the United States. The unsuccessful attempt* of Mr. Hore and Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in 153G and 1578, will be noticed in a subsequent chapter. Their want of success damped for a while the spirit of enterprise among the English. Other nations, however, had long looked toward the northern and middle shores of America with greedy eyes. The French, under Verazzano, as we have already seen, had sailed along the coast, now forming the boundary of the United States, from Flo- rida to New England ; and the Spanish were only prevented from following the same track, by their inordinate grasping after wealth, which invariably precluded any permanent friendly intercourse with the natives. France resumed her efforts before the close of the six- teenth century. In IGO!), a gentleman, named De Monts, obtained from Henry IV. privilege to settle and govern the country near New- foundland, with the monopoly of the fur trade. He sailed with foui vessels, and on the 16th of May, 1604, reached Nova Scotia. Here he confiscated the vessel and effects of a French captain, whom he found engaged in trade. After entering the Bay of Fundy and making a fruitless attempt to penetrate through it into the St. Law KOVA SCOTIA. 165 • STTLXUS^T or POST ROT/lt, rence, he fixed on an island near the mouth of the St. Croix, a» a place of settlement. The crew cuhivated a piece of ground, tn ^y. /£t ^"1 iSv'* \iS* "'^ ■ O0UI0It.IAT]t O INDIiLNS. 11. NEW BRUNSWICK. "EW BRUNSWICK did not exist as a separate colony, until 1783. Pre- vious to this, the French had claimed it under the title of New France, as part of Acadia, and the English, in their turn, as part of Nova Scotia. When the latter province was ceded to the British government, France still claimed New Brunswick as part of Canada ; but the peace of I7G3 settled these conflicting claims, by giving the whole province .0 England. Still, it was left unoccupied except by a few Acadians, who had sought refuge among its forests from the relentless perse- cution to which they were exposed. In 1762, some families from 3J 178 URITISII PROVINCES. ii^Lij. I SIH OUT CARLITON m Nil New England settird at \langervill«>, nbnut fifty miles up the St. John. In twenty years, their niiinlx^rs had increased to cipht hun- Jred. At the close of the Revolutionary War, several thousand d'.v banded British troops were placed at Frederickton. But having been accustomed to the comforts of civilized life, these new colonists siif fercd great hardships, and a long season of privation, before thiy 3ould place their families in comfortable situations. In 1785, Sir Guy Carleion was appointed governor, and made vigorous exertions for the improvement of the country, which gra- NEW BRUNSWICK. 179 . [he Si. Ill hun- re th<'y lich gta- Iiially, ihough slowly, advanced. On his return to En;^lanJ, (ISOB.* irUil I8I7, ihe government was administered by presidents, la 1800, the duty on Baltic timber was advanced to nearly jC3, wkcie that of the colonies remained free. This laid .he foundation of the present fluurishing condition of New Brunsw ok. The country asa continued to increase gradually in prosper! y, under a su''^e9aioo ttt diflferent rulers down to the present time. In connection with Canada, New Brunswick shared in the loa^ dispute between Great Britain and the United Stales, connernini^ tli»? north-eastern boundary. The terms ol the treaty of nV-i, by teair- ing the exact line uncertam, had given rise to controversy, wh.i«:t»- tK'conimg more angry as it advanced, at length threatened an opra rupture between the claimants. The territory subject to this amtn- guity, formed, in ITS}, a tract of wild fr)r<-st, scarcely ever trudii-n by a European. But, as settlenieiito inciea.si-d, and with theru cul- tivation of soil, the tine timber became an object to both parties. In I8ii9, an agreement was made to refer the question to the Km-' »i Holland. He returned an answer in 181)1, declurmg the imptwaibi- l;ty of defining a boundary according to the terms of the treaty, bti? fffoii mending a line extending tlong the St. Croix, the St. Juiia, •anil th.-nce to the head of the Con ecticut. This the United Slates iSt'iiale rejecti'd, pn^posing a new arbitrary line. While the fjuea- tiori remained thus undecided, trespassers from each side enttred tbtf tcrritury to cut timber. Expeditions were sent against them, who, in their turn, tfx>k possessKin of the ground. Matters grew worse every day, and a border war seemed inevitable, when an agreeraeni was made between Mr. Fox, the British ambassador, and Mr. For- syth, the American secretary of state, to the effect that the govern nient of Maine should voluntarily withdraw its military force, anJ any further arrangements against trespassers be made by the twu powers jointly. A convention to this effect was signed by the lwi» governors, .March 23 and ti5. IKW. The subsequent condition olf affairs, up to the conclusion of the " Ashburton Treaty," ais reserved fur a subsequent chapter. 180 BRlTISn PROVINCES. III. PRINCE Edward's island. H RINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND, formerly known as St. John, is a fine tract, lying south ^ of the Gulf of St. Ljiwrpnce, and opposite Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Northum- berland Strait separates it from these provinces. Its greatest length IS about a hundred and thirty-five miles, the breadth varying from a single mile to thirty-four. The whole island is deeply indented by bays and inlets, so that scarcely one spot can be found removed more than seven or eight miles f om tide-water. It is suppnsjd, by Robertson and others, to be the land reached by Cabot in 1497, and subsequently visited by Verazzano. This is, however, very doubt- ful. The first definite notice given of it is by Champlain, who, naming it St. John, accurately describes its situation and extent ind notices its harbours. The cession of Acadia to Great Britain, by the treaty of Uirecht was an event favourable to the neighbouring islands. St. John rt ceived a number of French settlers; who, by their industry, soon gave a flourishing appearance to the island. It was captured by the New England forces, in 1745, but restored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. After the second reduction of Louisbourg in 1758, that of St John followed, and it became permanently attached to the British croivn. The number of inhabitants, at that time, is variously rated at ten thousand, six thousand, and four thousand one hundred ; the last probably nearest the truth. They had brought a very consider- able portion of land under cultivation ; had large stocks of horned cattle; and some of them could send twelve hundred bushels of wheat to the market of Cluebec. They were now doomed, how PKIXCE EDWAIID S ISLAND. 181 ever, lo the same relentless proscription as their brethren in Nova Scotia , and the pretext was, that a number of English scalp? weie found in the French governor's house. There was, no doubt, n just ground of suspicion ; though the British might have recollected that they themselves had offered premiums for these trophies. They were unquestionably brought in by the Indians, and at all events afTordcd no apology for inflicting vengeance upon thousands of peaceable and industrious settlers. The details of the expulsion are not stated ; but it appears that a certain number were sent to Ca- iwda, others to the southern colonies, and some to France, while it is admitted that many contrived to conceal themselves. So complete, however, was the desolation, that, in 1770, twelve years after, there were found only a hundred and fifty families. The island was confirmed to Britain, in 1703; but some years eliipsed before measures, not remarkably judicious, were taken for this settlement. Lord Egreniont formed a strange scheme, by which it was to be divid*Hi into twelve districts, ruled by as many baronb, each of whom was to erect a castle on his own property, while that nobleman was to preside as lord paramount. This ridiculous plan was changed for another not much wiser. In August, 1707, a divi- sion was made into sixtj-seien townships, of about twenty thousand acres each, which, with some reservations, were made over to indi- viduals supposed to possess claims upon the government. They became bound to settle the country in ten years, to the extent of at least one person for two hundred acres. Their exertions in this respect, however, were not very effective ; and when they resolved, as the only me&:is of rendering the property valuable, to retail it in small lots, their prices were too high; nor could ihey grant that soccage tenure under the crown, which is esteemed the most se- cure. J'}.^^i^^i ^'^^4".v BT JOUN 8, nWroUNUIAMO IV. NKWFOUNDLAND. KWFOUNDLAND is a large island, the mosl *k^^\ itiiportant of the British possessions adjacent to the eastern coast of North America. On one \] side it almost touches the continent, but on the ( ) other stretches far out into the Atlantic. Its ^ entire circuit is one thousand miles. The mosl striking natural feature connected with the i.xland, are the Banks, shallow places in the xean, near which cod and other fish abound to such an extent as to lupjily the world, and give to the island, through the fisheries, a fiK«: important station in the rank of colonial provinces. The same productive character distinguishes the shores of Labrador. In these tf-inpestuous seas, the nations of Europe ai.d America have for ages laboured indefatigably with nets, lines, and every imaginable pro cess, and yet not the slightest diminutiin of fruitfulness has evex seen observed. 184 BRITISH PKOVIXCBS. COD -FiaRXRT, NB W rOORDLABD. Nen-foundland was discovered by Cabot, in 1497, and has since been claimed by Great Britain. Attention was speedily drawn to ihe cod-6sheries. In 1517, an English vessel reported having seen forty ships — Portuguese, French, and Spanish — employed on the coast. In 1536, an Englishman, named Here, attempted a settle- ment, but failed. He was followed by the equally unfortunate Sir Humphrey Gilbert. During the whole of the sixteenth century, the English were less successful in the fisheries than other nations; ■nd the failure of repeated attempts at settlement damped the spirit of the nation. At the opening of the seventeenth century, schemes to colonize the northern territory were commenced on a large scale. These ori- ginated in Mr. Guy, a wealthy merchant of Bristol, who published several pamphlets, and induced a number of influential persons at court to engage in the undertaking. Among these were Lord Bacon, Lord Northampton, keeper of the seals, and Sir Francis Tanfield, chief baron of the Exchequer. These, with forty-one other persons, received a patent to colonize Newfoundland. They were invested with the entire property of the land, soil, and mines, and a general grant made of those privileges, which the crown could no find time to enumerate. The only reservation was the right of fish rrv on the coast of Newfoundland to any English subject. NKWFOUNDLAND. I So Mr. Guy was appointed governor of the new colony. In 1010, hu conreyed thither thirty-nine persons in three vessels, and eiif ployed them in constructing a dwelling and store-house, with an enclosurfl a hundred and twenty feet by ninety, in which were planted three pieces of ordnance, fie gave flattering accounts of the country to government, and seems to have bent all his enerf^ies to the rearing up of a prosperous colony. On reluming in the fol- lowing season, he appointed William Colston in his stead, who was by no means so sanguine in his hopes and efl^orts as his predecessor. Guy rtluinod in 1012. One of his first acts was to sail along the coast on a voyage of discoi'ery ; during which he dealt amicably with the natives. In a year, he again returned to England, and the colony afterwards languished greatly. Some time after, (1015,) Cap- lain Wliilbourne was sent out to hold a court of admiralty, and pro- vide a check for ihe nuii>erous abuses to which the fishermen were subjected ; but he found it impossible to do more than specify the evils and propose remedies. BOUT the year 1021, Sir George Calvert, afterwards Lord Baltimore, obtained a grant of a tract from Cape Si. Mary to the Bay of Bulls. His object was to form a settlement where members of the Roman Ca- tholic religion might enjoy the free exercise of their opinions. Viscount ^l:,K-j'-^iif~' ~~ " Faulkland undertook to send a colo- ny from Ireland, of which he was then lord-lieutenant. Olher gen- tlemen made similar offers. Many efl^orts were made to secure the coiiiforls of the settlers, and especially to enlist their feelings in the enterprise. But, although the colonists appear to have been nume- rous, few details are given of their progress. Lord Baltimore himself visited the colony, and built a strong fort and handsome house at Fer- ryland, where he resided for some time. About twenty years after this first plantation, the number of families in different parts of the coast had swelled to three hundred and fifty. The importance of the fishery grew with that of the colony, so that, in 1020, one hundred and fifty vessels sailed thither from Devonshire; and England began to supply the other countries of Europe with the products of the tsheiies. 24 «• ■v^ li^{i BUITISU I'hUVI.NCES. LORD BALTIUORI. ir': When Lord Baltimore returned to England, he became so engaged with his Mar3'land colony, as to find little time to bestow on the one already planted. The settlers consequently sunk into comparative neglect, and, giving up all attempts at culture of the soil, devoted themselves to the fisheries. This branch of industry was now assuming that importance which it so well merits. The French embarked in it with their customary zeal, and even formed a colony in the Bay of Placentia, in order to carry it on more conveniently. In 1603, it was encou- raged by the repeal of all duties. But this so far increased the w K*:;Si NKVVFOl'Nni.AND. 1S7 nntnlior i^f iiulividiuil a|)OHe»l by Josiah Child, n nierclmnt of Lon (lull, and iiiinu'diately carriwl into ex«»oution. Sir John Kerry was t'lnployt'd to burn tin; houses and drive out the settlers. That offi- cer si'oiiis to have mitigated as much as possible his cruel coniiuis- hion, ami Hciit home stron;,' remonstrances as to the misery which he had reluctantly occasioned. In 1G70, Downing, a resident, procured an order from the king, that the peo|ilo should be no further mo- lested ; but, at the same time, strict injunctions were issued, that no Vessel should carry out any emigrants, or pi'ii.iit them to settle. During the war wiili France, consecjuent to the Kevolution oi 1C88, Newfoundland suffered severely. Although the English cliiiu)e;s of vessels with provisions ; a plan that reduced them almost to star vation. They thus found it necessary either to return home or to repair to some of the other colonies. At the close of the war, Gi-eat Britain repealed most of her onerous laws, and from that time lioth the settlements of Newfoundland and its fisheries increased rapidly in prosperity. The latter are now free to all nations, and numbers of sliips are annually emjyloyed by the great maritin.e powers of England, France, and the United States, in this dan- gerous occupation. The total population of Newfoundland is at present about seventy thousand, of whom more than one-half ar« Koman C'l'h )lics. iijf^ iiijn»«»i.iii 188 fiRITISII rnoviNCKS. ^ >-T^--^ -^-iT «NTIiANO« NTO IIDI)80H'a B*V V. I.AORAnon ANI) NKW nUITAlN. In E have dividod the territory north Oi ('iinadu into two (freni im- liiral divisions, kntiuri as l.ahriidor and New Hii- tain. The fornu'r ('.(Hiiitry is of very litth- historical importance. 'J'he Cdust was first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, in I l!)(i, nnd was afterwards visited (IfiOl) and named (Terra Labrador) by Gra.-ipar Cortereai. During the sixteenth century, it was visited by various Europeans, and attempts made to settle and carrv oa the cod-fishi'ry along the coast. An impulse was given to these efl()rts by the Moravian missionaries, who, in 1752, settled at Hope- dale and other places. After numerouH hardsliips, they obtaiiuil from governmenl, in May, I70U, a tract of land, on which to settle nnd carry on their praiseworthy exertions. The missions have existed through great vicissitudes, until the present time Their NI3W UUITAIN. 181) TRADIND Wri'H TlIB INDIANa FOH PURS Kfttliiiii'iits an>, liowfvcr, small, and lying principally along the easii'rii coast. The iiiti'iior is little known. Nfw Britain is an uninonso country, stretching from Canada to ilii' IV.Iar sea, with an average l)rea(Iih of twenty-six hiimlri'il miles. 'I'lie souiliern portion is a llat prairie land, traversed hy large rivers, iind gifted with a highly fruitful soil. The woody portion lies lUiMind Hudson's Hay; while the western territories ore rugged and iiKiimtaiiious. The whole country owes its importance almost en- lirely to the valuable furs derived from the uniumls that swarm in (Very ijuarter. Tl.e eastern coast of Nev/ Britain was early visited by European's 7 1 1 ii »i" ii p i n i i i mw«M y 190 BRITISH PROVINCES. m the hope of discovering a north-west passage to India. In 1517, Sebastian Cabot first visited Hudson's Bay, which he viewed as a communication to the coveted regions of the east. This voyage was subsequently forgotten ; so that when Hudson, in 1610, saileH through the straits now bearing his name, and found a broad expanse of water, it was considered a new discovery, and npiued by him Hudson's Sea. He wintered within the straits, and finally perished by a mutiny of the crew. This expedition was followed by others, all of which steered in the same direction with Hudson, but were more fortunate in discovery. Southampton island was discovered by .''■r Thomas Button, in 1612 or 1013. He named it Carey's Swan's-nest. He passed the win- ter at Nelson's river, first seen by him, but was prevented from pur- suing his voyage by excessive cold and the consequent discourage- ment of his crew. Baffin's Bay was explored by Bylot and Baffin, in 1616. On the 5lh of May, 1631, Luke Fox, an enterprising mariner, who had been equipped by the London merchants, sailed on a voyage of discovery. When off' Cape Warwick, (June 21,) his progress was arrested by ice and currents. He describes an iceberg as a prodigious thing, sometimes mountain high ; but here there were no pieces larger than a great church — their extent vary- ing from a perch to two acres. On the 20lh, these icebergs lay around him so thick, that he knew not what wind to pray for to extricate himself of them. On beinjr released from this danger, he sailed to Southampton island, and then explored the bay, penetrating as fii* north as 66° 47'. Here his crew be came disheartened, and retracing his course, he returned to Eng'and. A similar expedition, sent out by the Bristol merchants, met w>th a like result. The crew passed a winter in Hudson's Bay, and suf fered the most deplorable evils, until the return of summer. In June, 1688, a P'renchman, named Grosseliez, sent out an expe- dition under the patronage of Prince Rupert of England. The crew wintered in a river called Rupert, and, on returning, presented so favourable a report, that the prince and other noblemen sub- scribed a capital of jE 10,500, and obtained a charter for the exclusive trade and administration of the countries around Hudson's Bay. Settlements were formed on Rupert's, Moose, and Albany rivers* NEW BRITAIN. 191 ■ ZFXDITION or 0A.PTA1N FARRT and in 1685, two more on the Nelson and Severn. In 1690, their affairs were in such a flourishing condition, that the proprietors trebled their original capital. This success excited the envy of the French, who speedily made themselves masters of the principal set- tlements. They retained them with but little interruption until the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, which restored them to Britain. Two companies were now formed in England, each of which strove to outdo its rival in discovery and colonization. These wen the Hudson's Bay Company and the North-western. In 1771 Samuel Hearne, employed by the first, descended the Copper mine River, and found it terminating in an unknown part of the Arctic Ocean. In 1789, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, a partner of the North-west Fur Company, sailed down the stream bearing his name, and made observations which left little doubt of its opening mto an- other portion of the same expanse. He also penetrated, m 1789, across the Rocky Mountains, and reached the coast of the Pacific. These discoveries kindled a species of enthusiasm in the British nation; and, after the close of the European war, in 1815, ^she engaged in a series of attempts to penetrate to India, by the North- west. Captain Parry repeatedly penetrated into the Polar Sea. and discovered a range of large islands, to the south of which wera extens-ive coasts, stretching out of sight. Soon after. Captain Ros? 13 192 BRITISH PROVINCES. •V • I -' m.. . discovered and named Boothia. Parry explored the northern coasts of Tludsoii's Bay, and discovered Fury and Hecla Straits. Dr. Richardson, and Captains Franklin and Beechy, also made extensive discoveries along the shores of the Polar Sea. . These expeditions led to another, terminating in some important results. Riiss had sailed in 1829, and for four winters nothing was heard of him — a circumstance which excited the deepest anxiety. Accordingly, an expedition was fitted out to go in search of him, and Captain Back, an" able officer who had served under Franklin and Richardson, volunteered to conduct it. He sailed from Liver- pool, February 17, 1638, and, after visiting New York, ascended the Hudson to Albanj'. In April, he reached Montreal. After nume- rous difficulties in raising provisions and men, he sailed up the Ottawa, to a small stream leading into Nipissing Lake, and thenco by the Riviere des Fran^ais, he entered Lake Huron. Then, cross- ing Lake Superior, Rainy, and Lake of the Woods, they reached Fort Alexander at the southern extremity of Lake Winnepeg, From the settlers in this vicinity he received the most marked attention, and was furnished by Governor Simpson with every con- venience. The party then commenced their dreary journey toward the north, sometimes sailing along rivers, then carrying their canoes across almost impassable surfaces, and even fording torrents and cas- cades. The thermometer was sometimes 90° below zero ; and a huge fire in a small apartment could not raise the temperature higher than 12° above zero. Ink and paint froze, and boxes of the best seasoned wood split. The skin of the hands cracked and opened in gashes. When the face was washed near the fire, before it could be dried the hair was clotted with ice. All living beings disappeared; no sound bur that of the passing wind broke the awful stillness Captain Back penetrated far to the north and passed the winter, but he found it almost impossible to prosecute further discoveries. In the following year, he was compelled to retrace hig steps, and on the 8th of September arrived at Liverpool. This expedition was followed by others of a similar character. The Hudson's Bay Com* puny now manages the afiairs of the territory. There are four prin- cipal stations, between which the country is divided ; York Fort, Moose Fort, Montreal, and Fort Vancouver. Smaller stations are scattered throughout the territory, some of which afford protectior and support to pious missionaries, who are engaged in the iaudab •vork of instructing the natives in religion and civilization. ' t A S J O H I A. CHAPTER XI. HISTORY OF OREGON. HE term Oregon has, until lately, been employed to designate the country ex- tending from California to the Russian possessions, and from the Pacific to the Rocky Mountains. It was visited as early as 1.579 by Sir Francis Drake, who, pursuing the track already com- menced by the Spanish navigators, sailed along the coast as far north as 48°. It is very probable that CTec previous to this the Spaniards had sailed further northward than the ex- tremity of California. In 1598, D'Aguilar, commander of an expe- dition under Philip III., of Spain, visited the coast, and discovered » z m 104 OREGON. uu mti ii U^ the month of the Columbia ; but his account of the expedition wps treated by his countrymen with unmerited neglect. For nearly two centuries after that period, the Spaniards made no further attempts either at discovery or settlement ; and the distant region of Oregon seems to have been considered by all nations as an unknown territory. But when maritime enterprise revived in the latter part of the eighteenth century, Spain established ten stations (1769 — 1779) along the coo<5t of Northern California. In 1774 Juan Perez sailed from California as far north as 55°. On his re- turn he anchored in San Lorenzo bay, probably Nootka Sound. Nearly the same ground was passed over in 1775, by another Spa- nish expedition under Don Bruno Heceta. In 1776, Captain Cook, of England, examined the western coast from 44° to Behring's Straits. On account of the discoveries of Drake and Cook, Great Britain claimed all Oregon, and established small posts throughout the terri- tory, under the auspices of the Hudson's Bay Company. It was further visited by Vancouver, in 1791, who made several important explorations. But a new impulse was given to adventure in this quarter, by a series of enterprises conducted by land. Mackenzie discovered the Frazer river, (1793,) and explored it to a considerable distance. In the early part of the present century, Mr. David Thompson, surveyor and astronomer of the British North-west Com- pany, crossed the Rocky Mountains into Oregon, and explored a branch of the Columbia. In 1807, he established a trading-post near British America, and spent there two years ; at the end of which time he founded another station on the Flathead. Altogether he spent several years in the country, making valuable topographi- cal observations upon the lands bordering on the Columbia. The American Revolution having secured the Independence of the United States, the merchants of that country manifested, with increased ardor, that spirit of commercial enterprise which had been arrested during the arduous struggle. On the 7th of May, 1792, Captain Robert Gray, in the ship Columbia, of Boston, entered the Columbia river, to which he gave the name of his vessel. His is the first definite account given of that stream. During the administration of Mr. Jefferson, Lewis and Clark were dispatched (August, 1805,) on an expedition to explore the region beyond the mountains. They reached the latter range, in latitude 44" » tirely forgotten. The cause of this disaster is unknown ; but for some time after it became known, the Danes attempted to reach Gretnland and ascertain the fate of the sufferers. After the re-dis- covery and settlement of America, the subject was again agitated in Northern Europe. In 1708, a Danish clergyman, named Hans Egede, determined to visit Greenland, in order, if possible, to discover some traces of the lost colony, and especially to attempt the conver- sion of the natives. After ten years' labour and opposition, he was intrusted by the King of Denmark with a vessel, which he named the Hope. He sailed May 2, 1721, carrying with him two hundred and forty settlers, besides his wife and four children. They landed in Bail's river, and began immediate preparations for a permanent settlement. They srdered its return. Egede, with ten others, reniainea, and two years alter, the new monarch, having relaxed his opposition, sent out fresh provisions and three Moravian mis- sionaries. These settled New Hernhutt, on Ball's river, and with Egede commenced, with renewed vigour, the instruction of the natives. Their labours were attended with success; and in 1747, they erected the first church ever built in Greenland. From this time, their own number, as well as that of their converts, steadily increased, and the colony finally assumed commercial importance. In 1837, West Greenland contained thirteen colonies, fifteen com- mercial establishments, and ten missionary stations. The principal of the latter are Lichenfels, Liqhtenau, and New Hernhutt. Upper- navic, latitude 72° SO", is the most northern station. The principal exports are whale oil, eider down, and the skins of reindeer, seal uiJ bear. ^T- -^m«t»iK,'j« V^"^^ CHAPTER XIII. RUSSIAN AMERICA. HE extensive region known as Russian America, IS a country of ice, rocks, islands, barrens, and forests. It includes the Peninsula of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Its condition in 1837 is thus descibed by an officer of the Hudson's Bay Company: — "The Russian Fur Company's principal esta- blishment on the north-west coast is named New Archangel, formerly Sitka, and situated in Norfolk Sound, in north lati- tude 57°, west longitude 132° 20'. It is maintained as a regular military establishment, garrisoned by about three hundred officers and men. with good natural defences, mounting sixteen short eighteens, and twelve long nine-pounders, and is the head-quarten of the governor of the Russian army. The Russians have other establishments on the coast and islands to the north of New Arch- angel, and one fort, Ross, in the Bay of Brogeda — in all, ten esta- blishments on the north-west coast of America. They have more- over twelve vessels, from a hundred up to four hundred tons burden, armed with ten guns each, of different calibre. All the officers, and most of the people employed in their sea and land service, belong to the Russian army and uavy, receive pay from the Russian government, and their services, while attached to the Rua- 800 DISCOVERIES OF DEHRINQ. 201 ■ UBTB BRAN X A.N BUT IN NORTHIBH B I O I N & BiQti Fur Company, entitle them to the advantages of promotion pension, etc., in liiie manner as if employed in active service in the nrmy and navy. They have, moreover, attached to these settle- ments a number of Indians of the Kodiac tribe, who are usually employed in hunting and lishing, but are under no fixed engage men', being considered as slaves, Their annual returns in furs are in value from jCbO.OOO to jClOO.OOO." This country was discovered and settled almost entirely by the Russians. As early as 1(548, an expedition of seven vessels, under the Cossack Semoen Deshniew, sailed from Kolyma, and after four being wrecked, the remainder pushv,'d forward as far as Behring's Strait, and through to the mouth of the Anadir. In 1710, three men, who had been sent by the Russians to exhort the Tchuktzki Indians to submission, received information of the Great Country, (America,) and also of the Aleutian islanders, who, among other peculiarities, built their houses under ground, extending them on all sides, so that numerous families could live in one. These subterra- neous mansions were lighted by lamps, and divided into as many apartments as they contained families — all disgustingly filthy and desolate. The ardent ambition of Peter the Great induced him to second all these efforts. Only a few days before his death, he authoris^ed the jVi 202 RUSSIAN AMERICA. FXTZR TBI OBXAT. fitting out of an expedition, whose object was to ascertain if Asia was separated from Ame- rica by a strait. It consisted of two vessels, under the conimand of Vitus Behring, a Dane. The soldiers were led 'oy Alexoi Tshirikof, a Russian officer. Part of the expedition was conducted by land, and part by water. On the 18lh of July, 1741, Beh- ring discovered the continent of America, in latitude 58° 28'. The appearance of the land was grand, but gloomy. Mountains of great elevation, covered with snow, extended far inland. One summit, rising to a towering height above the rest, was named Mount St. Elias. The nearest headlands were denominated Cape St. Elias and Cape Hermogenes. Alaska and the Aleutian islands were also visited, and among the . latter the crew were obliged to winter. Before spring, the scurvy appeared and made such ravages that Behring and many of his men died. In August, 1743, the survivors succeeded in reaching Kamtschatka. This voyage established the fact of the close proxi- mity of the two continents, and opined to the Russian government the road to a lucrative trade. Behring's Strait was named alter its unfortunate and lamented discoverer. A few years previous to this expedition, the Russians had reached Japan by way of Kamtschatka, and this formed an additional incen- tive to adventure. But although the Aleutian islands had been visited by Behring, the government appears not to have been fully aware of their discovery until 1750, when the first tribute of furs was brought from them to Okotsk. Since that time, they have been regularly visited ; and on them, together with a coast of three hun- dred leagues beyond the polar circle, the indefatigable Russians have established those settlements and factories which support the great and advantageous fur trade carried on with China by the Hus- lian Empire. S R n A 8 T I A N CABOT CIIAPTEll XIV. SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. [OTWITIISTANDING the early discovery of tho American continent by Sebastian Cabot, and the various explorations of the northern coast by several of his countrymen, no considerable effort I for establishing a permanent settlement was made until the reign of Queen Elizabeth. These, however, were not owing to the personal patronage of the queen herself, but rather to the enterprise and perseverance of private indi- viduals. One of the most distinguished of these was Sir Walter Raleigh, although, previous to his endeavours, efforts had beet, made by Sir Humphrey Gilbert and others, not only to colonize tun 204 SETTLEMENT OP VIRGINIA. but also to open a passage to the rich trade of India and China, by sailing around the continent through Hudson's Strait. In 1584, Raleigh obtained a patent from the crown, conferring on him and his heirs for ever the possession and enjoyment of all lands to be discovered, with their revenue, after deducting one-fifih of the gold and silver for the crown, and power to seize all vessels trading to the coast without his license, unless driven there by stormy wea- ther. Clothed with these ample powers, Raleigh immediately sent two ships under Amidas and Barlow, with directicns to explore the coast south of that which had proved fatal to Gilbert. In April, 1584, thes2 two commanders set sail, and after touching at the Cana- ries and among the West Indies, came in sight of the Carolmas, July 4th. After sailing along the coast for a distance of a hundred and twenty miles, during which the senses were feasted by far stretching hills, clothed in the most luxurious verdure, and enlivened by rills and streams of crystal clearness, they entered Ocracock inlet, and landed upon wh.it they supposed was the main land. It proved to be the island, now called Wocoken, opening into Pamlico Sound. On the third day after landing, they observed an Indian walking on the beach, whom they invited on board and gave him some food and wine. He then departed well 'satisfied. Other na- tives a})peared,and finally Granganimeo, the king's brother, escorlel by fifty principal persons. Some trading took place, highly advan- tageous to the English ; after which they again set sail. The ad- joining coasts and sounds were then explored, when the navigaton returned home, carrying with them two natives, Manteo and Wan chese. They gave a most flattering report of the country, declaring its soil to be "the most plentiful, sweet, fruitful, and wholesome of all the world ;" and the people " the most gentle, loving, and faith- ful, void of all guile and treason, and such as lived after the inannei of the golden age." The desire to possess so delightful a region aroused a spirit ol adventure hitherto unknown in England. Determined to establish a colony, Raleigh immediately fitted out seven small vessels, manned with a hundred and eight men, under Sir Richard Grenville. The fleet sailed in April, 1585, and, after a circuitous voyage, by way of the Canaries and West Indies, reached the coast of Carolina, in the latter end of June. They found the country as had been described to them, and after landing, penetrated some distance into the inte- rior. The Indians, gratified by former presents, received them with juANE EXPLORES THE ROANOKE. 205 ORKNVILLB DORNIN0A.N INDIAN VILLAOU. delight ; but their kindness nnet with an ill reward. Missing a silver cup, the Enfrlish, in revenge, set fire to a village and devastated the adjoining fields. They then chose a spot near the shore as a place for billing. The grefit object of these adventurers appears to have been the discovery of gold. Dreams of lands whose forests dripped with precious aromatics, whose rivers washed down sands of gold, or sparkling gems — of an El Dorado, whose gorgeous magnificence and mines of inexhaustible wealth realized the wildest romances of Marco Polo or Ariosto — formed the main-spring of exertion. No one imagined that the first duty of a fresh colony is an immediate tillage of the soil. In August, Grenville sailed for England, leaving the management of the settlement with Ralph Lane. This officer had received from a distinguished native chief, named Menatonon, whom he held in cus- tody, accounts of a region in the interior, prolific in pearls, and in a metal paler and softer than copper, which the inhabitants used foi making ornamental plates. Without further delay. Lane selected a band and commenced the ascent of the Roanoke. Delighted with the majestic appearance of the river and the surrounding woods, and •llured by the promises of provisions, the party continued advanc< VT" mm- 206 SETTLEMENT OP VIRGINIA. iiig with culpable carelessness, until their supply of food was ex- hausted. The governor then warned them to return, but having two dogs with them, they determined to make provisions of them, rather than, by abandoning the expedition, to lose the glorious fortune in prospect. On a sudden, they discovered lights moving through the woods, and sonn a voice called to their Indian guide, Manteo, to be on guard. This was followed by a shower of arrows. The English landed and pursued the enemy without success ; and wea- ried, chagrined, and famished, they steered their course homeward. Broth made of dog's flesh and sassafras leaves served them as food, until they reached the settlement. Lane found the settlement in a state of alarm bordering on mu- tiny — the Indians having threatened its utter extinction. For awhile, his presence restored order; but soon after, the consternation was renewed, on ascertaining that the Indian tribes had entered into a conspiracy to starve their new visitors, by laying waste their corn- fields, destroying the fishing-stations, and retiring from the neigh- bourhood. They also resolved on a general night attack, and the colonists were probably saved from ruin only by the faithfulness of the injured Menatonon, who disclosed the whole plot. Soon after, a battle was fought, in which the Indians were defeated ; and their principal chief Pemisapan, being enticed to an interview, was, with some followers, treacherously shot. These cruel and unwise pro- ceedings completely alienated the affections of the Indians, and de- stroyed all hope of deriving assistance from them. The colonists now began to waken to a reality of their situation. No prospect appeared of realizing their golden dreams, while abso- lute want stared them in the face ; the supplies promised at Easter had not arrived in June ; and they were in momentary dread of perishing either by famine or the arrows of the savages. Amid these dispositions, a fleet of twenty-three vessels was seen in the offing; and after some alarm lest it should prove a hostile squad- ron, the joyful announcement was made, of its being that of Sir Francis Drake, returning from his victorious expedition against the Spanish main. That gallant officer readily agreed to give them a store of provisions, a sloop of seventy tons, and other small craft, with which they might either explore the coasts or return to Eng- land ; the latter, it is probable, being the real object. A violent storm, however, destroyed these vessels, thus defeating the arrange meat ; and Lane, upon the earnest entreaty of the settlers, con ABAXDONMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT. 207 BALBIOH. lented himself with obtaining a place on board the fleet, by whic he and his adventurers might be conveyed home. The conclusion that Raleigh had deserted them was quite an founded. A few days after this hasty departure, there arrived a brig of a hundred tons, provided with every thing needful for their wants ; but, to the utter amazement of the crew, there were no colo- nists to supply. After sailing about some time, and satisfying them- selves of the fact, they too returned to Europe. This was another hasty step ; for a fortnight had not elapsed, when Sir Richard Gren- ville appeared, bringing three well-appointed ships, laden with everr means of supporting and enlarging the colony. His dismay may be conceived, when neither the vessel previously despatched, nor one Englishman, could be found within those savage precincts. He, therefore, left merely fifteen men to erect a fort and keep a certain hold of the country until further reinforcements could be seni uut. AH this complication of failure, blunder, and disaster did not dis- &'urage Raleigh. In April of the following yeai he fitted out a U 208 SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. . t. new expedition of three ships and a hundred and fifty person j, led by John White, who was appointed governor, with twelve assistants, who also, perhaps, contributed to the expense. Attempts were »nade to establish it on a somewhat more solid footing. Implements ol agriculture were provided ; several familes went out, and the party, including seventeen females and nine boys, arrived in July, and pro ceeded to the former settlement. Here a dreadful scene met then eyes ; the fort was rased to the ground ; the houses, though still standing, were open and tenantless ; the floors overgrown with shrubs and weeds, on which deer were feeding. The bones of one man lay scattered on the ground ; while of the rest not a trace re- mained. After anxious inquiry, it was found that a band of Indi ms had surprised and burned the fort, when the English, rushing out to save themselves, were either killed or chased into the woods, where they soon perished. HITE began by soliciting from the Indian chiefs a renewal of their former alliance, promising the most friendly treatment, and that every thing which had passed should be forgiven. They announced that an answer would be returned in seven days ; and when the time elapsed without its being fulfilled, he determined on a hostile expedition. Led by Manteo, he attacked a part)s and drove them into the forest ; but was dismayed to find that by mistake he had fallen upon one of the few friendly tribes. He then relinquished farther proceedings; but all hope of concilia- tory arrangements was lost. As winter approached, and the vessel was about to return to Europe, the colonists began seriously to view their situation. They could look for nothing from the Indians but the most deadly hostility, while ihe raising of supplies for themselves was a work of time and un- certainty. They therefore joined in an earnest entreaty to White, that he would accompany the ship, and exert himself in bringing to them further aid and support. He strongly objected, on the ground that it would have an appearance as if he were deserting his own colony; but they insisted, and having deUvered a written testimony, signed and sealed, stating that the proposal came from themselves, he consented. There had been born to him, during his residence, a grand-daughter, Virginia Dare, who is supposed by Mr. Bancroft to be the first ofllspring of English parents on the soil of the United States COLONY EXTIRPATED. 209 REPARATIONS for resisting the famous Spanish Armada interrupted Raleigh's efforts at colonization. Meanwhile, White's two vessels, which had been furnished him by Sir Walter, were, through his own imprudence, much injured and obliged to return to Eng- land ; while Grenville was retained -^ in the fleet destined to resist the Spa- niards. The colony was left to lan- guish until the defeat of the Armada. Even Raleigh seems to have oeen somewhat discouraged; and after spending forty thousand pounds in thankless exertions, he turned his attention to other ob- jects. His privileges were however transferred to a company who undertook to support the settlement. In consequence of unavoid able delay, While was unable to sail until May, 1590. He reached Roanoke about the middle of August. Again the colony was in a state of utter desolation ; though there appeared reason to hope that it had removed to a more favourable site, formerly projected. This was the island of Croatoan, fifty miles distant, in which Manteo resided, and where they had met a most friendly reception. In case of removal it had been stipulated that the letters c r o should be carved on the bark of a tr'^e, which were found, and elsewhere the full name Croatoan. A cross was to have indicated a disastrous removal : and the sign of evil was absent. Chests with various stores had been buried in the earth ; some were entire ; others had been discovered and rifled by the Indians. On the whole, White concluded that all was well, and began to steer for the new Btation ; but meeting with some difficulties, and the season being ad- vanced, it was very coolly resolved to make for the West Indies, trade there, and touch at the colony on his return home. After coming out into the open ocean, the wind was so adverse to his pro posed course, and so favourable to that for Britain, that the latter was adopted, and he arrived at home in October. After this, the colony seems to have been totally neglected by every one except Raleigh. This remarkable man sent out, at dif- ferent periods, five vessels, the last in 1602; but, unfortunately, none reached the settlement. From that time, nothing was ever discovered of this unfortunate colony. Its members were either extirpated, or became amalgamated with the neighbouring Indians 87 • s 210 8ETTLEMENT OF VIRUIJflA. auSNOLO 8 VOY&OB. Notwithstanding this series of disasters, a vessel sailed for Ame« rca, in 1602, under Bartholomew Gusnoid, with thirty-two men, twelve of whom intended to settle. Striking directly across the ocean, he came upon the coast of Massachusetts; and, after sailing onward some time, reached a bold promontory, which, from the great quantity of fish caught in the vicinity, he named Cape Cod. Steer- ing in a southern course, they passed some dangerous promontories and at length landed on a pleasant island, to which they gave the name of Martlia's Vineyard. Re-embarking, they entered Buz- zard's Bay, which, from its spaciousness, was denominated Gosnold's Hope. Elizabeth Island, within its circuit, was chosen as a desi- rable place of settlement. The soil was clothed with noble trees, and with sassafras, which, among other valuable plants, was then esteemed a medicine of sovereign virtue. Some pulse being sown, grew, in a fortnight, to half a foot. They debarked, on the main- land, which appeared "the goodliest they ever saw, replenished with fair fields." Having erected a fort, and collected a cargo, chiefly of sassafras, they prepared to return, but, at this crisis the settlers were dismayed with the prospect of being left on so remote a shore, w^ith but a small quantity of provisions, and the fate of similar expe- ditions still fresh to the memory. They, therefore, abandoned lh« (dea of remaining, and went on board with the rest. 1l VARIOUS VISITORS. 211 LTHOUGH not successful in its immedinte object, this expedition awoke England to the advantages ^ to be derived from colonizing her American posses- sions. Hakluyti the great promoter of discovery, prevailed upon some merchants of Bristol lo ^ equip two small vessels, to which Raleigh gave a cheerful consent. They were placed under Martin Pring, tfT who, after visiting the New England coast, gathering sassa- fras, and bartering with the natives, confirmed, on his return, the favourable account of the country which had been given by his pre- decessor. This expedition was followed by another under George Weymouth, patronized by Lord Arundel and the Earl of Southamp- ton. He sailed March 31, 1G05, and reached the American coast May 13th, in latitude 41°. After sailing a considerable distance, he entered Penobscot Bay in his pinnace, and, soon after, came in sight of a river which the crew regarded as the largest they had ever seen. It was navigable for very large vessels, free from rocks or shoals, and bordered along its sides by thick pine woods. In the distance, hills and mountains relieved the prospect. The English immediately commenced bartering with the Indians, and obtained valuable furs at a cheap rate. They then embarked and sailed for England, carrying with them five of the natives who had been decoyed on board. This series of voyages conveyed to Britain a much higher idea than had yet been entertained of her transatlantic dominion. It was found to include a range of territory stretching over eleven degrees of latitude, all in the temperate climates, diversified with noble riven, and harbours, and, wherever visited, displaying a luxuriant fertility This prospect rekindled all the enthusiasm of enterprise and hopes of wealth. An association was formed by Sir Thomas Grates, Sii George Summers, Wingfield, Popham, with other men of rank and eminent merchants, for the purpose of colonizing this vast region James I., who was fond of such undertakings, and had employed them successfully for the improvement of some ruder parts of Scot- land and Ireland, was ready to give every encouragement. The adventurers were divided into two companies ; the one from London for the southern, the other from Bristol and the west for the northern parts of Virginia. The former were allowed to choose any spot between the thirty-fourth and forty-first degrees of latitude ; the latter between the thirty-eighth and forty-fifth. Three degrees wv'a Vf 212 SETTLEMENT OF VIKOIXIA. thus common between both ; but collision was prevented bj' enactirio that wherever one had fixed its seat, the other should choose theira at least a hundred miles distant. From that first station, each com> pany was to possess fifty miles of coast on each side ; their territory was thence to stretch the same distance inland, and the same out to sea, including all islands within the range. These terms deserve notice, as they seem to have been much misapprehended by Chal- mers, Biincroft, and, indeed, most other writers. The coast was not divided between the companies, nor had either an exclusive right to their own portions beyond the space of a hundred miles square which they were allowed to choose. This may serve to acquit suc- cessive princes of the repeated infractions of the charter with which they have been charged. Within this range the associations ob- tained full property in ail tne lands, natural resources and objects of every kind, with only the usual exception of a fifth of the gold and a fifteenth of the copper The revenue produced by fines and light import-duties was to be enjoyed by them for twenty-one years, afiei which it was to be paid into the royal treasury. They were not, however, invested with those kingly attributes which had been la- rished on Gilbert and Raleigh. James lodged the government ir> .wo councils, one resident in England, the other in the colony, and claimed the right of appointing both ; but, having exercised it io regard to the first, he allowed them to nominate the Virgrinian mem- bers. He busied himself, moreover, in preparing a code of "order* and instructions," a proceeding, as Mr. Chalmers observes, decidedly unconstitutional, but controverted by no one. The colonists and their posterity were declared English subjects, yet were invested with no political rights, not even trial by jury, unless in capital charges ; minor offences were punished arbitrarily by the council. The English church was exclusively established. Strict and laud- able injunctions were given for the mild and equitable treatment of the natives. On the 19th of December, 1606, this famous expedition sailed irom London, in three small vessels, and numbering a hundred and five persons. Among these were George Percy, Gosnold, and OapuiiD John Smith. The whole was commaijd'^d by Captain New- port. Unfortunately, the fair prospects of this expedition were in the be ginning clouded, through the caprice of the king. The names and instructions of the couucil had been enclosed in a box, which vt'oi ^■" * SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN. 21:1 O&PTAIH JOHN SMITH. nut to be opened uhtil the expedition had arrived at its destination. Consequently, no one could claim immediate command. The energy of Smith, with his open, manly bearing, led to his promotion aa leader. He thus became an object of jealousy to those higher in rank, who, on the pretence that he designed setting aside the coun- dl and assuming royalty, caused him to be arrested and c ntlned until some time after the voyage. In April, 1607, the colonists came in sight of America ; but, in the endeavour to effect a landing, they encountered a violent storm, which drove them to the opening of Chesapeake Bay. The magnificent prospect of this noble body of water, so completely ravished them, as to cause immediate forgetfulness of all their misfortunes. After ascending it some distance, they entered a large river, which they named after the king, and spent seventeen days in exploring it. A spot, fifty miles from its mouth, was chosen as a place of settlement, and called Jamestown. On landing, some Indians were seen, who at first showed symptoms of hostility ; but, soon becoming friendly, they brought food and other necessaries to their new visitors. On opening the box of instructions. Smith's name was found among the council ; but the jealousy of his rivals excluded him for some time Irom his privileges. He, however, accompanied an expc* 214 BBTTLEMENT OP VIRGINIA. dition up the river, led by Newport, who visited Powhatan, kiiii^ nf the neighbouring tribes. They were received kindly, but, on re- turning to Jamestown, they found it in imminent danjier of a con- tinued ailacU by several neighbouring tribes. A biiiile actually ensued in which one (n boy) wa? killed, and seventeen wounded. The colonists then commenced the erection of a palisade fort, which was finished in June. Scarcely was this accomplished, when Smith was brought to trial on alleged charges of treason, but after trial was honourably acquitted — Wingfield, his accuser, being condemned tc pay him a fine of £200, which Smith generously threw into the common stock. Mr. Hunt, the clergyman, succeeded in producing at least an appearance of harmony, cemented by partaking together the Christian communion. On the 15th of June, Newport siiiled fur England, leaving the colonists in a state little belter than anarchy. The soil was indeed fruitful ; but, by an unhappy arrangement, all the produce for the first five years was to be in common, and distributed by the council according to their respective wants. This system, by preventing all hope of personal advancement, other than that dependent upon the advancement of the community, paralyzed all exertions. Raising scarcely any crop the first year, they were dependent on the sup- plies from home, which were not only precarious, but of inferior quality. A slender allowance of this unwholesome food, bad river water, and exposure to a new climate, soon spread disease so widely that often ten men could not be found fit for service. Before autumn, fifty of their number, including Gosnold, the projector of the set- tlement, had died. Loud murmurings were heard on every side. Wingfield, the president, was accused of living in plenty, and even of meditating a departure while others were starving. He was con- sequently deposed and his place supplied by Ratclifle, who, being of an easy temper, left the whole management to Smith, which was what the colonists desired. This celebrated man soon gave ample proof that his administra tion was to be the dawn of better things to the colonists. On an expedition down the river, he procured a quantity of food, and being attacked by the savages, repelled them in such a manner as to inspire them with respect. They sought an alliance with him, and fur- nished a boat-load of provisions. Smith returned just in time to prevent Wingfield and another from seizing a vessel and sailing to England. His supplies, with ADyBNTURBS OF CAPTAIN SMITH. 215 fOWHATiLir, (locks ot water-fowl which came at the approach of winter, relies .»J their wants; and having in his rambles discovered the great river Chickahominy, he determined to explore it to its source, not, it is said, without a hope of thereby reaching the South Sea, viewed then as the grand source of wealth. He was impelled, it was imagined, by the taunts of some of his enemies in the colony, but we rather think only by his own adventurous spirit. He ascended first in his barge, then in a canoe, and twenty miles on foot, attended only by his Indian guides. But three hundred natives, who had traced his steps, sur- prised and dispersed his party, and then came suddenly upon him- self. He made aiuonishing efforts for safety, and fa.stening with his garters a native ally to his person, presented him to the enemy as a buckler; then he ran to the canoe, which he would have reached had he not suddenly sunk in a deep morass, where he was over- taken, and, to escape from perishing with cold, obliged to surrender. He hud now reason to consider his last hour approaching, and a circle had, in fact, been formed to shoot him. With characteristic presence of mind he asked for the chief, showed his compass-dial, pointed out its singular movements, and endeavoured to explain the ^rresponding phenomena of the earth and sky. Whether they u. 'erstood these indications or not, they were awed with astonish' •?^H iilG SETTLEMENT OP VinOINIA. mer.t as if admitted to contemplate a supernatural object. On a signai from their leader, they laid down their bows and arrows, and led hisn under strict guard to their capital. He was there exhibited to the women and children; and a wild war-dance was performed round him, in fantastic measures and with frightful yells and contor- tions. He was then shut up in a long house, and suj)plied at every ineal with as much bread and venison as would ha<:e dined twenty men ; but, receiving no other sign of kindness, he began to dreud that they were fattening in order to eat him. Even without such a precise purpose, this festive entertainment is known among savages »o be no uiicomuKin prelude to torture and death. They isked his uid in reducing Jumeslown, while he sought an opportunity of making his way thither. In the course of this manojuvering, a message sent to that placv, gave him an opportunity to display the powers of writing, which was considered by them as a species of magical spell. At length, .after being paraded and exhibited in vari- ous villages, he was led to I'amunkey, the residence of Powhatan. It was here his doom was staled. The chief received him in pomp, wra[)ped in a spacious robe of racoon skins, with all the tails hang- ing down. Behind, appeared two long lines of men and wo- men, with faces painted red, heads decked with white down, and necks quite encircled by chai.ns of beads. A lady of rank presented water to wash his hands, another a bunch of feathers to dry them. A long deliberation was then held, and the result proved fatal. Two large stones were placed before I'uwliiilan, and by the united efforts of the attendants Smith was dragged to the spot, his head laid on one of them, and the mighty club was raised, a few blows of which were to terminate his life. In this last extremity, when every hope seemed past, a \ery unexpected interposition took place. Pocahon- tas, the youthful and favourite daughter of this savage chief, was seized with those tender emotions which form the ornament of her sex. Advancing to her father, she, in the most earnest terms, sup- plicated mercy for the stranger ; and though all her entreaties were lost on that savage heart, her zeal only redoubled. She ran to Smith, took his head in her arms, laid her own upon it, and declared that the first death-blow must fall upon her. The barbarian's breast was at length softened, and the life of the Englishman was spared. Our adventurer, being naturally expected to render some services m return for so great a boon, employed himself in making hatchets, beads, and other ornaments for the falhtr luid daughter. At the end f1 . STATE OF THB COLOiNY AT SMITU'S RETLRN, 211 CAl'TAIN SMITH ODRVBYINO O 11 « S A P B i K K IJ A If. of two (lays, lie was coiuiuctt-d into a large huusc, wliore, amid nidfoiis and dojeful noisos, I'owhatan ruslu-d in, with two hundrt'd ntlindanls, stranyely disguised, and their faces hlackeni'd. Smith again thought his last hour had come, but iho chief announced these ns signs of peace and friendship; and he was forthwith sent to Jamestown, on the sole condition of transmitting thence two cul verins and a millstone, a promise faithfully fullilled. Smith found a majority of the colonists preparing to return to Englinul. He adopted the most energetic measures to prevent this, and, with the aid of some faithful adherents, pointed a gun at their vessel, declaring that she must either stop or sink. He also broko up a conspiracy, and sent the ringleaders to England. Mi-anwhilf, llicy were not left without support. Pocahontas constantly visited ihem with provi.siiins ; and soon Captain Newport arrived with a hundred aad twenty emigrants and abundant supplies. The captain visited I'owhalan, and opened with him a trade on liberal terms. Unfortunately, the new emigrants were not of the character pro- per for a youthful colony. They had visited America for the pur- pose of obtaining gold ; and to cultivate the soil, or follow up plans for obtaining provisions, was the last of their expectations or pur- poses. Having discovered some yellow glittering earth, they san- guinely supposed it to be gold dust, and, abandoning every lii.ng else, began to load their vessels with it. Even the authority of Smith was insufficient to wean them from this unhajipy mania. Unable to awaken the colonists from their golden visions, Smith commenced the exploration of Chesapeake Bay, with a hope of •M 218 SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. Wt f hCs m :;! 5'^ Ml ■. ■ ■ ♦!, ;iv . :'■ . is I f'' i.;-rt BJ ■Hi • [' U ^^H communicating with the Pacific, and thence to India. Many diffi cuities were experienced from the sfvages; and the adventuren were about returning when they unexpectedly discovered the Poto mac river, the prospect of which once more revived their hopes. They ascended it to the Fails, above the site of Georgetown, entered the Rappahannock, and explored it to a considerable distance. Smith subsequently explored the Susquehannah until stopped by cataracts. On his return Captain Smith was elected president, but was soon interrupted in the exercise of his duties by the arrival of Newport with about seventy emigrants, two of whom were females. Thit led to another futile expedition for the discovery of a passage to the South Sea, undertaken in conformity with a desire of the London Company, which having expended more than dG2000 on the colony, were now anxious for something like reimbursement. A cargo, con- sisting principally of timber, with some tar, glass, and ashes, was sent to England, although its value little accorded with expectation. Having despatched the vessel. Smith applied himself to the pro- curing of food. He also contrived a plan for seizing Powhatan; but this was revealed to the monarch, who made Smith himself prisoner. He was a second time saved, only through the interces sion of Pocahontas ; but the feelings of the Indians were completely estranged from their white neighbours. Meanwhile the exertions of the patentees, and the general enthu siasm kindled throughout the nation, enabled the company to equip an expedition of nine vessels and five hundred emigrants. Many distinguished individuals were ready to embark their fortunes in this enterprise ; and, with the consent of the old members, the company was remodelled on a larger scale and under a new charter. The territory was augmented from a hundred miles of coast to four hundred. Lord Delaware, distinguished by his talents and virtues, was named governor for life; and, as he could not depart inmiediatelvi Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Summers were to rule in the mean time. The vessels set sail on the 15th cf May, 1009, and seven arrived on the 11th of August, at Jamestown; but unfortu- nately they had encountered a violent storm, in which two, having on board Gates and Summers, were separated and thrown upon the Bermudas. In their absence. Smith justly claimed the rule; but many of the new comers, being bankrupts, spendthrifts, or otheri CHARACTER OF TUE SETTLERS. 219 \vMM iji! SI POCAHONTAS BBaOUINO CAPTAIN SMITH. sent ahrnnd for misconduct at home, were indisposed to obey him. FoT some lime, total anarchy reigned ; but its evils at length became so great, that he was entreated to resume the government. He everted himself to settle the emigrants advantageously, of whom two parties, a hundred and twenty each, were settled at Nansemond, and at the Falls nf James River. Both, however, mismanaged their affairs, quarrelled with the Indians, and lost a number of their men; while they rejected all his efiRirts to remedy these disorders. In returning from the latter place, a bag of gunpowder burst and severely man- gled his person, so that he reached home in extreme torture. Here he was told that plots were forming against his life. Unable, in his debilitated state, to struggle against so many difficulties, he returned 220 RETTLEME^T OF VIRrtlNlA. W: to England, quitting for ever the colony which had been so muri indebted to him. He received at home neither honours nor rewards. The company, prepossessed by his numerous enemies, complained that he had brought no wealth into their coffers, and had acted severely towards the Indians. Posterity has done him justice, perhaps snme« •vhat beyond his merits. His bold and active spirit, with sound prac- tical judgment, eminently qualified him for the station ; though, beini; rather hot and uncompromising in his temper, he excited biticr onmities. A conciliatory disposition and persuasive powers were, in such a situation, almost indispensable to render his exertions effective. His conduct towards the Indians was in general culpable, and, by the hostility which it created, neutralized in a great measure his eminent services. His eulogium, however, was found in the state of the colony after his departure. Only about thirty or forty acres were cultivated; the ships had brought grain in limited quantity, and much spoiled during the unfortunate voyage.- The Indians, no longer overawed by the late president, not only refused supplies, but killed many set- tlers. Thus there ensued a dreadful famirf, long fearfully remem- bered under the name of the "Starving Time." Many were im pelled to the horrid resource of devouring the bodies of the dead; nay, there are dark imputations of murder committed under this fearful impulse. Vessels sent along the rivers were either sunk or the crews beaten by the savages. Virginia seemed a devoted soil. Of the flourishing colony of five hundred persons, there remained only sixty "most miserable and poor creatures." After a large ex- penditure and successive arrivals of emigrants, it had returned almost into its original insignificance. In May, Gates and Summers arrived from the Bermudas. Their scanty stock aflJbrded a few days' subsistence to the settlers, beyond which appeared no prospect but that of famine. In this extremity, the colonists determined to sail for Newfoundland, and embarking, (June 6,) were steering down the bay, where they met with the long-boat of Lord Delaware, who had just arrived with a reinforce' ment and large supplies, to take command. This opportune occur- rence restored satisfaction, and the wise and paternal character of Lord Delaware's administration for a time gave prosperity to the settlement. But this excellent nobleman was soon after taken ill, and obliged to return to England. He left* Percy in command, who <»c^ succeeded by Sir Thomas Dale. He continued in office until m^ MARRIAGE OF POCAHONTAS. 221 CAPTUBI OF POOARONrA.8. the arrival of Sir Thomas Grates with six ships, three hundred emi- grants, and a hundred cattle. With some of the new comers. Dale now undertook a voyage np the river, and founded a settlement which he named Henrico in honour of the Prince of Wales. A romantic and pleasing- er^nt of this expedition may be considered the termination of the long hostility with the native tribes. An enterprising naval officer named Argall contrived to inveigle on board his vessel the Princess Poca- hontas, and, notwithstanding her tears and entreaties, carried her to Jamestown. She was well treated, but the English refused to re- lease her, except for an exorbitant ransom. Powhatan, with an independence of soul which showed true greatness, refused to listen to any terms while his favourite child was a captive. The un- fortunate breach seemed hourly widening. At this crisis, Mr. John Rolfe, a respectable young man, was smitten with her dignified demeanour, and found no difficulty in gaining her affijctions. Their marriage was a source of exultation to the colonists, and made Poir- haian their firm friend ever afterward. The youthful bride becair* SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. a heiiever in the truths of Christianity, and was baptized under the name of Rebecca, to which the English prefixed Lady. She was taken to England, introduced to the royal family, and, for some time, became the object of universal attt-ntion. In 1716, she went to em- bark at Gravesend ; but she was never again to behold her native shore. Sudden illness carried her off in a few days. She left a' son in the colony, whose offspring is now numerous, and the descent from whom is the boast of many Virginia families. It is worthy of note, however, that, notwithstanding the popularity of this marriage, and the scarcity of females in the settlement, Rolfe's example was never followed. Gates and Dale abolished the system of community labour, and gave to each family a piece of ground for its own cultivation. This revived industry, and every thing began to assume a new aspect. They soon discovered tobacco ; and, in one year, this apparently nauseous weed dia more to enrich the company and the colony itself, than did all the fancied mines of gold and marts of commerce during the whole period that Virginia was a colony. N lOlG, Sir T. bale died, and was succeeded by Sir George Yeardley as deputy. Lord Delaware also died, in sailing for Jamestown. The government then devolved upon Argall, a brave and success- ful naval commander, but of a temper too haughty and overbear- ing. He became so unpopular that the company were obliged to super sede him, and the regulation of affairs again devolved on Yeardley. The oppression of Argall led to the petitioning for a new consti tution, which, after long delay, the company granted. This instru ment was so framed as to secure the colonists in a great measure against any proceeding contrary to their views. The House of Assembly was to consist of the governor, a council appointed by the corporation at home, and two representatives from each borough As this meeting amounted to twenty-one, while the delegates from eleven boroughs were twenty-two, the company had only to gain ono of the latter in order to have the full dictation of every measure- Various other privileges were granted, all securing more or less tlif rights of the colonists > The consequences were soon apparent \ XHK GREAT MAS3ACRB. 223 TBI C?iHI3Tl*r: '>:M\r» niHCLOSisa thb intb!jded ma.s3acrb Their number continually increased, the area of the settlement was extended, and the arrival of a considerable number of females gave a stability, an appearance of home to the town, which it had not yet enjoyed. During this period of prosperity, a storm was brooding over the colony in a quarter little suspected. We have seen the beneficiiil efflicts of Rolfe's marriage, in its reconciliation of the Indians. So perfect had this become, that the two races seemed blended into one, the Indians entering at pleasure into the houses of the planters, bor- rowing their arms and materials, and frequently residing with them for some days. But, in reality, a fearful change had taken place, and the red men had determined on the utter extinction of the colony. Powhatan was dead ; and his son Opecancanough, under apparent friendship, concealed the most deadly hatred. All the causes of this alteration it is impossible to ascertain ; but, no doubt, a pan was owing to the conduct of the settlers, and the fears excited by their rapid increase. The Indians appointed a day in which a general massacre of the whites was to be perpetrated. The secret was kept with the pro- found dissimulation which characterizes savage vengeance ; and, several days before, Opecancanough had declared that the heavenn 15 224 SETTLEMEFT OF VIRGINIA. rB3 8BS&T UA33ACRB. m wouid Aill before he would alter his affection for the English. T« the last moment, his subjects continued visiting, conversing, and holding the most friendly intercourse with those whom they were about to slay. One exception to this general hatred saved the colony. A gentle man, named Pace, had an Indian domestic, whom he had not only treated with peculiar kindness, but had converted to the Christian religion. Being told, late at night, to murder his master next day, he rose from his bed and disclosed the plot. Pace immediately arose, procured a boat, and, crossing to Jamestown, reveaied the conspiracy. The notice was too short, however, to warn all the remote settlements, and on these the storm fell in full fury. Min- gling as usual with the settlers, they succeeded in completely sur- prising them, and, with the implements of husbandry, struck them dead before they were conscious of danger. The dreadful work continued until three hundred and forty-seven men, women, and children were massacred, and all the colony was filled with alarm. This event, known as the Great Massacre, occurred April 1, 1622. It was followed by a war of extermination against the Indians, which resulted in the extinction or emigration of nearly all the tribes in thi vicinity of Ja lestown. JAMKS I. 223 In addition to this misfortune, the company were soon called to breast another storm more potent than Indian hatred. This was the king's opposition. Being one of the vainest and most arbitran' sovereigns that ever snt on the English throne, James could not look with apathy upon the increasing prosperity of a company whose ▼iews of government and royal prerogative were far more republi- can than his own. The dispute first commenced about the appoint- ment of officers — James claiming this right for himself. He then attempted to monopolize the tobacco trade. The controversy con- tinued until 1624, when the company was dissolved, and Virginij made a royal government. -» ouncii INDIAN WAR. 227 ABBXST OF BARVBT. John Harvey was appoiiiU'd by Charles in 1G29, but he became so unpopular as to be stiit to England, in lOJiO, loaded with charges. A trial resulted in his triumphant ac(iuittal. He was then ••einstated, and after continuing the administration for two years, was ucceeded by Sir Francis Wyatt. After another period of two j-virs, the government devolved (February, lf}42) on Sir William Berkeley. His accession gave universal satisfaction ; and, although bigotted with regard to religion and education, he seems to have been the most pdpular of any of the Virginian governors. Ever smce the dreadful massacre of 1622, a vindictive warfare had been wac'd against the Indians, chiefly by predatory incursions into their territory; and in the year 1643, the Assembly voted that no terms of peace with them should be entertained. That unfortunate people, driven to despair, again entered into a general confederacy, hoping, by a sudden attack, to cut ofTthe hated race who had seized their lands. This step could not now be reproached with treachery, nor could suspicion be lulled by professions of friendship ; yet ihrough their habits of deep dissimulation, they, in some degree, effected a surprise. About three hundred colonists were killed ; but as soon as the main body were aroused, the savage assailants were completely defeated, pursued into their own country, and Opecanca- nough, their king, taken prisoner. Though well treated, he fell indignant at the multitudes who were allowed to come into his pri- son, and salibfy their curiosity by viewing his person ; assuring Berkeley, that, had fortune reversed their situation, he would not liave meanly exhibited his captive as a show. A brutal soldier pu; m m 228 VIRGINIA TILL THE PEACE OF 1763. an end to his life by shooting him in the back ; and the Indians were now so far overawed, that the governor, in 1646, could impose a treaty, including an extensive cession of territory. This unpropitious affair was succeeded by a period of unusual tranquillity, during which the colony increased greatly. A writer, in 1649, estimates the population at about fifteen thousand, and states that there were twenty thousand head of cattle, three thousand sheep, five thousand goats, hogs and poultry innumerable, with about two hundred horses and mares of an excellent breed. Wheat was raised for subsistence in considerable quantities, but tobacco was the staple for sale. The plantations reached about a hundred miles along the river, having upon it fronts of varying extent, but each stretching backward about two thousand yards. In the contest between Charles and the Republicans, Virginia look part with the crown ; and on the death of the monarch, boldly BACON S REBELLION. 2'J9 declared for his exiled son. Disputes with the Long Parliumen followed, but were interrupted by the dissolution of that body. Finally, however, thp Virpinians obtained a complete amnesty ; and the Pnitectnr even extended to them severiil important privileges. The republic was, however, always unpopular ; and, after the expjl sion of Richard, Cromwell's son, the Virginians gladly returned t« their old allegiance. As the colonists had been among the most strenuous supporters of the crown, it was natural to suppose that they would receive from it a full recognition of their loyalty, and confirmation of all former rights. In this they were disappointed. The Church of England was exclusively established, the right of suffrage abridged, general education discouraged, commerce limited to the mother coun- try, and several odious monopolies established. An internal cause still more cruelly interrupted the success of the colony. The Indians, once so hostile, had for a long time been overawed or conciliated ; but the Suscjuehnnnas, a singularly fierce tribe, having been driven from the north by the Five Nations, b vessels in the harbour. Here, however, they were soon besieged, and, being re|iiilsed in a sally, found themselves no match for the hardy borderers. It was necessary to evacuate the town during the niglit, and withdraw his entire force to the eastern shore, leaving the whole west in possession of the insurgents. ACOjN' now acted entirely as ruler of V'irginia.and de- claring the governor to have abdicated, summoned an assembly in his own name. It was determined to resist any attempts from the mother-country to restore Berkeley to power, and, indeed, the resolu- tion was almost fixed to throw off its yoke alto gether. As Jamestown might affjrd a position for establishing an English force, the violent measure was adopted of devoting it to the flames. This was executed with such ruthless determination, that the fires being kindled in the niglit, there remained in the morning scarcely a vestige of that original capital, which has never again reared its head. Nothing now appeared lo remain but to cross the river and drive before them the discouraged remnant of Berkeley's forces. Suddenly, however, the leader sickened, and, after a short illness, died ; a catastrophe that put an end to the insurrection, which, after all, had not any deep root among the nation. Its tem- porary success seems to have been owing to the union of the border settlers with the popular faction ; but the latter, forming still a de- cided minority, could not permanently support it. Several of the leaders attempted to make a stand, but were successively reduced and taken by Beverley, an active royalist chief. The governoi, whose feelings seem throughout the whole transaction to have been greatly excited, acted now with excessive rigour. Twenty persons were hanged, and it is supposed a gieater number would have en- dured the same punishment, hud nut the Assembly presented ac i i !'' 232 VIRGINIA TILL THE PEACE OF 1763. address, entreating "that he would spill no more blood." One of the deputies said, "had we let him alone, he would have hanged half the country." Charles II., whose disposition was not cruel, exclaimed, "the old fool has taken away more lives than I for the murder of my father," and issued a proclamation censuring his con- duct as derogatory to his clemency. Sir William was recalled, and his place temporarily supplied by Colonel Jeffereys, who, with two others, constituted a commission of inquiry. They seem to have made it very searching, with even a friendly disposition towards the people. The difTerent counties were invited to produce statements of grievances, and the records of the Assembly were forced from their clerk. A report was drawn up, in which, while the conduct of the insurgents was strongly condemned, that of the government and several members of the council was also censured. These reflections against Berkeley are supposed to have hastened his dcth, which took place before he had an interview with the king. The Aoatuibly passed a vote, declaring that he had been an excellent governor, and recommended a grant to Lady Berkeley of jGUOO JefTereys, during his short administration, put an end to the Indian war. After the death of Charles I., some royalist noblemen obtain- ed a grant of the territory between the Potomac and Rappahannock, known as the North Neck, for the purpose of affording a refuge ta their adherents. This right was afterwards sold to Lords Culpeppei and Arlington. The colonists remonstrated against it, as a violation of their charter; but Charles confirmed it by the appointing of Cul- pepper governor for life. He was avaricious and despotic ; and the office finally reverted to the crown. The colony remained in rathei an unsettled state until 1G92, when its management was conferreu on Sir Edmund Andros. He seems to have conducted himself, during the six years of his administration, with prudence and abi- lity. His successor, Nicholson, having formed a scheme of uniting the settlements into a union for mutual defence, which displeased the Assembly, was deposed, and the government given to the Earl of Orkney, who held it as a sinecure thirty-six years. Virginia, from this period till the peace of I7G3, enjoyed an almost aninterrupted prosperity. She was engaged in military operations against the French and their Indian allies ; but as these were com- mon to the whole range of states, we prefer to make them, with some other matters, the subject of a general chapter. » ountPcl to £20,000. anri an equal sum was raised among his friends. Warned by Virrfinian disasters, he avoided, from the first, all chimerical projerts, and placed his establishment entirely on an agricultural basis. Every one who carried out five persons, male or female, paying their expenses, (about j620,) was to receive a thousand acres. Those defraying their own cfiurges got a hundred acres for themselves, and the same for every adult member of their family ; for children under six years, fifty acres. The rent was two shillings for each one hundred acres, In November, 1033, Leonard Calvert set sail with the first emi- grants, consisting of about two hundred persons, including a son of Sir Thomas Gerard, one of Sir Thomas Wiseman, and two of Lady Wintour. In February, he touched at Point Comfort, in Virginia, where his arrival was by no means acceptable; nevertheless, Sir John Harvey, in obedience to the express orders of Charles, gave him a courteous reception. Early in March, he entered the Poto- iiiac, to the Indians on the shores of which the sight of so large a vessel was quite new, and caused the utmost astonishment. The report was, that a canoe was appnaching as big as an island, with men standing in it as thick as trees in a forest; and they thought with amazement how enormous must have been the trunk out of which it had been hollowed. A piece of ordnance, resounding for the first lime on the shores of this mighty river, caused the whole country to tremble. The intercourse, however, appears to have been judiciously conducted, and was, on the whole, very amicable. Calvert sailed up to Piscataqua, an Indian settlement nearly opposite the present site of Mount Vernon, where the chief received him with kindness, saying, "he would not bid him go, neither would he bid him slay ; he might use his own discretion." On reflection, he considered the place too far up the river, and, therefore, the vessel was moved down to a tributary named then St. Georges, now St. Mary's. Ascending it four leagues, he came to a consideuble Indian town, named Yoacomoco ; and, being hospitably received, as well as pleased with the situation, he determined to fix his colony there. The werowanne accepted an invitation on board, and Sit John Harvey having just arrived from Virginia, the chief was led down to the cabin, and seated at dinner between the two governors. An alarm having spread among the people on shore, that he was de- tained as a prisoner, they made the banks echo with shouts of alarm ; the Indian attendants durst not go to them, but when he m SETTLEMENT OF ST. JIART S. 2:'5 .»i EBTTLHUSNT OF ST. HART S, himself appeared on deck, they were satisfied. He became so mDch attached to the English, as to declare, that if they should kill hrra, he would not wish his death avenged, being sure that he must h-ire deserved his fate. Amid these dispositions, it was not difficult to negotiate the formation of a settlement. For hatchets, hoes, knives, cloth, and other articles of probably very small original cost, the strangers iiut only obtained a large tract of land, but were allowed by the inhabitants to occupy immediately one half of their village, with the corn growing adjacent to it, and, at the end of harvest, were to receive the whole. Thus the English were at once comfortably established, without those severe hardships which usually attend an infant settlement. The colony thus commenced enjoyed privileges to which Virginia had been a stranger. Her charter secured the great privilege of perfect freedom of opinion in religious matters, the right of suf- frage, the appointment of officers by the crown, and a permanent exemption from all royal taxation. £36 MARYLAND. f "N 1635, the Assemtly met at St. Mary's but the record of their proceedingi is now lost. Immediately after, Clay- borne refused to submit to Calvert's government, and at length appeared in arms to maintain the right of possession in his territory. A skir- mish occurred in May, in which a few on each side were killed, and Clayborne's party taken prison- ers. Their leader fled to Virginia, and, on being demanded by the Maryland Assembly, was sent to England for trial. The Assembly seized his lands and declared him a traitor. Clayborne appealed lo the crown, but, after a full hearing, the case was decided against him, and his estates reverted to Lord Baltimore. These difficulties were scarcely suppressed, when others, little less formidable, occurred with the Indians. These increased to such an alarming extent, that, in 1642, all the neighbouring tribes were arrayed against the colony. The disgusting scenes attendant on savage warfare continued until 1644, when they were happily terminated by a treaty, the conditions of which, and some acts of Assembly immediately following, seem to prove that the evil had arisen entirely from the interested proceedings of individuals. The prohibition of kidnapping the Indians, and of selling arms to them, show the existence of these culpable practices. This peace was of long duration, and the Maryland government seems, on the whole, to have acted more laudably towards the red men than any other, except that of Penn. In 1645, Clayborne returned to Maryland, raised a rebellion, and drove the governor into Virginia. A period of disorder ensued until the summer of 1646, when the government was restored. A season of prosperity followed until 1650, when still further security was given to political freedom, by dividing the Assembly into two houses, composed of the governor and council in one, and the bur gesses elected by the people in the other. The suppression of royalty in England seems to have acted un- favourably to Maryland. The parliament sent a number of com- missioners to reduce the territory to obedience ; among these was Clayborne. Governor Stone was twice removed. The great reli- gious sects organized themselves into parties, and a proscription vtras COLONIAL FEUDS. 237 'f' 'I tj WILLIAU IIL cotnmenced airainst the Catholics. The governor raised an armed force, seized the colonial archives, and marched against his oppo- nents ; but, in a battle fought near the site of A.inapolis, his party were dispersed and himself taken prisoner. Four of his men were executed. The disturbances continued until 1660, when the upper house of the legislature was dissolved, and the entire managemeiit of affairs devolved upon the popular branch. This continued until the kiestoralion of Charles II., when the old order of administration was restored, the proprietor reinstated, and peace secured by a general amnesty for all offences. Emigration was renewed with considerable activity, especially among the labouring classes, who, under indentures for a term of years, had the expenses of their voyage defrayed. When the Revolution occurred in Engln" ' .he Protestants of Maryland, inspired with new courage, rose in arms, overiurned thb government, and substituted a provisional one. King William, who doubtless had an interest in favour of the insurgents, gave his entire sanction to their proceedings and took the government into his own hands. After a short tenure by Andros, it was directed during sis 288 MARTLAin). years by Nicho'son, who, on the whole, gave satisfaction. The Pro- testants considered their wrongs as redressed, nnr do we hear of any complaints from the opposite party. Under the successive admi> nistrations of Blackeston, Seymour, Corbet, and Hunt, the province continued tranquil and contented. In 1716, the inheritance having falhMi to Charles, Lord Baltimore, who professed the Protestant reli- gion, George I. was induced to restore his patent, which continued till the Revolution in the hands of the family. It was first ruled by B. Leonard Calvert, a relation of the proprietor, who was succeeded in 1733 by Samuel Ogle. The colon)' continuing to ilouriih, re- ceived a large accessii'n of Presbyterians from the north of Ireland, who, after settling in Pennsylvania, sold their possessions and removed to this more favourable climate. JOHN WINTHROP. CHAPTER XVII. MASSACHUSETTS. N 1606, Sir George Popham was sent from Eng- X-V land, by the Plymouth Company, with a hundred He chose a '"W^jL'tJ fc'j3^) men, to form a colony in America iL^f site on the Kennebec ; and, with fony-nve ui uis V\!'q^ company, commenced a settlement, under the *^>y/ name of St. George. During the winter, they * endured great sufferings from cold and famine : their president died, and the store-house was consumed by fire. The settlement was consequently abandoned in the- following year. But for a series of unforeseen calamities, this attempt would probably have given New England a priority, in point of age, to Virginia. No further attempt was made at colonization in this quarter, until 1614, when Captain John Smith visited it in two ships, established a lucrative trade with the Indians, and explored the interior, togethei with the coast from Cape Cod to the Penobscot. He named t t it.. 16 xw 240 MASSACIIUSEITS. „:m til rountry New England, and prepared a map of it, which is still 3Xtant, and is slrikinfrly correct in all its outlines. On his return, he succeeded in rousinrr a spirit of enterprise, which, for a while, promised the most flattering results. Smith mailed the following year, under the auspices of the Plymouth Com- pany, but was driven back by storms. On a second attempt, fiii crew mutinied, and, while engaged in quelling this new danger, his ship was seized by French pirates, and he escaped only by means of an open boat. On his return to England, he wns appointed life admiral of the colony, and obtained a charter (16*20) for settling nil lands between the fortieth and forty-eighth degrees of north latitude. Meanwhile, influences were in operation which, although appa- rently insignificant, were to outstrip royal patents in the march of colonization, and found a colony on the wild shores of New Eng- land, whi s-e potency was to be realized throughout America. The Puritans, driven from their own country by religious intolerance, had settled in Holland, in 1609, and, for eleven years, lived in hap- piness under their pastor, John Robinson. Unable, however, to feel at home, in a country whose laws, customs, and language were en- tirely difTerent from their own, these men obtained a grant of land from the London Company, and permission to emigrate. The king, however, remained hostile, and want of funds obliged them to form a partnership, on very disadvantageous terms, with some English merchants. They were thus enabled to purchase the vessels Speedwell (sixty tons) and Mayflower (a hundred and eight3'-tons), the former of which sailed to Delfthaven, to take on board the brelh ren. The departure was a solemn and impressive scene. Kneel- ing on the strand, in presence of his noble-hearted followers, so soon to dare the horrors of a savage wilderness, and surrounded by thou- sands of spectators, the venerable Robinson dedicated their cause to Giod, and gave them his parting blessing. Many a tear was shed as companions, endeared by years of persecution, adversity, and afflic- tion, parted, with but little prospect of ever again uniting. The two vessels joined at Southampton, and thence proceeded on their gi?at western voyage ; but, before they reached the Land's End, the Speedwell was obliged to put back to Dartmouth for repairs. After a second trial the captain again pronounced her unfit for the voyage, •nd sailed for Plymouth. These disasters and alarms, though in- Tolving the loss of much precious time, " winnowed their number •f the cowardly and the lukewarm ;" and ihey finally set sail in one LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS. 241 LHHDINB OF THB PILORIMS. vessel, (September 16, 1620,) numbering a hundred and two per sons. They had a tempestuous voyage, and though their destination was the mouth of the Hudson, tney arrived, on the 19th of November in view of a great promontory, which proved to be Cape Cod. The captain, it has been alleged, had received a bribe from the Dutch to avoid a place where they projected a settlement. Of this, however the adventurers being ignorant, were comforted by the view of a goodly land, wooded to the water's edge. Whales so abounded, that had ihe crew possessed means and instruments, which, to their great regret, were wanting, they might have procured £4000 worth of oil. They sailed on toward their destination, but being driven back by contrary winds, determined to go ashore. Previously, however, they sought to obviate the danger of discord by a mutual agreement, in the name of God, to combine into a body politic ; framing and duly observing laws for the general good. They landed on the 2Ist, but being informed that more commo- dious spots might be found to the north-west, in the interior of the great Bay of Massachusetts, they determined that a select party should proceed in the shallop in search of them. The boat, how- ever, was in such disrepair that it could not sail till the end of two or three weeks ; sixteen of them, therefore, resolved to make an ex- cursion into the interior. They met no natives, but found on a hill, half-buried in the ground, several baskets filled with ears of corn 'I f 242 MASSACIirPETTS. part of which thpy carried away, moanirifj to sntlsfy the owners nn the first opportunity, which unluckily ni'ver occurred. They saw many jreese and durlcs, but were unable to reach them ; and beinji exposed to severe cold, hastily returned. .Snon after, they started for the same spot, n:niied Cornhiil, in the neighbourhood nf which they collected ten bushels of griiin, esteemed a providentinl supply. They lighted upon ;i village without inhabitants; but the; houses were neatly constructed of young sn|)lings bent at top, as in an ar- bour, and covered \>'thi)ut and within with fine mats. Eagles' claws, deer's feet, and harts' horn's, were stuck into them as cliiirnis and ornaments. They then regained their bout, and sailed round to the ship. Some of their niimher urgeil that they should remain at least during the winter in this creek, where corn and fish ctniM be procured, while many were disabled by sickness for further removal. The majority, however, observed that water was scarce, and the anchorage for ships too distant ; that they had every chance of find- ing a better situation, and to fix here and then remove would be doubling their labour. On the 10th of December, therefore, the shallop being at length ready, a chosen party set sail. After pro- ceeding six or seven leagues, they reached a bay forming a good harbour, but without a stream falling into it. Seeing some Indian wigwams, they followed, but could not reach the people, and found only a large burying-place. They returned to sleep at the landing- place, but at midnight were awakened by "a great and hideous cry," which, they flattered themselves, proceeded only from wolves or foxes. Next morning, just afcer j'rayers, the sound was heard with redoubled violence, and was most dreadful. A straggler rushed in, crying, "they are men — Indians." Thougii the party ran to their arms, before they could be mustered, the arrows were Hying thick among them. A brisk fire checked the assailants ; but the chief, shooting from a tree, stood three discharges, till at the fourth he screamed out and ran, followed by his men. They were reck oned at thirty or forty, and numerous arrows were picked up; but, providentially, not one Englishman was hurt. They sailed fifteen leagues farther, and, on the 19th, reached a harbour that had been strongly recommended. The weather was dark and stormy, and the entrance encumbered with rocks ; yet they fortunately ran in on a fine sandy beach. This being Saturday, they did not land till Monday the 2Ist, when they were highly pleased, finding a commodious harbour, a land well wooded, vines, SETTLEMEiNT OF NEW PLYMOUTH. 243 DKXTH OF OOVBBNOK OARVEB. cnerrifs, and berries, lately planted, and a hill cleared for corn. There was no navigatile stream, but seveial brooks of fresh water fell into the sea. They advanced seven or eight miles into the country without seeing any Indians. They now finally fixed upon this spot, to which, on the 'ifhh, the vessel was brought round; and they named it New Plymouth, to commemorate hospitalities received at home. The erection of houses, however, was a hard task, amid severe weather, short days, and very frequent storms. By distributing the unmarried among tiie several fatnilies, they reduced the buildings wanted to nine- teen, and by the 20th of January, had completed o.ie, twenty feet square, for public meetings. The exposure, however, and wading through the water in such inclement weather, brought on severe ill- ness, to which Carver, a governor highly esteemed, and many others, fell victims. But on the 13th of March, a south wina sprung up ; the weather became mild ; the birds sung in the woods most pleasantly; the invalids quickly recovered ; and many of them lived 10 a good old age. In the autumn of 1621, the merchants sent out another vesse with thirty-five settlers; but misled by "prodigal reports of plenty sent home by certain colonists, they supplied no provisions ; nay 244 MASSACHUSETTS. TUB TRSATI WITH MAS8A880IT toe crew required to be provided with a portion for their return voyage. The consequence was, that in the course of t vinter, the colonists were reduced to a half allowance of corn daily, then to five kernels a piece ; lastly, to entire want. Equally destitute of live-stock, they depended wholly on wild animals. Till May, 1G23, fowls abounded ; but there remained then merely fish, which they had not nets to catch ; and it was only by feeding on the sh'-U species, collected among the rocks, that they were preserved from absolute starvation. Hitherto but few Indians had been seen ; but in the latter end of March, a sachem, named Samoset, entered the village and exclaimed in broken English, "Welcome, Englishmen !" This was followed by a treaty with King Massassoil, which secured peace with his tribes for nearly fifty years. Similar trealiis were concluded with other tribes. Canonicus, however, sachem of the Narragansetts, I'rtOQRESR OF THE COLONY. 24/J SBTTLBMBNT OF BOSTON. sent to Governor Bradford a bundle of arrows in a rattlesnake's skin ; but the intrepid officer coolly stuffed the skin with powder and bull, and returm d it. This so frightened the Indian that he refused to touch it, and after being circulated among other tribes with similar effects, it was returned to Plymouth, In 1(5',22, a merchant of London, named Weston, with sixty fol lowers, commenced a settlement at Weymouth. Idleness soon re- duced them to poverty, and their encroachments on the Indians were so unscrupulous that the latter determined on the utter destruction of their white neighbours. The plot was revealed by Massassoit. Captain Standish, with eight men, being sent to support the new settlement, succeeded in filling the Indian chief with several of his men, und breaking up th.; conspiracy. In 1626, the colony purchased the rights of the London mer- chants, and distributed th ? property among the emigiants. Unfor- tunately, however, Robinson and his friends remaining in Holland, were unable to obtain transportation in consequence of opposition in England. In 1624, Mr. White, a Puritan minister, formed a settlement at Cape Ann, which remained two years. In 1624, Salem was settled Z2 I.. JP,1 ^1* 246 MASSACHUSETTS. BANlauMBNT OF ROaEB WILLIAM a. by John Endicolt, under the auspices of the "Governor and Com- pany of the Massachusetts Bay, in New England." Charlestown was founded next year. The settlement was denominated the Mas- sachusetts Bay Colony, and its members were greatly strengthened in 1030, when the celebrated John Winthrop arrived with three hundred pious families. Winthrop was chosen governor of the whole colony, and established his residence where Boston now stands. Misfortunes, however, still thickened around them ; sick- ness and a severe climate made fearful inroads into their numbers, aiid, before December, two hundred died. But the survivors were not discouraged. They had found a home in the wilderness, where the asperities of nature were less formidable than the persecutions of man ; and the hardships inseparable from their situation could not shake their determined minds. In 1G31, a law was passed limiting the rights of citizenship to members of church, and another, making the offices of governor SIK HAKRY VANE CHOSEN GOVERNOR. 247 8 I K H A R ay VAN K. il rteputy-governor, and assistants, elective by the people. The whole form of government was changed, in 1634, from a pure democracy to a representative one. The former statute, somewhat intolerable in itself, was soon followed by proceedings still more arbitrary. A clergyman, named Roger Williams, having been driven from his native country by English bigotry,. sought a home among the Puri- tans, and became pastor of Salem. Here he proclaimed, among other things, perfect freedom of conscience in religious matters, denied the authority of the king to enforce an oath of allegiance, or to deprive the Indians of their lands. Men like the Puritans could not regard such opinions without alarm ; and Williams was soon arraigned for trial. Banishment from the colony followed, (16U5,) and the fearless advocate of religious freedom became the father of Rhode Island. At this time, the colony received an accession to their number of about three thousand emigrants, among whom were Hugh Peter and the famous Sir Harry Vane. At the age of twenty-live, th« latter was chosen governor. This increase was followed by an emi- Ifration of a small company (October, 1035) to the valley of lh» 248 MASSACHUSETTS. Connecticut. This was the origin of the state known at present by that name. The difficuhies with Roger Williams were scarcely terminatfd, when others of a stili more serious character arose with the sect called Antinomians. These seem to have had their origin in the colony, out of the practice of debating religious topics during the mt'clings on the Sabbath. In opposition to these, a lady, named Mrs. Hutchinson, organized similar assemblies for her own sex, in which both old and new tenets were discussed with a freedom and popularity which soon roused the attention of the whole colony. But although the ministers and civil and ecclesiastical officers ar- rayed themselves against her, and condemned the new doctrines as heretical, yet her assemblies were constantly crowded to overflowin;^'. The contagion spread through all classes of society, until at length political parties were based on the distinction between Antinomian- ism and the established creed. An election was held for governor, in which Vane was candidate of the Hutchinson party, and Win- throp of the Puritan. The latter was elected, and measures were immediately taken for the suppression of heresy. A judicial war followed, in which Mrs. Hutchinson and several of her followers were tried, condenmed, and banished. She went to Rhode Island, and was cordially received by Roger Williams. While these unhappy events were transpiring, a war occurred with the Pequud Indians, which terminated in the utter extinction of that warlike tribe. In this affair, the banished Williams dis played a true nobleness of soul, by using his influence successfully in breaking up a league between these savages i 'd the Narragan- setts, and inducing the latter to join the colonists. In 1C'13, a union or confederacy was formed by the four colonics of Massachusetts, New Plymouth, New Haven, anf' < nnecticut, with a view of protecting themselves against the Dutch and French colu- nists, and more especially against the Indians. The executive body consisted of two commissioners from each colony, whose only quali- fication was church membership. They had no right to interfere in the internal jurisdiction of any of the states, but could provide for the general defence, declare war, order levies of troops, and con- clude peace. A singular feature was their entire inability to enforco .neir decrees, these being merely intimated by them to the confeder- iite bodies with whom it rested to carry them into execution. The league consisting only of organized churches, excluded from its TREATMENT OF QUAKERS. 219 members, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Maine. As this ren- dered the situation of Roger Williams somewhat precarious, he made two visits to England, and, through the influence of Vane, obtained a full charter for his little colony. This colonial confederation lasted forty years. In 1W4, -Massachusetts passed a law by which the Council, when in session, should hold their sessions independent of the governor's presence. In l().V.i, its territory was extended by the accession of Maine. This province had been chartered and sel'led by Ferdinand Gorges, in UW9, but a variety of conflicting claims had produced a slate of almost utter anarchy which finally forced the colonists lo seek the protection of their flourishing neighbour. But Massachusetts had not yet learned the secret of securing do- mestic tranquillity. A sect had arisen in England, the members of which, on account of some irregular bodily movements, hud received the derisive title of Quakers. They seem to have proceeded to great extremes, rejecting all human learning and ordinances, and placing thuir whole dependency on the direct agency of the Spirit. Guided by supernatural impulses, they professed to be intrusted with luts- sages and mandates to kings and cities, challenged the obedience <.f ail, announced judgments and indicated the means of averting thetii. In executing such commissions, no regard was paid to huiuan dig- nities, or to the rules and usages of society ; hence, they were branded as mad, though their writings are generally in a sober amJ reasoning tone. In lUoO, a few of this sect arrived at Boston, but were sent buck by the authorities in the same vessel by which they came. This did not prevent the arrival of others, and soon the culuny becaaie a Rcene of excitement and violence, little worthy the character of men whose political privileges had so often been endangered by ecclesias- tical bigotry. Numbers were fined, whipped, imprisoned, banished, or executed. In 1658, a law was passed inflicting death on any Quaker who should revisit the colony after being banished. But so great was the number of those who aspired after the glories of mar- tyrduni, that their sufferings, united with a uniform mildness of character and deportment, at length wrought a revolution in popular opinion. Wenlock Christian, sentenced to death fo» returnmg fiocn banishment, was released. One law agamst them after another was »b()lished, until the Quakers ceased to be an object of legal persecu lion i ip*ii 250 MASSACHUSETTS. THIAL OF WSNLOOS OBRISTIAM. In 1661, Whaley and GolTe, two of the judges jvho had voted for the death of Charles I., arrived at Boston and announced the restor- ation of royalty. This was unwelcome tidings; for during the P'o- tectorate, Cromwell had extended much favour to Massachusetts, and even offered the colonists Jamaica as a climate more congontal than their own. Accordingly, when orders came from the new ling for the arrest of Goffe and Whaley, tliey had been so carefully -.on- cealed by the colonists as nowhere to be found. In 1664, an attempt was made to encroach on the colonial privi- leges by the appointment of commissioners to " hear and detemiine all complaints that might exist in New England, and take suci' mea- sures as they might deem expedient for settling the peace and secu- rity of the country on a solid foundation." This occasioned much disturbance, and in Massachusetts and New Hampshire was strenu- ously and successfully resisted. They were at length recal'ed, and New England resumed its career of growth and prosperity. In 1662, Philip, the younger son of Massassoit, succeelcd his brother Alexander, as sachem, or king, of the Wampanoagd. The treaty made by his father, forty years before, had never b'len vio- lated ; but a now era was at hand, whose terrible events Jvere to form one of the most tragic pages of our colonial history Philip KING PHILIP S WAR. 251 BCXNX IN ZTHO FBIXiIP 3 WAR was a young chief, a perfect model of an Indian warrior, and pos- sessing a grasp of design and intellect far superior to his race. For snme reasons, never fully explained, he became incensed against the whites, and succeeded by his eloquence and address in uniting al! the neighbouring tribes in a scheme for their entire annihilation. The first intelligence of the conspiracy was obtained through a friendly Indian, who paid for his faithfulness by his life. Three Indians were convicted of this murder, one of whom acknowledged that he had been instigated to it by Philip. Unable longer to re- main concealed, the chief determined upon the most sudden and vigorous measures; and sending the women and children to the Narragansetts, attacked the village of Swanzey, (July 4, 1673,) and killed several of the inhabitants. Roused by this daring deed, the colonists raised a considerable force, penetrated to Mount Hope, the Indian warrior's summer residence, and, on finding that he had fled, marched into the Narragansett country, and concludea a treaty with that tribe. On the 28th, a battle occurred at Pocasset (Tiverton) Swamp, in which the colonists were defeated, with the loss of six- teen They then besieged the Indians for thirteen days, hoping to reduce them by starvation ; but Philip managed to escape to Con- •lecticut, where he was joined by the Nipmucks, near Brookfield 252 MASSACHUSETTS. The latter tribe fell upon a party of twenty men undei Captains Wheeler and Hutchinson, (August 12,) killing nearly all of them They then proceeded to Brookfield, which but for timely alarm from the fugitives, would have been completely surprised. It was be sieged two days, partially fired, and various expedients adopted to force an entrance. The arrival of reinforcements for the garrison obliged the besiegers to retire. On the 5th of September, a battle was fought at Deerfield, in which twenty-six Indians were killed and ten colonists. Six days pfter, the Indians burned the town. Hadley, south of Deerfield, was, on the same day, (the Sabbath,) attacked by a party of the enemy. A singular incident occurred here. While the inhabitants were col- lected in terror and confusion, an unknown person, of venerable aspect, suddenly appeared, and after restoring order, led them against the Indians, who were speedily dispersed. The leader then sud- denly disappeared. Of course, the inhabitants considered him a special messenger from heaven ; but it was afterwards ascertained to have been William GofTe, the proscribed judge of Charles I. On the 28th, a sanguinary conflict took place on a small stream south of Deerfield. Eighty young men, under Captain Lathrop, were surrounded by a thousand Indians, and, with but a few exceptioDs, massacred. During the action. Captain Mosey, with seventy men, arrived from Deerfield ; but, after a struggle of several hours, was driven back. The battle was finally terminated by a reinforcement of a hundred colonists, and sixty friendly Indians. From this occur- rence, the stream of water was subsequently known as Bloody Brook. On the 15th of October, Springfield was attacked and burned by the savages; but most of the inhabitants had, through timely warning, been enabled to escape. Hatfield was next assaulted, (October 29,) but without success. Immediately after, Philip in- duced the Narragansetts to join him, notwithstanding their treaty with the colonists. Hitherto the colonists had acted in small bands, without any defi- nite plan ; but the successes of their formidable enemy soon caused a union for mutual defence. Massachusetts, Plymouth Bay, and Connecticut, raised fifteen hundred men, under Governor Winslow, who, with a number of friendly Indians, proceeded against the Nar- ragansetts. On the 28th of December, the forces of the three colo- nies were united at Petaquamscot, and marched through a deep mow, toward the enemy, who was encamped at about fifteen mile*' i la KING PHILIP S WAR. 258 BnBNiNo or sPHiNayiBLD. distance, in a larjre swamp. The English arrived there at about one o'clock in the afternoon, and immediately marched forward in quest of the enemy's camp. The whole army entered the swamp, fol- lowing the Indians as they retreated into their fortress. On attack- ing this, they were at first driven back; but, in a second attempt, they carried the fortification, fired the wigwams, and massacred all within reach. Numbers of women and children perished in the fiiinies. The fugitives fled to a neighbouring swamp. Their loss nas been estimated at a thousand, and that of the colonists two hun- dred and thirty. The Narragansett warriors afterward proceeded to the Nipmuck country. Although this action was a severe blow to the enemy, yet Philip was by no means dishe;irtened. By his influence, the more northern tribes were brought down upon the settlements, and the war became more general than ever. But the spirit of the colonists was fully aroused, and almost every attempt of the Indians was promptly and successfully resisted. Hunted from place to place, and disheartened by continual defeat, they began to come in by small parties and surren- der. Philip was compelled to fly from the Mohawks, among whom he had taken refuge ; and now with a large party he lurked near Mount Hope. Here, on the 2d of August, he was surprised by Captain Church, a hundred and thirty of his men killed, and his ivife and son taken prisoners. He himself barely escaped. The wretched prince now sought to secrete himself in the depths of a irA MASSACHUSETTS. I swamp, but was betrnypd by a deserter belonging to his own tribe When the colonists surrounded the place, (August 22,) he attempted to escape by flight, but was shot by a friendly Indian. Flis death broke up the confederacy, although some of the northern Indians continued hostile, until lf>78. In 1680 New Hampshire was separated from Massachusetts, and erected into a separate province — a measure which seems to have been unpopular with both colonies. Soon after, Charles II. declared the Massachusetts char' ^r forfeited, in consequence of the stand taken by that province, in opposition to his commercial restrictions. This was followed by similar attacks on the neighbouring cnjo. nies; but in the midst of his arbitrary schemes the king died. His successor followed the same policy, deprived the provinces of their charters, and appointed Sir Edmond Andrns royal governor of New England. This gentleman rendered Irmself so obnoxious by his arbitrary measures, as to receive the title of New England's tyrant; and when, in April, 1689, news reached Boston of the ac- fession of the Prince of Orange, he was thrown into prison, with his officers, nnd subsequently sent under arrest to England. This was followed by a return to the charter governments. URING King William's war. New York and New England united in an expedition against Canada. IVIassachusetfs furnished the na- val, and her sister province the land forces ; but the enterprise failed, in consequence of the return of the latter troops, and ;the arrival of a large French army at Quebec. To pay the expenses of the expedition, bills of credit were issued for the firsi time in America. In 1692, • royal government was established in New England, by which the Plymouth Bay clnny was united to Massachusetts, and New Hamp- shire erected into a separate colony. When Massachusetts, having nobly struggled through political difficulties, seemed approaching a tranquil state, a drama opened, whose scenes, though peculiarly painful, may yet afTord a useful lesson to the student of history. The belief in witches — wickej beings endued with supernatural power by the great enemy oi , • '- TRIAL OF WITCHES. 256 mankind — was at one time general throughout Europe ; and gave way very slowly before the progress of light and civilization. James I. placed much of his learned pride in the skill with which he traced the signs of a witch ; such discoveries being always fol- lowed by the most inhuman persecutions against these unhappy persons. The Puritans and Presbyterians, however opposite in other matters, were not in this respect much wiser ; hence the New Englanders went out with this belief, which still prevailed among the most learned of their countrymen. MONG the first cases of this delusion was that of a daughter and niece of Mr. Paris, minister of Salem. These children were nfHicted with a sense of choking, and as though pins were stuck into the skin, accom- panied with inability to speak, and hysteric contortions of the limbs. Unable to suggest a remedy, the physicians at length declared their patients " under an evil hand." An Indian domestic, falling under suspicion, was immediately thrown into prison. Mr. Bur- roughs, a respectable clergyman, was executed, because he denied the existence of witches. Soon, no age, sex, or condition was spared, and the cases became so numerous that the prisons of Salem could no longer contain the crowds of suspected persons. The whole colony was filled with distress and fear. The principal peo- ple formed themselves into an association to meet " this dreadful assault from hell." They appointed a solemn fast, that the Lord might be induced "to rebuke Satan, and show light to his people in this day of darkness ;" following which was a series of trials, that relentlessly denounced death on all found guilty of this fearful charge. Nothing is more astonishing than the confessions of the suspected persons. They display a superstition and fanaticism, together with a state of society which requires the most undoubted evidence to be believed. The colony was reduced to a dreadful condition. Nineteen had suffered death ; eight more were under sentence ; one hundred and fifty were in prison, and fresh crowds were continually thrust in. Charges were brought against persons of the first conse- quence ; no man's character, property, nor life were for a momen; secure ; and even those most active in prosecuting, learned, with horror, that their own spectres were beginning to walk abroad, commit 17 •m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A y. ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 If 1^ 1^ ■ii m 1122 £ US 120 1.4 1.8 1.6 V, V] >^. '/ % k 4i.s w ]? 256 MASSACHUSETTS. ting actions that would bring them to a fatal end. A feelinjr tva? nl length aroused that matters had gone too far; and soon after an assembly of ministers, convened by the governor, *vent far toward discountenancing capital punishment on witches. Of fifty-six casei presented at the ensuing sessions, thirty were ignored by the grand jury, and but three of the remainder condemned. Immediately after, with the general concurrence of the people, the governor threw open the prison doors, and stopped all further proceedings. Massachusetts, from this time until the Seven Years' War, enjoyed, like the other colonies, a course of prosperity, chequered only by Bome internal agitations. She took a very active part in the military operations of successive wars waged by the British against the French colonies and their Indian allies. E AN WHILE the domestic affairs of the pro vince ceased to exhibit those violent fluctuations which had hitherto distracted it. Lord Boiia- *(^ mont, who wei.t out as governor in 1099, was extremely popular; and it was to the great re- gret of the people he was transferred to New York, after fourteen months' administration. He was succeeded by Dudley, who, on account of his pecuiiai opinions on government, seems to have been no great favourite. After twelve years he was succeeded by Colonel Shute. In 1727, he was succeeded by Burnet, a very accomplished per son, and who, at New York, had made himself extremely acceptable. Under him, however, the question of income came to a crisis. The Assembly, much mortified by having, under the charter of William, been deprived of the choice of a governor, endeavoured to keep him etill under their influence by granting his salary only from year tc year, and varymg its amount according as he had given satisfaction. This arranfjement was very disagreeable to him, and still more to the ministry at home, against whose power it was directly levelled. Burnet, relying on their support, pressed witii great vehemence for a permanent salary ; but it was strenuously resisted, and the controversy was suspended by his death in 1729. The cabinet then sent out Belcher, who had formerly acted as their agent, but with distinct instructions to insist on this point, which, it was hoped, hm great popularity might gain. He does not, however, seem to have entered on the undertaking very heartily ; and when the Ashembly passed a liberal vote, he obtained permission to accept it. Though QOVEKXMENT OF THE PROVINCE. 257 Btill ordered to press the general measure, he seems to have con cerned himself very little about the matter, and thus the Assembly by dogged perseverance, finally gained this important object. They had remarked, that in these long controversies, ministers uniformly sought to overawe them by threatening to lay their conduct before the British legislature. Yet this menace having never been exe- cuted, they were led to suspect that body to be more favourable to them than the court represented. At all events they felt themselves encouraged to transmit a petition, desiring to have the direction and control of all public moneys ; and hence their surprise and indigna tion were extreme when they learned that a vote had been passed pronouncing it to be "frivolous and groundless, an high insult upon his majesty's government, and tending to shake off the dependency of the said colony upon this kingdom, to which by law and right they are and ought to be subject." In 1740, Belcher fell into unjust suspicion with the ministry, and was removed ; but on his innocence being ascertained, he was com- pensated some years after with the government of New Jersey. He was succeeded by Shirley, who espoused somewhat the cause of pre- rogative ; yet, by moderation and great kindness towards the oppo' site party, he retained a large share of their good will. This was heightened by his zealous promotion of the military operations against Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, which were carried on chiefly from Massachusetts, and crowned with signal success. Pownall, who was appointed in 1767, showed some preference for the popular party, though without alienating their antagonists ; and his reputation was aided by certain warlike exploits in which he had some share. Bernard, who took his place in 1760, belongs to the period of revo- lutionary trouble. TBS TIRST MONST OOIDID IK R ■ W B \4 O L A I> D. M IS (iMi KLilURATION OF UH BOOXBH A. K D UI3 COMPi.NY CHAPTER XVIII. ^t^ SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT, T has already been mentioned that in 1635, a company from Massachusetts, led by the Rev. Mr. Hooker, settled on the Connecticut river; prior to this, however, the territory had been ob- tained by the Earl of Warwick from the council of Plymouth, and afterwards transferred to a company of gentleman. During the same yeac the territory in question was visited by Mr. Winslow. The Massachusetts emigrants settled at Wethersfield, Windsor, Hartford, and Saybrook. The latter was named after Lord Say-and- Seal and Lord Brooke, two of the proprietors. The destruction of the Pcquods has already been mentioned. Before this the Connecticut settlers were made to feel the principal BT RNINQ OF THE PEQUOD VrLLAQK. 2i9 Ssv-xS^STi UASSAORI or TBX F K Q U D S. part of the calamities inseparable from Indian warfare. When the colonial force was raised which terminated the outrages, Connecticut furnished one hundred and fifty men, of whom seventy were Mohe- gan Indians. The expedition marched across the country to the Pequod fort, which was reached on the 5th of June. The object was to surprise it, but this was prevented by the barking of a watch- dog. A fierce battle commenced, hand to hand, in which no quarter was shown. The enemy were so numerous as to render the contest for a longtime doubtful; but before daybreak Mason fired the wig- wams, and, encircling the burning village, shot down the warriors with the greatest ease. Six hundred of both sexes and all ages were massacred or burnt, seven were captured, and seven escaped. The rolonists lost twenty-two, of whom two were killed. This terrible visitation completely broke the spirit of the neighbouring Indians, and secured peace to the settlements. In the latter part of 16;J7, New Haven was settled by some adven- turers from Boston. The settlement was further strengthened in the •"nlowing spnng ; when John Davenport, a Puritan minister, and a Mi Eatun, brought a number of settlers from Boston. Their govern- 260 BETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. «i!?i*Mi^' .' ^ aiaRiNo or TRB naw xnoland oonfsdbu&iion ment was based (in strictly religious principles; Mr. Eaton was annually chosen governor until his death, and the colony seemed to have increased much faster than their more eastern neighbours. Until this period Connecticut had acknowledged the jurisdiction of Massachusetts ; but, as the territory was without the patent of the hitter community, the people convened at Hartford, [January 21th, l(i;J9,3 und formed themselves into an independent colony. Their constitution provided that citizens should take an oath of allegiance to the commonwealth, instead of the crown ; that all legislation should Ik; vested in the general court ; and that the governor and legislature should be elected annually. Hartford, Saybrook, and New Haven, were at this time separate colonies. In 1G43 Connecticut joined the New England Confederation. The great object of this compact seems to have been protection from the encroachments of the Dutch in New Netherlands. Disputes between the Efjropean powers disturbed the harmony of the colonies until 1650, when the Dutch governor concluded a treaty at Hartford de fining the boundary line of hia dominions. The occurrence of war between England and Holland [1051] opened new grounds for colo- nial livalsbip. War was actuailv declared a^^ainst New Nulhcrluadt l-KESERVATION OF THE CHARTER. 261 by the Ooiirederntion, but Massachusetts refused to furnish her quota of men. Connecticut then obtained from Cromwell the grant of a fleet to assist their forces; but the expedition was interrupted by the Conclusion of peace. In l(i()2 Connecticut acknowledged her allegiance to Charles II., and through the influence of Lord Say-and-Seal, and the younger Winthrop, obtained a charter of unexampled liberality. It granted all the territory between the bay and river of Narragansett and the Pacific ocean, embracing the New Haven colony and a portion of Rhode Island. This caused dissatisfaction with the people of the latter settlement, which, on their receiving a charter in the following year, overrunning the Connecticut line, broke out into open dissen- sions, which lasted more than sixty years. About the time of King Philip's war, [July, 1075,3 Governor Andros, of New York, entered the moulh of the Connecticut, raised the king's flag, and demanded the surrender of the main fort ; but, through the flrmness of the commandant. Captain Bull, he wa» obliged to return to New York. A more serious attempt was made in 1(587, when Andros appeared at Hartford with a commission from King James, appointing him governor of New England. The assem- bly being in session, he demanded the colonial charter. A fierce contention arose, which lasted until night, the charter in the mean- while being laid upon the table. Suddenly every light was extin- guislied. The motive for this singular occurrence became apparent when the candles were relighted.' The charter had been removed by Cujilain Wadsworth, and placed in the trunk of an oak, which, from this circumstance, received the ai)pellation of the Charter Oak. Although baflled in the attempt to deprive the people of their safe- guard, Andros assumed the control of affairs, and governed until the accession of King William. The inhabitants were then restored to their chartered privileges. 'Ilie Jifliculties with New York, however, were not yet ended. In lGy;t. Colonel Fletcher, governor of that province, visited Hartford for the purpose of enforcing a royal commission constituting him leader of the Connecticut militia. As this was an infringement of their charter, the legislature refused to acknowledge him ; in conse- quence of which he summoned the militia on parade. When. his instructions were about to be read, Captain Wadsworth ordered the irums to beat. Fletcher demanded silence, and his secretary again rommenced the reading. The drums again beat, and again silence 262 SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. was ordered. The intrepid Wadsworth now stepped forward, ant, said sternly: " If I am interrupted again, I will make daylight shine through you in one moment." This meaning language exerted a suitable influence, and Fletcher returned to New York. From this period until the opening of the Seven Years' War, Connecticut stead- ily advanced in strength and prosperity. In 1700, Yale College was founded at Saybrook by a few clergymen, and named after Elihu Yale, one of its most active supporters. lOVlmSOB ASDBOS AND TBI O O M U I 8 8 I O It S Bd UISSIHa THB SBOBBTBD OBABTVH BOOER WILLIAMS K M T ■ RT A I N K D BT TBI I N Ii I A N <> CIIArTER XIX. RHODE ISLAND. ^ E have had occasion, in the annals of Massa- chusetts, to notice the foundation of this little state by Roger Williams. After fleeing from Salem, and encountering many hardships, he reached a fertile spot at the head of a wind- ing bay, which he named Providence. His frierilship with the Indians, who had protected him when an exilcj nnd whose cause he had always espoused, enabled him without difii ulty to procure for himself and a few followers of his adverse fortune a small territory. Here he proclaimed his laudable principle of general toleration ; and, receiving with kindness all who sought refuge in his domain, made it the chief resort of the partisans of the movement. Its numerous votaries, thrown out by the rigid ortho- Joxy of Massachusetts, found here a hearty welcome. A certain Miotley character, especially in regard to creed and worship, was the aos f 26t RHODE ISLAND. nccessaiy consequence. Yet, even in periods of the most ra^id innovation, there appears a tendency to unity, caused by the newer and bolder sects absorbing those which preceded, and whose tenets l.ad lost the gloss of novelty. The first great accession was from Mrs. Hutchinson's party ; and though their views seem to have had little resemblance to his, the two were quickly atnalgainated. These refugees, possessirg considerable property, made a large purchase from the Indians, v/hich, combined with Providence, composed the state of Rhode Island. The Baptist movement next followed, which Mrs. Hutchinson and her sister so zealously embraced that they pre- vailed upon Williams himself, at an advanced age, to submit anew to the sacred rite. Even he, however, was struck with horror at the wild effusions of Gorton, and at seeing them propagated in his settle- ment with the usual success. Actuated by his characteristic mild- ness, however, he merely effected an arrangement by which that personage, with his fervid adherents, went out and formed another establishment. This was soon followed by the Quaker excitement, which, in its greatest violence, he had sound judgment enough to repress ; but as he allowed to its adherents a refuge denied every- where else, Rhode Island soon became the point whence they issued forth to the neighbouring states, and upon which they returned. They experienced also the usual success of daring innovators, and, notwithstanding all his efforts, soon became the ruling sect. Mrs. Hutchinson was dead ; but her sister, Katherine Scott, and her inti- mate friend Mrs. Dyer, ranked high among the gifted prophetesses. From these causes, the colony silently grew, and in 1680 was reported to contain five hundred planters and five hundred other men, whence, as these last were apparently adults, we may infer an entire population of about four thousand. Newport was the harbour; but as yet there was very little either of commerce or of shipping. The religious sects were of course numerous, especially the Baptists and Quakers. The settlement, however, had all along been viewed with an evil eye by the people of Massachusetts, who saw in it the chief pivot on which turned that enthusiastic movement by which ney were so much annoyed. Its exclusion from the union of the colonies in 1643 marked strongly this spirit, and placed it in a some- what precarious situation. Williams, however, who in 1644 went to Britain, where the independents were then in full power, and his 'riend Vane one of their chief leaders, easily obtained a popular charter £u. the towns of Providence, Newport, and Portsmouth, with RE'lAIN3 HER CnAKTKK. 265 B recom nendation equivalent to an order, that New England should exchange good offices with him. On his return he was received with a species of triumph ; and his still jcnious neighbours were obliged to content themselves with shutting their state against him and his people. Again, after the Restoration, John Clarke, the agent of the colony, procured from Charles II. a fresh charter, securing all their privileges, and particularly confirming the right of religious freedom. That prince, however, in the end of his reign, and his successor, in a manner still more determined, applied them* selves to cancel all the colonial charters. In July, I(i85, accordingly, a quo warranto was issued against that of Rhode Island, which, being announced to the Assembly, they sent a very humble reply, declaring their intention not to stand suit with his majesty, but earnestly soliciting a continuance of their privileges, especially in regard to their faith. James accepted their submission, and, by his instructions, Andros, in December, 1686, dissolved the government, broke its seal, and assumed the entire administration. But, after the Revolution of 1688, the people laid hold " of their former gracious pri- vileges," and shared in this respect the good fortune of Connecticut. They were allowed to resume their charter, which had never been jegally 'brfeited. PAWIOOKXT B.I. aORaZS AND UA30N NAUINO TUKtR FH07INC1I3. CHAPTER XX. MAINE AND NKW HAMPSHIRE. HE extensive region between Massachu- setts and the country claimed by France under the name of Acadia, having early drawn the notice of English adven- turers, the two most active members of the Plymouth Company, Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John Mason, undertook to colonize it. The latter, secretary to the council, obtained, in 1621, a grant of the lands between Salem and the Merrimack ; and next year, in conjunction with Gorges, of those between the last-mentioned river and the Kennebeck, as far as the St. Lawrence. In 1629, and again in 1635, when the company was broken up. Mason acquired fresh patents for his portion, which then receired the name of New Hampshire. In 1638, however, before the settlement had come to any maturity, he died, and his family were unable to derive any benefit from this vast donation. Sir Fer- dinand, meantime, at the crisis of 1635, procured for himself exclu- EARLY SLTTLEMENT. 267 lively the vvhule territory from Ntw Hampshire to iIith Cdn- «iderablc success and popularity. Mis successor, Sir Danvers Os- borne, suflered severely by the discovery, in 175^1, of very ari)itrary instructions transmitted to him from home. A great ferment was thus kindled, but gradually subsided ; and we find the royal uutho* rilv subsequently respected till the time of the Revolution. ITHERTO little has been said concerning the Indian tribes ^f this colony. Difficulties with the Five Nations and other tribes early occurred. In 1040, Staten Island was at- tacked and New Amsterdam threatened; but peace was at length secured through the exertions of Roger Williams. Kieft rendered himself infamous for his cruelty to the red men, which but for the far different policy oi" Stuyvesant, would have produced serious results. In 1603, Kingston, [then called Esopus,3 was unexpectedly entered by the Indians, and sixty-five persons killed or carried away. This was retaliated by a force from New Amsterdam, who laid waste the Indian villages, and killed a number of their warriors. But the most terrible calamity which befel the colony while in the hands of the English, was the burning of Schenectady. Early in 1090, several hundred French and Indians marched from Canada, to attack this village, which was then a somewhat remote settlement on the Mohawk. The weather was so intensely cold, and the road through wilds, forests, and mountain districts, so difficult, that only three hundred reached the Mohawk, but in so dispirited a condition that they resolved to surrender. Arriving at Schenectady about midnight, and finding every thing in unconscious security, they again changed their design, and resolved to improve so fair an op> pnrtunity for massacre. They spread themselves through the vil- lage, fired it in different places, and tomahawked all ages, sexes and conditions, that fell into their hands. Sixty were killed and thirty carried off for torture. Many of those who escaped the massacre, froze to death in journeying to other settlements. This was followed by various movements against the neighbouring tribes, until the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. WAasAU UALL, Maw jBRsar. CHAPTER XXII. NEW JERSEY. 'EW JERSEY, being a branch de- tached from the state just named, will be considered most advanta- geously in connection with that colo- ny. When Nichols, in 1664, made the conquest of the united territory, the tract along the seacoast, from the west end of Long Island to the Dela- ware, appeared to him the most fa- vourable for settlement. He invited ihither farmers from New England, who already displayed a migra- tory and enterprising character, and going in considerable numbers, formed along the shore a range of villages. While Nichols, how- ever, was exulting in the success of these efforts, he was struck with dismay by a commission being presented to him, in which the Duke of York constituted Lords Berkeley and Carteret proprietors of this M 2 A 2 281 282 NEW JERSEY. whole line of coast. It had been granted even before the news of the conquest arrived, and it may be presumed that a pecuniary consideration was given, though nothing transpired on that subject. Chagrined beyond measure, he addressed to the duke a long letter, complaining that he had unguardedly parted with the most valuable portion of his patent, leaving New York almost without a territory. Not choosing to accuse the proprietors of having deceived his grace, he throws the blame on a Captain Scot, who he declares was born to work mischief. The grantees, it is urged, should be made to accept a tract of 100,000 acres on the Delaware, which, by an expenditure of £20,000, might yield profit, not to themselves perhaps, but to their children's children. The duke, however, honourably deter- mined to adhere to his engagement, HE proprietors, in order to in- cite settlers, granted franchises of some importance. One was an Assembly, half at least of __ „. _ ,„_ „„ _, the members of which were to _ja»»^=ijK—: , 1H^i^ ■■■— :^ be representatives, and without whose consent no tax could be imposed. The owners reserved to themselves the veto and judi- cial appointments ; but they per- mitted full freedom of religious worship. Carteret went out as governor, and in compliment to him the colony was called New Jersey. The profit of the proprietors was to arise solely from a quit-rent of Id. an acre, to be levied only at the end of five years. All went on smoothly till that term arrived, when the settlers, being called u;^on for payment, showed very little disposition to comply. They urged, that they had purchased their lands from the Indians, and it was extremely hard, after advancing a price, to be required to give a rent also. Discontents rose so high, that Carteret was obliged to leave the colony, and a natural son of his own was elected in his. room. Soon afterwards, the country was conquered by the Dutch , and on its restoration next year, the people peaceably received back their old governor, who gratified them by postponing to a later period the demand for quit-rents, and by other concessions. The proprie- •ors, however, were considerably annoyed by the rulers of New York, who. claiming rights of jurisdiction and taxation, particularly sought to prevent any trade, unless through the medium of their capital. I HHJ Ui "JUp^Vn^"!?*^^ ^DAKER AND PRESLYTERIAN SETTLERS. 28:J James does not seem to have been disposed to sanction any actual breach of the original contract ; and Jones, the chief-justice, reported on the most essential points in favour of the settlers. The local power, however, of the greater colony, wielded by the impetuous Andros, was successfully exerted to harass them in various modes. _ EANTIME, as latt- as 1(J74, Lord Berke- ley, disappointed in the hopes with which he had embarked in the undertaking, sold half his territory for £1000 to a party of Quakers, among whom the chief were Byllinge, Fenwick, and William Penn. In arranging with Carteret, who still re* tuined his share, it was found most convenient to divide the province into uvo pans ; tnese were caned East ano West Jersey — tlie laiier tMjing assigned to the new owners. But ine uukc, whose concur- rence was required in the transaction, took the opportunity of re- asserting his dominion over that portion, which was subjected to the arbitrary rule and taxation of New York. Jones, however, decided that, there having been no reservation of such claims in the original grant, they could not be now legally enforced. Hence, in 1<)80, the province was delivered in full right to the proprietors, whose object was to render the place an asylum for the persecuted Quakers, a considerable number of whom were soon assembled. It became necessary to gratify them by a constitution, based on principles of I'herty and even of equality ; and they made pretensions to the ijlection of their own governor. N 1682, Carteret, finding little satis-, faction in his possession of New Jer- sey, sold all his rights to another body of twellve Quakers, Penn being again one. The new owners, with a view to extend their influence, add- ed to their number twelve more of different professions — the principal of whom was the Duke of Perth, a nobleman of great power in Scotland His object was to offer an asylum to the Presbyterians of that country, under the iniquitous persecutions to which they were exposed. Hunted like wild beasts from place to place, it was justly thought that many would gladly accept a home in the New World. A cou 284 NBW JERSBT. Biderable number were accordingly conveyed thjther, and they formed n laborious, useful, and respectable class of settlers. OTHING, however, could secure them against the determination formed by James to subvert the rights of all the colonies, and establish in them a completely despotic administration. Andros, without any express authority, began to exercise both jurisdiction and taxation; and as these were strenuously resisted — the juries re- fusing to convict under them — complaints were sent home of their insubordination. The duke hereupon, forgetting pll his former pledges, ordered, in April, 1686, that writs of quo warranto should be entered against both East and West Jersey, " which ought to be more dependent on his majesty." The proprie- tors, having in vain attempted to deprecate this measure, at length deemed it expedient to surrender their patent, only soliciting a grant securing their title to the soil ; but, before the transaction could be completed, it was interrupted by the Revolution, which left them in the possession of all their claims. They acted on them so feebly however, that the country is represented as remaining nearly in a state of anarchy till 1703, when they were induced to surrender all their political powers to the crown. The two Jerseys were then re united, and were governed from that time as a royal colony. .yi will 1.1 >»nip|wr»i^F*'»"' ■WILLIAM PSNN. CHAPTER XXIII. PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. ILLIAM PENN was one of the most illustrious characters of modern times. Born to rank and distinction, son of an admiral who had attained celebrity under Cromwell by the conquest ol Jamaica, he embraced at college the persecuted cause of the Quakers, and devoted himself to it throughout his whole life. Refusing to retract or compromise his views, he was expelled from his father's house, becoming amenable to all the rigours then enforced against eccentric modes of religious worship and teaching. He indulged at first in certain extravagances ; but ripening years, combined with extensive study, and travel over a ?reat part of Europe, enlarged his mind, and while retaining the same devoted attachment to what was valuable in his system, he purified it from its principal errors. His steady course of Christian kindness gained for him the general esteem of the public, and ulti- 286 PENNSVLVANIA AND DELAWARE. nmtely lea to a reconciliation with his parent, who bequeathed to him I he whole of his property. MONG the tenets of this school, which Penn at all times advocated with the utmost zeal, was that of complete liberty in religious opinion and worship. It became, indeed, a leading object of his life to render himself a shield not only to his own people, but to all who on this ground were exposed to suf- fering and persecution. Unable as yet fully to accomplish his end in the Old World, he conceived the plan of providing for them, in the new continent, an asylum similar to that of their pilgrim ancestors. By founding there a state open to the votaries of every faith, he might, he hoped, fulfil this benevolent purpose, and at the same tin>e .«pcur»> foj" himsef a Hefrrpe o^ iiiportance and wealth. He possessed, in virtue of his father's services, a claim on government, estimated at £16,000; but after a long delay, amid the exigencies of the court, he could not without difficulty have rendered it effective in any shape, except for one favourable circumstance. He enjoyed the favour both of Charles II. and James II., and was always a welcome guest at Whitehall. This intercourse with princes whose character was so unlike his own, excited in that age a feeling of surprise which we can scarcely avoid sharing. The most injurioui surmises arose — he was represented as a Papist, and even a Jesuit. He seems, however, to have clearly proved, that he never concurred in any of the illegal measures of those rulers, but employed his in- fluence almost solely with the view of obtaining protection for those numerous sufferers in whom he took so deep an interest, Hiid his object been money, he must have encountered many obstacles in ob- taining it from the dilapidated treasury of Charles. It was much , easier to get the royal assent respecting a desert region beyond the Atlantic, whence no immediate benefit was derived. His petition, presented in June, 1680, was referred to the agents of the Duke of York and Lord Baltimore, who declared it to be unobjectionable, pro- vided the rights of these individuals were preserved inviolate. Penn, therefore, submitted the draft of a charter, which, after being revised by Chief Justice North and the Bishop of London, was passed under the seal-royal. It granted to him the tract in America extending northwards from the 40th to the 43d degree of latitude, and five de- grees of longitude westward, from a boundary-line drawn twelve m'les from Newcastle on the Delaware. Nearly the same privileges FIRST CONSTITUTION. 287 were conceded as were formerly granted to Lord Baltimore. The proprietor was empowered to dispose of the lands in fee-simple, to levy taxes with the consent of the freemen or their delegates, te erect courts of justice, and (what one might scarcely have expected) to raise forces for the defence of the province by sea and land. There was reserved, however, the sovereignty of the crown, and its claim to allegiance ; also an appeal from the courts to the king in council, and the right of parliament to levy custom-duties. The acts passed by the Assembly and the owner were to be transmitted within five years .to his majesty, and if considered unconstitutional, might be dis- allowed. The Bishop of London stipulated for the reception of a preacher, as soon as one should be requested by twenty of the settlers. hNVESTED with these ample powers, } Penn proceeded to give to the colony [ a constitution, on a very liberal footing. A council of seventy-two, elected by the body of the people, and having a third of their number renewed every year, carried on the executive govern- ment, in conjunction with the proprie- tor, who was allowed three votes. This body was divided into four committees, of plantation, trade, justice, and education. They prepared the bills and propositions which were submitted to the General Assembly, also elected by the people. They were to sit nine days only, during eight of which they were to consider the proposals made by the council, and on the ninth to pronounce their decision. This system, said to have been copied chiefly from the Oceana of Harrington, was not very well fitted for practical purposes, and had not a long dura- tion. kENN now circulated widely his proposals , through Britain, France, and Germany ; the oppressed and impoverished of every class being invited to this land of promise. He re- commended it not only to those who suflfered undei religious persecution, but "to industrious labourers and handicraftsmen — ingenious spirits low in the world — younger brothers of small inheritances, instead of hanging od *s retainers on their elder brother's table and charity — lastly, to men 19 US8 PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWAUB. THB THBATT llONDM«ST ON TH* SITS OF TH8 SLM TH«B, -WHIHIf PSNN'a TBB4.TY W«.3 U&Olt. of an universal spirit, who have an eye to the good of posterity." The necessary expense of conveyance was stated to be — for an adult, £5; a child under twelve, £2 lOs.; goods £2 per ton. Those who could not afford even this moderate amount, were informed that, on engaging with emigrants of property for a service of four years, not only would their passage be defrayed, but at the end of the term they would receive fifty acres, at 2s. rjnit-rent. An extent of five thousand acres was sold for £100, with 50s. quit-rent, commencing only in 1684. Those who preferred might pay merely a quit-rent of Id. an acre, or j£20, 16s. 8d, Smaller tracts were disposed of at corresponding prices. Poor men were allowed fifty acres at jrf. per acre. HESE advantageous terms, the troubled ;;?," state of Europe, and the high character ifi^l of the proprietor, caused his proposals ' to be received with general favour. An influx into America took place, such as had never been equalled since the days of the first settlers. Between 1682 and 1685. there arrived ninety sail, conveying an average of eighty passengers, in ail seventy-two hundred, besides one thousand who had lande 1 o 1681. They had been sent under his kinsman Markham, to Uike TREATY WIIU THE INDIANS. 283 po5Si«ssion of the country, and prepare the way for the larger colciiy. He found no difficulty in completing the purchase of an extensive tract of land frcmi the Indians, on terms satisfactory to them, yet moderate for the buyer. N October, 1682, Penn arrived, with a body of two thousand emigrants. After some time spent in surveying his new possessions, he, in the beginning of 1683, arranged a meeting with the native chiefs, under the canopy of a spacious elm tree, near the present site of Philadelphia. They appeared on the day ap- pointed, in their rude attire, and with brandished weapons, beneath the shadow of those dense woods which covered what is now the district of Kensington. On learning that the English approached, they deposited their arms and sat down in groups, each tribe behind its own chieftain. Penn then stepping forward, in his usual plain dress and unarmed, held forth in his hand the parchment on which the treaty was engrossed. In a simple speech, he announced to them those principles of equity and amity upon which he desired that all their future intercourse should be conducted. He besought them tc keep this parchment during three generations. The Indians replied, in their usual solemn and figurative language, that they would live in peace with him and \(rith bis children while the sun and moon should endure. A friendly display like this is by no means unusual in the first opening of intercourse between civilized and savage nations ; but seldom, indeed, does it long continue un broken, or fail even of being succeeded by an embittered enmity. Pennsylvania afforded at least one happy exception. Her founder continued with this savage people on terms not only of peace, but of intimate union ; he visited them in their villages, he slept in their wigwams ; they welcomed him almost as a brother. Forty years afterwards they said to the governor. Sir William Keith, as the highest possible compliment : — " We esteem and love you as if you were William Penn himself." What was still more wonderful, the colonists, though they had to struggle with many uncongenial spirits in their own body, succeeded in maintaining good terms with the na- tives ; and for nearly a century, the Indian tomahawk was never lifted against a people who would have considered it unlawful to 'eturn the blow. SB 1 ! 'I / \ 290 PEN'NSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. IHTSRVIXW BSTWIBN wfLLIAM PBNN AND LOBD BALTIWOB*. "IS next object was to found a capital for his new settlement. He chose a site upon a neck of land between the Schuylkill and Delaware, in a situa- tion which appeared at once agree- able and healthy, abounding in water, and with convenient river communi- cations. He gave to it the nanici of Philadelphia (brotherly love), under which it has become one of the most flourishing cities in the New World. Combining the taste for neat- ness and regularity characteristic of his people, with a love of rural nature, he planned a town composed of parallel streets, each a hun- dred feet broad, crossed by others also spacious, and some indicating by their very names, Vine, Mulberry, Chestnut, that the verdure of 'le country was still to enliven them. The purchasers of five thousand s were to have a house in one of the two principal streets, with len and orchard ; those of one thousand in the three next ; <)ucb CONSEQUENCES OP THE REVOLUTION. 201 as \vere under one thousand acres, in the cross streets. In 1684, fifty villages, arranged in regular squares, had sprung up, on a similar plan, though on a smaller scale. In December, 1682, Penn held an interview with Lord Baltimore Bt Maryland, for the purpose of adjusting the dispute concerning} the boundary line of the new colony. After a tedious session, and a still more tedious correspondence, the lower counties of the Delaware, comprising the present state of that name, were yielded to Penn, while Maryland retained the eastern shore of the bay. The second Assembly of Pennsylvania convened at Philadelphia m the spring of 1683. A charter of liberties was proposed by Penn and adopted, thus securing to the people all the privileges of a pure democracy. In the summer of 1684, the proprietor was obliged to return to England, and the government devolved on Thomas Lloyd as president, assisted by a council. The members of the latter body appear to have disagreed considerably among themselves, but the colony enjoyed tranquillity until 1691, when the lower counties separated from the main colony. They ever afterward remained distinct under the name of Delaware. HE Pennsylvanians, who had owed every thing to James II., did not share the general joy at his abdication in 1688. The news was unwillingly believed ; and the govern- ment, till September, 1789, was still admin- istered in his name. This was carefully re- ported from New York : while in England, charges were brought against the proprietor IS adhering to Popery, or at least strongly attached to the exiled nouse. William, after some hesitation, deprived him of his patent ; and in April, 1693, Benjamin Fletcher, governor of New York, as- sumed authority also over Pennsylvania. The Assembly professed their willingness to obey, provided they were ruled in the usual manner, and by laws founded on letters-patent. But he intimated that they were much mistaken ; that the change had been made on account of neglects and miscarriages ; and that his majesty's mode of governing would be in direct opposition to that of Mr. Penn. It was even maintained that all the former laws had been abrogated, though a willingness was expressed to re-enact the greater number The Assembly, however, insisted on their validity ; and, while Bcknuwifdijing the authority of the king, denied the charge of formei oqo PKNNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. misgovernment. They resisted also the deinnnds for money ; niid thus a perpetual strife reigned between them and the governor, who declared that nothing would remedy the evil but annexation to New York ; and complained that, though his door was never shut, it wai avoided, as if it had been treason to be seen in his company. ENN, meantime, passed through many trials ; and, after being repeatedly acquitted, was arraignrd on fresh charges. However, he was strongly supported by Locke, Rochester, and other friends ; and as no- thing could be proved against him except a personal }t^^ attachment to King James, without sharing his bigot- ry, William, in August, 1694,. passed the patent for his restoration. As he could not go out in person, Markham was again appointed deputy. But the Assembly, though pleased to be rid of the royal government, did not show any greater deference to that of the proprietary. N 1699, Penn again visited the colony. His object seems to have been to obtain the consent of the people to f constitution which, granting them every reasona- ble franchise, might preserve to himself the ordinary powers of an executive head. After much difficulty and opposition, he had the address to carry his point. The original frame was surrendered, and a new one formed, based on the more common and approved principles of representative government. The Assembly, as elsewhere, was to have the power of originating bills ; but these were to require the assent of the proprietary. He obtained also the important privilege of naming the council, and had thus to contend with only one popular body instead of two. Penn had come to the colony with the avowed intention of ending his days in it ;but he was prevented doing so in consequence of the introduction into parliament of a bill for the abolition of all proprie- tory governments. The measure was supported even by a consider- able body of his own colonists. On reaching England, however, h was gratified to find that the project had been renounced and the bill withdrawn. He acquired considerable favour with Glueen Anne; but circumstances prevented his return to Pennsylvania. He died in 1718, leaving the government of the province to his sons, John, Thomas, and Richard. At the opening of the Revolutionary War, it was one of the principal colonies, and Philadelphia was becoma the metropoUs of the British possessions. SAVANNAH IN 177 8. CHAPTER XXIV. THE CAROLINAS AND GEORGIA. HE English were not so enger to settle the regions now called Carolina as they had been those of Virginia and New England. It will be remembered that the Spanish claim to that part of the Atlantic coast north of Florida was still good as far as Albemarle Sound ; and the first intruders on its soil had learned by fatal experience that his Catholic majesty was not disposed to permit encroachments on his territory without at least an attempt to resist them. If we except a few set- I'tirs at Mansemond river, on the borders of Virginia, and some New 2B3 89S 2M THB CAROLINAS AND QEORaiA. England emigrants, who had purchased from the Indians a distrid around Cape Fear, no Englishman had, as late as the year 1G30, made any effort to settle south of Virginia. In that year Sir Robert Heath obtained a patent ; but being unable to fulfil the conditions, it was declared forfeited. The first productive grant of this territory was given by Charles V, on the 24th of March, 1663, and included under the name of Caro- lina the whole coast from the 36th degree north to the river Sad Ma- theo. Among the patentees were Monk, duke of Albemarle, Lord Clarendon, Lord Ashley Cooper, afterwards Earl of Shoftesbury, Lord Berkeley, and his brother Sir William, governor of Virginia. Drummond, a prudent and popular man, was the first governor. Settlements were made at Albemarle and Cape Fear, while the emi- grants enjoyed political and personal immunities greater than those of the neighbouring colonies. In 1605 a new patent was obtained, extending their territory to the Pacific. New privileges were heaped upon the settlers ; Lord Shaftesbury, assisted by the celebrated John Locke, drew up for them a constitution designed by the authors as a monument of legislative wisdom. It provided for two orders of no- bility, divided the territory into counties, each containing four hun- Jred and eighty thousand acres, with one landgrave, or higher noble, and two caciques to each county. Lords of manors and freeholders were likewise established; but the tenants could hold no political franchise, nor attain to higher rank. The proprietors were to be eight in number, possessing the whole judicial power, with the su preme direction of all the tribunals. Such a ponderous system of barons, caciques, lords, and manors, might have suited the feudal iges ; but it was totally unfit for the government of a new colony, and, although strenuously supported by the proprietors, never went into operation. Until the people should be ripe for its establishment, a series of temporary laws was established, more appropriate to the condition of the new territory. Meanwhile the people, having become dissatisfied with the ad- ministrator and collector of the revenue, rose in a body, put him in prison, and summoned a parliament of their own. Culpepper, their leader, went to England to plead their cause ; but he was there ar- rested for high treason, and thrown into prison. Lord Shaftesbury, however, procured his acquittal. The proprietors then sent out as governor Seth Sothel ; but his administration was so unpopular as to lead to deposition by the colonists, and subsequent trial before their CnARLESTON FOUNDED. 29fi TBI lABL or OLA. HI NOON Assembly. He was banished for one year, and declared incapable rf again holding the office of governor in Carolina. The settlers now began to pay some attention to the more southern provinces. In 1G70 they sent out a considerable body of emigrants under William Sayle, who was named governor. Dying soon after, he was succeeded by Sir John'Yeamans, who was subsequently ac- cused of sordid proceedings in carrying on what trade the youthful colony enjoyed. A season of dissatisfaction seems to have succeeded, which was terminated only by the appointment of Governor West, a man highly acceptable to the settlers, and who, during an adminis tration of eight years, enjoyed almost unbounded popularity. Emi grants flocked to the territory, comprising among their number many of the valuable mechanics driven from France by the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Proposals were soon made for the founding of a city. These being favourably received by the people, a site was chosen on a high piece of ground above the Ashley river ; but this was afterwards changed to another spot, called Oyster Point, at the junction of that stream with the Cooper. At the former place Old Charleston was founded in 1671, and the new city at the latter iu 1080. 2P6 TIIK CAROLINAS AND GEOROrA. EST was succeeded in 1682 by Moieton and he, in IGSO, by Colleton, brother ta one of the proprieturs, and endowed with the rank of landgrave. Under these men ^ the spirit of faction, which had for some time slumbered, broke forth with violence; and, during several years, disputes of the most aggravated nature were carried on between the proprietors, the governor, and the colonists. Amid this ferment Seth Sothel suddenly made h)s appearance ; and, by the influence of party, found no difficulty 'n gaining the office of his unpopular predecessor, and in calling a par- liament which sanctioned all his proceedings. On hearing of this affair, the proprietors issued orders for his immediate recall, ap- pointing Philip Ludwell as governor, with instructions to examine and report as to any real grievances. Locke's constitution, which here, as well as in the northern provinces, had given rise to the greatest disorder, was abrogated, and quiet in a general degree re- stored. But a new source of dissension was found in the numerous body of French Protestant refugees, wbo were regarded by the ori- ginal "Church of England" settlers with feelings of national and religious aversion, and refused the rights of citizenship. At such treatment they were justly indignant; and disputes rose so high that the proprietors s^nt out one of their own body, John Archdale, a Gluaker, with full power to investigate and redress grievances. Con- ducting himself with great prudence, he succeeded in greatly allay- ing the discontent of the Protestant settlers. After remaining a year, he left as his successor Joseph Blake, who steadily pursued the same system ; so that in a few years parties became reconciled, and the French were admitted to all the rights of citizenship. In 1700 Blake was succeeded by Moore, who, two years after, planned and con- ducted an expedition against St. Augustine, which brought disgrace upon himself and a heavy debt on the colory. In 1706, the Span- iards, by way of retaliation, appeared before Charleston, and sum- moned it to surrender. Governor Nathaniel Johnson returned an indignant defiance. The invaders sent on shore a small party, who were iaimediately cut ofT. Six small vessels, under Captain Rhett, •hen sailed against their armament, which fled in alarm. An addi- tional force, both of ships and troops, was subsequently captured by the settlers. INDIAN WAR. 297 A repose of several years followed this success, which ended by a war with the numerous Indian tribes of the vicinity. It broke oin first with the Tuscaroras. This brave tribe made a furious attack on the Roanoke settlers, killing more than one hundred of their number, and laying waste part of the villages ; but being mtt by Captain Barnwell, from South Carolina, with nine hundred and sixty men, they were totally annihilated as a nation, the remnant soon afterwards emigrating to the north, where they joined the Five Nations. kUT a far more terrible struggle was now at hand. Instigated by the Spaniards, the Yamassees, Creeks, Cherokees, and other tribes between Cape Fear and the Gulf of Mexico, united in a grand confederacy to ex- tirpate the English. They num- bered six thousand warriors, but their preparations for a general massacre were enveloped in profound secrecy. On the morning appointed, the work of death commenced in the vioinity of Port Royal, where ninety planters perished. Happily £. vessel lay in the harbour, on which the people crowded, and were conveyed to Charleston. The Indians, collecting from all sides, ad- vanced upon that town ; two detachments, attempting to stop them, were drawn into an ambuscade, and suffered severely. But Governor Craven, having mustered twelve hundred men fit to bear arms, suc- ceeded in stopping their progress ; after which, having received a reinforcement from North Carolina, he resolved on becoming the assailant, and moved against the allied camp. A struggle, long aod fierce, succeeded. The Indians, having stationed themselves in an irregular, tangled spot, admirably adapted to their mode of war'are, defended themselves with accustomed bravery. They were How- ever, completely defeated, and forced to abandon the colony. This war was followed by a series of internal commotions, which lasted several years, and were ended only by the appointment of Sir Francis Nicholson governor, under a commission from the king. A great, object, during his administration, was the suppression of piracy which, for a long period, had prevailed to an alarming extent in the Bahama and neighbouring islands. In 1729 the proprietors surren dered their rights to the crown, which gratified the colonists by tho fulire remission of their quit-rents. ^^^^s!mm jw Ml 111.1 -' m 298 THE CAROLINAS AND GEOKuriA. IN URAL OaliKTBORFB. An event took place in 1(594, which, though trivial in itself, was destined to lay the foundation of an important commercial product in the southern states. This was the introduction of rice. The cap- tain of a Madagascar vessel touching at Carolina, presented the go- vernor with a bag of this article, which, being distributed among the planters, was sown, and throve so remarkably as in a few years lo become a staple commodity. Negro slavery was about the same time introduced. N 1728, General Oglethorpe, and other distinguished ' persons of England, presented a plan to government for the settlement of the large district between the Sa- vannah and Alatamaha rivers, which had hitherto been claimed by Florida. This was to liberate from the jails all persons confined for debt, or minor offences, and transport them to the new territory, where, under the guidance of a committee of trustees, they might act as a defence to the more inland provinces. The scheme was favourably received, large sums were voted by opu- lent individuals for its execution; and in 1732, Oglethorpe, with one hundred and sixteen persons, sailed for the new settlement. In South Carolina his followers were most enthusiastically received. The SETTLEMENT OV GEORGIA. 21t9 colony was named Georgia, in honour of the reigning king. On arriving there, Oglethorpe's first care was to conciliate the neighbour ing Indians belonging to the powerful Creek race. His efforts being guided by sincerity and discretion, were crowned with success. Th« Creek king met him at the settlement since called Savannah, attended by fifty principal chiefs, and was subsequently induced to visit Eng- land, where he held an interview with George I. The colony rapidly increased. Augusta was founded on the upper Savannah, in 1734. In the same year two parties of emigrants arrived, numbering more thati five hundred. One hundred and fifty Highlanders also joined the colony. In 1740, the trustees reported that 2,500 emi- grants had been sent out, at an expense of eighty thousand pounds. Among the residents were the celebrated clergymen John and Charles Wesley. The colonists complained of labouring un disadvantages. Rum and slaves were both forbidden — a circum- stance which caused them to look upon the Carolinas with peculiar envy. The lands were divided into small lots of twenty-five acres, and granted only on condition of military service, and descending to male heirs alone. Religious feuds were added to civil ones. The Wesleys were driven from the colony. For a short period Georgia appeared on the verge of civil war. FFAIRS were rendered still farther critical by the Span- ish war, which, after nume- rous petty aggressions, broke -X'-il M\ out in 1738. Oglethorpe de- ' termined to attack St. Augustine, the {d capital of Florida. Great preparations were made for this enterprise ; Virginia and the Carolinas furnished a regiment, ■rib^ as well as £ 120,000 currency ; and an Indian force undertook to assist. The governor, who was thus enabled to make an invasion with two thou- sand men, reduced two successive forts; but the castle of St. Augus- tine itself was found too strongly fortified to allow a reasonable hopu of reducing it unless by blockade. This he expected to accomplish by the aid of a strong flotilla, which came to co-operate with him. It proved, however, a very discouraging service for his undisciplined warriors; and the Indians, disgusted by an expression which escaped him, of horror at their cruelty, went off. The Highlanders, his best 300 THE CAROLINAS AND GEORQIA. troops, were surprised, and a number cut to pieces ; while the militia lost co'irage, broke the restraints of discipline, and deserted in great numbers. It being impossible to prevent the enemy from procuring B reinforcement and large supply of provisions, he was obliged to raise the siege, and return with his armament seriously shattered, and his reputation impaired. HE Spaniards, two years after [1742,] attempted to retaliate; and Monteano, governor of St. Augustine, with thirty-two ves- sels and three thousand men, ad* vanced to attack Frederica. Ogl-'thorpe's force was very inadequate, and the aid '^- from the north both scanty and very slow in ■ arriving ; yet he acted so as completely tc redeem his military character. By skilfully using all the advantages of his situation, he kept the enemy at bay ; then by various strata- gems conveyed such an exaggerated idea both of his actual force and expected reinforcements, that the Spanish ultimately abandoned the enterprise, without having made one serious attack. Georgia was thus delivered from foreign dangers; but she con- tinued to suffer under her internal evils. The colonists complained that absurd regulations debarred them from rendering their produc- tions available, and kept them in poverty. Numbers removed to South Carolina, where they were free from restraint; and the iVIoia- vians, being called upon to take arms contrary to their principles, departed for Pennsylvania. Great efforts were made, as formerly in Virginia, to produce silk, but without any success. In 1753 the trustees relinquished their charge. Georgia became a royal colony, and the people were left at full liberty to use all the means, good and bad, of advancing themselves; lands were held on any tenure that best pleased them; negroes and rum were imported without restriction ; and a free intercourse was opened with the West Indies OENERAti WOLTB, CHAPTER XXV. THE SEVEN YEARS WAB. (^ ITHERTO we have traced the history of each of the English colonies in America separately ; for, although occasionally we have seen them forming political combinations, yet, until the opening of the Seven Years' War, no object had been presented to them J sufficiently great to cause a combination of their ener- gies for its attainment. Such an object now appeared ; and from 1754, the year in which the French War commenced, the general' 2 aoi 802 THE SEVEN YEARS WAH. zation of our colonial history is the natural consequence of the pro- gress of events. The claim of France to the river St. Lawrence and the adjoining country, was founded on the early visits of Cartier. Settlement was first attempted by De la Roche, a Briton, who obtained from Henry IV. a patent of similarly extensive powers to those granted in England to Gilbert and Raleigh. "New France" was found to open into regions of vast extent; and though not of so luxurious an aspect as Virginia, yet affording great advantages to an enterprising nation, both by a lucrative fur trade, and valuable coast fisheries. Roche'? experiment proved, however, a failure ; and De Monts, who made a similar one, was equally unsuccessful. The career of enterprise was next undertaken hy Samuel Cham plain, who became the father of New France, or Canada. After exploring the country, he built and fortified Q,uebec, allying himself with two powerful Indian tribes, the Hurons and Algonquins. This, however, involved him in war with the Iroquois, who were friendly to the English ; and thus, at the outset, the new colony became in- volved in cruel arfd unsatisfactory wars. Champlain's charter was soon after abrogated, and another substituted, whose object was to convert New France into a colony of the first magnitude. This ex- cited the jealousy of the English, who drove their rivals out of Aca- dia, and captured Gluebec; but in IGii'i both were restored to France by conventional agreement. Thirty years of prosperity succeeded, during which the settlers obtained from the Indians rumours of a mighty river to the west, larger than the St. Lawrence, and empty- ing into some unknown ocern. Supposing this to be the long-sought stream opening the way to the golden regions of China and India, Talon, the governor at that time, used every exertion to discover it. Two of the colonists, Joliet and Marquette, sailed in two little Indian barks, holding each three men, to explore the mysterious regions. Sailing onward, they ascertained that the river emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, when, fearful of falling into Spanish hands, they returned. In 1699, D'Iberville founded Louisiana. New Orleans was settled in 1717 ; and, in 1730, assumed so promising an aspect, that other set- tlements were extended up the Mississippi. Then it was that having control of the northern lakes, and the mouth of the Mississippi in the south, with considerable military strength in duebec, Montreal, and other settlements, the French first conceived the grand scheme of extending a line of military posts along the Ohio and Mississij'pi FRENCn AND ENGLISH CLAIMS. 803 from Canada to Louisiana, thus restricting the English colonies to the territory c^jt of the Alleghanies. As a commencement, they built Fort Duo'iesne, (named after the governor of Canada,) at the con- fluence of the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers, and commanding th« communication from Montreal to New Orleans. It will be remembered that the English king's charter had granted th» land extending to the Pacific. The French settlements were, therefore, considered as encroachments, which the Atlantic colonists determined to resist. The territory around Fort Duquesne was claimed by a British society culled the London Company, three oi whose servants were taken by the French, and sent to a second fort on Presque Isle. Soon after the French built two other forts, thus •"■ !pleting the contemplated chain of fortresses. HESE proceedings were considered by Lieutenant-Governor Dinwid- die, of Virginia, as so many acts of aggression. Accordingly, \ /^'''^^^^ with the approbation of the As- "^ i/V'v'i sembly, he despatched Major U\ George Washington with a let- ter to the commandant of Fort Duquesne, ordering him to eva- cuate. In this expedition Wash- ington suffered man} lardships, and on one or two occasions came very near losing his life Dinwiddle's request was re- fused. Resolving to expel the aggressors by force, the Assembly raised a regiment, and placed it under the command of Washington. After defeating a body of the Indians at the Great Meadows, he encountered a strong force under De Villiers. Hastily retreating, he threw up Fort Necessity, at the Meadows, where he was attacked, July 4th, 1754. After fighting all day against five times his numbers, he capitulated on honourable terms, and was allowed to return to Vir- ginia. On the same day, a convention of delegates at Albany, after having efltcted a treaty with the Five Nations, reported a plan of colcmial union, to be governed by a general assembly of delegates, with a governor appointed by the crown. It was disapproved, how ever, by England and Massachusetts, and did not go into effect. A 20 R04 THE SEVEN YEARS WAR. WASHINGTON 8 INTSRVHW WITH 8T. PIKRHW. plan was finally adopted to carry on the war by British troops, aidec by such soldiers as the colonists could raise. Early in 1755, General Braddock arrived in Virginia with two re- giments, designed as an expedition against Fort Duquesne. At hi? request a convention of the colonial governors assembled in Virginia and resolved on three expeditions — one ngainst Fort Duquesne; the second, under Governor Shirley, against Niagara; and the third against Crown Point. While this session was being held, three thousand militia of Miissachusetts invaded Nova Scotia, captured the military posts, and drove ofTthe inhabitants. Late in June, General Braddock, with twelve hundred picked troops, and ten pieces of artillery, marched for the Alleghany. With the most culpable pride, he rejected the representations of Washing- ton and other provincial officers to scour the woods in advance ; and thus, while marching in the European fashion, he permitted himself to be drawn into a narrow defile on the Monongahela, seven miles from the fort. Here, on the 8th of July, he was attacked by an unseen enemy securely posted amid the deep forests on each side. His men fought with stern, but useless bravery. Whole platoons sunk before the Indian rifle, while not a foe was in view ; Braddock BRADDOCK S DEFEAT. SOL was mortally wounded ; every officer, except Washington, carried from the field ; and rout, despair, and uproar, took the place of dis cipline. The provincials under Washington alone remained firm and to their praiseworthy efl^orts while covering the retreat and beat- ing back the shouting foe, was owing the salvation of that wretched retimant. Seven hundred British, besides provincials, were killed and wounded — and sixty-four out of eighty-five officers. The whole army, including a reserve of eight hundred under General Dunbar, fled in disgraceful hurry to Philadelphia, leaving the frontier ex- posed to the incursions of the vindictive foe. The victors in this battle are supposed to have numbered nin^ hundred. Shirley's ex- pedition against Niagara was also a complete failure. At Crown Point a large party of General Johnson's troops was totally defeated by the Baron Dieskau, who subsequently made an attack upon the English camp. In this he was mortally wounded and ca[)tured, one thousand of his men killed or wounded, and his army driven away. After this success Johnson might have advanced with flattering prospects of success against Ticonderoga ; but he spent the remainder of the campaign in idleness. In the following spring, war was declared between France and Eng land. The plan for this year's campaign was similar to that of 1755. Crown Point was to be attacked by ten thousand men, Niagara by six thousand, Duquesne by three thousand. While deliberations were going on as to which should be attacked first, Montcalm, sue cesser to Dieskau, investe J Oswego, stormed and took the works, made the whole garrison prisoners, and razed the fortifications to the ground. At this daring exploit the British were confounded, their grand schemes broken up, and the whole fall and summer spent in doing nothing. At the close of the year a strong reinforcement of British troops arrived under Lord Loudoun ; and the campaign of 1757 opened with high hopes of success. Loudoun's design was to improve on the errors of his predecessors, and make but one grand attack, of which Louisburg was the object. He sailed there with a great army, and finding the works stronger than had been expected, returned to New York. About the same time Montcalm descended from Canada to the works on Lake George, and captured Fort William Henry, one of the main dependencies of the English. While the garrison was marching out, a furious attack was made upon them by the hostile Indians, and no less than fifteen hundred men, women, and children » aoa 306 THE SEVEN YEARS WAH. U\SSiCWK AT FORT WILL1A.M HBNUV massacred. Whether Mintcalin could have prevented this butchery or not, is unknown ; but it has left an indelible stain upon his me- mory. This event dissipated the shadowy achievements which were to have been accomplished that year, and left the French complete masters of all the territory claimed by them at the beginninij of u'je war. This course of folly and imbecility was about drawing to a close. The king, compelled by popular indignation, appointed a new min- istry, of whom the master spirit was William Pitt, afterwards Lord Chatham. He was probably the greatest war minister ever Eng- land produced. He was so popular in America, that in answer to a requisition for troops, three colonies raised in a little while fifteen thousand troops. At the opening of the campaign of 1758, Genera! Abercrombie, successor to Loudoun, found himself at the head of fifty thousand men. Part was to reduce Louisbourg; part, Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and the remainder Fort Duquesne. The first expedition numbered fourteen thousand men under Gene- ral Amherst, and reached Louisbourg, June 2. The French garrison numbered three thousand men, under the Chevalier Drucourt. Tlie ■iege was prosecuted with vigour for three weeks, when the town surrendered. Abercrombie mustered his forces at Albany, and embarked on akc George with fifteen thousand men and a formidable train i-t de AT5AXD0NMENT OF FOKT DUQUESNE. 807 ABSKCHOMBIS CRUSSINa L A K B S O K O X of .TOga Jene- krison The 1 town {irlillery. On laying siege to TiconJeioga he led his troops upon a breastwork of trees, where, becomincr entangled, they were fired upon by a perfectly secure enemy until two thousand of their num- ber were killed or wounded. 'I'he designs upon the f()rt and Crown Point were then abandoned; but a detachment was sent against Fort Frontignac, which, being abandoned by the greater part of its gar- rison, surrendered. Circumstances gave to this last feat more im- portance than it could ever have acquired on the basis of military ♦ merit. It had hitherto formed the depot of Fort Duquesne, which, Being now cut ofT from provisions, was abandoned by its garrison, who descended the Ohio in boats. At this unexpected turn of for- tune. General Forbes, leader of the third expedition — who had been from July to November marching from Fort Cumberland, Va., to the Laurel Hills, sometimes at the rate of a mile a day — pushed rapidly forward, and [November 25] entered the abandoned works without resistance. The name was changed to Pittsburg. General Forbes died during his return to Philadelphia. In the following year Pitt determined to attempt the conquest of Canada. The main attack was to be conducted by General Wolfe, a young .officer who had distinguished himself before Louisbourg General Amherst, who succeeded Abercrombie, after reducing Ticon- deroga and Crown Point, was to join Wolfe at Quebec. Niagam 808 TUB SEVEN YKAR8 WAR. BUINa OF TIOONDBBODA. was to be reduced by General Pridcaux. Tirnnderoga was aban- doned by its garrison on the appearance of the English army. The same thing happened nt Crown Point. Fort Niagara was besieged by General Prideaux on the 6th J>i!y; but he being killed, the com , mand devolved on Sir William Johnson, who gained a battle over the garrison in an open field chosen by themselves. After this they '•s- tired to their works, and on the 25th capitulated. Meanwhile Wolfe embarked at Louisbourg with eight thousand men, and landing before dnebec offered General Montcalm battle. It was accepted, and the English wore defeated. Not discouraged, Wolfe landed his men [September 3] at Point Levi, and determined to scale the heights of Abraham, hitherto considered inaccessible. On the following morning the astonished Montcalm beheld his enemy drawn up in battle array on the mountain. But with the courage of a noble nature, he determined to march out and give battle. The disposition of the armies was masterly, and the action worthy of tiie two greatest generals in America. At its commencement, Wolfe was ■"",' "W %''. 'fifJl" '<^:*t- ,p;a Pi » IP i^J. I ^^'■m o B) u » H o ^ QUEBEC T.^KEN BY THE ENGLISH. 309 DEATH OF OENEBAL WOLFK wounded in the wrist, and not long afterwards in the body; but he still cheered on his men until a third ball pierced his breast, and he was conveyed 1 1 the rear. Monckton, second in command, also fell. About this time the French centre was broken ; and the Highlanders, rushing forward with drawn swords, completed the rout. When in the agonies of death Wolfe was told that the enemy were flying, he exclaimed — "I die content." Some time after, his gallant antagonist, Montcalm, also mortally wounded, expired, expressing his satisfaction that he "would not live to see the surrender of Gluebec." The city immediately capitulated. Next year Montreal was taken, with all its dependencies; and henceforth Canada was a British province. This victory closed the war in America. The treaty of February 10, 1703, secured to the colonies and mother country all they had claimed be- fore the war, together with the entire French possessions in the DOW United States, except Louisiana. f SAUUBti AT] A MS CHAPTER XXVI. COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTION. JHEN the Seven Years' War had closed, the peop.« of the American colonies of Great Britain were fuil of loyalty and attachment to the mother country. But these dispositions were speedily changed by the ill-judged measures of the British ministry. Plan? for taxing the colonies had been successively proposed to Walpole and Pitt ; but those wary ministers declined the experiment. Gren- ville was bolder, and after causing duties to be imposed on several arti cles of import, succeeded in carrying the famous Stamp Act in March, 1765. This act, which imposed a tax on the paper used foi notes of hand, bills of exchange, and other documents used in the ordinary transactions of business, was regarded by the colonies as unreasonable and tyrannical. It was received with a burst of indig nation throughout the country. The colonial Assemblies generaH? no WBU'piJ" K''V"Jtf« i|ii.|i) »»»»"i H4i'uni ■ THE STAMP ACT. 811 ST1.MP AOT RIOT P'ssed resolutions denouncing the act in strong terms. A congres.i of deputies, summoned by a resolution of the Massachusetts Assem bly, met in New York, Octob.T, 17G5, to consult on the grievances under which the colonies laboured, in consequence of the late enact- ments of the British Puiliainent. All the colonies exdept New Hampshire, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia, were repre- sented. A declaration of rights and grievances, a petition to the king, and a memorial to each house of parliament, firmly remon- strating against the oppressive acts of parliament, and earnestly en- treating a redress of grievances, were voted, and the congress dis- solved on the 25th of October. The storm of popular indignation, however, still continued, and serious riots ensued in Boston and in other parts of the country, where the Stamp Act was attempted to be enforced by the officers ol government. Resolutions and combinations against the importa- tion and use of British manufactures followed these popula'r demon- strations. Meantime Dr. Franklin, and the other American agents in Lon- don, aided by the Prime Minister Conway and William Pitt, were earnestly endeavouring to obtain a repeal of the Stamp Act. 811' COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTION. HKcaeTioti or iiiH nbws of tub kki-kal o if ■! ii b stamp act. V * •1% To the furtherance of this measure, the ministers first introduced what they called the Declarnlory Act. It pronounced that the king and parliament had a rio;ht to make laws to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases whatsoever. As soon as this bill was passed, that for the repeal of the stamp act was introduced. After violent and protracted debates, in which Pitt participated, althtiuj^h he was dangerously sick, the bill at length passed the House of Commons, by a vote of 276 to 167 ; and notwithstanding a still more violent opposition, and the entry of two protests, its friends succeeded in getting it through the House of Lords. After receiving the king's approval, i; became a law, March 19, 17(>6. The passage of this bill was received with the liveliest demon- strations of joy by the inhabitants of London, where the church-bells were rung and the houses illuminated. In America, where the people could not even hope for such an event, the intelligence pro- duced a transport of surprise, exultation, and gratitude. Thanks were voted by the legislatures to Lord Camden, Pitt, and others, who had befriended the colonial interests. The burst of good feeling which followed this conciliatory measure was somewhat allayed by the declaratory act, in which the right of fixation was still asserted ; and new acts of oppression soon re- Jiwakened discontent. Indemnity for damage done by the riots was demanded ; troops were ordered to be quartered on the citizens ; an act imposing duties on glass, paper, pasteboard, white and red lead, painters' colours, and tea, was passed, (June 29, 1707,) and new regulations for collecting the revenue were rigorously enforced. \ltercations between the colonial Assemblies and the royal governors THE BOSTON MASSACUB. 313 JOHN HANCOCK. lnliDwcd theje measures of Townsliend, llie minister, who died in 17()7, and was succeeded by Lord North. The seizure at Boston of the sloop Liberty, owned by the populal merchant, John Hancock, led to a serious riot; and the quartering of troops, (November 10, 17()7,) in the representatives' chamber, the court-house, and that cradle of liberty, Faneuil Hall, was regarded as the most terrible outrage which tlie citizens had ever endured. JNon-imporlation agreements were entered into by nearly all the coloni(s, on the one hand, and a proposition for trying American ofll'iuKTs in England, was entertained on the other; while the alter- cations l)etween the royal governors and the colonial Assemblies were vigorously kept up. In Boston, the presence of the British troopt was a perpetual source of irritation. On the 5th of March, 1770, a collision took place in King street now called State street, between the soldiers and citizens. The soldiers, being pelted with snow- balls and pieces of ice, called for the protection of a guard. Captain Preston's company, then on guard, came to their relief. A charge was ordered without effect. The mob dared the soldiers to fire, and un one of their number being actually felled with a club, they fired. Three men were killed, and several others wounded, of whom oncj afierw ards died. « 3D 811 COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTION. FA.NBDIL HALL, These martyrs to the cause of liberty were buried with great pomp, and the Boston massacre was annually commemorated lonpf after by a grand assemblage and the delivery of an exciting oration. The officer and soldiers, who had caused the death of the citizens, were defended on their trial by John Adams and Josiab duincy. The captain and six men were acquitted, and two men were found guilty of I manslaughter. In Rhode Island, the destruction of the British armed schooner Gaspee, in consequence of her firing on a merchantman, was one of the bold acts which mark the spirit of the time. A reward of £500, together with a pardon to the informer, failed to shake the fidelity of any of the numerous party concerned in this aflliir. The determination of the colonists to resist the introduction of tea sent out by the East India Company, led to the most serious riots. The permission to the company to export this article free of duty made it cheaper to the American consumer than before U had Deeti THE TEA RIOTS. 815 nODTON MA38A0BE. made a source of revenue, so that in this instance the resistance was made to the principle of taxation. Cargoes were sent to New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, (South Carohna,) and Boston. The inha- bitants of the cities of New York and Philadelphia sent the ships back to London, "and they sailed up the Thames to proclaim to all tho nation, that New York and Pennsylvania would not be enslaved." The inhabitants of Charleston unloaded the tea and stored it in damp cellars, where it could not be used, and where it finally was all spoiled. The inhabitants of Bostdn tried every measure to send back the three tea ships which had arrived there, but without suc- cess. The agents of the company would not release the captains from their obligations ; the custom-house officers refused them clear- ances, and the governor would not allow them to pass Castle William. The vessels containing the tea lay for some days in the harbour, watched by a strong guard of citizens, who, from a numerous town- meeting, despatched the most peremptory commands to the ship- masters not to land their cargoes. At length, the popular rage could be restrained no longer, and the consignees, apprehending violence, took refuge in Castle William, while, on the 16ih of De cember, an assemblage of men, dressed and painted like Mohawk Indians, boarded the vessels, and threw the tea into the dock. In the space of about two hours, the contents of three hundred ar.d 'brty-two chests of tea, valued at £18,000 sterling, were thus de- stroyed. This act led to the passage of the Boston Port Bill, (31st March IU6 COMMENCEMENT OP THE REVOLUTION. [3TRCT0TI0N OF THS T B A. 1 N B03T0K HARBOUR. 1774,) prohibiting the lading or unlading of goods and merchandize at Boston after the 1st day of June, until the return of obedience and the indemnification of the East India Company for the tea destroyed. To enforce the enactments of this bill, four ships of war were ordered to sail for the proscribed town. General Gage, commander-in-chief in America, was appointed Governor of Massachusetts Bay, in the room of Mr. Hutchinson ; and he was authorized to remit forfeitures and grant pardons. He arrived on the 13th of May. The effect of this stringent proceeding was exactly the reverse of what had been anticipated by the British ministry. Instead ot dividing and intimidating the colonies, it united and emboldened them. The necessity of a general congress was soon universally perceived, and the measure was gradually adopted by every colony, from New Hampshire to South Carolina. On the 4th of September, delegates from eleven colonies appeared at Philadelphia ; and, the next day, the first continental congress was organized at Carpenter's Hall, in Chestnut street. On the 14th, members from North Carolina ar rived, making fArelve colonies that were represented. It was resolved that each colony should have one vote, whatever might be the num ber of its representatives. They made a declaration of rights ; re- aolved on an address to the king, a memorial to the people of Britkb THE MINUTE MEN. 817 0ARPBMTSB8 HALL. Amprica, and an address to the people of Great Britain. These papers had a great effect both in America and England. They in spired the people with confidence in their delegates ; and their dfcency, firmness, and wisdom, caused a universal feeling of r< sped for the congress. General Gage, in the mean time, was evidently anticipating, a re Sdrt tu arms. He seized all the deposits of powder and provision which he could reach in the neighbourhood of Boston, and began to fortify the Neck, which unites it to Roxbury. The representatives of the people of Massachusetts assembled in convention ; remonstrated ngainst these proceedings; appointed a committee to prepare a plan for the immediate defence of the province ; gave orders for the en listment of a number of the inhabitants to be in readiness, at a minute's warning, to appear in arms, and elected three general (ifRcers, Preble, Ward, and Pomeroy, to command these minute-men. At a subsequent session, in November, they took measures for arm- ing the militia, and appointed two more officers, Prescottand Heath. They also secured the co-operation of New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, in raising an army of twenty thousand men. 2D2 318 OO-MMENCEMENT OP THE RBVOLUTIOy. In Ifhode Island and New Hampshire, the ordnance and ammunition wen; secured for the use of the people. The British ministry, when apprised of these acts, disregarded the attempts of Chatham and Burke to have the grievances of the colo- nist? removed, declared Massachusetts in a state of rebellion, and caused a bill to be passed restricting the colonial commerce and fish- eries, while John Hancock and Samuel Adams, and a band oi other leading spirits, were stimulating the colonies to the most determined resistance. Oppression and menaces of force on the one hand, and discontent and a determmation to be free, or die in the cause ct free- dom, on the other, were now speedily bringing affairs to a rnsis. «BtTI«H NAVAL OOSTnllB, 1776 BIIOX or BOSTON. CHAPTER XXVII. FIRST HOSTILITIES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. HE first serious collision between the colo- nists and the British troops ar ise from an expedition sent out from Boston by Gene- ral Gage, to destroy some military stores deposited at Concord. For the execution of this design, he, on the night preceding the 19th of April, detached Lieutenant- Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, with eight hundred grenadiers and light inftintry, who, at eleven o'clock, embarked in boats at the bottom of Boston Common, crossed Charles river, and having landed at Phipp's farm, in Cambridge, commenced n silent and expeditious march for Concord. Although measures had been taken to intercept any expresses that might be sent from Boston to alarm the country, yet some messengers from Dr. Warren eluded the British patrols, and gave the alarm, which was rapidly spread by church-bells, signal-guns, and volleys. On the arrival of 21 810 8*J0 FIRST HOSTILITIKS OP THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 4rr&:R at lexin3ton. the British troops at Lexington, six miles below Concord, they found about seventy men, beion«ring to the minute company of that town, on the parade, under anus. Major Pitcairn, who led the van, gal- loping up to them, called out, "Disperse, disperse, you rebels! throw down your arms, and disperse!" The sturdy yeomanry not instantly obeying his order, he advanced nearer, fired his pistol, flourished his sword, and ordered his soldiers to fire. The troops cheered, and immediately fired ; several of the provincials fell, and the rest dispersed. The British continuing to discharge their mus- kets after the dispersion, a part of the fugitives stopped, and returned the fire. Eight Americans were killed, three or four of them by the first discharge of the British, the rest after they had left the parade. Several were also wounded. The British now pressed forward to Concord, and destroyed the stores ; but in their retreat they encountered the exasperated people who had risen in a mass. A severe conflict took place at Concon bridge. Their retreat towards Lexington was harassed by a galling fire from behind stone walls, trees, hillocks, and hedges. The pro- vincial soldiej-s were excellent marksmen, and their superior know- BATTLE OF LEXINQTON. 321 1,0 RD PB KCT. ledge of the cnuntry enabled them to hend ofT the British troops at every turn of the road. Thus harassed, they reached Lexington, where they were joined by Lord Percy, who, most opportunely for them, had arrived with nine hundred men, and two pieces of cannon. The enemy, now amounting to about eighteen hundred men, having halted an hour or two at Lexington, recommenced their march ; but the attack from the provincials was simultaneously renewed, and an irregular yet very galling fire was kept up on each flank, as well as on the front and rear. The close firing threw the British into great confusion; but they kept up a retreating fire on the militia and minute-men. A little after sunset, the regulars reached Bunker's Hill, where, exhausted with excessive fatigue, they remained during the night, under the protection of the Somerset man-of-war, and the next morning went into Boston. If the Salem and Marblehead regi- ments had arrived in season to cut oflT their retreat, in all probability but few of the detachment would ever have reached Boston. Of the Americans engaged throughout the day, fifty were killed and thirty- four wounded. The British loss was sixty-five killed, one hundred and eighty wounded, and twenty-eight prisoners. To their wounded prisoners the Americans behaved with the utmost tenderness and hutnanity, and apprised Gage that he was at liberty to send the sur- geons of his own army to minister to them. 41 3J2 FIRST HOSTILITIES OP THE HEVOLUTIOXARY WAR. 0OX.ONaL ALLXN A. P T n H I N a TICONDBHOQA The affair of Lexington was the signal for war. The provincial congress of Massachusetts met the next day after the battle, and de- termined the number of men to be raised ; fixed on the payment of the troops ; voted an issue of paper money; drew up rules and regu- .alions for an army; and all was done in a business-like manner. The news of the battle caused a rush of volunteers towards the scene of action from the surrounding colonies; and twenty thou- sand men were soon assembled, forming a line of encampment from Roxbury to the river Mystic, holding the British army, under Gene- ral Gage, besieged in Boston. In Connecticut an expedition was set on foot for surprising the fortresses of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Forty volunteers pro- ceeded to Castleton, where they met Colonel Ethan Allen with two hundred and thirty men. Here they were all unexpectedly joined by Colonel Benedict Ar- nold, who meditated a similar project. He was admitted to act as auxiliary to Allen, who held the chief command. They proceeded on their expedition, -.id arrived on the night of the 9th of May on the shore of Lake Champlain, opposite to Ticonderoga. Allen and Arnold crossed with eighty-three men, and the two colonels entered 'hf "ort abreast, at break of day. All the garrison were asleep, ex- BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. 323 repl one sentinel, whose piece missing fire, he attempted to escape into the fort ; but the Americans rushed after him, and forming tiiem- selves into a hollow square, gave three loud huzzas, which instantly aroused the garrison. Some skirmishing with swords and bayonets ensued. De la Place, the commander, was required to surrender the fort. "By what authority?" he asked, with no unnatural sur- prise. " I demand it," replied Allen, " in the name of the Great Jehovah, and of the Continental Congress I" This extraordinary summons was instantly obeyed; and the fort, with its valuable stores and forty-nine prisoners, was surrendered without delay. Colonel Seth Warner was then despatched to Crown Point ; and he took prssession of this place, in which a serjeant and twelve pri- vates f >rnied the whole of the garrison. A British sloop-of-war lying off St. Johns, at the northern end of Lake Champlain, was soon after captured by Arnold. Thus the Americans, without the loss of a single man, acquired, by a bold and decisive stroke, two important posts, a great quantity of artillery and ammunition, and the command of Lake Greorge and Lake Champlain. In May, Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton, arrived at Bos- ton, with reinforcements for the besieged garrison. General Gage nuw offered pardon to all who would lay down their arms, except Samuel Adams and John Hancock ; and he declared the province under martial law. In June, the colonial generals determined to occupy Bunker Hill, in Charlestown. On the evening of the 16th of June, Colonel Prescott marched from Cambridge for this purpose; but, by some mistake, he took ground on Breed's Hill, much nearer Boston, and within range of its cannon. By labouring diligently through the night, bis men succeeded in raising a respectable redoubt, which was assailed at break of day by The Lively sloop-of-war, and a battery of six guns on Copp's Hill, at the north end of Boston. Undismayed by the fire, the provincial soldiers laboured at their in- trenchments till the breastwork reached from the redoubt to the bot- tom of the hill near the Mystic. New-mown hay and wooden fences formed a part of their materials. As the secure possession of Breed's Hill would render Boston un- tenable. General Gage detached Generals Howe and Pigot, at noon, with tan companies of grenadiers, ten of infantry, and some artillery, to dis odge the provincials. Landing at Morton's Point, Howe de- cided to wait for reinforcements, and at 3 o'clock moved to the 524 FIRST HOSTILITIES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAH. OSNBR&.L WABRBN. attack with three thousand men ; while the town of Charlestown being set on fire, added terrific grandeur to the approaching contest The Americans, who had been reinforced by a second detachment under Generals Warren and Pomeroy, permitted the enemy to ap proach, till, according to the characteristic order of Putnam, they could see the whites of their eyes, and then poured in upon the ad- vancing columns a tremendous fire of musketry, which prostrated whole platoons, and sent the enemy, broken and disordered, back to their landing-place. By the exertions of the officers, they were again brought to the attack. The Americans again reserved their fire until the enemy were within five or six rods, when they gave it with deadly preci- lion, and put them a second time to flight. General Clinton now arrived from Boston, and aided Howe in persuading the troops tc march a third time to the attack. But by this time the powder of the Americans began to fail, and '"i!i4i'' '(■ fkm ;.is*iiagifp'"'''''i* '■■■■■' \ m IfMm Ai. ' liv.i Nii' :'«^ 1.1 !• 'fflir'1 '■■:,:' ':■ '^Y''- !lii;':|^,^|i!'i':^.;:J^1i;,l,i,;|!|| I*? 'I MM m i'liiiiiiiiji "" "'"'■'" ■ ■■'■'''■■"""" ||ii''l;ili,r,;ri'ill'i'ij|P||;ir|; i;:pi, .:m$m ' ...:.;}iri ;i r ',,"■■ i ■ ■ I'M i ii :j' ' t t a c n ■K th gl CO Ai foi ki] tno wh njti 1 T.ai COS A lOtl vote of Ji and Was of cr Revc lier ( Ti BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. 327 Iheir fire slackened. The British brought some of their cannon to jear, which raked the inside of the breastwork from end to end ; the (ire from the ships, batteries, and field-artillery, was redoubled ; and the redoubt, attacked on three sides at once, was carried at the point of the bayonet. The Americans, though a retreat was ordered, de- layed, and made an obstinate resistance with the butts of their guns, until the assailants, who easily mounted the works, had half-filled the redoubt. Meanwhile the breastwork had been bravely defended against the light-infantry, who were mowed down in ranks by the close fire of the Americans ; but the redoubt being lost, the breast- work was necessarily abandoned. The troops had now to make their way over Charlestown Neck, which was completely raked by the Glasgow man-of-war and two floating batteries ; but by the skill and address of the officers, and especially of General Putnam, who commanded the rear, the retreat was efl^ected with little loss. Gene- ral Warren fell in the battle, fighting like a common soldier. The New Hampshire troops, under Stark, Dearborn, and others, vere in the battle, near the rail-fence. They were marching from their native slate towards Cambridge, and came upon the battle- ground by their own impulses, having received no orders from the commander-in-chief. The British had three thousand men, th*" .Americans fifteen hundred. The former lost one thousand and fifty- four killed and wounded, the latter one hundred and thirty-nine killed, and three hundred and fourteen wounded and missing. The moral efl^ect of this battle was immense. It had been doubted whether the provincials would fight. That question was now defi- nitively settled. The British held and fortified Breed's Hill. The Americans aaintained their original lines of investment, and held the enemy as c osely besieged as before the battle. A second continental congress assembled at Philadelphia, on the 10th of May, under the presidency of Peyton Randolph. They voted addresses to the king, the people of Canada, and the Assembly of Jamaica ; they resolved that twenty thousand men should be raised and equipped for the common defence ; and they chose George Washington for commander-in-chief. All this was done, and bills of credit emitted in the name of the twelve united colonies. The Revolution was thus formally organized. Georgia soon after sent in her delegates, and the thirteen colonies were indissolubly united. The battle of Bunker Hill (so called, although fought on Bre'sd's 328 FIRST HOSTILITIES OP THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 'WASHINQTOH S H B A. D -QU A B T X BS AT OAMBRIOa] Hiil) was followed by active hostilities at sea. Privateers and ves- sels fitted out by Massachusetts and other colonies captured many merchantmen and transports, — aggressions which were retaliated by the burning of Falmouth, and the sacking of other defenceless towns on the coust. General Washington joined the army at Cambrid<:e on the 2d of July. He found fifteen thousand men encamped around Boston, ill- armed, undisciplined, and disorderly. They were deficient in gun- powder; but the garrison of ten thousand men in Boston were well ^upplied with munitions of war. The terms of enlistment of many expired during the siege, and their numbers were at one time less than those of the British army. Active operations seemed im- practicable ; but on the 3d of March, 1776, and on the succeeding nights, a heavy bombardment was kept up on the British lines; ana on the 4th, General Thomas, with a strong detachment, took posses- sion of Dorchester Heights, and with the aid of fascines provided by General Ward, they succeeded in erecting works during the night KV^nUATlON OF LOSTON. 8:i9 QXNKBAL WAKD. 9uflicieni for their defence. Howe was astonished when h>i saw these works, and he determined to dislodge the Americans. A detach ment of about two thousand troops fell down to the castle in tran- sports ; but a furious storm scattered them, and they were unable to proceed to the scene of action. The works were soon rendered nearly impracticable; and a council of war, held by the British, decided to evacuate the town as soon as possible. A fortnight afterwards the measure was effected ; and at ten in the morning of the 17th of March, the royal troops and their adherents, who had lately held possession of Boston, were sailing away from its shores ; and Washington triumphantly entered the city. Thus terminated the siege of Boston. The British proceeded to alifax, and Washington withdrew his forces to New York, which fc rightly deemed would be the next point of attack. tit OBNBHAL MONTOOMEBT. CHAPTER XXVIII. EXPEDITION TO CANADA. T was very natural for the colonists to ex- pect that Canada, recently conquered and filled with descendants of the French, would readily join in the revolutionary movement directed against their ancient enemies, the British. Addresses had already been sen> to them by Congress. An army under Gen- erals Schuyler and Montgomery soon fol- lowed. On the 10th of September, 1775. one thousand men were landed at St. Johns, one hundred and fifteer ^j" 1 DEATH OF GENERAL MONTGOMERY. 831 miles north of Ticonderoga ; but they soon retreated to Isle Aux Noix, where General Schuyler, being ill, left the army under command of Montgomery, who soon returned and laid siege to St. Johns. General Carieton advanced against him with eight hundred men, but was in- tercepted while attempting to cross the St. Lawrence, and driven back by Colonel Warner, with three hundred men. St. Johns then capitulated, and Montgomery advanced to Montreal. During the siege, Colonel Ethan Allen was captured and sent to England. Montgomery took Montreal and its garrison with eleven armed ves- sels ; but Sir Guy Carieton escaped to Quebec. Meantime General Washington had despatched Arnold througH the wilderness of Maine, with eleven hundred men, who left the camp at Cambridge on the 13th of September, and after enduring in- credible hardships in their march, reached Point Levi, near Q,iiebec, on the 9th of November; but he had no boats for crossing the river, ana was not in a condition to assault the garrison. He was joined by Montgomery on the 1st of December, and a whole month was spent ill besieging the city, and finally in preparations for an assault, which took place on the 31st. Two feigned attacks were made on the upper town by Majors Brown and Livingston, whilst Montgomery and Arnold made two real attacks on the lower town. Montgomery, advancing along the St. Lawrence, at the head of his troops, at first met with success, and the battery was deserted by all the enemy ex- cept two or three persons, one of whom, in retiring, applied a slow- match to one of the guns, and fired it. This shot was fatal to Mont- gomery, and several other officers. Colonel Campbell, on whom the command devolved, precipitately retreated with the rest of the division. Meantime, Arnold, with three hundred and fifty men, made an attack on the other side ; but he received a musket-ball in the leg, and was carried off to the camp. Captain Morgan, with a Virginia company of riflemen, pressed forward, and carried the battery, cap- turing the guard. Morgan formed his men ; but from the darkness of the night and his ignorance of the town, he was unable to pro- ceed further. He was soon joined by Lieutenant-Colonel Green and other officers, and his numbers were increased to two hundred men. At daylight they were attacked by the garrison, and after sustaining the whole force of the enemy for three hours, they were compelled surrender. Arnold, upon whom the command now devolved, with but three 832 EXPEDITION TO CANADA. DKATB or MONTaOMIRT. or four hunarecl men lit for duty, maintained a blockade of the city till February. But the misconduct of his soldiers defeated the main object of the expedition, which was to conciliate the people of Canada. Reinforcements arrived, and the siege was kept up till May, when the opening of the river brought in a British fleet, and Quebec was effectually relieved. General Thomas, who had super- seded Arnold in the command, was obliged to raise the siege and retreat, leaving his baggage, artillery, stores, and a number of sick soldiers, whom Carleton treated with great humanity. The remaining incidents of the expedition are uninteresting. Tlie Americans were driven by the greatly superior force of the enemy, »o Montreal, which Arnold was compelled to quit on the 15lh of June, ao^ -etire to Crown Point. In the succeeding campaign, Carleton being determined to take Ticonderoga and Crown Point, first obtained possession of Lake Champlain, which was bravely but inefTectualiy defended by Arnold w ith a flotilla greatly inferior to that of the British. The action took place in October, 1770, and the defeat of Arnold was succeeded by the fall of Crown Point, whicJi was taken by Carleton on the 15ih FAILURE OP THE EXPEDITION. 333 of October. The garrison retreated to Ticonderoga. This post, oc- cupied by Gates and Schuyler, with a resolute garrison, Carlcton did not think it prudent to attack ; but retired into winter quarters in Canada. It is not improbable that with more prudent management on the part of Arnold, Quebec might have been taken by surprise on his hrst descent. But the rashness of this officer was at least equal to his undoubted courage. The most unfortunate circumstance p.ttend- ing the disastrous expedition against Canada, was the loss of the hei )ic General Montgomery, one of the best and bravest officers in lh( American army. His full was universally lamented. 5^ '.^Sfc*< ■■■' ■■' h ' ''*^ M^tintlENT TO aSNBRAL MONTOOMaRT, AT ST. PAULS OBOT MXW TORK. B ATTLS 'ROUND OF TRBMTON. CHAPTER XXTX. CAMPAIGN OF ITTtJ. HE object of Washington in procepd- ing to New York, after the siege of Boston was closed, was to anticipate the arrival of the British, as he was satisfied that the intended direction of the invading force was against that colony. This was the more dreaded, as the feeling in favour of the royal rausc was there very strong, especially in the city ; while Captain Parker still commanded the harbour, and Queen's County in Long Island had refused to send deputies to the provincial convention. The Congress had ordered a party of troops to enter that district, and seize the arms of all the royalists ; but this injunction was after- wards withdrawn, a step much disapproved by Washington. He hesitated not to sanction the proposal of General Charles Lee, one of 'he most enterprising of the provincial leaders, who hastily raised « DEFENCE OF FORT MOULTUIR. 3.^.> h'dy of tronps in Connecticut, nflvanccd by forced marches upon N 'W York, and disregarding the remonstrances of the inhabitants, occupied the city, and began to erect fortifications on its different sides. After the evacuation of Boston, the commander-in-chief, as we have alrcndy stated, left it defended by a comparatively smal. force under Ward, and proceeded with the main army to New York, where he arrived on the l!Uh of April. As some months would still elapse before the British could assemble their troops and open the general campaign, they determined to send an expedition immediately against the southern states, where the rlimate would oppose no obstacle, and a decisive blow might be struck with a smaller arnty. Bntta censures this course as weaken- ing their force by division. Hud he, however, perused the official despatches, he would have seen that concentration formed the ori- ginal plan of the campaign, and that this enterprise was merely to fill up the interval till the whole should be mustered. A chimerical hope was even cherished, that Clinton, the commander, might pursue a victorious career northwards, till he should join Howe at New York ; at all events, he was instructed to be there before the opening of 'he campaign. After touching at New York, he joined Governor Martin, near Cape Fear ; but the main force was to consist of seven regiments conveyed from England by Sir Peter Parker and Lord Gornwallis. Various contingencies delayed its arrival till the begin- ning of May ; and June came before the expedition reached Charles- ton, its destination. Its movements, and an intercepted letter, had by that time betrayed the design. The most active preparations were made, the principal inhabitants labouring in concert with the lower classes, aided by a numerous body of slaves. The defences were greatly strengthened, and a new fort, named in honour of its com- mander, Moultrie, erected on Sullivan's Island, separated by a nar- row creek from a larger one named Long Island, commari^ed the entrance. Between five and six thousand men were assembled, nearly half of them regulars, and the chief command was taken by General Lee, who seemed to court every post of danger. The expedition arrived on the 4th June, and the troops were landed on Long Island ; yet from various obstacles, the attack was not made till the 28th. The fleet comprised two ships of fifty guns, and six bearing from twenty to thirty ; but three of the latter, through the unskilfulness of the pilot, were entangled in the shoals, and could not be brought into action. The others, stationed before the fort, 22 836 CAMPAIGN OF 1776. IIR FBTXR FARKBB. operipd a tremendous fire, which was kept rp with the greatesJ energy and spirit. The defenders maintained their post with equal firmness ; and the walls, though low, were composed of a firm spongy palmetto wood, in which the balls sunk without shattering them. The garrison returned a cool, steady, and remarkably well directed fire, which did terrible execution ; the ships were rendered almost unmanageable, several of the chief officers fell, and the c niodore was at one time left alone on his own deck. Clinton, fri... the land-side, did not co-operate, having unexpectedly found the creek impassable. He offered, by conveying over two battalions, to efl'ect a diversion in favour of the naval commander ; but the latter, he complains, returned no answer, being too confident, and ambitious of doing the whole himself. The fleet finally moved oflT in i mosf shattered state, having lost about two hundred men, {""."luding Lord William Campbell and other officers of rank ; while the Americans had thirty-five killed and wounded. The whole affair was most for- tunate, adding another to the series of successes gained by the Ameri- cans, and inspiring them with fresh courage. During the course of this winter, a momentous design was in active progress, which had a veiy important issue. Several Itidinjj PUBLIC FEELINQ. 837 SBFafOB OF 70BT M O U L T B I B. men, particularly in New England, had, from the beginning, extended their views to the entire dissolution of their connection with Britain. Overpowered, however, by a majority of their own number, and by the force of public opinion, they did not openly acknowledge theii designs, but watched the train of events. Down to 1775, the great body of the people seem to have entertained no wish, or even idea, of final separation; though in the course of that year some partial movements began in its favour. In May, a convention in Mecklen- burg county. North Carolina, declared for it, but the example was nowhere followed, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Virginia, and other royal colonies, being left without a government, authority was given to the people to establish one for themselves, limited to the continuance of the dispute with the mother country. Towards the close of the year, detached parties everywhere began openly to pro- nounce for independence ; yet the general feeling was still strong against it. This sentiment was forcibly expressed by the Assemblies of New York and New Jersey, the latter declaring " their detestation of that horrid measure." Dr. Franklin, though not openly professing it, circulated articles of union and confederation ; but they were coldly received, and not even sanctioned b}^ Congress. In spring, 1776, news was received that the petition of the Congress had been rejected ; that they had been declared rebels; that large armies were preparing to subdue them, and that their whole commerce was utterly prohibited. Thenceforth a large majority of the leading men 4? ar 338 CAMPAIGN OF 1776. formed the determined purpose of asserting independence. The Union, it appeared to them, could never be then restored on any- footing, but that of complete subjugation. GENERAL desire, accordingly, was now felt to carry out this measure in a decided form, before the expected military force, or the conciliatory commission, should arrive from Great Britain. The press was most actively employed in urging the measure, through gazettes, newspapers, and pamphlets. The essay named Common Sense, by Thomas Paine, from its rough and homely shrewdness, produced a very powerful effect. As a preparative, Congress authorized the imme- diate suppression of royal jurisdiction in all the colonies, and the formation of governments emanating from the people; while they met the prohibition against their trade by throwing it open to the whole world, except Britain. On the 22d April, the convention of North Carolina empowered their delegates to concur with the others in the establishment of in- dependence. That of Virginia went farther, instructing theirs to propose it. Boston was now somewhat less forward, merely inti- mating, if Congress should think it necessary, their willing concur- rence. Thus supported, Mr. Lee, a Virginia delegate, on the 7th June, 1776, submitted a resolution for dissolving all connection with Great Britain, and constituting the united colonies free and inde- pendent states. It was warmly debated from the 8th to the 10th, when it was carried, by a majority of one. As this was not a foot- ing on which so mighty a change could be placed, the final decision was postponed till the 1st July ; and during the interval, every pos- sible engine wfis brought to act upon the dissentient colonies. The smaller states were threatened with exclusion from all the benefits and protection which might be derived from the proposed union. As the Assemblies of Pennsylvania and Maryland still refused theircon- currence, conventions of the people were called, where majorities were at length obtained. Thus, on the 4th July, votes from all the colonies were procured in favour of the measure. The Declaration of Independence, which had already been care- fully prepared, was forthwith emitted. In this instrument Congress solemnly published and declared, that "these United Colonies are, «nd of right ought to be, free and independent states," and en STATE OP THE AMERICAN ARMY. 339 titled, as such, to carry on war, make peace, form alliances, regulate commerc", and discharge all other sovereign functions. This mo mentous deed was signed on the 2d Augustj 1776, by all the mem- bers then present. l,_0 I N the decisive posture which ')ri(' afTairs had now assumed, Washington was actively endeavouring to organize the means of maintaining the contest. His most urgent repre- sentations to Congress upon the ne- cessity of forming a permanent army had been disregarded; and he founa himself at the head of a motley group, in which soldiers, enlisted only for a year half elapsed, were mixed with militia whose services were to be still mere temporary. In these circumstances, the restraints of discipline extended little beyond the general orders. In general, however, the soldiers were williag to fight, and had shown themselves capable both of forming and defending intrenchments. Washington made it a rule never to spare the spade ; many were well skilled in the desultory use of the rifle, yet ill fitted for a field campaign with a large body of regular troops. Even of these inefl^ective soldiers there were, at the begin- ning of July, 1776, only seventeen thousand; and though they were raised in a few weeks to twenty-seven thousand, it was mostly by militia, numbers of whom were soon on the sick-list. Meantime, General Howe was engaged in conveying his anny to .he scene of action. The abrupt departure from Boston had consi- derably deranged his plans, as all the supplies were directed toward that city, and some thus fell into the hands of the Americans. In June, however, the armament set sail ; and he himself landed at Sandy Hook. He preferred, however, to land the troops on Staten, an island south of Long Island, much smaller, and separated by a narrow channel. On the 3d of July, he disembarked there without opposition, being greeted with warm assurances of welcome and sup- port from the adjacent territories. On the 12th, he was joined by his brother, Lord Howo, who had been appointed commander of the fleet, and also joint commissioner to treat of pacification ; while the «hips, with the iar'^e reinforcements from Britain, began arriving in fcli 840 CAMPAIGN OF 177G. rSDIPBNDBNOB HALL, PHILADBLPHIA, WHEBB THB DBOLiHiTIOH OF I^'DBPa^lDaNOB was sioned. successive detachments. As operations were delayed till tHe whole were assembled, his lordship circulated a proclamalion, offering full pardon to all who should return to their duty, and to any port or co- lony so acting, peace, protection, and free trade. No cc. ;ession being mentioned as to the original grounds of dispute, C )rgress con- sidered it so unsatisfactory that they studiously circulated it among the people. Lord Howe also attempted to open communications with Washington; but as he did not choose to address him in his letter under his title of general, his advances were politely declined. The British designs had been well concealed, and the American commander remained long in anxious doubt whether the inroad was not to be made on the side of Canada. Considering New York, however, as the most probable and dangerous point, he had been diligently strengthening all its approaches. Having determined also BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 341 LORD HOWB to make a stand for the defence of Long Island, he formed strong lines at Brooklyn, nearly opposite to the city, stationing the flower of his troops along a range of strongly fortified heights in front of tLe British quarters on Slaten Island. Howe, meantime, waited till his whole force was mustered, when he could follow up without inter- ruption any success he might obtain. About the middle of August, he had been joined by nearly all the reinforcements from Britain, and also by those from the south under Clinton and Cornwallis, which augmented his force to about thirty thousand men. He still, however, waited a few days on account of the intense heat, which, he dreaded, would injure the health of the troops. At length, on the 23d August, the British army crossed the chan- nel, and, covered by the guns of the fleet, landed on Long Island, taking post opposite to the range of heights occupied by the Ameri cans. Washington, in the immediate view of this grand contest issued repeated addresses, strenuously encouraging his men, and 84: CAMPAIGN OF 1776, GBMBRA.L BOWS. Becking to inspire confidence. Howe, on viewing Washing .on 'a position, considered it too strong to be carried in front, but formed a plan for turning it. Before day, on the 27th, General Grant, with the Hessian troops under De Heister, attacked the American right wing, which, being connected with Brooklyn, was considered the most important, and which the Americans directed all their efforts to re. nforce. These officers, in conjunction with the fleet, kept up a brisk and continued fire, tending to confirm this impression, yet avoiding to make any material advance. Meantime, during the night, a strong detachment of the English army, under Clinton and Cornwallis, made a wide circuit through a pass in the hills round the extreme American left. This had been insufficiently guarded by a mere party of observation, which was surprised and captured; 10 that Clinton reached ahnost unresisted the level plain behind the EFFORTS FOR PACIFICATIOX. 348 OBNEBAL SaLLIVAN. ptisition of the American army. About half-past eight, he appeau'd in their rear, while Grant and De Heister began pushing forward with their utmost vigour. No choice was then left but for the'whole American army to regain the intrenched camp at Brooklyn, in reach- ing which they fell into the utmost confusion, and were pursued on both flanks with dreadful slaughter. Lord Stirling attempted to cover the retreat by an attack with a chosen corps upon Lord Corn- wallis, but was surrounded and taken prisoner with all his detach- ment. The entire loss is slated by Howe at upwards of three thousand, inrhniiiig eleven hundred prisoners, among whom was General Sullivun. That of the British was only three hundred and sixty-seven killed, wounded, and taken. On the 29lh, Washington with great activity conveyed over during the night the whole army, with most of its artillery, in safety to New York, The British commissioners, who showed an anxious desire foi pa- cification, chose this occasion lO send Sullivan, the captured general, to Congress, stating that tney could not indeed as yet acknowledge its political character, but inviting some of its members to a confe- rence. A deputation was sent, consisting of Adams, Franklin, and Hutledge — strenuous votaries of independence. Lord Howe re 844 CAMPAIGN OF 1776. THK RBI'BBAl' OF THE AMERICAN ARMY FROM LONO ISLAND. ceived them with great politeness; but his offers included merelj-, as usual, a general amnesty, and a promise to reconsider the ob- noxious acts; while they declared a treaty inadmissible on any basis, except that of the states being acknowledged independent. On these terms there could not be the least approximation betweea the two parties. General Howe now proceeded with measures for diiving the Americans out of New York, which, as usual, he sought to effect rather by circuitous mancEuvre than by direct assault. He prepared expeditions to ascend the opposite branches of the Hudson, which enclose New York Island, and, by landing above the city, oblige the Americans either to evacuate or be completely shut up within it. Washington, viewing with alarm these movements, called a council of officers, and recommended the immediate withdrawal of the troops; but strong objections being expressed, it was determined rather to leave there five thousand men, while the main body occupied a strong post at Kingsbridge, connecting the northern point of the island with the continent. As the British operations advanced, the perils attending this detached position became evident, so that by general consent the evacuation was determined upon, and the utmosi BUITISH ENTER NEW YORK. 845 activity emplnyed in removing the artillery and stores. On the 15ih September, Clinton landed at Kipp's Bay, a position strongly forli- tied, and defended by eight regiments ; but, dispirited by lute disas- ters, they fled without attempting resistance, and Washington in vam strove to rally them. It was then necessary with the utmost haste to withdraw the troops, which was effected with the loss of only about three hundred prisoners; but they left behind them a large quantity of artillery, stores, and camp equipage, the want of which was most sensibly felt. The British army now entered on the peaceujle occupation of New York ; yet it was disturbed by a distressing occurrence. On the night of the 20ih or morning of the 21st September, a fire broke out, which continued to rage till a third of the city was consumed. Washington now took post on Haarlem Heights, a range which crossed the island, and had been so carefully fortified that Howe did not venture an attack. His plan was to oblige the Americans to relinquish the post by landing on the eastern shore, thus threaten- ing their rear and communication with New England. As a pre- liminary, three frigates were sent up the main stream of the Hud- son ; and notwithstanding the resistance made by Forts Washington and Lee, and by chevaux-de-frise sunk in the channel, they passed without injury. Before pushing into the interior, the British com- niaiider spent about three weeks, — seemingly a needless waste of time, — in fortifying New York. On the 12th October, having placed the flower of his army in flat-bottomed boats, he proceeded up the eastern channel, and through the pass of Hell-gate, to the point called Frog's Neck. Finding his advance here much obstructed, he re embarked and landed higher up at Pell's Point, whence he advanced upon New Rochelle. Washington, meantime, had called a council of war, which decided that the position on New York Island was no longer secure ; and the troops accordingly crossed at Kingsbridge, taking up a position extending thence eastward towards White Plains, which was fortified as well as time would admit. Howe, on Coming up and reconnoitring, determined to attack first a detached corps of sixteen hundred men, under General McDougall, who, aftei a sharp but short conflict, were dislodged ; but the general position was judged so strong as to make it advisable to wait for some rein- forcements. These arrived, and the attack was preparing ; when, during the night of the 31st, Washington retired to a range of teights five miles in his rear, which he had been employed in 846 CAMPAIGN OF 177*1. strengthening. To ihe cautious view of the British comnmniler thin post appeared so formidable that he determined to change the seat of war to New Jersey, a less defensible territory, whither his antago- nist would be obliged to follow him. As a preliminary, he resolved to attack Fort Washington, a strong post still held by the Americans on New York Island. He de- termined to attempt the place by storm ; and, on the ICth November, ♦.he British, in four divisions, advanced to the assault. In a few hours they had. carried all the ' jtvvorks, in which the chief strength consisted ; and Mugaw, the governor, felt himself obliged to capitulate The prisoners amounted to two thousand eight hundred and eighteen, rendering the loss nearly as heavy as at the battle on Long Island ; while the royal army had eight hundred killed and wounded. Corn- wallis immediately landed with a strong force oa the Jersey shore, when the Americans found it necessary, in great haste, to evacuate Fort Lee, opposite to Fort Washington. The garrison was saved, but the cannon, tents, and stores were loft behind. The American army was now pursued through New Jersey, a level country, which afforded no defensible position, and the time was not allowed to fortify any. After a retreat of three weeks, W^ashing* ton only secured himself by crossing to the opposite side of the Dela- ware. The critical period was again approaching, when the terms for which the troops had been enlisted would expire. Exhausted and dispirited, they eagerly availed themselves of the liberty thus afforded. He had been urging in the strongest terms upon Con- gress the ruinous nature of the temporary system hitherto pur- sued, warning them that, without a permanent and well-organized army, the cause was lost. Seconded by the disastrous state of affairs, he had been empowered to raise first eighty-eight, and then sixteen more regular lattalions ; to give higher bounties and pay ; and to act in other respects for six months as a military dictator. The men, however, were not yet raised, and present circumstances were little calculated to invite them into the service. In crossinjr the Delaware, he had with him only three thousand, independent of a detachment left at White Plains under General Lee. That officer, while re- luctantly obeying the order to join the main force, and suspected to be meditating some schemes of his own, was surprised and made prisoner, — an event which threw additional gioom over the Ameri* ran prospects. The course seemed now open before Howe to cross the Delaware UENKRAL LEE TAKEX PRISON'ER. 343 •IISAL LSX 8 HIAD-QU&BTIR3 AT BASSIMRIDOB. With the utmost possible expedition, and advance on Philadelphia. V/ashington entertained no doubt of this being his opponent's inten- tion ; and, though its accomplishment " would wound the heart of every virtuous American," declares himself wholly without the means of preventing it. The campaign, thus far, had been a series of great and almost un- interrupted misfortunes. Still, though the American cause seemed reduced to the lowest ebb. Congress remained firm, announcing to their countrymen and to the powers of Europe a determination to adhere immutably lo the Declaration of Independence. Wash ington fell the weight of the evils that pressed upon the cause ; yet, with a bold and firm spirit, he watched every opportunity of retrieving it. He had collected about five or six thousand men, and prevailed upon some, whose service had expired, to remain for other six weeks. The English army, covering the Jer- seys, was ranged along the Delaware from Trenton to Burlington, on 'vhich line there was reason to believe that no very strict watch no .Id be kept. Washington determined on the bold plan of crossing 'le Delaware, and attacking the enemy in his own camp. Thf 2Q s^. "^ ^^v ^^^ -^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // A % 1.0 I.I 1.25 l^|28 |2.5 1-4 IIIIII.6 6> ^ V] /i V '^ A M 'w 7 \ 'b \\ -^ O^ \j V !nTux:n' 09 qif. u«ac»» ax L^xnmt, snj. oamrxHT, PBti.Ai>itJ-iii*. 2at VAtBIVOTOtlS HB A D-QU A BT ■ RS 4T BRANDTWIHI. CHAPTER XXX. CAMPAIGN OF 1777, AND CONCLUSION OP THE TREATY WITH FRANCE. |PON the approach of the British towards Phi- ladelphia, (December 12, 1776,) Congress had removed its sittings from that place to Balti- more. Washington's successes in New Jersey brought it back to Philadelphia in February, 1777. On the 27th of December, 1776, Con- gress conferred upon Washington powers for raising forces and conducting the war, which were nearly dictatorial. Meantime, the British ministry, under the direction of Lord North, maintained their determination to enforce the unconditional submis- sion of the colonies, while the opposition party in parliament were earnestly endeavouring to procure the adoption of conciliatory mea- sures. With the majority of the British nation the war was popular; and no difficulty was found in obtaining from parliament the requisite Buppiies of men and money for carrying on the new cvmpaign w>tk ngour. 8M SUPPLIES FROM FRANCE. fS& BeFore the opening of the campaign, Washington's whole force had been reduced to fifleen hundred men. Early in the year, how* ever, fifteen hundred of the new troops would have been upon their march from Massachusetts; but the general court cuuld not supply them with nrms. This perplexity vras of but a short continuance. A vessel arrived at Portsmouth, from France, with 11,987 stand of arms, 1000 barrels of powder, 1 1,000 gun-flints, and other munitions oi war. Congress had been under a similar embarrassment with the Massachusetts general court, as to the procuring of sullies for Washington's army ; but they obtained similar relief by the arrival of 10,000 stand of arms in another part of the United States. Before the royal army took the field for the ensuing campaign, wo enterprises were resolved upon for the destruction of the Ameri- can stores, deposited at Peekskill, on the North Ri.er, and at Dan- bury, in Connecticut. For this purpose, a detachment of five hundred men, under Colijnel Bird, was convoyed up the Hudson to Peekskill, liy ihe Brune frigate. General McDougall, who commanded the post, having a weak garrison, fired the principal store-houses, and re- peated to a pass through the highlands, three miles distant. Bird de- stroyed the greater part of the stores, and re-embarked on the same day. In April, Governor Tryon, with a detachment of two thousand men, passed through the Sound, under a naval convoy; and landing between Fairfield and Norwalk, advanced to Danbury, on the after- noon of the 26th, the American troops having retired with a part of the stores and provisions. The enemy, on their arrival, began burn- ing and destroying the remainder, together with eighteen houses and their contents. On the approach of the British armament, the country was alarmed : and, early the next morning, General Sullivan, with about five hun- dred men, pursued the enemy, who had twenty-thrpe miles to march. He was joined by Generals Arnold and Woostev, with about two hundred militia ; and when the royal troops quitted Danbury on the 27th, the Americans marched after them. General Wooster was mortally wounded ; and the Americans lost about twenty killed and forty wounded. Governor Tryon lost about four hundred men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. On the 13th of April, General Cornwallis surprised the post at Roundbrook, and General Lincoln, who commanded the American force there, narrowly escaf^cd capture, with the loss of sixty killed, 28 8M CAMPAIGN OF 1777. OBNIHAL WOOSTIR. irouiided, and prisoners. The British destroyed the stores auA evacuated the place. This was retaliated by a similar inroad on Sagg Harbour, made by Colonel Meigs, who destroyed a large amount of shipping, and captured ninety prisoners, without the loss of a man. On the 10th of July, Colonel Barton surprised and cap- tured General Prescott, at his quarters in Rhode Island, which was then held by the British. Prescott was soon after exchanged for General Charles Lee. While these desultory operations were going on, Washington was actively raising and organizing troops. Levies, however, went on very slowly, through the discouraging state of the cause and the rigour of the season ; so that, at the opening of the campaign, he had not mustered quite eight thousand men. These, however, were in an improved state of discipline, bearing somewhat the aspect and character of a regular army ; and during the winter months, he had strongly intrenched them in a position covering the route to Phila- delphia. Howe considered it inexpedient to open the campaign till the middle of June. He then assumed a position in front of the American army, which he maintained six days ; but, after having carefully reconnoitred their camp, considered it too strong for attack, BATTLE OF DRANDYTHNB. 85T find Fell back to his original ntation. His next manoeuvre was to rommence an apparently precipitate retreat, by which Washington was so far deceived, that he engaged in a hasty pursuit, when tha royal troops, as soon as the enemy were close upon them, wheeled round and made a brisk attack. Lord Comwailis pursued a detncb* ment under Lord Stirling to a considerable distance ; but the Ameri- can general, on seeing his error, exerted such activity in withdrawing his detachments, that they regained their intrenched position without very serious loss. The British commander, having thus failed in his attempts to bring the Americans to action, conceived it impossible, in their face, to attempt the passage of so broad a river as the Delaware. There appeared no alternative but to embark his army, and, by a great cir- cuit, land them at the head of the Chesapeake. The British Atrce embarked on the 6th July, and did not reach its destination till the 24th August, when it was landed without opposition. Washington had been carefully watching its movements, and re- cruiting his own force, which he had raised to fourteen thousand — not the most numerous, but the most efficient of any he had hitherto '"f^mmanded. He determined, therefore, to risk a battle in defence of Philadelphia, though conscious that its issue must be very doubt- ful ; but otherwise the expectations of the country would be disap- pointed, and a discouragement ensue worse than defeat. The only considerable river on the route was the Brandywine, along whose high banks he drew up his army, erecting batteries and intrench- ments for the defence of the principal fords. Howe's advance to this point was obstructed only by skirmishes with his advanced guard; yet he did not reach it till the 11th September. Deter- mining then upon an attack, he made his arrangements with skill and judgment. Knyphausen, with the Hessians, attacked the Ameri- can front, driving them across the river, with apparently vigorous attempts to follow, yet avoiding any actual advance. Meantime, a strong division under Comwailis, accompanied by Howe himself, made a circuit of seventeen miles to pass by the upper fords. Wash- ington had received some intimation of this movement, but, distracted by opposite reports, did not sufficiently provide against it. Com- wailis reached the right of the American army before it had time to form, and, by a vigorous attack, he completely broke and drove them before him. Knyphausen, as soon as he heard this firing, pushed forward with his whole force, when the American ceatre, already r.8 CAMPAIQM OF 1 I I <. ^1 ^^T ^^I^^^^^P^^B l'Hi^ ri Ln. 1 7^ tt^ '4 2' f ' r K -i ^ aMSni'i J""""'"^ -1 ' • ^ ^'%^ ' \i . ■ k->- 2" "'A '-"r'S^^IM BATTLB or BBAVDTwma. ■larined by the disaster of its right, p;nve wny at every point. A At, •ome vain attempts by Greene to cover the retreat, the whole army retreated, losing nine hundred killed and wounded, and four hundred prisoners. The American general soon re-assembled his defeated army, anrf though slowly retreating, did not give up all hopes of saving Phila- delphia. He was even about again to engage the enemy, when a violent storm, continued during a whole day and night, preventsd the conflict and rendered his ammunition useless. Still it was only by skilful manoeuvres that his opponent succeeded in entering the capital, and obliging him to retreat beyond it. Congress, who had returned thither, removed first to Lancaster and then to Yorktown. Thus established in Philadelphia, Howe pushed forward the main budy of his force to Germantown. A large part, however, was employed in reducing a chain of forts and batteries, which the Ameri- cans had erected on the Lower Delaware, interrupting the direct communication with the sea, where Admiral Lord Howe, after land- ing the troops at the head of the Chesapeake, had brought round the fleet. Washington, having received some reinforcements, determined to take advantage of this divided state of the army by a sudden attack on the portion stationed at Germantown. At seven o'clock in the evening of the 3d October, his troops advanced in four divisions, end, having marched fourteen miles, at daybreak took the British completely by surprise. For some time he carried all before him ; but he was arrested by a large stone building, the residence of Mr. I 'hew, obstinately defended ty sx companies, ly which he wai i ^ ) '■• '1'! Ui> 'u V . V uV \ \ .«.;«. j-i.it u iir; n.»; ( >. -lung ■ T"' -'.'•■•.■pr, idterr'.'; . '« • -.il Lord n 1-^ '•. :'J-,:.-,. ■ : .'. ■ <' 'U: 'V(? ;.i.'/L't" ,nU''i"if'r''i ;.•."■ f'vr '/''''.• -i-Pii i-".i.=.7. t»i day!' V kV (H'l't dell full of £ this com firai T of t\ unde lossc It wa but ^ comp out w Theli north, from j expres Upon ) days' ( H'ashii BATTLE OP QERMANTOWX. 869 BATTLS OF OIBMAHTOWH. delayed, having stopped to reduce it. On the opposing force being fully drawn forth, he was obliged to retire with the loss of upwards of a thousand in killed, wounded, and prisoners. Notwithstanding this unfortunate issue, a favourable impression of his resources was conveyed by his resuming the offensive so soon after the defeat at Rrandywine. The British troops were now employed in reducing the defences of the Delaware. In attacking the fort of Red Bank, a detachment under Count Donop, a gallant German officer, was repulsed with the loss of about four hundred men, and the commander mortally wounded. It was afterwards relinquished on the approach of a superior force ; but November had nearly closed before the passage for the fleet was completely cleared. Howe then, on the 4th December, marched out with the view of again bringing the American general to battle. The latter, having received four thousand additional troops from the north, had taken up a position at Wbitemarsh, about fourteen miles from Philadelphia, which he considered so strong that his letters express a desire of being there attacked ; but the English general, upon a careful survey, declined the engagement, and, after some days' skirmishing, fell back upon the capital. The attention of Washington was then anxiously directed to the choice of winter 860 OAMPAiaN o» 1777- BATTLI or BSD BASS quarters. * After much hesitation, he fixed upon Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill, a very wild and bare spot, but well fitted for straitening the English position, and overawing the inhabitants, many of whom were disaffected. The troops laboured under a scarcity of pro- visions, and still more of clothes and shoes ; so that their marches were marked by tracks of blood from their wounded feet. The country people were indisposed to supply goods, and set very little value oA the paper certificates oflered in return ; but Washington on one occasion only would agree to a compuUory requisition. The en- campment consisted of rude log-huts, erected by the soldiers, in one of which twelve were lodged. Their sufferings during the winter were most intense, and their endurance is highly creditable to their own fortitude, and the persuasive influence of their distinguished commander. Howe had now made two successful campaigns ; yet his reports to the home authorities, as to the prospects of conquering America, were by no means flattering. He occupied indeed New York and Philadelphia, with a certain territory round them ; but the American army was still unbroken, and the determination of Congress ns firm as ever. SIX two tnov barn cans been three Were who 'heir I HABCH OF GENERAL BURQOTNE. 861 wa.aax>aToiis bbao-qu abt k bs at vallxt vobos. We have already noticed that the American expedition against Canada had been signally disastrous. After being severely repu'sed at Quebec, they had, in the course of Decf .iber, 1776, been com- pelled entirely to evacuate the province. The plan was then formed to send from that country a strong British force, which, penetrating across the back settlements of New York, might form a junction with Howe, and second his operations. The scheme, which was owned by Lord Germaine, had a plausible appearance; yet it must be admitted that armies have rarely succeeded in finding their way to each other from opposite and distant quarters, with great and un- known obstacles intervening. The command was bestowed on Gene- ral Burgoyne; but his superseding Carleton, who had highly dis- tinguished himself in the defence of Canada, was by no means popular. About the middle of June, 1777, Burgoyne began his march, with six thousand seven hundred British and Germans, to which he added two hundred and fifty Canadians and four hundred Indians. His first movement was against Crown Point and Ticonderoga, considered the barriers of the Union on that frontier. These forts, which the Ameri- cans so fortunately acquired at the beginning of the contest, had been enlarged and strengthened, and were now garrisoned by above three thousand men. When, however, on the 5th July, the works were nearly invested. General St. Clair called a council of officers, who decided that the force, being mostly militia, was insufficient foi their defence. A retreat was therefore effected during the night, the >G2 CAMPAIGi^ OP 1777. baggage and stores being embarked upon Lake George. As soon as morning betrayed this movement, a vigorous pursuit was commenced, several detachments were cut cflT, and the flotilla on the lake de< stroyed ; while the American forces, greatly reduced ia numbers, retreated to Fort Edward, on the Hudson. g^ HIS triumphant opening filled the British with ex- ultation ; but they soon encountered great and un> foreseen obstacles. The country, wholly inter«ccied with creeks and marshes, required a constant aitcrna* tion of land and water conveyance, which the Ameri- cans rendered more difficult by felling large trees and laying them across the paths. It was necessary to construct forty bridges, one of them two miles in extent, while the balteaux had to be dragged from creek to creek by ten or twelve oxen. The interval between 30ih July and 15th August was thus spent in an advance of only eighteen miles. The inhabitants were animated with a strong spirit of independence, and eminently fitted for desultory war- fare. The "Green mountain boys," who roamed and hunted over that lofty branch of the Alleghany, poured down in large bodies, and with rifles all but unerring, proved as formidable in this wild region as the best trained regulars. The Indians did not yield services equal to the odium which their employment excited. This, how- ever, was lost sight of; and though Burgoyne used the utmost efllbrts to tame their savage spirit, it often broke out with violence. Two of them were employed to escort Miss Macrea, a young lady of great personal beauty, to the camp, where she was to be married to an officer. On the way they quarrelled about the expected re- ward ; when one of them, roused to fury, and resolved at all events to disappoint his rival, struck her dead with his tomahawk. This tragical event excited a strong sensation throughout the region, wholly to the disadvantage of the British cause. Burgoyne being now hard pressed for provisions and means of transport, and learning that there was a large supply at Bennington in Vermont, sent thither Colonel Baum, with six hundred Germans. The independents, however, mustered in unexpected numbers and were reinforced by General Stark, who was leading a corps from New Hampshire to aid the northern army. Baum was mortally wounded, and his party totally dispersed. As he had given notice of the threatened res.'stance. Colonel Breyman, with five hundred meu, was sent to his aid, but did not arrive till all was over. Ha BATTLE OF BKNNIXQTON. 3G3 UUKDXB OP UI8S UAORBA A-as himself briskly attacked ; and, though at first he maintained nis ground, was at length obliged to retreat with the loss of twc cannon. Burgoyne heard also of the fate of an expedition of one thousand men under Colonel St. Leger, destined to cross Lake Ontario, capture Fort Stanwix, and, ascending the Mohawk, re- inforce the principal corps. Here again the error of divided move ments and proposed meeting from distant quarters had been repeated That officer found the place more strongly defended than he ex- pected ; the Indians, who composed nearly half his force, were seized with a panic ; and he was obliged to fall back, abandoning even his stores. Burgoyne now felt the difficulties of his situation daily thickening around him. General Schuyler, after successfully commencing the campaign, had been superseded, and General Gates had been sent t'» take the command of the Americans, bringing a body of regulars, who, with the numerous volunteers and militia, now formed an army 864 OAHPAION OF 1777, BATTLE OF BZNNINaTON of thirteen thousand men, with habits eminently fitted for this desul- tory warfare. Considerations purely military would have dictated a return into Canada, while yet possible ; but the English general had to consider the dishonour of the British arms by a retreat before this undisciplined foe ; the strict injunctions laid upon him to advance on Albany, where he was taught to expect that Howe would be waiting for his junction, while otherwise Gates might wheel round, and augment the force acting against that commander. He had therefore strong motives for his determination to advance at whatever cost. It was necessary, however, to give up his communication with Ticonderoga and the lakes, having no force adequate to maintain the necessary chain of posts. Resolving to push forward and cut his way through the American troops to Albany, he led his army briskly, in several columns, along the roads leading thither, disposing them so as to cov^r his artillery and baggage. Gates determined upon re- UAriLB OP STILLWATER. 363 OBMBBAL aOBOTI.]IB. sisting this movement by a general attack. He commenced it at Stillwater, about noon of the 19th September, and maintained the contest very obstinately till dusk, when the Americans retired within their lines. The energy with which they had maintained their ground, and the loss of six hundred men sustained by the already reduced British force, gave this affair the character of a triumph; while it heightened the gloom which surrounded Burgoyne, who now determined to pause, and fortify himself in his present position. On the 3d October, fifteen hundred men, sent out to forage and recon- noitre, rashly advanced to Bemis's Heights, within half a mile of the American intrenchnients, when the daring Arnold instantly sallied out, attacked, and drove them back to their camp. The whole Ame- rican army then followed and commenced a most furious assault on the lines. From the British quarter they were repulsed ; but the German intrenchments were carried, two hundred prisoners taken, and Breyman with several leading officers killed or wounded. After this disaster Burgoyne was compelled to fall back upon Saratoga. Burgoyne had been impelled forward by the belief that Howe witl 2h2 CAMPAIGN OF 1777. AaNOLO AT B>UI3 H it I r» •< ' s his whole army was waiting for him on the Hudson, an.i probably at Albany ; and having been kept ignorant of that commander's total change of destination, while his attempts at communicatinn were in- terrupted by the Americans, he remained still in the dark on this subject. A letter from him, however, reached New York, whero Clinton had been left with a force barely sufficient to maintain tW position, and without any instructions to co-operate with Burgoyne, so that the intelligence from that general, though so fully to be ex- pected, Feems to have fallen upon him like a thunderbolt. Being an energp'.ic and active officer, he assembled three thousand men, and be^an a brisk movement up the Hudson. Meantime, the forts of Clinton and Montgomery, which, on opposite banks, defended the navigation, were carried, sixty-seven cannon taken, two frigates and two galleys burned, by detachments sent up the river by General Clinton. Tryon destroyed barracks fitted to accommodate fifteen hundred men; and Vaughan incurred well-merited reproach by reducing to a.5het the town of Esopus. Though General Gates SUUTENDER OF JENEllAL BURQOTXR. nc.T BnRaOTNX's RKTHSiLT DP TBS BaDSOl observed these movements, he wisely forbore to weaken his army by detachments against this corps, which failed in every attempt even to open a communication with the northern army. Burgoyne now felt that his affairs had reached a fatal crisis. The Americans held and strongly guarded all the posts in the rear, and liiid destroyed the flotilla on Lake George ; while in front they had an army superior to his own in number, and in such warfare not much less efficient. A movement in either direction must therefore be followed by a series of incessant and harassing attacks, destroying his army in detail. A council of war was called, and the ronclusion formed, that no option was left but the deeply mortifying one oi opening a negotiation for surrender. General Gates's first demand was, that the whole force should ground their arms and be- come prisoners of war ; but Burgoyne, with all his officers, agreed in the determination to brave every extremity rather than submit to such terms. Gates, feeling the importance of time, agreed, after some discussion, to grant the honours of war, and a free passage tc Britain, on condition of their not serving again in North Amcriru 8t'8 OAMPAIQN • OBBaWDBB Oy BT7BaOTNB dunng the present contest. These conditions, so far as related tc him, were honourably, and even courteously, fulfilled ; but Congress sought a pretext for evading the contract to convey the t'oops to Bri- tain. The general warned them, that none could be found in their own observance of the convention, which had been strictly honour- able. Burgoyne, however, when complaining of the treatment which his men experienced at Boston, used the rash expression, that he considered the convention 13 ihereby violated ; whence they inferred, that on returning home, he would represent his government as ab- solved from the engagement against their serving in America. They demanded lists of the men's names, which was perfectly rea- sonable, but was considered by Burgoyne as an impeachment on British honour. In short, they determined not to fulfil the con ^liMJlJ-l t)'.nijn;<.i< ti —— M<#«m(i(e{,??':: vpntior approv New while { The op whole most wi men ha Lord G( thing d( sent, an( were en former oi hope to 1 himself 1 a cessati( named ir result of of Febru considera warJike s] tf DEBATES IN PARLIAMENT. SAP fi^^ia^^i OGNBRAL BOBOOTWa. vcntion, — a course which Washington is paid to have decidedly dis- approved. News of Burgoyne's defeat arrived in England, November, 1T77. while parliamen' were sitting; and the effect may be easily conceived. The opposition, justifying the conduct of the commanders, threw the whole blame upon minis'ers. Chatham declared the expedition a most wild, uncornbined, mad project ; and Fox said that ten thousand men had been destroyed by the wilful ignorance and incapacity of Lord Germaine. Ministers, on the other hand, contended that everj thing depending upon them had been done; large armies had been sent, and most amply supplied ; and, before being condemned, they were entitled at least to a full inquiry. Lord North protested, as on former occasions, his willingness to lay down office if he could thereby hope to restore peace ; but seeing no prospect of this, he considered himself bound to remain at the helm. Lord Chatham had moved for a cessation of hostilities, which was negatived ; but committees were named in each house for an inquiry into the state of the nation, the result of which was to be taken into consideration in the beginning of February, 1778. Ministers proposed and carried, though with considerable opposition, an adjournment till the 20th January. The warlike spirit of the nation had been gradually subsiding in conf •■ 870 CAMPAIGN OF 1777. LOBD SORT H. quence of the lengthened contest, and the little prospect of any den sive success ; so that the first accounts of Burgoyne's catastrophe pro duced deep despondence, and a general call for peace. In the course of the recess, however, a very decided reaction took place, excited mainly, we imagine, by the prevailing belief, that France was about to join America ; for David Hartley warned his friend Dr. Franklin, that the English would "fight for a straw with their last shilling and their last man," rather than be dictated to by that power. Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, came forward to supply regiments ; six battalions were raised in the Scottish High- lands ; eleven companies in Wales. The voluntary levies thus effected before the meeting of parliament, amounted to fifteen thou- sand men. The opposition exclaimed against this raising of troops without consent or knowledge of parliament ; but ministers had little dread of this charge, and boasted of the result as decisively expressing the national opinion in their favour. Mr. Fox and the Duke of Richmond made motions that no troops should be sent out of the kingdom, which were negatived, but not by the usual large majori- ties : the former only by 259 to 165; the last by 01 to 34. DEBATES IN PARLIAMENT. 371 Soon after the meeting of parliament, however. Lord North brought forward a most extensive scheme of conciliation, embracing indeed every demand which had originally been made by the colonists. The right of taxation without their own consent was to be renounced ; the violated constitutions were to be restored ; every act since 1763 was to be abrogated, excepting such as were manifestly beneficial to the colonies. HIS proposal met with no serious opposition, though among the supporters of the war there w«re considerable murmurs at the re- nunciation of all its objects ; while among its opponents a serious schism was soon perceptible. A part, including Governor Pownall, maintained that every attempt to bring America again under sub- jection was now chimerical ; they were and must be an independent sovereign people ; the true policy was to treat with them as such, and endeavour to form a close federal and commercial alliance, which might snatch them out of the arms of France. Mr. Hartley, General Conway, and the Duke of Richmond, Uaned to the same opinion. But Chatham listened with the deepest indignation to the mention of severing from Britain that mighty em- pire which he had been the instrument of so widely extending. On the 7th April, he appeared in the House of Lords. "I rejoice," said he, "that the grave has not closed on me ; that I am still alive to lift up my voice against the dismemberment of this ancient and most noble monarchy. Shall this great kingdom, that has survived the Danish depredations, the Scottish inroads, and the Norman conquest ; that has stood the threatened invasion of the Spanish Armada, now fall prostrate before the house of Bourbon ?" If peace could not be pre- served with honour, why was not war commenced without hesita- tion ? He did not know what were the means of canying it on ; but nny state was better than despair. " Let us at least make one effort ; and if we must fall, let us fall like men." In the course of this de- bate, this great statesman was seized with d paroxysm of illness, which, in a few weeks, terminated his life and his splendid political career. Lord Shelburne also declared, that the moment Britain icknowledged the independence of America, her sun was set. There w htlle doubt, that the opposite course would even before this ha a 24 872 CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 8ILA8 OB&NB. been the wisest; yet it was one for which the British nation in general was by no means prepared. We must now look to the continent of Europe, where measures of the deepest importance had been secretly in agitation. Congress for some time declared that they had abstained from any attempt to seek support by foreign alliances, when they might have done so »v;th every prospect of success. France and Spain, it was well known, deeply humbled by the result of the war ended in 1763, and the extensive territories then wrested from them, were anxiously watching an opportunity to retrieve and avenge these losses. The latter power, indeed, might dread lest the same spirit should spread to her own settlements ; but France upon this head had much less to fear. In the spring of ITTO, all the leading men in the colonies, having fixed their minds upon independence, became disposed to avail themselves of the advantages of foreign treaties. Franklin in- deed states, as his first opinion, that America, "as a virgin state, should not go about suitoring alliances," but rather wait till she was courted ; but he was overruled, and ultimately became the most active agent. On the 29th November, 1775, a committee had been ap- pointed to open a correspondence with the friends of America in FRENCH AID. 373 Europe. The first person employed was Silas Deane, i member of L'onpress, w!io was instructed to visit Europe in the character of a n errhant, and endeavour to open private channels, by which the cabinets might aid America without openly committing themselves He arrived about the 1st July, 1776, and found the French court wdl disposed to favour his views. Turgot, a minister friendly to peace, had been replaced by Vergennes, who eagerly aspired to re- gain for France the ground lost in the late contest. A great dread, however, being felt lest the povver and perseverance of America should fail, and France be left alone to maintain an unequal contest, the minister intimated, that aid could not be openly given, but that no obstruction would be opposed to the shipment of warliite stores and supplies; if any occurred, it need only be stated, to be speedily re- nioved. In fact, Mr. Deane was informed that arrangements had already been made for transmitting by a circuitous route a liberal supply. Beaumarchais, a Frenchman, had gone to London, and sought out Arthur Leo, the secret agent of Congress, whom he in- formed that the court of France had resolved to assist the colonies with military stores to the value of £200,000. Thev were nol, however, to come direct from tlint high source, but from himself, under the fictitious firm of Roderique, Hortales, and Company, to be ostensibly established at Port St Francois in St. Domingo, whence the great bulk of the articles we/e to be furnished. Mr. Lee fully understood them to be delivered out of the French magazines, and that only a slight and formal return was expected. By this under- hand channel, twenty-five thousand muskets and other supplies were in the beginning of 1777 received in America, and were of the ut- most use to Washington in the equipment of the new army which he was then levying. In the end of that year, however. Congress were much surprised by the demand, from an agent of Beaumarchais, of payment for all the stores thus furnished. Several letters explaining the transaction had been intercepted ; and the mystery in which the whole was involved rendered it impossible for them to give an abso- lute refusal. Their commissioners, however, were instructed to seek in the most delicate manner an explanation from the French mmis- ters, intimating their belief that they had been indebted to his majesty alone for these valuable supplies. That court, however, on being repeatedly pressed by the British ambassador upon this subject, had not scrupled to deny having afforded any aid whatever to the colo- 'lies; so that a breach of its honour, that is, an exposure of its deceit, 47 ai 374 CAMPAIGN OF 1777. THOMAS PAIN1 was apprehended, in now making the statement. The minister therefore replied, that Beaumarchais had merely received these stores from his majesty's arsenals as a personal accommodation, and on con- dition of replacing them ; gravely adding, that he knew nothing of such a house as Roderique, Hortales, and Company. Some time after, a controversy having arisen with Mr. Deane, Thomas Paine, then secretary of the committee for foreign affairs, published a pamph- let, broadly stating that the stores had been supplied by the French government as a gift, and with an express intimation that no pay- ment was expected. Hereupon Gerard, the French ambassador, presented two memorials to Congress, calling upon them for an ex- plicit disavowal of these assertions. That body, according to Mr. Pitkin, could not possibly at this time quarrel with France on any ground, and therefore put forth the declaration demanded, though having, he admits, the strongest ground for believing it untrue. Paine, for his indiscretion, was obliged to resign his office ; and "* became impossible to escape from the engagement to pay m the course of three years the demands of Beaumarchais. Congress still hoped that the French ministry would in some way interpose to avert this burdensome obligation ; but they were disappointed ; and through this chain of circumstances they were under the hard necessity of paying a profligate adventurer for supplies which had in fact been freely furnished to them out of the French magazines. He even in- tercepted one of three millions of livres covertly presented to them by iheir ally ; but before the final settlement they learned this Iraud, and deducted it from the payment. ^RBNOH AID. Assoonaslhe DprU-o.- r, ^75 «f foreign ,ni,r.es. 0„ .he l,u,Jul" T* "°"°""°"''<'''j« •» prepare . plan, „hich wa, no h„ "^-"-"lee waa app„i„,„j ">e I7.h Sep,e„be,, when Dr plnll'T'"""' ""' '"<■'-''■> « ■ »e,e appointed commissioners ,!"'"•*•'• '^^"=. »"■) Mr. li from his «igh. of ,t.„:;™ ° P-- •» France. The ,„„i:^ •l-os. , he eniire direction. On reaoh' ' r'°'' •"'' ■">''-"• tad •»'. >™.he found .h, c.br„«Tv :"'"'•'""'""•'■" i^«m- «Po"se,hecauseof .heS,a,e" orev "T '"■''"'^'' "P'-y » Penlence. Friend,, profesrns" 1" 'T'""'""'?" 'kc' ind " pnvate .„„o„rs Proled , Z .herw^ ' "' ' "°""-"« "f •S.."S pr»=eedi„g f.„h„ ,,„ /, °™ "> "» "'den. de,ermina,io„ r-s. .he shock of ,he British rlt 'e l'"' ""f" ""^ "■"" »» »evere. The disas.ers of .he cal' , ' "" "' """'"■ "« •"" Congress upon .he subjec., ThevZ* '"""'''' "" '"^'"f " V-cnna. Spain, P,„ssia and ZZIT T""""™"' '" "'' '^""^ of '» declare open,, in ,h,i, f.' r/^' !"" ,'" """ '» -duce Pmnce -crce and fishery, ,„i even "he t *" ""''"''«" '" «»»- *nds as migh, fe cap,„,ed dnr ^1?"" "o""" ^"' '"««> '«es which impelled .o .hese „ ™t „ h' .^"' "' -">» ■«»- •■^ceprng .hem, and i, con.innedr Ik . "" """ '""'"<" "f "".paign of ,777, no.wi.hs.a„d,n! ".Im f '"'" "'' ""-»• ^te "Ted prospecs of making . peZnenr i"?' "" '"""'''-'f >» '•fc^ch arrived from America N T '""•"«'"« ""d even ,ep„„ yy in December, ofXmlmen^ ? '""'' P'"^' "" "■« arriv^r ^;:. "kich a. once Jl ^1":;: ^"^^ °f.B"rgo,ne-s surren' 0" "l" IM. M. Gerard in.ima.ed o ,1, "'"' "'' "■' «W»«- I'-e deliberaiion, ,he king had del ! "^""""i^'ioners .ha., after P;"dence of ,he UnLed^, es "T'T" '° -""-Wge .he inde- "71. .hereby involving i m s'e, /n '° '"'•'"' "■'"" -PP»'«. '"■"lily admined .hal he .h,, V "P'nsive war. I, „„ P-i.ion .owards .hem, b„.t .h' ' ""' """"' ''-" ' «™dly d" '^' 1"»J of Spain, referring';. ^Lt:,:™' " '"'" '" ''^ ""*• "'e enemy. During the S„, ''"' '°""°on and invere- "'»"i-3„pp|ie3„f ^:„t/;;;7 "'>"'-.'■« kad afforded to e -P "".brage, and woniT no do TbH °' ""t" ^"«''°^ >"' '"''■' ■--^W. Tbe.meriel:Lt-::-:~^^^^^ •J (I CAMPAIGN OF 1777. OONOLnslOB or the THVATT with FHANOa. not to be subdued, but Britain might succeed in her present attempts to form a close and friendly alliance with them, and thus turn her arms undivided against her continental enemies ; now, therefore, was the time to form such a connection fis might prevent any reunion between them and the mother-country. In pursuance of these views, there was concluded, on the 6th February, a treaty of commerce, accompanied by one of defensive alliance in the well-foreseen case of war being the result. The allies were to make common cause with the States, and to maintain their absolute independmre. Whatever conquests should be made on the continent were to be secured to them, but those in the WeiU Indies to the crown of France. coml rupJ goocj COUMODOHE JOHN PAUL JONBb CHAPTER XXXI. CAMPAIGN OP 1778. HE treaty between France and America, though soon generally known, was for some time stu- diously concealed from the British minister. On the 13lh March, however, the French am- bassador at London delivered a note referring to the United States as already in full possession of independence, whence his majesty had con- cluded with them a treaty of friendship and commerce, and would take effectual measures to prevent its inter- ruption. Professions were made of the king's anxiety to cultivate a good understanding with Britain, and his sincere disposition for peace of which it was ironically said that new proofs would be found in thi. 48 8ia 877 m CAMPAIQN OF 1778. communication. On the 17th, this document was laid before parlia- ment, with a message from the crown, stating that the British ambas- sador had in consequence been ordered to withdraw from Paris, and expressing trust in the zealous and affectionate support of the people for repelling this unprovoked aggression combined with insult. An address echoing the message was moved in both houses ; but the opposition rep'opched ministers with not having duly foreseen or prepared for tai emergency ; while a few repelled as now hopeless the idea of holrling America under any kind of dependence. It was carried, however, by majorities, in the Commons, of 263 to 113 ; in the Lords, of 68 to 25. The message for calling out the militia was sanctioned without a division. In Pennsylvania, meantime, the two armies continued viewing each other without any material warlike movement. The distress suffered by Washington at Valley Forge was extreme. Congress taking no efficient measures to supply the troops with clothes or even provisions. That body indeed showed a decided jealousy of thearmy,andby ill-treatment did its utmost to render their suspicions well founded. The officers had to complain, not only of irregularity in receiving their pay, but of obtaining no promise of half-pay at the end of the war; this last, however, through the remonstrances of Washington, was at length secured. That great man was farther harassed by a combination formed against himself and shared by Gates, whose friends contrasted his brilliant success against Bur- goyne with the tardy and in many cases unsuccessful movements of the commander-in-chief. Their representations made for some time a considerable impression upon Congress and even the public; but as the commander took no notice of this movement, and pursued the even and dignified tenor of his way, the cloud dispelled of itself. Although his force in spring was reduced very low, Howe did not venture to attack, but, according to the representations formerly made, considered himself strong enough only for partial and detached ex peditions, several of which were unctertaken with success. Not being, however, supplied with reinforcements sufficient for any im- portant enterprise, he felt his situation painful, and solicited his recall. The British ministers, who probably hoped that a more en- •erprising commander might achieve some decisive successes, granted it, and named Clinton his successor. His officers, however, mani- fested their opinion of his merits by a brilliant fete on the occasion ot his departure. OFl'liRS OP CONCILIATION. 879 UINBR&L OATBS, N /une, the British commis- sioners arrived with the new offers of conciliation. They consisted of Governor John- stone, Lord Carlisle, and Mr. Eden, gentlemen who had hitherto advo- ^ cated against ministers the cause of Ame- ^1 rica. The terms were more than had been originally asked, amounting in fact to every degree of independence com- patible with a union of force against foreign powers, all alliance with whom was expected to be renounced. Stnal'er concessions would once have saved the colonies for Great Britain ; but Congress and the leading men had now taken a position whence they felt wholly disinclined to recede. Their minds, in the course of the war, had become more and more embittered against 880 CAMPAIGN OP 1778. the movhei country, and open to the pride of independent natintiai existence, and of alliance with the great powers of Europe. They could not but doubt whether terms, so hardly wrung from an extreme necessity, would, in changed circumstances, be executed in their full extent; while they themselves would always be viewed as hostile, and removed as much as possible from power. They do not seem to have ever deliberated, merely appointing a conmiittee to prepare an answer. Its tenor was, that notwithstanding all their wrongs, they were willing to conclude a treaty of peace and commerce, pro- vided Britain shoula begin by an explicit acknowledgment of their independence, or by withdrawing her fleets and armies, hulignaiiun was expressed at the manner in which their great and good ally, the King of France, was mentioned, and a full determination intimated of adhering to the connection. The commissioners wrote an ex- planatory paper, endeavouring to prove that eveiy object of real im- portance was included in their offers ; but as no new concession was made, it was determined to return no answer. Governor Johnstone had written letters to several members of Congress, in which, besides public motives, private advantages were held out in case of their aiding the cause of reconciliation. The receivers laid them before Congress, who imn)ediately published them, with indignant com- ments, as attempts to gain the object by bribery. The commissioners, thus vehemently repulsed by Congress, de- termined to appeal to the particular slates and to the nation at large. A manifesto and proclamation were drawn up, fully explaining all the advantages now offered, including the removal of every grievance hitherto complained of; reminding the people tiiat to these overtures Congress had refused even to listen, and asking if they were pre- pared to carry on a ruinous war, with no object but to throw them- selves into the arms of a foreign power, so long their inveterate enemy. It was injudiciously added, that in such case warlike measures would be carried on with increased severity, so that if the country was to belong to France, its value might be diminished. Congress counteracted the effect of this paper by publishing it thenV' selves with a comment of their own. Clinton's first operation was to evacuate Philadelphia. Its positiou was deemed disadvantageous, being so far inland, at the head of a long and intricate bay, liable to be commanded by those large fleet! which France was expected to send. On the 18ih June, the British commander began his march, rendered veiy difficult by a great quantity tended n bridges, i these he Consulted of the er avoid a j upon his ] t'ftermina 'he attack, tfiem. U, this advan '■ear, sudd l-fgan a hi; ^Vhen Wa ^•ee, callin; partially efi iind Genen British, the to make ani of which c" '^s reache BATTLE OF MONMOUTH. 881 BATTLS OF UOMKOUTH. quantity of baggage and various encumbrances, whence his line ex- tended nearly twelve miles. The Americans had destroyed the bridges, and made arrangements for intercepting his progrtss ; bul these he evaded by a judicious change of route. Washington now consulted his general officers as to the best mode of taking advantage of the enemy's circumstances. Lee and several others advised U avoid a general battle, but to harass him by detachments thrown upon his flanks and rear. The general, having formed an opposite determination, sent forward five or six thousand men to commence 'he attack, while he remained a few miles behind, ready to support them. Unluckily Lee, by his seniority, was entitled to command this advanced guard; while Clinton, who had his best troops in the rear, suddenly A-heeled round, and attacked the Americans, who began a hasty retreat with the alleged concurrence of their leader. When Washington met them thus falling back, he bitterly reproached I.ee, calling upon him to rally and lead back his troops. This was partially effected, and when the rest of the force was brought up, and General Greene had placed himself on the left flank of the British, they became exposed to a severe cross-fire, and were unable to make any farther impression. "^I'he contest was closed by night, of which Clinton took advantage to continue his retreat, and in two ilays reached Sandy Hook, where he embarked without molestation. 882 CAMPAIGN OF 1778. COUHZ D XSTAISa. After the battle, some embittered correspondence passed between Washington and Lee, who was thereupon brought before a court- martial, charged with having made a disorderly retreat, and shown disrespect to his commander. He was found guilty, and suspendeo from all command for a year, and in fact never again joined the Brmy. No sooner had France operly declared in favour of the Statps, than she fitted out and sent to their aid a fleet of twelve sail of the line under Count D'Estaing ; while Britain despatched commodore Byron with one of equal strength. Both were delayed by contrary winds, and though the French admiral arrived first, he did not reath the Chesapeake till the British fleet and army had passed on the way to New York. Thither he followed, and reconnoitred the entrance of the harbour ; but Lord Howe, though with only half his force, made such judicious dispositions, that D'Estaing judged it imprudent to attack. He was next invited to assist in operations against Rhode Island, still held by a considerable English force. General Sullivan, on the land side, was reinforced by New England militia, and bj a detachment from the main army, under La Fayette, making in all ten thousand men. Howe hesitated not to approach ; ' I violent storm prevented the fleets from engaging, and allowed OPERATIONS AGAINST THE PRIVATEERS. 383 oui) a few conf.icts between single ships, in which the British had the advantage. D'Estaing complained that his squadron was thus 90 severely shattered as rendered it necessary to go and refit at Boston, which he did, without regard to the warmest remonstrances from Greene and La Fayette. Sullivan was thus left in a critical situation ; a force came hastily from New York, sufficient to over- whelm him, and he was considered to have great merit in effecting a precipitate retreat, with only the dispersion of a part of his army. Byron s'X)n after arrived, and reinforced Howe, when both fleets were placed under Admiral Gambler ; and the English became completely superior at sea. The American press raised loud mur- murs at the inefficient support afforded by their powerful ally, from whom so much had been expected. This was an additional trouble to Washington, who dreaded umbrage between the two nations, and made studied apologies to the French officers for the rash language of his countrymen. He did not attempt any farther offensive movements this campaign ; and Clinton took occasion to attack some of the principal privateering stations. On Acusknet river, in Buzzard's Bay, General Brey de- stroyed seventy sail of ships, and numerous storehouses ; and from the island of Martha's Vineyard a large supply of sheep and cattle was drawn. At a rendezvous, however, named Egg Point, the success was imperfect, a great part of the shipping having es- caped. On these occasions, plunder and outrage were practised to an unjustifiable extent against known privateers. The Americans, through the report of the French alliance, had obtained the evacua- tion of Philadelphia ; but in every other respect their hopes of this campaign had been greatly disappointed. Their pride, however. «as gratified by the arrival at Philadelphia of the French ambassa- dor, Gerard, a highly respected individual, by whose agency chiefly the treaty had been concluded. N the course of this summer, the western countiV had been the scene of most distressing events ; the tories were driven, by the rigorous laws enacted against them, to seek an asylum be- yond the limits of the colonies. There they found themselves among the Indians, a race always bitterly hostile to the white borderers, and easily excited to the most daring enter- prises. The toriss stimulated these allies to deeds of /nore than their "Tw»»!w"wnii mjinr^ 384 CAMPAIGN OF 1778. tlASaAORS A.T WTOMINQ wonted barbarity. Wyoming, a flourishing settlement on the Penn sylvania frontier, was suddenly assailed, the slender militia force which defended it overpowered, and the inhabitants exposed to all the horrors of Indian vengeance and massarre. From the lateness of the season, only a few partial attempts could be made to retaliate. Next spring, however, General Sullivan was despatched with four thousand men, and joined by General Clinton with another division from the Mohawk river. They entered the territory of the Indians, who, quite unable to resist so large a force, abandoned their homes and fled before them. The villages were then reduced to ashes, every trace of cultivation obliterated, and the region rendered as much as possible uninhabitable. This rigour is said to have been authorized by Washington, and justified on the ground that without interposing a desert between the states and this savage race, no security could be enjoyed on the frontier. During the summer of 1778, the Indians, who had become very troublesome on the borders of Virginia, received a severe check from Colonel George Rogers Clarke. With a body of Virginia militia this officer penetrated to the British settlements on the Mississipp-, captured the town of Kaskaskias, and made prisoner Colonel Hamil INDIAN INCURSIONS. 385 ooLONXi, osoRaa a. olarkb. Ion, the English commander of that quarter. This decisive measure put an end to Indian barbarities in that region. Similar incursions took place at the south. A body of refugees from Florida entered Georgia, and summoned Colonel Mcintosh, commaii ;ant of the fort at Sunbury, to surrender; but on receiving his answer to come and take him, they hastily retired. Another party from the same place, after laying waste a large tract jf country, and carrying off all the negroes, horses, cattle and plate, belonging to the planters, and burning the town of Midway, retired into Florida. General Robert Howe determined to retaliate these attacks, and marched against St. Augustine with two thousand troops, but sick- ness obliged him to retreat. The British commander-in-chief now concerted a plan for obtaining possession of Georgia, by invading it with two separate bodies of troops. For this purpose. Major-general Prevost was to march from St. Augustine, with his whole force, and invade the south, whilst Lieutenant-colonel Campbell, with two thousand five hundred men from New York, invested Savannah. On the 23d of December, the latter appeared in the river, and eflfected a landing, without much opposition. To defend the state, General Robert Howe had about 3S6 CAMPAIGN OF 1778. CAPTAIN BIODLX SIX hundred continental soldiers, and two hundred and fifty militia, and with this force he had taken a very advantageous position, sur^ rounded, except in front, by a swamp, river, and morass ; and the nature of the place was such, that had he been attacked in front, he could have easily defended himself. A negro, however, being aware of a small private path, through the morass, which led to the rearot the American army, conducted a detachment of light-infantry, under Sir James Baird, upon the rear, while an attack was made in front. Thus the Americans were completely entrapped. Although they fought desperately, upwards of one hundred were killed, and four hundred and fifty-three prisoners, forty-eight pieces of cannon, twenty-three mortars, the fort, the shipping in the river, and a large quantity of provisions, fell into the hands of the conquerors. The remainder of the American army retreated into South Carolina. Augusta and Sunbury fell into the hands of the British, who now had the command of all Georgia. After this time, all the attempts of the British at conque»t were NAVAL ENOAGEMENTS. BATTLX BXTWXKN TnS BANOBR AND DBAKX. directed from tbe southern towards the middle states ; and Clinton determined to commence the campaign of 1779, by an attempt to plant the royal standard in the fortresses of the Carolinas. Meanwhile the American navy, which was soon to dispute suc- cessfully with the mistress of the sea, had already begun to distin- guish itself. Vast numbers of British merchantmen and West India ships were captured by privateers. One of the most successful naval olficers of the time was Captain Nicholas Biddle, of Philadelphia. After many brilliant achievements, he sailed from Charleston, March, 1778, in the Randolph, of thirty-six guns and three hundred and fifteen men. Accompanying him were the General Moultrie, the Polly, the Fair American, and the Notre Dame. On the night of March 7, he encountered the Yarmouth, of sixty-four guns, and engaged her without knowing the disparity of force. In the early part of the action he was wounded, but causing a chair to be brought, he remained with his men for about twenty minutes, when the Randolph blew up, carrying with her the gallant Biddle, and all his crew save four. The remaining part of the squadron escaped, the Yarmouth being too much crippled to give chase. In this year, the celebrated John Paul Jones resolved to take ad- vantage of the unprotected state in which the British were in the habit of leaving their own coast. Accordingly, he sailed in the Hanger of eighteen guns, around the coasts of Scotland and Ireland, and finally, after taking several prizes, he was attacked by the Drake, a twenty gun ship, the captain of which, after hearing of a descent which Jones had made on White Haven, sailed out of the harbour of Carrickfergus with many more than his usual complement of men, whilst Jones had lost nearly half of the men which he had n the Ranger when he first set sail. The remainder had been se 25 388 CAMPAIGN OP 1778. away in prizes. The two vessels engaged within pistol-shot, and alter sixty-five minutes close fighting, the captain and first-lieutenant of the Drake were both dead, and the vessel was compelled to strike her colours. Besides these two brave officers, the enemy lost up- wards of forty men in the action. Jones sailed for Brest in his prize, where he anchored on the 7th of May, after an absence of twenty- eight days, during which time he had taken two hundred prisoners. Of one hundred and twenty-three men with him when he sailed, only two were with him when he anchored at Brest, the remainder having been distributed among his many prizes. Jones's chief ob- ject in this cruise was to capture as many prisoners as possible, in order, by exchanging, to obtain the release of the American prisoner* in England and America, of which the number was large. In this object he completely succeeded. •OMMOIIOBB PAUL JOHBl'l SBSOSNT OH WBITaBATVN MA BOH arx U B ■ N CHAPTER XXXIl. CAMPAIGN OP 1779. EVERAL of the late operations of the American ar- my owed much of their efficiency to the admirable training of Baron Steuben, a Prus- sian officer who had served un- der Frederick the Great, and had joined the American standard in December, 1777. His exact discipline contrilated largely to the ultimate success of the war. The attention of Congress and of the commander-in-chief was now called to plans for the campaign of 1779. The former, looking tc their previous successes, and the powerful co-operation of France, M axa a» 500 CAMPATON OF 1779. cherished the most brilliant expectations, and had formed schemes truly magnificent. Concluling ihnt the English would be speedily expelled, or would of their own accord depart from America, the chief object was to be the invasion of Canada, from three different points, the !• rencb being invited to co-operate. Washington, on learnmg this vast design, tool: the utmost pains to prove its futility, and it was finally abandoned. In fact, both the civil and military stiength of the union was now at a lower ebb than at any time since the struggle commenced. The members of Congress had originally consisted of the ablest men in America, animated by the most ardent zeal, and implicitly obeyed by all the votaries of their cause. After the Declaration of Independence, however, a new modification of the government was considered ne- cessary. A constitution was drawn up, and, after many delays and difficulties, brought into operation, early in 1779, under which the state legislatures were invested with all the most important powers, resigning only a few which were judged indispensable for united action. Congress still retained the direction of foreign afl^airs, of the war, and consequently of the naval and military force ; but to furnish men and supplies for these services they had no resource, except requisitions addressed to the state legislatures. The latter had the complete option whether they should or should not comply, and had many motives which strongly inclined them to the latter alternative ; indeed compliance could only be afforded by measures very unpopu- lar, and which would have much disobliged their constituents. The demands of Congress were thus only partially and unequally fuelled, and the levies never approached the amount at which they were nominally fixed. The financial state of the country, too, was embarrassing in the extreme. The colonists, at the beginning of the war, had been very little accustomed to any serious taxation ; and having taken arms expressly to resist it, would have ill brooked paying a larger amount for their expenses than Britain had ever demanded. It was not till November, 1777, that Congress ventured to make a requisition of five millions of dollars annually, to which the states but faintly responded. France and Spain gave some assistance, first in gift, and then in loan ; but as their own finances grew embarrassed, these contributions be- came very stinted. The commissioners endeavoured to treat for loans with European capitalists, especially in Holland, and with this view drev a flattering picture of the future prosperity of the new republic, FINANCIAL aFFAIHR. 891 8PB0 I UB N i or OONTXNENTAIi BILtS, and her ultimate power to repay even the largest advances; but the Dutch were not inclined to be satisfied with such security, and mo- ney could be got only in small amount, and on exorbitant terms. One house made a somewhat liberal offer, but on condition of carrying on the whole trade of the Union, and holding all its real and personal property in mortgage. In these circumstances, the States had no resource except paper-money. In 1T75, they issued three millions of dollars; and this moderate amount being easily absorbed in the cir- culation, proved an available resource. They were thus encourageo to pour forth repeated issues, which at the beginning of 1779 had risen to above a hundred millions, and in the course of the year to double that amount, which they had pledged themselves not to ex ceed. The necessary consequence was a depreciation of the notes lo about a fortieth of their nominal value, and hence a miserable derangement in all mercantile and money transactions. The evil was aggravated, too, by preposterous remedies. The paper at its nominal value was made a legal tender for all debts ; and by this iniquitous measure, which Washington deeply regretted, many cre- ditors, both public and private, were defrauded, but no permanent relief could be afforded. As the articles furnished to the army, like all others, rose to an enormous nominal value, they were so ignorant M to fix a maximum, above which they should not be received. The 892 CAMPAIGN OP 1779. consequence was, that at this inadequate rate none could be got; anr* the army would have perished had not this absurd regulation been rescinded. IN Europe, however, a transaction took place high/y auspicious to the American cause. Spain, after long hesitation, determined to join the confederacy ; and, on the 12th April, 1779, concluded for that purpose a secret treaty with France. She had for some time oiTered and even pressed herself as a mediator, having ultimately proposed a congress of all the con- tending powers at Madrid, and during the negotia- tion, a general suspension of arms ; but as it was made a condition that in the mean time the colonies were to remain actually inde- pendent, Britain, though without expressing any hostile feeling, de- clared such terms inadmissible. The other party, however, was not disposed to stop here. On the 16th June, D'Almadovar, the Spanish ambassador, took his departure, after delivering a note, complaining not only of the rejection of his sovereign's friendly overtures, but of sundry violences committed on his subjects in the course of the war, and for which he was determined to seek redress. This was followed by a long manifesto, in which grievances were enumerated to the number of eighty-six, and the necessity stated of reducing the Bri lish maritime power. These documents were soon answered by letters of marque, followed by open war. 'A HEIR interior strength, as already observed, by no /|\ means corresponded with the splendour of their foreign relations ; and Washington had clearly demonstrated to Congress the expediency of confining themselves to a defensive warfare. Clinton, on the other hand, did not attempt to penetrate far into the interior from New York ; but engaged in some extensive expeditions for the destruction of stores and shipping. The most important was undertaken in May by a Bquadron under Sir George Collyer, upon whom the command of the naval force had now devolved, and having on board eighteen hundred men commanded by General Matthews. The object was the naval yard at Gosport on the Chesapeake, with the military stores and shipping at Portsmouth and Norfolk, the two chief seats of commerce in Virginia. The only defence was a fort with one hundred and fifty men on Elizabeth river near Portsmouth ; and this garrison, con* lidering themselves too weak to resist, fled into a morass called the CAPTURE OF STONY POINT. 89^ CAP TURK OP STONY POINT BY OSNERAL WAYNB. Disirial Swamp. The British took up their head-quarters there ; and in the course of a few days made a complete sweep of every thing tliat was to be found on this range of coast, destroying or taking one hundred and twenty-seven vessels, and other property valued at half a million sterling. Clinton, however, very judiciously did not divide his army by any permanent establishment. Immediately on their return to New York, the fleet and army were employed in an expedition on the Hudson. Kingsferry, about sixty miles up, and near the entrance of the highlands, formed the most convenient communication across the river for Washington's army, whose wings occupied both banks. It was defended by two opposite lorts, Stony Point and Verplank's Point, which were both attacked. The first, being unfinished, was at once evacuated ; and the garrison of the other, after a vain attempt at resistance, was obliged to surren- der. Clinton caused the two places to be put in a state of defence • but operations were not pushed farther in this direction. The next enterprise was against the coast of Connecticut, which had been a very extensive and successful theatre of privateering operations; and on the 3d July, two thousand six hundred men sailed under Sir George Collyer and General Tryon, governor of New York. New Haven was soon captured, the militia making a vain attempt V 396 CAMPAIGN OF 1779. rrsist. There is stated to have been an intention to burn the town which was changed into the mere seizure of the stores and vessels At Faiifield and Norwalk, a greater resistance was encountered ; and both these places were nearly reduced to ashes. A proposed attack on New London was interrupted by a counter-project of Washing- ton, who was anxious to do something to efface the impression of so many losses. It being understood that the newly-captured forts on the Hudson were little apprehensive of any attack, General Wayne was sent with a detachment, and reached Stony Point undiscovered at midnight of the 15th July, when, after a desperate but short strug- gle, he carried the place. The garrison, five hundred and forty-three in number, were made prisoners, and treated with great humanity. The opposite fort was also attempted, but without success ; and the first, being then thought untenable, was demolished and abandoned ; but Clinton re-occupied and repaired it. An expedition was also sent in June from Boston against a station on the river Penobscot, formed by a detachment under Colonel Maclean from Nova Scotia. Above three thousand militia, under General Lovell, effected a landing on the peninsular point occupied by the English ; but the works appeared to him too strong to be car- ried without the aid of regular troops, which were promised by General Gates. Before their arrival, however. Sir George Collyer appeared in the river with a squadron from New York, when Lovell re-embarked his troops, and formed with his ships a crescent across the river, making a show of resistance, till, seeing his adversary bearing up with superior force, he took to flight, and having no re- treat, his fleet of six frigates and nine smaller vessels was entirely destroyed. The men escaped on shore, but had to penetrate through a long extent of desert, in which many perished. This blow was compensated by the surprise of Powles Hook, a fort immediately opposite to New York. Being far within the British lines, the com- mander yielded to a culpable security, from which, about three in the morning of the 18th August, he was roused by Major, afterwards Brigadier-General, Henry Lee, who entered the place without re- sistance, and riiade one hundred and fifty-nine prisoners. Circum stances did .lot allow the captor to retain it, and he found some difli* culty in retreating. Congress, meaniime, had planned the reduction of East Florida, and hence had recalled General Robert Howe, supplying his place by Lincoln, an officer of much higher reputation, who had been '--™.s ,. ™, „„„,,,,3 ^^^ ^^^^^^ 301 °«N»HAt fljNHT l.aa. second under Gates against Bur^ovne H r . -ost unprepared state ; and, beZe bein T' ^'"^ '"'"^ '" ^»- -o.on, learned the total defe t o 1 ! !? '"^ '° P"' -^ ^o-e in ;^Geor„a, which are noticed in th fol T' "' '^' ^""^^"-^ hen ann only at covering South Ca/r'^''^- L''"'^^'" ^ould -ed so stronga barrifr r^uhe BWt'; ^"' ''^ "^^ «--nah «»-;s Meantime, about seven h,ndH '";'"' '" "°^ «"-P' been dn,en to take shelter a.on^ th In ! '"'''' '''"'^'^^ -^° ^ '^ k'ng's forces. Being attacked h '"'' """'"P'^'' '« ---Join the b"dy of n^ilitia.ColonelX; /h ^^"^'^^^^ '' ''°'""^' Picken.s' witi a '^- h-dred reache th ,r ,1,7"'^^"' ^'' ''^''' ^"^ ^ -- 'ried and put to death "'""• '^^^-' «^ "^^ prisoner! Lincoln, encouraged bu .h' ^--d General Ashe w th f! rt""?' T' '"'"» ''^'^^ -'"forced ;«"nah, and take post ttr ""'^"^ ™'^" '« "^^s the Sa f ^^^b'^' ^or so,ne n^ile/ VJd "'r "'!"^ ^^^ ^>-«^. « streak Z ;'' 'he upper territories. Colonel P ? '^ '^'"'" ^"&"«'^ «nd ^--'. n.ak,ng a circuu of Myli Ira^d """'' '^"''^'^^ '« '^^ y^mues, and crossing at fords fifteen I 303 CAMPAIGN OF 1779. OBBBBAIi PICZINS. miles above, came unexpectedly on the rear of this body, and totally routed them — the regular troops, after attempting resistance, being ail either killed or taken. Notwithstanding this disaster, Lincoln, again reinforced, determined to proceed with his main body against Augusta. Prevost, instead of a long and harassing march in that direction, sought to recall h"m by a movement against Charleston ; but intend- ing only a feint, he proceeded with a leisure which he found reason to regret, as it appears had all practicable speed been employed, that capital would have fallen into his hands. The alarm, however, had been given, and such active preparations made, that he did not ven- ture to attack, but distributed his troops in the neighbouring island of St. John. Lincoln, who had hastened down, made an attempt *jo beat up his quarters, without success; and the midsummer heat causing a suspension of military operations, the British troops retired unmolested into Georgia. This state of a^airs m the southern colonies called imperiously for the attention of Congress, and Washington found it necessary to de- kic I thither some part even of his reduced army. He solicited mora SIKGE OP SAVANNAH. 399 powerful aid from D'Estaing, who commanded in the West Indies at. aimy sufficiently powerful to crush the English in Georgia. [HE French admiral received this application just after having fought a hard battle against Commodore Byron, which obliged the latter to go into port to refit. The former being thus for a time master of the sea, determined at cnce to comply with the request, took on board six thousand land-troops, and steered direct for Savannah, where he captured a fifty-gun ship and three frigates. Prevost had his force broken up into detachments distributed along the frontier: but these were ordered in so promptly, that before the French had landed and formed a junction with Lincoln, nearly all had arrived. On the 16th September, D'Estaing appeared before the place and summoned it to surrender. Prevost, under pretext of negotiation obtained a suspension for twenty-four hours, during which Colonel Maitland entered with the last and largest detachment, eluding Lin- coln ; and the full determination to resist was then announced. The allies, on reconnoitering the works, deemed it imprudent to attempt them by storm, and were obliged to wait a few days till the heavy ordnance and stores could be brought from the fleet. They broke ground on the 23d September ; but the defence was conducted with great vigour and skill, under the direction of Major Moncriefl"; so that notwithstanding some progress made by the 1st October, an interval must still elapse before surrender could be expected. D'Estaing then refused to adventure his fleet longer on this insecure coast, in a tem- pestuous season, and while liable to attack from the British squadron refitted and reinforced ; yet before departing, he oflTered to concur in an attempt to carry tbe place by storm. This was agreed to; and a hollow way being observed, by which troops could advance to with.u fifty yards of the wall, four thousand five hundred men, the flower of the combined army, undertook to penetrate it, while the rest amused the garrison by feigned attacks. This party pushed on with great vigour; they had even crossed the ditch, mounted the parapet, and planted their standards on the wall. Being here exposed, how ever, to a tremendous fire from works well constructed and com- pletely manned, they soon gave way; Count Pulaski was killed, and a brisk attack by Major Glaziers drove the whole back into the hol- low. They then renounced the ittack, having sustained the severe 400 OAMPAION OF 1779. OBATB OF PUL&BKI loss of seven hundred French and two hundred and thirty-four Ame- ricans killed and wounded ; while that of the besieged was only fifty- five. The French admiral no longer paused in embarking his troops and sailing for the West Indies ; thus a second time disappointing sanguine expectations, and leaving the American cause in a worse state than before. During the summer, a squadron was fitted out by the American commissioners of Paris, the command of which was given to Commo- dore John Paul Jones. He sailed from Port L'Orienc, in July, in the Bon Homme Richard of forty guns, accompanied by the Alliance thirty-six, the Pallas, thirty-two, and the Vengeance, twelve. After capturing several vessels on the coast of Scotland, he threat- ened to lay the town of Leith under contribution; but a storm coming on, he set sail, and directed his course to Flamborough Head. On the night of the 23d of September, while cruising off the Head, he fell in with the Serapis, of forty-four guns, which was convoying the Baltic fleet, in company with the frigate Countess of Scarborough. The people of the surrounding country were gathered on the heights about the Head, and witnessed the novel scene. The Serapis had ^very advantage iver the Richard in the number and calibre of guns, ind in being nio 'e manageable than her antagonist. This advan CAPTURE OP THE SERAPig "-"-B. o, .a. ;,H,„ 'a?:e was wmewhat JessenpH i, f'y »"- Jones, wuhntr;;:!'/.'^ '^" "°"- P-'' «f ^. .ill hal4„ , „, ,^';;' Pf "T *- -g^ged ft„„ kS "her's .id«. One of , he men ""f '' "' """' «""» '""cLing each b« exploded a c. Jdge-ffltl' '^ ,, '^ ""' °' "■'*' "™1'«..? lw» ships were freouentiv on fil A * """ '* «ele»s. The •""ck hi, flag, when Jones iit ^T '^"'"™ "^ "^ Se^ap/s 'o«rdofher.aa>heBo„H":n,eT,^h::d' '""''""'' "''^ "«' °» 'k» Pallas engaged, and, after .rh^^'T'"' '™ ""'"•■""ed. C»mes3„fge.rbor„„,h.o e ler O ,. "o"'"^' ""'■'''"'■> "^ a^ard, after every exertion o "he Ir, "r n' ^"'' "■" ''°" """""e ,t%7»' "e™- Jones aailed f „^ ' '';C"'"°d°« Jones ,o save e 3d of Ocober anchored off I":^':"^'"' »" P"-'. ."d on ">»" ""ise pri«s estaaled^o.!, ' '™^ "''" . '"'e-'Mp of ,„en.y gJ°Z, VT'"* °' ""' Ariel, a small '"""f his maaK J.^"" ' °"'' ^"'o'^^ for "he United State- bu, ;;^; -/. 'i-s ^4^t :«"„: "re^r ™"'" ■" ''■°''™ •» -' ' -:r ';:""^ "'"■ ■*« ".^^'^f c:;;:"' .::?•!!,• commentora.™ of the victory oC'retra^^ a B N X B A I, MARION. CHAPTER XXIII. CAMPAIGN OF 1780. ENERAL CLINTON had determined to begin opera- tions on a great scale in the southern states. Re- cent information showed them to be more defenceless, and the inhabitants better inclined to the British dominion, than those on the great north- ern theatre of war ; while their reduc- tion might facilitate that of the others, or at all events preserve for Britain an important portion of her American ter- ritory. He had recently obtained a reinforcement from England, and had withdrawn the force hitherto .stationed with little advantage upon Rhode Island In the 26th of E'ecember, 1779. leaving Knyp- BIEOR OF SAVANXAfT. 403 hausen with troops sufficient to defend New York against the army of Washington, he sailed with five thousand men for Savannah. HE voyage was prolonged till the end of January ; some of the ves- sels were wrecked, and nearly all the horses perished. He exerted himself actively to repair these losses ; and by the middle of Febru- ary he re-em'arked and landed at St. John's Island, near Charleston. Some time was spent in recruiting and reinforcing his troops and re- mounting his cavalry; while Lincoln was actively strengthening the garnsiin, and restoring the works which, since the memorable attack in May, had fallen into almost complete decay. He raised two thousand regulars, one thousand militia, and a great body of armed citizens ; but the chief hope rested on preventing the British from crossing the bar ; but the fleet, under a favourable wind and tide, passed with scarcely any opposition. Lincoln then seriously delibe rated on evacuating the place and saving his army ; but he dreaded popular reproach, and was buoyed up with promises of re-inforce- ments that never arrived. On the Isl of April, Clinton crossed the Ashley, which, with Cooper river, encloses the peninsula of Charles- ton, and broke ground before the city. On the 9th, the first parallel was completed ; yet the garrison still communicated with the country by their cavalry at Monks' Corner, about thirty miles up Cooper river. Colonel Tarleton surprised and defeated this body. Th« British soon after received a reinforcement of three thousand : when Lincoln seriously proposed an attempt to extricate his army ; but the principal inhabitants, entertaining a well-founded dread of ill-treat- ment from the captors, prevailed upon him only to oflfer a capitula tion on condition of the garrison being still allowed to serve. This proposal was at once rejected ; the siege was steadily pushed ; all the outward posts successively fell ; and the third parallel being cerapleted, preparations were made for a general assault. Lin coin, then seeing his situation hopeless, submitted to the terms proffered by the victor, that all the military stores should be given up, the regular troops made prisoners of war, while the militia, 3n giving their parole, might return and remain unmolested at ■heir horn js. The prisoners taken were stated by Clinton at fiv* 40 i CAMPAIGN OF 1780. TARLXTON • QUART8HS. thousand six hundred and eighteen, with one thousand seamen and three hundred and eleven pieces of ordnance. Clinton now published a proclamation, promising to the people a renewal of all their former privileges, with the addition of not being taxed unless by their own consent. Soon after, he issued another, absolving the militia from their paroles, and calling upon them to join with other citizens in aiding the British cause. This step was an outrageous breach of faith, and at once roused the whole southern country into determined resistance of their faithless oppressors. On the 5th of June, Clinton set sail for New York, leaving Lord Cornwallis with four thousand men to secure, and if he could, extend his conquests. Detachments had already been sent up the principal rivers. Savannah, Saluda, and Santee. On the last only, a party of four hundred, under Colonel Buford, was rapidly retreating. Though ten days in advance, they were overtaken by the rapid march of Tarlcton, and at Waxhaws completely routed and dispersed. Tarle- ton caused a massacre of nearly the whole detachment, and thus gave rise to the term Tarhton'a quarters, which was current during the remainder of the war. The principal force of the enemy was then advanced to Camden on the Wateree, near the frontier of North Oarol'na ; but the intense heat, with the difficulty of provisioning DR KALJi AND OATF.S. 405 I»»err„l ,„, „„ J '"« ""» adnsed lo remain o„,e, ,;„ , -'^ "". be rL.,„:r,: i It"'' '• f "■ "■'" ^""'- ■ "« oppressed and punished ^il ■ °"'' •"""""'""s. which "■-'•' auen,p„ ;„ r^.^^J''""^" «""> » "go-r .ending ,„ ^,4 f^™ fe^"te 01 these events • an^ „ -j . ^ ^ernment on receivincr '"^"■■.adearrangen! „r,brr '° 't'""" ""'"'T'"-- W.I 2« "^ '''^ "''"ost despatch, the wanr 40« CAMPAIGN OP ITB'J. of money, military stores, nnd provisions, detained him so long;, tlial thoufii the expedition set out in March, it was the beginning of August before he could approach Camden, with about four thousand men, mostly militia. He advanced in the determinijlion to push vigorously ofTeiisive operations, hoping to induce Lord Rawdon to fall back upon Charleston. That officer, however, had --ren notice to Cornwallis, who Iiaslened to the spot, and thoufjh his force was little more than two thousand, he resolved without hesitation to attack. He luid set out in the night of the 15th, with a view to surprise the Americans, when, by a singular concurrence, he met Gates in full iiiarch with the same design against himself. The ad- vanced guard of the liiiter was driven in, when both parties thought it advisable to postpone the general action till daylight. In the Ameri* can line, Kalb, with most of the regulars, commanded on the right, while the militia of Cnroiina formed the centre, and that ol Virginia the left. The conflict began with the last, who were attacked by the British infantry, under Colonel Webster, with such impetuosity, that they threw down their arms and precipitately fled. The whole of the left and centre also fled. Gates himself retreated till he reached Charlotte, eighty miles distant. rEANTIME, Kalb, on the right, opposed to Lord Rawdon, long and firmly maintained his ground, gaining even some advantage; and it was not till the victorious divisions had wheeled round against him, that his corps was broken and dis- persed. He hiuiself, covered with wounds, be- came a captive, and, notwithstanding every care, expired in a few hours. About one thousand prisoners were taken, and the whole army was scattered. Gates erred in fighting a pitched battle with an army consisting chiefly of militia, and in having com posed of them so great a part of his regular line, instead of merely employing them to skirmish on his front and flanks ; but, in fact, his veteran force seems to have scarcely sufficed for a duly extended order of battle. Meantime, the patriots in South Carolina had begun to rise at dif- ferent points. The militia, complaining that the terms granted had not been duly observed, deserted the British standard in masses: one Colonel Lisle carried with him a whole battalion. Thus were assembled, under Colonel (afterwards General) Sumpter, an active portisan, upwards of six hundred, raised by a detachment from the BIMPTER SURPRISED. 407 "'""BAL SDMPT,^ '"am army to about one thousand FT "Pon the stations called Rocky Mount „^ T ""^""^''^ '" «»«<='" 'he evening before the battle fc. "^"^'"^^ R-k ; but. on strong redoubt on the Water e "^ ""•*':"' ^"'^'^''-ded in carrying a 0" 'earning the fatal is: e ^ tt"r "I^ "^ '""^^^^ P--- «-at. and reached with such cei n I 7 W"^'""''^ ^^^- ^'3 re. e considered hi,nself safe, and J L'e 'b'/"'^ ^^ ''^ Catawba, that *>- of the day. Tarieton was em n '"'" '' "P*^^^ ^"""^ ''>« ;-)>. that the greater part of h.^c " '"'T """ "P''^'"'/-- f"&"e; but with one hundr d an; '" "'' ^'^""^^ ^'"^ ^''>'« f-;d Sumpter's party comp e,v ' ""'^ '^ '=^'"« "P" and ;;^ ''^e n- lying apL fZ ^^ ^rZ?"^^' ^^^^ -^ettes 'sleep ' « attack of the enemy, they s ar. I ^'"''"^ ^'"""^ «'»-ber b' ;^- a short struggle, ab'out ha^r we ! TT' "^'^'^"^« ' ^^ TJ^ey lost one hundred and fif v k L^'T^'' ''' °'^-« dispersed, ^""dred and ten prisoners -1 1 ""'^ ^°""'^«'^' besides three ^^^;;^^^^^aptives recovered ^'^ '''''' ^«'« '^ken. and the of PrLr!l?;I;rr;n^7 tteTtoT't '' '^ ^°"^'"^^-^'« ""-ber -" ;nto one of extern^LLn '"''' ""' '^^ --Pe-ted the A«er a few weeks' d ) vvn.m Worth Carolina. Meantime 403 CAMPAIGN OP 1780. ft corps of about sixteen hundred Tory militia having been assembled, under Major Ferguson, he was directed to move westward, and clear the territory along the foot of the mountains. He was led farthei in this direction by the movements of a party of patriots which threatened Augusta, where he approached and roused into action a class of terrible foes to the British cause. The borderers, who roved along the sides of the Alleghany, were if possible ruder and bolder than the boys of the Green Mountains. They rode on light fleet horses, carrying only their rifle, a blanket, and knapsack. Food was procured by the gun, or, on its occasional failure, from a small herd of cattle driven behind them. At night, the earth was their bed, the sky their canopy. They thus moved with a swiftness which no ordinary troops could rival. ERGUSON, fher receiving orders from Lord Cornwj*iiis to move westward, at- tempted to relieve Augusta, then threat- ened by a band of patriots under Colonel Clarke ; and thus roused against him those terrible antagonists of the Tories — the border settlers. These men came down suddenly upon Ferguson. He eom- menced a hasty retreat from Charlotte ville ; but several bands under Colonels Williams, Campbell, Shel- by, and Tracy, having united together, began a rapid pursuit, Halting at Gilbert town, they selected sixteen hundred of their best riflemen, and hurrying on, overtook the Tories encamped at King's Mountain. Arranging themselves in three divisions, under Colonels Cleaveland, Shelby, and Campbell, they attacked by turns, and on being repulsed, retired but a little distance, re-formed, and again advanced. Ferguson charged again and again with the bayonet. Repulse only inspired his assailants to greater exertions, and after an hour's fighting, he fell, mortally wounded, and his surviving troops, numbering eight hundred, surrendered. One hundred and fifty fell dead in the action, and as many more were wounded. Fifteen hundred stand of arms were also captured ; the American loss was small ; but among the dead was the lamented Colonel Williams. During these operations in the south. General Washington was so cramped in resources for supplying the army, and surrounded by difficulties of so formidable a nature, that he found it impossible to STATE OP THE AUMT. "— 'o..,.,,^„^^^^^_^^ attempt offensive oneratmno r » be .n « promises of Conll ,, "'''* '""y '■"J ceased ;y-p.on,s ,h,e„,e„ed .he dSl"! oT', """"-- ^hile ,h f several „f „,, .^ e, "d / T^'"" '"'" ^^ ^""ice " connol be wondered », ,k """iny began ,o display i J,'f n' ""'"' '^""^ "PPaHing hartshin, =' «.a,n,„g b„„, »"bor ob,a,n,„g subsis.ence by force "'"" r'^P'- N„,„i,bJX: ;."«-. Ibey were ,rea,ed >vM 410 CAMPAIGN OF 1780. OCUST DB HOOUAMBBAtJ. having arrived from Charleston, sent him a reinforcement, with which he again advanced toward Springfield. He was opposed by General Greene, and after a severe action, he burned the town and retired to New York. The loss of the Americans was about eighty men ; that of the enemy considerably more. *-/^^?^!!^«>«=— ^ 0\ ^'^^ '" 'he spring, the Marquis ue La Fayette returned from Frant? with the cheering intelligence that his government would shortly send a land and naval force to assist the Americans. ^ He was enthusiastically received both by Con- gress and the people. In July, the first division of the promised fleet arrived at Long Island It consisted of seven ships, two frigates, a cutter, an armed hospital ship, and thirty-two transports, carrying in all six thousand men and five hundred and ninety guns. The land force was commanded by the Count de Roch»mbeau ; the fleet by the TREACHERY OP GLNBRAL ARNOLD. 411 Chevalier de Ternay. Such, however, was the scarcity of military stores among the Americans, that they were totally unprepared to act with their new allies ; and before supplies could be obtained, news came that the remainder of the French fleet was detained in the harbour of Brest by a blockade — ihus blasting all the brillian) hopes of ending the war in that campaign. In September of this year, a plot was discovered which, happi'.y for the honour of America, stands out as a solitary episode in our history. To understand its causes, we must glance back to events preceding the year 1780. It will be remembered that it was prin- cipally owing to the exertions of General Arnold, that the Americana gained the battle of Stillwater. He was there wounded in the leg, and being unfit for active service, was appointed commander at Philadelphia, after its evacuation by the British. Here an extrava- gant course of living soon involved him in debt, from which he sought to free himself by trade and privateering. This failing, he resorted to peculation. In July, 1779, he exhibited his accounts, with heavy demands against the public, half of which were rejected by commissioners appointed to examine them. He appealed to Con- gress ; but a committee from that body confirmed the commissioners' report. This led to some bitter reflections upon Congress ; and Arnold was at length tried by a court-martial, on charges preferred by the Governor of Pennsylvania, found guilty, and sentenced to be repriaianded by the commander-in-chief. This sentence was exe- cuted by Washington with becoming delicacy. Arnold now applied for the command of West Point, the strongest military station in possession of the Americans, and so situated as to defend the camps of the Americiin army on both sides of the North river, as well as command the liver itself. Washington, anxious to heal the general's lacerated feelings, wished to bestow upon him the command of the whole left vving, during the march of his army upon New York ; but on the assertion of Arnold that his wound would not permit his engaging in active service, the command«r-m-chief readily granted him the superintendence of West Point. Being thus placed in possession of an important military post, Arnold began the jr-rosecution of a scheme he had long meditated, which was no less than to surrender himself to the enemy, together with all the stores and troops under his command. After a secret negotiation with Sir Henry Clinton, through the agency of Major Andre, adjutant-general of the British army, he agreed to put that 112 CAMPAIGX OP 1780. tax POINT. commander m possession of the fortress, by marching his troops into the neighbouring defiles, while the enemy would enter through a designated pass. During this correspondence, Arpild assumed the name of Gustavus, and Andre that of John Anderson ; while, to facilitate their operations, the Vulture sloop-of-war moved up the river and stationed itself as near as possible to West Point, without exciting suspicion. At this time General Washington, with Knox, La Fayette, and other officers, was at Hartford, concerting with the Count Rocham beau a plan of operations for the ensuing campaign. This was ar ranged on the 21st of September, 1780. On the same day, Andri arrived on shore from the Vulture with a surtout over his regimentals, and in a boat provided by Arnold. The latter met him at the house of a Mr. Smith. Day appeared before their conference was finished, and for fear of discovery, Andre was secreted within the American posts. On the following night, for some cause not well understood, the boatmen refused to return him to the Vulture, and Arnold fur- nished him with a pass to " permit John Anderson to go to the lines at White Plains, or lower if bethought proper, he being on public business." After safely passing the guards and outposts, he was suddenly seized by thrte militia men. Instead of producing his AM ■ 'r\t\ •■ li" '■-II- Di^;:??,."' ri rw^y^^'Til^ VI.', V i-;'-.i.;- ? :ma. ft5^ ■^:- '-' lilt' p CAPTURE OP MAJOf. ANDRE. 413 CAPiURB OF ANDRI. pass, he asked where they belonged ; and being answered "to be- low," [New York,] he immediately replied, " So do I," adding that he was a British officer on urgent business. On searching his per son, they found in his boot papers in Arnold's handwriting, contain- ing full descriptions of the garrison and defences of West Point, and a copy of a report laid by Washington before a council of war on the fith of the month. Aware of his fatal mistake, Andre offered his captors a purse of gold, with his valuable watch and a large sum of money, should they permit him to pass ; but nobly disdaining these, they conveyed him to Colonel Jameson, commander of the militia in that quarter. This officer imprudently permitted Andre to write a letter to Arnold, informing him that Anderson was captured. The traitor was thus enabled to escape. Jameson forwarded a letter to General Washington, then on his road to West Point ; but it did not reach him until it was too late to arrest the fugitive. '• ' Mortified as vas the whole army at the disclosure of this nefarious plot, it was a subject of rejoicing that Providence had so manifestly interposed to counteract it. Washington appointed a board of four- teen general officers to examine the case of Andre. On his own confession of the circumstances, they unanimously pronounced him a spy, and that agreeably to the laws of nations he should suffer aeaih. Washington was obliged to acquiesce in this verdict. Every effort was made to save him by the British commander, and even by 2m2 4K CAMPAIGN OP 1780. MAJOR ANDKB. Arnold himself. Andre made but one request : it was that he might die as a soldier. This also Washington submitted to his officers. but in their opinion it could not be granted ; and on the 2d of Octo- ber the youthful, but too pliable Andre expired on a gallows. The sympathy for him throughout the American camp was unexampled under any similar circumstances ; and his fate deeply affected the royal army. While the place of his execution was often moistened by the tears of his foes, the infamous Arnold was allowed to move a despised, insulted being, among those whom he had attempted to benefit, and finally to descend into the grave, unlamenled and uncared for. The whole plan against West Point proved a total failure. In October, Clinton sent General Leslie to Chesapeake bay, with three thousand picked troops, to form a junction with Lord Corn- wallis. Some time after, he received orders from his lordship to join him at Charleston, which he did, thus swelling the forces at tha. place to more than eleven thousand troops. In November, Major Talmadge with eighty men crossed Long Island Sound, and attacking Fort George, a British station on Long Island, captured it, together with a Ueutenan'-colonel, one captain, and fifty-five privates. His loss was one man wounded ; that of the enemy eight killed or wounded. REVOLT IN TUB ARMY. 413 The hardships of the troops, during the winter of 1780-'81, were equally formidable with those of the former year ; and the integrity of the army was again compromised by several instiinces of revolt. On the night of January I, thirteen hundred of the Pennsylvania line stationed at Morristown seized their arms and marched towards Philadelphia, to demand redress from Congress. In attempting to quell this movement, one officer was killed and several wounded. General Wayne rode among them with a pistol in each hand ; but he was told that if he fired he would be " 8 dead man." Electing temporary oificers, they marched to Princeton in good order, with their arms and six field-pieces. Here they were met by a deputation from Congress, who finally efl>;cted a compromise. Hearing of the defection, Clinton had hurried over emissaries to induce them to join the British : these were seized, delivered to General Wayne, and subsequently executed. A similar revolt by a part of the Jersey line was suppressed by the prompt execution of a few of the ring- leaders. As these revolts served to disclose to the nation the suffering condition of her soldiers, the amount of three months' pay was raised by subscription and forwarded to them. This sum was joyfully re- ceived as an evidence of the share they still had in the sympathiei and affections of their countrymen. XOaolUBKO's UONUUBHT A.T WXST P01«& ( ; OBNXBAI. OBSBNS. CHAPTER XXXIV. CAMPAIGN OP 1781. .■f^fy'- IFw^^ HE campaign of 1781 was Ml one of the most active of the Revolutionary war, and decided the contest in fa- vour of the Americans. Although commencing with little pros- pect of such success, yet by a series of unforeseen events, it enabled the Ameri- can commander to capture a large armj', led by an able general, and so to weaken the forces of the enemy as to render all their subsequent efforts en* tirely nugatory. 416 ij)u >■ «', I 3$i» '■% ■ rm i. '>^ V. -J 1- '. ■ J . .. 1' r 1 fi.' .■.■^^^■■>^ ki^LUi'Mu.^*^.. •.V-1.' , ■ --^ M ret dit Vii goc At Ge( Moi two prisi nuin after Colo Iir Corn and c WliS c royal of w\ SKIRMISH AT NINKTY-SIX. 417 COLONEL HOWARD. Immediately after the battle of Camden, Gates had appointed Morgan to the command of the light troops in the South. Greene retained him in this command, increasing his numbers to three hun- dred infantry under Colonel Howard, one hundred and seventy-five Virginia riflemen, and seventy of Colonel Washington's light dra- goons. With this force Morgan posted himself west of the Wateree. At the same time Marion was watching the Tories, near Charleston, (Georgetown, and other posts. On the 27th of December, 1780, Morgan detached Colonel Washington with his dragoons and about two hundred militia to the neighbourhood of Ninety-Six, where, sur- prising a body of Tories, he killed one hundred and fifty of their number, and captured forty, with a large number of horses. Soon after Morgan was joined by two hundred and sixty militia, under Ciilonel Pickens and Major McDowell. Immediately after having been joined by General Leslie, Lord Cornwallis determined to drive Morgan from his post on the Wateree, and dispirit the inhabitants who were rising to join him. Tarleton WHS selected for this service, having nearly eleven hundred efficient royal troops and two field-pieces. After a rapid pursuit, during part of which Morgan rolreated before him, the British officer came up «8 418 CAMPAIGN OF 1781. BATTLB or TBI OOWFIWa. With the Americans stationed in battle array at the Cowpens, about three miles from the division h'ne between N(jrth and South Carolina. The militia were in front, and so arranged that if forced to retire, they could re-form in rear of Colonel Washington's mounted men, and charge their pursuers with the bayonet. A little before day- break of January 17, Tarleton appeared in sight, and without affiml- ing his exhausted troops time to rest, ordered the attack. They rushed on \> h loud shouts, pouring in a heavy fire of musketry, The militia fell back ; the British pursued on to the second line, which also fell back. But at this critical moment. Colonel Howard, observing the enemy's confusion, charged their whole column with his regulars. Nearly at the same moment Colonel Pickens succeeded in rallying the militia, with whom he warmly seconded Howard's movement. Simultaneously with these operations, Washington dashed among them with his cavalry. The whole command of the enemy were utterly routed; on being promised quarter by Colonel Hovvaid, several hundred threw down their arms without offering resistance. A detachment left to guard the baggage was the only part of the infantry that escaped. Washington pursued Tarleton twenty miles and was once so near that he gave him a slight wound in the hand ■■ p-, i t <, •i\ IM^'i il MORGAN S RETREAT. 41 P The British lost ten commissioned officers and one hundred privates killed ; twenty-nine officers and two hundred privates wounded, and five hundred prisoners. The Americans had twelve men killed, and sixty wounded. Upwards of eight hundred stand of arms, one hun- dred dragoon horses, thirty-five haggage wagons, and two standards, were among the trophies of victory. The Cowpens was to Corn- wallis what Bennington was to Burgoyne. The news of this event astounded Cornwallis; hut with that ener gctic promptitude for which he was so remarkable, he resolved to pursue Morgan so rapidly as to prevent his contemplated junction with Greene; and thus attacking him with a vastly superior force, while encn inhered with his prisoners, he hoped to cut him off com- pletely, and neutralize the evil consequences of Tarleton's defeat Destroying nearly nil his baggage, and retaining only a sufficient number of wagons to carry his wounded, he set out [January 19. 1781] on his famous pursuit. But his vigilant antagonist, after send- ing the prisoners to Charlotteville, hurried on to the Catawba, whicli he succeeded in crossing [January 28] two hours before Cornwallis reached the opposite side. A heavy rain succeeded, which so swelled the waters of the river, that the British troops were detained two days, during which the prisoners had been advanced so far as to be out of reach. Morgan called out the neighbouring militia, and prepared to defend the passage of the river ; but on the 31st, General Greene suddenly appeared in camp, having ridden one hundred and fifty miles to join Morgan, and hasten the detachment to Hick's Creek, where he had left the main army under General Williams. After an ineffectual attempt to resist the passage of the river, Greene marched toward the Yadkin, pursued so closely by Cornwallis, that the rear of one army was sometimes in sight of the other's van. The American general, however, succeeded in crossing safely, and joined the main army at Guilford Court-House, while another sudden rise of water prevented Cornwallis from following. But, instead of giving up the pursuit, he determined to keep in the upper country, inter- cept the retreat of the Americans over the Dan river into Virginia, and thus force them to a battle under great disadvantages. Greene's policy was to get into Virginia. In order to accomplish this, by checking Cornwallis, he sent seven hundred of his best troops, under Colonel Williams, who so harassed the pursuers as to compel them ti> march as compactly as possible during the whole route. On one occasion, Lieutenant-Colonel Lee made a furious charge upc their 420 CAxMPAiaN OF 1781. nOLONSL WILHAMS. advance cavalry, killing several, and securing a number of prisoners. Under cover of this party Greene hurried on to the Dan, marching sometimes forty miles a day, although his troops were barefoot. Providence again favoured his indefatigable exertions, and he crossed the river into Virginia in perfect security, having as spectators of his success the disconsolate Cornwallis, and his exhausted, dispirited fol- lowers. Greene secured all his boats on the opposite shore, so that further pursuit was impossible. During this retreat of more than two hundred miles, both armies suffered extremely from the incle- ment season, bad roads, heavy rains, want of tents, and scarcity of provisions. Cornwallis now marched to Hillsborough,vvhere be erected the royal standard, and invited the inhabitants "to return to their alle- giance," and take up arms in the king's cause. Although this expe- riment had not the success he wished, yet several parties of Tories united under Colonel Pyle, and moved for Hillsborough. Tarleton was sent to escort them. On the 25th of February, they were met by a body of partisans under Lee and Pickens, and almost anni- hilated. A small number, in escaping, encountered Tarleton, who. BATTLE OF GUILFORD COURT-nOUSE. 421 naving hoard the firing, was hurrying on to ascertain the cause Hoping to retrieve a part of the repniiitidri lost at the Cowpens, thai officer, with a Iniulable zeal, fell upon the.se Tories without ceremony, and, under the unfortunate idea of their lieing rebels, granted them the mercy usually bestowed by him upon an enemy. This lesson made the Tories more circumspect in trusting themselves to the clemency of British protection REENE had recrossed the Dan on the 21st and 22d, and afier receiving a rein- forcement of six hundred men under Stephens, ho mancjBuvred for three weeks near Corn- wallis's camp, cutting oflfall his foraging parties, and finally obliging him to fai! back to the Haw river. Greene now received further reinforcements, boiL regular and militia, swelling his armj to four thousand two hundred men, of whom nearly twenty-five hun dred were militia. With these he took up a position at Guilford Court-House, where he drew up the army in three lines, and ofl^ered battle. The British advanced in three colunms. By the rashness of a militia officer, the North Carolina militia, composing the first line were thrown into confusion, and retreated. The Virginia militi? fought with great bravery until ordered to retreat; after which the regulars maintained tho contest for an hour and a half. To save his rear, Greene then ordered a retreat, which was well conducted. H; lost three hundred continentals, and one hundred Virginia militia ; Cornwallis had more than six hundred killed, wounded, or missing. Among the former were Colonels Stewart and Webster ; while Briga- dier-Generals O'Hara and Howard, with Colonel Tarleton, were wounded. Victory remained with the British ; but its advantages were altogether with their opponents. So crippled was Cornwallis, that on the 31st he retreated towards Wilmington, leaving behind his hospital and wounded prisoners. Greene pursued as far as Ramsey's Creek, on the Deep river. By a strange and unexpected movement, Ins lordship, continuing his retreat, crossed into Virginia, and took post at Petersburg. Greene now formed the daring project of penetrating into Soutn Carohna, for the purpose of driving the British from the strong chain 27 aN ,v^.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 121 12.5 •U 1^ 12.2 I.I itt 'U L£ 12.0 1.25 1.8 U IIIIII.6 V] v) 'c=^l 9 /. v /A Hi fe rri, strongly reinforced by troops from Ireland. He therefore attemptod to carry the works by storm [June 18] ; bui fulling, he withdrew his army across the Saluda, pursued by Raw- don as far as the Enoree. The American loss was about one hun dred and fifty men. It was in this siege that the Polish generai Kosciusko particularly distinguished himself, and won the approba- tion and esteem of the American officers. While Rawdon was congratulating himself upon his success m having d n Greene out of South Carolina, Lee suddenly defeated one of his foraging parties within a mile of the British camp. He soon found that the general himself was approaching to give him battle. He immediately retreated to Orangeburgh, and withdrew to his aid. Colonel Cruger, with the garrison of Ninety-Six. This obliged the American general to retire to the hills of Santee, leaving Marion, Sumpter, and Lee, to cut off the British communication. This caused the enemy to abandon all their posts north of the Santee and Conraree, and to concentrate their lines near the junction of the 68 424 OAMPAION OP 1781. BATTLB OF BTTTAW 8 F R I M O S. latter river with the Wateree. By still further manoeuvring, Greene drew them to the Futaw Springs, where, on the 8ih of September he advanced and gave them battle. Greene's troops marched to the attack in two lines; the first com- posed of militia, the second of regulars. Two advance British par* ties were speedily driven in, and the battle became general. After an obstinate resistance, the American militia gave way ; but the regulars warmly renewed the battle, charging with fixed bayonets amid heavy showers of cannon-shot and musketry. While Colonel Williams led the assault in front, Lee turned the enemy's flank and rear. Their whole force was thrown into confusion, five hundred were made prisoners, and the remainder began a hurried retreat. A portion succeeded in entering a large three story brick house, from which they could not be dislodged ; in the efl^jrt to batter it down, the Americans lost four field-pieces and a considerable number of men. Next day Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart, the British commander, re- treated towards Charleston, leaving behind him seventy wounded men and one thousand stand of arms. His loss, including prisoners, was upwards of eleven hundred ;»that of the Americans was five hun- dred, of whom sixty were officers. The lamented Colonel Campbeli H'as mortally wounded, and died on the field, after being told that the EXECUTION OF COLONEL HAYNE. 425 LOBD RAWOON. British were flying. Amid the heaC of the battle the officers on each side fought hand to hand with their swords. This battle completely oroke the power of the British in South Carolina, and confined t^eir Eubsoquent operations to insignificant excursions along the sea-cnast. During this summer, Lord Rawdon perpetrated a deed which has covered his name with infamy. It was the execution of Colonel Isaac Hayne. This officer, long distinguished iri his native state for honesty, intelligence, and patriotism, had been taken prisoner at the siege of Charleston, but dismissed on his parol. In 1781 he was called upon, on pain of imprisonment, to sign a declaration of alle- giance to the British king, containing an obligation to take up arms in the royal cause. This he complied with, on condition of not being forced to adopt the latter portion. But when the English, in viola- tion of their express promise, called on him to repair to their stand- ard, he deemed the obligation cancelled, and joined his countrymen, by whom he was given the command of a regiment. He afterwards fell into the hands of Lord Rawdon, who, after a mock trial by cturt- martial, sentenced him to be hung. Numbers of the British and oyalists. with Go', jnior Bull at their head, petitioned for a remission M 2ii2 426 CAMPAIGN OF 1781. ARaOLO • DasOBMT on vmoiMiA. of the sentence ; and even the motherless children of the victim fell on their knees before his lordship, petitioning him to spare their father's life. The colonel's son, a youth of thirteen, spent the last days of his parent's life with him in the prison, begging that he too might be executed ; but all this was not sufficient to move the Bri- tish leader's stony heart. On the 10th rf August, 1781, Colonel Hayne perished on the scaffold. Meanwhile the two main armies in the north were preparing for some decisive blow, which might either terminate the struggle, or give the victorious party a complete ascendency in that quarter. Fortunately for Congress, the financial affairs of the nation had oeen placed under the superintendence of Mr. Robert Morris, who soon placed them in a better condition than they hud been in during the war. About the same time the continental currency ceased to circu- late, and loans of gold und silver were negotiated with France and the Netherlands. The army, this year, was in consequence better provided with clotLing and ammunition than it had been during several campaigns. Soon after ihe departure of General Leslie, in 1780, Arnold was sent against Virginia with sixteen hundred men and a considerable Dumber of armed vesselp He ascep'^od the Chesapeake, commit- ting such devastations in his route, that General Washington was cJ EXPLOITS OP ARNOLD, LA FAYETTE, AND TARLBTON. 42" OSNBRl^L LA rATKTTB Dhliged to send Lafayette with twelve hundred men to check him. The French fleet undertook to lend its co-operation by blockading the bay ; but did little more than sail from Newport, show itself on the Virginia coast, and then sail back to Newport. In order to cap- ture Arnold at all hazards, a council of French and American officers, at which Washington and Rochambeau were present, resolved to send against him the whole French fleet, with eleven hundred men. But such was the slowness of the Admiral Detouche's movements, ;hat Arnold escaped without seeing his enemy ; and after an indeci- jive action with Admiral Arbuthnot's squadron ofl^ Cape Henry, the French fleet returned to Rhode Island. Late in March, Arnold was joined by two thousand men under General Phillips. After ravaging the districts lying along the bay, he marched to Petersburg, destroying in his progress immense quan- tities of tobacco, flour, shipping, public and private stores, and pro- perty. Soon after General Phillips died, and his troops joined Lord Cornwallis, who had arrived in Petersburg, May 20. On receiving news of his arrival. General La Fayelt? made a forced march to Richmond, where he secured a considerable amount of military stores. This success was counterbalanced by an expedition of Colonel Tarleton against Charlotteville, in which he captured seven members of the Assembly, and destroyed a number of stores. 4-28 CAMPAIGN OF 1781. ■ ■NBRAL WA.THJC 8 OBLBBRATID OHARUS ON TUK BRITlaB A.RUT. At tnis time the French general's supplies had been removed from Richmond to Albemarle Old Court-House. Hither the British pro- ceeded, and by a rapid march were enabled to get between the mar- (juis and his supplies. Cornwallis was now certain that he would either seize the supplies or force the Americans to a battle under great disadvantages. At night, however, La Fayette opened an old disused road, and marching round the British forces, completely foiled his antagonist. Cornwallis then fell back to Richmond ; and subsequently, on hearing that Baron Steuben had joined La Fayette, to Williamsburg. Here a skirmish took place with the British rear, in which the Americans had the advantage. Cornwallis now received orders from Sir Henry Clinton, to send part of his troops to New York, which was threatened by a combined attack from the French and Americans. Accordingly, on the 4th of July he sent his baggage and some wheel carriages across James's river, and concentrated his army on the bank. Being pursued by La Fayette, he placed his main body as compactly as possible on a tongue of land covered with woods, at the same time spreading out the troops across the river so as to induce the French general to beliere that his main body was over, and only the rear remained GENERAL VITATNB 3 CUAROE. i29 OOONT DB aR&33E. La Fayette was completely deceived, and on the 7th comn.enced an attack, by spirited advances, upon what he supposed but a small part of his antagonist's force. The obstinacy of the resistan e quickly undeceived him, and on hurrying forward to rcconnoitrt^ he found that General Wayne with his eight hundred Pennsylvanii ns, on per- ceiving the error, had boldly charged the enemy's whole line. By this movement Cornwallis was in his turn deceived, not imagining that so daring an efTurt would be made by a comparati e handful, unless large numbers were behind to second them. Hj therefore quietly suffered La Fayette to withdraw his forces, and during the night crossed to Jamestown, from whence he proceed d to Ports- mouth. In this skirmish the Americans lost one hoidred men, eighteen officers, and two cannon ; the enemy acknowle>(ge a loss of leventy-five. Soon after, his lordship received counter-orders from Sir Henry Clinton, to retain the troops formerly demanded, and oc- cupy some good defensive position on the Chesapeake. He accord- ingly took possession of Yorktown and Gloucester Point, which be proceeded to fortify. 4^0 CAMPAfoy OP 1781. On the 30lh of August, much to the mortification of Cornwaliis, the Oount de Grasse suddenly appeared in the Chesapeake with twenty- eight sail of the line. York river was immediately blockaded, while thirty-two hundred troops landed and joined the army of La Fayette. While this was going on, Admiral Greaves appeared off the Capes of Virginia, and was met by the Count de Grasse. The two fleets manoeuvred until the 7lh of September, when the French leader, De Barras, 8«'fely passed the British ships and sailed up the Chesapeake with eight ships of the line. He was immediately joined by De Grasse, after which Admiral Greaves sailed for New York. An attiick upon Lord Cornwaliis had not been the original policy of either Washington or Rochambeau. The causes which produced BO material a change of plan are now to be narrated. Early n the spring, Washington had arranged a plan with the French C( mmanders for a combined land and naval attack upon the British ht ad-quarters at New York. Its immediate execution was delayed b > the great difficulty in raising continental troops ; and in the mean « hile Clinton was reinforced by several regiments from England. While the commander-in-chief was chagrined by these mortifying disappointments, news was received of Greene's success in driving Cornwaliis into Virginia ; and as the destination of De Grasse was known to be the Chesapeake, Washington determined to abandon Sir Henry Clinton, and by a rapid march, to fall upon York* DURNINQ OP NEW LONDOW. 431 own before its garrison could retreat to the south. After an.usini;; Clinton for a considerable length of time, he suddenly broke up his camp, and had crossod the Delaware below Trenton, before Sir Henry was aware of his lestination. General Heath was lefl in command of the northern army. When too late, Clinton discovered his mistake ; but in order if possible to bring Washington back, he sent Arnold, who had lately arrived from Virginia, against the town of New London. That officer first attiickcd Forts Griswold and Trumbull, which defended the approach to the town. The latter fort, with the town, were im- mediately evacuated ; but Fort Griswold, with its garrison of one hundred and sixty men under Colonel Ledyard, made a gallant defence. The works were taken by storm, -the commandant killed with his own sword while surrendering it, and the whole garrison, ex- cept about forty, massacred. The enemy lost their commander. Colonel Eyre, and one hundred and eighty-eight killed and wounded. ArnolJ sacked and burned New London, and then returned to head-quarters. This outrageous proceeding had no effect in diverting Washington from his plan against Cornwailis. In company with the French leaders, he reached Williamsburg on the Hih.of September, and there settled the final plan of operations. Toward the latter end of that month, all the allied forces had arrived, and every thing was in readiness <"" the commencement of the siege. The main British army was encamped about Yorktown, on the jouth side of York river, within a range of outer redoubts and field works. On the opposite side of the river was Gloucester Point, defended by Lieutenant-colonel Tnrleton, with six or seven hundred men, and communicating with the chief position by means of bat- teries and ships of war. This latter post was watched by the French general, De Chnisy ; while the main army moved to invest York- town on the 30th of September. On the night of October 6, the besiegers completed their first parallel, within six hundred yards of the English lines. Their fire was opened on the 0th and 10th, which was followed by the second parallel, within three hundred yards of the enemy. Here two redoubts, which considerably im- peded their operations, were stormed — one by the Baron Viominel, "\ith a party of Frenchmen ; the other by Americans under La Fayette. Both deiichments advanced in the face of a heavy fire, without firing a gun. The Americans lost nine killed, thirty-two wounded ; iue Fri nch about one hundred. 432 CAMPAIGN OF 1781. liA r^TXTTB T^riiaa tbi bxoodbt at tobstowh This occurred on the 14th. Two days after, Lieutenant-colonel Abercrombie made a sortie from the garrison with indifferent success; while during the same afternoon, the two captured redoubts were in- cluded in the second parallel, and one hundred pieces of heavy ord- nance were brought to bear upon the enemy's lines. As the works of Cornwallis were now almost in ruins, he resolved on making his escape to New York by land, and had actually landed a portion of his army on Gloucester Point, when a heavy storm dispersed his boats, and the design was necessarily abandoned. Next day, several new batteries being opened, the works were no longer tenable ; and his lordship requested of Washington a cessation of hostilities for twenty-four hours. The American commander granted him two hours, presenting at the same time a rough draft of propositions, on which he was willing to base articles of capitulation. Commission- ers were appointed to digest these into form ; and on the 19th Wash ington despatched the corrected copy to his lordship, expressing the expectation that they would be signed by ten, and the garrison be ready to march out by 2 p. M. of the same day. It being impossible to obtain better terms, Cornwallis was reduced to the mortifying ne- cessity. The capitulation was signed at Moore's house, and at the ap- pointed hour the garrison marched out, with their colours cased, and surrendered to General Lincoln on the same terms which, under similar circumstances, had been granted to that officer by Cornwallis at Charleston. Yorktown and Gloucester, with their garrisons and HtoreA, wsre given up to the United States ; the shipping and seamen PLRIiENDER OP CORNWALLIS. 4Si UOORB'b BOOal. TOBKTOWN. lo the Couiil de Grasse. Exclusive of seamen, the garrison numben^d over seven thousand. During the siege they had, in killed and wnunded, five hundred and fifty-two. The allied forces lost about three hundred. On the 24th, Sir Henry Clinton arrived off the Capes of Virginia with twenty-five ships of the line, and eight frigates, bearing sevrn thousand men ; but finding that Cornwallis had already surrendered, he returned to New York. The capture of Cornwallis, with the army which had so long spread terror through the southern provinces, filled the whole country with gratitude and exultation. Congress voted its thanks to each of the commanders, and to the officers and troops engaged, and resolved to erect a marble column at Yorktown, adorned with emblems of the alliance between France and the United States, with a suitable in- scription in commemoration of the victory. Washington was anxious to improve his success, by a combined attack upon the enemy at Charlestoia ; but the French admiral refused to remain longer on the coast, alleging as reason, his engagements with the Spaniards in the West Indies. Accordingly, after covering the transportation of Washington's troops to the head of Elk river, he sailed towards Cuha, and the American army returned by detachments to the north. Meanwhile, some important actions had taken place between the tew ships possessed by Congress and single vessels belonging to IJreat Britain. In June, 1780, the Trumbull, of twenty-eight guns, M to «* CAMPAIGN OF 1781. BATTLB-OROUND OV TORKTOWN, Captain Nicholson, encountered an Enrrlish vessel of superior size, and fought with her two hours and a half. The mainmast of the enemy fell, while all except the foremast of the Trumbull went by the board. Nicholson lost thirty in killed and' wounded; the British captain, CouUhard, ninety-two ; yet he claimed the victory. In October, the sloop Saratoga, of sixteen guns, Captain Young, captured a ship and two brigs, but was subsequently deprived of them by the British vessel Intrepid, of seventy-four guns. On the 2d of April, 1781, Cap- tain Barry, in the Alliance, cap- tured two Guernsey privateers; and soon after, two English men- of-war. One of them was sub- sequently recaptured. In June, oi^PTAiH 8ARBT. the Brltlsh took the Confedera- cy, of thirty-two guns, under Captain Harding ; and in August. th« Trumbull. ■SBTSW USNRT LAnUBNS. CHAPTER XXXV. CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. OTHING could exceed the astonishment and indignation with whicTi the news of Cornvvallis's surrender was received in England. Parlia- ment assembled on the 27th of November, when the king recounted, with evident mortification, his losses in Virginia, but at the same time urged the vigorous prosecution of the war. In the debate on this address, the opposition, led by Fox, Burke, and Pitt, were vehement in their denunciation of ministers and condemnation of all further proceedings against Ame- rica. The usual vote of thanks was, however, carried by a large majority. Lord North then declared the purpose of the ministry to carry on a " war of posts," instead of operating by incursions into the interior. The opposition, however, strenuously opposed all such measures, boldly charging minister^ with the prosecution of scheme? whosB palpable tendency was the dissolution of the monarchy. A* 436 436 CIX)8B OP THE KEVOLUTIONAKY WAR. OOLONBL LAtlHEN! each successive triiil his lordship found himself losinnr ground ; un til at last, on the Vdte of an address to the king, presented by Gen<'- ral Conway, praying for the discontinuance of the war, he was left in a minority of nineteen. Lord North then resigned, and a new cabinet was formed, under the auspices of the Marquis of Rocking- ham. That nobleman's death put an end to this administration ; and on the 11th of July, 1782, the king prorogued parliament. Popular opinion in both countries was now strongly in favour of peace, and at length the British monarch consented to the opening of negotiations. Mr. Fitzherbert and Mr. Oswald were appointed commissioners for England ; and on the 30th of November, they met Messrs. Franklin, Adams, Jay, and Laurens, and agreed upo- arrangements preliminary to a treaty between all the bellifp.enl powers. On the 20th of January, 1783, France, Spain, Great Bri- tain, and Ameiica, concluded the treaty of peace which secured the independence of the United States. Previous to this, [October 8, 1782,] Mr. John Adams had signed a treaty of amity and commerce with the United Provinces of Holland. The campaign of 1782 was marked by but few military events Wayne, with the Pennsylvania troops, had been sent into Georgia, Hhcre, about midnight of May 21, he attacked Cjlonel Brown, coiii* THE LAST BLOODSHED. 43T OOUUODOBX BARNBT. nKiiidant of Savannah, who had left that town in force, hoping to surprise Wayne. The British were totally defeated, with the loss of forty killed or wounded, and twenty prisoners. The victors had five killed, and two wounded. On the night of June 24, Wayne sustained a furious attack from a party of Creek Indians, whom he defeated, with the loss of one of their bravest chiefs. The royalists* came out from Savannah to join the Indians; but they were driven back by Wayne, who captured a British standard and one hundred and twenty-seven loaded pack-horses. His own loss was thirteen killed and wounded. Savannah was evacuated by the enemy in July, and the war in that quarter ended. On the 27th of August the lamented Colonel Laurens was mor- tally wounded during a skirmish of General Gist, with a large party of British, in South Carolina. On James's Island, Captain Wilmot, with a small party, attacked some British troops, but was killed, and his men were defeated. This was the last blood shed in ^he Revolution. Charleston was evacuated by General Leslie on the 14th of December, and Wayne took possession of it with five thousand troopj. In this year, the Hyder Ally, a Pennsylvania vessel of six guns, 28 >«> 4m CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. WASHINOTON 8 HB*D-C3nARTItHS AT URWUnBOH. iinrler Captain Joshua Barney, was nttnrked by two British vessels and a brig, while engaged in convnyiri!^ a fleet of merchantmen to the Capes. By means of a skilful stmiiicfem, she got into position to rake the brig, and in twenty-six minutes discharged twenty broad- sides. The enemy then surrendered. It proved to be the General Monk, of eighteen gnns. Barney's loss was four killed, eleven wounded; that of his enemy twenty killed, thirty-three wounded. Barney soon after captured a refugee schooner, which had given tha Americans considerable trouble. On the other hand, the frigate South Carilina was taken by three large English vessels, appointed to watch her; and in the West Indies, the French fleet, under the Count de Grasse, was totally defeated and captured by the British under Admiral Rodney. In December, 1782, the American officers at Newburgh petitioned Congress that instead of granting them half-pay for life, which had been promised but never paid, that body should vote them full pay for five years, and pay the arrearages then due. The unwarrantable delay of Congress in acceding to this reasonable request, so provoked MUTINY OF THE TROOPS. 439 tfif officers, that but for the influence of Washington, they would at once have marched in arms to Philadelphia. At the earnest repre- sentation of their case to Congress by the commander-in-chief, the request of the officers was granted. On the 19th of April, just eight years after the battle of Lexing- ton, peace was proclaimed to the army. A critical duty now de- volved upon Washington and the national legislature. This was the disbandment of the army, the members of which, after carrying the country triumphantly through the gloomy struggle for freedom, were now to be turned penniless to their ruined homes by the very power which had employed them. By relying on that patriotism which had ever shown itself capable of any sacrifice, and aided by the influence of Washington's popularity. Congress made the expe- riment. The old troops submitted patiently ; but eight of the new levies marched from Lancaster, surrounded the state-house, and there kept the members of the national legislature imprisoned for three hours. Washington hurried a strong detachment after them; but the riot was quelled before he arrived. New York was evacuated by the British in November, and en- tered on the 25th by General Washington, Goverr^r Clinton, and a large number of citizens and military. On the 4th of December the commander took leave of his officers at Francis's tavern ; after which he proceeded to Annapolis, where Congress was then sitting, and resigned, Dec. 23. He then retired to Mount Vernon. Mean- while the independence of the United States had been acknowledged by Sweden, Denmark, Spain, and Russia. The final treaty of peace was signed at Paris, September 3, by David Hartley, on the part of George IIL, and John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay, on the part of the United States. 60 ADMIBAI. RODFVT W&SHINaTON. CHAPTER XXXVI. ORGANIZATION OP THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT— WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. URING the war of independence, common danger had produced feelings of sympathy and mutual obligation among the states con- stituting the American Union ; and to this cause was owing, in an eminent degree, the acknowledgment of the authority of Con- gress to legislate for the nation. The return of peace broke this bond of union ; and soon the germs of distrust, want of credit, and civil commotions, began to produce their legitimate fruits. As early as July, 1782, New York declared the general government incapable of furnishing itself with a revenue. In February of the following year, Congress made an effort to establish permanent and adequate funds throughout the United States ; but in 1786, the measure was defeated by the oppo- sition of New York. Meanwhile an insurrection against the state government had taken place in Massachusetts. On the 22d of August, 1786, a convention met at Hatfield to protest against several acts of the legislature. Very soon after a large body of insurgents took possession of the court-houses in Northampton and other counties. Daniel Shays was *Jieir leader ; and alt>ough the general court immediately passed laws 4M 8HAYB KEBELLIOV. 441 for relieving the public burdens, he proceeded with his followers tc Springfield, and on the 26th of December took possession of the court-house. He then became so troublesome that four thousand troops, under General Lincoln, were ordered against him. Previous to their march. Shays with eleven hundred men had attacked a body of twelve hundred troops under General Sheppard, but was driven away by a round of musketry. On the 4th of February, General Lincoln suddenly surprised them at Petersham, whence they were driven in great confusion, with the loss of one hundred and fifty pri- soners. This terminated the rebellion. The first efl^rts toward the formation of a permanent government were rather accidental than otherwise. Virginia recommended a convention of delegates to take into consideration the ineffective regu- lations concerning commerce, and this call was responded to by five other states. In September, 1786, the proposed meeting took place at Annapolis ; but, feeling the limited extent of their powers, th delegates made but a few minor arrangements, and then adjourne . after recommending to Congress the calling of a National Convention, with authority to adopt measures for the formation of a permanent government. Accordingiy,Congress passed a resolution recommend- ing a convention of delegates from all the states to be held at Phila- delphia, for the purpose of revising the articles of confederation, and reporting to Congress and the several legislatures such alterations and provisions therein as should, when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed by the states, render the Federal constitution adequate to the emergencies of government and the preservation of the Union. N May, 1787, this body of able statesmen assem- bled at the place appointed, all the states ex- cept Rhode Island being represented. Washing- ton was chosen president. After long deliberations they reported to Congress a draft of the present constitution, recommending its being submitted for ratification to a convention of delegates in each state, chosen by and from the people of each. This was complied with, and for several months the newly-reported instrument under- went a critical examination. During this period its provisions were ably explained and defended in a series of essays entitled the Fede- ralist, written by Madison, Jay, and Hamilton. It was this circum- stance thai gave the title of Federalists to the political party who avoured the new constitution, while at the same time their opponents 66 442 ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. MOUNT VBRNOM. were styled Anti-Federalists. The consent of nine states was reqiii site to enable the new code to become the basis of national legisla- tion ; and as nearly a year intervened before this could be obtained, Congress employed that interval in adopting measures for organizing the new government. The first electors for the office of president were to be chosen on the first Wednesday in February, 1789, and vote for the person of their choice on the first Wednesday of March following. The hopes of Congress and the nation were now centred upon Washington. In him the friends of the still tottering Constitutior beheld the only resource which could give weight to the novel opera tion of so strange an experiment as that which they were about to perform. Even its opponents were in general willing to maUeatrlai of it, could he be placed at its head. But it was with no small dif- ficulty that his habitual distrust of himself, united to an ardent love of retirement, could be again overcome. Besides his reluctance again to embark on the stormy ocean of politics, he was extensively engaged in agricultural pursuits, for which he had ever entertained a passionate fondness. But the people were encouraged by the reflection that he had never refused the call of public duty. They therefore renewed their earnest appeals that he would give stability ti the youthful nation by the weight of his influence, and at length he consented. On the day of election he received the unanimous rote of the electors, " and probably without a dissenting voice o WASHINGTON ELECTED PRESlDnXT. 448 WABHINOTOS T^JilNl) iitf uATu OF u r no Jt, IN raoiiT or th« oto FEDERAL UA.LL, MEW TOBX. the whole nation, was chosen the first President of the United States." Washington received notice of his election, April 14, 1789, and sacrificinii; his long cherished hopes and feelings to the public wish, he left Mount Vernon on the Uith, for New York, where Congress was then in session. His journey was everywhere hailed by the spontaneous overfluwing of love and veneration for his person, from an almoi-t idolizing people. As he drew near different towns, the entire population hastened to meet him, and the chief C'tizens wel- comed him to their homes. In the great cities, the bells rang, can- nons were fired, and civic and military anthorilies paraded. At Elizabelhtown Point, he was met by a de|)Utation from Congress and the heads of departments, and his journey thence to New York was one triumphal procession. At the latter city, he was escorted by an immense concourse of people, among whom were the governor, and other officers of state, the clergy, foreign ministers, and others. In the evening, the city was brilliantly illuminated. On the 30th of April, Chancellor Livingston administered to him the oath of office, in presence of both houses of Congress and thousands of citizens; and then the discharge of thirteen guns from the bat- tery, and the cheers of assembled masses, aimounced that the new government was completely organized. The President then re- tired to the Senate chamber, and delivered an impressive address to each branch of the National Legislature, in which, after expressing distrust in his ability to execute the duties just conferred upon him. be declared bis conviction that the same Great Being who had con 444 ADMINIPTRATION OF WASniNGTOlT. ALBX&NDBH haUILlUS. ducted ihem through the long •Iniggle for independence, would still continue to preside over their deliberations, and establish on a firm basis a form of government which other nations would be delighted to copy, Washington then retired to St. PauTs church, where the services of the day were closed by appropriate religious ceremonies. At night the city was again illuminated, and fireworks displayed. Among the first acts of Congress, was a law imposing duties on im- ported merchandise, and taxes on the tonnage of vessels. Its next important step was the constitut* ing of an executive cabinet, com posed of the secretaries of war, of state, and of the treasury. Wash- ington appointed Alexander Ham- ilton Secretary of the Treasury, General Knox, Secretary of War and Thomas JeflTerson, Secretary of State. John Jay became chief justice, assisted by five associate judges. On the adjournment of Congress, Washington made a tour through the New England states, where he was gratified not only by the riatiering testimonies of esteem and affection hfajied upon him by all classes of people, but also by the signs of returning prosperity and affluence. The efltcts of war were disappearing, agriculture was actively and profitably pursued, manufactures were increasing, towns springing up in every direction, and commerce becoming daily more extended. The heart of the great man was cheered by these tokens of order, peace, and contentment, which were so many unmistakable types of the country's future prosperity. T the re-opening of the first Congress [January, 1790,] the President re- commended, among other important subjects, a provision for the common defence, and for the regulation of the militia, a uniformity in weights, mea- sures, and the currency ; the advance ment of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce ; the establishment of post-offices and post-roads, and the ORQANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT. 415 eiicoiirngcmcnt of science and literature. A great part of the session >va8 occupied by a consideration of a plin proposed by Serretary Hamilton, for discharging, out of the nati naV treasury, the debt of twenty-five million dollars, due by the individual states, for expenses incurred during the war. The measure nas finally adopted. Con- gress also decided to remove the seat of government, for ten years, to Philadelphia, and then to establish it permanently at some place on the Potomac. Next year, the site of the present capital was chosen by Washington, after whom it was named. The territory in which it stands is called the District of Columbia. Meanwhile, the relations with foreign powers were in a rather un- promising condition. The Algerines not only seized our vessels, but kept the ofTicers and crews in bondage for several years. England had ns yet sent no minister, and even neglected to evacuate her military posts on the frontier. Spain refused to grant the navigation of tile Mississippi to the western states, with the hope probably of detaching them from the confederacy and uniting them to herself. Both England and Spain were aiso active in fomenting disturbances between the Indians nnd the settlers of Ohio and Georgia. N Febiuary, 1792, two new states, Vermont ani^ Kenlurky, were admitted into the federal com- pact. l>nrmg the same session. Congress passed a bill for the incorporation of a National Bank which, aiihdugh strenuously opposed by Jefferson and his democratic adherents, was, after mature deliberati(m, signed by the President, and beceme a law. The bank was chartered for twenty years, with a capital ot ten niillions. It was established at Philadelphia, with branches throughout the United States. To pay the interest on the national debt, Iluinilton proposed duties on wine, tea, and other luxuries, with an excise on spirits distilled within the country. These were passed. The governnieiii being fully organized, public credit and commercial prosperity rapidly revived. Depreciated public paper soon rose to par ; and the value of property was greatly enhamed. In the autumn of 1790, General Harmer was sent with fifteen hundred men, of whom three hundred were regulars, to destroy the Indian settlements on the Sciota and Wabash. He detached Colonel Harden with six hundred men, to ascertain their position, hut at his approach, the Indians fired their principal village and at 446 ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINOTON. fled to the woods. Being agnin detached with one hundred and ei^'nt) inihtia, he was attacked by the savages, his inihtia dispersed, ana nil the regulars, except seven, killed. Harmer then burticd nil iho Indian towns on the Sciota, and again detached Harden, with three hu.idred militia and sixty regulars, to retrieve the loss of reputation in the forinfr expeditions. Being again attacked at the confluence of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's rivers, the militia were driven back after a resolute struggle, and fifty of the regulars killed. The whiile party then retreated to Fori Washington. ,N 1791, Citneral St. Clair, Governor of the North-west Territory, marched with three thousand men against the Indian villages on the Miami. Before sunrise, on the morning of November 4, he was surprised by a large body of Indians at his camp, about fifteen miles south of the villages. The militia, being in advance, were first attacked, and rushing in the usuiul disorder among the regulars under General Butler, composing the first line, threw them also mto confusion. The officers succeeded m re- storing partial order ; but so furious was the onset of the Indians, that most of the artillerymen were down, and the greater number of officers, including General Butler, either killed or mortally wounded. The commanding general was seriously indisposed, but he gave his orders with perfect coolness, and used every exertion to retrieve the fortunes of the day. Lieutenant-colonel Darke was ordered to charge with the bayonet, which he did in gallant style, driving the enemy about four hundred yards ; but the want of a sufficient number of riflemen to press this advantage, deprived the Americans of any advantage from it. The Indians finally broke the right wing, seized the artillery, and penetrated the camp. Darke again charged, driving them from camp and recovering the artillery ; but this success was but momentary, and the Americans soon commem-i'd a disorderly re- treat, in which they were pursued four miles. '1 uey halted at Fort Jefferson, thirty miles from the scene of action. In this engagement the Americans lost thirty-eight officers, and Kve hundred and ninety-three men killed ; twenty-one officers, and two hundred and forty-two men wounded. The enemy's loss was WAYNE DEFEATS THE INDIANS. 447 oUNKK&L WAYNC DKFBATIMU TUI INUIikNa AT THI UIAUL probably but small. On hearing of this disaster, Congress, at the re- conimendatioM of the President, increa id the national military force to five thousand men. General St. Cluir resigned the governorship of thu North-westorn Terrilcry, and was succeeded by General Wayne. In August, 1794, that officer marched with three thousand men to attack the Indians of the Miami. Reaching the Rapids on the 18th, he made to them an offer of peace ; but being posted in large numbers behind a thick wood near a British fort, they treated the proposition with contempt. On the 20th, Wayne advanced upon them in two columns ; and perceiving that they had extended their line over a distance of two miles in order to outflank him, he ordered his first column not to fire until they had advanced into the woods and roused the foe, and then 10 press them so closely with the bayonet as to give no time for re-loading. The second line was to support the first. Colonel Camp- bell's cavalry to charge the Indian left flank, and General S»ott, with his mounted volunteers, their right. In less than an hour after the commencement of the action, the savages were completely routed, and driven a distance of two miles, up to the very guns of the British fort. The general then destroyed the settlements .on the Miami, and so weakened the Indian resources that they were glad 448 ADMINISTRATION OP WASHINGTON. to listen to terms. A treaty advantageous to both parties was con- cluded in the following year. In the year 1791, the first census of the United States was taken, by which the total population, exclusive of Indians, was found to be nearly four millions. Of these, rather more than six hundred and ninety-five thousand were negro slaves. During the same year, Washington made a tour through the southern states, and was every where received as he had been at the north. The second Congress assembled at Philadelphia in October, 1791. The principal acts of their first session was the establishment of a uniform militia system, the increase of the army, and the apportion- ment of the ratio of representation at one delegate for every thirty- three thousand inhabitants. T the expiration of his first Presidential term in 1792, Washington expressed his ardent desire to retire from the cares of public life ; but this his friends would not listen to, and yielding his wishes to the good of the country, he was again unanimously chosen President, with John Adams for Vice-President. At this time the memorable French Revolu- tion had attained to such a pitch of fanaticism as to threaten the peace of Europe, and render a neutral policy on the part of the United States extremely difficult. Washington's cabinet were di- yided between the o;jinions of Hamilton and Knox, to break entirely with the French Assembly, and that of Jeff-rson and Randolph, to receive their envoy, and fully acknowledge the obligations of the treaty concluded with Louis XVI. Without giving a full sanction to either of these views, Washington assented to receiving the minister, and it was agreed that all mention of the treaty should be suppressed. The great bulk of the American people were in favour of lending assistance to France against foreign powers, especially England ; and a participation in the European struggle was prevented only by the firm neutral policy of Washington, and the rash conduct of the French envoy. This individual was M. Genet ; and, instead of proceeding directly to the seat of government, he landed at Charleston, and began to fit out privateers to cruise against British merchantmen. In his journey to Philadelphia he was everywhere welcomed with enthj- siasm, a circumstance that inspired him with most culpable vanity and assurance. When remonstrated with concerning the fitting out Ing CITIZEN GENET. 419 OXNBRAL KNOX of privateers, he haughtily answered that his authority was in the late treaty, any infraction of which would be a violation of the " rigliis of man." Not satisfied with this, he fitted out another privateer from the port of Philadelphia, and even undertook to direct the civil government, by pronouncing, in opposition to the decisions of the President, the branches of government in which the constitution vested certain powers. To cap this climax of folly and insolence, he declared to Secretaries Knox and Hamilton his determination to appeal, in ihe case of the privateer at Philadelphia, from the decision of the President to that of the people. Hitherto Citizen Genet had been sustained by popular esteem, principally on account of tho former friendship between the two countries ; but this threat opened the eyes of the people to his vil- lany, and they warmly and unanimously declared against him. In 1794, he was recalled at the request of the President. ^HE excise law, imposing a tax on domestic distilled liquors, met with great opposition in several parts of the country, especially in Pennsylvania, where whis- key was the most important item of trade. Public meetings in different counties west of the Alleghanies ienounced the act as unconstitutional, and declared any person 67 2p2 460 ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINQTON. who should undertake to enforce it inimical to the interests of the country. This appeal was but too readily answered. General Neville had been made inspector oi the western country, but his efforts to enforce the law were ineffectual. In the summer of 1792 the insurgents organized, and commenced so systematic an opposition lO the mea- sure, that Washington was obliged to issue a pioclamation calling on the disaffected to stop their proceedings. Even this did not produce the desired effect. General Neville was fired upon while walking from his residence, his house attacked and partly destroyed, and himself driven beyond the mountains. The exercise of armed force having now become absolutely nece3 states of Vir- ginia and Maryland was defeated by the opposition of the inhabitants. An attempt was soon afterwards made to induce the President to take forcible possession of New Orleans, and place there a sufficient militia force to defend the navigation of the Mississippi ; but this was scHiU iifterwards abandoned. HIS state of dissension and anxiety was ended I v^ by the reception of most unexpected news from France. War had suddenly occurred between that power and England, and so empty was the French treasury, that Napoleon gladly caught at the overtures of the American govern- ment, and, instead of selling merely New Or- leans, agreed to yield the whole of Louisiana for the sum of eleven and a quarter millions of dollars, in six per cent, stock. A treaty to this effect had been executed by the American envoys, and thus a territory computed at one million square miles, was obtained by the new republic. In the same year, the Kaskaskia Indians surrendered to government their valuable territory, lying along the Mississippi. Ohio, and Illinois rivers. These events had scarcely transpired, when a difficulty nrose from another quarter. In the year 1800, the Bashaw of Tripoli showed a disposition to seize our richly laden vessels in the Mediterranean, and he now complained of having been treated with less regard than the other Barbary states. On the 5*h of May, he addressed a letter to the President, demanding large subsidies from the American government, and at the same time threatened Mr. Cathcart, our minister at Tripoli, that if a satisfactory answer did not arrive in six months, he would declare war. Twelve months qfter, [May 12, 1801,3 ^^ announced that he had declared war, and would take down the American flag-staff" in two days. This was done, and Mr. Cathcart sailed for the United States. Tunis and Algiers deter- mined to assist the bashaw, hoping thereby to obtain some of th? rich prizes which they most sanguinely dreamed of capturing. iiQS 4U2 ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. COMUODO BB DAL] Before news of the declaration of war was received in America, government had fitted out a fleet in anticipation of such an event, and to protect our commerce. It was composed of the frigates President, Philadelphia, Essex, ind the schooner Enterprise, the whole under Commodore Dale. On the 1st of July, the commo dore arrived off' the coast of Gib- raltar, where he met the high admiral of Tripoli, with two ves Eels. This functionary denied that his government was at war with the United States ; and unable to receive more authentic information, Dale sailed to Tripoli. Ascertaining the situation of affairs, he imme- diately commenced a blockade of the port. On the 1st of August, Lieutenant Sterret, on his way to Malta in the Enterprise, encountered the Tripolitan ship-of-war Tripoli, of twelve guns, under Rais Mahomet Sous. After an incessant cannon- ading of three hours' length, within pistol-shot range, the enemy struck. His loss was twenty killed and thirty wounded ; Sterret did not lose a man. On the 21st of August, Pale captured a Greek ship bound for Tripoli, laden with merchandise, and having on board one Tripolitan oflicer, twenty-four soldiers, fourteen merchants, and five women. An exchange of pr'soners was effected with the bashaw, after which the commodore abandoned the blockade and sailed for Tripoli. N February, 1802, Congress authorized the President to take immediate measures for the protection of commerce in the Mediterranean, and for the fitting out of ships to subdue, seize, and make prize of all vessels, goods, and eflfects belonging to the Bashaw of Tri- poli or his subjects, and to send the same into port. He accordingly ordered to the relief of Commodore Dale, the Enterprise, of twelve guns. Captain Sterret ; the Constellation, thirty-six. Captain Murray ; the Chesa peaks, forty-four. Captain Morris ; the Adams, thirty-two, Captair Campbell ; the New York, thirty-two. Captain Barron ; and the WAR WITH TRIPOIJ. 4<>8 alNXBAXi SATOI John Adams, thirty-two, Captain Rodgers. These vessels were to sail as soon as they could be equipped, the whole under the command of Captain Morris. That officer reached Gibraltar in May, and during the two following months was engaged in block- ading the enemy at that port, and watching the Emperor of Morocco, who had also declared war. But a treaty was concluded with him in August, and Morris sailed for Tripoli. Beiiig prevented from approaching the coast by a violent storm of wind, he bore away to Tunis, the bey of which country had lately assumed a hostile attitude. Several audiences with this personage had resulted in nothing but mutual ill-feeling ; and General Eaton, the Americaa minister, was even preparing to leave the country. A project of rather a romantic character had for some tune been carried on by Eaton, in order to facilitate operations against the Rashaw of Tripoli. This ruler was the younger of two Drothers, 5)ut had unlawfully seized the throne and driven his relative into 4G4 ADMINISTRATION OP THOMAS JEFFERSON. exile. Ilumet, the defrauded prince, seems to have been popular among the Tripolitans ; and Eaton conceived the project of espousiiit; his cause, and thus avenge the reigning bashaw's insults to the United States by driving him from the throne. Hainet eagerly closed with this scheme ; and the bashaw becoming alarmed, made overtures of reconciliation with his brother, offering him the govern* merit of Derne. He would have consented to this, but for the repre- sentations of Mr. Eaton, who induced him soon afterwards to sail for Malta. Here he remained for a time, while Eaton returned to the United States, in order to induce his government to lend tho neces- sary aid for placing the rightful sovereign on the throne of Tripoli. Shortly after, his place as consul was supplied by Mr. Cathcart while Eaton received the appointment of naval agent fur tho Barbaiy States, with the view of aiding the operations of the Mediierninean squadron against Tripoli, by forwarding the rights of the exiled Hamet bashaw. In June, he again embarked for Africa, in the frigate John Adams, which, with the President, Ci ngress, Essex, and Constellation, constituted a reinforcement to the fui-n.er squadron. AKLY in June, 1803, CoimiiDdore Morris made proposals of peace to the ruler of Tripoli. He modestly asked two hundred thousand Spanish milled dollars, and the expenses of the war, before he would em- brace the commodore's overtures. Morris then offered him a present of five thousand dollars, but the verbal answer of the haughty prince was, "that the business was at an end, and that he must depart imniediately." Soon after, Morris was recalled by government, and his conduct during the expedition bub- mitted to the examination of a court-martial, by which he was cen- sured for inactive and dilatory conduct. During the blockade of Tripoli by the John Adams, under Captain Rodgers, she 'captured the Meshonda, of twenty guns, belonging to the Emperor of Morocco, who had purchased her of the bashaw. Being sent to Tunis with a cargo, she violated the blockade, and was taken. On the 27th of June, Captain Rodgers observed a large vessel anchored within the Bay of Tripoli, while a number of gun-boats filled with armed men, approached to her relief. About nine o'clock A M., of the 28th, a fire was opened upon her from the Joha Adams, Ij td PI g| hf 71 CAPTURE OF COMMODORE BAINBRIDOB. 465 Ahich being returned, the action continued on both sides for about {orty-five minutes. The firing then ceased until a quarter before ten, when it was renewed with such fury that the enemy's ship blew up, bearing with her many of the crew. This vessel mounted twenty-two guns, and was the finest one in the TripoHtan service. Meanwhile, a reinforcement to the Mediterranean service had been despatched from the United Slates, under Commodore Preble, who was to command the whole force in that quarter. On the night of August 20, Captain Bainbridge, ii: the Philadel- phia, fell in with a ship and a brig, both Moorish vessels. The former proved to be the Meshboha, of twenty-two guns and one hundred men. On intimating that the brig was an American, Cap- tain Rodgers gave orders to search the main vessel, when the captain and part of the crew of the American brig Celia were found to be confined below deck. Upon this discovery, the officers of the Mesh- boha were ordered on board the Philaddphia, and their cruiser taken into custody. Next day the Celia, which hud escaped, was recap- tured. The John Adams then sailed for Morocco, where, about the middle of October, Bainbridge concluded a treaty with the emperor, restoring to him the Meshonda and Meshboha. Soon after this event. Captain Bainbridge, while pursuing a Tri- piilitun vessel, ran aground on the rocks near the city, and was un- able to get his vessel off. lie was almost immediately attacked by the enemy's gun-boats, anu after a contest of five hours, obliged to strike his colours. The captain and crew were taken on shore, but all efforts to remove the Philadelphia were unavail- ing. On the 3d of February, 1804, Stephen Decatur, in the Siren anu Intrepid, was sent by Commodore Preble, commandant of the Medi- terranean squadron, to burn the grounded vessel. This he accom- plished in the Intrepid, on the night of the 16th, although all the guns of the frigate were mounted and charged, and she lay within half gunshot of the bashaw's castle and principal battery. Two Tripnliiiin cruisers were lying within two cables' length, on the star nnilMODORR BAINBRindB. 46f ADMINISTRATION OF THOVAS TEFPERSON. board quarter, while all the batteries r~^;r;, ^^ on shore were opened on the assau- ^ ^— ants. But one American was wound- ed. It was one of the most daring and gallant achievements of the war, and Decatur received from Congress a sword and captain's commission, and each of his officers and crew two months' pay. On the 21st of July, Commodore Preble, with six vessels and eight gun-boats, carrying one thousand and sixty men, appeared before the harbour of Tripoli, which was de- fended by nineteen gun-boats, two galleys, two schooners of eight guns each, a brig of ten guns, land batteries mounting one hundred and fifteen heavy cannon, and by twenty-five thousand Arabs and Turks. On the 3d of August, the first bombardment of Tripoli commenced, accompanied by a general attack upon the gun-boats in the harbour. A tremendous fire was kept up fur some hours upon the town, and answered by the enemy's whole train of artillery. Meanwhile, with the most daring bravery, Decatur attacked the gun-boats in the harbour, and succeeded in capturing or destroying several, allhdugh so close was the contest that the gallant captaii.'s life was several times in imminent danger, and on one occasion 'e had but nine men against thirty-six. The Americans lost Lieutena t J. Decatur killed, and thirteen men wounded. The loss of tb- enemy was much greater. On the 7ih of August, the squadron approached the harbour, in order to ailence a seven gun battery. This was effected, although one of the captured gun-boats was blown up, carrying with her Lieutenant Caldwell, Midshipman Dorsey, and ten others. In this second attack, forty-eight shells and five hundrtd twenty-four pound- shot were thrown into the town. On the night of the 24th, another attack was made upon the city, which lasted until daylight. It was renewed at half-past one of the 28th, when a warm action took place between thirteen of the enemy's gun-boats, supported by their batteries and the gun-boats and smaller vessels of the squadron. One of the enemy's vessels was sunk, and two more were disabled. The cannonade was renewed on the 3d of September, with much injury to the btishaw's castle. BNTERPRISK OP QKXERAL EATON. 167 BOUBARDMBNT OF TRIPOLI. About tbij time, the Intrepid was sent into the harbour of Trip ill to destroy the flotilla, and throw a quantity of shells into the town. Captai'i Somers, and Lieutenants Israel and Wadsworth, volunteered fo) this dangerous service. One hundred barrels of powder, and a aundred and fifty shells, were put in her hold, with a contrivance by which it could be fired, and yet allow the crew time to escape. When near the place of destination, she suddenly blew up, carrying with her, as is supposed, the three officers. The consternation pro- duced among the enemy by this event is indescribable. No clue to unravel the fate of the heroic adventurers was ever obtained. On the 10th of September, Commodore Barron arrived with the President and Constellation, and assumed command. Preble returned to the United States. Meanwhile, General Eaton, having returned to the Mediterranean, had been prosecuting his scheme in favour of Hamet bashaw, and at the time of the last bombardment of Tripoli, actually threatened to drive the reigning bashaw from the throne, after raising a smal.' army in Egypt, consisting of Mamelukes, Arabs, and a number of adventurers. On the 3d of March, they left Alexandria for Derne travelling through the Libyan desert, and encountering hardships en every kind. On tne %th of April, they appeared before the lattei 4G8 ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. OAPTDRB OV nxRNS. City, where Eaton offered the governor '-".ins of amity, hut received the haughty answer, " My head or yours !" On the morning of the 27th, the battle commenced by the Tri- poiitans firing- upon the Argus, Hornet, and Nautilus, which had stood in to second the attack. The enemy's naval batteries were soon silenced, but on land they gained so much advantage, that in order to prevent discouragement, Eaton charged their works with fifty men. Although the enemy numbered seven to one, they fled, leaving their battery in the hands of the Americans. During the charge, Eutnn was wounded in the wrist. This success was followed by the capture of the bey's palace, which placed the city in possession of the Americans. The bey escaped, and while fleeing toward Tripoli, was met by about one thousand of the bashaw's troops, who had been despatched to his relief. This force pressed towards Derne, and after defeating about one hundred of Hamet's cavalry, entered the city, and forced their way to the bey's palace. Here they were repulsed by the Ameri can batteries^ and drivsc ir/.o the fields. Soon after, they wert TUEATT WITH THE DARBARY POWERS. 4«;n MOBtlV. totally defeated by Hamet's troops, in a battle fought in the Barbary fashion, without the intervention of either Americans or Europeans. But this fair prospect of driving the reiffning bashaw from the throne, was dissolved by the conclusion of a treaty with that prince by Commodore Rodgers, who had superseded Barron. By this instrument the Americans secured to themselves all that had been demanded at the opening of war, together with a complete amnesty ♦nd suitable provision during life for Hamet and his followers. Commodore Bainbridge and his crew were restored to liberty after a morti- fying captivity of more than nineteen months. We now turn to the closing events of Mr. Jeflerson's first presidential term. During the year 1804, go- vernment acquired from the Dela- ware Indians a valuable an>l exten- sive territory situated between the Wabash and Ohio, and commanding the navigation of the latter river for three hundred miles. In the same AARON B0RR. ♦ ear the President organized the district of Mobile for the collection D 30 2R 470 ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. of duties on imposts and tonnage, having Fort Stoddert for tlio jiort of entry and delivery. In July, 1804, occurred the memorable duel between General Ila milton and the Vice-President, Aaron Burr. Certain offensive pub- lications having appeared in one of the journals of the day, Coione Burr suspected Hamilton of being the author, and in a letter required his acknowledgment or denial of the fact. Hamilton refusing to give either, received a challenge, accepted it, met Burr, and fell at the first fire. No similar event ever caused so much sensation through ou*. the United States as the news of this fatal duel. By his great talents, powerful eloquence, and gentlemanly conduct, Hamilton had become the idol of the federal party, and the admiration of all his countrymen. Extraordinary honours were paid to his memory, while for the future Burr was regarded with detestation. On the 4th of March, 1805, Mr. Jefl'i'rson entered upon his second term of office. Burr was succeeded in the Vice-Presidency by George Clinton, of New York. At this time the aggressions of (treat Britain upon the seamen and com- merce of the United States called for serious interference on the part of government. The strict neu- trality maintained by Congress had secured to our merchants a lucra- tive and growing trade in the West Indies, which soon excited the i nvy of England. Many large vessels trading to the French colonies were oBOBoa oLiNTOH. captured and condemned by the British. In May, 1806, some of the principal French ports wen declared in a state of blockade ; while in November, of the same year, Napoleon issued his famous Berlin decree, declaring all the British islands under blockade. Neutral vessels were thus prohibited from trading with either country. At the same time England continued to search American ves- sels, and impress their seamen into her own service. A most aggravated instance of this occurred in June, 1807. On the 6th of March previous, the British consul at Norfolk had demanded of Captain Decatur three of the Chesapeake's crew, deserters, as he alleged, from the British ship Melampus. On inquiry they were AFFAIR OF THE CUESAPEAKB. i71 AFFAIR or THB OHSSAPaAXJ. found to be native torn Americans. On the 22cl of April the Chesa- peake sailed for the Mediterranean, under Commodore Barron ; but, after passing through the British squadron, she was stopped by the English ship Berkeley, and an officer sent on board demanding the three men. On his returning to the Leopard with a refusal of the demand, that vessel opened a heavy fire, which continued thirty minutes, when the Chesapeake struck her colours. She was then boarded, her crew mustered, and four men carried to the British vessel. The Chesapeake lost three men killed, and eighteen wounded ; and was so much injured in her hull and rigging as to be obliged to 'eturn to Hampton Roads. News of this outrage was received throughout the country with a burst of indignation. The inhabitants of Norfolk and Portsmouth passed unanimous resolutions discontinuing all communication be tween the shore and the British ships. At the same time two hun- dred hogsheads of water, for the use of the squadron, were destroyed hy the people ; and to the consequent threat of the English captain to stop all vessels trading to Norfolk, he was answered that peace or war was at his pleasure. On the 3d Df July, the President issued a proclamation forbidding communication with British armed vessels, S9 4T2 ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. aXKBaill. 17ILSINS01 unless in distress or conveying despatches. They were interdicted from the waters of the United States, two thousand militia were ordered to the defence of Norfolk, and one hundred thousand to hold themselves in readiness for service. Congress was summoned to meet on the 26th of October. The American minister in London having demanded satisfaction for the insult, Berkeley's act was dis- avowed ; yet he was shortly afterwards elevated to a more important station. A singular and still unexplained event had taken place previous to this time, which for a while caused much serisation throughout the United States. This was the supposed treason of Aaron Burr. After his retirement from the political arena of the Union, he is said to have attempted the secession of the Western States, so as to form them into an independent nation; but failing, he endeavoured to per- suade the settlers to invade Mexico. This received some encourage- ment. He was, however, narrowly watched by government ; and Genera. Wi.kinson, commandant at New Orleans, having transmitted THE EMBAR07 ACT. ^ro (o to the President an account of the whole enterprise, Jefferson, on the 27th of November, issued a proclamation forbidding all citizens to lend it their encouragement, and ordering the stoppage of the boats intended for the enterprise. Burr was arrested in the February fol- lowing, and carried to Richmond for trial in the federal circuit court. On the 23d of June a true bill was found against him, and he was committed to prison, but permitted to remain at his hotel under a guard. His irial took place, August 3, 1805 ; and on the 31i)t he was acquitted, on the ground that his offence did not come under jurisdiction of the court. The growing difficulties with foreign powers enabled him to escape further prosecution, and he soon after sailed for England. In December, 1807, an embargo was imposed by government upon American vessels, forbidding them to leave their ports, for fear of capture. This law continued during the remainder of Jefferson's administration, but was very injurious to the eastern states, and ren- dered the administration unpopular in that portion of the country. In 1808, Jefferson announced his intention of retiring from the presidential chair. The ensuing election gave the office of chief magistrate to James Madison, the candidate of the republican party. Mr. Clinton was re-elected for the Vice-Presidency. They were in. jgurated March 4, 1809; after which the ex-President retired to his seat at Monticello, where the evening of his life was passed amid tlie qu'3t of literary pursuits. J A.UXa U AOISOH CHAPTER XXXIX. ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON. JHE opposition to the embargo act of the late ad ministration was so decided, that one of the first acts of Congress after the inauguration of Mr. Madison was to repeal it, but at the same time prohibiting all intercourse with either France or England. Taking advantage of this measure, Mr. Erskine, the British ambassador, proposed an adjustment of the difRculties between the two nniions on the basis of full satisfaction for the Chesapeake insult, with the restoration of he" men, the withdrawal of the orders in council so far as they related ti the United States ; the appointment of an envoy extraordinary, witlv power to conclude a treaty respecting all the points at issue. This was raufied by the President, who immediately issued a proclama- tion permitting the resumption of trade with Great Britain. Bui this pacific appearance was dispelled by news from England dis avowing the act of her minister, and ordering his recall. The Pre aident's proclamation was consequently revoked. Mr. Eri.'kine was succeeded by Mr. Jackson. That gentleman, on being asked by the Secretary of State why the British govern ment had disavowed the proceedings of his predecessor, answerea that the latter had exceeded his instructions, and insinunted that the 474 AFFAIR OF THE LITTLE BELT. 475 re, an of if ti UK 'his la- >ui Idis 'rt American government had been aware of that fact at the time. This nsulting language was noticed in energetic terms by the Secretary, but Jackson replied only by repeating the charge. This personage Tminister Jackson] even went so fer as to make this declaration for the third time. He was then informed that for the purpose of facili- tating pacific overtures, no communication would in future be received irom him. His government then recalled him, and at the expiration of a year and a half appointed Mr. Foster to succeed him. Before the arrival of Mr. Foster, another exciting event had occur- red lo threaten the prospects of amity and commerce with England. On the 16th of May, 1811, Commodore Rodgers, in the frigate Pre- fiidnnt, came in sight of a vessel off the capes of Virginia. On com- mg up with her in the evening, the commodore was unable to ascer- tain her nation ; and, on hailing her twice, he received for answer a shot in his mainmast. The fire was returned, and in thirty minutes the ■ *ranger was silenced. She proved to be the British sloop of war Little Belt, of eighteen tons. Thirty-two of her men were killed or wounded, and the vessel was considerably injured. N the 1st of May, 1810, Congress passed an act declaring that if either Great Britain or France should, before the 3d of March, 1811, so revoke or modify her decrees, as that they should cease to violate the neutral commerce of the United States, which fact the President should declare b\ proclamation ; and if the other nation should not within three months thereafter revoke its edicts in like manner; — then the non-intercourse law should, after the expiration of three months from the date of the proclamation, be revived, and havb full force and effect so far as regarded the nation neglecting to revoke them, and that the restrictions imposed by that act should be discon- tinued in relation to the nation so revoking or modifying her decrees. France, ever ready to catch at any thing which might humble her rival, declared through her minister [August 5, 1810] that the de- crees of Berlin and Milan were revoked ; — at the same time it was explicitly slated that the revocation had been made in full confidence that the condition would be enforced against Great Britain, if she did not annul her orders in council and renounce the new principles ot blockade. On the 2d of November, 1810, the President announced that all restrictions on the trade of the United States with France had ceased. 170 ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON. Great Britain, however, refused to repeal her orders in council until the ?i3d of June, 1812. Previous to this tardy and ungraceful act, Congress passed laws raising the military force to thirty-one thousand men, completing the milihiry establishment previously existing, and authorizing the President to accept the services of volunteer military corps and other armed forces. The Chesapeake, Constellation, and Adams, were at the same fitted for sea. On the 14th of March the President was authorized to borrow on the credit of the United States any sum not exceeding eleven millions of dollars At this time another foe reappeared on our western border, and commenced a series of daring incursions similar to those which, during the war of indepen- dence, had almost depopulated that fertile region. The In- dians, led by the daring Tecumseh and his fanatical brother, the Prophet, united themselves with the emissa- ries of Great Britain to excite a war against the United States. At a great council held at Vincennes, by General Harrison, governor of the In- diana territory, in 1811, Te- cumseh not only declared that the white man had no right to the soil, and that as it belonged to the red men in common, no single tribe could dispose of the part it occupied, but even grasped his arms in the most determined manner; and, but for the firmness of the governor, and the presence of his soldiers, he would probably have been murdered. After this affair the outrages com- mitted by the savages were so numerous, that General Harrison, with a small force of regulars and militia, marched into the Indian coun- fry, and on the 6th of November appeared before the Prophet's town Here he held a conference with some of the principal chiefs, who agreed that both parties should remain quiet until the following morn- ing, when a second council was to convene and agree upon terms of peace. Notwit :3tanding this friendly appearance, Harrison, with TE0DM3B11. BATTLE OP TIPPECANOE. 477 OOONOIL OF VIN0BNNB3. ihe sagacity for which he was ever remarkable, discerned symptoms of treachery among the Indians; and, accordingly, posting his little army in an advantageous position, near a place called Tippecanoe, he ordered the troops to sleep upon their arms, and in case of attack to maintain their ground at all hazards. The event justified this pre- caution. Before daylight, on the morning of the 7th, the savages furiously attacked the left flank, drove in the picket, and rushed upon the camp. But, encouraged by their general, the regulars and mounted riflemen gallantly maintained their ground, while Major Daviess, with his cavalry, charged their whole line. The latter movement was unsuccessful; and, at daylight, the Americans beheld themselves nearly surrounded by the enemy, who were pouring in a most deadly fire. At this juncture an almost simultaneous charge was made with fixed bayonets by the companies of Captain Snelling and Major Wells, and the enemy were dislodged. The mounted riflemen then dashed forward, and drove the Indians into a marsh. About the same time Captain Cook and Lieutenant Larabie charged iin the right, so that the savages being, driven at ail points, were at length completely routed. In th's hard-fought action the Americans lost, in killed and ViS ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON. OENXBAL HARRISON. wo\inded, one hundred and eighty-eight ; the general estinnateJ the lOs^ of the Indians at one hundred and fifty. Major Daviess, emi nent in Kentucky as a lawyer anJ an orator, was amongst the slain The battle was followed by the burning of the Prophet's town, the dispersion of the hostile savages, and the submission of most of the tribes in that vicinity. Tecumseh was not in this action, being then engaged on a mission to the south for the purpose of uniting all the Indians of that region with those at the north, in a confederacy against the United States. In the early part of 1812 the Pre- sident received information that an individual named John Henry had been employed in 1809 by Sir James Craig, Governor-General of Canada, on a secret agency to the United States, having for its object the discovery and fomenting nmong the two great political parties of the country such a spirit of dis- satisfaction and hatred as would eventually lead to the dissolution of the Union. This nefarious mission appears to have been confined to the New England states, they being the richest and most influen- "ial part of the country, as well as the most opposed to any declara- tion of war with Britain, This information was communicated to the President by Henry himself, through the Secretary of Slate, and transmitted to Congress in March. It excited throughout the coun- try a strong feeling of indignation, and confirmed the popular opinion 6S to the difficulty of effecting a cordial reconciliation with Britain. On the 20th of May, the Hornet sloop-of-war returned from Europe with intelligence that neither England nor France manifested any disposition to change their policy towards the United States. At this news the President sent a message to Congress, recounting the re- peated efforts of our country to effect a treaty of peace, the insulting manner in which they had been met by Great Britain, and the out- rages practised upon our commerce. " We behold," adds the Presi- dent, "on the side of Great Britain a state of war against the United States ; and on the side of the United States, a state of peace towards fiteat Britain." He then submitted for their solemn consideration the >VAR VriTn eIREAT BRITAIN. 479 question whether this state of things should continue, or, relying upon the mighty Disposer of events, the nation should assert its natural rights by opposing force to force. After due consideration of this message, the House of Representatives, on the 4th of June, 1812, passed a bill specifying the numerous aggressive practices of Great Britam, and declaring war. It passed the Senate by a majority of six, and was ratified by the President on the 18th. By this act the President was authorized to apply the whole land and naval force of the United States to carry the same into effect, and to issue to private armed vessels of the United States letters of marque and reprisal, in such form as he should think proper, and under the national seal, against the vessels, goods, and effects of the government and people of Great Britain and Ireland. It was followed by other acts, providing for the organization of the army and navy, the defence of the sea-coast, and tl» issue of treasury noies. I , this re- ling oui- resi- niied ards vtxw ov wAsaiKaxov. OOMUOOOBI BUIib CHAPTER XL. CAMPAIGN OP lyi2. HE declaration ol war with Great Britaiii was received with differ- ent fielings, by different classes of the American community. The minority of Congress, the Legislatures of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey, and several of the commercial cities, protested against it in pub- lic addresses. But unquestiona- bly the greater portion of the peo- ple approved of lU- net, and considered it the only honourable course which could have beeo INVASION OF CANADA. 4t DxrsNOB or vort barbisoi them to ask privately of the governors of Ohio and Kentucky for reinfdrcements, and accordingly twelve hundred militia under Briga- dier-Gjneral Tupper, and two thousand volunteers under Brigadier- Gfnenl Payne, were sent toward Detroit. On the road, they heard of the surrender, and on petitioning that some competent officer, well acqnninted with the country, might be appointed to conduct them, that post was given to General Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Such was the popularity of this able officer, that, although not a citizen of Kentucky, he was immediately invested by the governor of that state with the chief command of its militia, and the rank of major-general. He was also appointed brigadier-general in the regular army. On the 3d of September, with two thousand two hundred men, he arrived at Piqua, on the Great Miami, whence he despatched Colonel Allen, with five hundred men, to the relief of Fort Wayne, then invested by the Indians. At the colonel's ap- proach, the besiegers fired a little village adjacent to the fort, and then retreated. General Tupper was then sent with one thousand men, to disperse the enemy at the Rapids of the Miami ; but partly through a misunderstanding with General Winchester, Commander at Fort Wayne, and partly from defection of the Ohio militia, this expedition failed. On the western frontier, however, the small gar- •ison of Fort Harrison, under CapU> Zachary Taylor, defended 484 CAMPAlflN OF 1812. QUXXNSTOWN. themselves against fearful odds, during a night attack by the Indians, and although a block-house containing all their provisions was burnt to the ground, they drove off the assailants with considerable loss. The captain lost two men killed, three wounded. This success was followed by incursions into the Indian terniory, during which Colonel Campbell destroyed many villages and captured a number of warriors, with their wives and children. Meanwhile, a considerable American force under Brigadier-General Bloomfield, was stationed at Plattsburg, and another under Brigadier- General Smyth, at Buffalo. About three thousand five hundred militia, with small parties of regulars, were stationed on the Niagara frontier, under General Van Rensselaer. The latter resolved on an attempt upon dueenstown, a small place on the Niagara river, eight miles below the falls. The assaulting party was divided into a force of three hundred regulars, under Lieutenant-Colonel Christie, and the same number of militia under Colonel Van Rensselaer. These were to be followed by the flying artillery, under Colonel Fenwick, ihe remainder of the regulars under Major Mullany, and the artillery of Colonel Winfield Scott, who had lately arrived from Black Rock. Before daylight on the 13th of October, the army was put i» CAPTURE OF THE ALERT "*"' !'" '-'"y 8".n..d, .„,"„„, H .oT"'"" «°"""' "°- -"• 'a-P ; Ul .he nrilish, bei,„ rcinfri K '"'""«"'"„ ,„ fo„if , Amencon „i|,„„ „f„,,/,^ "•• A. ■h.s cn.ical „„e,„, ,,,; *- P0« wi.h heroic fir.„ 3;:f, ' ::; "V"'"' »'0.™/„,„f„J "■ey surrendered. S„™ af,„ ,J" '' ""I ""ly surrounded, when •«-p,s ,0 en,er C„„„da, rl,. ' "1" ™ '"^ »-'«l "«ucce.3f„, Wns Che success of ,he Ja„d 7 """■'• '"".."""""-""Saled ,0 .hems? eV,h;„7' r""""'' "■"""'^'y ••°"'y '™ "°Hy disputed. The accu ' . ""''""»• "■='> ^"P- -seamen by in,p,ess„,e„, and , "l™ '.T"/'™^ ^-P-d u„™ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ <^^" the 3d of Julv P ' \ J^''«^'dIVter.,n,henevvfr,We ^rs /^"^"^"-'-'^^ ;:"'" ^\"'^>' H°"k on a cruise to g"';.' ,^^ ^^^« «"acl 'tit*'!, whvn thf 1 •'. 1 . . ■ '• l'' ■ , i"(; .. '. »■'; 'i,,i(;ii''-il 'i •.!■ j'lr' j ! (' ,.' J' i • ; t'li., V(iM I' r '.■«i'"i ■;■" :. *-'ti " • /' ■-,)'•; 1(^1 '■ '■■: ' ,. l.r^. ' I'.. . ■■ M)| raw " • '.■i HI ■ i: ■ ' '■" : "1(1 I, ,■■ ' .' >■,• ir-',;-- II t '^. ;],« I'd ih Aft; ,.- ;; . . '' ' y. "y'lriw h: i 1,.,, I. US' '•. {irtii-.-h if '■it: '■• 's.«!> -i.'. '■■ ^■ ;(■- ■:;i-B :k T:r;i:.:e'.T v.s s? 1 clo ols an f(ir die 8UI mr ml tre Tc vol 111) till ll'.l ri'i th( ch tw (lr( a> II ti BATTLKS OF LAKE ERIE AND THE THAMES. 407 O U M o n O H W r K li R Y. close contest of two hours, durinjr which the remaining Anr*ricnn vessels were unable to come up, the Lawrence was silenced, and every thing seemed to promise the liritish a speedy victory; but, at IT? W\ ^^''^ "'^'^' ^''"^ "'""'*' "* '''" ' Ik Jill'' C second ship, Niagara, in nn ll iJjj open boat, renewed the action l7|Tj|n with the greatest vigour, and soon compelled the opposing fleet to strike its colours. This victory was bought with the loss of two ofrict^ra, and twenty-five men killed, and ninety-six wound<'d; the Hri- tish had forty-one killed, and ninety-four wounded. Not only did the event occasion the greatest joy throughmit tho counlry, as being the first victory gained over a British fleet, but also, inasmuch as it gavi- the American army under General [larrison an opportunity to cross into Canada, and retrieve the losses of the former campaign. On receiving information of the loss of his fl(M't, Proctor inime dialely abandoned Maiden, which was taken possession of by IJarri Bon and Governor Shelby. On the 2(1 of October the Ameiicaiu moved forward in pursuit of the British, whom they overt .ik on the 5th, drawn uj) in line of battle, on a narrow isthmus covered with trees. The regulars, under I'roctor, were covered by tlii! river, and Tecumseh's Indians by a morass. Colonel Johnson, with the mouiitec' volunteers, was ordered to charge the Indians, while tho n)ain army, under Harrison, charged the British. So impetuous was the onset, that both the enemy's lines were immediately broken, and to the rr.imber of eight hundred men they threw down their arms and sur- rendered. Proctor efTected his escape. Notwithstanding this loss, the Indians continued to fight with desperate valour, until their great chief Tecumseh was killed, when they fli'd in all directions. In this decisive action the victors had only seven killed, and twenty-two wounded. The British and Indians lost nearly one hun- dred in killed and wounded, together with large quantities of arms Bid military stores. Harrison now left part of his troops at Detroit under General Cass, and sailed with the remainder to Buffalo. 63 *'»'■' 498 CAMPAIGN OP 1813. OF TBS THAUSa. ARLY in the spring of this year, a British order in council declared the American coast, from the Chesapeake to Rhode Island, in a state of blockade. In March, Commodore Beresford made a demand for provisions on the inhabitants of Lewistown, with an offer of payment. Being refused, he opened a bombardment on the 6th of April, which, after con- tinuing for twenty-two hours with no effect upon the Americans, he abandoned, and sailed for Bermuda. About the same time a squadron of four ships of the line and six frigates, under Admiral Cockburn, arrived in the Chesapeake. This officer signalized himself by pil- laging country seats, farm-houses, and small vessels, plundering public and private property, and firing the villages of Frenchtown, Havre de Grace, Frederickton, and Georgetown. The British were then reinforced by large bodies of troops under Sir John Warren and Sir Sidney Beckwith. These officers made a combined attack upon Norfolk, but were gallantly repulsed by the seamen and militia in ihat vicinity. They then proceeded against Hampton, eighteen miles from Norfolk, which they carried after an obstinate resistance. The town was given up to the soldiery, who perpetrated outrages upon WAK WITH THE INDIANS. 49y prrsf.n and property too revolting' to be described. Not long afti - Admiral Cockburn, with a considerable fleet, perj^etrated similar devastations along the coast of North Carolina. While these events were transpiring in the north and along the coast, serious disturbances had taken place among the southern In- dians. These warriors had been excited by a visit from Tecumseb, who had used all his eloquence and influence to bring them into the confederation he was at that time forming agamst the United States. In September, 1812, the Creeks defeated a body of Georgia volun- teers, but were soon afterwards overawed by the appearance of Gene- ral Jackson in their territory, with twenty-five hundred volunteers. On the 30th of August, Fort Min^.nis, with its garrison of about three hundred planters and settlers, was attacked by six hundred Indians under the chief Weatherford. After a close conflict, the assailants cut their way into the works, drove the besieged into houses, and set them on fire. Out of three hundred men, women, and children, only seventeen escaped. To revenge this massacre, (teneral Jackson was sent against the savages with an army of thirty- five hundred militia. On the 2d of November he sent General Coffee with nine hundred men against a body of Indians posted at Tallu- shatchee. The attack was made early on the followmg morning, and after a sanofuinary conflict terminated in the annihilation of the enemy, A number of wnmen and children were taken prisoners. General Coffee lost five killed, and forty wounded. On the 7th of November Jackson marched with two thousand men to relieve some friendly Indians at Talladega, which was then threat- ened by the enemy. The enemy were attacked on the 9th ; and, after a close struggle, compelled to fly, leaving behind them more than three hundred dead warriors. The Americans lost fifteen killed, and eighty wounded. A short time subsequent to this. Gene ral White destroyed the principal town of the Hillabee tribe, killing sixty of their warriors, and capturing two hundred and fifty prison- ers. Another victory was obtained over the Indians at Autossee, by a force under General Floyd. After a contest of two hours' dura- tion, two hundred of their warriors were killed, while the Americans lost eleven killed, and fifty-four wounded. On the 22d of January, 1814, General Jackson, with a large force? fought a decisive battle at Emuckfaw Creek, near a bend of the Tal- lapoosa. The Indians attacked at daylight ; and, after a warm action of half an hour, were driven back ; but, returning m a littlf soo CAMPAIGN OF 1813. BATTLB OT IMOCKfO. W. while, they made a furious assault on the left, which, with great difficulty, was sustained. General Coffee charged their flank, when they were driven into a marsh. Being enticed from this, they were once more defeated, and their warriors cut to pieces. The conflict on the American right terminated in a similar irianner. On the 14th of March, General Jackson, with about three thousand men, commenced another expedition against the Creeks. The first point of attack was the fortress of Tohopeka, defended by about one thousand warriors. The assault was conducted by General Coflte on one side, an.' General Jackson on the other, assisted by cannon and musketry. When these two fences arrived at the breastworks, a contest ensued, which, for obstinacy and bloodshed, has been rarely surpassed in Indian warfare. No quarter was asked or received by either party. When, towards evening, the action closed, a wretched, heart-broken remnant, was all that remained of the Creek warriors. Only four men had been taken prisoners, together with three hun- dred women and children. Five hundred and fifty-seven warriors were found dead upon the ground, besides a great number who per- ished in attempting to cross the river. Fifiy-five Americans were tcilled, and one hundred and forty-six wounded. Immediately after his action »he American general marched to the Hickory ground, TREATY WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES. 501 BATTLK Oir TOHOPBKA. where he concluded treaties of peace with most of the Indian tribes in that vicinity. HE naval events of this year were not less glorious than ihdse of 1812. On the 23d of February, the Hornet sloop-of-war, Captain Lawrence, fell in with the bri^ Peacock, of twenty guns, Captain Peake ; and, after an action of thirty minutes, reduced her to a complete wreck. The Ame- ricans lost one killed, and three wounded. The Peacock sunk before all her crew could be removed, carryin/T wiih her three Americans and nine British. For his gul- 32 502 CAMPAIGN OF 1813 lontry in this action, Lawrence was promoted to the command of the Chesapeake. He found several of the officers sick, many of the crew newly enlisted, and the remainder dissatisfied at the withhold- ing of their prize-money. Being unfortunately too unmindful of these incident?!, Lawrence sailed on the first of June from Boston, in quest of the British frigate Shannon. Unknown to Lawrence, thii vessel had recently been fitted out with a picked crew and superior equipment, and had sent a challenge for the Chesapeake one day after the sailing of the latter, but which, unfortunately, Lawrence did not receive. The action commenced at half-past five ; and in a very short time the fire from the Shannon proved so destructive that the Chesapeake's sailing-master, and four lieutenants, were killed or wounded, and her rigging was so much injured that she fell aboard the enemy. Captain Lawrence was also wounded, but remained (^n deck giving his orders with perfect composure. Soon after, the Bri- tish commander, Captain Broke, boarded with his marines, when Lawrence, receiving a third and mortal wound, was carried below, while issuing his noble order, " Don't give up the ship." The lumd- ful on deck were soon overpowered; and, for the first time dunna the war, the British flag was placed over an American frigate. In this desperate and sanguinary battle Captain Broke was wounded, his first lieutenant killed, and seventy-nine others killed or wounded. The Chesapeake lost seventy-seven killed, and about ninety-seven wounded. The death of the gallant Lawrence spread a feeling of deep sorrow throughout the country. N August, Captain Allen, in the ^^ brig Argus, after a very suc- cessful cruise, was met by the British war-sloop Pelican, of rather superior force. A battle ensued, [August 14,] which, after lasting an hour and a half, terminated in the capture of the American vessel, — her captain, first lieutenant, and many of the seamen, being severely wound- ed, most of her rigging shot away, and the British frigate Sea-Horse heaving in sight. Subse- quently Captain Allen died of his wounds, and was buried in Enj» land The mortification caused by this event was, in some measure NAVAL ACTIONS. 603 dis.ipated by the capture of the British brig Boxer, [September 4,] of fourteen guns, by Lieutenant Burrows, in the brig Enterprise, of fourteen guns. This year, like the former, was noted for the enterprise and suc- cess of the American privateers against the enemy's commercial vessels. Victories were sometimes gained even over English armed ships. Few naval actions were ever more desperate and gal- ^y^^ lant than that fought by the ^^^^ Privateer, Decatur, of seven ^g guns and one hundred and B g^J three men, with the schooner Dominica, of fifteen guns and eighty-eight men, in which the ^^^^j latter, after a two hours' action, was carried by boarding. During this year the Empe- ror of Russia offered his ser- vices to mediate between Eng- land and the United States, as the common friend of both countries. This was accepted by Pre- sident Madison, who named John Gl. Adams, Albert Gallatin, and James A. Bayard, as commissioners. But Great Britain declined to treat under the mediation of Russia, proposing a direct negotiation at London or Gottenburg. This the President accepted, and added Henry Clay and Jonathan Russell to the commissioners already appointed. During the session of Congress, a loan of twenty-five million dol- lars, and the issue of treasury notes for five millions, were authorized, and provisions made for the increase of the army and the better de- fence of the sea-coast. OAPTAIN ALLBN. <8 SXr^MOS 07 YOBT OSWBOO CHAPTER XLII. CAMPAIGN OF 1814. ^ HE opening of this campaign on the nnrtn- i\> eastern frontier was not calculated to dispel the gloomy feelings with which the Americans had been oppressed by the result of former operations in that quarter. The termination of the war in Spain had enabled the British to send over large detachments of " Wellington's veterans," flushed with victory and eager to add, to their already brilliant fame, th?. renown of performing a triumphant campaign in America. Late in March, General Wilkinson sent one division of his army under General Brown, to Sackett's Harbour, and then marched against the enemy at La Cole Mill. After cannonading this place without making the least impression, he r>,?turned to Plattsburg, having lost, in killed and wounded, one hund'.ed men. The British acknowledge a loss of sixty. He was soon afterwards superseded by General Izard. This was followed by u descent of the eueinj 604 BATTLE OP CHIPPEWA 505 .iri^^iii^mi^m BiTTL* OF OHIPPBWA. upon Oswego, which was yieldod only dtler a most gallant defence by Colonel Mitchell, who succeeded in^ saving most of his stores. Subsequently, two hundred of the assailants were captured while endeavouring to get possession of these stores. At midnight of July 2, General Brown made a descent upon Fort Erie, which surrendered next morning without resistance. One hundred and thirty prisoners were taken. General Brown then advanced against three thousand British under General Riall, at Chippewa, whom, after a severe action, (July 5,) he defeated, with the loss of four hundred and fifty-three killed and wounded, and forty-six taken. The total loss of the Americans was three hundred and twenty-eight. Soon after, the British were reinforced by troops under General Drummond, who moved against the town of Schlosser 10 capture the American stores. To prevent this, General Scott was sent on the Queenstown road with his own brigade, Towson's artil- lery, and the dragoons, and at five in the afternoon, July 25, came up with the enemy strongly posted at Bridgewater. Notwithstanding the inferiority of force, Scott determined on an attack ; and sending to General Brown for a reinforcement, he ordered Captain Towcon to open with his artillery. A desperate action ensued, during which two American regiments, having expended their fire, were forced back, while at the same time General Riall and many other officen M au ySakd, 506 OAMPAiaN OF 1814. wSBStik^i^i^. OSNSRAL RIPLST. were captured in another quarter. The enemy's batteries of nine pieces still pouring in a terrible fire. General Scott was on the point of falling back, when General Ripley arrived with reinforcements. Both armies were now fighting by moonlight, and Ripley, seeing the execution caused by the enemy's cannon, ordered Colonel Miller to advance and capture them. This he did, with a degree of gallantry which shed the brightest glcry on himself and his intrepid regiment. About the same time, Ripley drove the enemy's infantry from the crest of the hill. The British made three determined efforts to recover their batteries, but being repulsed in every direction, they withdrew from the field about midnight. In this obatinate battle, Generals Brown and Scott were both seriously wounded, and eight hundred and sixty killed, wounded, or missing. The British loss was eight hundred and seventy-eight, including,among their wounded, Generals Drummond and Riall. From its vicinity to the falls, this is called the battle of Niagara. The command of the American army now devolved upon General Ripley, who, breaking up his camp at Chippewa, retired with six teen hundred men to Fort Erie, which he proceeded to strengthen Drummond invested the place on the 4th of August, and on the next Jay General Gaines arrived and took command ef the grrisor BIEGB OP FORT ERIE. Wl aatiBRAi, uiLLBa. The sien;e and cannonade continued until the 15th, when, at two o'clock in the morning, the British made a furious assault upon the works, but were repulsed with the loss of more than nine hundred. The garrison lost eighty-four. On l-he 2d of September, General Brown arrived, and at noon of the 17th, in company with Generals Porter and Miller, made a sortie from the fort, capturing the enemy's whole line of intrenchments, together with three hundred and eighty prisoners, and destroying in half an hour the fruits of forty-seven days' labour. His total loss was five hundred and twenty-seven ; •hat of the British five hundred, exclusive of prisoners. On the night of the 21st, the enemy raised the siege. On the 9th of Octo- ber, General Izard arrived, assumed command, destroyed Fort Erie, and retired into winter quarters. Meanwhile, another British force had attempted a dismemberment of the Union. This was to be done by obtaining a naval superiority on Lal^e Champlain, moving down the Hudson and attacking New York, thus cutting ofTthe eastern states from the others — it being sup- posed that they were willing to make a separate peace. Accordingly, a large army of '^Wellington's veterans" marched toward Plattsburg m the river Saranac, near its juncture with Lake Champlain. Aflei skirmishing with the militia, they entered the town on the 6th of .t^!k-^.ii^^-.,kaA^ .^a-.^^^n. /aiiafti^ .%, «>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i ^° J% Va 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ 1^ 2.2 1^ US AO 12.0 18 U III 1.6 ^^ vl /,. V /A 50S CAMPAION OP 1814. OBNIRAL UAOOMB. September, the Americans under General Macomb having retired U the opposite side of the river, and torn up the bridges. They num- bered but fifteen hundred, yei with this force the general kept the enemy in check, who, nnd- ing his efforts to cr^ss unavail- ing, erected batter ^a to annoy the American camp. On themorningofthe 11th, the British fleet of seventf^en vessels. carrying ninety-five guns, en- gaged the American fleet of four- teen sail, and eighty-six guns, under CommoAire McDonough. ooMMODORjt M'DONou>. H After an action of more than two hours, the British flag-ship struck her colours, a brig and two ^^■^^tif<,iM-M^.ili2u^ . ■,::i:i^ ujhl£. Si'ooj com I and 1 the A and of ih the s cans. fled \ was force! were Ea clarec portio towns Admi large part h Ross I can fc UATILE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 609 BATTLB or LAICB OBAUFLAIV. sloops were taken, and three galleys sunk : Captain Dovvnie, the coinnmnder, was killed, with eighty-three of his men; one h'liidred and ten were wounded, and eight hundred and fifty-six — more than the whole American force — taken. The victors lost one hundred and ten. This glorious victory put an end to a furious cannonade of the enemy's land forces, which had continued all day ; while at the same time the shores rang with the shouts of the joyful Ameri- cans. That night the *' veterans," numbering about fourteen thousand, fled with such haste to Chazy, eight miles distant, that their flight was not discovered until the next morning. The American land forces numbered about forty-five hundred, of whom three thousand were militia. The American loss was only ninety-nine. Early in the spring of this year, the British government had de- clared the whole coast of the United States under blockade, and portions of their naval force attacked with greater or less success th^ towns of Eastport, Stonington, Castine, and others. Early in August, Admirals Cochrane and Malcolm entered the Chesapeake with a large fleet and army, part of which were ordered up the Potomac, part higher up the Chesapeake, while tfte main body under General Rtiss landed at Benedict, on the Patuxent, August 19. The Ameri- can force of three thousand men, mostly militia, under General 2c2 GIO CAMPAIGN OF 1814. lM tv^,:K''^ m I? '^-. i'r-'a BLADXHSBUBa. Winder, retired before him, until at Bladensburg it was reinforced by twenty-one hundred men vnder General Stansbury. Commodore Barney with his sailors also joined him, having dcstroj^ed his flotilla. A battle took place at Bladensburg, in which, although the militia fled as soon a« the enemy were in sight, Barney and Colonel Miller, with the marines, nobly sustained the charge, and but for their small number would have driven back the assailants' whole army. At length this little band were attacked in front and on both flanks, by three times their own number, and both their leaders beinij severely wounded, they were driven ofl^ the field. Barney and Miller were both taken, but, on account of their gallant conduct, received the greatest care and praise from the British. This victory left the American capital at the mercy of the victors, who arrived there under General Ross, at eight o'clock in the eve- ning. He offered to retire on condition of receiving a sum of money equal to the value of the public and private property. There being no authority near competent to enter into such an arrangement, he set fire to ail the public buildings except the post-office, thus destroying all the collections of art at the capitol, together with the valuable natia al and public records. After this proceeding, which BURNING OF THE OAPITOL. 511 disgraced tho British character, he re-embarked on the 30th, having lost nine hundred men in killed, wounded, and taken. The Ame« ticnia had one hundred and twenty captured, and ninety killed oi wouciled. Meanwhile, tbe squadron under Captain Gordon, which bad en- tered the Potomac, reached Alexandria on the 20th, and forced the inhabitants to deliver up all their vessels and merchandise. Having by this means collected a rich booty, they rejoined the main fleet with the loss of seven killed and thirty-five wounded. The remain- ing expedition was not so fortunate. Being opposed by Colonel Reed with a party of militia. Sir Peter Parker received a mortal wound, fourteen of his men were killed, and twenty-seven wounded. The remainder retired to their shipping. General Ross now resolved on an attack upon Baltimore, where he expected to find a large booty. He was destined, however, to experience an unexpected and bitter reverse. The defence of the rity was intrusted to Genera! Smith, assisted by Generals Strieker and Winder, the whole American force numbering about fifteen thousand, of whom only seven hundred were regulars. Fort McHenry guarded the approach by water, besides which large vessels had been sunk in the channel, and two temporary works erected between the fort and the city. On the 12th of September, the British landed about five thousand men at North Point, about fourteen miles below Baltimore. They were opposed by General Strieker, near Bear Creek, and a skirmish ensued between the advance parties, during which General Ross was killed. Colonel Brook then assumed the command, when the battle became general — the Americans slowly retiring toward the city. On the following day the British attempted to reach their destination by a circuitous route, but failing, they sud- denly retreated to their shipping. Meanwhile Fort McHenry had been furiously assailed, the enemy's whole line of fifty ships bombarding it from sunrise on the 13th, until seven the following morning. The garrison, consisting of one thousand men under Major Armistead, gallantly did their duty, and, with the assistance of the smaller forts, poured into the opposing fleet so well-directed a fire, that on the 15th it descended the Chesa- peake, and after taking on board the land forces, joined the remain- der of the squadron. The British lost thirty-nine killed, two hundred and fifty -cie wounded ; the Americans twenty-four killed, one bun drt d an:' thirty-nine wounded, and about fifty taken. 512 CAMPAIGN OP 1814. B0MB4HDX1NT OF FOBT lI'BIIlaT, ^« N the summer of this year, the south-western states again became the theatre of active operations. In August, a body of British troops arrived at Pensacola, and marched into the Spanish fort at that place. Their commander, Colonel Nicholls, issued a pro- clamation to the inhabitants of Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, inviting them to secede from the federal government. He also made offers of alliance and friendship •o the pirates of Barataria, under their renowned chief Lafitte ; but that officer immediately made the whole known to Governor Clai- borne of Louisiana, who, pleased with his magnanimity, promised pardon to the whole band, on condition of their engaging in defence of the country. This was accepted, and from that time the Bara- varians did good service '.a the American cause. On the 15th -^f September, a British squadron of two ships and two b:ig8 appeared before Fort Bowyer, which commanded the en« Iranci into Mobile Bay, and was occupied by a small garrison under Major Lawrence. An action commenced at four in the afternoon i5 X. .J 1 DEFENCE OF NEW ORLEANS. 613 which, after continuing about three hours, ended in the total discoin filure of the enemy's force. One of the ships was sot on fire, the other forced to run aground, and a brig was greatly injured. The British loss in the three vessels was two hundred and thirty-four, that in the fourth not being ascertained. A land force of one hun- dred and ten marines, and two hundred Indians, was also repulsed. Four of the garrison were killed and five wounded. HE conduct of the Governor of Pensa- cula, in admitting the British and In- dians within the city, and allow- ing them to fit out expeditiim? ngamst the United States from that port, was considered by Gcno '\ ral Jackson a violation of the treaty between Spain and the United States, which called for summary punishment. Accord- ingly, on the 7th of November, he appeared before that place with two thousand men, and en- tering the city, compelled the authorities to sign a capitulation, by which Ponsacoia and its dependencies were delivered up to the American government. After this act. General Jackson proceeded to New Orleans, which he reached on the 2d of December. After guarding all the approaches to that city, and providing for the defence of Lakes Borgne and Pon- chartrain, he adopted measures to rid the population of the spies and traitors which he had good reason to believo were numerous. Mar- tial law was proclaimed, an embargo was laid upon all vessels in the harbour ; negroes were impressed and compelled to work on the fortifications, and the whole militia force of the district was called out and placed under arms. The British flotilla of forty-three gun-boats, carrying twelve hun- dred men, attacked the American force of five boats and one hundred and eighty men, on the 14th, and, after a brisk skirmish, compelled the latter to surrender. This secured to the enemy the command of Lakes Borgne and Ponchartrain, an advantage which they were not slow in improving. Guided by some informers, they took pos session of an unfrequented pass on the 2ild, captured the pi<-ket >14 CAMPAIGN OP 1814. guaid, ai:d pushed forward to the bank of the river. On receiving news of this movement, Jackson resolved on an immediate attack, and, collecting about two thousand men, he marched against them at five in the afternoon. The British force numbered about three thousand, and extended along the river shore half a mile. The attack was commenced by the American schooner Caroline, which, lighted by the enemy's camp-fires, opened upon them a galling fire. So dark wa3 the evening, that this was the first intimation to the British of the Americans being near. At the same time. General Coffee with his brigade assailed their right, and General Jackson their left. A fierce struggle ensued, which was ended only by the occurrence of a thick fog, when Jackson thought proper to call ofT his troops. His loss was twenty-four killed, one hundred and fifteen wounded, and seventy-four missing; that of the enemy forty- six killed, one hundred and sixty-two wounded, and sixty-four missing. The result of this action so inspirited the Americans that it may well be considered the cause of the final victory on the 8tii of January. On the 27th, the Caroline ran aground, and was speedily set on fire by the enemy. Next day the British commander, Sir Edwaid Packenham, furiously assaulted the American works with bombs, rockets, and heavy artillery. Little effect was produced, as the de- fences were constructed of thick cotton bales, which no balls could penetrate. At the same time, the fire from the American batteries, and the vessel Louisiana, was so severe that the assailants were obliged to withdraw with considerable loss. A similar attempt on the night of January 1, 1815, was also frustrated. Soon after, the Americans were reinforced by twenty-five hundred Kentuckians, swelling their numbers to about seven thousand men. The British also received an addition of four thousand men under General L:im» bert, swelling their total force to twelve thousand. The final assault upon the Americans was reserved for the 8lh of January, and was directed against the defences on each side of the river. The main army, under the superintendence of the com- mander-in-chief, advanced in two columns, led by Generals Gibbs and Keane — General Lambert holding the reserve. With fascines wd scaling-ladders, the troops advanced slowly, to within nine hundred yards of the works, when the American artillery opened, nnd mowed them down with fearful slaughter. Still pressing on, they ercountered the fatal fires of the western riflemen, which soon Dl th SU re K tre sai sh; tlu wc ] ton the Jac and mis was the the bile ri«or BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 5 If' BATTLB OF NKW 0RL1IA.NS. Drolce both columns, and drove them back in confusion. In rallying them, Sir Edward Packenham was killed, and General Gibbs as- sumed command. The troops were again led forward, and again repulsed; and a third attempt met with like result. Gibbe ant Keane were severely wounded, the whole army thrown into dis- tressing confusion, and the plain covered with nearly two w. u- sand dead and wounded. General Lambert then collected the shattered remains of this once formidable army, and retired to the encampment. The Americans lost but thirteen in killed ant wounded. Meanwhile, the detachment on the left bank, under Colonel Thorn- ton, had succeeded in driving the Americans from their works ; but they were soon afterwards recovered by a stratagem of General Jackson. Here the British loss was one hundred and twenty killed and wounded; the American, six killed and wounded, and nineteen missing. General Jackson's whole campaign at New Orleans was one of the most brilliant in our annals; and the ba'tle of the 8th of January is justly regarded as the crowning glory of the war. After this sipnal defeat, the enemy proceeded to Mo- bile Bay, where they took possession of Fort Bowyer, whose gar- rison numbered only three hundred and seventy-five men. Sewn I! 016 CAMPAIGN OF 1814. 0RDI9B OF THZ ISaKX. after, the arrival of the news of peace arrested all further ;>io r.eedings. I HE maritime extents of 1814 were as stirring and important as those of the pre- ceding yoar. In February, Com- modore Rf dgers, after a cruise of seventy-five days, during which he captured many of the enemy's ves- sels, fell in with three vessels of war, to one of which, the Plantage- net, of seventy-four guns, he offered battle. This was declined, and Rodgers pursued his way to New York. Not long after, the celebrated cruise of Captain P.rter was terminated by the capture of his vessel, the Essex. For more than a year he had maintained a supremacy along the Pacific coast, cap turing or destroying twelve British vessels, and cargoes to the amount of more than two millions of dollars. The Phcebe, a British frigate of thirty guns, being sent against him, Porter was blockadef in the port of Valparaiso for about six weeks. In attempting to ge to sea, the Essex was struck by a squall, and obliged to run inti a small boy. Here, in violation of the laws of nations, she war attacked by the English captain with two vessels, and after a contes of three hours, obliged to strike her colours. Her 1( is was fifty eight killed, sixty-six wounded, and thirty-one missing; that of th» captl turef UnitI of ha and one kilJec 'weiv Britisl Onf Was Wajeal of fiftl CRUISE OF THE WASP. 517 enemy five killed and ten wounded. Captain Porter and his crew were paroled and sent to ihe United States ; but being attacked on the way by the Saturn, he gave up his parole, and soon aAer escaped to the United States. On the 29th of April, the Peacock of eighteen guns, Captain Warrington, captured the brig Epervier, after an action of forty-two minutes. Each vessel mounted eighteen guns. The Americans had two men slightly wounded ; the British lost "ight killed, fifteen wounded, besides on^ hundred and twenty thousand dollars in specie. On the 28th of June, the sloop- of-war Wasp, of eighteen guns. Captain Blakely, captured the British brig Reindeer, of nine- teen guns. The action lasted two hours, the Americans losing five killed and twenty-one wound- ed ; the British twenty -five killed, forty-two wounded. Continuing his cruise, Blakely, on the 1st of September, captured a mer- chantman, and on the same eve- ning the sloop Avon, of twenty CAPTAIN BLArXLT. guns. This vessel soon afterwards sunk. On the 23d of September, he captured the brig Atlanta, which he sent to the United States. From this period no tidings were ever heard of the Wasp or her gallant crew. On the 24th of December, Captain Stewart, in the Constitution, captured the brig Lord Nelson, ofT Bermudas. OfT Lisbon, he cap- tured the ship Susan, with a valuable cargo, and sent her to the United States. On the 20th of February, 1815, after an action of half an hour, he captured the frigate Cyanne, of thirty-four guns and one hundred and eighty men, and the sloop Levant, of twenty- one guns and one hundred and fifty-six men. The enemy lost, in killed and wo^inded, seventy-seven ; the Americans three killed, twelve wounded. The Levant was subsequently recaptured by a British squadron. On the 15th of January, Commodore Decatur, in the President, was chased by the British blockading squadron, consisting of the Majeytic of seventy guns, and the Endymion, Pomona, and Tenedos of fifty guns each. At noon he had outsailed all except the Endv 88 «» 610 CAMPAIGN OP 1814. aaOAFS OV TBI BOBMBT. inion, which he engaged at fiTe in the afternoon^ and after an action of two hours and a half, completely disabled her. But by this time the remainder of the fleet had arrived within gunshot, and the gallani commodore was compelled to strike his colours. On the 23d of March, the Hornet sloop-of-war, of eighteen guns, Captain Biddle, engaged the British brig Penguin, and nfteran action of fifteen minutes compelled her to surrender. Forty-two of the enemy were killed or wounded ; the Hornet had one man killed and eleven wounde^. Immediately afterwards, Captain Biddle was chased by a British seventy-four, but succeeded in escaping by throwing his guns and other heavy articles overboard. Meanwhile, negotiations for peace had been actively carried on at Ghent, and on the 24th of December, a treaty was signed between the ambassadors of the two nations, and ratified by the Prince Re- gent of England, on the 28th of the same month. Being transmitted to the American government, it was approved by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, on the 17th of February, 1815. This instrument secured to each nation all the places taken by the other during the war, with some insignificant exceptions ; made pro- visions for regulating the boundaries of the United States and Cana- da, and of securing peace with the Indians. Both parties agreed to unite their best efforts for the suppression of the dtave trade. A > ■V- T;..1r;,|. 51t -CAMi'Aiflar < i^^ mion, whi' ! of two J, xho t cijr'u CflptHir. be British I .aod-i.'v of fir'>:^t» muiuifts vti>ij"]|e(i her lo nurreitder. Fort\ (•tfitiiv -.^dn. kiiied or wouii'lfj ; th>» Hornrt hud oti'- n.'-'. Mevrn r/innrfed. 'mr . iifstfly nuerwards, ('aplitiM ■ -Iwur, bm <»uccRC(l«jd in •;•»• ti»f licuvy articles ovtrboard. ? ♦!!; jipjiCB had biien ac.ljvf' ».. of Dwcejobiir, B tri-iity wi»e » ..le two nations, and rfititi>ia8 insignificant excep' .vdariea of tha Uniie.i •.h the Indians. Ek'i' til iiii ihe sapprea&ioo of t>- oilier du; visions for ri. dft, and of e^ unite theU '««:»' r :ytij}Oi^ : p:r«^ "." "Ji m M O B Medi- terranean. War was accord- ingly declared, and in June Decatur appeared off the Barbary coast with a con- siderable squadron. On the 17th, he captured the Al- gerine frigate Mazonda, kill- mg thirty of the crew, and taking four hundred and six prisoners His own loss was but four men wounded. Two days after, he cap- tured an Algerine brig of twenty-two guns. Arriving in the harbour of Algiers on the 28th, he so intimidated the dey as to compel him immediately to sign a treaty, the terms of which were more lenient than had ever before been granted by that nation to a foreign power Commodore Decatur then made a present of the captured frigate and brig to the dey. On his return he demanded and obtained satis faction of the Bey of Tunis and Bashaw of Tripoli, for violations of their treaties in permitting British vessels to remove from their pro tection American privateers with their prizes. He arrived safely in Jie United States, November 12, 1815. The national events ot a civil nature during the period of the war were of but little historic importance. In the year following the conclusion of peace, [1816,] Indiana was admitted into thtf Union as a state, and the charter of the United States Bank was re- newed. In the ensuing fall, the presidential election gave the offic« of chief magistrate *"> James Monroe, who entered upon its duties March 4, 1817. ^^' r 6S J Ama MoHBoa CHAPTER XLIII. ADMINISTRATION OP JAMES MONROE. ilKMMltl 'Klli HE new President entered upon the duties of his station under cir- cumstances of great encourage' ment. Peace had been concluded with all belligerent powers, the great commotions which had so long disturbed Europe had sub- sided, and the energies of the coun- try were beginning to recover what had been lost during the war. Mr. Monroe devoted his exertions to the encouragement of manufactures and commerce, and in protecting the border settlements against incursions from the Indians. In 1817 the territory of Mississippi was formed into a state, ani in the follow- ing year Illinois was also admitted. Alabama and Maine were in a little while aaded to the confederacy. In 1817, an individual styling himself "Citizen Gregor McGregor, Brigadier-General of the armies of the United Provinces of New Grenada and Venezuela, and General-in-Chief employed to liberaio the provinces of both the Floridas, commissioned by the supreme WAR WITH THE FLORinA INDIANS. 6L1 frovernment of Mexico and South America," landed with a party of adventurers at Amelia island, at the mouth of the St. Mary's river. These men soon shon-ed that their object was outlawry and aggres- sion ; and when their means of perpetrating mischief were exhausted, *hey made the island a channel for the illicit introduction of slaves froiii Africa to the linited States, an asylum for fugitive slaves from the neighbouring states, and a port for all kinds of smuggling. A similar establishment, but more extensive, was instituted on an island in the Gulf of Mexico, near the Texan coast, under the i nnmand of an adventurer named Aury. These two parties were c on after- wards united under the latter individual, who received further accession to his strength by the arrival of about twenty L tish offi- cers thrown out of employment by the general pacification of Europe. These outlaws conducted themselves in so outrageous a manner that the President was at length obliged to send against them a squadron «nd a battalion of artillery under Captain Henly. On the 23d of December he commanded Aury to evacuate the island with his com« pany, leaving property as he found it ; which being complied withj possession was taken on the following day. Towards the close of the year General Jackson was ordered to assume the command of Fort Scott, so as to keep in check the Semi- nole and other Florida Indians, who had lately shown symptoms of insurrection. These savages had long been countenanced by the Spanish authorities in their incursions into the United States, a cir- cumstance which made them peculiarly bold and reckless in the pro- secutiou of hostilities. One of their most aggravated acts was an attack upon a boat carrying a number of women and wounded sol- diers, under the direction of Lieutenant Scott. All who fell into their hands were murdered, and their scalps suspended from poles. The efforts to stop these outrages having hitherto been productive of little good, General Jackson determined to invade Florida and demand of the Spanish authorities satisfaction for their countenancing the In dians. Accordingly, collecting a number of volunteers and others who had served under him at New Orleans, he advanced into the Indian country, defeated the savages in several skirmishes, and then marched with twenty-eight hundred men for the Spanish fort of St. Marks. Here, contrary to his expectations, and to the reports which had led to the movement, he found no Indians present. He took possessir.i;, however, and shipped the garrison and authorities to Pen- sacola. One of the American vessels lying off the coast decoved on M 2x2 522 ADMINISTRATION OF JAMSS MONROB. board the two chiefs Hillishago and Hornet Henrico, both of whon' we) subsequently hung. ACKSON was now reinforced by fifteen hundred friendly Creeks, and with his whole force he marched against the towns belonging to the chief called Bowlegs. After chasing six mounted Indians, he en« tered the villages, killed eleven negroes and Indians, and took two prisoners. Here a person named Ambrister was taken pri- soner; and, being accused of unlawfully aiding the savages, was tried by court-martial, together with one Arbuthnot, both of whom, being declared guilty, were hung, i, ,. , For this occupation of a neutral territory General Jackson was subsequently called to account ; but the measure was defended by the Secretary of State, Mr. J. Q,. Adams ; and soon after all com- plaints on the part of the Spanish authorities were silenced by a treaty ceding Florida to the United States. Mr. Monroe, having been elected to a second term of office, signed, in 1834, a treaty with Russia relative to the north-western boundary, and another with Great Britain relative to the suppression of the African slave trade. The same year was signalized by the visit of Ldifayette to our country. During his stay he visited most of the principal cities of the Union, and was everywhere received with the most enthusiastic marks of respect. Congress, being in session, voted him the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, and a township of land six miles square. At Boston he witnessed the ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the Bunker Hill Monument. On the 7th of Sep- tember he sailed for France in the new frigate Brandy wine, expressly fitted out for conveying him home. At the presidential election of this year, J. Q.. Adams was chosen by the House of Representatives, there being no choice by the popu lar vote. I- i . CHAPTER XLIV ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. HE peaceful administration of Mr. Adams, re- ',^ Downed for the enlarged views of its chief offi- cer, his liberal political tenets, and his respect for learning and religion, affords but little oppor- tunity for the parade of historic description. Soon after his inauguration he concluded a treaty with the Creeks, who ceded all their lands lying in the state of Georgia, for an equal extent of territory west of the Mississippi. The Kansas tribe ceded all their lands lying in and around Missouri, for the payment of an annual sum of thirty-five hundred dollars for twenty years. A similar agreement was made with the Groat and Little Osages, who were to receive for their territories in Arkansas an annuity of seven thousand dollars for twenty years. In 1825, a general convention of peace, amity, navigation, and com- merce, was concluded with the Republic of Columbia ; and, in the following year, similar ones with Denmark and Central America. On thf 4th of July, 1826, a singular coincidence took place in the death of the two ex-Presidents, Adams and Jefferson — the one at Gluincy, in the ninety-first year of his age ; the other at Monticello, in his eighty-third year. Each of these remarkable men had lived 624 ADMINISTRATION OF JOUN QUINCY ADAMS. \Q tee their exertions for human rights crowned with the happiest Bi jcess ; and, after having been elevated to the highest oHice in the gift of the people, both expired on the same day, just half a century after signing the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia. In 1828, a new tariff law was passed by Congress, which met with much opposition in the south. This tariff was very unpopular in the southern states, where the policy was considered unconstitu tional and oppressive ; but it continued in force for years, notwith standing the complaints of its opponents. As the season for a new election of president approached, a strong party was formed in favour of General Jackson, who had been one of the candidates opposed to Mr. Adam at the previous election Great efforts were used by each party, and the contest was most animated. The result was the defeat of Mr. Adams, and the election of General Jackson as President, and Mr. Calhoun as Vice-President, by a v^te in the electoral colleges of one hundred and seventy-eight u) eighty-three. ANDRXW JAOXaOM. CHAPTER^ XLV. ADMINISTRATION OP ANDREW JACKSON. ENERAL JACKSON'S administration was one of the most important in the history of the country; and its strong features resulted the decided character of the His immense personal popu- larity and his unflinching deter- mination enabled him to carry every important measure which he pro< posed. He was always in advance of his party in his opinions on public policy; and in the cabinet, as in the field, he led where others hardly dared to follow. On his first accession to office he boldly dismissed a larger number of the public functionaries than usual on a change of administration, and filled the vacancies thus created with his political friends. Regarding the management of internal improvements by the gene- ral government as of dangerous tendency, the President on the 27th of May, 1830, refused to sign tne bill authorizing a subscription tn the stock of the Maysville and Lexington Road Conripany in Ken 'ucky ; and thus pro.iounced the subsequent policy of the goveru uicnt on this important question. 526 ADMINISTEATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. r H O M A. 8 U. DENTON. In 1832, he adopted the same course with reference to the re rhartering of the United States' Bank, and thus prevented its beins; rechartered as a national institution, with features which are now considered exceptionable by ail parties in the country. In the spring of 1832, the Sacs, Foxes, and Winnebagoes in Wisconsin Territory commenced a war under the direction of Black Hawk, which was speedily terminated by the vigorous action of the government, and the chief was captured and taken to Washington. During the same eventful year, the State of South Carolina, in convention, assumed a position of direct antagonism to the general government on the tariff question, and threatened a withdrawal from the Union. The President boldly met the issue ; and his proclama- tion announcing his determination to enforce obedience to the laws received the cordial approval and support of Mr. Webster and the other great leaders of the opposition. To advocate the position which South Carolina maintained with ability, her most distin guished statesman, Mr. Calhoun, resigned bis office of Yice-Presi NULLUlOAflON IN SOUTH OABOLINA. 527 DBSTRDOTIOH Or U&JOB DAOX'b D X T A O H U X H % u6nt, and was elected to a seat in the Senate. The period was one 9t intense excitement, and men were hourly expecting to see tha first bloodshed of a civil war. Fortunately for the country, Mr. Clay, the great statesman of Kentucky, introduced his celebrated compromise bill, providing for the gradual reduction of duties till the year 1843, when they were to reach to the level of twenty per cent. This measure enabled the opponents of the tariff to retire with dig nity from the menacing position which they had assumed, and the vexed question was laid at rest for a season. On the 4th of March, 1833, General Jackson entered upon the second term of his Presi- Jency; Martin Van Buren being Vice-President. In 1833, the commercial and monetary affairs of the country were considerably disturbed in consequence of the misunderstanding be- tween the President and the managers of the United States Bank Each party charged the other with disregarding the interests of the people in the struggle for victory. The President was very strongly solicited to restore the government deposits which he had caused to be removed from the bank ; but having become convinced that tha continued existence of the bank itself, constituted and managed as i was, would be injurious to the country, he remained firm in his purpose to separate it from all connection with the government The bank obtained a new charter from the State of Pennsylvania, anil subsequently failed. In his determination to oppose the bank, 528 ADMINISTBATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. ihe President was strongly supported in both houses of Congress, Mr. Benton, in the Senate, being particularly active in the cause. In 1834, the President informed Congress that the French Cham- ber of Deputies had rejected the bill for indemnifying the United States for losses sustained under the action of the Berlin and Milan decrees. His message on the subject suggested retaliatory meas- ures, breathing throughout a determination to insist upon indemnifi- cation. The French resented this language, and withdrew their minister ; but subsequently paid the indemnity. In the summer of this year some unhappy disturbances occurred with the Florida Indians, and a small force under General Clinch was ordered against them. Little was done by either party until the 28th of December, when Major Dade, with a detachment of seven officers and one hundred and two privates was surprised by a body of Indians and negroes, the whole number, except four, mur- dered, and the dead bodies subsequently stripped and mutilated. This was followed by like outrages on a smaller scale, which, during the whole of Jackson's second term, rendered the territory of Florida a field of bloodshed. At the presidential election in 1836, Martin Van Buren was chosen President, and Richard M. Tohnson Vice-President ll^BTIV VAH BOBBH. CHAPTER XLVI. ADMINKIRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN HE spirit of speculation, which seems periodically to visit great commercial countries, had been abroad in the United States during the latter part of General Jackson's administration. The conse- quent revulsion commenced on the very day when he left the chair of state. The usual consequences followed. Thousands of merchants failed, and the banks throughout the country suspended specie payments. The new President thought that the emergency warranted an extraordinary ses- sion of Congress, which, accordingly, commenced in September, 1837; and, during a session of forty days, passed several bills for the relief of the government, which had itself become embarrassed. The issue of treasury notes was authorized, and an unsuccessful attempt was made to establish what is called an independent trea- sury, transacting its affairs in specie, and having no connection with banks. The war in Florida was continued during the whole of this administration, but finally was ended, by the subjugation of the Seminole tribes, and their subsequent removal west of the Missis sippi. In 1837, the border conflicts, originating from the sym pathy of many of our citizens with the Canadian patriots, increased fr it M» 530 ADMINISTRATION OP MARTIN VAN BUREN. to such an extent as eventually threatened a direct collision with England. This gent-rnl feeling was aggravated by an attack of the British upon the American steamer Caroline, which they set on and sent over the Falls. This led to an angry correspondence tween the English minister and the Secretary of State, but eventu- ally the matter was dropped. Subsequently there arose vexatious disputes concerning the Maine boundary, during which, citizens on each side of the linp arrayed themselves in military costume, and occasionally came into open collision. The President issued a pro- clamation, forbidding all citizens of the United States to take part in these disturbances, and appointing Gteneral Win field Scott as super- intendent of the northern border until the question of boundary could be settled. The prevention of war between the two countries was in a great measure owing to the efforts of that officer. , CONVENTION for determining the bound- aries with Texas was concluded at Wash- ington, April 25, 1837. Treaties were also concluded with Peru, the Bolivian Confederacy, and the King of Greece. These were followed by fresh difficulties with Great Britain, and Congress authorized the President to raise a provisional army, appropriated money for fortifications and for the repair of the national vessels, and the building of new ones. At the same time, special commissioners were appointed by both parties to settle the dispute by negotiation. • • : The greater portion of Van Buren's administration was occupied by his efforts to establish an independent treasury, into which the public moneys were to be deposited, after removal from the state banks. The collections were to be made in gold and silver. The measure was finally passed on the eve of the President's retirement from office. ' !■ 11/; » • The commercial revulsion in the country having produced a change of politics, the party opposed to the administration suc- ceeded in electing their presidential candidate, General W. H. Har- rison, [November, 1840,] by a large majority. John Tyler was chosen Vice-President. / ■ • ■ • •• - ■ ■ • • ;•• ••'. 1, I'V i' :..■!'■•. ' I- >r, WIMilAU H. BARBISON. CHAPTER XLVII. ADMINISTRATIONS OP HARRISON AND TYLER. ENERAL HARRISON was inaugurated as Presi dent on the 4lh of March, 1841. His services in the war of 1812 had given him popularity, and his subsequent discharge of the duties of several important diplo- matic offices had inspired confidenco in his abilities as a statesman. His in* augural address was an able paper, and received the approval of his political fi'iends. The cabinet appointments were judicious. That of Mr. Webster, as Secretary of State, ultimately proved very fortunate. But ere the President could give any further indication of his course of action — in one short month after his inauguration [April 4th, 1841] he died, after a short illness, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. Mr. Tyler, the Vice-President, was his constitutional suc- cessor, and immediately entered upon the duties of his station. General Harrison had called an extra session of Congress, which met on the 2'7th of May. The Independent Treasury Act was re- 6S1 582 ADMINISTRATIONS OP HARRISON AND TYLER. J OB I> TTLIIL j.cnled ; nnd two several bills for establishing a new United States Bunk, after passing both houses of Congress, were defeated by the vrto of the President. This caused a total rupture between Mr. Tyler and the party by whom he had been elected ; and the mem- bers of the cabinet, with the exception of Mr. Webster, immediately retired from office. About this time, Alexander McLeod, accused of being concerned in the attack upon the ill-fated Caroline, was arrested in New York, and the demand of the British minister for his release was refused Great Britain assumed a belligerent attitude, but his trial took place at Utica in October. Fortunately for the cause of peace, he was ac- quitted, and thus one incentive to war between the two countries was removed. But as several questions of an irritating nature were still pending between the two governments, Lord Ashburton was sent by the British Prime Minister, as a special ambassador, with full powers to effect an amicable adjustment. He was met, on the part of the United States, by Mr. Webster, Secretary of State, and the negotia- tions lasted from April to August, on the 9th of which month the two ministers concluded a treaty, settling the line of the north-eastern boundary by a minute geographical description of the country through which it was to run, and also providing for the suppression of the •lave trade. This treaty was approved by the two governments, and immediately after, Mr. Webster resigned his seat in the presidential cabinet. On the 31st of August, Congress adjourned, after a mos' aborious session, of which the most important act was a genera ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 633 Duiikrnpt law, which, however, was repealed, after being a few months in operation. The last act of Mr. Tyler's administration was th** passage of n joint resolution by both houses of Congress, for the annexation oi Texas to the United States. This was signed by thn President on the 3d of March, 1845, and on the following day, James K. Polk, of Tennessee, took his seat as chief magistrate of the Union, having been elected by the democratic party in November. Before giving an account of the succeeding administration, we will notice the rise and progress of the republic of Texas, which, at the period which we havn now *eached became one of the states of th^ Union. 84 aSNBRAL HOUSTON. CHAPTER XLVIII. HISTORY OP TEXAS. H E State and territory now forming part of the American Union, under the name of Texas, was until a comparatively re- cent period, a portion of Mexico ; and, as such, formed one of the ori- ginal Spanish American colonies. No attempt was made to settle it by any European power for more than a centnry after the conquest of Cortes. In 1685, the French adventurer La Salle having been carried to the coast, built there a fort, and took possession of the country for France; he was subsequently killed, and his colony broken up; but ever after France 634 EMIGRATION INTO THE TERRITORY. 535 included what is now called Texas within the boundaries of Louisi- ana. In the years 169iy-2, some Spanish missions were established along the coast, including, among others, the present town of San Antonio de Bexar. In 1763, Louisiana, including Texas, was ceded to Spain; but in 1800 it again reverted to France, and thus a fruitful source of dispute was afforded by the question of toundary. Texas took an active' part in the revolution which freed Mexico from Spain ; but the nuirative of her sr''^°'"ings and triumphs at this time belongs rather lo the history of the ; .ner country than to her own. It was this movf>nent that, by drawing adventurers from the United States, first opened lo our country a knowledge of the advan- tages and resources of Texas ; and principally through the efforts of our people were the Texans and Mexicans enabled to achieve the victories of Goliad, Bexar, Medina, and others. The treaty of 1819, by which Spain ceded Florida to the Uuited States, fixed the Sabine river as the boundary between Louisiana and Texas. When Mexico achieved her independence, emigrants from the United States flocked into the latter territory, so that in a little while the population assumed all the distinguishing characteristics of our western states. One of the most influential of these settlers was Mr. Samuel Austin, after whom the present capital is named. Much of the early prosperity of the colony may be attributed to his influence. In 1824 Texas was united to Coahuila, both forming one state of the Mexican confederacy. From this time the population mcreased so rapidly as to alarm the Mexican authorities, and pro- cure the passage of several laws restricting the privileges of foreign emigrants, and rendering the local gover .aent more and more severe. So arbitrary was the conduct of the authorities, that in 1832 a revolt took place, which resulted in driving Colonel Bradburn, commandant of the military post of Anahuac, from the country. In August, 1833, Austin visited the city of Mexico for the pur pose of presenting to the supreme government a petition on the pari of Texas for a separation from Coahuila, and the formation of an inde- pendent state government. This gave great ofience to the authori- ties ; and when Austin, wearied by delays, wrote to the Texans to assume the responsibility of organizing the required government, he was arrested and thrown into prison. News of this proceeding pro- duced thfj greatest ferment in Texa.s, and soon gave rise to a party 67 636 HISTORY OF TEXAS. •A'hc declared their determination to separate, if possible, from the mother country. A political condition bordering on anarchy con- tinued until intelligence of the adoption of the "Plan of Toluco," abolsMng the state governments, and substituting a central for a fede.rii republic, was receii^ed. About the same time Austin re- tur.ied Aom his long imprisonment. The people of Texas now refused their assent to the change in government, denouncing Santa Anna, the central president, as a tyrant and usurper, and declaring their determination of adhering to the constitution of 1824. In September, 1835, their central committee of safety, of which Austin was chairman, recommended the organization of militia and volunteer companies, and an immediate appeal to arms. . , . ■ MEANWHILE Mexico had not been blind to these movements in thf" Msaffec.ed province. With cha- racteristic prompt't nit Santn Anna had been order- ing forces and sup. ics to liie frontier, and in Sep- tember General Cfy jiri'.ed Wkih a considerable army at San Antorin de TJexar. From this place he sent two hundred men to Gonzales, for the purpose of seizing a piece of cannon, which the inhabitants had refused to surrender. This force was attacked, October 2, by one hundred and sixty-eight Texans, totally defeated, and driven towards Bex^- This success was followed on the 8th by the capture of Goliad, with ten thou- sand dollars' worth of stores, two brass cannon, and three hun- dred small arms. The assailants numbered fifty, under Captain Collinsworth. On the 20th of October, three hundred Texans, under Austin, took position within five miles of Bexar, in order to await reinforcements preparat ry to an attack. On the 27th, ninety-two of their number, under Colonel Bowie and Captain Fannin, w«re attacked by a supe- rior Mexican force, which they repulsed with loss. The siege of Bexar continued with but little progress until the 5th of December, when a separate volunteer force of three hundred men, under the veteran Milam, assaulted the works in two columns, took possession of two houses, and then worked their way from room to room in the interior, at the same time shooting the Mexicans from their guns through the windows. In this manner the battle was contmued for SIX days, when General Cos agreed to capitulate. A large quantity of cannon, stores, and provisions, was given up, while Cos and his SIEGE OF THE ALAMO. 537 * men were dismissed on parol. Thus ended the first Mexican inva- sion of Texas. EANWHILE Austin had been sent to the United States as commissioner, and Samuel Houston suc- ceeded him as commander-in-chief of the revolu* tionary forces. But a still harder struggle than that just terminated awaited the Texans. On the first of February, 1836, Santa Anna marched from Saltillo towards the Rio Grande with eight thousand men, and a large train of artillery, provisions, and stores. On the 23d he appeared with the greater part of his forces before San Antonio de Bexar. The garrison, of one hun- dred and fifty men, under William B. Trevis, retired to the Alamo, and called upon the provisional government and neighbouring region for reinforcements. Here they were besieged by four thousand men and during two weeks sustained themselves against all the efforts of the enemy, as well as the ravages of weariness and famine, with a fortitude which has few parallels in modern history. The works were finally taken by assault, [March 6,] and the whole garrison, except a Woman and a negro, put to the sword. Tin' dead bodies, after having been subjected to the grossest indecencies, were thrown into a heap, and burned. The loss of tlie enemy has been estimated at from one thousand to fifteen hundred men. On the 2d of March, a convention of delegates from all parts of Texas published a declaration of independence and total separation from the Mexican republic. A national constitution was formed on the 17th; and David G. Burnett, of New Jersey, chosen provisional President. During the siege of the Alamo, General Urrea, with one division of the Mexican army, was marching along the coast, where he cap- tured two parties of Texans, under Colonel Johnson and Captain King. Johnson and a few others escaped ; but all the others were put to death. A third party, under Colonel Ward, was soon after- wards obliged to surrender. The garrison of Goliad, under Colonel Fannin, after evacuating that place, were pursued and surrounded by Urrea's forces, and finally obliged to capitulate, on promise of being treafed as prisoners of war. But, on being returned to Goliad, they, wnh Ward's detachment, amounting in all to about four hundred mon, were shot. The news of this outrage created .hrbughout the United States leolings of the strongest sympathy and indignation. Volunteers 538 niSTOlY OP TEXAS. rushed to the assistance of the suffering patriots in such nuiiib'^rl that GeneraJ Houston soon found himself in a situation to assume the offensive. On the 31st of April, with about eight hundred men, he came up with Santa Anna's force of sixteen hundred men at the San Jacinto river. LaU; in the afternoon a battle was com* menced by a furious charge of cavalry to the battle-cry of "Re member the Alamo." So resistless was the onset, that in fifteen minutes the enemy's camp was carried, and his soldiers flying in all directions. The rout was total — six hundred and thirty of the Mexicans being killed, two hundred and eight wounded, and seven hundred and thirty made prisoners. The Texans lost but eight killed, and seventeen wounded. General Santa Anna was among the prisoners. He inmiediately concluded an armistice with General Houston, by the terms of which the Mexican forces then m Texas were immediately ordered to depart. This was effected under the direction of General Filisok. Soon after, Santa Anna signed a secret treaty with President Burnett, recognising the inde- pendence of Texas, and establishing the Rio Grande as a boundary. ^-«, ARLY in September, the new government went 15\^ into operation, by the election of General Houston as the first constitutional President, and Mirabeau B. Lamar as Vice-President. At the same time the people expressed their desire to be admitted, as a state, into the American Union; and a minis- ter was appointed to negotiate at Washington fo. that purpose. On the 3d of March, 1837, the independence of Texas was acknowledged by the United States ; but the proposal for annexa- tion received no action. Meanwhile the Mexican Congress had dis- avowed the treaty signed by Santa Anna, and that chief himself dis- claimed it when once more restored to liberty. Thus the war still continuing, excursions into the territory on the borders were fre quently made by both nations, and a system of harassing warfare was carried on, alike unsatisfactory and ferocious. In the notable expe- ditions against Mier and Santa Fe the Texan parlies were taken prisoners, marched into Mexico, and subjected to treatment at which humanity recoils. Nothing decisive was, however, effected ; ahhough, among foreign nations, Texas was generally acknowledged and dealt with as a sovereign nation. Notwithstanding the failure of their first proposal for annexation 10 the U::;jted States, the people of Texas continued to cherish th« ANNEXATION OP TEXAS. 539 project, and from time to time attempted to bring about its exe- cution. At length, under the presidency of General Houston, in 1845, a joint resolution to that eiTect passed the United States Congress, [February 28,] and was signed by President Tyler ou the 3d of March. It was accepted by the constitutional conven- iion of Texas on the 4th of July of the same year; so that from that date the history of Texas is merged in that of the great Ame- rican republic. JAUXS X. POLZ. CHAPTER XLIX. ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES K. POLK. — OPENINQ OF THE MEX^ ICAN WAR. RESIDENT POLK had been elected by the political party favourable to the annexation of I \ Texas ; and his first ict was to lay before the government and citizens of the newly acquired territory the first and second sections of the joint resolution for their approval and acceptance. This being complied with, the American Con- gress, on the 29th of December, 1845, admitted Texas into the confederacy as a sovereign state. During the same session, the tariff' law of 1842 was repealed, and another substituted, which considerably reduced the duties on many articles. The measure met with the determined opposition of the minority, and was carried in the Senate only through the casting vote of the Vice- President, Mr. Dallas. Its opponents claimed that it was insuffi- cient both for revenue and protection. Another important measure of the early part of this adminis- tration, was the establishment of an independent treasury, such as had existed under the administration of Mr. Van Buren. A short ADVIlNlisTRATION OF JAMAIS K. Pdl.K. time provious to this measure, the question concerning the northern boundary line of Oregon had been settled. The President had claimed the whole of this territory, up to 54° 40' ; the British asserted an equal right with the United Stales, and the two Govern merits finally agreed on the 49th parallel. Meainvbile, the relations between our country and Mexico were daily gnnving more critical, in consequence of the act which deprived the latter power of all hope of ever again regaining her authority in Texas. From the first intimations of the project of annexation, she had used all her influence to defeat it; and when the action of the joint resolution was consummated, she, through her minister, de- clared it to be "an act of aggression the most unjust which can be •"ound recorded in the annals of modern history — namely, that of despoiling a friendly nation, like Mexico, of a considerable portion of her territory." Soon after, the minister was withdrawn. So strong was the popular feeling throughout that country, that President Herrera, who was disposed toward an amicable adjustment of the difficulty, was loudly denounced as a traitor, and a strong party, headed by General Paredes, raised against him. Anxious for peace, Herrera consented to receive a minister from the United States, clothed with full powers ; but before negotiations could be opened, his administration had ended, and the new President, Paredes, re- fused to listen to overtures of peace. Previous to this, President Polk, [March 21, 1845,3 ^"^^ issued orders to General Zachary Taylor, to prepare the troops at Fort Jessup, where he commanded, for marching into Texas as soon as required. Soon after, the general was instructed to take up a favourable position in that territory, which he did by occupying Corpus Christi, on the Oulf of Mexico. After remaining here until the following spring, he was ordered to take up a position on the Rio Grande — the American Government claiming that river as the boundary. On tho 8th of March, ho broke up his camp, and moved toward that river, taking possession, in his route, of Point Isabel, as a depot for his public stores. Before reachinjj it, he had been met by two small parties of Mexicans, one of which lied, after a show of resisting his passage of the Arroya Colorado, and the other, a civil deputation, after protesting in the name of the local government, against the occupation of their territorj', retired to Mata- inoras. General Taylor left a small force under Major Monroe, ut I 'oint Isabel, with directions to fortify the place in the best manner 512 ADMINISTRATION OP JAMES K. POLK. OOBFOB OHBISTI. possiDle. It had been set on fire by the Mexicans, but the flames were extinguished, and the authorities and straggling soldiers driven away by a detachment of dragoons under Colonel Twiggs. At eleven o'clock, a. m., of March 28, the American army reached the Rio Grande, and planted the national flag opposite Matamoras. On the same day, Colonel Worth was sent across the river with de- spatches for the authorities; but his interview with the prefect and other oflicers was productive of nothing decisive. The first care of the American general was the erection of the system of defences subsequently known as Fort Brown. At the same time, the Mexicans raised batteries and mounted cannon, for a considerable distance along the river. As yet, however, war had not been proclaimed by either government, nor had any thing oc curred to interrupt the friendly relations hitherto existing between the two nations. On the 10th of April, Colonel Cross, quarter-master general of the army of occupation, was murdered by a band of outlaws, while riding from camp, to take his customary daily exercise. His body was not recovered until the 21st. Meanwhile, Lieutenant Porter Bnd three others, who, with a small party, had been sent out to reconnoitre, were waylaid and killed. On the 26th, General Taylor received information that the MeiJ- car>s were crossing the river, both above and below the frrt. Ic SRIRMISI1£S WITH THE MEXICANS. 543 POINT ISA BSL order to be satisfied of the correctness of this report, he despatched Captain Ker with a small party, to the landing below, and Captain Thornton to that above. The former soon returned without seeing an enemy. Thornton's party fell into an ambush, was completely surrounded, and soon after separated into two portions. The cap- tain's horse, being severely wounded, leaped the chaparral fence which enclosed him, and ran at full speed toward the American camp. Both, however, were captured, and taken into Matamoras. Meanwhile, the party now commanded by Captain Hardee, after fight- ing with great bravery, was overpowered by numbers, and induced to surrender, on a promise of good treatment. Soon after these acci- dents, the Mexicans crossed the Rio Grande in large numbers, and spread themselves between General Taylor's camp and that of Major Monroe, thus cutting ofl^ the communication between them. On ascertaining the danger of his main depot. General Taylor re- solved on marching immediately to its relief. With the greater part of his army, he left his camp on the Istof May, and arrived at Point Isabel on the evening of the 2d, having met with no opposition from the Mexicans. A regiment of infantry, and two companies of artil lery, were left at the river fort, under the command of Major Jacob Brown. Intelligence of the hostile operations of the Mexicans having been transmitted to the seat of government, the facts were formally an- nounced to Congress by a message of the President, on the 11 th of May, 1846. On the 13lh, Congress passed an act declaring the exist- ence of war between the two republics, empowering the Presiden* to accept the services of fifty thousand volunteers, and appropriating ten millions of dollars to defray expenses. Thus authorized, the ex- ocutive issued a proclamation, invoking the aid of the nation in «:ar tying on the war. ^ — " Taff L'j ti' V OB Ha BAL T ATLO B \ CHAPTER L. OrERATIONS OF GENERAL TAYLOR. intervals by the garrison. 644 HE departure of General Taylor from the fort opposite Matamoras was the signal for the opening of the war. Early on the morning ot May 3, the Mexican batteries in Matamoras commenced a heavy fire upon the river fort, which continued the greater part of the day, and was answered at One sergeant was killed, and considera BATTLE OF PALO ALTO. 645 mjury done to tents nnd other articles withm the fort. The attnck was renewed on the f)lh. the assnilnnts having erected a field battcrj during the night, and drown up a large reserve force in rear of tha American works, for the purpose of storming them. The bombard* ment continued during the greater part of the morning, and was re- newed with much spirit on the Oih. On the forenoon of this day Major Brown was mortally wounded, by the bursting of a shell from the enemy's batteries, and the command devolved on Captain Hawkins. In the afternoon, that oflicer was summoned to surren- der, and on his refusing, the assault was renewed, and continued during that and the following day. It was kept up at intervals on the 8th, until the sound of cannon, from the direction of Point Isabel, arrested the attention of both parties. General Taylor, as has already been stated, arrived at Point Isabel ^ith the greater part of his army, on the 2d. After placing the for- bifications in the best state of defence, and taking all other precau- tions necessary to the security of the post, he again marched fo" the river fort. May 7. After advancing about seven miles, the army bivouacked on the open plain, and resumed its march on the follow ing morning. At noon, the advance reached the watering-place of Palo Alto, near which the Mexican army was drawn up across ths road, in order of battle. Here CJeneral Taylor halted, in order to afford hie troops an opportunity to refresh themselves with cold water, preparatory to forming the line. The Mexican army was plainly visible across the prairie — their left, composed of a heavy cavalry force, occupying the road, resting upon the thicket of chap- arral, while masses of infantry, greatly outnumbering the American forces, were on the right. At two o'clock the Americans moved forward by heads of columns, their eighteen-pound battery following the road. At the same time Lieutenant Blake and another officer made a close and daring recon- noissance of the enemy's line, which resulted in the disco. ery of several batteries of artillery in the intervals of their infantry and cavalry. These guns soon opened upon the American line, and were answered by all General Tayhtr's artillery. As the Mexican fire did little execution, their cavalry endeavoured to pass round some neigh- bouring chaparral, in order to outflank the American right ; but this niovement was deftiJted by the active exertions of Captain Walker's volunteers, aided by some artillery under Captain Ridgely. So vio- lent was the cannonading on both sides, that the grass of the prairia 69 3(2 546 OPERATIONS OF aENERAL TAYLOR. BATTLS OF PALO ALTO. was tired, the smoke from which hid the armies from each other, and caused a suspension of hostilities for nearly an hour. This interval gave opportunity to each general to form a new line of battle, so that when the atmosphere became clear the action was n^sumed with increased vigour. The slaughter among the dense masses of cavalry was very great ; while, on the other hand, Major Ringgold, chief artillerist of the Americans, was mortally wounded, and several of the infantry killed. The firing continued with but little intermission until dark, when the Mexicans withdrew into the neighbouring chaparral. The whole engagement had been one of artillery ; for, although the enemy's cavalry made several attempts upon ihe American flank, they were in no instance near enough to risk a charge ; and the discharge of small arms towards the close of tho action was of but short continuance and of little eflljct. The loss of the Americans was nine killed, and forty-six wounded and missing. Their total force was nearly twenty-nine hundred ; thai of the Mexicans about six thousand. Both armies encamped for the iiight on or around the battle-field. On the morning of the 9th, the Mexicans were discovered movmg oy their left flank so as to gain a new position on the road to Mata- moras, and there again resist the advances of the Americans Gene- BATTLE OF RESACA DE LA PALMA. 517 CAPTAIN HAT. al Taylor immediately prepared for battle, by ordering his supply .rain packed, and loavinsr with it four pieces of artillery, and sending his wounded to Pont Isabil. Then halting his columns at the edge of the chaparral which extends several miles towards the Rio Grande, he threw forward some li^'ht troops and infantry, under Captain McCall, to reconnoitre the thickets, and report in case of meeting an enemy. The captain soon came upon small bodies of infantry posted in the chaparral, who immediately opened upon him with musketry »nd,in endeavouring to advance, he found himself in front of a large portion of the Mexican army. This being reported to General Tay lor, he ordered forward successive portions of his army, who, imme diately closing with the Mexican forces, soon brouoht on a general !ngagement. The enemy being securely posted in almost impene- rable thickeH, and having their batteries planted in a ravine which Tossed nn/i commanded the road, fought with an obstinacy rare M8 OPERATIONS OF GENERAL TAYLOE. M AT A MORA 8 among Mexican troops, and yielded their ground only when driven inch by inch with the bayonet. Their artillery continued to pour an incessant shower of grape and canister shot into the American ranks. As the result of the battle depended upon the possession of theso guns, Captain May was ordered to charge the batteries with his squadron of dragoons, which he did in gallant style, sweeping the artillerists from their posts, and driving back the supporting infantry. Several o^ the cavalry were killed, while La Vep,a, a Mexican gene- ral, was taken prisoner. Soon after liie eip'hth mfuniry arrived to May's assistance, and succeeded in securing the guns and drivinij the Mexicans from the left of the road. The enemy were finally repulsed at every point; and, leaving their camp and baggage, they fled precipitately towards the river. Being hotly pursued, numbers were killed in the flight, and many more drowned in attempting to cross the Rio Grande. The approach of General Taylor's army was hailed by the garrison at little Fort Brown with the most enthusiastic applause, and the two eighteen-pounders within the fort were opened upon the flying enemy. After providing for his wounded. General Taylor bivouacked near the river bank, within view of Matamoraa and the garrison under Captain Hawkins. SIEGE OP MONTEREY. 549 The marching fore:? of the Americans on th'<» day was rather more than twenty-two hundred, but the number actually engaged in the battle appears to have been no greater than seventeen hundred. The Mexican force probably numbered six thousand men, as they had been reinforced during the night by bodies of infantry and cavalry. General Taylor's loss was thirty-nine killed, including three officers, and eighty-three wounded. The loss of the Mexicans in both battles is estimated by General Taylor at one thousand men. Had "General Taylor possessed the means necessary for crossing the rivt he could easily have completed his victory by the capture of Mata floras. This, hdwever, he was unable to do until the 18th Meanwhile an exchange of prisoners restored Captain Thornton and his men to the Americans; while, about the same time, Majors Brown and Ringgold died of their wounds. Barita, a small but im- portant post below Matamoras, was taken possession of on the 15th by Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson and a considerable body of infantry. Three days after, the general crossed with his whole army, and demanded an unconditional surrender of the city. After some delay this demand was complied with. The American flag was substituted for the Mexican, and a new civil governmert formed, at the head of which was Colonel Twiggs. Arista, with the whole Mexican army, had evacuated the city on the evening previous, and was then marching with all speed to Reynosa, where he expected to be joined by President Paredes. Although General Taylor was thus placed in possessioTi of all the region watered by the southern portion of the Rio Grande, yet he was still in no condition to advance into the interior of Mexico; noi was it until the latter part of August that his earnest and repeated demand for supplies had been answered so far as to enable him to commence his march for the city of Monterey. Meanwhile he had detached small parties against the towns of Mier, Camargo, and Reynosa, all of which were occupied with-^ut resistance. Towards the end of August General Worth, with his division, was ordered to Seralvo, from which place, on the 5th of September, he informed General Taylor that Monterey had been reinforced by a large body of Mexicajis under General Ampudia. As the ' Juction of this city was considered essential to the suc- cess of any ultimate expedition against the capital in this direction, he Amerit an commander determined to attack it without further loss >)t' ^ me. iccording'y, with about seven thousand men, he marcheo 35 r,50 OPERATIONS or GEXERAL TAYLOR. OKHERAL TATLOR ADVANCINO TO UONTltRIT. for Seralvo on the 7ih, leaving General Patterson in command of al; the forces stationed at various posts between Camargo and Mata- nioras. After collecting supplies at Seralvo, he hurried on without waiting for rrinforcements, and on the morning of the 19th reached the Walnut Springs, three miles from Monterey. Here a careful reconnoissance showed that in addition to the proper works of the city, which were very strong, the enemy had erected a number of small forts on the hills adjacent, as well as fortified the strong build- ing on Independence Hill, known as the Bishop's Palace. As these works commanded the western approach to the city. General Taylor determined to detach against them one division of his army under General Worth, while, with the main force, he conducted in person the assault upon the city. On the 20th General Worth with his division moved by a circui- tous route to the Saltillo road, leading to Independence Hill. Early on the morning of the 31st, his cavalry force, under Colonel Hays, encountered a large body of the enemy, both on foot and horseback. These were defeated with loss, and soon after Worth gained a poHi SIEGE OF MONTEREY. 551 CAVALRT ACTION OF TBI 2l8T SiPTEUBKR. tion on the road ftivourable for an attack. The first fort on Federa- cion Hill was gallantly stormed by a small party under Captain Smith, assisted by Captain Miles and a body of Texas rangers under Colonel Hays. Immediately after, Fort Soldada was carried by i portion of the same force, assisted by a regiment under Colonel Per- sifer F. Smith. The guns of both these places were turned agains; the Bishop's Palace, and every preparation made for attacking that strong fortress on the following day. Meanwhile, to favour Worth's enterprise, the American com* mander ordered the first regiment of regulars, under General Twiggs, and the volunteers under General Butler, to make a diversion against the centre and left of the town. The enemy's defences in this ,|uarter had been constructed with so much labour that every house appeared to be a fortification, and each street was raked throughout its greatest extent, with fires from heavily mounted batteries. In endeavouring to approach Fort Teneria, General Butler's troops became -itangled in this labyrinth of difficulties, and sufltred most severely. After much loss, the fort was finally carried with the bay- onet. At the same time, the Baltimore battalion, under their leader Uolonel Watsou, approached the city from the west, but unfortunately 552 OPERATIONS OP GENERAL TAYLOR. got into a narrow lane or street, where they were expoaed both to direct and cross-lires, of some of the enemy's most active batteries. The greater part of the battalion were either killed or wounded, and the remainder saved from a similar fate only by throwing themflelves at full length into a narrow ditch. The 22d passed without any active operations in the lower part of the city. The greater part of the morning was occupied in burying the dead. The citadel, and other works, continued to fire at parties exposed to their range, and at the garrison in Fort Teneria. Captain Bragg's battery was placed under cover in front of the town, to repel ' any demonstration of the enemy's cavalry in that quarter. But the ■ day was far otherwise employed by General Worth. Before day- • light, a strong party under Colonel Childs, assisted by Captains Vin- ton and Scott, and Lieutenant Ayres, commenced the ascent of the hill surmounted by the Bishop's Palace. After incredible toil, they reached a position suitable for opening upon the works ; but so strong ' were the walls, tha* little or no impression could be made. In a short time, a body of lancers appeared on the crest of the hill ; but being charged, they broke and fled in confusion toward the palace, the gates of which opening to receive them, were entered simulta- neously by friend and foe. Once within, the Americans soon cleared the walls of the garrison, while Lieutenant Ayres mounted the hal- yards and pulled down the Mexican flag. Two pieces of artillery were captured, with a large quantity of ammunition, and some small arms. Seven of the assailants were killed and twelve wounded. On the following morning, a combined attack was made upon the town by the forces of General Taylor on the east, and General Worth on the west. Directing their movements to the Grand Plaza, the central focus of the city, the troops moved slowly along the least dangerous approaches. By daylight, it was ascertained that the enemy had abandoned all their lower defences, and thrown their main army into the cathedral, and the works near the centre. These were immediately occupied by the Americans, who opened fr^m them a heavy fire of both artillery and musketry. The remaining troops advanced from street to street, until within one square of the principal plaza. This advance, though vigorous, was conducted with due caution, thus being attended with but little loss to the assailants, while their opponents suffered severely. Toward eve- ning, the commander, after battering down a portion of the cathedral, halted his troops, and sent orders to General Worth to renew the BISBOF 6 FALAUA, MUt4TkXlSY. Bttack, in combination with his own force, on tne following morning. Although such great success had attended the operations of the Americans, the labour of storming the city was as yet but half ac- complished. The citadel, main cathedral, and other large works, were still garrisoned by the enemy; and had they still continued the defence, it is more than probable that the loss of the Americans would have been more serious than on the three previous days. This, however, they failed to do. Early on the morning of the 24th, the American commander received, through General Worth, a com- niunication from General Ampudia, the Mexican commandant, pro- posing to evacuate the town upon certain conditions. Commissioners were appointed by each general, and after a long and tedious nego- tiation, terms of capitulation were agreed upon, and signed by the two comn)anders. These were, in substance, that the city, with all its public property, should be surrendered to the Americans ; that the Mexican army should march out with their muskets, six pieces of cannon, and twenty rounds of ammunition ; and that during an armistice of eight weeks, neither army should pass a certain specified line. Un occupying the city, it was found to be of great strength, and 7« 3 A 554 OPERATIONS OF GENERAL TAYLOR. STORMIMQ OF MONTBHBY. to have all its approaches strongly fortified. The works were mounted with forty-two pieces of cannon, well supplied with anunu- nit'on, and during the siege had been manned by from nine to ten thousand men. The assailants numbered rather more than six thousand six hundred ; while their artillery consisted of one ten-inch mortar, two twenty-four pound howil;jers, and four light field bat- teries, of four guns each. Their loss was twelve officers, and one hundred and eight men killed ; thirty-one officers and three hundred and thirty-seven men wounded. The luss of the Mexicans was never known, but it was supposed considerably to exceed that of the Americans. Monterey now became the head-quarters of the American army. During the autumn. General Taylor detached Brigadier-General Worth, with twelve hundred men and eight pieces of artillery, to Saltillo, while Brigadier-General Wool, with the column under his command, numbering twenty-four hundred strong, and having six pieces of artillery, was ordered to the town of Parras, seventy miles north-east of Worth's position. Saltillo lies about seventy miles from Monterey, at an elevation of two thousand feet above that city These two places were occupied without opposition, the enemy having previously fallen back to San Luis Potosi. SANTA ANNA AT POTOSI. 5:.5 aBNEBAL TAYLOR TAKING LBAVB Or THK TBOOPS Meanwhile, President Paredes had been deposed, and General Santa Anna appointed Dictator of Mexico. After raising a large army, that officer established his head-quarters at Potosi, designing to raise a sufficiency of supplies to enable him to arrest the furthei progress of General Taylor. Early in 1847, most of that officer's regular troops were withdrawn by General Scott, which so reduced his numbers as to force him to abandon his designs upon the Mexi- can capital and to fall back toward Monterey. General Taylor took leave of the troops who left him, in a very feeling address. The arrival of volunteers under General Wool again enabled him to move forward, so that on the 21st of February, ascertaining that Santa Anna was moving rapidly upon him with twenty thousand men, he took up a strong position at the pass of Augostura, three miles from Buena Vista, and seven from Saltiilo. On the following day, the Mexican forces were observed approaching over the neighbouring mountains ; and immediately after. General Taylor received a sum- mons to surrender, which he refused. Toward evening, a brisk rannonade was commenced upon the Americans, but with little or no pffect A portion of the enemy's infantry then wound along the 556 OPERATIONS OF GENERAL TAYLOR. gorge 1 and hi.'Ss to the left of the general's position, and oppned a heavy fire up'n that flank. It was returned by a portion of tht Kentucky mounted regiment, under Colonel Marshall, and the skirmish lasted until after dark. Three Americans were wounded. During the night, General Taylor retired to Saltillo, leaving with General Wool the care of providing for the commencement of the attack. On the following morning, the action was renewed in earnest. The American army did not number more than five thousand men ; yet these coolly prepared to resist the overwhelming host, whose dark lines of infantry were drawn out as far as the eye could reach, while the cavalry appeared in dense colunms, presenting the most gaudy appearance. Before sunrise, a large body of both foot and horse moved toward the point which had been the scene of conflict on the preceding night, evidently with the intention of turning the American left flank, and penetrating to the centre. To prevent this. General Taylor ordered Sherman's and Bragg's batteries to the threatened position, the second Illinois regiment, under Colonel Bis- sel, occupying a position between them. The second Kentucky regiment was placed near the centre. The extreme left was sup- ported by the second Indiana regiment, under Colonel Bowles, so placed as to check, by a direct fire, the enemy's flank movements. The battle was opened on both sides by the artillery, which was soon followed by the musketry of the Mexican right. Notwithstand- ing the great disparity in numbers, the Americans niaintuined their ground with firmness, each regiment vying with the others in the obstinacy of their resistance. Ai the same time, the Mexican cavalry were winding slowly along the mountain defiles, and notwithstanding the havoc caused by the American artillery, they succeeded in gaining a position close to the rear, and in view of the stores at Buena Vista. To prevent their further advance, General Taylor sent forward his artillery, extended his front, and opened a combined fire of rifles and cannon upon the approaching lancers. The action now raged with terrible effect, but although at the first shock the cavalry reeled and fell back, they twice rallied, and it was not until they had been divided into two bodies, that this vigorous attempt was abandoned. At this critical position of his afliiirs, Santa Anna sent a flag of truce to the American general, desiring to know "what he wanted." A temporary cessation of hostilities took place, during which the de« tached cavalry were enabled to regain the main body. This again I' ' .If -" "f"l" BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA. 557 RXPOLSX OF TUE U B Z I A N 0AVALH7 AT BUINA VISTA. pave the enemy a large numerical superiority, which enabled them almost completely to overwhelm the second Kentucky regiment, and drive the second Indiana from the field. Captain O'Brien, with two pieces of artillery, sustained this heavy charge to the last, but was finally compelled to leave his guns on the field. Perceiving their advantage, the enemy rushed on in dense masses, captured the guns, and the Indiuniuns retreating by order of Colonel Bowles, the Mexi- cans advanced upon the Kentucky regiment, under Colonels McKee and Clay, and the Mississippi regiment, under Colonel Jefferson Da- vis. At this moment, by order of Ceneral Taylor, Captain Bragg threw himself into action, and opened his battery within a few yards of the Mexican cavalry. By this daring movement, the enemy's progress was suddenly arrested, and his whole body of lancers driven back. Bui. during their retreat, they attacked the second Kentucky regiment, r set in, which raised such quantities of sand as completely filled the '.renches, and caused a temporary cessation of hostilities. Communication with the fleet was also cut oflT. But so destructive^ had been the fire of the Americans, both to life and property, that the citizens petitioned their governor to open negotia- tions of surrender. This he resolutely declined to do, declaring his determination to yield only when it would no longer be possible for him to fire a gun. But terror at the sight of the surrounding scenes of destruction overcoming every other feeling, Morales was finally obliged to resign, and General Landero was elected in his stead. Early on the morning of the 27th that officer sent a flag of truce to General Scott, proposing to surrender the city by itself. To this the general-in-chief replied that he could not stipulate for either city or castle apart from the other. But, during the same day, negotiations were again opened by the enemy, which finally resulted in the sur* lender of both Vera Cruz and its castle. Generals Worth and Pil- low, with Colonel Totten, were the American commissioners ; Vil- ■ Liunuera, Herrera, and Robles, those of the enemy. In substance, 36 '■ we CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL SCOTT. the terms of capitulation were, that the Mexican officers should retira •o their houses on parole, carrying with them their arms and private effects; their army was to be dismissed on parole, while public pro- perty of every description was to be given up to the United States, on condition of being restored to Mexico by a definite treaty of peace. On the 29th the surrender took place. Leaving the city and castle, the Mexicans marched between the extended lines of their con querors, stacked their arms, laid down the national colours, and de- parted for the interior. Immediately after this ceremony, General Scott entered Vera Cruz, at the head of General Worth's division, and in company with the chief officers of the army and navy. When the national flag was hoisted over the castle and mam plaza, salutes were fired from the guns of the castle, the city batteries, and the squadron. General Worth was appointed military governor of the •jity, Colonel Belton of the castle, and Major Scott of the strong work :alled Fort Santiago. . ' ' The loss of the Americans during this siege was but seventeen Jled, and twenty-eight wounded ; that of the Mexican army has jver been ascertained. So destructive was the American artillerv LIEUTENANT HUNTER. 5H7 tn iS le en Ins |rv •hat it has been estimated that at feast five hundred non-combatants were killed by the bursting of bombs through houses, or among crowds collected in the streets. The quantity of military stores taken by General Scott's army was very great. Besides four thou- sand stand of arms laid down by the enemy in retiring, one thou- sand more were found in the city; four hundred pieces of cannon, with a vast amount of shells, powder, and shot, were found either in position or in stores. On the 30th, Commodore Perry, successor to Conner in the com- mand of the Gulf Squadron, detached the steamer Scourge, Lieuten- ant Hunter, to blockade the port of Alvarado, which had been twice attacked unsuccessfully by Commodore Conner. In approaching the town the vessel opened a fire upon it, and sent a boat on shore containing two officers and a few men, with a demand for an unconditional surren- der of the place in thirty minutes. The terrified au- thorities instantly acceded ; and thus the town which had so long resisted the American Gulf forces, was taken without blood- shed by a steamer of three guns. On the following morning, at 2 o'clock, the Scourge appeared before the town of Tlacotalpam, where a similar summons was followed by similar success. For these operations - Lieutenant Hunter was dismissed from the squadron, for having dis- obeyed orders in attacking the town, when he was instructed merely to blockade it. After remaining about two weeks at V^ra Cruz, General Scott commenced his march for the Mexican capital. On the 14th of April, General Twiggs, with the van of the army, reached the moun- tain pass of Cerro Gordo, where he was soon afterwards joined by the main body. Here, among the high hills commanding the road, were posted ten thousand Mexican troops, in strong redoubts, com OOUllODORE PT RB7. cm CAMPAION OF GE\BnAL SCOTT BiTILX OF OBRBO QOROa m;inded by President Santa Anna. This ofTicer, after the battle of Buona Vista, had retired to the capital ; and, by extraordinary exer- tions, had succeeded in raising another army, with which he hoped to retrieve his former losses, and rid his country * f its enemies. With a promptitude that does him honour, he threw himself in the way of greatest danger ; and, instead of again marching against Gene- ral Taylor, then in command of but a handful of raw volunteers, he hurried forward to oppose the victorious career of the conqueror of Vera Cruz. Seizing the strnngr gorge of Cerro Gordo, he fortified it in such a manner that, in approaching, an assailing party would be obliged to march along the distance of a mile in full range of his bat- teries. On one flank General La Vega was posted with a larga-iiirce, and on the other several garrisons of small forts. On the afternoon of the 17th General Scott commenced a careful reconnoissance of the enemy's position. Before entering the ridge of clifTs known as the Cerro Gordo, the road crosses the bed of a once large stream known as the Plan del Rio, On the right was a high cliff covered with forts and batteries, and similar fortifications form- ing a strong chain of defence. A front attack would have led to a tctal annihilation of the American forces, and upon this direction of assault Santa Anna had evidently calculated. But on the evening BATTLE OP CERBO GORDO. 669 of the 17tb General Scott opened a new road through the chaparral to the right, so as to escape the fire in front, and turn the Mexican left flank. As General Twiggs's division then became greatly ex- posed. Colonel Harney was sent against a fort on the steep ascent in front ; and, under a heavy fire of grape and musketry, carried it with the rifles and a small detachment of infantry and artillery. The two armies were now in view of each other ; but no further operations took place during the night, except the raovemeut of Twiggs's division to secure a position favorable for opening the attack on the followinnr day. Early on the 18th Twiggs was ordered forward from the captuied position against Santa Anna's main fort, while at the same time Gen- eral Pillow assaulted the enemy'3 right, where La Vega was posted ; and Generals Shields and Worth seized upon the Jalapa road, so as to cut off all retreat. The van of Twiggs's division, under the intrepid Harney, moved up the steep ascent, although exposed to sweeping fires of cannon and musketry, and notwithstanding their severe loss, paused not until they had gained the works and leaped among the enemy. The ensuing struggle was but short, aud the Mexicans were soon flying in all directions to gain the main road. They here experienced their greatest loss ; and one of their generals, Vasquez, was killed. During this time General Worth had been using great efibrts to reach a fort in Santa Anna's rear, which was defended by General Pinzon, a mulatto ofllicer of considerable abil- ity and courage. This he accomplished soon after the victory of Twiggs's division, so that on being summoned to surrender, the gar- rison thought it most prudent to comply. These successes were, however, dampened by the repulse of General Pillow from the bat- teries commanded by La Vega. A renewal of the attack was attended by the same result, but the garrisons finally stirrendered^- -omis^ertaining the fate of Santa Anna's position. On the Jalapa road. General Shields, while gallantly seconding the efforts of the main army, was dangerously wounded by a musket ball through the lungs, and carried senseless from the field. The command of his troops devolved on Colonel Baker, who pursued the enemy until late in the afternoon. Their loss during the flight was greater than while the battle lasted. In this action the force of the Americans was about eight thou- sand men. The loss in killed and wounded was between four and five hundred, that of the Mexicans being nearly the same. More 72 3B2 570 CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL SCOTT. ; tiijii y. (Ill' il'i'/ ' ' '"{ »/•.-,■ I J t" / oiil I'M ;t* ; >la •Jl (!!•■ if.O I nin't) f/n.i '■> itv.) ()) I i.i.iyi'cl .; ^v;.■•.,r• OOLOHBL BAKER. than three thousand prisoners were taken, together with Generals Piuzon, Jarrero, La Vega, Obaudo, and Noriega, with an immense quantity of field batteries, heavy ordnance, small arms and accoutre- ments- The private baggage and money chest of Santa Anna, con- taining about twenty thousand dollars in specie, were also captured. Santa Anna himself, with Ampudia and Caualizo, escaped by a pri- vate pass, and gained the Jalapa road in rear of the Americans. Determined to render the rout of the enemy as complete as po9- flfble, General Scott pushed on his forces in ha. .e along ihe Jalapa road. On the following day Twiggs entered Jalapa without oppo- sition ; and on the 21st the town and strong castle of Perote were taken by General Worth. Three weeks after, [May 15,] that active officer took possession of Puebla, which became for a whilo the head-quarters of the American army. On the 18th of April, Commodore Perry entered the harbour of Tuspan with a portion of his fleet, attacked the town, and forced it to surrender, with a loss on his part of seventeen killed and wounded* nilERILLA WARFARE. 671 Santa Anna, afler his defeat at Cerro Onrdo, proceedtd to the capital, which he reached on the ]7th of May. He immediately cullected into one the scattered fragments of the various armies dis- persed throughout the country, and began an elaborate system of defence. Stirring appeals were addressed to the patriotism of the people, calling for men, money, and stores ; the aid of religious sen* timent was invoked, and every means taken to rouse the country lor < ne more great effort. The strong pass of the Rio Frio, considered one of the most dangerous in Mexico for an assailing army, was occupied by a considerable force, who erected there some works. About this period, also, the formidable guerilla force scattered among the mountains and defiles, were authorized to commence their sys- tematic operations against the Americans. A guerilla party was composed of lancers, rancheros, and highwaymen, mounted on horse- back, and attacking small companies or trains as opportunity offered. The only code of war acknowledged by these guerillas was their own will; so that the introduction of this system gave a peculiarly ferocious aspect to many of the scenes of 1847-8. At different times a number of these outlaws attacked persons upon the road from Mon- ter»!y and Vera Cruz to the capital, and frequently butchered them in a shocking manner. The Americans were not slow in retaliating. In a rancho near Seralvo a number of volunteers hung about forty Mexicans, and then secretly decamped. A young man named Oglesby having been murdered in returning from Camargo, a party of Texans pursued the murderers, overtook them, and put all to the sword. The most strenuous efforts were made by the authorities of both nations to prevent such horrible occurrences; but the evil con- tinued, with but little interruption, until the close of the war. On the 8th of June, a party numbering one hundred and fifty vo- lunteers and citizens, under Captain Bainbridge, left Puebla for Vera Cruz. On approaching the Cerro Gordo, some of the officers were fired upon, and the party were soon after informed that several thou- sand Mexicans were in the pass. Continuing to advance, they ascer- tained that a detachment of the enemy were barricading the bridge; and ahhough eVening had already fallen, and they were excessively fatigued, yet a guard was posted below the bridge, in order to pre- vent surprise. On the following morning the bridge was passed without opposition ; but when an officer and private soldier returned to bring over the wagons, the whole train was fired upon by about twenty-five Mexicans, by which four men were killed, and a wagoa 572 CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL SCOTT. taken. About the same time a body of lancers appeared on tha opposite side, but rode away on perceiving that the captain was pre paring to receive them. The little company then pursued its way undisturbed until it arrived at the camp of Colonel Mcintosh, which was posted upon the road. I 1 HIS officer, like Captain Bainbridge, had been "^l V^ attacked by a large force of the enemy, and was now waiting for reinforcements The attack had lasted all night, and was successfully met only by the exertion . of Captain Duperu's dragoons. After resting a day, Bainbridge again set out for Vera Cruz, which he reached in safe'v ; but Captain Duperu, having a long return train to guard, which was threatened by u large body of lancers, halted at Santa Fe. Here he was charged by a superior force, which he repulsed with but little loss to himself, although a few of the wagons were cut off, and their drivers captured. Soon after, he reached Vera Cruz in safety, having lost, in all, three killed and three wounded. On the same day that the party under Captain Bainbridge left Colonel Mcintosh's camp. General Cadwalader reached it with eight hundred men and two howitzers. On ascertaining that the train had been attacked, he marched for the National Bridge, where he soon came into action with a large Mexican force strongly posted behind ridges and chaparral. During the battle, some volunteers under Lieutenant Blakely charged and swept some barricades which had been thrown up by the enemy, while, at the same time, the heights on the right and left were also carried. General Cadwalader then crossed the bridge, but was annoyed during a great part of his march by a flank and rear fire from several parties of guerillas. His loss was fifteen killed, and from thirty to forty wounded ; that of the enemy was about one hundred. During these attempts of the gue- rillas, the Americans lost no less than thirty wagons, two hundred pack mules, and several thousand dollars in specie. It has already been mentioned, that soon after the battle of Cerro (iordo the Mexicans detached a military force to take possession ot the Rio Frio pass, and fortify against the advance of the Americans Why this wbs not done has yet to be explained ; but the neglect wot ADVANCE UPON MEXICO. 5TS certainly an egregious error on the pari of Mexico, The gorge could have sustained a few courageous men against the efforts of an entire army; and until the news of its having been passed by General Scott reached the United States, no little anxiety was felt in that country for the result. But so strangely negligent were the Mexicans, that even the works thrown up there were abandoned at the approach of the American forces. On the 4lh of August General Scott's army commenced its march for the Mexican capital, moving by detachments. Owing to the preva • lence of heavy rains, which rendered the roads almost impassable, the troops were unable to reach Ayotla before the 15lh. About four miles in advance of this place was the strong fortification of El Penon, which mounted fifty-two pieces of cannon, was munitioned and garrisoned in the most careful manner, and completely commanded the road. A day was spent in reconnoiteringthis work, when the American commander resolved en avoiding it, by opening an old abandoned road leading to the southward around Lake Chalco towards the capital. This was cut up by ravines, lava beds, and rocks, to such an extent that in the rainy season it was regarded as impassable even for travellers; yet around it the army marched with their baggage, artillery, and stores, and reached San Augusiin on the 17lh, after having dispersed a body of lancers on the way. On the afternoon of the following day General Worth's column was ordered towards San Antduio, and a company of engineers escorted by Captain Thornton began a careful recon- noissance of that place. While this was going on, the garrison fired from a masked battery, killing the ca|)tain and wounding one of the guides. The party were then withdrawn, while Colo- nel Duncan's battery with some sappers and miners moved down the road to a position which would enable them to act in an} direction in case of emergency. On the American left was placed Colonel Smith't) light battalion, for the purpose of watching the enemy's flank Colonels Clark and Garland occupied other parts of the field. All these troops were without shelter, although a drench- ing rain continued to fall all night. A portion of the first brigade, under General Worth, was stationed at a neighbouring hacienda, which, during the night, was exposed to the fire of the San Antonio batteries. Before morning the rain fell in such quantities that many of the companies were obliged to rise and remain standing until iavHght. The Mexican posts around San Augustin presented a series o! 5T4 CAMPAIGN OP GENERAL SCOTT. •I . OS NB BA L TW tQOa lorlitications of great natural strength, carefully erected, and provided with every thing necessary to a successful resistance. Around It, in every direction, was an irregular valley, broken by rocks and gullies, and having the whole surface jagged with sharp points of lava. Among the rocks to the west was the fortress of Contreras, containing several thousand men, and mounting twenty-two pieces of cannon. North of San Augustin were the still stronger works of Churubusco, and at short distances, those of San Angel and San I'allo, all filled with large garrisons and bristling with cannon and musketry. The city wall was one huge fortification. On the 19th, Captain Lee, with Lieutenants Beauregard and Tower, continued the previous day's reconnoissance of the hostile lines. While this was going on. General Pillow, accompanied by the forces of Lieutenants Smith and Callender, was ordered toward Contreras. He advanced, opening the road step by step, until he reached an elevated position, from which the enemy's works were ir view. He was soon joined by the advance under Generai Twiggs BATTLE OF CONTRERAS. P75 OBNSRA.L FIIBOX. which moved forward, planting their batteries and driving in the enemy's pickets. General Smith's brigade then proceeded to the left, and Colonel Riley's to the right, dragging their cannon with great difficulty over a surface apparently impassable to footmen. After the Americans had planted a howitzer battery under the care of Captain Magruder, they were fired upon by the enemy, who wounded Lieutenant Johnstone mortally, and Callender severely. So heavy was this fire, that the American batteries were soon after- wards withdrawn. But at this time General Smith engaged the Mexican infantry outside the fort ; and at the same moment, the artillery gained a favoun. ;e position, and recommenced firing. On both sides, the cannonading became general, but that of the enemy «t length obliged the battery of Captain Magruder to withdraw General Pierce, with his brigade, then advanced to support Smith %l STB CAMPAIGN OP GENERAL SCOri, UINBRAL 8HIBLDS. and Cadwalader to support Colonel Riley. On observing these movements, a large body of lancers advanced from Churubusco, and threatened Cadvvalader's position ; but by order of General Pil- low, Colonel Morgan, with the fifteenth infantry, advanced to Cad- walader's support; and General Scott arriving about the same time, detached the volunteers of General Shields for the same purpose. The left flank were now exposed to a heavy fire of the enemy, the troops rapidly pursuing a route evidently marked for them by the wily foe. To divert the attention of the enemy, a femt attack was conducted against Contreras, while General Smith, with some artil- lery and rifles, fell back to Ensaldo, a village bordered on one side by a deep ravine, and on the other by a small stream of water. Between these extended a high stone wall. Narrow lanes intersected tach other in various directions, cutting up the village in sma" poi liona, which are covered with flowers, shrubbery, and fruit tree* BATTLE OF COXTRERAS. 577 Here the American soldiers were posted, secure in n great mt.asure from the fire or observation of the enemy. General Smith new resolved to attack the large cavalry force which had been hovering near the American troops all day. He was to be assisted by Riley and Cadwalader. But before the preliminary arrangements could be completed, night set in, rainy as before, so that the Mexican troops could not be seen. The attempt was aban- doned, Cadwalader resumed his position at the edge of the village, and Riley's brigade was formed inside, together with the rifles and in- fantry. In these positions they passed the night, destitute of both fires and shelter, although exposed to a drenching rain. The other divisions of the army, including even General Scott and the higher officers, were equally destitute of shelter. During the night, General Smith formed a plan for capturing Contreras with the bayonet, and the necessary orders or instructions were communicated to his command about midnight. At three o'clock next morning, the general's division began its march. Im- mediately after. General Shields arrived with his volunteers, but generously declined assuming the command. His troops then moved into Ensaldo, so as to prevent the enemy occupying it in case of their being defeated. The storming party of Smith's brigade was led by Colonel Riley, supported by Generals Cadwalader and Smith. The intrepid colonel marched along the bed of the ravine, until he had arrived opposite the fort, when he ascended the bank, but was still protected from the opposing batteries by an elevation of ground. Mounting this, he was within full sweep of the Mexican artillerists, who immediately opened. But calling to his men to follow, and breasting the withering storm that fell on all sides, Riley rushed down the slope, followed by his brigade, and was soon upon the works. Cadwalader hurried to support him, and General Smith or- dered a brigade to face to the left, and advance in line to attack the enemy's force in flank. The struggle was soon decided. The enemy fled on all sides, and were attacked '"n their flight, and forced to disperse in different directions. While hurrying toward the village of Ensaldo, they were fired upon by Shields's command which had stealthily left the village and concealed itself near the line of retreat. The Americans commenced a rapid pursuit, which was continued with great tfTect, until the Mexican main body had aucctaded in passing through a narrow defile, when one of theiv officers drew up a number of lancers at the pass, and surrendered. 73 30 578 CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL SC'iTT. OINXBAL PILLOW. ■ i*3(V«;***-- If, as is probable, this movement was designed to occupy the timed the pursuers until the fugitives could take refuge in Churubusco, it must be regarded as evincing as much sagacity as any measure ddopted by the enemy during the war. The fruits of this victory were fifteen hundred prisoners, twenty- two pieces of artillery, large quantities of ammunition and military stores, with a number of pack-mules. Among the prisoners wsre several officers of high rank. One of the most pleasing circum- stances connected with the action, was the recapture of the twc guns taken from General Taylor at Buena Vista. While the pursuit was going on, General Scott arrived at Con- ireras, and leaving a small garrison at that place, with instrucuons concerning the wounded and prisoners, he hurried on the main portion of the army toward the posts of San Argel and San Palin 'iPi .-: :■!*(; F mm STORMING OF CHURUBU8C0. 57'J Thfi tioops of Generals Twiggs, Shields, and Pillow, were all en paged in this service. They soon overtook the rear of the Mexican forces, with which a sort of running fight took place until it had tnk^n shelter in the fortress of Churubusco, where a garrison still Inrger than that of Contreras was preparing for one more struggle. Churubusco is a small village, surrounded, at that time, by a syi»- tem of stone walls, surmounted by a well-defended hacienda, which was in like manner overtopped by a church. The walls, hacienda, and church, were lined with sharp-shooters, and provided with pieces of heavy cannon. About four hundred yards from the village a small stream was crossed by a bridge, the head of which, or tSte du pont, forms a fortification so strong as to be considered by the Mexicans impregnable. As these works completely cross-fired the road, it was necessary to attack both at once. Accordingly, Twiggs was sent against Churubusco, Worth against the iete du pont, while Shields moved across the meadows in a direction parallel with the main (Acapuico) road, so as to cut ofT the enemy's retreat. Worth moved from San Augustin about eight a. M., and after com- pelling the garrison of San Antonio to evacuate that place, he pushed rapidly for Churubusco. Twiggs's troops were already engaged at the main works, and as Worth's division moved toward the tete du pont, it received a galling fire from the Mexican guns at the walls and hacienda. At this time, vast bodies of the enemy were observed approaching from the city, while long columns of lancers and infantry were stationed at different points, for the purpose of annoying the assailants. The works at the bridge now opened their fire, filling the air with the reiterated shocks of cannon and musketry, the up- roar of shouting thousands, and, at intervals, the deep groans of the dying. Worth now threw Colonel Garland's brigade to the right, where it entered some corn-fields, and soon dislodged the enemy from their concealed position in that quarter. At the same time, Clarke's brigade, with Duncan's battery, moved to other points on the road, from whence it moved between Garland's and the road and then rushing down upon the enemy's works, it mounted them, and cleared the artillery with the bayonet. So sudden and vigorous was this charge of the Americans, that instead of resisting, the Mexi- cans threw down their arms and fled precipitately to the capital. The captured cannon were instantly turned upon the garrison of ')i urubusco. This position had, in the meanwhile, been vigorously assaulted by 580 CAMPAIGN OF GENERAL SCOTT. Txriggs, with his whole division ; but so strong were the works, and «o ilettrmined the efTorts of the enemy, that nfter three hours' hard fighting, no impression had been made. During all this time, the walls were in one continuous blaze of artillery and musketry ; and 80 dense were the volumes of smoke, that both armies were often en- tirely hidden from view, and guided in firing only by the flash of the opposing batteries. But after Worth's victory had enabled him to direct his guns upon the church and hacienda, the vigour of fh© defence was sensibly diminished, and in half an hour the garrison gave way, and fled with precipitation toward the capital. 'I hey were pursued by Colonel Harney's dragoons to within a few yirds ctf the capital. Worth and Twiggs then drew up their troops near the hacienda, to await orders from the general-in-chief. He soon p-Tived on the ground, and after complimenting the soldiers on their success, ordered further pursuit to be suspended for the night. Ex- clusive of the garrison of Contreras, the enemy lost, on this memo- rable day, twelve hundred prisoners, fifteen hundred killed or wounded', including many able officers — with cannon, equipments, small arms, and ammunition in proportion. Their whole army had been broken up, and the capital laid open to the mercy of the invaders. The whole loss of the Americans in killed, wounded and missing, was ten hundred and fifty-three. In this celebrated engagement the splendid " Palmetto Regiment," of South Carolina, suffered most severely, and their gallant commander. Col. Butler, fell, covered with wounds and with glory. At this time, such was the terror and confusion among all classes within the city, that General Scott could probably have entered it without much additional loss. But while writing a summons for its surrender, he was waited upon by a commission proposing a truce. Rejecting the terms, he despatched his contemplated note to Santa Anna, omitting the summons. Nothing further took place until the following day, when commissioners were appointed by both com- manders, who, on the 23d, signed an armistice, preparatory to a permanent peace, and exchanged ratifications on the 24th. Nego- tiations were imm«"liatelv opened for the conclusion of a permanent peace. In the fortress of Churubusco, Sergeant Riley, with seventy otheis^ who had deserted from the army, either before the war or at different periods of its progress, had been captured, while fighting bravely against thei: former comrades. These were tried by court-martia TAKING OF CnAPULTEPEO. 681 s, It during the armistice, and a number of them having been found guilty pf treason, were hung in the presence of both armies. The remainder in consequence of having deserted before the opening of the war, had their punishment remitted to branding, public whipping, and impri- sonment until the army should leave Mexico. During the armistice, Mr. Trist, the commissioner selected by President Polk to negotiate a peace, proposed to the Mexican authori- ties that the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande, together with New Mexico and Upper California, should be yielded to the United States for the sum of fifteen millions of dollars. This was refused by the Mexican commissioners, who declined to yield any portion of their territory west of the Nueces. Mr. Trist then offered his ultimatum or final project on the subject of boundaries, nnd the negotiators adjourned to re-assemble on the 6th of September No further communication took place between the armies until that lay, when General Scott addressed a note to Santa Anna, accusing him of violating the terms of the armistice, by fortifying difl!erent works in the city, and threatening a resumption of hostilities in forty- eight hours, unless satisfactory explanation could be given. To th-« the Mexican general replied by charging the Americans with having obstructed the intercourse between the capital and surrounding country, and committed opprobrious deeds in the more interior towns and villages — at the same time intimating that General Scott might resort to hostilities whenever he wished. The armistice was at an end. The 7th was occupied by the American general in reconnoitering the extended line of works outside the city. The southern approaches to the capital were defended by works of astonishing strength, erected upon the wall and gates, and an intricate labyrinth of dikes, canals, ravines, ditches, and causeways, outside of the gates. Further to the west, was the hill of Chapultepec, surmounted by a strong castle and tower, and connected by heavy masonry works with the Casa Mata and founderies of Molino del Rey. The reconnoissance convinced (ireneral Scott that an attempt upon the city in this quarter would be attended with immense loss of life, and probably total failure. He therefore resolved to make a diversion to the gates on the south-west and west, and enter the city in that quarter. The first step in thif> new movement was to carry Chapultepec and Molino del Rey ; and a necessary requisite to final success was to deceive the enemy by a feint upon the southern gates, by which they might still be induced 37 «<"» IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7 /. O A .V^ €^^^ V. 1.0 I.I 11.25 111 1^ li^ |30 St li£ 12.0 1.4 1.6 ^^ 0% /» > A 7 ^ Ji 582 CAMPAIGN OF QBNERAL BCUTX. _ .... :-^;^^£}'-sSr;iy{^-.';J^ MOLIHO BBl. B»T— C H A Ptr LTB P BO I W THB DIST*NOB to retain the greater part of their cannon r.nd other munitions in that quarter until the western defences were carried. Early on the 8th, General Worth was detached against me Molino del Rey, with the brigade of Cadwalader in reserve. It was found necessary to isolate the works around Casa Mata from those of Cha- pultepec, an undertakings of much difficulty and hazard. At day- break, the army in two columns attacked simultaneously the Molino tnd Casa Mata. The troops rushed forward upon the former place, unshaken by the glare of battories vomiting forth showers of grape ind canister, until they had reached the works and driven back the artillerists with the bayonet. The field-battery was captured, and its guns trailed upon the retiring masses. A moment after, they rallied, and, supported by numbers of infantry, rushed toward the guns, pouring in a volley of musketry that struck down more than one-half of the victors. But after a vigorous struggle, they were driven out and pursued toward Chapultepec. Meanwhile, the 2d brigade, under Colonel Mcintosh, supporteil oy Duncan's battery, moved with equal steadiness against the Casa SIEGE OF MEXICO. 5h3 ST ORUINa OV UOLIHO Dai. BXT. ino Iha- |ay- lino ice, ipe the ind ley the Ihan 'ere Irteil yAsa Mata. The enemy's fire was so destructive, that although the troops moved under partial shelter, ii large proportion of officers, with num- bers of assistants and soldiers, were killed or wounded. But on reaching the slope of the parapet commanding the citadel, it was discovered that the Casa Mata, instead of being a simple field-woik. as was hitherto supposed, was a strong Spanish fortress, surroundtt by bastioned intrenchments and impassable ditches. Dismayed by this discovery, and confused by the loss of officers, the assailants fell into confusion, halted, and then fell back towar'1 Colonel Duncan's position. At this critical moment, a large cava .y and infantry force assaulted the American left, but were driven back by the a.rtillery, fol- lowed by a vigorous charge of Major Sumner's dragoons. One-third of the latter were unhorsed by the fire of Casa Mata. Cadwalader's brigade now advanced to Worth's support, and the fortress was carried with the bayonet. In accordance with instructions. General Worth destroyed the walls, with most of the arms and ammunition, blew up the works, and returned to his head-quarters at Tacubaya. In this action, the most destructive to the Americans which they had yet experienced, thcii force was rather more than three thousand 581 CAMPAIGN OP QBNBRAL SCOTT, two hundred men. Of these, they l^st seven hundred and eighty nine, including fifty-eight officers. The total force of the garrison mia abou' fourteen thousand, and their loss, exclusive of deserteid, three thousand. In order to carry out his plan of deceiving the enemy, General Bcott placed Twiggs, with Riley's brigade, and Taylor's and Step- toe's batteries, at the southern gates, with orders to bombard that quarter, as though in preparation for a general attack. The 9th, 10th and 1 1th, were occupied in making careful reconnoissances of the works on Chapultepec hill, a service conducted by the able engineers Stephens, Beauregard, Lee, and Tower. On the afternoon of the llth, the divisions of Twiggs, Pillow, and Cluitman were concen* trated in view of the southern gates ; but during the night, the latter two generaJs, with their troops, were silently moved to Tacubaya, preparatory to the contemplated attack upon Chapultepec. Twiggs still remained in his former position. Early on the morning of the 12th, the American batteries opened upon the castle, while the divi- sinns of Pillow and Cluitman were ordered to organize parties for the o.vsnult. The bombardment continued all day, the American guns being worked with such precision that Sf/on the massive walls rf Chapultepec began to crumble, while the rocks around were split into thousands of pieces by the incessant storm of heavy shot. At the same time, the batteries from the castle were in full blast, imparting to the hill the appearance of a volcano in violent action. The scene attending this day's bombardment was grand and sub- Ume, beyond even that of Vera Cruz. On the morning of the 13lh, sufficient impression had been made upon the wal/s to authorize the commencement of the attack. It was conducted in two columns, the first from Pillow's division, uncer Colonel Ransom, the second from that of Cluitman, under Major Twiggs and Captain Casey. The castle was commanded by Gene- ral Bravo, one of the bravest officers in the Mexican service. The cannonading of Chapultepec was continued without intermission, from dawn until 8 a. m., when its cessation was the signal for the movement of the storming parties. Pillow's division marched through a grove filled with sharp-shooters, clearing it as they advanced, and halting at the base of the hill. The storming party were in advance with fixed bayonets and empty muskets. At this crisis. Pillow was •truck to the ground with a severe wound, and the command de- reived on General Cadwalader. Ransom rushed forvrard into tha iiHui^ iilOEMIMa OF OHAPULTBPKO. 686 OOLONBL RA.N80II. appalling shower of death hurled down by the castle, calling on hit men to follow. They followed him with loud cheers ; but in a few moments he fell dead, shot through the brain, and the command fell upon Major Seymour. Undismayed by the death of their leader, and crowds falling on all sides, the soldiers clambered up the steep ascent, shouting the name of Ransom, and driving each other on- ward. A small battery outside the castle was speedily taken, and the assailants sprang forward through showers of fire, to the ditch. During all this time, the American batteries were throwing shells and shot over the storming party into the fortress, so as to prevent the arrival of reinforcements from the city. The enemy made ■everal unsuccessful attempts to fire the mines ; and soon after, the scaling-ladders of the Americans were flung up, and the troops poured in one united stream upon the walls. Many Americaas, during the first onset, were hurled to the ground, and then ensued the terrible conflict with the bayoaet. It was short and decisive ; the gnri'ison flc>d down the hill in heavy masses, their flag was torn from its stedf by Major Scyiuour, am! the reiterated shouts of the •>86 OAMPAIQN OF QBNERAL SCOTT. MAJOa (HOW OOLOSUL) aB'uooa Americans announceo that Chapultepec had been gained. Along with this party, Quitman's troops, led by the l.urui > Casey, had en- tered. These troops had encountered obstacles ..•quai at least tc those of their comrades, being obliged to fight aloiig the whole dis- tance of a causeway, cut up with ditches and batteries, and manned by great numbers of the enemy. But through obstacles apparently sufficient to appal the stoutest heart, Quitman cheered on his hardy followers, ably supported by General Smith and the rifles. Twiggs and Casey both fell mortally wounded. The troops then leaped the causeway, and crossed the adjacent meadows, amid a tremen- dous fire of musketry and artillery, and, notwithstanding heavy losses, reached the fort simultaneously with Seymour's party. A melancholy slaughter of the garrison took place, few of whom asked or received quarter. About one hundred and seventy-five were taken prisoners. The last obstacle to the final assault upon he capital had been removed. Two great roads lead from Chapultepec to the western entrances f Mexico— the San Cosme causeway, terminatfng in the Sun Coc^'d ATTACK UPON THE OITT. 68T OVNBBIL PBBSlrOR T. SUITB. gate ; and the Belen causeway, in the Belen gate. Immediateiv after the reduction of the castle, General Scott mounted to its top. and ordered Worth, with his two brigades, assisted by CadwnladerV, to advance along the San Cosme rond, storm the gate, and enter the city ; while General Q,uitman conducted a feint upon the Belen entrance. Both those causeways were defended by batteries postni at well-chosen distances, and completely sweeping the road. Besid^ s these, sharp-shooters were posted at small intervals, numerous ditches were cut across the road, at right angles with an aqueduct, which extended along its whole course, and every other obstacle thrown in the Americans* path. Immediately after the capture of the castle. Worth, with bui one brigade, had begun his march towards the San Cosme gate, on ap- proaching which he found a large body of Mexicans posted behind ditches and in houses. They at once opened a heavy fire of mus- icetry. Cadwalader's brigade having now arrived, his howitzon 588 OAlIPAiaM OF aSNBRAL SCOTT. OBHBAAI. WOBTa. were thrown forward, together with a party of skirmishers and pioneon , who speedily opened a way into the neighbouring buildings, driving out or capturing the enemy, and advancing under cover towards the city. In this manner, though exposed to tremendous fires, the division fought its way up to the gate, where, after a most obstinate struggle, the enemy's main fort was carried, and the assailants entered the city. At eight, p. m., Worth halted, posted sentinels, and ordered his men into quarters, determining to renew the assault on the morrow. Meanwhile Cluitman had been pressing along the Belen causeway with such ardour as to convert his feint attack into a real one. During (his advanr'> he was exposed to one of the most tremendous fires ever sustained uy an American army; but, notwithstanding the reiterated commands of the general-in-chief to return, his troops poured on. springing from arch to arch between the enemy's volleys, and cap I £NTKANOB INTO MKXIOO. FtHH luring one battery after another until they urrired at the Helen gate. At tbia formidable post a sanguinary conflict took place, in which the garrison were defeated, and the Americans rushed with loud shouts into the city. But directly in their front glared another bnttery flanked on each side by cross-fires, which soon compelled the assail' ants to take refuge in the adjacent houses. Here the fight raged with fearful violence until night, when the Americana were ordered under shelter, and slept upon their arms. Many valuable lives, including those of Captain Drum and Lieutenant Benjamin, were lust during this assault. Having thus secured a footbuld within the capital. General Scott dflermined to carry it by storm on the following morning. But nt four o'clock, A. M., of the 14th, he was waited upon by a deputation from the authorities, requesting him to sign a capitulation in fuvoui of the citizens, churches, and municipality. The general replied that he would agree upon no such terms ; but that the city being at his mercy, he possessed and would exorcise the right of dictating what, in his judgment, would be considered best. It was soon discovered that Santo Anna and the army had evacuated the city. The Ameri- can commander then declared that he would levy a contribution upon the citizens for the expenses of the army, but i>-A the personal rights of all should be religiously observed. Orders were then issued to General Quitman to advance towards the Grand Plaza, and to Gene- ral Worth to move as far as the Alameda, a green park some distance from the San Cosme gate. These movements were executed with ilacrity. About eight o'clock. General Scott, with a brilliant staflf, tntered the city, in full uniform and accompanied by the remainder *f the army. His arrival at the Grand Plaza was hailed by bursts tf national music and the reiterated cheers of the soldiers, in which nany of the Mexicans are said to have joined. Scarcely had the excitement of this scene subsided, and the Ame- ncans begun to disperse, when a scattering fire was opened upon the army by several thousand convicts and others, many of whom had been turned from prison by the flying government for this very pur- pose. Vigorous eflforts were immediately made by General Scott and the authorities for the suppression of these outrages ; but this was .Dot accomplished until many valuable lives had been lust, and parties despatched in all directions to blow up all houses fruin which about trould be fired. Thus was the famed capital of tne Montezumas taken by a handluJ 81> 090 OAMPAIQN 0? OEKRRAL SCOTT. nl' men, lo small aa to atarlle him who attempts coinparison witL iha enemy. The history of modern days has rarely narrated feats equai lo those of this little army and their intrepid ^<-neral. The numbftr that marched from Puebia on tbe>7th of Augu/ « atnted by the com- tnandur at ten thousand seven hundred and chirty-ui^ht miA and file. At Contreras and Churubasco, only eight thousand five huA' dred were engaged with thirty thousand ; at Molinu del Rey, thirty> two hundred and fif\y were in the battle; while Chapulu-puc and the ca|iital were taken by less than six thousand. The tutui loss in these battles was two thousand seven hundred and three, of wlium three hundred and eighty>three were ofHcers. "Thib small force," says the commander, in his official despatch to government, " has benten on the same occasions, in view of the capital, the whole Mexican army of (at the beginning) thirty odd thousand men — posted always in chosen positions, behind intrenchments, or more formidable de- fences of nature and art; killed or wounded of that number more than seven thousand officers and men ; taken three thousand seven hundred and thirty prisoners, one-seventh officers, including thirteen generals, of whom three had been presidents of this republic ; cap- tured more than twenty colours and standards, seventy-five pieces of ordnance, besides fif\y-seven wall pieces, twenty thousand small arms, an immense quantity of shot, shells, powder, &c. " Of that enemy once so formidable in numbers, appointments, artillery, &c., twenty odd thousand men have disbanded themselves in despair, leaving, as is known, not more than three fraguients,— the largesi about two thousand five hundred, — now wandering in different directions, without magazines or a military chest, and living at free quarters upon their own people." But the capture of the capital was not the actual close of the war. The Mexicans still persisted with astonishing fortitude in bearing up against their loss, and using every means to drive out the inva- ders. On the 13th of September, the garrison of Puebia, numbering about four hundred men, under Colonel Childs, were attacked by a large force of armed citizens, rancheros, and soldiers ; and a bombard« ment was sustained until the 22d, when Santa Anna arrived with large reinforcements from the capital. Great preparations were then made for assaulting the garrison, which had retired to the posts of San Jose, Loreto, and Guadalupe. On the 26th, Childs wa» sum- moned to surrender, but refused ; upon which the Mexican batteries were opened with increased violence upon San Jose, which now DEFENCE OF PUEOLA. Ml 00 L,0» Mh GUILD a. oecame the principal point of attack. This severo cannonade was neroically sustained by the garrison, who, notwithstanding the small ness of their number, worked incessantly both in defending and strengthening their position. " A shower of bullets," writes the colonel, " was constantly poured from the streets, the balconies, the housetops and churchi's, upon tln.'ir devoted headd. Never did troops endure more fatigue by watching night after night — nor exhibit more patience, spirit, or giilluniry. Not a post of danger could present itself, but the gallant fellows were ready to fill it. Not a sentinel could be shot, but another was anxious and ready to take his place. Officers and soldiers vied with each other to be honoured martyrs in their country's cause." On the 30th, Santa Anna received information that Qeneidi L.iPe. hdving marched from Vera Ciuz with a considerable force, was ad 592 OAMPAIQN OF GENERAL BCOTT. vbncing rapidly to the relief of the garrison. He tberefuie marched with three thousand men to meet him. Taking advantage of this reduction of the besiegers' numbers, Colonel Childs resolved on a sortie from the works against some houses and barricades, whose fire had been extremely annoying. This was conducted by Captain Small and Lieutenant Morgan, who drove away the enemy with grea'. loss, killing seventeen, and burning one hundred and fifty cotton bales, of which the work was composed. The bombardment con- tinued until ihe lOlh of October, when General Lane arrived with reinforcements, and the enemy retired. The siege had lasted forty days. General Lane had encountered the Mexican forces on the road from Vera Cruz. At the hacienda of Santa Anna he dispersed a party of guerillas, and another at the Paso de Ovejas. On approach- ing the town of Huamantla, he learned that a large force was there col- lected, with six pieces of artillery. At one o'clock the advance came in sight of the town, and Wf halted ; while Captain Walker, with his mounted men, were ordered to gallop forward and enter, should his force be sufficient. He found a party of the Mexicans drawn up in the plaza, with several pieces of cannon. Charging vigorously, he drove off the enemy after a severe struggle, and captured the pieces. lu the subsequent pursuit. Major Iturbide, son of the Mexi- can emperor, was captured. Unfortunately, the Americans now dis- mounted, and scattered themselves around the square. Here they were unexpectedly charged by a body of lancers, and saved from de- feat only by the skilful manceuvring of their captain. Immediately after, the Americans entered the convent yard, where another action ensued, during which the gallant Walker was mortally wounded. When his death was announced, the soldiers burst into tears, and charged the lancers with such fury as to drive them from the ground. Boon after, the American main body arrived, and completed the rout of the Mexicans. The latter lost one hundred and fifty men ; the Americans thirteen killed, eleven wounded. Lane remained at Puebla until the 18th of October, when he was informed that a body of the enemy, under General Rea, was at Atlixco, thirty miles distant. On the following morning, at eleven o'clock, he set out fur that place ; and, after a forced march of five hours' duration, came in sight of the enemy's advance at Santa Isa* bella. The cavalry were thrown forward to charge, when the Mexi- sans fell back to a small hill, and fbught with great resolution until NKGOTIATIONS FOR PBAOQ. 593 ihe arrival of the Amencan infantry, when they broke aiicl fled A running fight over several miles ensued, until the Mexican main army was observed posted on a side hill, behind rows of chaparral ft^nces. The cavalry again charged, and a close conflict ensued, which was again terminated by the arrival of the American infantry and artillery. The retreating mass was pursued to the city, when, night having arrived, Lane halted his troops, and prepared for a bombardment. This was conducted by the bright light of a full moon for about an hour, with great destruction of life and property to the town. It was then surrendered by the city council. The American loss was one killed, one wounded ; that of the enemy more than five hundred. After destroying or appropriating such arms and ammunition as could be found. Lane returned on the following day to Puebla. On the 15lh of October, Captain Lavalette, with three vessels entered the port of Guymas, and summoned the town to surrender This being refused, a bombardment was commenced on the 20th. which, after continuing more than an hour, with much loss of pro perty, brought the inhabitants to terms. Lavalette then issued a proclamation claiming the post and town for the United States, and establishing over it a territorial government. The port of Mazatlan was captured by another portion of the squadron about the same time. Not long afler. General Lane captured the town of Matamora. At this period of the war the various guerilla bands had become exceedingly troublesome, frequently cutting ofl" all communication between difl!erent portions of the army, and sometimes capturing portions of the specie and ammunition trains. In November occurred the unfortunate difliculties between General Scott and his oflicers, which submitted the conduct of several to a military investigation, and caused the main command to devolve upon General Butler. Previous to the recall of General Scott he had laid before the Mexican authorities [January, 1848] the basis of a treaty, by which he hoped to restore peace to the two countries. They appointed Lewis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Conto, and Miguel Atristain, commis- sioners, to confer with Mr. Trist, the American envoy, at Guadalupe Hidalgo. AAer a somewhat tedious negotiation, these gentlemen ligned a treaty of " peace, friendship, limits, and settlement," be- tween the United States of America ami the Mexican republic. On the lOth of March it was passed, with some few alterations, by t**e 76 SdS R94 ADMINISTEATION OF JAMKS K. I'OLK. United States Senate, signed by President Polk, and transmitted through Mr. Sevier to the Mexican Congress, then assembled at Queretaro. That body agreed to the alterations on the 25th ol May ; and thus, after a duration of two years, the war, of which both nations were heartily tired, was terminated. The treaty ac knowledges the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas, secures to the Americans the fine harbour of San Francisco, with the gulf trade, together with the territories of New Mexico and Upper Cali- fornia, for the sum of fifteen millions of dollars. News of peace was received in the city of Mexico, and other places, with the ring- ing of bells, the firing of cannon, and other demonstrations of joy. The remainder of the month, with part of June, was occupied by the American commander in removing the troops and national stores from Mexico to the United States. Before the close of the lattei month, the Mexican territory had been entirely evacuated by its former conquerors. r^HE events of the Mexican war led the way to a [political revolution at home, ^n relation to military affairs in Mexico, the course ,)ursued by the ad- ministration, whether jndicious or not, was severely criticised by some of their political adversaries. The government was even said to be jealous of the rising popularity of those great leaders. Generals Taylor and Scott, and was accused of playing with the former the part of David in the case of Uriah, in depriving him of his forces, when Santa Anna was advancing upon him with twenty thousand men, and thus leaving him exposed to almost certain de- struction. This accusation is too absurd to merit a serious refuta- tion. The anxiety of the country for the safety of the brave old man and his little band of heroes was, however, intense ; and, from day tu day, the most melancholy tidings were expected. What, then, is the efTect when the first intelligence of the glorious victory of Buena Vista arrives in the United States ? The whole country is perfectly electrified. If the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and the capture of Monterey, were sufficient to establish his reputation, what wonder that the people should now almost adore the man who, with means so slender, could accomplish results so wonderful! "No other general," it was repeated, "would have dared to fight the battle, and no other could have won it." General Taylor was firmly seated in the affections of the American people, ADMINISTRATIOa OF JAMES K. POLK. 595 \nJ enjoyed a popularity little, if at all inferior to that of General lackson. N the 7th of June, 1848, while the country was sti'.l ringing with the fame of Taylor's victories, a Whig National Convention was held at Philadel- phia, to nominate candidates for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency. The principal names were those of General Taylor, General Scott, and Henry ^Clay, of Kentucky. On the evening of the 6th, a Taylor meeting was held in h:dependence-square, and attended by nearly fifteen thousand people. Many of the delegates to the National Convention had already arrived, and were present i: this immense gathering. The Convention met next morning, iiid, after a severe struggle, nominated General Taylor for the Presidency, and Millard Fillmore, of New York, for the Vice-Presi- dency. The nomination was a wise one, and was made at a fortu- nate moment. The superior availability of a successful military leader, even long after his most brilliant exploits, had been suffi- ciently proved in the election of General Jackson, and in that of General Harrison. In the present instance, the whigs were fur- nished wiih a military chief, and with a popular excitement ready- made to their hands. The democrats had held their National Con- vention on the 21 St of May, at Baltimore, the result being the nom- niation of Lewis Cass, of Michigan, for the Presidency, and General VV. O. Butler, of Kentucky, for the Vice-Presidency. In this con- vention two sets of delegates from two separate conventions in the ISiate of New York claimed seats, and were both admitted. This displeased both parties, and they withdrew, leaving the important rftate of New York unrepresented. The friends of Mr. Van Buren in that Stat) , claiming that the action of the convention was not binding upi- them, assembled at Utica, and nominated him for the l'resif>:.oy. This led to his renominaliou by the Free-Soil National Convention at Buffalo soon after, when his name was formally as- sociated with that of Charles F. Adams, of Massachusetts. But nothing could withstand the enthusiasm ol the people for the heroic Taylor. It might have been said that it was uncertain wheilier the General was a whig or not, that the war was unpopular, and that Mr. Clay could not, without the rankest ingratitude, be de- prived of the benefit of the powerful reaction in favour of whig prin- cinles — prmciples which he had long defended with so much firm- bM ADMINISTRATION OF JTAMES K. POLK. '688 and ability. Yet, if any of the whigs desired to retrace their a.eps, it waa found to be too late. They could not allay the excite- ment which they had so easily originated. In this party struggle, however, the intemperate enthusiasm of some former political cam- paigns was not manifeEted. The election in November decider^ the contest in favour of the whigs. On the 14th o^ February, 1849, the • otes of the electoral colleges were counted, when it appeared that the whole number was two hundred and ninety ; of which one hun- dred and sixty-three were for Taylor and Fillmore, and one hundred and twenty-seven for Cass and Butler. ' R. POLK'S message to the last Congress which convened under his administration, is a most ele- Y^&nt and masterly document. We quote from it Uhe following interesting passage in relation to the Mexican war: " One of the most important results of the war into which we were recently forced with a neighbouring nation, is the demonstration it has afforded of the military strength oi our country. Before the late war with Mexico, European and other foreign powers entertained imperfect and erroneous views of our physical strength as a nation, and of our ability to pro- secute war, and especially a war waged du; of our own country They saw that our standing army on the pe?.ce establishment did not exceed ten thousand men. Accustomed themselves to maintain in peace large standing armies for the protection of thrones against their own subjects, as well as against foreign enemies, they had not conceived that it was possible, without such an army, well disci- plined, and of long service, to wage war successfully." Again he says • " Our citizen-soldiers are unlike those dra wn from the popu- lation of any other country. They are composed indiscriminately of all professions and pursuits ; of farmers, lawyers, physicians, merchants, manufacturers, mechanics, and labourers ; and this, not only among the officers, but the private soldiers in the ranks. Our citizen-soldiers are unlike those of any other country in other re- spects. They are armed, and have been accustomed from their youth up to handle and use fire-arms ; and a large proportion of them, especially in the western and newly-settled States, are expert marksmen. They are men who have a reputation to maintain al home by their good conduct in the field. They are intelligent, and there i> ta individuality of chartctor which i» found in the ranks 4» ADMTOISTHATION OF JAMK8 K. POLK. 697 no other arrny. In battle, each private man, as well as every officer, fights not oiily for his country, but for glory and distinction among his fellow-citizens when he shall return to civil life." HE 30th Congress closed its session on the 4th of March. A new and important department, called the Home Department, had been created, assuming certain branches of business formerly belonging to the State and Treasury Departments, and thus greatly relieving the officers at the head of these departments. California, up to this time, had not been fur- nished with a provisional government. The Territory of Minnesota, formed from portions of Iowa and Wisconsin, claiming that it was entitled to be regarded as the Territory of Wisconsin, proceeded, after the admission of the latter to the Union, to elect a delegate (Hon. H. H. Sibley) to represent them in Con- gress. He was permitted to take his seat, and before the close of the session of 1848-9, a bill was passed establishing the territorial government of Minnesota, and defining the * -jundaries of the Terri- tory. Hon. Alexander Ramsay was appointed Governor of the Territory, and the first assembly met in the fall of 1849 The prin- cipal settlements in Minnesota are St. Pauls St. Anthony, Still- water, and Mendota. In 1850, the territory contained a population of 6,077, and an area of 83,000 square miles. The Presidential term of James K. Polk expired on the 3d o* March. Mr. Polk's private character was unoxceptionable. Cal- umny never even attempted to tarnish his spotless reputation. Though somewhat reserved, his manners were plain and unsophis ticated. Soon after his arrival at Nashville, he removed with his family to his new and elegant mansion at Grundy's Hill, in the very heart of that beautiful city. Here he employed himself in improv- ing and embellishing his house and grounds, assisted by Mrs. Poik, upon whose exquisite taste in such matters he greatly relied. He was in the prime of life, had occupied various public stations, and had just retired from the highest office in the gift of his fellow- citizens — the highest office in the world. In June, the unexpected tidings of his death were spread through the country. While on his way from New Orleans to Nashville, in March, 1849, he was attacked with diarrhcea, from which, however, he shortly recovered. About the 1st of June, he had a slight attack of fever, produced by •jver-exerdo:; in arranging the bonks of k:» library This was soot 38 5f»S ADMINISTRATION OP JAMES K. POI.K. attend d with diarrhoea, which with him had been a chronic diseriM for many years. For several days no danger was apprehended ; but the disorder soon assumed a more threatening aspect, and on the 15th of June, in spite of the skill and vigilance of his phy^icians^ termincited in death. In his last hours, he professed his faith in th« gospel, and received the rite of baptism at the hands of Rev. Mr. McFarren, of the Methodist denomination. HATEVER may be the merit of this adminis- I irntion, it cannot be denied that it was conducted with great ability, and secured to the United States those territorial accessions whose value ,can hardly be overrated even by the wildest imagination. Who can tell the influence which the discovery of the golden regions of California must exert upon the prosperity of our republic, and, we might almost say, upon the destiny of the world itself? It will aid greatly in securing a solid basis for the currency of the country. The richest mines in the world, those of California and Australia, have, almost at the same time, come under the control of its fwc most powerful nations — a coincidence which serves to maintain a balance or equality of wealth and power between those nations, thus affording additional security for the peace and harmony of both. A brief description of the newly-acquired territories will, we truitt, prove acceptable to our readers. An account of the discovery ol California, and a sketch of its early history, have already been given in a former part of this work. [See p. 112.] Upper or New California is bounded on the north by the 42d par- allel of latitude, which divides it from Oregon ; on the east, by the Sierra Anahuac and the Sierra de los Mimbres, continuations of the Rocky Mountains ; on the south, by Old or Lower California and Sonora ; and on the west, by the Pacific Ocean. Its extent from north to south is about 700 miles, and from east to west from 500 to 800 miles, its area being about 400,000 square miles. About 150 miles from the coast, and running nearly parallel with it, is the Sierra Nevada, a range of mountains higher than the Rocky Moun- tains. Their more elevated peaks are white with perpetual snow. Between these and the ocean, and about fifty miles from the coast, Is another parallel range, called the Coast Range. The valley be- tween them is the most fertile portion of the country. Between the Sierra Nevada and the eastern boundary of the whole regx'>n, lies th« CALTFOnNIA. 599 ^'■'fat Baxfn, five hundred miles in diameter, four or five thousand innt above the ocean, having the general character of a desert, arid enclosed on all sides by motiniaina. The Maritime Region, west Oi the Sierra Nevada, is, according to Colonel Fremont, the only part to which the name California applies, in the current language of the country. " It is the occupied and inhabited part, and so different in character — so divided by the mountain wall of the Sierra from the Grp:it Basin above — as to constitute a region to itself, with a structure, configuration, soil, climate, and productions of its own." Looking westward frdm the summit of the Sierra, we behold the long, low valley of the ,'oaquin and Sacramento rivers — a valley lying along the hastt of the Sierra, and bounded on the west by the low coast range of mountains which separate it from the sea. The valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin form one valley, but each is named from the river which traverses it. The Sacramento traverses the northern, and the San Joaquin the southern valley. They unite rt their entrance into the Suisun, or upper Bay of San Francisco, within the limits of tide water, and make, as a late ex- cellent writer lemarks, " a continuous water line" from one end of the great valley to the other. The valley of the Sacramento is divided into upper and lower, the former being farther up the river, and some thousands of feet higher, than the latter. The upper is about one hundred miles in length, the lower about two hundred. The former is heavily timbered, and its climate and productions correspond to its elevation. The valley of the San Joaquin is, in general, but a few hundred feet above the sea. The Sacramento river is navigable to the rapids, two hundred miles from its mouth. lAN Francisco Bay has been celebrated ever since , its discovery as one of the best harbours in the world. It is separated from the sea by low ranges of moun- tains, through which is a single entrance, resem- bling a mountain pass. It is seventy-five miles in length from north to south, or about thirty-seven on each side of the^ entrance. The head of the bay is about forty miles from the entrance. By projecting points, it is subdivided into three bays, of which the northern two are called the San Pablo and Suisun Bays. The water in the bay is sufiUciently deep for the largest ships ; and here, perhaps, all the vessels of the world might ride in safety. There are numerous small lakes in California. Lake Buena 7S 600 CALirOUNIA. Vista, one of the sources of the San Joaquin, is about eightjr milo< in length and fifteen in breadth. About sixty miles north of thti Bay of San Francisco, is a lake called by the California's the La- guna. It is about fifty miles in length. The valleys in its vicinity are highly fertile, romantic, and beautiful. Near this lake is a mountain of pure sulphur. jOLORADO, or Red River, is the largest river of Upper California. Running nearly 1,000 miles, for the most part between the south and southwest, it empties .nto :he Gulf of California, in latitude about 32° north. It has several large tributaries, the largest and lowest of which — the Gila — enters it from ^the northeast, a little above its mouth. Little is known of the region through which the Colorado flows. From the ' reports of trappers, it would seem that the river, through a large portion of its course, is hemmed in by high mountains and precipices, and that the adjacent country is arid, sandy, and barren. The most interesting section of California is the valley of the Sacramento — a tract already celebrated throughout the world for its placers, or deposits of gold. Sutter's Fort, in the vicinity of which, we believe, the first known discoveries of the precious metal were made, is about forty miles up the Sacramento. The gold region lies along the foot hills of the Sierra Nevada, and reaches upon these hills about live hundred miles in length, and thirty or forty in breadth. The streams which flow rom the Sierra into the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers, are from ten to thirty miles distant from each other. They have many tributaries, are wild and rapid in their descent from the mountains, but become more tranquil upon entering the plains below. To the banks and bars of these moun- tain streams, and the channels of the gorges which intersect them, and through which the streams are forced when swollen by the winter rains, the alluvial deposits of the metal are chiefly confined. This, according to Mr. Colton, seems to be a general law with re- gard to these deposits in California. We are not aware that any geological theory has been, or can be, of any service to the gold hunter. In the opinion of the writer just mentioned, the only law of any value in reference to alluvial deposits, are the one just men- tioned, and the law, that a heavy body will tumble down hill faster than a lighter one, or that a nut shaken from a tree will drop through CALIFORNIA. 601 lem. the ined. 1 re- any gold law men- astei rough the fog to the ground. The surface-gola of California will probably never be wholly exhausted. V/ill the gold-bearing quartz rocka fail to yield the precious ore ? This is the great question whick time alone can fully solve. It is the opinion of some eminent mei that gold-bearing quartz occupies a broad vein through the whole extent of the foot range of the Sierra. Gold, 'in the shape of small, delicate scales, is sometimes found in the slate rocks. One lump of gold, perhaps the largest ever found in California, weighed twenty-three pounds, was nearly pure, and of a cubical figure. UICKSILVER is one of the most important min- eral products of this wonderful country. Several uciilities are already known ; but the richest is Forbes's mine, about sixty miles from San Josd At this mine, with a few labourers, and two com mon iron kettles for smelting, they have already 'sold quicksilver to a very large amount, and had, not long 'since, two hundred tons of ore awaiting the smelting process. The effect of these rich mines of quicksilver upon the wealth and commerce of the world, if kept from the hands of monopolists, can hardly be overrated. Mines of silver, also, are known to exist in the mountains of the gold region. The climate of the coast is unpleasant, at least, if not unhealthy. The seasons are variable. The usual period of rain is from November to April inclusive ; but in some years it is very abundant, while in others it is very sparing, and several consecutive years sometimes pass away with scarcely any rain. The southern coast of Upper California is hot and dry, except for a short time in the winter. The length of the wet season increases as we proceed northward ; and, about the Bay of San Francisco, the rains are nearly constant from November to April, and fogs and heavy dews moisten the earth and nourish vegetation for the rest of the year. California is subject to long droughts, two years often bringing scarcely any rain ; yet vegetation does not suffer so greatly as might be expected, because it is sustained by the fogs of the latter part of the night, and because the numerous mountain streamlets afford the means of natural and artificial irrigation. But glittering sands and glowing mines are not the only gifts which Nature has lavished upon this delightful land. Yet her sparkling streams ond verdant vales, bei golden grain waving to the zephyrs, her blushing fruits and beauti- ful flowers, had little or no charms for the great world, until sh' 602 OALirORMfA. appeared arrayed in a glided robe — but, then, what a chan^^o i Emigrants rush from every civilized nation upon earth. Fifty thousand eager Viunters for gold, of every hue and ianguagu, soon cover the slopes of the great Sierra. Even the inhabitant of the Celestial Empire, where emigration has been a crime, has found his way thither. Neither distance, nor the dangers of the deep, nor the diseases of tropical climates, imr e\cdn ; the roaring flood waa at their heela : some reacbeJ the shipping, and aome sprung into the topH of the trees. " A levee has aince been huiit to exriude the water from the .^ity. With regard to the cxttMit of the newly-acquired i.^rrilo- ries, it may be remarked thai. Oregon, Calilornin, Now Mexico, and Texas, constitute a territory mure than half at large as that owned by the United States previous to thoir aniuiai tion. Thcae four tracta contain 763,559,040 acres ; the othor States and territories contain l,3I8,126,0r>8 acres. The territory of our republic ia now nearly as large as the whole of F.urope. The Mis- sissippi, so lately its frontier, is now its great central river. No one, we think, will dispute the assertion of Mr. Polk, that the ac- quisition of California and New Mexico, the settlement of the Oregon boundary, and the annexation of Texas, extending to the Rio Grande, are results which, combined, are of greater consequence, and will add more to the strength and wealth of the nation, than any which have preceded them since the adoption of the Cou> ■titutioD. C[1APTER LIII. AOMINlSTRAflON OF TAYLOR. W^<2il["''' '"'lUgiTiition of General Taylor would have ■..^■Wiw taken place on the 4th of March as usual, but at ftM'^HKrai ili:it (liiy was the Sabbath, it was deferred until the Vlt^i^J^W/T ■hIi, v\'h(Mi the new administratiun was organized 355> wiih highly impressive ceremonies. The Senate , was convened at eleven o'clock ; and its future lijl I presiding olRcer, Mr. Fillmore, delivered a brief address, from wA which we extract the following interesting passages : " It will not, 1 trust, be deemed inappropriate to congratu- ^ late you upon the scene now passing before us. 1 allude to it in no partisan aspect, but as an ever-recurring event contemplated by the Constitution. Compare the peaceful changes of chief mag- istrates of this republic with the recent sanguuiary revolutions in Europe. There, the voice of the people has been heard only amid the din of arms and the horrors of domestic conflict ; but here, in our own favoured land, under the guidance of our Constitution, the resistless will of the nation has, from time to time, been peacefully expressed by the free suffrages of the people, and all have bowed in obedient submission to their decree. The administration which but yesterday wielded the destinies of this great nation, to-day quietly yields up its power, and, without a murmur, retires from the capitol. " I congratulate you. Senators, and I congratulate my country, upon these oft-recurring and cheering evidences of our capacity for 8k8 606 fine , ADMINISTRATION OF TATLOR. self-government. Let us hope that the sublime spectacle whicli we now witness may be repeated as often as the people shall desire a change of rulers, and that this venerated Constitiuion and this glorious Union may endura forever." FTER the president elect, with the ex-president, ,and committee of arrangements, had entered the 'senate-chamber, a procession was formed, and, pas- sing through the rotunda, arrived at the eastern por- 'tico of the capitol. Upon a staging above the stairs of the portico, and in presence of at least twenty thousand people, General Taylor delivered, with a remarka-, bly distinct utterance, and with full and clear emphasis, his admirable inaugural address — a plain, sensible, well-written document, which, for its brevity and elegimce, is a model worthy of all future imitation. In the discharge of his manifold duties, he said that his guide would be the Constitu- tion, for the interpretation of which he should look to the decisions of judicial tribunals established by its authority, and to the practice of the government under the earlier presidents, who had so large a share in its formation. He regarded himself as chosen by the peo- ple, under the assurance that his administration would be devoted to the welfare of the whole country, and not to the support of particular sections, or merely local interests. He should recommend to Con- gross such constitutional measures as might be proper for the pro- tection of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, the improvement of rivers and harbours, the speedy extinction of the public debt, the maintenance of strict accountability on the part of all the ofhcera of the government, and the observance of the utmost economy in all public expenditures. " In conclusion," says General Tnylor, i congratulate yci:, my fellow-citizens, upon the high state of prosperity to which the good- ness of Divine Providence has conducted our common country. Let us invoke a continuance of the same protecting care which has led us from small beginnings to the eminence we this day occupy, an*' let us seek to deserve it by prudence and moderation in our councils ; by well-directed attempts to assuage the bitterness which too often marks unavoidable differences of opinion ; by the promulgation and practice '^♦' just and liberal principles ; and by enlarged patriotism which shall acknowledge no limits but those of our own wide-spread lepublic." ADMINISTRATION OF TAYLOR. 607 r;^ HE oath of office was ne: ^ administered by Chief Justice Taney. At the clode of the inaugural cere monies, the ro3i of artillery resounded from one e«(i of the city to the oth< r. The Sensite had been ftV, '[^^K** Ji-Jmnrioned by Mr. Polk tn meet upon that day, and l''^ aid in the organization of the new government. On the 6th, General Taylor submitted hia nominations for members of the Cabinet, and his nominations were duly confirmed, viz., John M. Clayton, of Delaware, Secretary of State ; William M. Meredith, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Treasury , Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, Secretary of the Flome Department ; George W. Crawford, of Georgia, Secretary of War ; William B. Preston, of Virginia, Secretary of the Navy ; Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, Auorney General ; and Jacob CoUamer, of Vermont, Postmaster General. The removals from office were fewer than under some former Presidents, the old General being resolutely op- posed to such removals, when designed merely as proscriptions — thus taking a position with which some of his former supporters were very much dissatisfied. One of the important diplomatic acts of General Taylor's adminis- tration, was the negotiation of a treaty with Great Britain for the construction of a ship canal between the Atlantic and Pacific oceuns. Its perpetual freedom is guaranteed to all nations upon just and equal terms. This measure is one of the most important steps taken in the march of human improvement during the present century. The conditions of the treaty exhibit that enlightened and enlarged spirit of national philanthropy which does great honour to Mr. Clayton and Sir Henry Bulwer, the Briiish minister to the United Stales. In connection with the miraculous growth of California, and the im- mense emigration to that country, as well as in other relations, what must be the effects of this treaty upon the improvement and pros- perity of the civilized world ! During this year, the awful fatality, which marked the progress of the Asiatic choltra, excited almost universal consternation. Pur- suing a direction contrary to that of 1832, it reached our shores at the southwest, and for a long time committed the most dreadful rav- ages in Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico, and in the valleys of the Mis- sissippi and Ohio, before it made its appearance at the North. In appalling numbers the people fell before the dreadful scourge, the fatal results being no doubt multiplied by the inexperience of th« 608 ADMINISTRATION OF TATLOR. phyaiciaus in this disease, and by fear, improper diet, and that want of cleanliness which is, in some measure, unavoidable by the poorer classes in all our cities. Its malignancy at St. Louis, Cincinnati, Louisville, and the smaller towns upon the Mississippi and Ohio, is unparalleled in the history of modern epidemics. In the latter part of November, 1848, it appeared at San Francisco, and many a young man from the States, while far away from his home and his kindred, fell a victim to the terrible destroyer. Business, in many places, suffered greatly from the prevalence of the disease. In a few weeks it gradually abated, and in the following month entirely disappeared. On the 14th of May, it broke out in New York city, the first cases occurring at a place celebrated for its filth, vice, and destitution. During the week ending on the 2l8t of July, 714 per- sons died of cholera in the city of New York. The whole number of deaths was 5017 ; the whole number of cases is unknown. N view of this fearful visitation, the President recom- mended that the first Fiiday in August be observed throughout the nation as a day of fasting and prayer New York and the Atlantic cities were relieved from the cholera in the fall ; but it still lingered in the southwest, and, even in the fall of 1850, raged more lor less severely at various places in that portion of the Union. It had been, for some time, rumoured that an armed expeli- tion against Cuba was contemplated in the United States. In August, 1849, the President issued a proclamation, warning the citizens of the republic against engaging in an enterprise " so grossly in violation of our laws and treaty obligations." What effect this proclamation had in preventing such attempts for the future, will be seen in a subsequent part of this chapter. The rapid growth and brilliant prospects of California, her adop- tion of a constitution by which slavery was to be forever excluded from her territory, and her intended application for admission into the Union, produced the most intense excitement in every section of the country. Men looked forward with unusual interest to the meet- ing of Congress. The anti-slavery men of the North exulted in the present situation of affairs, thinking it to indicate a state of public sentiment which would lead to the utter extermination of slavery The politicians and leading planters of the South, fearing perhap? for the present safety of their institutions, resolved to prevent, at all hazards, the admission of California with her present boundaries and ADMIN laTKATION OF TArLOR. oof' ed tonstitution. Another clement of controversy was the intertst of those speculators, in and out of Congress, who owned property in California, had received or were expecting contracts from her exist- ing government, and upon whom her admission would confer splen- did fortunes. Another friend of that admission was found in Colonel T'.iomas H. Benton, United States Senator from Missouri, whose son-in-law. Colonel Fremont, had immense possessions in California — possessions said to contain inexhaustible mines of gold, the title to which he naturally wished to place upon a secure foun- dation. Colonel Fremont was also elected a United States Senator from California, and was at Washington, with his colleague, Mr. Gwinn, anxiously waiting to be admitted as a member of the na- tional council. N the 3d of December, Congress commenced its session. Its members shared in the excitement I which prevailed throughout the country. Many [fruitless efforts were made in the House to elect a (Speaker. The number of ballottings was sixty- three, occupying the space of twenty days. This junprecedented delay was occasioned by the " free soil" mem bers, who, though few in numbers, were able to prevent either of the great parties from effecting a choice. The dem- ocratic candidate, Mr. Cobb, however, was at length elected. The message of General Taylor called the attention of Congress to a revision of the tariff, improvements in rivers and harbours, strict neutrality in relation to foreign contending powers, and the estab- lishment of a branch-mint in California, and also recommended the admission of that territory with the constitution she had already formed. Early in the session, Mr. Clay presented a series of carefully digested resolutions designed to settle amicably all the questions in dispute between the North and the South growing out of the subject of slavery. These resolutions he supported, on a subsequent day, bj' one of the most powerful and masterly speeches in the whole range of ancient or modern oratory. He had no personal aspirations of a political nature — he should soon pass away — he should soon be beyond the reach of piaiso or censure, but he wished to make one more effort in behalf of the country which he loved, which he had served so long, and which would be dear to his heart to the latest Lour of his existence. The Union itself was in danger. Many 71 nio ADMINISTRATION OF TAYLOR. persons no longer thought of a separation with Jrer.d, or treinMetl at the calamities of civil war. " Sir," said the venerable statesman. " 1 implore gentlemen, 1 adjure them, whether from the South or the North, by all they hold dear in this world — by all their love of lib- erty — by all their veneration for their ancestors — by all their grati- tude to Him who has bestowed upon them such unnumbered and countless blessings — by all the duties which they owe to mankind -and by all the duties which they owe to themselves, to pause, sol- emnly to pause at the edge of the precipice, before the fatal and dangerous leap is taken into the yawning abyss below, from which none who ever take it shall return in safety." This speech carried conviction to the minds of all unprejudiced persons, and raised up in Congress a powerful party favourable to compromise, and com- posed of wHigs and democrats, of Northerners and Southerners V r ■. ADMINISTRATION OF TAYLOR. C11 JOHNC. OALBOaW OIIN C. CALHOUN, the great orator and states "i man, then senator from South Carolina, took a deep interest in the great questions which were agitating 'the country, and though extremely feeble in health, sometimes took part in the discussions of the Senate. He was unwell when he left home, and his malady »wns greatly increased by his labours and mental anxiety at I Washington. Yet even from the bed of sickness he could not forbear to lift up his warning voice against measures which, in his opinion, would benefit the North at the expense of the South. At this critical and, we might perhaps say decisive, period, this great champion of Southern interests, the man whose station as an eloquent advocate and faithful defender of the rights of the South, and whose place in the affections of the Southern people can never again be filled, was removed by death from the turbulent arena of political strife, while yet the dark cloud of disunion seemed to hover over his beloved country. The funeral obsequies of this arreat man, and the honours everywhere paid to his mt'aory, demon- nn ADMINMTEATION OF TATLOB. strated the respect which all parties entertained for his character, and showed, in the most impressive and touching manner, that his constituents were deeply sensible that their strong pillar had been removed, and that its loss was indeed irreparable. Mr. Calhoun was bom in Abbeyville district. South Carolina, on the 18th of March, 1782. He was of an Irish family. His father, Patrick Calhoun, was bom in Ireland, and at an early age came to Pennsylvania, whence he went to the western part of Virginia, ami removed to South Carolina in the year 1756. Mr. Calhoun's mother was a Miss Caldwell, of Charleston, Virginia. His early means ol instruction were limited by his location in a newly-sfettled country, "mong a sparse population, sustained by emigrants from Virginia and Pennsylvania, with but little connection with the lower country o*" South Carolina. At the age of thirteen, he was put under the charge of his brother-in-law, Dr. Waddel, in Columbia county, Georgia ; but he had scarcely commenced his literary course, before his father and sister died. His teacher, occupied with his clerical duties, was a good deal absent from home - on his second marriage he resumed the duties of his academy. Under his instruction, young Calhoun progressed with great rapidity. Before this, however, he had availed himself of the advantage of a R.nall library, and became deeply interested in the perusal of history. In 1802, he became a student in Vale College, and two years afterwards, graduated with a reputation for great abilities, and with the lespect and confidence 01 his preceptors and associates. He afterwurds studied law, and for a few years practised in the courts of Souvh Carolina. He served for a few years in the Legislature of that State, and his great mind has left upon her statute-book impressions of great practical im- portance to society. He z\me into Congress at a time of deep and exciting interest. Ine invincibility of Great Britain had almost become proverbial. But Mr. Calhoun, in conjunction with Henry Clay and others, among whom were Cheves and Lowndes, sustained the war of 1812 throughout, and forever asso- ciated their names with the glorious histoiy of that period. At the close of Madison's administration, he was regarded as one of the pages of the republic. In 1817, Mr. Monroe offered him a place in his cabinet. His friends feared lest his bright reputation might be tarnished in this new sphere of action. Their fears were groundless He assumed the duties of the War Department, and what was com- plex and confused, he soon reduced to simplicity and order. His ADMINISTRATION OF TAYLOR. 613 organization of the department, and his manner of discharging its undefined duties, have the impress of originality and the sanction o( experience. He took his seat in the Senate as Vice-President on the 4th of March, 1825, having remained in the War Department more than seven years. As the presiding officer of this body, he had the universal respect of its members. Posterity will do jus'ice to the part which, at a later period, he acted in the controversy be- tween South Carolina and the federal government. [See p. 526.] The death of Mr. Upshur left vacant the State Department, which, by the common consent of all parties, Mr. Calhoun was called to fill. " Under Calhoun's counsel," says one of his eulogists, " Texas was brought into the Union ; his name is associated with one of the most remarkable events of history — that of one republic being an- nexed to another by voluntary consent." His connection with ine executive department of the federal government terminat^id with the administration of Mr. Tyler. While Secretary of State, he won the confidence and respect of foreign ambassadors. His dispatches were marked by clnarness, sagacity, and boldness. v5*an,f. fV ** SM 618 ▲PMOnSTBAllON OF FILLMUSK. BON. MILLARD FILLMOBI. FTER proper demonstrations of respect for the (Icceajed Presidtiiit, the business of Congress was again resumed. On tlie 10th of July, 1B50, the Hon. Millard Fillmore took the oath prescribed by the Constitution, and succeeded General Taylor as President of the United States. Mr. Fillmore was horn on the 7th of January, 1800, at Summer Hill, in Cayuga County, New York. He enjoyed only the advantages of common schools until the age of fifteen, when he was ap- prenticed to the wool-carding business, in Livingston County. Here he remained four years, in the mean time devouring the con- tents of the village hbrary. Judge Waterwood, a sound lawyer and a benevolent man, perceiving his talents, prevailed on him to quit his intended occupation, and commence the study of law in his office. In 1829, and the two succeeding years, he was elected tc the State Legislature ; and it was principally through his activity, Eeal, and eloquence, that the laws for imprisonment for debt were partially repealed. In 1832, he was elected to Congress, as a member of the House of Representatives. In 1836, he greatly dis- tinguished himself by his report on the New Jersey case. The new cabinet of Mr. Fillmore consisted of Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, Secretary of State ; Thomas Corwin, of Ohio, Sec- retary of the Treasury ; Charles M. Conrad, of Louisiana, Secre- tary of War; William A. Graham, of North Carolina, Secretary of the Navy ; Alexander H. H. Stewart, of Virginia, Secretary of the AnMfNIBTU.VTlON OK FIM.MORK. 619 Interior i Nathan K. Hull, of New York, PontmaHter-Goneru! ; ami John J Crittenden, of Kentucky, Attorney-Genural. A cuhinut of great ability, and one which commanded the respect and conlidunce of the couiiiry. IIP. discussion of the Compromise Bill, with all its violence and sectional jealousies, was now ron tinuod. The bill was brought out under favoiirabin auspices, and supported by the powerful argumonts and olo<)uence of Clay. Webster, Foote, DickinNon, Cass, and many others. Moderate men and the \ friends of the Union everywhere had, therefore, grout hopes of its success. Hut the message of General Taylor hud , merely recommended the admission of California, the other (|uestions being left to the future, and teiritorial governments provided for New Mexico and Utah, as they might be in a condition to demand them. This message wan insisted on by some members of the government, and by their friends of tlie press, as defining the course of the administration ; and its high uuthority, combined with other causes, was sufficient to defeat the Compromise Hill. Hut essentially the same measures in separate bills were adopted before the close of the session. On the 2()ti» of August, llie Fugitive Slave Bill passed both houses. A bill was passed providing for the ad- justment of the boundary of Texas, and the establishment of a terri- torial government over New Mexico. Culifurnia was admitted with a coristiiuiion by which slavery is forever prohibited. Utah, when- ever admitted into the Union, was to be received with or without slavery, as its own constitution may prescribe at the time of its ad- mission. The peaceful settlement of the exciting questions which had threatened disunion, if not civil war, greatly relieved the public mind throughout the country. To complete the mailer, a bill abolish- ing the domestic slave-trade in the District of Columbia, received the sanction of both houses of Congress. This session of Congress closed on the 30th of September. In the summer of this year, the case of Dr. John White Webster, a professor in the medical college of Boston, and under sentence of death for the Hiurder of Dr. George Parkmcn, a very wealthy physi- cian of Boston, excited the deepest sensadon throughout the coun- try. The Yiiqh standing of the parties, the horrid details of the mur- der, and the doubts which, notwithstanding the conclusive nature of he evidenro, existed in the minds of many with regard to the guilt C20 ADMINISTRATION OF FIIJ.MORK. of the accuser?, rendered the siibjoct one of absorbing interest, and, indeed, drew the iitteniion of the whole civilized world. It was difficult to belie '/p that a man in Professor Webster's position would commil such a deed, merely to escape the payment of a few hun- dred dollar.. But all doubts were at length removed by the confes- sion of the prisoner himself. The most earnest efforts were made to obtain a commutation of punishment ; but they were unsuccessful, and the unhappy man was executed on the 30th of August. A more pleasing source of excitement was found in the arrival ol 'enny Lind, the celebrated Swedish songstress, and, probably, in vocal music, the greatest artist of ancient or inodi-rn times. The fascination of her manners, and the goodness of her heart, no less than her unrivalled talents, contributed to win for her a popularity never before or since enjoyed by any musical performer. NOTHER hero soon followed the lamented Tayloi in death. On the 19th of November, Col. Richard M. Johnson, former Vice-President of the United States, died at his residence, in Scott County, Kentucky, in the 65th year of his age. His gallant achievements at the battle of the Thames have his name among those of our greatest heroes. Harrison, who commanded the American forces in this battle, found his most efficient aid in the bravery of Colonel Johnson, who, at the head of his regiment, dashed through the enemy's lines, throwing them into complete disorder ; when, an attack being also made in the rear, the enemy were com- pelled to surrender. The famous Tecuniseh fell by the hands ot Coionei Johnson himself. VVmle a member ot Congress, he ac- quired a great reputation by his celebrated Sunday Mail Report against the suspension of the Sunday mails. The people of many parts of New England will remember with pleasure the visit of Col. Johnson in 1843. The Fugitive Slave Law, whose passage has been already men- tioned, met with severe opposition in the free States, and attempts to enforce it sometimes led to scenes of popular tumult and commo- Mon. On its Hrst passage, the law had created great excitement at the North, and was by many persons declared to be unconstitutional, as it seemed to contravene the right of habeas corpus, and deny to the fugitive any thing like a fair and impartial trial. The opinion 01* the Attorney-General, Mr. Crittenden, that the law did not con- enrolled CJeneral ADMINISTRATION OF FILLMORR. GCl len- |mpts imo- Int at |onal, ly to linioD con* tradict the right of habeas corpus, was nut sufBcient to silence the opposition of the Northern abolitionists. The first application of the law was in the case of James Hamlet. He was arrested on the 27ih of September, in the city of New York, examined before the United States Commissioner, and was delivered over to his claimant. iiffl< N Detroit, the arrest of a negro, as an alleged fugi- tive slave, created so much excitement, with ilireala of violent rfscue, that the military were Cilled out, and, with loaded arms, «i8r irted the fugitive from the prison to the court-room. The matter *v;,.s finally compromised by the purchase of the slave, by pub- 'lic subscription, for the sum of $50u. This case occurred in the early part of October, ..ad about the middle of the month occurred the famous case of the Crafts in Bos- ton. William and Ellen Crafts, reputed fugitive slaves, resided in the city of Boston. William H. Hughes and John Knight, as agents for the owner of the fugitives, visited Boston for the purpose of claiming them. After much delay, they procured the issue of a warrant to arrest the slaves, but were themselves arrested as kidnappers, put under heavy bonds, surrounded and hissed by the populace, again arrested for violation of law, and finally compelled to leave without effecting the object of their mission. The fugi- tives, who had been in concealment, afterwards left the country foi England. On the 23d of December, Henry Long was arrested in the city o( New York. The event caused much excitement, but no attempt was made to resist the law. On the 8th of January, 1851, Judge ludson, of the United States District Court, delivered his opinion ol the case before a densely crowded audience, and ordered the sur- render of the fugitive to his claimant. On the 15th of February, a slave, named Shadrach, was arrested in Boston. The consequinces were a scene of great popular tumult, and the subsequent rescue of the prisoner by the mob. The claim- ant was John De Bree, of Norfolk, purser in the United States Navy. His attorney secured the arrest of Shadrach, and had him brought up for examination. A delay, on the ground of want of preparation, being asked by the counsel for the prisoner, and granted by the Commissioner, the court-room is partially deserted. A company, principally of coloured persons, rush in, rescue the slave from the ?99 APMINI8TR.ITI0N OF FILLMORE. hands of the marsh il and hia assistants, and bear him away in tii umph. A powOTful sensation was produced throughout the country The attention of government was aroused, and the President com- municated a message to Congress in relation to the subject. Mean- whih>, the fugiliv? effnctod his escape. Several persons were ar- re?:ted and tried for aiding in a conspiracy to dofeat the execution of the law. In the case of Sims, ari.^stea in Boston on the 3d of April, tho law was successfully enforced. An effort to take the prisoner from the United States Marshal, and bring him before the State court for having inflicted, with a knife, a severe wound upon the officer who first arrested him, was overruled, and the fugitive was finally sent home to his master. N the 2d of December, 1850, Congress assembled, and the first annual message from President Fill- more was communicated to both houses on the same day. The accompanying «epor' of the Sec- rotarv ot the Treasury shov.eJ tha', '.ha reco5pti» Mito the Treasury exceeded tha t)xp!;n'.fi*.i".*8 oy ^more than four millions of dollars, and that iht puolic debt had been reduced to about $495,277. Among the important acts of the session was the passage of the Reform Postage Bill. It was passed on the last day of the session. Although the rates of postage are still higher than many of the friends of reform wished them to be, the reduction is considerable, and will, by in- creasing the facilities for correspondence, undoubtedly be of great service to the country. In connection with the Reform Postage Law, a new silver coin, of the value of three cents, was authorized to be issued from the Mint. The larifl" was amended at this session by the passage of a new Appraisement Bill, providing: 1st, That imported articles shall be appraised at their market value at the period of expoitation ; 2d, That to this value shall be added all costs and charges, excepting insurance, and including the charge of com- mission ; and 3d, That these charges shall be made as the true value at the port where the same shall be entered. This established the principle of a '• home valuation," for which the friends of a higb tariff have long contended. The session terminated on the 4th of March. Early in May, the Erie Railroad was openod. It extends from Piermont, on the Hudson,. 24 miles above the city of New York, to ADMINISTRATION OF FILLMOKB. 623 Dunkirk, on Lake Erie, a distance of 436 miles. This road — the greatest work ever undertaken by private enterprise — connects the Ocean with the Far West, passing through the most populous and wealthy State of the Union, and, like some mighty artery for the circulation of the life-blood, conveying the products of the West, and the manufactures and importations of 'he East ; while countless thousands avail themselves of an easy and pleasant mode of travel- ling through one of the most interesting portions of the country. The occasion of its completion and opening was graced by the pre- sence of the Chief Magistrate of the Nation an'' se»cral members of the Cabinet. Along the entire route, the people turn out in masses to honour their distinguished visitors and the great event which called them hither ; and speeches and celebrations are vm t'^pt oI the day. The entire cost of this road was about $24,000,000. The T rail is used through its whole length. It employs ovpr lOO en- gines, and nearly 400 men. N the early part of this year, the attention of the civilized world was «trongly drawn to the Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, or the " World's Fair," at London ; an exhibition planned, we believe, by his Royal Highness Prince Albert, and one which will confer lasting honour upon his 'name, as marking the commencement of a new era in the progress of the human race. Although the American de- partment at this exhibition was necessarily inferior in some respects to those of some other nations, yet, in some of those irts generally regarded as useful rather than ornamental, the inven- tive genius of our people shone with pre-eminent lustre. The vic- tory obtained by the yachf, America, in a trial of speed, created a great sensation in both hemispheres, and aroused the attention of the English to our decided superiority in the art of shipbuilding, if not in that of seamanship. An American, Mr. Hobbs, also gain d great celebrity by exhibiting a lock which, for the purpose of securing property as found decidedly superior to every other. Let us now recur to the contemplated invasion of Cuba. Not- withstanding the proclamation of the President, an expedition for the purpose just mentioned left New Orleans on the 25th of April, 1850, and on the 22d of the succeeding month. It consisted ol from five to seven hundred men, under the command of General Narcissus Lopez, an exiled Cuban of some note, and considerabl* 02 1 ADMINI8TEATI0N OF FILLMORE. military experience. The ostensible object of this movement was a voyjige to California, and many, it is said, enlisted under this assur* dnce. The business was conducted with a secrecy, which pre- vented the knowledge of the American government, and eluded the vigilance of the Spanish consuls. N the l!>th of May, just before daylight, General Lopez landed his forces at Cardenas, a small town in the northeastern portion of the island. A com* ' bat ensues between the invaders and the garrison, and results in the defeat of the latter. The Gov- ernor is taken prisoner, the palace plundered, and jthe public money seized. But this triumph is of short dura- *iuii. About daylight, a body of Spnnish troops appear, march- ing upon the town, when the invaders demand to be recon- dnrted to their vessels, in which they make the best of their way towards the coast of the United States, reaching Key West just in time to escape a Spanish war-steamer sent to pursue them. Some of the party being left behind, are captured and sent to Havana. The rest scatter themselves about Key West, and beg their way home, while Lopez himself reaches Savannah and Now Orleans in safety, in spite of attempts to detain him on a criminal charge, made at the instigation of the Secretary of State, but failing from want of Evidence or proper jurisdiction, or for some other reason. About the same time, the Susan Loud and another vessel were captured ofT the coast of Cuba, with one hundred men, collected for the inva- sion of the island, but who subsequently declared that they embarked under false pretences, and supposed they were wning to California. After much negotiation, it being clearly seen that our government had done all in its power to suppress the expedition, the prisoners were sent home, and a good understanding once more established with the Spanish authorities. General Quitman, one of the heroes of the Mexican war, and General Henderson, were protecuted, at the instance of the government, as secret abettors of the expedition. The trials ended in the early part of 1851, when, for want of suffi- cient evidence, the defendants were acquitted. Active measures being taken by the government, the operations of the invaders were checked for a season. ' Late in July, the news arrived that a portion of the people of Cuba had taken up arms for the purpose of throwing off the yoke of Spain and achieving the political independence of the island. On the 2d. ADMINISTBATION OF FILLMOBB. 625 % pronunciamento had been issued by the revolutionists, whose head« quarters were in the vicinity of Principe, which, with some smaller towns, was said to have declared for freedom. In several skirmishes the insurgents seem to have been the victors. Meanwhile, an ex- pedition from the United States, under Lopez, was fitted out to aid tho revolutionary party. On the night of the 11th of August, the General, with about 480 men, effected a landing at Playtas, about twenty leagues from Havana. Leaving Colonel Crittenden at this point with about 100 men in rharge of the stores, he proceeded with the remainder of his force to the town of Las P' sas. The inhabi- tants fled as he approached, neither joining h?s standard ntr giving him aid or encouragem»int of any kind. The day after landing. Col. Crittenden was attackpd by the Spanish troops, and, after struggling as long as possible, was compelled by siiperior force to retire from the field. Finding that neither Loj,ez, who was only three miles ofT, nor any of the inhabitants came to their aid, they resolviid to return to the United States. They piocured small boats, and had just got to sea when they were followed, and about fiity o" them were captured on the 15th by the Spanish war-steamer Habanero. They were carried to Havana on the 16th, and on the 17th were shot by order of the government. Among the unfortunate victims were several Americans of distinction. It was at first reported that they were not tried, but shot immediately, and that their bodies were shockingly mutilated, and every possible indignity offered to their remains by the Cuban populace. But these statements were after wards contradicted. It was said that they were properly tried and condemned, and that after their execution thev were decently in- terred. Some of them, among whom was Colonel Crittenden, wrote letters to their friends at home, all of which agreed that they had been grossly deceived as to the state of popular feeling in Cuba. When the news of the execution of the fifty men reached the United States, great excitement and indignation prevailed, large meetings were held in various cities, and the conduct of the Spanish authori- ties in this brutal transaction was condemned without measure When the intelligence reached New Orleans, with the report of the insults heaped upon the dead bodies, the popidar agitation was over- whelming. The residence of the Spanish Consul and the shops of the Spaniards are attacked, and the o0ice of a Spanish newspaper was destroyed. 40 sa 626 ADMINISTRATION OF PILLMORll!. r^ HE remaining portion of the forces under Lopea wns finally doomed to a similar defeat. On the 13ih, they were attacked by a large body of Spanish troops at Las Posas. The action was severe, and the Spaniards were repulsed. Lopez lost about fifty men, but retained possession of the place. But he soon perceived that his hopes of aid from the Cubans were groundless, and that he could not maintain himself against the Spanish troops, and he determined, therefore, ^i- to conceal himself among the mountains. On the way thither several battles were fought with Spanish detachm«'nts, the in- vaders suffering sevrr' ly in rach, and inflicting losses more or less serious on their opponents. Among the Spaniards who fell was General Enna, a distinguished officer, who was buried at Havana with military honours. While the remaining troops of Lopez were breakfasting at Martitorena, on the 24th, they were surprised by an overwhelming Spanish force, and completely dispersed. From that time, if we can trust the Spanish accounts, they are zealously hunted down by all classes ; the peasants pursue them with dogs, the negroes aid in their capture, and every part of the population display the most active and devoted loyalty to the Spanish government. On the 28i.h, Lopez, with only six followers, wao endeavouring to con- ceal himself, and escape to the sea-coast ; but on the 29th he was captured in the Pinos de Rangel, by a guide named Jose Antonio Castaneda, with fifteen peasants. He was conveyed by night to Havana, where orders were immediately given for his execution. It took place at seven o'clock on the morning of the 1st of Septem- ber. He perished by the garote vil, an instrument consisting of an iron chair, with a back, upon which, at a point even with the head of the sitter, are iron clasps fitting the sides of the head, and a clasp to pass round the throat. Behind is a long iron bar attached to a screw, which, by a single turn from the executioner, draws the throat and side pieces tight, and at the same time sends an iron rod into the spinal marrow, causing instantaneous death. In the present in- stance, the machine was placed upon a scaffold, about ten feet high in the centre of a large square, surrounded by troops. Lopez be- haved throughout like a brave man. He walked, surrounded by a guard, to the steps of the scaffold as coolly as if he were at the head of his troops. He was dressed in a long white gown, and a white cap. His wrists were tied before, and above his elbows be AnMINWTRATION OF FILLMORE. 627 in- a hind, with cords, which were held by soldiers. He ascended the steps with two friends. He faced round, looked upon the soldiers and the immense throng outside of the square ; then turned rou'id and knelt in prayer for about a minute. He then rose, turned to the front, and in a clear, manly voice, loud enough to be heard by the thousands present, (it being as still as night,) spoke as follows : '■' Countrymen : I most solemnly, in this last awful moment of my life, ask your pardon for any injury I have caused you. It was not my wish to injure any one ; my object was your freedom and happi- ness." Here he was interrupted by the commanding officer in front. He concluded by saying: " My intention was good, and my hope is in God." He then bowed, turned round, and took his seat appa« rently with as much coolness as if taking a chair in a room with his friends. He placed his head back, between the iron grasps, and the negro adjusted the throat clasp, and tied his feet to bolts on each side of the seat. During this preparation, Lopez conversed with his friends. The executioner takes his place at the iron bar behind. Lopez kisses the cross handed him by his friend, the negro gives one turn of the wrench, and Lopez dies instantly without a struggle. The military return to the city, the band playing a quick step, and the thousands disperse with little or no noise. About 150 prisoners remained in the hands of the colonial government, and were sent to Spain to be incarcerated. By the interposition of our government, tiiey were released in a few months, and perfect harmony with Spain was restored. BOUT this time scenes of great excitement were passing in California. Two men — Whitaker and McKenzie — were in prison at San Francisco await- ing their trial. Fearing that justice might not be done them, the self-appointed Vigilance Committee broke in the prison doors, took the men out on Sun- day, during divine service, and hanged them in front of the luilding. An immense crowd of people approved and en- couraged thf^ proceedings, and the authorities made very slight resistance to the mob. At Sacramento, three men, convicted of highway robbery, had been sentenced to he hanged. Robinsoa one of them, was respited by the Governor for a month. The day for the execution of the other two arrives. The sheriff orders Gib- son and Thompson to the place of execution, and directs Robinson to be taken to a prison-ship, in which he could be secured. The C28 ADMINISTRATION OF FILLMORB. crowd refuse to allow '.his, and retain him in custody. The t*o others are executed by the sheriff, who immediately leaves the gr>und. Robinson is then brought forward, and, after proper reli- gious exercises, is also hanged. These transactions created much excitement in California; but it soon subsided, it being generally granted that justice had been attained, although by irregular means. IJBLIC interest was excited, in the early part of October, by the safe return of the Advance and Rescue, two small brigs, the former of 140 tons, the latter of 90 tons, sent out by Mr. Henry Grin- nell, a wealthy merchant of New York city, in search t'of Sir John Franklin and his companions. Unsuccessful with regard to its main object, the expedition was yet not wholly fruitless, as discoveries were made which served to revive hope with regard to the missing adventurers. The brigs entered Wellington Sound on the 26th of August, 1850, and were joined by Captain Penny, who commanded the vessel sent out by Lady Franklin. The perse- verance of this self-sacrificing and devoted woman has touched the hearts of millions, and is worthy of everlasting remembrance and ad- miration. On the 27th, the navigators saw in a cove on the shore of Beechy Island, or Beechy Cape, on the east side of the entrance of Wellington Channel, indubitable evidence that Sir John Franklin's companions were there in April, 1846. There they found articles that had belonged to the Erebus and Terror, the ships under the command of Sir John. There lay, bleached to the whiteness of the surrounding snow, a piece of canvas, having the name of the Terror marked on it with iniestructible charcoal. It was very faint, yet perfectly legible. They also found tin canisters for packing meat, an anvil block, remnants of clothing, and other articles. But the most instructive, yet at the same time the most melancholy traces of the lost ones, were three graves in a little sheltered cove, each with a board at the head, bearing the uame of the sleeper below, with the date of his death. These dates were January 1st, 1846, January 4th, 1846, and April 3d, 1846. The graves were in lati- tude about 74° north. There was evidence that the survivors had gone northward, for sledge tracks in that direction were distinctly visible. On the 13th of December, 1850, the vessels started to return, but were frozen in near the mouth of Wellington Channel. For nearly nine luonlhs they wore threaieaed viiib. destruction from ADMINISTRATION OF FnXMORE. 629 Oie crushing of the ice around them, and were borne along by th«« southeant drift, until, on the 10th of June, they emerged into the open sea, in latitude 65° 30', and 1060 miles from the spot where they were first fixed in ice — a drift which, for extent and duration, \» unparalleled in the history of Arctic navigation. The officers and men of the American vessels, after this season of fearful peril, re- turned without the loss of a single life, and in excellent health. The officers thought it far from impossible that Sir John Franklin might be still alive, hemmed in by ice at some point which they were un< able to reach. They agreed in the opinion that a steamer should accompany any expedition which should hereafter be sent upon the same mission. lONGRESS assembled on the Ist of December; and, on the following day, the message of the President was communicated to both Houses. Among other subjects alluded to in this document, was the expected arrival of the Hungarian ex-gov- ernor, Louis Kossuth, to convey whom from Tur ^key, the United States steam-frigate Mississippi had been commissioned by a vote of Congress. The history of Kos- suth's efi'orts and sacrifices in behalf of his country's freedom, and the story of his sufferings while an exile and prisoner in a strange land, are doubtless familiar to many of ouj rea- ders. It was natural that the American people, so fond of liberty, should look forward to the advent of the patriot and hero with no ordinary anticipations. In consequence of a change of arrange- ments. Governor Kossuth sailed from Gibralter to England in another vessel, and after passing a month amid the hospitalities of the English, re-embarked in a steamship, and arrived at New York on the morning of the 5th of December. The whole population o th«» city seems carried away with enthusiasm and excitement. The roar of cannon, and the huzzas of immense multitudes, honor his dis- embarkation at Castle Garden ; and the subsequent military and civic parade through the great thoroughfare of the metropolis, amid decora- tions of surpassing magnificence, exceeded any former demonstra- tion of respect for lofty patriotism and heroic virtues. Numerous banquets were afterwards given in honour of the city's distinguished guest, and, on each of these occasions, Kossuth — perhaps the great- est of living orators — poured forth those magnificoiit strains of flowing eloquence which, arm in i.^ mere pcosal, *wtkfi ver. 40 Sst 630 ADMINWTKATION OF FILLMOBK. powering emotions of deii^ht and admiration. Remaining a short time at Now York, Kossuth repaired to Washington, and was for- mally introduced to Congress and the President. He afterwards vis- ited Marrittburg, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and the principal cities oi the West, receiving everywhere proofs of the warmest sympathy and respect of the people. Since his arrival, and the delivery ol his stirring appeals in behalf of his down-trodden country, the question whether, in cases like that of Hungary, our government should inter- fere with the efforts of the despots to prevent the attainment of lib- erty, has been discussed with the deepest interest, but has not yet been settled to the satisfaction of all parties. Upon the whole, how- ever, the neutral policy recommended by Washington has been pur- sued by the government ; yet large contributions of money and arms were placed at the disposal of Kossuth by individuals or companies acting in the capacity of private citizens. After remaining in thr United Slates several months, Kossuth returned to England. N the 29lh of July, 1852, the Hon. Henry Clay died at Washington, in the 76th year of his age. He was iit the time a member of the United States Senate |from the State of Kentucky. The intelligence that ) the great statesman, the incomparable orator, and the incorruptible patriot was no more, was everywhere followed by demonstrations of unaffected grief, and tokens of the deepest respect for the memory of one who, by his tal- ents, his zeal, and his long and active services, had contrib- uted so much to the peace and prosperity of his country. It was I'elt that the nation had lost one of its ablest men. Mr. Clay was born on the 12th of April, 1777, in a portion ol Hanover county, Virginia, familiarly known as the "Slashes." He was the fifth son of a Baptist clergyman, who is said to have preached with great acceptance in the district above mentioned. His father dying when he had attained his fifth year, he was left to the care of his mother, a woman of strong intellect, and every way qualified to superintend his education. But the means afforded for this purpose were very limited, and even these he did not enjoy without interruption. The narrow circumstances of the family made it necessary for him to devote much time to manual employments. " He was no stranger," says his biographer, " to the uses of the plough, the spade, and the hoe." By his frequent visits to a neigh- bouiing gristmill, on Pamunkey river, he acquired «he title "Mill-boy APMlNISTKA-nON OF PIIXMORK. 681 BBHRT OLAT. of the Slashes." In 1792, his mother was married to Mr. Henry Watkins, and removed to Woodford county, Kentucky, with all her children, except Henry and his eldest brother. At the age of four teen, we find him in a small drug store, kept by Richard Denny, in Richmond, Virginia. Soon after this, he entered the office of Peter Tinsley, clerk of the High Court of Chancery. The venerable Chancellor Wythe, a gentleman of great worth and profound learning, attracted by his habits and appearance, gave him the benefit of his instructions, and made him his amanuensis. In 1796, he left the office of Mr. Tinsley, and went to reside with Bobert Brooke, Esq., attorney-general of Virginia. He now, with great success, availed himself of the opportunity to prosecute tho study of law to greater advantage than before. Near the close of 1797, he was licensed to practice at the bar by the judges of tho Virginia Court of Appeals. His talents, acquirements, and elo- quence soon placed him in the first rank as an advocate, and pro- tured for him continual professional emplo}rment. By the quaUtiei 71 632 ADMINISTRATION OF FILLMORU. of his mind and heart, he was well fitted to conduct criminal cases , and it is justly regarded as a remarkable fact that, although many ol these were intrusted to his care, he was never m a single instaucf defeated. One remarkable example may be cited in proof of hi. wonderful abilities. Two Germans, fath«3r and son, were indicted for murder, and were tried in Harrison county. The act of killing was proved by clear and strong evidence ; and it was nut only con* sidered a case of murder, but a very aggravated one. The trial continued five days, at the close of which he addressed the jury in the most eloquent and impassioned mannt r. They were so touched by his pathetic appeals that they gave a verdict of maiiaiaughter only. After another hard day's struggle, he procured an arrest of judgment, by which his clients were set at liberty. They expressed their gratitude to their deliverer in the most glowing terms ; but an old ill-favoured woman, the wife of one of them, and mother of the other, returned her thanks in a dilTerent manner. Throwing her arms around Mr. Clay's neck, she repeatetlly kissed him in the presence of the court and spectators. " Ke: ger. They rush furiously towards the place occupied b) the speaker who is compelled to retreat in haste to save himself from personal violence. Seizing Clay and Nicholas, they bear them upon their shoulders to a carriage, and, with enthusiastic cheers, draw them through the streets of Lexington. H. CLAY'S love of liberty was again evinced, at a later period, by his elForttt in behalf of struggling ireece, and still later by the interest which he Uook ill the cause of Sou^h American independence. A bill prohibiting " our citizens to sell vessels ol war to subjects of a foreign power," was opposed by him because, however disguised, it would be understood by the world as a law to discountenance any aid being given to the South American patriots. His speeches were oftua read at the head of the South American armies, and always served to increase the zeal and courage of the sol- diers. About 'he beginning of the year 1810, his attention was turned to the subject of domestic manufactures. From that time, he continued to advocate the doctrine that encouragement and protection should be extended by the general government to American industry, and if not the sole framer, was ever regarded as the father, and as the ablest champion of what is called the American System. The Eleventh Congress commenced its session on the 3d of De- cember, 1810. When the subject of rechartering the United States Bank was brought forward for discussion, Mr. Clay was opposed tc a recharter of that institution. The dangerous tendency, as well aa unconstitutionality of the measure, were shown by him in the mos lucid and convincing manner. His powerful arguments prerailed, »nd the charter was noi renewed C34 ADMINI8TKATI0N OF FILLMORK. S the aggressions of Great Britain upon our cnm merce, and her impressment of our seamen into hei service on suspicion that they were British subjects, could no longer be endured wilh either safety ol honour, Mr. Clay strongly advocated a declaration of war against that power. The declaration was made on the 18th of June, 1812. His speech on the bill to increase the army, delivered in the House of Representatives, January 8, 1813, showed his wonderful control over the feel- ings of his audience. A correct idea of its effect cannot be obtained by merely reading it. The pathetic effect of that part which relates to the imprisonment of American seamen, it is impos- sible to describe. Men of both political parties, the friends and the foes of the orator, forgot their antipathies, and wept together. He concluded by saying, *' We are told that England is a proud and lofty nation, which, disdaining to wait for danger, meets ii halt way. Haughty as she is, we once triumphed over her, and if we do not listen to the counsels of timidity and despair, we shall again prevail In such a cause, with the aid of Providence, we must come out crowned with success ; but if we fail, let us fail like men, lash ourselves to our gallant tars, and expire together in one com- mon struggle, fighting for free trade and seamans' rights." The question of the admission of Missouri to the Union — a ques- tion embarrassed by the subject of slavery, created, in and out oi Congress, an excitement perhaps unequalled in the political history of the country. The distracting question was finally settled, and the excitement allayed, principally by the skill and untiring exer tions of Henry Clay. His services in settling the fearful contro versy between South Carolina and the federal government, have already been treated of in a former chapter. [See p. 527.] The personal appearance of Mr. Clay is said to have been im- •>osing, yet highly prepossessing. He was tall, somewhat thin, out very muscular. His carriage was easy and graceful, and his manners dignified, cordial, and kind, without the slightest appear- ance of haughtiness. His open and expressive countenance mir- rored faithfully the feelings of his soul. His eyes were small, and of a blue or dark gray colour. His forehead was broad and high. His mouth was large, but strongly indicative of talent and energy. The tones of his voice were deep and silvery, and its modulatioo was exquisite As an orator, his claim to the highest rank is ua ADMINISTBA'nON OF FILLMORE. 636 questionable. His control over his auditory, and his power of en- chaining their attention, were truly astonishing. His delivery was a perfect model of elocution. A gentleman who witnessed one oJ his great efforts, says, *' Every muscle o( the orator's face was at work; his whole body seemed agitated, as if ench part were instinct with a separate life ; and his small white hand, with its blue veins apparently distended almost to bursting, moved gracefully, but with all the energy of rapid and vehement gesture. The appearance ot the speaker seemed that of a pure intellect, wrought up to its mighti- est energies, and brightly glowing through the thin and transparent veil of flesh that enrobed it." Whatever may be thought of Mr. Clay's political views, it is evident that benevolence, sincerity, and patriotism, were prominent features of his character. F all those great statesmen and brilliant orators who, for the last twenty years, have taken the lead I in our national legislature, there were three to whom [common consent, it would seem, has a.ssigned a .pre-eminence above all others. Two of these had now passed away ; the third, and perhaps the (greatest, was soon to follow his distinguished associates. The country was soon to lose the mightiest intellect that had ever watched over its interests and destinies. On Sunday morn- ing, October 24, 1852, Daniel Webster died at his residence in Marshfield, Massachusetts, in the 7 lit year of his age. Retir- ing to his favourite country-seat, in order to recover his energies, which had been depressed by official labour and temporary indispo- sition, he was soon violently attacked with disease which, after a brief course, terminated in death. At the time of his decease, he was a member of the Cabinet, in which he occupied the position of Secretary of State. The family of Daniel Webster was of Scottish origin, but passed some time in England before the final emigration. Thomas Web- ster was settled at Hampton, on the coast of New Hampshire, as far back as 1636. Noah Webster, the learned philologist and lexi- cographer, was of a collateral branch of the family. Ebenezer Web- ster, the father of the orator, was a man of imposing appearance, and is described as erect, six feet in height, and broad and full in the chest, with a military air acquired from his long service in the wars. Early m life, he enlisted as a common soldier in a company of rangers. Tlie service < of the rangers, it is well known, were of great import* 8h au6 ADMLNI8TUATION OF FILLMOKB. n A <) I B L WBBSTHB ance in the French and Indian wars. He followed Sir Jeffrey Am- herst in the invasion of Canada, gained the good will of his superioi officers by his fidelity and bravery, and was advanced to the rank ol captain before the termination of the war. After the close of the contest, Colonel Stevens, with some of his neighbours, procured of Benning Wentworth, the royal governor of New Hampshire, a grant of the town of Salisbury. Captain Webster was one of iho settlers of the newly-granted township, and received an allotment in its nor them portion. Soon after his settlement in Salisbury, he raariied Abigail Eastman, his second wife, and the mother of Ezekiel and Daniel Webster, the only sons by his second marriage. He built a frame house near the log cabin which, it seems, he had previously inhabited. In this house, Daniel Webster wjis born on the 18th of January, 1782. In the Revolutionary War, not yet fully terminated, Captain Webster had served with distinction. He was at the battle of White Plains, acted as major under Stark at Bennington, and contributed his share to the success of the American commander. Mr. Webster's early opportunities for acquiring an education were ADMIMISTBATION OF FILLMORE. 637 very limited. The district school of those days, when compared with those of the present time, was very defective. His first master was Thomas Chase, his second was James Tappan, who, it would seem from a letter of Mr. Webster, was living in Gloucester, Mass., as late as the early part of 1851. ' Some benefit was derived from a small library founded in Salisbury by his father, in conjunction with the clergyman, and Mr. Thomson, the lawyer of the place. In May, 1796, he entered the Academy at Exeter. The strength ol his mental powers was even then apparent to an attentive observer. On entering the Academy, he was placed in the lowest class, con- sisting of a few boys of no great brightness of intellect. At the end of a month, after morning recitations, " Webster," says Mr. Emery, their instructor, •' you will pas^ into the other room and join a higher class ;" adding, " Boys, you will take your final leave of Webster, you will never see him again." In February, 1797, he was placed under the care of the Rev. Samuel Wood, minister in the neighbouring town of Boscawen. On their way to Mr. Wood's, his father first disclosed to him his intention of sending him to college. '* I remember," says Mr. Webster, " the very hill which we were ascending, through deep snows, in a New England sleigh, when my father made known this purpose to me. I could not speak. How could he, I thought, with so large a family, and in such narrow circumstances, think of incurring so great an ex- pense for me. A warm glow ran all over me, and I laid my head on my father's shoulder and wept." E completed his preparation for college with Mr. Wood. Here, too, he laid the foundation of his knowledge of the ancient classics, especially the lioman — a knowledge which he greatly increased I in college, and preserved, during his active life, by constant recurrence to the great models of an- 'tiquity. Ho entered Dartmouth College in 1797. In 1801, he commenced the study of law with Mr. Thomp- son, the next-door neighbour of his father. He remained until it became necessary to do something to obtain a little money. In this emergency, application was made to him to take charge of an academy at Fryeburgh, in Maine. In September, 1802, he returned to the office of Mr. Thompson. In July, 1804, he resided in Boston, and before commencing the practice of law, pursued his studies for six or eight months m the office of the Hoa 638 ADMINI8TBATI0N OF FILLMOER. Christopher Gore, an eminent lawyer and statesman, distinguisliet! for his sound judgment, practical good sense, and rare intellectual qualities. This golden opportunity was not thrown away upon Mr. Webster. When about to be admitted to practice in the Suffolk Court oi Common Pleas, he was offered the vacant clerkship in the Court oi Common Pleas in the county of Hillsborough, N.H. The fees of the office were about $1500 a year. They would have afforded a cer- tain support in place of a doubtful prospect, and would have enabled him at once to bring comfort into his father's family. He was will- ing to sacrifice his hopes of future eminence to the welfare of those so dear ; but Mr. Gore, unwilling to consent to such a loss, suc- ceeded in persuading him to refuse the office. In the spring of 1805, young Webster was admitted to the practice of law in the Court of Common Pleas for Suffolk county, Massachusetts. His father was now associate judge in the Court of Common Pleas in Hillsborough county. New Hampshire. Judge Webster lived but a year after this — long enough, however, to hear his son's first argu ■ ment in court, and to be gratified by the cheering indications of his future success. After practising a short time at Buscawen, our young lawyer removed to Portsmouth, where he continued the busi- ness of his profession for nine years. During this period, he de- voted himself, without remission, to the study and practice of law. He seems to have risen almost immediately to the head of his pro- fession in that part of the country. N November, 1812, he was elected to- Congress, and took his seat at the first session of the Thirteenth Congress — an extra session called in May, 1813. Here he rose at once to an equality with the most distinguished members. His first speech, delivered on the 10th of June, 1813, took the House by sur- Men left their seats in order to see the speaker face to face, and sat down, or stood on the floor, fronting him. AU listen, in almost breathless silence, to the whole speech, which, being over, many persons, among whom are some who widely dissent from his views, warmly compliment and con- gratulate the orator. The project for a Bank of the United States — a project introduced about this time into the House, was opposed by Mr. Webster, Cal- houn, and Lowndes, mainly on the ground that, to enable the bank ADMINISTRATION OF FILIMOEB. 639 lo exist under the conditions specified, it was relieved from the necessity of redeeming its notes in specie ; in other words, it was an arrangement to issue an irredeemable paper currency. During the greater part of the year 1816, Mr. Webster was busily engaged in the practice of law. Though he had his share of employment in New Hampshire, it did not furnish an adequate support for his in- creasing family. The destruction of his house, furniture, and library, with many of his manuscripts, by the great fire at Portsmouth, in December, 1813, rendered his exertions necessary in order to meet his increasing expenses. In the Fourteenth Congress, he was instrumental in procuring the passage of a resolution which restored o a sound basis the currency of the country. That Mr. Webster is entitled to rank with the greatest orators either of ancient or modern times, will never be successfully dis- puted. His speech in reply to Mr. Hayne, delivered in the Senate chamber of the United States, January 26, 1830, is generally con- sidered as his greatest efi'ort. The accounts which writers have given of the eloquence of Demosthenes, Cicero, Sheridan, Phillips, Henry, and Ames, were stripped of their seeming extravagance ; and the wonderful and soul-subduing efl"ects of their oratory were again renewed. " Of the efl^ectiveness of Mr. Webster's manner in many parts," says Mr. Everett, " it is impossible to give any one not present the faintest idea. It has been my fortune to hear some of the ablest speeches of the greatest living orators on both sides of the water, but I must confess 1 never heard any thing which so com- pletely realized my conception of whiit Demosthenes was when he delivered the Oration for the Crown." S he went through the magnificent peroration, his countenance glowed as if he were inspired. His voice, exerted to its utmost power, penetrates every recess of the Senate, and even the ante-rooms and stairways, as he pronounces, in deepest tones of pathos, these words of solemn significance : " When my eyes shall be turned to behold, for the last time, the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining upon the broken and dishonoured fragments of a once glorious Union ; on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent ; on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in frafernal blood ! Let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the republic, now known ani honoured throughout the earth, still full 41 8b2 640 ADMraiSTRATION OF FILLMORE. high advanced, its arms and trophies streaming in their original Iiim* tre, no; a stripe erased or polluted, nor a single star obscured, bearing for its motto no such miserable interrogatory as, ' What is all this worth V nor those other words of delusion and folly, • Liberty first and Union afterwards ;' but everywhere, spread all over in charac- ters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as they float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under the whole heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every American heart — Lib- erty AND Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" The lact words of the lamented Webster are contained in the exclamation, " I still live !" In their noblest sense, how emphatic are these words ! how forcible, how eloquent, how impressive, and how true ! Yes, indeed, he still lives, the mightiest of our mighty intellects !- -lives in the glowing words of his own immortal pages — lives, and will live, in the gratitude and admiration of mankind to the latest generations ! Clay, Calhoun, Webster — immortal and glorious triumvirate ! worthy of being named with Chatham, Cicero, and Demosthenes — your eloquent voices are hushed in death ; but the memory and benefits of your services and patriotism " still live," bnd, let us hope, will live forever '" ■■ 1. RON. rSANKLIN FIIBOI. /'■:• I' " CIIAPTEK LIY. ,.. '- ■ i ADMINISTRATION OF FRAlfKLIN PIERCE. ; J HE approaching expiration of Mr. Fillmore's term of service turned the attention of the people to the election of his successor, and induced a preparation for one of those periodical exercises of popular power which form the distinguishing features of this free and happy republic. The first nomination of a candidate was made by the democratic party, assembled in national convention at Baltimore, in June, 18.52. It was with great difficulty, and after a protracted session, that a candidate could be agreed upon, in consequence of the num- ber of prominent statesmen whose names were presented, and whose pretensions were adhered to with great tenacity by their respective supporters. Among them were Lewis Cass, of Michigan, William L. Marcy, of New York, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, General Butler, of Kentucky, and General Houston, of Texas — all men of great ability and experience, and of undoubted fidelity to the party ; men, too, some of whom had con- ferred distinguished honor on the American name abroad by their brilliant diplomacy, and at home had acquired a high national repu- 641 64S ADMINISTRATION OF PIKRCK. tation by their civil and militar}' services. Being unable to iiniftr \i\H)n either of these, it was finally found advisable to take up a new name, and. on the forty-ninth ballot, a very nearly unanimous selec- tion was made in the person of General Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire — the ballots being 283 for Pierce, 1 for Marcy, 2 for Buchanan, and 2 for Cass. With much greater facility, Col. Wm. R. Kino, of Alabama, formerly U. S. Senator from that State, and at the time Acting-President of the U. S. Senate, was selected as the candidate for Vice-President. r^ HE Whig Convention followed shortly after, in the same month, in Baltimore, and experienced similar difficulty in arriving at a choice of a candidate. The wishes of a large majority of the party were very nearly divided between a re-nomination of Mr Fillmore and the selection of Gen. Winfield Scott ; while a small portion of the delegates favoured the nomination of Mr. Webster. On the fifty-third ballot, the choice, by a small majority of votes, fell upon General Scott ; and Wm. A. Graham, of North Carolina, was nominated for the Vice Presidency. The Free-Soil party put forth, as their presidential candidate, the Hon. John P. Hale, of New Hampshire, and the ultra Anti-Slavery party also organized under distinct leaders. Thus marshalled, the various parties engaged in the political con- test. After an animated canvass, the election was held simultane- ously in every State of the Union, on Tuesday, the 2d day of No- vember, and resulted in favour of the democratic candidates. The electoral college consisted of 296 members, of which254were for Franklin Pierce, and 42 for Winfield Scott. By States, Gen. Pierce leceived the votes of 27 States, and Gen. Scott of 4. No more de- cisive election has been held in this country of late years. The second election of Gen. Jackson, in 1832, and the election of Gen. Harrison, in 1840, are the nearest approaches to it in point of unani- mity Not long before his inauguration, the family of the President elect was called upon to submit to a most awful and heart-rending dispen- sation of Providence. By one of those fearful railroad accidents, of late quite too common in this country, they were summoned to weep over the remains of a beloved son, a youth of the most promising talents, aal, for many reasons, an object of particular aflfection. The ADMINISTRATION OF PIKRCE. OiS people throughout the Union, and others elsewhere, were decpiv affected by this event, and shared sincerely in the sorrows of the afflicted family. ' T is perhaps unnecessary to attempt an analysis of the differences which existed between the two lead- ing parties of the country at this time, or of the causes which led to the political result just recorded. Really, there would seem to have been few ques- tions at issue leading to partisan division or calling 'for partisan support. On the question of the compromise measures, so called, including the Fugitive Slave Law, intended as a settlement of the late sectional disputes which agitated the country, both parties were agreed, and so distinctly set forth in their respective resolutions, or " platforms," adopted in convention. Indeed, adherence to these measures was considered a sine qua non of successful political action, and no can- didate could have received a nomination from either party who was Known to be opposed to them. The Bank and Tariff" issues, the former long " obsolete," and the latter practically useless, as public opinion ran, no longer entered into the canvass ; or the latter, if at all, to a very limit id degree. On the subject of Internal Improve- ments, the old party landmarks were still perceptible, it is true ; but there was little or no t^fFoit to make political capital out of this ques- tion. Even on the score of military popularity, which heretofore is supposed to have exercisod a preponderating influence in favour ol particular carididates, both parlies were very nearly matched — each candidate being possessed of a military reputation ; the advantage indeed be'ng with the candidate of the party which was destined to defeat, whose military laurels had been long worn, having been won in many a hard-fought battle and brilliant achieveii'eiit in the service of his country. The election, in its result, ecems rather to have been determined by other causes than these. Popular dissatisfac- tion with the policy of the existing whig administration in regard to the foreign relations of the country — prejudice created by an alleged prodigality in the use of the public funds, and indiscretion in the allowance of doubtful claims — together with that periodical desire of change which to a marked degree affects the popular mind, and characterizes our national elections ; these, with other causes even less directly rela ed to the usual political issues, appear to have led In the success of the democratic party. Whatever of justice there $44 ADMINISTRATION OF PIEROB. may have been in th« above specified charges, as a whole it cannot he denied that President Fillmore secured to himself a large share ot' popular respect, and retired from office having earned the reputa- tion of a discreet and able executive chief. ^-v - ft^ '^"tRANKLIN PIERCE, thus virtually President- l>elect of the United States, was born, of revolution- 'ary ancestors, in the town of Hillsborough, New Flampshire, on the 23d day of November, 1804: he was therefore 48 years of age at the time of his election. Having served his native State with fidelity and reputation in various capacities, he was in the summer of 1833 elected to Congress, taking his seat in the house in December of the same year. In 1837, he was elected to the U. S. Senate. His congressional career, though comparatively brief, reflected credit upon his talents as a statesman and orator. In the important discussions which occupied the atten- tion of Congress during this period, we find him taking a conspicu- ous part, and rendering an undeviating support to the measures of the party with which he was identified. He resigned his seat in the Senate before the expiration of the term for which he was elected, preferring the quietude of domestic and professional life to the turbulent arena of national politics at Washington. He also, for the same cause, refused the office of Attorney-General of the United States, which was proffered him by President Polk. The break- ing out of the Me.xican War found him at home engaged in the avo- cation.s of a private citizen. When the call for volunteers was made, he immediately enlisted for the war, taking the field with the rank of brigadier-general, in connection with the Ninth, or New England Regiment, which during the contest so signalized itself for its gallant deeds. At the close of hostilities he resigned his commission, and returned to his former privacy in New Hampshire. The official reports of the war all bear honourable testimony to the bravery and active military services of General Pierce ; and it is not to be doubted that a recollection of his patriotic conduct in de- voting himself to the service "of his country in this emergency con- tributed materially to the creation of that popularity by which he was eventually enabled to attain to the highest office in the gift of he people. Mr. Kino, the successful candidate for the Vice-Presidency, on he same ticket with Mr. Pierce, had long acquired a national ADMINISTRATION OF PIERCE. 645 3H reputntion, having been more than thirty years in the public servico and for many years the presiding officer of the U. S. Senate. On the 9th of February, 1853, the votes of the Electoral College were counted and declared in ('ongress, and the election of the successful ciMididiites officially announced ; and on the ensuing 4th of March Mr. Pierce was publicly inaugurated in Washington, and took the oath of office as President of the United States. His inaugural address on the occasion was anxiously looked for, and received with general satisfaction by the people. So judicious and unexceptionable were its sentiments, and so truly Americar was it in character, that it met wiih nearly universal commendation from the press of all parties. It fully realized in its pledges and doctrines the expectations of the party instrumental in elevating him to power, and by its just and discreet tone conciliated, in a marked dej'ree, the favour ol the opposition. HIS important "paper, foreshadowing as it doeu the general policy of President Pierce's administration, and presenting the views and intentions of the gov- ernment in relation to some of the most important subjects connected with the welfare of the country, at an interesting juncture of its history, demands that we bestow upon it more than a cursory notice. We shall, therefore, proceed to speak of it in detail. With an expression of thanks for the manifestation of the nation's confidence in his elevation to a position of so great responsibility — one not sought, but accepted in obedience to the popular will — he proceeds to speak of the country's unparalleled progression in territory, population, and wealth. The stars upon our banner have become nearly three-fold their original number, our densely populated possessions akirt the shores of the two great oceans, and yet, he adds, this vast increase of people and territory has not only shown itself compatible with the harmonious action of the States and the federal government in their respective constitu tional spheres, but has afforded an additional guarantee of the strength and integrity of both. This noble result is to be attributed to the wisdom and energy of the early founders of the republic They possessed a calm faith, springing from a clear view of the sources of power, in a government constituted like ours. They proved themselves equal to the solution of the great problem, to understand which their minds had been illuininated by the dawning 41 n4C ADMINtSIRATIUN OF riEROC. lights of the revolution. The object sought was not a thing dreamol of; it was a thing realized. They had exhibited not only the powei .o achieve, but what all history aflirins to be so much more unusual the capncity to maintain. The oppressed throughout the world from that duy to the present, have turned their eyes hitherward, ni)l to Hnd those lights extinguished, or to fear lest they should wane, but to he constantly cheered by their steady and increasing radi ance. In this our country has, in the President's judgment, thus fai fulfilled its highest duty to suffering humanity, It has spoken, and will continue to speak, not only by its words but by its acts, the lan- guage of sympathy and encouragement to those who earnestly listen to its tones, which pronounce for the largest rational liberty. Hut pre-eminently the power of our advocacy reposes in our example , though it should be remembered that no example can be powerful for lasting good, whatever apparent advantages may bo gained, which is not based upon eternal principles of right and justice. N view of the past experience of the country, show- ing that its extension has not militated with its well-being, but, on the contrary, has hut added to its strength and prosperity, the President declares that the policy of his administration will not be con- trolled by any timid forobodings of evil from a still 'farther expansion. And evidently havinj,' in his eye the ac- quisition of Cuba, proceeds to remark : " Indeed, it is not to be disguised that our attitude as a nation, and our position on the globe, render the acquisition of certain possessions not within our jurisdiction, eminently important for our protection, if not, in the future, essential for the preservation of the rights of commerce and the peace of the world. Should they be obtained, it will be through no grasping spirit, but with a view to obvious national in- terest and security, and in a manner entirely consistent with the strictest observance of national faith. We have nothing in our his- tory or position to invite aggression ; we have every thing to beckon us to the cultivation of the relations of peace and amity with all nations. Purposes, therefore, at once just and pacific, will be sig- nificantly marked in the conduct of our foreign affairs. " He declares further, that no act within the legitimate scope of his constitutional control will be tolerated, on the part of any portion of our citizens, which cannot challenge a ready justification before the tribunal of he civilized world ; and adds, that an administration would be un APMINISTRA rtON OK riRUOR. 647 worthy of confidence at home, or respect abroad, nhould it ceaite to be influenced by the conviction, thnt no apparent advantage can be purchased at a price so dear uh that or national wrong or dishonour. These observations, so diutinctly and signiticantly mtuUi, display (he intentions of the administration in regard to the mode in which the ooquisition of Cuba shall he made, should, during its term of ofhce, such an acquisition ever be practicable. They preclude the idea of force and unjust seizure, or the supposition that any armed expedi* tion from this country, havini; in view the conquest and subsequent •nnexation of Cuba, would meet with greater tolerance than under an administration more profeMNfdly conservative. The vague fears which may have been appn^hended upon this subject, consequent upon the triumph of the party avowedly the last friends of territorial extension, and particularly of Cuban annexation, have, therefore, by the declarations of President Pierce'N Inaugural, been thoroughly dispelled. Cuba, if ever she becomes affiliated with this country, mu8t become so under circumstances perfectly consistent with our national faith and honour. II E policy of this country, in the opinion of Presi- dent Pierce, should be eminently peaceful, and, with the neighbouring nations upon our continent, we should cultivate kindly and fraternal relations If we should open new channels of trade, and create additional facilities for friendly intercourse, the benefits realized will be open to all. With the politics ol Europe we have no connection, except as they appeal to our sympathies in the cause of human freedom and universal ad- ^ vancement ; but the vast interests of commerce are common to all mankind. The President proceeds to lay down the ground in regard to another important subject affecting the rights and interests of Ameri* can citizens, viz. : the degree of protection to be extended over them by the government, in whatever part of the world they may happen to be. This question, important at all times, has, in consequence of recent events, been made to assume an unusual interest. Shall the American citizen, like the Roman of old, feel that his citizenship shall be a broad and sufficient shield, protecting him from injustice and wrong wherever he may go ? that his rights shall be respected, »nd his life and liberty be safe, in any part of the civilized world ? The answer is. Yes the honour of the country demands that this 81 SI 648 ADMINISTRAnON OF PIERCK. doctrine be distinctly understood, and strictly enforced. The deci- sive language which follows relating to this point, elicited the wann approval of the whole country, and constituted one of the most bril- liant passages of the President's Inaugural : " The rights which belong to us as a nation are not alone to be regarded, but those which pertain to every citizen in his individual capacity, at home and abroad, must be sacredly maintained. So long as he can dis- cern every star in its place upon that ensign, without wealth to pur- chase for him preferment or title to secure for him place, it will be his privilege, and must be his acknowledged right, to stand unabashed even in the presence of princes, with a proud consciousness that he is himself one of a nation of sovereigns, and that he cannot, in a legitimate pursuit, wander so far from home, that the agent whom he shall leave behind in the place which I now occupy, will not see that no rude hand of power, or tyrannical passion, is laid upon him with impunity. He must realize, that upon every sea and on every soil where our enterprise may rightfully seek the protection of our flag, American citizenship is an inviolable panoply for the security of American rights." 'PON another subject of equal importance, and which has at diflerent periods called forth an ex- pression of the sentiments of the American people, [namely, the doctrine first laid down by Mr. Monroe, in opposition to European colonization upon this continent, the President declares, that " it can I hardly be necessary to reaffirm a principle which should now *be regarded as fundamental. The rights, security, and repose of this confederacy, reject the idea of interference or coloniza- tion on this side of the ocean by any foreign power, beyond present jurisdiction, as utterly inadmissible." The late events con- nected with British interference in portions of Central America, and the attempt to set up a sort of protectorate over the Mosquito coun- try, so called, seem to have revived public interest in this question, and to have suggested the emphatic language of the President. The subject has given rise to very important debates in Congress, to which we may have occasion to refer in future pages. Pass'.g from the foreign to the domestic policy of the country, the views of the Inaugural are worthy of consideration. Upon the subject of the bestowal of Executive patronage, the doctrine held is, that while it annot be reasonably expected that the adnunistration HISSI«6-0««IIIIf' '"ill ADVANCE AND REROUE PtlFTIKG. -^■■) ADMINISTRATION OF PIBEOB. 649 will be so regardless of its responsibility, and of the obvious ele- ments of success, as to retain persons known to be opposed to it in positions which require not only severe labor, but cordial co-opera- tion, yet no appointments shall be made which do not contemplate an efficient discharge of duty and the best interests of the country. Against the dangers of an undue concentration of power in the general government, the President is also very explicit. The great scheme of our constitutional liberty re.sts upon a proper distribution of power between the State and federal authorities ; and experience has shown that the harmony and happiness of our people must depend upon a just discrimination between the separate rights and responsi- bilities of the States, and our common rights and obligations under the general government. If the federal government will confine itself to the exercise of powers clearly granted by the constitution, it can hardly happen that its action upon any question should en- danger the institutions of the States, or interfere with their right to manage mailers strictly domestic according to the will of their own people. flE President proceeds to express his entire devo- tion to the Union, which, as it has been the source, under Providence, of our prosperity to this time so it is the surest pledge of a continuance of the bless- I^..Vi^^' -rB >-<*' '"^^ ^^'' ''*^'® «"j*'yed, and which we are sacredly ^1^'^ bound to transmit undiminished to our children. To every theory of society or government, whether the otT- spring of feverish ambition or of morbid enthusiasm, calculated to dissolve the bonds of law and affection which unite us, he shall interpose a ready and stern resistance. He believes that involuntary servitude, as it exists in different States of this con- federacy is recognized by the Constitution ; that it stands like any other admitted right, and that the States where it exists are entitled to efficient remedies to enforce the constitutional remedies. He holds, therefore, that the measures of 1850, commonly called the " compromise measures," are strictly constitutional, and to be un- hesitatingly carried into effect ; and that the laws to enforce them should be respected and obeyed, not with a reluctance encouraged by abstract opinions as to their propriety in a different state of society, but cl serfully, and according to the decisions of the tu- bunal to which their exposition belongs. Thus warning against dis- union, and appt %ling to the moderatioa and sense of justice of all *650 ADMINIBTBATION OF I'lEROB. classes of our citizens, the Inaugural closes with the hope, most eKV quently expressed, that the kind Providence which smiled upon oui fathers, may enable their children to preserve the blessings they have inherited. The President, on the 7th of March, submitted the names of th« persons constituting his cabinet to the Senate, assembled in extra Bession, which immediately confirmed the nominations, as follows : For Secretary of State, Wm. L. Mabot, of New York. " Secretary of the Treasury, Jambs GuTHaiB, of Kentucky. " Secretary of the Interior, Robert McClelland, of Michigan. " Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, of Missisaippi. • Secretary of the Navy Jameh C. Dobbin, of North Carolina. *" Postmaster-General, James Campbell, of Pennsylvania. " Attorney-Qeueral Caleb Cushino, of Massachusetts. These are all gentlemen of ability and experience in statesmanship, Mr. Marcy was a member of President Polk's cabinet, holding the position of Secretaiy of War, and distinguishing himself in his management of that department during the combat with Mexico. He was also, formerly, Governor of the State of New York. Mr. Guthrie is a distinguished lawyer, and experienced as a politican Mr. McClelland was former Governor of Michigan, and has served in Congress. General Davis took an active part 'n the Mexican War, and has also been a member of Congress. Mr. Dobbin was a member of the 29th Congress. Mr. Campbell was a leading politi cian and Attorney-General of the State of Pennsylvania. Gen Cushing is distinguished for his diplomacy as Chinese Comrais sioner, and his services during the Mexican War. Of the subsequent appointments by the President during the yeai, the following list embraces the more important foreign officials : MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, to Great Britain. Thomas H. Seymoub, of Connecticut, to Russia, John Y. Mason, of Virginia, to France. James Gadbuen, of South Carolina, to Mexica PiERBE A. Soul4 of Louisiana, to Spain. Petbb D. Vboom, of New Jersey, to Prussia, Solon Bobland, of Arkansas, to Central America Wm. Tbousdale, of Tennessee, to BraziL Bamusl Medabt, of Ohio, to ChilL John R. Clat, of Kentucky, to Pera Thxouobb S. Fay, Minister Resident in SwitzerlauL V *. ▲DMINISTBATION OF FIEBOB. m CHAROft d'affaires. J. J. Seibbls, of Ala., for Belgium. AuausTB Belhont, of New Yoik, for Netherlands RiOHAao K. Mbadk, of Virginia, for Sardinia. Robert Dale Owen, of Indiana, for tiie Two Sicilies. Henry R. Jackson, of Georgia, for Austria. Henry Bedinoer, of Virginia, for Denmark. Wu. H. BissELL, of Illinois, fur Buenos Ayres. Jambs S. Orben, of Mobile, for New Grenada. Shblton F. Leake, of Virginia, for Sandwich Islands. MONG the last acts of the previous session o Congress was the adoption of a resolution empower- ing the President to employ engineers to make ex- plorations of the most practicable route for a rail- road connecting the Stales with the Pacific shores, and appropriating the sum of $150,000 fur the sur- vey. Accordingly, four expeditions were fitted out in the course of the year, under experienced officers, having in view this important object. Two other e.vpeditions were also dispatched during the same period, by water, having other, but also important objects in view. The first sailed from New York on the Slst of May, under the command of Dr. Kane, in continuation of the search for Sir John Franklin ; and the othei sailed a few days later from Norfolk, under the command of Captain Ringgold, having for its object an exploration of the routes pursued by American vessels trading between San Francisco and China, and of the whaling grounds in the North Pacific. The return of Santa Anna to power in the neighbouring republic of Mexico, in March, and his supposed feelings of hostility to the United States, taken in connection with the breaking out of a diffi- culty between the American Governor of New Mexico, Gen. Lane, and the Governor of the Mexican State of Chihuahua, for a time gave indications of another rupture between the two nations. It appears that a tract of country, known as the Mesilla Valley, about 175 miles by 40 in extent, and situate on the borders of New Mexico, though mutually claimed under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo by both the United States and Mexico, had been assigned by the join Boundary Commission to the latter country. This tract was, how ever, forcibly taken possession of by General Lane on the 13th of March, " to be held provisionally," as he declared, " until the ques 8l8 652 ADMIN181 RATION OF PIEKCK. tion oi boundary shall be determined between the United Slates aiij Mexico." The measure was resisted by the Governor of Chiliua hua, and tlie territory claimed as belonging to that State. The question has occupied the attention of both governments concerned in its puacol'ul adjudication. N the 18th of April, 1853, the Hon. William R. King, Vice-President of the United States, died at I Cahawha, in Alabama On the meeting of Con- gress, in December of the previous year, though in feeble health, he assumed his post as presiding officer of the Senate, a position he had filled dur- )Uig the previous administration. Increasing illness, how- ever, compelled him to resign office, and in a letter dated December 20th, his intention was communicated to the Senate. He soon after set sail for the West Indies, in the hope of improving his health. By "pecial resolution of Congress, he was permitted to take the oath of office as Vice-President of the United Slates during his absence ; a ceremony which was performed on the •1th of March, near Matanzas, in Cuba, where he at the time was sojourning. ' Finding himself fast failing in health, in April he took passage in a United States vessel, and arrived at Mobile on the 12th of the month, where he was received with deep respect and mourn- ful interest by his fellow-citizens. Journeying on to Cahawba, he was forced to his bed, and died the next day, surrounded by his family and friends. The intelligence was heard with profound re- gret throughout the country, and various official and spontaneous manifestations of public sorrow followed in honour of the deceased. A brief biographical sketch of this distinguished statesman will not be deemed inappropriate. William Rufus King was born in Samp- son County, North Carolin;i, on the 7th of April, 1786; he was therefore 67 years of age when he died. After representing the Wilmington distr.ct, in North Carolina, several terms in the lowei house of Cimgress, he changed his residence to Alabama, then a Territory. When Alabama came in as a State, in 1819, Mr. King was elected one of her U. S. Senators — a position he has continued o fill most of the time since, with distinction and much personal popularity. In 1844, he accepted the post of Minister to France, proffered by Mr. Tyler, whence he was recalled, at his own re- 4uest, in 1846, having distinguished his mission by the success ot his negotiations with the French government, which had contem- ADMINISTRATION OF PIEROB. 653 plated uniting with Great Britain in a protest against the annexation of Texas to the Union. Upon the elevation of Mr. Fillmore to the presidency, in 1850, Mr. King, again in the Senate from Alabama, was chosen President pro. tern, of that body — a position he had held 3n several occasions before. His nomination and election to the vice-presidency, as the candidate of the democratic party, in 1852, was the last and highest honour to which he attained ; and it seemed a matter of deep regret that he could not have lived to enjoy a posi- tion so meetly the reward of a long life devoted to the interests of his country. Mr. King is the third Vice-President who has died in oifice. The two others were George Clinton, who died in April, 1812, and Elbridge Gerry, who died in November, 1814. [i^ H E Great Exhibition of the World's Industry at Loriiion, in 1851, led to the determination among a number of the prominent citizens of New York to <>et up a similar enterprise in this country ; and a company for that purpose was organized, under a charter from the State of New York, granted in March, 1852. Measures were then immediately taken to en- list the people of the various States in the undertaking, and also to procure the co-operation of foreign countries, by for- warding for exhibition specimens of the industry of their re- spective nations. The enterprise was of a purely private character, unlike the British Exhibition, which was national in its character, and supported by the influence and resources of the government. The only aid which the American enterprise has received from our government, is the permission to regard their building as a bonded warehouse, wherein the foreign articles may be introduced duty tree while on exhibition. The undertaking, from its inception, was Drosecuted with vigour, and, despite a variety of obstacles to be overcome, the edifice for the designed object was in readiness for use, and the Exhibition itself inaugurated on the 14th of July, 1853. On that day, the American " Crystal Palace" was opened with appropriate ceremonies, in the presence of 8,000 persons assembled on the interesting occasion. The President of the United States, with a portion of his cabinet, honoured '^e inauguration with his presence. The exercises were imprt.,o.ve, and consisted of the reading of prayer by Bishop Wainwright, of New York, addresses ^V the President of the Association, Theodore Sedgwick, Esq., and 654 ADMINISTRATION OF PIERCE. the Prcsideut of the United States, and singing by the New Vurk Sacred Uarnoonic Society. In its main features this building, though inferior in size to that of the World's Exhibition in London, was universally confessed to be its superior in architectural beauty and general effect. It was, with the exception of the floor, entirely constructed of iron and glass, and in the form of a Greek cross, surmounted by a dome at the intersection. Each diameter of the cross was 365 feet long, and each arm of the cross, on the ground plan, 149 feet broad. On entering the building, the observer's eye was greeted by the vista of an arched nave, 41 feet wide, 67 feet high, and 365 long; and, on approaching the centre, he found himself under a dome 100 feet in diameter and 118 feet high. The building contained on the ground floor 111,000 square feet of space, and in its galleries, which were 54 feet wide, 62,000 square feet mere, making a total area of 173,000 square feet, or about four acres surface for the purposes of exhibition. The iron used in the work was estimated at about 1,250 tons ; the glass at 39,000 square feet. The great increase of the means of intercommunication by rail- roads, and the consequent public and private advantage accruing therefrom to the country, have been in a measure counterbalanced by the largo number of appalling disasters which have occurred, through unforeseen accident or the carelessness of the managers of the roads. A collision took place on the 23d of April, near Chicago, between the trains of the Central Michigan and Northern Indiana Railroads, by which twenty persons were killed, and a large number seriously in- jured. On the 2d of August an accident occurred on the Belvidere and Delaware Railroad, by the cars running off the track. Ten per- sons were killed outright, and a large number wounded. A little later in the month a collision occurred between the New York and Phila- delphia trains, near Amboy, by which nearly thirty persons were in- jured, and several killed. On the 12th of the month a shocking dis- aster occurred on the Providence and Worcester Railroad. A train containing a large pleasure party came in collision with another, and some fifteen persons were killed, and a large number injured. But the most appalling accident of this nature occurred on the 6th of May, at Norwalk, in Connecticut, on the New York and New Haven Rail road. The drawbridge at Norwalk had been raised to permit a steamer to pass, and the locomotive, baggage car, and two passenger cars of the train from New York were precipitated into the river be- low, a distance of some twenty feet, and all the passengers buried be- neath the water, near y all of whom were instantly killed or drowned iDillNlSTKATION OF PIERCH. 656 ocforo assistance could reach thcin. It appeared from the subsequent evidence taken before a jury of inquest, that the draw of the bridge was open, and that the proper signal was given by the keeper of the bridge ; but the engineer did not observe the signal, and proceeded with the train, realizing the fatal result that followed. More than fifty lives were lost, and as many more injured. The legislature of Connec- ticut, being in session at the time of the disaster, appointed a special committee to investigate the subject, and to report a more stringent public enactment for the regulation of railroads. A law of this nature was passed ; and public attention having been generally aroused to the subject, similar action has been taken by the legislatures of othei States. The following is believed to be a nearly accurate estimate of the number of railroad accidents which occurred in the United States in 1853. Afont/u. Nwmb»r qf AooidenU. KiUtd. WoundM. January 12 25 40 February 6 6 11 March 14 :•* 62 April 4 26 64 May 8 64 49 June 6 6 19 July 11 8 22 August 6 29 76 Total to August 12, 66 117 333 During the summer of 1854 the yellow fever visited the southern portion of the Union, more especially the city of New Orleans, and in '66 it concentrated its deadly power in and around the cities of Ports- mouth and Norfolk, Virginia. Its fatality exceeded that caused by the Asiatic cholera, when that terrible visitant swept over the country. In its virulence, it was nevet exceeded, particularly in the above-named cities, where, in the height of its fury, the deaths were from 200 to 300 per day. Thousands wlio had passed unscathed through the epidemic in other seasons, took alarm and fled. But, notwithstanding the desertion of the population, the whole number of deaths in New Orleans was about 9000 1 and the burials in Portsmouth and Norfolk could not have been less. Priest and people, physician and patient, nurse and sick, weire throw.! into one common grave. The formalities of burial were laid aside and scarcely were the semblances of respect maintained. This lamentable state of things excited the sympathies of the nation, and the contributions for the relief of the sick and dying, and for th« G56 ADMINISTRATION OF PIERCE. Lolplcsa and orphan children, were large and cheerful. Although the law of 8olf-preaervation blockaded the avenues of departure, yet thoU' sands found tbemaolves welcomed to the hospitalities and comforts of the benevolent and generous-minded, who, braving the dangers of tha contagion, allayed their fears, and supplied them with the necessaries of life. Among those who volunteered their lives and property in this angelic mission, there were many instances of almost superhuman en- durance and philanthropy. Around their memories cluster not only the gratitude of the saved, but the responsive approval of the good everywhere. The leading events in the United States in 1854, were the final set- tlement of the Erie riots, the mission of Bedini, the Pope's Nuncio, the burning of the Great Republic, and the wreck of the steamer San Francisco, with 500 United States troops on board, 150 of whom were rescued by the ships Three Bells, Kilby, and Antarctic ; also, the con- cession ^f Morse's telegraph patent, and the horrible loss of the Col- lins steamship Arctic, by collihion with the French steamer Vesta, 40 ailes from Cape Race, with the loss of 325 lives. The leading events in 1855, were the Burlington and Gasconade Bridge Railroad disasters, and the return of Dr. Kane and his party, Oct. 11th. His reception was enthusiastic, and well calculated to ca- courage future navigators. The news of their arrival spread on light- ning wings, and made the heart of the nation beat with gratitude. The fate of Dr. Franklin is still veiled in mystery, although there is little doubt that he perished a martyr to the progressive spirit of the age. Among the acts of Congress in 1854 and '66, the most important were, the bill for the increase of the naval force by six first-class steam frigates, the award of $100,000 to the officers and crews of the ships that relieved the San Francisco, the passage of the Nebraska and Kansas Bill, organizing those Territories, the Homestead and French Spoliation Bills, both of which were vetood by the President. Prob- ably no topic of public interest ever received more attention than the Nebraska and Kansas question. In the succeeding year, serious difficulties took place in Kansas, in consequence of antagonistic uttenipts at adopting a State constitution; and the attention of Congress was engrossed with the exciting subject. The President and Cabinet issued a proclamation against the filli- busters in California, negotiated with Mexico for the settlement of boundaries, the right of transfer, and secured a large area of territory, concluded the treaty with Japan, settled the Reciprocity treaty with Canada, and agreed with Russia on " Free ships, free goods." Immo< ADMINISTRATION OF FIEBCK. 657 diiitcly connected with the afTairs of goven^ment, waa the riofitmction of Grcytowii^ on the llHh of July, in conRoquenco of the unrcdresaod in- juricfl and inHulta by its inhabitants to citiztna of this country. Early in tho year 1 863, the question of KuKsian right to the exclusive control of the Turkish dominions, made war between Turkey and Rus- iia seem inevitable. While the dispute was raging, intclligonco reached this country that the oflBcers of an Austrian vessel of war, in tho Sul- tan's dominions, had seized Martin Kosztn, a Hungarian refugee, who visited this country with M. Kossiitb, and had taken the initiatory stops to become a citizen of the United States. Capt. Ingraham, of tho U. S. sloop-of-war St. Louis, promptly causod his release from the Austrian control, which, by the subsequent acts of our government, resulted in Koszta's restoration to liberty, and ficrmission to return to this country. The diflicultics between the United States nnd Great Britain, end- ing in the dismissal of the British Consuls at Pliiladelphia and New York for enlisting recruits for the Crimea, is a sufficient apology for in- truding here a brief sketch of the Russian War. Notwithstanding the intervention of the V/estcrn Powers, the diffi- culty broke out in open war, and Russia took possession of the Turkish provinces on the Danube. England and France took the part of the Sultan, and a formal dec laration of war was made March 28, 18f 4. A powerful allied fleet was dispatched to the Baltic, and an expedition planned against the Crimea. . ••' ' ' > . The allied armies landed Sept. 14, a*. Enpatoria, and on their way to Sebastopol, engaged in the deadly struggle of the Alma. Success followed, and the Allies, taking posscision of Balaklava, besieged the stronghold, which was so bravely defended, that the siege was pro- tracted and bloody beyond the record of military prowess. Sanguinary engagements took place frequently, and sometimes entire regiments were cut in pieces. On the 6th of November occurrod the terrible encounter at Inkerman, with the loss of 3,000 English, 2,000 French and 10,000 Russians. The reverses of the Allies, the general bad management of the ex- pedition, and the great difficulty in transporting the necessaries for the army, from Balaklava, to the troops, produced among the besiegers a wasting fatigue, privation, and exposure, and created such a strong public excitement at home against the policy of the War Department, that the ministry were compelled to resign, and a new cabinet was formed, under I^ord Palm'jrston as Premier. Although fears had been B58 ADMINISTRATION OF PIERCE. entertained for the health of the Csar, the newi of hiii death, March 2(1, 1865, catno like an oloctriu iihock to the empire and the continent. Alexander Hticcccdcd him, not only in hid place, but alno in hin policy The 8i<;ge of the Crimea continued, and on the 22d and 23d March, the RuHnians made a terrible Bally, with a great Iom to the Allien. The allied force constantly incroaHcd, and the troops awaited ordem for a general assault. On the 23d of May, the French carried on a severe fight with nearly the entire garrison of Scbastopol. On the following (lay, the allied squadron entered the Strnits of Kcrtch, and destroyed every thing within their reach. June 6, the bombardment of the city was commenced, and on the 18th, the combined forces as- sailed the Ucdan and Mamelon successfully. Thoy were, however, compelled to retire, with a terrible loss. On the lOth of August was fought the battle of Traktir Bridge, with a loss of 20 officers and 6,000 men. The bombardment continued with short intervals from the 1st of July till about noon of Sept. 8, when a general assault on the Mala- kotf, by the French, and on the Redan by the English, was made with triumphant success. The accompanying engraving represents *he doomed city on the morning of its destruction. This waa followed by the battle of Kars and Balder. Meanwhile, diplomacy was at work, and soon thereafter peace was concluded. Immediate preparations were made for the removal of the troops and materiel of war, and the definite evacuation of the Crimea took place July 5th. Thus closed one of the most warlike contests of the present century. One of the acts of Congress, before adjourning on the 4th of March, 1865, was the conferring upon General Scott the title of Lieutenant- General. This unusual honor was, we need not remark, well deserved, and met with a general popular response of approbation. The closing efforts of the administration of General Pierce were di- rected to a variety of topics connected with our foreign relations. These were under the able management of the Hon. William L. Marcy, Secretary of State, whose death, not long after his retirement from oflBce, created a profound regret throughout the country. Of domes- tic matters, the difficulties in Kansas occupied almost exclusive atten- tion, both in and out of Congress, which at its ensuing session, in 1866-66, was engaged in very earnest and protracted discussions of the subject These discussions were continued at the session assem- bling in the fall. Meantime, the Presidential election had in a meas- ure supplanted all other topics, and the various political parties were engrossed in active preparations for that important event. aOV. JA1IE8 BnOBANAN. CHAPTER LV. APMINI8TEATION OF BDOIIANAN. 'TIE presidential election in the faii of 1856, resulted in the election of James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, for President, and John C. Brcckcnridge, of Ken- tucky, for Vice-President. The competitors for the Presidency were Mr. Buchanan, run by the Demo- cratic party. Colonel John C. Fremont, by the Re- publican party, and ex-President Fillmore, by the American party ; and the electoral vote was, for the successful candidate 174, for Fremont 114, for Fillmore 8. The new administration came into power the 4th of March, 1857, with the following Cabinet : — Lewis Cass, of Michigan, Secretary of State ; Howell Cobb, of Georgia, Secretary of Treasury ; John B. Floyd, of Virginia, Secretary of War ; Isaac Touc y, of Connecticut, Secretary of the Navy ; Jacob Thompson, of Mississippi, Secretary of Interior; Judge Black, of Pennsylvania, Attorney-General; and Aaron V. Brown, of Tennessee, Postmaster-General. The inaugural address of Mr. Buchanan was well calculated to inspire confidence in the minds of the American people, in regard to the wisdom and justice of his administration ; it was not, however, until the presentation of his rega ar message to Congress, on its convening in the following De- cember, that a full exposition of his views could be obtained on the Sfrcat questio na of public interest occupying the attention of the na- 660 ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. tion. Of the moat prominent measures of his administration, wo shall briefly speak in this chapter. Before tlie assemblage of Congress in 1857, the country was visited by an extensive and powerfiilly-felt financial revulsion. Its effects were experienced in every department of business ; nor was the trouble con- fined to our own country, but throughout the commercial world a mon- etary panic almost simultaneously seized upon the public mind. Trade was destroyed, manufactures stopped, the banks throughout the coun- try suspended specie payments, and universal gloom and stagnation of business ensued. An important share of the President's introductory message was devoted to a consideration of this state of things, and to a suggestion of measures for its relief. Nothing definite, however, was Hone by Congress upon the subject ; and after a few months, there ap. pearing to be no adequate cause for the panic, the public distrust began gradually to disappear.. Renewed confidence and energy, in the suc- ceeding year, resulted in a restoration of the general prosperity of the country, the financial depression necessitating, however, in the mean time, on the part of the government, measures of greater economy ii the national expenditures. The question of Kansas was, happily, disposed of during the year 1858. This exciting topic, involving the slavery and antislavery issue, had engrossed the attention of the country for two or three years pre- vious, creating, not only in the territory itself, but throughout the Union, the most embittered state of feeling. It was the cause of la- mentable scenes of violence among the contending factions in Kansas, and of a political rancor among parties in the nation seldom, if ever, before known. During the administration of Mr. Pierce, the diflS- culty had assumed an alarming magnitude, and it fell as «». bequest to the administration of Mr. Buchanan. Governor after g mor was sent tp the territory, in the hope of allaying the angry passions of its divided inhabitants and of restoring peace and order. Each faction, with a State Constitution in its hands, was appealing to Congress for recognition and support. Investigating committees were commissioned to repair to that territory, and make report to Congress of the true condition of things. In the midst of the prevailing violence and gen- eral disregard of law, the military force of tht j/overnment had to be called into exercise. Wliile the right of popular sovereignty seemed to be with the supporters of the Topeka constitution, the party up- holding and presenting the Lecompton constitution were, in the judg- ment of others, acting according to the strict interpretation of the law. Both constitutions were at different times presented to Congress ; ,1] I fiill 111 ADMINISTRATION OP BUCHANAN. 661 and both were finally rejected ; or, rather, an act, called the English compromise, was passed, on the 4th of May, 1868, submitting the Le- compton constitution to a direct vote of the people of Kansas, and thus insuring its defeat before the popular tribunal, in the ensuing Au- gust. The same act provided that, in case of the rejection of the Le- compton constitution, the people of the territory should at a future period, when sufficiently numerous and peaceably organized, proceed to the formation of a State constitution, with a view to admission into the Union. - Another popular disturbance, calling for the interposition of the executive, was the difficulty with the Mormons in Utah, under the domination of Brigliam Young. Young had been appointed the first governor of the territory, in 1850, and, to his secular power added that of spiritual ruler of the Mormon population. Whatever conflicted with the peculiar views and interests of this man and his fanatical con- federates was sure to be opposed, and the result was, that the judicial and executive officers of the government were obliged to leave the ter- ritory, where they were exposed to constant insult and threatened harm. President Buchanan therefore felt it his duty, in 185Y, to ap- point a new governor, and other federal officers for Utah, and these were sent into the territory, with a military force for their protection and the restoration of the supremacy of the Constitution and laws. This action was met, on the part of Young, with a proclamation an- nouncing his intention of resisting the entrance of the United States troops into the territory ; orders were issued for that purpose, and for destroying the supply trains of the army, and placing every impedi- ment in its way. The entire Mormon population were exhorted to take up arms against the government, and the most violent threats of re- sistance were universal. Seventy-five wagons loaded with provisions and tents for the troops were seized and burned by the Mormons ; forts Bridger and Supply were destroyed ; and the army was com- pelled to winter, under circumstances of great privation, before reach- ing its place of destination. This intelligence led to energetic action on the part of Congress. New supplies were voted, and two volunteer regiments authorized. These, however, were not eventually required, although the determination of the government, thus manifested, to put down the rebellion at all hazards, doubtless led to its peaceable settle- ment soon afterwards. In the meantime, the President was disposed to prevent, if possible, the eff^usion of blood, and in the spring of 1858 sent two commissioners to Utah, with a proclamation addressed to its mhabitants, representing the guilt and danger of their conduct, and 42 562 ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. offering thorn a free pardon for their late treasonable acts, if they would promise submission. This measure was crowned with success. The Mormons, now aware of their critical position, and their leaders cowed by the imminent danger at hand, were quite willing to embrace such easy terms of reconciliation. Governor Gumming was received as the iiuccessor of Young, and pence again restored to the territory. A por- tion of the army was subsequently sent to Oregon, to suppress Indian hostilities in that quarter ; and the remainder retained in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. Early in 1859, rumors of new troubles in Utah were received ; and the opinion is entertained that Mormon difficulties will never wholly cease until this singular and perverse people leave the United States territories entirely, and emigrate to other parts. Turning to the foreign affairs of the country, we find the old ques- tion of the right of search, on the part of Great Britain, again brought into active discussion. During the early pajt of 1858, a large number of our merchant vessels, sailing in the neighborhood of Cuba, were overhauled by British cruisers, boarded, and searched, under the pre- tence that they were suspected of being engaged in the slave-trade. The indignation of the American people, and of Congress, which was in session, was immediately aroused at these insulting and illegal acts. The attention of the British government was called to the subject, and the hope expressed that the course pursued by its naval officers would be at once disavowed. To arrest these proceedings a naval force was dispatched by the President to the neighborhood of their transaction; and Congress, taking the matter up with earnestness, proceeded to re solve, that American ships at sea, under the American flag, remain un- der the jurisdiction of the country to which they belong, and there- fore that any visitation or molestation is an infractioL of the sovereignty of the United States; that these aggressions demand such an unequivo- cal explanation from Great Britain as shall prevent their recurrence forever in future ; and that Congress approves of the action of the Executive, and is prepared to adopt such legislation as circumstances may require. Fortunately, the difficulty was settled without a resort to force. The proceedings of the cruisers were peremptorily stopped by the British government, their past acts disavowed, and the princi- ples set forth by our government acknowledged to be just and proper. The President, in noticing this subject in his Message of 1858, re- marked that the British government, while abandoning the claim of the right of search, at the same time proposed to the United States that some mode should be adopted, by mutual arrangement between the two countries, for verifying the nationality of vessels suspected on ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. 668 good grounds of carrying false colors. To tbis it was replied, that we were ready to receive any proposals which they may feel disposed to offer, having this object in view, and to consider them in an amicable spirit. In the previous year (1867) hostilities had taken place in China, on the part of the British and French acting against Canton, and minis ters had been sent by those governments for the purpose of negotia- ting treaties with the Chinese. Our own government also sent thither an able commissioner, who, while instructed to occupy neutral ground in regard to the difficulties then pending, was directed to co-operate with the British and French, in ail peaceful measures to secure by treaty those just concessions of foreign commerce which the nations of the world had a right to demand. Russia also occupied at the time a similar position of neutrality and peaceful intention. The result was the successful negotiation of a treaty by Mr. Reed, our commissioner, with the Chinese, on the 13th of Jun*, 1858, establishing the most friendly relations, and greatly extending the advantages of commerce with that country. Through the efforts of our consul at Japan, a new and enlarged treaty was also concluded with that power, in 1858. From being an isolated and comparatively unknown country, as it was previous to the famous expedition in 1852, under Commodore Perry, Japan has now become one of the family of commercial nations. The mention of the name of Perry leads us to make a record in these pages of the death of this distinguished naval officer. Commodore Matthew Colbreath Perry died in the city of New York, on the 4th of March, 1858, aged sixty-three years. He was one of the ablest of our naval command- ers, and particularly distinguished himself as flag officer of the Gulf squadron in the Mexican war, and in connection with the Japan ex- pedition, as before stated, the remarkable success of which was at- tributed to his energetic and able management. The death of another eminent character occurred the following month. The Hon. Thomas Hart Benton died in Washington on the 10th of April, 1858, at the age of seventy-six. Colonel Benton was one among the eminent statesmen that have attracted the attention and directed the legislation of the country for the last half-century. , He was the contemporary of Clay, Webster and Calhoun, and but a short time before his death completed and gave to the world, in his " Thirty Years' View," a full and admirable history of events in Con- crress during the long period of his connection with that body. Further to illustrate the obituary history of the period, we may ADMINISTBATION OF BUCHANAN. ""^ . , 1 f f^« J^^ ,\e repeated candidate of and of James G. Bimey, well known .^^ ^^ g^.p^^si- Xe antislavery party for ^^f jr^l 5«' -™^^^' ^'' ™"NX dent Monroe -re, on th^e^2d^oU^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^,^, ,,„,e 1831, Td^" :vW for -^-:rproce^^ . place on record Resuming our ordinary -"^^;;';;:i,Lblo enterprise, the laymg the leading facts connected wrth that re ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^, of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable- J-^e . ^^^^^^^ ^,, „ade in • Ide in 1857, and proved '^"^"'^.'^'^^^^;^: ' ,f rt,e cable took place. Junt 1858, when three ---e pa^.n^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^ and the vessels returned *« poj^^ ^^ ^^^^ United States were com- sail to resume the work. England « ^^,^ ,f Congress, the Tned in the undertaking, the ^^tt-J"^^^^^^^^^^ i, the laying. On I. and magnificent -^^^ waS^^ - -^-«"^"' ^"' " d Jhe 29th of the month tne c^^^^ ^ ^ j^.a^d, the American end 5th of August the ends -«'« "Xfouldland, and the BnUsh end by the Niagara, at Tri^^^^y' f l^^^^d-the two termim distant have appeared in^^^'"^^"^^^^" ,, be defective, requiring that the ^ The cable proved shortly after to be ^_^^^^^^^^^^ ^ork should be done o^cr again , but i^ ^^^^ transatlantic tele- ; be tested, and to establish the^^-^^^ messages, which were tran. graphingwaspracuc^^^^^.^^^,i,^ record: . >, ,, mitted through the cable, we p , THE QTJBEN's MEBSXGK. ^. ^..', ,>,; L .,■_ . ' « To the Mdeai of iU ^^'^'^^^^^ p,,,i,ent npon the success- ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. 666 ▼ently hoping that the Electric Cable which now connects Great Brit- sin with the United States will prove an additions' link between the nations, whose friendship is founded upon their common interest and reciprocal esteem. " The Queen has much pleasure in thus communicating with the President, and renewing to him her wishes for the prosperity of the United States." ■ • . •■ [ ■■ THB PRESIDENT S RBPLT. "■'•■' ""WABiUNaTON CiTT, Aug. 16, 1868. •* To her Majesty, Victoria, Queen of Great Lritain : "The President cordially reciprocates the congratulations of Her Majesty, the Queen, on the success of the great international enter- prise accomplished by the science, skill, and indomitable energy of the two countries. It is a triumph more glorious, because far more useful to mankind, than was ever won by conqueror on the field of battle. "May the Atlantic Telegraph, under the blessing of Heaven, prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and friendship between the kindred na- tions, and an instrument destined by Divine Providence to diffuse re- ligion, civilization, liberty, and law throughout the world. In this view will not all nations of Christendom spontaneously unite in the declara- tion that it shall be forever neutral, and that its communications shall be held sacred in passing to their places of destination, even in the midst of hostilities ? (Signed) "Jambs Buchanan." Another important event of the year was the opening of the Over- land Mail route from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In the absence of a Pacific railroad, such a measure was necessary to accommodate the emigration westward and to secure a more safe and rapid means of communication with our distant possessions in that quarter. The republic of Paraguay having been guilty of inflicting vavions insults and injuries upon our flag and upon the persons and property of American citizens within her limits, and having failed to make proper apology and reparation, the President recommended in his mes- sage of 1857 that a final effort be made to obtain redress from that power, and that the Executive be authorized to uce other means in the event of a refusal. Congress accordingly granted the necessary au- thority in 1858, and in the fall of that year a powerful naval expedi- tion was dispatched to Paraguay, under the command of Commodore 666 ADMINISTRATION OP BUCHANAN. Shiibrick. Tho II:n. James B. Bowlin accompanied the expedition, as Commissioner, fully authorized to make a peaceful settlement, if possible, before rcsortinj^ to force. The fleet arrived at its destination early in 1869, having with considerable difficulty navigated its way up the tortuous stream leading to the interior republic. The efforts of our Commissioner fortunately were successful, and, without firing a cannon, President Lopez was induced to come to terms. The friendly advice and interposition of General Unjuiza, President of the Argen- tine Confederation, also, without doubt, exerted an influence in pro- ducing the pacific results which followed. A favorable treaty was con- cluded with Paraguay, and the various causes of animosity were re- moved by satisfactory concessions on her part. The administration of JJuchiinan was, fiirtherinore, actively engaged in looking after and defending the interests of the United States in the various portions of Central America, and negotiations with New Grenada, Nicaragua, Mexico, and other local governments, occupied its watchful attention and energies. The importance of keeping open the transit routes to tho Pacific, and of protecting the lives and property of American citizens, in those quarters, called for constant vigilance and eflfort. So, also, in regard to the suppression of fiUibustering enterprises on the part of some of our own citizens, against those governments, and in regard to efforts having in view the prevention of an attempted revival of the slav^.-trade along our southern coasts, and the return to Africa of slaves thus found landed on our shores, the conduct of our government has been of a decided and prompt character. In regard to the acquisition of Cuba, considerable discussion was had in Congress in the early part of 1859. The President, in his mes- sage to that body, had treated largely of the subject, showing tho im- portance of the acquisition. Its geographical and commercial advan- tages were eloquently set forth. The United States had several times before attempted a negotiation with Spain for its purchase, but had oeen unsuccessful. Mr. Buchanan, however, strongly recommended that the attempt should be renewed, and, as it might be necessary that ho should, in conducting the bargain, be provided with a certain amount of money to advance to the Spanish government, he also sub- mitted that suggestion to Congress, commending the whole subject to its careful consideration The question was formally brought forward, favorably reported upon in a very elaborate and able manner in both Houses, and an appropriation of thirty millions of dollars recommended (o be passed. Owing t > the shortness of the session, the matter was ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. 667 not (lefinituly acted upon ; it elicited, however, much dehato, which astsisted matcriully in bringing the subjoct more clearly and fully to the attoiition of the nation. T this session of Congress, Oregon was admitted as a State of the Confederacy, as had Minnosuta the year previous. This increased the number of States to thirty-three, two of which (Oregon and California) face the broad I'acitic. By authority of Congress, important additions of now war-steamers have been made, though more, it is appro bended, will be required to properly look after and defend the widely -extended commerce and interests of the nation, cspeciiilly in times of general warlike disturbance through- out the world. The early part of 1859, for example, wit" nessed the breaking out of war among the nations of Europe — France and Sardinia combating against Austria, and with the prospect of in- volving the other great powers in the conflict. The difficulty related to the independence of the Italian States, over some of which Austria had lonix exerted an undue control. Hostilities were precipitated by the demand of Austria upon Sar- dinia, to disarm — a demand which was of course indignantly refused by the latter. The appeal was then to arms. An Austrian army of one hundred and twenty thousand men invaded the territory of Sar- dinia on the 29th of April, and in a few days was confronted by the Sardinian army numbering about sixty thousand, aided by a French army of two hundred thousand men, under the leadership of Louis Napoleon himself. The Austrians commenced retracing their steps, and were followed up by the Allies. On the 21st of May the first battle took place at Montebello, one of the successful battle-fields of the first Napoleon, and resulted in the defeat of the Austrians. The bat- tle of Palestro followed on the 30th of the same month, and here again the Austrians were defeated. On the 4th of June took place the great battle of Magenta, in which one hundred and twenty thou- sand of the Allies fought one hundred and fifty thousand of the en- emy. The Austrians here sustained another defeat, losing about ten thousand in killed, wounded, and prisoners, and the Allies about three thousand. This battle opened the way to Milan, which was immedi- ately evacuated by the Austrians, and entered by the Allies on the 8th of June. The Austrians now rapidly retreated, to reach their strongly fortified positions beyond the Mincio. Their lear-guard was, however, over- GG8 ADMINISTRATION OF BUOHANAIT. taken at Mulignano, where another desperate struggle took place, re suiting in the succoss of the Allies and a Hcvore loss to the enemy. Finally, on the 24th of Juno, the groat and -docisivo battle of Solfe- rino was fought. The forces nuniborod about two hundred thousand on each side ; and from early morn to late in the evening, the fierce and terrible encounter lasted. The Allies lost about eighteon thou- sand, and the Austrians m many more, making neaily forty thounand men sacrificed in this fearful engagcMient. The AustriaiLS were driven from the field. Operations w -re about being undertaken against the fortresses of Peschiera and Verona, when, on the 8th of July, an ar- mistice was agreed upon, and on the 1 1th a treaty of peace wjis signed at Villafraiica, by the emperors of France and Austria, Thus suddenly and unexpectedly was this mighty conflict brought to a close. Mean- time, Garibaldi, the Italian leader, was perfoniiing wonders in northern Lombardy, while the Hungarian patriots, Kossuth and Klapka, were on tlie point of creating a revolution ia Hungary. The basis of the peace were : Italy a confederacy, under the hon- orary presidency of the I'ope ; Lombardy annexed to Sardinia ; Vene- tia to be ruled by Austria, but as a part of the Italian confederacy; and a general amnesty : a conference to be held at Zurich for the ar- rangement of details. Prominent among the events of 1860, was the arrival in this coun- try of an embassy from the empire of Japan, consisting of two princes, and a train of officials and attendants, numbering about seventy per- sons. The event was strikingly novel, inasmuch as such a step toward internatii.'xal intercourse had never before been known in the history of that jealous and secluded nation ; and it was regarded as impor- tant, because it aff'orded an indication of future free and friendly asso- ciation, particularly between that country and the United States. The embassy arrived on the Pacific coast in the United States war-steamer Powhatan, and in the Roanoke at New York on the 9th of May. The Eoanoke proceeded at once, without landing, to convey the embassy to Washington, where it landed on the 14th, and on the iTth its members were formally presented to the President of the United States. An exchange of the ratified treaty between the United States and Japan was made ; and the embassy, after passing a number of weeks at Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York, ob- serving the institutions of this country, and everywhere received with the most courteous attentions, left for home in the government steamer Niagan from New York, on the 30th of June. Th« arrival of the mammoth steamship, the Great Eastern, about 18TKAT10N OF BrCHANAN. CM The tluH time, WM a new Roui^'e of wide-nproad interest. After repeated diHappointniontH, tluB wonder of maritime architecture arrived at New Yoric on the a7th of Juno, aftei a pasitago of little more tliiin clevov days from Enjjfland. A foelini? of mingled curiosity and iidmirntion led to an immenHO influx of people frum all parts of the country to visit the monster as she lay at her whaif on the North Uivcr. The commorcial emporium continued to be the b^^ene of concentrated in- terest for weeks, and it was estimated that voiy nearly two liundrcd thousand persons visited the great steamship. Hot marvellous size was such (being seven hundred and eighty feet in length and one hun- dred and fifteen in wi, " to form a more perfect Union ;" but if the destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States be lawfully possible, the Union is less than before the Constituiion, liaving lost the vital element of perpetuity. It follows from these views that no State, upon its own mere motion, can law- flilly get out of the Union : that resolves and ordinances to that efFect are legally void, and that acts of violence within any State or States, against tlie authority of the United States, are insurrectionary or revolutionary according to circumstances. I therefore consider that in view of the Conetitution and the laws, the Union ia not broken, and to the extent of my ability I shall take care, as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the States. Doing this I deem to bo only a simple duty on my part, and I shall faithfully perform it so far as it is possible, unless my rightful masters, the American people, shall withhold the requisite means, or in some authoritative manner direct the contrary. I trust this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as the declared purpose of the Union, that it will constitutionally defend and maintain itself. In doing this there need be no bloodshed or violence, and there shall be none, unless it is forced upon the national authority. The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the govern- ment, and collect the duties and imposts, but beyond what may be necessary for these objects there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the the people anywhere. Where hostility to the United States shall be so great, in any State— shall be so great and so universal as to prevent competent resident citizens from holding the federal offices, there will be no attempt to force obnoxious strangers among the people with that object. While a strict legal right may exist for the government to enforce the occupancy of these offices, the attempt to do so would be so irritating and so nearly impracticable withal, that I deem it better to forego for the time the use of such offices. The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts of the Union. So far as possible, the people everywhere shall have that sense of perfect security which is most favorable to calm thought and reflection ; the course here indicated will be followed unless current events and experience shall show a modi- fication or change to be proper ; and in every case and exigency my best discre- tion shall be exercised according to the circumstances actually existing, and with a view and hope of a peaceful solution of the national troubles, and the restoration of fraternal sympathies and affections. That there are persons in one section or another who seek to destroy the Union at all events, and are glad of any pretext to do it, I will neither affirm nor deny. 682 ADM1NI8TBATI0N OF LINCOLy. But if there be such I need address no word to them. To iboee, however, who really love the Union, may I not speak, before entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national fabric, with ail its benefits, its memories, and its hopes ? Would not it be well to ascertain why we do it ? Will you hazard so desperate a step while there is any portion of the ills you fly from which have no real eristence ? Will you, while the certain ills you fly to are greater than all the real ones you fly from? Will you ridk the con^miasron of so fearful a mistake. All profess to be content in the ITnion, if all constitutional rights can be main- tained. Is it true, then, that any right plainly written in the Constitution haa been denied ? I think not. Happily, the human mind is so constituted that no party can reach the audacity of doing this. Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly written provision of the Constitution has ever been denied. If by the mere force of numbers a majority should deprive a minority of any clearly written constitutional right, it might, in a moral point of view, justify revo- lution. Certainly it would, if such ri^ht were a vital one ; but such is not our case. All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly assured to them by affirmations and negotiations, guarantees and prohibitions in the Consti- tution that controversies never arise concerning thom. But no organic law c^n ever be framed with a provision specifically applicable to every question which may occur in practical administration. No foresight can anticipate, nor any docu- ment of reasonable length contain express provisions for all possible questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by National or by State authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. Must Congress protect slavery in tho Territories ? The Constitution does not expressly say. From questions of this class spring all our constitutional controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities and minorities. If the mino'ity will not ac- quiesce, the majority must, or tho government must cease. There is no alterna- tive for continuing the government but acquiescence on one side or the other. If a minority in such case will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a precedent which in turn will divide ond ruiu them ; for a minority of their own will secede from them whenever a majority refuses to be controlled by such minority. For instance, why may not any portion of a new confederacy a year or two hence ar- bitrarily secede again, precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to se- cede from it 7 All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the exact temper of doing this ? Is there such perfect identity of interests among the States which compose a new Union as to produce harmony only and prevent re- newed secession 7 Plainly, the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. A majority held in resti-aint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with the deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiment, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it, does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is impossible. The rule of % minority, as a permanent arrangement, is wholly impracticable, so that, rejecting the minority principle, anarchy or despotism, in some form, is all that is left. I do not forget the positions assumed by some, that constitutional questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court, nor do I deny that such decisions must be ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. 6M blading in anj case upon the parties to a suit, aa to the object of that salt Wliile they are also entitled to very high respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other departments of the government, and while it is obTloosiy pos* sil)le that such decisions may be erroneous in any given cases, still the evil of following it being limited to that particular case, with the chance that it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases, can better be borne thi^n could the evils of a different practice. At the jame time the candid citizen mu^t confess that if the policy of the government upon the vital questions attecting the whole people is to l)e irrevocably fixed by the docisioris of the Supreme Court, then the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions, the people will have ceased to be their own, unless having to that extent prac< tically resigned their government in'o the hands of that eminent tribunal. Nor is there in tliis view any asaiult upon the court or the judges. It is a duty fh)m which they may not shrink to decide cases of property brought before them, and it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn their decisions to political pur- poses. One section of our country believes that slavery is right and ought to bo extended, while tbu oihtr believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is our only substantial dispute. The fugitive slave clause of the Constitution and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave trade are each as well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be enforced where the moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. The great lx>dy of the people abide by their dry I ^bX obligations in both cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think, cannot be perfectly cured, and it would be worse in both cases after the separation of the sections than before. The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would be ultimately revived wth- out restriction In one section, while fugitive slaves, now only partially surrendered, would not be surrendered at all by the other. Physically speaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove the respective sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall between them. A hus- band and wife may be divorced and go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other, but the different parts of our country cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face, and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it possible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after separation than before 7 Can aliens make treaties easier than friends can make laws ? Can treaties be more faithftiUy enforced between aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war; you cannot flght always ; and when afl»r much loss on both sides, and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical questions as to terms of intercourse are again upon you. This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. When- ever they shall grow weary of the existing government they can exercise their constitutional right of amending, or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it ; and I cannot be ignorant of the feet that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the national Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of any amendment, I fully recognize the ftiU authority of the people over the whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the instrument itself and I should, under existing circum- , Btaaces, fevor rather than oppose a fair opportunity being afforded the people to 6M ADMIVI8TUATI0N OF LINCOLN. act upon it I will venture to add, that to me the convention mode seonia prefer* able, in tbat it allows amendments to originate with the people themaolvea, instead of only permitting them to take or reject propositions originated by others no', es- pecially clioson for the purpose, and which might not bo such as thoy would v/^ah to accept or refuse. I undorstond that a proposed amendment to the Constitution, which amend* mcnt, however, I have not soon, has passed Congress — to the efluot tbat llie federal government shall never intorforo with the domestic inslitu'ions of States, including that of persons held to service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I depart from my purpose not to speak of particular amendments, so fir as to Bay that holding such provision to be already implied in constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made an express and irrevocable ono. The Chief Magistrate derives all his authority from the people, and they have conferred none upon him to fix the terras for the separation of tlio States. Tho people themselves, also, can do this if they ciioose, but tho Executive, as such, has nothing to do with it Ilis duty is to administer tho present government as it came into his hands, and to transmit it unimpaired by him to his successor. Why should there not be a patient confldence in the ultimate justice of tho people ? Is there any better, or an equal hope in the world ? In our present differences, is either party without faith of being in the right 7 If the Almighty Ruler of nations, with his eternal truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on yours of the South, that truth and justice will prevail by the judgment of this great tribunal. The American people, by the frame of the government under which we live, have wisely given their public servants but little power for mischief; and have with equal wisdom provided for the return of that little to their own hands at very short intervals. While the people retain their virtue and vigilance, no administration, by any extreme wickedness or folly, can very seriously injure the government in the short space of four years. My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon this whole dubject Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. If there be an object to hurry any of you in hot haste to a stop which you would never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking time ; but no good object can bo frustrated by it Such of you as are now dissatisfied still have the old Constitution unimpaired, and on the sensitive point, the laws are of your own ft-aming under it, while the new administration will have no immediate power, if it would, to change either. If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the right side in the dispute, there is still no single good reason for precipitate action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, with a firm reliance on Him who has never yet forsaken this favored land, are still competent to adjust in the best way all present difiiculty. In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government while I shall have tho most solemn one to preserve, protect, and defend it 1 cm loth to close. We are not enemies but frienda We must not be enemies. Tlioujh passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords d' memory, stretched from every battle field sa H a •Ji H O <■;•■» ■1 ■ ADMINISTRATION OF UKCOLK. 685 and pntriot'g grave to every living heart nud hoarthstone all ovor this broad Innd, will yot Hwell the chorus of the Union, when agalu touched, as surely they will bi^ by the better angols of our nature. Mr. Lincoln Rolccte . :. The special session of Congress convened on the 4th of July, and remained in session until the 6th of August. All the measures recom- iiiende 1 by the President for prosecuting war on a gigantic scale were promptly adopicd. He was authorized to raise 600,000 men and bor- row $250,000,000. Stringent laws were also passed concerning con- spiracies against the public peace, and confiscating property used for insurrectionary purposes. It was also provided that all slaves em- ployed in aiding or abetting insurrection should be free. It now became important to break up the rebel camp at Manassas Junction. For this purpose General Patterson was sent to Harper's Ferry to attack General Johnston, who had abandoned that place, but was encamped near it, and prevent him from uniting his forces with those of General Beauregard, at Manassas. General McDowell at the same time, crossed the Potomac at Washington, designing to attack the rebel army in front. Ue was not as well prepared to march as he 092 ADMINISTBATION OF LINCOLK. desired, but time was precions to him, for 10,000 of tbo 53,000 men under him had enlisted for only three months, and before the 1st of August their term of enlistment would have expired. His design was to reach Centreville, seven miles ea^ of Manassas, on the 17th, and bring on a battle on the 19th. A delay of two days, caused by the inexperience of bis tr,ops and the obstructions of the road, gave the enemy ample time to perfect his defences. It was not until Saturday evening, July 20, that General McDowell was able to gather his forces firmly in hand at Centreville, to launch them upon the enemy the fol- lowing morning. Between the two hostile armies was a small stream called Bull Run. A reconnoissance by General Tyler showed that Blackburn's Ford, one passage over the Run, was defended, as was the Stone Bridge on the Warrcnton turnpike, the direct road from Cen- treville to Manassas. Indeed it was found that the Run was fortified at every assailable point, and it was therefore deemed advisable to make the attack at two different points at once. At two o'clock on the morning of the 21st, the long roll was sounded, the troops were summoned to a hasty breakfast, and with three days rations in their knapsacks, were soon in position and on the march. Colonel Richardson marched up the southern road which led from Centreville to Bull Run. General Tyler, with Colonel Hunter, took the northern road, which diverged, the two forming the letter V, with Centreville at the lowest point and Bull Run passing along tbo top. Genera! McDowell and staft were with General Tyler. After advanc- ing two miles. Colonel Hunter turned to the right, marching obliquely towards the Run, which he was to cross some four miles higher up and then come down upon the intrenched positions of the enemy on the other side. Colonel Miles was left at Centreville and on the road, with reserves which he was to bring up whenever they might be needed General Tyler went directly forward to engr^ge the enemy in front, and send reinforcements to Colonel Hunter whenever it should be seen that he was engaged. At five o'clock in the morning the roads were covered with troops as far as the eye could reach, advancing and taking positions. The northern road was quite hilly, like all the surface of this section. After going out about three miles, they came to a point down which the road, leading through the forest, descends ; then it proceeds, by a succession of rising and falling knolls, for a quarter of a mile, when it crosses a stone bridge, and then ascends, by a steady slope, to the ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. 603 >ad, be jops The tion. hicb by a en it tbe heights beyond. At the top of that slope the rebels had planted heavy batteries, and the woods below were filled with their troops and with concealed cannon. The troops proceeded down the road to the firet of the small knolls mentioned, when the whole column halted. The 30-pounder Parrott gnn, which has a longer range than any other in the army, was planted directly in the road. Captain Ayres' bat- tery was stationed in the woods, a little to the right. The 1st Ohio and 2d New York regiments were thrown into the woods in advance, on the left. The 69th New York, the Ist, 2d and 3d Connecticut regiments, were ranged behind them, and the 2d Wisconsin was thrown into the woods on the right. At about half-past six o'clock the 30-ponndcr threw two shells di- rectly into the battery at the summit of the slope, on the opposite height, one of which struck and exploded directly in the midst of the battery, and occasioned the utmost havoc and confusion. Captain Ayres threw ten or fifteen shot and shell from his battery into the same place. But both failed to elicit any reply. Men could be seen moving about the opposite slope, but the batteries were silent. At eight o'clock Colonel Richardson's column was at Bull Run, with a rebel battery in front of him, upon which he opened a fire with heavy cannon, but received no reply. Colonel Richardson kept up his fire at intervals, but no rcspgnso was made. Colonel Tyler also threw out an occasional shot, but the enemy was silent. Away on the rising ground to the right. Colonel Hunter's axemen cleared his way through the forest. At eleven o'clock the Ist Ohio and 2d New York, which were lying in the wood on the left, were ordered to advance. Passing out of the road and climbing a fence into a wood opposite, which they had barely approached, however, when they were met by a tremendous dis- charge of a foui-gun battery, planted at the left, in the woods, mainly for the purpose of sweeping the road perpendicularly and the open field on its right, by which alone troops could pass forward to the op- posite bank. They were staggered for a moment, and received orders to retire. Captain Ayres' battery was advanced a little, so as to com- mand this battery, and by twenty minutes of vigorous play upon it, silenced it completely. Colonel Hunter's gims on the opposite height, over a mile to the nght of Tyler's column, now opened a brisk fire. He was answered by batteries there, and then followed the sharp, rattling volleys of musketry as their infantry became engaged. The firing was now in* 694 ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. cessnnt. Hunter had come upon them suddenly, and formed his line of battle in an open field at the right of the r6ad. The enemy drew up to oppose him, but he speedily drove them to retreat, and followed them up with the greatest vigor and j;apidity. At noon long lines of dense dust were seen rising from the roads leading from Manassas, and, with the glass, it was clearly perceived that they were raised by the constant and steady stream of reinforce- ments which continued to pour in nearly the whole day. The 69th, YOth, 2d, and 8th New York, the Ist, 2d, and 3d Connecticut, and the "2d Wisconsin, were brought forward in advance of the wood and marched across the field to the right, to go to Colonel Hunter's sup- port. They crossed the intervening stream and drew up in a small open field, separated from Colonel Hunter's coiumn by a dense wood, which was filled with batteries and infantry. Our guns continued to play upon the woods which concealed the enemy, and aided materially in clearing the way for the advance* Colonel Hunter pushed the rebels back from point to point. Now the battle appeared to have reached its climax. Hunter's and Hemtzel- man's divisions were deep in the enemy's position, and our force, ex- cepting the 2d Brigade, was well at work. The discharges of artillery and musketry caused a continuous and unbroken roar, which some- times swelled tumultuously to terrific crashes, but never lulled. On the heights in front, bodies of infantry were plainly seen driving with fury one against the other, and slowly pressing towards the left — another proof that our advance was resisted in vain. At one moment the rebels seemed determined to risk all, rather than retreat. Many a regiment was brought to meet our onset, and all were swept back with the same impetuous charges. Prisoners who were subsequently brought m admitted that some of our troops, especially the 7 1st New York regiment, literally mowed down and annihilated double their number. Two Alabama regiments, in succession, were cut right and left by the 7 1st. At one P. M. the flanking column was fully discernible, and the junction of our forces was evidently not far distant. The gradual abandonment of their posif ions by the rebels could not be doubted. At some points they fled precipitately, but in most cases moved regu- larly to the r^^ar. It is probable that they only deserted one strong post for another even ptronger, and that however far we might have crushed them back, we should still have found them entrenched and fortified to the last — even to Manassas itself. But they had positively rl hi cJ w| tl Olj ac ADMINISTRATION OP LINCOLN. 695 ed. >ng ave *iid relinquiBhed the entire line in which thoy had arrayed themselves against Tyler's division, except one fortified elevation at the left, which could and should have been carried by the 2d brigade an hour before. The enemy retreated before Hunter and Heintzelman, forsaking all excepting one powerful earthwork with lofty embankments, upon the highest ground of the field. It was this work which, later in the day, was stormed by the Zouaves and other regiments, and which, in spite of a daring and intrepidity which rebel prisoners spoke of witii amize- ment, resisted their charge. But other important works had been carried by the 3d and 4th brigades, so that little appeared to remain for victory but to perfect the union of the two columns, and to hold the ground which had been won. At half-past one the fire slackened on both sides for several minutes. Although the movements of our own troops were mainly hidden, a peculiar activity could be seen among the enemy at the spot where they had been most vehemently repulsed by Heintzelman. A long line of apparently fresh regiments was brought forward and formed at the edge of a grove through which cur men had penetrated. Four times this line was broken, and reformed by its officers, who rode be- hind, and drove back those who fled, with their swords. A fifth time it was shattered, and reformeower. * ' Near the top of the hill, the robt^l cavalry, having completely cir- CMinvented our left, had cliar!;('<| in among a crowd of wounded and stragglers who surrounded a small biilMing which had been used for a hospital. Nothing but the iiiicxpecteiJ courage of a considerable number of unorganized men, many of there civilians, who seized the readiest weapons and repelled the enemy, saved that point from bemg occupied. At 6 P. M. proofs of the panic which had stricken the army were fully disclosed. From the distant hills, our troops, disorganized, scat- tered, pallid with a terror which had no just cause, came pour- ing along, trampling down some, and spreading the contagion of their fear among all. It was even then a whirlwind which nothing could resist. In the race from a fancied danger, all divisions and all regiments were mingled. There was not even an attempt to cover the retreat of Tyler's division. With Ileintzelman's it was better; Lieutenant Drumraond's cavalry troop keeping firm line, and protecting the artil- lery until its abandonment was imperatively ordered. The extent of its disorder was unlimited. Regulars and volunteers shared it alike. A mere fraction of our artillery was saved. Whole batteries were left upon the field, and the cutting ofi" of others was ordered when the guns had already been brought two miles or more from the battle ground, and were as safe as they would be in Washington. A perfect frenzy was upon almost every man. Some cried piteously to be lifted behind those who rode on horses, and others sought to clamber into •wagons, the occupants received them with bayonets. All sense of manhood seemed to be forgotten. Drivers of heavy wagons dashed down the steep road, reckless of the lives they endangered on the way. Even the sentiment of shame bad gone. Some of the better men had tried to withstand the rush, and cried ont against the flying troops, oailing them " cowards, pol- troons, brutes," and reviling them for so degrading themselves, espe- 01^ vil rij st ir cc er ca tal ADMINISTRATION OF UNCOLN. 009 cially when no enemy was near. InHcnsiblo to the cpitbots, tlio run- awayH only looked relieved, and Bought renewed aMurancco that their imagined pursuers were not upon them. Every impediment to llight was cast aside. All was lost to that army, oven its honor. The reserves left with Colonel Miles at Cuntrevillo were unable to fully check the retreating crowd, but they did much to restore order, till it was apparent that the enemy were in no condition to take ad- vantage of their succcHS by pursuit. The great error of the campaign which ended in this deplorable affair, wan the failure to occupy ManusHUs in May, when Alexandria was occupied. Had thin been done, the rebel army would have been held on the line of the Ka{>pahannock. But that which most deranged the calculations of fieneral Scott, who planned the campaign, was the failure of General I'atterson to retain the forces of GeneralJohnston in the valley of the Shenandoah, near Harper's Ferry. General Patterson had a force of 23,000 men to hold in check a rebel force believed not to have exceeded l.'>,000 men. Yet the rebels succeeded in imposing upon Patterson the belief that they had 40,000 men, and fairly paralyzed him with fear, while they, fresh and unexhausted, suddenly threw them- selves, at a critical and decisive mo.ncnt, upon our wearied and bleed- ing columns, near the close of the memorable day at Manassas. This unexpected disaster had a most depressing effect upon the spirits of the North, and elated the South to a pitch of intolerable audacity and presumption. In the midst of criminations and recrim- inations as to where the responsibility rested, the loved and honored veteran, General Winfield Scott, the heio of two wars, who had the responsible charge of all army movements, but who was weighed down with the infirmities of old age almost to the level of childhood, re- quested that the command of the army of the Potomac might be placed in the hands of General George B. McClellan. General McClellan was at once appointed. lie was then but thirty-four years of age. He had won the friendship of General Scott by important ser- vices in the battles of the valley of Mexico, and the country was then ringing with his praises for the masterly manner in which he had re- stored the Union authority in Western Virginia. He reached Wash- ington on the 26th of July, and on the 27th assumed the duties of his command. He found the army little better than a mob, and the gov- ernment and people alarmed for the safety of the capital. His first care was to restore order to the army. His next was to put the capi- tal in a state of defence, by the erection of a system of earthworks, be- 700 AIlMINISTKATlOX Or UNCOLW. bind which a iniall forco could hoKl a largo assailing force in check. Then ho arranged hlH army fur activo fluid opcrationH. From this time until the HUt day of October, when General Scott retinal from active 8urvice, and (Sonural McClcllun wum appointcil commandi'i-iii-chief of tlio armioA of the United StatcH, with hoiidijuarturs ut Wiishington, Ocneriil Mi.Clellan devoted liimself with uiisurpaHsed induHtry to the groat duties tiiat duvolved i'paiil cities. Tiny wore greatly aided, if not encouraged, by tht mariiuno powers of Kuropo, all of whom ac- corded tliu South belligerent rights which included all the riglits of asylum tliat were necessary for procuring supplies for tlic prosecution of their nefarious business. Tho only riy;ht which tho privateers were dcprivetl of m European ports, was that of selling their jirizes. Tho vessels they captured were therefore robbed of everything movable of value, and burned at sea. By the end of August more than one hun* dred merchant vessels were ca]>turcil, and in this way destroyed. On the 'JOth of August, a fleet of six heavy frigates and gunboats, and a number of transports, left Fortress Monroo and sailed for llnt- teras Inlet, a noted refuge for privateers. Commodore Stringham commanded the fleet, and General B. F. Butler the troops. They reached the inlet on tho 27tli, and at once attacked tho fort, which they compelled to capitulate on tho 29th. The commander of tho fort, Commodore Barron, was taken prisoner, together with 715 ofH- oers and men, and tlu^y were all carried to New York. A largo amount of ammunition and one thousand stand of arms were the prizes of (his capture. This place was the key to Aibemarle Sound, and was at once possessed arrJ fortified by order of General Butler. At this time the attention of tho country was directed to Missouri. On fhc death of Lyon, the Union forces were thrown upon the defensive, (ieneral Fremont, who had taken command of that department, on tho •Slst of August issued a proclamation, placing tho State under martial law, and for tho first time in the history of tho war, held over the slaveholders the threat of the emancipation of their slaves. IIo de- fined the lines of the army of occupation, and added, " All persons who shall be taken with arms in their hands within those lines, shall be tried by court martial, and, if found guilty, will bo shot. The property, real and personal, of all persons in the State of Missouri, who Mm II Sill f''' I w^ ADMINISTRATION OP LINCOLN. ?01 shall take up arms against the United States, or who shall be directly proven to have taken active part with their enemies in the field, is de- clared to be confiscated to the public use ; and their slaves, if any they have, are hereby declared free men." This proclamation by Fremont alarmed even President Lincoln, and he at once ordered it to be modified to conform to the act of Congress, which sanctioned tlie emancipation only of such slaves as were ac- tually engaged by the rebels in military service. The rebel forces now literally swarmed over Kentucky and Mis- souri. At Springfield, Missouri, Colonel Mulligan, with a force of about 4,000 men, was attacked on the 10th of September by the rebel General Price, at the hoad of 25,000 men. For ten days the deter- mined heroes resisted the siege, but were then obliged to surrender prisoners of war. General Fremont set out from St. Louis with a competent force to dislodge Price from Springfield, and drive him out of the State. As he approached Springfield, Price fled, and Fremont took possession of the place on the 29th of Octol)er. Political in- trigues, however, which had been at work against Fremont since the publication of his emancipation proclamation, had finally done their work, and this gallant officer, now that he had overcome all difficulties and was prepared to follow up his successes and clear the State of the rebel armies, was superseded and ordered to transfer his command to General Hunter. This was on the 2d day of November. The battle of Ball's Bluff, on the Upper Potomac, on the 21st of Oc- tober, was most disastrous to the Union arms. At Lecsburg, near this place, there was a strong rebel force, which General Stone deemed it im- portant to reconnoitre, to ascertain their position and numbers. He ac- cordingly crossed the Potomac with 1900 men, but unfortunately made no provision for recrossing in case of disaster. Ho was attacked by an overwhelming force, and after a fierce struggle, lasting a whole d ly, was obliged to retreat. Reaching the river and finding no means to cross, the men were crowded into the river, and many were drowned and others shot in the water while attempting to escape by swimming. More than 200 were killed or drowned at this place. Among the killed was the brave Colonel E. D. Baker, United States senator from Oregon, who volunteered to fight for his country during the recess of Congress, and fell a martyr to his patriotic zeal. With the exception of this fight, and an unimportant collision at Pensacola, at Harper's P'erry, at Frederickton, Missouri, and at Phil- > 702 ia)MIKI8TBATI0N iW LINCOLN. lippi, in Western Virginia, there were no military events during tbi» month. • On the let of November, General McClellan took charge of the ar- mies of the United States, General Scott Laving withdrawn wholly from active life. On the 29th of October, an immense military and naval expedition, consisting of 84 vessels, carrying 20,000 men, left Hampton Roads for Port Royal Harbor, South Carolina, The military were under com- mand of General T. W. Sherman, and the navy was commanded by Captain Samuel F. Dupont. On the 4th of November, the expedition reached its destination, and found that two heavily constructed fortifi- cations had been formed to protect the entrance of the harbor. On the 7th, the plan of attack upon these forts having been agreed upon, the fleet was put in motion. Sixteen selected vessels formed in a line and swiftly sailed around a circle between the fort'«, delivering their fire alternately at each fort as they passed. This novel mode of at- tack was completely successful. In three hours after the first gun was fired, the forts were rendered untenable and were evacuated, the occu- pants fleeing into the interior. Not a vessel of the fleet was seriously injured, and only eight sailors were killed. This victory was an im- mense advantage to the Union cause. It provided the best harbor on the Southern coast, as a naval rendezvous, and furnisaed a strong po- sition about midway between Savannah and Charleston. Beaufort and all the adjacent islands and towns wore immediately taken pos- session of. On the 20th of November, a fleet of twenty-five old whale ships left New London harbor, loaded with stone. They were taken to the en- trance of Charleston harbor, and there sunk, for the purpose of block- ading that harbor. This plan of blockading proved ineff'ectual, and was never afterwards repeated. At Belmont, Missouri, on the 7th of November, a sharp fight oc- curred between the Union forces under Generals Grant and McCler- nand, and the rebels encamped at that place. The result was a loss of about 600 men on each side, and the withdrawal of our troops to Cairo, Illinois, from which place they first set out. A few days prior to the assembling of Congress in December, an event occurred which gravely aff'ected our relations with Great Britain. EJarly in November, John Slidell, of Louisiana, and James Y. Mason, of Virginia, sailed from Charleston for Havana, for the purpose of intercepting the British steamer Trent, and taking passage in that ves- ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. 703 sel for Europo. Tbey were the accredited ministers from the rebel government to the courts of France and Great Britain, and their busi- ness was to seok the recognition of the independence of their govern- ment fi-om those powere. They embarked on the Trent, and when near the Bermudas the Trent was overtaken by the United States frigate San Jacinto, commanded by Captain Wilkes, was forcibly stopped, Slidell, Mason, and all their attendants were seized by an armed force sent by Captain Wilkes for that purpose, in defiance of the protest of the officers of the Trent, and cai-ried as prisoners on board the San Jaciuto. When the San Jacinto reached the United States, the prisoners were at once consigned to Fort Warren, in Boston harbor. The people with great enthusiasm applauded the act of Cap- tain Wilkes, and the Secretary of the Navy, in his oflUcial report, dis- tinctly justified the act; but the administration were unable to recon- cile it with recognized principles of the law of nations, and on receiv- ing a vigorous demand for redress from the British authorities, they released the prisoners, and sent them on board a British vessel to be taken to Europe. On the assembling of Congress, measures were at once adopted to meet the terrible exigencies of the day. Unlimited power was con- ferred on the President to raise men and money to prosecute the war, and public sentiment fully sustained the representatives of the people. An enormous fleet of iron-clad gunboats for coast and river service was ordered, for the first time, by this Congress. *' The year 1862 opened by a suspension of specie payments by all the banks of the Union. The treasury department was prepared to supply the place of the bank currency by circulating notes of the gov- ernment, which were a legal tender for the payment of debts. A scheme for a national system of free banking was also adopted, which has finally supplanted all the State banks, as it was intended it should do. The winter season had suspended all great military operations ; but in Kentucky, Missouri, and Virginia, collisions between detached forces were frequent, but indecisive. An exception to this should be made in the battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky, fought on the 19th of January, between tlie rebels under Generals Zollicoffer and Crittenden, and the Union forces under General Thomas. Zollicoffer was killed, his army completely routed, and some 1200 horses and mules, and a large amount of arms and ammunition rewarded the victors. This victory laid open the route into East Tennessee, which the rebel gen- erals were guarding. V04 ADMINISTRATIOX OF LINCOLN. Early in Febmary the army under General U. S. Grant, and the naval flotilla under command of Captain (since Rear-Admiral) A. II. Foote, were ready for active movements in Kentucky and Tennessee. Their first • demonstration was upon Fort Henry, upon tie Tenneaseo River. Captain Foote was ordered to sail up that river to the fort, and General Grant was to cooperate by land. The naval forces reached tiiere on the 6th, and without waiting the arrival of the army, fire was at once opened upon the fort, and in an hour and a quarter the garri- son surrendered. Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River, a much larger and stronger •work, garrisoned by 20,000 men, was next invested, and fire was opened upon it on the ISth. The gunboats at this place had no suc- cess. The batteries were so high that they sent plunging shot into, the vessels, which were disabled, and a large number of the crews were killed or wounded. Among the wounded was Captain Foote, who received injuries from which he never fully recovered. The fight- ing was then pursued by the land forces, aiid for two days it raged with terrible fury. Twice the enemy came out from their defences and attacked Grant's forces with deadly effect. On the afternoon of the 16th, the advantage seemed to be with them, and many of Grant's oflScers were despondent. Not so with their general. At the darkest moment he ordered General C. F. Smith and General Lew. Wallace each to storm such points of the enemy's works as he designated, and to carry them " at whatever cost." These brave men executed their orders in a shower of bullets that seemed like the heaviest rain. The cost was great, but the points were gained. That night the rebel generals, Buckner, Floyd, and Pillow, held a council, and at the dawn of day, as General Grant was preparing to follow up the advantages which he had gained, they sent a messenger to him to appoint com- missioners to agree upon terms of surrender. Grant's reply has be- come historic. " No terms other than unconditional surrender can be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works." The reply of General Buckner was the acceptance of what he styled the "ungenerous and unchivalrous terms." This surrender included 13,000 prisoners, 3,000 horses, and a corresponding number of arms, etc. The rivers Tennessee and Cumberland were thus thrown open. The former is navigable by steamers to Florence, Alabama, 2V5 miles, and by boats some 250 miles further. The latter is navigable to Nash- ville, Tennessee, 200 miles, by steamer, and by boats 300 miles fur- ifffll 'I i ■;>' film I' H'.i'l M H o a /. ■< B) U a u o ST. o u -< H- H -«; ADMINISTKATIOX OF LINCOLN. 705 thor. Tlio advantage the occupation of these rivers gave tbe "Union arms ia incalculable. An immediate advance was made upon Nash- ville, which was ocoupied by General Buell, without resistance, and tho whole country in tho vicinity soon passed into the control of the Union forces. In fact, tho entire State of Kentucky, and Missouri also, wero abandoned by the rebel armies. The rebels, however, still hold several strong places in the islands of the Mississippi ^livcr, which they had exhausted their ingenuity in fortifying. The most formidable place was Island No. 10, which was destined to give the Union forces serious trouble. This isjand was in- vested by a land force under General I'ope, and a flotilla of gunboats under Captain Foote, early in March, and after a desperate resistance, finally capitulated on the Vtli of April. The rebel force that invaded Missouri was driven into Arkansas, and at Pea Ridge, in this State, on the 6th, 7th, and 8th of March, was fought a most desperate battle, between the Union army, under Gen- erals Curtis and Sigel, and the rebels under Generals Van Dorn, Price and McCuUough. The battle raged for three days, with alternate suc- cesses on both sides, when the enemy were finally driven from the field. In this battle the rebel General McCullough waa killed. A powerful expedition, under command of General A, E. Burnside, set sail from Fortress Monroe on the 12th of January, bound for the coast of orth Carolina, and on the 7th of February had recovered from the severe storm it encountered so far as to be able to attack tho works on Roanoke Island, in the narrow channel between Pamlico and Albemarle Sound. The attack by water was seconded by a land force, which carried a portion of the works by storm. The works were taken possession of, and the garrison surrendered as prisoners of war. General Burnside immediately proceeded up the Sound, and occupied Edenton, Elizabeth City, and other places accessible, and on the 14th of March, fought the enemy at Newborn, and took possession of that city. A general plan of operations was now agreed upon at Washington. The rebellious States wero to be surrounded, and the rebellion crushed as if in the folds of a vast anaconda. The Western Department was placed under command of General Ilalleck ; the Department of the South, comprising South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, under General Hunter ; the Department of the Gulf, comprising the coast of tlie Gulf of Mexico west of Pensacola Harbor, and the Gulf States, under Gen- eral Butler ; the country east of the Western Department and west of 706 ADMINISTBATION OF LINCOLN. ' Virginia was called the Mountain Department, and placed under Gen< eral Fremont ; and the Department of the Potomac under General McClellan. On the 20th of February, General Banks, commanding the right wing of the Army of the Potomac, crossed the I'otomac at Harper's Ferry, and encamped at Charlestowu. On the 6th of March, the di- rect advance was made from Washington. Centreville, Manass&s and Fairfax Court House were occupied, and on the 4th of April, General McClellan, having turned South and concentrated the best portion of his army at Fortress Monroe, left that place for Yorktown, on the di- rect route to Richmond. A striking peculiarity in the navy at this time was the adoption and extensive introduction of the plan of protecting vessels with iron armor. The world had hitherto known little or nothirg of this novel principle, and although a few iron-clad vessels had been built in Eng- land and France, tlie first test of their utility and power, in a contest where vessels of this character were opposed, remained to be furnished by this country. This test was afforded in the contest between the Merrimae and the Monitor in Hampton Roads, on the 9th of March. When the rebels seized upon the Norfolk Navy Yard, they captured a number of government vessels, and among them the now and power- ful frigate Merrimae. This vessel they cut down and remodelled into a monster iron-clad, with a roofed top, and a tremendous beak of steel, like the " rostrum" of an ancient Roman galley ; and rendered thus secure, she was sent out from Norfolk, on the 8th, with several smaller crafk, to attack the Federal fleet in the Roads. The experiment was successful ; the frigate Cumberland was sunk with nearly all on board, the Congress set on fire and destroyed, and the Minnesota run aground and crippled. The utmost consternation prevailed at Fortress Monroe and Newport News. A renewal of the attack next day was of course looked for, and the gloomiest anticipations were cherished. But an iron-clad nondescript, the result of the inventive genius of the distin- guished Captain Ericsson, had been in course of construction in New York for a short time previous. Seemingly as if for the purpose of meeting the very emergency which occurred, the work on this vessel had been hurried forward, and the strange structure got ready for ser- vice. On the evening of the 8th of March, under the command of Lieutenant J. L. Worden, she arrived at Fortress Monroe, and the next morning when the Merrimae made her re-appearance and re- newed the attack on the Minnesota, this " cheese-box on a raft," as the ni' % ■* '». ■i^Wfcjg; '^^ -M^ '^. /■.'' V k:^ '-''p/^it P^SP "<: NEWPORT MCW8- CUMBERLAND Hi f,'nt\ rrd aocwrfiny ;o oi-* ofCijngrets in thi ^rltitiZ by M REBEL STEAMCRB JAMESTOWN K YOITOWN. THE FIRST BATTLE JET The Monitor" Gun 77ti Ml rrinnii- m y/v vrijileri a §!:\:/^. ffr-^ ^K LI ..,■ ' ^t lu'" ■. 1 f !• 4 L A, Ul^M^ ■A -1»- •^ f ■■■*Vr*\He'-' intyffiU in :ht( krht(rr»*i/thi OlStncl Courf utthtl.S.brtln. Ouirict iif I hniuftuiut CONGRESS. EEN IRON' ^HIPS OF WAR \h and 'Merriiuac' 10 Guns. \icl tht vy/iole HtJ.bbl J-'lvet driven off. ^ SCWCLL'S POINT. MINNESOTA •li t «^ t^ ■■"^■»^- ■< 1 •I .iiiNiHTKATioy or UttCOl.S, 707 Monitor wnii contomptuounly cailc>«l, wont forth Ritiglo-linndnl to tiicrt tlie raiii|>Hnt and powort'ul foo. It wm, figuratively, DhvkI with a »ling and a fow ntoiifi fVom the brook, going ont to iiinglo combat with the ginnt (ioliath nrmR mindH of all eyo-witncHiti>8 of the iiingiilar spvctaclu, hut eiip<>c.ially wore tho foe taken aback when tho diminutive craft, scarcely more tlian a hundred fi'i't long, her mailed dock but a foot or two from tho water, with a fcinglo revolving turret armod with only two largo gun^ boldly ap- proHciiud nnd entered upon a content oa novel an it witit perHJittont nud fierce. After a rapid intercliango of shots, the Merriniac |M»rceiving • the futility of trying to destroy hor nmall nntngonist by that methcnl, attempted to rim her down; but in this alno sho failed, wliilc suffering material injury heroelf in tho encounter. On the other hand, the Monitor, from her inftrior t south to Mechanicsville on the north. His base of supplies was at the White House on the Pamunkey River. That this line was too long for the number of men he had to hold it, became evident to him on the 13th of June, when the rebel General Stuart, with 1,500 cavalry, made a sudden dash upon the force at Hanover Court House, overpowered it, and be- fore night had swept completely around the Union army, destroying a large amount of stores, and carrying into the rebel lines, not only a large number of prisoners, but a full sketch of McClellan's position. General McClellan at once determined to change his base of supplies to the James River, and gradually draw back to a position on that river near Harrison's Landing. The enemy in front had been rein- forced till they numbered over 100,000 men. They were concentrated and prepared to attack any portion of our ext nded line that promised the greatest advantage to them. McClellan asked the President for reinforcements. But the President deemed it necessary to guard Washington by all the available troops in that quarter. McClel- lan therefore resolved to advance upon Richmond with the men he had, at the same time protesting, in an earnest despatch to the Secretary of War, on the 28th, "If I save this army now, I tell you plainly that I owe no thanks to you, or to any other persons in Washington. You have done your best to sacrifice this army." He fixed upon Thursday, the 26th of June, for a final attack, but the enemy anticipated him by making, on that day, a desperate attack oa his extreme r^ht at Mechanicsville. They were repulsed by ADHINISTBATIOK OF UNCOLX. 1\Z General Reynolds. Again they advanced, and were again repulsed by General Seymour. The next day, the 2Vth, they again advanced to the charge in larger numbers, and at Gaines' Mill gained a decisive victory, driving back the Union forces across the river, and laying open to capture the depot of supplies at the White House. All the immense amount of stores at this place that could be, were removed at once, and all that could not be carried away were destroyed. General McClellan's flank movement to the James River was now imperative. He saw that he was overwhelmed by a vastly superior force, and all his thoughts were turned to the salvation of his men. Saturday, the 28th, Sunday, the 29th, and Monday, the 30tli of June, were marked by the most stubborn resistance of the Union troops, as the clouds of rebel troops fell upon them, and gradually pushed them back towards the James River. At Savage's Station and at Nelson's Farm, battles were fought which, had they been isolated, would have formed great events in the history of the war, but mingled as they were with the terrific fighting of the memorable Seven Days, they were mere incidents. On Tuesday, July lat, the army had reached and were encamped on Malvern Hill, an elevated plateau, in full sight of the James River and of the gunboats and transports which were moored at Harrison's Landing. Here they were ranged in compact order of battle. The left wing rested near the river, and was protected by the gunboats. No sooner was the order of battle formed, than the rebels made an attack upon the right. They were repulsed with great slaughter. After two hours of rest they renewed the attack on the left, and here, until night closed the scene, they threw themselves with the most de- termined bravery upon our lines, regardless of the tempest of grape, canister, and shell, that poured upon them from our massed artillery, and the great projectiles that were hurled upon them from our gun- boats in the river. Darkness closed the scene. The battle of Malvern Hill was over, and with it closed the Seven Days' lighting. The next morning our army retired without molestation upon the banks of the river, under cover of the gunboats, and were refreshed by the ample supplies of the transports. Fifteen thousand of their co^jrades had been left behind, either killed, wounded, or missing. For seven days and nights, with no rest and little food, they hitd performed prodigies of valor, and were now permitted a short season of rest. It was the design of General McClellan to reinforce the army, and m ADMINISTKATION OF LINCOLN. prepare for another advance upon the rebel capital. But this was not deemed advisable by the War Department, and preparations were made to withdraw the army from the James River. In the meantime a heavy rebel force, under General Robert E. Lee, •who was now in supreme command of the rebel army of Virginia, pushed northward from Richmond, wilh the design of advancing upon Washington. General Pope, in commiind of the defences of Wasli- ingtoUfSent a force to intercept him. General Banks met the advance of the rebel army, under Stonewall Jackson, at Cedar Mountain, near the Rapidan River, on the 9th of August, and was forced back after a sharp engagement. A series of raids upon the Union supply stations and trains followed this affair, until the 2Cth of August, at which time the entire rebel army was upon the Rappahannock, and confronting General Pope. On the 2*7111, General Hooker attacked a portion of them at Kettle Run, but without any decisive result. On the 28lh McDowell and Sigel attacked the enemy at Centreville, and after an action which was only terminated by darkness, the enemy retired to their old defences at Bull Run. Here, on the 29th, General Pope attacked them wilh his whole force, and, as he supposed, after a ter- rible conflict, drove them from their entrenchments. But they only fell back to meet their reinforcements. The next day they advanced and drove Pope back to Centreville, where he remained unmolested till the 2d of September, when a heavy rebel force under Jackson attacked our supply trains at Chantilly, near Fairfax Court House, capturing a large number of wagons. In driving back thi& force, the Union cause suffered a severe loss in the death of Generals Stevens and Kearney, who were both killed upon the field. On the foUcving day General Pope withdrew his whole army, in great confusion, to Arlington Heights, in front of Washington. His campaign had also been a failure. The army of the Potomac had now arrived at Washington, and the defence of the capital was placed in the hands of General McClellan. The President on the 4th of August had called for 300,000 men for nine months, and on the 15th, for 300,000 men for three years. The enemy, flushed with a series of successes, now rapidly marched up the south bank of the Potomac, forded the river near Point of Rocks, and on the 6th of September encamped in Frederick, Mary- land. From this place General Lee issued a proclamation to the people of Maryland, calling upon them to join his standard and he would protect them from the wrongs and outrages of the Washington ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. 716 government But his address was urheeded. He then drew up hit force along the crest of South Mountain, and awaited the approach of General McClellan. At the same time he despatched General Jackson to Harper's Ferry, who captured that place, with 11,000 prisoners, on the 15th, hut not until the commander, Colonel Miles, had been killed. General McClellan had now for his corps and division commanders, Burnside, Sumner, Franklin, Reno, Uooker, Williams, Mansfield, and Sykes. Lee had Stonewall Jackson, Longstroet, McLaws, Walker, Hill, and Stuart. On the 14tli, the battle of South Mountain was fought, being opened by our right wing, under Uooker. It was a steady hand to hand fight, which lasted through the day, and resulted in the discomfiture of Lee, who was obliged to fall back towards the Potomac, in the direction of Williamsport In this battle the brave General Reno was killed. The same day General Franklin attacked the reserves of Lee's army at Cramptou's Pass, and drove them in upon the main army. Jackson, having left a guard at Harper's Ferry, proceeded to join the main army, which was now posted behind the Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg. Here, at daylight on the morning of the 17th, commenced "the greatest battle since Waterloo." Two hundred thousand men, an equal number on each side, were here engaged, with five hundred pieces of artillery, from the opening of the fight till they were separated by the darkness of night; and nearly thirty thousand were dead or wounded on the field. The tide of battle swayed with varying results during the day, nearly all the ground upon which it was fought being taken and retaken in turn. Generals Mansfield, Richardson, and Rodman were killed, and Hooker, Sedg- wick, Meagher, Hartsilff", and Dana were wounded and carried from the field. Both armies slept upon the field, expecting to renew the fight on the morning of the 18th. But the enem retired from his position, and crossed the Potomac into Virginia. G* iieral McClellan did not follow them up, and they departed unmolested, abandoning every place they had occupied north of the Potomac, Harper's Ferry included. On the 22d day of September, President Lincoln issued his famous proclamation to the people of the South, calling upon them to return to their allegiance to the government, and warning them if they did not, that he would, on the 1st day of January, 1863, declare that all slaves within any State, or any designated part of a State, the people no ADMINISTRATION OP LINCOLN. whereof should then be in rebellion against the United States, should be thenceforth and forever free. General J. E. B. Stuart, with a force of 2,000 rebel cavalry, made a most daring raid into Pennsylvania, on the 10th and 11th of October, lie reached Chambcrsburg, burnt all the government property, sup- plied himself with fresh horses, and after capturing a large amount of stores and supplies, passed rapidly around our army in Maryland, and crossed the Potomac into Virginia. The month of October was consumed in preparing for a forward movement, and on the 2d of November, the array was all across the Potomac, and on the 7th had reached Warrenton, and was in admir- able condition and spirits, and expecting to attack Longstreet's division of the lebel army, which was near by. On the evening of that day McClellan received an order to turn over his command to General Burnside, and report from Trenton, New Jersey. This dosed the military career of General McClellan, fur he was never again called to command. His career has been severely condemned by some, but among his friends he can count some of the best military minds of the age. All admit that he had a thorough scientific knowledge of his profession, and no man ever charged him with a lack of devotion to the cause of the government. Meanwhile affairs were not wholly satisfactory in the Mississippi Valley. General Curtis, who took command of the army of Missouri after the battle of Pea Ridge, had penetrated into Arkansas, but was oblijfed to retreat. Lexington and Frankfort, Kentucky, had been occupied by a rebel force under Kirby Smith, and, in short, that State seemed to be overrun by the enemy. To offset these disasters, on the 19th and 20th of September, General Rosecrans gained a decided vic- tory, at luka, Mississippi, over the rebels under command of General Price. Price retreated, formed a junction with Van Dorn and Lovell, and attacked our camp at Corinth, under General Rosecrans, but after a three days' fight, was repulsed with great loss. This was on the 3d, 4tli, and 6th of October. This virtually restored the Union authority in all parts of Western Tennessee. General Rosecrans now proceeded to Nashville. From this place he marched, on the 26th of December, to attack the enemy at Mur- froesboro', about thirty miles distant, where they were encamped in preat force, under Greneral Bragg. He reached the vicinity of Mur- freesboro' on the 80th, and on the morning of the 8 1 st, when three miles distant, was suddenly attacked by the enemy, and the right wing ADMtNISTBATION OF LINCOLIf. ri7 of hia army, under General McCook, was rcpnlsed in groat confusion. From this time to the 4th of January, the most stubborn fighting was maintained by both sides, when Bragg finally was forced to yield. He evacuated Murfreesboro' and fled in much confusion. The Union losses in this battle were about 7,000 in killed and wounded. At Fayetteville, Arkansas, on the 7th of December, a severe battle was fought by the Union aruiy under Generals Herron and IMunt, and a superior rebel force, which resulted in a complete victory to the Union arms. When the army of the Potomac was turned over to General Burn- side, imtiiodiate preparations were made to advance upon Richmond by way of the Rappahannock. On the 11th of December the army was massed on that river opposite Fredericksburg, and the bombard- ment of that place was opened. Pontoon bridges were laid and the army crossed on the morning of the 12th, without serious opposition, and took possession of the city. The enemy fell back to a strongly entrenched position in the rear. Here they were attacked on the morning of the 13th, by General Franklin on the right and General Couch in the centre ; but after an all-day's fight of the most desperate character, it was found that no impression could be made on the enemy's works, and the contest was abandoned. On the 15th General Burnside recrossed the river and encamped. At the same time that these events were occurring m Virginia, General Foster advanced from Newbern, North Carolina, and attacked the enemy at Kinston. He repulsed them after a severe fight on the 13th, took possession of the town, advanced upon Goldsborough, and after destroying the railroad at that place, returned to Newbern, hav- ing accomplished all that ho desired. The time was now approaching when the President had notified the South that he should resort to the extreme measure of a general liber- ation of their slaves, unless they should return to their allegiance to the government. The rebellion was more virulent than ever. The rebel President, anticipating the action of President Lincoln, had issued an order declaring that all negro slaves caught in arms should not be treated as prisoners of war, but as felons, and be dealt with accordingly ; and all white oflScers caught in command of slaves should be treated in the same manner. Acting upon his promise, and f*8 a necessity of the military situation, the President opened the new year, 1863, with the publication of hig immortal proclamation, by which the chains of 3,120,000 bondmen 718 ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. were strickon off and they were declared free men. The proclamation is hero given : " Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit : "'That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves witliin any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth, and forever free, and the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or nets to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. "'That the executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof respectively shall then be in rebellion against the United States, and the fact that any State, or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evi- dence that such State and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the United States.' " Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States in time of actual armed re- bellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaim for the full period of one hundred days from the day of the first above-mentioned order, and designate, as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit : Ar- kansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Plaqoe- mines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assump- tion, Terre Bdnnc, La Fourche, St. Mary, St. Mai-tin, and Orleans, in- ADMINISTRATION OP LINCOLN. 119 cluiling the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also in the counties of Ber- kely, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts arc for the present lefi precisely as if this pro- clamation were not issued. " And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall bo free ! and that the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. "And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free, to ab- stain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence, and I recom- mend to them that in all cases, when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. "And I further declare and make known that such persons of suita- ble condition will be received into the armed service of the United States, to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. "And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, war- ranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God. " In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my name, and caused the Bcal of the United States to be affixed. " Done at the city of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty- [l.s.] three, and of the Independence of the United States the eighty-seventh. "A. LINCOLN. " By the President, "Wm. H. Seward, " Secretary of State." The number of slaves excepted in this proclamation amounted to 830,000. This document was received with great favor in the loyal States, and afc once enlisted a powerful support in Europe for the Union cause, which had previously been withheld. 120 ADMINTBTRATION OF LINCOLN. The MiMisRippi River wm atill closed. Tliis great outlet for tho BurpliM products of the West had been cleared of obfltructionfi at its mouth, and at Memphin, and above, but at Vicknburg, about 400 niiloH above New Orteann, the rebels had exhausted the engineer's art in constructing fortifications which were docmod impregnable, and which cflfcctually guarded the channel of the river. At Port Hudson, about midway between Vicksburg and New Orleans, powerful fortifications liad also been constructed to impede the navigation of the river. For- tifications were also erected at Grand Gulf and several other less iin* portant places. Immediately after the capturo t)f New Orleans, in June, 1862, Commodore Farragut proceeded up tlio river with his vic- torious fleet, pasHod Port Hudson with little difHculty, luid iiicfl'ectually bombarded Vicksburg for several days. Afterwards an attempt was made by General Williams to cut a passage across n bend in the river in front of the city, so as to form a now chaimol through which the navigation of the river might be opened without pawinijj near the city. This also failed. The capture of this stronghold now devolved upon General Grant. Early in December, 1862, General Grant ordered General Sherman to proceed down the river Trom Memphis, and on the 26th of that month to attack Vicksburg, while he (General Grant) would move upon the city from the direction of Jackson, and support the attack on that side. Grant had his depot of supplies at Holly Springs, under the charge of Colonel Murphy. The day General Sherman left Memphis (the 20th), and after he had proceeded too far to bo notified of the disaster and recalled, this depot was attacked by a small rebel force under Van Dorn, to whom Colonel Murphy sur- rendered, and all the supplies were either carried away or destroyed. This prevented General Grant from moving his army until he could obtain new supplies from Memphis. In the meantime General Slier- man reached Vicksburg on the 26th, and'on that and the three follow- ing days charged upon the defences of the city at the Chickasaw Bluff's, with the most desperate valor ; but not being supported by Grant, as he expected, he then retired, and returned to Memphis. The siege of Vicksburg was then suspended for several months, but not abandoned.' The early part of 1863 was marked by the most remarkable activity of the rebel privateers. The most noted of them, the Alabama and Florida, destroyed millions of our commerce, and successfnlly eluded pursuit. Their practice was to capture unarmed merchant vessels and destroy them, after rescuing their passengers and crews, whom they ▲DMINIHTUAinOIf Or LINCOLN. 721 would detain in irons until Uioy could place tbotn on otiior vohsoU and ■end thum into port. On tlio 'J4th uf January Gvnorni BnrnRido wa« roliovod of the comt- mand of tlio army of the Potuinnc, and Goiieral Hooker appointed in hiH pinco. Oonural Iloukur a( onco (M>mtnoncod preparations to re- cross the Rap|iahannuck iit FrodurickHlxir^, regain tiio ground lort by Ooncral Hurnsidn, and pUHJi on to Uiciiuiund. It was not until tliu 27tli of April that lie coinnu'nced to move acroHs the river. His plan was to make sovural fi-ints nt crossing below Fredericksburg, to deceive the enemy, while in fact the main Ixxjy of the army should cross at Kelly's Ford, twenty-fUe milos above, and by a rapid march, gain tlio rear of the rebel army, and secure a position between them and Uicli- mond. At the same time a heavy boadiii^ from Fredericksburg to the rebel capital. This plan, so well conceived, was promptly carried out. Stoneman and Kilpatrick performed prodi- gies of labor, passing nine days within the enemy's lines, running up to within two miles of Kicbmond, and destroying an incalculable amount of property. In the meantime the entire army of the Potomac, about 80,000 •trong, had concentrated in the rear of the rebel army at Fredericks- burg, at a place called Chancellorsville. Hero, on the SOth of April, General Hooker issued the following jubilant order : . " It is with heartfelt satisfaction that the general commanding an- nounces to the army that the operations of the last three days have determined that our enemy must iugloriously fly, or come out from behind their defences, and give us battle on our own ground, where certain destruction awaits him." . (> • "n^^ ' , Events did not justify this sanguine view of the case. On the even- ing of Saturday, the 2d of May, the rebel division under Stonewall Jackson attacked Hooker's right wing, or the Eleventh Corps, under General Howard, which was posted in the Wilderness, and drove it back in confusion upon the centre at Chancellorsville. It was a dear victory, however, for the rebels, for during the fight Jackson fell mor- tally wonnded. He was their ablest and njost trusted general, and carried even into a bad cause that high-toned and chivalric disposition that enforces the respect of mankind. Early on the following morning (strange it is that so many of the great battles of the world should have been fought on Sunday I) the rebel generals Hill and Trimble advanced upon General Hooker's 722 ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. centre, and after six hours of desperate fighting, gained the plank road leading from Chancellorsville to Ficdoricksluirg, and pressed Hooker still farther back. The same morning General Sedgwick, who had been left on the opposite side of the river, at F'almonth, with 20,000 men, crossed over and attacked the enemy in thoir ontrcnchmonts on Fredericksburg heights, and gallantly drove them out of their works. On Monday morning the entire rebel army was* thus massed between Sedgwick and Hooker, when they suddeidy turned upon Sedgwick and routed him, driving him over the ground which he lt",d taken the day before, and compelling him to recross the river auring the night. Hooker being now exposed to an attack from the entire rebel army, and a heavy rain storm setting in which threatened to make the river impassable, at once gave ortlcrs on Tuesday morning to recross the river. This was done in good order during the day. The losses in this disastrous aft'air amounted to about 18,000 on each side. In Charleston Harbor on the 7th of April, a powerful demonstration was made upon Fort Sumter by a fleet of nino iron-dads, under Ad- miral Dupont. It waa wholly unsuccessful, and resulted in the loss of the Monitor Keokuk and the serious injury of several others. The attention of the country was now turned to the Mississippi, where General Grant, with characteristic tenacity was enveloping the strongholds of the enemy with his immense army, drying up their sources of supplies, and gradually tightening the cords which were finally to bind them and lay them helpless at his feet. General Banks proceeded up the west bank of the river, through the Bayou Techo region, and took possession of that part of the State from which tlie garrison at Port Hudson drew their supplies. He also destroyetl a number of rebel transports and gunboats which had been run up the bayous for safety. On the iVth of April, General Grierson, with only 642 splendidly mounted cavalry men, started from Lagrange, Tennessee, and made a dash through the interior of Mississippi, reaching Baton Rouge on the 2d of May. He destroyed an immense amount of property, as well as growing crops, depots of. supplies, etc. General Grant marched upon Port Gibson, below Vicksbnrg, and captured that place after a severe action, on the ir&t of May. This vic- tory rendered Grand Gulf untenable, and that stronghold which had, three days before, sucessfully resisted an attack from the mortar fleet of Admiral Porter, was abandoned. Turning to the north, General ▲DUINISTBATION OF LINCOLN. 723 Grant cnconntsrcd the army of Qonoral Joseph E. Johnston, on the 14th of May, at Raymond, near Jackson, defeated him and entered Jackson, the capital of the State, lie then turned directly upon the rear of Vicksburg, wliore he was met on the 10th by General Pembor- ton, the commander at Vicksburg, who liad marched out of liis de- fences for the purpose of checking him. Pemberton was defeated and driven back to Vicksburg. When Grant was within ten miles of the city, he was again attacked by Pemberton, who was again defeated. Grant now closely invested the city, and commenced to rain upon it a constant shower of shot and shell, both from the land side and from the fleet. On the north, south, and west, all communication with the city had been cut off, and tlie surrender of the place was only a question of time, (icncral Johnston was too badly cut up by the battle of the 14th to attempt to raise the siege by attacking Grant in the rear, or to impede him in running his parallels nearer and nearer the city. The inhabitants protected themselves from the iron shower that poured upon their devoted city, by building caves in the ground, where thousands of them passed many weary days and nights. Finally, on the 3d of July, as General Grant was prepared for an assault upon the city. General Pemberton sent out to him a flag of truce and de- sired an interview. Beneath the shadow of a tree wiiich has become historic, the two generals met, and after a courteous greeting. General Pemberton said — ■>■■. • = " General (irant, I meet you in order to arrange terms for the capitu- lation of the city of Vicksburg, and its garrison. What terms do you demand ?" " Unconditional surrender,''^ replied Grant. " Unconditional surrender ! Never," said Pemberton, " so long as I have a man left me. I will fight rather," "Then, sir," said Grant, "you can continue the defence. My army has never been in a better cotidition to prosecute the siege." After further conversation, General Grant explained the terms on which he would accept the surrender, which were liberal, and an armistice was agreed upon till the next morning. WMien the morning came — the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence — General Pemberton surrendered the city, and turned over his half-starved gar- rison of about 30,000 men as prisoners of war. Grant's losses during the campaign were about 8,600, in killed and wounded. In the meantime. General Banks had closely invested Port Hudson, and on the 27th of May made a desperate but unsuccessful assault m ADMUnSTBATION OF LINCOLIT. upon that place. Again on the 14th of Jane the assault was repeated, with a like result. When Vicksburg fell, Port Hudson at once was given up (July 8th), with its garrison of "7,000 men. The Mississippi River was now open from its mouth to its source, and by the retreat of General Bragg from Tuilaboma, under the menace of General Rosecrans, the whole of Tennessee was cleared of rebel troops. The arrest of Clement L. Vallandighanft, an ex-membor of Congress, and a prominent politician, caused great excitement. The arrest was made in the night of the 6th of May, at his house in Dayton, Ohio, by a company of soldiers sent up from Cincinnati by General Burnside. He was taken to Cincinnati, tried by a military commission, and found guilty of uttering seditious language, and sentenced to be confined in some fortress of the United States during the continuance of the war. General Burnside approved the sentence, and ordered him to be sent to Fort Warren, in Boston Harbor. The President, however, changed the sentence, by ordering him sent to the Confederate States, to remain during the war, under penalty of imprisonment. This sen- tence was carried out, bnt Mr. Yallandigham passed through the South, sailed in a blockade runner to Bermuda, and from thence to Halifax, from which place he proceeded to Windsor, Canada, opposite Detroit, where his family soon joined him, and where he remained for about a year, when he returned unmolested to his home. The par- ticular language charged upon Mr. Yallandigham was this, used in a public speech at Mount Vernon, Ohio : " The war is a wicked, cruel, and unnecessary war ; a war not being waged for the preservation of the Union ; a war for the purpose of crushing out liberty and erecting a despotism ; a war for the freedom of the blacks and the enslavement of the whites ;" characterizing an order of General Burnside, prohibit- ing such lanofuage, as " a base usurpation of arbitrary authority," and saying to his hearers that " the sooner the people inform the minions of usurped power that they will not submit to such restrictions upon their liberties, the better." Public meetings were held in various parts of the country, to pro- test against the abridgment of the freedom of speech in this case, and Mr. Yallandigham was nominated by his friends as governor of Ohio ; but he was defeated by an immense majority, and a large proportion of the people acquiesced in the treatment extended to him. Immediately after the battle near Fredericksburg, in May, General Lee gathered up the entire strength of the eastern department of th« ADMINISTBATION OF LINCOLN. 726 rebel army for a grand invasion of the North. On the 9th of June, he broke np his camp at Fredericksburg, and moved northward. He sent General Ewell, with 16,000 men, to clear the Shenandoah Valley of Union troops. Our advanced position in that valley was at Win- chester, where General Milroy was stationed with 7,000 men. Ewell attacked him on the 1 3tb, and after a great battle, drove him in full retreat for Harper's Ferry, capturing a large portion of his command. On the 14th, the advanced guard of Lee's army crossed the Potomac and advanced upon Hagerstown. Meanwhile General Hooker proceeded northward, keeping between Lee's army and Washington. On the 27th Hooker was ordered to turn over his command to General George G. Meade, of Pennsylvania. At this time the entire rebel army had crossed the Potomac, and had extended themselves through the border counties of Maryland and Pennsylvania. The President, in alarm, on the 15th, had called for 100,000 men from Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland, all of whom were promptly furnished. The rebels advanced to Chambersburg, Shippensburg, and Carlisle, while their cavalry was engaged in Maryland, in cutting railroads and capturing trains and supplies intended for the army of General Meade. At Hanover, Pennsylvania, on the 30th, Stuart's rebel cavalry attacked a portion of Meade's army, and were repulsed. Carlisle was attacked and occupied. Both armies now turned towards Gettysburgh, a small town 114 miles west of Philadelphia, and 75 north of Washington. Here, on the 1st, 2d, and 3d of July, was fought a great battle be- tween the entire army of General Lee and the army of the Potomac. On the 1st, the advance of both armies met, and after a severe struggle, the advantage was with the rebels at night. Among the killed on the Union side was General Reynolds. Both armies were now concen- trated, and skirmishing was kept up on the 2d till four o'clock in the afternoon, when the enemy commenced an attack in earnest upon General Meade's centre on Cemetery Hill, at the same time that the rebel generals, Longstreet and Hill, made a determined attack upon our left. Our troops at this point gave way, when the timely arrival of General Sedgwick checked the rebel advance and drove them back. At this juncture the enemy chaiged with great fury upon our right, and were not repulsed until nearly ten at night, when the action ceased. On the morning of the 8d, heavy cannonading was opened and kept «p till four in the afternoon. From this hour forth till half-past eight 726 ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. o'cloct, occurred by all odds the most sanguinary engagement yet chronicled in the annals of the war. The artillery attack made by the enemy on the left and centre was rapidly followed by the advance of his infantry. The Third corps received the attack with great coolness. The rebels made at once for our flank, and kept moving heavy columns in that direction. This necessitated support, which was quickly given by the Fifth corps. The division of General Barnes being sent to the right, and that of General Ayres (regulars) to the left, with General Crawford in the reserve. The battle now became perfectly fearful. The armies engaged each other at very short range, and for three long hours the war of mus- ketry was incessant. Such desperate, tenacious fighting .is took place on this flank has seldom been known in any battle. The enemy would often bring up suddenly a heavy column of men, and force our line back, only to be in turn forced back by our line of glittering steel. Our gallant columns covered themselves with glory over and over again. They fought a superior force in numbers. The dispositions of the enemy were very rapid, for, look where you would on that field, a body of the rebels would be advancing. Our dispositions were equally rapid, and the enemy found more than a match in such gallant veterans as Sickles, Birney, and Humphreys. At half-past six General Sickles was struck in the right leg by a piece of shell, and borne from the field. The injury was so great that amputation became necessary, and it was performed successfully, the limb being taken ofi" below the knee. The struggle grew hotter and hotter. The Second corps was called on for aid, and though its own position was strongly threatened, yet the Ist division, formerly General Hancock's, flung themselves into the fight with desperation, and after a long and obstinate conflict, the enemy slowly and sullenly gave way. In this last charge the brigade of General Caldwell, Second corps, and that of Colonel Switzer, from the Fifth corps, won great honors. The rebels made frequent atr tempts to capture our artillery, and at one time had Watson's battery in their possession, but it was retaken in a furious charge by Birney's division. The battle lasted till half-past eight o'clock, when the enemy fell back to his old position, and left our veterans the ensanguined victors of the field. General Leo slowly retired upon the Potomac, which had been so fcwoUen by rains that it could not be forded. He remained here till Hai cav pris Dav ADMINISTRATION OP LINCOLN. •27 the 14th, in a position which General Meade could not have safely attacked, when he retired at his leisure. He entered Maryland with 90,000 men. He returned with 60,000. The Union loss in the battles with him was about 18,000 in killed and wounded. A portion of this battle ground was dedicated, with great formality, as a National Cemetery, on the 19th of the following November. Large lots were laid ont for the dead of the different States who fell in battle there, and elaborate designs were formed for suitable monu- ments. Edward Everett delivered the oration on the occasion, and President Lincoln gave the occasion the honor of his presence. Being called upon, he delivered the following felicitous address: " Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the pro- position that all men arc created equal. Now we are engaged in r* • great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle- field of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. " But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or de- tract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, lather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedi- cated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain — that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." On the 10th of July, a severe cavalry engagement took place at Hanover, Virginia, between the rebel General Stuart and the Union cavalry under General Buford. Stuart was defeated, and left 1,000 prisoners in General Buford's hands. In commemoration of victories so signal and eflfective, President Lincoln ordered a day of national thanksgiving, praise, and prayer to be observed on the 6th of August. On the other hand, Jefferson Davis ordered a day of fasting and prayer on the 21st of August, on t98 ADMINISTRATION OF UNCOLN. aceouut of reverses, which in three weeks had swept away nearly one* tliird of his effective force. Eiii'ly in July, the rebel General Morgan made a sudden dash across the Ohio River, into Indiana, with 5,000 cavalry, md passed through tii.it Statu into Ohio. lie was pursued, and himself and nearly all his command were captured, after they had committed serious depred»< tious upon public and private property. Preparations having been completed, a vigorous attack was made upon Fort Wagner, on Morris Island, in Charleston Harbor, on the 10th of July. The land forces were .indcr General Gillmore, and the naval under Admiral Dahlgren. After eight days of incessant bombardment, an assault was ordered on the 18th. This failed, with the loss of 1,000 men. From this time to the 7th of September, siege operations upon Forts Wagner and Gregg were continued, when our sappers had advanced up to the very moat of Wagner. The forta were then both evacuated, and General Gillmore took possession. On the 1 3tb of July a fearful riot broke out in the city of New York. The mob originated ostensibly in a determination to put a stop to the draft for troops which the government had ordered in that city. But its main fury was spent upon the inoffensive negroes residing in the city. Many of these were savagely murdered in the streets, their houses burned, and finally a colored orphan asylum, where some hun- dreds of children were kept, was sacked and burned. The riot spent its force in three or four days, and was quelled. A number of the ringleaders were arrested and summarily punished. Taking advantage of our internal dissensions, the governments of Eugland, France, and Spain had invaded Mexico, under the pretext of securing indemnity for the indebtedness of that government to their subjects, and to secure the fulfilment of treaty stipulations which they had together. The head of the alliance was France. The Mexicans were repulsed wherever they made resistance, and after their capital was taken they submitted to the establishment of an Empire, and to have tlie farce of an election for Emperor. They elected the Arch- duke Maximilian, brother of the Emperor of Austria, who was duly pi'oclaimed Emperor Maximilian I. This puppet of the French Em- peror assumed the Mexican crown, and has since maintained his authority by means of French bayonets. The cabinets of Europe, however, had sense enough not to recog- nize the independence of the Southern Confederacy — an act which was AOUINISTBATION OF LINCOLN. 729 periistcntly urged upon them by rebel envoys, and by not a few of tlic statesmen of Europe. After the capture of Vicksburg, immediate steps were taken to expel the rebels from Eastern and Middle Tennessee and Northern Georgia. On the 21st of August, General Rosecrans, having advanced upon Chattanooga, opened fire upon that place. This was kept up for nearly three weeks, as a mere feint, during which time his main force was making a wide detour to the rear of Chattanooga. General Bragg did not suspect this scheme, until on the 7th of September he dis- covered that the Union army had flanked him. He at once aban- doned the place, and fell back upon Lafayette, some twenty-five miles south. On the 9th, General Rosecrans took quiet possession of Chat- tanooga, and then set out in pursuit of Bragg. Reaching the Chica- mauga, a small stream which runs north and enters the Tennessee, he encamped, about ten miles from Chattanooga. Here, on the 19th of September, he was turned upon by Bragg, and attacked with great fury. The fight was opened by the rebel General Longstreet, who attacked General Thomas who commanded the left wing. Bragg was repulsed. A simultaneous attack upon our right and centre was suc- cessful, Crittenden and McCook commanding them being forced back. The next day the rebels fell again upon Crittenden and McCook, and drove them in confusion upon Chattanooga. General Rosecrans was himself in this division of the army, and was driven away with them. Bragg then turned with his victorious army upon General Thomas. Abandoned by the general in command, flanked by an army that out- numbered him two to one, he still resolved to hold his ground. And he did hold it, against dreadful odds. Three times was the whole power of the rebel army thrown upon him, and three times were they repulsed. Night separated the combatants, and gave Thomas au opportunity to withdraw his army to Chattanooga. The loss on each side in this great battle was about 13,000. In the meantime General Burnside had taken possession of Knox- ville, from which place ho proceeded to Cumberland Gap, where he attacked the rebel garrison and took 2,000 prisoners. General Gr"''t was put in supreme command of the Western Depart- ment on the loth of October, and General Thomas, who so gallantly saved the army at Chicamauga, superseded General Rosecrans. The condition of the army of the Cumberland, under Thomas, was precflviouR. The rebels held possession of Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge, points which commanded the river and railroad com- 130 ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. nunication witli Nashville and Louisville. The army at Chattanooga was not half Bupplicd with rations and clothing, and so desperate did the situation seem to the rebel generals, that on the 21st of November, General Bragg sent this message to General Grant : " Humanity would dictate the removal of all non-combatants from Chattanooga, as I am about to shell the city." General Grant made no reply. At this time General Bragg had sent Longstreet, his ablest officer, with 20,000 men, to attack Burnside at Knoxvilio. Buniaide had his instructions to fall back, and draw Longstreet as far away as possible. This he did. General Grant then sent a force to destroy the railroads and prevent Longstreot's return. This movement was made by General Sherman. On the 23d General Grant ordered General Sherman to make a demonstration upon Missionary Ridge. The enemy, posted on an elevation of five hundred feet, watched the approach of Sherman, but did not believe he was serious in attempting to attack them. At three o'clock in the afternoon he had taken Orchard Knob, and held such a position that the next day he compelled tb". enemy to evacuate a por- tion of the mountain, where he intrenched himself. Hooker, on the game day, scaled the slopes of Lookout Mountain, drove out the enemy, captured 2,000 prisoners, and established himself in full view of Chat- tanooga. This battle is called " The Battle of the Clouds," for the day had been misty and rainy, and much of the battle was fought above the clouds which hid the combatants from the view of those below, A clear sky prevailed the following morning, and the Stars and Stripes were seen floating from the peak of the mountain. All that day the cannonade was continued from Orchard Knob against Missionary Ridge, right over the camp where Grant and Thomas stood, watching the result of the fight. At last Sherman made an assault on Bragg's right. The point was gained and held for a while, but the enemy rallied and drove him back. Again our whole line was pushed for- ward, and the heights were carried. Bragg was soon in full retreat. This was the only answer General Grant gave to his threat to shell the city of Chattanooga. But Bragg was not suflFered to get off easily. Generals Hooker, Sherman, and Palmer were ordered to pursue him, and, if possible, destroy him. They faithfully executed their orders. Bragg's broken and shattered columns found no rest till they were sheltered in Dalton. Sherman then turned northward, and drove Longstreet out of East Tennessee into Virginia. The campaigns of Vicksburg and Chatta- ADMINISTRATION OF LiyCOLM. 731 nooga were thus closed. Up to this time Grant's particular coinmanda had captured 90,000 prieoners, 472 cannons, and more than 100,000 small arms, After all this General Grant thought himself justified in issuing the following congratulatory order to his army : Headquarters, Military Division of the Mississippi, In the Field, Chattanooqa, Tennessee, December 10, 1863. General Orders, No. 9. The general commanding takes this opportunity of returning his sincere thanks and congratulations to the brave armies of the Cum- berland, the Ohio, the Tennesdce, and their comrades from the Poto- mac, for the recent splendid and decisive successes acLieved over the enemy. lu a short time you have recovered from him the control of the Tennessee River, from Bridgeport to Knoxville. You dislodged him from his great stronghold upon Lookout Mountain ; drove him from Chattanooga Valley ; wrested from his determined grasp the possession of Missionary Ridge ; repelled, with heavy loss to him, his repeated assaults upon Knoxville, forcing him to raise the siege there, driving him at all points, utterly routed and discomfited, beyond the limits of the State. By your noble heroism and determined courage, you have most efiectually defeated the plans of the enemy for regain- ing possession of the States of Kentucky and Tennessee. You have secured positions frorn which no rebellious power can drive or dislodge you. For all this, the general commanding thanks you, collectively and individually. The loyal people of the United States thank and bless you. Their hopes and prayers for your success against this un- holy rebellion are with you, daily. Their faith in you will not be in viiin. Their hopes will not be blasted. Their prayers to Almighty God will be answered. You will yet go to other fields of strife ; and with the invincible bravery and unflinching loyalty to justice and right which have characterized you in the past, you will prove that no enemy can withstand you, and that no defences, however formidable, can check your onward march. By order of Maj.-Gen. U. S. GRANT. While these events were occurring in the West, the armies in Vir- ginia were not idle. In October, General Lee made a sudden move 732 ADMINISTRATION OP LINCOLN. mont northward, and interposed General Ewell's division between General Monde and the city of Washington. Both armies were soon brought face to face upon the twice-fought field of Bull Kun, and a general engagement was expected. But with the exception of a sharp encounter near Centrovillc, between the rol>el General Ilill and Gen- eral Warren's corps, no action took place. The rebels contented themselves with destroying the railroads and bridges which would have aided General Meade in an advance upon Richmond, and both armies were soon in their old position on each side of the Ilapi ADMINIHTRATION' OF LINCOLN. 733 the ITniUMi StntcH, and tho Union of tho Statoa thoronndnr ; and that I will in like manner abide by and faithfully nupport all actn of Con- grosfl paHHud during tho existing robollion with rufcronce to slavcii, so long and so far as not rcpnaluti, modified, or hold void by Congruss, or by duciHinn of tho Supromu Court; and that I will in like miinner abide by and faithfully support all proclamations of thu rrosidont, made during tho existing rebellion having reference to slaves, so long and so far ns not modified or declared void by decision of the Supremo Court. So help me Ood." Several cliisst's of persons at the South were excepted from the benefit of this procl.itnation — those who had raude themselves promi- nent in tho civil or military departments of tho confederacy. A brief abstract of the reports from tho heads of tho departments will show the vast scale upon which the war was being conducted. The Sccri'tari/ of War, for obvious reasons, gave no information in regard to the number of men in tho field, but in regard to the employ- ment of free nejjrooH, said : " Immediately after the issuing of the Prcsi- dont's ]>roclamation, diligent efforts were commenced, and have been continued until the present time, for raising colored troops. Tho adjutantrgoncral was sent to tho Mississippi to organize the slaves there. Fifty thousand colored troops are now organized, and the num- ber will rapidly increase as our armies advance. Tho freed slaves make good soldiers, are easily disciplined, and are full of courage. The slave has proved his manhood and capacity, and makes a good infantry, artillery, or cavalry soldier, as has been evidenced on several occasions. The colored troops have been allowed no bounty, and under the construction given by tho department, they can only by the existing law receive $10 per month for their services, while white sol- diers receive $13, clothing, and daily rations." TTie Secretary of the Navy reports that he has maintained an un- exampled blockade of 3,649 miles of sea coast, including the guarding of 189 harbors, river openings, and inlots. In addition, there are over a hundred gunboats patroling the Mississippi and its tributaries, which figure up 3,616 miles that need watching. The increase of the naval force during the past year has again been very considerable. At tho commencement of the administration it consisted of 76 vessels, and of these only 42 were in commission. Ta December, 1862, the number of vessels was 427; during the current year it was increased to 588. 734 ADMINISTBATION OP LINCOLN. ^, The following is a general exhibit of the navy. No. of No. of T„„-._. VeweU. Gum. Tonnr^pi. Iron-clad stoamors, coaat service 46 150 62,518 Iron-clad Htearaers, inland service 29 152 20,784 Side-wheel steamers 203 1,240 126,517 Screw steamers 198 1,578 187,892 Sailing vessels 112 1,323 70,256 Total 588 4,443 497,667 The number of vessels captured by the squadrons and reported to the department on the 1st of November is 1,045, classified as follows: schooners, 647 ; steamers, lV9 ; sloops, 131 ; brigs, 30; barks, 26; ships, 15 ; yachts and small boats, llV. This is exclusive of a large number destroyed on the Mississippi and other rivers, and on the coast. The Secretary of the Treasury gives the following as the receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1863. Prom Customs $69,059,642 40 From Lands 167,617 17 From Miscellaneous 3,046,615 35 From Direct Tax 1,485,103 61 From Internal Eevenue 37,640,787 95 Balance from last year 13,043,546 81 Total receipts from ordinary resources $124,443,313 29 The disbursements were as follows : The Civil Service $23,253,922 08 Pensions and Indians 4,216,520 79 War Department 599,298,600 83 Navy Depai-traent 63,?10,105 27 Interest on De 24,729,846 61 Total $714,709,995 58 On the 1st of February, 1864, as an indication of the vigor with which the approaching campaign was to be conducted, the President ordered a draft of 500,000 men, to serve for three years or during the war. The policy of employing negroes in the service was now fully approved, after a fair trial, and under the laws, white men liable to the draft could enlist as substitutes the liberated negroes of the South. ADMINISTKATION OF LINCOLN. 735 On the 5tli of February, a detachment of three brigades, under General Seymour, left Port Royal for Jacksonville, Florida. On the 20th, after a successful march into the interior, and the destruction of a large amount of supplies and war material, the enemy were met in force at Olustcc, when a severe engagement ensued, which ended in a complcto rout of the Union forces, with the loss of about 1,000 men and a number of guns. On the 28th of the same mont'i. General Kilpatrick crossed the Rapidan with a heavy cavalry force, and passing to the rear of Lee's army unobserved, pushed directly for Richmond. lie reached a point within three miles of that city, and destroyed a large nuuiber of mills, besides doing incalculable damage to railroads and canals. He re- turned by way of the Peninsula, and reached Williamsburg safely on the 3d of March. In this expedition, Colonel Dalilgrcn, a son of the naval hero of that name, was killed. On the 12th of March, the President assigned to General U. S. Grant the command of the armies of the United States, and at the same time assigned to General Sherman the military department of the Mississippi, which Grant had vacated, and to General McPherson the department of the Tennessee. lie then called for an additional force of 200,000 men. The appointment of General Grant was received with acclamation by the country. His brilliant campaigns in the West had display id such eminent abilities, that Congress had conferred upon hira the rank of Lieutenant-General — an honor never before conferred upon any man in this country except George Washington, General Grant immediately proceeded to Washington, and com- menced preparations to crush the grand army of General Lee, which had, for nearly three years, resisted successfully the shock of the Union armies. He at once organized an immense force, consisting of the army of the Potomac, under General Meade, consisting of three corps of infantry, numbering nearly 150,000 men, under Hancock, Warren, and Sedgwick ; a cr.vah y corps under General Sheridan ; and a reserve corps of about 40,000 men, under General Burnside. The army of the James, under Generals Butler and Gillmore ; and the army of the Shenandoah, under Generals Sigcl and Emory, were stationed for co- operation with the main army. Turning from the army of the Potomac to the country west of the Missisoippi, we find General Smith, early in March, proceeding up the Red River, accompanied by a mortar fleet under Admiral Porter. On ■#: i 136 ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. the 13th of March they captured Fort de Russey, a stroog fortification seventy miles from the mouth of the river. Reaching Alexandria, that town immediately surrendered. The fruits of the expedition thus far had been the capture of an immense amount of cotton, which was sent down the river to Now Orleans. General Banks had now united his force with that of General Smith, and together, about thirty miles above Alexandria, they met the rebel army under General Dick Tay- lor, and routed them ; but following up their successes, they were attacked by Taylor's reinforced army, at Pleasant Hill, and after a san- guinary engagement, were routed and driven, with heavy loss, in con- fusion down the river. This was the disastrous Red River expedition. A strong auxiliary force under General Steele had set out from Little Rock, Arkansas, to join General Banks at Shreveport, but learning the fate of the main army, they attempted to return, and were only able to do so after being seriously harassed by the enemy, and losing some 2,000 men, a number of guns, and a large train of wagons. On the 12th of April, the rebel General Forrest attacked Fort Pil- low, about seventy miles above Memphis. Overpowered by numbers. Major Booth, who was in command, surrendered. An immediate and indiscriminate massacre of the garrison followed. Out of the 600 in the fort, only 200 escaped. The larger portion of the garrison were negro soldiers, and it was against them that the special malice of the rebel soldiery was aimed. On the 1*7 th of April, the rebels attacked Plymouth, North Carolina, which place was occupied by our forces under General Wessels. By She aid of gunboats and an iron-clad ram, they compelled General Wessels to abandon Plymouth aad retire to Fort Williams. This place they carried by storm, capturing the entire garrison. On the morning of the 3d of May, the army of the Potomac broke camp on the north bank of the Rapidan, near Culpepper Court House, and on that and the following day crossed the river. The Second corps, under Hancock, crossed at Ely's Ford, and the Fifth and Sixth corps, under Warren and Sedgwick, crossed at Germania Ford, farther up the river. General Burnside followed up, and held his corps as a reserve on the north bank of the river. General Lee was strongly entrenched at Mine Run, and seeing that General Grant's design was to flank his right, at once endeavored to resist his progress. The country into which General Grant's army had plunged, on crossing the river, consisted of the dense forest, called the " Wilderness," which was wholly unfit for tho service of cavalry or r:lii 'i ADM1N18TUAT10N OF LINCOLN. 131 artillery. Whilst struggling for a position in this forest, Sedgwick's corps was violently attacked by Longstrcet on the 6th. The attack was successfully resisted. Longstreet withdrew for a time, and re- turned to the fight with renewed vigor. He was again repulsed, and withdrew. At the same time a desperate attack was made upon Warren's corps, which was in like m.%nner repulsed. Burnside's reserves had been ordered up, and were of graat service in checking the enemy's advance. ., > ,, ■ii-...'> On the morning of the 6th the engagement became general all along the lines. So desperate was the fighting that the interval between the opposing lines was, in some places, lost and gained by turns five or six times. At noon Longstreet and Hill made a furious attack upon the left and centre, and gained an advantage, which they soon lost. Towards dark a sudden attack was made upon the right, under Generals Seymour and Shaler, which resulted in the cap- ture of these two generals, and the complete overthrow of this wing of the army. Grant's whole army was now in peril, and might have been lost, but for the stubborn resistance of General Sedgwick, who rallied his troops and hold the enemy in check at a vital point until darkness closed the scene. During the night the enemy retired. The losses in Grant's army during these two terrible days was about 15,'"^ Lee's loss was not less than this. Among the killed in Grant's army were Generals Wadsworth, Hayes, and Webb. Lee lost in killed Generals Jones, Jenkins, and Pickett. Longstreet, Pegram, and Hunter were severely wounded. Lee fell back to Spottsylvania Court House, and Grant changed his. base of supplies to Fredericksburg. » i> ..,."(( On Saturday, the 7th, sharp skirmishing was kept up, but no. general action took place. On the 8th, Giaiit's advance towards Spottsylvania was checked at a place called Alsop's Farm, where a severe engagement was had, which resulted in the loss of at least 1,300 men on a side. On the 9th there was no general battle, but in the skirmishing that was kept up the Union army lost one of its chief supports by the death of the accomplished and brave General Sedg- wick. While superintending the mounting of artillery in what was deemed a safe position, he was instantly killed by a ball from a rebel sharpshooter, which entered his forehead. , On Tuesday, the 10th, and the following day, the entire strength of . both armies was in conflict from early morning till nightfall, but no decisive advantage was gained to either side. Early on the morning 138 ADMINISTRATION OP LINCOLN. of the 12th, under cover of a dense fog, the Second corps, under General Iliincock, made an unexpected attack on the enemy's lines, compkitoly surrounded the commands of Generals Edward Johnson and G. II. Stewart, and captured them with their generals. General Uancock brought oflF 4,000 prisoners, but was obliged to leave the thirty heavy guns which he also took, in consequence of the galling fire of the sharpshooters. During this day and the following, the battle raged with the most obstinate fury along the whole line, and it ■was doubtful whether either army had any advantage over the other. Both Generals Lee and Meade issued congratulatory orders to their armies for great successes which each claimod. For eight days the two great armies had been almost constantly engaged. General Grant had lost about 35,000 men, in killed, wounded, and captured, and the rebel loss could not have been less. The fighting was now suspended till the 18th of May, when Han- cock and Burnside again attacked the enemy, but with no decisive result. The following three days were occupied by both armies in gaining new positions. Lee occupied a strong position between the North and South Anna Rivers, and Grant crossed the Pamunkey River, established his base of supplies at the White House, and fixed his headquarters on the ground occupied by McClellan two years before. Both armies wer^* now within fifteen miles of the city of Richmond, and Grant determined to make one more attempt to enter the city. On the 1st of June he took a strong position near Cold Harbor, and on the 3d, after one i the most desperate battles of the war, gained possession of that place. He then assaulted the enemy's works beyond— the last barrier that lay between him and Richmond — but after a protracted and bloody contest, failed to carry their works, and with this failure ended the struggle to enter Richmond from the North. General Grant at once made preparations to cross the James River and attack Richmond from the South. So rapidly was this accom- plished that by the 16th of June the entire army had crossed the river, and was encamped before Petersburg. Turning to the Valley of the Shenandoah, we find a strong move- ment there, having for its object the capture of Lynchburg, which was the depot of supplies for Lee's army at Richmond. On the 4th of May General Sigel marched upon Staunton, and General Averill upon Wytheville, designing to capture those places, and then to unite with General Crook at Dublin depot, and march upon Lynchburg. Neither r '*ir^ ' .'I ADMINISTUATION OF LINCOLN. General Avcrill nor General Crook were able to carry out their plans, and on the 13th, General Sigel, with the main body of the array of the Shenandoah, was attacked by the rebel General Breckinridge and defeated, and driven back in great confusion to Strasburg. Sigel was at once removed, and hia command given up to General Hunter, (n the 6th of June, Hunter fought the rebel General Jones at Staunton, killed him, and took 1,500 prisoners. After the capture of Staunton, he joined Crook, Averill, and Sullivan, and marched upon Lynchburg, which place lie invested, destroying all the railroads leading to it within his reach. On the 18th, the united commands were attacked with such force by General Early, that General Hunter was forced to retreat His line of retreat up the Shenandoah was cut off, and he was obliged to cross the mountains into Western Virginia. He reached (iauley on the 28th, after a toilsome march, in which his men suffered not only the fatigue of cutting their way through the forests, but the deprivations of hunger. Relieved of Hunter, General Early, with a force of 22,000 men, marched rapidly up the Shenandoah Valley, and crossed the Potomac above Harper's Ferry. General Sigel, who was at Martinsburg, fell back to Sharpsburg, July 3, for the better protection of his commissary stores. Early marched upon Hagerstown, and took possession of that place. Pressing down towards Baltimore, he was met on the 9th of July by General Lewis Wallace, at Monocacy, where a severe engage- ment was had, but without checking the enemy's advance. The next day Early took possession of Fredericktown. From this time for four days, the rebel raiders were engaged in gathering plunder from the defenceless people of Maryland, passing down at one time to within six miles of the city of Washington, cutting the railroad and tele- graphic communication from the North, and filling the country with apprehensions for the safety of the capital itself. But the storn: gathering around him admonished Early that he must retire. On the 13th he recrossed the Potomac, with an immense amount of booty, ind safely made his way back to Richmond, after a two days' fight Jiear Winchester, in which the Union Colonel Mulligan was killed. While at Martinsburgh, Early sent General McCausland, with a javalry force, to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, which place he entered on the 30th, and destroyed. Twenty-five hundred people were made homeless, and property of the value of $4,000,000 was destroyed. When General Grant crossed the Rapidan with the main body of feis armv. an important cooperative movement was made by General m :1' f '1»? ■ , iifcV .f f-,:.:i:. r4o ADM1NI8TEATI0N OF LINCOLN. Butler from Fortress Monroe. With a large force he ascended the Janaes River, and landed at City Point, on the 5th of May, and at once entrenched himself at Bermuda Hundred. He then sent a cavalry force under General Kautz to destroy the railroad communica- tions south of Petersburg. This expedition succeeded in seriously damaging the enemy, and safely returned. General Butler theu moved upon Fort Darling, a strong fortress which commanded the ap- proach to Riclimond by way of James River. This place he was pre- paring to invest, when the enemy made a sortie from the fort on the 16th, attacked Butler, and drove him back into his entrenchments. On the 19th, General Kautz made another great raid around Petersburg, cutting the Richmond and Petersburg and Danville railroads, and destroying a large amount of rebel property. The time was now approaching when the people of the loyal States would be called upon to pass judgment upon the administration of Abraham Lincoln, as his constitutional term of oflBce was expiring. On the 31st of May a convention met at Cleveland, Ohio, and nomi- inated for President, John C. Fremont, and for Vice-President, John Cochrane, of New York. Finding no response from the people, this nomination was soon after declined by the candidates. On the Tth of June the friends of the administration met In conven- tion at Baltimore, and with entire unanimity re-nominated Mr. Lincoln for President, and Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, for Vice-President. The convention resolved as follows : 1. The rebellion must be suppressed by force of arms. 2. The rebels must not be compromised with upon any terms short of unconditional surrender. 3. In favor of an amendment to the constitution forever prohibiting slavery in the United States. 4. That the gratitude of the American people is due the soldiers and sailors of the army and navy. 5. A full endorsement of President Lincoln for all the measures he had adopted to suppress the rebellion. 6. In favor of harmony in the President's cabinet. 7. In favor of securing full protec- tion to the colored soldiers of the army. 8. In favor of fostering and encouraging foreign immigration. 9. In favor of the Pacific railroad. 10. In favor of adopting cfiective measures to pay the national debt. 11. A protest against the establishment of foreign iuiiueuce on this continent. The opposition to the administration called their convention to meet at Chicago on the 4th of July, but afterwards postponed the same to the 29th of August. At that time the convention met, and nominated ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. 741 George B. McClcllan for rrfesidcnt, and George II. Pendleton, of Ohio, for Vicc-rrosidcnt. The convention resolved : 1. Adherence to the Union, under the Constitution. 2. That after four years of failure to restore the Union by the experiment of war, efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities, with a view to an ullimato convention of thj States, or other peaceable means, to the end that, at the earliest practicable moment, peace may be restored, on the basis of the federal Union of the States. 3. Protesting against military interference in elections, and threatening resistance if it is repeated. 4. In favor of freedom of speech and of the press, and protesting against arbitrary arrests and military trials in States not in insurrec- tion. 5. In favor of prompt nu-asures for the relief of Union prisoners of war at the South. 6. Pledging care, protection, regard, and kindness to the soldiers of the army, " in the event of our attaining power." The canvass that followed these conventions was remarkably excit- ing, but the following table shows how overwhelmingly the people sustained the administration of Lincoln when the day of trial came, on Tuesday, the 8th of November : STATES. California Conuc'ctK'ut . . . Delaware Illinois Itidiuoa Iowa Kansas Kentucky . . . . . Maino Maryland Maasjidiusetu . Michigan Minne«ola Missouri Nevada New Ilampsliiru New Jersey. . . New York .... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania. . Bhode Island. . Vermont West Virginia. Wisconsin Total POPULAR VOTE. 58,698 44.691 8,116 189,496 1.50,238 89,075 16,441 26,592 61.803 40.153 126,742 85,352 25,060 71,676 9.826 36,400 60,723 368,735 264,975 9,888 296,391 13,692 42,419 2.3,152 83.458 2,203,831 MCCLKLLAN. 42,255 42,285 8,767 158,730 130,233 49,596 3,691 61,478 44,211 32,739 48,745 67,370 17,375 31,<526 6,594 32,871 68,024 361,986 205,557 8,457 276,316 8,470 13,331 10,438 65,884 1,797,019 ELECTORAL VOTE. LINCOLN. MCrLELLAN. 5 6 16 13 7 7 12 8 4 11 3 6 33 21 3 26 4 6 5 8 II !' \ :* 214 21 742 ADMINiSTBATION OV LINCOLN. On Uio 10th of June, the rebel privateer, Alabama, Captain ScnimcB, which had scourged the soa from nearly the opening of the war, was engaged in the British Channel, by the Union steamer Kcarsarge, Captain WiiiNJuw, and in less than an hour was sunk. The vessels were every way evenly matclied. The fight took place near the har- bor of Cherbourg, on the French coast. The Alabama commenced the attack at 11.10 in the morning. At twelve she was in a sinking state, and attempted to run into Cherbourg, but Captain Winslow ran up within 400 yards of her, and gave her a broadside, which rendered her condition liopeless. Scmmcs then struck his colors, and his men took to their boats or jnni[)ed into the sea. An English yacht, the Decrhountl, owm-d by oue Mr. Lancaster, was a witness to the com- bat, and when the Alabama sunk, ran up and rescued Semmes and his officers, and about forty of his crew. The Kcarsarge saved sixty, and nine were picked up by a French pilot boat. The Deerhound took Semmes and his men into Southampton, where they were lionized by the people. Captain Winslow took the prisoners he had into Cher- bourg, and released them on parole. The Alabama had seven men killed and seventeen wounded. The Kcarsarge did not lose a man. We have traced the grand array of the Potomac to the South bank of the James River, where it is seated before Petersburg. Turning now to the West, we find General Sherman at Chattanooga, with an army of 99,000 men, moving tQwards Atlanta, according to a plan agreed upon between himself and General Grant. For corps com- manders he had Thomas, McPherson, Schofield, and Hooker. He found opposed to him the corps under Hardee, Hood, and Polk, all under the general command of General Joseph E. Johnston. On the 15th of May, Sherman attacked Johnston at Resaca, and drove him out of that place in a southerly direction. Following him up, he over- took him at Adairsville, and after a sharp engagement, pressed him still farther south. Sherman now encamped at Kingston. On the 23d of May, he supplied his men with twenty days' rations, broke camp, crossed the river Etowah, and entered tl^e dangerous defile known as Altoona Pass. On the 24th he met the enemy at Dallas, and defeated them. On the 6th of June, he reached Ackworth, six miles south of the Pass, where he had the satisfaction of knowing that lie had passed through the roughest portion of the mountainous region, and was within reach of the fertile plains of the centre of the State. Johnston confronted him at Keneaaw Mountains, with strong posts at Pilot Knob, and Pine, and Lost Mountaios. On the 14th of ADMINISTRATIOK OF LINCOLN. 743 June, in an nttnclc on tho rebel lino between Kcnoflaw and Pine Mountains, the rebel General Polk was killed. On tho 16th, Sherman compelled tho enemy to cvaciiato Pino Mountain, and on tho 20th he drove them from Lost Mountain. On tho 27th he made an assault on their position on Kencsaw Mountain, and was repulsed with tho loss of nearly .3,000 men. The enemy, however, evacuated their position on tho 3d of July, and being succossivoly flanked in tho positions they removed to, fell back to Atlanta. General Hood was now placed in command of tho rebel army con- fronting General Sherman, and he adopted a now policy. Sherman's lino was now extended to the length of fourteen miles, resting in tho form of an arch on the northeast, and within five miles of Atlanta. On the 20th of July General Hood sallied from Atlanta, and made a desperate charge upon Hooker's corps, but was repulsed with tho loss of 5,000 men. Hooker lost 1,700. Again 017 the 22d, he attacked, with terrible energy, tho left wing under McPherjJon, and at first suc- ceeded in breaking the Union lines ; but they 8t)on| rallied, and checked his advance. Six times he burled bis massed (lolumns against the Union lines, but was repulsed in every attempt! On this day the brave McPherson fell, mortally wounded. His death was a national misfortune, but no one felt it so keenly as General Sherman, who looked to him as his strongest support. Hood's loss in these assaults was about 12,000, and Sherman's less than 2,000. On the 28th Hood again massed his forces and attacked Sherman's right wing, com- manded by Logan, and was again repulsed with fearful loss. The month of August was consumed in breaking up Hood's linos of communication. Stoncman, Kilpatriok, and McCook, with strong cavalry commands, made desperate havoc in all directions. In one of these raids, Stoneman, with nearly his whole command, was captured, and McCook was compelled to cut his way out with great loss; but the effect upon the enemy was to make Atlanta untenable for them. All the attempts of Hood to break the commnnications of Sherman were disastrous failures. He made a determined attack on Dalton, for that purpose, but was defeated by General Steadman, and forced t6 retire. Finally, on the night of the 1st of September, Hood blew up liis ammunition trains and evacuated Atlanta, retreating southward. The next day Sherman entered tho city, and determining to make it a strictly military post, ordered all civilians out of it, sending the loyi" North, and the disloyal South. The grand campaign of Atlanta was thus closed, after a conspicuous display, on the part of its great leader, ■ *■*'«{« 744 ADMINISTBATIOX OF LINCOLN. of all the qualities that go to make up a perfect master of the art of van Immediately on transferring his army to the south bank of the JamL>8,(ieiieral Grant cummcnced opcrutionit against Petersburg. This placi! communicates with the 8outh by moans of three railroads— Suf- folk, WcUion, and Lynchburg. The Sutlolk road was in his |)os8cn- sion. On the 'J2d of June, he moved his Second and Sixth corps upon the VW'ldon road. The cavalry commands of Wilson and Kautz were also ordered to break up as much of this and the Lynchburg road as possibK'. Tlicso expeditions were eminently successful in destroying the railroads, but were severely handled at Uoams' Station and other points on the two roads, and returned in disorder on the 30th, with considerable loss. During all this time a heavy bombiirdmcut was kept up upon Petersburg. General Grant now prepared for a grand assault upon the enemy's works. He constructed a mine 400 feet in length, with two g.illeries, which ran to u point just in front of Cemetery Hill, the salient of the rebel fortifications. This mine was charged with eight tons of pow- der. On the morning of the 30th of July, at forty minutes pjist four o'clock, everything being in reailiness, and a strong force having been despatched to the north side of the James River to attack the enemy's left and divert their attention, the mine was exploded with all the vio- lence of an earth juake. A largo gap was made by it in the .memy's ■works, and a North Carolina regiment was blown up or buriet'. At once one hundred and fifty heavy guns were opened upon the enemy's works. During the previous night the storming party had been arranged, consisting of the Ninth corps in the centre, supported by the Fifth and Eighteenth corps. When the mine exploded there was a fatal delay of the storming party, and when they did move, the enemy's artillery was so trained upon them that they were fairly crushed to death in the awful chasm made by the explosion of the mine. They were repulsed with the loss of nearly six thousand men. True to his policy of giving the enemy no rest, General Grant attacked them on the 13th of August on the north bank of the James, near Deep Bottom, capturing 500 prisoners; and on the 18th made another attack upon them at Reams' Station, on the Weldon road, and took possession of the road. The fighting at this point continued for six days, with great loss on both sides, but resulted in the rebels being repulsed. Dissatisfied with the management in the Shenandoah Valley, Gen- AI>MIN18TUATI0N OK LINCOLN. 745 rrnl Tirant organisscd it into a new dopartinent, and put Oencral IMiilip II. Sheridan in command of it. On the 10th of August (Jenoral Mosby broko Sheridan's commiinicntioim at Rcrryvillo. On the 2Ut, SheridHii waH nttnciccd near (Jharlestown, and compcllod to fail back to llfditown. (icncrai Sheridan now gathered the full strength of his command, and pursued Early, defeating liim on the 19th at Opcquan Creek, and on tiie 22d at Kislier's Hill, and driving him out of the valley. Sheridan now turned his att«'ntion to the destruction of every- thing in the lower part of the valley wliich was capable of protecting or sustaining the guerrilla forces which had given our armies so much an- noyance. By the 7th of October lie had fallen back to Woodstock, after having rendered desolate everything in his path up to that point. Among tlio property destroyed were two thousand barns, filled with wheat, hay, and farming implements, and seventy mills filled with flour and wheat. He also captured four thousand cattle and a large number of horses. From Woodstock, Sheridati fell back to Cedar Creek, beyond Strasburg. Here he was attacked by Early, who had followed him up, on the 19th of October. At the time of the attack, Sheridan was fifteen mdes away from his conmiand, and everything threatened disaster to bis army. His left flank was turned, and his men all fell back four miles, losing twenty-four pieces of artillery. Sheridan arrived on the field at noon, re formed bis broken columns, infused his own spirit into Lis men, and turning upon Early, defeated and almost annihilated bis army. ' A provoking, rather than a serious affair, occurred on the 16th of September. General Wade Hampton, at the head of a small party of rebel cavalry, swept around General Grant's cattle-yard at Harrison's Landing, and carried safely off 2,500 head of cattle. Fighting was kept up incessantly around Richmond and Petersburg, on both sides of the river, and a terrific bombardment of Petersburg never ceased. At Chapin's Farm and on Newmarket Heights, on the 29th and 30th of September, severe engagements were had with unim- portant advantages to General Grant On the Tth of October, a des- perate attack was made on Terry's division on the Darbytown road, which was unsuccessful. Indeed the whole of the month of October w.is passed by both armies near Richmond in determined movements, with great loss on both sides, but no apparent advantage to either. It was evident, however, that the rebels were losing strength, in conse- quence of the destruction of their supplies and the interruption of their means of communication. * . .. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I b;|2^ |2.5 |J0 ~^~ ■■■ I. 11.25 1 1.4 1 1.6 V2 W /a V /A ■4^ 6^ 7<6 ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. After the battle of Cedar Creek, General Sheridan's army moved back to the vicinity of Winchester, and during the winter was mainly engaged as an army of observation. Sheridan, in the meantime, how< ever, desolated the Blue Ridge Valley, as he had that of the Shenan- doah, to break up the guerrilla marauding. On the 7th of October, the rebel privateer Florida was captured in the harbor of Bahia, on the coast of Brazil, by the United States steamer Wachusett, Captain Collins. At the time of the capture, the captain and crew were ashore. She was brought back to Hampton Roads by her captors, and while a discussion was going on between the Brazilian government and ours, whether Captain Collins did right to take the ship in the friendly waters of Brazil, the Florida was run into and sunk by an army transport, on the night of the 10th of Novcmb.T. This brought ♦he controversy about her to a close. In November a most damaging blow was struck at the rebel power by General Stoneman, who penetrated southwestern Virginia, and on the 20th of that month destroyed the immense salt and lead works at Saltvillc, and broke up a large portion of the East Tennessee and Vir- ginia railroad, in,; .• . On the 1 3th of December, a fleet of sixty-five vessels of war and one hundred transports sailed from Fortress Monroe, bound for Fort Fisher, which commanded Wilmington harbor. The land force on board was 7,000 men, ind the whole expedition was under command of General Butler. Wilmington was the only seaport left the rebels on the Atlantic coa^t, and an immense trade was carried on between that port and Bermuda, in spite of the efforts of the blockading squad- ron to prevent it. On the 23d the fleet reached the harbor in front of the fort, and commenced operations by exploding a powder vessel within five hundred ya!ds of the fort. Although this vessel was loaded with two hundred barrels of powder, and it was supposed would tlow the fort down and render it untenable, it made no impression upon the fortification whatever. A heavy bombardment from the fleet followed, and a force of 3,000 men was landed and made an assault upon the fort, but the first attack was repulsed, and General Butler hurriedly withdrew his forces on the 27th, and returned to Fortress Monroe. Mortified at this failure, which h^ deemed unnecessary, General Grant at once ordered General Butler to turn over his command to General Alfred H. Terry, and to report from Lowell, Massachusetts. General Terry was ordered back to Fort Fisher. He reached the fort ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLN. 747 on the 13th of January, and landed his troops and carried the place by assault on the 14th, capturing one thousand prisoners. General Terry's loss was mostly caused by the explosion of the magazine of the fort on the 16th, which was occasioned by a careless soldier, and by which 265 men were killed and wounded. Eirly in August a fleet, consisting of fourteen sloops-of-war and four iron-clad monitors, under the invincible Farragut, sailed from New Orleans for Mobile harbor, to seize the foils at the entrance of that harbor, and break it up as a port for blockade-running. The three forts, Morgan, Powell, and Gaines, at the entrance of Mobile Bay, Were very strong works, and considered impregnable by the rebels. On the morning of the 4th, the fleet sailed up the channel, and the gunboat Tecumsch, Captain Craven, fired the first shot, when she was almost immediately seen to careen and sink, carrying her commander and all her crew down with her. She had struck one of the torpedoes with which the harbor was filled. But the main reliance of the rebels was an enorn.oiis iron-clad ram, the Tennessee, which was considered the most powerful war vessel ever constructed. This monster was supported by three formidable gunboats. Such was the power with which Farragut's fleet moved, that before nine o'clock in the morning the forts were captured and passed, and all the rcbc! gunboats dis- persed or crippled. Then commenced what Farragut hi^isolf describes as " one of the fiercest naval combats on record." The whole fleet attacked the great rebel ram. The attack was made not only with their guns, but " bows on at full speed." Not less than four of the largest vessels of the fleet ran upon the monster full force, doing them- selves far more damage than they did the r&in. while at the same time the smaller vessels swnrmcd around, and pc .led volley after volley of heavy shot into all parts ot it. This contest lasted only two hours, when Admiral Buchanan, commanding the Tennessee, struck his colors, and the contest was over. No attempt was made to take pos- session of Mobile, for the possession of the harbor broke up the trade of the city, which was the object of the expedition. During this fight Admiral Farragut was lashed into the maintop of his vessel, the better to observe the progress of the battle. When General Sherman took possession of Atlanta in September, he intended to - remain there only long enough to recruit his troops, and then push forward for Savannah, through the heart of Georgia. But he soon found that he must first contest with General Ilood for the possession of the railroad to Chattanooga, by which he was '!!■ ii' f,\i' 748 ▲DUINISniATION C? LINCOLN. receiving his supplies. Hood attacked the rood between Resacs and Daltou, and took possession of it, but was quickly driven into Northern Alabania by General Sherman. Forrest made a demonstra- tion upon the road between Nashville and Chattanooga, but he, too, was soon driven out of the way by General Thomas. General Sher- man had now no difficulty in bringing up all needed supplies, and was soon in condition for a forward movement He sent to General Thomas force enough, so that he knew that brave soldier could take care of Tennessee, and then took up the railroad from Atlanta to Chattanooga, and sent it back to the latUtr pluco, together with all the property of value at Atlanta. On the 4th of NuvemUtr he sent the President the foil )wing characteristic telegram : " Hood has crossed the Tennessee. Tliomas will take care of hira and Nashville, while Schofield will not let him into Chattanooga or Knoxville. Georgia and South Carolina are at my mercy — and 1 shall strike. Do not be anxious about me. I am all right." On the 1 5th of November Atlanta was evacuated and destroyed, and Sherman took up his march to the sea, which was distant by the route he proposed to take, 300 miles. Ilis army consisted of 60,000 infantry and artillery, and 10,000 cavalry, and moved in two main columns, ex- tending nearly sixty miles. Gen. Howard commanded the right wing, composed of the F.ftccnth and Seventeenth corps, and General Slocum the left, consistnig of the Fourteenth and Twentieth corps, while the cavalry, under General Kilpatrick, covered the flanks. The orders to march not over fifteen miles a day were strictly enforced. The route lay through one of the most fertile regions of the South, and the army found no difficulty in subsisting upon the country. The march of the army was attended with the destruction of everything in its path. No white men were found, but the negroes gathered around the army in swarms. On the 20th the army reached Millcdgoville, the capital of Georgia, but everything movable of value had been taken away. On the 9th of December, the advance was so near the coast that one of Shermai-'s scouts succeeded in reaching General Foster at Hilton Head, and reporting himself. On the lath the whole army was within ten miles of Savannah, On the 13th Sherman stormed Fort McAllis- ter, which commanded the approach of Savannah from the sea, and captured it, which put the city of Savannah at his feet. On the 20th Savannah was evacuated by Hardee, and on the 22d, Sherman took possession, and wrote the President as follows : " I beg to present to you as a Christmas gift, tho city of Savannah, ADMINISTIIATION OF LINCOLX. 749 with 160 heavy guns and plenty of amnaunition, and also about 26,000 bales of cotton." On the 28th, a meeting of the citizens of Savannah was held, under a call from Mayor Arnold, and a resolution was unanimously adopted, " to accept peace, submitting to the national authority under the con- stitution, liiying aside all differences, and burying by-gones in the grave of the past." When General Sherman left Atlanta for the coast. General Ilood commenced his movements for the recapture of Tennessee. Hood and Beauregard moved np the Tennessee lliver to Athens, wliile Thomas fell back, concentrating his army at Nashville. At Franklin, eighteen miles south of Nashville, General Schofield was posted with a strong force. On the 30th of November, Hood's entire army attacked Scho- field at tliis place, with desperate energy, but were repulsed with the lofts uf 0,000 men. Schofield's loss was 2,500. Schofield then fell hnr.k and junied General Thomas at Nashville. Ilood j)re8sed forward boldly and laid siege to Nashville, where for two weeks there were no movements on either side. Being in readiness on the IStli, Thomas assumed the offensive, and attacked Ilood in his intrenehinents. Hood was not only defeated, but his army was utterly destroyed. Six days' terrible fighting, ending in the shattered remnants of his army being driven across the Tennessee River, with the loss of eighteen generals, 1 7,000 men, and sixty-eight pieces of artillery. A cooper- ating force under Forrest attacked Murfrcesboro on tlie 15tli, where Rousseau was stationed, and was as bndly cut up as the maiti body. Tliis ended the war in Tennessee. Hood escaped into Alabama, after being still further harrassed by General Grierson's cavalry, and passed out of sight. The vigorous measures of General Sheridan had clcired the valley ol'ilic Shenandoah of all hostile troops, and at the opening of the year 1805, the attention of the country was fixed upon the armies under Sherman and Grant. Immediately after the capture of Fort Fisher, on the 15th of January, General Terry moved up the river to Wilmington, which place he took possession of on the 22d of February, after a slight re- sistance by the rebel troops. At the opening of the year 1866, it will be seen, then, that the theatre of military operations had been iiarrowerro>i8 of the United States, but a Congress of part of the States, thus denying the validity of their legislation, except so far as he chose to approve it; and, inpur^uniice of this decliira- tion, attempted to prevent the execution of the Tennre-ot'-0(Rce Act, by unlawfully riving means or preventing Kdwin M. Stanton from resuming the odice of Secre- tary of War when the Senate had refused to concur in his su-^pcnsion, nnd also attempted to prevent the execution of the Appropriation Act of March 2, 1HG7 (as in Article I.\.), and also of the Act of March '2, 1867, " for the more clHcient govern- ment of the rebel States," thus committing a high misdemeanor in otHcu. To proaecutc these articles before the Senate, the House elected John A. Biughum of Oliio, George S. Boiitwell of Mussaehusetts, James F. Wilsou of Iowa, Benjainiu F. Butler of Massacliusetts, Thomas Williams of Peuusylvauia, Johu A. Logan of Illinois, and Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania. For the defence, the President selected Henry Stanberry of Ohio, Benjamin F. Curtis of Mas,sachusetts, AV^illiam M. Evarts of New York, William S. Groesbeck of Ohio, and Judge Nelson of Tennessee. The trial was formally opened on Monday the thirtieth day of March, and closed on the 6th of May. Chief Justice Chase of the United States Supreme Court presided. It was conducted on both sides with transcendent ability. For vavious reasons the Senate did not reach a vote on either article until the 14th of May. Tiiey then took up the eleventh article first, and failed to pass it by the reqiii.>jite two-thirds vote. The vote stood 35 ayos to 19 uoes. Further pro- ceedings were then postponed to Tuesday, May 2(5. On that day the Senate met as a Court of Impeachment, and voted on the second and third articles. The vote was in each case the same as on the eleventh article. The President being acquitted on all the articles voted upon, further voting was deemed unnecessary, and the court thereupon dissolved ; on hearing which, Mr. Stanton at once vacated the War Ottice, and Gen. Thomas took formal possession. The President, however, immediately nominated Gen. John M. Schofield of Illinois, for the place, which nomination the Senate confirmed, and order was once more restored. At a convention of the National Union Republican party, held on the 20th of May, at Chicago, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was nominated for president, and Schuyler Colfax of Indiana for vice-president. WIIiblAM PITT, SON or TH> XARL O* OBATBAIf. CHAPTER LVIII. CANADA UNDER THB BRITISH. i Uie cultivators- HE history of Canada under the French has been given in a previous part of this work; and for an account of its conquest by the British, the reader is referred to Chapter XXV. The popu- lation at the time of the conquest was about seventy thousand, divided in a poor yet much respected nobility, and race frugal, industrious, and moral. General Mur- 769 770 CANADA UNDER inB BRITISH. ray was appointed governor, and during his administration the rights of the old settlers were faithfully guarantied to them. In fact, the British government, immediately after the conquest, exercised toward the Canadians a policy at once liberal and wise. The habituns, as they are now called, were secured in their property, invested witii the rights of citizens, and allowed the free enjoyment of their religion. The luws of England, both civil and criminal, including trial by jury, were also introduced, and though the Fre>.ch still preferred, in many cases, the customs reconoilod to them by habit, they did not fail to appreciate most of the improvements introduced by the new government. At the time of the conquest, the British residents of Canada, exclu- sive of military men, were few and weak. Some five hundred traders, mostly of small capital, were scattered through the provinces. They seem to have been but ill-fitted for their station, often exhibiting a bigoted spirit, and an unjustifiable contempt of the French population. But owing to the firmness of the governor, the latter were protected by aU the means at his disposal j and by this impartiality not only were many collisions between the two races avoided, but the old inhabitants became attached to the governor, and respected his government. Little of historic interest occurred in the colony from this time until the revolt of the Thirteen colonies south of Canada. Tiie importance of maintaining the Canadians in a state of loyalty wiw well understood by the mother country; and in order to gratify national partialities, Par- liament, in 1774, passed the Quebec Act, by which the English civil law was superseded by the old French code, which had existed before the conquest. The only reservation was that of the criminal branch, which continued similar to that of England. The French language was to be used in the courts ; but no provision was made for a national representation. It is probably owing to the latter cause, that this act, designed to effect a complete reconciliation between the two races, failed to accomplish that object. But during the struggle between Great Britain and her revolted colonies, the Canadians steadily main- tained their allegiance. This was the more singular, from the fact that the American Congress and other republican bodies issued stirring ap- peals to the inhabitants, exhorting them to join against the common foe. Yet the British, as though confiding in the fidelity of the Canadians, withdrew almost all their troops from the province, in order to employ *hem in the south. Tt 9 Americans, failing in their attempts to enlist the Canadians in their cause, adopted the bold resolution of invading Canada with a view tiO its conquest. Of the daring manner in which the invasion was con- i filVIDED tNTO TWO PR0VINCB8. 771 OBARiiXs jA.uas rox. ihictpd, — of the appalling sufferings, and heroic fortitude of officera and men, the fate of their leader, and the ultimate issue of the expedi- tion, the reader will find an account in the twenty-eighth chapter of this volume. From this time until the close of the American war, few events of sufficient importance to narrate occurred in Canada. In 1783, when peace was concluded, numbers of loyalists, obnoxious to the Americans, passed into Canada, where they received liberal grants of land, and by their sobriety and industry laid the foundation of the prosperity which Bubsee boon established, and powerful screw Htearaors connect ita cliief aties with Liverpool and other ports of Europe. • With this material growth, the prof,M-css in educational and religions matters has quite corresponded. In short, Canada, with its intelligent and enterprising population, its healthy climate, its developed pros- perity, and its area of over three hundred and fifty thousand square miles, including boundless resources, is the most magjitiiient colonial possession of the British crown, and, in reality, an enipre in itselt SOUTH AIMERICA. THE ARGENTINE CONFEDEEATION. ' HE thirteen provinces of the Rio de la Plata, which constitute the Argentine Confederation, comprehend a hirge part of the surface of South America. The river Rio Negro has been fixed as their southern boundary ; the mouth of this river is near latitude 41° S. The parallel of 22° S. lat. chiefly constitutes the northern boundary line. On the west, they are divided by the Andes from Chili and Bolivia, and on the east separated from Paraguay by the river Paraguay, and from Brazil and Uru- guay by the river Uruguay. The area of the Confederation is estimated at seven hundred and eighty-six thousand square miles, and the population at something less than one million. Tliough Amerigo Vespucci sailed along the coast before the end of the 15th century, it does not appear that he observed the wide estu- ary of the Rio de la Plata. It was discovered by Juan Diaz de Soils, who was sent to these parts in 1512 by the Spanish government, and he took possession of it, but did not form a settlement. Sebastian Cabot was sent from Spain, in 1530, to make discoveries in South America. He traversed the La Plata, and following the course of the Rio Parand to its confluence with the Paraguay, sailed np the first-mentioned river, but being prevented from proceeding far by shoals and cataracts, he entered the Paraguay, which he ascended 786 786 SOUTH AMEKICA. to a point above the place where Asuncion is situated. He built also a smaU fort at the place where the Rio Tcrcero, or rather the Carcara- fiiil joins the ParanA (32° 30' S. lat.,) which he called Santo Spiritu, whicli however was destroyed by the Indians soon after his departure. The favorable account that he gave of the country called Paraguay, induced the Spaniards to send a considerable force to these parts un- der the Adelantado Don Pedro de Mendoza, in 1534, who built a fort near the spot on which the town of Buenos Ayres now stands ; and he then sailed to Paraguay to found the town of Asuncion. The fort was soon destroyed by the Indians. The Spaniards concentrated their forces in Paraguay, and from thence they gradually began to establish their settlements over the country. In 1573, Don Juan de Garay founded the town of Santa F6. In the mean time other Spaniards, who for some time before had held un- disturbed possession of Alto Peru, or the present republic of Bolivia, a Ivanced southward, passed the Abra de Cortaderas, and founded Salta, Tucuraan, and Cordova, about the same time that Garay built Santa F6. The town of Buenos Ayres was founded by Garay in 1580. He built a fort aufficiently strong to repel the attacks of the Indians. All the countries thus conquered were joined to the viceroyalty of Peru, of which they formed a portion until 1777, when Buenos Ayres was divided from it, and constituted a separate viceroyalty. "N 1805 the town of Buenos Ayres was taken by the British, but they were soon expelled. In 1807 the city jwas again unsuccessfully attacked by a British force under .General Whitelocke, who on his return to England was tried by court-martial for incapacity, and cashiered. The /inhabitants of the Argentine Confederation, like those of the ?other Spanish colonies, did not submit to the authority of Jo- seph Bonaparte, and in 1810 they organized an independent government in the name of king Ferdinand VTI. The loyalty of the leading men who had assumed power was however from the first of a doubtful character. The form of government was fre- quently changed : Buenos Ayres, on the one hand endeavoring to se- cure its supremacy, while the other provinces sought to obtain a na- tional government with equal rights for the several provinces. From 1813 to 1816 the Sovereign Assembly had the chief power, and its meetings were held at Tucuman, which was the scat of government. On the dissolution of this l^ody in April, 1816, a General Congress was called, which, on July Uth, declared the independence of the *• United Provinces of the Rio do la Plata." General Puyerredon was to acki THE ARGENTINE CONFEBERATTON. 7S7 named " Supreme Director," an oflRce which lasted till 1 820. For the next four yosen by the prov- inces ; the senators for life, and the deputies for a temporary period. The former consisted, in 1859, of 65 members, and the latter of 112. Brazil, next to the United States, is the most powerful and prosperous p.ountry of America. CHILI. war, does i 1809; four or 1814, 'HE republic of Chili is a narrow strip of country, lying on the Pacific shores of South America, be tween 25° and 42° S. lat. It contains an area of 249,952 square miles, and is divided into thirteen provinces, with a population of less than a million and a half. This countiy was subjugated in 1450 by the Peruvians, who retained possession of it till they were driven out by the Spaniards, under Almagro, in 1535. The Spaniards were driven out by a general rising of the natives three years after- ward. Pizarro attempted to colonize the country in 1540, and though opposed by the natives of Copiapo, he succeeded in conquering several CHILI. 797 provinces, and founded the city of Santiago, February, 1541. In at- tempting to extend his conquest he exposed his settlement, for six years, to the strong and repeated attacks of the Mapochians, in whose district Santiago was. His lieutenant, Pedro de Valdivia, to whom this extension was entrusted, made the rroniancians his allies, and, surmounting various attacks and oppositions from the natives, founded the cities of Concepcion, Imperial, and Valdivia. He was shortly af- terward defeated by his old enemies, the Araucanians, who took him prisoner, and he was at length dispatched by an old chief with the blow of a club. These Araucanians kept the new colonies for several years in a con- tinual state of alarm and distress; and so far succeeded in avenging their former defeats, as in 1598 to capture Vallansa, Valdivia, Impe- rial, and other towns, and form the cities of Concepcion and Chillar. Nor were these the only losses sustained by the Spaniards. The Dutch plundered Chiloe, and massacred the garrison. The feuds be- tween the Araucanians and Spaniards were settled by a treaty of peace in 1641, which lasted for fourteen years ; then came a war of ten years, and another peace. In 1722 a conspiracy for the extirpation of the whites was happily frustrated. The colonists were gathered into towns, the country divided into provinces, and several new cities founded by the governor, Don Josef Manto, 1V42. A similar attempt by Don Antonia Gonzaga, in respect of the Araucanians, relighted the torch of war, which blazed three years, when harmony was restored. Nor does any thing of particular moment occur in the history of Chili till 1809: then a successful revolutionary movement took place, and for four or five years fortune favored the cause of independence ; but in 1814, a royalist party from Peru nearly extinguished the flame of liberty. Success (in ISlY) returned with General San Martin, who brought them freedom. D. Bernado O'Higgins was made director of the junta; and a fatal blow was struck at the power of the royalists on the 6th of April, 1818, when a large tract of coast was declared in a state of blockade by the Chilian navy, under Lord Cochrane. In 1820, as stated in the history of Peru, the Chilian army, under San Martin, liberated Peru from the Spanish thraldom, and San Martin retired into the ranks of private life in Chili. His example was followed by O'Higgins, who resigned the dictatorship, January 28, 1823, and was succeeded by General Freire, the commander-in-chief. The royalist flag, which was hoisted in September, near the city of Concepcion, was pulled down after a short period, and a free constitution ap- pointed, with a popular government. _ - ' •. , i 798 SOUTH AMERICA. Since the esthblishracnt of the constitution, which wjw proclainioil ill 1830, there have been frequent conflicts between political purties, but the coantry has, on the whole, been more peaceable than most of the other South American statcsi, and not less successful. By the constitution the government received a republican form, with a central legislature and execHtive. The executive power is in the hands of a president, elected every five years ; and a council of state, consisting of the ministry, two members of the court of justice, an ecclesiastical dignitary, a general, two ex-ministers, &e. The legisla- ture consists of a Congress composed of a Senate of 20 members re- taining their functions for nine years, and a House of Representatives elected triennially, to which a deputy is sent for every 20,000 of the population. The President of Chili, in 1859, was Manuel Moutt, against whoso authority an unsuccessful attempt was made by the reactionary party iu the early part of that year. ECUADOR. HIS republic lies between 1° 40' N. lat. and 6° 60' S. lat , and 70° 20' and 80° W. long. It is bounded on the north by the republic of New Granada, east by Brazil, south by Peru, and west by the Pacific dtw^' y yy oceau. Its area is estimated at 287,038 squarc milcs. J|Ip V^**^ i^ jg divided into the departments of Ecuador, Guaya- '^"- quil, and Assuay, and these again into a number of provinces. ' The population of Ecuador is about 700,000. Ecuador was discovered by Pizarro in 1526 ; and came into the hands of the Spaniards at the downfall of the empire of the Incas. It remained a Spanish possession until 1812, when the inhabitants rose in insurrection and made a determined effort to throw off" the Spanish yoke. Quito was then a part of the viceroyalty of New Granada, and it participated fully in the frequent vicissitudes of the war, which ended in 1823 with the complete expulsion of the Spaniards. By the convention of Cucuta, in 1821, New Granada and Venezuela united and formed one republic under the name of Colombia, but this union lasted only till 1831, when these countries again separated. Ecuador, or the ancient kingdom of Quito, was then also separated from New Granada, and since that time has existed as an independent state- Ecuador declared itself an independent republic, and established a con- stitution, according to which it is governed by a president elected for eight years, a vice-president, council of state, and a house of repre- GUIANA. 799 •onliitivcs consisting of ono member for every 40,000 inlmbitantH. I'ho Uoman Cathulic is the ustublished ruligiun : the church is prosidod over by the Archbishop of Quito and the Bishop of Quayac^uil. Tb« presidency in 1869 was occupied by Francois Uoblcs. }rvm 1 ll< GUIANA. r*'llIS is the name applied to the north-eastern por- tion of South America extending from the banks of the Orinoco to those of the Amazon river. Guiana has an area of more than 050,000 square miles, of which a largo portion is included within the boun- daries of the empire of Brazil and the republic of V^eiiezuela : a territory of about 90,000 square miles constitutes J>ritish (jiuiana, about 00,000 square miles Surinam, or Dutch Guiauii, and about 22,000 square miles Cayenne, or French fJuiana; but the boundaries of the respective districts are, in some instances, not very clearly defined. (iuiana was discovered before the end of the 15th century by Vin- cent I'inzon. The Dutch formed the first settlement, about 1690, on the Demerara river, and afterward established themselves at other places. Tiie English settled in 1634 in the neighborhood of the rivers Berbice and Surinam ; but in 1667 the English settlements were given up to the Dutch. The French occupied Cayenne in 1663. During the last war with France the English occupied the Dutch set- tlements; and by the treaty of Paris, 1814, they restored only those between the Courantyne and the Marony to the Dutch, retaining pos- session of the remainder. British Guiana consists of the districts of Deraerara, Essequibo, and Berbice. The seat of government is at Georgetown, Demerara. The governor is appointed by the crown, and legislative affairs are con- ducted by a Court of Policy and a College of Financial Representa- tives. The population is about 1.50,000. Dutch Guiana is governed by an officer appointed by the crown and a council elected by the freeholders. The scat of government is at Paramaribo, on the Surinam river. The population of the colony is about 75,000. French Guiana has a population of about 30,000. The government is conducted by a governor, privy council, and colonial council of 16 members chosen by the inhabitants. Cayenne is the capital of the colony. 1 I ''■'■"! 800 SOUTH AMERICA. NEW GEANADA. ■ HIS republic extends from south to north from tho equator to 12° 80' N. lat., and from east to west from 10° to 83' W. long. It is bounded on the north by the Caribbean sea, south by Ecuador, east by Venezuela, and west by Costa Rica and the Pacific ocean. It contains an area of 521,948 square miles, divided into 36 provinces, with a population of about two and a half millions. New Granada was discovered by Alonso de Ojeda in 1499. The first settlement was made at Santa Maria la Antigua, on the Gulf of Darien, in 1610. The interior of the country was only con- quered toward the middle of the 16th century, by Benalcazar and Ximenes do Qnesneda, who founded the town of Santa F6 de Bogota in 1545. The Spaniards continued in possession of this country till 1811, when New Granada proclaimed its independence. The war which was the consequence of this declaration, continued to devastate the diflferent provinces of which New Granada consists to the year 1821. In 1819 New Granada and Venezuela, being united into one republic, formed a constitution at the Congress of Rosario de Cucuta in 1821, and received into the union Ecuador and Panama in 1823. This union was dissolved in 1831, and the republic of Colombia divided into the three republics of Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador. Like the other republics of South America, New Granada has been ever since the declaration of independence in a very unsettled condition. In 1864 New Granada was in a state of revolution. The government troops were defeated ; and Bogota, the capital, was in possession of the Constitutionalists. The country has since been comparatively quiet and prosperous. The legislature consists of a Senate, with 39 members chosen by the provinces, and a Chamber of Deputies, with 66 members elected by the people. The presidential chair in 1859 was filled by Manuel 0. Rodriguea. PARAGUAY. 801 PARAGUAY. 'HE republic of Paraguay is situf.>,ed nearly in the centre of South America, between the rivers Paran& and Paraguay, and embraces an area of 72,000 square miles. Brazil bounds it on the north and east, Corrientes on the south, and the Argentine Confederation on the west. Its population is about 'tW\ ^*'^ * million. sfmS A^ftsr the Spaniards had discovered the wide embouchure of fi'^ the Rio de la Plata, they sailed upward, and tried to establish a colony on the banks of the river. But two attempts of this kind failed. The settlements contained only a small number of set- tlers, who were soon destroyed by the warlike natives of the plains. In 1535, the Adelantado, Don Pedro de Mendoza, was sent with a considerable number of vessels to found a great colony. He sailed up the Paran4 and Paraguay for nearly a thousand miles, until he came to Paraguay, where he founded the town of Assuucion. From this place the Spaniards, by degrees, spread over all the countries of South America south of 20° S. hit., and east of the Andes. In the 16th oen. tury the Jesuits were sent to those parts, for the purpose of converting the natives to Christianity. Their success was not great until they obtained from the Spanish court a mandate (about 1690) forbidding all other Spaniards to enter their Missiones without their permission. The Jesuits settled among the numerous tribe called the Guaranis, on both sides of the river Parand, above the island of Apip6, and suc- ceeded in bringing them to a certain degree of civilization. When the Jesuits were expelled, in 1767, the Missiones were inhabited by more than 100,000 civilized Indians, of whom, perhaps, less than half the number were in Paraguay. They afterward dispersed through different parts of La Plata, but it seems that the majority settled in Paraguay, which after that time was entirely subjected to the viceroy of Buenos Ayres. In 1810, when an independent government was con- stituted in Buenos Ayres, Piiraguay refused to acknowledge its au- thority, and defeated General Belgrano, who had been sent to bring Paraguay to obedience. The country soon after declared its inde- pendence. After some changes in the government. Doctor Caspar Rodriguez de Francia, a lawyer, was in 1814 elected dictator. In 1817 lie became dictator for life; and he ruled the country with an r ^:i ;: .1 802 SOUTH AMERICA. iron sway till Ins death in 1840. During his long and cruel despotism he adopted the policy of the Jesuits, absolutely prohibiting all inter- course with foreign countries, and placing the intercourse with the neighboring provinces under the most irksome restrictions. No per- son who entcreo the country was permitted again to leave it without special pcrmissioa from Francia himself. He was succeeded by Lopez, who has been dictator since 1844, and has governed the country in a soraowhat more liberal manner, establishing commercial intercourse with the neighboring provinces and with foreign nations. In conse- quence of wrongs inflicted upon citizens of the United States, and insults offered to the flag of that nation, Paraguay was visited by a powerful fleet of the North American confederacy, in the early part of 1869, and by timely concessions avoided a rupture with that power. PATAGONIA AND THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. -*'IIIS is a country in South America, comprehending the most southern portion of the continent from the Rio Negro to the Straits of Magalhaens or Magellan, by which it is divided from Terra del Fuego. The area is about 300,000 square miles, and the popula- tion, composed wholly of natives, numbers less than 150,000. It was discovered by the Spanish navigator Magal- haens in 1519. H ' named its inhabitants Patagonians, on ac- count of the large size of their feet, such being the Spanish meaning of the term. He described them as being of a gigan- tic stature, seven or eight feet in height ; but the statement was dis- believed even in his own day, and has since been disproved — though it is ascertained that they are really a people of more than the average physical development. Terra del Fuego, or the land of fire, is the name of a group of islands, lying south of the Straits of Magellan, and forming the south- em extremity of the continent. It was thus named by Magalhaens, in consequence of the numerous fires seen along its shores. The Falkland Islands arc a group lying about 300 miles cast of the entrance to the Straits of Magellan. The chief islands are East and West Falkland, the former with an area of 3,000 square miles, and the latter of 2,000. Quite an interesting history is connected with these islands. They were discovered in 1592 by Dr. John Davis, who ac- companied Cavendish in his second voyage ; and Hawkins, who sailed along them in 1594, called them Hawkins's Maiden Land, In 1G90 PATAGONIA, ETC. 803 Strong Railed through the channel which separates East and West Falkland, and called it Falkland Sound, whence the islands were after- ward named the Falkland Islands. Several vessels from St. Malo passed near the islands between 1706 and 1714, and from these they were named by the French Les lies Malouines. In 1764 the French established a colony on one of the harbors of Berkeley Sound on East Falkland, and called it St. Louis; and two years later the British formee' a settlement on West Falkland, on the inlet called Port Eg- raont. Soon afterward the French, in 1767, ceded their settlement to the Spaniards, who, in 1770, attacked the English colony and took it. After some negotiations Port Egmont was restored to the Eng- lish. The British afterward abandoned the colony, but did not give up the rights of possession. The Spaniards also withdrew their gar- rison from Port Louis. In the beginning of the present century the whale-fishery in the Southern Atlantic began to be prosecuted on an extensive scale by some European nations and the North Americans. Many of the whaling vessels visited the Falkland Islands, especially to kill wild cattle and refresh their crews. It was also discovered that the islands were visited by a great number of seals, and these animals attracted numerous other adventurers. This induced the government of the newly established republic of Buenos Ayres to take possession of East Falkland in 1820, and in 1823 they formed a settlement at Port Louis. England protested against these proceedings in 1829, and in 1833 the colony was given up to the English. For some years only a lieutenant of the navy with a boat's crew resided at Port Louis, but the British government resolved, in 1840, to colonize the islands, and to send there a governor and a small establishment. Tliey settled at Port Louis; but on examining the country in its vicinity it was found that Port William, south of Berkeley Sound, offered greater advantages as a naval station and port of refuge, and in 1844 Governor Moody laid out a town on the southern shores of Stanley Harbor, a land-locked Inlet, sheltered from e\ery wind. 1 'h liii 804 SOUTH AMERICA. PERU. •IITS republic is situated between 3° 30' and 21° 28' S. lat., and 68° 20' and 81° 20' .W. long., and is bounded on the north by Ecuador, east by Brazil, south by Bolivia, and west by the Pacific ocean. It is divided into eleven departments and two shore provinces, and contains an area of nearly 500,000 square miles. When the Spaniards first visited Peru they found the country under a well-regulated government, and inhabited by a nation which had made great progress in the arts of civilization. The people were decently dressed, and lodged in comfortable houses. Their fields were well cultivated, and artificial cuts had been made to conduct the water of the small rivers to a considerable distance for the pur- poses of irrigation. They had extensive manufactures of earthenware and woolen and cotton cloth, and also tools made of copper. Even now the elegant forms of their utensils, made out of the hardest rock without the use of iron tools, excite admiration. The extensive ruins of palaces and buildings scattered over the country, and the remains of the great road which led from Quito to Cuzco, and thence south- ward over the table-land of the valley of the Desaguadero, show that the nation was far advanced in civilization. This civilization appears to have grown up in the nation itself, and not to Lave been derived from communication with other civilized people. The navigation of the Peruvians was limited to coasting from one small harbor to another in balsas. The difi'erence in political institutions and in the usages of society between the Peruvians and Mexicans precludes the supposition of either of these two nations having received their civilization from the other. Besides this, they were divided by savage tribes, which ■were sunk in the deepest barbarism. The Spaniards were surprised to find this state of things in Peru. When they had got possession of the country they inquired into its history, and learned the following traditions : About three centuries before the arrival of the Spaniards, Manco Capac and Mama Ocollo appeared on the table-land of the Desagua- dero. These two personages, male and female, of majestic stature, ap- peared clothed in garments, and declared that they were children of the sun, and seut by their paren^ to reclaim the human race from PERU. 806 its misery. The savage tribes submitted to the instruction of these beings of a divine origin, who taught them the firbt arts of civilization, agriculture, and the manufacture of clothing. Manco Capac organized a regular government, and formed his subjects into four different ranks or classes, which had some slight resemblance to the castes of the Hindoos. He also established many useful customs and laws, and founded the town of Cuzco, which soon became the capital of an ex* tensive empire, called the empire of the Incas (or lords) of Peru. He and his successors being considered as the offspring of the divinity, exercised absolute and uncontrolled authority. His successors gradu- ally extended their authority over the whole of the mountain region between the equator and 25° S. lat When the Spaniards first en- tered Peru the 12th monarch from the founder of the state, named Huayna Capac, was said to be seated on the throne. He had violated the ancient usage of the Incas, which forbade a monarch to marry a woman not a descendant of Manco Capac and Mama Ocollo. His wife was a daughter of the vanquished king of Quito, and the son whom she had borne him, named Atahualpa, was appointed his suo- cessor in that kingdom. The rest of his dominions he left to Huascar, his eldest son by a princess of the Inca race. This led to a civil war between the two princes, and when the contest was at its height, a Spanish force entered the country under Francisco Pizarro in 1531. Pizarro had sailed, in 1526, from Panamd to a country lying farther south, which, according to the information collected from the natives, abounded in precious metals. He sailed along the coast as far south as Cape Parina or Cape Aguja. Landing at Tumbez, in the Bay of Guayaquil, the most northern point of the present republic of Peru, he was struck with the advanced state of civilization of the inhabitants, and still more with the abundance of gold and silver vessels and uten- sils. From this time he resolved on the conquest of the country. In 1531 he returned with a small force which he had procured from Spain, marched along the coast, and in 1582 built the town of St, Michael de Piura, the oldest Spanish settlement in Peru. The dis- tracted state of the country, caused by the civil war, enabled the Spaniards to take pessession of it without a battle ; and though the Peruvians afterward tried to renew the contest, they were easily de- feated and compelled to submit to a foreign yoke. Pizarro built the towns of Piura, Truxillo, Lima, Arequipa, and Huamanga : Cuzco was founded by Manco Capac. The disorders which immediately followed the conquest nearly caused the loss of the country, a circumstance which determined the ao6 SOUTH AMERICA. oourt of Spain to make Peru the chief seat of the Spanish dominions in South America. Lima was chosen for the capital, and it soon rose to such opulence that it was called the City of the Kings. The au- thority of Spain took deeper root in Peru than in any other of hei South American Colonies. In 1780 the Peruvians took up arms against the Spaniards, under Tupac Amaro, an Inca, but failing to cap- ture the town of La Paz after a long siege, they again submitted. When all the Spanish colonies began to rise against the mother coun- try, after the year 1810, Peru remained quiet, and though some of the • neighboring provinces had already expelled the Spanish armies, and others were attempting to do the same, the Spaniards remained in un- disturbed possession of Peru until 1820 ,when General San Martin, after having expelled the Spaniards from Chili, entered Peru at the head of a victorious army, and soon obtained possession of Lima. The in- dependence of Peru was declared on the 28th of July, 1821, and San Martin was proclaimed protector of Peru. The Spanish viceroy Can- terac, who had remained in possession of the Montana, gradually re- covered the Valles. San Martin, having lost his popularity, resigned his authority into the hands of the legislature on the 1 9th of August, 1822. On the Ist of September, Bolivar, the Columbian general, en- tered Lima, and continued the war with Canterac, but at first with doubtful success. In February, 1824, Bolivar was made dictator; and in December of the same year the Spanish army, under Canterac, was entirely defeated by Sucre, on the plains of Ayacucho, by which battle the authority of Spain in Peru and South America was annihilated. In February, 1825, Bolivar had resigned the dictatorship, but he had previously contrived to separate the southern provinces from the northern, and to convert the former into a new republic, which adopted the name of Bolivia. Several different forms of government were tried within the six years following the declaration of independence. The constitution adopted by Bolivar in 1826 excited great discontent, and as Bolivar was soon afterward obliged to go to Columbia, where an insurrection had broken out and a civil war was on the point of com- Biencing, a complete revolution took place in Peru, in January, 1827. The Bolivian constitution, or government, was abolished, and a new iederal constitution, avowedly founded on that of the United States of North America, was framed and adopted, and may be considered as still in force. The national congress, or supreme legislature, consists of two bodies, a senate and a house of representatives. The president, in whose hands the executive power is placed, is chosen for four years, and he cann t be re-elected. The departments have their own legis was preser sions. ence to takJ Buenol ment Throuc was col Seven districti piiblicji eountrv cord ur »nd tU URUGUAY. 807 latnres, and administer their own affairs, but the laws passed by these legislatures must be approved by the National Congress. The highest officers of the central government in the departments are the prefects and subprefects. These persons, as well as the judges, are elected by the congress from three candidates, who are proposed by the provin^ cial governments. The Roman Catholic religion alone can be publicly exercised. But though this is still the nominal constitution, Peru has been, ever since its adoption, almost continually distracted by parties struggling for power, and by civil wars and revolutions produced by these continual struggles, while the government has really been in the hands of the chief of the successful party. In 1855 General Ecliinique was driven from power by a revolution, and Ramon Castilla assumed the presidency, which he continued to hold as late as 1859. URUGUAY. r HUGH AY, formerly called the Banda Oriental, com- prehends the country lying between the southern limit of Brazil and the Rio de la Plata ; it is bounded [north by Brazil, east by the Atlantic Ocean, and south and west by the Argentine Confederation. There are nine departments in the State, and the ^population is estimated at less than 150,000. The territorial .area is 73,538 square miles. The Banda Oriental was, during the Spanish supremacy, the name of that portion of the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres which was situated to the east of the river Uruguay, and comprehended the present republic of Uruguay and the country called the Seven Mis sions. The continual civil wars by which the declaration of independ ence was followed in Buenos Ayres, induced the government of Brazil to take iios'^cssion of the Banda Oriental in 1815. The republic of Buenos Ayres protested against this f^tep, and, as no amicable settle- ment could be made, a wdr ensued between the two countries in 1826. Through the intervention of the English government a treaty of peace was concluded in 1828, by which the northern district, known as the Seven Missions, was ceded to Brazil, and the more exclusive southern district was declared an independent republic, under the title of Re- publica del Uruguay Oriental. But instead of securing peace to the country its independence appears hitherto to have only entailed dis- cord upon it. Internal liostilities broke out at a very early period, and these were soon followed by the incursion of troops from Buenoi lillijili^o 808 SOUTH AMERICA. Ayres; the assistance of Rosas, the president of Buenos Ayres, having been invoked by Aribe, one of the unsuccessful aspirants to the ruler- ship of Uruguay. After a long continuance of strife, without any prospect of either party securing a manifest superiority, Brazil was in- duced, by the appeals of Paraguay ahd other neighboring powers, to interfere. In order to show her good faith, Brazil sent ministers to the courts of England and France, with a view to obtain their assist- ance either as umpires or active agents in compelling the respective parties to come to terms. Those powers accordingly sent some ships of war to the Rio de la Plata in 1845. The English ships blockaded Montevideo till 1848, and the French till 1849, when both England and France made treaties with Rosas. On these powers withdrawing, Brazil commenced more active hostilities — the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Entre Rios uniting with her. The war was, however, prolonged till 1851, when Aribe was forced to capitulate in Uruguay, and Rosas was soon after deposed in Buenos Ayres. Treaties between the several parties gave peace to Uruguay as far as regarded hostilities with foreign powers, and secured the recognition of the republic by the neighboring states. But internal discord in this, as in so many other of the petty rep»blics of South America, appears to have become chronic, and affairs have continued in a more or less unsettled state. The president of the republic, in 1859, was Q. Antonio Pereira. VENEZUELA. 'HIS state extends over the north-eastern portion of South America, being situated between 1° 10' and 12° 20' N. lat., and 60° and 73° W. long. It is bounded north by the Caribbean sea, east by Brazil, Guiana, and the Atlantic ocean, south by Brazil, and west by New Granada. It contains an area of 426,000 square miles, and is divided into fifteen provinces, em- bracing a population of about a millioh and a quarter. The most eastern part of this coast, and the Island of Marga- rita, were discovered by Christopher Columbus in his third voyage, 1498, and the following year the whole northern coast of South America, from the Gulf of Paria to Cape de la Vela, in New Granada, was discovered by Ojeda and Vespucci. In the same year Christobal Guerra made a \oyage for the purpose of ascertaining the commercial wealth of the country. The first settlements on the conti- nent were at Cumand, which was built in 1620, and at Coro, which VENEZUELA. 809 was built in 1527. About this time the emperor Charles V. gave up the whole northern coast as far west as Cape de la Vela to the Wel- sers, a family of merchants in Augsburg, to be held as a fief of the crown of Castile; but he resumed possession of it in 1542. Several places in the coast range had already been discovered where there were indications of gold ; and the Spaniards now began to form their settlements. Tucuyo was established in 1546, Barquicimento in 1552, Valencia in 1555, and Car&cas in 1667. In 1634 the Dutch took pos- session of the island of Curasao, and from that time Venezuela began to rise. The continually increasing demand for cacao on the part of the Dutch induced the Spanish settleA to attend to its cultivation, and 'n a short time a considerable quantity of cacao was exported. This excited the jealousy of the Spanish court and of the Spanish ncr- chants. Various means were employed to direct this branch of com- merce to Spain, but with little success. In 1700 the company of Guipuzcoa was established, in which was vested the exclusive right of carrying on the commerce with Venezuela ; but the cultivation of cacao, as well as of indigo, was more promoted by the smuggling trade with the Dutch than by that of the company, and in 1778 the company dis- solved, and the trade was open to all the ports of Spain. Venezuela remained under the sway of Spain till 1808, when Napoleon I., having deposed the royal family, made his brother Joseph king of Spain. Venezuela, like all the American colonies of Spain, declared for the ancient dynasty ; but being dissatisfied with the measures of the re- gency of Spain, it proclaimed its independence in 1810, but in 1812 was brought back to its ancient political condition. In 1813 BoUvar, a native of Venezuela, made an unsuccessful attempt to liberate his native country from the yoke of Spain; iu 1816 he was more success- ful. In that year a war began between the Spaniards and the inhabit- ants, which lasted till 1823, when the Spaniards who had remained in the country gave up Puerto Cabello, their last place of refuge. In 1821 Venezuela united with New Granada and Quito, and formed one republic under the name of Colombia; in 1830 they separated amica- bly, and since that time they have constituted the three republics of Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador. In the year in which the union was dissolved Venezuela formed a new constitution, which un- derwent some modifications in 1843. By it Venezuela has a central government, the legislature of which is invested with the power of making laws on all subjects. The legislative power is vested in a Con- gress, which consists of a house of representatives and of a senate. Each province sends two members to the senate, and one member to 610 SOUTH AMERICA. the house of representatives for every 25,000 inhabitants. The execn- live power is vested in the president, who, like the vice-president, is chosen for four years. Like the other South American repubhcs Venezuela has, since its independence, been in a continually disturbed state. In 1857 and '68 a revolution took place, which drove President Monagas from power, who had governed the country in a o/jrrupt and despotic manner, and elevated General Castro in his place. In the lat- ter year also, by vote of the Congress of the nation, General Paez, a distinguished Venezuelan patriot, who had been living in exile many years in the United States, wa* recalled ; he was conveyed to his na- tive land in one of the vessels of the United States naval expeditio* bound to Paraguay. •■*..- •. ■,t! »■ • i ■ J . I *•• ' THE WEST INDIES. ANTIGUA. HE island of Antigua, one of the leeward gronp, belongs to Great Britain. It contains an area of 168 square miles, and a population of about 40,000. It was discovered by Columbus in 1492, who gave it the name of Santa Maria de la Antigua ; but it was found totally uninhabited by those few French- men who fled thither in 1629, upon being driven from St ' Christopher by the Spaniards. The want of fresh water in- duced the fugitives to return as soon as they could. It appears that in 1640 there were about thirty English families settled in this island; and the number was not much increased when Charles II. granted the property to Lord Willoughby. In 1666 it was invaded by a French force, which laid waste all the settlements. A few years af- terward Antigua was again settled by Colonel Codrington, who was appointed its governor. It was visited by an earthquake in 1843, by which most of the principal buildings were destroyed. The executive government of Antigua is vested in a governor, who is also govemor-in-chief over all the Leeward Islands. Its legislature consists of a council nominated by the crown, and a house of assembly chosen by the freeholders of the island. To the north and west of Antigua lie the smaller islands of An- gnilla, Barbuda, and St. Bartholomew. The two former are under British rule, and the last is a colonial possession, and the only one, of Sweden, in the West Indies. It was first settled by a French colony from St. Christopher, in 1648, and after passing into the hands of the English and French alternately, several times, was finally ceded to Sweden in 1785. It has an area of 25 square miles, and a population of 0,000. . 811 812 THE WEST INDIES. BARBADOES. ■^[^N.V) ARBADOES is tho most eastern of the Cftribbee t ^B^ y Islands, and the most ancient of the British posses* MMR^sions in these seas. It is fifteen miles long and ten broad, and contains an area of 100 square miles. Ita population is about 150,000. The Portuguese landed in Barbadoes about the year 1600, 'and left there a few plants and some swine. The island was jjtaken possession of by the English in 1005 ; the first settlement 'was made by Sir William Courtoen in 1624, and named by him James Town. After a dispute between two claimants for court &vor, the Earls of Carlisle and Marlborough, the former was put in possession of tho island by patent. A kind of island parliament was constituted, and Barbadoes so far flourished as to have a population of 60,000 by the year 1647. The Barbadians being for the most part Loyalists, the island was taken by the Parliamentary party in 1052. After the restoration much complexity arose out of the allegiance which the Barbadians owed to the king and to the Earl of Carlisle and his heirs; and in 1663 an arrangement was made whereby all claims of the earl and his heirs were commuted for an annual percentage on the revenues of the island. In 1664 Barbadoes was attacked unsuccessfully by the Dutch Ad- miral De Ruyter. In 1668 a destructive fire laid nearly all Bridge* town in ashea. In 1669 Barbadoes was made the head-quarters of the Windward Islands. In 1675 the island was visited by an awful hur- ricane : nsither tree nor house was left standing, except a few shel- tered by some hill or cliff, and the whole face of the country exhibited one scene of desolation, while the coast was strewed with wrecks, and many lives were lost at sea and on shore. During the remainder of Charles II.'s reign an illiberal course of policy was pursued towarther transatlantic colonies of Soaia THE BAHAMAS. 823 THE BAHAMAS. ■ HE Bahamas, or Lucayos, are a chain of low islands stretching in a north-westerly direction from the north side of St. Domingo to the coast of Florida, between 20° 56' and 27° 40' N. lat., and 68° 40' and 19° 20' W. long. It is composed of innumera- ble rocks, islets (called keys), and islands, of which twenty are inhabited. The chief of these are New Providence, Eleuthera, St. Salva- dor, Abaco, Crooked Island, and Grand Bahama. The area of the entire group is estimated at 5,422 square miles, and the population at about 28,000. The Bahamas are under British control, and are directed by a governor, council, and house of assembly. St. Salvador was the first land fallen in with by Columbus on his first voyage in 1492, The Spaniards carried away to Mexico the few natives whom they found on the island, and the Bahamas remained uninhabited till the year 1629, when New Providence was settled by the English; the settlers held it till 1641, and were then expelled by the Spaniards, who destroyed the colony, but made no attempt to set- tle there themselves. It was again colonized by the English in 1666, and continued in their hands till 1703, when a combined force of French and Spaniards destroyed Nassau, and obliged the inhabitants to seek refuge by flight. Some, however, who remained were ren- dered desperate by their recent sufferings, and the place became a ren- dezvous for pirates, who became so notorious and committed such depredations in the adjacent seas, that government determined to sup- press them, and -resettle the colony. This took place in 1718, id shortly afterward settlements were formed on some of the oti;[>en by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any Htate, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments, until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 8. No peison shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the nge of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 4. The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 6. The senate shall choose their other ofiicers, and also a president pro tarn pore, in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. 6. The senate shall have the solo power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purj)ose, they sliall be on oat'n, or afiarmation. When the president of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted without the coucurrenoe of two-thirds of the members present 1. judgment in ca-ses of impeachment shall not extend further than to remova' from ofiice, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any ofiSce of honour, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, neverthelei-B, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. Shot. IV. — 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof -, but the congress may, at any time by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the placeu of choosing senators. 2. The congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they .. ill, by law, appomt a different day. * Sect. V. — 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, retiirns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjou. from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a mem- ber. 8. Elach house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journals. 4. Neither hoase, during the session of congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, aor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Sect. VI. — 1. Tlie senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of peace, be {)rivileg<^d from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any w\ I .1 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 833 speech or debate in either house, they shflll not be questioned in any other place. 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elect- ed, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which bIiuII have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person, holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuation in office. Sect. V'II. — 1. All bills for raisin;; revenue shall originate in the house of 'epreaentatives ; but the senate may propose or concur with aiuendmeuts, as on other bills. 2. Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives and the senate shall, before it becomes a iiiW, be presented to the president of the Uni- ted States ; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and iigainst the bill shaU De entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 8. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjourn- ment,) shall be presented to the president of the United States ; and before the same shall take efifect, shall be approved by him ; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the senate and house of representatives, ac- cording to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill Sbot. VIII. — The congress shall have power — 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to pay the debts, and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. ■3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribea, 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 6. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures. 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States. 7. To«establish post-offices and post-roads, 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and uiventors, the exclusive right to f heir respective writings and discoveries. 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court. 1 0. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seaa, and offences against the law of nations. 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules coq- ceming captures on land or water. 12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years. 18. To provide and maintain a navy. 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. 884 APPENDIX. 16. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the TTnion, ■uppresB insurrections, and repel invasiona. 10. To provide for organizing, armin;;, and disciplining the militia, and fol governiiig such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United Ktiites, renerving to the states ruspeutively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia, accordLog to the discipline prescribed by congress. 1 7. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such dis* ti'ict, (not exceeding ten miles square,) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings : — and 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into executiou the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or office thereof. Sect. IX. — 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless, when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. ' 8. No bill of attainder, or ex-post facto law, shall be passed. 4. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census, or enumeration, herein before directed to be taken. 6. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor shall vessels, bound to or from one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of ap- propriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Sect. X. — I. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net .iroduce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports and exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of congress. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE n. Sect. I. — 1. The executive power shall be v«sted in a president of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of fonr years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as foUows : 2 Each state shall appomt, in such manner as the legislature thereof may OCNSTITUTION OF THE UNITKD STATES. 805 atrect, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and repre- sentatives to ■which the state may be entitled in the congress ; but no senator Of representiitive, or person lidhling mi uiiice of trust or profit under the United States, «hiill be appointed an elector. 8. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one lit least shall nery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. Skct. I. — ^The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, ■hall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sect. II. — 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, auth as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the congress shall make. 8. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trials shall be held in the state where the said crime shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the congress may, by law, have directed. Sect. III. — 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witness- es to the same overt act, or on confession in open court 2. The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. SviT. I. — Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public actt, ri*cor.l«, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the congress mar, by iroiieral laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceed- Ui;;« bImU be proved, and the effect thereof. OONSTTTUTION OF THE UNITED BTATE8. 887 Sbct. II. — 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges tnd itntiiunities of citizens in the several states. 2. A person, charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from juHtice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having the jurisdiction of the crime. 8. No person, held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law, or regulation thorein, be discharged from such service or labor, but siiall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. SKf r. III. — 1. New states may be admitted by the congress into this Unioi\ but no new elate shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any othei state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, aa well as of the congress. 2. The congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory, or other property, belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to pre- judice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state. Sect. IV, — The United States shall guarantee to every state ir this Union, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive, (when the legislature <»uaot be convened,) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V, The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary ihall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of ilie legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for pro- posing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three- fourths ')f the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the congress : Provi- ded, that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall, in any manner, affect the first and fourth clauses iu the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its contient, shall be deprived of its equal suffrages in the senate. ARTICLE VI. 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid p^gainst the United States under this consti- tution, as under the confederation. 2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursiwnce thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, imder the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every state shall be bound thei'eby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath, or affirmation, to support this constitution ; and no religious test shall ever be required, ae ■ qualification to any office or public trust under tiie United States. 833 APPENDIX. ARTICLE VII The ratification of the conventioDs of nine etates, shall be aufllcient for tha entublisliinent uf this Constitution, between the stntes so ratifying the 8ame. Jjiiiie in cunrention by the unanimowt content of the stale* prf»ent, the seven- teenth day of September, in the year of our Lord, one thimsand neven hundred and eiijhty teren, and of the Independence of the United Stalen of America, the twelfth. In wituem u'/iereof toe have hereunto mhscribed our names. The Constitution, although formed in 1787, was not ailopted until 1788, and did not ooninionce its operations until 1789. The number of delegates chosen to tills convoiitiiiii waa sixtj L/c, of whom ten did not attend, and sixteen re- fused to sign the Conittitutioa The following thirty-nine signed the Consti- tution : — Veir Hampshire — John Langdon, Nicholas Oelman. AlaMachuxetts. — Nathaniel Oorham, Hufus King. Connecticut. — William Samuel Johnson, Koger Sherman. New York. — Alexander Hamilton. Neu) Jersey. — William Livingston, David Brearley, William Paterson, Jonathan Dayton. Pennsylvania. — Benjamin Franklin, Tliomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimmons, Jared LigersoU, James Wilaon, Qouverneur Morris. Delaware. — George Read, Gunning Bedford, jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bait- •ett, Jacob Broom. iJ/ari/^nnd.— James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. Virginia. — John Blair, James Madison, jr. North Carolina. — William Blount, Richard Dobba Spaight, Hugh Williamson. South Carolina. — John Rutledge, Charles C. Pinkney, Charles Pinkney, Pierce Butler. Oeorgia. — WUliara Few, Abraham Baldwin. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. AMENDMENTS To the Constitution of the United States, ratified according to the Provisions of the Fifth Article of the foregoing Constitution. Art. I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speecli, or of the press ; or the rights of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Art. II. — A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Art. III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house with- out the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. Art. IV. — The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papert^ and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrant* shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath pr affir- mation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. A^T. V. — No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise in- famous crune, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war, or public danger \ nor shall any person be subject fbf CONS'llTDTION OF THE UNITED 8TATE8. 839 the same olTunce to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall b« compelled, in iiny criminal case, to be a witness against himsulf, nor bo depriTed of lite, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor Bhall private pro- perty b(! taken fur puldic use without just compensation. Art VI.— In all ciiminiil prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy th(> riu;ht to a Bpoedv and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state an(I district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district sliall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- tion ; to bo confrmitcd with the witnes-ses ayain'tt him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in hi^ favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for liis defence. Aar. VII. — In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact, tried by jury, shall bu otherwise re examined in any court of the United States, than acronling to the rules of the common law. Akt. VIII — Excessive bail shall not bo required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishrnents inflicted. AaT. IX. — The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the pctople. Art. X. — Tiie powers not dalegutod to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states rospectividy, or to the people. Art. XI. — The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed tc extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. Art. X 1 1. — The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot, for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, sliall not be an inhabitant endent on his will alone for the tenure of their ofScea and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officer! to harass our people and cat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of ]>eace, standing armies, without the cod- sent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws — giving his assent to their acta of pretended legislation. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; Fur protecting thorn, by h mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states ; For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; For imposing tuxes on us without our consent ; For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; For tran8|)orting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences; For iibolinhing the free system of English laws in a neighboring provmce, establishing therein nn arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same ab- solute rule into these colonies ; For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the formt of our governments; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to com- plete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circum- stances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, ftexes, and condi- tions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the mostfjiumble terms. Our repeated petitions have been answered only by re- peated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attentions no our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts, by their legislature, to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circum- stances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- rupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the roice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the 8i2 APPBaroix. oeMMity which denounce* oar separation, and hold them, as we hold the eRt nl mankind, enttmiea in war, in peocv.-, frieaiis. We, therefore, the repre^entiitivea of the United States of America, in general Congrasfi assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rec- titude of our iiitentioiiB, do, in the name, and by the authority of thu good people of thuse colouiew, solemnly publish and declare that these united coluuici are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; tliat they are ab- solved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political cowei to levy war, concludu peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all otbel acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the sup- port of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Provi- dence, we mutually pledge to each othur our lives, our fortunes, and our aacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed and signed b^ the following members ; Adams, John AuAHS, Samuel Bartlett, JofllAH Braxton, CARTsa Oarroll, Charlcs, of Carrollton Chase, Samuel Clark, Abraham Cltmer, Oeorob Ellbrt, William Floto, William Franklin, Benjamin Oerrt, Elbridob • OwiNMETT, Button Hall, Ltman Hancock, John Harrison, Benjamin Hart, John Heywaro, Thomas, Jua Hewes, Joseph Hooper, Willum Hopkins, Stephen HoPKiNSON, Francis HuNTiNOTON, Samuel Jefferson, Thomas Lkx, Francis LioHTroor Lek, Richard Henry Lewis, Francis LivoiosTON, Phiup LvNOH, Thomas, Jun. M'Kean, Thomas Middleton, AiiTHua Morris, Lewis Morris, Robert Morton, John Nelson, Thomas, Juo. Paoa, William Paine, Robert T&kat Penn, John Read, Oeoroe Rodney, Cssar Ross, Oeoroe Rush, Benjamin, M. D Rutledue, Edward Sherman, Roqbr Smith, Jambs Stockton, Riohako Stone, Thomas Taylor, Oeoroe Thornton, Matthew Walton, Oeorob Whipple, William Williams, William Wilson, James WiTUBRSPooN, John WOLOOTT, GlIYKR Wythk. Oxokob ASTIOLES OF 00I7FKDBSATI0V. 843 THE ORIGINAL ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. TO ALL TO Wnoit TUE8K PBE8ENT8 SHALL COME, lV», tk* undertigned Delegates of the Stale* affixed to our namea, tend greeting. WHEREAS, the delegates of the United States of America in congrej!> a-* •embled, did, on the fifteenth day of November, in the year of our liord un« thousand seven hundred and seventy-seven, and iu the second year of the indc pendence of America, agree to certain articles of confederation and perpetual union between the states of New Hampshire, MasHadiusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Qeurgia, in the words following, vi&: Artielet of Conf'deration and perpetital union between the States of Ne\B Hamp- shire, Massachusetts Bay, Rnode Island and Providence Plantations, Conneeti- cut. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Cdrolina, South Carolina, and Oeorgia. Artiolk L — The style of this confederacy shall be " The United States of America." Art. IL — Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to tne United States in congress assembled. Art. IIL — The said states hereby severally enter into a fim league of friend- ship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare ; binding themselves to assist eacli other against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on ac- count of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever. Art. IV. — The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and inter- course among the people of the different states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these states, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several states ; and the people of each state shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other state, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions as the inhabit- ants thereof respectively, provided that such restrictions shall not extend so far as to (^event the removal of property imported into any state, to any other state of which the owner ia an inhabitant ; provided also, that no imposition, duties, or restriction shall be laid by any state on the property of the United States, or either of them. If any person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, or other high mis- demeanor, in any state, shall flee fron justice, and be found in any of the United States, he shall, upon demand of the government or executive power of tho state from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the state having juris- diction of bis offence. Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to the records, acts^ •nd judicial proceedings of the courts aud magistrates of every other state. 844 APPENDIX. AitT. V. — For the more convenient management of the general .iiterosU of tli« 17 lilted StateR, delegate* shall be annually appointed, in such manner as tho Ivg- lAidture of each state Hhall direct, tu meet in congresB ou the first Monday in November, in every year ; with u power reserved to each state to recall its dele- gate!), or any of them, at any time within th* year, and to send others in their •tead for the remainder of the year. No state hIihII be represented in congress bv less tlian two, nnr by more than seven members ; nnd no person akoll be ciipable of being a delegate for more than three yt'arH in any term of six years; nor »hail any pulton, being a di'Icgate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any sulary, fee», or emolument of any kind. Each state shall maintain its own defegatt-s in a meeting of the states, and while they act as members of the committee of the states. In determining questions in the United States, in congress assembled, each state shall have one vote. Freedom of speech and debate in congress shall not be impeached or ques- tioned in any court or place out of coiigresn, and the members of congress shall be protected in their (Hirsons from arrests and imprisonments, during the time of their going to, and from, and attendance on congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. Art. VI. — No state, without the consent of the United States in congresa assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embasKy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty with any king, prince, or state; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from any king, prince, or foreign state ; nor shall the United States in congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility. No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United States in congress assembled, specifying arcuratelv the purposes for which the tame is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue. No state shall It'v any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any stipn lations ir treaties, entered into by the United States in congress assembled, with any King, prince, or state, \n pursuance of any treaties already proposed by con- gress, to the courts of France and S[iain. No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any state, except such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the United States in congress assembled, for the defence of such state or its trade ; nor shall any l>ody of forces bo kept up by any state in time of peace, except such number only as, in the judgment of the United States, in congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such state ; but every state shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in publie stores, a due number of neldpieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage. No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the United States in congress assembled, unless such state be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of In< dians to invade such state, and the dangp.r is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the United States in congress assembled can be consulted : nor shall any state grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States in con- gress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the United States in congress assembled ; unless such state be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in congress assembled shall determine otherwise. Akt. YJX^-WbeD land forces are raised by any state for the common defencei ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 846 nil (ifTlcers of or under the rank of coUincl, ehnll be nn]x)int(!(l by the It'giiilntura of each state respectively, by whuiii such forccH »hnll lie rnisi-tl, or in siicli man- ner as such state shiill direct ; and nil vacancies sliull be iillud up by the stntu which first made the n|ipointment. Art. VIII. — All chiirgcs uf war, and all other expenses that shall bo incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the United Stute.s in congress assembled, kIiuII be derniycd out of a common treavtiry, which shall Ite ■upplied by the several states, in proportion to the value of all land williin oacb state, granted to or surveyed for any piirson, as such land and the buildings nnd iniprorementa thereon shall be CNtimatcd. according to such modu as the United States in congress assembled shall from time to time direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the autliority and direction of the legislatures of the several Htates, within the time agreed U]K>n by the United States in congresn nssetiiblt'd. Art. IX. — The United States in congress assembled shall have the sole and exclusive rif.'ht and power of determining on peace and war, except in tho cases mentioned in thn sixth article — of semting and ritreiving ambassadors — entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of connnerce s;iall lie nnide, whereby the legislative power of the respitctive statei 1 be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their .. people- are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever — of establishing rules for deciding, in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be ilivic'ed or ap propriated — of granting letters of marque nnd rejirisal in times of peace — ap[X>inting courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas — and establishing courts for receiving and determining Imnlly appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts. Tlie United States in congress assembled shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that hereafter may arise be- tween two or more states, concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever ; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following. Whenever the legislative or executive authority, or lawful agent of any state in controversy with another, shall present a petition to congress, stating the mat ter in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other state in con- troversy, and a day assigned for the appoarnnco of tlie parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint, by joint consent, commisiiioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question , Dut if they cannot agree, congress shall name three persons out of each oi the Uni- ted States, and from the list of such persons eacn party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the nuuiber shall be reduced to thirteen ; and from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine names, as congress shall direct, shall in the presence of congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and filially determine the ctmtroversy, so always as a major part of tlie jwlges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination ; and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing rea- sons which cAngress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, tlie congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each state, and the secretary of congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing ; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive ; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, tlie court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive ; the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either cose transmitted to congress, and lodged among 846 APPENDIX. the uct« of congrPM, for the vecurity nf*tlie pnrtiep concerned; provided lint every coniniisaionvr, before he aits in jud^nicnt, ahnll tako an oatli, to be ad- niinintered by one of the judgfB of the mprcnie or aiiperit r court of the Mnto where the cause thiill be tried, "wfll and truly to hear and determine the matter in gutstioH, acvorditiy to the bent of hit judymmt, withmit favour, affection, of hope ofrexcard;" provided idno tliiitno state bIiuII be dt'j)rivt'd of territory for the benefit of the United Stafe». All controversien vonceriiiiig the private ri^ht of coil, claipied under different grants of two or more Htaten, whoxe jiirixdirlionx, as they may rerpect xuch Inndc, and the xtates wiiich |ia8sed such grants, are adjusted, the said grants or either of tliein being at the f-anie time claimed to have originated antecedent to sucli eettlemcnt of jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to tliu congress of the United states, bo tinnlly determined as near as mav be in tlie snnic man- ner as is before prescribed for deciding ditputes rei-pucting territorial jurisdiction between different states. The United States in congress Assembled shall also have the sole and exclu- iive right and power of regulating the aHoy and value of coin struek by their own authority, or by that of the resjiective states — fixing tlie standarti of weights and measureB throughout the United States — regidiiting the trade and man- aging all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the states, provided that the legislative right of any state within its own limits be not inf inged or violated — establishing and regulating post-offices from one state to nnothrr, throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers pass- ing through the same as may be requisite to defray the t x]>enseB of the suid office— appointing all officers of the land forces in the service of tlie United States, excepting regimental offirern — appointing all the officers of the naviil forces, and commissioning all officers whutever in the service of the United States — making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations. The United States in congress afsembled shall have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of congress, to bo denominated " a Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate from each state ; and to appoint such other committee and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under their direction — to appoint one of their num- ber to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in tJie office of Pres- ident more than one year in any term of three years ; to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appro priatc and a|iply the same for defraying the public expenses-^to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting every half year to the respective states an account of the sums of money so borrowed or remitted — to build and equip a navy — to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each state for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such state ; which requisitions shall be binding, and there- upon the legislature of each state shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them in a soldier-like manner, at the expense of the United States ; and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place ap|x>inted, and within the time agreed on by^be United States in congress assembled : but if the United States in congress assembled shall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any state should not raise men, or should raise a smaller nunil)er than its quota, and that any other state should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the same man- ner as the quota of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which casa they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in congress assembled. The United States in congreijs asseDiV)led slioll neser engage in a war, nor grant '<■ ARTICLBS OF CONFEDERATION. m Utinn of marqufl and reprimi In time of peace, nor entrtain tliu sumnanU expenHOR iiPi'CKHHry for llio doft-noe and welfare of the I'nittid Stat)■^ or any ol thorn, ni)r etoit hills, nor borrow nioooy on the cn'dit of tlio United StiifoR, nor appropriate money, nor agree u|>on the number of veHitelH of war to Iki buill or purchuHed, or thi- iiiiniber of land or »eii force* to b»' rui.ied, nor np|Miiiit a com- mander in chief of thu urmy or niivy, nnleoM nine Ktiiteit uvitent to the name : nor tthall a quoHtion on ai:y other (>oint, exce{>t for iidjonniint; from day to day, be determined, uideis by tlie votes of a niajoii'y of the United .Stutet in congroita aHHembled. Hie confjre»» (ftlie United State* shall have power to adjourn to anytime within the year, ainl to any place within the United Stato^. ko that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the upacv of .tix monthit ; and Hhall piiblixh the journal of their proceeding!* monthly, except such purUi thereof re- lating to treatiuN, allianceH, or military operations, a* in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yea« and navH of the delei;ateii of each state on any question ■hall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any dele^^ate ; anwers of congress as the United Stales in cuiij^reHs ussenibleil, by the eou.-'ent of nine states, shall from time to time lliink expedient to vest them with ; provi;8 therein contained: and we do further sol- emnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States in congiess assembled, on all questions which, by the said confederaticm, are submitted to them ; and that the articles thereof shall be itviolably ob.served by the states we respectively repre- sent, and that the union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands in congress. Done at Philadelphia in the state of Pennsylvania, the ninth day of July, in the year of 848 APPENDIX. our Lord one thouitanil loven hundred and Mvuuty-«ight, and in the third jea« of the iiidepeiidenc'u uf America. On th* part and i«ha\f of tKi Stat* i^f N*w Bampthir*. J08IAU BARTLETT, JOHN WKNTWORTIl, Jan., AnguntS, m& On th4 part and htha\f «fc— From the oIronm»Unc« of delemtM from tha ume tUte havJiiB iilgn«d the ArUcle* U Confed- •ritl m »t different Omei, M »ppeari by tCo datoi, It !• probable they affixed their namei u tkey hqiBwed tB b* pr«Mnt In oongraH, aftw they bad bma autbsrliKl by their coiuUtaeata.] FAREWELL ADDRESS or GEORGE WASHINGTON. Fbiends and Fkllow-Citiz«n8 :— The period for a now eleotion of a citizen, to administer the exeeutiT« government of the United States, bcinu; not far distant, and the time actually arrived when your thnu);ht8 mnst he en)|diiyed in dcBignatiug the person who is to be clothed with that important trunt, it appeHre to mo proper, especially •s it may conduce to a more distinct exiircssion of the public voice, tliat 1 should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being con- sidered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made. I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured, that this resolu- tion nas not been taken, without a strict regard to ail the considerations apper- taining to the relation which binds a dutiful citizen to his country ; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service which silence in my situation might imply, 1 am influenced by no diminution of zeal for your future interest — no deficiency of grateful reope ct, for your ])net kindness ; but am supported by a full convic- tion that the 8ttip is compatible with both. The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the oSice to which your ■uffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped, that it would have been much earlier in my power, con- sistently with motives which I was not at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from which I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my in clinatioQ to do this, previous to the last election, had even led to the nrepara tion of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on the tnen per- plexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the idoa. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible with the sentiments of duty or propriety ; and am persiiaded, whatever partiality may be retained for my services, that in the present circumstances of our country, you will not dis- approve my determination to retire. The impressions with which 1 first undertook the arduous trust, were ex- plained on the pr<^)er occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I will only say, that I have, with good intentions, contributed towards the organization and administration of the government, the best exertions of which a very- fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious, in the outset, of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience in my own e^'es, perhaps still more in the eyes of others, has strengthened the motive to dimdeiioe of myself; and, every day, the 849 850 rAKEWELL ADDKKSB OF UKOHUB WASrilNOTOIf. iiior<>Mln(( woi^ht of year* admonithi'i ma more anil more that the eliaile of re- tiiement U •• nccea^ary to ma m it will b« weli'omo. Mnti-fleil that if any fircuiiiitantieit linTH Kiv«n peculiar vitlue to my ttirTicea, th«y Wfro ttiiiiporury, I4iave till' vdiiKiiliitiori to lM>ll«va, that while I'hoice and priiilence invito ma to qiiii tliu iMilitii-al ecviii', pittriotieni doe* not forbid it. In looking lorwunl to the moment, whioli i* intended to terminate the CHreor of my piiMii: iif ', my fieliiigH du not. pormit m« to euepeiid the di-ep ac:kaii me; itill nioru lor the ilpxifiut con- fidence with whch II hit* supported tiic ; iind for iIip opportiinitiet I Iirtw thcnoi' tMijoycil of maiiiftfxtiri/ my inviolnhic attiichmpiit, l>y acrviovt fuithf.d and lerHuvcrini;, i hough m imai'iilnciM uncqtial to my zeal. If baiielitu have re- unite i to our country from thcMi a^'rviccii, lot it nlway* bti remcml'cri'd to your |>riii«e, and a« an inati uciivu exninple in our hiiiiuIh, thnt under clri'unmtanve* m which the pniti>ionii, agitated in uTery direcLioii, were liable to miHland, amidst appcarauctJK Koinciiincs dul)ioua — vioii*sitU(l«'* of fMrtiine ofton discoiirHtfing — in lituatioD't in which not uiifreuucntly want of kuccps-i hiiH countenanced the npirit of criticixm — the conaluncy ol your aunport waa the enncniial prop of the utt'ort% and a ((uaruiitee of the plana by which they were etrcclcd. Profoundly pmitrittud with thiit idea, I Hhnll curry it with me to my ((rare aa a atronj^ incitement to uncuaaing vowt that Hiavcn may continue to you the clmiceat tokens of its ti«><«ticenoe— that your union and brotherly affeclion may be perpetual— t|iat th'. Ire'.' constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be sacredly maintained — that its n;ement to It, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not di.isimilar occasion. Interwoven as is the love of lilterty with every ligament of your hearts, no recommendation of mine ia necessary to fortify or confirm th« attachment The uuity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in the edibce of your real independence, the support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad ; of your safety ; of your prosperity ; of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But aa it is easy to foresee, that from different causes and from differ- ent quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; as this ia the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external eneiniea will be most constantly and actively (though ofton covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment, that you should properly estimate the immenae valu* of your national union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it ; accustom- ing yourselves to think and to speak of it as the Palladium «f your political safety and prosperity ; discountenancing whatever may auggeat even a sus- picion that it can in any event be abandoned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together iha rarious parts. FARKWIiXt, ADDRKHa OK OKOROU WAHHINOTON. 80 1 For tliU you hii»« tvery imlucetncnt of tympathy •ixl interest, Citiifnit, hy l)iitli or rhoioe, of n aoiiimon country, tliat country )im a ri^lit to cniiccii- iriiti) your afTuution*. The mime of Amtriean, which bvlun^r to yoii iu yout natiiiiiiil capacity, mimt always exalt thu iuit pride of nutriotiini, more than ■ny ap|>clliitiOM derirMil fiotu h)cnl di^criminatioii*. Witt) uUnUt iliadfa of thf- feriinro, you have the name reliifioii, iiinniiirn, hahit^, and |M)litii'al principle*. You have in a romnmn ontiae fought and triiimphui'o' it coiitribules, in dif- ferent ways, to nourish and increase the general mass of the national naviga- tion, it looks forward to the protection of a maritime Htreugtii, to which itself is unequally adapted. The Eait, in a like interrouise witii the Went, already finds, and in the proi;resnivo iinpn>vement of interior cotnmuiiications, by land and water, will more and more find, a valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad, or manufaetures at home. The Wext derives from the Jia*t supplies requi.^itc to its growth and comfort ; ami what is perlia|>8 of still greater u(nisequence, it mnst of necessity owe the ientrf enjoyment of indi»- penaable onlleti for its own productions to the wiight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the A'lantic side of the Union, directed by an in(lisseen furnished for rliaraoterizing nartiea by geographical discriminationH — Northern and Southern— Atlanlie M\d Weitern ; wlience def)i|;nini; men may endoavrr to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interest and views. One of the expedients of |)Hi'ty to ficquire intlueiice, within particular districta, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourself too much against the Jealousies and heart-buruingH which spring from these misrepresen tations: they tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound t»>gcther by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our western country have lately had ii useful lesson on this head : they have seen in the negotiation by the executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the univi-rcal satisfaction at that event throughout the United Stated, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suxpiciona propagated •tinong them of n policy in the general governniont and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their interest in regard to the Ath.iii>rippi ; thoy have been wit- nesses to the formation of two treatie^ that with Great Hritain and that with Spain, which secure to them every thing thoy could desire, in respect to our foreign relations, towards confirming their jHosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the uniok by which they were procured f Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever them from their brethren and connect them with aliens? To the efficacy and permanency of your union, a government for the whole is indibipensable. No alliances, however strict, between the parts, can be an adequate substitiUe : tliey must inevitably experience the infractions and inter- ruptions which all alliances in all times have experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved your first essay, by the adoption of a constitutioii of government better caleulatid than your former, for an intimate union, and for the ettieacioim matiiigeinent of your common concerns. Thia government, the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its prinoi pies, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and con taining within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of our political system is the right of the people to make and alter their constitutions of government But, the consti- tution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very ides ef the power and the right of the people to establiHh government, presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established government All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and associa- tions, under whatever plausible character, with the real design to direct, con- trol, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constitnted authorities, are destructive of this fandaraental principlo, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force, —to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the community ; and ao cording to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make *he public ad- ministration the mirror of the ill-concerte thesis and opinion, exposes to perpi'tinil nhauge, from the eiidliiss variety of hypothi'Misand opinion ; and remember I'speviiillv. thut fur the otHcienl maniige- rnent of your common 'nterests, in h country so uxteniiivH as ours, a <;ov. rninent of as much vi^^or as is consistent witli the perfect si'curity of liberty, is iiidi»- pensable. Liberty itself will tintism. liut this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders ard miseries which result, gradually incline the minds of men lo seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual ; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitor^ turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruina of public hberty. Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which neverthe- less ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common and contimiul mis ahiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. It serves always to distract the public Counsels and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the com- munity with ill-founded Jealou-ies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasiimally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence aud corruption, which finds a facilitated access to the government itself, through the chaunels of party passions, llius the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another. There is nn opinion that parties iu free countries are useful checks upon the adninistration of the government, and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits ib probably true; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with iudulgeuce, if not with favor, upon the spirit uf party. But in those of a popular character, iu governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger of excess the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it A fire not to be quenched, it de- mands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume. It is important, likewise, that the habits of tliinking, in a free country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its administration, to ounfine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exer- t 854 VABEWELL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINOTOK. oiHe of the {Mwera of one department to encroacli upon another. The spirit ot encroauhiUL'nt tends to consolidate the iKiwers of all the departroents in one^ and thus to create, wiiatever the form of guvurnment, a real despotism. A ju't estimate of that love of power, and proiieneas to abuse it, which pre- duininates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this posi- tion. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of poliiical power, bv dividing and distriburing it into different depositories, and constituting each the guurdiun of public weal against invasions by others, has been evinced by cxpt^riincnts ancient and modern, some of them in our country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute thuin. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or motlitication of the constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it bo uorrected by an amendment in the way which the constitution designates. But let there be no change bv luurpatioii - for thim^h tliis, in one instance, may be the instrument of gooil, it is the oustomTv weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The pre- cedent mubt always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient b<'iietit which the use can at any time yield. Of all the di!>po!iitiunB and habits which lead to political prosperity, reli- gion and morality are irKJispeiisable supports. — In vain would that man claim tlie tribute of patriotism, wlio atiouUl labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their couneotiuns with private and public teiicity. Let it simply be asked, where is the security for property, for reputa- tion, fur lite, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice ; and let us with caution indulge tlie supposition, that morality cau be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national moral- ity can prevail in exclusion of religious princi[)le. 'Tie substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government. The rule in- deed extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it cau look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric I Promote, then, as an object of prii.i!:Ty importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge — In ])ropurtiou us the stractnre of a govern- ment gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened. As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit Oue method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible ; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace ; but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger, frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the accumulations of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debis which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these muxims belongs to your representatives, tut it is neo-issary that public opinion should co-operate. To facilitate to thrm the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear io mind that towards the payment of debts there must be revenue ; to have re venue there must be tuxes; that no Uxes can be devised which are not inoie or less iuconvenieut and unpleusuiil , Lliat the intrinsic embarrassment insepai- able from the selection of the prupei >>bjeot (which is always a choice of diffi- culties) ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the coa- diiot of the government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence io the measures for obtaining revenue which the public emergencies may at any time dictate. Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all : religion and morality enjoin this conduct ; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it ! It will be worthy of a free, en- lightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind tha 1 FABEWELL AI>ORB88 OF OEOBOB WAOHINGTON. 865 oifil^naniinons and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted juatioe and benevolence. Who can doubt that in the course of time and tilings, the fruitH of ituuh a pliin would richly repay any temporary advantagei which might be lost by a steady adherence to itf Can it be, that Providencs lias not connected tlie permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue i The jxperiment at least is rttcommeiitlod by evury sentiment which ennublea bumun nature. Alas I is it rendered itupos^iilile by its vices? In the fxeoutioii of such a plan, notlung is more essential than that per- manent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate atiach- uif nts for others, should bo excluded ; and that in place of them just and amicable fet'lingii towards all should be cultivated. The natiou which indulges towards another an iiabitual hatred, or an habitual fondness, is iu some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity, or to its affection, either of which ia sutlicieut to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy iu one nation against anuther di-poses each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable, when accidental or trifling occaMiiiud ol dispute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, und bluody irontests. The nation, prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometinu-s impels lo war the government, contrary to the b'St calculations of policy. The giiveriiniuut sometimes partiuipates in the national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason would reject; at other times it makes the uuimosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility instigated Ity pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often, somerinies perhaps the liberty, of nations has been the victim. So likewise a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils, (iynipatliy lor tlie favorite nation, facilitating the iUusiou of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real coiumou interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays tlie former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter, without adequate induce- ment or justitiration. It leads also to the concession to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly to injure tlie nation making the couccseions, — by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by exeiiing jealousy, ill-wiil, and a disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld; and it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote thems-lves to the favorite nation) facility to betray or siicriiice the interests of tlieir own country, without odium, some- times even with jiopiilarity ; gililin;' with the appearances of n virtuous sense of obligation, a comMiendat>le deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or fuolisb compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation. As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they aflford to tamper with domestic factions, to practice tlie arts of seduction, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils I SSuch an attachment of small or weak, towards a great and power- ful nation, dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. — Against the in- sidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens), the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake; since history and experi^ce prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial: else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defence against it — Excessive partiality tor one foreign nation, and excessive dislike of another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. — Keal patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious; while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and con- fidence of the people, to surrender their interests. The great rule of conduct for Qs, in regard to foreign nations, is, iu extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little poutioal connection as possible. So far as we have ttlreadv formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good fibith.— Uero let uu ttop. i 856 FABEWELL ADDRESS OF OEOROE WABaiNQTON. Europe has a set of primary interest which to us have none, or a verj remi)ty justice, shall counsel. Why forego the udvuiituges of so peculiar a situation I Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground! W'hy, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our ]>eace and pruspei'it" in the toils of Eu- ropean ambition, rivulship, interest, huuior, or caprice If Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliiinces with any portion of the foreign world ; BO far, 1 mean, au we are now ut liberty to do it ; for let me not be understooat mensuro has continually governed me, uninfluenc(>d by nriy nttenipt to Heter or divert me from it. Aftur delilxtrute examination, witli tlie aid oi the bo8t lights I could obtain, I waa wuU satii^titiil that our country, under all the circumstaiict'B ot' ttie ca»e, had a right to tak«, and whh bound in duty and interest, to take a neutral position. Having taken it, I deti-rmined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it, with moderation, persoverauce, and firmness. The confederation which reepects the riijht to hold the conduct, it is not ne- oes-Hiiry on this occasion to detail. I will only observe, that according to my iinderstHnding of the matter, tliat right, so far from buing denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually adrnittuil by all. The duty of holding a neu^ial conduct may be inferred, without any thing more, from the obligutitm which justice and humanity impose upon evi.'ry nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the rehitiouH of peactj and amity towanU other nations. The inducements of interubt for obiterving that conduct will best be referred to your own reflections and exjierienco. With me, a predomi- nant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature its yot recent institutions, and to progress without interruption, to that degree of strength and eonsiHtency, whioli is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the coniraund ot' its own turtunus. Though, iu reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too nensiblo of my defects not to think it probable that I have committed many eri'ors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseeeh the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to whidi they may tend. I shall al»o carry with me thu hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence ; and that after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service, with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself muat soon be to the mansions of rest. Kelyiug on its kindness in this as iu other things, and actuated by that fervent love towards it, which is so natural to a man who views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several generations; I anticipate with pleasing expectatiun that retreat, in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, the swuet enjoyment of partaking, iu the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign iutluence of good laws under a free government — the ever favorite object of ray heart, and the happy reward, aa I trust, of our mutual oare, labors, aurf duugerK Q. WASHINGTON POPULATION OF ALL THE COUNTIES IN THE UNITED STATES, AOOOROINQ TO THB 0ENSD8 OF 1860. Mains. AtikVoHroK^n 29,725 Aroost.iMik 22,471) Oiimbe-lttnd 75,692 Fmnklli 20,408 Hancock 87,7ft8 Kennebec 6n,6fi5 Knox 82,718 Lincoln 27,8f>4 Oxford 30,608 Penobscot 72,781 Pl8oatji(]iil8 1^082 Saxftdiihock 21,790 Somerset 86,754 Waldo 88,447 Wiiahlnjtton 42,685 York 62,107 Total Co. 16, In 628,276 Naw Hampbiiirr. Belknap mU» Carroll 20,4M Cheshire 27,484 Coos 18.162 Grafton 42.250 Hillsboro' 62,140 Mnrrimaok 41,409 Buoklngbum 60,122 New York. Albany 118,919 Alleghany 41,882 Broome 85.910 Cattaraugus 43,897 Cayuga 65.769 Chautauqne 68,*V4 Chemung 26,917 Chenango 40,936 Clinton 4fi,736 Columbia 47,2.'S0 Cortland 26296 Delaware 42,467 Dutchess 64,939 Krle 141,973 Essex 28,214 Franklin 80,836 Fulton 24.162 Genesee 82,189 Greene 81,980 Hamilton 8,024 Herkimer 40,560 Jefferson 69,828 Kings 279,126 Lewis 28,581 Livingston 89,640 Madison 48,686 858 NKW KNOLAND. Strafford 81,494 Sullivan 19,041 Total Co. 10, In 820,072 Vkbmunt. Addison 24,010 Mcnnlngton 19.438 Caledonia 21.708 Chittenden 28,171 Kss.) Carbon 81,088 Centre 87,100 Cheater 74.n78 Clarion 84,994 Cleartluld lt(,708 Clinton 17,7'.'8 Columbia 26,066 Martland. Alleghany 28.348 Anne Arundel 88,901 Baltimore 266,KA Calvert 10,447 Caroline 11,189 Carroll 84,688 Cecil 83,S68 Charles 16,617 Dorch«i«ttT 80,46! Frederick 48,676 Harford 28,416 Howard 18,888 Kent 1.S.867 MontgomiTy 18,888 Prince George 88,387 Queen Anne. 16,961 Bt. Mary's 16,214 Somerset 84,998 Talbot 14,796 Washington 81.414 Worcester 20,661 Total Ca 21, In 687,084 District of Columbia. Washington 76,070 TotalCo. 1, In 76.076 # ViBOINlA. Accomack 18,686 Albemarle 26,626 Alexandria 12,652 Alleghany 6,766 Amelia .10.768 Amherst 18,748 Appomatti X 8,887 Augusta 27,760 Barbour 8,969 Bath 8,676 Bedford 2i>,068 Berkeley 12,628 Boone 4,840 Botetourt 11,616 Crawford 48.7BB Cumberiand 4(l,098 Dauphin 48,767 Delaware 80,597 Kik ^916 Krlo 49,481 Kiiyetto 89,900 Forest 898 Kmnklln 42,188 Fulton 9,181 Greene 84.848 Huntington 24,101 Indiana 88.6vS7 Jollcrson 1\8«9 Juniata 10.986 IjUKMSkT 11«,8I5 Lawriiice 88.099 Lebanon 81,881 Lehigh 48,754 Luzerne 90,848 Lvo8 Noithainnton 7,882 Northiimberhind. 7,680 Nottaway 8,836 Ohio 28,422 Orange 10,706 Page 8,109 Patrick 9,869 Pendleton 6,166 Pittsylvania 88,104 Pleasants 8.946 Pocahontas 8,958 Powhattan 8,891 Preston 18,812 Prince Edward 11,844 Prince George 8,411 , 8ti0 POPULATION OF THE BMTED STATES. Prince Winiam 8,fi«S I'l-lnucBt Anoe, 7,714 PulukI &41< I'liuiuiii , 6,801 Kil.lt'li 8,867 ltiincli>l|ph 4,9UO Kappulmnnook 8,801) Ulchmuud 8,866 KItclilo 6,847 Konnu K,882 Uoanoke 8,(V48 Rocklirldge 17,460 Kiiukingham 28,408 ku»»«ll 10,180 Boott (Davis) 18,072 Bhcimntluub 18,896 Siiiytli a962 t)outhuiii|iton 12,914 Hliotlnylviuilu 16,076 HtiilTord 8,Bft6 Surry 6,188 8HB8«X 10,176 Tiiylor 7,468 TazowcU 9,920 Tuuker 1,428 Tyler 6,517 Ilj.ahur 7,292 Warren 6,442 Warwick 1.740 Washington 16,898 Wayne 6,747 Webster 1.5M Westmoreland 8,282 Wetzel 6,703 Wirt 8,7M Wise 4,808 Wood 11,046 Wyoming 2,866 Wythe 12,805 York 4,946 Totol Co. 148, lu . . . . 1,')96,079 NOBTU Cabouna. Alamance 11,863 Alexander 6,022 Alleghany 8,590 Anson 18,664 Ashe 7,966 Beaufort 14,779 Bertie 14,811 Bladen 11,996 Brunswick 8,406 Buncombe 12,664 Burke 9,287 Cabarrus 10,646 Caldwell 7,492 Oamden 6,348 Oarternt 8,186 Caswell 16.216 Catawba 10,780 Chatham 19,106 Ct3rokee 9,166 Chowan 6,842 Cleaveland 12,848 Columbus 8,697 Craven 16,278 CumUrland 16.869 Carrltuck 7,416 Davklson 16,601 Davie 8,494 Duplin 16,786 Bdgecomb 17,876 Forsyth 12,691 Franklin 14,110 Claston 9,810 Gates 8,444 Granville IR.896 Orwne 7.»'i6 Oullford 80,(>6« linllttut 19,441 Harnett 8,0:19 lIuywiHMl 6,K(ll Henderson lii,448 Hertford 9,8ii4 Hyde 7,724 Iredell 16,847 iliickmm 6,62H Johnson 16.667 Jones.. 6,780 Unoir 10,211 yillnKton 6,286 MncoTn 8,195 McDowell 7,120 Macon 6.1H)4 Madison 6,908 Martin 10,189 Mecklenburg 17.;)74 MontKomery 7,649 Moore 11,427 Nash ll.tWS New Hanover 15,430 Northampton 18.376 Onslow H.HM Orange 16.949 Piisquotank b.9411 I'erquluiiklis 7,248 Person 11,221 Iltt 16,080 Polk 4,048 Uandolph 16.793 Uichinond 11.009 Ilobeson 16.490 Kocklngham 16,746 Kownn 14..W6 Rutherford 11,573 Sampson 16,623 Stanly 7.»il Stokes 10,402 Hurry 10,379 Tvnel 4,948 Union 11,202 Wake 28,627 Warren 16.726 Washington f.,.S,%7 Watauga 4.9,5T Wayne 14,906 Wilkes 14,749 Wilson 9,720 Yadkin 10,718 Yancey 8.668 Total Co. 87, In 992,667 SouTii Carolina, (DistrioU.) Abbevlllo 82,885 Anderson 22,872 Barnwell 80,748 Beaufort 40,052 Charleston 81,108 Chester 18,128 Chestertleld 11,884 Clarendon 18,099 Colleton 80,916 Darlington 20,848 Edgelleld. 39,887 Falrfleld 22,111 Georgetown 21,80.1 Greenville 81,891 Horry 7,964 Kershaw 18,169 Lancaster 11,797 Laurens 28,868 I..exlngton 16,671 Marlon 91,IM Mitrlboro' 12,484 Newberry 20,87» Orangeburg 34,806 Plekens 19,686 Richland 18,884 Spartanburg 26,920 Sumter 28,860 Union 19,688 Williamsburg. 1^48» York 21,608 Total Districts 80, In.. 708,818 GioaaiA. Appliug 4,190 llaker 4.980 Baldwin 9,078 Hanks 4,707 Uenlen 8,471 Hil.b 16,291 Brooks 6,866 Bryan 4,018 Itullook 6,668 Illlike 17,168 Butts 6,466 Calhoun 4,918 (.;amden 6.420 Caiiipbell 8,801 Carroll 11,991 Cass 16,724 Catoosa 6,082 Charlton 1,780 Chatham 81,048 Chattooga 7,168 C'liattah(H)chle 6iS06 Cherokee. n,2H Clarke 11,226 Clay 4,898 Clayton 4,466 Clinch 8,068 Cobb 14,241 Coffee 2,879 Colowltt 1,816 Columbia 11,860 Coweta 14,708 Crawford 7,698 Dade 8,069 Dawson 8,867 Decatur 11,928 De Kalb 7.807 Dooly 8,916 Dougherty 8,298 Early 6,163 Echols 1,491 Kfllnghara 4,76€ Elbert 10,488 Emanuel 6,081 Fannin 6,140 Fayette 7,047 Floyd 16,196 Forsyth 7,749 Franklin 7,898 Fulton 14,427 Gilmer 6,722 Glascock 2,487 Glynn 8,88P Gordon 10,146 Greene 12,649 Gwinnett 12,940 Habersham 6,966 Hall 9,866 Hancock 12,044 Haralson 8,089 Harris 18,786 Hart tt.l8» POPULATION OF TUK UNITED 8TAT1)«. 861 Hi'urrt 7,808 Ili'iinr 10.T0U IIkiiiIud 1^AIB Irwln l.BTO Jn<-ks<>n 1i),6on Jiiiiper ....10,T4« Joffnrson in.'ilV Johnson S.»l» Jonet 9.I0T Ltortns 6,eiiR Ln T.I7A Liberty 8,8fitf Lincoln ^4«fl Lownilt's 6,!M9 Lniiipktn 4.6<20 Mtlntimh 6,IW« Macon 8.4W Mmliaon b,i>m Miirlnn T,«tfO Mi-rlwutluT J8,HiJ« MIll.T IJtfl Milton 4,«ii'2 Mltclu'U 4,«08 Monroe I6.»6a MontKoiiiory '^,VV1 I Murniiii l»,«»s I Murray 1.i»^ Muauoftee 10.6M Newton 14^28 OKli'thorp 1I,W9 Paiildhi).' ^,im Pickens 4,ltSl Pierce 1,»78 j PIko IO,»S« Poik Wits Puluskl 8,744 Putnam 10,I.S0 Quitman 8,499 Itabun 8,271 Knndolph 9.,'571 RIehmona 2l,'iS4 Bchlcy 4,688 Scrlvi'U 8,'i74 BpaWInK 8.1199 Stowart 18,4..'8 Sumter 9,428 Talbot 18,017 Talllaferro 4.5S8 Tatnall 4,8ft2 Taylor 6,000 Telftilr 2,718 Terrell 6,2«T Thomas 10,767 Towns 2.4fi9 Troup 10,259 TwlRSS 8,820 Union 4,418 Dpson 9.910 Walker 10,082 Walton 11.072 Wi»r« 2.200 Warren 9.S20 Washington 12.093 Wafihd 2,269 Webster .VI80 White 8,814 Whicfleld 10,047 Wilcox 2.116 Wilkes 11.420 Wilkinson 9.376 Worth 2,708 CI»r 1,914 Coluiubta 4,727 1)0416 H« Duval B,OU& KM'aiiibIa ^7*W Krankllu 1,904 OiMlHilen 9,1IV« llaiiillton 4.l»4 llimunilo(l(entou).... l,2(M) IlllUl.oro' ifclHl Iloliiii'S l,:in(i .lackson 10,199 .) cirorson 9,876 LaHiyettu 2,IHM Leon 12,h;is I^'vy I'ifi'i l,ll«Tlv 1.4.17 Mmlison 7,779 Manatee N'Vt Marlon 8.010 Monroe 2.912 Nasmui 8.l New Ulvcr 4.«.Vi <1rBni{0 9.''7 I'utnain 2,712 Ht. John's 8.0H9 Hjmta Uosu IS,48I Sumter 1.W9 Huwanee 1.Hh8 Taylor „ I,iis4 I Volusia I,1W I Wakulla 2.88ft Walton 8.(mi WushlngtiMi 2,154 Total Co. 182, In.... 1,0,17,828 Florida. Alachua 8.284 Brevard (St. Lucie) .... 246 Calhoun 1,446 I Total Co. 87, In 140,489 Alaiiaiia. Autauga 16.789 Baldwin 7.588 Barliour R0,slft Benton (dropped.) Bibb 11.894 Blount lO.SO.'i Butler lH,Ii2 Calhoun 21,.189 Cliamhers 28.214 Cherokee 1 S,!1C)0 Choctaw I'?,s87 Clarke lft,tM9 Coffee 9.628 Conecuh 11.811 Coosa 19,272 Covington 6,469 Dale 12,227 Dallas 88.626 De Kalb 10,705 Fayette 18,SV) Franklin 18,628 Greene 80,»^,^9 Ilaneouk (dropped.) Henry 14.917 Jackson \^.iS4 Jefferson 1 1,744 Lauderdale 1 7.420 Lawrence 18.976 Limestone 1.1,804 Lowndes 27.718 Maeon 20.8*1 Mailison 26.4.W ' Marengo 81.104 Marlon II.IM) ; Miiisliftll 11,472 I Mobile 41,181 i M(mroe 1,'>.609 j Mimtgoinery 8.1.00.1 i Morgan 11,831 I Perry. J7.797 Pickens.. 29,819 Pike ii4.48« Itandolph 20,059 Kusmll lt6,IW8 St.Clalr 11.019 Shelby I!i,«l8 8umU>r 24,085 Talladitga 28,620 TallapiM.s* .ie8,827 TuiM'alii4 2)1.209 Walker 7,980 WiMhlngtun 4,609 Wilcox 24,618 Wiuitoo 8,571 Total Co. M, In 964,890 MiuiuiPPi. Adams 20,165 AmllA 12.888 Attala 14.108 Bolivar 10.471 Calhoun 9.518 Carndl 22,088 i:hlekasi4W ..16,120 Choctaw 1M40 Claiborne 15.080 Clark 10,771 Coahoma 0,608 Copiah 15,899 Covlntttou 4.408 D-Soto 28,888 JVauklln 8.266 Oiveno 2.282 Ilaniock 8,189 Harrison 4.819 Hinds 81,842 Holmes 17,794 liuiiiuena. 7,881 Ita wanibo. 17,696 Jaekson 4,122 Ja!*per 11.007 Jefferson 1.1,849 Jones 8,828 KemiKsr 11,683 La Favette 10,186 Uuderdale 18.818 Lawrence 9,218 Leake 9.824 Lowndes. 28.626 Madl9 AToyullKt. I8,l«6 Hdon KouKisKimt... 1«.(H0 Bkton Koutfo, W«it... T.HI'i Bienville U.UOU BoMler I'i.OiH Caddo 1^,140 CbIcsmIou f>,ViH C«ldw<)U 4,HH8 Cwroll ia,0fi8 Catahoula ...; ll.AAli ClBllK)rn« 16,H46 I Cuueurdla. 18.Hi)6 I)e Soto 18,!i9» Vellolunis Kut 14,600 Kellclnna, W««t ll.flTI Franklin. 6,1(12 Iberville 14,661 Jackson O.Hl'i JefferiMin \6,>iVi LaKayvtt« ».(H)8 La Fournhe 14,044 Livingston 4,4:er 4,041 Jolferson 1,994 Johnson 4,306 Jones (not organized.) Karnes 2,171 Kaufman 8,936 Komble (not organized.) WESTERN STATES. Benton 9,806 Bradley 8.8S8 Calhoun 4,108 Kerr. (W4 Kinney 61 Knox (not organlied, ) Ulnar 10,186 lAmiMMOs 1,028 La tialle (not organized.) Ijtvacca N94R Uon M81 Liberty ^18l» Lliiiestona 4,MT Uvacca 608 Llano 1,101 MeLennan 6.206 McMullen...(nut organized.) Madison 2,288 Murlcm 8,»7t Mason 680 Matagordik 3,910 Maverick T89 Medina 1,888 Menard (not organlzi d.) Milam ^17& Montague 849 Montgiimery 6,479 Niu-ogdouhea 8,298 Navarro 6,997 Newton 8,128 Nueces 9,907 Orange 1,916 Palo Pinto 1,624 Panola 8.478 Parker 4,214 Polk 6,898 Presidio 680 Bed Klvor ;... 8,684 Ueniiflo 1,694 UolierlHon 4,997 Uunnells.,..(not organized.) Husk 16,Mifi PHldno 2,760 Hun A uirustlne 4,094 San Patricio 620 San Saba 918 Shackelford 44 Shelby 6,8(;2 Smith 18.:W> Starr 2,406 Torrant 6,020 Tnylor (not organized.) Throckmorton 1 24 Tllus 9,648 Tmvis 8,0S0 Trinity 4.8»2 Tyler 4,626 Upshur 10,646 Uvalde 606 VanZundt 8,778 Victorlo 6,678 Walker 8,191 Washington 15,215 Webb 1,446 Wharton 8,880 Wichita (not organized-^ Wllbran).'er..(not organized.) Williamson 4,629 Wise 8,100 Wood 4.966 Young 602 ZoPatta 1,24.' Zuvalla 2B Total Oo. 164, In. .....608,4811 Carroll »,«8S Chicot »,S81 Clttik »,T88 POPULATION OF TIIK DNITKD STATKH. PCS CnliimtiU %,*n\ Oonw*y <,AV8 OralKhxua 8.(NM Cruwlonl T.WW (:rltt«n«iitM a,4AH Urew »,(»7U Frankllu T,!WO Fulton 4,()M Orocno fi,H44 IlDlllllltOWl 18,UUI IIotfll.rliiK ft.88ft Inilxiicniluuc* U.HiM Ixurcl T.ilft Jw'kKiii 10.4»8 JilTiTnon 16.1»TT JohiiRon 7,012 I^i Kiiyi'tte MtW i.uwi-i'iic« »,mi» Miwllson 7.740 MhiIiiii «,\\)i Mlimliiiilppl H,H)') Monroo ft,tlf>7 Muiitttciiiiery 8.<'i:l.'l N«wt<)ii ii.«ua Purrv 2.4ttt Plilldpi U,>7^ Pike 4.026 Poinsett 8,1121 Polk 4.'2'I2 Popo 7,WI7 Prulrlo S.SM Piiliuikl 11,700 Kimdolph fl.'2«l Bt Kruucis a«7H Hulino 0.W0 Bcutt 6.145 Boiircy 6.271 Seliontlun 9,2.48 Sevier 10,61(1 Union I2,28H Van Uuruu &,8.'>7 WMhlnuton 14.078 WashlUi 12.U80 Wlilte 8.810 Yell 6,8;j8 Total Ck>. 60, In 486.427 TCNNE88KK. Anderson 7,063 Uidfoid 21,^H4 Bcntoa 8,403 Bledsoe 4,4.'>U Blount 18,!iT2 Briulley , 11.701 Campbell 6,712 Cannon (>,60U Carroll 17,518 Carter 7.124 Gkutliuiii 7.263 Clalborni! O.tVU 0>cke 10,408 Coffee 9.6SD Cumbcrliind 8,400 Davidson 47,064 Decatur 6,277 DeKidb 10..^78 Dickson 9,982 Dyer lo^'iBB Fayette 24.829 Fentress 6.0.%4 Franklin 18,848 Gibson 21.788 Giles 26.166 Gmnger 10,962 Orei42 ■lolinsoii &,l)tH Knox 22.M2 Ijiudcrdale 7,ri02 (.nwrcnce 9,8IU Irfwis 2.241 l.liicln «2.s28 MiiViliin l«,fi6H .McNalry 14,782 .Macj>n 7,290 Miidiium 2I,M6 Miirlim fl.lllO .Miusliull 14,692 Munry 82,49H Mcl)« 4,««7 Monroe I2.0o7 Moiit^rouiery 20.896 Mciruiin 8.8,'iil Obion 12,817 Overton 12,0!t7 IVrry 6,042 I'olk 8,726 I'utnnin 8,,V>8 Kill* 4,991 Uoiuio 18..V86 UoU'riRoii l.\206 Uutliciford 27,918 hcott 8.619 t^tqustchle 2,120 Scvlcr 9,122 Shelby 48,091 8iiillb 16.8:)7 Stewart 9.888 Siilllvun 18.668 Siiiuner 22.080 Tli.Um 10.704 Union 6.117 Van lluren 2,681 Warren 11,147 Wusliington 14.846 Wayne 9,116 Wciikley 18,216 White 9.881 Wlllliimson 28,827 Wilson 26,072 Total Co. 84, In 1.109,847 KiMTUCKT. Adair O.-W Allen 9,187 A ridiTSon 7,404 lliilliird 8.093 Haiicn 16,«(1,"> Bath 12,118 Itoonc 11.197 Bourbon 14.869 Boyd 0,044 Boyle 9.805 Bracken 11,021 Breathitt 4.980 lireckenrldgo 18.287 Bullitt 7.289 Butler 7,927 Caldwell 9,818 Callaway MIS Canipbull 90,IMI9 lurn.ll 8,678 C'artir 8,618 t'amy 8,406 Chrlollan 2I,A2H (lurk 11,4m Cloy 8,662 Clinton a7l>l CJritlenden 8^798 Cunilxrland T,840 DavlcHS 1^64» Kdniondson 4,647 Kmlll 8,HS8 Kttv.tte 22.699 yiindnir 12.488 Floyd 6,8«8 Kmiiklln 12,098 Fiiki.n 6,817 (ialliitln Ro6« Oairaril 10.680 (iittUt 8.868 Omvea 16,284 (Jravson 7,982 Green 8,806 Oreenup 8,78» iluiicoek 8,218 llar Uniwn W.'.)tl UutliT iVi.MO Ciirroll 1.1. IMS i'lmmiiaign "'iMW Clark 'i\'m Clermont UlMMT Clinton ^\.-i6i Ciiliiiiil>lanu »i.>im r.>»li(icton 2.'),(l»2 Crawfi)r iihoKn 7«.(Wft Darke 2(l,'.'ii» Di'fiiineu n.MSH PLauware 'A1'12 Krlt. V4,4Ta Kulrtleld. 8(),f)88 Fiiyutte 1&.91H) Fmnklln 6l>.878 Fulton 14,044 Oallla a'AOl.'i Oeaufpi. lfi,t: .luckBon 17,941 Jelfereon 26,tl7 Knox 27,78.1 Uke 18,876 Luwrence 2U.'254 Licking 87.011 Logun 20.997 Lorain 29,745 Lncus 2a,S:il Miullson 18,01.1 Mahoning 25,895 Marion 16,490 Medina 22,517 MlIxs 26.634 Mercer 14,105 Miami 29.959 Monroe 26,748 Montgomery 82,288 Monran mtT Momiw 20,446 MiiaklMKUm 44.417 NoIpIi. 1KI.761 OtUwa 7.017 I'nnldlnf 4,U46 IVrry lU.tt7U IMeknwar 2II.4)IU I'lke 18.rt.W l'i.rli>K« «4,206 iviid.' ai.H'.ti I'liliuiiii li.«W Kli'lilunil 81,156 KoM 8f..071 i^andiiaky •i\.\n Hdolo 24,207 H.neeu SO.WW .Hlult.y I7.4HH Mlark 4.',UTrt !MO Triimliiill H(»,tl68 Jackson 16,288 Jasper 4.292 Juv 11.899 .loiTerson 2.1,089 Jennings 14.7.14 Johnson 14..'..15 Knox I6,li8« POPULATION or THE UNITKT) BTATEi. 8(]5 Kowlntko 1T,4I4 UOrani*. \\.Mb Uk« t.\*a Lal>ortD.... *i.9tl Ijiwronn* IR.llWS Mxllxon \\M4 Marliin Btt.nlW Marvhiill Vi,TH Martin H.UTA MUmI I6.«M MonriHi ttt.MH Montifointrjr 'iO,h>iv MortfBn IH.IIO N»wi..n •i.nao Niilile I4.»in (thlo ft.4«'i t»n»nKO iy,U76 (twiu U,H7fl I'arko l5,ftUH i'l'iry Il,l>40 Piht) nunw I'lirter in,HI4 l'l.MV lil.lM Piilitiikl Mil I'ulniim 20y 11)11^8 Kiiili IA.ltf« Ht. .h)W4 Blielliy t»,^7l Wlii'iiwr 14,Mrt HUrk 'i.llte htmben 1II.H74 bulllvnn l.VMW Bwlti.'rl»nd 1'i,«l»S T<|ip«'i'nn'lta 11,198 Kord 1,979 Knmklln •,SM KulKin M,IIM OallatU ttOM tlrwiia I«,n9a (Jrundy ln.rtTii llunillion ».UI.^ llHiii'cH'k W.iiai lliinlln «,T1S lliridiraon V.:«t lUnry go «."« IriMiiiids 12.8^4 .luckMiii V.:>><9 .ltt^per H,;l7'i .Ivltirion 1^.966 .li-mey IV.Of* ■lo ItaTlesa V7.277 .lobnaon V.P.42 Kiiiu' io,o.^s Kiinkukfl* 16.4111 Ki'Hdall 18,074 Knox 8S,rttW Ijiko Ii2ft»l I Ji Halle 4MIW ■..itwivnce 9.2:4 Uii 17,061 Llvliixnton Il.ims l-opiii 14,2711 Me 1 >i>nou);h Sii.dfiw Mi'llenry 2'J."'>i McL.an 2H.74lt Mmon 18.78.^ MiwiMipIn 24.ti02 M;i.lUon 81.J16 Marlon 12,78.1 MarMmll 18.4H7 MuiMin 10,9)18 MawKMi 6,214 Menard 9,696 .M.Tcir 16,012 .MiPiMoc 12,S'ii .McMitwnnury 18,892 .Mort'im a-i.iia Moultrie 6,3'^.^ 0(fli' 82.8x7 IVorIa 86.0OO IVrry 9.M2 Phitt 6,127 Plko 8T,24« I'ono 6.742 Pulaski 8,II60 Pulnain 6,6«7 Randolph 17.206 KlchUnd H.Tll Uofk Island 21,206 StChdr 87,694 Saline 9.881 8an)(amon 32.2.')6 Schuyler 14,686 Scott 9,070 Shelby 14,686 Stark 9,004 Stcplii-nson 26.118 TazfwiU 21.471 Union ll,isa Vcrndlllon 19,801 Wabiish 7.312 Warren 1R886 Washington 13.781 Wayne 12.283 White 12.408 Whltebldes 18.740 Will •9,.S21 Williamson 12,20i Wtnnebsm .. H4M WiMMlfurJ IH.8>< TuUICo. l09,Io....l,7tl,7M WuooNUM. Adam* <,4»T Ashland 618 lUd Ai ll.OK Hrown 11,791 liumilo l,t>M llurnet It <'»lunuaue 48,992 DodKu 42.819 l>uor 2,948 Douglas KVN Dunn 2,728 Kuu Claire 8164 Kond du Lac 84,16a (Irnnt 81,207 Oreen 19,881 (Ireen Lukt I2,I411 Iowa 18,998 ■luekson 4,171 .lelferson 28,771 ■liineaii 8,704 Kenosha 18,610 Kewannee, 6,680 l.tt CroF-M) 12,194 Ui K».\rtte 18,141 Iji Pollile 672 .Miinlt4iowoO 22.886 .Marathon 8,984 Mariiuulte 8,286 Milwaukee C2,664 Monroe 8.898 Oconto 8,600 OutJiganite 9,688 OiHi kee 16,674 P.pin 2,897 I'lerce 4,672 Polk 1,412 I'ortaKO 7,604 Karlnu 21.840 ISIchland 9,737 Hock 86,692 Sank 18,894 Shawanan 8,829 SheboyKun 26,848 St. t:rolx 6,898 Treuipleail 2,.')00 Walworth 26,606 \Vn!l Dorn 88 Douglas 8,687 Fianklln 8,081 GoillVoy 19 Greenwood 769 Hunter... 168 .lackson 1,986 Jefferson 4,468 Johnson 4,868 Leavenworth 12,606 Linn 6,888 Lykens 4,980 McGce 1,601 Marlon 74 Marshall 8.280 Morris 770 Nemaha 2,487 Osage 1.118 Otoe 288 Pottawatomie 588 Klley 1,228 Shawnee 8,618 Wabaunsee 1,964 Washington 8^8 Wilson 27 Woodson 1,488 Wyandot 2,009 Total Co. 40, In 107,110 TERRITORIES. Nkbbasea. Butttlo 114 Burt 888 Butler 27 Calhoun 41 Cass 8,869 Cedar 246 Clay 165 Cuming 67 Dakotoh 819 Dawson 10 Dixon 247 Dodge HOtf Douglas 4,82s FtKsndall Mil. Sta... 868 Gage 421 Greene Ifi Uiil 11« Johnson Jones Kearney Lancaster L'Eau Qui Court MeiTlck Nemaha Nlcholls Otoe Pawnee Keservation. Pawnee Platto and Madison.. Polk Kichardson Salln- Sarpy Shorler Washiuglon 628 122 474 158 162 44 8,149 22 4,211 86 882 782 19 2,886 29 1,201 114 1,249 Morshall's Limits 1,792 Total Co. 86, In 28,886 N«w Mrxico. Arizona 6.488 nerimlillo a76» Dona A una. 6.289 Mora 6,.'i68 KioArlba 9,849 Santa Anna 8,572 SantaFe a,114 San Miguel 18,714 Socorro 6|787 Tu.>» 14.1'>8 Valencia li,S21 rotalCo U, In.. . .98,641 868 POPULATION OF THE UNITED 8TATB8. Utah, Canon ... 1,608 DftvlH 2,904 Desfiret 2,005 Green River 141 Iron Juab Millard Bait Lake 11,296 San IVte Summit 198 Tooele 1,008 Utah. Washington WeUfr 8,675 Total Co. 14. In 40,295 WABnmaTON. i"j 896 aallam 149 Clarke 2.278 Cowlitz 446 IshuKl 294 Jederson 680 KliiK 802 Kitsop 546 Kllckitar 221 Lewis 884 Pacific 421 Pierce 1,116 Skamania 826 Spokane 996 8iii|immlBh 162 Thurston 1,607 Wnhklacum 42 Walla-WaUa 1,827 Whatcom 8f>2 Total Co. 19, In 11,548 NEVADA. Carson (t,MO Humboldt 40 St. Mary's 106 Total Co. 8, la S,808 COLOEADO. Not yet divided Into counties H,1K Dakotab, Not yet (Uvidedinto counties IMf __ i! o o o ha » W trl PI f I s. OB CD n w H o tz; o w Q O O itif #> A@®TOS W4)i®®®, i -»♦♦- Experienced Agents (mate or female), School Teachers, Sab- bath-school Teachers, Toung Men from tfie country, and Retired Clergymen, are wanted to act as Agents, in introducing into each Totvnship and County in the United States and Canada, The "Illustrated History of the Holy 7)ible," by ^r. John Alt to, J^. S.A., edited by (Rev. Alran Sond, D.^., of ^Yortfich, Conn., H'hich is sold only by Subscription. Agents will not be required to canrass territory previously occupied, unless they choose, and all Sooks remaining unsold may be returned at prices originally charged, if in good con- ditions provided they are returned within three months front the time of shipment. Any of my Agents, or a Subscriber to any of my "Publications, «r any Post Master, School Teacher, or Clergyman, who is in- strumental in procuring for me a Successful Agent, and who sends me a Letter of Introduction tc the parties wishing the Agency, jrill be entitled to receive for his trouble the sum of Ten Dollars, and the same will be paid on application, if the Agent has succeeded in selling one hundred copies. In this way, a Clergyman, Agent, or other person, can, with little trouble to himself, assist his friends to useful and lucrative employment, aid in the circulation of a valuable book, atid add One Hundred Dollars per Annum to his own income. Ten good Agents can be found in almost any community for a book of the high character of the History of the !Sible. School Teachers, Sabbath-school Teachers, and Toutig Men from^ the country, are almost sure to succeed. Persons wishing appoint- ments as Agents, or to obtain further in/onnation on the subject, will apply immediately (naming territory) at the office of the Subscriber, or address, by mail. HENRY BILL; Norwich, Conn. (703) JUST PUBLISHED, AiN ILLUSTHATCD HISTORY OF THE HOLY BIBLE, being a rosnkcten account of the nbmarkable events and iiistindulsiied ciiai:a(;tku.s contained in the old and new testajii;nt.s, and in Jewish IIISTOUY DUIiINO the FOL'li lll'NMIUCD Y.;All.S INTEIlVENlNd UKTWEKN TlIK TIME OK MALACHI AND Till-: lUUril OF CIlltlST, INCI.niINO ALSO THE LIFE OF CUBIST AND HIS AI'OSTI.US; THE WIIOLK E.MUUACINU A PEIUODOF FOIII THOUSAND YEAItS; WITH NOTKS ('KITICAL, TOPOOKAIMIICAL, AND EXPLANATORY; TOtlETIlEH WITH CIIUONOLUUICAL AND OTUEU VALUABLE TABLES. By JOHN KITTO, Bodor of Divinity and Fellow of the Society of Arts, author of " Cyclopoedia of Biblical Literature," " History of Palestine," cfc. Edited by ALVAN BOND, D.D., Formerly Professor of Biblical Literature in the Theologiciil Seminary at Bangor, Me,, and for 'ZO years Pastor of the Congregational Church, Norwich, Conn. Complete in one Royal Octavo Volume of over 700 pages, embellished and illustrated by over 100 full-page engravings and colored maps, with extensive Chronological and other important Tables. ■* The Publisher Is conHdent that this work will be regarded by intelligent renders, and es- pecially by the lovers of Sucied Literature, as one of great inttiest and value. It presents, in a clear and beautiful style, u continuous history of the events euibraceU in the Sacied Uecoril, describing the manners, customs, and religions that prevailed in the iliil'i rent periods; narrat- ing tlie nuniei'uus conlliuts that nmrlied the progn-ss and decline of nations, imd fiiinislilng biogiapliical sketches of tlie individuals whose names are iiisci ibid on the rolls of virtue anj fame. This volume couipriges au amount of varied and useful information that cost the author much labor and research, and which could be obtained from tlie oiiginal sources oidy at great ex|)ense. It is contideiitly commended as a book for the family circle, and especially for tho^e engaged in the work of Christian instruction. The name of tlie Itev. Alvan IJknd [).\j., by wimm the work is edited, and who is well known as an accurate and uccomplislied Christian fecliolar, is a suilicient guaranty tliat It ia one of real interest and merit. Tlie numerous Kngravings and Colored Maps that are found in the volume not only add to its beauty and attractiveness as embellishments, but illustrate, more accurately than words, tlie ancient customs and scenes which tliey represent. This work is approved and commended by all denominations of Chricfians. The success of Agents who have commenced to canvass for it, has exceeded the rublisher's most faiiguin* expectations, and exprrienced Agents say they never knew a book to sell so well, home of the Agents are selling from twenty to forty copies in a day. Over One Thousand copies have been sold in Norwich. Conn., where tlie Kditor resides. This great success of Aitents has so encouraged tlie I'ublislier that he has put to press, on tlie finest paper, over 84tHJ,0(X) worth of this worK, to be immediately followed by other editions. Tliese large editions require nearly one hundred and fifty tons of paper^ and require six months to print It on five large power-presses. This great work we design to place beside the Bible in every family in the land. For an Agency for tills book, application should be made immetliately, as the territory is being runidly engaged. For further information, apply to the publiiihcr, naming townships preferred in the order of your preference. (70i) BENMY BILL, Norwich, Conn. RECOMMENDATIONS ICITTO'S IllUSTRtTED HISTORY OF THE BIBLE. Hore than (100,000) onr Iinndred thousand orders have hoon received for this work during thu few inoiiths It has heen otVered to the public, besides hundreds of commcn- datious from the cleigymen of all dciioininations of Christians. From Rev. Eiennard Ilacon, D.D. Anylvmlc In cxnlnintlon iit thu Hililc tVnm Uk ItHriiiiU Dr. Kitio must be vuluahlo. The R"*. Dr. B(ind,t eaniKit'il'iiittt, will udil to tno valtu- ut' Kittu's *' Uiitury uf the liittle," in iliu proposed Anu-rican Mlitmii. Ni * lluvcii, Aug. . 1 A) mucli iipprovi' of IhlH •• IiUislrat. (1 llUtury of Iho Holy U.blu " that I wisli Itinlitht be Jiij;l horidc the l.l::ONAKU BACO ipy ol tb BU'i^v:.! lin.iK of wiii(-li it tri-uiH, ill tliuuBftiid* uf'tlwellingi*. Uru-jklyii, N. V., Nuv. I(i, I8.W. rilKt>. 1,. CliYI.KK, Puittii' Lafuyitto Avunuu CImrcb. Frnm Rev. Ben.tnmlii Adams. t ( ave examined the " lllimtnit. d History uf (he Hibic " witli (triiii ples«ure. In my opinion it ii a bi>ok well q-tuliHud to do |jooil,i'Hpcijiitllv uiiij.r.{ t!iu young, uiid tbui.' who httvit not time for in-iie i;.ir,*tol iiiitl leiigtnv stutly of tliettreiit wor< .uli, un.i n lit cuinpanion foru niiuister'tf study. Deeply interesting and luitnii tiv.- in tlie subject of liieli it tiX'ut?, imd ui>ouitliilli-si:lior)l t .' tellers will lind it tin t xi'elletit hi'ii> in i I'eptiriiitj t leiiHolve to meet Ih ir c u.se.s in the iiiofit Intc-estiiiij iiitd instrnetive manner, and nit who uefire to ear ?li their minds und heurLi witli the treasures otQud's Wuid will lind lilts \oiutne of inestimable vuiue to them. J. IIAWE9, Hartford, May 12, 1867. From Rov. O. II. OuulJ. No motlern writer litis eontribtited tnovn largely to enrich th« Hihlifil literature of our time, or to clothe with a fresh unit liviou iiiu-rcst thtt nmni |K-ntoiia}{es told nieideoi.H in IJitl-Testument histuiy, thuii John Kilto. Theprea- eiit voltiine, *- ilihtory of tif Biltle," iii'.irs ail the m trksof his -viile learning, putient tiiul ticcnrute sf'hoInrHliip, fer- vent itifty, ittiil ^riaeeful anl popular siyle. Toe liook ii ainpi f nntl finely itltistr;ttefi,un'i e.litcil by ii eotnpetent Atneticun scholar, Kev. Alvun liond, 'D.O., of No-wieh. It t eserves u wide eirenlation amont? all who love and prize the Bible. U. II. UUULD, Poiti r 1st Cungregiitional Church, liartfurd. Conn. From RfV. R. H. Storm, II. D. "The" Illustrated History of the Bible" hy Dr. Kiilo, edited by Dr. nnnil, contains a great amount of valuable matter in a smiili compa^d, and m-III be ftiutid liy ihtL^e who bludy it very helplul to a c.ear and largo uiidt.'rsUp-ding of l:ie serititiiral nurrtttive. itrookiyn, N.Y., Nuv. It!, 18(1(1. B. S. STOSRS, Jr. From Rev. •lohn P. Oultlver, D.D. " Kitto's Illustrated History of the hihle" appears to he a narration (>f tlie facts recorded in the Scripfttres, with the adTlitioii of u lirief litstttrv of events down to the destruction of Jerusalem, written in u simile uiid auructive Bfvle, und free from lite minuteness of detail \*hiLli often lentlirs mtire rccoirtite works unlit tor popucn- u^e. It seems siM>ciatly uilupted to the wants of Subhatli Schools and Bible Classes. Tlie names of the tiutho: and editor faruish ua atuple guaranty of the trusiwurlhiue..ii of the work. ."OHN P. OULLIVER, Pastor of Now-Eii|5laiia Church, Chicago. From Rev. S. IV. Phelps, O.D. From what I know of the writiiifis of Dr. Kitt.i, and from the :ipeeitii in of tlie " History of th" Bible" which I have seen, I utn bure it will he a work of gr at lirterest antl vnliie. Tlie editorial laboi:i uf the Hev. Dr. Bond, together with its many exeellint und life-like iliust.a'.lons, caunot fail to largely increase the interest and value ui the work. I ehecrfiiliv cinnmend it. New Haven, Aug."i;, ItdW. 8. D. PHELPS. From Prof. Pond, aiid other*, of Bunffor, Me. The service which Dr. Kltto rendered to the world hy his vurinns writiujs, explanatory and illustrative of the Scriptures, it is ditiieult to overestimate. Tnere can be no risk in saying that his " IllusLiuteil History of the Biole" in tint hitsitp "rior to anything else of tlie ktnil within the same ctnnpass. an i tht; iiatii'' of the American lOd- Ituris nstilDi'i.Mitguarauty that the work will not suiter iu passing through his liuinls. The b Hik 'v ill be a treas- ure in uny family. E\OCn_PONI)L ^_ . Profts«ors Then. S,in. Rev. A. P. K. SMALL, Rev. J. B. GOULD, Rev. O. W. FIELD, Rev: D. QOODWIN, Rev. 8. L. B. CHASE, Rev. 8. P. FAY, Rev. A. BATTLES, Bcv. B. A. CHASE. ENOCH POND, i OEOROE SHEPARD, ( I) F. TVLODTT, C J. R HERRICK, ' bU The very high rank which John Kltto holds aa a Biblical student justlflei me In moat heartily recommending " Uiatory of the Bible " aa a work of complete reliability and of popular interest. C. C. EVERETT, Pastor ITnitarian Church. (706) From Her. Rnbort Allyn, D.D., orilllnnli. I h*Ta txiimlnoil with coiinliliriililo iittciitliiii " An llliiitrttnl illnldry lli>lii'il lir llrnry Kill nl' Nurwlili. Cnriii. II U ■ wiirk nl' iirMt nurarch, hilly i <|iitl U> miy cilhcr WurK liy till' HHiiit^ li*ii rnri-fiilly I'llitrif iind ri-vlnvd hy l>r. Alvmi Uniidof Norwlrh.t'onii.. whiwr H<>riini(i> Mcholamhin (iiid •jpndir of thf Mihl mht to j exli'nilvp h'nniln|( iidil a iii'W vnliii- In thi' iHHik. I i'«ii vi'ry I'lirdlally and I'onirliinlloiialv I'oininenil Ihli rii of thn ohlput and hcit and inoit orlKlniil of till hookn. HODKItT AI-I,YN, Prva't McKundne Colleft*. lllltnry ol the HltiTe to all who ilfNin* to know liiorii < McKindri'C CuIIckv, Lihaiion. Ht. Clair (.'ii. III., July li. 1X17. Krom Ilcv. T. IV. Peloubet. Mr. Kltlr liome-reailliiK. Ah fur ue it In known, the work liaa hail und It havlnic an exteuiilve Hale, Ihr exceeding the moat auiKUlnc ex|iectullonii of the iiuhlliiher. EuuAK F. Clahk, I'atlor H. E. Church, Norwich, Conn, From Rev. Mo^es Smith. John Kitto waa eminently fitted to illuiitrate Illhle trut.it. He woa an eameit Chrlitlan, a lahnrloui mla- •lonary In the re|{iuii of llllile «:eiieii, end a iiioiit Indefutiiiuuie ntudent. I niuit cheerfully reeimiinend his " IlluBtrated lllntury of the Ulble," edited by III* worthy Ur. Uond, to my people. I'lalnville, May V2, IMKI. Muskh Hmitii. Paiilor ConKrcgutlnnal Church, From RcT. Noah I ortcr, D.D., and others. Kitto li one of the bent writen of our nKe on the Herlplurea. I have no doubt that Ida " Illuatratcd Illatory of the Ulble" in an excellent liouk, and jiurtlculurly deairuble fur Mabbiith-acbuul aeholuni or teiiehera. Noah Poktbr. I cordially aubacrlb*; to what has been written above. The book la one of great valuu for family reudinK and Itudy of the Iloly Hcripturea. I,. I,. Paihiu. From wlmt I know of Klttu'a worka I tally believe thia will be a very valuable book. I eapcclally recommend It lo Siililmth-aeliiHd tcaehem. E. S. IIaiit. I roiiHlder Kllto'a " llluatrutcd Hiatory of the I Ible " a work that will be of permanent Intereat lo nil who love toatudy the Bible. HAMtiKL H. CuWLis. From Re/. 'Wm. M. Thayer. To wiioii IT MAT coNClnii: — 1 have been fbmlliar with the worka of Dr. Kitto, and have aevcral of them In my library, ao that I feel prepared to aoy that hlH " llUtory of the nible " Ih one of the moat valuable worli» for tlie tiiiiiily tiittt can be nurchaaed. For parenta and children, Sabhnth-achonI teachcra and acholara, Itji viiliie c^innot lie nver-catlniatca. Ita introduction into every houaehold would prove a great bleaainK to them aa well oa ., July 18, 1866. Wu. H, Tuateb, tu the public. ^ FrankUa, M From Rev. Gould Anthony. With my limited examination I ahould jiirtifO the " HIatorv of the nible," for which Mr. KlnKaley ia the Bijent, mlKht be an Intereatin^ and protitable book to thoae who uesire a knowledge of God'a dealing with man. North Dartmouth, Auguat7, 180(1. UoOLU Ahtuokt, From Rev. J. AI. Lord. 1 have two or three of Kitto'a worka, which I priie very highly, and I have no doubt the work la of singular Hiitory of Uie Bible." volui'i i feel a trci'ilom to recommend tliia South Uorlmoutli, Auguat 8, ItiM. J. M. LuKIi. From Rev. D. N. Thrall. Dr. Kitto being widely known ae a leanied and jiidicioua hiatorian of the Scrlpturca, I can aafcly recommend bia work upon the Ulble to my people, aa a valuable aid in their atudleH of the eucrcd Word. UeuROC h. TtlRALL, Rector of the Church of the Maaaiah. Clinton Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 17, 1886. From Rev. D. N. Moore. Dr. Kitto'a " tliatorj' of the niblo " la an excellent work, well atored with naeftil Infnrmntlon on the heat nf alt aulijeclH, und muat prove a vuluable aid tfi n proper uiidcratiindlnK of the divine Word. It will be found eapeciully helpl^l in eluuidiitliiL' the hlaturic portluna of the llibli'. oiid will well lepjv a careful penixal. Brooklyn, N,Y., Nov. Jl, IMJd. D. MOUI<£, I'aator Wathiugtun Ave. Uuptiat Church. From Rev. Bdw. Rtronff, D.D. The " Hiatory of the Bible," bv ao eminent a aeholiir na Dr. John Kllto, nceda no recommendation. If It did, the fact that Kev. Dr. Bond hiin "edited tlie American edition, offered to the jmblic by Henry Hill of Norwich, Conn., ahould commend it to the entire vonlldeur i of Chriitlan citiicns. The work cannot be read, I think, Witlioiit greet intereat und great inotlt. _ _ „„„.,., PltUtteld, Moaa,, Nov. fit, lotiU, £WD, Sxaoiro, Faitor So. Cong. Cburcb, (706) From RcT. Bamnel Woleott, D.n. Til th* Anihnr of thit wi>rk, Dr. Kltlo, who hu drviitnl hli llh to lllhlletl InTMllnllo'.i ind tTpntltlan, Wd In Dr. Iloiiil, who li wliluly kiinwn u (ii >lil<', ■nund.aiicl jiidinioua dlvlni-, wv lia>a every aerurily tl»l ill lUoxi'culiiiii It (til that II iTaliiia u> bn. I aiii nirUin (hat no oiia c*n road throiiih Ihia ainniintitd and llluitratril" llUtiiry iirthi- nihil'," i!ar«rilly n»miilli lerviUnii work, ftir the Ronaral rckdak Ita Authnr hiia attauifd einliieiice aa u Itlblu a4;holar, and haa Imitt bean a popular writer upon auhjui^ta eonu>-ctu' lllhle, are of hi)(h excellenee. I moat cordially recommend hit "Illualrated lliatory of the Holy lllbln" tu all who d' lire aacurate ami th"rnuuh knowledge of the Hacred Wirtl. It will heatreaaure toany t'aiully. ANIIUKW ■■OI.I.AItl). 1). D. Taunton, Jan. H, 1MII7. Paator of Wiulhrup ML Uaptlat Cliiirch, Taunton, Maaa. Prom R«T. Ijyntnn IVhIte. I reiard Dr. KItto aa an able, correct, and iiialructlvu writer upon the nihle, and can fUlly recommendhi work (lliu llluatrated U.'.alury of Ills Uibie) an ii vulnnhle contribution to our bihlleal literature. I.VMAN Wllir£, I'aitor C'uugregaUonal Church, rhilllpatou, Maai. From Rev. Henry Ii. Jones. The narratiT* la conclac, clear, and attractive, ua will aa faithful. Here and In the notea we have, In almnla Innguaxe, therenuitof Hie intiat iiiiil ripcat acholarnlilp. A copiua Index makea it an excellent book of refisr- CDoe tor the biblical atudeut connected with tile Sahlmlh .Srhmil. I1I<:NUV L. JONES, Rector ChrUI Church, Fitohburg, .Maa*. From Rev. Joaeph Crrhore. I cordially recommend the " Bible Illatory," hy Dr. KItto, to all who are Intereeted In the aludy of the nible. _, ii one of the iiioal valuable aida to too"' " " •ervlceable to the Habbatli School Teacher. It li one of the iiioal valuable aida to the Chriatlaii atudent, an intervating work ftir the fumiiy,'iinil capecially " ■ JO.SKI'II CUKMOUK, Paator UnlTonalUt Church, CltUiUurg, Maaa. From. Rev. N, Rmory 'Wright. "The Illuitrated Illatory of the Holy flihlr" hna aiiiailv been ol treat aervlee to me In my atiidieaof th« holy Hcrlpturca. It preaenta the narrative (lortion of the diviiir wnnl in a ainiitio and eaay, yet highly taa- cinutlnff Ntvle, beaidea interweuvlng many hivtoricui fkcta and exptanationa, which throw ffreiit litiht upon the nieanliiR of the aacred text. M. KMilItY WRKillT, June 'Jl, 1HU7. I'aator lat Methodiat L'placopal Church, Newburypurt, Man. From Rev. H. O. Hlnidale. ■ Dally Bible lliuitration," the " Cyclopedia of Biblical Mteraturc," and " Illato- catiiie," by Dr. KItto, lead me to welcome the pubticntion In thU country of liia " Illuatnttcd lllatiiry My acquaintance with the ' ry of I'aleaL '" , " " " ,' of the Kilili'," a" briiiginv within the reach of the Chrlatlan public an ultiactlvc and valuable help In the atuilv of the Word of (rixi. line of ita important fnattirea la the htatory of the four centuriea interveuiiiif between the clote of the Old and the opening of^ the New TeitamcnL Tlia uauie of Uitt American editor ntrorila additional guiimnty of tlie value of the b.Hik. II. U. IIINHDAhR, Bridgeport, Conn., April J^, ltKI7. Foator rrcibyterlan Church. From Rev. Richard Tolman. '"ttili la to certify, that I have lung been aci|ualnted with Dr. Kitto, aa a writer on biblical aubjecti, havlni; eight of hia volumea'in my libniry. I regunl bin volumea aa eminently rich in inatruction, and well auited to the common reader. I do therefore moat cordially recommend the " llluatrated Illatory of the Bible," believing that It iieeila only to be read tu be highly eatccmed." KICIIAUD TOLMAN, May 8, IW. Faator Congregational Church, Tewkibury, Mui. From Rev. Samnel II. Tolman. "Very cheerfully do I add my teatlir.ouy to the value of Dr. Kitlo'n writing! i and cipeclally the " HIatory of the BRilu" la eminently orlupteu to aid in the atudv of the S'Tipturet. Aa a Book of gcnerul and |)opulur Intereat, it muat be very uaeful, anil bo everywhere well received. Aa lung aa New England lovc» the Hlble, will they love that which iUuatnitei and explalua the Bible. BAMirRLi II. TOLMAN, May 11, IM. Paator Congregational Church, Wiiinlnglou, Uaaa. From Rev. J. H. Means. From my knowledge of Dr. Kltto'a wrltlniia on biblical auhiecta, and fWim the alandlng of Dr. Bond, the ertl- tor of the prcaeni work, I tiave nu doubt it will b« found a reliable aud Inatructive guide to the contentn of ttiu Scrlntiirea. J. H. MGANfl. Oorcheitar, Dec, ISaa. From Rev. John B. Falknrr. I have examined Dr. Kltto'a HIatory of the Bible, edited by Rev. A. Bond, I>. D., and And It a moat ralunb'o vork. It la a very deairable book, both fur the critical atudent and for the general reader. Dr. Kittu la HO well known aa an exact and profound icholar, an earncat Chriatlan, and un Inten'atinz wri'or. that any work, coming from hla pen, ought to be, and I doubt not will be, warmly wclconu'd hv ml ciooea who take the leaat Intereat in biblicaHtudlca. JOHN H. FAI.KVKK, Bridgeport, Conn., April 22, 1867. Btctor Chrilt Church, Bridgeport, Conn. (707; Vrom R«T. Oeorci* W. Rfsn. intto, M ■nthnrttr In filMlral hUtnry, ■tamla In thp I'lllmitlon i4 •rhnlara H iinTlTlltrd. t toko nUMiir* III IMoiiiiaiiQillng III! inxury ol' tli< Ulbln h( h wurk ornivrlt. — « wmk hut iIkmiIiI Ik- In I'viry Inmil' iii tlu' luncl lU-v. UkoHiiii W. Kyaii, Putur Uaptlil Chureh, U»dn*r, BtaMk Prom Rvv. M. Rwlekt I hiT* no hcdUtlon In rteommondlny Dr. Kllto'i ■* Illuitntttl lll>tnrv of Ihr RIblc." M. 2wici, I'Mtor, Rctbrmcd Dutch Church. Prom Rrr. A. 8. Chraeliorougli. 1 dMm the •' Ilhiitrttrd Tllftory -if the Itllilr " ii work wnrlln of r'lirchiM iml ntudT bv ChrUtlan mnpir, Tin 1. ...... ji ., I.- I-,... .„ I, |.i|,||,,„| ,c|,(i|,ir, r •' •■- "- •■ ••^'- ■• ■ •■ ^ - - liaraetvr ut thl« botik. high •tuiidlninf llr. KIKo, the inthor, u< ii I'ilillcal irhdliir, ihd the hoDurtd ii«m« ut' l)r. Uuiid, llivediior, art guar.intii I (>rlh() «ii|)frlur and ri liable cli Ulut«nbiir>, Cimn. A. H. CuiSKiioauuuii. Prom Rev. B. O. Buckingham. The ability nf Dr. Ktlloln thimlcpartmpiit ofarhnliinililp, nnil the value of hli wrltlnn, are well known to all Blhllt'iil Ktuilt'nta. Aiifl stich a work iiH iMh W'HiM hr Kiirc to liiiiTfMt nnd profit atiy tUriiilv. Um iMiiiii'roiia uiid niui- ilhiH niiioiia add lo Ua wortli. 1 ila-erl\ill> uoiniiK'Uil it as an Intertillog and iiii'l'iil work to tbin I'oiiitnunlty. Springfield, Mtui. M. (I. nicKiNriiiAU, Paftor South ^f>ll^^t'^ath>nal Church. From Rev. H. O. Ludlow, D.D. The nnmo of KItIo, u (he aitlbnr oCa work, wril nlnh renilcri It unn>-<^<'M iiuiiiiroui mid vacelleut pltiic, and iMitei, eannot fail to have at) t xtennlve kkIp, m it inecta tliu waiiti ot all who art' di-Hirou^ to iiu'trtain the ■ueai,iiiti (fUie "Lively OtMha of Uod." 11, (i. Luuluw, U.U. From Rev. Edward W. Bentlv. ¥f men have done more than Dr. KItto to advanci' n knowledge of llic nil le. I ean therefore molt cordially icconinii ii(i the prest-nt wurk. 1 know ijr. Bond, and kiiow that hi* \n ahutiMfuitiy (iiiullllefi to do bin part well. Ki>WAHi> W. liK.Nixv, I'aiiur, H. 1*. I). Uhurch. Prom Rrv. S. Graves, D.D., Norwich, Conn. I have examined the " Illuitrated History of the Ilolv Bible," and find It an Intereat'nR and valuable liook, worthy of the eundor and piily ni«bed lollinr, i;,-. Killo. It la n vnluino i^f (tn at valur to nil Bible Itutii-iitK, (Ilia flhonid be in the hiindr, of ever> Hunday-aehoMl mid Hllile-elapa I'lurber. 'i'be Kditor anil Publhbt- r ot ibc AiiK-rican Tditlon have phown excellent Judfjineut and tavte In ilielr part of the wor't. M. OKAVta, I'aatur of the Central Biptlat Church. I\m\ ,iai-, •■!■■> (iili'il,ik lor itihlk-ul .tudt-nta. Chicago, Feb. 2S, IM ' Illiiatrated Fliatory of Ihe llihle" 'O far aa lo aatlafy myarlf that It la a valuable woik lor llihik'ul .ludiiiU. It will be found eipecially uittXil to !4oiiday-i>i.'liuui leucliera and lUlilc-elaiaea Z. M. llrMi-iiiitcr, D.D., Puitor iit Prtabyterian Church. From R« V. MT. W, Patton, D.D. orened nbove by Rev. Dr. Iliimpbrcy, W, VS. Pai'Tun, li.U., Paaturut lit Congrcgotlnnal Church, Chicago. 1 cheerfully coincide In the judgment ixoremed nbove bv Rev. Dr. Iliimpbrcy, • ■ ■ iti Prom Rev. R. \V. Patteraon, D.D. I ftilly coincide In the opinion expreaied above bv Dr. Ilumpbrcv ond Dr. Piittnn, R. W. PATrnKso.N, U.U., I'abturof liu Preibyterian Church, Chicago. From Rev. Arthur S^vazcy. D.D, I coincide in the opinloni above i xpreiied by Dra. Iliimplirey, Pattnn, and Piilterann. Aktiiur tjWAZKV, U.U., Paatoruf 3a Probyterian Church, Chicago. From Rev. W. W. Evcrta, D.D. The history ot » bf>ok, aa of u man, riaes in Impe u pixjptr eoiniianioii of tlie Bible in the public or privriie itUrarv. W. W. lOvKins, D I).. " Chicago, Feb. 20, 1867. Pualor of lat Uupiiat Church. From Rev. E, J, Goodapeed. The intereat of Ihe Bible narratiyea la really dimlniahed by ita being broken np into ebeptera and veraei. Dr. Kilto, one of tlu; ripest ^oholar.,< of I^ornpe, bus given u-* liere a con tin nous, hariiioiiized bi&tory of ev>'ii[a iccordcd In tiic Bible,Dio1 ihtia contributed to the elcnrer understanding and the more thorough appreciation of Ood'a deiil- iiiga with mankind. I cheerfully commend the work. E. J. OooDSPEXD, Pastor of id Baptist Church, Chicaga From Prof. Dnvid Saving. 1 do not believe that any one coul.l Imvc conceived of or produced a work in this field of thoiiclit and labor that would surpass thla one of Dr. Kitto in its proIIli^u us to interest and usefulness. It makes the di^iiolntcd fiicts of aiicred liistory into quite a complete story, luol ihiis eiuibleH the nietnory to bold the t'-iith, titid the iii'urt to love itsatudy. Prof. Uaviu 8^Vl^'a, Pastor of Westniiiistcr Church, Chicago. From Rev. Robert Iiaird Collier. From the •xamination I have been able to give Dr. " Kitto'e History of the Bible," I am free to give it my heartv euiiiinciidution. The Bible and all its literature centre so fully In the great purpose of God to save tlie world, through .Icsus Christ, that I hear with gratification of the publication of a work by so eminent an autlior aa Dr. Kitto, which puts in so brief a space matter of such eternal importance. BuBiiHi liAiKD CoLLiKK, Paator of Church of Meaaiah, Chicaga (708) From llev. Tkomaa M. Eddy, n.D. 1>r. Knto nradl r n pommrnrtallnii fVnm ini- or miiy nni' rlu i hU r'puUtlnn U world *M(. Thf TOlnmt hirt PTvai'nti'tMi out' i*i vhIim- ii> llii! iirnft-iilonftl ttiMicul ktuilf iit, wtiiitt lo thu |(«n«rRl rvMilur, whuvn tlbr«ry i* nut •teckad wtlli wuiluuu laloriircUUon, Uli Invahmlila. I vlvr It my h»rtv rcimmrndallon, TiiuHAt M. tiiUir, ll.U., Julitor NorUtWMlvrn Chrlitlau AdvuciU. From Rev. N. A. Ilydo. Thd wnrtd-wldf rapnUUnn of Dr. Kllto anil tht iichnlsnhl|> of thr •dltnr, H«r. Alf in Dond, D.D., an, In mf ladgiatiut, ail culirelyuUtAsUiry fuwaiity fur llii- valua ol'tlili IkioIi. Rkv. N. a. llviiK, Taalorof Plymouth Church, iBdUnipnIii, Ind. Prom RfT. F. C. Ilolllday. D.D. Th« lilrh rcpiiUtlon of Dr. KItto ai * hiblicil nrhnlar, M* rii>iii:i«r|iv wllh tha tntira ran«ooraarrr ihe value Ottilia wurk. K c. UuLLiHAT, D.U, Indiauapulli, liid. From Elder O. A. nurveas. t)r. KItto, on« nf th« nraat tmlnrnt nf hlliliial ai'inlim, hnlli ihnrnuirh and oomprehi-iitl** In hli ll'prary TC»'»ichr<, uutliortM vaHiiiia valuabia and .'Ujh>n> w mkh. will iliMihticia roni.riit, In lua llluatntrd Illa- li'ry of tliK Illhle, Ix.lli lilntiiry iind iriininrntarv, In »ii(-h i i run to rrndrrlt. under tlin labiiraiif the . ditor, Ur '. Ut. Boud, oua of tin iui«t ounvrnirat, iiiatru<'tivi<, and iiarrnl hnnha of the day. LliiKb O. a. UcKiiKna, nfChilitian Church, ladUnaiiolln, Ind. From Rev. II. Ilroaa, n.O. takrtrrtat plraaurr In rrmmmcndlng thia work to the fUmillranr thr parlih.and I abniilil h>' glad If I Itaiilacalutivcry liuuMbulii, Ht.y. fl. Uauaa, JUiiibum, il,.,Jiiii. tU •oU Ita lilac glad ir It I'niild ■■ IKi?. FroL-« Rev. W. C. RIchnrda. Therxamlnalion Thavolwrn nh'i- to make fit' Klllci'ii "1llii>tralrd lllatciry of thr tllblr " hni autlaflcd nie of tha grrui ( mrlli'uea' anil »iirth <>i >ii,' iiuuk. The wiuk l< rln u i? and tlvar ii> Ha nlan,fira|>hlu ami iitlruciiva in ita «ti li',cn|ili)ua and tnialwiirdiy in iIk liformatli'n, and In huml with a apirlt nf caibiilio anil iiiliva piity. I utka lueaaur* lucuiniucnUlugit toall claaaea of readora wlin iniaa uml deain* to know the word nf (ln'l. W. C. HiciiAHii. lilatory of cventadu iiigtha ^(Nlycaia int4ir\eiiiiig between thf (Md-Teatiiment dlaiH-'iiaatio;) and the New, la of very great value, and tnisht to be read hv all iieraiiia pruKa>iiig tu ruapcet tha Uible. Mew llarltord, Couu. J. B. Clivilaxd, Fajtiir Cong. Churoli. Froai Rev. C. n. A. Diilkley, and others. To the Memberaof the Dninklvn Young Men's Chriillan Aaamlatlon, and olheia: Dr. Kittii'a Illur A.v Dtke, Paator of 1st Pieabyterian Church, Brooklyn, N.Y., April 30th, I8G7. From Rev. R. IT. lioomla. The undenlgned liaa examined KItto'a Bible Ulatory. and fully and moat cheerfully recommend* the liook lo the meiiibrm of Ilia ehuich and congregation. Sahhath-aeb'-nl tem'hera will fli.d It on inval'iahlenlil li ih( atudy ufttae Bible. K. U. JLuuHis, Paator AI. K. Church, Fair Uuven, Cuun. From Rev. •!. D. Kyle. I heartily concur in the above itaUment in regard to KItto'a Hiatorr ofthe Bible. Fall Biver, Maaa. J. D. KylB, Paator United Preabyterian Chtirch. (709) Prom Rrr. A. M. l^jlU. Itm In pnaMMinn of Dr. KIttn't Dallf Illhl* nMllnipi, anil cnntldrr th*in In tM< «mnnt tli* nina« nluM* produoUuiia III my library, ami Iruni lliu writ kiiiiwn I'hanclar of Uw ill*llD|uiihcd author w« Aial talk In awurliia aay imi who may piirchuo a work froiu Uia uma nan. t'tll lUvtr, Mail, A. M. Wtlii, lUciorof AtMSiloa Ckwvk Prom Hew, John Unnean, D.D. Dr. KItlo'a lllttory of Ihr BIbIa li a work nf nn-at ralna - aTsry •luilani of Ui« MKrad totuma will hart Anil tn aalliiiahlu man of InttirniaUuo and lUiulratluji. I kDuw uf au tliuUar work thai coi taliii lu mauy •loalli'iii'ia. Hit. John DrmAN, 1>. I>. k'aU JUvtr, Maaa.. May au, 1M7 Vatlur tii liapUal Churvti. From Rev. R. W. Batler. My htartjr ooiiciirNIM* In tlM tbot* U maDiraat by my rigualurt. '■■ W. Botlii, Vmtor rrankUn 81 CbrtaUan Dooittr. Prom ReT. B. Thnraton. D.D. I hara hrtbr* rceotntncndad I>r. KItlo'a illilory ot thr lllble l<> the paopla of thia placa, and taka plaaaar* In rvpaalliig thai every fuiiiily anil Suhhiilhirlioul Icavhar, ami ludtad arery aludanl or tha UIlId, will find a graal kelp In till' work in hi> .tudy i>t (iud'a word. fall Ulvar, Maia.,Juu« 1, IM. IL TuuaatoH, D. D^ I'atlur M CoBf. Church. From R«T. P. B. HaoKhvrort. I am rninlllar with Dr. K.'a wnrka, and hia (raal raputallon a< an author la a aufllcient Kmranly nf the rio*|. Icooaufauy wuik tliul baaia hla imma. P. M. ll«tinii»oiT, Paator lal Baptltt Churr.h. I'all Klvar, Maaa. From RcT. 0«o. Bowrlcr. I hpartlly cnnuur In the above recoinmandatlon. rtU Hiver, Maaa., May 81, U07. Oao. Dowiia, raalor 8L Paul'a M. li. Chunk. From ReT. Chss. MV. Back. Af a cnmpcnillmia arrangement of the Bible narratlvea, I ihould think that Kllto'a IHitory would be nf great UM to the lllblicul itudunt CuAa. W. Buci, fall River, Miui., June 1, 1M7. Paatot Uultarlan Cburcb. From Rev. J D. King. I coiiilder " Kllto'a Illitnr)- nf the BIhlu " an Invaluable alil to coniecative Ubilcal ilady, eipeclally Ibr tboae vhu have but little lluiv, and hava not accuM to large Ubrariea, BfiipectfuUy youra, J. D. Kinii, Fall River. Man., June 1, ltH7, Futor FIral M. L. Church. From Rev. C. 8. Bro«vn. • The name of Dr. K'tto, la a futficlont recuinmeiidatlon of hli work. C. 8. Browh, Pr«e(dlng Elder M. E. Church. From tile Norwich Rnlletln. Kitto'i lUnitratrrt Tlit^ory of the Bible Is a work that, even upon tha moat iuperftelat examlnatinn, itrongly ImpreiiMt;* ita iiuritu upon the mind of any pemon who is ut ull IntL-rL-nteil In the aacred writhiHi. The plan of the work li in itiielt a recuniiiiendatlon. The liurrulive la eiiriirhtil by critit'al and ex|jlunati>ry iioti'i, caretully «i)lfcled from iliu results of long yean of levert* Hiid iiiit'lliKeiit labor, 'rlii'se noti-H are neceiisurily lirief, hut they happily niei't the wiiiitsof the gi'iii'ral reader, wiio «-aniuit ilnil tlie time to wander through a wilderm-ng of ooiiiini'iituriea, and indeed are in many cases suthcieiit for the iiiuri* critical student. For the preparatiun of this part of the work the eminent author was peculiarly well qualltled. He brouglit tuthe illustrutiun of tiiu Saered Hcriptiires a living kiiowle'lge of Eastern inannerp, truilitioiis, gi'itirraphy, anil miturul hiitury. acquired dtiriny three years of travel In the lloly Land, and ailjucciit countries. 'I'o the knowledge ucqiiiied iliiriiig these original reacarches, waa added tiie ti uit of n qiiartpr of u century spent in most curefiil study. It Is said of him that he was In the habit uf going several miles hiihe British Museum, in the reuding-n>oni of vihlch he ipeiitiix hours u day consulting rare and expensive b Auroras KiTTO'8 lLLi;8TRATCD HisTonT or THE BinLE.— It It but a few monlha since It wu tnnonnenl that a new American edition of thia celehrated work was in the courae of ptvparation,l>y Rev. Ur. Bond, of thia city, and wai to be introduced to the public by our tuwnsnmii, Hon. Iknrv Bill. Yet the orders for it have already reached the large numhcr of more than fifty thousand, und the demand It still unabated. It ia emphatically, and lu the best tenteof the term, u popular book. It will make every family, where it it read, wisei nml belter. It Interfbrcs with the sectarian prejudices of no man, for it li not ii cominentary on doctrinal t>oinU, t)ut it plain, cleur, and connected norrutivefroni the point wliere the Bible commences down to the de.tructiuii of Jerusulein by the Unmans, A. U. %. Any one, uutH profestilonal biblical aeholur, will acquire a fur more distinct view of sucred hi'ry by reading this boi'K tlian lie will by reading the Bible itsi^lf, for the narrative is connected, and divested of ull Irrelevant matter. If wu take any single character of the llihie — David at a itriking example — we ihall tlnd all the rventa of his life ffrntiped and connected with the vividness of a picture. And tlie manners and customs of the people at each epoch, their laws and religious observances, their great public works, and the political relations of States, arc minutely described, and illustrated, not only according to the Bible narrative, but hv all the lights that modern research and iiivestigatitm can tiirnw upon them. Tne work cannot be too strongly recommended to all, whj would become faioiliur with Uible hiotuiy, fur tlieli gvru ImpnivtuoDUti oi [vt tUs puiiiow uf cummunlcatlag tha aaoie to othera, (710) n From ■•▼. O. P. Oaborn* and otkar*. Fmm • hfl»f »»«'iiln»(!on of lh» Pmpapliia of Kllln'a " llliiilnilril Itlilorj of tha nibit," anil f^om (ho knowB r*piiUII>in of tliii author anil vililor, I Jiiil||<- tli*l llii< IkniIi will Iw liniii'l lo Imi • valiiahlv tlil In Iha alud; of UoU't wunl, ami a hajipr aildllloii lo Iha library uf any fkiiilly wliu may Ikal ahia lo purchaaa II. Ilrliiol, H.I., May N, inlUI. C. P. OiaoiKi. Wa I'inii-ur In i>'" rrrommrndatlnnt ftrxn ahoTa of KIttn'a " Illuatrmlail lllatorr of Iha Rlhla." r. Mnowilaii 'looMiaa, Julin Ulaln, J. I.lyaiay, A. I'. Hptulilinf, Uaurga Wbaalar, Wm. C. Mllli, RMlor uf 81. Matk't Cliuroh. From Rer. il. JIV. Irftna. I can rnrillally command Dr. Kitto'i wurka. I am aci|uaintrd with Dr. Dond, Iha Amarleu Ealllor. I Intanil lo Uka Iha hni. iliniinil. Wh. a. UAari.arr, Paaior KIni-placa Cong. Church, Brooklyn, N.Y. (ta acri tlDgulihai From Uvv. A. N. LHtK'J«hii, Ik.n. Dr. Klito'a " IlKtnry of Iha llllilp " il a valualiln Oiniptnil, ami may Iw nad with pniAl by all who daalrc lo b« (mprofrd u|Hih the K">< ■ulijni'ta of which II Irvata. A. N. LlTTtaJoiiH, U.D., Heclor Holy Trinlly Church. Brooklyn. N. v., Nov. la. IMI. I From Rev. O. If, lloamrr. Dr. John Kllln ilanda hlih aa a Bibilcal acholar and irllli', uml I ahonid Ihink Ihli work wnnid he a ralnahla aid In Ilia aludy of tliv UibU. a. II, UoaHtl. Pulor UnlUrlan Church, Uaarflcld, Maaa. From R«T. Holomon f'lnrk. For the pall el^thl yoara I hare hec>n Intlmalaly acqiialnti'd with Dr. Klllo'a nihlical worka. He poaacaaad adTanlupa M'lilorn rnioyrd fur prrparlnv aiii'h a lllatnry uf the Ilihie na la lu'rc prcaentcd lo tho public. 'Ihiiia pa^ra will he rt-nd liy iiidividuali and famllica with gruwtnx Inlereat Plaintli'ld, .Maaa. 8ui.uilu.v Claik, Paaior Congragallonal Church. I From Rev. K. E. CummlnK*. t hara examined wllh aome care Kllto'a " lllatory of lh« Illhln Illuatral«d,"and haro formed a high nplnloii of il, aa a help In K>vintf a knowlodtfe of Holy Kt'ripturc. 'I'ht! unihoilli'd lilatory canntil fkil to awakvn a deeiier Interval in Ihe facta eontaltu-d in the lllhle, while tlie nntea throw a'Mltlnnnl llt am'ri'd text i aiiee. 'j\ HVi. K. K. CuMMINOS, Paaior Pteaaant^trect Uapliit Church. From Re^. A. P. V. Rnrtlett. I cordially concur In the numeroiia teatiinoniea to the value of the " llliialraled Iliitory of Ihe Holy Bible" by I>r. KItIo, and I triiat that it may be widely received among the neoi)l« of the Sri/e liie lluly Bible. Caatine, June i, IttCr. Alfbed E. Ivks, Paator Cong. Church. From Rev. O. tj. Palmer. The want of audi a work haa lonK been felt by all aludenta of the Bible. The author, ao well known lo the literary world, la autttclent evidence that It will be an Invaluable work tor all iovera of Bible lllatory, and for all who want to grow la the knowledge and wlidom of Christ. C. L. PALiiiB,Paau>r M. E, Church, Brookavllle, He. (711) 12 Front Rev. E. D. Toirncr. Dr. Klttn'f workf »re amniig the very bcit In the whole rsnge of Hlhlical liltemtnre. Any thing from him illuftrativt' of the ureml evuiitM and fflonouM churaeteri ot tliu Old and Nt-w Tt-Btainuiitif li of Hterllni; value, and niuy bi' Kafely truilcd; while the jirane of Dr. Bond, the accompllnhed editor of the '• Il.uitnited Illitoty of th« Bible,"" ii in all the churi-hea," I rnrdlally rnmrnend the work to the reading and leligloua i erile of thii |>lace, ai oui' eminently fitted to intureit and improve thtmielvea and fHmlllei. £. I). TowiiEK, Paitor of BapCiit Church, Hartford, N.Y. From Rev. Alfred Emerson. The narrative ii conclie, clear, and attractive ai well aa faithful. Hera and In the notes we have. In almple language, the resuU of the lut^'tit and rlpi-Ht hch -larshlit. The hiitnry of the eventa which occurred between the cloaitig period of tlie Old Tt siument and the lieginv.lng of (he New, aa well ai at the desti uction of Jernaaleii;, ei:.entialiy add to its vQiue. A copioui Index makea it an excellent b(mk of reference ff>r the liihllral iiuderta connectea with the Kubhath Si-hool. 1 should \m' happy to learn that this volume had found a pluee in every I'jmilv amonx my people. Ai.rBti> Kmir.son, Fitchburg, Mali., May 14, ISC'. I'tator Cung, Cburch, From RcT. 8< A. Collin*. I moat cheerfully recommend the " History of the Bible" by the dlallngulshed Dr. John KItto, whoae attain- ments aa a llihileul Ktudeit are scarcely surpassed. The work will he • valuable aid to the study of (Jnd's Holy Word, mid ahould he in every trmiily. 8. A. CuLLiHa, I'astur Uaptiat Church. Fltchburg, Mass., May M, IHIi7. From Rev. M. 91. Longly. I have made -. hasty examination of Dr. Kitto's " History of the Bible." and am exceedingly pleased. It cao- not fail to bfu v-iluuble auxiliary In the ntudy of the Bible, and will be a treasura to any fiimilv. Fitcbburg, Mass., May lli, IMu . M. M. Lonoly, Vaator Trinitarian Church. •• ■ ' . From Rev. W^. H. Hatch. I can checrt>illy recommend Dr. Kitto's work as a valuable auxiliary In the study of the Bible, which cannot but be of great advantage to all who desire a correct aud extensive knowledge of tttn sucred hook. l-itchburg, Mass., May Ifi, IMIi'. VI. II. Uatcii, I'astor Methodist Church. From Rev. C. H. "Webber. I consider Dr. Kitto's " Bible History " one of the best of hla many able productlona on Biblical research. Every llible atudent should have it. C. U. WEDiii:B,rastorM:.Iu-BtraetFKeBaptlst Church, Taunton, Mass. From Rev. Samuel H Smith. The works of Dr. Kitto are held In very high repute by all Biblical itudenls. They are distinguished ffir their gi'neral accuracy and great clearness. His " Bible History " I regard as among the most dcdirahle of his produC' tioim. Samuhi. H. SMirii. Kast Bridgeport, May 10, 18C". I'aator M. K. Church. From Rev. A. McOregor Hopper. The"ni8tory of the Bible," by that distinguished scholar. Dr. Kitto, of London, I reganl as a worl- of gn/at value, nnd c:iii therefore most heartily recommend It to the public. A. McUreook HoeFER, Uridgeiioit, Conn., April 17, 18:S7. " From Rev. W. W. Dew. The author whose volume Is here commended his ihroujh many past years laid a foundUion broad and deep fhr the Cfjuudcnce of Chiibtcndoui. He has a %lde re^iuiuilon, gamed by the devoted labor of n\aoy years. If iconic In generul knew more In regard to the Holy Scriptures, they would prize the dlviue Word more highly. .Such n volume as this which la now offered is needed evcryvhen. UrooksvUlc, June 13, ia67. W. W. Dow, Futor Congregational Churf From Rev. J. E. Rocfctvell. I have bQcn familiar for mony years with the works of Kitto, and have regarded them as among my most valun- bteaidsln the study and iltustrutton of the Holy Scripture. His ** History of the Bible" is a collection in un.- vulunf ('t ull thart of the time night and day), for some two years or more. Subscribers f ^r the work who have obtained the first volume, but who have failed to see thtj Agent, may obtain the second volume by addressing the Publisher, HENR7 BILL, Norwich, Conn. (713) A PICTORIAL istorg of t^e Jeto IHorto : CONTAININO A GENERAL TIEW OP ALL THE VARIOUS NATIOJIS, STATES, AND REPUBLICS OP TUB v.^ WESTERN CONTINENT ; Ck)inpri8ing tbe early Discoveries by the Spanisli, French, and other Navigators^ an account of the American Indiana, and a COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE PRESENT TIME. Including the French and Indian Wars, the VV^ar of the Revolution, that of 1812, the late War with Mexico, and embracing the brilliant career of Washington, Wayne, Jackson, Taylor, Scott, Orant, and JShbbman, and their compatriots, and a Complete History of the Rebellion to its Close. With an Appendix, containing important Public Documents, and closing with extensive and valuable Statistical Tables. J,,;.; ,^- ;•,.>-_,, ^-.yv.;.;, EDITED BY ;..:.';...■,> .-,-;^ , ■'■ JOHN LEDYARD DENISON, A.M., AvTnoB or thb "Pictorial History or thb Waks ;" " Piotorial Naval Uistort ;" " TuK New World," in Okkman, itr. The whole illustrated with over Three Hundred Ennramngs, some of which are beautifully Colored by hand, true to Nature, consisting of Battle Scenes, Views of (Mties, Flags of the various Nations, Prominent Events, and Portraits of Distin- guished Men, from designs by LossiNG, Croome, Deveraux, and other celebrated American Artists. In one large octavo volume, containing about 900 pages, and illustrated with over 300 Engravings, some of which are Steel, and many beautifully colored by hand, true to Nature, and will be bound in emlKtssed and gilt leather binding, with marbled edges. This work was so well received, that already it has been translated into the Ger- man Language, under the title of Illustrated New World (see opposite page), and about 20,000 copies sold in the German Language in this country alone, and large orders have been received from Germany, for the work in their language. For an Agency, apply to the Publisher, HENRY BILL, Norwicli, Conn, (7M) THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD: ooMFBisma A GENBBAL HISTORY, BOTH AlfCIEHf^T AND MODERN, OF ALL THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS OF THE GLOBE, ETC., ETJ. FiPibradng a brief account of the Russian and Italian Ware, and a complete His- tjry of the United States to the present time, including the War of the Revolution, tliit of 1812, and the late War with Mexico, the Administrations of the Presidents, and the brilliant career of Washington, Wayne, Jackson, Taylor, Scott, as well as Grant and Sheruan, and their compatriots, and a brief History of the Rebellion to its close, with an Appendix, containing important Public Documents and valuable Statistical Table& By SAMUEL MAUNDER, AoTHOB OF " The Treasury of Knowledge," "Biographical Treasury," Era Edited by JOHN nMAN, Esq., Lath Editor of the " New York Commercial Advertiser," And other diatinguUhed American Authors. The whole embellished with nnmerons Engravings (beautifnlly Colored by hand, in imitation of Nature), representing Battle Scenes, Views of Cities, Prominent Events, Flags of the dif- ferent Nations, Coronations, Processions, '\' Costumes, Etc., Etc., Etc. In Two large octavo volumes, containing upwards of 1,500 pages, and illustrated << li thirty-two Colored Engravings, executed in the most modern style, after authentic pictures; together with a Chart of the Flags of various Nations, appro- priately colored, and bound in embossed and gilt leather binding, with marbled edges. The success that has attended this great work, since its first publication, is unpre- redented. It has gone on increasing in its sale, until over three hundred thousand volumee have been sold. (7M) 3u tl)c German faiiguagc. THE ILLUSTRATED NEW WORLD : CONTUNINO A GENERAL HISTORY OF ALL THE VARIOUS NATIONS AND REPUBLICS OF THE WESTERN CONTINENT; THEIR RISE, PROGRESS, AND PRESENT CONDITION. Comprising early Discoveries by the Spanish, French, and other Navigators, an account of the American IndianSf ^. with a Complete History of the United States, from the First Settlement to the Present Time. ,, rSCliUDING A COMPLETE HISTOEY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN THE UNITED STATES, TO ITS CLOSE. With Geographical Descriptions of oach State and Territory, an elaborate Appendix, with important Instructions to Emigrants, Washington's Farewell Address, auci other Public Documents, Statistical Tables, etc., etc. EDITED BY JOHN L. DENISON, A.M., AND TRANSLATED. BY GEORGE DIETZ, LATE TRANSLATOn FOR THE .TTATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. The whole illustrated with over three hundred Engravings (many of which arp splendidly colored), consisting of Battle Scenes, Views of Cities, Prominent Events, and Portraits of Distinguished Men, from designs of the most celebrated artists, in one large royal octavo volume, containing over 900 pages, executed in modern style, and bound in embossed and gilt leather binding. It is purely American in its character, and aims throughout to induct the immi- grant into all the manners, customs, and institutions jjeculiar to the United States, having for its object to Americanize this valuable element of our rapidly increasing population. This book has been issued but a short time, and already nearly 20,000 copies bave been sold. (716)