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John Carroll, BISHOP AND PIPST AHOHBISHbP OP BALTIMORE. o Si Ed EMBRACING THE HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH -M,* IN THE 1763-1815. ■< H « WITH PORTRAITS, VIEWS, AND FAC-SIMILES. BV JOHN GILMARY SHEA. NEW YORK: JOHN G. SHEA, 1888. COPVRIOHT, 1888, BY JOHN GILMARY SHEA. The illuitrations in ihit work are cofyrighfed, and reproduction is/orbidden. Edward O. Jknkins' Sons, Printers and Elecirotvptn^ 30 North William Street, New York. TO THE PATRONS His Eminence, John Cardinal McCloskey; His Eminence James Cardinal Gibbons; their Graces, the Most STm A COBRIO^, D.D.; JOHN J. WiLUAMS, D.D. ; PATRICK J. '^i' wJ^n' ^'""i^^^ ^- ^'««^«' ^•^- B. J. McQuAiD, DD • John Conrov D.D.; John Ireland, D.D. ; John L. SpIldino' D.D. ; James Augustine Healy, D.D. ; P. T O'Eeilly D D ' Eichard Gilmour, D.D.; Stephen V. Eyan, D.D.; HenrV S™ Z ^- ^^''''' ^•^•' ^^N^« M. Bradley, DD- Boniface Wimmer, D.D.- Et. Eev. Mors. Wm. Quinn- T s' iTuKcLiTV- '''''^^; ■'^^^^- Corcoran; VERY Eevs! I. T. Heoker; Michael D. Lilly, O.P. ; Eobert Fulton. S J • T. STEFANINI, C. p. ; Eevs. A. J. DoNNELLY ; E. AND P. McSWEEi,' T ' ^ .: ^^«^«="'' !>•»• ; John Edwards; C. McCready- q''?^. T ^''a'^^'" ^- ^- »o^«H=«rY; W. Everett; Thomas T.™ n ^™«' J- ^- Kearney; J. J. Hughes; Thomas Taappe; Charles P. O'Connor, D.D.; P. Corbigan; William McDonald; Patrick Hennessey; Laurence Morris; John McKenna; M. J. Br ,phy; St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy- Sr JOHNS College, Fordham; The Congregation op the Most Holy Eedeemer, New York; St. Louis University; St Xaviers College, Cincinnati; Messrs. Patrick Farrelly- Bryan Laurence; David Ledwith ; Jose F. Navarro- FnwTro^i?"'^''' ^"^"^ ^- ^°«^=^' E^«^^« KelS; Edward C. Donnelly; John Johnson; William E. Grace^ Charles Donahoe; W. H. Onahan; Pustet & Co. ; Benz^ger ^HoU """^ ^"°^"' ^^^^' ^^^=« * Co.; Hardy & BY WHOSE REQUEST AND AID THIS WORK HAS BEEN UNDERTAKEN, THE PRESENT VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. Tf. States Louisi 1763 period of the bishop nearly guidin the lai native the str and gi with h; The relieve( of his Aposto project bee to Canada sway, h archive! PREFACE. Tf.e volume here offered to the patrons of the work em- brp.oes the History of the Catholic Church in the United States, m the original diocese of Baltimore and in that of Lomsiana and the Floridas, carrying the narrative from 1763 to 1815. In the growth of Catholicity during that penod the Most Reverend John Carroll, Prefect-Apostolic of the United States, Bishop of Baltimore, and first Arch- bishop of that See, stands as a noble and central figure for nearly thirty years of that half century the controlling and guiding mind in the affairs of the Church. Only during the last decade of colonial days was he absent from his native land : then his priestly labors began ; he witnessed the struggle for national existence, full of patriotic sympathy and giving his country's cause all the support compatible witli his sacred calling. The efforts of Bishop Challoner at an early date to be relieved of his responsibility for the transathntic portion of his flock, and to obtain the appointment of a Vicar- Apostolic : the difficulties that arose, and the subsequent project of extending the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Que- bec to Pennsylvania and Maryland when the conquest of Canada had brought all Northern America under the British sway, have never yet been made known. Researches in the archives in England, Canada, and Rome, for which I am (11) 19 PREFACE. especially indebted to His Eminence Cardinal Tascherean, Canon Johnson, Very Rev. H. Van den Sanden, and Very Rev. Charles A. Vissani, O.S.F., have enabled me to give a connected account of this interesting movement. For the history of the Church in this country at that period I have drawn mainly on the archives of the Society of Jesus and on a series of letters by Father Joseph Mosley, which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Alex. T. Knight. The part taken by Catholics during the Revolution had been so strangely misrepresented, that it was necessary to present the truth distinctly, and to give some notes of the action of the Chaplain of the French embassy, as well as of what little can be ascertained of the clergymen who accom- panied the French army and fleets. The part taken by the Catholics northwest of the Ohio could not be overlooked. Documents obtained from the late Father Freitag, C.SS.R., the Quebec Archives, the Registers of Detroit, Vincennes, Fort Chartres, and Kaskaskia have been used carefully. After the Revolution the organization of the Clergy, the steps taken to obtain an Ecclesiastical superior, the strange intrigue to place this country under a bishop to reside in France, and the final appointment of Dr. Carroll as Prefect- Apostolic, are presented at length by the aid of the Maryland records, extracts from the archives of France and Spain, for which I am indebted to Mr. Robert de Crevecoeur, and the Hon. J. S. M. Curry, TJ. S. Minister to the Court of Spain, and to Seiior Santa Maria, Custodian of the Archives. The correspondence and papers of Archbishop Carroll from 1785, for which I am greatly indebted to the late Rev. Charles I. White, D.D., and Bernard U. Campbell, and to the unceasing kindness of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, have been the guide in tracing his Episcopal career, with the archives of the Maryland province, the writings of PREFACE. t8 Messrs. Dilhet and Tessier of Saint Sulpice and documente placed at my disposal by Very Rev. A. L. Magnien, Supe- nor of St. Mary's, Baltimore, as well as local information and notes from many sources. I am indebted for important' aid to the Fathers of the University College, Dublin, and to the Provincial o: the English Province, as well as to Wm. S. Preston, Esq., and the late Ambrose A. White. For the illustrations I have given credit in various parts of the work, but I must express special indebtedness for in- formation and aid to Miss E. C. Brent, of Washington, to the Weld family of Lulworth Castle, as well as to the Car- melite nuns, S. M. Sener, Esq., and Professor J. F. Edwards and his great work, "The Bishops' Memorial Hall," at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. To Major Edmond MaUet, Oscar W. Collet, Kev. W. P. Treacy, as well as to Right Rev. John Moore, D.D., Bishop of St. Augustine, and Right Rev. Camillus P. Maes, D.D., Bisliop of Covington, and Most Rev. Cornelius O'Brien, D.D.,' Archbishop of Halifax, and the Most Rev. Michael A. Corri- gan, D.D., Archbishop of New York, I return thanks for constant and valuable assistance. John Gilmaby Shea. Elizabeth, N. J., July 22, 1888. LIFE BI His Pc At — ] — ] pre 3ri An Rej Conditic Vic Cha a B sitic bec- ariei — N The: —Ft land of tl gins Briti cans, CONTENTS. BOOK I. "IHD OF THB BEY. JOHN CARROLL TO ni8 CONSKORATION AS BI8HOP OK BALTIMORE - THE CATHOLIC CHCBCH IK THE -ENGLISH COLONIES AND THE UNITED STATES, 1763-1790. CHAPTER I. HIS LTFB TO HIS RETURN TO MARTLAND IN 1774 ^'Ttlf Om"r"V?'"^.''' *"' ^hurch-Blrth-AtBohemia- -Professed Father-Jesuits expelled from France-At Bru«S -Makes a Tour with Hon. Mr. 8tourton-Tho Society^JT pressed by Pope Clement XIV.-HUreatment of thTje ulUat A ufd^i^^rw ''r''^-^^ '« England-Cha^ainrioM CHAPTER n. RKLIOION m THE BRITISH COLONIES. 1768-1774 """vllllSot'o? r T'^'f '^ Wm-J„risdietion ^f the vjcars-Apostohc of London-Powers to Bishop Petre-Blshoo a Bhl or vr"'r''' ^'^'" *« ^ '•''"-'d -'^ to have !ltinn P, y'^^^'-AP^^tolic appointed for AmericP,-Opp«^ ^ie7ifMarv In" r^"; p'" tWs project -Labors of the Mission- -Newto? "^1"^ ""'^ «Pf"°«y'-«'>'«-Frederiek-Port Tobacco -Pattr 1? oT"'' """'"^''''Pt Missals-Father Mosley -Father Farmer-Church begun in Baltimore-Catholic Hiil landers on the Mohawk-.Jesuits notified by Bishop Sot; lTl!?^"""'"'7^''' *i"«^^ ^^'-^'^- John Can^Ub^ Bri ish rt" V ""? Creek-Catholicity in Florida under rl^TuvT'*''^' retire -Turnbull's colony of Minor- cans. Italians, and Greeks-Dr. Camps and Father CasasnoTi (16) 2S 16 CONTENTS. — Ill-treatment of Minorcans — Catholicity in the Country north- west of the Ohio — Rights under Treaty— Toleration of Catho- lics — Fathers Bocquet and Collet — Fathers du Jaunay and Potier — Father Meurin returns— Bishop Briand's Pastoral to the People of Kaskaskia— Rev. Peter Gibault 47 It CHAPTER III. TETE QUEBEC ACT AND ITS IKFLtJENCB ON THE ENOLIBH COLONIES. The Country northwest of the Ohio under Military Rule— Passage of the Quebec Act— Opposition in England — Excitement in the Thirteen Colonies — Insult to Bust of King— The trouble sub- sides—First printing of Books for Catholics 181 CHAPTER IV. THE CHURCH AND CATHOLICS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAB. The Catholics and their Priest driven from the Mohawk— Canadi- ans espouse the American Cause — Catholic Regiments — A Priest appointed Chaplain by the Continental Congress — Washington suppresses " Pope-Day "—Rev. John Carroll ac- companies Commissioners to Canada— Catholic OflJcers and Soldiers— Catholic Indians — Catholicity under the Constitu- tions of the several States — Rev. Mr. Mosley's Cace- Rev. Messrs. De Rittc and Fanr.er— Tory Papers and Benedict Ar- nold denounce the Patriots for tolerating Catholics— A pro- jected Royal Regiment of Roman Catholic Volunteers— Its ut- ter failure — Catholic Ambassadors from France and Spain — Father Bandol's Discourse before Congress— d'Estaing's Ad- dress— Rochambeau's Army- French Chaplains— Father H. de la Motte— Religion in the Northwest — Gibault's Services to the American Cause— Catholicity restored at Natchez, Mobile, and Pensacola — The Minorcans revolt and remove to St, Au- gustine — Missionary Labors in Maryland and Pennsylvania— F. Bandol's Address on the Capture of Comwallis 141 CHAPTER V. THE CLEROT IN THE UNITED STATES SOLICIT A SUPERIOR FROM THE POPE— THE FRENCH INTRIGUE- DR. CARROLL'S CONTROVERSY WITH WHARTON — UB IS APPOINTED PREFECT-APOSTOLIC. Death of Bishop Challoner— Bishop Talbot declines to exercise Ju- risdiction in the United States— Arrival of Rev. Leonard Neale —Meeting of Clergy at Whitemarsh— A Plan of Government proposed— Petition to the Pope for a Superior drawn up and VERY 181 141 CONTENTS. aent— Scheme to place Catholics in the United States under a Bishop to reside in France and to be nominated by the King --Franklin beguiled into supporting the Scheme-The Nun- cios iVote-Congress declines to act-Frank'In disabused rec- ommends Rev. John Carroll - Information requested from him-He is appointed Prefect-Limits of his Jurisdiction- Kev. Mr. Wharton renounces the Faith and issues an Address -Rev. John Carroll pubhshes a Reply - Catholic Books pnnted in the Country-The Form of Government adopted- Kev. Mr. Carroll receives official notice of his appointment and a Letter from Cardinal Antonelli-His restricted powers. . CHAPTER VL 17 204 VERY BEV. JOHN CARROLI,, PREFECT - APOSTOLIC OF THE UNITED 8TATEC, 1784-1790. His Views as to the Situation-Letter to Cardinal Antonelli-Rela- tion of the State of Religion in the United States- Growth of Religion -Congregation at New York and Father Charles Whelan-8t. John de Crevecoeur— Spanish Chaplain— Gem , Priests— Catholics emigrate to Kentucky— Fathers de 8t Pie., and de Rohan-The Very Rev. Prefect begins his Visitation- l- cotta, Maine 618 Georgetown College, from the Potomac 619 Portrait of Archbishop Carroll. From the painting by Stuart. 621 Portrait of lit. Kev. Richard Luke Concanen, O.P., first Bishop of New York. From a drawing by Greg- ori To face page 624 Signature of Bishop Concanen. 625 Signature of V. Rev. Anthony Kohlmann, Administrator of New York 628 Signatures of Bishops Chev- erus of Boston, £gan of Philadelphia, and Flaget of Bardstown 682 Mount St. Mary's Seminary. From a pen and ink sketch by Rev. 8. Brute m 1822 ... 644 PAQI House on Paca Street, Baiti more, where Mrs. Seton founded her Community . . Signature of Mrs. E. A. Seton. View of St. Joseph's House near Emmittsburg, worked at the Roman Catholic Or- phan Asylum, New York, by Mary A. Richards, a.d. 1819 Interior of St. Joseph's Church, Philadelphia. From an old water-color preserved there. . „„ Signature of Rev. Francis Neale 685 Our Lady of Prompt Succor at New Orleans. From an en- waving issued by Bishop Du Bourg 672 Archbishop Carroll. From the wax bust in the Bishops' Memorial Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 680 646 648 600 654 I ►J o 2 * LI ou; da^ in spi sys Cai in 1 act haj: ad^ neu the poli thoi plir it8j erat Chi BOOK I. LIFE OF THE REV. JOHN CARROLL TO HIS CONSE- CRATION AS BISHOP OF BALTIMORE. -THE CATH- OLIC CHURCH IN THE ENGLISH COLONIES AND THE UNITED STATES 1763-1790. CHAPTER I. HIS LIFE TO HIS RETURN TO MARYLAND IN 1774. The Catholic Church is a fact and a factor in the life of our repubhc. In spite of the antagonism shown in former days by tlie English government and the colonial legislatures, in spite of the bitter opposition of most Protestant sects, in spite of the Protestant bias and tone of our Federal and State systems, our public schools, our press and literature, the Catholic Church grows. It has attained such a development in the country that it numbers probably eight millions who actually profess its faith, and receive its ordinances, with per- haps some two or three millions more, who, led by hope of advancement or sinking into indifference, assume a kind of neutral position, apt to adhere to their religion if it suits their worldly prospects, inclined to ignore it for social or political ends. The influence of such a body, regarding only those who maintain the faith, unison in creed, worship, disci- pline, religious thought, and impulse, upon the country and its future, is certainly worthy of serious thought and consid- eration. To understand the actual position of the Catholic Church it is necessary to trace its past, and appreciate duly 2 (ac) 26 LIFE OF ARCHBISHOP CARROLL. the men and events which more potently c(»ntrolled its life and polity. Amon^ these the Most Reverend John Carroll, first Bishop and first Archbishop of Baltimore, holds a commanding place. Pious, learned, sagacious, conversant with the char- acter and ideas of the ruling classes in England, and the con- dition of those who suffered under the penal laws ; a careful observer of the condition of affairs on the Continent, where atheism by the operation of secret societies had gained power among rulers and nobles, only to affect their ruin, he had taken a patriotic part in the struggle of America for freedom, and in full harmony with the providentially great statesmen of that critical time, sought to base the foundations of our new republic on the solid ground of eternal justice. Great experience, great trials patiently and hopefully bonie, great prudence, sound judgment, the purest patriotism, intelligent loyalty to the Church of which he was an unblemished min- ister, fitted him in the highest degree for moulding into a bmly of active zeal and faith the little nucleus of Catholics in the country, which had for more than a century been under the ban of England's penal laws, copied with features of sin- gular malignity in the colonies. How admirably Dr. Carroll accomplished the important and delicate task confided to him, is recognized in the vener- ation ever since paid to his name, not only in the great and prosperous Church that has grown up from the small begin- nings which he fostered, but in the universal judgment of impartial men who have had occasion to speak of him. Notwithstanding penal laws and laws to prevent the immi- gration, especially of Irish Catholics, into the province of Maryland, a few arrived from time to time ; among them, soon after the commencement of the eighteenth century, was Daniel Carroll, son of Keane, a native of Ireland, but related HIS BIRTH. 17 by ties of consanguinity to tlie fauiUy of that name already prominent in the province. He became a thriving merchant and in time married Eleanor,' the daughter of Henry Darnall of Woodyard, a lady who had received a finished education in Fnmce, and who displayed, in forming the character of her children, a mind enriched with piety and every accom- plishment to fit her for tlie task. John Carroll was born January 8, 1736, at Upi)er Marlborough, Prince George's County, Maryland, where his father had established his home. The house where the patriarch of the Catholic Church in this country first saw the light is still standing, but a dark grove of murmuring pines covers the site of Boone's chapel, where he was probably baptized, and in childhood went with his parents to kneel before the altar of God. The graveyard of the present church of the Holy Rosary was used in those old days, and probably holds the remains of some of his kindred. John Carroll's boyhood, under the training of his excellent mother, gave him the ease, dignity, and polish which marked him through life. At the age of twelve he was sent to the seat of learning which the Jesuits, notwithstanding the penal laws, had established at Hermen's Manor of Bohemia, on the eastern shore of Maryland. Here as Jacky Carroll he pre- pared for the course in the Jesuit College at St. Omer. Ever devoted to the education of youth, this learned order had, whenever opportunity offered, endeavored to give the sons of Catholic settlers the classical and moral training befit- ting their social station, but under a hostile government the ejristence of such academies always proved a short one. They had opened a school in Maryland soon after the settlement, of which we get occasional glimpses ; then a Latin school in ' Tbe name Eleanor was a family one of the Darnalls. The oldest gravestone at St. Thomas', Charles Co., is of " Eleanor Darnall. 9 Mav 1705." ' 38 UPB kjF iCHBISHOP CARROLL. N«w l\j*i, under the ^ J^nim'Btratiou of Governor Doiif^iin, and early Ui tlio next century these zealoUH tum'umnricH so- lecteil a rtite whicii they had acquirtnl at Bolierriiu, on a hraOi'li of thi; i%lk, for a now in titution. The colltgo and cha^x'l Ifj*^ the nam'' of St. Xaveriu.-':, and Bto^'d within Iialf a mile of .'liti }>> ./ndary line of the tlireo oci "tieH on the Delaware, the site h. ving^ teen selected, iwrhaps, lo facilitate removal, in case of necessity, l)eyond the juriwliction of Maryiiuul ofiicials, the more huiuano policy of Penn's colony affording a safe refuge. An old oliapol still HtandH in a fair state of proHervation, hut the graHs of the lawn covorH the site where the little college stood when (Jarroll attended it,' though the ancient wrought-iron cross bronght over by Cal- vert, that marks the spot, was prolwihly a venerable relic there even in his day. At the academy in Bohemia young Carroll, entering about 1747, had as fellow-richolars his relative, Chiu-lei: Carroll, the future signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Robert PNint. The talent, love of study, and solidity of character «i..)wn by young John's pious and amiable life, proved that »»pportunitie8 for a higher and more thorough course would not be lost by him. The institutions of learning then estab- lished in the colonies and the great universities of England were in that day closed to the Catholic pu])il ; nor was liberty granted the oppressed adherents of the ancient faith to found and endow schools and colleges for the education of their children. The only resource for Catholics lay in the coun- ' " Of this school, whicli may he called the predecessor of Georgetown, no history is pi-, /irved : even the buildinp in which it was held was pulled down fifty years ago." Woodstock Lett«'rs, vol. vii., p. 4. For the earl" Catholic Grammar Schools, see an article by Rev. W. P. Treacy, " U. S. Catholic Hist. Mag.," i., p. 71. There were Jesuit schools in England also to which Maryland Catholics sent their sons. ' ' The Pres- ent State of Popery in England," London, 1788, p. 19. ENGLISH COLLKOES ABROAD. ^ trit'H on the (Continent wlicro their faith was profoMed. At various pointH, Rotne, Donay, b)uvain, ]»ariH, Seville, Coiin- hra, St. Onjor, Salamanca, coliogcH were hnilt and ci flowed to ^'ivo the none of CJatholics in the HritiHh doiniiiionH an op- IKtrtunity to atHpiiro an education Buited to tlioir rank in life.' The generouH aid from large-hearted jK-oplo in all landH helped to create and endow thewe iiiHtitutions ; Htill, there were hut a favored few Catholics in Anu^rica who could afford to send their sons and daughters beyond the sea. Laws forbade them to obtain an edu(;inon iit houio, laws puniwhed them for send- ing their childrrn ab?< ad, yet many a family, like one from which the v\ riter springs, risked all for the good of their off spring, and '>»t it. Probably the laws of no nation contain such a series of enactments, aimed at reducing a class of its subjects to ignorance, as do tliose of Great Britain and her colonies. The effect of this continental education on the young Cath- olic gentlemen and gentlewomen was clearly seen. As a class they were far superior in the last century to their Prot- estant neighbors, who, educated at liome, were narrow and insular in their ideas, ignorant of modem languages, and of all that was going on beyond their county limits and its fox hunts and race . The Catholic, on the contrary, was conver&- ant with several languages, with the current literature of Europe, the science of the day, with art and the great gal- leries where the masterpieces of painting and sculpture could be seen. He returned to England or his colonial home after forming acquaintance with persons of distinction and influ- ence, whose correspondence retained and enlarged the knowl- edge he had acquired. ' Petre, " "^^otice8 of the English Collegt'M iiid Convents established on he Contini ,' Norwich, 1849 ; Treacy, " Irish Scholars of the Penal Days— Glimpses of their Labors on the Contment," New York, 1887. 30 LIFE OF ARCHBISHOP CARROLL. Young John Carroll, it was Boon determined, should pur- sue a thorough course at the great Jesuit college in the town of St. Omer in French Flanders. A year spent in prelimi- nary study at Bohemia prepared him and his fellow-students to enter that great institution founded by the English Jesuits about 1590, aided in no small degree by Philip II. of Spain.' It opened with thirty-three pupils, but its average was above a hundred for a long series of years, and sometimes nearly two hundred filled its classes. The course was very thorough, and St. Omer's College enjoyed a high reputation for the proficiency of its students in Latin, and especially in Greek. One peculiarity of its system was that during dinner a student could be called upon by the rector to speak extem- poraneously on any subject. It was rare that some visitors, often men of high rani:, were not in the refectory, and the readiness and skill with which the scholars rose and spoke, with no time or notes to prepare a discourse, were a subject of universal astonishment. In this great institution, John Carroll spent six years., and even among its briUiant scholars won a high reputation. His father did not long survive his departure, dying in Maryland in 1 750.' At the close of their course of rhetoric, the collegians ' Woodstock Letters, vii. , p. 5. « "My father " [Daniel Carroll] "died in 1750 and left six children, myself, Ann, John, Ellen, Mary, and Betsy." Letter of Hon. Daniel Carroll, brother of the Archbishop, to James Carroll in Ireland, Dec. 20, 1763. ' ' My eldest sister Ann is married to Mr. Robert Brent in Virginia. They have one child, a son. My brother John was sent abroad for his education on my return, and is now a Jesuit at Lif'ge, teaching philosophy and eminent in his profession. Ellen, my second sister, is married well, to Mr. Wm. Brent in Virginia, near my eldest sister. She has three boys and one girl. My sisters Mary and Betsy are unmarried, and live chiefly with my mother, who is very well." lb. The oldest rfon, Henry, wasdrr ^ned " when he was a boy at school and A NOVICE. 81 of St. Omer generally proceeded to the CoUcges of the So- ciety in Rome or Yalladolid to pursue the higher branches of learning. Young Carroll had, however, decided on his vo- cation. He felt that he was called by Providence to enter the religious life, and attached to the learned and pious priests who had directed his studies, he appUed for admission into the Society of Jesus. The novitiate of the English province of the order was then in an ancient abbey at Watten,' a small town about six miles from St. Omer, which the bishop of that city had be- stowed upon the Jesuit Fathers. Carroll's virtues and amia- ble character, as well as ability and studious disposition, caused his application to be favorably received, and in 1753, on the eve of Our Lady's nativity, the favorite day in the English province for entering on the religious life, he was admitted to the novitiate and assumed the habit which a Stanislaus, an Aloysius, an Elphinstone had associated with youthful sanctity. With him as fellow-novices, were Joseph Hather- sty destined to labor and die in the M'arylaiid mission ; Wm. Home, Peter Jenkins, George Knight, Joseph Emraott, Joseph Tyrer, all in time zealous and useful members of the Society. A fellow-countryman, Robert Cole, and the future Church historian, Joseph Reeve, were already in the novitiate when he entered. After the two years of retirement devoted to meditation, and training for spiritual life, under Father Henry Corbie, in the novitiate, then composed of some sixteen as- pirants, Carroll was sent to the College of the Society at Liege, to prepare for elevation to the priesthood by a course Deposition of Elizabeth many years before the death of his father Carroll, 1810. n,-o^^"*«" ''""""* '■'"' ^"^^'^ ^'■''™ ^*- <^'"«'-- ^ ''0"^e"t- once occn. Sato \lmuT ?r":; """' '""^"^'^^ '"^ '^^ '^"■'^"^" J««"i»^ for a novi. tiate in 1611-2, and finally opened in 1622. Foley. " Records." v.. p. 194 ffSi LIFE OF ARCHBISHOP CARROLL. of philosophy and theology, with the kindred sacred studies under Father Charles Eousse or Koels. It is not unusual for the young members of the order to be employed for some years in teaching in the colleges, but Cai-roU was not thus called away from his preparation for the altar. The scholas- ticate then numbered about twenty-five pious and talented youth. He was ordained priest in 1759, attesting his mastery of theology by a public defense of his tlieses. The young priest was then appointed to a professor's chair at St. Omer. and his ability as a teaclier and guide of youth maintained the ancient reputation of that seat of learning. He was next employed at Liege, as professor of philosophy and of theology in the scholaeticate, forming young members of the order to be invested with the awful dignity of tlie priesthood.' Whether training young gentlemen for their career in the world, or the scholastics of the order for their future mission duties, the dignified American Jesuit evinced equal judgment and skill. After a certain number of years in the order, the member of the Society of Jesus takes his final vows. Preparatory to this Father Carroll had renounced in favor of his brother Daniel and his sisters Ann, Ellen, Mary, and Betsy, his claims to the property of his father. The last vows are pre- ceded by a second novitiate of one year, and by an examina- tion in theology. Only those who combine great learning, the highest virtue and ability as directors of souls, are ad- mitted to the class of professed Fathers ; most of the mem- bers of the Society take the vows of Spiritual Coadjutors formed. In the case of Father John Carroll there was no II ' Daniel to Jiimcs Carroll, Dec. 20, 1762. " His tliPoloj;ic.