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OK TUB

CATHOLIC MISSIONS

AMONG TIIK

IMUAN TRIBES OF THE UNITED STATES.

1529—1854.

M JOHN GILMAKY SHEA,

▲UTIIOR OF THE "DISOOVEKY AN» KXI'LOIIATION OK THE MISSISSIPPI,"

MEMBER OF THE IHSTOIUt'AI. SOCIETIES OF NEW VOUK,

ILLINOIS, AND LOUISIANA.

-;:■-»■

NEW YORK:
EDWARD D U N 1(J A X & B R O T II E K ,

161 FULTON STUKKT, NKAK HKOADWAV.
* "" 1855.

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I- V

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year ISM,

By Edwaud Dunioan <Sc Brotueb,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern

District of New York.

TO Ills HOLINESS

POPE PIUS IX.

SUTREME HEAD OF THE CATHOLIC CHUKCH,

the Southern

Tlllrt II IS TORY OK

A PORTION OF HIS FOLD

KESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

AND SUBMITTED.

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of P.
India

CONTENTS.

rnir AC! , Taor IB

INTRODUCTOUY CHAPTER.

Dcsl^rn of Providence In tlio iliscovery of Atnorica— Tlio Missions — State of the oonntry,
political and social— Obstacles to conversion— Catholicity— Her religious Orders —
Plans and action 19

NORWEGIAN MISSIONS IX NEW ENGLAND.

Discoveries of tlie Irish and Xorwegians in Iceland, Greenland, and other parts of North
America— Introduction of Christianity— Settlement of Vinland— Various missionaries
sent to that country— Ruins 88

SPANISH MISSIONS IN NEW MEXICO, FLORIDA, TEXAS, AND

CALIFORNIA.

CHAPTER I.

EAULT ATTEMPTS IN VARIOUS PARTS.

The Franciscans under Bishop Juarez in Florida— Father Mark in the Oila Valley —
Father Padilla in that of the Kio Grande— His devotedncss and death — Missionariea
•with De Soto in Florid*— Successful mission of Father Andrew de Olmoa in Texas —
Heroic enterprise of the Dominican Father Cancer— His glorious death In Florida—
The shipwrecked missionaries — Mystery as to Father John Ferrer — Dominicans in
West Florida and Alabama with Don Tristan de Luna 89

CHAPTER II.

, FLORIDA MISSIONS.

Florida colonized by Melendez— Indian missions attempted by the Dominicans in
Virisinia— Missions actually begun by the Jesuits— Death of Father Martinez—Labors
of F. Boger and others in the Peninsula and in Georgia— Difficulties and trials-
Indian school at Havana— Arrival of a Yirginian chief— Mission proposed — F. Begura

6 CONTENTS.

and his companions sail for tho Chesnpcake— Treachery of the chief— Tlie mifisiunaries
are put to deatli — End of the Jesuit mission — The Franciscans appear— Regular
missions begun — Philological labors of I'areja — Various missions of the Fatliers —
Sudden plot, the mlssionarios put to death— Restoration of tlio Florida mission . . 53

CHAPTER III.

FLORIDA MISSION — (CONTINUED.)

New missions— The Apalaches — Troubles in the settled missions— English destroy the
missions — Attempt to restore them — State of tlie country at tlie cession to England —
Ruin of tho missions— Tho Scmiuolcs 72

CHAPTER IV.

MISSIONS IN NEW MEXICO.

Attempt of Brother Alphonsus Rodriguez — Death of the missionaries— Oiiate's expedi-
tion—Franciscan mission established by Martinez — Its early struggles — Account of
mission given by Benavides in 1C30— Decline— Restoration in 1660 — Revolt In 16S0 —
Villasenor's accoant in 1740— Present state 76

CHAPTER V.

MISSIONS IN TEXAS.

French Recollects in Texas with La Salle — Their fato— Spanish missions — Plan of these
missions — Their suspension — Restoration in 1717 — Villasefior's account — Their de-
structio^i In 1813— Present state 84

CHAPTER VI.

CALIFORNIA MISSIONS.

Discovery of California— Early missionary attempts— Jesuit missions founded in Lower
California by Father Salvaticrra — Suppression of the Jesuits — Franciscans succeed
them in California — They commence some missions in Upper California, and resign
Lower California to the Dominicans— Tlie various missions founded by Father Juni-
per Serra 83

CHAPTER VII.

CALIFORNIA MISSION — (CONTINUED.)

Father Palon, Prefect Apostolic— Sketch of a California mission — Missions of Santa Bar-
bara, Santa Crua, and Soledad founded— Father Lazven prefect— Missions founded in
his time — State of mission during the civil war — The republic — It plunders the mis-
sions, and expels the Fathers — Rapid decline of the missions— California taken by tho
AmericAns-'Close of the missions 104

contp:ni's. 7

CHAPTER VIII.

GENEBAL VIEW OF THE SPANISH MISSIONS.

Plans of the Spanish missionaries — Failure of the original method — The reduction sys-
tern — Complainta and charges against it — Its effect on the Indians — Its complete
success 115

THE FiraCH MISSIONS.

CHAPTER I.

General view of the French missions— Jesuits at Port Royal— Recollects at Quebeo—
Great Jesuit mission of Canada — Its rapid progress, and great extent — Labors of tho
priests of the Foreign missions and Sulpitians — Division of the subject 123

CHAPTER II.

THE ABNAKI JillSSION.

The Abnakis— First Jesuit mission under Father Biard— Its dilflculties — St Savior's
founded— Its destruction by Argal— Recollect missions — Capuchins — New Jesuit mis-
sion under Druillettes— Ilis sufferings and success in Maine— His embassies and later
missions 129

CHAPTER III. •

ABNAKI MISSION — (CONTINUED.)

Abnakis at Sillery— Bigot founds tho Chaudi6re mission — The Bigots in Maine— Thury
at Penobscot — Father Simon on the St John's — Fervor of the Neophytes — The Jesuits
—Rale and his mission — Death of Thury— New mission of St Francis— Attempts on
Rale's life— Mission of Becancour— Wrongs of the Indian— Cruel murder of Rale. 14'i

CHAPTER IV.

ABNAKI MISSION — (CONTINUED.)

The mission at Norridgewalk restored — Lauvergat leaves the Penobscot— Father Ger-
main, the last Jesuit missionary — The French war — The Abnakis during tho Revolu-
tion — Orono — They apply to Bishop Carroll — Mr. Ciquard— Mr. afterwards Cardinal
Cheverus— Later missionaries— The Jesuits again at the grave of Rale — Present state
of the tribe , 153

CHAPTER V.

THE HURON MISSION.

The Huron nation— Their manners — Language — Religion— Their acquaintance with tho
French — ^The Recollect Le Caron founds the mission— Sagard and Vie! — Unexpected
murder of Viel — The Jesuits — Mission renewed — The Recollect Dallion among tho
Attiwandaronk— The Jesuit Brebeuf among the Hurons— Tho difficulties of the col-
ony—The missionaries recalled— Touching scene — Capture of Quebec by the renegade
Plrk- End of tjje first pilssion- Philological labors of the Fathers 16^

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VI.

milON MI.SSIOX — (roNTINL'EU.)

Mission rostorofl — Tlio .Icsuits aloiio return on tlie rcfusiil of tlie (\ipnchins — Brebenf,
Daniel, and Davost aindnp; tlio llurons — Mission of f?t, Joseph at llionatiria— Mi>sion
system — Now missionaries and new missions — Huron colicf.'e at (Quebec — The voj-airea
of tlie Fatliers — Tlieir trials — Tiie pestileuco— Tiio first convert — Tliey are suspected
— I'lots a;raii!St tlieir lives — Courage of JJrebeuf and Ids associates— New mission ot !?t.
iIoseplTs at Teananstayae — Mission at Ossossane, Scanonacnrat, Taenliateutaron, and
r.iiionsr tlie Tionontatos — New persecution 172

CHAPTER VII.

HURON' MISSION — (CONTINUED.)

Plan of the mission changed — St. Mary's founded — Mission of St. John — The neighbor-
ing Algonquins — Krebeuf and Cliaumonot among the Attiwaiidaronk — Gradual jiro-
gress of the faith — The Christians styled Marians — The Algonquin missions — The
Iroquois war — Capture of Fathers Jogiies and llressani — Increased fervor — Mission
plan again changed — A moment of peace — The war renewed — Teananstayae de-
stroyed, and Daniel killed— Panic of the llurons — Towns deserted — St. Louis and St.
Ignatius destroyed— Death of Brebeuf and Lalemant — Iluin of the llurons — The
Scanonacnrat remove to New York — Others llee to ditferent tribes — St. Mary's burnt,
and mission removed to St. Joseph's Isle — The Petun towns attacked — Death of
Garnier and Chabanel — A considerable body descend to Quebec 131

CHAPTER VIII.

IIUllON MISSION — (concluded.)

The llurons at Quebec — Father Cliaumonot and his labors — Troubled by the Iroquois—
Subsequent history — Present state— llurons of St. Joseph's Isle— Their division — llu-
rons at Mackinaw — Menard dies on liis way to their camp on Green Bay — Allouez at
Chcgoimegon — Marquette — lieturn to Mackinaw in consequence of Sioux war —
Mission of St. Ignatius — Its history — liemoval to Detroit — Sandusky and Indian Ter
ritory — General view lOg

CHAPTER IX.

TIIEIUOCiUOIS MISSION.

The Kecollects design an Iroquois mission— One of them, Father Poulain, a captive —
The Huron war— Captivity of Father .Jogues — His escape- Kindness of the Dutch —
Captivity of Father Bressani— His ransom— Peace— F. Jogues returns to Canada, is
Bent as envoy to the Mohawks — Concludes the negotiations — He founds the mission
— His glorious death 205

CHAPTER X.

IROQUOI3 MISSION — (CONTINUED.)

Captivity of Father Poncet— Proposals of peace— Treaty concluded— Lo Moyno visits
Onondaga— Mission projected— Father Chaumonotand Father Dablon are sent— Their
mission at Onondaga— Its success— Jealousy of the Indians— Dablon returns— Le
Moyne on the Mohawk— His dangers and his tolls 218

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XI.

OLU LADY OK GAXENTAA.

Mission at Onondaga — A French colony — llouso and chapel erected at St. Mary's of

Ganentaa— Spread of the faith — Missions among tlio Oneidas, Cayugas, and Sonecas

— lieinforcement of apostolic laborers — Hopes of ultimate success in convertinj;

. tiie cantons— Sudden plot — Overthrow of the missions — Wonderful cscai)c of the

Fathers 2'iS

CHAPTER XII.

moQtoi.s MISSION — (continued.)

Oataconti6, tlio friend of the missions — His protection — Embassy to Quebec — Mission
renewed — Fatlier Simon le Moyne again at Onondaga — lietaiiied till the spring — His
labors during the winter — His dangers— Garacontie absent — Mission at Cayuga —
IJeturn to Montreal — His character and death— Garacontic again— Conversion of a
Seneca chief — Negotiations — Missionaries asked and promised— Muhawk war— Gen-
eral peace 242

CHAPTER XIII.

IROQUOIS mission (CONTINUED.)

Period of peace — Missions projected and begun in all the cantons— Mission at Quint6
Bay— The Sulpitians— Father Fremin sent to tlie Mohawk with Bruyas and Picrron
—Mission founde<l— Zeal of Huron Christians— Converts to the faith — Bruyas founds
the Oneida mission— Gamier restores that of Onondaga, is joined by Milet and de Car-
hell, and founds that of Cayuga— Fremin, in the West, founds the mission of the
Senecas— Conversion of Mary Ganneaktena at Oneida— She founds the Christian
village of Laprairic 253

CHAPTER XIV.

IUOQUOI3 MISSION — (CONTINUED.)

The Mohawk mission— Pierron and his labors— His paintings — Cards— Invokes the
aid of the English governor in repressing the liquor-trade— Success at Caughnawaj<a —
Father Boniface— The feast of the dead— Triumph of Pierron— Idolatry abolished—
Conversions — Peter Assendase— Fervent women— Notre Dame de Foye— Death of
Boniface— Conversion of Kryn, tlie great Mohawk— Emigration to Canada— Catharine
Tebgabkwita — Iler piety— Departure— Later missionaries — Close of the mission . . 203

CHAPTER XV.

IROQUOIS MISSION— (continued.)

I. Tns Oneida Mission — Its sterility — Conferences— Conversions — Milet succeeds

Bruyas— His long apostolate. II. The Onondaga Mission— Garnler and his labors

—Milet— His skill and success— Advice of Garacontio— Overthrow of worship of
Agreskou6— Meeting of Iroquoi* missionaries at Onondaga— Baptism of Garacontic at
Quebec— His firmness at Onondaga— His efforts for Christianity — A Huron missionary
—Father John de Lamberville succeeds Milet — Garacontio; his sickness, recovery,

1-^

CONTENTS.

visit to Frontonnc, fervor, final sickness and dcatli— Bniyas at Onondaga— The Luiu-

bervillcs. III. TiiK Cayvoa Mission— F. Stephen do Carlieil— His unavailing labors

— Afflictions— Falls sick— Succeeded by Kaft'eix— Kecovers and returns— Conversion

of Saonichiogwan— Expulsion of de Carlieil. IV. Tiik SENErx Mission — Labors of

Fremin- Succeeded by Gamier— The Huron Christians— Peril of the missionaries-
Fathers KatTeix and Pierron— La Salle, and the ctfect of his visit — Expulsion of the
missionsries 275

CHAPTER XVI.

IROQUOIS MI.SSION — (CONTINUED.)

The Reditctions in Canada. 1. Lorette — Iroquois there — La Pri^cieuse — Sdgaressi;

— Ignatius Tocachin. II. St. Francis Xavier des yriis and du Sault or Caugh-

nawaga — Its origin — Founded by Father EafTeix — Catharine Ganneaktena— (laron-
hiagut; or Hot Cinders— Kryn, the Great Mohawk— Life at the mission— Fervor of the
Ncopliytes— Mode of instruction — Visit of Bishop I^val — Removal from Laiiralrie to
Sault St. Louis or Cauglinawaga — Catharine Tehgahkwita — Her eminent holiness —

Her life and deatli — Reputation for miracles. III. Quinte Bay and the Moin-

TAiN or MoNxnEAL- Sulpitian missions at Quinte Bay— Resigned to Ree(dlects — I)e
Belmont founds the mission of Notre Dame des Neiges — His zeal — Margaret Bour-
geoys and her Indian school — Success of this mission— Mary Barbara Attontinon and
Mary Theresa Gannensagwas, Indian sisters of the Congregation 295

CHAPTER XVII.

IROQUOIS MISSION — (CONTINUED.)

Dongan and his project— English Jesuits— Endeavor to recall the Cauglinawaga-s— Tlie
missionaries generally retire — The de Lambervilles— The elder left alone in New-
York — Treachery of Denonville — Danger of the missionary — Magnanimity of the
Onondagas— De Lamberville retires — Close of the mission — Retrospect — Denonville's
campaign— The Catholic Iroquois in the field— Death of Garonhiague— Movements
of the missionaries — Capture of Father Milet— Lachine and Schenectady— Tehoron-
hiongo — Death of Kryn, the great Mohawk — Attack on the Mountain — The decline
of piety in the Indians while at Montreal— Stephen te Ganonakoa and his heroic
death — Ourehouaro — Paul— Frances Gonanhatcnha, her torture, fidelity, and death—
Milet and his captivity— Conversion of his owner — Her baptism— Restoration of Milet
— Death of Oureonharo — Conflagration of the mission at the Mountain — Zeal and
generosity of de Belmont— Mary Theresa Gannensagwas — Mission at the Sault au
Becollet begun — That at the Mountain closed— Sault St. Louis— English mission to the
Mohawks — Bellamont— His falsehoods and bigotry— French missionaries again in
New York in spite of penal laws — Bruyas at Onondaga— The last mission and its close
— Treatment of Father Mareuil — Tegannissoron — Captives at Onondaga— The Nairn
fionily — Mission of the Sault au Recollet transferred to the Lake of the Two Moun-
Uina 812

CHAPTER XVIII.

IROQUOIS MISSION — (CONCLUDED.)

The interval of peace— Difficulties— Emigration— Fervor of the adopted captives—
Picqnet at the Lake of the Two Mountains— His labors—The old French war— Plcquet

'h'

CONTENTS.

projects tt new licdiiction — The Presentation — It is attuckeil — Its restoration — Vi>it
of the Bishop— Banner — IMcquet in tlio cantons — (Joos to Franre and returns — Tlie
second Frencli war— St. Ileitis foun<le(l — Its origin — KflToet of the loss of Canada on
llic nifj-sions — Marjjon deTerlayo and tlio mission at the iko — The American Kevohi-
tlon— Close of tiio Presentation mission — Mt.Donncll at St. lle^'is — New eliurelies
erected — Mr. Jose|)h Marcoux — Cliarles X. and Pope Leo XII. benefactors of the
mission — Cross of Catharine Tehgaliicwita— Caughnawaga — St. liegis — The Lake of
tlie Two Mountains— lictrospect <'M

CHAPTER XIX.

TUE OTTAWA MISSloN. OK .MISSION TO TllK AI.liO.NliL'lN TlllDES IS MU'UIOAN

AND WISCONSIN.

The Ottawa country— Its various tribes— Tlio Ojibwas invite tlie missionaries — .Jogues
and Utiyinbaut at Saidt St. Mary ".s— The fall of the llurons— O.irreau and DrullUtes
sent to ilio West— Defeat of tlie mission— Death of Garreau — Mission of Menard —
His heroism — His vojaueand its trials — rounds a mission at CIiej;(dme2on— His labors
and death — Father Claudius Alloiiez — His cliapcl of the Holy (ihost at La[iointe — His
labors — Joined by Louis — By Mar(iuotte — Their labors — Dablon becomes Superior (pf
the Ottawa mis>ion — SaultSt. Mary's founded — An Illinois mission [)rojected — .Mloue/.
founds St. Francis Xavier's at (^ireen Bay— The tribes there— Druilletes in tlie Wesi
— His labors at the Sault — Marquette founds St. Ignatius at Mackinaw — Father Amir •
in th'^ Archipelago— Mission of Oreen Bay — Nouvel as Superior — Labors of tlio various
Fathers — Allouez— Marriuett'\ siu-i-eeded by Pierson, goes to exjilore the Mississiind
— His obsequies— Enjalran in the West— Later labors and laborers !34>

CHAPTER XX.

OTTAWA MISSION — (CONTINUED.)

Later history of the old Jesuit missions — A mission servant killed — The church at
Green Bay burnt — Mission at Mackinaw abandoned— Its restoration — Detroit — Deatli
of F. Constantine— The last missionaries — Le Franc, Du Jaunay, and Potior — The
Sioux mission — Hennepin — Marest — Captivity of Guigna.'s — Martyrs— Close of the old
mission — The Sulpitiau mission at the Lake of the Two Mountains 878

CHAPTER XXI.

OTTAWA MISSION — (CONCLUDED.)

Amkricav Missions — The Ottawas — Richard at Marquette's grave — Petition of the
<.>ttawa chiefs — Badin — Dejean resident missionary at Arbre Croche — Ottawa youth
sent to Rome l>y Bisliop Fenwick — Reze — Baraga — The Redcmptorists at Arbro
Cnxdie and Sault St. Mary's — Baraga and Viszogsky at Grand River— Pierz at Arbre
Ooche — Baraga at Lapointe— The Ance — Pierz at Grand Travers Bay — Proulx and
the Jesuits on the Canada side — Skolla — Chippeway missions in Minnesota — Belle-
• ourt — Laconibe — Baraga made Vicar Apostolic. — Tlic Menomonkes- Mission re-
stored by Vandenbroeck — Bondnel'and his labors — Removal of tribe — Father Skolla
— The Pottawotamiks — Richali-^ez6 — Tlje chief Pokcgan — Fervor — Badin — His
labors — Dessoille— His mission andr<|§ath— Petit and his exiled flock— Edifying con-

CONTENTS.

i :.'j

(Hi;

duct of tlio Indians— Death of Petit.— The "Winnebagoes—MIssIoii of Mr. Mazznchelli
— Pt'tiot — I'erst'cution of tho missionaries — Cretin — Strange conduct of government
—Cretin blsliop— Canon Vivaldi 3S2

CIJ APT Ell XXII.

1 in: ILLINOIS M I S .S 1 <» N .

Tho Miainis and Illinois — Their country — Their flrst nieetinii with inisslonarics —
Alloucz— Marquette i>rojects a mission — Allouez meets tlicrii at Mascoutens — Mar-
quette meets them on tho Mississi[(|ii — Visits the Ka.skaskias — I'eturns and founds
the mission of tho Immaculate Conception— His iloiith— Allouez at the Kn»ka.skift
village— The Recollects in Illinois— Tlicir labors— Flight— Death of Father Ribourdo
—Allouez returns — Gravier begins his mission — Kale and his labors — Gravier again
— Details of Ills mi-'sion- Kaskaskia chief converted— Madame Ako, his daughter —
Blnneteau — Pinet founds Cahokia mission — Marest — Settlement of Louisiana — Death
of Binneteau and Pinet — Gravier wounded at Peoria — Descends to Mobile — Ills
death 403

CHAPTER XXIII.

ILLINOIS MISSION (CONTINUED.)

The priests of tho foreign missions — Montigny — Bergicr at Cahokia — His trials and
deatli— Mermot on the Ohio — Do Villo among the Peorias — Miami mission of St.
Joseph's — Tho famous Jansenist Varlet — General view of mission — Charlevoix's
visit— Father le Boulanger and his literary labors — All the Illinois settle on the
banks of the Mississippi— The chieftain Chicngo — Eulogium of tlie missionaries —
Father Doutreleau and liis narrow escape — Father Senat and his glorious death —
Decline of the missions — Period of war — Gibault, the link of the old and new line of
missionaries — Flaget — Rivet— The Chief Piskewah, or Ilichardvillo — Tho Indian ele-
ment in the French population 421

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE LOUISIANA MISSIONS.

Father Marquette visits tribes on the Lower Mississippi— Hennepin, the Sioux— Mem-
bre, the Arkansas— Jesuits succeed him— Tho Seminary at Quebec and its projects —
Montigny descends as Vicar-General — Ilis plans— Missions of the Canadian clergy —
Tlie Taenzas and Tonicas— St. Come at Natchez— The Jesuits — De Limoge at the
Oumas — Mr. Foucault among tlie Yazoos — His death— Close of the Jesuit mission —
Davion and the Tonicas — Death of St. Come — Davion finally retires — Father Char-
levoix— New Jesuit mission — Du Poisson in Arkansas— Souel on the Yazoo — ^Their
death in the Natchez war — Yazoos attack F. Doutreleau — Father de Guienne and the
Alibnmons — Father le Petit and Baudoin among the Choctaws — Suppression of the
Jesuits, and close of the mission 436

CHAPTER XXV.

THE LOUISIANA MISSIONS REVIVED IN MISSOURI AND INDIAN TERRITORY.

Louisiana becomes part of the United States— Du ^urg, Bishop of New Orleans— Tlie
Society of Jesus restored — Du Bourg invites the Jesuits to Missouri — Disi>osition of
the Indians — Father Van Qnickcnborne lead.") out a colony of missionaries— La Croix

1 111

CONTENTS.

amorii; tlie Osnjres — Schools— Odin and the Qunpaws— Van (inlekenbornp's jdan —
Andiize with tlic Apal:iclifs and riu*ca2;i<uhis— Lutz and the Kansu.s— Tlic Flathoads —
Van Quickcnborno prepares to found jierinanont missions — Tlio Kikapoos — I'otta-
wotaniit'S — Ncitihhorini; trihos — Death of Van (iuickcnborni' — New niisS'ion ainiin<;
tlic ()?agi'S--rhe Miainis— Sioux — Ulaokt'cet— Tlio territory formed into a vicariate
— Bisliop Mieye— State of his diocese -iU'l

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE LOUISIANA MISSIONS REVIVED THE OREGON MISSION,

Oriirin of tlio Oreik'on mission — Tlie Flatheads — They seek missionaries — Tlieir trials
and disappointments — De Smet is at last prantcd — He reaches their villajre — Founds
tlie mis>ion— Visits the Blackfect and ret\jrns— IJIanchet and Demers — Their labors
— Iletiirn of de Smet with I'oint and Meng:arini — Mission villaire of St. Mary's— The
Ctpurs d'Alcnes — Progress of tlie mission — Journeys of de Smet— The mission of the
Occurs d'Aiencs — Blanchet and Demers — Joined by others — Fountl a seminary— Do
Smet at St. Louis — In Europe — Sails for Oregon — Willamette— Various missions —
New Sees — Present state — Testimony of government 466

THE EiNGLISH MISSIONS.

THE MARYLANU MISSION.

General indifference of English to salvation of Indians — Lord Baltimore— Catholic
emigration — Jesuit missionaries— Father Andrew Wlute and his companions — Al-
tham at Piscataway — White at St. Mary's— The tribes of Maryland— Language, dress,
religion— Philological labors of the Jesuits— White at Mattapany — Maquacomen, and
his inconstancy — Conver.-ion of Chilomacon, king of Piscataway — His baptism — Deatli
of Altham— Illness of White— Death of Brock— Fatlier liigby— The Susquehanna
war — Attack on a missionary station — lleporteil death of a Father — Life on tho
mis.sion — Wonderful cure — Uuin of the mission — Tlic Father seized and sent to Eng-
land— Ineflfectual attempts to renew the Indian mission 483

APPENDIX 497

List of Missionaries 499

Abnaki Missionaries 499

Huron " 499-500

Iroquois " 500-1

Ottawa " 501

IHinois " 501-2

Louisiana " 502

Authoritieb used in the compilation of this work 503

General Index 507

*, ll

;|li

PREFACE.

A GENERAL liistorj of the missioiiaiy efforts of the
Catliolic Church among the American Indians is a
work too much needed to require comment. The pres-
ent work, imdertaken at the sufjgestion of President
Sparks, is intended to comj)rise all missions within the
present territory of the Unit* 'I States, from the discovery
to the present time. A few years since the laboi^s of
the Catholic missionaries were ignored or vilified: now,
owing to the works of Bancroft, Sj)arks, O'Callaghan,
Kip, and others, they occu])y their merited place in our
country's history. Praise without stint is lavished on
the early missionaries : but as the result of their labors
is overlooked, it is quite common to deny them any
success whatever. The great decrease of the Indians
may indeed in part excuse some writers from not
knowing the real state of little -communities, now"
hemmed in by the busy whites ; and it would excuse
them, were it not very evident that they decide the
result of the missions, not from observation, Init

IMiEFACE.

1 I

f'i

from ju'ccoiKH'lvc'd ideas of tlio (^atliolic Clmrch. One
ivniarkaltk' fact will, at all events, a[>[>oar in the coarse
of this work, tiiat tlie trihes evaii«j^elize(l hy the Freiicii
and Spanianls subsist to this (hiy, except ^\lu•^e ])rou»ji:ht
in contact with tlie colonists of Knii!;land and their allies
or descendants ; while it is notorious that the trihes in
the territory colonized by Kni:;land, have in many cases
entirely disapjjeared, and perished without ever hav-
ing; .had the (^ospel preached to them. The Abnakis,
Caughnawagas, Ivaskaskias, Miamis, Ottawas, Chippc-
ways, Arkansas, and the New ]\[exican tribes remain,
and nund)er faithful (christians ; but where are the
Pequods, Xarra^^ansetts, the Mohegans, the Mattowax,
the Lenape, the Powhatans ? They live only in name
in the rivei*s and mountains of our land.

The missionary elforts which we chronicle were made
by different bodies, and their liistory is to be sought in
distant and widely separated archives. Many volumes
published in France, Spain, and Mexico, give us details
more or less extended as to particular missions during
certain periods : much still lies in manuscript in Rome,
Madrid, Mexico, Havana, Quebec ; more has been
destroyed, especially in France during the last century.
Tlie present work is the result of ten years' collection
and research. Doubtless manuscripts exist which will
enable a future historian, more fortunate than the author,

rU KKACK

tu give at greater length, what he lias eiKh'avorcd tn
sketrh. Still, he ha>^ gleam-d eiiowgli to give eaeh mis-
sion a more extrnckMl iiotiec than has vvw yet a|»i>eare<l.

Ill writing, hv has endeavored to he jnst to all men,
to avoid all partiality, to take no part in the rivalries
whieh Iiave existed and still exist, all tending to over-
sliadow the truth, an<l give theories or party views tor a
ri-al i»icture (»t' the historical tacts. With the lioj)e that
his lahors will prove neither useless to the Btudent, iior
devoid of interest to the general reader, he leaves thoni
to the iudii'ment of all.

As to any facts which may appear supernatural, ho

has simi)ly followed the statement of his authorities;
and in using any term implying sanctity, martyrdom,
or the like, does so merely from convenience, it being
well known that no official act of the Catholic Church
authorizes the ai^jjlication of such terms to any of the
missionaries herein named or their converts.
New Youk, May, 1854.

r 'i

!!iii!ii

CATHOLIC MISSIONS

AMONU TliU

INDIAN TRIBES OF THE UNITED STATES.

INTUODrcnUiV chaitkii.

Pesl;;n of Provitlencc iti tlio disoovory of America— Tlio Mlnsions — Htato of the country,
political 511(1 soWil— ObslRi'lcs to conversion— Ciitliollclty— Her religious Orders —
riuns and action.

TiiK discovery of Aniorira, liko every other event in tlie liistory
of the world, had, in tlie desirrns of (iod, tlie great ohj«'et of the

,'learly perh

salvation of mankind. In that event, nioi
it is ollen gW(m to us hen^ below, we can see an<l adore tiiat I'rov-
idence which thus ^ave to njiliions long sundered from the rest
of man by pathless oceans, the light of the gospel and the proffered
boon of redemption.

Iceland was first discovered by Christian missionaries from Ire-
land, and though the pagan Northmen soon colonized that island
and the shores of Greenland, it was only at the moment when
they were about to renounce Woden for Chnst. Greenland wjis
scarcely planted, when missionaries arrived to win the Scandina-
vian to the faith. From the time of their conversion these colo-
nies became centres of Chnstianity, and hardy missionaries ven-
tured down to the coast of our republic to convert the pagan
colonists and the surrounding natives. But the period had nc^t
yet arrived for the triumph of the Croas : the colonies on the con-
tinent all perished, and America was again involved in darkness.

At last Columbus, who, in his enthusiasm, believed himself

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSION .S.

destined by heaven to bear ( 'hiist to the nations, steered acios."*
the Atlantic and again revealed the western cotitinent to awakened
Kuro])e. It was a period of deep religious feeling: a fbeling which
jM-rvaded men of all ranks, classes, an<l eniplovnR'nls. The desire
of wealth opened at once the tloodgates of emigration; but each
])rince felt bound to atlvance the cause of Christianity *• niissi na-
rie.s attendetl every expedition to the New World ; missionaries
flocked over to dev(»t(* themselves to the great work. Amid the
lawlessness which at first pn^vailed, the only check on the Si)an-
iards, the proto-explorers, was the <leeply seated religious element
in their character.

The various bodies of the clerffv now bee-an their missions, and
as colonies were foinied bv the Catholic States, they extended
their apostolic e\j)editions to all parts of the continent. Alone
and unprotected, the adventurous priest made his way to the inte-
rior, far from the settlement of his countrymen, ex})loring the
^ country and biinging back a description of its products, and what

• •, was more precious still, news of the favorable dispositions of tribes

whom he had visited ; or at times would come the tidings of his
death in tlu? wilderness, and then his associates would use every
eftbrt to follow in the path which he h.'id opened.

The American Catholic missions are unparalleled for lieroic
self-devoted ness, energy of purpose, purity of motive, or holiness of
design. Nowhere can be found more that is sublime, even to eyes
blinded by the glare of human greatness. Nowhere can we show
more triumphant proofs of the power of religion, even for the tem-
poral well-being of nations.

Paraguay lias become a household word : the missions of
Mexico Avere more successful still ; those of Canada are replete
with interest ; in fact, from one extremity of the continent to the
other, there is hardly a district wliich is not inscribed in the an-
nals of Catholic missions as the theatre of the zeal, and often the
martyrdom of lier apostles.

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

luto so vjist a field we should o^ladly (Mitor and portray tho tri-
umphs of the Cross, but it would tar exceed the hiiiits which we
liave prescribed to ourselves; even in the missionary history of
the teri-itory over wiiicli the llai^ of our republic now waves, an
almost endless variety st^'Uis to defy all our eti'orts to piescrv*-
unitv 01' connectedness.

Let us examine tlie country at the commencement of its mis!>i()n
history, the middle of the sixteenth century. Let us, with tiie first
missionary wlio tlien entered our domain, take our stand on the
Analiuac mountains, the watershed whence liow the streams that
empty into the Atlantic and I'acitic l)y sea-like gults. Tiie Irish,
iSaxon, and Norwegian missionaries had once centuries before
jilanted tlie Cross at the opposite extremity, but a continent lay
between the scene of liis labors and theirs. Yet, vast as the rei^ion
was, it was to be conquered to Christ; tlie Latin service, chanted
from (Greenland to Narragansett, was to resound throui^hout the
length and breadth of that land.

The field was one as yet unmatched for extent and difficulty.
That region now studded with cities and towns, traveised in eveiy
direction by the panting steam-car or lightning telegraj)h, was
then an almost unbroken forest, save where the wide prairie rolled
its billows of grass towards the western mountains, or was lost in
the sterile, salt, and sandy plains of the southwest. No city raised
to heaven spire, dome, or minaret ; no plough turned up the rich
alluvial soil ; no metal dug from the bowels of the earth had been
fashioned into instruments to aid man in the arts of peace and
war. The simplest arts of civilized life were unknown. In one
little section on the Gila and Rio Grande, the people spun and
wove a native cotton, manufactured a rude pottery, and lived in
houses or castle-towns of unburnt biicks. Elsewhere the canmj or
cabin of bark or hides, and the arabesque mat, denoted the highest
point of social progress.

Elsewhere the whol<' country was inhabited by tribes of a no-

AMElilCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

nijidic character, ran^ly collected in villages except at particular
seasons or for specific objects ; though liere and there were found
more sedentary tribes in villages of bark, encircled by walls of
earth or palisades of wood, whose institutions, connnercial spirit,
and agriculture, superior to that of the wild rovei's, seemed to
show the remnant of some more civilized tribe in a state of de-
cadence. Around each isolated tribe lav an unbroken wilderness,
extending for miles on every side, where the braves roamed, hunt-
ers alike of beasts and men. So little intercourse or knowledge
of each other existed, so desolate was the wilderness, that a vaga-
bond tribe might wander from one extreme of the continent to
another, and language alone could tell the nation to which they
belonged.

The whole country was tlius occupied by conjparatively small,
but hostile tribes, ,o numerous, that almost every river and every
lake has handed down the name of a distinct nation. In form, in
mannei's, and in habits, these tribes presented an almost uniform
appearance : language formed the great distinctive mark to the
European, though the absence of a feather or a line of paint dis-
closed to the native the tribe of the wanderer whom he met.

In the field which we have selected, nine great divisions, it is
now conceded, will include almost all the scattered and contend-
ing tribes. The Algonquin or Algic family occupied the whole
basin of the St. Lawrence and its lakes, the western vallev of the
Mississippi, down to the fifty-fifth degree of latitude, and the whole
Atlantic shore to about the same parallel. Below them lay the
Mobilian or Muscolgee tribes, reaching to the Gulf of Mexico.
Encircled by these two great fomilies lay two isolated groups, pe-
culiar in all their institutes and destined to attain a greater emi-
nence than the rest ; these were the Iluron-Iroquois, extending
from Lakes Huron and Ontario, in a solid body or in scattered
clans, to North (Carolina ; and south of them the Cherokees, " tlie
mountaineers of aboriginal America," \

AMEKICAM CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Of the Algonquin tribes, all on the bordei's of Canada were
gained in process of time to the faith. A glance at the map
■will show their chief divisions. Above the St, Lawrence, border-
ing on iho E-jquimaux of Labrador, and stretching otf towards
Hudson's B<ay, were the Montagnais : below the gulf lay the CJas-
pesians and Micmacs, or Souriquois, occupying the present colo-
nies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Maine was occupied
by the tribes of the Abnakis, the headwaters of the Connecticut
by the Sokokis, while along the St. Lawrence and Ottawa lay the
Algonquins, properly so called, with the Nipissings dwelling on their
own lake, and the Attikamegues above Three Kivers. Westward
still, the Ottawas and Chippewas lay near the outlet of Lake
Superior, while below roamed the Menomonee, the Sac, the Fox,
the Kikapoo, the Mascouten ; and around the circling shore of
Lake Michigan were the numerous clans of the Illinois and
Miamis, who have left their names to the temtories which they
possessed.

Of thcvse iribes Ave shall frequently speak; they were all mis-
sion ground. In the part occupied by the English and Dutch,
other tribes of the Algonquin stock existed, to whom, with few
exceptions, the gosjxil was never preached, and who have now
mostly perished. New England was inhabited by the Nan'agan-
setts, Pequods, and other tribes of similar origin ; the Mohegans
lay on the Connecticut and Hudson, the Lenni Lenape on the
Delaware and Susquehanna, while Virginia was occupieil by the
Powhatan clans, and the banks of the Ohio by the roving
Shawnees.

The Huron-Iroquois, more agricultural and sedentary than the
Algonquin tribes, with whom they were ever at war, occupied
a territory in the midst of them. Northmost of all, the \Vy-
andots, traders of the west, lay in their densely peopled vil-
lagos, well fortified by ditch and palisade on a small }>eninsula in
l-ake Huron; southwest lay their allies, the Tionontates, whoso

■«»■

AMEKIACN CATHOLIC MISSIONS

luxuiiant tielJs of tobacco won for tlicm aiul tlicir fertile hills Uu*
name of Petuns ; and soiitli and east of these, stretching' beyond
the Niagara and its marvellous cataract, lay the many clans of
the Aliwandaronk, friends to the Huron and Algonquin, friends
too to the Iroquois, and called by the French the Neutral Nation,
liljist of these in New York, stretching from the Genesee to the
moutli of the Mohawk, lay the five clans of the Hotinnonchiendi,
whose names remain in the natural features of New York, and
who are now known collectiv ly by the French name, Iroquois.
West of these, on the southern shores of Lake Erie, lay tlie far-
famed archers, the Fries or Cat tribe, who have melted away like
a dream : on the Susquehanna were tlie Andastes or Conestogues,
friends of the Huron and the Swede, few but brave ; and below
them, amid the Powhatans, the traveller would find the wig-
wam of the Mehcrrin, the Tutelo, and the clan whom the Algon-
quins called Nottoway; and still further south, in modern Car-
olina, ruled the fiery Tuscarora, la.st of the clans of the Huron-
Iroquois.

Close on the last of tliis great family came the mountain home
of the Cherokee, and its sands laden with gold. Below them, still,
from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, were found the clans of the
Muscolgee, — the Creek, the Yamassee, the Apalache, the Coosa,
the Choctaw, the Chickasaw, with the Natchez and other tribes
who claimed another lineage.

West of the Mississippi, from its source to the Arkansas, spread
tnbes of the Dakota family — the Sioux, the Assiniboins, the Kap-
pas ; while on the southwest lay the New Mexican tribes, and be-
yond the mountains the many tribes which still people California
and Oregon.

Such Avas the field now presented to the Catholic missionaries.
It was one studded with ditficulties and obstacles to the progress
of the gospel. Wide spread as were the families of which we have
spoken, thev were cut up into clans, each with a dialect of its

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

ills the
Deyond
laus of
tVionds
Nation.

to tllti
-liieiicli,
rk, and
ro<|uois.
ttie fur-
vjiy like
■stogiies,
d below
he Avig-
3 Algon-
lern Cav-
rt lluron-

home
em, still,
s of the

Coosa,
iX tribes

1, spread
le Kap-
I and be-
ilifornia

lonaries.
)rogress
Ive have
It of its

own, often so widely variant from others as to require scientific
analogy to show its parentage : then, too, wars were of constant
occurrence even between clans of the same family ; between the
Huron and Iroquois, the Dakota and Assiniboin, the Tequod
and NaiTagansett. Besides this, all were in a state of barba-
rism, and to all appearance with an utter want of adaptability
to the usages of civilized life; and all were ignorant of letters,
destitute of any si)ecies of literature but the wildest mythological
fables.

These fables and the morals of the people formed another fear-
ful obstacle. Although polytheism did not exist, although they
all recognized one Supreme Being, the Creator of all — although
they preserved many of the early traditions of the luunan race, the
idea of the fall of man, of the Redeemer, of the expiatoiy power of
blood, of the spirits above us, yet — sad spectacle of human miseiy !
they nowhere adored the God whom they knew ; nowhere did
they offer him sacrifice or address him in prayer. The demons
with which they peopled all nature, these alone, in their fear, they
sought to appease, to these they oti'ered the sacnfice which they
deemed it useless to ofler to the God of goodness and love. If the
pagan Iroquois now worships Hawen-nyiu, it is only a relic of
the teaching of the early missionaries ; and the name is a com-
pound of the French appellation of the Almighty. Pure unmixed
devil -woi'ship prevailed throughout the length and breadth of the
land. All corroborated the words of holy wiit, "Dii gentium
dsemonia" — " All the gods of the gentiles are devils ;■' that the
deities of the gentiles were not phantoms of the imagination, but
the fallen spirits who usurped the rights and prerogatives of God
and deified vice and passion. With these, the Indian, in liis the-
ology, peopled the forest, the lake, and the i^ountain — all nature,
animate and inanimate ; these alone he addressed and sought to
propitiate, reckless of his account to the Great Spirit hereafter.

In private life polygamy existed ; woman was a slave of the

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

ii.iji'

Imsband ; lust was unchecked even by the laws of nature, and every
excess prevailed. If to redeem this, crimes of other descriptions,
theft and violence, were rare in the villages, in war every cruelty
was wreaked on the captive, and every stranger was an enemy ;
war an ordinary occupation, and scalps torn from prostrate foes
the only mark of rank.

The country itself presented a thousand obstacles ; there was
danger from tlood, danger from wild beasts, danger from the roving
savage, danger from false friends, danger from the furious rapids
on rivers, danger of loss of sight, of health, of use of motion and
of limbs in the new, strange life of an Indian wigwam. Here a
missionary is frozen to death, there another sinks beneath the heat
of a western prairie ; here Brebeuf is killed by the enemies of liis
flock, and Segura by an apostate — Dennis and Menard die in the
wilderness, Dolbeau is blown up at sea, Noyrot wrecked on the
shore ; but these dangers never deterred the missionary. In the
language of the great American historian, " The Jesuit never re-
ceded one foot."

Once established in a tribe, the difficulties were increased.
After months, nay years of teaching, the missionaries found that the
fickle savage was easily led astray : never could they form pupils
to our lite and manners. The nineteenth century failed as the
seventeenth failed in raising up priests from among the Iroquois or
the Algonquin ; and at this day a pupil of the Propaganda, who
disputed in Latin on theses of Peter Lombard, roams at the head
of a half-naked band in the billowy plains of Nebraska.

These were tin obstacles in the career of the missionary, but
with the word of power, " Go, teach all nations," ringing in. his
ears, the missionarv rushed forward to execute the command : to
teach all, to announce to all, to convert the elect, or if such was
God's will, to labor in vain, except so far as the accomplishircr;* of
the command can never be in vain.

We have now seen the state of the country, the tribes, and

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

clans for whom IVovidence prepared tlie offer of Kedemption,
iisinff as he alwavs does, the revohitioiis, tlie chaiii^es and desii^ns
of men for the accomplishment of its own great overruling pur-
pose, the salvation and sanctification of man.

Let us now turn our glance to Europe at the same period — to
Europe, then synonymous with the word Christendom.

Christianity, now in Western Europe and her colonies a name
for n)en who believe every thini"' and men who believe nothini; —
a name too vamie to convey to the mind any uetinite idea — was then
identieal with Catholicity. The reliji:ion to be offered to the native
of the New World Avas that of the Church of Home. That
church had already brought into its bosom the fierce tribes who
had overthrown the Roman empire ; it was not appalled at the
sight of a new and barbarous world. In Europe she sat as Queen.
In the language of the time, the Church was (^ueen and Sovereign
of the world. In her name king's and republics reigned. All felt
it a duty to extend her sway. At her voice millions had been
]>oured upon Asia to wrest the cradle of Christianity from the
Unitarian Mahomet. The New World was also hers, and secular
princes proceeding to occupy it, were bound first to uphold the
paramount rights of the Church.

Already spread over countries most various in their conven-
tional ideas, the Roman Church was free from any distinct national
feeling, and in extending her borders, carried her own language
and rites, not those of any particular State ; ard thus she found
men of eveiy clime ready to undertake the great work of con-
verting the heathen, so eminently the office of the Latin Church.
She was every way fitted for the task, and the spirit that called out
the missionary ardor, formed bodies adapted to the realization of
its aims. Besides her hierarchy and parochial clergy, fixed and
permanent in their sees and parishes, she had then as now her
wonderful religious ordere spread through different countries, with
distinct and peculiar organizations, fitted to the special object of

AMERICAN CATilULIC MISSIONS.

I ,

tliL'ir institution. Several of tliese, osporiallv the four mendicant
orders, the Franciscan, Dominican, Aui,nistinian, and Carmelite
friars, were eminently adapted to missionary labors. Tht-ir jjov-
ernment was central, the union between the various houses close,
their changes frequent; so that their members, bound to each other
by close ties, not regarded as politically attached to any country
or place, with no tie even to a }>articular cloister, eager for adven-
turous missions, and full of that emulous spirit which always
characterizes distinct corps in the same service, rushed to every
quarter of the globe, and when America was disclosed to astonished
Kurope, being already accustomed and inured to missionary labor,
liastened to the new field as eagerly as the most sanguine con-
quistador. Almost at the same epoch arose a new order formed
expressly for great missionary plans, the celebrated society of Jesus,
which will ever excite admiration by the wisdom of its constitu-
tions, the devotedness of its members, and their signal services to
the cause of leligiou.

Thus able for the task, with men to do the work, and nations to
aid with means and prayers, the Church undertook tlie task.
With the first explorers and first colonists came missionaries, sec-
ular priests, and religious of every order, who, leaving their coun-
trymen in their rising towns, plunged into the interior. Habituated
to self-denial, a solitary man, with no earthly tie to make life
dearer than the call of duty, a man who had renounced not only
the luxuries, but most of the comforts of lite, the Catholic mis-
sionary, crucifix in hand, bearing a few articles of church service,
hastened to rear his cross amid the scenes of idolatrous worship.
Amid the West Indian isles, through Mexico, Peru, Brazil, and the
southern continent, the cross was borne bv the missionaries of
Spain and Portugal : the Norwegian, Irish, and later the French
and English, bore it through our more northern climes.

These missions are manv and varied : vet the Franciscan, Do-
niinican, and Jesuit achiev«^d the greater part of the toil, reaped

AMEHICAX (WTrrOIJC MISSIONS.

tlie most plenteous harvests, and stand pre-eminent in the annals
of Christian missions.

Sometimes a mission rose hy royal command, and u missionary
supplied or supported from the public treasury like a soldier, })r(»-
ceeded to his post : sometimes the settlers eoilected yearly nuans
to enable the frugal priest 1<> livc^ and obtain what lie needed for
his ministry; but most generally the princes, nobles, and pcopU' of
lun'o})e raise<l funds for each particular mission, Avhich in the
hands of a j^'ocurator of a loligious order at some seaport town
in Europe, collected gradually from palace and hamlet, to send
across the Atlantic missionaries, books, church articles, and often
objects of agricultural or mechanical industry for the Indian
tribes.

The settlements became the centres whence missionary opera-
tions radiated over the countrv, and Jis the Catholic founders of a
colony always bore envoys of the gospel in their fleets, the mis-
sions are coeval with the settlements. In the earliest date, Green-
land once settled sent missionaries to our coast ; at a later date
^fexico did the same : Melendez founding St. Augustine, made it a
missionary centre in the south, as Champlain nuide Quebec in the
north, and Baltimore made St. Mary's on the Chesapeake.

As these lines radiate, ihey cross and mingle : the Spanish mis-
sions from Mexico ranged from Florida to Xew ]\[exico and Cali-
fornia ; those of Florida extended to the Chesapeake and the
^lississippi ; those of Quebec stretched along the valley of the St.
Lawrence and the great lakes to the valley of the Mississippi, and
descending it, met those of the Spaniards on the south, while to
the north they passed at Hudson's Bay over the traces of the
Northmen ; and the brief Maryland mission was on the limits of
ancient Florida.

These missions it is now our ]iurpose to trace from their origin,
with their continuation, in our own times, by the clergy of our re-
public.

MISSIONS OF THE NORTHMEN.

NORWEGIAN MISSIONS IN NEW ENGLAND.

cHAriKi: I.

Disoovcrlos of tho Irish und Nor\voi?iuns in Icelaml. Orocnlaiul, and other parts of North
America— Introdiu'tion of Cliristlanity— .Settlement of Vinland — Various missionaries

sent to tiint country— Uiiin^.

TiiK Irish and \orw«^oians in tho ninth century were a naval
and coinmoicial pcoi)!*'; tlicir tlcots scoured tlio Atlantic and North
seas, and as piracy then prevailed, the slave-trade was a lucrative
ti'atlic for both.

Of the voyages of that period Iceland historian.^ preserve us
details, which the almost entire destniction of Irish manuscripts
has buried iu oblivion. According to these, the Irisli fii-st dis-
covered Iceland and established Christianity there, then planted a
colony on the southern coast of North America, at a part called
in Iceland annals II\itramannaland, that is, Whiteman's land, or
Irland it mikla. Greater Ireland. This colony subsisted as lato as
the year 1000, and we know that the colonists were not insensible
to the great work of evangelizing tlie heathen, from the fact that
a pagan Icelander, Are Mai-son, who wjus driven there in 983, was
baptized in the colony.

Soon after the settlement of Greenland by Eric the Red, his son
Leif visited Norway, and ^'as induced by St. Olaus, then king of
that country', to embrace <iw> tme faith. Returning to Greenland
in 1000, Leif bore with him priests to convert the colonists, and
iu a short time most of the Northmen in America embraced

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Christianity. Churclios aud convents arose in difterent parts, rival-
lintr those of Iceland in piety and learning.

Before this IJiarni, son of Heriuif, sailing from Iceland to Green-
land, was driven on the American coast, and in the veiy year of
the introduction of Christianity into Greenland he sailed again to
explore the countries wliich he had seen, and naming Labi'ador
llelhiland. Nova Scotia Markland, proceeded to Xarragansett Bay,
where, from one of his company tin<ling wild grapes, he called the
countiy Vinland.

Thorwald, Thorsteiu, and subsequently Thorfinn of Irish origin,
visited this place, and a settlement was gradually foiTned. As yet
all were not Christians; some still adored Thor and Woden, and
missionaries left Greenland to establish religion in Vinland. Of
these missionaries the most celebrated w%as Eric, who arrived in
Greenland, and after laboring a few years proceeded to Vinland.
Spending some years here, he returned to Iceland in 1120, and
sailed to Europe to induce the establishment of a bishopric, and a
proper organization of the Church. Deeming Eric the most suita-
ble person, the Scandinavian bishops selected him to found the fii'st
American See, and the missionary was consecrated at Lund, in
Denmark, by Archbishop Adzer in 1121.

After his consecration Eric returned to America, but still at-
tached to his mission, led a body of clergy and colonists to Vin-
land : here he found so ample a field for his labor, that he resigned
his bishopric and never returned to Greenland.

Of the future career of this zealous and self-denying missionaiy
we know no more ; the researches of northern antiquarians not
having as yet drawn from the dust of centuries any further details.

He was not, however, the only missionary ; for we find that
about this time John, an Irish or Saxon monk, sailed from Ice-
land to that country, but was there slain by the heathens whom
he had endeavored to convert.

As to the position of Vinland, there can be little doubt ; a care-

NOKWEGIAi; MISSIONS.

fill study of the narratives of tlic early voyagers, uai'ratives stamped
with the imprint of triitli, leaves lo doubt tliat th(;y turned Cape
Cod, and entered tiie waters of Narraijansett ]3av. To coiToborato
this, a ruin exists near Newport, evidently of llunic or Scandina-
vian origin. It was found at the settlement of the couutiy, and
is clearly no Indian Avork, while its resemblance to acknowledged
Scandinavian works in Greenl;ind and Iceland, places the question
beyond a doubt.

" The ancient tholus in Newport, the erection of which," say tho
Royal Society of Antiquarians, " appears to be coeval with tho
time of Bishop Eric, belonged to a »Scandinavian church or mon-
asteiy, where, in alternation with Latin masses, the old Danish
tongue was heard seven hundred years ago."*

A cloud hangs over the fate of the colonists of Vinland and
Greenland, who sank at last under war or pestilence.

* As to Vinland, see Antiquitatci Americance, pp. 193, 203, 260, &c. ; Me-
moirs of tlic Royul Society of Northern Antiq., 1336-7, 1838-9, 1840-3,
1845-S ; Lanigan's Ecc. Hist. Ireland, iii., ch. 20.

SPANISH UmiONS.

«*

* ,, ^"^ -».

1l'

y^Ys '¥} '£ SI A ?] r}^} o ?\ ■ y rji y n j , © . s . 'y.

.-VJ^.V.'iA.T OJ'

'.^a.«z= M.'u's^.^.v

s.cy LJZii

h.iward ./-jr.^'iTi Sc Brothei ;i Y.

II i

SPANISH MISSIONS IN NEW MEXICO, FLORIDA, TEXAS,

AND CALIFORNIA.

CHATTER I.

EARLY AITEMPTS IN VARIOUS PARTS.

The Franciscans under Bishop Juarez In Florida — Father Mark in the Olla Valley —
Father Padilla in that of the Kio Grande— His dcvotedness and death — Missionaries
with I)e Soto in Florida — Successful mission of Father Andrew de Olnios in Texas —
Heroic enterprise of the Dominican Futher Cancer— His glorious death in Florida —
The shipwrecked missionaries — Mystery as to Father John Ferrer — Doininicana in
"West Florida and Alabama with Don Tristan do Luna. ' . .•

The Spanish conquests in tlic Western world have long been
chronicled by national hatred as scenes of unsurpassed cruelty and
tyranny, and to most it seems certain that Spanish America must
be as completely cleared of its aboriginal inhabitants as the paiis
in which we live. Cruelties, indeed, were practised, but they did
not form the general rule. The part taken by the missionaries,
ever the steadfast friends of the Indian, has been singularly mis-
represented, and they seldom figure in English accounts unless as
pereecutors. Yet never did men more nobly deserve a niche in the
temple of benevolence than the early and later Spanish mission-
aries. The impetuous Las Casas, so for from standing alone, is
really one of the least conspicuous even in the missionary annals
of his own order ; and in efforts to convert, civilize, and protect
the red man, all the religious orders rivalled each other, lavishing
their blood and toil to save the Indian for time and eternity.

The settlement of the Spaniards in the West Indies preluded

■

4(.

A.MEIUCAN (ArilOMC MLSSlUNS,

;itt(.'iiij)ls to o.\i)lor(! tlu.' c'ofnitrii.'s on tlic <Jul{", wliicli rt'sultod
at last iu tlie coiKjiicst of the empire of the Aztecs. In Mexico
tiien tlio juissions l»('<;-aii, and in a I'cw years sjiread over most
of the States -Nvliicli now eonipoM! llie republic of Mexico, beai'-
ing rich fruits to reward the labors of the devoted lieralds of
the faith. l*1orida was already osteemed a paragon of wealth and
beauty, in 1520, l*aniphihis de Narvaez set out for its coiKpiest
uith a considerable force, and the title of Adelantado. lu order
to convert the natives, the expedition was attended by a coiLsider-
able number of Francisc?.!!^, v.n«lor the direction of Father John
Juarez, one of the first twelve Franciscans wlio entered Mexico.
Leaving his convent of Iluexotzinco, he went not only as Superior
of the mission, but also, annalists assure us, as Bishop of Florida.*
The adventurei-s lauded on the coast on the 16th of April, 1528,
and with all solemnity took possession of the bay of Santa Cruz,
now Pensacola. The recount of their march beloncfs to secular
history : suffice it here to say, that after months of toil and suffer-
ing they grew disheartened, and finding no cities or towns, turned
mournful and dejected towards the coast, which they finally
reached, and building a few frail boats, sought to reach Mexico.
In one of these, the religious and othei-s to the number of forty
embarked, but the frail bark was w }cked, and though all on board
escaped a watery grave, they subsequently perished of famne,
disease, or by the luiuds of the ^ndians. Of this first body ot
missionaries we know but little. In the meager annals which have
reached us of this ill-fated expedition, there is no record of any
attempt to found a mission among the Indians, nor did subsequent
conquistadores find any trace of previous Christian instruction.
Besides Juarez, we know the names of the lay brother John de Palos,
and of a priest, Asturiano, who, after suniving the first malady
which decimated the party, and experiencing many hardships,

* El Inca, La Florida : Ilenrion, Hist. Gcucrale, i., 398.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

(VuA at last on ^[:i11im<1(». i»rol)aMy Dauphin Wand, near tlio mouth
of t»e Mississij.j.i.*

Tils cxjuMlition, finitl«'>s an.l fatal, K'<1 liowovor to now niis-
sionar) tllurts. Only f'»iir of tho c'oini)ani<)ns of \arvarz oscapfd.
Crosiinq Tcxn.s an. I Xew Nrcxico to tho (!ulf of California, and
jipjiearinr like men risen from the ^'ave, they increased tho
jrt'neral Nvmder by accounts of ricli and powerful kini^doms
which tlu'X jiad poon in the interior. The Franciscans were
aroused : tht Italian friar, >hirk of Nice, resolved to plunge into
the unknown north, guided by Stei>lK'n, a negro, one of tlie sur-
^^vors of X.ir\n'/s force. With one companion. Friar llonora-
tus, lie set out ^Vom Culiacan, in March, 15:50, but the latter be-
coming too ill U proceed, Mark left him at Tetatlan, and with
his guide and sonv; friendly Indians, struck boldly into the desert
that stretched awa\ to the ( Jila, and finally crossing that deep
imbeddi'd river, recommenced bis toilsome march for Cibola, the
Zufii of the natives.! Wandering amid tribes dressed in bison-
skins and cotton mantks purchased from the more civilized Cibo-
lans, liis liopes rose high, and naming the vast realm San Francisco,
he already beheld it in i\nairination converted to the faith, and
become the home of his missionaiy order. Tlio kingdom of San
Francisco lives but in his narrjitive ; yet, as if to realize his wish, a
city of that name is the Cartlmge of the Pacific.

Halting himself as he approached Cibola, lie sent on his guide

* Xaufrairo.* cle Alvar Xufiez Cabezu de Vaca ; Torquemada, Monarquia
Indiana, vol. iii., pp. 437-447. .Juarez was one of the original twelve Fran-
ciscans who, under the Ven. Martin do Valencia, founded the mission of
the order in Mexico in 1524. After fllling tlie post of warden of the con-
vent of Iluexotzinco, he was appointed visitor of the province ; and soon
after joined the expedition in whicli he died.

Brother .John de Palos was another of the orij^inal twelve, and liad been
in the convent of Seville before coming to America. In Mexico his short
career was one of zeal in learning the language of the people and in instruct-
ing them.

t Schoolcraft, Indian TribcR. iv. ; De Lnet, 226

AMEFUCAN I'ATIIUMC MIS.SloNS.

I it

aiul a iiiiimImt (if Imliaiis ti» j»r(']tarti tlit; \va\ ; l>iit llic /niii* re-
fused lo admit S(» lai'LT'' a i»aity, and initat<'d ;it the jM'iliiiacHy oi
Stephen, the iiei;To miide, attacki-d iIkim and killed several, ;m(>iii^
llie rest St('j>lie!i liiinself. I'ndeterred l»y tliis loss, or l»y the
threats of his Indian eoinpanioiis, who would have visitet'on liini
the deatli of their eoinrades, lather Afark |)r()ceeded to a hill
whieh coniniandt.Ml the welldiuilf city of Cihola, and (tlantini^^ a
eross, emblem alikt! of ids zeal and the travers(f it h;d sustained,
lie turned dei<'('tedlv to the south. Mark achieved v* missionary
con<iuost, but ho had opened the lield to new etVorts.*

These were not delayed. The iiupassioned sok of Italy dri'w
up a tlirillini:^ account of tlie land which he had seen only in the
ijolden light <»f the setting sun, and knew only l)y Indian report.
lie little dreamt how frail and poor those stately walls, liow sim-
ple and unadvanced the peoi)le. An oxi)editi'on Avas fitted out by
the government, and the viceroy accompai'ied it to the frontier.
Fatlier Mark, with a goodly number of intrei)id I'Vanciscans,
swelled the train. Cibolu was soon re{)ched and taken, but so
little did Zuni realize the anticipations raised by Father Mark,
that one yoice of indignation burst upon him. lie left the
expedition, which continuing its march crossed to the valley
of the Kio (Jrande, and even to that of the Arkansas, in search
of the fancied realm of Quivira. The natives, friendly at first,
were soon driven to resistance by the wrongs they received, and
the Spaniards, in the war Avhicli ensued, found some difficulty in
capturing the well-defended towns of the Indians. No wealth,
however, repaid the adventurous Coronado, who penetrated to the
bison plains, and first saw, as he was the first to make known the

* " Eclation du frai Mare doNiza," in Ternaux's Collection. Fatlier Marl:
was a native of Nico, in Italy, and camo to Aniorioa in l.")"l. His first labors
■\vcro in Peru, but after struygling in vain with the turbulent authorities, he
returned to Mexico and was chosen rrovineial. His health w;us so much
shattered in the second cxpcditjon to Cibola, that he never recovered. He
died soon after at Mexico.

I !

SI'AN'i.SIl MISSIONS.

Itison, ail nnimal jMciiliar lu Aiiicrlca. \\'»'.irv at last, ]h'. ivs«>Iv«Mi
to rt'iurn. .loyt'iilly as tliis |iroj»osal was rcccivi'd l>y soiiio <>t' his
|>ai"ty, it was u lieavy l'l<»\v tn the iMissi(,iiaii«<, \vln> liail li«>|ti'il to
toiiiid missions aiiioiin; (In; in-wiv <lis('ov«'r»'<| lril»«'s. \or nncic
tln'y romantic in tlifir idea. Tin' Nt-w .Mt'\i«-aiis ;ii<' amoiijjf tlif
iiiiMost of tho alioriijfiiials, iinliistfioiis, ami in<»i*' rivili/.rd than aiiv
otl»».'r of our trilics. 'I'hcir houses wt-ri' of unhurnt lnicks, si-voral
stories in hciglit, diminishiiii;; in si/c as thoy ascended, 'i'heso
houses, in a town, were not like ours, ajiart, l»ut all huilt at the
same time, with no intervening,' spaces, and fonned a {larallelo-
irrani, ]>resentin<j: outwardly a wall unl»rok<Mi l>v iloor or wind<jw,
while the centre of the town was an open s«|uaro. Kach story
present(!d a terrace to be reache*! l>y la<lders, which enahled the
owner to mount irraduallv to the root' wliei<; tlu' main entrance
was. The lowest story was a kind of stove or vapor-hath. These
towns still subsist, and have often })ioved in war a most seeiUH; de-
feiiee. The people raised cotton in abun<lance, which tlu'y spun
and wove into cloth, and in this an<l in dressed skins the ]>eople
were all decently attired. Their fields were productive, their culinary
utensils of superior make, and Christianity alone wan needed to make
them a happy people, for their morals and customs were extremely
]>ure, and their idolatiy, simple Habaism, the tirst error of inan.

Won by their manners, two of the Franciscan missionaries be<^-
i^ed to remain. One of these, I'^ither .lohn de I'adilla, a native
of Andalusia, had once borne arms in the ujuise of a soldier, and
now in the cause of Christ showed no less intrepidity, and deter-
mined to bei^in a mission at the laro-e town of Quivira, whicli tlie
expedition had just left, and which lay on the west of the liio
<irande. The other, a lay brother, .lohn of the Cross, whom men
in other days had called Louis de Escalona, with equal determi-
nation resolved to begin his lal»ors at the neighboring town of
Cicuye. Coronado yielding to theif zeal, granted their request,
and as he had brouerht live-stock in order to settle in the country.

A.MKIJICAN CATHUJ.IC MISSIONS.

a portion "wns allotted to each missionnrv, and some Mexican In-
dians reniainod as guides and assistants. Cieuyo being still before
them, Brother .lohn of th«' Cross Avas sent on Avith an escort and
reached it safely. Padilla took leave of Ids countrymen and re-
traced his steps to (^Miivira with his Indian converts. HiTc for
some time he labored assiduously, but, as it would seem, almost in
vain. Mealing of a tribe more docile in character, lie set out for
their town, but on the road was suddenly surrounded by a con-
siderable force of roving Indians. Conscious of his danger, he
uiged his companions to fly, and kneeling down prepared to die.
In a f(!W moments he fell, piei'ced by a shower of arrows, and
sealecl his mission with his blood. Ilis comrades fled dow^n the
river, and after many a danger, reached Tampico to announce his
martyr triumph."'^

Of l^rother John of the Cross, and his mission at Cicuye, the
modern Pecos, no tidings were ever obtained, and he, too, in all
probability, fell a victim to the violence of the natives. How
heroic their sacrifice, who, to regenerate and elevate a fallen and
debjused race, left themselves entirely at the mercy of savages, re-
nouncing the comfort, security, and honors of civilization for the
wants and dauijers of a mission life !

The territory east of the Rio Grande had meanwhile been the
scene of an expedition which, in its pomp and power, its cruelties
and its misfortunes, has few parallels in our annals. Like Coro-
nado, the illustrious De Soto sought the mighty kingdom which

* Caataueda de Nafrora, part ii., cli. 8; part iii., cli. -1; Jaranflillo; Tor-
quemadii, Monarquia Indiana, vol. ill., ]). GIO; Croniquos dc8 Freres Mi-
nOiir.-*, 350 ; Ilenrion, Hist. Geu., i., 435. See also as to Coronado's marcli, tho
traniilation of Cabcza dc Vaca, printed, not published, at Washington, 1851.

Fatlior Padillu was an Andalusian, wlio, after distin^niishing himself as a
jrallant soldier, entered the Franeiscan order in the province of Granada.
Previous to tlio mission in wliieli he died, he had been the tirst warden of
the convent of Tulatzinoo, but led bv his zeal, had left it to evangelize tho
Indians of Mechoacan and Jalisco, and was warden of the convent of Tza-
potlan when he set out for Cibola. During tho march ho visited tho Moqnis.

!S PAN 1611 MISSIONS?.

.'xican In-
till before
escort and
11 uikI re-
Ilon; for
almost ill
ct out for
1)V a con-
laiigcr, he
•ed to die.
rows, and
down the
lounce his

/icuvo, the
too, in all
es. How
fallen and
vages, re-
011 for the

been the
cruelties
like Coro-
j>in which

|illo; Tor-
'rcrcs Mi-

limrcli, tlio
[ton, 1851.

Imself as n

GranaLln.

kvarden of

Igelize tlio

It of Tza-

Moquis.

the sunivors of the ONpcdilion of Xarvaez had discovered in the
interior of the continent. Cunlident that he was to tind and con-
quer a new Mexico, he landed in I'lorida Avith a sjdendid array,
and with him went missionaries, both secular and regular, to con-
vert the nations when the Spanish })ower was established. 1 )t^
Soto's fate is well known : his army wasted away by sickness,
famine, and in constant battles witii the bold and hardv natives;
and wi.'cn lie died on the banks of the Mississippi, his successor,
Muscoso, after trying in vain to reach Mexico by land, fled down
the river, hotly pursued by the natives. A small party reached
Tampico, but every clergynian had perished, and no mention is
made of any attempt to found a mission.^'*

In 1544, however, a missionary etlbrt was made in the same
territory, and here the zeal of a sincjle man did more than had
been accomplished by all who had i)receded him. J^atiier Andrew
de Oliiios had long displayed his zeal and missionary ])ower among
the Indian tribes. Striking on and on, deeper and deeper into the
country, he at last heard of the wild Texan tribes then called Chi-
chiinecas. Undaunted by the accounts of their barbarous manners,
and seeing in them mily greater objects of his Christian soUcitude,
he entered the rolling prairies. The wild men gathered around the
solitary envoy, and hearkened in peace to his doctrines. Num-
bers were persuaded, and followed the missionary to Tamaulipas,
where he formed a reduction and completed their instruction.
Here he applied himself to the study of their language, and com-
posed or translated many works for their use. llis example soon
drew to his side a zealous associate in tiie person of the secular
priest, John de Mesa, who, sj^ent with years and toil, closed his

* Prior to De Soto's deatli died four secular priests, Mr. Dennis, n Pari-
sian, Diego de IJanuelos, of Cordova, and Francis do la Koclia, a Trinitarian
religious. Under Muscoso died Koderio de Gallegos and Francis del Puzo,
seeiilar priests, John de Torres, a Franeisoan, John de Gallegos and Louis
de Suto, Dominieajis. — La Floridadtl Imxt,

liiedma and llackluyt are .silent touoliing I hone uiissionarie.-.

P-

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

life amid his Indians uf l*aniu'0. Otlicrs were won bv tbo sue-
cessors of those men, and a flourishing mission grew up avouul
the liumble con(|Uest of Olmos' hardy zeal.*

Almost at the same time a Dominican Father projected the
spiritual conquest of Florida, hoj)ing to win a new tiiumph for the
Cross by subduing, unarmed and in i)eace, a country which had
batlled the hardiest military expeditions. Worthy of that illustrious
order which stands pre-eminent in history as the stern and un-
compromising asserter of the e^jual right of the Indian to freedom
and ciyil rights. Father Louis Cancer de ]»arbastro determined to
proceed to Florida, conyinced by the character of such as he had
met, that the Floridians min-ht easily be made to rank amonjx the
ciyilized njitions. Two other Dominicans had already resolyed to
])enetrate to Florida by land, following the Avay so happily opened
by Olmos. They readily embraced the yie\ys of Cancer; but, on
consulting with some older religious, it was deemed essential to
.success to obtain the royal sanction. Cancer was selected to cross
the Atfantic and lay the projcv't before the monarch. Among his
fellow-passengers was the great Las Casas, Dishop of Chiapas, who
entered with all the impetuous zeal of his character into the project
of his fellow-religious ; and on JUTiving in Spain easily obtained for

i-i-

* Monarquia Indiana, c. 20; Ensayo Cronologico, unn. 1544. — Father An-
drew dc Ulnios was born nca/ Ofia, in the district oi" Burgos, but liavint,'
been brouj^ht up at Olmos, toolv tlio name of that phice. lie entered tlie
Franeiscan order at Valhidolid, and eame to Mexico iii 152S with Bishop
Zumarraijca. He soon was a complete master of the Mexican, Totonac, Tepe-
fruan, and (iuastcca lanj^uatrcs. After a life of labor and lioliness, lie died
at Tampicane near Panueo on the Stii October, 1571. He wrote a Grammar
and Vocabulary of the Mexican lanjruajxe, the Last Judgment, Sermons,
Treatises on the Sacratnents, Sacrilege, the Seven Deadly Sins, in Mexican ;
a Guastec Graimnar and Vocabulary, with Catechism, Confessional, and Ser-
mons in the sanje langua;.'c ; and a Totonae graunnar and vocabulary. John
de Mesii was born at Utrera in Andalusia, and eame when a child to America,
where his uncle was governor of Tempuhal. He embraced the clerical state,
and dcvotintr himself to tin- Indians, K^avMcil the languages of various tribes,
and labored among them during tin; rc>t of his lite, distributing his iuherit-
tujce among the poor. — Touron, Hi>t. dr PAm., v. '[•26: Cronique, 418.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

him the protection of riiihp ;ui<l ;i full Mpprolxitioii of liis sclieme
for the peaceful and bloodless concjuest of Florida. Orders were
issiu.'d plac'nj^ at his disposal a vessel to he titted out at any port
in Europe or America, supplied with all that should be deemed
necessary to insure the success of his project. This was not all.
Cancer obtained in addition a royal decree restorinjjf to freedom
every native of Florida lield in bondage in any part of the Spanish
dominions in America. With these documents Cancer returned
to Mexico, and soon obtained of the Viceroy a suitable vessel.
When all was ready, he embarked for Tampa Bay with liis two
orimnal associates, Fathers (ireofoiT de Beteta and John Garcia;
and one other, Father l>iego do Penalosa, who had joined them.
The vessel misscMJ the intended port, but readied the coast of
Florida in about the twentv-ninth decfrce of latitude on the eve of
Ascension Day. After seckinj; the port for some days, and land-
ing f"'^;n time to time. Father Diego went ashore, followed by
Canv^^ :, niterpn^ter, and one other, in order to confer with the
Indian, .;mid the dusky children of the everMades they knelt
and commended the enterprise to (Jod, then rose and began their
intercour'-e with the natives. Presents soon won esteem and
friendship, and as the long-sought harhor was now ascertained to
be only a day's sail distant, it was agreed that Father Diego, with
a Spaniard, and the Indian woman who had acted as interpreter,
should remain on shore, while the rest proceeded to the port
by sea.

So slowly, liow ever, did their vessel move, that they did not
reach the desired haven till the festival of Corpus Christi. Here,
too, fiiendly relations were opened with the natives by Father
Cancer; and the interpreter arrived, announcing that F.Diego was
at the cacique's hut. On his returning to the vessel. Cancer found
all thrown into perplexity by the arrival of a Spaniard who proved
to be a survivor of De Soto's expedition, and who had been for many
years a slave among the Indians. He warned the missionaries to

AMEIUCAN CATIIOJJC MISSIONS.

beware of the Indians, anU to tlicir amazement declared that Fatiier
DiejTo and his coini)anion had l>een already ])utchercd hv the
savat;"es, with all kinds of ceremony and addresses. "All this was
indeed terrible," savs Cancer, "and very atHictinnf tons all, but not
surj)risinL>' : such things cannot but ha})})en in enter[>ris<'s for the
extension of the faith. I expected nothing less. Ilow often liave
1 relk'cted on the execution of this enterprise, and felt that we
could not succeed in it without losing- much blood. So the Apos-
tles did, and at this price alone can faith and religion be in-
troduced."

Many were now in fovor of abandoning the project, but Cancer
resolved to remain alone, if necessary, hoping by mildness and
presents to win the favor of the Indians. On the 24th of June he
remained on board to draw up an account, which is still extant,*
and to prepare what he deemed necessary for his new mission.
Storms for a day prevented his landing, but on the 20th he quitted
the vessel, accompanied by Fathers Garcia and JJeteta, and when
near the shore sprang out, and not heeding tlieir entreaties and re-
monstrances, proceeded up the steep bank. The Indians looked on,
but gave no sign of welcome. Then doubtless Cancer realized all
his danger : he knelt for a moment in prayer, but an Indian ap-
proached, and, seizing hira by the arm, led him oft". A crowd soon
gathered around, his hat was torn otf, and a heavy blow of a club
stretched him lifeless on the shore. He uttered but one cry, " Oh !
my God I" for in an instant the savages had covered him with
mortal wounds, and rushing to the water's edge drove back the
rest with a shower of arrow:s. Sadly the surviving missionaries

* It was published by Ternaux Compans in his Keceuil de pieces sur hi
Floride, page 107, and forms a part of tlie "IJehition de hv Floride apporteo
par Frai (Jroiroire de Beteta." Thouirh it docs not bear Cancer's name, the
reader will easily see that he is the author, and as easily discover what was
added by anothor hand. Besides this, sec (4omara,cl;. 4'); Ilerrera, Decade
8, book ."> ; \,\\ Florida drl liu-a, lib. vi., ch. xxii.; Canlenas, Ensayo ("ro-
iiolouico, 2.'); llenrion, Hist. Gen. des Missions , Touion, Hist. Geu. de
rAnierique,

SI'ANISll MISSIONS.

Father
;)y tUe
lis was
.)iit not
for the
u have
hat wo
! Apos-

be ill-
Cancer
?ss and
June he
-xtant,*
mission.

quitted

drew otV, and a>. tlioy hchdd tlie hlccdini^ scalp ot' their devoted
brother lield alol't, lamented that his olurious plan, crowned with
success in \'ern J'az, had tailed in Florida. CooKm* minds may
treat as madn«»ss tlie conduct of Cancer, hut in the whole liistorv
of our missions thei'c is not a nobler episode liiaii the attempt of
tliis true Dominican, willinn^ to shed no blood i)Ut his own in win-
ning sinnei"s from error, and seekinuj in an nnarm«Ml vessel, and
with an unarme<i com})any, to achieve the peaceful conquest of a
land already deluged in blood.*

The next missionaries in Florida were a number of Donnnicans
thrown on the coast by shipwreck in 155J}. A laige vessel carry-
ing no less than a thousand souls, sailed from Vera Cruz, and after
leaving Havana was driven on tlie short' of Florida. Seven hun-
dred perished; thive hundred reache*] the liostile coast ; among
them, five Dominicans, Fatliers Diego d^; la Cruz, Ferdinand Men-
dez, and John Ferrer, with two lay-hrotheis, John and Mark de
Meiio. The survivors liad an able and enei-getic connnander, who
saved a cannon with annnunition, and inunediately began his march
for Tampico, then the frontier town of Mexico. His way lay
through hostile tribes, but as long as he retaine<l his cannon, lie
kept them at bay ; at last, however, lie unfortunately lost it and
much of his .immuiution by the upsetting of a raft while crossing
a rapid river. From that time their nundiers were rapidly thinned.
When they reached the Del Xorte, the i>r'or, Father Diego liad

)nanes

Is sur lu

)portec
Ine, the
Liit vas
Dcoiulu
lo C'ro-
|fu. iK'

* Fiitlier Louis Cancer de Barbastro was a native ofSara^rossa, and liad at
nn early age entered the Doniinican order. lie came to America in 1514 as
Superior of a band of missionaries. His liib(jrs were at first almost unsuc-
eesst'ul; his companions died around him of want, disease, and violence, and
at the expiration of nearly thirty years he r-tood alone. lie then, with Father
KiiK'on and Las Casas, undertook to evangelize the district called Ticrra de
Guerra, Land of War, but having converted and gained all the native tribes,
the missionaries gave it the name of Vera I'az, "True Peace, " which it still
bears. In 1547, he undertook the Florida Mission, which we have detailed.
Of Father Diego de Pefialosa, 1 find only that he was a native of Tolosa,
Soo Touron, Hist, de I'Am., v. 265.

AMEIllCAN' CATIIoLK: MISSIONS.

died of liis wounds, Fntlicr Ferdinand of liardsliip, r»rotl»or Jolin
de Mena had been sliot tlirouo-li tlie l)ody, ;ind iJiother Mark,
pierced by seven arrows, liad hoim left for dead. Father ,)ohn
Ferrer liad disappeared, liavin<x been taken prisoner ])y tlie Indians.
To this relicri<>us. a man of ennnent ])ietv J^nd sanetitv, common
report liad long attributed prophetic power. Jiefore they sailed
from Mexico he had said : "Almost all of us will die, and I shall
remain hidden in distant parts, where I shall live for several years
in complete health." This now occurred to all, and as his predic-
tion of the fearful loss had been realized, it was generally believ«'d
that he remained some years among the Indians, where he doubt-
less lost no occasion of instilling into their minds the truths of
Christianity ; but no tidings of him ever reached the Spanish
colonv.

Strange, too, was the fate of Brother Mark de Mena. lie had,
we have seen, been left for dead ; but recoveiing from the loss of
blood, he drew out the arrows, and dressing his wounds as well as
he could, pursued, and at last overtook the fugitives. The exer-
tion was, however, too great ; he soon sank, and his companions,
unable to carry him, buried him to the neck in the sand and con-
tinued their flight, but soon after were all cut to pieces. Brother
Mark, meanwhile, had rallied again ; he rose from his grave, and
at last, with wounds corrupted and swarming with worms, reached
Tarapico, sole survivor of the numbers who crowded the deck of
the noble vessel that had left San Juan de Ulua so short a time
before, radiant with hope.

This severe loss induced the government to think seriousR
of subduing and colonizing the northern shore of the Mexican
gulf, and in 1559, Don Tristan de Luna was sent with 1500 men
in thirteen vessels to accomplish it. As usual, missionaries attendetl
the expedition. This time too they were Dominicans, Frai Pedro
de Feria being Vicar-provincial. The othei"s were Fr. Domingo
de la Anunciation, who had long figured in the busy scenes of

SPANISH MISSIONS.

T John
• Mark,
ir John
In<lians.
lonnnon
y sailed
i I sliall
al years
i prodic-
bchovt'*!
1? doubt-
rnths of
Spanish

lie had,
le loss of
3 well as
'he exer-
panions,
nd con-
Brother
ve, and
reached
deck ot*
a time

}riousU'

Hexican

)0 men

ttended
Pedro

)mingo

hfe as l)i>M Juan de Paz, F. Doininlc de Salazar, uho die<l lirst
l)ishoj) ot' Manilla in the I'liihpjtinc Isl.-tnds, F. John Mazuelas, K.
Dominic <»t' St. Dominic, and l'\ Iv-irtholonicw Matiicos, once com-
mander of the artillery nnder (ionzalo IMzarro, and a close prisoner

jnes

in the siH>se(|uent troubles, ^vho, cscapinuf. turned Ins hack on an
ungrateful world, and enterinu^ a convent became a fervent rcli^'ious.
As Don Tiistan's tleet approached the fated shore, a storm arose
bv which the vessels were driven on the shoals, and manv were
lost. Amonij those who perished in the shipwreck was Father
Partholomew. The survivors landed, rin ' i:..4an collectini; what
had escaped, sent back a vessel for aid, and with a stout heart re-
solved to begin his colony. ]lis troo]>s revolted, and he himself
hearing flattering accounts of Coosa, a kingdom in the interior,
marched to the country of the (^reeks, attende<l bv Father Domi-
nic of the Annunciation and Father Salazar. Tlie Creeks received
the new-comers as friends, and an alliance was soon formed. To
aid his new allies, the Spanish commander marched westward to
attack the Natchez on the baid<s of the Mississippi. The mis-
sionaries accompanied him, and on liis n-turn to Coosa labon-d
earnestly to convert the fri<'ndly Creeks, but their etlorts were not
crowned with success, and only a few baptisms of <lying infants
and adults rewarded their zeal. Meanwhile the other missionaries
who liad been left at the coast, returned to ^fexico to mge expe-
ditious relief. The remainder of the party at the coast had become
divided into factions, and these increased after the commander's
return, as he on his part showed a stern unbending spirit ; but tlie
missionanes, true to their calling, restored peace, by a touching
appeal to the faith and religious feeling of Don Tristan, on Palm
Sunday in 15G1. Tw» days after the reconciliation the long ex-
pected relief arrived, with Don Angel de \'iilafane, the new gov-
ernor of Florida, and three new missionaries, Father J(jhn de Con-
treras, the lay-brother, Matthew of the Mother of God, and Father
Gregory de Beteta, the companion of Cancer, who, after having

AMEKICAN CATJIOLIC MISSIONS.

''!

ienounce<l tln^ sco ot'Cartli;ii(<'n;i, was liasteiiiiii^ iu Spain, wlieii he
Jjeard of tli«3 Florida expedition, and at once joined it to labor in
the field of liis cailv choice. Jhit when the new ODvernor beheld
liow little had oeen done, he rest>lved to abandon hloiida, to the
great joy of those who lind long urged Tristan to ado]»t that
course. Angel, accordingly, soon set sail, taking with him most
of tlie Spaniards and several of tlie missionaries, who, disheartened
by their fruitless labors aiiiong the Creeks, despaired of success.
Don Tristan, unbroken In' disaster, remained with a few resolute
men, and the intrepid Father Salazar and Urother Mattliew, who
botli resolved to labor on. Tristan wrote a pressing letter to the
Viceroy to urge him to pro(;eed with the projected settlement, but
tlie reports spread by tlie disalfected members of the expedition
were such, that a vessel was sent back with positive orders for
Don Tristan to return. To this command he yielded, and the colony
and mission of Santa Cruz in IVnsacola ]'>av were abandoned.*

* Ensnyo CronMoglco, ann. looO ; Touron, Ilistoirc cle I'AmLTiquc, vii. 122,
xiii. 216.

Of these niissionarics several were reniarka])le men. Fatlier Peter Martinez
do Feria, the vice-provincial, was born at Feriu ; and havinj? entered the
Dominican convent of St. Stephen at Sahimanca, made his profession in
154:0. He came to America witli Father ]>ctnnz<)s and Moffucr, and labored
many years on the mission, composinjj; works in Indian lanijuages for the use
of his neophytes, lie was successively prior, provincial, and procurator of
the Mexican mission, and tinally bishoj) of Cliiapas in 1574. lie died iu his
Episcopal see in 158S. Touron, Hist, do TAm. v. OS, vi. 333.

Father Gregory de Beteta, of an ancient family in Leon, after a youth of
piety entered the Dominican convent at Salamanca, and was one of the
twenty relij^fious of his order who came to America with Father Ortiz in
152',t. (Touron, i. 121t.) He labored first in St. Domingo, then at Santa Mar-
tha, after which we find him in Mexico, and as wc have shown, a compan-
ion of Cancer in his Florida mission. Subsequently to this he again labored
at Santa Martha till 1555, when he heard of his nomination to the see of
Carthagcna. To avoid this he proceeded to Florida, but as his resignation
was not accepted, he hastened to Eome, and obtaining his discharge from
the onerous task of governing a diocese, retired to a convent in Toledo,
whore he died in 15(52. He left in America a reputation of a most suc-
cessful and holy missionary. Touron, Hist, de TAni. xiii. 216.

7. Dominic do Salazar, before his nomination to the see of Manilla in tlir

wliuii he
J labor ill
or beheld
\a, to the
l()j»t tli:it
liiii most
lieai'teiied
if success.
• resolute
!»e\v, Avho
ter to the
lueiit, but
'X|)e(litioii
:)i'dei's for
lie colony
loiied*

le, vii. 122,

r Martinez
Intorecl tlic
lessiion in
(1 labored
for the use
curator of
ilieJ in his

youth of
c of the
Ortiz in
lanta Mar-
coinpan-
ki hibored
lie BCC of
Isij^nation
Irtre from
Toledo,
kiost sue-

llla in till'

CIIAPTEK II

FLOUIDA MISSION'.

rioridii colonized by Mi'li'ii(loz--Iniliun missions ftttctniitcd by tlio Doinitiicatis in
Vir:,'ini;i — Missions actually bcirun by tlie .Icsnits — Dciitli of Father Miirtlncz — Labors
of F. liojrtT anil ntlurs in the poninsiila and in (icor;:ia — Dilliciiltics and trials-
Indian school at Havana— Arrival of a Virdnian cliicf- Mission jjroposcd— F. S»';:iira
and his companions sail I'or the Chesapeake— Treachery of the chief — The inissiimarifS
are put to death — Knd of the .Fesuit mission — The Franciscans a|)pear— licirular
missions beKim—I'liilolo:.'ical labors of I'areja — Various missions of the l'"atiiers —
Sudden plot, the missionaries put to death — liestoralion of the Florida mission.

Tin: motive ^vhi('h im}»elled the attempt made by l>on Tristan
de Luna soon indticed a more successful one, which re: ulted in tin;
settlement of St. Augustine. A'essel after vessel was lost on the
coast or am(»ni; the dano-erous kevs of Florida, and in 1501, a
storm scattered the great India fleet which bore from Mexico the
treasures that colony annually poiu'ed into the lap of Spain. One
of tlie vessels disappeared — whether driven ou the coast or swal-

Philippines, had been a zealous missionary in Mexico. lie came to America
with Bctetu in l.")20, and was lonir the companion of his toils.

Father Dominic of the Annunciation, whoso secular name was Don Juan
(le Ecija, was born at Fuente de Ovcjuna, in Andalusia, in 1510. Accompa-
nyinj; his brother Ferdinand to America, he at last witncssinjjf the follies and
mistbrtunes of Ferdinand, entered the Dominican convent of Mexico in
1.">;^.1. lie was soon an accomplislied Indian missionary, and drew up a
Catechism and Prayer-book in tlie lanfruaire of his converts, which was
printed at Mexico in 11345. His career was that of a Saint ; and he died amid
the rcirrets of all on the 14th of March, loOl, after luivimr evangelized almost
every province in Mexico, and converted thousands by his preachinjr, his
miracles, and his sanctity.

He wrote historicid skelches of the early Dominican mis.-ionarles in Mc\ico,
wliich, it is feared, are lost. Toiiron, Hist, do TAui. vii. 100.

5-A

AMKKICAN CATHOLIC MI.SSlONS.

, \\\

lowed u|» ill the ttcfaii, n<nu' onAd \c\\. In it wnc lost ilu- only
son, ,'in<l ni.-my a it'Iativ*' an<l iftaiiicr of ihc hraNc ami <MU'rjLft'ti<;
JVdro M»'loinl('Z do Avilc-s, tli<' tli>t naval connuainltT of his day.
Long had liis bannor floated on tli«.' M^ditt'iTanoan, tlic Atlantic,
and tln' North Soa, and well liad he sfrwd, at liis own exjicnM',
his royal master nLjainst tlie Corsairs and tlie French; but like
Cohnnbus, when liis broken liealtli and n-soiuves ontitletl liini to
n rich reward, his cup of inisfortun«' was iilK'd to the brim. I'n-
abie to wait and search tor his son, lie proceeded on his voyage,
intending to tit out an expedition for that j)nr}H)se as soon as he
arrived in Spain ; but on reaching Seville, ho was arrested and
iinpiisoned on a frivolous charge, made by some officers, who
little brooked the strict discipline of the old admiral. In that
hour all turned against him. J Jail was refused, his senices and
l>aternal feelinu's were alike forijotten, and every delav was made
in the ))rocess aii'ainst him. For nearly two years he linLr<'red in
prison. He then sought the }>resence of I'hilip Ih, who had known
him long and well. As a sole reward for his p;ust services, he
asked permission to sail in search of his son ; thence to return to
his castle, and spend his remaining years in the service of God.
Hope never forsook him : he believed his son to be among the
Indians, or in the hands of French jtirates ; and, if alive, he de-
spaired not of rescuing the hojie f>f his old Asturian house.
Philip favored bis request, and oti'ered him a grant of Florida,
with the title of adelantado, but on very onerous conditions.
These Melendez accepted, and employed the remnant of his pro)>-
erty to fit out an expedition. r)y the charter which he received,
he was to take out tweKe friars and four Jesuits, as missionaries
for Florida. -■"

While the adelantado was preparing for the expedition, news
arrived that a French post was actually formed on the coast of
Florida: this gave a new ehaiaeter to the whole afiair, and the
first object now was to destioy that settlement. To attain this

SI'AMSll MI.sslUNS.

tli<' only

I" Ills (l;iy.
Atl.'tiitic,

»'X|H'll.M',

but lik<-
'(] ]iin) to
iiu. I'li-
s vovairo,
oon as he
}stetl and
jers, \vlio
111 that
vices and
vas inad«^
iLfcivd in
id known
r\ ices, !n'
return to
1 of God.
iK^ni:; the
|e, he de-
ll liouse.
Florida,
iditions.
is proj)-
[eceived,
[ionaries

b, news

[oast ot"

n«l th<'

lin thin

en<K tlio court reqiiiifd .Nhleiidez to take out a larrjo (ow^. Sonio
little ai<l was j^iv«'ii by the kiln,^ and his whole annainent eonsi>t-
e<l ot' LM54t) men, in thirty-tour vessels. The j>riests whe were se-
lecte<l, thouofh all did not sail or arrive in Florida, weif elcNcn
Franeis«'ans, one Father of the order «)f .Nh'icy, a secular j)rie^t, and
«ii;ht Jesuits.

'I'iie lleet was assailed by storms, some vessels wri** lost, several
])Ut back, one was taken l>y French <Muisers near Havana, .iiid
onlv a small number reached the coast of Fh^rida, and anchored
iH'ar the Frem*h sliijis and fort at the mouth of the St. .b'hii. The
sequel is well known : the Fn^nch ships ])Ut to sea, followed by
Melendez, who failini!: to overtake them, entered St. AuLTUstine's
river, and bcLMii to throw u[) a fort. Hither he was pursued in
tnni by the French tleel, which could not enter the river, and
was soon after wrecked ; while Melendez attacked their tort by
land, took it, and put all to the sword, as soon after he did iiio.st
of those wlio liad escaped shipwreck. Whether in this treatment
of the French lluijfuenots he lee-arded tlieiii as pirates, or as par-
ties perhaps in the death of his son, or acted in obedience to tin.
orders of Philip, or to his own persecutini; spirit, can ni'ver be
kiiown, but in no point of view can his conduct In? justitied.

St. Autrustine was now founded, and some reliijfious beijan tlu'ir
functions there, but of them and their labors we know notiiiiii;
jH^sitive. Two clergymen, I)on Solis de Meras and the chaplain,
Francis Lo|x*z de Meiidoza, are known as chroniclers of the «'xpe-
dition, but ffive no account of aiiv inissionarv effort. Once estab-
lished, liowever, at St. Aur^ustine, MeleiidOz sent detachments U)
tlirow up forts along tlie coast ; and having with him the brother
of a chief of Axacan in St. Mary's Bay, which lying 37^ X., niu>t
be Chesapeake Bay, sent liim, witli some Dominicans and a party
of soldiers, to bcfjin a mission and build a fort in \'iie:inia.
x\larmed by stormy weather, and unable to lind the port, these mis-
sionaries sailed to Spain, where the chief was bapti/.ed by the

AMKIUCAN CATIIOMC MISSIONS.

iiMiiK' of hoii I.uis N'rljisco.* Mcl«'inl«'Z was, llOWOVtT, ttX) tl«'«'plv
int«'i'(*stiM| iti tlicst! Iiitliaii iuis.si(His to mIIow (Mu; lailuro to (iaiii|i
lii.H zeal. <U\ his own return to Spain, lie ai>j)li»'<l to St. Francis IJor-
<^ia, tlu'ii reeently electeil (Jeiieial of tlie Society ot*.r«'sus, and ob-
tained a promise ot' missionaries for lij.s coloiiv. Acc<.)rdin!xlv, in
.hnie, I odd, Katlier IVter Maritiiez, an old and well-tried mission-
ary. Father .John lioijer, and llrother \'illaroal, emharkefl at San
I-ucar. On the voyae^e, the small Flemish vessel in which they
sailed, was separated from the tleet hy a storm, and driven on the
coast of Floritla. Without either chart <»r pilot, they had no
means (»f reachini,^ St. AuLjustiiie. In this dilennna, F'ather Marti-
nez voluntei-red to e^o ashore in the boat, and nuike inquiries of
the natives as t<» the nearest Kiu'opean settlement. While ashore,
a stoiiii suildeiily came on, by which the vessel was driven out to
sea, an«l the missionar\ and liis companions left destitute on the
coast. Their only hope now was to reach the nearest s«'ttli'ment,
and discoverinLT the proper <lirection, they followed the coast in their
boat ; but when almost in sii>ht of San Mateo,f and exhanste<l by
hardship and famine, they were attacked by the natives, and
Father Martinez, who had in vain endeavored to save his connades,
was put to death. 'Jhe rest of the party, with one exet'|»tion,
es(;aped, and soon after reached a place of safety.

The death of Martinez was a severe blow to the mission, not
only from the fact of his beini; the Superior, but also as his abili-
ties were of a rare order, his zeal and virtues the theme of j^'eneral
admiration.^ On learning his death, which occurred September

* Ens, rronolofr'ioo. t A fort at tlie mouth of tho St. .Tohii'a.

X Father Peter Martinez was born on tlio I'jth of October, looJJ, at Celil.-J,
in the diocese of Sarii<?ossa, anJ was allied by blood to tho Cardinal Arch-
binhop of Toledo. Devoting himself in ciiiMhood to God by vow, ho was so
zealous a student that at twenty he received his de^rrec of n»astcr. Aeeidenl
led him to tiie Society of .lesiis, into wliieli he was received at Valencia, iu
1008. His first labors as a luissiomiry were in tlie neitrliborhood of that city.
Some years after, he was sent :i< v\\i\\>\ liii olan expeilition uirainst one of tin.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

<Jt

[o *laiii|i
iicis |{i»r-
, aiul «)l)-
iiiuflv, ill
iiiissi(»n-
l at San
icli tlii'V
n on the

liad Do
or Marti-
an i lies of
ashore,
:i\ out to
u on thf
ttlcnit'Mt,
pt in their

stetl l»v
s, an<)
jnuades,

ceptioii,

ion, not
is ahiU-
o;eneral
)teniber

t CeUln,

il Arch-

was so

ocuU'rU

Incia, iu

lit v'ltj.

or tin.

2S, l'ath«T lloLjfr ami Urolhcr \'illarial i<iii. .| to |la\ana, an<l, at
tin- iiixtancr ul" Mclcndcz, s|M'iit thf uintrr in studviiiij the laiiuuaiif
dl' llir province ot' ( 'arlos, as tlie part of Kluriihi lu-ar t'ajK' t'on-
navi'ral was then calliil. < >(' this (lial«M't tlit-y (hrw up Muahiila-
rit's, by the iiclp of thf natives tih-n in Havana, ulioni tliey at tlie
same time instrnctnl in tlie taith. In l'"< hruary, they orosseil o\«r
to tliat jirovincc with .Nh'lcnile/, and hciran a mission. As soon tm
the LTovernor had estahlisladpeae*' hetweeii the \aiions Indian tiihes,
and founded a post, he e»tmmend<'d the mi.ssioii earnestly to Father
Ko«;ei', and proccodt-d with Ihtdher N'iHareal to Tecjueste, where
li(^ eonuneneed anutiier establislimmt, and oon after sailed back
to Spain. *

The people amon(r whom Jioi^er and ^ illareal now betjan their
mi-^sion, were evidently a branch of he Civeks, aixl far from hav-
iiii; made any ]iroi^r«'ss in the aris of lit* . Like ihe iiiiiabitants of
the West India islands, they were entirely na'' i , the women alone
wearini; a scanty apron of skins or ^r"»is. — proof tha' nodesfy is
inherent in the sev. Their houses >v(>n. "(»nstructe<.l of upri«^ht
loi^, meetinj^ at the top ; their be<|^ were a kind of raised piiu-
form, under which a tire could be made, to dispel tiio nnis(|uitoes
hv the smoke. I'olvijamv was miiversal, or rather marriai'e as a
pel nianent state was unknown. Their ums and utensils were of
the rudest descrij)tion, and their wanderinij disposition and almost
entire ncQ^lect of aii;riculture, ])resented great obstacles to tiie intro-
duction of the faith. TIk; Jesuits, however, aj)plied themselves
earnestly to the ^reat work • and meanwliile Melen<iez, in Sj»ain,
was seeking auxiliaries for ; . n. St. Francis IJoruia listened to
liis ajiplication for more njissionaries, and formed Florida into a

liarbary States, and was, fnr some time, cinploycd at Ornn, then at Toledo
and other parts of Spain. He was n professed Father, well known to St.
Franeis Ror^ia, who selected hitn to found the Florida mission, as a man of
Icarnint:, zeal, Iniiiiility, and u Invo of sulVerin<rs. His di-ath took j)lace near
the eoiiimenceinent of Octubcr, l.")()t;. Aletramhe, p. 4-1; Tanner, p. -i-i.")}
Hrews, Fjisti S. J. ; Knsayo Cronolopieo, p. 120; Sacchini, p. 71, &c.

-m

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

vice-})roviiico of the onlor, Father Jv)lin Uaplist Segura, of To-
ledo, Avas selected as vice-pi'oviiicial, and v itli him were sent Father
(Jou/alo del Alamo, of Cordova ; Father John de la (,'arrera, of
l*ontfenada ; Anthony Sedeno, of St. Clements; with J brothers
Auirustine 13acz, John liaptist M(;n(lez, Gabriel de Solis, re(h(»
Kuiz, John Salcedo, Christoi>ht'r Iti'dondo, and I'eter J^inaies.
With these, Melendez, now a])pointed ijovernor of Cuba, sail<'<l
early in 1508, and arrived safely at Havana, Avhither Itogt-r had
temporarily returned. The Vi(('-j>rovin(.'ial held consuhations
with the missionaries already on tht? uTound, and full of zeal,
formed a j>lan of aetion. The edueation of yoimij Indians in
Christian prin<'ii)les was deemed tlu- most eflieaeious means of ad-
vancing th(? mission ; and Father liogcr and Drother N'illareal
being- already acquainted with the language, were apj)oinled to
begin at Havana an Indian school for Florida childicn, while the
Vice-i)rovi!Jcial and his companions proceeded to Florida, to make
their novitiate in missionary life, and a(^quire, amid the hardships
of an apostolic career, the rudiments of the language. They accord-
ingly took post at various jxiints in the jn'ovince of Carlos already
mentioned, ni Tequesta, still farther north, and in Tocobaga, which
lay on Apalache Bay. Here they labored for some time, studying
the language and manners of the peo})le, prea<'hing by interpreters,
and of course with little success. Father Sedeno and ]3rother
liaez, who began a station at Isle (Juale, probably Amelia Island,
were more fortunate.

In 15GG, Father lioger was sent to St. Helena, or Crista,* as it
wjis then called, and after giving the col mists established in that
cradle of Carolina the succors of religion, struck inland with three
companions, to announce the gospel to the native tribes. Here
tbis Father met a race far superior to those whom he had previously
encountered, and who were, in all probability, a branch of the

* The Chicoia of Avllon.

Sl'ANLSIl .MISSIONS.

b\)

», of To-
ll Fatlier
iurern, of
I) rot I K' is
is, IV'dro
Linaivs.
)a, sail('(l
dgi'V lia<l
■iultatiotis
of y.oal,
idiaiis ill
us of a<l-
\'illart'al
Diiitctl to
viiilc tile
, to make
liardsliips
ac('Oi<]-
alieady
ra, which

-tudyitig

M'prolers,

liiothor

I Island,

Ifi,* as it

in that

111 three

Here

K'ioiislv

of tho

Chcrokces. 8n|K'rior to the Creeks in many respects, they ^vere a
sedate and thoui::htful race, and dweliini;' in jx-acr in tln-ir native
mountains, whonce they defied their enemies at the north and
south, thcv cultivated their fields, and lived in prosperity and
plenty. Tlieir morals were far superior to those of the lowlantl
races : nolvfamv was miknown ; and men and women, hv their
vt'iv aspect, li^avc' tokens of a hiijlicr state of culture. lnspir«'d
with hopes, Hofrer devoted himself to the laniinjao;e of the nrw-
found trihe with such assiduity, that in six months he had mastered
its dilliculties, and uas ahlo to announce intelli^dhly to his neo-
phvtes the mysteries of our relij^don. While in their amazed ears
he proclaimed doctrines never heard hefore, of a sinu^le Almiijhty
Deity, who rewarded and punished as he had ci'eated man, and
who reserved for them all mansions of hliss or woe, which it was
theirs to choose, they listened with attention ; and (juestions, curi-
ous indeed, yet earnest, showed tiiat the Indian had l»ecom«' in-
terested in the new doctrine. The fond hopes of the missionary
soon vanislied, how«'ver. The time had come for jjatherinuf th''ir
winter store, and all j)lun<^ed into the woods, leaving; their teacher
hatHed for the moment, hut still couraijeous. His efforts were re-
newed when the tribe assembled aijain in the followinu; year, Init
witl» equal want of success. Meanwhile Sedeiio returned to
(niale, where h<* was disheartened to find that l>aez, after ten
months' labor, had sunk a \ ictim to the climate. In this province
neither the labors of Jiaez nor those of Sedefio, Se<,nira, and Alamo
had produc»'<l any result bt-yond the baptism of four infants and
three dyinor adults. The missions which had been renewed
amoni^ the Creek tribes had proved equally ineffectual, and the
Jesuits were about to abandon so unpromisincf a field — to abandon
it as they ha<l no other — without Innurr driven from it, when
blo(»d and toil alike had failed. No hope of martyrdom, evi-n,
roused their zeal to new efforts : they decided that the mission wa>
uuj>raetical>le, and so announced if to their superiors in Europe.

A.MKHK'AN CATlloLlC MISSIONS.

llie Florida mission lia(J, liowewr, nttracted tlie eyes of the
Christian worM. Not only th»' illustrious head of their or(J«'r, tho
sainted liori^ia, and the Sfcuiish monarch, still uri^ed the ^\v.\i
work of christiani/ini; the natives <tf the colony, but tin' Sove-
reiiL^n Pontiff himself addressed a brief to the (iovernor c)f Klori<la
to excite liis zeal in the cause.* In this earliest docun)ent from
the Holy Se<*, relative to the cfmversion of our Indian triU-s. and
their advancement in <ivilization, St. l*iusV. lavs down a doctrine

* To our leloced son ami nohlc Lii;I J'cdrc Mdind-z <le Aciks. Vlcvroji in the

proviHir oj r Ittnda in t/t>j)iirf,i of India :
Ik'Iovcd Son and noble Sir —

Health, ffrace, ami tlic blcss'mij of our Lord be with you. Amen

We rejoice prcatly to hear that our dear and beloved son in Christ, IMiilip,
Catholic KiiiiT, has iiaiiiL-d and apiioiiitcd you (Iovernor of Florida, croatiii*,'
you adelaiitado thereof; f >r we hoar such an account of your person, and so
full and satisfactory a report of your virtue and nobility, that we believe,
without hesitation, that .\ou will not only faithfully, dilii^ently, and carefully
perforin the order> and insiructioiis (/iven ytiu i)y so Catholic a kinir, but
trust also that yon, by your discrctinnand habit, will doall to olTect the increase
of our holy Catholic faith, and gain n)orc souls to God. I am well aware, as
you know, that it is necessary to frovern these Indians with ^'ood sense
and discretion: that those who are weak in the faith, from bciufj newly
converted, l>o contirrne<l and strcnirthcnod ; and idolaters be converted, and
receive the faith of Ciirist, that the fnrnier may praise God, knowing the
benefit of his divine mercy, an<l the latter, still infidels, nuiy, by the exam-
ple a.id jnodtl of tlmsc now out of lilindness, l)e broutrht to a knowle(li,'c
of tie truth: but nothinir is more important, in the conversion of these
Indians and idolaters, than to endeavor by all means to prevent scandal
beinf? {iiven by the vices and immoralities of such as pro to those western
parts. This is the key of this holy work, in which is included the whole
essence of your charj.'c.

You see, noble sir, without my alludintr to it, how preat an opportunity
is otV<red you, in t'urthcring and aidinir this cause, from which result-
1st, Hervinp the Almiirhty ; 'Jd, Inereasiii',' the name of }0ur kimr, who will
bo esteemed by men, iovcvl ainl rewarded by (Jod.

Giving you, tiicn, our ]>atcrnal and apostolical blessing, we beg and
charge you to give ful' faith and credit to our brother, the Archbishop of
Kossano, who, in our name, will explain our desire more at length.

(Ji*en at Konu-, with tiie lishenuan's ring, on the 18th day of August,
in the year of our IJcdemption laGO, tho third of our pontificate. — Knsaii>
( ^f'tiiolot/ico, i^nn. IVlit.

•s of tlie
(idtT, tiki
lie ^ivat
he Sove-
if Floiiila
cut tVolll
Hm's, and
doctrine

vvoy in the

ist, riiilip,
a, crcatiiiir
;on.aiul ^^o
,-e bolie'vc,
cl carefully
I kiii^', but
lieiiKToasf
awaro, as

OOtl S(.'MSf

ijr newly
•rteil, Hn<l

)\villi,' tlio

le exain-

iio\vlo«l<;c

ot" these

seaiulal

western

le whole

lortunity
result —
who will

|>e;; anil
[ishoj> nf

Vuffust,

.SI'ANISH MI.^SIUNS.

now sanciionctl l»y tlif t'XjH'vit'nct' ottlin'c ccnturii's. " Notliin<i^,"
savs ho, " is more inii>oitant in tin- conviTsion of tiu'sc ludians
and idolaters, than to endeavor hy all means to pi'event scandal
being i^iven i<, t'le vices and iniinoralitit's of siieh as jro to those
Western ))ar(s." AVhere this moral harrier, spoken <)f hy the lioly
I'onfitf, was suceessfnlly raised, the Indian piosperivl ; wheie. as
in our Knj^lish colonies, none such «'xiste(l, the tiihes dwindled
awav, contao-ious vices destroviiiij: them more silently and stnclv
than war or agcfression. The i>m1 man has disap])eaied trom the
peat part of oin- territory, and it were well to retleei a moment
whether we are o'liiltless of his destruction, i)et(>re we speak of
Sj>anish ci'uelty.

Kre the letter of St. J*ius reached Klorida, the courau'eous
Father Roger made one more elloit to plant a mission. He re-
turned to his post, hut found his house and chaj)el destroye<l.
Tn vain he preached the woi<l of tmth. llopeh-ss (»f ohtaining
conviction directly, he adopte<l a new |>lan : hy extolling the ad-
vantages to he deiived fiom a thorough and I'egular cultivation of
the ground, he iinluced the natives t(» attempt it, and thus found-
e<l a re(luction. hands were chosen; agricultural implements
jtrocurecl ; twenty coimnodious houses raised; and the Indians
had alrea<ly ma<le some progress, sulKcient to exciter the most
favorahle hojies, when all again vanished. Their natiu'al tickle-
ness j)revailed ; deaf to the entreaties an<l remcdistraiwes (»f Jloger,
they ahandoiied their village and returned to the woods. I^ess
anxious to gain pn>selytes to civili/ati<jn, than children to the
Church, the missionary followed them to their forests, and con-
tinued to instruct all h" met in the various points of ("hristiai»
•loctrine. .\lter eight Jiiouihs' .ippiication, lie judged many sulli-
ciently instructed to rec<i\e l>a|>lism ; and calling a coinicil of the
chiefs, proposed that the tiihe shouM renoun<'e the devil, ami em-
hrace the new faith. .\ scene of confusion ensu<'d. "The devil
is tlio host thiiif; in the woild," was the utiaiiimous cry tif the

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MltfrilONS.

Ica'loi-s. " We adore liim : lie makes iiieii valiant," they ex-
claimed ; and, swayed by a tew, the muhitude resolved not to
renounce Satan, and [tuhlicly rejected the faith.

F.nther Kogcr then procee<led to other tribes, but as a mission-
ary eflected nothing. Keturning to Orista, he found the Indians
gathered at a great festival on the baidcs of the Kio Dulce. lie-
solved to m:ike a final eti'ort, he i)roceed('d to the place of their
festivity, and ai>-aiii raised his voice among thenj. liecounting
I'is labors lor their p-ood, his many acts of kindness and charity,
he ba(K^ them Judge by these of the sincerity of his atiection for
them. In return, he asked but one favor — their acceptance of
the faith which he preached, and which they all acknowledged to
be good and holy. This was his sole object, as it was their good.
If they refused it, he must depart Ibievei'. Scarcely had he ceased
speaking, when a chief arose, and by a few short, furious words,
roused all minds to madness. In the trouble which ensued the
missionary nearly lost his life, and with ditKculty saved bis church.
Bidding therefore farewell to his llock, whom he promised to re-
visit at their first sign of acquiescence in his w ishes, he returned
to the fort of St. Helena in loTO, and, reporting to the governor
the failure of his undertaking, proceeded to Havana with Father
Sedefio and some Indian boys.

At this moment Melendez arrived with the letter of Pope St.
Pius and those from St. Francis Borgia to the Jesuits in Florida,
encouraging them to persevere, and sending to aid them Father
Louis de Quiros of Xeiez, and two novices or scholastics, Gabriel
Gomez, of Granada, and Sancho de Zevallos, of Medina de Kio
Seco. These were intended to take part in a new mission already
projected in Spain. The chief of Axacan, who had accompanied
the Dominicans to Spain, asked leave to return to use his influ-
ence in converting his tribe. As all now felt the necessity of re-
!noving the missions from the vicinity of the Spanish po.st8, his
offer was accepted, and he accom])anied Melendez, to be the

SPANISH MISSIONS.

tlil'V ex-
1 not to

inissiou-
ludians
ce. lic-
of tlicir
oouiitinuf
[ cliaritv,
'ctioii for
itaiico of
edg'od to
cir good,
le ceased
IS words,
isued the
> church.
:*d to re-
etiuiied
fovernor
1 Father

*ope St.
lorida,
Father

iGabriel

|de liio
heady

[panied
influ-
of re-
lets, his

1)0 till'

guide of the missionaries wlio sliould be sent to the banks ot' the
Chesapeake, or St. Nhiry's J Jay.

Fatlier Segura Avas delighted at tlie prospect thus opened, and
resolved to unik'rtakt' liinisfif tin* new and promising mission : to
aid liim, lie selected, besides Fatlier (^uiros and his companions,
IJrothers Mondez, l)e Solis, J{t'don<h), and Linares, with some In-
dian vouths, who had been educated in the academy at Havana.
All were soon at St. Helena, the frontier post of the S[)anish col-
ony, whence a simple vessel bore them to St. Marv\s J>av, whose
borders, in the names of \'iru:inia and Maiylan<l, seem to chronit^le
the devotion ot" its tirst explorers to the \'irgin Mary. 'Die mi.s-
sionaries landed with Don Luis, as the chief was now called, and
without a sigh beiield the vessel vStand out to sea, leaving tliem,
the only Europeans for a thousand miles around.

The residence of the tribe to which Don Luis belonged, e;innot
be determined. It is stated to have been j»laced about thirty-
seven or thirty-seven and a half <legrces nortii, and to have been
far from the sea. The name is uniformly •'•iven as Axacan.

This inland region was now the bourne of their journey ; anil
they began their march : a vast tract of maish and wood lay be-
fore them, intersperse<l with laufjs whi<'h had for several yeais been
struck with the curse of sterility; but, hardened to toil, they
pressed gallantly on, through many a winding and circuitous
route, till the conduct of Don Luis excite-d suspicion. Months
had passed, and yet their destination was iKjt reai;hed. At last he
announced that his brother's village was but twelve miles otf, and,
bidding them encamp, liastcned (»n in fidvance, to prej)are his
•ountrymen for their new guests. I)ays now elapsed, as mojiths
had done, in suspense, and yet no tidings came of D«»n Luis.
Meanwhile lumger pressed heavily on the little band, wiiose only
resource was in the protection of lieaven. In this extremity they
addressed earnest prayers to God to obtain a change of the
apostate's heart. The rustic altar witne.'-M'd dailv the holv sicii-

($4

AMKHICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Hcc oir.'nMl ill liis iK'lialf. At last tliev sent to him, but as lie re-
turiKMl «'vasivt; answers, Fatlior (^niros set out, tletennined to try
wlh'tlier a personal conference would not etiect a return in the
niis«rui<le(l man. l)onJ^uis met him with hypocritical excuses;
and fnrnisliinfj^ him a scanty supply of provisions, bade him return.
The dejected missionary and his companions, Solis and Mendez,
tuined U) leave the villaicc *, but the a}>ostate's hatred was too deep.
Kaisino: a war crv, he was answered by the tribe, and chief and
warri()r ruslu'd on tlie unsuspectini; missionaries, and butchered
them without mercy. (.^uiroB fell lirst, his heart pierced by an
arrow from the a[)Ostate's bow.

The suspense of the other Jesuits was increased by the non-
appearance of Father Quiros and his companions ; but the apostate
came at last. The habit of Quiros, which enveloped liis swarthy
frame, told a tale which their own hearts had already whispered,
yet feared to believe. Luis coldly demanded their hatchets, the
only articles in their possession with which they could defend
themselves. These Segura gave up in silence, and knelt with his
companions in prayer. Jn a few moments the signal was given :
a butchery ensued, and of all the party, only one escajied, an In-
dian boy educated at Havana.*

Tli's martyrdom closed all hopes of a mission in Upper Flor-
ida, and 1 d the Jesuit.s to abandon the whole province for the
more inviting tield of Mexico. Three priests and four brothers
had fallen victims to the perfidy of the natives ; one had sunk
under his toils and the climate ; and yet no beneficial result had
crowned their eftbrts.

The Spaniards heard of the glorious deatli of Father Segura

* Of thcfjc inissionarica I find little. Father John Baptist Scgiirii was
born in Toledo, and entered the Society of Jesus nt Alcala, on the 9th of
April, ].")()(>, and had been Ueetor of Vallisoleta, before sailing to Anierioa.
lU- was killed in Fel)ri!ary, l"»7<i; the only Viee-})rovineial of Florida. See
AK^Minbe, p. G2 ; Tanner, p. -1:47; Suechini, p. 71; Ensayo Cronologieo,
p. 142; Drews, Fasti, i. IW.

SPANISH MISSION.-?.

{>,)

jiml his roinpnnioiis tVoiii Aloii/.o, tlio Indian l»<>y who \\n>\ Ixtii
spared, and who, contriviiii^ at last to ehido tin- vii^ilaiu-e of ihf
apostat*', tied to tlie Sj»anisli post. Stianjj^*' is the heart ot' man;
hnis liad slain the inissionari«'s, vet hedeceiitlv intenvil them all,
uhilo he gave the consecrHted vessels and «levotional ohjeets to
his clansmen, to become the ornaments ot" the braves and scjuaws
of VirLjinia.

Jn 1572, M«'leiidoz returned to Florida, an<l sailed to the Ciies-
apoake in pursuit of the nuu-derer. He landed, as the .lesuit
(ion/alez had d(»ne the year bet'ore, and thoU!ji;li he took some of
th«* murderers, faik'd to seize the apostate, who roamed amid lUr.
turests. Kiufht were executed for their crime, all of whoUK under
the instructions of Father Koe-er, embraced C'hristianitv, and died
blessinnr the Almin;hty. This was the last missit)nary act of Fa-
ther Roijer in Moiida. i"'aiu would he have gone to disintt-r tin;
lialluwed remains of his martyred brethren, but to this Melendez
would not consent; and leather lioger, leavinn" the land, of which
his labors had made him the tlrst, if not the succi'sst'ul, apostle,
r turned with the other mis.-ionaries of his order to Havana, and
proi'eeding thence to Mexico, labore<l there for many years with
zeal and abundant fruit.*

A new band of missionaries now landed in Florida. These ap]>a-
rontly were Franciscans, and if so, tlu-ir mission dates pro]>erly from
1573, although others of their order must have been there occa-
sionally from the foundation of St. AuL>-ustine. AVhat tin- prog-

* Fatlier John Ko<»cr Avns a native of I'limpolunn, and a Protesscd of
Throe V'ows. He hiborod in Florida from 15()t) to l.")71, and may he consid-
(-•ivd the foiUHk-r of tliat mission ; boiuLf the first who laimriMl fur any time.
His virtues and learning,' were such as to win for him tiif ^'ciicral esteem of
all, and he died at Vera Cruz in 101*', universally reirretted. \illareal died at
Mexieo, Jan. S, lott'.t, aftora life ofeminent piety and uset'ulness. Drews, i. ;js.
I'lir this .Jesuit mission, sen Aleiramhe. Mortes ilhistres, |>. 1 1, f.-j ; Tanner,
Sncictas Miiitans, p. ■it"; Historia, S. 1. pp. IJl, 117; Kiisuyo ( "ronoiou'ici',
pp. l'Jo-14'j; Ale<rre, Historia de la Compahia tie .lesus in Mejieo, vnj. i. ;
llenrion. Histoire Clencrale des Mis.sions, ii. 1.'), 10; Kl Incu, Historia do
Morida, 2GS.

AMKUICAX CATHOLIC MI.^SIUNS.

rcss ot' tlio colony and its missions would liavf been under the
command of tlu' oncru'ctic and dcttTmiiicd .Mclmdcz, we cannot
easily judi;c ; i>ut Ik- was too ureal a naval commander tor t lie
kiuLf to allow liim to con>umc liis davs in cstaiilisliinu; a distant
colony. Fli'et after lleet liae<'n coniided to his care, and he
was now calleil upon to lead the (rreat Armada ai^ainst Knsj^land.
lUit liis career was ended. Amid tiie busy jirepaiations, amid
the din of arsenals and shipyards, Meleiidez expired at Corunn •,
still viLforous and unlMoken by ai^e, in the height of his glory,
a brave, l(»yal, and disinterested naval commander, but whose
fame is blemished by one act of blood. His death was a fatal
blow to Spanish coKuiization in Florida. The northern limit of
tlni colonies, pushed to Chesapeake Uay by Melendez, gradually
retired to the St. Marv's, leaving St. Au<aistine almost the oidv
foothold in this part of tlie continent, till in later days J Vnsacola
rose to check the French on the Mississij)j»i.

Thouirh Florida laiiifuislu'd, the missions went on. More Fran-
ciscans were invited in 1592, and the usual number, twelve, were
sent, under F. John de Silva as Superior.* They arrived the
following year, and proceeded to St. Augustine, to put themselves
at the dis]>osal of Father Francis Marron, warden of the convent
of St. Helena in that citv. Father Marron had eaij-erlv awaited
their coming to begin the Indian nnssions, which lie deemed now
feasible, from tlie flattering account iriven bv Father Diciro I'er-
domo, who in tlie previous year had traversed much of Florida.
Fathers IVter de Corpa, Michael de Aunon, Francis de Velascola,
and F>las llodriguez, at once hastened to the troubled province of
(Juale, and, after wiiuiing the natives to i»eaee, took separate sta-
tions nearer the citv. Meanwhile the Mexican Father, Francis

■"■ The twelve were, Fatliors Mifliaol de Auuou, Peter Fcrnamlez de Cliu-
;a's. I'eter de Aufion, IJlus do Moiites, I'oter Honiiejo, Franeis rarojii, Peter
Ic San (Jrejrorio, Fraueis do Veliiscola, Francis do A\ila, I'eter Uuiz. iuil
tin' l:i\ -l)rotlier. I'oter Vinio:.'ra,

SPANISH MISSIONS.

()7

ensacol;i

I'aroja, Aww up, iti the laiiu'iiai^c ot'tlif ^'amass^'Os, his aluiilLrini-iit
of Cliristian doftriiK , tlic first work in any ot'oui' Indian Iani;uai;«'s
that issued I'loni tiio j»ross. Katiicr Coipa, at 'J't»l(.'niat«>.* rndt-av-

oicd to overcome )»olvu"aniv and vicf, wiiile l*'atiM'r I'das dc Moiifcs,

I * • - ft

after jilantiuijftiio eross l>yliii' little creek uearSt. Aiii^ustine, eallfrl
C'ano do la leche, o-athei'fd alms in the citv to raise l)eside it the
chapel of C>ur Lady, leathers Annon and ISadajo/, rt-maintd at
(iuale, which soon whitened for the harvest, while \'elascoIa at
Asao, Avila at C)spa, and otlier Fathers in St. l*et«'r's Isle, labored
in all theri\alryof zeal, to ufain to heaven and to pronfre>s the
tickle and often ill-treat<'d children of the forest.

For two years these apostolii; men lalnjred in peace, and suc-

c letl in forming" rey;ular villaufes of neophytes, who no Ioniser

howed the knee to l>aal (for, like the Salueans, these triho wtn-
shij)jM'd the sun an<l tire), or practised the ])olyi;amy which had
St. lonn; induced them to turn a deaf eai' to the teachinirs of the
missionaries.

Amiil this reii^n of peace a storm snddeidy arose, which turned
the smilino^ ijarden once more into a howliuL; wilderness In Sep-
tember, 1597, Father Corpa t'ound it necessary to rej»r(»ve piiMiely
the cacique's son, whose utihridled licentiousness had l<»ni; ijfiievcti
the missionary's heart. < >ne of the earliest converts, he had, atter a
short period of fervor, ])lunged into every vicious exc(^ss. Vain had
been all tlie entreaties and n'monstrances which I )«• (.'orpa addressed
him in private. A public rebuke was the only uieans of arrest iui^ a
scandal which had already excited the taunts of unbelievers. Fn-
raged at the disj^race, the younn: chief left the town ; and, repairing
to a neie'hborinuf village, soon gathered a body of braves as eager as
himself for a woi'k of blood. In the night lie I'eturned with his
followei-s to Tolemato; they cre[»t silently up to the chapel; its
teeble doors presented too slight an obstacle to arn-st their pro-

♦ '1

rUc ground now occupied by the cemetery at St. Auu'ii'^tiiie.

C):i

A.MKHICAN CATIlnLIC MISSIONS.

j;n»ss. TIh' nns>.i(»n:iry w.is ]<iit'cliiiir iM-t'orc ilic Mlt;ir in i>r;iyor,
and tlicic they >lf\v iiiiii : a >iii^li' l»lo\v of' a toinaliawk sti«'tcli»'<l
liitii lili'lt'ss on tlif i;roiMnl. Tin- spot thus hallowiMl \>\ tlio inar-
tvidoin ot'tlu' iiii;s.si<)iiarv tlifii lav witlioiit tlic walls ot'St. Aiiu:iis-
tiiu', but is now llio (HMnctorv (»t' tli.tt citv. \\ lifii dav lnoki-, tlu-
Indian villay;c' was lillcd with ^aiot" and tciior; Imt tin* yoinii,'
cliict" well knew the in<n with wh«»ni ho had to deal. Ajt|>t'alinu:
to their Jiational teelini,^, lie hade tlu-ni take heart : Ik* had slain
the trial' for int»'rt«rinij with their tinicdionoicd eiistonis; the <lay
had eonic whfii tht-y must strike a Mow, or suhniit to ho forever
slaves. This faith of the S|)aniards, that dej)riv«'d nn-n of enjoy-
ment, that took tVoiM them the dearest of their wives, aixl hade
them LTive nj) war, could no longer he horiie. He had heijun the
o-reat work, and they had no alternative hut to join him. 'I'eriil»le
vengeance wouM the >|iaiiiard wreak; and th<'ir onlv eomse was
to proceed to a i;'eneral massacre, — liist of the friais, then t»f all
the other Spaniards.

Knouii'h joined him i<. overawe those who remaine*! t'aithfiil,
The missionary's hea«l wa^ cut otf and set on a spear over the !;-ate,
whil»! his boily was lhn<Lr "Ut to the fowls of the air.

The camp ot Topoijui was the next jtoint to which they hurried,
apparently hefore the authorities of St. Auu-ustine were at all
aware of the plot which was alrea<ly threatening the Sjtanish
power in Florida. Ihnstini^ unheraMed into the cliapel of Our
Lady, the insurijents informed Father I{odrii;'uez of the fate of
Corpa, and hade him prepare to die. Struck with amazement at
their blindness and infatuation, the missionarv usetl every argu-
ment to divf'rt them t'rom a scheme which would end in their ruin:
he otiere<l to obtain their ])ardon for the past, if thev would aban-
don their wild jm.jert — but in vain. Finding- all liis elo(pience
useless, he asked leave to say mass before dyiniif. Strantje as it
may seem, this wa> L,nanted. Hi' vested for the altar, and beL>aii
(he mass. His c\ecutioner> lay grouped on (lie chapel tlour

fil'ANl.-.l MlSSluNji.

r.ij

aw.iitiiii; an\i«»ii>Iv, l>ut uuictlv, tlic vwA ut'flir sacritirc. wlii.li wa-'
to |>i«'Iiult' his own. 'Ilic aiiuii>t iiivsti'iifs jntM'f«'»l»'.| uiihoiit iii-
t«'riujiti<:i, aii<l wlicii all was «'I1(|(m1, the ini>si( diary raiiu' down
aii<l kiK'lt at tin- tinit of tlu* altai. Tin; lU'Xt iiKiiiU'iit it was I'.-
>jiattt'r»M| with liis hraiiis. ThrowiiiLC liis ho<ly into an ailjoiniiiL:"
lifitl, tlif uimtitnis jii<'>st'il nil, anxious to niaivf U|> hy thrir >j>titl
t'«»r tin.' (h'lav vMunLj t'luui them hv thr tlarl«'ss ('lonui'iu't' ut" M(>ntr>.

Tlirir ]»r»'>tnt th'stinati<»n was tin* I>Ian<l ot" ^iualf, to whu>c
<-ac'i<jiu* tiit'y had ahvatiy sent orders to «iis|iatcli th*- missionarirs
at As«^tj>»». Tilt- <liift', liowt'Vrr, was t'liciKlly to the I'athcis, and
Sent a nn'ssoiii;i'r to waiii thcni of tlifir dani;<'r. liilortiinatrly,
thf faithless envoy never l'ulHII<'(l thi^ errand, l>nt deceived the
rhift'by a preteinh'd answor from Aiu"ion. Wiien the insuriX'-nts
reaclu'd llie island, tiic ciiief liasteiiod to Aunon liiniselt", to in-
si-t on his flight : here lie (liscoveied tiio treachery •>f his seivaiit,
and that all escape was now cut off. Father Aunon cohsoKmI him,
assurinijj all of his happiness at shcddiji_£( his Mood for the faith.
He then sai<l mass, and communicated his companion, Antonio
de Hadajoz. A few momouts d(jvotod to siK'Ut pray«,'r followed,
then the tramp and th«^ veil of an ann'iv crowd amiouncid the
coming of the insurgents. Calmly lia<l the I'ranciscans lived,
calmly they <lied. Kneeling, Uadajoz received one, Aiuion tw<»
hK»wsuf a club, and both .sank in di'ath. Tlu' <-hapel now s«'emed
to be tilled with awe, for the miu'dcreis retired as if in flight, leav-
ing the iMxlies to bo interred by tin; friendly caci<jue.

Asao was tlie next mission, but here the insurgents wer<' at first
baffled, Velascola, the greatest of the uiissiouaries, was absent
when they arrived. Well mi<dit they fear his power, and feel tlu'ir
Work half done, unless they could end his lite of zeal. A perfect
religious, learned, j)oor, and humble, ho combined the greatest
mildness with the greatest tirimioss, and j)ossessed over the Indians
an inrtuenci' which no other of his coimtrymeii ever attained. Pro-
voked at his absi'uce, tliev resolved to await his return in ambush.

AMKUICAN C'ATiKU.K' MISSION;

nw\ an ho lainlffl, a t'"\\ \\(iit out to \v»lc(»m<' liim \\i'li trt'acli»'inii>
words, wliilf oiln'is till <>ii liiiit v.-'l; ; lul>s Mill! ax«'s, atid did luit
li'avc him till his ImmIv was niu» <jui r'v.ir;, r^lwtiM'K'ss mass.

KatlhT Avila's <'ha|H'l, .-it < 'spa, ..;.s next Mltnrkt'd. Ilcaniiv;
th*' a|)|)|-<)afh oftlic iiiiirdci'otiH haixl, he t<>uU th(> alaiiii and tlid.
hilt Mas ov«'it;d<i'ii niid lnoii'^ht hack. Ih' escaped ai,Miii. and
ivarhcd ;i <'ain'.hrak<', wht'if, in th<' darkiu'ss, for ninht had n»iii.'
on, ho hoped to cludf oltM'iv.'ition ; hut tin- mo(»n lu'trayrd liim.
Woniulcd hy !i shower ol" arrows. In- tMI into their hands, ainl was
condemned to die. His linhit, however, excited the cnpidity ot'
(»ne ot" the Indian^, who interfered in his heliah'. Then ehaiiLrinu'
iheir jtlans. they stri|>pi'd the missionaiy, and hindiiiLf liim to a
stake, carried iiim to a nei<jfhl«>rinL»' healiien villaLT*', wh«'n.' tliey
sold him as a slave.

After destroyini^ liis ehnjiel, the j>arty pioceeded on its eii'an<l of
dcatii, and so many had now joined them tliat they hore (h)wn on
St. Peter's Ish' with a tlotiiia of forty war-canoes. As they drew
n«'ar, an<l »h»iihleil a headland, tliev descrii-d a Sitanish vessel IvinLT
at anchor near the mission. It was hut a provisi(»n hoat with sn|>-
jtlics for the l'\-ithei's, and had hut one soldiei' on hoard. Its meiv
apj>earance, lu>wever, disconcerted mII their plans; new <-ounseK
wci'e to he a<lopted ; tli«» chiefs hen-aii to discuss a plan of action.
Imt while nil were in liot disjmtt!, they were suddenly attacked and
routed hy the chieftain of St. I VterV, who hy this victory broke their
])owcr tor«'ver. 'riiomissionaiics welcomed their deliverer witli heart-
felt irratitude, and soon learned how wide had hecn the destruction.

Father Avila was meanwhile a prisoner. Tho slave of sava*r''^.
for a year he Aug their fields and pi'iforme<l every menial ollice.
till, weary of liim, his inhuman masters at last resf)lved to put him
to death. 1'ied to the stake, with the fairots around him, he
spurned the otler of life, made on condition that he should renounce
his (lod and marry into the tribe. He now looked forward to tin

own of mailyrdom which his companions already enjoyed, when

SPANISH MISSH>N>.

Mcllrl<ill>

1 (li<.l nut

llfariii!;;
mul tlftl.
L^aiii, nii'l
ad cKiii''
iv*'<l liiiii.
, iiixl Nv:i»
upidity <»t
cliaiii^nnu'
liiiM to a
Ih'IV tlit'v

oiTaud of
' down on
lev dit'W
ss«'l lyiiiLT
with sup-
Its int'if
counsels
•f action,
kcd atnl
oko tlu'ii'
tlilu'art-
truction.
savaijcs.
\\ oflio'.
])Ut liiiii
liini, li''
Icnouni'i'
I to ill.'
1, when

an old Woman dctnandid him to rtli'ct tii** lilxTalioii ot' Imt son, ,'i
jH'isuntT at St. Ani^u>tini'. ilci' demand was i;ianted, and I'ailur
Avila. so ehaiiLed l»v his savat;'* lite and hrutal treatment a- to he
past all r('L'o;^nitit»n, was on<'«' moro restored to his eDuntrymen.*

The missions Were now almost ahandoned till l«>iM. when the
i;'ovi'rnor ot" {•"lorida madi' a in-w etl'oit to xciuf lahorers tor that
harren tit-id. lie w;is m.t unsueees>t'ul. l-"l<»iii|a was the next \ear
vi>ited hv the 1 li>lioj> of ('uh;i, who, witne»inu; the extreme spiiitual
want i)\' the j)eo|ile, aidrd the LjoVerilor's etl'ol ts. I'odifS ot* I'Vail-
eiscans weie eontinuallv sent, and the wardeiishij* ot" l-'lorida wa>
so nmeh aULjmfiitfd that it was soon mailf a l-'rancisean |>rovinco,
under the name ot' St. Helena, iVom il> |»rineij)al eonvent.f

< Ml restorini; the mission at (iualf or .\melia Island in 1<'»().'>. it
was the ])ious eaie ot" the mis>ionaries to take up the hodies ot"
Aufiou and Hadajo/ t'rom their uidionoii'd i;raves and place them
in a position wc»rthy ot" th*'ir \irtUfs and "glorious death.

'I'ho pro;:(rc'ss of the mission in succeedinf; years must h.'ive hoen
very ffreat, althoUjL^h we have no details of (he results. Twenty-
threo missionaries were sent from Cadiz in 1012, under the Peru-
vian Father Louis Jerome de. Ore, himsj-lf the author of a delation
of the Martyrs of Kloritla, and several works t'or the missions.
In lOllJ, eii;ht, ami two years after, twelve more Kraneiseansof the
province of the Anijels in M«>.\ico, were also sent to l-'Iorida, wln-re
thev soon learned the lanfjuaufe and lahoreil with such success that
they ere lonrj re<juired assistance. In less than two years they
were established at the principal points, and numhered no less than
twenty convents or residences in Florida. These were not confine.l
to the coast. A missionary whose name is not i^iven, followed hv
Father Alonzo Serratio, ])enetrat<»d the interior and exj)lored the
various localities, which loni; bore the n;.mcs he ijave them.|

* For tliis Fnuifiscnn Mission, koc Barcin, Knsnyo ('roiuilotrico, 1(57-71;
Tor.|iicnia'lu, Munaniuiii in. liana, iii. .T,u; Le Croniqno de.s Fr«'-res Mincnrs,
llioii>;li it comes down to lOoy, does not ineinde it.

+ EnBayo Cronolo^rico. nnn. 1602-G. \ Knsayo Cronologico, Hi 2 \r^.

CIIAPTER III.

FLOUIDA MISSION (CONTIXIED.)

New missions— The ApalHclios — Tnmbk'S in tlie scttlod missions— F,lll:li^ll dostroy llii>
mi>sj()n.s — Attfinpt to rotorc tliiin— State ol'tlio country ut tiie ct'ssion to Kngland —

Kuin of llif nii>siini>— Till:

I'lllilloIl'S.

I 'I

'■ I

Till-; mission ums now steadily extended an<i stations estahlislieii
ainoiiii' llie Apalaelics. Tliat tribe had attaeked the Sj)aniar(ls in
JU.'JH, hnt wi'it,' defeated, and llie missionaries soon made them
friendly. Many were eiiij.loyed on the ]>iil»lic works, and, le-
eeiviiii^ ])roteetion ami consolation tVoni the Franciscans, obtained
them a tiivorable reception in th«' villaijfs oftheir tribe.

Missions were ijradnally formed amcni^ the Ajtalaches and
Creeks, in many ])arls of West Florida ami (u-orixia. In HUM,
they beo-an a mission at Achala<jue, and soon baj)tized the <'hief.
thus r^'newini; the faith amoiiu; the Cherokees. When Hristock.
an lOnjjjlish traveller, visited it U-n years later, a tlourishitiiLf r»-
(hiction existecl, and he was h<»sj)itably receiv«'d by the mission-
aries at tiieir station, a beautiful spot on the mountain-sid<'.*
Several (»f the p)vernors wer«' latently devoted to the cause, espe-
cially, however, I'aul d.c llita, who tbunde<l a mission on tli"-
western shore of the peninsida, aided by the zealous Sebastian I'erez
do la (vorda, the pastor of St. Aui,nisfine, who, with sonu^ secular
priests from Cuba, undertook it in 1(570, in the foIlowin<r year a
royal decree permitted any ]>riest to devote himself to these ]nis-
si(jns, but owinj^ to some secret opposition, the learned ;,nd ]»ioii-
canon .lohu d(^ Cisnei-os, who, with seveti piiists, volunteered to
servo in the missions, was never able to realize his great desin-n.

* Davis, ("aril)boc Isliiiuls, Loiul., I'it'n;, j*. '21.'. This aiitlior, and Sanson,
in liis Atlas, liavo a curious accronnt of an Kiitrlisli colony ainonix the .\\a\-
hichi's, t'lrnioil l)y rrfnt'oos t'roni N'irLrinia in I'liil, wlio inatle L'roat profross
in convcrtiiijf the huiians, cstablislicd cliurchi's, culU'ges, iukI uvea haJ «
bishop.

srANISIl MISSION.S.

estroy Ilh>
KiiL'land —

;il»lisln'il
liards iti
U' tliclll
jm<l, H'-
i)l>taiu«'<l

lu^s Mini
ill HUa,
ht' cliiot".
Hiistock.
liitii; n-
missioii-
in-si(l«'.*

SC, 0S])0-
Oll ill''

1)11 1 '»'!•('/

;U'('ulai'

year a

>'S(' luis-

ii\ |)i(>ii-

Icn'tl ti>

^i^•Il.

I Sanson.

(lie Aiu-
jiro^jriv—
111 Iitul il

riituriuiiatfly, at \]v^ liiiu' ^uuw tlisjuitcs aiosc N\iii«h u-tardrd
tlif iiii->it>ii>. aini tin- lii<liaiis tNcii iiia<l»' coiiniiaiiits aL;aiii>t tluir
(lircctois, ainl iIu'.m' <'(>mjtlaiiits were iisrd lor jMilitical )imi>(»s«'s

l-uip

'rrainjiiiilily ua^ at la>l r«'stoivii, aii»l a |i»'rmaiit'iit licnrtit rt'sultrd
ill a set ot" rt'Ljular iiistnictioiis for tin' Ljitvcnmifiit ot" tin' r«Mluctioii>,
which ol>viat«'<| all t'urlhcr (lilliciilty.

The ciicroaciiiiin' colonics <»t' I'lnn-lainl presently troiiMcd this ticM.
Ill lt>84, the Yajiias>ccs, rcjrctiii! their niissioiiaiies, joined tlu»
l!iii;li>h ; in the lollowiiiLi* year mi-y atta<'ked the nii>sion ot' St.
Catharine's, and, takinij it hy >iiriirise. jthindeied th«' chnich and
convent, and burnt tlitj town. Soon alter, the old charecs aLrainst
the KraiK'iscans wer# r<'ne\ved, and e'r«'at discussions ensued, l>ut
still the work went on. In Itiiio, the provincial sent l'"at her Sal-
vador Uueno to San Salvador de Maiaca, to Inund a new iiiissi

oil.

e was Well rec«'ive(

1, and

oon hail a llounsliiiie->latioii aidiiixl liini.

'Ihe foundation ot" I 'ensacola. in !(!!»;{, ua\<' a ii<w ini|»iilse t«t the
missions in West I'loiida. hour years later, li\e I'laiici'.can mis-
>ionaiies attempted to found a mis>iiiii on the ( 'arlos |\ey>, luit tin*
Indians helievinu; the pi<»ce»ions anil relie;ioii-^ lites of the mis-
sioji;u"ies to he some mae-ical ccitiininv for their deslrnetion. dro. ^
them out, and they proceeded to the Mataciimlie Key, in Morida
channel, wln're tiie inhabitants weie all Catholics.*

l>v this time the Spanish chIohn, thoiiuh i(>elf Miiail, was sui'-
rounded by Indiai; tribes, most of whom were, to M>iiie exieiit, con-
verted : towns of convt'ils existed all aloiin- the .\jialacliicola, i'lint,
and olhei' rivers ; tlnse were all directed by i'VancIscan missionaiies,
who had a»-»|uiied a complete ma^tery oser those li,. ice tribes. Hut
war was now imjx'iitliii'j:; the i'iiiiilish rapidly encroached <jn tho
colony, and fietjuently attacked the mission stations to c.ariy otf tjio
" Indian converts of the Spani>li )>rie>ts," to sell them as sla\es in
Charleston and other jioits. Six hundred were killed or tak'ii

* Ensiiyo CrniiulKuicit.
I

AMKUICAN CATHOLIC MISSION'S.

f»n tlio rivor Kliiit in 1703; l.ut tlio ixivati'st Idow \v;i-« trivcii iit
1704, when an Kni^Hisli torco, with :i lari;*' htxly of Ahihainas, took
St. Marks, the fcntrc of the Ajtalachc luissioii, antl co-nplctt'ly
<l('Strovt'<l it. I>oii .Iiian Mt-iia, the ronimanth-r of tlif ]K)st, fell
into tlio liands of tli«' enemy. Tiiroc Kranciscans, wlio tliiceted ih.'
n<«>i»hvt<'s, went otit to obtain terms for tlu'ir ehilthcn, l>ut tlit-y too
were taken and ])nt to death witii all the terrors of Imlian l»ar-
haritv. \>\ theso Mows the Apalaehes were so rcdiK'cd, that in a
few v«'ai"s only fonr hnndred ettuld l»(^ found of a tiil»e that oiue
had ninnherod seven th<»nsand.* All tlie stations hetwt'eii the Al-
tamaha antl Savaimah were hroken ii]), and siieh as oscnped slavery

or death tleil into the ])eninsida. Kinlit hiimlied had I w kille.l

on tlie spot, or fell into the hands of the linlian allies of the Knu;-
lish ; fourteen hundred were carried oil" I >y Governor Moore and
settled at Savannah.

The war was soon after renewed. 'J'he Atiniueas, a triht- whosr
centr<' wjis at Ayavalla on the Apahndiieola, were attacked l>y tli.
Eni^lish in 1V0(5. A l»are-foot«il Kraneisean eanie out of the town
to ohtain favorable terms, as Knijlish accounts assure us, hut of hi-
fate we know nofhintj. 'I'he Atimucas were driven from their town<.
and a portion of them retired to thf east side of St. John's Jiiver,
where they founded a new town, known as the Puehio do Atimuc(^<.

liv thes(* wars manv of the missions were entirely broken up.
and all suffered greatly. The Christians were ajfain minified with
the paijans, and many, for want of tlujir relitjious j^uidcs, fell awa\.
Some tribes, too, won by the ICnglish, reject*?*! the Jnissionari<s.
In a few yeai's, liowever, the latter be. am«' aware of their error.
The Yamassees, wlio lia<l b(?en the llrst to join the Entjflish, and
had, Jis we have seen, destroy«'d a Franciscan mission, now orij:an-

* Clinrk'voix, Hist, do lu Nouvillo Franco, vi. 2'>Q, IJobcrts' Floritlii,
p. 14. The Kn>;li.sh aootiunts iire all silcjit as to the dontli of tliemissioiiarits;
but ii;i tlu'y art! i-xlri'ini-ly vairiic, an. I llio lacL by no nieun.s orudilublc, wo
cannot wond«>r at the Hiipprossion.

Sl'A.NIMI MISSIONS.

i'U III

■I t»«»k

)st, IV-II
i.'d til"

H'V too

i:it in :i

Ht oll<«'

tlu" Al-

n kill.'.l
lie Ktii!;-
)or«' :iii«l

u' wliosc
I l.y 111.'

lie toNVIi
lit oflli-

r towns
Kivrr,
iimi('o<.
•kfti iij'.
fd witli
ill aw.-iy.
on;iri»'s.
lir oiTor.
|ish, iiii'l
ortjiui-

Flori.la.
able, wo

izffl a jj^t'iit'ial <-imt«'ilt'rarv ai^ainsf tluir t'onnt'r tVifiids, aii<l in
171.> biiist on their scttU'UU'iits. I k-t'catcd at List, tlu-v took ict'iiifo
in lloiida, wlicn; thoy attrrwanls romai »(*<!. In tliis wartlif ("hris-
tiaii Jiulians took an acti\t' j»art, lo«l l»y O^iuntojo. a Occk cliift',
Atlriaii, an Aitalacliicola, .lolm Mark, (»t' tlio saino tril>r, ami Tix-
jana, war-rliitf ot" tlic Talisi, a hand ot" the TallajKiosas, who had
visitt'd NK'xit'o, had U'on haptizfd thrif hy the naiuf of l»alta.ssir,
and appointed Maeso del Canipo of his tiihe.

As the noixoliations with the Kni;lish at the close of the war
wefe <|uitO! favotahle to tlw Inilians, the fervent .lohn Maik and
(iihef riiristian chiefs thouuht of I'estoiiiii;- the former reductions.
Ath'i' seveial vain attcinj>ts to induce the Spanish j^overninejit to
hiiild a fort to protect them, he .-it la>t, in 17 IS, t'oinided, with one^
hundred sonls, fiie missimis of ( )iii- I.ady of Loneliness ainl St.
I.uuis, where mis>i(>naries soon henfaii their lahors.* .Nfo ,t of the
missionary statioii> In this (juarter. ln»w<'Vei', weie al>an<loned when
I- at her Charlevoix visited it in ITJi'.f

I'Vom this period few details of the missions liave reai-hed us
• town to the tin-e wlieii Spain ceded j-'lorida t(» I'ln^-land hy the
treaty <»f Paris (iTG-'i). This was the di-ath-hlow of the missions.
The Franciscans left tho colony witii most of the Spanish settlers*,
the Indians, who occupied tw() towns utk'.. r Tic walls of St. Au-
ijustine, w«'ro expelled from tho tjronnds cuiiivj.icd hy th;-'r toil
for years, and deprivcii of tlieir chnrcli, which liiey h, ! ihei!>i«*lves
erected. All was jj^iveii by the i^oveitn r Jo the nt^vly estai)lished
Kni;lisli church. In ten years not one w;*'^ left near i!u citv. The
In lians thus driven out l»ecame wanderers. ;.v,c{ received the n ime of
Seminoles, whicli lias ?hat meaninLj. liy ieijreesall traces of tlieir
lornier civili/atioii and Christianity disapj'eare<l, and they have
wnce bei'U known only l»y their hitter hate of tlie sucfessors of the
Spaniards.^

* KnsnNorronoloirico. t .Tonrnal, vl. 2ri3.

X Hurlrar.rrt Kant Fleriilu, ;)-l; llomHn's Florida, li63.

A^ 1^-

AMKHICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Ktii;l;iiul, ill m iiosscssion ol" twciitv v<'ais, coinith'tt'lv (Icstrovctl
wliat lia<l survivcfl ot" tin- I'raiiciscan missi ms ; iio succcsstiil at-
tempt was iiiadf l>y tlio Spaiiiaitls alter \lHli !<» ro-estaMlsh tliciii,
and now scarce n trace remains, unless we consider tlie Seminoles
themselves as a strikiiiij monument ot" the illtlerent results ohtainetl
by the Catholic government of Sj)ain and the J'rotestaiit govern-
ment of I'Jiiiland. '[\ut one converted the savai^es into Christians,
— a (|uiet, orderly, industrious rac«', liviiiir side l>y side with the
Spaniards themselves, in ]>eac<» and comfort ; the other replunjjfed
the same trihes hack into harharism and ])aLjanism, and converted
tliem into a feartul scourn'e of lu'r own colonies.

< Hu" own iLi'overnment continues tlu; wronn'. Tin; Franciscan
convent at St. A\ii;iistini' is a government harrack; and no eft'ort
lias been ma»le to win tli.- hearts of the fugitives; on the contrary,
covetous even of tiitir everglades, (»ur government lias sought to
remove them bv lorce.

ClIAl'TEH IV.

MISSIONS ]V NKW MKXirO.

Attempt (if I'.rdtliiT Alphonsus IJ«nlri^;iicz— Denlh oi the nii>.-ioiinrii's — Ofmte's oxitcdi-
tion— rrjincisian mission ostalilislic I by MnrtiiifZ— Its early strupirlos — Account, of
niis>ii>n irivcn liy llcnavidcs in KVSii—Dccliiu'—iJost oration in l(!»)t) — Kevolt In ICSft—
Villj».MM"ior"s account lii ITU) — rrcsuiit htatc.

AVk have already soon, in the account of Coronado's <'xpedition,
the attempt made by leather Padilla and his com])anion to estah-
lisli Christianity on the u]^])er wat<'rs of the llio ( Maude, and tin'
failure of their i'tlbrts to coiivert the triltes of New Mexico.

The unfavorable account iifiveii bv Coroiiado prevented aiiv fin-
then secular exploratioti of the territory : it was left to the zeal ef

SPANISH MISSIONS.

'stroytMl
>sti8l ilt-
■li tlit'tii,
'ininoli's
jl)taiiH'tl

gOVt'l'Il-

iiistians.
with tlic

'pluilijt'il

ouvertod

raiicisfaii

no I'tiuit

frmtraiy,

;()il<i;lit ti>

t('"s expt'di-
Account I if
It in 1CSI>-

ju'tVition,
|to ostal'-
ainl till'
I).

laiiy t'ur-
/cal 'it

(.'liristian iiiissioiiarifs to »'\]>l<)ri' it au'aiii. M»'aii\vliiit' tlx- Iiniiaii
missions ^)t' Mt-xico wcrt? stra<iilv ailvaiiciii;' to the iioitli, .iinl in
1580 tlicii; chwit in tlif v 'llcv <•!' St. l»artlinl»niK'\v a uioiis lav-
liiollief naniod Aiiu:iistiii»' Kodiijjjur/, who had i^iowii old amid
austcritios and toil in th<' I'ranciscan missions. Ilcariiii;, tVoiii
Iiniians who visit«*d the mission, that jxipulotis countiics, un-
\i.>itt'<l by the Spaniards, lay to tiif north, lu' hmiud with iho
ilf>irt' (tf announrinnf to tiicin thf i::os|k'1 ot" Christ.

Ili> z«'al indiut.'d him to apply to hi>' j»rovi n-ial for leave to n'o
and learn their laiiixnaee. 'I'lie \ ieeroy of Mexico a)>|»roved the
nii>sion, and the e'uod lirother was not allow. -d to di'part alone.
A it'i^'ular mission was j»rojeeted. Father I'Vaneis Lope/, of Se-
ville, was named Snj>erior ; the learned and seientitie leather John
lie Santa Maria, with Urother IJodiiu^nez, wcie .selected to accom-
I'.my the exjKMlition, and they all set ont in the year ir)Xl, witii
It'll soldiers and ^ix Mexican Indians, and adxanced to the coim-
iiy of the Tehnas, apparently the Tiuniex of ('oionado. At this

l>iiillt they Were compelled to halt, for the SoldielS, seeing' M'Ven

litiiidred weary miles liehind them, refused to j»roceed. The mis-
sionaries, after a vain ajtpeal to ilnir honor, jiiide, patriotism, and
lelirrion, allowed them to depart, and hei^an to examine the tribe
ainoiiLj whom they wei'c. Thi-. New Mexican tril»<.' lived then, as
in Tadiila's time, in their pt'cijlijir li(»uses, and unlike the wild In-
'liaiis of the plains beyond, die-isi-d id cotton mantles. The mis-
sioiia, les w'er«; so pleasotl w itb :Iie laaniieis of the peojile that
ilie\ resolved to beu^in a mission amono; them, and the success of
lli'ir Hrst etibits so «'xalt<'d their hope> that tliev sent Father. lohn
de Santa .Nfaiia back to Mexico to brini^ auxiliaries. ]''earlcss,
.■nid reliant on iiis skill, the missionary set out alone, with his
compass, to strike direct for tlie nearest settlement ; but while
le( p by the wayside, oil the third day after his departure, he w.'is
MujirisiMl atid killed by a party of wandering; ln<lians. The oiheis
ineanwf.ile proceeded witii their missionary labors, inslructin;^ the

AMKlile'AN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

I «

IM'ople, till at last, in an attack on the loun, latluT Lope/. Idl be-
iK'atli the shafts of the assailants, ami I'nidiit r li(«lrii^U('/,, the }»r(>-
jcctor of the mission, was left to coinluct it al'.ne.

Tiio |>L'o|)lo were nt»t indiirciont to his tcarhiiii;, hnt vice had
(rliainis too jiowerful tor thcni (o snlnnit to the <loctrint! of the
Cross. J{o<lrii;uez invii^hcd with all the Hie of an aitostlc ai;ain>t
the awfnl sins to which th«v were athlicted, till wearv at last ot
his lepfoachcs, they sili-nctd the unwelcome monitor in death.

Meanwhile, the returniiiLT soldiers had excit<'d the anxiety of the
Franciscans; and, at their instance, hon Antonio do J*>i)ejo, a
rich, brave, and pious man, set out, in l,"iH'J, with Father J ier-
nardine Jieltran, but arrived only to learn the d.-ath of all.*

Some time after, two other l-'ranciscms, who accompanied nu
expedition undi'r Caslano, w«'re put to death at I'uaray, but nn
details remain.

In 151)7, .luan dv Onate 1('<1 a colony to the northern Ki<>
Ciraiide, and fomidcd San <;abrifl, tlii' !iisf Spaiii>h j)iist in that
«{Uartcr. IOiii;lit Kranci-<.ins had sc- «iut with him, under Fatlur
iJoderic l)uran; but as the latter returned with a part of the forci-s,
tlui other missionaries procci'di'tl with I'ather Alon/.o Martine/, .•!>
commissary or sn)ieri(»r. For a year, < hlatc was i'ni;ai,^«'d in estab-
lishiuDf his ])ost and explorinj; tlu- «ounlry — the missionaries, on
their sitle, investi<j;ating the maiuicis, customs, language, and n-

* Mcn-lozn, Kolaoioii <lc \ix Simi, Madrid, l.'*^0; Turqiicjiiada, Monnrquiii
Indiat)!!, iii. ;{.')U, (!_'•!; Croniii'.U' dis Ftt'ros Miiieiirs, ii. ; Knsa^o Ooiin
lojji'O, 1")'); VciK'jLfHs, Hi-^toiiv do la ('alilbiJiii', i. I'Jl.

IlrothiT Ivodriv'iuv, was a nativo of Niolila, and took the Franoisfaii IiaMt
i:i tlio proviiuT oi'tlio llcly (iospi-l in Mexico. His lite was vcrv cxciiiplary,
and hirt jkikuk'i'.-* ( xtnm'iinary ; hu iicvir laid aj^idi" liis liair uliirt and in'ii
(.'Irdlo. Zacatoeas \ as lia- tirnt pccmc of liis IuImips; tlifii tin- valley of St.
liarllioloinow, uin! iiiiaily New Me ^ ■ >. Fatliir Francis Lopez was an Andii-
liisian, l>on» at Si viliL- of a ns|icctal»lc t".iiiiily, noted for pii-ty. Al tlio aL'c "t
seventeen, lie took \\]^^ l;abit in tlie convent of ,\ere/. 'e la Fro!>tera, Fatliif
.lohn d»- Simla Maria wii.-. a < aialan, and entered tin Francisean order in
Mexico.

SPANISH Ml.SSIONS.

71)

I. It'll be-
ll lu i>ro-

vico biul
!«• <»t' tlu'
I' }ij;aiii>l
it last ol
catli.
•tyot'tlir
l'>ju'j<), a
tlliT Jmm-
I*

ianit'<l ail
^■, but n<^

lirni Kit)

t ill tliai

Katli.r

ic torct'N

lilK'/, M>

ill t'stal'-

aries, uii

and n -

i-r

lo Crui.ii

Ian lialiit

Ifinplan.

laiul irmi

•y of St.

ill Ali'la-

liii lit.'"' "t

Fat la r

unler in

liufion of tho jk'0|»1»'. llavincf, in atUlitioii to tiio kiiowlcil'^^o al-
ivatly actjulit'ii <»t" tlk-ir iiiccliaiiical arts aii<l singular u •• g^,
>(H._lit to unravol their theology, they found great <liHieulty. All
w.'iv loth to speak at any Ifiigth on the point. They leariie*!,
In>\vever, that th»-y adoied ]>iineij»ally thie*.' <K'nions, or ralhcr
-•'iiiiht to propitiate tlu-in, especially in times of drought. Tlu'st;
dfitit's Were called (..'i)eapo, Cacina, and llnniae»' : to the tii>l of
whom a te!nj>le was rais«'d, some ten feet >vide and twice as deej).
At tlu' end sat tho idol of stone or clay, representing tlu' yf^'^A^
JM-aring some eggs in one hand and some ears c>f mai/«' in the
(»th<r. In this temple an old woman presi<led as priestess, and di-
rected the ceremonies by wliieh the natives implorecl rain — a
bl<s>ing the more necessary, as the streams fre<[Uently run dry.*

At the close of a year, < )nate wished to send a report of his }»ro-
eeediiigs to Mexico. To In-ar his dispatches, anil urge the dispatch
of leintbrcemeiits, he s«'lected the commissaiy. Father Martinez,
who set out with Father (.'hristoj>ln'r Sala/.ar and tlu* lay-brother,
I'.'ler de \'eigara ; but on the way, Father ChriMopher dieil, and
was buried under a tree in the wiNK-rness.

The account brought by Father Martinez induced the jtrovin-
eial to senionaries, and as Martinez was unable to refiu'n,
l-'atlu-r John de Kscalona, a ma.n of gicat virtue and sanctity, was
eliosen commissary in his stead, and set out with several Fatheis
of his order. Meanwhile. ( )fiate, with Fatln-r Francis de Velasco
and a lav-brother, struck tluther into the niuntrv, but without
etV.cting any iiocHJ.

Tiu'ie is extant a letter of Father F>calona, dated in 1<5()I, in
which he s|X'aks di>pondingly of tho Indian mis>ion, and of the
little good which he and his associates hail as vet been able t<> do.

* The Pucroo was .liy in \'^'i'?>, \\\v\ at llie lime of roroimtltv'n cxpctlitloii,
and uiioe niiicc, Uie Kio (Jniiule ilccll" wjih so low, tlmt Ibr nmiiy juIIl-s, it rai!
liir>Mi./h a f*ii1)terrunf«u oliaiiiul, kavintr tlu- main quo coinplftcly dry.

AMKHICAN t'ATIIOLIO MISSIONS.

from the maniKT in wliicli TMlatf controlltMl and inU'iTUptcMJ their
labors.

His su|H'riors, li(>\v«'v«'r, ili«l not shaiv Iiis (h'Sjyondoncv. Tln'v
sent out six new missionaries, under Fatlu-r Kranris do Ksooltar,
now aj)|>ointo<l su('('<'ss()r to M^aldna. Indt-r this eiitcrprisini^
missionary, tlie chunh took new lite. Tht* mis-^ionaries ahva<lv
liicrc, JCscalona, Francis df San MiLrud, I'lancis dc Zaniorra, J.o|m'
I/(pii<'rdo, (laston dc I'eiaha, skillt-d in all tli<' aect'ssories iict-dcd
— a knowK'du^e (tt'thf Jauiriiap* and peopK', and a sort of naturah-
zation amoniLf th«'m — soon madf rapid jnooii'ss. I>y the year
1(508, when Father ICseolmr was at last allowed to resign his j)ost
of co!iimissary, the missionaiirs in New Mexico had baptized eight
thousand of the people.

His KUcci'ssor, I'athtM- Alonzo Feinado, was no less skilful as a
director, or successlid as a missionary. < datluaily tlui Cross ad-
vanced from town to tt>wn, and in all won votaries, who at last
forsook Cocapo to woi^ship Christ.*

< >f t4ie state of the mission in 1020, less than thirtv vears aftt-r
its foundatittii, wv have a <letailed account, in a Memoir addressed
to the Spanish court by Father li*'naNi«les, one of the apostles of
New Mexico. A mission had just then been established at So-
corro, making the twenty-seventh in Xi'W .Nfexico. Several of
thes(f stations }>ossessed large and beautiful ehurcln's. At Queres
all were baptized, and many of tin Indians jiad learned to read
and write. I'our th(»usand had been ba])tized at Tanos, two thou-
sand at Taos, and many at other towns. There were residence's
or convents at St. Antonio or Senecu, Socorro, J'ilabo. Sevilleta,
St. Francis, and Islela, among the Topinu*, the Teoas, the IMcuries,
and at Zurti, while Santa Fe, I'ecos, St. Joseph or Hemes, and the
(.^►ueres could boast their sumptuous ehindies ; and missionaries

* Torqueuiadii, Mommiuiu liidiaaut, ii. 67t,', vvc. iii. ;}.jlt; Kiiswyo Croiii>
loLfifO, 170.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

.m] tlioir

Tli.'v
Csooltar,

alivjKly
a, I^ojM'

latmali-
lie yi'ar

llis jK)St

[id eij^ht

fill as a

ross atl-

at hist

()

s atUT

tk's ot"
at Su-
ral of

(^IK'IVS

road

tlintl-
(IcUf'-s
vill.'lM.

curit's

n.l til.-

iiarii's

k'rono-

\\(T«* ivsidiii*;-, not only in tin- dillii-iilt nii»ion of /in'ii, l>iit in
AcoMia, \Nliicli had so ol'irn lu'in ifdilfnt'tl with S|);inish Mootj.
So rapid had iK't-n the j'-oixros ot' ( 'hristianily and ii\ ili/.ation on
thi' liio (dandf, that the Indians, or rni-l»los, as tln-y ln'ir.m to ho
fail«'d, tonld it-ad and writi' thi-rc, lu-t'orr thf Turitans wvn' r>tal>-
li-hi'd on tilt' shores ot" New I'iiii^land.*

Ainonir tiiosi* who ('((ntrihtitrd to !»rinLr ai»ont so happy a rrsnlt,
wcif Father In-navides, l-'athers i.ojie/, and S.-das at .lunianas,
I alher < >rle<ro, and we may a<ld, the venerai»le Maria de Jesus do
At^reda, whoso mysterious connection with the New Mexican mis-
sion. N\h«'ther now believed or not, certaiidy dr«'W great attention
to it, and i^ave it an extraordinaiy impidse. Uoiiavidt's met a
trihe which no missioiiaiy had as yet rea<diO(l, and found them, to
his ama/cment, instructed in the doctrines of Christianity. < Mi in-
• juiriiig, lie learneil that they had heeii taiiLfht hy a lady, whose
form and dross thoy dosorihod. This account he gavo in ins work,
p'.ihlishod in Ki.'MKf Sul>se<jUently, Father IJcrnardiiie ile Sena
told him that the nun, Maria de Aufeda, had, eight yeais hefoio,
related to him apj)aritions ot" a similar character. Uenavides then
visitod her, and was at once struck with iier resemMance to the
ladv described by the Indians, and still more so by In-r aecount of
the country ami the labors of the missionaries, of wiiich she re-
lated many remarkable incidents.];

The dillicult mission (tf /uni had been confided to F'ather .I()liii
Tetrad*). After sjtentliiig some time there, he it'soUed to att«'mpt
the spiritual coiKjiiest of the C'ipias, out i>orishe<l in his work of

* licnnviilos' Memorial, Madri.l, K^ii).

+ This work i.s in tlic lllirarv <>f Ilarvanl ( 'nlloire.

* Sro his lottcr in V. I'aloii Vidu <ifl I'. .luuiporo Sorra, ",31, and u letter
ot" Muriu lie Au'reda, :-;7. For lur accomit, si-t; "La mistica »'iii<la<l <lo
I>iu«i." a copy ot'whioh is at St. .lolin's <'olli'irt', FonlliaiM. Tiu( <li-iMis>i(ins
as tu licr revi'lutions lu'vaine (luitc a oontruvcrM, urni occupy scverul vol-
iitucs, but no final decision was eviT iiiad« in their I'uvur.

AMKIUCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

7A'n\. Similar >\as tlio I'ato «>t la(i» r Martin tic Arl>i«.K', who, uii-
ilaiiittoit l>y tlu- <lani;»'r, atliin|)i«'(| to iva<'li tlio sain»' lril)e.*

(jiratlimlly various caiisi's wnii to liavo tliivi-ii tlu- luissionarioH
fVoiii most of tlu'se posts. \o ^ciKial revolt occiim-d, bill lli«!
ti'iritoiy must lia\tf Imtii al>aii(loiir<l ln't'orc 1(100. In that y»'ar
two missiuiiaiit's lU'tunicd, t'uuinl«'tl missions, and jUracluMi tor twt>
years. Tho Indians then rose aixain>( them, stripped them nak«d,
and expelled them from tlieir villai;es. \ icldiny- to the storm, they
letired to I'arrai, wiiere thev were fo\md hv soiiie Spanish soldiers
nearly dead with eold and liune«'r. Th«'y soon recovered their
str»'iii;th, and undeterred l»y the past, returned in the t'ollowinL.'
year and founded successively the missions of ( )ur Lady la iJe-
donda, Collani, Santa Ke, San Pedro del Cuchillo, San Cristohal,
San Juan, and (Juadalu)>e. /uni was the last mission fouiuled at
this timc.f Once more the churches tlourishod, and the (atholie
Indians for sevtM'al years enjoved all tho hlessinijs of reliirion ; the
pap^an porti(»n, however, were still obdurate, and maintained a
stubborn oj>posilion to the missionaries. In 1080 they succeeded
iit raisinnf a uftMicral revolt, in which all but San .luan do los Ca-
belleros joined. A scene of }>illaii;e and di'vastat ion ensued : San
]*ascual, Sevillete, and Socorro were destroyed, and missionarit's
v.'ere killed at several of the stations, as well as among the Motjuis
and Xavajoes, to whom some adventurous Fathers liad penetrate<l.|

After a few yeai's peace was again restoi'ed : the missions rose
again, never, indeed, on the same footing, as many churches were
never rebuilt, for the new colonies were much harassed by the
Apaches.

In 1733 a new mission was founded among the Apaches them-
selves at Jicarillas, but after a short existence it closed, the In-
dians retiring to tlioir tribes. A new niissionaiy spirit was, how-

* Ensayo Cronolojrioo, nnn. 1032.

+ Villnrtcnor, Teatro Ainericuuo. 17-lS, p. 411.

t Iluinboltlt, Nou. Esp. 2S5.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

.^;>

\n1i<>, un-

^ioiiari«*s
bill lli«'
liat vt'.ir
1 for two
M ii.'ikt-il.
•nil, tli«\

I SoltliiTS

•<'(l llitir
folltiuiiiiX
ly l:i l:.-
.'ristulcil,
iihIimI :it
(Htlioli.-
^it>n; til.'
itaiiio<l a

llCC01'cl«'«l

! los Ca-
A'd : San
i<)Tiai"i«'s
Moijuis
trateil.|
Ions rosi'
I's were
by the

tliem-

Itlie ]n-

% how-

«»v<'r, ii>vak«'n«'tl : in 1TI-, I'atbcr John M«'nthtri»|)rort*«'(l«M| to thi;
|i>rritory ot' thf Motpiis an<l Navajoi-s, an<l with hi.s roiiipanions
suroit'<l«'<l in n\ai\ini^ si-vt-ral coiivi-rts on that ^rouiul, so ot'it-n tho
• ibj.M't ot' tlic ambition of his associates.

\'ilIasrnor, who |»nbli>ht't| his Tcalro Americano in 17 IK, ^ives
a brift" but HattrririLJ picture of the stat«' of the country at tbal
time. I'he Indians were all Nveil cla<l in stut!> woven by tiie wo-
ni.ii ; industry prevailed in their villayfes, with it.s attendants, |M'ace
.-md abundance. 'I'lie leli^ious cdilices efe<;ted under the ilireclion
of the Kran<'iscan I'athers couM rival tiioM* of Kurope. In a reli-
i^iou-; pi'int of \iew, tlie New Nb-xicans were not interior '.» their
Spanish neighbors. He t-nunjerales ihr followiiiLf as the tlu-n ox-
i-tiuLf missions: Sant ' 'ru/, i'eios, (Jaiisteo, ras«», San l.oreiizo,
SiM-orro, Zia, ('andei< las, 'I'aos, Santa Ana, San Ai^u«<tin de Isirta,
'i<'/.u<|Ue, N'aiiibe, Sail lldefoiiso, Santa ( "lara, San .luan de los
('abelleros, iN'curies, Coclilti, .b.'iiies, LaufUiia, .\c<mia, < iiiailaiupo,
each aveiat»iiiuf, a-> it would seem, about a liundieij tamilie-;.*

'J'lies*; missions all coiitiniiu to tiie pres4'nt time with one or two
exceptions, and the last fourteen are still ilirected by Catholic,
iMi»ionaries, allhoiigh Spain lost her power, and .Nbxico after
•'ie.-itlv iniurinu: the missions by her plunderini; laws, tinallv vieMcd
the country Ut the I'nited States. Since that period New Mexico
was made a Vicariate Apostolic, and finally a bishopric, by the erec-
tiuii of the see of Santa Ke. The' liight lieveiend .b»hn Lamy in
iiis rejKjrt for 1854, estimates the Indian Catholic jK>j»ulation of
his see at 8U0().f Jhey are g«*nerally pious, industrious, peaceable,
and instructed, many being able to read and write ; their deputies
s^'iit to Wju<hington compare favorably with those of the most civ-
ilized tribes.

"The Pueblo or half-civilized Indians of this territorv," savs the
last government report,^ " are in a satisfactoiy condition in every

* Villasffn.r. •111-1'J'J. t Alumnae, IS.ll.

I Mossa;:i' oi'tlic President of tlic Unito-l States, 1S.'»4, |«. 1J9.

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

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AMElilCAN CATHOLIC MISSION'S.

respect. They reside in \illages situated upon grants made to
them by the governments of Spain and Mexico, and subsist them-
selves comfortably by cultivating the soil, and rearing herds and
flocks of various kinds. Each tribe or pueblo has a separate or-
ganized government of its own, though all fashioned after the
same model. They annually elect their respective governor, lieu-
tenant-governor, and various other minor oflicers. Many of them
speak the Spanish language quite well, and they usually clothe
themselves quite comfortably, often in cloth of their own manu-
facture. They have ceased to rely upon the chase for a subsist-
ence, and very rarely commit depredations upon others, but are
orderly and decorous in their deportment. Each pueblo or village
has its church. When disputes arise between two pueblos, or be-
tween them and their more civilized neighbors, the matter is in-
variably laid before the territorial governor, and his decision is
invariably regarded as final. From the best information I can
gather, these pueblos or villages number about twenty, and the
aggi'egate number of souls may be set down at from 8 to 10,000."

CHAPTER V.

MISSIONS IN TEXAS.

French Eecollets in Texas with La Sftllc — Their fate — Spanish miss!on«— Plan of these
missions — ^Thelr snspension — Restoration in 1717 — Villaseuor's account — Their de-
struction in 1813 — Present state.

The discovery of the Mississippi by Father Marquette, its ex-
ploration to the mouth by La Salle, and especially his attempted
colonization, revealed by his shipwreck on the coast of Texas,
drew the attention of the Spanish authorities to the tenitoiy bor*

SPANISH MlSSiONS.

tiding on Mexico. It was icsoIvcmI to extend tlie jK)sts in Florida
and Coahuihi towards the Missis.si{)}>i, and a small detachment was
sent to reduce La Salle's party : they found ogly the ruins of the
\hv\, which had been destroyed, uith all its imnates, by the neiirU-
boring Indians. All fear of French occupation was consequently
dispelled ; but, to secure the country, it was deemed advisabK^ to
leave some Franciscan missionaries, who thus began the mission
of San Francisco.

In the following year fourteen priests, and seven lay-brothers of
the same order, Avere sent, with fifty soldiers under Don Domingo
Teran, and founded eight missions ; three among the Texas, four
among the Cadodachos, and on the (luadalupe Kiver. These mis-
sions were begun on the usual plan : each station having gener-
ally two Fathers and a lay-brother, stiveral families of civilized
Indians from Mexico, well supplied with all necessary stock and
implements, and a small guard of soldiers for the protection of the
little colony.

One Father attended to spiritual atfairs exclusively, the other to
the civilizing of the Indians imluced to join the mission, teaching
them agriculture and the various arts of life. It wa« his task, too, to
visit the neighboring tribes, and by preaching gain new members
foi the colony. W hen an Indian joined the mission he was in-
structed, and his labor for a time went to the common stock, from
which he drew food, clothing, and other necessaries. When, after
a few yeai*s' probation, he was deemed capable of self-management,
a field was allotted to each, and a house raised for him. If not
manied, he was urged to select a wife from the Christian women.
In this way the mission became suiTounded by a village, and <as
the Indians learned Spanish, and frequently intemiarried with
Spaniards, they were soon confounded with them.

The fii-st attempt, which we have just mentioned, was destined to
meet with revei'ses. The crops failed, the cattle died, the soldiers
became odious to the Indians, so that in a few years the Fathers

AMEllICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

loft, and Texas was again a field awaiting tlie hand to cultivate it
and reap its spiiitual harvest.

** Jjouisiana mean\JjiJe became a permanent and thriving settle-
ment. The ajyen^ous (Radian, St. Dennis, resolved to open a
commercial intercoui'se with Mexico, and in 1714 struck across
Texas to the "nearest Spanish post. His arrival spread consterna-
tion throuirh the frontiers. Don Domingo Kamon was at once
sent with a number of religious to restore the missions, as the
surest means of forming a barrier to French encroachment. Father
Augustine Padron do Guzman accordingly restored the mission
of San Miguel among the Adayes in 171*7, and another Father
that among the Texas Indians. Two years after war broke out
between the two countries, and the authorities in Mexico, deeming
the posts too much exposed, recalled the missionaries to San An-
tonio. When peace was declared, the Marquis de San Miguel de
Aguayo led back the Fath-'rs to their original station. Between
1721 and 174G missions were founded at San Francisco, in the
centre of Texas, San Joso, among the Nazones, Nuestra Sefiora de
Guadalupe, among the Nacogdoches, and Nuestra Sefiora del Pilar,
among the Adayes, as well as among the Asinais and Aes. These
were all directed by Fathers of the order of St. Francis, chiefly
from Queretaro and Zacatecas.* The zeal of the missionaries led
tliem also to the towns of the Cocos, and even to the hunting-
grounds of the Osages and Missouris, where one lost his life, and
another, long a prisoner, at last escaped.f

The missions in Texas reached those of New Mexico, and em-
braced many tribes. A missionary manual, printed in 1760, for
the use of the Fathers, shows that they extended them from Can-
delaria to San Antonio. It purports to be adapted to the Paja-
lates, Orejones, Pacaos, Pacoas, Tilyayas, Alasapas, and Pausauas,
as well as several others less connected with the raissions.J Among

* Villnscnor, Toatro Americano, 319. t Charluvoix.

X Fr. liart. Garcia, Manual para a<linini.strar los bncramentort, 1760.

SP.VNISIl MISSIONS.

tlio ablest missionaries in the field >vere Fathers Josei^h Guatlalupe
I'rado and Bartholomew Garcia. » '

A full history of this mission was compgicd about the year
1783, by one of the Fatiiors, whicli is still in manuscript, and will
furnish, when published, a complete account of the labors of the
apostolic men, of whom the present writer can only glean occa-
sional notices.*

The missions subsisted in a flourishing state tilHSl'J, when they
were suppressed by the Spanish government, and the Indians dis-
persed. Some returned to Mexico : more remained in various
parts near the old mission sites, faithful to their I'eligion, and fer-
vent in its duties, wlien occasion oftered them the happiness of
meeting a priest. They were, in fact, destitute of missionaries till
1832, when Father Diaz was sent to Nacogdoches by the liisliop
of Monterey, but he was not destined to a long career. Scai'(;ely
had he labored a, year among the scattered flock, wiien he fell a
victim to his zeal, having been murdered by some roving Indians.f

The Anglo-iVmerican colonization, the revolt of Texas, and sub-
sequent wars, neutralized every effort to restore the missions, and
a few scattered Indians alone remain of the thousands once jrath-
ered around the misvsion altare. A noble monument of the skill
of the Fathers, and the improvement of tlieir neophytes, remains
in the many churches, aqueducts, and other public works, built
by Indian hands, which still remain on Texan soil.

* I liad the work in my hands, and was in treaty for it« purchase ; but
contrary to every expectation on my part, it was sold without my knowledge
to another, and I have since been unable to trace it.

t Ann. Prop. xiv. 453 ; U. S. Cath. Mag. vi. 52, 558.

■4*

CHAPTER VI.

C A ]. I F O H N I A MISSIONS.

Discovery of California — Karly missionary atteini)ts — Jesuit missions founded in Lower
California by Fatlit-r Salvatiirra — Siipjjression of tliu Jesuits — Franciscans succeed
them in California — Tiiey commence some missions in Upper California, and resign
Lower California to tlie Dominicans — The various missions founded by Father Juni-
per Scrra.

CoRTEZ liiinsolf, tlie conqueror of ^[exico, discovered the penin-
sula of California, and its gulf loncf bore his name. It was, liow-
ever, subsequently unnoticed, till the close of the fifteenth centuiy,
when it was again visited; and in 1596, Vizcaino sailed to ex-
plore the coast, accompanied by some Franciscan missionaries,
among others by Perdomo, who had, as we have seen already,
traversed Florida, cross in hand. A church and palisade fort
were thrown up at Lapaz, and every preparation was made for a
permanent settlement ; but Indian hostilities soon induced the col-
onists to renounce the new undertaking.*

On a second expedition, in 1601, the explorer was attended by
three Carmelite Friai-s, Fathers Andrew of the Assumption, An-
thony of the Ascension, and Thomas of Aquinas. By the sixteenth
of December, they had reached Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San
Francisco ; and at Monterey, Fathers Andrew and Anthony land-
ed, and raising a rustic altar beneath the spreading branches of
a time-honored oak, they celebrated the divine mysteries of our
faith. This may be considered the natal day of the Upper Cali-
fornia mission.f

* Venegaa, Hist. California, i. 162 ; Torqiieiu. ii. C82. t Ibid. 169.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

Tliis portion of it, however, was doomed to u lotii; negU'ct ; but
subsequent voyagers explored and surveyed tiie coast of the }Hnin-
sula, Avhich was soon visited bv Franciscan and Jesuit niissionanes.
As tlie latter here founded a celebrated mission, which led, in the
end, to Franciscan missions in Upper California, we shall glatico
at the labors of the Jesuits, althoui^h thev never extended within
tlie present limits of the United States. The work of the famous
California mission, next to the reductions of I'araguay, the great-
est in the annals of the Society of Jesus, was tirst inaugurated by
Father Hyacinth Cortes in 1642, being thus contemporaneous
with the Iroquois and Apalachian missions. The Jesuits were
n<jt formally sent to it, however, till 1079, and even then, four
yeai-s elapsed before a station was actually founded by the enter-
prising German F'ather Euscbius Kiihn, or, as he is commonly
called, Kino. His mission, moreover, was but temporary : two
years later, tljo station had been abandoned, and the intrepid
Kuhn was laboring, with a zeal truly worthy of admiration, among
the Pimos and other Indians of l*imeria Alta, south of the Gila.
Fearless by nature and a sense of duty, he went alone among
them, formed them into villages, prevailed on them to sow their
lands and raise cattle. The Pimos were his chief care ; but as other
tribes were also in his district, he learned several languages, and
translated into all the abridgment of Christian doctrine and the
usual prayers ; he likewise composed vocabularies and grammati-
cal treatises for the use of his assistants and successor. In tiiese
toils he continued, till his death in IV 10; but as he labored
chiefly among the Southern Pimos, we shall not dwell at further
length upon the Pimo mission.*

* This celebrated missionary, whose real name was Euscbius Francis
Kiihn, though called in Spanish Kino, was born in Germany, and becoming
a Jesuit, devoted himself to scientific studies. AVhile I'rol'cssor of Mathe-
matics at Ingoldstadt, he was considered the best astronojner in Germany,
lu a dangerous illness, he had resource to St. Franci.s Xavier, and vowed to

AMElilCAN CATHOLIC .MISSIONS.

Mcanwliilc, FatluT Salvaticrni fouiulcd, at Lorctto, in 1097, tlio
iirst pciiiiaiu'iit mission in Calillonia. h'lOMi that )>oiiit, Ciiiistiani-
ty p'adually extended to tiie nortli, and station af'ttT station aroso,
where the Indians were gathered around tiie [thick gowns to hear
the words of truth. These concjuests over idolati y and barharisni
were not achieved witliout loss, and the arid soil ot' Lower Calitoi--
iiia is dyed with the blood of heroic missionaries ; but undaunted
by loss of life, unbroken by defeat, the Jesuit missionaries of Cali-
fornia were still the pioneers of civilization and the faith, when
the Spanish king, yielding to the advice of unj^incipled men, or-
dered them to be torn, in a single dav, from all their missions
throughout his wide domains. At that time, Father Wenceslans
Link was continuing the explorations of Klihn — advancing along
the l*acitic to CJuiricata or St. John of God ; his associates, \'i(!to-
rian Arnes and John Josej)h I)iez, were founding at Ciibujakaa-
mang, under the 31st parallel, the last Jesuit mission of St. Mary's,
the limit of their zeal and labors.

Accused of no crime, condemned without a trial, the missiona-
ries were dragged from amid their neophytes, who, in wonder,
grief, and consternation, deplored their loss. On the 3d of Febru-
aiy, 1*708, every Jesuit was carried oif a prisoner from Calitbrnia.*

Unjust as the government had been to the Jesuits, it was not
insensible to the claims of their Lidian neophytes. A body of
Franciscans had been ordered to enter the country and continue
the good work. As the sixteen Jesuit piisoners landed at San

devote his life to the missions, liecovering, he fulfilled his vow, solicited ft
forei<rn post, and was sent to America. There he became the apostle of So-
norii and California, and was the first to announce the gospel to the tribes in
the Colorado. Vcnegas, Hist. California, i. 188 ; Alegre, Hist, de la Conip.
do Jesus, iii. 119.

* Chwigcro Storia dcUn California, ii. 176-204. This is the most coniplcto
account of the missions, as it was written after the suppression. Vencgiis
was written prior to it. A tolerable account maybe found in the Histoiir
Chriiticuno de la Californic, Paris, 1S.")3. ,

SPANISH MISSIONS.

Bhis, twelve Fianciscjms and four secular priests prepared to em-
bark on the same vessel to till their stations.

Of these new missionaries, the leader was Father Juniper Serra,
a Majorean, already well trained to the laltors of an Indian mis-
sion in various parts of ^h'xict).* I}y the lust of April, Iw and

his elev<

Ins eleven companions (tor the Franciscans always, if possibk', went
forth iu companies of twelve), reached Loretto, the centre of the
Jesuit mission.

After placini( priests in the various stations occU})ied by his
})redecessors, Father 8erra beu^an carrying into etl'ect the wish of
tiie government, to found three missions in Uj)per California —
one at !San Carlos de Monterey in the north, another at San l)iego
in the south, and a third at San Bonaventuru in the middle dis-
trict. Galvez, then visitor for tlie king, was charged with the
establislinient of these new posts, and Father Serra at once named
friars to begin a mission at each. The ex})edition was to set out
m three divisions, one by land and two by sea. Cf the latter, the
first sailed in January, IVOO, bearing Father Ferdinand I'arron,
the second iu February, with Fathers John Vizcaino and Francis
Gomez ; Serra himself accompanied the land force, w ith de la
Canipa and Lazven, and meeting the others at Vellicata, founde<l
there, with much ceremony, the mission of St. Ferdinand, leaving
Father Michael de la Campa as missionary, with a nund)er of
Christian Indians, one fifth of [i>o. live stock, and a supply of corn,
to begin a reduction. Before tnc expedition proceeded, the na-
tives had begun to gather around and enter into friendly relations
with the missionaiy and the Christian Indians who attended
him.

Meanwhile Father Crespi, with a portion of the troops, had
pushed on to San Diego, whither Serra soon followed him, after

* Paloii, Eelacion Ilistoricu dc la Vida del V. Padre Frai Junipero Sorru,
Mexico, 1787, p. 53, ct scq.

AMKIUCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

vainly attctnptinff to roach tho Colorado as Father Link liad done*
On the first of July, S«M-ra reached tho port of San I>iei;o, and
found there not only Crespi, but Vizcaino, Tarron, and ( Jonie/, who
had come l)y soa, and wore of the few who escaped tho diseases
which had broken out on l)oard. The mission of San Hiego was
now founded on tlio lOth of July, I769,f on the banks of tlu;
stream of that name, and in a long and narrow valley, formed by
two chains of parallel hills, embosoming a d«'lightful prairie. The
natives, Comeyas, were a])parently friendly, and eviMy thing seeme<l
to promise speedy success. The missionaries at once set about the
erection of two buildings, one for a chapel, the other for dwellings;
but just as all wore congratulating themselves on tho prospects
before them, the liouse was attack«'d by the Indians, who had
already begun to commit (h»})redations. The door was only a mat,
and before the assailants could bo repelled a boy was killed, an<l
Father Vizcaino, with four others, wounded.

Notwithstanding this act of violence, amicable relations were at
bust established, and the mission continued its labors.J Crespi,
wdio liad returned from an ineffectual attempt to reach Monterey,
now set out with a new expedition by sea, as Sena did with another
bv land. Thev met at Monterey, in 17*70, and founded the mission
of San Carlos, leaving the usual number of Indians, with a supply
of cattle, and a guard of soldiers.

When the news of the establishment of these missions reached
the city of Mexico, universal joy prevailed, and tho bells rang out
a peal of triumph, as for the conquest of a realm.§ Father Sena

* Pnlon, Rt'lacion, p. 74 ; Serra Imd Link's journal. t Ibid, p. 82.

X To srive an iilea ot'tlie lan<»nagc of tho Indians at this mission, wc insert
the Our Father in their lanjjuairc :

"Najrua anall aniai tacaj;uai'h nasnanotuuxp mamnmulpo cayuca amaibo
niamatam meyayani.eanaao aniat amaibo quoxnic ccliasau naguagui nafiacu-
chon nuquin fiipil nioficquc pachis eclieyucliapo nagua quexuic napuaich
Macafruaihpo, nania(.'haint.'lanipuohucli-guelioh-cuiapo Nacuiuclipanipcuoli-
lich cuitpouamat, Nepeuja."

§ Palou, Ktslacion, p. 107. »'

SPANISH MI- SIGN'S.

d (lone*
t'tfo, aiul
iK'Z, who
: (liseast'S
iego was
:s of the
hiiumI hy
•io. TIU!
Lj; SCCIIUmI
ibout tlie
weUings ;
prospocts
who had
ily a mat,
illed, and

IS were at

Crespi,

lonterev,

I another

mission

a supply

reached
fan*? out
kr Seri'u

L p. 82.
|\ve insert

[a amaibo
li fiafiaca-
Inagiiaich
Impcuob-

oalled tor m-w auxiharics ; thirty wfic chost'U, hy th«' superior of
tlio order in ^f<'xic(), to ijo and till the new tii'id ; and, amid the
i^t'iK'ral exuhation, the sons of St. 1 )omini(' appiie<l for leave to enter
tiiat land of missions.

Ten of the Franciscans were intended for Uj^per California, and
these Fatheix reachinuf San 1 >iei;o in March, 1 77 1, 1)V tlie followini;
month joined th<'ir superior in tlie heautiful veijas of ('armel at
Moiitt-rey. The feast of Corpus Christi was celebrated soon after,
with a pomp such as the wilderness ha<l never seen ; twelve priests
joined in the sacred ]>rocession to honor that Real I'resence wiiich
is the centre of (Jatholic faith and worship.

After tliis holy solenmity, Serra ])roceeded with Father Michael
J^ieras and Father lionaventure Sitjar to a beautiful spot on the
river San Antonio, in the bosom of the Sierra Sa!ita Lucia, where
a towering Canada encircles the stream. Here, on the 14th of July,
1771, he founded the mission of St. Anthony of Padua, the be-
loved Saint of the Franciscans, on the wide grounds of theTelames.
Hanging aloft his mission bells, the enthusiastic Serra tolled them
till the ravine rang again, while he shouted aloud his invitation to
the natives to come and sit down iu peace beneath the cross he
had planted.

A house and chapel were soon raised for the missionaiies, with
barracks for the soldiers, and the whole was encircled by a
palisade.* Difficulties at first threatened the new mission, but it
was soon in a way of prosperity.

The next undertakincr of Father Serra was tlie removal of the

* Palou, Rclacion, p. 158. As a epeciinen of the Tatclie, or Tclame, wo
jrivo the Lord's Prayer :

" Ta till tno quixoo nope leinaatnil an zncueteycm na ctzmatz antsicjtsitia
na ejtinilina, an oitaha natsmalosr, ruilac quicha ncpe lima Maitiltiu.' taha
zizahimaijct zizueanatel ziczca. Za manimtlltac na zanayl quicha na kac
iipancnitilioo na zananaol zi nietza commanatatelnec zo alinieta zona ziuxnia
•?o no quissili join zig zuinlaylitoc. Amen."

AMKIUCAX CATTIOTJC! MISSIONS.

f(i

. y

Monti'ioy mission, wliicli lio lu'Ljan, af't<'r s^Miditii; Katln r Kniiiri;-.
Diiinutz ami Ijiis .laynu! to San l)i(u^() to i('jilac«» tlic niissio»'aii»'s
tlion-, wlio both sought to retire; as they actually <lltl on the
arrivai of tliclr sucressors. Moiiteivv Jahoi'cMl imkKt the disadvan-
tage of a want of water for tlio cattle and for iiTigation. SelecthiLi'
a site on the banks of a lltth; stream not far from the little bay of
Cannol, on the Hd of ,Iuno, 1770, he founded tlie mission of Mf.
Carmel, hemmed in by the mountains. Ills mission cross was
planted on that day, and befon; tho close of the next year his
chapel and buildings were all comjileted.

The next mission to be founded was tliat of San (labriel, to com-
mence whicli Father Angelo Somera, and Fath<'r ]^'ter IVnedlct
Cambon, set out in Auufust, 1770. AVlth a guard of ten soldleis
tliey reache<l the Itlo de los 'i'emblores, ;md were selecting a place
to plant the cross when the Indians lushed down upon them. Tn
this moment of danjjer the missionaries unfurled tlie banner of the
Blessed Virgin, and as its azure folds opened before the eyes of tlx-
*f astonished natives, and the radiant form of Our Lady met their

eyes, they threw down their ai'ms, and timidly approached to oft'ei'
her all they liad as propitiatory presents. Peace being thus won-
derfully established, the good Fatliers planted the cross at the foot
of a sierra, on a magnificent plain, near the Indian villages ot
Juyubit, Caguillas, and Sibapot. The first mass w.is said on tin?
8th of September, and buildings were soon erected; but new
troubles arose. These missions were always attended, as we havt>
seen, by a few sokliei-s, generally most unfit companions for the mis-
sionary of peace. Among those at San Gabriel was one whose
brutal violence roused an injured husband to vengeance. The In-
dians rose in arms, the house was attacked, but when tlie unfor-
tunate leader of the natives was shot down by a ball from his
oppressor's musket, the rest fled. The guilty man was now driven
from the mission, and the Indians at last were appeased. Fathers
Somera and Cambon now began to sufter from the climate, and, as

SPANISH MIPSIOXS.

0.-)

issior'arit's
d on the
disjulvnii-
ScloctiiiLi'
tic bav of

ion of Mt.
cross was
: year his

'1, to com-
I' l^cntMlict
en soldiers
uff a place
thoni. Tn
iner of the
eyes of the
met their
led to ofter
thus woii-
t the foot
^'illages ot
id on the
but new
we have
• the mis-
e whoso
The In-
]\G unfor-
from his
(W driven
Fathois
, and, as

soon as tlieir healtli ptTinittt-il, rt-tiri'tl to OM California, Kaviiii; in
tlitir place Fathers Antonio I'aterna and Antonio Cru/adn, who,
on their way to the site selected for the mission of St. Botiavefjture,

lia<l

dth

to St. (Jahriel.

ia<l aeconipanie<l tnem to ^t. ifai>nel.^

The missions thus established relied at fust on the supplies
iiroUL'ht from Mexico, ami in a short time want |)rcss4'd heavilv on
tliein. This was especially the case at San Piei^o, so that one of
the missionaries, Father Unmet/, proceeded to Old California for
relief When Serra knew their distress he recalled Father Crespi
to Monterey, and sent him with provisions to San l>iego, to relieve
the laborious Father Jay me.

Father Dumt.'tz presently returned with material aid and also
three new missionaries. With this reinforcement the unwearied
superior resolved to found a new mission, that of San Luis TMuspo,
on a knoll, in n beautiful plain, sheltered by low wooded hills, and
well watered, as well as easy of access from the sea. The mission-
cross was planted on the 1st of September, 1*772, and a church and
barracks were immediately begun.

After laying out the ground for the mission of Santa Barbara,
and dispatching the laborious Crespi with Father Dmnetz to Mon-
terey, he proceeded to Mexico, where a change of governors, an<l
various mattei*s connected with the missions, required his presence.

The Dominicans, as wo have seen, liad sought to obtain the
California mission ; the Franciscans oftered to retire, but it was
finally divided between them. All the old Jesuit missions in Old
California, with San Ferdinand of Vellicata, were assigned to the
Dominicans, and the Franciscans retained only those which their
own zeal had founded in the upper province.f These were now
to receive a new impulse from the accession of missionaries whom

* In the language of the mission of St. Gabriel, the Onr Father begins thus :
" Y youac y yogin tucupiagnaisa," &c. Duflot, ii. 3!)3.

t For an account of the Dominican missions see " Noticlas do la provincin
'Je las Californias en trcs cartas por un sacerdotc religioso:" Valencia, 1794.

AMKRICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

' .s

■■■\

B'atlier I'alou brought from the peninsula, and tVoiii the aid which
Father Sena sent from Mexico, just before liis return in May, 1774.

While some f>f these Fathers accompanied expeditions sent t(t
explore the coast, P'athers Lazven and (Jregoiy Amurro were dis-
patched, in Octf)ber, to begin between San J)iego and San (Jabiiel
the mission of San Juan Capistrano.* The commencement of this
mission seemed to promise great success, when it Avas abandoned,
and the bells and less portable objects buried, in consequence (A'
the news of a startling scene that had transjnred at San Diego.

In .November, 1775, the two missionary Fathers, Jayme and
Vincente Fuster, were rejoicing in the success of their labore at
the hist-named mission, which, to gain the confidence of the native
Comeyas more ejisily, they had removed from the fort, when thoy
discovered that two of their Christian Indians had suddenly left.
Their disappearance surprised, but did not alarm, the missionaries,
who, supposing them to have taken umbrage at something said or
done, sent messengers to recall them ; but it was not such a trillc
as they too hastily supposed. These men had gone forth to rous<^
their countrymen to destroy the missionaries. Baptized they had
been, they declared, but by force ; and the sacrament was but a
means to eftect their annihilation.

This idea of baptism we shall find in the sequel in almast every
tribe, and from its univei"sality can be ascribed only to him, whose
power was to be overthrown by the fulfilment of the connnand
once given to a few humble men, " Go and baptize all nations."
Not less credulous to the words of the tempter than the Indians
by the northern lakes, the Californians crowded around the apos-
tates. A thousand braves resolve to attack the mission and fort,
and commit them to the flames, when the inmates shall have sunk
under their murderous arms. On the night of the 4th of Novem-
ber they advanced noiselessly to the ravine where the mission lay ;

* Pnloii, Reliieion, 174.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

i aid which
May, 1774.
3ns sent td
'o were dis-
4an (}al)iiol
nent of this
abandoned,
sequence of
an Diego.
J ay me and
ir h'lboi's at
f the native
, when they
iddenly Jct't.
nissionaries,
hing said or
piicli a tritit'

th to rouse
>d thev had

was but a

linost every
|him, whose
command
II nations."
be Indians
the apos-
and fort,
[have sunk
)f Noveni-
ission lav ;

for the good friars liad withdrawn to some distance from the fort,
to avoid the untoward influence always exercised by a band of
soldiere. Here the liostile army divided, one party marched

affainst the fort, the other entered th

ilh

itry at the d(

•h 1

mission >

ITT' '

louse, pi'essed on to

and placing
the church.

a sentry at tne uoor oi eacn iiouse, pressed on lo tiie ciiurcl
whose furniture and decorations piomised a splendid booty. A
part, however, turned off to assail the house occupied by the mis-
sionaries and by a few Spaniards, and, approaching unobserved, set
it on fire. Awakened by the flames and yells, the soldiers ran to
aims, and, with Father Vincent, threw themselves into an adobe
kitchen. Father Louis Jayme, awakened by the noise, and totally
unprepared for such an attack, supposed the fire accidental, and
issued from the house with his usual salutation, " Love God, my
children." He was at once seized by the Indians, dragged through
the deepest part of the neighboiing stream, stripped, and killed
with arrows and blows from their swords of hardened wood, which
cut almost like iron. When found, his bodv ^\rh so hacked and
mangled as to defy recognition — the hands alone being untouched.

The attack on the kitchen was kept up till daybreak, when the
Indians, fearing a charge from the fort, drew ofl", and enabled
Father Vincent and his companions to reach that place of refuge.

This was a tenible check to the missions ; and many wished to
abandon San Diego and some other stations entirely. No such
thoughts, however, were entertained by the missionaries. Words
of joy welcomed the announcement of the death of Jayme.
" Thank God, that field is watered !" exclaimed the intrepid Pre-
fect Serra, as he proceeded, though in broken health, lo roiise the
civil authorities to courage. But the letters he obtained from the
latter miscanied, and when, in September, he attempted to rebuild
the mission of San Diego, Rivera, the commandant, ordered him
to desist. The prefect obeyed without a munnur, but a change
of authorities soon en.abled him to realize his plan, and San Diego
arose from its ruins. As soon as he saw it in progress he hurried,

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

witli Fathers Mugartei^ui and i\imirro to San Capistrano. Here
he found the cross still standing; and this admirable man, un-
broken by toil, undaunted by danger, hastened, almost alone,
amid hostile tribes, to San Gabriel, to obtain the necessary ar-
ticles.

This last mission is situated in a beautiful plain, a league from
the sea, on the banks of a little riv^er which never fails, even in the
greatest drought. The people, among whom it was established,
were called the Acagchemem nation, and of them we have, in a
work of Father Boscana, a later missionary, a fuller account than
we possass of any other tribe in California.

No portion of the continent contained in the same compass tribes
so variant in language, and, consequently, in race. As may be
seen by the examples we have given, little analogy exists be-
tween the various dialects, and several are of distinct radical
languages.

All the Californian tribes resemble, in general manners and cus-
toms, the Indians of other parts of the republic. Ignorant of the
use of metals, they relied on hunting and fishing for a sustenance :
agriculture, even in its rudest form, being almost unknown, and
seeds and herbs the only production used by them. The men went
naked, or wore a cloak of skins over the shoulders : the women,
and even the youngest female children, wore a kind of apron of
fringe, and were never known to lay aside this badge of modesty ;
many, too, wore a kind of cloak reaching from the neck to the
knees. The most advanced tribes were those between Santa Bar-
bara and Monterey ; these Indians were skilful fishermen, and
showed great dexterity in the use of their well-made canoes, and
in a money made of shells, like the wampum of the eastern tribes,
carried on a thriving commerce.*

The tribe among whom the mission of San Juan Capistrano was

* BoRcana in Kobinson, 240.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

founded, were the Acagclieniem. Tlioir religious ideas are easily
described. Considerinj; Heaven and Earth as the tirst ot" beiuijfs,
they })eopled the universe with a monster j)rofjeny, >vhieli issued
from them, and which disappeared before Chiniijchinich, " the
Almiirhtv," who created man and the animals. This belnij was
the object of their worship. To him they raised temples or van-
queeh, and in it placed the skin of a coyote, or wild-cat, filled with
feathers, claws, horns, and similar parts of various birds and beasts.
The woi-ship, directed by priests or puplem, consisted of various
dances and ceremonies, in which little trace of sacrifice can be
discovered.

Their belief in witchcraft, their medicine-men and juGfglery, their
various dances, are, in the main, such as are found in almost eveiy
American tribe.*

Having established anew the mission of San Juan Capistrano,
the active Serra projected that of San Francisco. An expedition
had been sent from Sonora by land to commence a settlement at
that bay, and was attended by Father Font as chaplain. Fathers
]*alou and Cambon joined it, as missionaries, to found a station at
the new settlement, and Fathei"s Murguia and Pena to begin an-
other mission, under the patronage of Santa Clara, in its vicinity.

The mission of San Francisco was really inaugurated in a rustic
chapel, on the 2'7th of June, 1Y76, and the country around that
beautiful bay explored by the intrepid missionaries. The legal or-
ganization of the missions was delayed by the inactivity of the
commandant Rivera, to whom they were obliged to recur for sup-
plies and for the usual guard. Santa Clara was in consequence

trano was

* Boscana. Indians of Alta California, in Robinson, 237, &c. The Lord's
Prayer in their langnnjore is as follows : " Chana ech tiipana nvc onech,
otnne a cuachin, chame om reino libi yb chosonec esna tiipana chain nechc-
tepc, micatc torn cha chaom, pepsum yg car caychamo y i julupcalmo
cai ech. Depupnnopco chamo chum oyote. Amen." Duflot de Mofras,
ii. 894.

100

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

not begun till the Cth of January, 1*777, when tliat mission arose
on the cliarming plains of San ]3ernardino.*

The missions thus established in Upper California dif!ered cssen
tially from those planted in the other sections of our republic.
Here it wjus not a single missionary, ventui-ing alone into a distant
land, facing eveiy danger from the elements, the wild beasts, or the
untamed child of the forest : the missionary went to his station
attended by a small guaid, with a colony of Indian converts, herds
of cattle, and a plentiful supply of agiicultural and other imple-
ments. Around this nucleus of converted IndiaiLs, others soon
gathered: buildings were erected, the new-comers formed to
habits of industry, and instructed in the doctrines of Christianity.
As many of the missionaries were ingenious in mechanical arts, the
Indians were formed to every trade, and each mission yearly sent
off its cargoes of surplus products and manufactures, to receive in
return the necessary European goods. This prosperity constantly
attracted new-comers, who were in time trained to the life of the
mission. The wealth of these missions, a few years since, shows
how great the progress of the Indians had been.

Father Serra, the Prefect Apostolic, had now founded a goodly
number of missions, which began to bear fruit. Baptisms had be-
come numerous ; the new converts had swelled the village at each
mission, and peace, order, and prosperity had begun their reign.
That the neophytes might not be deprived of the sacrament of con-
finnation, the Holy See, on the 16th of June, 1774, issued a bull
conferring on the Prefect Apostohc the power of administering it,
and tliis privilege he exercised, though for a time prevented by
government from doing so.

Under his care the missions henceforth grew and prospered : the
only affliction they suffered being the loss of the veteran Father

* In tlie language at Santa Clara tlio Our Father runs thus : " Appa ma-
crcne me saura snraahtiga," &c. Duflot de Mofras, 11. 392.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

101

sion arose

■red essen
republic.
I a distant
ists, or the
[lis station
eils, herds
ler imple-
hers soon
urmed to
iristianity.
il arts, the
early sent
receive in
constantly
life of the
loe, shows

a goodly
is bad be-
[e at each

(ir reign.

it of con-
led a bull

^tering it,

inted by

Ired : the
Father

ippa ma-

Crespi, who died at Monterey on the first of Jaiiuaiy, 1782, after
a missionary cj'.reer of thirty years, fourteen of which had been
spent in Cal.i'ornia.*

But if prosperity and success smiled on the missions from San
Diego to San Francisco, the same cannot be said of a new mission
attempted about this time. The power exercised by the missiona-
ries over the converted Indians in the reductions, the management
of the property, which they kept in their own liands, and the kind
of tutelage in which the new Christians were held, liad drawn great
odium on the Jesuits. The Franciscans, nevertheless, had con-
tinued the system, being convinced of its expediency. Not so the
government, which wished to justify its charges against the sup-
pressed order. A new mission was therefore to be formed, in which
the Fathere were to confine their laboi-s to the spiritual instruction
of the Indians, leaving their civilization and temjK)ral advancement
in the hands of those whom interest, zeal, or ambition might in-
duce to attempt it. Four missionaries from the Franciscan college
of the Holy Cross of Queretaro accordingly joined the captain-
general, Theodore de Croix, and by his ordei's founded two missions
on the right bank of the Colorado above its mouth : one under the
invocation of St. Peter and St. Paul, the other three leagues fur''>er
south, under that of the Immaculate Conception, and both intended
for the conversion of the Yumas, wlio were the nearest tiibe.

Matters went on slowly; the soldiers, as colonists, chose the
fairest lands, and the ejected Indians, deprived of their crops, be-
gan ere long to covet the flocks of the invaders. The missionaries,
whose duty led them daily to the villages of the Yumas, saw" the
danger, and in vain endeavored to excite their countrymen to
measures of conciliation. Vengeance was not Ions: delaved. One
Sunday in July, after mass, the Indians, to the number of several
thousands, simultaneously attacked both missions, set fire to thera,

* Pttloii, Kelacion, 239.

102

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

and killed Rivera, tlie commander, and his soldiers, with most of
the settlers. The missionaries hurried around to exercise their
ministry, confessing, exhorting, encouraging, till they too were cut
down. The four missionaries who |Xirished hero were Father John
Diaz and Father Matthew Morena, whose bodies were found amid
the mins of their mission, and Father Francisco Crarces and John
liarraneche, of the province of Florida, whose bodies, interred by
an old woman, were recovered some time after. Of these, Father
Garces deserves especial notice as a successful and adventurous
missioner, who had extended liis excursions to Upper California,
and traveled much of the country north of the Colorado, so that,
adapting himself to Indian life, he had become as one of the na-
tives. Yet loved as he was, the Yumas did not spare him in the
general massacre.*

The missions already founded did not satisfy the boundless zeal
of the prefect, the venerable Serra. lie died in 1784, planning
new foundations, and still eager to plant the cross in parts as yet
unvisited. Ten missions were already established, and about ten
thousand Indians had been baptized. Among the enterprising men
who have attempted the conversion of the Indians, few deserve a
higher place than Father Juniper Serra. Nothing is more admira-
ble than the courage he displayed in the effort to civilize the bar-
barous tiibes, amid whom his charity had cilled him. If he had
not the heroic sanctity of earlier missionaries, liis steady develoj)-
ment of the Jesuit plan of missions, his constant attention, assiduous
labor, and prudence in government, often amid factious opposition,
entitle him to the highest place among illustrious missionaries. Nor

* Pnlou, Eolacion, &c., 240-8. Noticias de la provincia de las Californias,
aim. 1780. Cronioa Apostolica del Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Qiicretaro.
Mexico, 1780, vol. i. cited by Duflot do Mofras, i. 283.

F. Garces had accompanied F. Font from Oreasitas to Monterey in 177">,
and with lilni first drow attention to tlio Casas Graudcs. Their journal and
maj) have been frci[iicntlv eite>l.

lip

SPANISH MISSIONS.

103

I most of
;ise tlu'ir
were cut
lier John
iiid iiini, so that,
f the na-
m iu the

Hess zeal
phinning
ts as yet
bout ten
ing men
eserve a
admira-
|the bar-
he had
evelo})-
iduous
osition,
s. Nor

tfornias,
Icretaro.

In irr.-',

Inul nii<l

I
.1

\vas lie wanting in deep and tender piety. When .in Indian child
that he wjis about to baptize was taken from his arms, he was
deeply moved. " The feelings of the venerable Father, seeing the
l)aj)tism of this child so frustrated, were such," says Palou, " that for
many days the sorrow and pain which he suft'ered might be dis-
covered in his countenance, — the good Father attributing the con-
<luct of the Indians to his own sins ; and many years afterwards,
when he related this circumstance, his eyes were suffused with
tears." His death was as calm as his life. Sinking under a maladv
of the lungs, he continued his labors, visiting the missions, admin-
istering confirmation, and regulating every thing, till, finding
his death at hand, he sent for the nearest Fathers to come and take
leave of him. In August he sank gi'adually, but still kept up and
recited his office, though preparing to die. On the 27th of that
month he directed Father Palou to consecrate a host, and give him
the holy viaticum. In the course of the same day he ordered his^
coffin, and received the sacrament of extreme unction on his bed,
— a mat stretched over a board. The next day, August 28, 1*784,
he was up again and cheerful, but presently retiring to his hard
couch, lay down and expired without a struggle or a sigh, at the
age of Vl.*

* Palou, Relacion IIist( rica dc la Vida del V. P. Junipcro Serra: Mexico,

1787.

^m!

CHAPTER VII.

CALIFORNIA MISSION (CONTINUED.)

Father Paloii, Prefect Apostolic— Skoteh of n Californin mission— Missions of Santa Bar-
bara, Santa Cruz, and Soledad founded— Father Lazven rrefoct— Missions founded in
his time— State of mission during the civil war— Tlic republic— It plunders the mis-
sions, and expels the Fathers — Ilapld decline of the missions — California taken by tho
Americans— Close of the missions,

()s the dcjith of Fatlier Sen-a, liis future biographer, Father
Palou, was aj>pointed Prefect Apostolic ; but before we enter on the
history of Ins administration, we shall describe these missions as
they then existed, for though the California mission began about
the peiiod of the American revolution, and attained a wonderful
degree of prosperity, it is now as much a matter of the past, as the
Iroquois or Huron missions in the north.

A rectangular building, eighty or ninety yards in front, and
about as deep, composed the mission. In one end was the church
and parsonage. The interior Avas a large and beautiful court,
adorned with trees and fountains, surrounded by galleries, on
which opened the rooms of the missionaries, stewards, and trav-
ellers, the shops, schools, store-rooms &c., and gi'anary. A part,
separated off, and called the monastery, was reserved for the Indian
girls, where they were taught by native women to spin and weave,
and received such ,other instruction as was suited to their sex.*
The boys leanied trades, and those wlio excelled were promoted to
the rank of chiefs, thus giving a dignity to labor which imj^elled all
to embrace it.

Each mission was directed by two friars : one of whom super-
intended this mission-building and the religious instruction ; the

* See tlie plan of the inissioii of Sua Luis Key in Duflot.

>f Santa Bnr-
s founded in
Icrs the mis-
iiken by the

;r, Father
xjr on the
issions as
pm about
>vondei'ful
Eist, as the

out, and
church
il court,
|eries, on
Ind trav-
A part,
I Indian
weave,
'ir sex.*
loted to
}lled all

super-
)n: the

SPANISH MISSIONS.

105

other the tiekl-lahors, in which he always took part, tciching
consilio iiianu(j[Ui\ to use their own expression, — hy advice and
example. How well they suc(;eeded we may judp* by the results
which they obtained, and by the ati'ection of the Indians. Those
who, but a tew years since, visited these missions, wer«' amazed to
see that with such petty resources, most frequently without the aid
uf the white mechanics, with Indian workmen alone, they accom-
|»lished so much, not only in agriculture, but in architecture and
mechanics — in mills, macliines, bridiijes, roads, canals for irriga-
tion — and accomj)lished it only by transforming hostile and indolent
savages into laborious car})enters, masons, coopers, saddlere, shoe-
makei's, weavei's, stone-cutters, brick-makers, and lime-burnei"s.*

The discipline was indeed severe, and the whole establishment
conducted like some large tactoiy. This has excited, in motlern
times, great outcry ; but the missions have- been abolished, and the
Indians left to the " enlightened " men of our dav. Under their
care tlie Indians have perished like smoke before the wind, and
men now sigh for the missions.f

* Duflot de Mofras, Exploration do I'Oregon, Ics Californles, &c. i. 261 ;
Robinson, Lite in California, 24.

+ Hear the sigha of Bartlett, the United States commissioner : " Five thou-
sand Indians were at one time collected at the mission of St. Gabriel. They
are represented to have been sober and industrious, well clothed and fed;
and seem to have experienced as high a state of happiness as they are adapted
by nature to receive.

" These five thousand Indians constituted a largo family, of which the padres
were the social, religious, and we might also say political heads.

" Living thus, this vile and degraded race began to learn sorne of the fundu-
mcntal principles of civilized life. The institution of marriage began to be
respected and blessed by the rites of religion, grew to be so much considered,
that deviations from its duties were somewhat unfreqnent occurrences. The
girls, on their arrival at the age of puberty, were separated from the rest of
the population, and taught the useful arts of sewing, weaving, carding, &c.,
and were only permitted to mingle with the population when they had as-
sumed the character of wives.

" ^Vhen, at present, we look around and behold the state of the Indians in
this country — when we see their women degraded into a scale of life too

•- ^k

106

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Around tlie mission-buildiiiin^ rose tho housc^s of the Indians, and
of a few wliite settlors : at various distances were ranches or
liamlets, each with its succursal chapel. In a little building by
the mission was a picket of tive horsemen, half soldiers, half
couners.

The roffulations of tho missions were uniform. At daybreak the
angelus summoned all to the church for prayei-s and mass, from
wliich they returned to breakfast. Tlien all joined tlieir res})ective
bands, and proceeded to their regular labor. At eleven they re-
turned to dine, and rested till two, when labor recommenced and
lasted till the angelus, which was rung an hour before sunset.
After prayers and the beads, they supped and spent the evening in
innocent amusements. Their food was the fresh beef and mutton
plentifully supplied by their Hocks, cakes of wheat and Indian, with
peas, beans, and sucli other vegetables as they chose to raise.

The dress of the men was a shirt, trowsers, and blanket, though
the alcalde and chiefs of gangs of workmen wore frequently the
complete Spanish dress. The dress of the women was the usual
one, with the invariable blanket. When the crops were harvest-
ed, each mission sold or shipped its breadstufts, wine, oil, hemj)
and cordage, liides and tallow, and from the returns distributed
to the Indians clothes, handkerchiefs, tobacco, and other articles.
The surplus was spent in the purchase of necessaries for the mis-
won, furniture for the church or the houses, implements of agri-
culture, tools, &c.

Besides the funds thus resulting from their own labors, the In-
dians enjoyed the revenue of a portion of the " Pious fund,"

menial to be even domestics — ^whcn we behold their men brutalized by
drink, incapable of work, and following a system of petty thievery for a liv-
ing, humanity cannot refrain from wishing that the dilapidated mission of
San Gabriel should be renovated, its broken walls be rebuilt, its roofless
houses be covered, and its deserted halls be again filled with its ancient in-
dustrious, happy, and contented original population." — BartUW a Personal
Narrative, ii. 84.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

107

inis, and
iches or
(ling by
BIS, halt'

re.ik tlic
iss, iron I
'S|x»ctive
they re-
ced and
J sunsc't.
eniiig in

mutton
ian, with
lise.
;, though

ntly the
he usual

harvest-

il, hemp
itributcd

articles.

;he mis-

of agri-

the In-
fund,"

lilized by
for a liv-
lission of

roofless
Icient in-

''ersonal

which had been bestowed by charitable iiei-sons on the old Jesuit
mission : the missionaries, bound by vows of poverty, i-eceiving
omy food and clothing.

The Indians of a mission were not all of the same tribe, but
perfect harmony prevailed, and when the sea.son of work was over,
numy {)aid visits to their countiymen, and seldom returned alone.
Sometimes a zealous Chiistiau would nsit liis own tribe as an
ajiostlo, to announce the happiness enjoyed wider the mild rule of
tlh' g<xspel. In this way the missions constantly received new
accessions, for the good fiiars had the art of making labor at-
iractivo.

One of the first acts of Father Palou was to found the mission
of Santa Barbara, which was begim on the 4th of December, 1786,
at the foot of a chain of arid mountains. This was followed on
the 8th of December, 178V, by that of La Turisima Concepcion,
separated from that of San Luis Obispo by a beautiful and fertile
l»lain. Soon after, in 1791, the mission of Santa Cruz, near Bran-
ciforte, was founded in August, and that of Nuestra Senora de la
Soledad in October, in a delightful canon, which extends to Mon-
terey. These were the last acts of Father Palou's administration ;
for it is said that he then left California, and became Superior of
the convent of San Fernando, in the city of Mexico.*

Under Father Lazven, who was the next prefect, the California
mission received still greater development. In the single year
IVOV he founded three missions — San Jos6, San Miguel, and San
Fernando Rey. The first, which dates from the 18th of June, is
at the foot of a range of low hills, along which runs the San Joa-
quin. Its proximity to the Tulares, enabled this mission to collect
a great number of Indians, and it was soon one of the most flour-
ishing and commercial in all California.

San Miguel arose on the 25th of July, in a beautiful plain, into

* Forbes' CaUfomia, 80.

108

AMKKICAN CATJIOLIC MISSIONS.

which several mountain gorjc^os enter, giving easy access to other
missions, wiiile San Fernando, tuun«le«l on the teaxt of the Nativity
of the Jiiessed Virgin, lay nearer San (Jahiicl. All these missions
soon attained a high <l«'gr«'t! of prosperity.

The next mission \\u.s that of San Luis Key de Francia, which
arose in the wilderness at a time when France rejected alike the
faith, institutions, and family of that holy king. Its founder, the
illustrious Father Peyii, raised a thatched cottage hy the beautiful
hanks of the San Luis on the feast of his patron. Saint Anthony of
Padua, in the year 1798. A few cattle and some converted Indians
were all that ho asked from the next mission, and thus he founded
San Luis Key among the Kechis. From this feeble conmience-
ment rose the greatest of the Californiau reductions, as English,
French, and American writers all concur in asserting. Its church
of stone is ninety feet deep, and rises at one end in a beautiful
tower and dome ; and from its fagado extends a colonnade, not
without architectural beauty, and nearly five hundred feet long,
while in depth it is almost of equal dimensions. Father Peyri
was not only an architect, but also an able mission-director, lie
soon had 3500 Indian converts, scattered in twenty ranches, and
the whole place boro marks of industry, and consequently of peace
and plenty.

Sj^ain now began to reel under the effects of the French revolu-
tion ; and the distracted state of the mother country and the col-
onies materially affected the missions, which were in a great meas-
ure left to their own resources. For several years their funds came
very iiTegularly, but the Indians, who relied chiefly on their own
labor, suffered no loss, and the only difficulty was that new mis-
sions could not bo undertaken ; and the weakness of the govern-
ment seemed to offer an opportunity to the savage tribes to burst
on these frontier stations.

Amid this period of trial Father Lazven died in 1803, at his
mission, of Carmel, where he was interred. His successor found-

Si'ANLSlI MISSIONS.

109

to other
Nativity
inisHions

I, wliit'h
iliko the
ider, the
Denutitul
thonv of
I [ndiniiH
founded
nnience-
EiigHsh,
s church
beautiful
lade, not
ct long,
er I'evri
or. lie
les, and
|of peace

revolu-
the col-
meas-
is came
lir own
Iw mis-
jrovern-
burst

I at his
found-

ed the mission of Santa Inez in tin- followirig year, on a beautiful
i.raiiie, embosomed in the hills, a lu-rft'ct garden of fertility.* In
|H17 tlu' Mii-^^ionarit's n-suined their activity, and Kather Ventura
KortiMii toimded th*' mission of San iial'at'l am(»iig the .btuskious-
iiio, iind the |»rcte(rt, Father Mariano I'ayeras, proposecl to the
SpMniNli king to estabhsh a jir»'sidio at Telamt', and missions lun-
iiiiig in a line from San i-.uis lli'v to San Jose, but the |>ow»'r of
Sj)ain in the western world was alreaily tt)ttering, and the ])roject
was aban<loned.|

Left to their own resources, the missionaries did not falter:
they steadily advanced the faith; and in August, 1823, Kather
Amoros began the mission of San Francisco Solano among the
(Juilucos, the most northerly and last of all those n-ligious estab-
lishments which now lie in ruins, and the oidy one that dates from
the period of the Mexican republic. The same Father did, indeed,
attempt another in 18'J7, but the little chapel of Saint Kose was
all that he could accomplish.J

Echandia, the first governor sent by the Mexican republic to
California, arrived in 1824. A countryman of ours calls him
" the scourge of California, an instigator of vice, who sowed seeds
of dishonor not to be extirpated, while a mission remains to be
robbed."§ One of his fii-st acts was to interfere in the established
plan of the missions, and attempt to take all temporal direction from
the missionanes. The latter opposed this invasion of the rights of

* Duflot do Mofras, Exploration, i. 359, 877, 383, 418.
t M. 384. As a specimen of the languages of these missions, we give the
initial words of the Our Father in each :

1. San Fernando Y yorac yona taray tucupuma, &c.

2. San Gabriel Y yonac y yogin tucupiagnacsa, «fec.

8. San Eafael, Jouskiousme. . . Api inaco sa liletomanenas, «fec. t

4. Chocouyem . . . , Api maco su lileco nian^naa, &c.

5. San F. Solano, Guilucos. . . . Alia igame niutry o cuse mi znhna.

6. San Luis Eey, Kechi Cham na cham migtupanga auconan.

7. Santa Inez Dios caquicoeo upalequen alapa.

t Id. 445-447. § Robinson, Life in California, 141.

Jt^^

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

tlieir Indians, who they clearly foresaw were doomed to destruc-
tion, if left to the mercy of the agents of government. Echandia
persisted in his plan of pillage, drove out the fearless Martinez,
and loaded with ill treatment Father Sanchez, the prefect or pres-
ident of the missions, so that the venerable man, after struggling
for years against the oppressors of his forest children, died of
grief in 1831, consoled in his last moments by the conduct of the
u[)right Don Manuel Victoria, who for u few months restored the
missions.* ]5ut that excellent governor was soon removed, and
the plunder recommenced. Father Antonio Peyri, a man of energy
and capacity, and though advanced in years, still hale, and able
to maintain his rights, became peculiarly obnoxious. He was
driven from his mission of San Luis Key, which he had founded
and directed with admirable skill for thirty-four years. The en-
treaties and tears of his neophytes could not obtain his continu-
ance, and as he tore himself from his flock, to embark for Mexico,
tears streamed down his aged cheeks. For years after the Indians
preserved a painting, which represented Father Peyri amid his
neophytes, and frequently came to recite their prayers before that
effigy of him who had fii*st led them to a knowledge of God, and
when he finally proceeded to Barcelona, eveiy stranger was eagerly
questioned for tidings of their beloved guide, and heard them speak
with sighs of their happy state, when directed by his paternal hand.
Such is the testimony of Forbes and Robinson in 1835, of Duflot
de Mofras in 1840, and even of Bartlett in 1852.f

* Duflot de Mofras, Exploration, i. 272.

t Id. 343 ; Robinson, 19-108; Bartlett, Personal Narrative, ii. 92. Father
Antonio Peyri was born in Catalonia in 1765, and must have entered the
Franciscan order at an early age, as he was but little over thirty when he
founded his celebrated mission. When ho left it, San Luis Key contained
a population of 3000, many of whom were blacksmiths, carpenters, and me-
chanics of other trades. They possessed sixty thousand head of cattle, and
raised thirteen thousand bushels of grain a year. After spending a short
time at a convent of his order in Mexico, lie returned to hia native country.

\\m\

SPANISH MISSIONS.

Ill

tlestruc-
Echandia
Martinez,
t or pres-
triiggling
, died of
act of the
itored the
oved, and
of energy
, and able
He was
d founded
The en-
iS continu-
)r Mexico,
e Indians
amid his
efore that
God, and
18 eagerly
lem speak
al hand,
.f Duflot

Father

Itered the

when he

2ontaincd

and mc-

ittlc, and

a short

country.

At San Luis Obispo, Father Martinez liad formed his flock to
industry : they wove and dyed ordinaiy cloth and fine cotton fab-
rics, which would soon have made them a prosperous and happy
colon V, even amid the increasins: whites, but lie was brutally
expelled. Five other Fathers were driven from other missions,
and a regular system of robbery commenced : ranch after ran(;h
was taken, cattle swept off, and the Indians, seduced from their la-
bors by Echandia the governor, were so inflamed against the mis-
sionaries, that they attempted to kill Father Cabot at San Miguel.
At the view of this misery, several other Fathei's, exposed to ill
treatment and persecution, resolved to leave the country, where
some had spent thirty and forty years in civilizing the Indians,
and raising them to a state of ease, and comfort, and plenty. They
departed as poor as they had lived, for they lost nothing : it was
their neophytes who had been robbed.* The number of mis-
sionaries was now so reduced, that in 1833, the Mexican govern-
ment applied to the college of Our Lady of Guadalupe, at Zacate-
cas, and obtained ten uiissionaries for California, who took the
richer and more northerly stations ;f and Father Duran, who had
just succeeded F. Francisco Garcia Diego as prefect, removed to
Santa Barbara, after being for a time imprisoned on a frivolous
charge.J

* Duflot de Mofras, Exploration, i. 275, 379; Robinson, 12-")-81.

t Duflot de Mofras, Exploration, 274; Robinson's Lite in California, p. 150.

X Robinson, 159, 197. While the inisaionarios of L'alifornia were thus per-
secuted, they welcomed the persecuted from other lands. " About this pe-
riod, the latter pa.-t of January, 1832," says Robinson (p. 122), "a small brig
entered the desolate bay of San Pedro and anchored. On the Rucccedin<;
raorninsr, two passengers were landed on the barren strand, and there left,
with two bottles of water and one biscuit, and nothing to protect them from
the inclemency of the season. Here, more than thirty miles from any hab-
itation, save a small hut two leagues oif, they passed a sleepless night. The
casual stroll of an idle Indian in search of shells, was the means of giving
information to the Padre at St. Gabriel, where, through his kindness and
sympathy, they found a cordial welcome. They were Messrs. Bachelot and
Short, two Catholic priests, who, in consequence of their unpopular religion,

112

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

lii

b;l

Meanwhile, tlie cfoveriinient in California was carrying on the
work of secularization or plunder, and the year 1834 may be con-
sidered as that of the complete overthrow of the missions, although
it was not till 1837 that it was finally and olficially decreed by
congi'ess. But this act of congress was as unnecessary as a later
one, in 1840, for then restoration was impossible : tlie property of
the poor Indians was already in the hands of the plunderers, and
there was no power to wrest it from them.

The mission of St. Gabriel had its vineyards planted by Father
Jose Maiia Zalvidea, which already produced excellent wine : ho
was negotiating with an American house for iron fences. All
around was activity, industiy, and enteiprise, created by him ; for
his slilps, loaded with the products of the mission, sailed regularly
for Lima and San Bias ; but neitlier here nor at San Juan Capis-
trano, also under liis care, could he prevent the spoliation. His
vineyards were torn up, and in a short time misery usurped the
place of plenty and industry.*

At this period, the missions contained 30,650 Indians, 424,000
head of cattle, 62,500 horses, 321,500 sheep, and raised annually
122,500 bushels of wheat and maize.f This property was now
handed over to the authorities, who allotted some to each familv.
Here and there a missionary, better able to struggle with in-
triguing men, saved the mission buildings and the live-stock given
to his neophytes, but in most cases, they were deprived of it al-
most immediately. The missionary was merely allowed rations
for his support, and these were often never sent. Thus, in 1838,

had been forced to leave the Sandwich Islands, notwithstanding their protes-
tation against tlie arbitrary measure. All remonstrances were useless : they
were insulted, driven on board, and the miserable crafl was ordered to get
under way without delay." — Jiobinson, 159, 197. For an English account,
Bee " Simpson's Overland Journey around the World."

■* Duflot de Mofras, Exploration do I'Oregon, des Californies, (fee. i. 350 ;
liobinson, 28.

+ Id. i. 320.

il on the
y be con-
, altliough
3crecd bv
as a later
roperty of
erers, and

bv Father

ft/

wine : ho
ices. All
him ; for
regularly
lan Capis-
:ion. His
urped the

t, 424,000
annually
was now
[h family,
with in-
►ck given
of it al-
|d rations
[in 1838,

leirprotes-
less : tlicy
}ed to get
account^

ic. i. 350 ;

SPANISH MISSIONS.

113

Father Sarria, of whom an American says, " it wjis a happiness
indeed to have known him," died of hunger and wretchedness at
his mission of La Soledad, having refused to abandon his constantly
decreasing flock. Neither his age, his goodness, his charity, n«jr
gentle character, could win a petty living on tlie spot where thou-
sands had enjoyed his hospitality. One day in August, though
worn down by suffering and want, he gathered his flock in the
church, but had only just begun the nuiss when his strength
failed him : he fell at the foot of the altar, and exinred in the
arms of those Indians whom he had spent thirty years in instructing
and protecting. Father Fortuni, the founder of the mission of San
Rafiiel, expired soon after.*

Not even the elevation of Father Francisco Garcia Diego, an
old California mi&sionary, to the episcopacy, in 1840, could arrest
the work of sacrilege. When Duflot de Mofras visited the missions
in 1842, several of the niissions were entirely closed, the Indians
iiad dwindled down from 30,000 to 4450, their cattle from
424,000 to 28,000, and their other stock in proportion.f The
mission and church of San Diego were in ruins, and the mission-
ary, F. Vicente Oliva, had but one little farm for his remaining
five hundred Indians. That of San Juan Capistrano was in ruins
too. Amid the ruins of San Gabriel he found the unbroken Bis-
cayan. Father Thomas Estenega, seated in a field before a large
table, with his sleeves rolled up, kneading clay, and teaching liis
Indians to make bricks. At San Fernando, Santa Clara, and at
Santa Inez, the missionaries had contrived to save much. St.
Bonaventure, Santa Cruz, San Juan ]5autista, San Miguel, Caimel,
the Conception, and San Kafael were deserted or in niins. St.
Barbara was the residence of Father Narcissus Duran, the kind,
generous, benevolent, and devoted prefect. At San Luis Obispo,

* Uuflot; Robinson, p. 80.

+ Duflot do Mofras, Exploration de I'Oregon dcs Californies, &c. i. 320,

889.

m .

114

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

amid the ruins, lie found, in the gieatest misery, the oldest mis-
sionary in tlie country, Fatlier llanion AbeUa, wliom La Peyrouse
had seen there in 1787. This aged man had no bed but a liide,
no cup but a horn, no food but some dried beef. In vain had F.
Duran urged him to leave his place and take one of greater ease ;
lie determined to die at the mission, and divided all the alms sent
him among his poor and plundered Indians. Founder of several
of the missions that now lay in ruins, he still talked of proceeding
to found othei-s in the north. At La Soledad, it was loneliness in-
deed : there were silent ruins, but no missionary — not an Indian
nor a single head of cattle ; the vineyards were abandoned, the
gardens overgrown, and the orchards wild. At San Jose, the pre-
fect of the northern missions, Father Gonzalez, received from the
civil administrator an allowance of food less than would be given
to a criminal. San Francisco Solano had been destroyed, and the
materials taken by Don Mariano Vallejo to construct his beautiful
mansion.*

Such was the state of these missions, which still numbered thir-
teen missionaries ; but civil war now broke out ; the remaining mis-
sions were occupied by the contending parties, and the Indians
were drawn into the quarrel. Before any order could be restored,
the American war ensued ; California was taken, the gold mines
drew a new population to the country, and the Indians of the
missions have entirely disappeared. Four of the old missionaries
still remain at Santa Barbara and San Juan Bautista, but the work
of Father Serra and his successors has been totally destroyed,
never to be restored again.

The Indians of California, like the Seminoles in Florida, have
taken to the mountains and forests, and in retaliation for the
wholesale robbery practised on them, have plundered the settlers
and emigrants. War wa.s tried in vain, and the government of

* Duflot do Molras, Exploration, i. 333-447.

'*.

SPANISH MISSIONS.

115

the United States is now reviving the mission plan, omitting, of
course, the religious feature. On the San Joaquin liver they have
collected Indians, laid out farms, gathered cattle, and are, in fact,
jtui-suing the plan of the Franciscans, llow far this tribute to the
missionaries will succeed, remains to be seen.*

CHAPTER VIII.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE SPANISH MISSIONS.

Plans of tlie Spanish missionaries — Failure of tlie original nietlioil — Tiie retluetion sys-
tem— Complaints and ciiargcs against it — Its effect on tljc Indians — Its complete

success.

We have thus brought to a close the history of the various
Indian missions in the states and territories of Spanish origin, and
we may here pause to examine the plans pursued by the leligious
who attempted the great work of converting the Indians. Tho
earliest attempts arose from exploring expeditions, when missiona-
ries were left to labor alone, or were attempts made by Fathei-s
who ventured alone into the wilderness. Almost all these failed,
and resulted only in giving martyi-s to the Churdi. This was tho
case in New Mexico and in Florida down to the close of tho six-
teenth century.

The reduction plan was then begun in two different modes.
In Florida, tho converts, with Indians from other parts, were
formed into villages near the Spanish settlements, and were grad-

Pierce's Message, 1854, p. 463.

146

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

ir-ii

ually trained to the usages of civilized life, and in this way a series
of Christian villages spread over the country. In these, the mis-
sionary had merely a spiritual power ; the Indians were left free
under the jjovernment of tlieir chiefs, and their progress was con-
sequently sloAv. They remained, to all intents, a distinct class.

In New Mexico and California another system prevailed. A
mission was erected, containing a church, shops, infirmanes, grana-
ries, schools, and other necessary a});irtments. Two missionaries,
with some converted Indians and a stock of cattle, agricultural
implements, tools, and machinery, tcxjk possession, and endeavon-d
to draw some of the surroundinu' natives to the mission. This
was done chiefly through the converted Indians. Once in the
mission, the native was no longer free : imder the compulsory
system employed, he was instructed in Chiistianity, accustomed
to labor, and according to the ability which he displayed, applied
to some trade. Each one belonged to a section governed by a
chief, Avho led his party to church or labor, and was frequently
not sparing of bloAvs in enforcing promptness. Against this the
Indian at first rebelled ; but as all his wants were satisfied, he
soon became attached to his life, and would draw others of his
countrymen in, and easily persuaded them to submit to the
routine.

Many learned Spanish thoroughly, and all acquired a knowl-
edge of the Christian religion, which they faithfully practised.
Thus they gained two great benefits — peace and comfort in this
life, and means of attaining happiness in the next.

Many writei*s have, however, denounced this compulsory sys-
tem as one of tyranny, as degrading a noble and independent
race into a herd of slaves. Religious prejudice has clearly some
part in the condemnation thus freely given by a class of writers,
as is evinced by their ignorr.ic'^ of Catholic doctrines, and the
slighting tone in which they speak of them ; but still the question
arises, as to the merit of the system. The motive and the succe^^

SPAXISII MISSIONS.

117

ofau act do not always justify the means, and in tlio present ease,
while the former was undoubtedly good, and the latter great be-
yond a parallel, the fact that the missionaries temporarily depnved
the Indians of liberty is considered an act altogether unjustifiable.

Modern theorists consider the savage of the }>lains a man en-
dowed with equal social rights as the inhabitant of a civilized state.
In the eye of the Spanish missionaries, he was a child to be in-
structed, and might be put under restraint in order to teach him
the rudiments of religion, learning, and the means of support.
This is the question in its last resort, and we are inclined to con-
sider the missionaries as correct in their view^ The officers of the
United States have come to the same conclusion. Moreover, the
Indiams themselves, wlien instructed, approved of the measure, and
when restored to freedom by the government, regretted the peiiod
of subjection. Of this there are innumerable proofs. The con-
dition of the wild Indian is well known ; that of the mission In-
dian luider the Fathers equally so; that of the mission Indian
since his liberation a matter of daily comment. The native in
the first was ignorant of God, and of the arts of civilized life ; in
the second, a Christian, industrious and happy, though to some
extent enslaved ; in the third, a poor degraded being.

" The best and most unequivocal proof," says Forbes, " of the
good conduct of the Franciscan Fatheis, is to be found in the un-
bounded aftection and devotion invariably shown towards them by
their Indian subjcots. They venerate them, not only as friends
and fathers, but with a degree of devotedness approaching to ado-
ration. On the occasion of the removals which liave taken place
of late years from political causes, the distress of the Indians in
parting with their pastors has been extreme. They have entreated
to be allowed to follow them in their exile, with tears and lament-
ations, and with all the demonstrations of true sorrow and un-
bounded affection. Indeed, if there ever existed an instance of
the perfect justice and propriety of the comparison of the priest

118

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

and his disciples to a shepherd and his flock, it is in the case of
which we are treating."*

The cliief of the Kecliis of St. Luis Rey told IJartlett " that his
tnbe was largo and his people happy, when the good Fathers were
there to protect them. That they cultivated the soil, assisted iu
rearing large herds of cattle, were taught to bo blacksmiths and
carpenters, as well as other trades ; that they had plenty to eat,
and were happy. . . . Now they were scattered al)out, lie knew
not where, without a home or protectors, and were in a miserable,
starving condition."

" Christian sects," says Bartlett himself, " may cavil about their
success among the Indian tribes ; but it is an undeniable fact that
tlio Jesuits (by which he means Catholic missionaries) accom-
plished more during their sw.iy than all other religious denominu-
tions. They brought the tribes of Mexico and California undci-
the most complete subjection, and kept them so until their order
was suppressed. And how was this done ? Not by the swoid.
nor by treaty, nor by presents, nor by Indian agents, who would
sacrifice the poor creatures without scruple or remorse for their
own vile gains. The Indian was taught Christianity, with many
of the arts of civilized life, and how to sustain himself by his labor.
By this simple means, the Society of Jesus (and other religious
orders) accomplished more towards ameliorating the condition of
tlie Indians, than the United States has done since the settlement
of the country."!

Such was the happy state of the Indians under the missionaries.
Under the Mexican government they exclaimed, " See our unhap-
py state ! the Fathers can no longer protect us, and the public
authorities themselves rob us. Is it not terrible to see wrested from
us the missions that we have built, the herds that we have gath-
ered by our care, and ourselves and our families exposed to ill

■3

* Forbes, California, 230.

t Bartlctt, Personal Narrative, ii. 92, 432.

SPAXISII MISSIONS.

119

the case of

treatiiient and tlcath itself T'* Forbes shows them in the hands
of tlie government reduceil to *^ nerty, phmged in vice, constantly
in prison, and a pest to tlie couhiry, witliin a few months after the
suppression of a mission.f

And thougli liartlett found Mission Indians so intelligent and
viituons that Ameiicans married them, he says of them jis a chiss :
'' They are a miserable, squalid looking set, squatting or lying
about the comere of the streets, without occupation. They have
ii(»\v no means of obtaining a living, as their lands are all taken
from them ; and the missions for which they labored, and which
provided after a sort for many thousands of them, are abolished.J
Xo care seems to l)e taken of them by the Americans ; on the
contraiT, the effort seems to be to exterminate them as soon as
]>ossible."§

A similar plan was pursued in Florida. We have seen what
the Seminole has done. Driven from his village, he became
more terrible than tribes that had never been converted or civilized.
The Californian threatens to follow his example. " Who can ac-
ciLse us of guilt," says an Indian chief, " if we act on the defensive,
and if we take to the Tulares, bearing with us all the cattle that
we can hurry off?" And acting on this plan of vengeance,
they sweep off the horses, then the cattle, and even the women
of their oppressors.]!

The Spanish missions in Florida, Texas, and California, no
longer exist. Are we, then, to attribute their annihilation to some
inherent weakness, or to an external cause ? No one who has
read their history can hesitate to admit that the interference of
government alone crushed them ; that their ruin is chargeable to

* Duflot de Mofras, Exploration, i. 345.

t Forbes, California. 130.

X "VVoe to the poor, when the convent goes !

§ Bartlctt, Personal Narrative, ii. 82.

\ Dnflot de Mofras, i. Ur,. .

120

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

I hiv!

•■k— ^

<..

.^'

the English aiul Mexican govcrnnicMits, and to the inborn hostihty
of the Anglo-Saxon yucq to the Iruliun, — a hostility which has at
all times disroganlcd his rights and sought his extermination. The
I*iieblo Indian of New Mexico was a citizen of Mexico, and is now
by treaty a citizen of the United States; but an Abnaki in Maine
cannot marrj' a white, an«l till within a few yearn an Iroquois could
not own a foot of land in his native State ; and the Cherokee,
promised admission as a State, has never yet sent a deputy to
Washington to sit in our national halls : no Indian, in fact, can
hope to attain the lionor, except a Pueblo Indian, whoso ancestors
were converted by Catholic missionaries.

Thus stands the case. The Spanish missions remain a monu-
ment of Catliolic zeal, and if " they have come to naught,"* if we
"must seek in vain for the res\;"its of their toil and sacrifices,"! the
failure is not to be ascribed to tlie men who created the missions,
any more than we can ascribe want of skill to Apelles or Zeuxis
because their works have been destroyed. Every human work is
liable to change and vicissitude : the missions are among the no-
blest works of man, and in the same degree that we admire the
* zealoug men who fi'I^d Florida, Tex.is, and California with Chris-
tian villages, must we stamp with every brand of ignominy and
disgrace the men and the policy wliich destroyed them, or drove
their inmates back into barbarism.

.>^'

* Kip, Early Jesuit Missions, xiii.
t Pnrkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac, 48.
lions of the kind.

We need not cite other asscr-

in hostility
licli has ut
ition. Tho
iind is now
:i in Maine
quois could
Cherokee,
deputy to
n fact, can
e ancestors

in a monu-

rht,"*ifwe

ifices,"f the

le missions,

IS or Zeuxis

lan work is

ng the no-

dniire the

nth. Chris-

miny and

, or drove

FRENCH MISSIONS

kher asscr-

• %■

FACSIMILES

OF THE AUTOGRAPHS OF CELEBRATED MISSIONARIES.

••• — . —

JHm»M «ni» fnwn Pulsions.

Cc^*-^i

CairttL "hr^Majies ^ic.J.

pi^

'^i^

9yi^f- S.3.

^o^e/^,^ 0>in^.c^t^ /o^^(?eStK0

* St. Francis BorjLrtn.— 1
nruilletes.— 2 J. Bigot— 8 V.
Blffot.— 4 H. J, Gassot— 5 8.
Rale. 6 J. Germain.

1 J. deBrebeuf.— 2 A.deNobfl.
—8 J. Poncet.— 4 R. Menard.—
6 L. Garrenu.— 6 N. Chabane!
—7. F. J. Bressanl.— 8 O. Lale-
mant— 9. A. Grelrn. — f j.
Bat ens.

H t

ii;

> j¥

IT.

FAC-SIMILES

OF THE AUTOGRAPHS OF CELEBRATED MISSIONARIES.

• ••

£X^ 13

4
6

1 I. Joguee. — 2 8. !o

y Moyne.— 8 C. Dablon.-4

' J. M. Chaumonot. — 5 F. !'■

^ _ Mercier. — 6 J. Freniln.— 7

d« Lambervi'.Ie. — 11 A.

Dalmas.— 12 C. Cbauelio-
^,^. tl^re.— 18 P. Cholenoc-H

^'^*' J. P. LafeUo.

/^>

/IRIES.

UK J'

Icfie^ 13

THE FRENCH MISSIONS.

ae8.--2 8. !o

1 C. Dablon.— 4

lonot— 5 F. !'•

J. Freniin.— 7

kn.— S J. Gar-

[Eaflfeix.-1"'

Ivi'.le. — 11 A.

C. Cbauolie-

Cholenoc— H

CITArTER I.

General view of tho French missions — Jesuits at Port Royal — Recollects atQui-bcc —
Groat Jesuit mission of Canada — Its rapid projrross, and frreat extent— Labors of tho
priests of the Foreign missions and Sulpitiaus — Division of tho subject.

The Spanish missions wliicli wo liave hitliorto examined are
separated from each other by lari^c tracts of territory, and were
cntin'ly independent of eacli other, being the work of various
bodies, undertaken at ditferent times, and not resuUing from any
gradual progress of ciNnhzation and Clnistianity.

Tlie French missions present a striking contrast to these, and form
one gradual conquest, a steadily advancing empire, as regular in its
growth as our own republic. The French kings were as sensible
of the great duty of converting the natives as the monarchs of
Spain. Cartier's commission authorized him to explore, "in order
the better to do what is pleasing to God, our Creator and Re-
deemer, and what may be for the increase of his holy and sacred
name, and of our holy mother, the Church."

De Monts, the founder of Acadia, was also required to Ikivc tho
Indians instmcted, invited, and impelled to a knowledge of God and
the light of faith and Chnstianity. A settlement was begun by him
on Boon Island, at the moutli of the St. Croix, as early as 1008, which,
ti-ansferred to the opposite shore, took the name of Port Royal, and
now beam that of Annapolis. This was the first foothold of France
and of Catholicity in the north. Potrincourt, who succeeded him
in the work of colonization, addressed a touching letter to tlui Pope,
'lud obtained his benediction on his laboi-s. As the pro])agation of

124

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

^ H

i-^

Cliristianity was thus desired by all, the king chose evangelical
laborers for the field of Acadia. Two Jesuit missionaries soon .ar-
rived there to convert the natives, and after laboring among the
Miemacs or Souriquois of Nova Scotia, removed to the coast of
Maine to plant the cross among the Abnakis, but alas! only to see
it broken, and their mission crushed bv Enoflish violence.

(Quebec was, however, built in a more secure spot by the pious
( Jham})lain. Deeply sensible of the duty of Chnstian powers to
extend the gospel, justly deeming the conversion of the heathen
more glorious than the conquest of a kingdom,* he soon sought a
body of missionaries to labor on the St. Lawrence among the many
tiibes whom his policy had won. The Recollects, abrancli of the
Franciscans, avIio had revived all the fervor of their order's earlv
days, and were then recently established in France, listened to his
call, and in 1615 three priests and one lay-brother came over to
beofin their labors.

The field was one of trouble and difficulty, but of peace. The
Montagnais on the Saguenay, and the Algonquins proper on the
St. Lawrence and Ottawa, split up into various petty tribes, all
nomadic, and reliant chiefly on hunting and fishing, presented a
field appalling in its difficulty, as they had no villages, and the
work of conversion seemed to require a missionary for every wan-
dering hunter's lodge. Allied to these, though distinct in origin
and language, were a tribe on the banks of Lake Huron, by them-
selves, in their own tongue, called Wendats or Wyandots, but by
the French nicknamed Hurons.

One Recollect proceeded to this tribe, while his companions re-
mained to labor among the Algonquins and Montagnais on the St.
Lawrence. These three great missions continued under the Fran-
ciscans alone till 1625, when three Jesuits, on their invitation, ar-

** " La sftlut d'une scale iinie vaut niieux que la conqu^te d'une empire, et
li's rois no doivcnt songer ii etendre leur domination dims le.s pays ou regno
riilolatrie, quo pour les soumettre a Jesus Christ." These are the first word.-
iii ('hamplain's Voyages.

FRENCH MISSIONS. 125

rived to aid them. Both orders tJien hibored in concert till 1029,
when the English took Quebec and carried oti" all the missionaries.
( Jn the restoration of the country to France the mission was otlered
by the Fiencli government to the Capuchins, anotlier branch of the
Franciscans, and being declined by them, was, at their suggestion,
given to the Jesuits.* The latter returned in 1G33, resumed the
work already begun, and for nearly half a century wrestled with
paganism in the northern wilds. Henceforth Quebec became a
centre, whence Jesuit missionaries were sent far and wide. Zeal
and enthusiasm for tlie mission cause were soon excited in Europe,
especially in the Society of Jesus, its friends and patrons; and the
younger Jesuits burned with a new ardor to labor among the In-
dians of New France. Young men left camp and court to enter
the order in the liope of sharing the toil of the missionaries ; a son
of the Marquis de Gamache founded the college of Quebec by his
devotedness. Even the convents of women partook tlie general
zeal ; the Ursulines and Hospital nuns came to show the Indians
Christianity in practice, tending the sick and instructing the young,
while Canada itself raised a new society to aid them.

The ri(;h and noble bestowed ample funds, not only, as we have
seen, to found the college of Quebec, but also to establish missions
in various parts.f

* Kiolielieu's permission, in Brcssani, Kclation abropt'e, p. 295.
■♦ A manuscript at Quebec, one of the few papers of the voluminous Jesuit
arcliives, whioli, in the liands of the colot|ial autliorities, have survived to
tliis day, gives tlie following curious list of benefactors to tlie Jesuit mission.
It is dated in lCn.3:

March 15, 1C26, Marquis de Gaxnadie 48,000 liv., 3,000 per annum,

1C34, Mr. IJardin 5,400 "

April 37, 1G87, " " .'. TOO " "

1638. Cardinal Richelieu (Huron mission).. 1,000 " "

Feb. 22, 16:39, M. de Slllerv 20.000 "

Mine. Bernidro 30,000 "

1C44, Mr. Avencl 100 "

" 2S, 1646, Mr. Loutiion 12,000 "

Aug. 14, " RrotherSt.Gllles 25,000"

Mmo. St. Gilles 5.000"

Mine, de Manpoon 5,000 "

1665. An unknown jn-rson ut V nine 1.200 "

Mme .le hi r.-litie 7.000 "

12G

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Yet tlie time was not })io[)itioiiH ; the Canada Iiulians, though
all at peace with each other, were at war with the Iroquois in New
York, and in the contest lost fearfully year after year. Still the
missions went on. The Algonquins on Lake Uuron began to re-
ceive missionaiies, and two Avere sent to the rapids of St. Mary, the
outlet of Lake Superior, in 1G42. That very year.Jogues, one of
these two, taken prisoner by the Iroquois, preached on the Mo-
hawk, and escaping to the Dutch colony, finally reached EuroiX3
safely, only to return to Canada again. In an interval of peace, in
1G4G, he was sent to the Mohawk to begin the first Iroquois mis-
sion, and at the same time Driiillettes set out to found another
mission among the Abnakis on the Kennebec. Jogues was slain,
his mission overthrown, a new war ensued, in which the Huron
nation Avas destroyed, and the Algonquins reduced. The missions
were thus broken up. The surviving Hurons fled ; some to Quebec
to form the mission of Loretto; some joined the Iroquois in New
York, and led to new missions there ; some struck west to the
shores of Lake Superior and the Mississippi, and roaming to Macki-
naw, Detroit, and Sandusky, now dwell on the banks of the
Kansas and Missouri.

When peace was at last restored, missions were again begun in
the cantons of the Iroquois, and though interrupted from time to
time by wars, and finally crushed by Enghsh intrigue in 1685,
and by subsequent violence, succeeded in that period in gaining so
many, that the neophytes, retiring to the St. Lawrence, formed
Christian villages, three of which still exist.

About the same time missionaries were sent to the shores of
Lake Superior, to found the Ottawa mission among the Chippe-
ways and Ottawas. The Fathers soon extended their labors to
the Menomqnees, Pottawottamies, Sacs, Foxes, Kikapoos, Mascou-
tins, all Algonquins, to the Winnebagoes, a branch of the g''eat
Dacota family, then to the Miami and IlHnois, the last branches
of the Algic race in the west.

FKENX'II MISSIONS.

127

These missions led to tlie discovery of the MississipjM, and to
the founding of permanent missions among the Illinois, where
Jesuits, KecoUects, and priests from tho Seminaiy of Quebec, la-
bored almost side by side. A mission in Arkansas was tiie most
distant effort made by the Jesuits of Quebec;, but the Seminary
sent its priests to Natchez and Mobile.

AVhen Louisiana was settled, Jesuits were sent from France to
nndert.ike missions on the Lower Mississipjii, and replanting the
cross at Arkansas, announced the faith to the Yazoos, Alabamas,
Choctaws, and Creeks. These new Jesuit missions were not
subject to the Superior at Quebec, but to another at New Orleans.

Such is the scope of the Frencli missions, wliicli may be thus
divided, —

L Tlie Abnaki mission, in Maine ;

n. The Huron mission, in Upper Canada, Michigan, and Ohio ;

III. The Iroquois mission, in New York ;

IV. The Ottawa mission, in AVisconsin and Michigan ;
V. The Illinois mission, in Illinois ; and

VI. The Louisiana mission.

They extend chiefly from 1625 to lVG3, but have all been con-
tinued to the present time. Those of Canada have been the most
accurately chronicled, and of them we possess the most satisfactory
details. The early vSuperiors at Quebec who give them were earn-
est, enterprising men, themselves all inured to missionary labor.
Year by year they sent their apostolic laborers to face death in
every shaj^e as heralds of the cross.

As all obeyed the same Superior, the same missionary will
appear at different times in missions the most distant from each
other ; now laboring amid the snows of Maine, or amid the snow
and ice of Hudson's Bay, then at Sault St. Mary's, or among the
Illinois, on the upland plains of Missouri. Some recalled to Eu-
rope, were sent to end their days in other lands. A missionary

128

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

4" ■

who had visited Albany dies at Martinique, or Macerata, or in St.
Domingo;* another, after instruetinj^ tlie Ilurons by tlieir hike,
passes his remaining days in the dress of a man of letters, win-
ning the children of the celestial empire to the gospel of
truth, or roaming through Tartary, meets a Huron woman,
and pi'oves that Asia and America touch or closely approach
each other.f

The Spanisii missionaries, as we liave seen, first went alone to
found missions in Florida and New Mexico, and failing, adopted
another system, by which each missionary corps consisted of mis-
sionaries with Spanish soldiers, Indians already converted, and
mechanics. In tliis way the missions of New Mexico, Texas, and
California were carried out.

The French plan was ditierent : the missionary planted his cross
among the heathen, and won all that he could to the fiiith, ftnd
whenever he could formed a distinct village of Christians ; but
these villages were never like the missions of the Spanish mis-
sionaries : the French pi-iest left his neophyte free — setting him
no task, building no splendid edifices by his toil. The Spanisii
mission contained its workshops, dormitories, infirmaries, and gra-
naries ; the P'rench mission was a fort against hostile attack, and
inclosed merely the church, mission-house, and mechanics' sheds —
the Indians all living without in cabins or houses, and entering the
fort only in time of danger.

The missions of the Frencli, then, bear a new aspect : tribes
remain tribes — the Indian free in his idolatiy was free as a Chris-
tian. As of the Spanish missionaries, so of the French, every au-
thority beare testimony to their worth ; many were men of eminent
sanctity and devotedness, and America no less than Catholicity
claims them as her heroes.

We cannot forbear citing here some lines written on the fly-loaf

■

* Poncet, BresBnui, Le Mercier.

t Grelon.

FRENX^H MISSIONS.

129

, or in St.
lieir lake,
ttcrs, win-
gospel of
1 woman,
approach

t alone to
^, adopted
ed of mis-
^•ted, and
Fexas, and

of the journal of the Superiors of the Jesuits, and which apply
equally to all the missionary bodies :

" Si vncat nnnalcs nostroriim aiidiro hil)onim,
Ante annos clauso componet Vesper (.)lynipo,
Qiiam primo repctcns ab origiuc rtinjjulu tradam.
Ciuse regio in tcrris nostri tarn plena laboris ?
Dispico sacratas nostroruin ex onlii^c puj^nas
Bellaquc, jam fainu totuni vulgata per orbein,
Et laccro3 artus ambiistaquc corpora flammis.
Juratus prfficlaram Ilnronum exscindero gentcm,
Iroqu»u3 multa vastabat ctcdo colonoa
Ilostibus Decisis, pcssumdedit Algonquinos."

d his cross

faith, And

tians ; but

finish mis-

tting him

3 Spanish

, and gra-

tack, and

' sheds —

Itering the

it: tribes
a Chris-

jvery au-
erainent

^tholicity

K3 flv-lenf

CHAPTER II.

THE ABNAKI MISSION.

The Abnakis— First Jesuit mission under Fatlier Biard— Its difflculties — St Savior's
founded— Its destruction by Argal— Recollect missions— Capucliins— New Jesuit mis-
EJon under Druillettes— His sufferings and success ia Maine — Ilis embassies and later
missions.

The tribe called by the French Abnakis, by the English Taran-
teens, and by the New Yorkers Owenagungas, was one of the
most powerful Algonquin tribes in the east, and occupied the
greater part of the present State of Maine. Less errant than most
of the tribes of the Algic family, they possessed settled villages and
cultivated lands, although at certain seasons all went to fish or
hunt. Although distinguished as wamors, they never were charged
with craelty, while a certain purity of morals and amenity of man-
ners raised them above most of the surrounding tribes.

Port Koyal, now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, had been but just
founded, when projects for the conversion of the natives occupied

130

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

the thoughts of the great Henry IV., who tlien filled the throne
of Fr.nnce. At his suggestion Fatlier Coton, the I'rovincial of the
Jesuits, undertook tlie mission, and selected Fathers I*eter Biard
and Enemond Masse to bo the apostles of New France. Full of
a lioly entliusijism, the two missionaries hastened to Bordeaux in
1008, but found no means of embarking. An evident disposition
existed to prevent their voyage, and in 1610, wo find tliem at
Dieppe, ready to enter the vessel of Potrincourt, the patentee of
I'ort Royal. Here a new difficulty arose : the vessel was owned
in part by two Huguenot merchants, who refused a passage to
members of the hated order, and the two missionaries retired to
the college of Eu. No alternative now remained but to purchase
a vessel, and Lady Guercheville, the protectress of the mission,
having collected at court a suflScient sum, bought of the two mer-
chants their share in the vessel and cargo, and transferring it to
the missionaries as a fund for their support, made them partneis
with Potrincourt. This step, which the malice of their enemies
rendered necessary, was made the occasion of new charges, and,
as we shall see, gave rise to gi'eater diflSculties in America.

Having thus secured a passage, they sailed with Biencourt, a
son of the proprietor, and landed at Port Royal on the 12th of
June, 1611. A French priest, Messire Jesse Fleche, of Langres,
was ah-eady there, but confined himself chiefly to the care of the
colonists, although he baptized, apparently somewhat in liaste, a
number of the natives, and sent an account of it to France.*

On arriving at Port Royal, the two missionaries set to work to
learn the Micmac language, but found none of the French able to
assist them. Fortunately the Sagamore Membertou had learnt
some French, and was anxious to know the doctrines of Christian-
ity thoroughly before he received baptism. In a short time all
his doubts were dissipated, and the missionaries, now conversant

* See a list in Lesoorbot, Nouvelle France.

FUENCH MISSIONS.

131

uitli tlio languji^a^, ho]x;d soon to cuiiveit llie whole tribo; but
tlics*; lioiKis were da«liod by tlu^ unexpected dentil of Menibertou.
Undismayed by the loss, they continued their laboi-s, residing princi-
pally in tho lodges of the Micmacs, or toiling among the colonists,
on whom want began to press. Their position was one of trial :
sacrificing themselves for others, they received at tho hands of Bien-
court, then commanding the settlement, every abuse and indignity.
Although, as we have seen, the missionaries were really partners in
the trade, liiencourt refused them any share in the stores, donied
them even the usual rations, and on their remonstrating against his
conduct, the headstrong boy, for he was only eighteen years of age,
threatened to have them publicly flogged. Despairing now of effect-
ing any good result in such a colony, Biard and Masse resolved to
return to Europe ; but the caprices of Biencourt were not ex-
hausted ; he actually forced them to reland when already em-
barked.* A lay-brother, named Gilbert du Thet, had brought
tliem out supplies, and on his return to Fi'auce, he acquainted the
>hu'chioness de Guercheville, the patroness of the mission, with
the wretched state of the two Fathers, and the wrong done them.
She had ah'eady interested lierself too much to be willing to see
her zealous desiijns thus crushed : she endeavored to make with
] 'otrincourt, the owner of Port Royal, some arrangement which
would leave the missionaiies at hberty to prosecute their labors.
Failing in this, she resolved to found in some other spot a mission
colony. Father Biard had already visited the Kennebec, and
spoke so highly of the country and people, that she chose it for
the site. A patent from the king, and a grant or release from
De Monts, a foraier patentee, were easily obtained. Iler own
property, aided by contributions fi'om the queen and the ladies of
the French court, soon equipped a vessel, which was sent out with
all necessary articles under the command of La Saussaye. On

Lcscarbot, decidedly hostile to the Jesuit^, states this fact.

132

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

nrriviiiif at I'ort Koyal, in Mardi, IGIH, this coinniaiKlor took tlio
two missionaries on lH»ai<I, an<l tliey, with Du Thct and Kathoi's
(^ucntin and Laicfuant, who faiin* with La Saus.sayo, sail»'d tor
Mount lU'scrt Island, at tho mouth of the JV'iiohscot. Thoir pilot,
hy soujo mistako, cani^'d tluMn to tlio oast side of the island.
JIt'n> tliey landed, and havinuj planted a cross, the Fathers otfered
the holy sa<;ritieo of the mass, and takincf possession of tlio island,
founded a mission settlemenr under the name of the Holy Sa-
viour. AVhile the colonists were raisinix a little fort and houses,
Fatlicr Bi.ivd witli Lieutenant La M<»tte le Vilin landed on the
coast, and advanced into the interior of the countiy, in order to
explore it, and if possible ojx'u friendly communications with the
natives. When they at last descned a village, their esirs were
saluted by fearful yells and cries, and supposing it to be a funeral
ceremony, they hastened on, till they met an Indian, who told them
that a child wjis dying. In hopes of arriving in time to baptize
it, the misvsionary ran with all speed, and on reaching the village,
found all ranged in a double line, with the father of the chik; at
the end, holding the little suft'erer in his arms. At every sigh it
uttered, he gave a feaH'ul yell, which taken up and repeated on
either side, produced the noise which had attracted the missionary.
Biard, who with M: se had made some progress in the Algonquin
at Port Royal, advanced to the father, and fiske-l him whether he
was willing to have his child baptized. lie silently laid it in the
arms of the missionary, who, handing it to La Motte, ran for wa-
ter and baptized it, amid the silent wonder of the Indians. He
then knelt and implored the Almighty to vouchsafe some sign of
his power in order to confirm his ministry in the eyes of this blind
but docile people. His prayer was not refnsed. The child, being
now handed over to its mother, was to all appearance well, and
applied its Hps to her breast. So striking a wonder disposed all
to receive the missionaries as men of superior power ; and, grate-
ful to God, with a heart elated by hope, Father Biard returned to

KKKN'OII MISSIONS.

188

St. Savior's. 'I'lic tort was soon t'misli.'d ; t\u; various arficlt-s wrn?
lamlod ; tliose who won* ii(»t to rciiiMiii prepared to «'inl>ark, aii<l
tlio vossol, all roady lor sea, lay at anchor, when a storm arose,
wliicii aniiihilatctj all their hopes.

Some Kiitrlish tishinijf vessels, escorted l»v Arufal, whose name in
Virj^nian annals is int'anioiis tor fraud aixl injustice, wore driven
on the cojust of Maine, and learning that a lOurojK'an settlement
was just bei^un on the island, resolved to surprise it. At the mo-
Uieut of their arnval, the French party were divided : l)e In Saus-
saye and most of his men, with the Fathers, were in the fort. La
Motte, Brother (Jilbeil, and the rest, ou the vessel. Seeinj^ the
Enirlish vessels, to the number of ten, bearini; «lown f»n hiiu, Lii
Motte prepared to defend Inmself; but as the first volley of the
\'iri;inians wounded many on boai'd, he surieinlerevl, tindinc^ liim-
self tt)0 weak to co[)e with the enemy. Ar^'al cami^ on boai'd,
seized De la Saussaye's papers, and summoned tlie fort to surren-
der, which it did. In the eiiLiitij^ement Urother (Jilbert du Tliet
liad been mortally wounded ; he was taken ashore and expired the
next dav, after havini; received the last sacraments, with meat con-
stancy, resignation, and devotion in the cause of God for the great
favor accorded him. He was buried at the f(X>t of the cross, and
with him were buried the hopes of the mission.

In this happy death Du Thet's fondest wish was realized, for,
says Biard, " on departing from Ilonfleur, in the presence of the
whole crew, he raised his hands and eyes to heaven, praying God
that he might never return to Fiance, but might die laboring for
the conquest of souls, and the salvation of the Indians."*

Argal resolved to break up the whole establishment : he ac-
cused Saussaye of piracy, and as he could not produce his com-
mission, threatened to hang him. His fii-st intention was to carry
all ctff, but he finally allowed La Motte and some others to depart,

* Biard, Kelatiou dc la Nouvelle France, de ses terres, naturel du pais
et de ses habitants, etc. p. 235.

AMEKICAN CATHOLIC MlSfcilONS.

li '

aixl iii.ikt' their way, as lu-st they mi,i(ht, to Tort lloyal. Tlic
ivst, iiicludiiij^ Father l>ianl and two otlior .Ifsuits, he carried oil'
to \'ir;(iina, althoui^h lie had |troiiiised to seinl them to Franco.
The (Jovcnior of N'iry^iiiia, Sir Thomas l)ale, on tlio represt'ntations
of Argal, was ahuut to j»ut. them to deatli as |)irat«'s, hut, loarniiiLf
tlic trutli, sent Ariral l>ack to destroy Port Jiovai. ile took his
prisoners with him, and heiiiLj informed by sonic of tlio Kreneh at.
tliat post that r»iard was a Spaniard, resolved to have liiin executed
under the Knglish pi-nal laws; hut on his return his vessels were
scattered by a storm : that iK-arini; the missionaries was driven tt»
the Azores, and there, in a Catholic port, without a coriiniission,
the captain found himself at the mercy of Father l>':iid, who, far
from seeking to avencje his wrongs, made no appeal to the l*ortu-
guose authorities. The vessel finally reached England, whence
]iiard returned to France.*

St. Savior's was now a ruin — the broken cross alone remained
above the body of J)u Thet to guard that land for Catholicity ; all
was silent — no hymn, no voice of prayer; no savages reclaimed for
iiod and society were gathered there. Thus the first Abnaki njis-
sion was crushed in its very cradle by men who founded a colony
in which the gospel was never announced to the aborigines.f

* Peter Binrd was a native of Grenoble, in the south of France. Ho
was a man of learning and ability. After his return to France li> 'oceanic
professor of thcolofry at Lyons, and fiiuvUy died at Avignon, on the 17th of
November, 1<)22, being at the time a chaplain in the army.

Enemond Masse was born in ir)T-i, and entered the Society of Jesus at the
age of twenty-two. "When sent to America he was pocius of Father Cotoii,
the celebrated Provincial. After CbCiiping from Argal he returned to France,
nnd did all in his power to restore the mission, exciting the zeal of the
younger members of his order by his description of the vast field from
which he had been torn. In 1625, the mission was ro&tored, and he to his
joy returned to Canada, where he labored unremittingly among tlio Algon-
quins and Montagnais, till Quebec was taken in 1620, and he once more be-
came a prisoner. In 1633, however, he was again sent to Canada, and re-
mained till his death, May 12, 1646.

t Champlain, liv. iii. ch. i. (cd. 1603, p. 98); .louvency, Hist. Soc. Jcsu,

FHKXCH MISSIONS.

135

Sonic years nfl»r tlio ih'soiation of St. Savior's, .soino liccollccts,
or lu'f'ornu'tl Franciscans, of the jM'ovinco of A<niitainc, l»cpm (in
iOl!)) a niis.-tion in Acadi.i. Tlicir ciiicf station was on tlic St.
JoliiTs Kivor, and, accordini; to I'atlicr I.o Clon'q, tlicy lu'ijan cer-
tain Indian missions, for wliicli lie retei's to tlicir own |»uMislicd
acconnt, n work of wlii<;li no coiiy is known to exist in this coun-
trv or tho large libraries of Kurope. Wo know merely that'ono
of their ninnbor, Father Sebastian, visite<l (>2***''"^tN »"*' snbse-
qiieiitly died of hunnfcr or by accident while on bis way fn)m Mis-
con to I'ort Koyal ; and that in IG'24, three other Fatheix, .lames
de la Foyer, I^ouis Fontinier, and .lames Cardon, abandoned their
mission, and joineil the iiect)llects of Quebec ;* but three Uecollects
were sent to I.a Tour's colony by Tufet in 1G.30, and these were
still at their old posts in 1G33, to serve the French, and convert
the Indians.!

Some Capuchins, who wore afterwards stationed on the coast
as chaplains to Fiench ])osts, had a convent on the Penobscot, and
a hospice on the Kennebec, but we are not aware that they ever
attemj)ted any Indian missions.|

Many veai-s after the eti'ort of liiard, an accident recalled the
Jesuits to that coast. In 1042, tliere existed on the banks of the
St. Lawrence a reduction or missionary station, St. Joseph's or
Siller}-, founded by the pious and excellent commander, Noel r3ru-
lart de Sillery, where the Jesuits had gathered many Algonquins and
Montagnais, who, from their love of the faith, gave up their wan-
diM-ing life to till tho ground, and reside near their pastoi's.§

p. 324 ; Lcscarbot, 663-631 ; De Laet, Nov. Orbia, 59 ; Rel. 1646, p. 37 ; Bres-
pani, Kelation abregec, 174; Litt. Ann. 1611-3.

* Le Clcrc, EstabliBsement de la Foi, vol. i. ch. 5.

+ Cliamplain (ed. 1632), p. 282.

X C'hiirlcv. i. 435; Rcis, 1646, 50; Crcuxius, 483; Jesuit Journal.

? It owed its name and foundation to Noel Krulart do Sillery, Knight of
Malta, who, after a brilliant life at the court of Louis XII., bcoanic a model
of sanctity after the jubilee of 1625, and embracing the clerical state six

186

AMf:iUCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Among the noblest of the neophytes, who renewed at Silleiy all
tlie puiity and sanctity of the primitive churcli, and made it the
elysium of Canada, was Charles Meiaskwat. In 1642, some Abna-
kis were taken by a party of pagan Algonquins, and thongh well
known not to be enemies, and easily recognized by their language
as members of the same great Algic family, were treated with every
])os5ible cruelty. To lescue them, Charles and Nicolet, an early
explorer of the west, started in all luuste from Sillery : Nico)et per-
ished in a rapid, Meiaskwat reached his pagan countrymen in time
to save their victims, and brought them back in holy triumph to
Sillery, where then existed a Hospital of tlie Nuns, now at Quebec.
Here the poor Abnakis were received, and soon cured of all their
wounds. When sufficiently recovered, one set out for his native
village, armed, equipped, and supplied with provisions, and, more-
over, not alone, but attended by Charles Meiaskwat. That excel-
lent man reached the Kennebec, visited the English at Coussinoc,
now Augusta, and everywhere so extolled the greatness of the
Christian doctrine and its sublime promises, that many were filled
with a desire to know it thoroughly, and see it in its practical
workings. One sagamo, or chief, accompanied Meiaskwat to
Quebec, and, after instruction, embraced the faith.* Othei's fol-
lowed his example, and in a few yeai*s each Abnaki village could
count several Christians. At last two sagamos came on Assump-
tion-day to ask for Black-gowns to instmct the tribe. They were
joyfully and graciously received by the governor, Montmagny, a
knight of Malta, and zealous for the spread of religion. • As soon
as the peace with the Iroquois, in 1646, gave the Jesuits a breath-
ing-spell, Father Gabriel Druillettes was sent to the Kennebec, at

years later, gave himself entirely to good works. Sillery was begun in 1637.
Bressani, p. 300.

* Relation de ce qui s'est passe dans les missions de la Nouvellc Franco
es nnnces, 1642-3, p. 15-70. These volumes are the annual reports of tlic
Superiors at Quebec, and will be quoted constantly. See O'Callaghau's
" Jesuit Relations." _

FRENCH MISSIONS.

137

the same time that Father Isaac Jogiies was sent to tlio Mohawk.*"
As this new mission had been iisked for on the feast of that name*
it took the title of the xVssumption.f Tlie missionary set out on the
29th of August, attended by Noel Negabamat and a j^arty of In-
dians, and soon reached the Kennebec, though the journey was one
of pain and hardship. All gathered around him with joyful wel-
comes, for the Abnakis are a docile people, and quite susceptible
of goo<.l impressions. Further acquaintance confirmed their esteem ;
the missionary shared their poor fare without a sign of discontent,
bore every hardship in travelling with gayety and cheeifulness, and
in their hour of plenty took his own portion to the sick. To learn
their dialect was his first care, and in two or three months he was
better able to convei"se than Algonquins who had been long
amongst them.J

God gave a wonderful blessing to the instructions of F. Druil-
lettes : the Abnakis listened with joy, and many sought baptism,
but the missionary prudently deferred it, granting that precious
boon only to the dying. A league above the p]nglish post the na-
tives had built him a chapel of boards. This was his central sta-
tion, and here, after many instructions, he called upon then-, as a
preliminary to their reception as catechumens, to do three thi iigs —
1st, To renounce intoxicating liquors; 2d, To live in peace with
their neighbors ; and 3d, To give up their medicine bags, drums,
and other supei^stitious objects. To these demands they all agreed.

* Journal of the Superior of tlie.Tosnits, MS. The stitne resolution in coun-
cil irave birth to the Iroquois and Abnaki missions — both still in existence.

t Kclation, lG-i6.

X As a specimen of their languafrc we annex the Our Father, as given l)y
the Picpusian Edmund Deinilier, Ann. Prop. viii. lyT :

''Keniitanksena spomkik ayan waiwaiselmoguatch ayiliwisian amantai
pahriwai witawaikai ketepelta inohauganeek aylikitankouak ketclailtanio-
liuniraii spomkik tali yo nampikik paitchi kik tankouataitchc n)auiilinai yo
paimi gliistrak daitaskiskouai aipouiiuiia yopa hatehi anaihail tama wihaikai
kaissikakau wihiohiikaipan aliuiona kisi anaihailtamakukaik kaikauwia kai-
taipanik mosak kaita litehi kitawikaik taini)amohoutohi saghihouncminamai
ou lahami^takai saghihousouaminni niamaitchikill, Nialcst.

138

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

The English, witnesses of the good h'; Juid ah'eady accomplished,
hailed F. Druillettes as a true friend of humanity, although at tlui
moment Plymouth was passing a cruel law against liis order and
profession.. Father Ignatius de Paris, supeiior of the Capuchins ou
the Kennebec below, met him with a warm welcome. When tin;
Indians went to Moose Head Lake to hunt, Druillettes accompanied
them ; his catechumens gathered around him, and though tli«.'
medicine-men declared that the followers of the Black-gown wouM
be taken by the Iroquois and find no deer, they returned safe and
well, loaded with venison, lie continued his labors and \4sits to
sick and well till the month of May, the period fixed for his return.
Then he announced his departure. A general grief prevailed.
"Thou grievest our minds to talk of thy going, and the uncertaint\
of thy return." " We must say," said othei^s, " that Father Gabriel
does not love us : he does not cai'c, though we shall die, as ho
abandons us." The grief of the missionaiy was not less h,, docile
to the voice of obedience, he set out with a party, and . 1 id
Quebec in June.*

Charmed by tlie happiness they had enjoyed, the Abnakis sent
in September for their missionary, and again in the twofol'jwinijf
years ; but were unable to obtain him, so limited was the number
of missionaries for the stations then under their charge.f In 1C50,
their assiduity and fervor was rewarded by success, and Dniillettes
set out with a party on the last day of August, although just re-
turned from a long wintering at the mouth of the St. Lawrence,
and spent with fatigue. Besides his missionary duties, he was now

i i

I :!

* Relation, 1647, p. 176; Journal Superiors. J.

+ The opposition of the Capuchins was another reason. They had received
hill) kindly, and, in 1648, Father Coamas dc Mante, the Superior, wrote to
cnoous-afro him (Relation, 1650-1, p. GS); yet, by an entry in the Journal of
the Superior of the Jesuits, it is stated that the Abnakis, who came July
3-4, 1647, brou<?ht a letter from the Capuchins, asking that he should not re-
turn, and thoy declined for that reason. Before the second mission of Druil-
lettes the Capuchins had been carried oflf by De la Tour.

FRENCn MISSIONS.

139

an envoy of the governor of Canada to the New England colonies,
^vllich had proposed a kind of union, to which the French gov-
cinor acceded, provided the New Englandei's would aid Canada
ngainst the Iroquois. On his way to the Kennebec he sution'<l
greatly : the guides, in attempting to shorten the route, lost it, and
the party wandered about till their provisions were all consumed,
'riifv ascribed their final success in hunting only to the prayers of
! Muillettes, who otl'ered up the holy sacrifice to draw down the
mercy of God, and obtained, as he often did, relief which seems
truly miraculous. That good missionary sutiered not only from
want, but also from the brutality and ill treatment of an Etchemin
Indian in the party, who, nursed by Father Druillettes in sickness,
repaid his charity by the blackest ingratitude. At last, after four-
and-twenty days of hardship, they reached Norridgewalk, the chief
Abnaki village. All the tiibe were forthwith in motion, and, amid
a volley of fireamis, the chief embraced the missionaiy, crying :
" I see well that the Great Spirit, who rules in the heavens, deigns
to look favorably on us, since he sends us back our patriarch."
Universal joy prevailed : men, women, children, all sought to ex-
press their happiness at the missionary's return. A banquet was
spread in every cabin, and he was forced to visit all. " We have
thee, at last," they cried ; " thou art our father, our patriarch, our
countryman. Thou livest like us, thou dwellest with us, thou art
an Abnaki like us. Thou bringest back joy to all the countiy.
We had thought of leaving this land to seek thee, for many have
died in thy absence. We were losing all hopes of reaching heaven.
Those whom thou didst instruct, peifonued all they had learnt,
but their heart was weaiy, for it sought and could not find thee."

On every side he heard gentle reproaches : here a father led him
to the cross-covered grave of his children, whom he had baptized
in death, yet feared that ho had erred, and that they would not
enjoy eternal Ufe.

After giving a few days to these joys and sorrows, Father Di*uil-

140

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

lettes descended to Coussinoc, and announced to the English agent
his poHtical mission, and, liaving ])aid occasional visits to his flock,
was at last, in November, coasting along past Cai)e Ann to Boston
harbor. Amid the homes of the Puritans, the son of Loyola wa^^
well received, and at Koxbury, Elliott, devoted like himself to the
conversion of the Indians,* invited him to pass the winter under his
hospitable roof; but rest was not a part of tlie Jesuit's life. Ilis
Abnakis called him, and by February he was back among them,
and engaged in his missionary toils.f " In spite of all that is pain-
ful and crucifvinfj to nature in these missions, there are also," he
writes, " gi-eat joys and consolations. More plenteous than I can
express are those I felt, to see that the seed of the gospel which I
had scattered here four veare ago, in land which for so many cen-
turies had produced only thorns and brambles, already bore fruit
so worthy of the Lord."

The gieat mass of his former catechumens had persevered, and
had communicated what they had learnt to others : a few months'
instruction prepared them for baptism, which he could now give
without scruple, after the trial which they had passed. In June,
1651, he returned for two weeks to Quebec, and after a second
official visit to ]3oston, continued his labors on the Kennebec till
March, 1G52, when, after much hardship and suftering, he reached
Quebec. Nothing could exceed the devotedness of the Indians to
their missionary. When an Enjoflishman accused Druillettes of
speaking against his nation, the Indian chiefs repaired to Coussinoc,
and declaring the accusation to be false, warned them not to attack
their patriarch, even in words. Extolling his sanctity and devoted-
ness, they exclaimed : " Know that he is now of our nation ; we

* It is wortliy of remark that tlie Indians, to whom Elliott first preached,
wore not iirnorant of Christiunity, and tlie New England missionary ascribed
the knowledge they possessed to some French priest, shipwrecked on
the coast. See his Life by Convers Francis.

+ Druillette's Narre d'nn voyage, &c., MS., New York Hist. Coll. I, ii".

FRENCH MISSIONS.

141

have adopted him into the tribe, and regard liim as the wisest ot"
our chiefs; we respect him as the ambassador ot* Jesus. Wlio-
cvcr attacks him, attacks all the Abnaki tribe.''*

The faith had thus been phuited among the Abnakis ; but the
destruction of the Ilurons, the death and recall of manv of the mis-
sionaries, rendered it impossible to send a successor of DruilK'ttes to
the Kennebec. In 1G50, lie was sent, with Father (Jarreau, to
found a mission on Lake Superior ; but when that project was
ruined bv the death of (iarreau, slain near Montreal bv the mur-
(l(;rous Inxjuois, Father Druillettes was again sent to .Nhiine, and
wintered with his neophytes; but in the following spring took a
tinal leave of them, and, as we shall subseijuently see, spent most
of ills remaining yeai*s in far distant missions.f

Two yeare after, when the holy Bishop Laval and the veteran
superior Jerome Lalemant gave a new impulse to the Indian mis-
sions, Fathers of the Society of Jesus were again sent to the lodges
of the Abnakis to break to them the bread of life ; but these mis-
sions were not permanent, and for years no tidings reach us.

* Relation, 1651-2, p. 2, 3. Josuit Journal, Murcli 30, 1652.

+ Relation, 1656-7. Father Gabriel Druillettes was born in the year 1593.
lie embarked at Kochellc with Garreau and Chabanel in May, 1643, and after
;t >tonny voyage arrived on the 15th of August. Sent the next year to winter
with the Algonquins, he completely lost his sight, but recovered it in a most
woiulerful manner while offering up Mass for liis recovery. From this time
he was constantly with the Montagnais, the Algonquins, Kristineaux, Papina-
ciiois, and Abnakis. In 1656, he set out for the west with Garreau, but the
mission was defeated. In 1661, accompanied by Dablon, he attempted to roach
Hudson's Bay by land, but was compelled to return. After instructing Mar-
quette, in 1666 he followed him to the west, and, though broken by age and
intirmity, labored at or near Sault St. Mary's till 167l>. He then returned to
^iuobcc. and died there on the 8th of April, 16S1, at the age of 88, nearly
lorty of which he had spent on the Canada mission. A man of fifty when ho
came, he sutfered more than most oven of his companions ; " while his extreme
zeal for the conversion of souls, and the great talent God had given for laii-
ffiuifircs, made him one of our best missionaries," says a contemporary; and
< harlevoix, after relating one of the many miracles ascribed to him, says that
('od had rendered him powerful in word and work. For his Life, see I'aris
l>'^o., Boston, iii. 21 ; N. Y. Hibt. Soe. II. iii ; Charl. i. 310, and the Relations.

CHAPTER III.

ABNAKl MISSION (CONTINUED.)

Abnokls at Sillery— Bigot founds the CliaudiOrc mission— Tlic Bipots in Maine— Tliury
at IVnobscot — Fatlier Simon on tlio St John's — Fervor of tlio Neopliytos — Tiie .li'suit.s
— Ualo and liis mission — Deatli of Thury— New mission of St. Francis— Attempts on
liuio's life— Mission of Bocancour — Wrongs of the Indian — Cruel murder of Hale.

Ox the failure of the ecclesiastical autlionties to keep up regular
pastoi-s for the converted Indians in Maine, the Jesuits sought to
draw the Christian Abnakis to Sillery, which was now greatly
reduced by war and sickness. Here the men of the Kennebci;
mingled Avith the surviving Algonquins, and soon made it an
Abnaki mission. As the soil was nearly exhausted. Father Janics
Bigot looked out for a new site : a charitable lady in France, the
Marchioness de Bauche, became the foundress ; and a charming
spot was purchased in 1G83 at the falls of the Chaudiere, one of
the most beautiful cataracts in Canada, where the mission of St.
Francis de Sales soon rose. Many settled here, and at last all
removed to it in 1685, with their missionaries, Fathers Bigot mihI
Gassot ; and Sillery, which had been for nearly half a centuiy a
refuge of the Algic church, was deserted.* In spite of many
accidents, the destmction of their new church, the loss of their
chapel furniture and other misfortunes, this mission flourished and
amply repaid the zeal of the missionaries,! who, however, soon had
to struijorle with a sickness which desolated their flock. The tender

* Tiic walls of the chapel of Sillery were still standing thirty years atro;
ami the foundations of that edifloc, the hospital, and niis.sion-house may still
be found on the ground occupied by the olKcos and sheds of Mr. Le Mtsii-
ricr, at the foot of the hill, opposite the residence of Judge Caron. — ForhMul,
Notes surLes Rcgistrcs do Notro Dame do Ciucbeo, p. 28.

\ Letter of F. Jus. Bigot, October 6, 1<5S4.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

143

piety, zeal, and desire of amendment in the Indians, render the
account of the Fathers most touching.*

About the time of this removal, or shortly prior to it, the two
Fathers Bigot had attempted to restore the mission of Father
I )ruillettes, but were opposed by the Fishery company, which had a
monopoly of the coast, (iovornor Denonvillc, however, saw the
injustice of yielding to the avarice of these merchants, and in a
incnioir to the court insisted on restoring the Jesuit misvsion.f Tn
1G88, Father Bigot re''-"»T^d his laboi"s on the Kennebec, while
Tliuiy, a priest of the dicoese of Quebec, a man of ability and tact,
f^ooii gathered around him a numerous and fervent band of neo-
jiliytes at Panawaniskc, on the I'enobscot, under the protection of
tile Baron St. Castine, find not long after, the Recollect, Father
Simon, governed a more distant mission at Medoktek, near the
mouth of the St. John's. Though missions were thus established in
all the Abnaki towns, new difliculties ai'ose. Their territory was
a disputed ground between the French and pjiglish, and the Abna-
kis, attached to the fonner by a common faith and former acts of
kindness and good-will, were embittered against the latter by
wrongs and oppression sustained at their hands. War soon broke
out, and the missionaries, often in jeopardy, ivmained manfully at
their posts, inculcating mercy in wai', as well as every other Christian
viitue. Sometimes they accompanied the war-parties as chaplains,
at others they remained with the women and children. We may
judge of the fervor of their neophytes by the fact that when the
braves of Panawaniske set out to attack Fort l*enKpiid,in 1 089, they
all approached the sacraments with their wives and children, that
the latter might raise pure hands to heaven, while they were in
deadly combat with the enemies of their race and faith. l)uring
the whole period of the expedition a jwrpetual rosaiy w as estab-
lished, not even the time of meals interrupting so edifying an
exercise.J

* Letter of same, 1685. t Charlcv. ii. 376. t C'harlev. i. -llfi.

144

AMERICAN iJATlIOLIC MISSIONS.

Such w{Ls the flock of tlic excellent Thiin', and the Indians of
the Jesuit stations were not, wo are told, at all inferior in piety and
devotion to the neophytes of the zealous priest of the seminary of
Quebec. Besides the two Bigots, scions of the noble house of the
Viscounts Bigot, there labored fioni time to time on these Jesuit
missions. Father Julian Binncteau, Joseph Aubery, Peter de l;i
CliHsse, Sebastian Hale, Stephen Lauvergat, and Loyard ; but of
their labors, their trials, their hardships and success, time has spared
us few details.

Father Rale, long the terror of the New Englanders, is the best
known of these. Stationed first at the Chaudiore village, then in
the Illinois country, we find him from 1095 at Norridgewalk en-
gaged in duties which were his only thought, till his death satis-
fied a political hatred. The site of his mission, now called Indian
Old Point, is a sequestered spot on the Kennebec, where nature, in
all her charms, still arrests the attention of the traveller. Rale is
not the apostle of the Kennebec. At his ariival the Abnakis wore
almost, if not quite, all converted, and had a small but well-built
church. For a part of the year, the missionary and his flock re-
mained at the village ; but when the crops had been sown, thov
repaired to the seacoast to fish : a travelling tent, like Israel's tab-
ernacle, being their chapel on the way, and a bark cabin receiving
it on the shore. In like maimer the winter was spent in hunting,
either on the coast or in the mountains.

Soon after beginning his labors here. Rale beheld a new tribe
approach his mission. The Amalingans came to ascertain the
truth of what they had lieard. Struck by all that they saw
at the mission, they solicited instruction, listened to his teach-
ing, and embraced the faith when, at the next season, he visited
their camp. Thenceforth they and the Abnakis seem to have coa-
lesced.

On the third of June, 1G99, Thury died among his forest chil-
dren, I'egretted bv all who knew him. His loss wa.s felt to bo a

I'llKXCIl MISSIOXS.

145

s»'Vero blow, not onlv on accontit of his laboi's as a z<*alous and al)lo
nii.^sionarv, but also of tlie credit whidi his virtue and disinti'iostod-
Mt'ss gave tlio mission.*

TiiujT was succeeded at Penobscot by ^[essrs. Gauhn and Ti;i-
p'ot, both of the Seminary of the Foieiun Missions, who were in
JVnobscot till 1708. In that year the mission was transferred to
tiie Jesuits, who thus had the direction of all the missions in
Maine.f

Meanwhile the mission on the St. Lawrence flourished under the
care of its founders, the Uiu^ots ; i»utas the location on the bjinks
of the Chaudiere was found inconvenient, the Abnakis, altera res-
idence of ten or twelve years at that beautiful and most rf»mantic
spot, removed in 1700 ib the spot which they still occupy, J?ivin<^
it the name of their patron saint, Francis de Sales.J This villafi^e,
in conseouence of the v.ar;-, ?oon increased bv emiijfration from
Maine, and is that which poured the St. Francis* Indians on the
New England frontier.

We come down now to the war of l7o.'i, a contest between
Kiii^land and P'rance, which involved their colonies in a desolatinij
war. New England, which had just passed an act condenming
the CathoHc missionaries to imjjrisonment for life, sought their
mediation to obtain neutrality on the part of the Abnakis. Fail-
ing in this, they resolved to make them atone for jdl, and sought

* Peter Thury w.as born at Bayoiix, ordained priest at Quebec, December
'21, 1077, and soon became a member of the Seminary of the Foreiffu Mis-
sions. Manifestinff a ereat desire to lal)or among tlu5 Indians, he was sent
by Bisliop Laval to Acadia in 1084, and, after oxplorintr the state of tho
country, befran amission at St. Croix in 10^,'. At the earnest request of St.
C'astinc he was sent to tlie Penobscot in lGs7, and thougli removed, it is said,
for a time, Anally died at last among liis neophytes, as stated in tlio text.
— Memoir on the Acadian Missions of the Priests of tho Foreign Seminary at
tiuebf'c, by the Kev. E. A. Taschercau.

+ Same Memoir. Mr. Gaulin reached (.iucboc in September, 170-i, with
most of his Indians, who returned to Maine in the following spring.

t De la Potherie, i. P>0'J ; Bouvart, Mf.vnoir. (Jcs. Arcliives, Canada.)

146

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

pspccially thf blo»Ml of l{al<'. In I7<^5,ji [tarty ofXew Englandoi-s
under C'a])tain lliltou, roaclaMl Nurriilijewalk, Itiirnt tlio churcli
and villa<^«', and profaning (lie sanctuary, withdrew. The Indians
woro al>H'nt at the time oi' this valiant attark, but on their return
<|ui(kly raised a bark ehajK-l to replace their handsome church.
Soon after, their beloved missionaiy, on a painful journey, fell and
broke both leijs. On his recover}' he returned to liis mission,
though doul)ly exposed to danger, for the English had oti'ered a
leward fur his head, and used evt-rv effort to induce the Indians to
betray him ; but the Abnakis were laithful, and all the expeditions
against this mis>ion failed. The peace of ITtrecht in 1Y13 at last
restored })eace, but ceded that territory to England. On this somi>
of the Abnakis resolved to emigrati>, and ])roceeded to IkH'ancour
on the St. Lawrence ; the greater part, however, resolved to re-
main, and Father Kale prej)ared to rebuild his church. As r>os-
ton was nearerthan Quebec, a deputation of chiefs went to ask
for workmen, whom they promised to pay. The governor, eager
to gain them, offered to rebuild their church at his own expense,
if they would dismiss their missionary, and take one of his choice.
Indignant at this, the Indian speaker replied : " When you first
came here, you saw me long K-tbre the French governors, but nei-
ther your predecessore nor your ministers ever spoke to me of
prayer or the (.Jreat Spirit. They saw my furs, my beaver and
moose skins, and of this alone they thought ; these alone they
Bought, and so eagerly that I have not been able to supply theni
enough. When I had much, they were my friends, and only then.
One day my canoe missed the route ; I lost my path, and wan-
dered a long way at random, until at last I landed near Quebec,
in a great village of the Algontpiins, where the Black-gowns were
teaching. Scarcely had I arrived, when one of them came to see
me. I was loaded with f'ui's, but the Black-gown of France dis-
dained to look at them : he spoke to me of the Great Spirit, of
heaven, of hell, of the prayer, which is the only way to reach

FRENCH MISSIONS.

147

lio.ivcn. 1 lieanl liim uitli jdc.-isuri', ainl was >(» di-linlitt'tl l.v liis
words, that I ivinainod in tlio village near him. At last tiic piaycr
itlcascMl iiK', and I a^ked to ho instructed ; I solicited baptism, and
received it. Then I returned to tlu; lodges of my trihe, and re-
lated all that had happened. All envied my iiappiness, and wished
to partake it: tliey, too, went to the IJlack-LCowii to he l>aptiz«.'d.
'llius iiave the French acted. Ilatl you s[)oken to uic of tiie prayer
us soon as >ve met, I should now Ix^ so uidiai>|iy as to pray like
vou, for I could not havt* told wliether your ]>rayer was good or
bad. Now T hold to the prayer of thti French ; I agree to it ; I
shall be faithful to it, even until the earth is burnt and destroyed.
Keep your men, your gohl, and your minister : I will go to my
l-i.Mifh father."' The church wjis ac(!ordinglv rebuilt by the
French, though little chapels were subsecpientiy raised by English
wDiknien in 1721.

This p«'riod <)f peace enabled the missionai'ies in the various
villages to resume their labors without further fear or danger, both
in Maine and Canada. The troubles with New England were
not, however, at an end. The English constantly encroached, and
the Indians in vain <lemanded a reservation lino. This was re-
tiwd. At a conference held at (leorgetown, in 1717, Governor
Shute, says an American author, evinced "his inferiority^ to those
whom we denominate savages, in all the essential qualities of a
man, in vigor of sentiment, force of eloquence, in politeness of
niatniei-s," and, it nuw be added, in honesty, for " he oflered them
a liible with the same hand with which he grasped their lands."
ITe left the Rev. Mr. Baxter, a Protestant clergyman, at Ports-
nioulh, to begin a rival mission, but with all his zeal the new mis-
sionary, after a few months' trial, failing to seduce the Catholics,
auil having drawn on himself a controversy with liale, abandoned
th.' unpromising field, and returned to more comfortable quarters,
whence he continued to argue with Rale on theology and Latin.

Soon at\er this, the Indians in several parts were seized and de-

AMKIUCAN C'ATIIOI.KJ MISSIONS.

I"..

taiiicil, Mini .-iikiiIkt w.'ir s('<'iii«'il iimninciit. I'lillu-r Tharlrvoix
wrott.' to tlu' LTovcniiiKiit in I'Vaiicf, cariit'stlv uiifiiiLf tli»' settle-
iiierit ol' u «l<'llhilo l)(»uiitlai\. "Tin; least delay," savs he ''iiiav
lea«l to iirejtarable ie.sult.s." The P'reiieli i^fovermiieiit wished tn
remove the Indians to Trinee Kdward's, hut were assured hv th.-
Superior, !)«• la Chasse, that tlit^ |»Ian was iinpracticahle. Thf
missions were meanwhile surruun<led hv tlie Kii'dish : several lain-
ilies of the latter were near Niirridu'ewallv, and Jiale durst not op-
])os«' their encroaeiiments. Father Lauverijat at I'anawanisko was
in the same position, under the very cannon of Fort remquitl.*
Ill si»ite, however, t>f his itrudeiiee. Father Kale heeaine ol»no.\i(»us

i»

to the Kiiijlish, who, atU-r sciziiiir several Indian chiefs, resolved on
a second attempt to se(;ure tli<' missionary. A party of 230 nicii
under (.'olonel Westhrook was sent ai^aiiist Xt>rridi:;ewalk, in tli.'
fall of IT'J'J, in hopes of lindinu; jiiin alone, for it was the huiil-
intr season. They were not mistaken : a few old men and inva-
lids were the only oecuiJantsof the village. Fortunately, however,
the Kni^jlish as they enti'ied the Kennebec were seen hy two youiii;
braves, who tracked them far enough tt» 1h> sure of their desin;n,
then hastened on to ^ive the alarm. The missionary had barely
time to consume the hosts in the tabeinach', and strike into the
woods with the altar vessels : he had now been lonira cripple, and
without snow-shoes could not flee far. When the F^iii^lish found
tliat he was gone, they ]tursue«l him, but by the will of (Jod passed
by liim as he lay behind a tree, without ever discovering him.
Failing in their great object, they pillaged his chundi and cabin,
carrying oil' every thing, even his chests, papers, ^ekstand, and
among the rest, his now celebrated Abnaki dictionary .+ He wa^^

* rimrlovoix, Memoiro sur IcHlimiteado rAcadio, Oct. 1720. Paris Poc,
Boston, vii. 2-2.

t This Dictioiiar}' has since l)con roff.inlcd as one of the most pvocions
remains of the early pliilulojrieal hibors on tlio Indian lanjruaL'os. T!io
oriijinftl is still j)rescrveil with the trrcatest care in the safe of the library
of Ilarvaril College, and it was carefully published in the first volume of the

FUENCII MlSrilOXrf.

141)

now cx|)f>scMl t<» <lii' of starvation in ilic woods, and untlt'i'woiit
i,n('at Mitl't'riii;^ Ixfor*' rt'li«'t' icaclicd liiiii tr<>iu (^iichcc.*

'lliis last uutraLT"' rons<'d tin* Indians to war : tlic iifi' of tlio
di'voti.'*! missionary was in (•<»nstant itt-ril, and iiis ttK)d was cliictlv
Mi'orns, tor linntini,^ and tillai;<' wfic hotli intfrrujitcd, and littlo
<'orn was raised. Notiiinj^ conld «'XC('«'d tlic solicitndc ot' tin* In-
dians tor his sat'ffv, oxcrpt Iiis liddifv to remain and sharo tliuir
jieril ; tor tli<tUL;ii uri^cd to ntiro to (^ntdtt-c, he r«j»lifd : '* Mv
nitasurcs art; takt-n : dod lias committcil this tlock to mv can',
and I will sharo its lot- too ha|)|ty, if )• •rmittrd to sai-rilico my lifo
t'oi' it." With th(i a))ostl«', !io cxclaimtd, " I foar nouv of these
things, nt'ilhcr do I count m;. lilc i;iorc precious than myself, so
tliat I may consummate i.iy con: *, and •■ f ministry of the word
wliicii I roi'eivcd from the Lord Jcsu-*' I'orccd rapid marches
Were now his dailv lot, and he was ootistantiv v " h the main hod v
uf the trihe Jis the oidy plac*; o! sal *ty, tlittiii^C tiom jilaee to place
as they attacked or retiivd.

So much were tlu'se missions i-ednced, thai Kathei' Koyard, who
liad apparently succeeded Father Simon on the St. John's, went to
Kur«»pe in 1723, to solicit aid :'« r the poor Ahnakis, whose only
otfence was a preference for Catholicity and the French. On his
return he infused a new spirit into \\U people, and the war went
oil, I'eace was spoken of l>v the iMiglish in 1724, but before
coiidudini; it, they resolved to make a last etl'ort «>n the life of
Father liale, the gre ili ; object of their clesires.f On the 23d of
August, 1724, a small force of Knglisji an<l some ^[ohawks sud-

ncw scries of tl i Memoirs of the American Aoiulcmy of Arts and Sci-
ences, p. .370. Tlic oriu'inal Ibrms a fpiarto ot' 'J-'O i>ai,'cs, tlioiij,')! all are
not written on; it was begun by him in IG'Jl, and received constant addi-
tions down to its loss.

* Hale's letter, 17-J2; Vaudrcuirs letter, IStli Oct. 1722 : Paris Doc, Bos-
ton, vil. 11:',.

+ -See ill Dr. 1 raneis' Lifo of lialo the resolutions uud expeditions in 1720,
1721. 17-J2. 17 ■. and 1724.

150

AMEIIICAX CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

1 J'
i

denly emerged from the tliiclc copse wliicli suiTounded tlie iinde-
fcndi'd village, and as soon as they came in view, tiieir volleys,
rattling through the hark cabins, aroused the unsuspecting in-
mates. All Avas consternation ; the women and children lied ;
the braves who had linircred in the villarje, seized their arms, and
rushed forward to meet and check the foe ; but the devoted mis-
sionary was the fust to appear. He luid been warned of the ene-
my's approach, but believing it impossible at this season, liad
inducecl his tlock to attach no credit to the report. Now fatally
undeceived, lie came forth, conscious that he alone was the object
of their liate, and lioping by the sacrifice of his own life to save
his flock. Indeed, no sooner had he reached the mission cross,
than a shout arose, and a volley, awakening anew tlie echoes of
the forest, laid him dead at the foot of that symbol of redemption.
Seven chiefs who had gathered around him shared his fate. The
Indians fled, and the victoi's wreaked their fury on the corj)se of
the aged missionary, whi(;h was hacked and mangled; his heaij
cloven open, his legs broken, and his whole body mutilated and
trampled on. l*roceeding to the church, they rifled the altar, pro-
faned the adorable host and the sacred vessels, and consummated,
what every civilized man must term, their atrocities, by firing tlie
church.*

On the retreat of the English, the Abnakis, who had escapeil,
returned, and began to bury their dead, above all, the body of
tlieir beloved missionary, which tliev interred amid tlie ruins of

* Letter of F. dc la Chns?e, Lettres Edif. ct Cur. xxiii. ; Charlev. iv. 1'_'0;

Paris Doc, Bost. vii. 217. Tlie English aocotmt is quite tlirtVrent ; it re[ire-

scuts him us in a hut, ileteiKlins; liimselt' to the last, and stainin<; his liau'ls

with the blood of an Eiiirlish i>risonor. This is too extravajrant to bolii'Vi'.

The French account is derived from the Indians, and had Fatlier Kale tlitil

^srhtino:, the Indians woidd douhtles^ extol him, as the Entrlish did tlie

'ev. Mr. Fry, killed in LoveH's expedition, after killintr and scaJpiiisr ai. lu-

■'» with his own hand. Dr. Harris, Mass. Hist. Coll. II. viii. p. ti(37, aii'l

■'•aneis in his classic Hio<rraphy, acknowledge that these aspersiona oii

ntircly unfounded.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

151

llio umlc-
ir vuUeys,
L'ctiiiuj in-
Ireii lied ;
arms, and
koted mis-
)f the eiie-
'ason, liud
ow fatally
the object
ifo to save
sion cross,
echoes of
}deniption.
fate. The
} corpse of
|; his head
ated and
altar, pro-
«uininated.

nring the

I escape<l,
e body of
ruins of

i!V. iv. I'JO;
; it ropiv-

to bclii'Vi'.
lialo .li.Ml
■Ai (lid tlic
Limr ill. Iii-
r. -'07, iiii'l
Icrsioiia uii

their church, where the altar had stood at which he had so often
otl'ered up the adorable sacritioe. To Quebec tliey sent a.s a relic
h\> tattered habit, Avliich tlie English had thrown away iu their
precipitate retreat.

Tiius tell the greatest of the Abnaki missionaries : by Catholics
esteemed a martyr, by the I'uritans a bloody inciter of Indian

d in th

war. Ills position was a trying one, aiul in tlio iiiKpiitous course
i»ursued bv the English towards his flo(dc, he certainly couhl not
counsel tlie latter to submit ; but while thus urging resistance to
ojipression, there is nothing to show that he excited his Hock to
criieltv. On the contrary, it is admitted by a governor of Main*',
"that when the old man expired beside the altar he had reared,
the barbarism, which he had oidy in a manner controlled, br(»kc
loose w ith a ferocity not softened by the dogmas lie tauglit."*

If his national feeling as a Freiiehman ever led him to overstep
the bounds of prudence at the suggestion of the French king and
the governor of Canada, with whom he was in constant coitc-
spondence, and who urged him, as wt' well know, to continue liis
t>pj)osition to English encroachment, there is, on the other liand,
no dt»ubt as to the injustice of Xew England to his flock, and of
their bitter hatred to him personally on mere religious grounds,
which prompted their unrelenting etibrts to t.'ike his life.f

Among our Indian missionaries, Father IJale will always rank
as one of the greatest ; learned, zealous, and laborious, careful of
the leligious progress of his tloek, careless of Ids own comfort and
life, desirous even of martyrdom. Tried on the Illinois mission,
he spent most of his life in Maine, and dying at an advanced ag<',
when most men seek lost and quiet, 1«3 was still, though a cripple,
an earnest laborer.J

* Gov, Lincoln, Maine Hist. Coll. i. Dr. Frnncia niukcs tho same ntl-
iiiissioii.

t Paris Documents, Bostou, vii. 3l»l ; Hancroft, iii. 338.

t Seluistian Kulo was born in 165s, in Frunoho Cointe, where his family
• fLiiIiied a respectable position. After tcachinff Ctrcek in the Collcifc of

152

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

The Indians of Xonidijowalk were so dishoartonod hv the death
of tlieir niissionarv, tliat one hundred and tiflv retired to Canada
to swell the mission of St. Fiancis, then <lireeted by Father Au-
hery ; the rest, unwillin<j; to leave their country, n<?vertheless aban-
doned their village, and the pla(;e bi-eanie desolate. The war
continued meanwhile with unabated ferocity, and it was onlv in
An<rust, 1727, that peace was finally restored.*

'J'he missions on the I'enobscot and St. John's were not disturbed
by the Knglish ; but Lauvergat at the former had much to sufter
from the half-breed Castines.

ClIATTER IV.

TlIK AMNAKI MISSION (cOXTIXUED.)

The mission at Norridpowalk restored — Lauvorgat leaves tlie Penobscot— Father Ger-
main, tlio liust .losuit missionary — Tlic Frencli war — Tlio Abiiukis during Uio Kevolu-
tion — Orono — Tlioy ai)[>ly to IJisliop Carroll — Mr. Ciqiiard— Mr. aftorwanls Canlinnl
Chevc-nis — Later missionaries — Tlie Jesuits ajjuin at tlio grave of Uale — Present state
of the tribe.

To console the Abnakis of the Keanebec the king oi'dered Fa
ther de la Chasse to cover the body of Fatlier liale, which, in
Indian phrase, is to condole with them on their loss. Anxious to
restore their village, they earnestly begged for a mis.sionary. Yield-

Nistncs, he onmo to America in 1()89, arriving in Qnebec on the 13th of
October in that year. Sent lirst to the Abnaki mission of St. Francis, he
was, about 1H0:% sent to Illinois, but in 16115 at least was on tlie Kentieljoo.
His lite there we liave brietly sketched.

His Abnaki Dictionary is still jireservcd as a treasure at Harvard Colle;jo,
and to the great joy ot'all phil()loirif<ts, was published in the Memoirs of the
American Acailcmy in \%'-V.\. In tlie same year Bishop Fcnwick, of Hostoii,
once a Father of the Society of .losus. raised a monument to the memory
of Father Kulo on the spot where he was burieil one hundred and iiiuo
years betbro.

* Parin Doc., Boston, vii. .'V.t?. S:^'.

FUENCII MISSIONS.

153

iiiij^ nt h-iiLTtli to their cntroatios, tlio Superior .nt Qiiohec sent V.x-
^'ler .Ijiines (le Sireiine to Xonidii-cwulk in 17J5U, and under that
■iiissionarv the vilhii^e soon bore res«'nibhinee to the ]>rosj)orous
nussion of Jiale.

But while Norridi^ewalk was ilms restored, the Penobscot inis-
>ion decHned. Lauver<;at, worn out by the ftpposition iiiadt; io
hiiM. retired to Medoktek, and tlu.' l*t.'n(A)seot.s were left without u
missionary.

In this position matters remained, till the old French war, or
a< it is called in Europe, the War of the Austrian Suc(;ession, broke
out. and involved the colonies in a useless and bloody contest.
Acadia was desolated. I.ouisburi,', the (Jibraltar of America, was

d tlu

taken, and the missionaries in the parts now called JSew Jiiuns-
wick and Nova Scotia were de})orted, or compelled to seek refuu^e
ill the woods ; those in Maine were even more exposed, as the In-
dians were still hostile to the Kn<»;lish. They acted, however, with
threat prudence, and when the Indians took up arms, willingly on
behalf of the English undertcjok to etfect a peace.

This peace was, however, of short continuance. The treaty of
Aixda-Chapelle, in 1748, closed the war of the Austrian succes-
sion, but left the boundaries of the American colonies unsettled.
Six years had not elapsed when Washington shed the first French
blood on the banks of the Ohio, and enkindled a war which proved
fatal to tlie power of France in America.

In tile course of this contest the old country of Acadia was
ciusheil to tlie ground ; the French settlers were carried otV, their
tanns and ^illages burned, the missionaries imprisoned or driven
out. Manach, of the foreign missions, the missionary of the Mic-
inacs, was sent to France, JjC Loutre wa.s a prisoner in Jersey, and
in 17*50 there remained on the St. John's only Coquart, who soon
utter withdrew to France ; and of the Jesuits, one certainly, j)er-
ha[»s two, for as their popularity was waning in PVance, their mis-
sions in Canada declined. Father (jlermain was the last of the

154

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

old Jesuit missionaries in Maine, llis chief station was the \i\\i\<f*i
of St. Anne, on an island in the 8t. John's, near the site of the
present town of Fredericton, whence he visited the various tribes
in Maine, leading a life of labcM-ious usefulness, amid the genenil
resjx'ct.* Yet even he did not deem his life safe in the war, ami
withdrew to the mission of St. Francis, on the St. Lawrence, whciv
he remained till his death. From the period of the war the vaii-
ous Abnaki villages in Maine were deprived of j.astors for several
vears. The Hourishinfj mission of St. Francis, in Canada, was t<>-
tally destroyed by the English partisan Rogers and his rang< is,
who killed many of the Abnakis, burnt the church, and left the
survivors utterly destitute. Worst of all, one of their pjistors gave
them a fearful scandal in that sad hour, by becoming all but an
apostate.

In this desolation the spirit of the Abnakis was not broken.
Gallantly, as Christian warriors, had they fought beside the sons
of France, and now that the cross of St. George replaced the lilies
of the liourbons, they shared the lot of the conquered Canadian.
St. Francis rose from its ruins, Becancourt continued unatiected by
the change, and both towns, down to the present time, have been
regularly objects of the spiritual care of the bishops of Quebec.f

Different was the position of the towns in Maine. By the peace
of 1YG3, in which France surrendered Canada and its dependen-
cies, the missions received a terrible blow. The English govern-
ment, while guaranteeing to the Canadian the freedom and rights
of his church, took steps to suppress the Jesuits and KeroUeets.
On these two ordere the distant missions, both French and Indian,
had relied. As the old members of these institutes died at their
posts, the Bishop of Quebec was unable to find priests to succeed

* Taschcreau, Memoir. Father Germain died at St. Francis in 1779.

t The village of St. Francis preserved many valuable manuscripts of tlic
early missionaries, but all unfortunately perished in the conflagration wliicli
destroyed their chapel about 1818. — Note rf the Abb^ Ferland of Quebec.

FliENCIl MISSIONS.

i'jo

tlu'in. Tlio missions of Maine were desert cm 1, and all seemed to
t'orbode dilliculty and dani^er to the Abnaki chureli.

Ill a few yeai"s, however, another war swept over the land ; the
colonies whieh had attacked Canada to extend the j)ower of
r>iitain, now rose in revolt against that very power, roused by acts
(if parliament which threatened their rii^hts. This was the war of
iIk' Ameiican revolution, which, nursed by prejudice au'ainst the
(.'atlioiic Church, was destined, in the desi«ji:ns of J'rovidence, to
irive It ultimately a new, free, and uni!npe<led tieM. During the
cniitcst the Abnakis of Maine sided with the Americans, who at
an earlv date solicited their friendly co-operation. In answer to let-
ters from Washington to the tribe, in 1775, deputies of the Indians
<in the St. John's, and of the various Micmac clans from the liay of
I'uiidy to Gaspc, met the council of Massachusetts at Watertown.
The record of their interview has been jireserved, and is as noble a
monument as our annals present, showing into what men Catho-
Ijcitv had transformed the savage. Ambrose \'ar, the chief of the
St. John's clan, was the speaker of this band of Catholic Indians.
'• We are thankful to the Almiuhty to see the ( 'ouneil," is the lii-st
word of these truly Christian men. To the applications which had
l>eeu made, they replied, that they intended to adhere to the Ameri-
cans in the coming struggle, and aid them to the best of their power.
Having attained the political object of their emba.ssy, they
rul<l«'d: "We want a lilack-gown or French priest. Jesus we
l»ay to, and we will not hear any prayer (i. e. religion) that comes
t'nuii old luigland." And such wjts their desire to enjoy once
more the c<msolations of their faith, that before the assembly
closed they again renewed the request. The Court of Mfussachu-
sotts expressed its satisfaction at their respect for religion, and de-
clared themselves ready to get them a French priest ; but, as was
to be expected, added, that they did not know where to find one.*

* Araorican Archives, VI. i. 838, 848.

lo(i

AMKKICAX CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

The ]\'nol).scot.s next joined tli<' Amerieans, and like tlie P.i.ssania-
quoddies, at once asked for a F)en<'h priest, and to them, too, the
General Court could do no moie than declare their sincere desire
to j)lace in their villai^fs a (.\itholic jjricst. Strantr*' revolution in
the minds of men! the very bo<ly which, less tiian a century Ix-
fore, had made it felony for a Catholic priest to visit the Al)naki>,
which had otiered rewards fur the heads of the missionaries of that
tribe, which had exulted in slayini^ one at his altar, now regretted
that it could not f^ive these Christian Indians a missionary of the
same faith and nation.*

Numbers of the Ahnakis joined the army of the Revolution ;
and Orono, the Penobscot chief, bore a commission, which he en-
nobled by his vii'tues and bravery. In all his changes, from the
wigwam and forest to the camp and the crowded city, from the
society of the Catholic children of the forest to that of the more
civilized Conmeijationalists of Ne\^ iMiijland, Orono was ever faitii-
ful to his religion. When urged to fiequent Protestant places ot"
worship, as he had no clergj-man of his own, he exclaimed : '' We
know our religion, and love it : we know nothing of you or yours."
Never, indeed, did the labors of our missionaries produce a faitli
more firm and constant than that of the Abnakis.f

When peace was restored, and the few Catholics in Maryland
liad time to look around them, they sought a Bishop, and the Ko\ .
John Carroll, a member of the suppressed Society of Jesus, was
chosen. To him the Abnakis of Maine sent a solemn deputation
to ask a missionary to guide and direct them. Bearing the cruci-
fix of Father Rale, they presented it to the Bishop, exclaiming :
" If I give it to thee to-day. Father, it is as a pledge and promise

* American Archives, 12'23. At that time the people of Massacluisctt!!,
aa n general tiling, had never seen a i)riest. The Court could only otVor a
minister. " If one of our priests would be agreeable to you," they say, " wc
will (tideavor to get you one, and take care he bo a good man." — 846.

f See a sketch of Orono's life in the Mass. Historical Collections, ix. 82.

FJiENGIl MISSIONS.

157

tlint tliou wilt soikI us a priest." Straitened jus ho was witli tiie
want.s of liis vast <li(>cese, JJishop Carroll |»roiniseil to give tliein a
j>ast(»r, aiKJ apjdiiMl t<> Mr. Emery, tiie Sii[)ori()r of St. Sul)>iee, eoii-

<ru

ms tliat Fraiiee wouKl not lefuse a suec

t's^or

to her liale. Mr,

ritjnanl^of tiiat c'(»iigreiratioii, was soon at (Md Town, and havini^
learned tlu' lanixuaire, exti'nde<l his cares to the whole trihe. an<l

'S""S »

directed it for nearly ten years, down to 1704, when he left tho
rassainatjuoddy to take charge of the Indians of 'rohitjue and St.
Anne, near Fre<lericton.*

The Ahnakis of tlie I'enobscot were not, however, abandoned.
The Kev. John Ciieverus, tlien a missionary at Boston, beiran to
stu<lv the Abnaki, and, having ae<juired some knowledge of it,
visited tho Penobscots. J'oor and forsaken as tliev had been, these
Indians still preserved their faitii, the old regularly instructing
the vouncf, «'ind all assendjlinijf on Sundavs to (diant the music of
the mass and vespers, although the allar was di-piived of a priest,
and no sacrifice was there. The unexpected appearance of M. de
Ciieverus tilled them all with j(»y ; and he himself, as ho approached
the village, was filled with rapture to hear the royal mass of Du-
niont lesoundinjx through the woods. For three months he con-
fessed, catechized, baptiy.ed, visiting tho sick and dying, not only
on the Penobscot, but also on the Psissaniaquoddy. During his
career as piiest and bishop, the apostolic; Chevcrus visited them
every year, built them a church, and gave them, in the person of
his townsman, the Uev. Mr. Komagne, an excellent missionary.!

* Francis C'iquurd wius born at Clermont, in France, and orilaincd priest
ill 1770. He joined the Snipitians, and when the revolution broke out, was
dircHtor of the Theological Seminary of ]ioiir<.'es. He came to America in
order to join tlic Sulpitians of Montreal, but was not permit od by the Knjr-
Ii>li trovcnimcnt to enter Canada. After laboriiii; many years in tlu" I'nited
States iind Now lirunswick, he obtained the necessary authority, and was
for some years missi<»nury at St. Francis. He ilied at Montreal, Icavini,' the
ri'iiutation of a holy, humble, and zealous priest. — Xutf nf the Al>hf Ftrlaml.

t John Louis Let'ebvre de Ciieverus was born at Mayeinie on tho !.'Stli of
January, 1708. He received tho tonsure ut uu early uge, and was ordaine-l

Iu8

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

'riiissua'essor of DruilK'ttos estaUlisliod liis abode at Point Pleasant
on tli<' J*assania(jiio«l(lv, and lor nearly twi-nty years devoted liini-
self to the care of tlio IV'iutbscctts and I'assaniaquotldies. His
lionse was a wretched loij-cabin of but two njoms; his (.•haj)el little
b(;tter; though l)otii were superior to those of his tlock.. Worn
down l)y frequent intirniities, lie returned to Frar>"t! just after
l)i>hoj» Fenwick was raised to the See of IJoston in 18'25. His
departJM'c was n-gretted by all who knew him, but especially by
his Hock, and by the new prelat*'. '' His devotedness to these poor
liklians, the happy fruits of his apostolic labors," says the IMshop
in 1831, "are still visible, and make me the more regret his de-
parture, as liis e.\j)erience might have been most useful to me, in
showing nie how best to govern and instinct that ])art of my dio-
cese ; l)ut 1 had not the pleasure of knowing him.''*

Finding the Penobscots thus desolate, Pishop Fenwick conmiit-
ted them to the care of the Dominican Father Charles Ffrench,
then stationed at Eastport, who frequently visited them to celebrate
mass and instruct the young. About this time an attempt was
made to weaken the faith of these noble Catholi<*. As these In-
dians are the only surviving aboriginal inhabitants of New Eng-
land, the government of Maine, anxious for their social improve-
ment, and a missionary society in Massachusetts, equally anxious
for their religious progress, concurred in choosing a Mr. Kellogg as

priest in Decoinbor, 170O, at the last public ordination in Paris before tlio
revolution. In the persecution which succeeded the overthrow of the inou-
urchy, Dieverus escaped to England in 171*2, and three years after joined his
friend, Mr. Matctrnon, at Boston. His visit to tlie Penobscots was made soon
after his arrival. Appointed Bishop of Boston in 1808, ho was transferred to
tiic See of Montauban in 1823, and three years at\er created Archbisliop of
Bordeaux. So great were his virtues that Loo XII. in February, 1836, pro-
claimed him a cardinal — a diirnlty he did not live long to enjoy. His deatli,
which occurred on tlie 7th of .luly in the same year, occasioned sincere griif
in Europe and America. Seo his Life by Dubourg, American edition, I'hil.
1839, pp. 00-112.
* Annates do la Propagation dc la Foi, v. 454.

FKENCIl MISSIONS.

loO

IMeasjiiit
ted hiiii-
c'S. His
i|)el little
. Worn
list alUT
25. His
cially l»y
hese l)(jor
le l*)ish(ijt
L't his (](^-
to mo, in
r my dio-

: commit-
s FtVoiieli,
celebrate
empt was
these In-
k'W Eng-
improve-
anxious
Lelloggas

Ihcforc tlio

f the uion-

Ijoiiicd hi*

Viiulc soon

Isferrud to

libishop of

ll 836, pro-

[lis tleatli,

Loerc ^rrii-t'

iou, riiii.

teacher and missionary to tlie l'assama(jUO(Mies ; in wliieii cajtacity,
lidwever, it seems lie did just work ('noujj^h to enable him to diaw
tVoMi the government his ]v,\y as teaclier, and from the society his
stipend as missionary ; tor he made no (Converts, and not one of iii-.
]>upils could sjK'U a word of two syllables in 1827.*

About this time the I'eiiobscots had a missionary for about two
vears; but beinir of another diocese he was then recalled bv his
superioi's,f and for live years they ha<l to depend on occasional
visits from the nearest i»ri«'st. Vet here, as at IMejusant I'oint, tin-
parents were good catechists, and the children grew up instructed
in their catechism and prayers.J

In July, 1827, Hishop Fenwick visited this portion of his dio-
cese, and was received with the most unbounded enthusiasm, JM-iiii;
conducted to the church in procession amid the report of fire-
arms and preceded by the red-cross banner of the trilw*, such as
had waved over the marlyred Jtale. His duties were those of a
missionarv' during his stay ; he instructed, confessetj, contirme<l the
living, an«l purified the dead, who had been burit'd unattended bv
a clergyman. Tutting a stop to Kellogg's career, the Bishop was
now earnest in his endeavors to procure a missionary, and as Eng-
lish was not needed, ap[)ealed to the Association for the Propaga-
tion of the Faitli.§

His eftbrts were crowned with success : before his next visit in
1831, the I'enobscots ha<l a resident missionary, and showt'd how
much they had gained by his presence. A beautiful church, with
its toweling steeple and a neat pai"sonage, had replaced Komagno's
hut : the cabins of the Indians in many instances, too, were re-
placed by neatly painted cottages, and an air of comfort pervaded
all the settlement. After administering confirmation, the Bishop
consecrated the church in honor of St. Anne, the patroness of the

* AnnnlcH, &c. v. 46«\ t W- 478.

§ See his interesting letter, Annaled v. 447-480.

: Id. 465.

1(JU

AMKKICAX CATHOLIC .M1SS10N.S.

IrilM-; l»iit tli«' l\'is-;iiiiM«|U<»«l<li»'S wtT** still without a jKistor, an<l ox-
j)(>s«'(l tu ilic iiilln«'ii(V «>t' the CMnuptiou s\\u\ prosflyti/iiig spirit of
tJK.' whiles.'''

hmiiiH' this visit th«' r»i>ho|i, hiinst-ll' a iin'inlK^r of tlm snnu' s<>-
<-i('ty as till' illustrious Kal*', |iurrhas<'(l the site of tin; lattor's church,
autj |»r«'|»arc<l to orcct a inonuuiciit to his lucniory. I'\>r this li.-
chose the auuivcrsary of his death, aii<l invited the Ahuakis of tht?
iV'Uoltscot and rassanja<|U»Kldy to meet therc,f on the 20th of Au-
gust, 1h:{8, one hundred autl nine years after the tight at Norridge-
walk. Tl»e village had disappeared, and the sp<»t itself was now-
deserted. For a mile along the river lav a beautiful and lovelv
plain, wlieri' the site of the grave, never forgott«>n by the Indians,
was easily found. l^is|joj> Fcnwick repair* d to the hallowed spot
on the a]>pointed <lay : the .\hnakis of the l^cnohseot and Passania-
(juoddy came with their past(»r; tiiost> of St. Francis de Sales were
also there. An altar was raised in a little grove, and mass began,
the Indians chanting as tif old the traditional masses of the mis-
sion, but so great an«.l so eurit»us was the crowd that it was foun<l
impossible to continue the service : the IVisliop then rose and ad-
dressed the assendtly, extending for nearly a quailer of a mile on
either side, (^uiet now prevailed witliin reach of his voice, and
after an address of an lu»ur he ordered the shaft of the monument
to be raised on the |K'destal.

This monnment of our ohl missions is twenty feet hijrh, the shaft
being a single block of granit«', surmounted by a cross. On the
base a Latin inscription tells the traveller that that lonely spot w;us
onco the site of a hoiis«> of (Jotl in a Christian village, tliat tlie
pastor was shun and the tlock dispersed.^

lu his communications with tlie Society for the Propagation
of tlie Faith, the l>ishop .sought to attract some FVeneh priest

♦ Annnles, il-o. vi. 2»5o-2»'.0. f Kl. 274.

X Letter of the Bishop to his brother, August 29, 1833; Annulcs do U
Prop. vii. 187.

FKENCII MISSIONS.

161

\n Jliat jmcit'iit iiiissinii,* -.\iu\ Ms tiidcnvois woro not in \;iiii.
In 18.'{.'{, the Six'icty of riijtiis, a cuiii^n'ij.'itioii «it' tlif tliiril
onK'i- of St. Francis, sc'ut outM<'ssrs. Kdinimil hcinilh'ji and iV-lil-
liitninic, (K'stinrd to icstoii' the I'Vaiiciscan missions in M.-iinc
Tlit'V arrived at Boston, while the l!i>ho|» was crectinuf tlie nioiin-
iuent«»t' Father Kale, anti on his return j)roeeeded to I'leasanf I'oiiit,
and iM'gaii their iahoiN. I'indinn* hnt one I'ciiohseot ahle to sj»eak
French, tiiey coninienccd the >tiidy of the native laiiLjuaj^e; l)eini-
iier at the \illau:es, I'etithdinnie in their winter cam]*. Iliey eon-
tiinied their mission uilii y-reat prolit, and early in 18.'{4 the
I>i>li(»j». now |»ossesse<l of a manuscript prayer-hook of Mr. lio-
niairnt', had it printed, and thus facilitated tho iahor« of tlie iiii.s-

Monarv sc

hool.

In tlie spriiii,^ Mr. JVtithommo received another destination, and
hcniilier was Ict't alone. His study of the languaije was most
>ucrfNst"ul ; he was soon ahle to confess Ids ])enitents in Ah-
n.iki. an<l wlien the IJishop next visited the mission, In; c<juld not
withhold tlie expression of his astonishment at the facility with
which the F'ather preached in his newly-a<'<[uired lanurua^e.f
Turning his knowledge to account. Father Demilier <lrew up a
new prayer-book, the print»'d f»ne being very erroneous, and also
translated the (Quebec cateddsm.

Under his can* the mission took a new form. Many vices were
abolished and some im])rovement made in the social well-being of
these Indian Catholics, while th<! regularity of diviui; worship did
nuicli to restore their former [>iety.

Notwithstanding the insignilicance of his missicju in nund)ers,
Mr. IVmilier devoted himself to it witiiout a murmur till Ins
death on the 2.3d of .July, 1843, when his tlock lost a kind and
!xlt"-sacrificing pastor.

'I he successor of liisliop F'enwic k, John F'it/.patrick, resolved to

* Annales de la Proii. vi. 187.

t Id. viii. 186-191.

162

AMKUICAN CATIIOMC MISSIONS.

give tlu; Al»uaki mission t

(»

I'.'i'hcrH of tln! Society of Josus,

which iiay the Sii|M'iiors of th»! Maiylaii 1 I'roviiuc, ami siiu'c that
timo botli IN'fiohscots ami J'a.ssaiMa«juo<liii».'s have Ik'C'H utxlcr the
cniv of the Josuit.s.

iJoth tlicsc tribes are (livi<le(l into parties, betwt'eii whit'li great

<lissensioiis prevail, most injurious

to th

leir progress.

Thevtlo not

now exceed out; thousantl souls in all, and are rapidly decM't'jising :
the fact of their being obliged to marry relatives (tor almost all ot"
each village stand in this reufard to each other, ami thev cannot bv
law marry whif«'s), proves fatal to tln-ir ollspring. This, with their
precarious mode of life, — for they dislikt; agriculture m much as
ever, — will doubtless ere long absorb the Abnakis, who have so
long out-lived the other Indians of \ew Kngland.

At pres«.'nt the Peiobscots are on the island of Indian ( )ldt(>wii,
the Passamacpioddies at I'leasant I'oint and Louis Island in the St.
Croix. Eiich village has its church dedicated to St. Anne, the
patroness of the tribe, whi(;h has an unbounded devotion to tli<;
Mother of the Virgin, and in distress sends her pilgrims to thu
\yonder-workin<r shrine in Canada.*

Letter of Father Bupst, S. J.

of Josus,

•JUS HOUt to

j*im'(« tliHt
uikU'I* tlu'

liicli great
iU'V<lo not
L'(;ri'jtsiinr :

nost all ut'
oamiot l>y
with their
4 much as
10 huve so

I Ohltowii,

I in the St.

Anne, tlu;

to tluj

](>n

Inis to tho

yA'r n i: n j o h r. di: li ji £ li £ u r . :; . j

ClIAPTKU V.

TIIK IIIKON MISJSION'.

Tlie iliiron nation— Their in^lml(■r^ — LnnL'tiau'*- — Ilolirfion — Tluir acquaintance witli tlie
French — The IJecoIleet Le ('ari>n foiinils tiie niis!*i(in — Simard anil Viel — Unexpected
iiiiinier of Vie! — The .l<'>iiits -Mi»-.i<iii reiirwod — Tiie llecoliect l>;»llii>n anion:; tlie
Alliwaiidaronk— Tile .lesnif llrclit'iil' Hiiioni; tiie lliiroiis— Tin- dillieulties of tlu- coi-
ony— Tlie missionaries recalled— Touchiiiir (*cene — Ciiiiture of Quebec hy the rcnegado
Kirk— Knd of the first mission— IMiiloiiiyical labors of the Fathers.

'riii; nation known in Canmla I'V liu* name of Ilurons, t-all
tlirnisi'lws ^^\•n(lat, and aif now tinned l>v ns W'varulot. At
tin- ix-riod Avlu.'ii the I'Vcncli toiintit'<l (^Uflu'c, tli< y oc'ciij»it'<l a
Miiall ^^tiiji ot" teiiilory on a jMninsula in iiic soutlu'i'u extreniity of
'irotifian Hav, not cxcci'diiiLr in all luoif than sfVcntv-tiNf miii's
hy twenty-four, a teiTit(»ry more eircnmsonhcd than that of any
"tlii-r Ameriean nation ; for in these naiiow limits, four trihi-s,
containin*; at least tliirty thousand souls, lived in eighteen populous
\ill;ii,'<'S. West of them, in the mountains and on tiie shores of
til-- lake, were tlie Tionontatcs or iVtuns, afterwards confounded
with t!ie llun^ns, to win m^ thev were elos' !• allied, heini' of the
same oriLfin and lanjxuagi . '>t\"V kindred trihes extended, as we
have seen,* down t. (.".11)11;. M., the mosi oowertui being the five
Iruijuois tribes in New Yiiik.

This group, supe, or to the Alj, •; riuins in many respect.s, with
w.ll-built and stronu'yil landed towie, thriving fields of corn,
be.ins, s.jua.hes, and v"b.ijeo, with active traders and brave war-
riors, always ae(|uired a -iiperiority over their neighbors. In point
of dre.ss they wer«', if any thing, less advanced. The men wore
generally the simple breech-cloth— a piece of dressed biick««kin —
passed between the thighs aiul li-iiiging d<twn in front ;iiid behind

* Sco u)lrodiictory chapter.

101

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

J i

nliout ji foot ov(M' a lliontj passed around tho liips. In \v^"i»"r. in-
deed, Icogiiis and soinciinu's sleeves wen* used, and a whole skin
fuiineil a sort of cloak ov niantl*'. \\'liilo the AlLi;on([uin womkii
wore a rol>e reaehinnf tVoni tl e shoulders to the knees, the lluinn
women wore hut a leaver v.etticoat from the Avaist. Modcsiy
seemed .-ihuost uidcnown, and hoth sexes apjieared to see no im-
projiriety in ahsolute nudity ; and as (he tattooinrr and paintin*,^ ot"
the body was a maik of valorous deeds and liiijh empiise, there was
no inducement to make the uncoverecl part small or inconspieuou-.
Feathers, elaws of beast and bird, shells, or scalps torn from the
bleedinef iiead of an enemy, were their jewels.

Tlieir lani,niage, the only <'ertain key to their connection with
the rest of the world, a liidc pointed out by a Jesuit* a century agi>,
but newly discovered yesterday, was a peilect system of synthesis.
Nothing is absti'act, nothing general ; the real, actual ])resent liv
in their language : notiiing is infinite, indefinite, or undefined.
In this tongue, as in ev-ry other of our continent, tin.' verb usur]*-;
all, absorbs .'dl ; the n»>uii, [tioiKuin, a<ljecli\e are conjugated willi
the verb or like it.f

Their religion and cosmogony were as tlill'erent as their lan-
guages from those of other nations. Their cosmogony begins with
a woman named Ataeiitsic, who, drix'eii or tlying froui heaven, tell
into the abyss of wateis, and for whom the tiu'tle and beaver, after
long consultation and many etlbrts, at last brought up the eartn.

* rimrlcvoix, flic real foumlor of American etlinoloiry.

+ llow Car it tlitlVrs from niiv Kiirii|i('nn tonu'uo, the reader iiiiiy jmlirt' l'\
till! Lord's I'raycr, as tr..nslftti'd l)y Urehcut": ''Onaistun de aroidilae istnre.
Sasen t'diondai'irn-iidatcre saeliit'iidaouaii. Out aiuton sa elieoiiandiii-l;i
emliiuli'. Out aintor. sciudiiL'ii sarasta, oliouent soouc aciio toti inti Ai"ii-
liiaein'. Ataiiidataia sell iioiiciida tara eha eoaiitate a<>iiai)tcli:'.ii. Oiita tacu-
aiiilieiirlieiis, sell attiiiarrilioiiandt raenui, to ehieiiiic ioti lu-iidi oti>a oin'ii-
truHirlu'iis du ouii oiilvirrilmiiaiidirai. Kium elie eliaiia ataiviiionindaliaft
d'eiieai'ta. < 'a seiiti ioti." — LcJesini('« Cdtechiftii, puljlishcd witli Cliami'lain'.*
Voyajre, in Pi '•I.

FRENCH MISSIOXS.

10;

\\:'yi>'V. 111-
vlu»K' skill
ill \viiiii''ii
[ha Ilurmi
Mndcsly
SCO no iin-
lainting of
, tluMo >v;is

)!lS})i('lloU-.

II tVoui till'

»ctioii with
}ntury aifo,
■ synthesis,
resent lives
undefined.
■v\\> usur)»
itetj willi

tlu'ir laii-
Lfins with
•avoii, tell
aver, at"t<i'
the earl II.

y jiulffe l)j
lliiai- istan''

lioti Aroii-
lonta tauii-

)tl>!l Olli'll-

li.ninilaliit!*
Iiuail'lain'.*

IJeposiiiiif on this she heeanie the nrnthtT ot' two >oiis, — Tawiscaron
and .louskeha, the latter of whom slew his brother. This .louskflia
is n'i,^ard<'d as tin' sun, and his stui, 'riinioiihiawau'on or Aireskoi,
was it'U'arded as the i^ieat drity. \<-t no dctinitc id»'a existctl as
!o his nature, whether man «>i- irod. Accordiiii; to sonir. the tirst
|«ri)gt'iiv of this woman were eeriain animals, from whom the
various tiihes desci'inled,each of which hears as a totem the animal
from whieh it sj»rulli,^

IJt'sides this deitv, whom thev styled ^^aster of Lite, vet 1h'-
iievetl evil, they |teoj(ied all creation witli spirits ]>roj>itiotis or
li(stile to man. J'^very cataract, every daiijxerous pass, every
stormy wind, ev«'iy ohjeet of dan^'er, was ?-uled hy a demon to Imi
appeased; the corn, the deer, the scpiasii, ti;e heaver, the lish, l»v
spirits to he propitiated. To the ifivat i^od alone was otl'ei -u
sacrillee projK'iiy speakillL^ — human victims, (»r, hy siihstitution,
the donf, their only domestic animal: inferior deities were }>ropi-
tiated hy tobacco.*

A tradin<; }»eoj)l(\ they soon heard from the Al_Lroni|uins that
^traiit^ers had enter«'d the St. Lawrence l<<'arini; wonderful thinn-s
which thev jxladh i\(dianu'e(| for furs. The settlement of (.)uehec
was scarce l»ei;un, when they descended to Three liiv«'rs, reachiii;^
i' hy the Ion;.' and painful route of l-Veiich lliv.r and the Ottawa.
^'hainjilain welcomed the stranu'ers, and so(»n formed an allianco
widi them. ')di<' missionaries of the llecollect letorm, who came
<iiif ill 1015, wt'iii to Three Ivivei-s and Tadoussac to see the na-
ti"iis that came to irade, and, returnitii;" to(^>uehec, coionhed as to
the phin of tlie missions to be attempted. Tliey were hut thr»H!
priests, yet they took possession of the outposts. 'I'he Commissary
I'atlu'r l)ennis Jamay remained at (.Quebec; the hardy John d*Ml-

* r.rcbi.'iir, I)i! In ( rrujico, <los Mn'iirs ct <los Coiitiiinrs iIch Iliirons, in Ki|.
l'il«>, p. 80; Sii.'arl, llistoiro dii (.'aiiuilu, eli. ;30 ; < 'iiarlcVdix, \ i. •!.") ; LaJitni,
Mii;iir.< lies Suuva^res, i. lij:}; I.e ('anui ia he C'lureq, i. 270. Tiio aecoiiiitH
ut'tliu relationship of Atacntsic to Tharouliiuwajroii vary.

10(1

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSION'S.

1 1

beau liastciR'd to T.-kIoussu', at the mouth v\' \\\v SagiuMiay, to
Icani tin; lani^uai;*', iiiamu !>*, a!j<i liti.' <tf the Moiitao'iiais ; Katlnr
.Idsrj.h \m C'aiun, takiiii; as his sliaif the IIiuuiis aiul wi'stt in
trihes, prepared to visit tlie jj^ieat hikes (if the west.

With twelve? Freiielnneii, sent to the Hufons to trade, he s<t
t>ut, ill the fall of 1015, and, plyiiii? liis jtaddh? all day lotii;, or
toilitii; throuy;h the rapids, l»eariti<^ canoe and hai^uai;*! at tli''
many portai^es, with no fo(«l hut the insipid mai/e, tin* uriiilr
missioiuiry made his way undauntedly to the homes of the Wni-
dat. The villaLTe Carrauoiiha invited the iMiviiy of Christ within
its sate palisade, which, with tiip'e streni^th, rose neai' forty fed
in heiiLjht,and the Iluronsrifcred him their i^reat cahin, hut, fearless
of daiiii*'!', and seeking: raiher (juiet and seclusion than the husy
haunt of men, \a' I'aron asked to li\e apart. A cahin was soon
raist'il near the village, and here he he'^an his nussioii hy ott'eriiiL:
uj* the s:icriiice of the mass hetoic (.'ham|)lain and his few coun
trymeii, uiuid the crowil of wonderinjj^ natives.

W'hil' the foimder of Canada led his Union allies into the he.iit
of NtfW \\>\\i, to he I'epulsed hy the stout Wooden walls ali<l
stouter hearts of the Irotjuois, the zealous llecollect was ^atheiiii','
wliat he c(»uld of the Huron laui^nian'e, arrani>-inu:, studyintf, eii-
deavorintr to discover sonie rule or e;uidi' in its strani^e and unu-
sual comhinations. \\'lH'n Champlain returned in Jaiui.ary, the
missionary accomj>anied him to the mountains *^»f tlu; TionontaicN.
hut, in Ids endeavors to announce the truth, sutfered much fiom
the |H'rsecutiou of the < >his, or medicine-men; consoled, like iIk'
l)ominican.'^at the Coosa, only by the baptism of some dyinfjj' bah<-
ai.d a<iuits. Itelurnini; to his Huron mission, ho labored on till
t!u» llolilla j)r< ;<-ired to descend to Three Kivei's, and emharkeij
'Niih a considerable knowledge of the people, and a vocabulary
of stdne extent.*

♦ l.c Clorcq, Etabliisscment do hi Foi, i. 72-8!> ; Siigunl, Histoiro chi Cm-
u<hi, c-h. iii.

FRKXCH MTSSTOX.S.

1(17

LriuMiav, I' I
is ; Kathtr
:k1 wt'stciii

iul»', he set
IV loni;. or
Lj»! at til'-
th(i infill !<•
tilt' W.'ii-
iiist witliiii
• f«»rty fc.t
:>ut, t'cailt'VN
II the l)usy
:i was S(Miii
l>y ottViiiii,'
} few oouii

tlic lic.'irt

walls ainl

ixatliniii'j:

■In itiif, fti-

aiul uiiu-

luary, thr

ii<»iitai«'N

u»h lioiii

, lik.- ill"

iiiijf lialx-'

v(l oil till

<iiil>ark»»l

ocalml.irv

It)

Tlio woiglit ot' tlif j^tMioral tlirt'('tlt»ii t)t' lh«> mi- is, wliicli iiow
(Icvtdvftl oil liim, as wt-ll as tlo* iiffi'ssitv t»f attfiuliiii": tt) tiil>«\s
lit aitr (^iu'l)oc, ill tlif uiiscftlt'tl stato tit' tin* cidtniv, |>r«'V<'iit(.'<l his
i< turn tor stMiK' yt'ai's, altlitniifh FatluT William r»>iilaiii visited
tin- lliimiis in 1022. Ill tlit^ tollt>wintx yt-ar, KatlitT Niclit.las \"\v\,
:tii'l llrtitlitT (!al>iit'l Sai^anl, tin- liisttH'iaii, anivt'il, aiitl Katlwr Lc
< aittii sft tuit with tlifiii tor his mission, lioafhintr ('aiTaiftjuha,
t.r St.(ial>ri('l, oil the 2Ut]it>t' Aiiijiist, after all their lianlships, they
toiiiul his cabin stan^lin^^ aiitl here ivnewetl the oomiminity life <jf
till' tdiler of St. Francis, in jutverty of all thintrs. Their little cahin,
iinw repaired, was lik*; that of the natives, a mere framework, liko
an arltor, ctiveietl without with strips of ])ark, aiiil linetl within
wiili thin itii'ces lA' hoaitl.* Here tliev lal)t»reil as well as thev
toiild, atteiitlinn" tt> thti sjiiiitiial wants of the I'Veiichmen wht) hail
aii-nnipaiiieU them, learninu^ the lanjjfuaire of the peoj»le, .-ukI eii-
ileavoiing tt> dispel some of their su|»erstitioiis, ami to slietl on their
hi-nii^hted minds some ray of ifospel liijjht. Won l>y their poverty
and austere lif#, some liitlians pitched their cabins near them, and
the baptism of two adults, a father ami daui:;hter, gave hopes of a
piinianeiit antl successful mission.

When Slimmer arriveil. Father Le Caron determineil to return
with Mrother Saij;:ard, leaving the labi>rioiis \'iei to continut' the
mission, ■which lie ditl for another vear, thoiigli with little success.
Hard intlcetl was the missionary's life. "Our <»rtlinary footl," says
• as that of the Imlians that is tt> sav, sauamitv, a

iuon.

be C

kind i>f pottage matle of bruisetl Indian ctjrn, sipiashes and y>eas
bi'ileil in water, seasoned with maijoram, piiislaiie, ami a kiml t.)f
balsam, ^\ith wild onion, which we found in tlie wocwis and fieltls.
< Mir think was the water of the stream which ran before the cabin;
ami if, when the trees were in sap, any one was unwell, we matle
an incision in the bark of a mai»le, whenet' tlowetl a sugary water,

ro till *':in-

* Sagard, ch. \iii; I.e Clercq, i. 249

108

AMKUICAN CATirOMC MTSSTON.S.

wliicli, iM'iiii; ^atlicn'tl in Iwirk trays, was drunk as a soverrinrii
reiiit'dv. Our only caiullcs wt'ic lilll" rolls of ])ark, which lasted
hut a monuMit, so that w«» wen* ohli^^fd t»> road and writo hy tlif
\\ff}.\\ of the iii(^ durini; the winter evcnini^s, which was a uic.ii
Their little i^^-irden, tilietl with an old axe i\u<\

inconvenience

a i>oinled stake, could yield them little; wine for the mass wii,
pressed from the wild i;raj)e of the; country.*

After overcomini;' the LTi'eat dillieulty whi<'h the lano-uajX'' l>ie-
senti'd hv its want of abstract terms. Father Vid heiran his in-
structions hv teachinir the IndiaJi to recite the ordinary i>ravers.
Many attended the instructions, hut from the unmoved countenanc',
the missionary couM not <liscover whether it was politeness, inlfi-
est, friendship, or cotiviction that drew the Indians around him.
Oj>p()sition to ( 'hi'istianity as a new doctrine they did not appeur
to have, for it had not yet sutHcient development among them tc
excite the medicine-men. Hence ]^e Caron wrote : " Xo one mii>t
come here in hojH-s of sutferinu^ martyrdom ; they are inca])al'I''
of puttinc^ a man to <leaih in hatred of the faith." • i^y an error ef
judgment, which is very common with our Protcstatit writei-s, tli^
early Ivecolleets believed tin; conversion of the tril)Os impossililc
till Canada was peopled and the Indians familiarized and settled
among the French.f Time has shown the fallacy of this hope :
the Amei'ican Indian has never coaU'sced with the Eurf»pe;m.
as the (Joth, Koman, Celt, and Iherian in Spain, or other tribes in
r)fher j)arts of the < )ld World, have coalesced with each otliei'.
In ^h•xico and Peru, the natives were, to a considerable extent.

fused into the mass of colonists, but elsewhere the social ditleni

was too o-reat to allow any sjich uniou of the races, and the Iu<li;iu
showed no adaptability to the usages of Europe.

The Ivecolleets, however, were not dispfvsed to leave tho Induni-
in darkness. Content to hdjor, even nlmoiit in vain, they griiveil

* Le Clercr], i. 26: J.

t Ibid.

FKKNCII MISSIONS.

101)

t.i >•'»• tlicir t'lVoits tliwaitttl l>\ tlif avaritf <>t' tluir ioiuitrviiu'ii,
mkI !o(»k«.'(l aroiiiul \\>v snmc hkhc [lowntul oitltT to second tlirm
ill ilu'ir i;»mm1 work. 'I'lif J»'>uits \\illiii^;lv<'ml»ia<'tMl tlic oiler, aii<l

ill IG'Jo, Fatlu'is Cliarlfs I.alemaiit, Ktliiiuii<l Ma

SM', o

I' tlu> ol<l

Acinliau inissioii, and J«»liu d»' Uivlx'uf, landed at (^ucboc witli
iH'W liecollcct laKorci's.*

KathiT \k'l I'rcjiart'd to di'sct-nd to Tliicc Uivt'is, to niak«' a
iftri'at, consult his ,su|»«Tit»is, and olitain sonic necessary articles.
Katlier Hreln'ut' and the Kecollect .lose|ih de la Itoclic I>allion, ot'
the house of tile Counts I )u Lud, nncic to meet hini at the tradiiiiL;"-
])ost, on the desc«>nt «)!' the annual lur llotilla t'roni lluroiiia, an*!,
uiidtT his pjuidance, lahor anionuf the \\ yandots ; l.tit they never
lint. Shootin<^ th»' last rapid, a dannvrous }»ass in I ►es I'rairies
l;i\er, beiiind Montreal, the Indian who conducted l'"ather Viel,
iVniii soiMO unexplained hatre<|, jiurled him and a little Christian
1">\ into tht! toaminij torrent, and they sunk to rise no moi-e.f 'J'o
this day tiie place hears the name ot' the ii('<'oll«'ci's llapid.

When the Huron llotilla arrived at IIik-.' Ilivri>, tJie new
mi'^sionaries were tilled with dismay. l<j;noraiit ot" th • !;;n^ua^e,
and customs ot* the people, with no j^uidt'-^ or attt-ndanis, they
tleenied it uusat'e to proceeil. A year elapsetl, and no mi>sionary
was in the cahins of the lluroiis ; hut wiu-n the u^ual llotilla ar-
rived in lO'JG, lireheuf, l>allion, antl the Jesuit, Anne de N«)ui;,
pivpared to emhark in it, heini^ now prej»art.d hy some knowletju-e
of tln' lan^ua^e, tlerivi'd ttom th«* instructions ot' i.e ( 'arotj and
hi> manuscripts, as well as from those (»f Father \ iti. The Indians
ifceived d«.' la lioche readily, hut, not heiiin- accustt>med to the
.l«suit hahit, ohjected to the portly frame of Father iheheuf. l»y
force of j)resents, however, he and his companion at last obtained

* I.alemnut : Letter in Mcro. FraiiQuis.

+ LulLiiuuit ill Le I'lerci, i. :]14, a^:} ; Siurard, 320 ; Lo (^Icroq, i. 317. No
inti>rmutif)i> is e'wou bv any of tho^o wri^TH as to tho uijo, birthplace, oj
J'rovidiis iatiurs ot'Vit.'l.

170

amkimcan (athokk! missions.

j • j

^- .

a |>lac<% aiKi, atUT tli«* ii>ii:il palnrui voya;^!*, ail anivcMl at tlu*
Jliiruii tuwii, St. (Jalniol or La lioiln'IIo,* ami Iumc tin* Katlu'is
rrsuiiKMl the lalxn-s ot* Le I'aron aixl Vit'l.

Ill <)ct(»lH.'r, Fatlh-r do la Iuh'Iio left the .lomiits at Toaiiche, ami
wt out to oxjiloiv the eouiitiy of the Attiwaiidaionk or NeiitraU.
This trihe lay on hotli >i«hs ul ilu; \iaj/;'.ra Itiver, at |H'ae«' with
hoth liiiroiis ainl IrotjUuis, and, likt> theiii, of the same stock and
i;iii^ii;i^»'. lie was at first \\«'ll received, and Immiij^ ado|»t»'d hv
Soharisscii, tlu.' chief of the whole nation, took up liis residence
anioiii; them at Ounontisastoii, near the Seneca horder, hut wn>
s(»on after rohln'd and hrutallv heaten hv a lawless iKirtv. liv the
advice t>f Father UrelnMif, he then ahandoned tho Neutrals, and
returned to the Iluntn country,, after an ahsenco of seveial
months.

Father de Xour was imahle ti) learn tho lancfuaifo, and de-
scended to i^>uehec in l(J*27.f Father De la lioeho followed him
in the ('nsuinij; year; hut theeneri^etic ]irel>euf, undett'rred hy the
trouhles of the colony, lahored on, tjainini:; tho i»ood-will of the
Indians, and ac<|uiring alike their lanijuai^*' and their manners in
a way that endeared him to their hearts. Ado|)te<l hy tho nanus
of Kchon, he was indeed Wcomo one of them, and had hei^un to
move their flinty liearts to fee! the necessity of religion, so that lie
defeated the j»lots of the medicine-man Tehoronhae;i(non. When,
in 1G29, ho received an order from liis superior, Father Masse, to
como to Quebec, the Indians crowded around liim. " AVliat,
Echon ! dost thou leave us ? Thou liast been here now three

* The towTi, called ('nrRurouha l>y riintnplalii nnd Sarrard, is later oalKu
by Sagard, Tcquounoukiayc, or (.^inouindolian, St. Gabriel, or La Koehillo
(oh. S).

+ Father vlo Xoini had boon a |>a<ro at tho court of Franco before enteriii!?
the Society of .losiis. He riturnod to Canada in 1G;'.2, and after r>eviral
years of laborious zeal, was frozen to death on the St. Lawrence, near l^le
i'lattc, about the tid of February. 1646. See a sketch of his death in Bres-
pani, Kclation abrL'L"'o, 117.

FnKX(*Tr MISSION'S.

171

Vi-ar* to h'ani our lain^iuiLTt', to tfjicli us to kiiuw lliy 'iud, to
a<l<>i-i- aii<l s<'rv(> iiiiii, liaviiig coiik- Imt tor tli.it cikI, as tlmu liast
sliuwn: ainl now, wIk-u tlioii kiiowrst our laiiijuai^f imoit peili-ctly
tliaii any otlicr A^jnonlia (KicnrliiMan), tliou l.-avt-st us. It' we <lo
Hot know tilt' <mkI tliou adoit^st, wf slu;ll call liini to witiu'ss, that
it is not our fault, Itu* fliiuc to Icaw us

S(».

Movt'tl {IS ln^ was l»y this appeal, ii»' couM not yi<'I«l to lijs jn-
rlination ami their mticatit's. \\v n'a<ho<l (^udn'c in July, tho'(!
•lavs iM't'orc tho Kiiirlish, li-tl l»v the traitor Kirk, rai>tiu't'<l \he citv,
an<l (K'stroyiMl in a inoiUiMit the hopes of Chainplain.

Tin' previous year »liat oallant naviijfator had by his bold <le-

countrvniaii who foULcht under tho cross

tianco driven i»tl

of St. (leorjje; but ii(»w, destitute of supi)lies and of arms, 1
yielded to the invadr'r. The Keeolleet Fathers Ljained the tjoo<|-
ill of Kirk, but th<' Jesuits all exiM-rienced his hatred of their

<»rd«-r, and lirebfufs lit'e especially was in danijer. Mastt-r of the
fttuntrv. Kirk rrsulvotl to make it a desert : llftv years boforo they
woulil have been j>ut to the sword, but the ferocity of the religious
t'.uds W51S passinjx away, and he merely plundered all, carr^ini; otl'
L'lianiplain and the missionaries to Kni^land.

Kroni Kui^land, ho C'artui, Urebeuf, and their associates ])assed
to France, to deplore the ruin of th<.'ir labtu's. Of the Huron
mission scarce a shadow remaine<l. A few converts at Carra-
Ifmiha. not yet well ufrounded in the faith, remained alone in tho
midst of barbarism and infidelity. In France there was one Jliuvn
Catholic, a yountf man, who had l)een baptized with great cero-
mcMiy at IJouen, and was now at a Jesuit college.

The missionaries did not despair of returning to Canada, and aj)-
plied themselves to the study of the language from the materials
wliieh each liad brought. Sagard drew uj) his history of Canada,
and a Huron vocabulary to accompany it ; and Brebi'uf, after

* Clmmpluin, \'oynv'Cs, 210.

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(716) 873-4503

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172

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

completely I'evising his Huron version of Father Ledesma's cate-
chism, liad it pubiislied in Fi'encli and Huron by Champlain, as
an appendix to the last edition of his Voyages.*

I|.

i:.f

l-i

,1"

CHAPTER VI.

HURON MISSION (CONTINUED.)

Mission restored — ^The Jesuits alone return on tlie refusal of the Capuchins — Brebcuf,
Daniel, and Davost among the llurons — Mission of St. Josepli at Ihonatiria— Mission
system — New missionaries and new missions — Huron college at Quebec — The voyairos
of the Fathers — Their trials — Tlie pestilence— The first convert — They are suspoctid
— Plots ajrainst tlieir lives — Courajre of Brebenf and liis associates — New mission of St.
Joseph's at Teananstayae — Mission at Ossossane, Scanonaenrat, Taenhatentaron, ami
among the Tionontates — New persecution.

To the joy of all interested in the conversion of the Hurons,
Canada was restored in 1632, but there seemed a design toexclml*^
the former missionaries. The Capuchins were invited to undortalco
the work of converting the natives, but as they declined, tlie
mission was confided to the Jesuits, and the Recollects were ex-
cluded by the company foi*med to govern the colony .f

Father Brebeuf arrived in 1633, and almost at the same time
Louis Amantacha, a Christian Huron, came in to announce tlio
approach of the Huron flotilla. In a solemn council, held after
its arrival, the chiefs agreed to receive the missionaries, aiul

* Father Le Caron, after a vain struggle witli the mercantile company wlio
rnled Canada, finding himself unable, even with the approval of the Propii-
ganda, to reach his belo^'cd mission, of which he was now procurator, dii<l
broken-hearted, on the 29th of March, 1632. Lo Clcrcr4, Etab. i. 4:-)d. Ho
was a man of eminent piety, zeal, and virtue ; and as founder of the Ilunm
mission, one of the greatest servants of God in the annals of the Ameri-
can missions. His nephew, the Sulpitian Souart, at a later date revived
the memory of his virtues in Canada.

t Bressani, Relation abr^geo, 295 ; Le Clercq, i. 438.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

173

Fathers lirebeuf, Daniel, and 1 )avost, prepared to depart ; but, as
the Algonquins of the Ottawa River dechircd that none sliould
pass tlirough it, they were forced to remain till another year.
New difficulties then arose. The llurons having been recently
(Ict'eated in a battle, with severe loss, were little inclined to take
missionaries ; but at last yielded to the remonsti-ance of Duplessis
Hochart, the commander of tlie fleet; and the three missionaries
were separately embarked. Their voyage was one of unusual
hardship : the difficulties of the way, the rapids, portages, and toil
of paddling, were still the same that has been before described ; want
of food supervened, and Father Daniel was finally abandoned by his
party, and only with great difficulty reached the Huron country.
Father de Brebeuf was taken indeed to the site of his old residence,
Toanche, but there was abandoned. Nevertheless he succeeded
in reaching the new village Ihonatiria, and was received with rap-
turous joy by all. Here, in the cabin of the hospitable Awandoren,
he welcomed Father Daniel and poor F'ather Davost, who had suf-
fered most of all.

AVhen recovered from their fatigue, the three Fathers resolved to
begin the mission at this town, and in September erected a log-
house thirty-six feet long by twenty-one wide, whicli, being divided
off, gave them a house and chapel. This poor edifice and its fur-
niture were a never-ending wonder to the natives ; and a striking-
clock, possessed by the Fathere, was, they were sure, a strange ani-
mal from the east, though how it lived without eating, Avas a mat-
tor of dispute among the sages of the village.

r)rebeuf meanwhile instructed his companions in the Huron
language, and sent them to tlie cabins to acquire as many words
as possible. This was a most trying method, but desirous of gain-
ing souls, and equally desirous of mortification, they persevered in
it. As soon as they were able, Daniel and Davost assisted him in
teaching the catechism and prayers to the childien. On Sundays all
\N ho came were allowed to hear mass to the oftertoiy according to the

174

AMERICAN CATUOLIC MISSIONS.

custom of the primitive church.* A desire of embracing the
faith soon rewarded the zeal of the missionaries ; and the devil,
fei'ring to lose his empire, urged his ministei-s, the medicine-men,
and especially Tehoronhaegnon, to accuse the Fathers of causiug a
drought, which threatened their crops. The cross was the especial
object of the hate of these impostors. It wfus, they declared, the
instrument of witchcraft of the Fathei's, and they threatened to
break down the one which towered before the residence of St.
Joseph. But the prayere of the missionaries and their catechu-
mens soon opened the flood-gates of heaven, and defeated the
enemies of the Cross.

In the summer two new missionaries. Father Francis le Mercier
and Peter Pijart, came to their aid ; and the fearless Brebeuf, at
the Feast of the Dead,f where thousands of every clan assembled,
declaimed against the native superstitions with all the eloquence
and zeal of an apostle. With several missionaries now to aid him,
he extended his sphere of action. Other villages were visited,
among them Teananstayae, the largest of all, the residence of Louis
deSte.Foi, who, after being baptized at Rouen, had returned to his
native woods, and lived like one that knew not Christ. By this
visit of the Fathers, his fervor was restored, and his family, coii-
verted to the faith, implored the missionaries to take up their resi-
dence there.

To propitiate the favor of heaven, the mission was now solemnly
dedicated to the Immaculate Conception ; and, to avoid any hasty

* Rel. Huron, 1G3d.

t The Hurons enveloped their dead in bark, and laid them on scafFoIda
in their oigosaye or cemetery. Here they remained till the " Feast of the
Dead," which took place usually every eight or ten years. At this period
the bones were taken down, stripped of any flesh that might remain, wrapped
in fine furs, and, after many games and ceremonies, deposited, with presents,
in a common grave, also lined with furs. These trenches, sometimes cn-cii-
hir, at others rectilinear, are the " bone-pits" which our farmers frequentlv
strike upon in turning up the soil near the site of ancient Huron and Iro-
quois towns. Sec Brcssani, Brebeuf, Lafitau.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

175

step, the missionanes resolved to remain another year at Ihona-
tiria, and then remove to Ossossane, a hirge and well-fortified town.
In order to give stability to their labors, they now resolved to
found a Huron school at Quebec, where some boys might be
trained up in religion and the arts of life, who, on their return,
would form a nucleus in the tribe, inasmuch as it was found very
difficult to keep them regularly at school in their own countiy.*
Accordingly, in the summer of 1630, twelve boys were collected,
and Fathers Daniel and Davost prepared to lead them to Quebec ;
]>ut when the period of departure came, three only were found firm
enough to resist a mother's tears.

AVith these the missionaries departed. Used to toil, they took
their paddles, and, barefooted and in rags, journeyed to. Quebec.
But a better spirit was now gaining ground : the llurons had
learned to respect the priestly character. On their way the
Fathei-s met new missionaries, Garnier and Chatelain, who, thanks
to the kind chief Aenons, sat comfortably in the canoes, and were
not compelled to paddle. Soon after another. Father Isaac Jogues,
arrived ; but with their coming, -^ pestilential disorder broke out,
and swept the land of the Hurons. The missionaries were pros-
trated by it, but all finally recovered, and rushed to the care of
the sick and dying. Every village resounded with the orgies,
games, feasts, and other rites, in honor of the demon Autoerhj,
ordered by the medicine-men, in whom the natives had unbounded
confidence, and who attributed the scourge to the anger of that
god. Amid this tumult the missionaries continued their task.
The catechumens were the first objects of their solicitude : no effort
was spared to prevent their dying unbaptized; but when the
modicine-men accused the Fathers of being the authoi-s of the dis-
ease, the j^eople drove the latter from 'their cabias.

Persevering in charity, they at last overcame much of the oppo-

• 'J

* Kel. Huron, July, 1686.

176

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

•

-
i

i ;:

'■ ■

■

^' 1

4
J .

■ .

P '

if ,

sition, and even induced the chiefs of Ihonatiria, Wenno, and
Ossossane, to promise solemnly, in the presence of God, to renounce
their superstitions, embrace the faith of Chiist, bring their mar-
riages to the Christian standard, and build chapels to the living
(irod. But this engagement was insincere : the Ilurons soon
crowded around the medicine-man Tonneraiianont, who vaunto<l
that he was a devil incarnate. All through the summer, fall, and
winter, the malady continued its ravages, and the missionaries
their charitable visits, through all the large, and many of the
smaller villages of the Hurons, and even to those of the Tionon-
tates. The I'csult of these laborious missions, fraught as they were
with every danger, was most consoling : thirty journeys, often
through snow and ice, from town to town, had enabled them, be-
sides the bodily cures their skill effected, to open the gates of
heaven, by baptism, to 250 dying children and adults, on the
former of whom, indeed, they often conferred the rite by a strata-
gem. Thus we find Father Pijart, when rudely repulsed fi"om a
cabin, whose inmates refused to have their dying babe baptized,
ofter to give it some sugar to relieve it, and, as he applied it to
the lips of the suflerer, press from a wet cloth on the fevered brow
drops of water, enough to baptize it, and depart unsuspected by
the Indians, wlio had watched him. More, however, do we ad-
mire the missionary, when we find him by the couch of a child
above the age of reason, whom he could not consequently baptize
without instruction and an avowal of faith. There he spent a
weary night, imploring the intercession of St. Joseph, patron of all
their American missions, and instructing the parents. Reason at
last returned ; the child, docile to his teaching, was speedily bap-
tized, and died in great sentiments of piety.

The new missionaries, as soon as the sickness had spent its force,
applied to the study of the language, iu which Brebeuf, theii
t»?acher, had now made great discoveries, and had completely
analyzed its system of conjugations. In May, the Fathers began,

FRENCH MISSIONS.

177

at Ossossano, the residence of tlie Inimaciilate Coiu'eptioti ; and on
Trinity Sunday, for the first time, baptized an adult iu health.
This convert, who liad been long tided, and took in baptism the
name of Peter Tsiwendaentaha, never pi'oved recreant to the grace
he had received.*

Meanwhile the Huron seminary at (Quebec, on which so many
fund hopes rested, gave little liope of success ; and to dash still
more the prospects of Christianity on the Huron Lakes, the sum-
mer of 1637 witnessed the pestilence return with renewed fury in
their fated country. The calumnies against the missionaries daily
increased : not only the medicine-men and the common jDcople,
but even the chiefs openly charged the missionanes with destroy-
ing the land by witchcraft. They were now in constant danger of
death, as by the Indian custom any one may strike down a wizard.
The mode of life pursued by the missionaries became a matter of
constant suspicion ; the mass, their prayers at night, their clock,
cross, a flag above their cabin, all were in turn suspected. They
justified themselves in a council at Angoutenc, but in August a
general council of the three great tribes was held, at which
Ontitarac, the blind and venerable sachem, presided. The mission-
aries were required to give up a cloth in which they had wrapped
the pestilence. Brebeuf fearlessly denied the charge, and, though
interrupted, ascribed the fatal effects of the malady to their own
superstitions and improper treatment, while he declared that its
cause God only could know. This produced some effect, but all
ex})ected that one at least would be killed. In October their cabin
was set on fire, and Brebeuf then drew up a letter to the Superior
at Quebec, which was signed by all the missionaries at Ossossane,
himself, Le Mercier, Chastellain, Garnier, and Ragueneau ; the
other two, Jogues and Pijart, being still at Ihonatiria. " We
are," it begins, " probably on the point of shedding our blood in

* Eel. Huron, 1636-7, dated June 21, 1637 ; (iurnier's Letters.

178

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

1. i\

': !ili

i n

tlio service of our blessed master, Jesus Clinst. His goodness a\>-
parently vouchsafes to accept this sacrifice in expiation of my great
and countless sins, and to crown the past services and the great
and burning desires of all our Fathers liere."

Grieving only to leave their few Chnstians desolate, they con-
fided their altar furniture and Huron manuscripts to Peter, their
proto-convert. Then, as council after council was convened, and
l^rebeuf repeatedly examined, they prepared to die ; and on the
day named for their execution gave, in accordance with Huron
custom, their dying banquet. Their undaunted demeanor had its
eft'ect. Summoned once more to a council, 13rebeuf at last con-
vinced the assembled sachems of his innocence ; and as he left the
cabin, saw a medicine-man, his greatest pei-secutor, tomahawed by
his side. Believing that in the dusk the avenger had mistaken his
victim, he asked, " Was that for me ?" " No," was the reply ;
" he was a wizard, thou art not."

During all this period of danger, thus happily closed, the
missionaries, confined to Ossossane and Ihonatiria, had been untiring
in their labors. Cabins were closed indeed, but they persevered
in their visits, their instruction, and study. Their zeal was not
unrewarded. Joseph Chihatenhwa, whose after life was that of a
saint, was baptized, and the first war-chief of the confederacy
solicited the same favor.*

Banquets and councils restored their popularity, and, as the
malady decreased in the spring, they enjoyed greater freedom.
The conversion of Joseph's wife enabled them to solemnize the firet
marriage, and at last, in 1638, two Christian families rewarded
their long years of toil.

Ihonatiria, wasted by disease, was now in ruins, and the mission
of St. Joseph was transferred in the spring to Teananstayae, and a
chapel erected in June. Somewhat later a reinforcement of

♦ Rel. 1688, Huron ; Garnier's Letters.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

170

missionaries aiiived, with Father Daniel. One of theso, Jerome
J.aloinant, was nearly slain on the way ; the other two, Simon Lo
Moyne and Francis du Perron, met with the usual hardships, but
arrived safely.*

The two missions now contained four Fathers each, while two
(ttlicrs were constantly visiting the other towns. Gamier and
.lof^ucs, moreover, wintered among the Petuns, to begin, amid
eveiy opposition, a new mission among that tribe. Many converts
now declared themselves, but a greater number were found in the
Wenro, a tribe which sought refuge in the Huron ten-itory from
Iroquois cruelty. The labore of the missionaries soon created, too,
the mission of St. Michael at the town of Scanonaenrat, itself a
tribe, known as perfect fiends ; Taenhatentaron became the mis-
sion station of St. Ignatius. At the fixed missions all was now
regularly conducted, and day by day instructions for young and
old went on ; while on Sunday a missionary, in the Indian style,
travei-sed the streets to call all to prayer. The chapels were
crowded, and the faith now seemed about to take root in the land.
Amid this smiling prospect a new storm arose, which had well
nigh crushed the mission. A squaw demanded that the mission-
aries should offer a blanket to a beautiful woman holding an
infant in her arms, who had appeared to her in a dream, avd
among other gifts from various tribes and individuals, required fruii-
the missionaries a blanket, as an otFering to her, the sovereign of
the country. The dream is the gi*eat deity of the Indian ; it can-
not be disobeyed, yet here the missionaries could not obey. Their
lives were in danger, but they pei-sisted, although the idea of the
woman doubtless arose from some picture of the Virgin Mother,
and might perhaps have been turned to advantage by less scrupu-
lous men. But they resolved to grant nothing to the idolatry of
dreams, and at last triumphed. These troubles gave them influ-

* Eel. 1638, New France, 162-75.

180

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

■ .;

ence; and at this time, tlie spring of 1639, they had nearly tifty
who had made their first comnmnion : and the mission win
founded never to peiisli.*

With the sunnner niore missionaries arrived ; — Chaumonot,
destined to outlive all his companions, and Poncet, a martyr of mor-
tification, who, after hufj; sufferings and'toils in Canada, died in
Martinique. Unfortunately, the Indian flotilla brought back from
Quebec, along with S^uropean goods, the small-pox — the greatest
scourge of the red-man — conveyed, apparently, in some clothes.
As this deadly distemper ravaged village after village, and the
Indian, terror-struck, hastened death by his own act, all turned
again on the missionaries. To them, as on the fonner occasion,
all ascribed their misery, and on them they wreaked their ven-
geance. The missionaries, now thiileen in number, were again
exposed to every danger. The crosses on their dwellings were
thrown down ; the furious votaries of the demons entered their
cabins ; tomahawks often glittered over the heads of the Fathers ;
their crucifixes were torn fi'om them, and one was ciiielly beaten.
Yet amid all this the zealous envoys of the gospel did not falter or
shrink from their perilous duties. They visited every village ; used
every effort to reach the sick, and rouse them to renounce idolatry
or sin, — though often expelled from the cabins, and beholding in
the ranks of their persecutors men already bathed in the waters
of baptism, but too weak to resist their countiymen. Often a
missionary, after toiling all day through the snow, reached a vil-
lage to be repulsed, or entered it to be watched as a sorcerer ; but
their steady perseverance triumphed, and they all passed the or-
deal scathless, after having borne salvation to hundreds.

* Rel. 1639.

4 ^

CHAPTER VII.

lILltON MISSION (continued.)

Plan of tlio TiilsMon clian<;i'(l — St. Mary's founded — Mission of St. John — The noiglihor-
ins Alffonquins — Broheuf and C'haumonot aiiionj; tiie Attiwandaronk — Gradual pro-
cri'ss of tiio faltli — The C'iiri.stiiins styled Marimis — The AI;.'onfiiiin niis.sions — Tlio
IriMin(ds war — Ciipturo of Fathers Jofrues and IJrossani — Inereasod fervor— Mission
plan again changed — A inninent of peace — Tlie war renewed — Teananstayao de-
stroyed, and Daniel killed— Panic of the Hurons — Town deserted— St. Louis and St.
Itriiatius destroyed — Death of Brebeuf and Lalerniint- lliiin of the Hurons — The
!<eanonaenrat remove to New York — Others flee to dillerent tribes — St. Mary's burnt,
and mission removed to St. Joseph's Isle — The IVtun towns attacked— Death of
Gamier and Chabanel — A considerable body descend to Quebec.

The Uuron mission, of whicli wo liavo thus tiaccd the history,
was, as we have seen, like the present Catholic- mission in the
United States. A few Catholics mingled in among those who op-
posed them, often with the greatest virulence and hatred.* No
town of neophytes gathered by the Jesuits existed, as is com-
monly supposed, nor was a single mission village ever fonned in
Uuronia. The frequent persecutions, liowever, now induced tlie
Superior to alter the plan of action which we have seen them thus
far pursue. It was resolved to build a residence in some con-
venient spot apart from all the villages, but easily reached from
all. This would be the general resort of the missionaries when
the village was almost deserted by the absence of war, Iiunt-
iog, or fishing parties, or when popular fury made it prudent to
retire for a time. In case of need, a missionary could be sent to
any spot, and in the interval flying visits could be made.

Selecting a spot on the little river Wye, between two small
lakes, they erected the mission-house of St. Mary's ; and in the
fall of 1639 (after the pereecution raised by the small-pox), the

* The towns called by the missionariea St, Gabriel, St. Louis, and St.
Ignatius were not Catholic towns or missionary settlements any more than
New York, Boston, or Philadelphia are now.

•. i:

1«2

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

iiiissioiiaiioH of tlio Immaculate Conception, driven from Ossossanc,
retired to it, followed in tiie spring by tiioso of St. Josepirs, at
Teananstayae. They liad faced every danger, and stood by their
altar to the last, afflicted in heart to see some of their little band
of conv(?rts yield to the storm of popular fuiy.

lint from St. Mary's the missionaries now spread to new fields.
Fathers Daniel and Le Moynt; founded the mission of St. John
among the Ahrenda tribe, the earliest friends of tho French,
]>rotected and aided by its chieftain. At ironta; and Garnior and
Jogues again visited tho obstinate Tionontates. In the various
missions, one thousand were baptized, almost all in danger of
death, one fourth being infants.*

In the summer of 1040 two missionaries ari'ived to labor among
the neighboring Algic tribes. These were Charles Raymbaut,
doomed to die the earliest, and Claude Pijart. Jerome Lalemant
now became Superior ; and the veteran Brebeuf, gladly resigning
H charge he had never sought, hastened with Chaumonot to the
Neutral Nation, to begin anew the mission which his old comrade,
tiie Recollect Dallion, had attempted yeai*s before. Tho other
missions were divided ; and in November the Fathers, in paii-s, set
out for their allotted posts. Jogues and Chastelain remained at
St. Mary's, and visited five towns near it. The mission of the
Conception, with its dependencies, the treasure of these apostolic
men, was bedewed with the sweat of Lalemant and Lemercier.
St. Joseph's and St. John's, two widely separated villages, were
joyfully taken by Daniel and the courageous Le Moyne. Gamier
returned with Peter Pijart to his Tionontates, who had expelled
him the year before.

Since we are here giving only a general view of the Huron mis-
sion in Canada, as it preluded subsequent missions within our ter-
ritory, we must huiTy on. Fain would we pause to follow each in

* Rel. 1639-40 ; Garnier's Letters.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

1«3

liis labors, his trials, and his toils; recount their dangers from tliu
lu'atlu'n Huron, the skulking lro(jUois brave, the frozen river,
liunj^er, coKI, an J acci<lent; to show (Jarnier wrestling with tho
floating ice, through which h«^ sunk, on an errand of mercy ; Clia-
baiK'l struggling on for years on a missicjii from which every fibre
of his nature nhrunk with loathing; Chaumonot com|>iling his
granmiar on the frozen earth ; or tlu5 iieroic lirebeuf, paralyzed by
a fall, with his collar-bone broken, cree[)ing on his hands and feet
along tho frozen road, and sleeping unsheltered on the snow, when
the very trees were s})litting with cold.*

The faith now advanced. Chihatenhwa, slain by the Iro-
(juois, was rej)laceil by his brother Teondeclioren, who had for
twenty yeai's been a medicine-man. Sondatsaa, Atironta, Atonso,
and Aha.sastari, famous chiefs, were the catechumens, and tho
greatest sachems now listened to the words of the mission-
aries; yet still, in a nation of 10,000, not one lumdred were
Christians, and but a hundred baptisms rewarde<l their labors.f
Tho following year was more consoling. Although the war
with the Iroquois liad assumed a dangerous form, the mis-
sions were pushed with renewed vigor, except that among tho
Neutrals, for Brebeuf had gone to Quebec. Tlie C'iiristians and
catechumens now became so numerous, that in many villages
they formed a considerable party, and by refusing all participation
in feasts or ceremonies savoring of idolatry, drew on themselves
petty pereecution and bitter hatred. Hearing tho name of Maiy
repeated frequently^ the pagans called the Christians Marians, a
name which they joyfully received. In many families the Catho-
lic Indian was constantly pei-secuted ; and the annals of the mis-
sion give most edifying accounts of tho pei'severance even of
children.

* Garnier's Letters; Memoirea sur la vie et les vertus des Peres istuic
Jogues, &c. ; Chatimonot's Autobiography.
+ Rel. 1640-1.

184

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

The AlguiKjuiii mission also took a new impulse. After u twist
of the tlejid, whicli had gathered deputies from eveiy Algic clan
around the upper lakes, Kaynibaut and Jogues, as wo shall else-
where see, crossed Lake Huron, and announced the gospel to the
assembled Chippewas at the rai)ids of St. Mary, planting the cross
within the limits of Michigan, as it has been justly said, years
before Elliot had preached to the Algonquins, within ten miles of
Boston.*

Revei'ses were now beginning to overshadow the future of
the Huron mission. Father Jogues, sent down to Quebec in
the summer for supplies, fell into the hands of the Mohawks
as he returned. The flotilla containing the bravest Chiistians
wjis taken, and all met sufterings or death on their way to
the Mohawk.f Kaymbaut soon after died. The Iroquois were
ravaging the Huron country; but the Superior, undaunted by
all, wrote — "Never have we had more courage for spiritual or
temporal." Every war or trading party now had its Christians,
who, by their fidelity in prayer, showed the sincerity of their
belief. IMany who had turned a deaf ear to the poor missionary
in Iluronia, yielded at last, when he saw the honor paid to reli-
gion at Quebec, and felt the greatness of the sacrifices made by
those apostolic men.

These, on their return, became apostles, and many, like Totiri,
went to obstinate towns to announce the faith, and warn them of
the vengeance of Heaven. The Christian element was now work-
ing steadily on. Councils were held to determine the best means
of extending the faith ; and though the evils of war seemed to fall
especially on the Christians, none wavered.

By 1644, the face of the country was so changed, that the mis-
sionaries, though in great want, yet relying on the protection of
God, resolved on the return of Brebeuf, with Fathers Garreau and

! 11

Rel. Huron, 1641-2 ; Bancroft.

t Rel. 1642, oh. xi.

FllENCH MISSIONS.

185

Chabanel, again to alter the mission plan, and became |)crmanent
residents at the various stations of the C'onception, St. Joseph's
and St. Michael's, returning to St. Mary's only tor their annual re-
treat, or to attend consultations.* In the following year there
wen; two other little churches, St. Ignatius and St. John the Bajv
tist, with the Algic church of the Holy Ghost.f

The year 1645 brought a pe.ice, which, for the fii*st time* in
many years, left the St. Lawrence free ; and Father Bressani, who
liad been captured the preceding year, now reached the Huron
country with the necessaries of which the missioiuu'ies liad long
Inen deprived. Relieved of the long and cruel war, Iluronia
seemed to acquire new vigor, and the Jesuits began to feel hopes
of extending their spiritual conquests ; but the peace so lately con-
cluded was soon broken by the Mohawks, who massacred their
missionary, Isaac Jogues. War was rekindled. The Iroquois
bui-st on the Huron country, and all was soon dismay and ruin.
This hour of misfortune was the acceptable time of salvation. As
famine, disaster, and destruction closed around them, the Hurons
gathered beneath the cross, their only hope. Eveiy alarm pro-
duced sincere conversions, stimulated the slow or tepid, and sent
conviction into the hearts of unbelievers. In no town was there a
chapel large enough for the congregation. In summer and winter,
proof to the severity of the weather, the kneeling crowd without
joined, each in his own heart, in the sacrifice oflered withiu.J

In July, 1648, early in the morning, when the braves were
absent on war or hunting parties, when none but old men, women,
and children tenanted the once strong town of Teananstayae, when
Father Anthony Daniel, beloved of all, fresh from liis retreat at
St. Mary's, and full of desire for the gloiy of Heaven, was urging
his flock to prepare for it in joy, a ciy «irose, " To arms ! to arms !"

* Kcl. Huron, 1642-4. There is none of 1643; it was taken by tlio Mo-

luiwks.

t Kcl. 1644-5, and 1645-6. X K©1. 1647-8.

186

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

which echoing through tlie crowded cliapel, filled all with terror.
Mass had just ended, and Daniel hastens to the palisade, where the
few defenders rallied. There he rouses their drooping courage, for
a formidable Iroquois force was upon thera. Heaven opens to the
faitliful Christian who dies fighting for his home ; but to the un-
believer, vain his struggle : temporal pain will be succeeded by
endless torment. Few and quick his words. Confessing here,
baptizing there, he hurries along the line. Then speeds him to
the cabins. Crowds gather round to implore the baptism they
had long refused. Unable to give time to each, he baptizes by
aspersion, and again hurries into cabin after cabin to shrive the
sick and aged. At last he is at the chapel again. 'Tis full to
the door. All had gathered round the altar for protection and
defence, losing the pi-ecious moments. " Fly, brethren, fly !" ex-
claimed the devoted missionary. "Be steadfast till your latest
breath in the faith. Here will I die ; here must I stay while I
see one soul to gain to heaven ; and, dying to serve you, my life
is nothing." Pronouncing a general absolution, he urged their
flight from the rear of the chapel ; and advancing to the main
door issued forth and closed it behind him. The Iroquois were
air ady at hand ; but at the sight of that man thus fearlessly ad-
vancing, they recoiled, as though some deity had buret upon them.
But the next moment a shower of arrows riddled his body.
Gashed, and rent, and torn, his apostolic spirit never left him.
Daniel stands undismayed, till pierced by a musket-ball, lie
uttered aloud the name of Jesus, and fell dead, as he had often
wished, by that shrine he had reared in the wilderness. His
church, soon in flames, became his pyre, and flung in there, his
body was entirely consumed.

Thus, in the midst of his laboi*s, perished Anthony Daniel,
priest of the Society of Jesus, unwearied in labor, unbroken in
toil, patient beyond belief, gentle amid every opposition, charitable
with the charity of Christ, supporting and embracing all. Around

<t-

FRENCH MISSIONS.

187

him fell hundreds of his Christians ; and thus sank in blood the
mission of St. Joseph, at the town of Toananstayae.*

The news of this disaster si)read terror through the land.
Town after town was abandoned. The Ilurons fled to the
islands of the lake, or the cabins of the Tionontates; and the
missionaiies endeavored in vain to excite them to a systematic
plaa of defence. During the winter the Iroquois roamed through
the country undisturbed, and there seemed no hope of ultiuuite
victory over them. The Huron nation, after having had its day
of glory and renown, was destined to melt away before the con-
quering Iroquois, when sickness had enfeebled its towns. Though
it was proud and stubborn at fii'st, Providence awaited the
moment of its convereion before the final blow was struck. " The
faith had now made the conquest of almost the whole country,"
says Bressani, an eye-witness of the scenes we relate ; " it was
everywhere publicly professed ; and not merely the common
people, but even the chiefs were alike its children and its pro-
tectors. The superstitious rites that at first were more frequent
than t)ie day, began to lose credit to such a degree, that a heathen
at Ossossane, man of rank though he w;u<, could find none to per-
form them in his illnes'^. The persecutions raised against us had
now cejised ; the curses heaped on the faith were changed into
blessings. We might say that they were now ripe for heaven ;
that naught was wanting but the reaping-hook of death to lay the
han'est up in the safe garner-house of I*aradise. This was our
sole consolation amid the general desolation of the country."

" ^] isfortune and affliction had begun with the faith ; they grew

* Father Anthony Daniel, called by the Indians Antwen (i. e. Antoine),
wa3 born at Dieppe, in Normandy, in 1601, and entered the Society of Jesus
ia his twenty-first year. Sent to Canada in 16:33, ho was at first stationed at
Cape Breton; but from July, 1634, to his death, on the 4tli of July, lfJ4s,
was connected with the Huron mission. In life, he bad ever been distin-
guished for meekness, humility, obedience, and piety. For a sketch of his
'ife, see Alegambc, 642 ; Tanner, German edition, 673; Bresaaiu, 247.

188

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

■if

1 .

■ 1

witli its growth ; and wlicn religion seemed .it last the peaceful
mistress of the land, ' the waters of tribulation entered in' so furi-
ously, that the stricken church may well exclaim, ' A tempest has
overwhelmed me.' "

Such was the strange picture of this devoted land. Its cup was
not yet full. On the 16th of March, 1649, at daybreak, an arinv
of a thousand Iroquois burst on the town of St. Ignatius, and all
were soon involved in massacre. Three only found means tc>
escape, and, halt-naked, reach the neighboring town of St. Louis.
Sending oft' the women and children, the braves prepared to
detend the place. Two missionaries were actually in the vil-
lage — the veteran Ih'ebeuf and (Jabnel Lalemant. These the
Christians urged to flee, as it was not their calling to wield sword
or musket ; but Father Brebeuf told them that in such a crisis
there was something more necessary than fire or steel ; it was to
have recourse to God and to the sacraments, Avhich they alone
could administer. Lalemant, no less resolute, implored of Brebeuf
permission to remain with him, and obtained it. Like Daniel,
they too hurried from cabin to cabin to prepare the sick and in-
firm for death, and then at the palisades roused the courage of
the small band who awaited the approach of the enemy. The
Iroquois came madly on, but a well-directed Huron fire drove
them back with loss. Yet their force was too overwhelming, hi
spite of losses they pressed up to the palisade, and soon effecting a
breach, drove back the few Huron braves, and as they advanced,
fired the town. The two missionaries, who remained to soothe
the wounded and dying, were soon in the hands of the Iroquois,
who, collecting their captives, began their torture by tearing out
their nails, then led them in haste to St. Ignatius, where the other
prisoners and booty had been left. The missionaries and their
companions were dragged along with every ignominy, and entered
the town only by the fearful gauntlet — blows raining on them
from the double row of furious savages who came out to meet

FRENCH MISSIONS.

189

tlieni. A scaft'old had been raisod, according to cu.sto?M, of polos
lushed together, and covered with bark. Here they were expensed,
lirebeiif seeing Christian captives near him, excited their courage
by reminding them of the glory <.>f lieaven now opening before
them. There were among the Lwjuois some llurons now natural-
ized, and of old enemies of the missionaries. At these words of
Brebeuf, they began the torture. Eacli wjis soon bound to a
stake. The liands of lirebeuf were cut ofi'; while Lalemant's llesli
quivered with tlie awls and pointed irons thrust into every part of
his body. This did not sufHce : a tire kindled near soon reddened
their hatchets, and these they forced under the armpits and between
the thighs of the suilerers ; while to Brebeuf they gave a collar of
those burning weapons; and there the missionaries stootl with
those glowing irons seething and consuming to their very vitals.
Amid the din rose tlie voice of the old Huron missionary, consol-
ing his converts, denouncing God's judgments on the unbeliever,
till his executioners crushed his mouth with a stone, cut oft' liis
nose and lips, and thrust a brand into liis mouth, so that his
throat and tongue, burnt and swollen, refused their office.

They had left Lalemant, and now stopped to devise some new
plan of torture. Enemies of the faith, they had seen Brebeuf in
the veiy breach bapti-^ing his neophytes ; often, too, in their vil-
lages, had the apostate llurons seen him pour the vivifying watei's
on the head of the dying. An infernal thought seizes them. They
resolve to baptize him. While the rest danced like fiends around
him, slicing oft' his flesh to devour before his eyes, or cauterizing
the wounds with stones or hatchets, these placed a cauldron on the
fire. " Echon," cried the mockers, for such was his Iluron name,
" Echon, thou hast told us that the more we sufter here, the greater
will be our crown in heaven ; thank us, then, for we are laying up
for thee a priceless one in heaveii." When the water was heated,
they tore oft" his scalp, and thrice, in derision of baptism, poured
the water over his head, amid the loud shout of the unbelievers.

100

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

I ■

11-'

The eye of the inurtyr was now dim, and tlie torturers unable, from
lii'st to last, to wrini^ from his lips one sijjfh of pain, were ea<^er to
close the scene. Hacking ott' his feet, they clovo open his chest,
took out his noble heart and devoured it.*

Thus, about four o'clock in the afternoon, after three lioura of
frightful torture, expired Father John de lirebeuf, the real found-
er of the mission, a man such as the Catholic Church alone
could produce; — as a missionaiy unequalled for his zeal, ability,
untiring exertion, and steady perseverance; as a servant of God, one
whose virtues the Rota wouM pronounce heroic, patient in toil,
hardship, sullering, and privation ; a man of prayer, of deep and
tender piety, of inflamed love for God, in whom and for whom he
did and sutiered all ; as a martyr, one of the most gloiious in our
annals for the variety and atrocity of his torments.

Gabriel Lalemant had cast himself at the feet of Brebeuf to kiss
his glonous wounds ; but he had been torn away, and after beinio;

* Father John ile Brcbciif, whose Huron name was FcJion, was born at
Buycux, in Normandy, on the 2oth of March, 1593, of a noble funiily, tlie
source of the ancient house of Arundel. By far the most eminent of the early
niissionarics of Canada, his life is the history and the glory of the Huron
mission. He entered the Society of Jesus at Kouen on the 5th of October,
1617, and was ordained Ave years after. From the outset of his religious life
he was eminent for his mortification, austerities, zeal, and dovotedness. He
first arrived in Canada on the 19th of June, 1625, and was employed amon?
the Hurons from 1626 to 1629, from 1634 to 1641, and from 1641 to his death
on the Ifith of March, 1649. He was interred at the cemetery of St. Mary's,
but his head was carried to Quebec and inclosed in a silver bust sent from
France by his family. The bust, of which an exact copy is given in this
work, is still at the Hotel Dieu, Quebec. The intercession of Father Brebeuf
was constantly invoked, and many miracles are ascribed to him. He was tlic
first Huron scholar, and wrote a catechism in the language of the tribe, pub-
lislied in 1632, and a grammar never published. As Superior of the Ilurou
mission he is the author of two Bclations, one of which contains a treatise
on the Huron language, republished in the Transactions of the Americim
Antiquarian Society, and another Treatise on the Manners and Customs of the
Tribe. For a sketch of his life, see Alegambo ; Tanner, 533 ; Brossani, 251 ;
Mpmoires touchant les Vertus, <fec. MS. 1652; O'Callaghan, ffesuit Rela-
tions ; Drew's Fasti, i. 312-17.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

191

wrapped in i>ieces of l);uk, K'ft tor a time. Wlien his superior luul
expired, they applied tire to this coverinjor; as the tlame curled
around him, Father Lalemant, whose delicjite frame, unused to toil,
could not resist tlie pain, raised liis hands on liigli and invoked tho
aid of heaven. Gratitied by this exj)ression of i)ain, his tormentors
resolved to prolong his agony ; and through the long night added
torture to torture to see the writhing frame, the quivering tlesh of
the young priest. He, too, underwent the cniel inockery of bap-
tism. " Wo baptize thee," said the wretches, " that thou mayest bo
blessed in heaven, for without a good baptism one cannot bo
sa\'ed." lie, too, saw his tlesh devoured before his eyes, or slashed
oft' in wanton cruelty, for it displeased their taste ; every inch of
his body, from head to foot, wjis charred and burnt ; his very eyes
were put out by the hot coals forced into them. At last when the
sun had risen on the I7th of March, 1649, they closed his long
martpdom by tomahawking him, and left his body a black man-
gled mass.*

They had attempted to attack St. Mai'y's, where a small village
had now gathered ; but after receiving a check from a Huron
party gave up the design, and at last, fearful of surprise, retired
with precipitation.

This was the death-blow of the Huron nation ; fifteen towns were
now abandoned, and the people tied in every direction. The tribe

i i;

[ i

* Rel. 1648-9 ; Brcssani, Relation abregee ; Mcmoires sur lea Vertus,
&c. MS.

Father Gabriel Lalemant, a nephew of Father Charles and Father Je-
rome Lalemant, both distinguished in the annald of the Canada mission, was
born on the 31st of October, 1610, at Paris, where his grandfather held the
post of Lieutenant Criminel. At the age of twenty he entered the Society of
Jesus, and, after teaching several years, followed his uncles and several of his
Rclioolfellows to Canada, lie arrived at Quebec on the 20th of September,
1C46, but was on the Huron mission only from the 6th of August, 1648, to tho
time of his death. A gentle, innocent life, made him seem ever younger,
but not more innocent than he actually was. For his Life, see same authori-
ties as for Father Brebeuf.

192

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

■!

•

■•

■ 1

;i'

J '

' i

1 1 ■

fM :

j^^|

..■■1

■^1 .;

of Scaiionaonrat or St. Micliael's, witli tlie survivors of that calleil
by the missionaries St. John tho baptist, made overtures to the
conquering Iioquois, and emigrated in a body to the Seneca coun-
try, wliere we sliall afterwards find tliem. (Others fled to the kin-
dred Tionontates, Attiwan<hiionk, Enes, and Conestogues; otheis
sought a refuge on tlie islands and shores of Lake Huron.

In this disorder tlic missions were all broken up. The Fathers,
assembling at St. Mary's, resolved to follow the fugitives who re-
mained in the country, and share their fate. Tho small body thus
left in the Huron country clung to the missionaries as their only
liope : the infidels promising conversion, the Chiistians fidelity
till death. vSome of the missionaries struck a hundred miles into
the forests to console those who had fled amid their trials ; others
joined Gamier on his Petun or Tionontate mission, now the most
important of all ; the rest, with the Superior and the French in tho
country, endeavored to assemble as many as possible, and form a
settlement on an island to which they gave the name of St. Josopli.

Before removing to it, however, they, with streaming eyes, set
fire to their house and chapel of St. Mary's to prevent its profana-
tion, and beheld the flames in one liour consume the work of nino-
teen years. The new settlement was unfortunate ; unable to raise
crops for the multitude gathered there, cooped up by war-parties of
the enemy, the devoted Ilurons soon fell victims to famine and disease.

Father Garnier and his companions labored zealously among the
Tionontates, but calumny and persecution arose, and in one place
their death was resolved upon ; confident, nevertheless, in the pro-
tection of lieaven, they fearlessly continued their labors during the
summer. Late in the fall the Superior at St. Joseph's Island heard
that a large Iroquois force was in the field, intended to operate
either against the new settlement or the Tionontates. Not to expose
too manv, he recalled Father Natalis Chabanel from Etharita or
St. John's, and suggested to Father Charles Gamier, the other mis-
sionary there, the propriety of retiring for a time. Father Cha-

FRENCH MISSIONS.

193

h.'inel left on the 5th of Dc(;cmber, and on tlie same day the braves
of Etharita, tired of waiting for tlie oneniy, set out to meet them,
hut unfortunately took a wrong direction : the Iroquois army passed
them unseen, and hite in the afternoon bui-st on the defencek'ss
town. Feaiful of being surprised in their work by the returning
I'etuns, they cut down all without mercy, and fired the j)lace.
(larnier was everywhere exhorting, consoling, shriving, baptizing:
wherever a wounded Indian lay, he mshed to g;ither his dying
words ; wherever a sick pereon or child met his eye, he luustened
to confer baptism. While thus, regardless of danger, he listened
only to the call of duty, he fell mortally wounded by two musket-
balls ; and the Iroquois, stripping him of his habit, hurried on.
Stunned by the pain, he lay a moment there, then clasping his
hands in prayer, prepared to die ; but as he writhed in the agony
of death he beheld a wounded Tionontate some paces from him.
Tluit sight revived liim ; forgetful of his own state, he remembered
only that he was a priest, and rallying all his strength by two
eti'orts, lises to his feet and endeavors to walk, but after a few stag-
gering steps falls heavily to the ground. Still, mindful only of duty,
he dragged himself to the wounded man, and, while giving him the
last absolution, fell over him a corpse : another Iroquois had driven
a tomahawk into his skull.*

Fathers Garreau and Grelon liastened from the other town and
buried, amid the ruins of their church, the body of the holy mis-
sionary, the beloved Oracha of the natives, who, won by his mild
and gentle mannere, entire devotion to them and their good, his
forgetfulness of all that was not connected with their salvation, no
less than his perfect knowledge of their language and manners, had
long considered him less a Frenchman than an Indian, or a being
of another world sent to assume the form.f

1 I

i I

\ i

:: I

* Memoires, &c. 247 ; Bressani, Relation abr^gee, 263.
t Father Charles Garnier was born at Paris, in 1605, of an eminent and
pious familjr. After a youth of remarkable holiness ho entered the Society

1D4

AMKlUl'AN ("ATlIoriK' MlSSfOXS.

: •
(

Ilis rornpanioii, Father CliaUaiirl, <li(l not escajx'. IIo had not
travelled far ^vhen the cries from St. John's alarmed his party in
the wocxls : tliey dispersed, and Chabanel, Avhiie endoavorin«jf to
make his way alone to St. Mary's, was killed by an apostate Hu-
ron on the banks of a river, and i\\mg into the stream, thus endiuir
a missionary earecn* in which he had persevered ac^aiiist the utmost
K'piiu^nance, and the total want of all consolation.*

After this disaster, the Tionontates abandoned their other town
and fled with the Ilnrons, with whom tliey were now confoundetl.

As the misery on St. .Joseph's Isle increased, the chiefs resolved
to emif^rate to the lower St. Lawrence, and settle under the walls
of (Quebec. To this the missionaries at last consented, loth as th< y
were to leave a land so endeared to them by the labor of years,
bedewed by the sweat and blood of their martyred brethren. The

of Jesus on the Gth of Sepiomber, 1624, being the third brother who em-
braced tlic religious state. Sent to Canada in 1636, ho was constantly on tiie
Jfuron niissions from the 11th of Stptenibcr in tha': year till his death on the
7th of December, 1G40. lie seemed to Iiave been born and to live only for tlio
conversion of his Indians : of nothing else did he think or converse. Ej^-
tccmcd by his companions as a saint, his letters, still extant, bear testimony
to his eminent love of God and zeal for the salvation of souls, as well as liis
entire disengagement from earthly things. As a Huron scholar lie was, next
to Brebeuf, the best in the whole body of missionaries. See Alegarabe, He-
roes, 659 ; Tanner, 539; Drew's Fasti, iv. 295; Creuxins, Hist. Canada, T)!].");
Eulogium, r. C. Garnier, MS. 1649; Chaumonot, Autobiography, MS.

* Kel. 1649-50 ; Memoires, &c. 273 ; Tanner, Soeietas Jesu Militans (Ger-
man ed,), 687. Father Natalis Chabanel was born in the south of France in
1613, and entered the Society of Jesus at the age of 17. lie was professoi'of
rhetoric in several colleges of the order in the province of Toulouse, and was
liighly esteemed for his skill and learning. Burning, however, with the desire
pf evangelizing the heathen, ho Avas sent to Canada in 1643. After studyin;;
the Algonquin language for a time he was sent to the llurons, and continued
among them till his death. His virtue may be known from the fact tluit,
though he had an insuperable repugnance to the Indians and their mode of
life, he bound himself by vow not to leave the mission, and this without any
interior consolation to sustain him. A doubt hung over his death ; but his
murderer, Louis llonareenhax, finally avowed that ho had killed the mis-
sionary, because every misfortune liad befallen him since he had embraced
Christianity. — M6moirea pour sejvir, jfec.

imi

•it.

KHKNCII MISSIONS.

lo;

[o had lift
is party in
rivoiinjJC to
ostato llu-
hiis cndinir
the utnio>t

other town
•onfoundo*!.
ofe rosolvc'l
er the ^valls
loth as tli« y
or of years,
thren. Tho

»thcr who 0111-
istuntly on t'ne
s death on the
ve only fort ho
:onvcr?c. !>-
iciir tcHtimony
art well as liis
lie was, next
.legambc, He-
Canada, r)i35 ;
|,y, MS.
ililitans (Gcr-
of France in
19 professor of
louse, and was
ith the desire
.ftcr studying'
ind continued
the fact tlnit,
their mode ot
19 without any
leath ; but his
felled the w'l-^-
liad embraced

pilijnins !*c't out iiiJuiic, lOr)0,aiRl l>y iht; tullowiiii^ montli roaclied
the capital of the Fivneh colony.

The Huron nation was thus entirely dispersed, and the mission
broken up. Since the fii*st visit of La Caron in 101 o, a period of
tliirtv-five veal's, twentv-nine missionaries had labored in tiie penin-
suhi on Lake Huron. Seven of these had j>erislied l»y the hand of
violence; eleven still remained. These, like their neopliytes, scat-
tcied ; IJressani went to Italy, Lemercier and Poncet to the West
In(li<'s, and (Jrelon to China; hut distance did not wean their
hearts from their loui^-cherished attVction to the mission of tlu'ir
early years. Words could not describe the thrill of joy which filled
the heart of Grelon, when, years after, trav«>llininr through the plains
of Tartary, he met a Huron woman whom he had known on the
shores of her native lake, and who, sold from tribe to tribe, had
roached the interior of Asia. There on the steppes she knelt, and
ill that tongue, which neither had heard for years, the poor Wyan-
dot confessed once more to her agi^l pastoi.*

* Clinrievoix, v. 45. See, too, Hist. Spanish America, London, 1742, p. ^4.
For Grelon's Chinese labors, see Navarrotc, Lc Cointe. This fact first led to
the knowlcdj,'e of the near approach of America to Asia.

The best account of the Huron mission to the destruction of their na-
tional existence is the "Breve Kelatione" of Father Francis Joseph IJrcssani.
He was a native of Rome, and enterin<f the Society of Jesus at the a<^e of 1"),
i'peiit many years as professor of Literature, Philosophy, and Mathematics.
Filled with zeal for the salvation of souls, and doubtless moved by the ex-
ample of Chaumonot and Poncet, he solicited the Canada mission, and was
sent to America in 1642. For two years he was employed amonw the colonist^
and the Algonquins near Quebec. Sent then to the Hurons, in 1644, he fell
witli his companions into a Mohawk ambuscade near Fort Richelieu, and was
taken prisoner. Father Bressani was tortured and condemned to the stake.
Led with every brutality to the banks of the upper Hudson, ho was com-
pelled to run the gauntlet, beaten, cut, and mangled. Then hurried on again
over rocks and thorns, famishing with hunger, spent with blows and loss of
blood, he reached the first Mohawk village to run again the fearful race, and
meet the torture on the scaffold and in the cabins. Ho was now a living mass
ot'eorruptiou, the worms that bred in him dropping as ho moved. Yet lie
lived, and when they changed their resolution and gave liim to an old wo-
man, she sold him to the Dutch, who treated him kindly, and snnt him buck

CllAl'TKU VIII.

1
i

{

THK HURON MISSION — (concluded.)

Tlio lltirun.s ut Qiitbec — FiithiT ('liauinonot niiil liis luboro — Troubled by the Irociiioi*--
Subsequent liistory — Present state -11 urons of St. Josejili's Isle— Tlieir division — !!»•
tons at Mackinaw — Menard dies on bis way to t)ieireain|) on (Jreen Ibiy — Allouez ai
Cheyojjnejjon — Marfjuette — Iteliirn to Mackinaw In eonseiiuenee of Sioux war-
Mission of St. It'natlus — Its blstory — lUuiovnl to Detroit — Sundiisky and Indian tir.
ritory— (jeneral view. ^

Tiir. Iliirons who went to Qiu-boc were received there with all
cliarity, and placed by the .Jesuits on lands of theirs at Heaupoit,
wliere they had alrea<ly tonned a colony of that unfortunate nation.
Notwitlistandino^ all the eti'oits iA' tlieir |)astoi's their sutfcrino^s were
extreme, for the charity of the white-man is far different from tlif
hospitality of the Indian. After some struggles with poverty and
misery tliey lemoved to Isle Orleans in 1051, where a church and
fort were constructed, and the cultivation of the soil gave them
ample sup})ort. (J uided by Father Leonard Garreau and by Fatlur
Peter Mary J. Chaumouot, two of their surviving pastel's, they be-
came models of piety and fervor. The latter missionary spent most
of his life among them, and completing the knowledge of the llu-

to France. Canada was still liis choice ; lie returned in July, 1645, and pr>
ceeclcd to the Huron country, and, in 1G4S, accompanied a party to Quebec,
wliich, attacked by the Mohawks, defeated them with loss. lie returned tlie
same year. Atler tlie death of Daniel, Brebeuf, and Lalcmant, ho was sent
to Quebec again in September, 1649, for aid, butcoidd not return till the fol-
lowing year. Wounded on the way by the Iroquois, who aj^ain attacked him,
he met the first Huron party emigrating to Quebec, and learnt the final rnia
of the mission. lie sailed for Europe on tlio 1st of November, 1650, aiul,
after preaching many years in Italy, died at Florence on the 9th of Septem-
ber, 1672. He published, in 165:5, at Mncerata, his Breve Relatione, of wliicli
a translation appeared at Montreal in 1852. For Fatlier IJressani, see tlie
biograpliy in the latter edition drawn up by the editor. Father Felix Martin,
one who has rendered incalculable services to the history of Canada by lii-*
researches, writings, and collection of precious documents.

FUKNCII MISSIONS.

197

■ •

lull (l«'nv('(| tVoiii linU'iit' and ( Jmihi' i, lie coiiipos^Ml a i^raininarot
the lan^uaLjt', loii^jf rctjanhMl as a inastorj»i«*<*<' by the niissiunarics
of Canada.* It was foustaiitly placo.l in the haiia*«t» of n»'arlv all
th«' graiuniars of Indian toiiifiU's conipilrd by the Kivnch inisfiona-
lii's. After rcniainini; loni; in manuscript, cofrnMl from hand to
hand, this admirable work was published by tin; Literary and His-
torical Society of Quebec iu IS'Mi.

The Iroquois, however, troubled the pence? of this little Kden,
where two sodalities for the two sexes kept alive a sjtirit of fervor
and i)iety worthy of the primitive Church : the Senecas had, by the

of the III

accession ot tlie llurons ot fet. JMicliael and ht. John, become too
poweiful : the crafty Mohawk and deeper Ononda<(a sought, by
the same means, to swell their nund)ers. The Jlurons unfortu-
nately listened to both, and, by unthinkiuLf negotiations, drew
new miseries on themselves, bv inomising to emigrate to both
cantons. While hesitating as to their best coiuse, they were sud-
denly attacked bv the Mohawks in Mav, 1050, and nearly a
huiidre<l killed or huriied away caj)tives.f Alarmed at this, the
rest made overtures of peace ; and it w as tinally agieed to separate :
the Wear family joined the Mohawks; iu 1057 the Hock set out
for Onondaga, and the remaining family, the Cord, resolved to re-
main with the French. The grief of the llurons at parting w ith
their missionaries w.is intense ; but as there wjis now every pros-
pect of ])ennanent missions in the Iroquois cantons, they had still
some hope of enjoying the consolations of their religion. Some of
these unfortunate emigi'ants were soon after killed without scruple,
hut many lived for years in the various cantons preparing their
conquerors for tlie faith. Their history we shall trace in that of
tlie Iroquois missions.J
The small body that remained on Isle Orleans, sought shelter in

* Cliaumonot's Life. + Rcl. 16r)6-7, ch. 3. X Rel. 16."i6-7, cli. 6, 7, 10-22.

198

AMERICAN CATIIOLIO MISSIONS.

Quebec, and spent several years -witliin its walls, till peace was
aujaiii restored, Avhen Chauinonot founded tlie mission of Notre
Dame de Foye,* about live miles from the eity. 0\vin<^ to want
of proper land, this mission was removed by the same missionary,
in 1G93, to a new site, where he erected a church and c^'apel,
modelled on the Holy House of Loretto, and perfectly like it in
form, materials, dimensions, and furniture. From this circumstance
the mission took the name of Lorette. Here the IJurons long en
joyed great prosperity.f

Piii

{

* So called from a statue of the Blessed Virgin, which had been sent
from Belgium to be honored in an Indian mission ; as this statue was made
of the oak-tree in which the miraculous statue of Notre Dame de Foye
was found, near Dinan in Belgium. — Martin's Notes in Bressani, Kelatioii
abregee, 318.

+ Father Peter Mary Joseph Chaumonot, or, as he sometimes wrote his
name, Chaumonnot, was born in IGll, near Chatillon sur Seine, where his
father was a vine-dresser. While studying with his uncle, a priest, he was
induced, by a wicked associate, to rob his guardian and go to Baume to tiii-
ish his studies. Soon disabused, ho feared to return, and proceeded on a
pilgrimage to Kome. After a variety of adventures, which he has inimitably
described, he entered the Society of Jesus, on the 18th of May, 1032, as the
son of an advocate, lie soon revealed the deceit, and, sincerely converted,
devoted liimself to the stiuly of perfection. While in his theology. Father
Poncet, then also a student at Rome, gave him one of Brebeuf's Huron Kl-
lations, and lie solicited the Canada mission. His desire was granted ; ami,
after being ordained, lie was sent to America. He landed at Quebec on the
1st of August, 1639, with Father Poncet, and with him proceeded inmie-
diately to the Huron territory. Here he remained till 1G50, visiting the vil-
lages of the llurons, Pctuns, and Neutrals. He descended to Quebec witli
the party who settled on Isle Orleans, and was constantly with them til)
liis death, on the 21st of February, 1G93, except from 1655 to 1058, when In*
was at Onondaga, and a short stay at Montreal.

Ho founded JLorette, and from his devotion to the Blessed Virgin estab
lished the Confraternity of the Holy Family, to which the Pope granted iiu
merous indulgences, and whicii still subsists. Besides his Huron grainmai
above mentioned, he composed his *' Racines lluronncs," a collection of tlio
radical and derivative words ; a Catechism and Instructions in Huron ; and
tinally, in 1688, his own autobiography, in a letter addressed to his Superior,
Father Dablon. None of these latter works have been printed. Ho was a
man of great and eanust piety, boundless zeal, and confidence in God. lis
humility wiis such that he ordinarily signed his letters "Le pauvre lleciion,"'

FKENCII ]^IISSIONS.

199

"When Charlevoix visited it in 1Y21, the mission was directed
bv Father Peter Daniel liicher, a man of eminent virtue. Tho
mission bad for a time, during Chaumonot's later years and after
his death, been somewhat neglected, but its fervor was restored,
aiid Richer had only to maintain mattere as they were. Tho fervor
of the Hurons was such as to call forth tho hiifhest eulosriums of
tlie traveller, who dwells on their patriarchal faith, their upright-
ness, their docility of heart, their innocence and sincere piety.

Their fervor abated none of their valor : their chiefs figured in
e\ ery war ; and the defeat of Braddock was mainly due to the
courage and skill of Anastasius the chieftain of Lorette.

The want of good ground induced a subsequent removal to a
I»lace now known as Jeune Lorette, where they still reside. Af-
ter having lost home, language, habits, and to some extent their
nationality, this portion is gradually disappearing. " It resembles,"
says Father Martin, " a tree which cpuld never take deep root in
the ground to which it had been transplanted. Deprived of quick-
ening sap, its detached leaves fall one after another, and there is
no hope that a new spring-tide will ever restoi'e the verdure of its
early years."*

When the Hurons left St. Joseph's Isle with the missionaries,
several bands of the nation were still in various parts : one of these
made a stand on great Manitoaline for a time, and, under the gal-
lant Stephen Annaotaha, defeated the Iroquois, but finally removed
to (^lebec. Some, however, still clung to the west, and ere long
a Huron colony existetl on the island of Michilimackinaw, an
island famous in the traditions of western mythology. Bleak and
t'xposed as Avas this little isle, it was safe, abounded in excellent
l)hu'cs for fishing, was convenient to fertile lands and good hunting
ground, and enabled them to carry on a lucrative trade.

tlic latter being his Indian natnc. — Autobiograpliic du P. Cliauinonut; I>ab-
lull, Circular Letter, 101*3; Creuxiiis; l!elation3,1639 to 1G79.
* Martin's Notes ia Bressani. Kclatioii abr.'goc, 018.

I I

200

AMEKICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Attacked even here, tliey removed for a time to the Noqiiet
Islands, then, entering Green liay, reached the banks of the
Mississippi by the Wisconsin, and commencod a friendly inter-
course with the Illinois ; but, liaving incuiTed the anger of the
Sioux, they retraced their steps to the Noquet Islands. This band
nnnibered about five hundred, and were nearly all Christians.
Deprived of pastors and instruction, surrounded by infidels, driven
about by every wind of adversity, their faith was growing dim, and
the vices and superstitions of paganism were again reviving among
them. Yet, when the veteran Father Menard, for nine years a
missionary in the Huron country, reached the shores of Lake Su-
perior in 16G0, to plant the cross among the Ottawas, the long-
forsaken Ilurons on Noquet Island, or on the shore at the moutii
of Menomonee River, sent to implore him to visit them, as the
pagans would all embrace Christianity. Despainng of doing any
good among the Ottawas, Father Menard left Chegoimegon in
June, 16G1, to traverse the forest. On his way want of food broke
up the party ; his Indians left him with a faithful Frenchman,
named Guerin, and soon after, at a portage, the aged Father lost
his way, or was taken by a roving band of Sioux.*

Soon after this the Hurons removed to Chegoimegon, and were
there when Father Allouez began his mission at that place, in
1665. These poor wanderers were of course the first objects of
his care, for he was not ignorant of their language. He endeavored
to recall them : some listened to his words. One woman, whom
Father Garnier had been about to baptize when death cut short
his career, was now prepared for baptism by Allouez, and expiied
soon after receiving the sacrament. The instructions of Garnier
had sunk deep into their hearts, but long want of pastore had al-
lowed vice and superstition to grow up.f The eftbrts of Allouez
to root out these vices and supei-stitions failed ; the Hurons proved

• Kel. 1659-60, p. 61 ; Eel. 1662-3, ch. 8.

+ Rel. lt>j6-7, p. 74.

FRE>'Cn MISSIONS.

201

so unjrratet'ul to his toil, tlwit, in IGGO, tliey were deprived ot' the
consolcitiou they had once solicited. Aliouez was summoned to
other fields, and his successor, Father .lames Marquette, was then
almost ignorant of the Huron tonoue, and unable to give them in-
structions. This produced an imj)ressiou on them, and a change
was soon visible, but new troubles arose. In their folly the
Ilurons and Ottawas pi'ovoked the Dacotahs to war, and both
were compelled to fly before these formidable enemies ; the Ot-
tawas first launched their canoes on the lake, and steered to
!Manitodline, leaving Father Marquette with the Ilurons. That
remnant of a mighty nation resolved also to commit themselves to
the waves, and seek a new home. With their faithful missionary,
they embarked in tlieir frail canoes, and once more turned towards
their ancient home. Fain would they have revisited the scenes of
Huron power, and the fur-lined graves of their ancestoi-s. Fain
too would the missionary have gone to spend his surviving yeare
on the g'ound hallowed by the blood of Daniel, Brebeuf, Lale-
mant, Garnier, and Chabanel, but the power of the Iroquois was
still too great to justify the step, and the fugitives, remembering
the rich fisheries of Mackinaw, resolved to return to that pebbly
strand. A fort was raised on the northern shore, inclosing their
chapel and cabins. Separated now from other tribes, they listened
to their devoted missionary, and profited by his instructions.
Even when he was temporarily absent, they were always regular
in their attendance at chapel to chant their prayers. Some pagans
in the band solicited baptism : dreams and superstitions were re-
jected, and there was every prospect of seeing this little remnant
as fervent as their brethren at Lorette. A sort of mission or retreat
etiected much good : general confession produced a marked change.
But the good missionary was now about to set out on the voyage
which has immortalized his name.*

* Rel. 1671-2; Eel. 1672-3; Life of Marquctto in Shea's Exploration and
Discovery of the Mississippi, Ixi.

«*

202

AMElilCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

As some Ottawas also gatliored liere, Father Nouvel took cbarge
of tbeni, and Father Pierson succeeded to Marquette. As the vil-
lages lay apart, a new and more conmiodious church was built
between the two. Under their new niissionaiy the neophytes in-
creased in fervor, and were guided by two dogiques, or chiefs of
prayer, who fulfilled their duties zealously.* This church was the
lionored spot where the bones of Marquette rest. Taken up a few
years after his death by the Ottawas, they were with much pomp
conveyed to the mission, and there, unknown and unhonored, rests
the explorer of the Mississippi, the pious and fearless Marqut^tte.

Some years later, general wars prevailed, and the Ilurons, as
allies of the French, took part in the various war parties, greatly
to the detriment of the mission cause. Kondiaronk, or the Kat,
nearly ruined Canada by his treacherous intrigues ; and another
chief, named the Baron, joined the Iroquois with many of the
tnbe. About 1 V02, when peace was restored, Detroit was founded,
and the Hurons, leaving Michilimackinac, settled near the new
post.f Here they remained, guided and directed by their mission-
aiies, for several years, but owing to the opposition of some factious
chiefs, the missionaries were compelled to withdraw ; and in 1721,
when Father Charlevoix visited the mission, the place wfis vacant.
Sjisteratsi, the hereditary chief of the Tionontates, was a child,
and his grandmother earnestly implored the Jesuit to obtain them
a missionary. Convinced of their sincerity, he made such repre-
sentations as at last obtained them the object of their desire. The
mission Register shows a resident pastor from 1728.J Fervor
was restored again, and the mission, flourishing under its new
guides, was removed to the opposite shore.

Father do la Richardie was stationed among the Hurons of
Detroit from at least 1738 ;§ and in 1751, led apart of the Hurons

i i

* Eel. 1678-9 ; Ottawa, cli. 3, art. 8.
X Kegistcr at Sandwich.

t Charlevoix, iv. 5.
§ McCube, Dircctorv-.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

203

■■.

to Sandusky,* and these, under the name of Wyandots, soon took
an active part in the aft"aii*8 of the west: they were conspicuous in
the hist French war, and at its close in Poutiac's conspiracy,
though long withheld by the intluence of Father Potier. During
these times of troubles the missionaries were driven from San-
dusky ; and though a regular succession was kept up at the mis-
sion of the Assum|)tion near Detroit, still the suppression of the
Jesuits prepared for its close. Father J. 13. Salleneuve was there
till 1700; and Father Peter Potier, the last Jesuit missionary to
the western llurons, died in July, 1V81 : after that the Indians
depended entirely on the priests at the French posts.f The
AVyandots at Sandusky were thus cut off from all spiritual instruc-
tion, but they did not lose their faith. When the State began to
be settled, they attracted the attention of Protestant missionaries,
who seem disposed rather to undo what Catholics have done, than
to begin by combating heathendom on its own ground. Between
1803 and 1810, the Ke v. Joseph Badger, a l*resbyterian, attempted
a mission among the Wyandots, but was steadily opposed by the
chiefs, who, it is said, actually put to death one who had renounced
the Catholic faith. The Methodists made the next attempt ; and
as the old members of the tribe, who liad in youth been properly
instructed, died off, their descendants, bereft of priests, listened to
the new preachers.J

The Wyandots were subsequently deported to Indiaii territory,
and are now the smallest but wealthiest of all the exiles. Doubt-
less the remembrance of their days of faith is still fresh in their
minds, and we may yet see a Catholic missionary among them, a
successor of Le Caron and Brebeuf.

! I

'■ Register at Sandwich.

+ Hubert and Glapion. Tapcra in the Bureau des Terres, Canada. Tho
*^>iily u.oiiutncnts remaining at Sandwich are tho Registers, some Huron
^Tiitmnars, dictionaries, and parish-Usts.

1 Arciu«?ologia Americaua, i. 272.

204

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

>t, ,1

] -■ -i'

We have thus traced the histoiy of the Huron mission in the
country of that people, and glanced at the state of the Church in
the village of Lorette, and amid the western band. The others we
shall meet again in the history of the Iroquois mission, where in
captivity, like the children of Israel, they mingled their tears
with the torrents, and sung to the Lord in a strange land. Such
was the Huron mission, the boast of the Jesuit Fathers in
Canada, the scene of their utmost zeal and devotedness. It is in-
deed a noble monument. The mission had converted a nation ; it
had produced Christians eminent for piety. Joseph Chihatenhwa,
whom the missionaries invoked after his death ; Ahasistari, the
bravest warrior of his day, and as devoted a Christian ; the Atiron-
tas, in whose family piety was hereditary; Paul, the Dogique;
Francis Tehoronhiongo, whom we shall meet again ; and, in later
days, Anastasius, the victor at Braddock's defeat, are men worthy
of the brightest days of the Church. Women and children evinced
an heroic fortitude in professing their faith, and resisting alike the
allurements and the threats of their pagan relatives and countiymen.

It led, in an ethnological point of view, to great and glorious
results — the identity of the various branches of the Huron and Iro-
quois stock, the analysis of three dialects, a complete grammar,
dictionary, and exegesis of the Huron, the mother tongue, devo-
tional works for the use of the converts. Incidentally, too, the mis-
sionaries and their attendants were explorers of the west ; the fii"st
to visit Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, and study the great
water valley^ of central America ; while Marquette, the founder of
the Huron mission at Michilimackinac, has given undying fame to
his name by the exploration of the Mississippi.*

* Shea's discovery and exploration of the Mississippi, Bedfiold, 1852.

.^r-

ision in the
} Church in
e others we
n, where in
their tears
ind. Sucli
Fathers in
s. It is in-
a nation ; it
lihatenhwa,
asistari, the
the Atiron-
s Dogique;
id, in later
len worthy
ren evinced
g ahke the
Duntrymen.
id glorious
)n and Iro-
grammar,
igue, dero-
)0, the rais-
t ; the fii-st.
r the great
founder of
3g fame to

Id, 1852.

• ''•t^'

-xxv^^"

1 f

ClIAPTEK IX.

THE IKOQUOIS MISSION.

The Ki'collects design an Iroquois mission — One of them, Father Poulaln, a captivf —
The Ilnro'i war— Captivity of Father Jogucs — His escape— Kindness of the Dutcli —
("apllvity of Fallier IJressanl— Ills ransom — Peace— F. Jogiies returns to (.'aniida. Is
sent as envoy to the Mohawks — Concludes the negotiations — He founds tlie mK>«l(»n
—Ills glorious death.

In tlie history of the Iluroii mission we have frequently alhi(k'<l
to the Iroquois, a confederacy of five nations livini^ in the State of
Now York, the irreconcilable enemies of the Ilurons, Algonqiiins,
and French in Canada, fn origin, manners, and language, they
resemble the Wyandots: their distinctive name wjus Ilotinnonsionni,
or the complete cabin. The French gave both these tribes at fii-st
the name Hiroquais, from a woid used in their speeches and their
usual ciy.* The Wyandots, however, soon acquired the nickname
of Hurons, and the term Iroquois was applied exclusively to the
Five Nations. As the great Champlain joined their enemies before
Quebec was fortified, a war ensued which occupies the whole early
history of Canada — a war which destroyed the noblest miss'ons of
the north — a war which seemed to close forever the way of the
gospel to the cabins of the Iroquois. Such was not, however, the
design of the Almighty, who makes human passions and hu-
man errors contribute, unseen and unobserved, to the glory of his
Church.

The apostolic men who founded the Canada mission longed to
attempt the •conversion of these Romans of the west. A Recollect
Father, William Poulain, was a prisoner in their hands, in 1621,

* Hiro closed every speech, like the Dixi of the Latins. Kouai was a cry
of warning or alarm. The ois should properly be pronounced k.

i>0()

AMKItlCAN C'ATHolJC MISSIONS.

Jit the r;i|»itls dI' St. l.ouis, ;iii<l coiisoli-tl liiriisrlt' tor lii.-. >iitrcriin,ri
l>y instructing in tlic t'aitli sonic lr(M|nt>is prisoners,* in liopcs ot'oin'
ilny visitiiiif tlicir laltins. Wln-n tin- .Jcsuils cnnn' lo tlic aiti of
tile l(cc(»llccts, it was resolved tiiat some (»t"tlie Huron missionaries
sliouiil cross the Niaijaia an<l found a mission amoiii;' tlieSeneca>;
but the deatli of l«'athcr \'icl and suhseijucnl misl'oitunes in tin-
colony prevented the rcahzation of the s<'heme. At the coik hi^inii
of peace, which (Jlnunpiain eHected in 10*27, Urotlier (Jervase M. -
liier was about to set (^»nt for thcMtdiawk witli the Canada en\o\>;
liut deiayinuf in order to receive liis Suj»erior's appr(»valof liisnii>-
hion, oscapi'd the cruel death which overtook the mi'sseiij^eis oi'
peace.f

From that time, for many a loni^ yt'JH', mu IrocjUois mission was
but a dream; an<l, when founded at last, men could scarce credii
its reality.

The war ai^ainst the Indians of Canada, waited by the Iroijuois,
liad not fallen on the French ; but at a restoration of some French
captives unharmed in 1G40, a coirisit)n took })lace wliich infuriated
the Mohawks, and led to a change of conduct. Ilenceforwaid,
they proclaimed, French and Huron should be treated alike, and
war-bands besot all the water communications of the north, ready
to pounce on either. The Huron missionaries were thus reduced
to n state of great want; and, in 1042, Fathers Jogues and liayni-
baut, who had just planted the cross in Michigan, set out for
Quebec, conscious of the danger, but rea<ly to meet it. The party
of Indians with whom they went reached Quebec in safety; Jogu^'^^
executed his various conmiissions, and prepared to return with the
llurons. After commending themselves to God the party set out,
but two days after discovered a trail on the sliore. Uncertain
whether it was that of a hostile party or not, the Huron cliief
Ahasistari, too confident in his numbers, ordered the convoy ou

i .

* Lo Clercq. i. 200.

f Cliamplniij ; Siigard, 483.

FUKNCII MISSIONS.

207

uifM IIh' wry mn

1st of

all anil>us<'a<l*

A vi>ll»'v tVuiii tin- iH-arcst

,x|ini«' iiil<ll('<| thoir caiKH's, Hiitl Wisclosfd tin* tlaiiL(«'i'. TIk' Iluioiis
ll.il to tho isliorc. Tho iiiiHsionarv, al^cr stoopiiii,' to hapti/t' a
catt'clMmuMi ill his crmot', followed tlio t'liifitives, but st<»(Ml aioiit*
on tlu' l>aJik, wliilc in tiu; distance lie heard the noise nf the j»nr-
Kiiers and ]>iii'sue(l. lie nii<^ht have tlod ; but could he, a minister
uft'hrist, abandon the wounded and dyinj^J Lookini; around, he
saw some captives in charj^o of a few Mohawks, and, joiniiii; tlu-m,
iered himself. Ahasistari, with (Culture, a Krenchm.'m, dr«'w

nilTeM(

.tr

il'etv; but not tindinir tho ini.^

•turru'd t<

on a |»art in salety; i>ut not nnding mo nnssionary, returru-n lo
>liar(! his fate, as the cliief liad sworn to do: such was the devotion
dfvotedness could inspire,

When tlu; j)Ui'suit was over, the ^^ohawk warriors ijradually re-
turucd and gathered aroun<l their prisoners. IJesides Father .(<»gn<'s
and the brave Couture, there was Itcne Cioupil, onc(! a novice, now
a doniie* of the mission, a man who had nfiven himself to the service
of the Fatliers without any hope of earthly rewanl. Ahasistari and
nineteen other Ilurons completed the group. Torture soon began.
Couture had slain a diief; he was now stripped, beaten, and man-
gled ; and Father Jogues, who consoh'd him, was violently attacked,
beaten till he fell senseless, for they rushe<lon him lib- wolves, and,
not content with blows, tore out his nails and gnawed the tingiii's
to the very bone.

Feaiful now of pursuit the victors started for their village, hur-
rying their captives througli the wilderness, all covered with wounds,
suffering from hunger, lieat, and the cruelty which never ceased to
add to their torments by opening their wounds, thrusting awls into
their flesh, plucking the beard or hair. AVhile sailing through

* These donius or yiven-men wen- i ssoc'mted to Franciscan as well as
Jesuit missions. Many subsequently bucutnc eminent men in Cnnada, ami
others are deserving of the highest rank among the missionary laborers.
Couture, Le Coq, Le Moyne, Douay, and several otliers, deserve especial
"icntion.

208

AMf:iUCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Lake Chaniplaiu they descried anotlier party, wliicli landed on an
island, raised a scatiold, and formed a double line, through whicli
the line ot" captives closed by Jogues was forced to run, while blows
were showered upon them. The missionary sank under the clubs
and iron rods. "God alone," he exclaims, "for whose love and
gloiy it is sweet and gloiious to suffer, can tell what cruelties tin. y
perpetrated on me then." Dragged to the scaffold, he was again
assailed, bruised, and burned ; liis closing wounds now gaped afresh,
most of his remaininir nails were torn out, and liis hands so dislo-
cated that they never recovered their natural shape. Amid all
these tnals the good missionary Avas silent, grieving less for him-
self than for his comrades in misfortune, and for the Huron church,
whose oldest membei's were now on their w.ay to death.

Another party, which met them on Lake Champlaiu, treated
them with similar cruelty ; but leaving Lake George they pursued
their march on foot, and on the fourteenth of August came to the
river beyond which lay the fii'st Mohawk village.* The shout of
the warriore emerging from the woods was answered, and the vil-
lage poured out to receive the captives. Again the gauntlet was
to be run, and through " this narrow path to paradise," amid the
descending clubs and rods of iron they sped on to the scaftokl,
where new cruelties awaited them. The missionary's left thumb
was hacked off by an Algonquin slave ; Rene's right with :i
clam-shell. None of the party escaped. Night brought no
relief. Tied to the ground, with legs and arms extended, they
writhed in vain to escape the hot coals thrown on them by the
children.

* This tribe were usually called by the French the Agniers. Their name
as given by Megapolcnsia, Bruyas, and Barclay, is Kajingahaga, Gannloire-
haga, Ganingchage. This last termination was sometimes changed to ronon,
and the tribe called Ganniegeronon, whence the French name. The Mohawk
word means a Bear, and the Algonquins translating it, called the tribe
" Maquaaa," or " Mahakwa." From them the Dutch and English adopted
the name, and wrote it Mohawk.— Briiyas' Dictionary, MS.

I'.

! i

FRENCH MISSIONS.

209

Led thence to two otlier villac^es, they experienced similar treat-
ment in all ; the scaftbld in the third was already occupied by
Huron prisoners, several of whom were catechumens. I'he mis-
sionaiy, on reaching them, made instant inquiries as to their reh-
o;i()n : confessing the Chiistians, he piej>arod the others for baptism ;
but ahis ! a prisoner himself, he could not procure a drop of water.
Just then an Indian passing flung him a stalk of maize ; it was
morning, and the broad leaves glistened with dew. Gathering the
precious drops in his hand he baptized two, and as they left the
scatlbld he conferred the sacrament on another while crossing a
little streamlet. Thus was the mission begun on the Mohawk.

A council of Sachems decreed that all should die ; but, on further
consideration, reserved the French prisoners, and of the llurons
chose but three for the stake. Eustace Ahasistari, Paul, and 8te-
jdien, were put to death with the usual barbarities in the three
villages of the tribe.

Couture was adopted. Father Jogues and Rene, left uncarcd
for, fell into a kind of debility, under which they nearly sank. In
vain the charitable Hollanders of Fort Orange raised a sum of
money, and sent Arendt Van Curler to redeem them ; the Indians
evaded their request by delusive promises. Soon after a war-party
came in, which had met repulse and loss in an attack on the
French. Stung to madness by this defeat, the tribe breathed
nothing but threats ; Jogues, to avoid violence, drew Rene aside
to a little grove near the village of Andagoron, but tlie doom
of the young physician was already sealed, lie had been seen
to make the sign of the cross on the forehead of a child, and
as the Dutch had told the Mohawks that the sign was not good,
the master of the cabin ordered Reno to be put to death. Two
young men set out, and as Jogues and Rene, after long and fervent
prayer and self-oblation to Goil, were returning to the village, they
^vc're met by the two braves, who ordered them to return at once.
Conscious that death was nigh, they began to say their beads, and

210

AMEIMCAN CATHOLIC MIS.SIONS.

k !

"vveic just at the palisades wlieii one of" the Mohawks, jerkiiin' his
tonialiawk from beneath liis mantle, buiual it deep in the head of
(Joupil. The name of Jesus bui-st from his lii)s as he fell on his
tace in Ids agony. Father Jogiies, who had shortly before receiveil
him into the Society, knelt to share his fate, but was dragged oil",
and beheld his dear In'other's sacrifice completed by repeated blows
which freed his spint from its mangled hold.*

Obliged to leave the body for a time, the missionary secured it
the next day, at the peril of his life, in order to inter it; but it
was stolen, and lie found it only in the spring, a blanched aiul
scattered skeleton.

Now solitary amid the ^fohawks, Jogues devoted his leisure
moments to the spiritual comfort of the Huron captives, who were
scattered through the towns. The M(jhawk dialect ditfered su
mu(!h from the Huron, that he was unable to address himself on
religious topics to the natives; and in daily expectation of death,
with no writing materials, he deemed it useless to attempt a
comparison of the two dialects.f Led as a slave to the huntinn-

* Ecne Goupil, or "the good Rene," as all oalleJ him, was a native of
Aiij^crs, and educated as a physician, lie entered the Society of Jesus, l)iit
was compelled to leave from Avant of health. On his recovery, he ottered
himself as a donne to tlic Canada mission. He hero rendered signal ser-
vices, especially in the care of the sick, and was admired by all tor his good-
ness, piety, zeal, and devotion, lie was put to death September 'iy, I'llJ.
The fullest sketch of his life is in a immuscript of Father Jogues ; and that
illustrious missionary does not hesitate to call him "a martyr, not only to
obedience, but also to faith and the Cross.''

+ We have already given the Huron, and to elfect a comparison we luiv
atld tlie Our Father in Mohawk, according to the version of J.,awrenee Cia-
esse, an Indian interpreter at Albany about a century since, taken fiMin
t!ie prayer-book entitled, " Xc orhoeugcnc neoni yogaraskhagh yoinlcii'
iiUiiyendagwa'' (no date or place) : '• Soiigirwaniha ne karonyagc tighsideroi;,
wasaghnadogeaghtine. Sanayert ieni iewe, tau:serra cighniawan siniyought
karoii'/yagoush, oni oghwatisiage. Xiyadewigimiserogc ta^'irwanadaranon-
dagiisik nonwa: neoni tondagwarighwiyoughston, siniyuirht oni lakwala-
derighwiyoughstcani ; neoni toghsa diighwasarinoirht dewaddat ileiuii-^
ta^-jitongge nesane sedjadagwairhs nc kondetjhseroheanse. Amen." Tli:ii
ft)rm in the prayer-book cnlitled, '' Ne yagawagh niyadewijrhnironi^'e. '

FKKNCI! MISSIONS.

211

tukcu tV'.in

linadiiraiit'ii-

Lcrounds, ho drew on liimscif ill troatinciit and tliroats of dcatli
hy liis linuncss in rot'iisinij^ to toiu-li food wiiidi iiad iK'on olli'U'd
to tlic demon Aircsk«ji, as well as l»y liis c<jnstant prayer before
a rude cross, carved on a stately tree. When his work was done,
lie roamed the wood chantinu^ psalms from recollection, or Ciirvinj^
the name of Jesus on the trees, t«^ consecrate the land to llim.
Loaded with venison, lie was sent back to the village ; there,
jaded and exliausted, to beijin new menial toils.

liy this time, liowever, his knowledge of the language enabled
liiin to converse, and the sachems soon began to resj)ect him.
Availing Inmself of this im}>ression, he visited the other towns to
iiiiiiister to the Christians, bajjtize infants in danger of death, in-
struct the sick, and confer the saciaments, where they were touched
by grace. Above all, when unfortunat(! prisoners were brought in
to (lie, the missionary went to meet tlicni, instructed, baptized, or
confessed them, as occasion reijuired ; sometimes amid the very
tlaines, for he alwavs assisted them in death.

This he now deemed the mission assigned him by the Almighty,
the etforts of the Dutch, as well as those of his countrymen and
the Sokoki Indians to ert'ect his libeiation, having all failed. His
life had l>een almost miraculously s})ared, and was as miraculously
Mistained in the frequent attempts made to ilestroy ]»im.

Several times, with parties of In<Iians, he entered the Dutch set-
tlement of Rensselaerswyck,* but juade no etlort to es(;ape. Here,
ill August, 1G43, he wrote, in elegant Latin and in the form of a letter
to Ills provimtial, a narrative of his captivity and sutferings, one of
the most precious monuments of the time, so simple, yet touching
;ui(l sublime. After writing it he })roeeeded to the banks of the

Oaiiies, New York, 17C0, unci that given by Sinitli, Hist. New York, i. 5:5,
probably of Onoquag^, are substantially the same ; but tliat given by Davis
in liis Book of Common Prayer, New York, 1S37, is ditFerent, and identi-
cal with that URod by tlio Cauglinawagas, from whom it was probiil)ly
taken.
* The modern Albanv.

212

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

' i

W I

)

f !

Hudson to tish ; but as he was ivturninn- to tlie villaj^c, the Dutch,
liearing tluit the iM<^liawks, provoked by a defeat before Fort
Richelieu, had resolved on his death, advised him to escape, and
prortered their aid. l^elieving the Mohawk to be his mission,
Jogues liesitated, and only after a night of prayer consented.
The following night he arose from among liis sleeping guards,
and, with cautious step and anxious eye, stole from the shed in
■which they wei'e ; but scarce had he a moment to rejoice at his
escape, when the dogs sprang u})on him and bit him severely, while
their barking aroused the Indians. Compelled now to return, he
lay down, hopeless of succeeding; but as tiie Indians fell asleep,
towards daybreak he rose, and reached the river, where he found
a boat, and after much toil gained a vessel in the stream, and was
liid away. Ilis escape once discovered, filled the Mohawks with
rage; they rushed into the Dutch settlement brandishing their
tomahawks, and demanding their captive. Van Curler, true to his
promise, held out ; but when the Indians in their fury threatencil
to destroy the settlement, the Dutch landed him, so as to be ready
to give him up if forced to it at last, and as he now in his spirit of
sacrifice implored them to do. In the ship and on shore he was
closely confined, and suft'ered greatly from want of air and neglect ;
but the Dutch commander held out manfully : the Indians were at
last appeased by presents, and then Jogues was conveyed to New
Amsterdam, now New^ Yoik ; and after a most kind reception from
the Governor Kieft and Dominie Megapolensis, his constant bene-
factor, sailed to Europe, in November, 1643.

His mission on the Mohawk had produced about seventy bap-
tisms, l)esides manv confessions. Even at New York he found two
Catholics, and heard the confession of one, an Irishman, whom he
could understand.

Leaving him to pui-sue his Avay across the Atlantic, we return
to the St. Lawrence. In April, 1G44, a Huron flotilla was speed-
ing westward, bearing Father Francis Joseph Bressani, with sup-

FRENCH MISSIONS.

21;^

plies for the dcstituto inissionarii'S. Tlie route was lined with
lro(j[Uois war-parties, one i)f which lay near Fort liiehelieii and
attaeked the Iluroiis on Lake St. Peter's. The latter were soon
(K'teated, and Bressaiii, after seeing one of his companions devoured
hftbre his eyes, was hurried off with the rest up the Sorel Uiver,
through Lake Champlain, and over the rough and rocky road that
lod to the Mohawk, like his predecessor Jogues. When he reached
a fishing-village on the Upper Hudson, his torture began. He too
ran the gauntlet ; in that fearful race he was crushed beneath their
blows : his liand was slit open between the lingers ; and then
reaching the scafl'old, he was handed over to be caressed, that is,
tortured in every way. l*ricked, burnt, mangled, be was soon out;
living wound. Several fingers were cut otl', his liands and feet
burnt and hacked twentv-six times. Condemned to death bv a
unanimous cry, he was conducted to the fii'st town on the Mo-
hawk. Here his left hand was slit open ; the gauntlet run
again; his hands and feet were torn and mangled; hims.^lf
hung up by the feet in chains ; and to crown all, when tied
down almost naked on the ground, they laid food on his
body, and set their liungry dogs upon it till he was all torn by
their teeth. His wounds, never dressed, soon began to fill Avith
coiTuption and worms. Unable to use his hands, he almost
perished of hunger, for ^ew Avould give him a morsel. He
literally walked in living death. ]3ecome an object of dis-
gust, he was given to an old woman, who, moved by compassion,
sold him to the Dutch in August. He was kindly treated by
them, and, like Jogues, was sent to Europe by Governor Kieft,
whose humanity in these cases somewhat redeems an otherwis<i
equivocal character.

Duiing a residence of three months among the ^fohawks, the
only exercise cf Bressani's ministry was the baptism of a Huron,
who, half-roasted and shapeless, asked it at the stake. Ht? was
unable to do any thing for those who were kept as slaves or had

AMERICAN CATHOLU^ MISSIONS.

* :■

i <

been adopted, for all ^auIln('d him, fearful of drawing down ven-
geance on themselves.*

Soon after the escape of Father Bressani, the mind of the M<t-
liawks inclined to i)eace, and the sachems sent their delegate to the
lodges of the French. In July, 1G45, the chieftain Kiotsaoton
came to Three Hivers, bearing seventeen belts of wampum to ex-
press as many tVi«'ndly propositions. Ho was received with every
mark of honor, and in a public reception presented those Indian
symbols to the French governor. Fathers Jogues antl l^ressaiii,
victims of their cruelty, were both present at the conference, fn'
neither had remaine<l in Eurojx' longer than necessity required ;
too eager to return to their dangerous mission. Kiotsaeton a}K)l-
ogized for the cruelties perpetrated on them; and though no
credit was given to his assertion that the ^fohawks never intended
to put them to death, all the French were too rejoiced at the
prospect of peace to recur to the past, either for vengeance or le-
proacli, and the missionaries showed by their manner that im
rancor existed in their hearts.

Peace was now concluded ; the envoys departed for the Mohawk
to obtain the ratification of theOyanders, and the Superior of tlie
missions projected a new mission among the Mohawlcs. " AVe
have called it the Mission of the Martyrs," says he, "and with
reason, since we found it among the very men who have made tlie
gospel-laborers sutler so much, and among whom great pains and
hardships must still be exiwcted. Good Reno Goupil has already
met death in their midst; and, if it be lawful to make conjectures
in things which seem so probable, it is to be believed that our
projects against the empire of Satan will not bear fruit till wateroil
with the blood of some other martyrs."

To foimd it, he chose, with the unanimous consent of his con-

- - -i

. t

f: 1

f (

* Ikessani, Kelation abrogee, llG-139 ; Martin, Biograpliie de Bressani, i«.l«
12; KcL ir43-i; Crouxina, Hist. Canad. 399.

FllENX'H MISSIONS.

215

.suitors, one wlioiu the IIi.'ail of tho Cliurcli liad honored, oven iu
lite, with tho title of injirtyr ; for when Innocent XL wa.s appHed
to for a dispensation to enable Father Jogues to celebrate mass
with his mangled liands, lie granted it, exclaiming: "It wenj
unjust that a martyr of Christ should not drink the blood of
Christ."

Summoned from Montreal, the fearless Jogues prepared to set
out for the Mohawk with tho Sieur Bourdon, less as a missionaiy
lliaii as an ambassador. lie even laid aside his religious habit,
fni- nn Algonfjuin chief urged it, saying : " There is nothing more
Kliulsive at first than this doctrine, which seems to exterminate all
tlint men hold dearest; and since your long gown preaches it as
Tinich as your lips, you had better go in a short coat." Setting
out on the IGth of May, 1G4G, amid a general grief and public
iiravoi's beijun for their safe return, tlie envovs ascended the Sorcl,
aiiil, ijliding amid the charming islands of Lake Champlain, the
scciie of Jogues' former sufferings, reached the portage of Lake
Aiidiatarocte (now Lake George) on the eve of Corpus Chiisti,
.iinl named it Lac Saint Sacrement.* Floating down the
Hudson, they reached Fort Orange, whence, after thanking his
kind friends, Jogues proceeded to the first Mohawk town, which
was now called Onewyiure. Here the French embassy was
joyfully received, and the i)resents, delivered in the Indian stylo
l»y Father Jogues, were returned by an equal number. The
peace was now ratified, and the missionary, after delivering a

* This is now called Lake Georfje, after one of the worthy monarchs of
tliut iiuino. Some old map had Iloricon for Ilirocoi, and the misprint has
hoon iiU'tiunorpljosed into a name for the lake I Equally amusinfr is the
oxpltmation of the name of Lac St. Saerement to be found in many English
books, wiru-h tell us that the French clerjry, struck by the purity of tho
"titer, used it in the sacrament of bajitism, and hence called it Lake St.
SiuTauu'ut, the unfortunate etymoloL'ists not bcinj? aware that the words
'' r.lossed Sacrament" denote the Eucharist and not baptism. Corpus Christi
Willi.' the foust of the Blessed Sacrament, the name given by Jogues was
finite natural, and traiuslated means Lake of tho Blessed Sacrament.

216

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

i ■

■ I

■;

1 ■

\ V

present to his own family, the Wolf,* tinnsmitted another to llie
sachems of Onondaga hy some braves who happened to be there,
in Older to open to the French the way to their canton.

The Indians now pressed their departure, and they set out, tin-
missionary leaving his trunk, as he was soon to return ; for the
^Mohawks had asked a missionary, and he had been chosen. A
pleasant voyage brought them in safety to (Quebec. Their arrival
filled all with joy ; and after a few days' repose, the missionary piv-
pared to return to the Mohawk, when a new obstacle arose. liu-
mors of war and violence began to spread, but before the close of
September lie was ui'ging his canoe, a.s the envoy of heaven, to the
centre of the present Eiupire State.

Yet he was not without some presentiment of the closing seon*'.
" Ibo et non redibo," are the prophetic words of his last lctt<.*r :
" I shall go, but I shall never return." A number of Hurons boio
him company, but as they approached the country of the Mohawks.
they gradually forsook him. " Did he hesitate ? No ! A truo
missionary, he never quailed before the fear of death." With one
faithful French companion, John Lalande, he advanced. " I shall
be too happy," he had said, " if our Lord deign to complete the
sacrifice where he has begun it, and make the few drops of my
blood shed in this land an earnest of what I would give him from
every vein of my body and heart."

Onward they toiled ; but no sooner had they fallen in with a
band of Mohawks, than all the worst anticipations were realized.
A glance showed the change in the councils of the Iroquois. Tlic
braves were dressed and painted for war. Raising a shout of joy
at the sight of the missionary, they rushed on his little party,
stripped and bound them, and, elate with joy, turned homewanl.
On the 17th of October, 1646, Father Jogues again entered Gan-

• The Iroquois tribes were divided into three clans, the Turtle, Wolf, and
Bear, and some smaller ones ; and many curious regulations existed as to tho
descent and intermarriage of members of these clans or families.

FHEN'OIl NHSSIONS.

217

:liei" to the
r> be there.

iCt out, till'

■u; for the
jhoseii. A
lieir arrival
sionarv l)rt'-
arose. l^u-
the close of
aven, to the

losing scene,
i hist lettei' :
Hurons buvo
le Mohawks,
fs o ! A true
With ont'
" I shall
omplete the
rops of my
ve him from

n m with a
ere realized,
iquois. Tlu'
shout of joy p

little party,

homeward,
intered Gan-

Itle, Wolf, fti^^^
isted as to tho
lest.

dawaufuc, the piae<' of liis fonncM' cnjitivity. TFe was not trcateil
as a eonuuoii jdisoner of war; ho was to die as a sorcerer, for in
tluir superstition they attributed to his chest, witli its vestments
and (diapel service, a pestilential fever tliat ravaijjed their cabins,
and the swarms of caterv>illars that devoured their croi)s. As he

'titered the viilaLfe, blows with clubs and lists were mingled with

threats of instant death.

You shall die to-morrow I Fear not !

You shall not be burned," they cried ; " vou shall both <lie under
our hatchets, a!id your heails shall be iixed on the palisade, that
your brethren may .see them, when we bring them in captive."
In vain did Father Jogues endeavor to show them the injustice
of treatins: him as an enemv. Deaf to all reason, thev i)etran the

liuteherv by slicing oif the llesh from 1

d back.

esn iroin ins arms and OacK, crying:

11 4k [

Let us see whether this white tlt>sh is that of an Otkon.

am but a man like your.^elves," rei»lied tlif tearless confessor of
Christ, " thouirh I fear not death nor your tortures. I know not
why you put me to death. I have come to your country to pre-
serve peace, and strengthen the land, and to show you the way to
heaven, and you treat me like a dog. Dread the vengeance of the
Master of Life !"

Although thus tortured his doom was not sealed. lie was led
to a cabin of the Wolf tribe, and for a time left to prepare for any
event. A council of the Oyauders was called : the ])ear family' clam-
ored for his blood; but the Wolf and Tortoise opposed them firmly,
and it was resolyod to spare his life. It was too late. AYhile the
council was sittino" on the nio-ht of the 18th, some of the Bears came
to invite him to sup with them; he rose to follow, but scarcely had
his shadow darkened the doors of his perfidious host when an In-
dian, concealed within, sprang forward, and with a single blow
stretched him lifeless on the sfi'ound. The ijenerous arm of Kiotsae-
ton was raised to save him, but, though deeply wounded, did not
arrest the blow. Father Isaac fell dead ; his missionary toils were
ended. His companion shared his fate, and tlie rising sun beheld

218

AMKJtICAN I'ATilOLlC MISSIONS.

tlicir hcntlfl fixed on tlic U(»itli»'rn p.-ilisado, whil«« their bodies wcw.
tliirii; into t!i(! n('ii,dd)Oiiiio- stivani.*

Founder of tlio Moluiwk mission, liis sutlV'rinjijs ratlior tlian his
hubois, ii^ive liini :i ]>h'i('e in its annals. His letters arc his noMc-t
nionunicnt ; in them we JK-hold his deep and tender piety, his de-
votion to our J.ord, especially in the sacrament of liis Love, Ins lov.
<»f the cross, Ids perfect contidonce in the all-directini; hand of the
Almii;hty, his implicit obedience, angelic purity and attachment t(;
his lioly mother, the Cliurch. Afl'jr Ids death miracles >vere at-
tributed to him and duly attested ; and the missionaries, ^vht^ at
IX later date, saw n fervent cliurch arise at the place of liis glorious
death, and those who saw it produce that holy virgin, Cathariu.-
Tegahkwita, ascribed these wonders of gi'ace only to his blood.f

- I

CHATTER X.

THE IROQUOIS MISSION (CONTINUED.)

Captivity of Fntlicr Poncot — Proposftis of peace — Treaty concluded — Le Moync visits
Onondajia — Mission projected — Fatlier (.'htiniiionot and Patlier Dal>lon are sent — Their
nis.'^ion at Onondaga— Its success— Jealousj' of lO Indians — Dablon returns— Lo
Moync on the Moliawk — His dangers and his toils.

On the death of Father Jogues the w.ir bi'oke out anew, and tlic
Mohawk and his kindled clans, almost Avithout opposition, devas-
tated on every side : the Huron nation was, as we have seen, de-
stroyed or dispersed ; the Tionontates shared their fate ; the Atti-
wandaronk were anniliilated or absorbed. Upper Canada was a

* This is commonly supposed to be the Mohawk, but it is more likely
Canghnawaga creek, on which the village lay; the river being at some dis-
tance, according to Father Jogues' account of Goupil's death.

t Jogues' Letters, New York Hist. Coll. II. iii. ; Alcgambe, Mortes Illustre?,
p. G16 ; Tanner, Societas Militans, p. 511 ; Memoires sur Ics Vortus, &c. MS.;
Buteux, Narre de la Prise de Perc Jogues, MS. ; Crenxius, Ilisloria Cana-
densis, p. 460-500 ; Relati(n\s, 1642-3-6-7. For filftch, ate appendix.

KIIKXCH MISSIONS.

21!)

deport, niul aloiiLf tlic Ottawa ami St. Lawivtioo tlic <l\viiitllt'i|, tl-ar-
t"iil l)aiwls of Al^-oiJuiiiii.s showed their hisses in the striiLTi^df. Tho
ImvdcIi liad ii(»t l)et'ii sparetl, their missionaries liatl fallen witii tiieir

tawny

conveils, and, in ]i>')'.], nn'erso after reverse dinnnt'tl tht

<;li)ry of Franci', and h»•i^•ht«'nell the holdness of tiie all-eunnncrini^
h(Mjiiois. (^nehec was htdt'a<;nere(l ; men (hirst not jl;o fortii to
n an the yellow harvest, an<l want bei^an to stare all in the face.
A poor widow monrned over the ]>rosjM,'('t. Toncdied I>y her deso-
lat*' sitnation, Kath(M' Joseph Anthony I'oncet, with a few whom
his devotedness drew aroniid him, went forth to ijather in iier har-
vest. Tho aml)Ush«Ml iroqnois fell upon them ; ]^)ncet and one
)inpanion were taken, and, thone-h hotly ]»ursue<l by his lloek,
ere hurried ott" to the Mohawk. Treadin<,' tin; path opened by
J<)i;ues and Uressani, he twice ran the li^anntlet, Avas tortured and

(•(

rletl, and led th

inaiii^led, and led throui^h all their villages.

Tli(! Mohawks, liowover, were weary of war, and, to obtain peace,
restored Ktlier Voncet : vet he did not return before visitiiiir the
Dutch at Fort Oranije and hearin<j: the confessions of some Catlio-
lii's there.*

The Onondagas had already aske<l for peace, and bad even in-
vited missionaries to settle in their land, and teach them as the

* Father Joseph Anthony Poncet dc la Kiviero was ono of the most emi-
nent Jesuits of liis time, and illustrious in life, and, after death, for sanetity.
He was a Parisian; studied at Kome, and came to Canada with Chaunionot,
as we have seen. Besides },'aininj,' Cliaumonot to the mission, ho waij in-
strumental in brinLfinf;; Mother Mary of tho Incarnation, and was the first
priest at Montreal. lie was, at two ditferent times, in the Huron country,
for a period of six years. Lonij cure of Quebec, he was the idol of his flock.
^ ii-Minrf his post to the aspiring Abbe do Queylus, ho was sent to Onondaga
ill li"i.")7, but recalled, and returned to France. After being in Brittany for a
tune, devotion led him to Lorettc, where he was Penitentiary of the French ;
but still full of missionary zeal, was sent to Martinique, and died there Juno
1'^, IG""), in the 65th year of his age, and the 45th of his religious career. See
(."iiiuiipion. Vie du Pore Klgoleu, p. 87 ; Monologe de laCompagnie do Jesus;
an<l, for his captivity, Kcl. 1652-3.

it«

220

AMKKIOAN t'ATIIuLIf MISSIONS.

!i !

,•}•

lluroiis liad Ixcii tniiLJjlit. Motives of jioliry, imlrcil, Icil tlio wcsti-rii
(•iiiitoiis to this step, for tiu'V NViTo How <'iii;-;iij;t'(l in a (l»*a«lly war
witii tiio Kiius, tho last western trilie of tiieir stoek, wliicli li.nl
favored tlio Ilurons.*

In tile coiit'crciices wliieli took i)]aee, Fatlwr Simon Lc ^^^y^^',
an old llnron missionary, wlio on tlio death of lather .logut-s hail
laid aside his name of Wane to take that of Ondcssonk, home hv
the murden'd .Icsnit, was tho interpretiu' lu'tweeu the French aii<l
Iro(^uois.f TIm! latt<'r were won by his manner, and both Mohawk
and Onondaira envoys were earnest in their ctitreaties to be allowt d
to bear him to their lodo'cs. The Onondaifas were gratitied ; i>iii
the Mohawks had tho promise of a s2)eedy visit.

Thns strauii^cly had tho prospect altered. 'J'he whole country
seemed open to the ijjospel. Still umlcterred by failur*', the Jesuits
were eaijer to rush to the conversion of the tribes which had
slaujjfhtered their llunni n('o[»hytes, and massacred, with ficiidi-h
hate, their holiest missionaries. Aifain an Inxjuois mission wa^
projected. On the 2d of July, 1G53, Lo ^Foyne set out from (^m-
bee, and, toiling beyond Montival, iirst passed through the rapiil
river to the lake beyond, opening like a sea across the Thousand
Isles. (Jliding through these islands, whence startled moosi' in
crowds plunged into the stream, and coasting along tlie soutlKiii
shore, he at last reached the mouth of tho Oswego. Here, at a
fishing village, his mission began : captive Ilurons required his ser-
vices, and at every step familiar faces gladdened to behold tho

* The Erics Imvo fjivcn name to their lake, but have dlsappcarctl ns ii
triho ; luiiny were adopteil into tlie Iroquois tribes, and some, })rob:il)ly, tlel
south to kindred nations. Tiieir cliief town was Geutaicnton. — Ciiauciutiiri',
Vie do Catluirine Teligaldvwita.

t Tliis custom was called llesnrrcction, and was constantly used. Tliii>
Ciiaumonot succeeded to llrebeuf's name of Kclion. Tlie names of the lir-.t
missionaries became inherent in the class. At tho prcseiit day, Mr. M;ii\"U.\,
of Sault St. Louis, bears the name Tharonhiakanere, tho title of Milet two'
cenl uries ago.

FHKXCII MISSIONS.

221

Iv usimI. Th"^

fnoA of till! lir^t

Mr. Murcoux,

le of Milot two

l>l;ifk-n"o\vii, Nvli(» liatl so (it'tcii, ill tlic'ir ii.itiv low lis, amioiiiuTtl tlio
wuiil ot" ( Jod. J^oim" siiii'i' an adupti'il Indian, !.»• ,N'i>vni' i'iit«'ii'<l
tli.' town ot' < MioiidaLifa, in accoidaiK''' wiili tin* (•ii-«l«iiii of ijic red-
man, iK'i^inniiii;, a iiiilo hrt'orc In- rcarlu-d ii, a liaraii;j^ur, in wliich
111' t'liuniuratt'd tln'ir saclifiiis and their cliict's, and rt'coiintcd flio
glories of each.

iii'Ci'ivc'd with all poiii]), li«! pi('j)aivd lor the solciiin rccop-
tion, uliero he delivered tiie presents of the Frencii governor, ex-
horted them to peace, and, above all, to receive the faith of which
lit' was the envoy. Jlis presents were accepted, and the saeheiiis
of OnoiidaL'a, hy their helts of wainpiiiii, invited the Freneii to
hiiild a lioiiso on Lake < )ntario. His duties as ambassador ended,
his duties as missionary l)e<i;an. Xaiiu;ht now remained but to
I'diisoJe the captiv(^ Jlurons, and confer on them the Iiajipi-

llt'SS

they had so Ioiilt cov«'ted of beinu; washed in the waters of
I't'iiaiice. On all sides, too, lie found children to bai)tize, and even
iidiilts, instructed l)y the piety of tlie llurons, of wliom no less than
a thousand were hero captive. Amoni; others, he bai)ti/ed, on the
eve of liis departure, a cliief setting out against the Eries. In vain
the prudent missionary st)Uglit to defer liis baptism to his next
visit. " All ! brother," exclaimed tlie cliief, " if I liave the faith,
call 1 not be a Christian to-day i Art thou master of death to
nivveiii "cs strikinir mo without thy order ? Will the .shafts of the
fi»e In; blunted for mo? ^^ust I, at every ste}) in battle, dread liell
lather than death ? Unless thou baptize me I shall bo without
• ••niiage, and I shall not davo to meet the blows. l>aptize me, for I
will obey thee, and give thee my word to live and die a Christian."
!^U('li an entreaty Le Moyne could not re.si.st, and finding the
eliieftain already posse.s.sed of the tmths necessary for salvation, he
instructed him more fully and baptized him by the name of John
I'aptist, and the next day each set out on his diti'erent career.

Stopping in the half-dried basin of OnoiKhiga Lake to taste the
salt-springs, although the Indians told him that a devil lurked in

222

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

■

it, Father Le Moyiio proceeded to Quebec, wliicli lie reached on the
nth of September to the joy of tlie pent-up settlers, who now, at
least, believed the peace to be real and sincere. Passing from on.-
extreme to the other, they revelled in gladness, and the colonization
of Onondaga became a matter of daily discussion.

Men were eager to be the pioneers of the new settlement, and
anxiously awaited the next embassy from Onondaga. At last, in
the following summer, John Baptist arrived scathless from tli*-
Erie war, bearing his numerous presents, to ask again fur a French
colony and aid in the Erie war, and otler the Black-gowns the
most delightful site in their canton at Onondaga, promising to
alleviate the hardships of the way.

No doubt now remained. The missionaries instantly prepared.
Father Keno Menard and Father Claude Dablon had been chosen
by tlie Superior to be the first to sit beneath the tree of peace
thus j)lanted, <and "which towered so high above all the trees of
the forest, that nations might see it from afar ;" but Menard was
supplanted by the enthusiastic Chaumonot, who, ablest linguist of
his body, had. acted Jis interpreter, and attracted the attention nf
the governor and the envoys.

On the lOtli of September the chiefs end>aiked with the mis-
sionaries, who set out amid nmch anxiety, for men's minds were
not without their misgivings. Scarce out of sight of Quebec, the
Fathers began their mission by instructing the wife of John Baji-
tist, who could not brook delav. Six other Ononda^as and two
Senecas joined their entreaties to hers, and so their morning and
Evening prayers were chanted on the majestic river by the v«>ioos
of nineteen Christians, in fact or liope, the first-fruits of the Iro-
quois. Not to be deprived of public woi'ship, they lande<l <'ii
Sundays, raised a rustic bower, and beneath it the missionaiv <>i
the wilderness, with wine pressed from the wild grape of "ur
woods, ofiered up the holy sacrifice of the mass.

]^y the 29th of September — the anniversary of (ioupil's deaiii

FREXCJI MISSIONS.

228

— tlio missionaries lamled at the mouth of the Otihatangue, tlie
iiK^dLTii Oswogo. Hero Father Chaumonot was at ouco sur-
rounded by the llurons among whom he had so long hibored.
A cry of joy burst from every lip, as they shouted the name of
thi'ir beloved Eelion. They foil upon his neck, they clasped his
kiit'cs thev bogged him to visit their hui-. While awaiting their
imbHc reception, the missionaries assemble<l the Cin-istians, or-
i^'anized morning and evening prayer, spen<ling the night in the
cuufessional, to satisfv those who thronged around them with all
llie eagerness which a Catholic feels after being long deprived of
llie greatest gift accorded to the Cliurch. A dejected group
stood near, — pagans who, in their day of prosperity, had spurned
tile ]]laek-gown and his teachings, but now, bowed by the heavy
hand of misfortune, came to solicit instruction.

After a short delay, the missionaries proceeded to Onondaga.
Tluee miles from the town thev were met and addressed bv Go-
iiaterezon, one of the principal orators ; another invited them to a
l»aii(|uet, and, in a long harangue, exulted that the sun was then
to shine in its fulness on the land. All these Chaumonot an-
swered in Huron, with such ease and elegance that they were
lajiturous in their applause. Then, witli much pomp, tiiey were
It'll through the eager crowd to the loilge j)repared for them.
Dining the night sachems came to present belts of wampum, and
Father Chaumonot replied to them on behalf of Onontio, \kn}.
(jovernor-general, and Achiendase, the Superior of the mission.*

On Sunday another secret meeting was held to treat of further
[•"lilts, after which some lingered to ask about France, her govern-
ment, and laws. Chaumonot seized the opportunity, and, telling
what she once had been, led them to the history of the Ikcdemp-
tioii. Begged to continue, he so beautifully narrated the Creation

. * r.ither Francis Joseph Lo Mcrcicr. Tlie name wns given originally to
Father Jeromo Lalomant when Superior.

224

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

\i n

I 1

1^ I

and chief events in sacred histoi y, that three of liis hearers ranged
themselves beside him as catechumens.

After receiving deputies from Onei(hi, tlie missionaries ■were
conducted on the lltli of November by a vast concourse to tiie
site proposed for tlie mission-house. For beauty and convenience,
no position could surpass this beautiful spot. Lake Ganentaa, thf
Onondaga of our day, stretches before it, oft'ering an outlet to th*'
lak(! above, while the rivers that swell its watei's come from the
villages of the allied tril)cs. A stream of pure water and anotlur
of salt gushed from a neighboring knoll : the rising ground of the
mission was encircled like the lake by woods, which in that season
seemed to rival the vegetation of the tropics, and abounded in
game, while the waters teemed with fish. Here, amid the joyous
crowd, Chaumonot began the mission by bai)tizing a poor Erie
captive, whom a band were leading to the stake.

The 15th of November Avas appointed for the solemn recejHion
of the envoys.^ After spending the eve in prayer and supplication,
the Christian orator entered the council of the sachems of Onon-
daga. Calling their attention to the impta'tance of the council,
greater than Onondaga liad ever yet witnessed, since now tluy
were to discuss, not peace or war, not things of earth and time,
but of eternity, he unfoldeJ his symbolic presents, and explained
them in the Indian style. The main object of his address was to
set^orth the Christian doctrine, and refute the slanders and calum-
nies raised against it by piigan Wyandots. With such force and
beauty did he speak, that Dablon, his companion, enrapture(i,
seemed to hear the gospel preached to that whole benighted land ;
and that day of glory was in his eyes a triumph tor the faith
worth all the toil and sufi'ering its publication had hitherto cost.

On the following day, when the presents were returned, a new
scene of interest occurred. The air resounded with the ch:uits of
the chiefs. "Happy land I" they cried, "hapjiy land, in which
the French are to dwell I" ami amid the continual response, "Glad

FliKNCU MISSIONS.

tidiiiffs ! iflaJ tidinofs !" raised on every side, tlie missionaries ad-
vanced to the eouiieil-lodi^e. There all was silent, till the leader
i)t' the cliorus broke forth — " 1 sing from the heart ; we speak to
thee, brother, from the heart ; our friendly words are from the
heart. Uail, brother ! happy be thy coming, glad thy voice I" At
t ;u'h pause all joined in chorus, echoing the response — " Farewell
war ! faiewell the hatchet ! Till now we have been mad ; now
we shall be brothers !"

An orator* then arose and delivered the presents of the canton,
('Xi)lainiug the purport of each, and otfering the wliole tribe as
candidates for enrolment in the church. "Brother," he exclaimed,
addressing the missionary — '• brother, let no labor deter thee : go,
even if it weary thee, go on to instruct us — visit our cabins — for-
sake us not, if you find us slow in undei'standing the prayer;
l)lant it deeply in our minds and hearts." With these words, lie
clas})ed i ^x i^rionary in his arms, to show the sincerity of the tribe.

This CO.' n ' stabhshed Christianity at Onondaga, the capital
of the nation. Henceforth the missionaries might freely preach it
by the great council-fire of the allied cantons ; and even then
Cayuga and Oneida, by their deputies, invited the envoys of Christ
to their cantons.

This happy result was due in no small degree to the fervor of
Le Moyne's fii-st convert. Inspired by his zeal, the braves, in a
recent battle, when suiTounded by the Eries, had invoked the
God of the Christians, and vowed to embrace the faith if victory
were granted. The tide of battle changed, and the thousand
braves of Onondaga drove an Erie force which quadrupled theirs
from a strong post, and won the day. C)f these triumphant war-
rioi-8, many were now ready to fulfil their vow, though some
yielded to a false and fatal shame.

* Tliese orators were an express class — neither eliiefs nor suchems ; but
ns tlie distinctions are not ahvays observed in the old books, it is not always
possible to apply the correct term.

10*

k - *

226

AMFRICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

fri

! ■■

I r I

Chaunioiiot's fii'st acUlross hud drawn several women to desire
the faith; braves sought instruetiuii ; and a chapel was n(»\v
needed. On the 18tii of November, the anniversary of the dedi-
i^ation of the noblest temple ever raised to honor the Most lliiih,
Fathers Peter Joseph Mary Cliaumonot and Claudius Dabluii
raised the lirst Catholic chapel in the present State of New York.
As soon as the ground was pointed out, the chapel rose beneath
the l)usy liaiids of the fervent warriors. Kude and plain was
this fii-st shrine. " For marbles and precious stones," says
Dablon, "we had but bark; but the path to heaven is as ojt^n
'through a roof of bark as through fretted ceilings of silver and

gold."

The chapel, with its towering cross, was a constant call to bap-
tism, and hither mothers eagerly brought their new-born babos.
Every cabin was opeji to the missionaries. Here none of the ]>ri'-
judices of Huronia appeared ; and as in several cases pei-sons in
danger of death roso in health after baptism, it was looked upon
as a blessing. The classes for instruction were soon organized.
The children of the Hurons, already trained by their parents in
the faith, were more thoroughly taught, and the missionaries
scarce found ti.nie for their own devotions. Their chapel was soon
too small, and on Sundays and holidays they assembled in the
cabins of the most eminent men, who eagerly sought the liouor.
And there the choir of Indian girls, taught by Dablon, chanted to
his instrumental music the jiraises of God. Conversions went
steadily on among the adults, and especially among the female
portion, whose attachment to the faith was unbounded, after the
elder missionaiy had, in a solemn assembly, proclaimed the dig-
nity of woman, and the high prerogative of the sacrament of ma-
trimony.

The only danger to which the missionaries were exposed was at
the time of the Ilonnonouaroria, a kind of Saturnalia which took
place every March, and in which, in obedience to their dreams,

FllENClI MISSIONS.

227

the TiKlifans committed every extravngaiu'e.* One of the mission-
aries had well-nigli fallen a victim to the superstition, as one
luave dreamed that he Iiad killed a Frenchman, and actiiallv
rushed to their cabin to make it a realitv ; but the Fathers had
prudently withdrawn, and the maniac was a}>peased by a Kuro-
|M'an dress, on which he wreaked liis fury : a strange substitution,
yet often to be met witli in the annals of the time, and apparently
connected with the idea of sacrifice.

This period of prosperity was too beautit'ul to last. The enemy
soon raised up calumnies. Suspicions about baptism began to
U'ain ground ; and though Chaumonot, as the representative of
France, had adopted the Cayugas and Oneidas in a great council,
yot the sachems constantly deferred sending messengers to Que-
bec ; and on a rumor of the arrest of some Onondag«as at that city,
the two missionaries were summoned to a council, and accused of
treachery. After a vain endeavor to allay their suspicions, the
foarless Chaumonot oftered that one of the two should go to Que-
l)oc to bring a faithful report of all, leaving the otlier a hostage in
tlit'ir hands. Dablon, less skilled in Indian manners, was ac-
cordingly chosen to go, and on the 30th of Marcli, after a four-
weeks' voyage, stood in the council-hall of Quebec, urging an im-
mediate colony for Onondaga.f

While Chaumonot and Dablon were thus evangelizing Onon-
daga, and opening the way to Oneida and Cayuga, the Mohawk
was not neglected. That tribe did not conceal its indignation at
the intercourse between the French and the western cantons, un-
pardonable in their eyes, since, in "the comjJete cabin,"J they

* For an account of this festival, sco Charlevoix, Hist, de la NouvcUe
France, vi, 82. See Lafltau, Moeurs dcs Sauvages, ii. 78 ; Morgan, League of
the Iroquois, 207.

t Crcuxius, Hist. Canadensis ; Eel. 1655-6; Chaumonot, Autobiotrrapliio.

\ Hotinnunsioniii, meaning "the complete cabin,'' or, more i)ropcrly,
" those who form a cabin," was the name affected by the Five Nations. It

228

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

■

i i^

were the door. They woic at lust appeased by a }»roiiiiso thai
Father Le Movne should visit them, lie aceordiufflv set out
from Montreal on the 10th of August, 1055, Avith two Frenchmt ii
and twelve Mohawks, and, after a month's travel, reaehed the liist
village, where he was received with every mark of esteem. In
his address to the sachems, while delivering the presents, he an-
nounced the faith, invoking the vengeance of heaven on his lieatl,
if his words were false.

As it was not proposed to found a regular mission yet, he at
once began his labors among the Huron captives, confessing them,
and baptizing their children. He then made a hurried visit to
Fort Orange and New Amsterdam, and at the latter found objects
for his ministry in llio crew of two French vessels then in jwrt.

Returning to the Mohawk, he narrowly escaped death ; and
finding the sachems uneasy at his presence, set out in November
for Montreal, and reached it after great danger.*

CHAPTER XI.

OUR LADY OF GANENTAA

Mission at Onondaga — A French colony — House and chapel erected at St. Mary's of
Ganenlaa— Spread of the faitii — Missions amonsr the Oneidas, Cayugas, and Senocas—
Kcinforcement of apostolic laborers — Hopes of ultiiiiato success in converting the
cantons — Sudden plot — Overthrow of the missions — "Wonderful escape of the Fathers.

i^l

When Dablon, half-hostage, half-envoy, reached Quebec, all
his enthusiasm and intrepidity could not give firmness to the fluc-
tuating counsels of the colony. A settlement at Onondaga had

is an error to translate it "Cabin-makers," as some have done. See Brnyas.
Racines A^nieres.
* Rel. 1655-6. »

FRENCH MISSIONS.

229

ken promised; a settlemont «»r a war scenietl iiicvitaMe ; yet tlio
recent troaclierv of the Mohawk, tlie erueltv ut' tlie western ean-
tons to tlie Ilurons an<l their missionaries, the eonvictiun of tlie
.survivors of that nation that the present invitation was part of a
<lt'('p-lai(l seheme, — all (let<.'i're(l tin* Fiencii from niKleitakiiijj^ to
(olonizt! tlu? valley of the Dswesfo. Vet Canada was too weak to
hear a new wai', and <'i few individuals must l)e exposed for the
common safety. The missionaries were not men wIkj held lite
dear, and thov eaijferlv offered to ffo. rrej>ai. ' us were accord-
iiiifly made: a numl)er of French (-olonists were e«pii])|X'd, under
the command of Captain Dupuis. The Superior of the mission,
Father Francis Lc Mercier, laid down his olKce, without awaitino;
the close of liis term, in order to lead the new band of mission-
aries in pei"son, and with Fathers Rene Menard, Claude Uahlon,
and Brothel's Ambrose Jhoar and Joseph Bouisier, ])repared to
establish Chnstianitv amid the lakes of Western New York.

They left Quebec on the iTtli of May, 105G. Uurons, Onon-
(lai^as, and Senecas completed the party ; for the Senecas also had
sent for missionaries. 'I'hough attacked by the jealous Mohawks,
the fleet of canoes moved joyfully up the St. Lawrence, with their
roval banner floatino: in the breeze — the banner of the Kinff of
kings, bearinn^ his august name sparkling in the glad sunshine.
On the shore stood a motley group of savage and civilized
friends, Avhose anxious looks showed their sense of the danger of
the party, and whose ]>rayei's rose to Heaven for its safety.

The early part of the voyage was pleasant. Game was abun-
dant : the stately moose supplied their larder. But they at last
ran out of provisions, and many fell sick. They accordingly
pu'ihed on, night and day, and on the Vth of July the main body
reached the mouth of the Oswego. After an inetfectual attempt
to ascend its rapid current, they were cheered by the approach of
a canoe loaded with corn and fish, A few days later their canoes,
iniid the thunders of artillery echoing over the waters and through

230

AMERICAN CA'J'HOLIC MISSIONS.

h I

i if

f I

i {

}§

i *

1
i

TH'-

tlie woods which cnciro'.od the lake, readied the spot .seleeted for
their abode.

After tlie i>rehmiiiaiy I'eception, and a lew days of repose, tlio
inishionaries blessed tlie ground, and J >iipuis and his men began
the fort and house on the eminence. Father Le Mercier mean-
while proceeded to Ononihiga, about live leagues distant, and was
received with all possible honor. From every quarter deputies
came to wait upon .Achiendase, and ask that his mat should be
the council-hall. The treacherous Mohawk came with slanders,
I»ut was promptly refuted ; and, as alVairs stood, lie durst not
sliow hostility, for tlie western cantons were ivadv for war, to
avenge the deatli of a Seneca chief murdered by the Mohawks.

All were interested to prevent a lupture. ])e})uties from all
the cantons came in to sit aroimd the council-lire of Onondaga ;
and liither too came Chaumonot, bearing rich presents for the
tribe, as words from the French, llurons, and Algonquins. In-
voking tlie guidance of Heaven by clianting the " Veni Cueatoh,"
lie unfolded and explained the presents with all the art of an
Indian orator. "As Onondaga," he said, " was the principal can-
ton, and her sachem, Agochiendaguete,* the greatest man in the
whole country, Achiendase came to him, as the mouth of Onontio,
to raise tlie ruined cabin, resuscitate the dead, maintain what was
still standing, and defend the country against the disturbers uf
the peace."

Encouraged by the applause bestowed on his eloquence and
skill in the Onondaga, which he now spoke,f Chaumonot raised
his last present, that of the faith : " Not for traffic do we appear
in your country : our aim is much higher. Keep your beaver, if
you like, for the Dutch : what comes to our hands shall be eni-

* For this title, sec Lafltau, Mceurs dcs Sauvages, ii. 172. It is the mod-
ern Atotarlio.

+ ChaiuTionot calls the Huron the mother of the other dialects, and says
that in a month he was able to speak the Onondaga. — Antobiographie.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

281

ploved for your service* We seek not jMMisluilde thiii^s. l-'or
the taitli alone liave wo left our land; for the faitii iiave we tra-
versed tlie ocean; for the faitli have we left the threat ships of the
Krench to enter vour tiiiv canoes; for the faith I hold in niv
hand this present, and open my lips to summon you to keep y(»ur
word given at (Quebec. You iiave solenuily promised to hearken
to the words of the great (iod; they are in my mouth — hear
them !" Then, running over the principal doctrines, he called
upon them to say whether they were not just, and sunmioned
tlu'in by their hope of bliss or fear of chastisement to embrace the
faith.

Thrilling was the etiect of this address. AVonder and fear,
mingled with joy and hope, swayed the minds of his auditory, and
the missionary that day seemed more than human, lie was in-
deed borne up by a liea\ enly strength ; for he had risen from a
sick-bed to deliver liis address, and a few days after was sur-
ru'.mded by his companions, who, in dejection, awaited his last
moment. He was, however, spared. Full of confidence in St.
Teter, he invoked the aid of the Prince of the apostles, and soon
rose from his couch in health, being destined, in fact, to outlive
all those around him.

This council ended, all was activity, liy August a chapel was
erected in Onondaga ; and Avhile some advanced the fort and resi-
dence at Ganentaa, the missionaries attended the chapel, or visited
the cabins to instruct and learn. As in the Huron country,
sickness now broke out among the Europeans, and twenty of the
party were at once prostrated by fever ; but by the kindly aid of
the natives all recovered.

In October, Achiendaso was solemnly adopted by Sagochienda-
guete, the head sachem, in the presence of deputies from the
other cantons ; and though a dispute seemed i-ising between

* A charge had been made that the nilssioimric!* were mere traders.

232

AMKinCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

kit

the Mohawks aii to all a|»|ic'araii»H,' tinnly cstah-
lish.Ml.

Tile \v<»ik of coiivei'sion.s now hoffan : tlu; faith was more t;la<llv
locoiM'd by tuc ( )iioii(lai!,as than it lia<l hcen l»y the lluions. Tli.'
easy manners of tlic jH'oplf icndcnMl intoiconrse less (lilHcult; aii'l
at }»nhru' and jnlvatc «i^ath('rin!L(s the l\athers, avaiHnu; th(Mn.selvr,>,
of the custuin of relatinn" old ti'aditions, ivcotinted tlie evontis nl"
sacred liistory. ( )bsta('K's, however, wore not wantini^; even diitct
c'harufes, of the most absurd nature, were brought against the mi>-
sionaiies, — a jtojmlar o!ig being that the French l)a}>lized Indians
otdy to torment them more at ease in iieaven; and on one oeia-
sion, Fatlier Dablon was in no slight danger, being suspected nf
having carried oft' a box full of souls.

Prisoners and shives, brouglit from no less tlian seventeen diti'ei-
ent nations, were the tii-st to enter the fold ; but natives, and even
chiefs and captains, soon followed, moved especially by the influ-
ence of the Christian llurons, who, being now helots in Onondaga,
showed the power of religion in their virtues and patience. Among
the natives, John liaptist Achiongeras, the first convert, full of
fiiith, endeavored to convert his sister, who haughtily refused to
listen to him. Despairing of success, he began a novena to St.
Mary Magdalen ; and on the second day his sister's heart w its
changed.

When the faith had thus acquired a footing .it Onondaga, the
band of apostolic men spread themselves among the cantons, hi
the latter part of August, 1G5G, Fathers Chaumonot and Menard
set out to answer the invitations of the Cayug.is and Senccas.
The former, leaving Menard at Cayuga, proceeded to the populous
villages of the Senecjis.

Menard, who was welcomed by the chief, erected a chapel, but
was coldly received by the tribe, and so little regarded that lie
never appeared w ithout being attacked by the children. To tlio

FUENCIl ]^1ISS10NS.

233

(lay of liis doatli, many yeais after .-iiiiid llio f»msts of rpjMT
MicliiLjan, lu' Immv tlu* scars with wliicli tlicsc tttiiiu'iitois «'»)\iMf»l
lii> face. V»'l the simple i^iiilrlL'ssiicss of I'aihcr llriii' miuh
won thi'ir licart.s ; aii«l uhfii once lie had i-oiivcilrd a rhid. his
(liafK'l was tillrd witli admiring and iistcninuj cntwds. ( >ii iis
wall of mats, lu'sido the altar, huni; ]»icturos of uur l.(»rd and
his lilessed Mother, and tu explain these the missionary told tin-
history of our re<lem|>tion. Now, io«;, the ehildren chani^vd and
hccamo his helpers in the mission, lea«lini( jiim to the eahins of the
>i(k, and tfivinji; him the names of all, which some studiously <'ou-
cealed.

The women, already moved by the virtues of the llmon te-
iiiales, were the first converts: they brought their babes to receive
haptism; they followed his instructions; and in almost every cabin
could be found an Indian mother teaehinij ber wavward child to
lisp a prayer to Jesus and Mary.

Menard, meanwhile, was now rapidly acquiring the (.'ayuga dia-
lect, under the instructions oi' an excellent family, in whose cabin
he was often a guest. His mission was advancing ; his cha))el was
crowded with catechumens; but lie baptized few adults, and sel-
dom but in case of dauijer. The first admitted to the sacrament
was an old man on his deatli-bed; the second, once a j»rominent
chief, now u cripple, eaten up by a cancer, whose conveision
seemed due to the martvre*! IJrebeuf and Lalemant. At theil
capture he liad been struck by their apjiearance, and bought
them with wampum,* yet was unable to save them, for his belts
Were returned, and the missionaries put to death. His conver-
sion gave great infiuencc to religion, for his authority always
stood very high in tlie canton ; and indeed all protection was

* Wampum was bends nindo of the clam-shell, which, worked on belts
or collars, was the money and the jewelry of the Indians. These belts served,
ton, as public documents, and in treaties one was delivered for every hpo-
oific article of the negotiation.

AMEHICAN ('ATIIOMC MISSIONS.

UiTilt'd l)y Mnianl, who was on scvcial occasioiiH lliicati'iu'tl with
(l«'alli.

After H stay ot two inoiahs In- was H'calltd to ( )iioii(|a'ra, hut
his converts wi'ie iii(:oijs<ihiMt', aii«l he was .soon r«.'store<l to their
onticalit's, and liUiewtMl Jiis mission >vith i^ivatcr succoss tlian uv»r.

Father Cliaiiinonot, on reaellin^• (iandagan*, the chief vilhtge ..t"
tli(! Soiiecas, was received with |)oni]>. In iiis address he urged
them to embrace the faitli, staking his own life and that of all his
associates, as a guarantee of its truth. He was followed tVc^m tin-
(•ouncil hy a chief, who hegged to be instructed without delay, —
u striking ]»roof of ijie magic |>ower which i'haumonot's elo(|Ueri(('
j)ossessed, for an Indian must b<' deeply moved to show liis feeliiii:-.
Conversions followed; but the most important was that of ilu'
great chief of the tribe, tli*' invalid Aniiontenritaoui. Visited, in-
structed, and ba])ti/ed by C'haumonot, bis t'aitli was rewarded l>y
tliu sudden cure of a cancer that bad bafHed all art.

J'x'sides (landagare, tbere was anotber village wbicb had .-i
dcH'p interest for the old missionary of IFuionia. This was a vil-
lage made up of tbe survivors of the ohl missions of St. MichaelV
and St. Jolm's in tbe Huron country, wben, as we bave seen, tli<»e
towns submitted to tbo Senecas in the fatal war. Here all
tbronged annind tbe old companion of lirebeuf and Daniel. N<»t
one pagan now bcld back from baptism ; not one Christian iVoni
confession ; not one was unconverted bv misfortune. To be thus
able to minister to tbese poor exiles, was in itself a reward for tlu-
toils of tbe missioiuirv ; but bis joy was dashed by the loss of his
faithful donue, Le Moyne, who had followed him in all his triaU,
but now sank in death, on the beautiful shores of Luke Tlolicio,
rejoicing that it was given bini to die on the land of the In>}oiii>,
in tbe work of the gospel.

After laving the foumhitions of a mission in this canton, the uii-
wearied Chaumonot returned to Onondaga, but was iinme«liately
sent, with Menard, to Oneida, to o'>en friendlv relations with tli;it

FKKNCIl MLSSluNrf.

235

in<">!<t tlitlii'iilt i»f tlu' tril»L'>.'''' TlifV rt';irln'i| it ;iiiii<l tln' niiii«niliuu-
aiuia, wliirli was, liowt-vt-r, alter a ti-u (la\>, >ii>|m'ihI»'i| ii» ciiaM*'
tlic sacluMiis to lit-ar tin-in. AtUT tnij^iiii; the iiii|M»rta!ir(' i»t" |K'ac<',
aiiiiouiicinuif iIk- law of riiri>t, ami iiiiiii.-lt'iiiii; to the Union fap-
tivos, they returiitd to St. Mai v's.

< )non(hii^a wjih, theretbre, the I't-iitral, or, in tact, th«; only ii'i^nilar
iiiis.sion; but it wa-* imw estahlislinl on a Hriii basis. The ollicis
«»t" the Church wdc eelel»nite<l, the sarraiiiciits a<lministt iftl, aii'l

Christian virtues piaeticrd.as rei^nlarly a

I t aift'nllv as in the iiit

('atholie parts of J'hiiopc. [n a short tiiiif wo hintlicil wc^e haj"-
ti/.i'(i, among them live (•hicftains, tlir eoiiif. stones oi" ihit ( linieh ;
uiM' of wiiom, in a puhlie asscmltly, atlvoeated the faith .is the only
lin|»e of savinuf their eoiintrv hv restoiini; iiiovalitv, a<' I, al">v all,
titlt'litv in marriaLrc, and in th«ir irlations with raeh oiIkt lie
want of which ha<l been more (K'stnictivt- tiiaa armies.

Tlie women esiH-ciallv listened to the woids ot" irii'h, and the
accounts of the missionaries dwell with inteiot on u' noble deatii
"t" Nh'ii;dalen 'riotoiiharason, who had j^itiie to (^uei»ee to learn the
}>r(iii(>i\\ and vvlio remained steadfast t<> her last siLTh, amid the
seductions and jM'rsuasi<»iis of her unbelievini; relative. I'he bold
stand of the missionaries ae-ainst polyH^amy had W(»n to their cause
all the women, who felt, indeed, the (;nmes to which their actual
state often gave rise.

The church was comj)osed of three nations, < )iiondajii;as. Unions,
and Neutrals, all bound tOLj;ether l>y tlie c'"<u ,on tie of t'aith, which
made master and slave kneel down side by side. Nij obsta<le was

* On cncampiiijT one uiglit in tlie wo x,-*, u ehiet' thus uddressud tlii.'in:
•' Ah, my brethren I you are wcury. Wliat tri>ul)lc you have to walk on
t>iio\v, on iee, and in the water. But ciurajjre ! let us not coini>Iain of tlir
toil, (<inco wc undertake it I'l : so noble a cause. Ye demons, who iniiabjt
tlicse woods, beware ot'injurinjr any oftliose wiio compose tiiis embassy. Aiul
yon, trees, laden with years, whom old age must soon level with the earth,
siis[icnd your tall ; envelop not in your ruin those who j^o tn pn:vcnt the ruin
''provinces and nations.'' t Christianily.

280

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

raised l»y tlie mcdicino-nion, no saclicm oppo.sed the missionaries,
and ail gloried in the name of Cliristian.

Wlien tidings of tliis success reaciit-d Quebec, liie Suin^riuis
chose new missionaries to proceed to so promising a liekl. A party
of llurons were ahvady at Montreal, alxmt to emigrate to Oiiun-
daga. Fathers l*aul Itagueneau and Joseph Imbert Duperou soon
joined them, >vith a lay-biother and some Fieuch colonists, and in
July, 1057, thev set out for the mouth of the Oswoi^o. Soon afui
tlieir departure a deep-laid plot was discovered. The missioiiari* >
and other Frniclimen were treated coldly, and at last abandons 1.
liy chanc<.' they found a!i old canoe, and kept uj> with the tlotilla ;
but, on the J3d of August, their worst feai-s were realized by a n\i\>-
sacre of the llurons, instigated by an Onondaga chief, who, jmu-
vokcd at the ri'sistanc*; made to him bv a virtuous Huron ix'wL
killed her, and urged the slaughter of all.

Kagueneau reproached the Onondagas with their treacliery ; but
thev boldlv asserted that, in slauo'litering tlie llurons, thev men-lv
comj)lied with the ordeis of the governor and the missionaries.
The Fathers and their companions now prepared to die, foi" they
heai'd that it was resolved to i)Ut them to deatli. It was indeed
so, but considerations of policy caused tlie chiefs to suspeu«l the
blow, and the Fathers reached the mission of St. Mary's in safety.
There they found that all was changed; hostility was openly shown
bv those who had warmlv welcomed them, and nothinsjf remainid
but to enih'avor to escape. AVitli nuicli dilliculty they sent to
Quebec a full account of their position.

Such was the state of tlie (Onondaga mission. That of the Mo-
hawk had matle less progress. That tribe, still hostile, had attackt-d
the CUtawas near Montreal and killed Father (Jarreau, then burst
on the llurons f»f Isle Orleans and swept many away captive. \<'U
in the sunmier of HioO, the fearless Father Le Moyne aijain visited
tlieir strong castles, and after reproaching them with their cruelty
and watit of faith, devoted himself to the care of the llurons of the

FHKNCll MISSION'S.

Bear familv, who had, after tlie t'atai (hiv on U\g ()rleaii>, eiiiii»ratecl
to tlie Mohawk. Like a good Fatlier he consoled tlie atllieted, in-
structed the ignorant, heard the confessions of all who came, bap-
tized the children, made all j)ray, and exhorted them to |K'rsevtic
in the faith and avoid sin. Tlu- Mohawks, touched l»y the i>ie!y
of the Ilurons, especially of one whom they had ])Ut to d»'atli, no'A
came to listen to the instructions of the 7uissionarv, an<l he ne\t r
let them go without some words on heaven and hell, the power of
an all-seeing and all-knowing (jod, who rewarded tlu; good and
})unished the wicked.

Having thus completed his duties as envoy, and fultilled his
jM-oinise to the Ilurons on their emigration, Le Moyiuj returned to
l^tiohec, which he reached on the oth of November, IG.jG.'-''* Soon
after the departure of llaguenejui and his companions for < )non<laLra
in the following summer, he, too, set out once more for the Mo-
hawk. He left the colony on the 20th of August ; but, on arriving
at the Mohawk castles, found himself held rather as a prisoner oi'
hostage than as a friend, for there, too, an evident hostility to the
I'ronch prevailed.

Thus, and apparently without a cause, tlui missionaries, after
liaving had access to every canton, after having announced in all
the gospel r>f truth, found themselves destined to death and driven
from the field.

'J'he councils of the Iroquois were secret, but their plans weie
known in the cantons, and some of the brav«'s were too impatient
t<» await the development of their sachems' plot, rrowling around
the French settlements they committed several murders. Daille-
'">nt, the governor, quick an<l far-seeing, resolved to have host-
.'ii:''s in his hands, and suildenly arn-sted all the Iroipiois t^ithin
iIk' limits of the colony ; and, on the Vth of Xnvember, disjtatehed
two Mohawks with letters for Le Movne and the (,)nondaga mis

t»

* Eel. 165G-7; Jouru. Jesuitc.

238

AMKHICAX CATirOLIC MISSIONS.

sionanes. The t'onner wore delivoioil, the latter destroyed; but
runners soon conveyed to Onondau:a tlie news <tt' the nieasinvs ot"
l)aillebout.

Disconcerted by this unexpected step, the sadieins of Ououdaija
and Moliawk deterred tlie blow. Le Moyne, in necenibcr, sciii
three inessenc;i'rs with a letter to the <jfov«Mnor, announciiii; tli
hostilities of the Iro<juois tribes aufainst the upper and lowei' Alu'nii-
quins. l)aillebout tirudy demanded the inunediate return of I..
Moyne, and the; surrender f»f some uuu'derers. J>oth weit* jiromise.l.
])Ut the missionary remained, an object of suspicion and dislikr.
unable eitlier to continue his labors or to return, and iH-guiiiiin' lii--
lialf-ca]>tivitv bv an occasional visit to the 1 Mitch.*

At ()nonda:X'i it was dilVerent : the sachems still hoped l.» be
able to cut oil' the colony in their inidst without forfeitini»- the liw-^
of their hostau'es at (.Quebec. ForeseeiuiX a bloody catastrophe, llii
Superior had recalled all the Fatheis, and Dujmis all liis colonist-
within the fort and house at 8t. Mary's, to resist, escape, or fall
together.

Thus the winter wore slowly away, and day by day their lonninn;
eyes loo!<ed in vain for a ray of ho[»e ; spring came, and, in a ii-w
council on the Mohawk, the tinai resolution of the sachem^ \v,i-
taken. Ihit belbro they could carry out their bloody design, while
the piles were actually ]»re])aring foi" their execution, the iiii<-

siouarics resolved to attem})t a secret tlight, impossible as it seei 1

to escajH' unobserved through a country of detiles, where a do/.eii
braves could destroy them all.

Silently and rapidly, in the residence of St. Mary's, skilful liainN
were constructing two s sift, light boats, each large enough to cany
fotu't«en or tifteen imlividuals and a weight of a thousand pouiiJ-.
They also i'(»nci'altMl in tin? house their canoes, foiu* of Alu'"»ni|iiiii.
tive of Iroquois make. The great diHiculty now remained; ilii-'

* It wns on one of these that ho revcnloJ to the Dutch the Jiscoverj- of rlio
Milt s|»rin},'s, to hnvo hU word disholiovo'l iu-» a Jesuit lie !

FREN'CIf MISSIONS.

289

)vo<l; I'ut
easuivs ct'

Dnondiiua
inlxT, x'lii
nciiiii; ill '
\y'Y Alu"' Ill-
urn ot" I.''

' |irojnis(''l.
\\{\ (lislikf,
guilinn' 111-

oped to 1"'
no- tlic lives
■^troplx', lit''
lis eoV>i»ist>
■ape, or t;ill

icir loiiLi'iii'i"
|1, in ii U'W
K'hcnis w;i-
•io-ii, wliilr
till' mi-
it S('(Mll''il

re a do/oii

[ilt'ul li:tii'l-
fli to earn
ml pouii'W.

[\]u'<illi|lli!l.

iiK'tl ; ilii'
lovcry ot'fli>'

was to embark unseen, fur tlic >liijljt','>l suspicion of their intent
would draw the whole toive of the canton upon tlieni. At last a
favorable moment arilvM:,. A youn;; Krenehman was adopted into
the tribe; and, in accordance with their customs, o-ave a baiKjUet.
Availing liimself of one of their usages, he pr<jclaimed it to be one
where every thing must be eaten and nothing left, immense as
might be the mass of eatables placed before the guest.* 'J'o this
feast every neighbor was invited, the plenteous board groaned be-
neath the weight of viands, and as none could refuse his portion,
the overloaded guests, <'\eite(l by the datices and games which the
French kept uj) in (juick succession, or lulled by the nuisic, were
insensible to all but the festivities before them. Amid th(» uproar
iind noise the boats were silently borne to tht; watei-'s edge, and as
>ilentlv loaded. (Iraduallv as niufht closed in the wearv ufuests
liei^an to drop away, the music and dance being still kept up by
the French. When these ceased, all the Onondagas dej)arte<l,
and were soon after buried in sleep. Silence reigned around.

The whole French colony hurried to their tlotilla and pushed
etT, about midnight, on the 20th of March, IGoS. Tht; water of
t'lo lake froze around them as thev advaticed, and fear almost fro/e
their blood, yet on they went all night long, and all the next day;
haml succeeded hand at the oar and the ]>ad<lle, till, on the second
evening, without having met a singh; living soul, they saw Ontario
spread its seadike expanse before them. Their greatest dangei" was
iK'W past, and the distance between them and their treacheious
hosts gave them time to breathe.

AVhen the Onondagas had slept olf their revel they strolled from
their huts, and, as thev rambled towards St. Nfarv's of (Janentaa,
were surprised at the silence that reignerl around it. Siip]>osiiig
the inmates at prayer or in council, they awaited the result calndy.

* As to this fcv-t, sec I.iifitau, Mamrs il. 211. It w.ns ori^'inally relipioua,
iii)<l u kind of sneritioo.

240

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

fli t

ii ^

for an Indian never bc4ray.s curiosity. < >!:' tli<'ir presence there they
had no doubt, the cocks were crowing-, the dojL>' answered the knock
at tlie door. Yet iis tlie afternoon waned, tlieir patience was cx-
liausted, and, scalinij the side of the h(»use, they entered. No sound
<'('ho(*d throui>'li the l)uilding but tliat of their own cautious st»'|w:
in fri<j^lit and tiouble tliey stole lhroui;'h, and opened the ni.iiii
door. The sagest chiefs enter : from garret to ceHar every spot
is examined : not a Frenchman can be found. Fear and tenor
seize them : gazing at each otlier in silence, they fled from the
liousc. Xo trace betrayed the flight of the French. " They have
become invisible," cried the r)nondagas, "and flown or walked
upon the waters, for canoes they had not.""*

They, meanwhile, amid a thousand dangers, in an unknown
route, through lake, and river, and ra})i<l, and fall, reached Montiv.il.
after seeing one of their canoes and three of tiieir party engult'.il
in the St. Lawrence. In the colony they were received as nieu
from bevond the ifrave.

Thus ended, after a brief existence, the mission of St. Mary's of
Ganentaa in the Onondaga country, with its dependent missions
among the Oneidas, C'ayugas, and Senecas. It had been toundeil
and conducted with great toil, and at great expense ; it was now
crushed, but its eflect was not lost : many had been brought to the
faith, and more convinced of the truth and beauty of Christianity,
who for motives of policy still held l;»ack.f

Among the Mohawks Le Moyne was in no less danger than liis
brethren had been at Onondaga. On the 25th of March lu' wrote
from the Dutch settlement a letter which he sui)posed was to givo
the last tidings of his labors ; but soon after the sachems, remem-
bering their })romise, appointed envoys to convey him to Montiviil.
and an embassy, heade<l bv the wilv Atojjwaekwan, brought him
safely to his countrymen in the latter part of May, 1G58.

* Rel. 1G57-8, ch. viii.

t Kel. lGr)7-8, ch. ii. A MS. of F. Ronvnrt says thnt it cost 7000 livroa.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

241

Xot a missionary now reniained in the torritory of the Iroquois,
aiitl the war which iiumetliatoly broke out precluded for a time any
liope of return.*

* Rcl. 1657-8. Of the missionaries engaged in this first Iroquois mi.<sion,
?oine were eminent in other missions. Father Claudius Dablon arrived in
Canada in 1G55, and made his first essay in the apostolate at Onondasra. In
Itii'.l he accompanied Druillettcs on an expedition overland to Hudson's IJay ;
wiis next with Father Marquette, on Lake Superior, in IOCS, and, after found-
iiii,' Sault St. Mary's, became Superior of all the missions in IGTO. This posi-
tion lie occupied for several years, certainly as lato as 1003, and ho \va~ still
alive in the following year. As Superior he edited the last published JJcla-
tious (lt)71-2), and compiled otlicrs still in manuscript, and a narrative of
Marquette's voyage, published in "The Discovery and Exploration of the
.Mis>issippi : New York, ls.")2."

Of Menard we shall speak elsewhere. Father Francis Lc Meroier arrived
in 1C;5.', and was attached to the Huron mission till its ruin. He was Supe-
rior from 1053 to 105G and from 1C,>]') to 1G70, anil rendered eminent services
t'l reliirion. At Quebec he was, for a time, the tlireetor of the venerable
Miither Mary of the Incarnation. Leaving Canada, ho was sent to the We>t
Iiiiiies, and, after being many years Superior, there died in tlu' odor of
^alR•tity. As Superior in Canada he publislicd six volumes of the Kflations.

Fatlier Paul Kagueneau was born at J'aris in lG<"»r), and arrived in Canada
in June, 163G. Under the name of Aondcch.'te lie labored in the Huron
ooiuUryfrom this time, with a brief interruption, to tlie close of the mission,
lie was Superior from IGoU to 10.33, and returning to France in IGGG, became
i^Liit ( f the Canada mission, and died at I'aris on tlie 3d of September, IGaO.
Ill' wrote four volumes of Relations, and the Life of Mother Catharine of St.
Augustine, an Ursuline nun.

CIIAPTEU XII.

IROQUOIS MISSION (CONTINUED.)

Garaconlie, the frU'iid of the missions — His protection— Knilmssy to Quebec — Mission
renewed — Futlier Simon le Moyne a'^ain at Ononila^a— Itetained till the spring' — Uh
labors diirlnj; tlio winter — Ills diuifrers-(Jiirucontiu Rt)sent — Mission at Cayujja— lie-
turn to Montreal — His ctinracter and deaili— Garacontio ajjain —Conversion ofaSeneca
chief— Negotiations — Missionaries asked and promised— Mohawk war — General peace.

Dark as tlie cause of Cliiistiaiiity seemed in the cantons, it was
not witliout its liopes of a new and bn«j^htei' day. At Onondaga many
had been won to the side of Clnistianity, and on these the futuie
d('i)ended; hut, unfortunately, none seemed possessed of suflicieiit
iiiiUieiice to effect a change in the councils of the tribe. Neithir
Achiongeras, nor any of the rest, could liopc to restore the mission,
having in all probal)ility lost grade by their adherence to a foreiirii
creed. At this moment God raised up one destined to be for years
a protector, and, at last, an humbh' follower of the Christian religion,
(jiaiacontie, "the sun that advances," was a nephew of the Sani*-
chiendaguetc, or, as moderns call him, the Tododaho, great saehfiii
of the league. Himself neither sachem nor chief, undistinguished
on the war-path, he had, by his eloquence, ability, and political wis-
dom, acquired a power such as we have seen in our own days ex
ercised by the orator Red Jacket.*

During the brief existence of St. Mary's of Ganentaa, Garacontio
had examined with care the customs of the colonists and the doc-
trines of the missionaries, and had come to the conclusion that

* Lftfitau says positively tliat lio was only an orator; but it nmy be ili;it
bo, like Clinrlevoix, coiifotimls liiin witli bis brotber, wbo bore, ns wc sliall
sue, tbc saiuo name.

FllENCll MISSIONS.

243

civilization and Cliristianity wore necessary tor the preser\'ation ot'
his nation. No siifn liacl, however, betrayed this t:iv»»rnMo ctjtiniofi
to the missionaries : he never .sat amoni;' their disci[iiL's, and se«'Mi»'<l
as inditlerent a iiearer as any around liini. His part, liowever, was
talven. After tlie llii^lit of tiie Kreneli, he was openly tlie prot«H'tor
of the Cliristians, and tiie earnest advocate of }>oace. In spite of
liis endeavors war was renewed aeainst tlie Freneli with unw(jnted
ferocitv. The villaf^es of Canada wen- in llanies.the wliole frontier
was inundated in bhwd, (^uehec was ltlo(d<aded, the best men in
the colony were cut down in sight of the forts by tlie wily foe.
Others were led awav to furnish sport bv their tortures to the elans
in their villajje-lionK's, or to lin<i:»'r awav in cantivitv. (Jaracontie
roseuod as many as lie could in all the cantons, bv i)resents and by
arifuments. These, to the number f>f twenty-four, he assembled at
Onondaga, and at morning and night, by a bell, called them and
the Ilurons to prayer. < )n Sundays he gave feasts, now in one
cabin, now in another, in order to enal>le the Christians to spend
the (lay in ]>rayer.

^^eanwllile, in coimcil and in private, he lal)ored to incline his
tribe to peace, and at last succeeded. The (.)non<lagas resolvetl to
send an embassy to (Quebec, and restore some of the captives as a
jMvliniinary of peace.

In July, 1000, the beleaguered townsmen of Montreal beheld an
hvMjiiois canoe shoot out above the town, with a white flag flutter-
ing in the breeze. Men crowded in anxiety to the wall, but the
canoe came silently on, and on reaching the bank in front of the
town-gate, the wairiors stepped ashore as calmly as if they were
friendly guests, and, followed by four Frenchmen, advanced into
the town. An audience was soon given. There the spokesman,
the Cayuga Saonehiogwa, the warm friend of (iaracontio, an<l
sharer of his thoughts, broke in publico the bonds of the four pris-
oners, and promised the freedom of the rest, assuring the French (»f
the fiiendly disposition of the tribe. Beginning his a<ldress, he ex-

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

It >

'fli

■

plained tlic various presents : at the fifth he said : '' This is to diaw
the Frenchman to us, that lie may return to his mat, whicii uc
still pi'esi'rvo at (Janentaa, where the house is yet staiidinif tiiat hf
had when he dwelt among us. J lis tire has not been extiiii^uishi .1
since his departure ; and his fields, which we have tilled, wait hut
liis hand to gatiier in the harvest; he will make peace rtouii>h
again in our midst by his stay, Jis he had banished all the evils of
war. An<l to cement this alliance and unite us so closely toget Ik r
that the demon, jealous of our happiness, may no longer be able to
travei-se our good designs, we beg that the holy women (nuns)
may come to see us, both those who take care of the sick, and
those that instruct the vouiiii;. We will build them line cabins,
and the fairest mats in the country are destined for them. Let
them not fear the currents or rapids, — we have; banished them all,
and rendered the river so smooth, that they could themselves, with-
out pain or fear, ply the light paddle."

Here ho paused, and his tone of compliment gave way to one of
stern resolve. Raising his last belt, he exclaimed : " A iJlack-gown
must come with mo, otherwise no peace ; and on his coming <1«-
peud the lives of the twenty Frenchmen at Onondaga ;" and with
these words he placed in the governor's hands a leaf of the book
on the margin of which the captives had written their names.

The counsels of the French were divided. It seemed blind
temerity to yield to this demand ; but, influenced by the accounts
of the retunied captives, who declared that the women were unani-
mous in favor of Chnstianity, that Garacontio was entirely on tluii'
side, and had now remained only to prevent any counter-movt-
ment iu his absence, the council left the final detennination to
the Viscount d'Arjjenson, who asked that Father Le Movne should
meet the wishes of the Indians. That intrepid missionary, for the
fifth time, girt himself to visit the homes of the Iroquois. It was,
he declared, the happiest day of his life. Now, at last, ho seemed
to go, never to return, lor his steps would be in a land still reeking

t '

FRKXCIl MISSIONS.

245

with tlie blood of tii<i Kivncli, whciv the firos were scjin*' oxtin-
• 'iiI^IumI around wliicli (lie ( Jnoiidai^as liad danced in savaiie tii-
iiin])li over their ex|)iriiiLf prisoner.

He accord iniflv set out from Montreal on the 21st of .lulv, lUGi»,
a liostaifo in their liands; and thoui>h attacked l>v the ( hieidas,
and with difficulty rescued from their tomahawks and scal|>inijf-
knives, reached in safety the mouth of the Oswecfo, where, noi-
withstanding? the negotiations, tiiey found a war-party on its way
to attack Montreal.

Advancing now to Onondaga, they were met, six miles from the
town, by Garacontie, who thus came, .ts (;hieftain never came be-
for*', to greet tlie envoy of the peace of whicii he had been the
projector. Le Movno entered the castle of the mountain tribe

It' ^

amid the joyful shouts of tlie peo|)le, who offered liim fruit, and
then ran on to stop and look back at the long-expected Ondessoiik,
whose fearless manner won them all. With admirable tact, < Jara-
oontio led the missionary tirst to the lodges of the sachems and
chiefs most adverse to })eace, and then conducted him to his own,
already titted up as a chajxil. 'Twas ruile indeed, but as the ]>ious
missionary adds, " C)ur Lord, who deigns to veil himself under the
forms of bread and wine, will not disdain to dwell beneath a roof
of bark ; and tlie woods of our forests are not less precious in his
eyes than the cedars of Lebanon, since where ho is, there is para-
dise."

On the 12th of August, Le Moyne was solemnly received at the
mission-house by the sachems of Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca,
and on their ratifying the acts of the embassy, delivered his pres-
ents, concluded peace, and m'ged them to embrace Christianity, of
which he gave a summary. To this they replied in another ses-
sion ; and then the speaker announced that seven prisoners from
Cinondaga, and two from Cayuga, should be immediately sent with
<'aracontie, and that the rest should return in the spring with
< >n<lessonlc. Remonstrance failing, Le Moyne was compelled to sub-

246

AMiatlC.VN CATIIUMC MiSSluNrf.

mit to tills jirrnnij^'nu'nt, nnd r;ilinly pn-parctl lor iiis wintt-r
inissioii witli iIk! iviiiainiiiLT captivus. (Jaraooiitio set out; and
thoiiLrli tli«5 ()iioii(la;L?.'i party met l>y Lo Moyii'' lia<l, in Atij^nM,
miller Outft'oiiliati, ravai^c*! tin; NJaii'l of .Moiitical, ainl sljiin.
aiiioiiLj otlK'i"s, the ostiinaUlo Sulpitiaii, .lames he Malt re, aii<l tin
Mohawks, in <')(;(( ihi-r, killed another of the same eoii<^ree;atioii.
Mr. William Viu^iial, the oldest secular ]»riest in the eoloiiy, llh'
< )Moii(laixa orator was wi'll focimvcmI, restored his captives, ami oh-
t.'iiiied the liberation of several of his countrymen.'"

^h'anwhile Father I.e >royno was busily i-mployed in Western
New York. In his poor chapel, adoruod with a cross carried <»ti
from Isle Orleans, and re<leemed by (Jjiracontie, French, Huron,
and Iroquois assembled around the same altar, each cliantin_" in
liis own toncfUe the words of life and truth. I^ver on the niaicli,
villairo ''ift«'i" villaufe received liis luissionarv visits, nn<l evervwhen;
his presence was n-ladly welcomed, lie was not, liowever. tree
from dani^er. I )reams ruled the land, and their fultilmeiit, often
ridiculous, was sometimes eiiminal, and dann^erous to others. ( hie
brave, dreaminijj that he wore Ondessotik's cassock, burst into the
hut, and bid him strip. On another occasion all the sacdienis
were re([uired to check another who burst in to destroy the cruci-
fix on liis altar. Father J.e Moyne was there; but ho bore the
name of Jocfues, avIio had loved the cross, an<l laid down his lite
for it l>v the banks of the Mohawk, and he would not see it dis-
honored. Sprini^im^ between the altar and the madman, he barod
his head for the blow, and would have fallen had not the mur-
derer been cauifht back, as his tomahawk glistened in the air.f

* Rcl. ICfiO-l, last ohaptcr; Kol. IfitH--'., eh. ix. : Vijcr. I'etit rciristiv, in
4°, MS. For Le Maitre, see Faillou, Vie ile Margaret IJour^oin-, i. 1.'':
Id., Vie dc M. Olifi-, ii. 11".. His iinirilorcr, Ontn-lionati. or lloaiiclcron,
booainc ft <,'liristiaii, aiiil died at tiie Mountain of Montreal. For \'i'_'!ial, m-c
Faillon, N'iu de M, JJour^'eoys, i. 1A4.

t Lc Moync was at fir»t called Wane, but ou .Jogue'.s death took his naiii'',
Ondcssonk.

FUENCIl MISSIONS.

247

his wiiitti
i out ; and
ill Aut,ni»t,
,'iii4 sliiiii,
r»', aii'l tli<'
!i<_rr('ij:ati«>ii.
colony, tli«'
I'os, n\v\ oli-

\n W»'<t<Mii

carrifil oil

K-li, Huron.

I'liantiii •■ ill

the inarcli.

evcryNvlnif

owcvor. tVt'f

linciit, ot'li'ii

tlu'is. On.'

irst iiit<» tli«'

ho sachciii*

y the cruci-

bore tlie

own his lift'

see it (li-^-

in, Ijo l»;n<'l

tjjc niiir-

\\o air.f

roirintri'. in
oo_\ ', i. !•"' ' •
Iloaiiilnn'ii.
S'IlmkiI.

uk liis naiii'-.

In this instanct! he oscajK-d. llow.vi'r, the sri'iics ot" diunkm
li.'t hourly luft'oiv jiis fv«'s (tor 1 Mitch traiK-rs flooded tlu* ('antt)ns
uilii intuxifatini; rujUoi's), inadu him accept with plcasuin an in-
vitation to vihit Caviiii'a, then ravaged !»v an epidennc. To<'eth«'r
with a yoiiii^f surgeon, ho ministered to the sick, and saved many.
A month was too short for him to confess and console the llinoii
women, bapti/o their children, and instruct them all. (Jloriitu>
women 1 their faith was luulimmed, althoU!ji;h tiiey had so loni;
had no chapel but theii* master's hut; no priest but their con-
science.

Tearing himself at last from those fervent Christians, he re-
tunu'd to < )nondaifa, and found <Jaraconti6 arrived, more friendly
than ever to ilie I'Venoh cause, 'j'he <'hi».'t'tain soon batlled the
advocates of war, who had, in his abseni'«>, i-ven plotted I^o
•Moyno's death, and lit; now prepared a party to conduct the
missionary and remaining captives to the Si. Lawrence. The
mission of Le Moync was now (hawing to a close. JIo had
preached to captives of ten different nations; he had, during the
prevalence of t lie small-pox, baptized two hundred infants, most ot
whom soon died, and had won several adults to the faith, besides
miuisterinir to the old Christians. AmctULf the adults he was otlen
met with old calumnies. Some, however, hearkenerl to the truth.
An Illinois ca}>tive, dying of a horril)]e ulcer, visited by the
r.ilher, asked him — "What must 1 do to go to the heaven of
which you spak?" " l«'.'lieve." "Well, 1 believe." "I'ray.';
" Well, I will pray ; but I know not how. (^'ome and teach me,
tor I cannot go to thee." JTe was regularly instru<;ted. Faith
so<m changed him. No min-mur or com[)laint left his lips. At
last, fully instructe<l, he solicited and received the sacrament of
baptism.

During his stay at Onondaga, Christians, especially women,
came frequently from other cantons under various pretexts, and
thus profited by his ministry. Som(} even, by their piety and

248

AMKKIOAN CATHOLIC MISSION'S.

virtuo, won tht'ir mistr«'ss<'s, autl l»iuii<;lit tli.',- «> tl>o uiiHHioiiarv
to n-crivc instruction.

FalluT Im Moyno l»a»l ii«»t set out iVoui <.^uolM't! witli .lU' iult-ii-
tion of bf<;iimin<^ u luissioii, ami his scanty supply of wine, h.-
foresaw, >v(»ulil soon i»c cxliausti'd. 'lo !»»' aMu t<» say mass daily,
lie <lisj)atcli«'(l an Iiwlian to Albany, and loadily ohtaiiu'd of tli •
friendly Hollanders a bottlo of wine for tlio use of the altar.

At last the j»re)»arations for his dt-parturo wore completed, aiit
all were ready to depart. Hut one was destined to become a
martvr of coniuijfal chastity. llefusin<; to take an Indian wife at
the command of his master, ho was savai^ely butchered bv tin'
cruel C>nondai,^'i. The rest, to the nund>er of eii,diteen, now set
out with Le Movne and an escoil. On the last day of Au«j;iist
they reached Saut St. Louis, and were soon after welcomed by a
volley from the walls of Montreal.*

This eTuled the hT«|uois missions of Father Simon Lo M(.»yiii'.
Thouijh named once more to his old post, he never airain visiie<l
the tribes of central New York. The voice of C)ndessonk never
aifain called them to the truth. Companion of Ihcbeuf, Joixues,
Garnier, and i )aniel on the Huron mission as early as 1038, he
had ever and justly been dear to the Indian and the white man
for his firmness, intrepidity, an<l zeal. Successor of Jo/i^ues, whoso
name he bore, lie founded the Iroijuois missions planned by the
fomier, visited almost cveiy village in the cantons, and was known
^nd respected in all. Now, worn out by liis long missionary
laboi-s, lie sank under the weight of years and toil ; and, after an
illness of nine days, expired by a most holy death at the Cap de
la Madeleine, November 24, 1CG5, having just completed his
sixty-first ye.ir.f Ilis death was mourned as a public loss by the
French colony, and tlu^ Iro(|nois sent presents to wipe away the
tears shed for his death.

* Rcl. lGGl-2.

t Journal Jcsuito. I fitul nowlicre niiy details as to his birth or early ''f*-*-

FUKNCIC MISSIONS.

241)

niisi^ioiKiry
I ihu intcu-

)( wilH', ll-'

mass <lailv,
iiu'd of the
iiltar.

i}>lt't«M.I, aii'l
1 l)('coui»' ;i
liaii wite al
«'iv<l l>y tli<'
'cn, now st.'t
' of Auiiusl
iruiUecl 1>V a

I Lo Moviii'.
ijaiii visiii-il
isonk ucvt r

Ut", Joi^lKS.

IS 1038, Ik;

white man

^ues, wlutse

lied by tlio

was known

missionary

k1, at'tei- an

he Cap do

pletecl hi.s

OSS by the

awav tilt'

or early lifo.

The work ot' <Jaracuntie was not jis yrt (le>tint'<l !•• !»• crowiifil
with sueci'ss. His iai)ors jia<i |irorur»M| uiily iln- trmporary and
almost unint«'n«lfi| mission «»t' I'allifr !.«• .Nbiync, ami on tin- tl*-
partiire of that missionary, iIk- war broke out antw. No\n, Iiow-
.■vtM", the tide of battle tnrn<Ml. With villaLrt"< ra\ai;t'd by tiie
-mall-pox, tilt' eaiitoiis wcn- not in a jH»sitioii to hold their own
atjaiiist the many adversaries whom tiny h.-ul raiscil np around
tlioni. The .Nbihawks and < >n('idas hail Imm-u wor>ti'd by tin*
liitlierto despised ( "hijipeways. The stout Conestoirues* pressed
lianl on the west»'rn cantons, and scalj»ed the braves of tlu; league
at their very ijates. In this dilemma they turned to the I'Veneh,
aii'l, in a new embassy, sf»ni;ht their allian<'e, otfeiinij thi'ir
(hniijhters as hostatfes. Ihit while in the colony, the astonished
deputies heard reports of the coinini; of a lait^e French force, in-
tended not to aid but to crush them.f Kven the scattered Alju'on-
qu ins resumed courae^e, and cut otl' Iro<|Uois parties; but, Chris-
tians now, they did not perpetrate on tludr prisotuM-s tho fiendish
cruelties which had In-en use<l bv them before their conversion.
• livinnf the captives a missionary, and time for instruction and pre-
paration, they U,'d them out an<l shot them. The Ilurons, still
partly ]>aijans, seeincf tliis, exclaimed — " 'Tis ufood. When we arc
all Christians, we shall do so too.''|

Hops of peace, and conse«piently of missions, wero not there-
fore wanting. (Jaracontio, at ( )non<lai]fa, still labored to secure
h<»th. Once more he befjan to rescue French captives, and direct
the little body of Christians at Onondaga, as far as his authority

* This i3 the tribe onlleil by tlie Ilurons Aiidastcs, AiidastniriK/s, nnd (ian-
dastogues. They arc tho ('o!iostoi,'iios of tiie pjiirlisii ot' New York, tho
Miinnui of tlie Swedes, and in all probability tho Susinieliannaa of Mary-
liiiid. (lallatin, wh'>in Bancroft and (J'Caihiu'han f()lh)W, erroneously placed
thiin on tho waters of the Uhio. The Kelations and Hressani dcscribo their
l">ition accurately, and make them close neijfhljors of tho Swedes. Seo
lluhn.

+ Uel, 1662-3, ch. iv. t Id. ch. vi. vii.

11*

250

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

and wisdom enabled liiin. The oldest Frenchman acted as cate-
chist, intoned tlie prayers, and, in cjise ot'dancfer, baptized intants.
Fortunately, their moral character, far from beintj a reproacli, ijavo
new dignity, in the eyes of the savages, to the Christian name.

Iroquois were scattered through the colony, as prisonei"s,hostaLr('s
or envoys. Several of these were converted. Amonjj these w;i> a
Seneca chief, name<l Sachiendowan, whose conversion was ii<it
unmarked by j)rodigy. Taken sick at Montreal, he had been iv-
'^•eived into the hospital and carefully nursed by the nuns. Al-
louez, a missionary on his way to the west, endeavored to disabux-
liim of the fables of his tribe ; but his etlbrts failed, and the chi<t"
turned a deaf ear to the wor<]s of the gospel. The missionary iv-
solved to appeal to heaven. On the eve of St. Ignatius he said a
mass for him, the imns all joining their prayers to his to obtain the
mercv of heaven on the beiiiixhted savage. A sudden chan<^' took
place : the tierce wolf was changed into a gentle lamb: he asked
instruction, and after being grounded in the points necessaiy tur
salvation, was ba})tized, and died most fervently and piously,*

In the spring of 1004, Garacontio succeeded in obtaining a de-
cree of the council for another embassy; the object of which was
to restore the French prisoners and solicit peace. This delegation
surpassed all that had preceded it for the number and beauty of
the presents. No reason was given for their sudden desire for
peace ; but, as usual, they asked for missionaries, especially ilie
Senecas, who wislied a IMack-srown for their Christian villaue. bo
Moyne, still alive, otfered to go; but the French cautiously de-
layed, and often deceived by treaties which the sachems could not
or would not keep, avoided any terms; although they acknowl-
edged and appreciated the personal merit of Garacontio, and
could not but feel grateful for his oft-repeated eftbrts in the cause
of peace and harmony.

* Rel. 1663-4, ch. vi.

FRENCH MISaiuNS.

251

;te(l as oalo-
izt'd inlaiits.
iroach, ijavo
111 name,
rs, liostai;t">.
tln'sc wa> ;i
on was I ml

uul Ik'OII Ir-

iiiins. Al-
to (lisahiix-
1(1 tlio cliicf
issionarv iv-
us he said a

obtain the
L'haiii^e tnuk
.) : he askfil
lecessary I' "i"
ouslv*
lininij a dt-

wliicli was
> (.leloijatiuii
d beauty of

1 desire for
lecially ilic

Uaov. 1.0
itiously de-

COUlil iM't

aeknowl-
)n(ie, and
1 the cans.'

Another embassy, however, arrived in Aui^ust to annomicc thai
all hut the Oneidas sought peace. Tiiis led to an agreeuh'nt for
an exchange of prisonei"s, and soon after tiie unwearied (iaraeontio
set (»ut with the French c;aptive.s, but his party was unfortunately
attacked by the Algon<juins, and, alter severe lo>s, compelled to
jvturn. 'Jliis for a time susj^-ndcd all further attempts of the
OiiDiidagas.

The Cayuga chit-f had also lieaded a delegati(»n of his tribe,
and as earnestly solicitetl the IJishop ami Superior to send mis-
.^iuiiaries and nuns to his canton ;* but lie, tt)o, had failed.

Tile French government had now determined to humble the
lri>(|Uois, and no longer leave Canada exposed to their pretended
treaties of peace, almost always violated as soon as made. 'I'he
Marquis de Tracy was sent out tVom France with a regiment of
truups, a number of coloni>ts, and (juantities of live-stock, then
much needed in Canada. <>n seeing them arrive the Iroquois in
and near the settlements instantly di>a}»peared, and sj)rcad i«'rror
through the cantons by their exaggerated reports; and the Cayuga
colony, formed at Quinto Jiay by that canton, hard pressed by the
L'unestogues, gave themselves up as lost.

I)e Tracy immediately erected three forts on the Soiel Jiiver to
check the Mohawks and Oneidas, and preparetl to carry th»' war
into their country. Satistied with the impression ]>roduced, he was
disposed to listen to the proposals of peace nuide by the western
cantons. When, therelbre, Garacontio arri'ed in December with
dt|»uties of Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, declaring their peace-
ful intentions, he was graciously received. In his address he spoko
^\ith modest dignitv of the services which lie had rendered the
Ireiich, and by a present wiped away the teal's shed for the death
of <Jndessonk, the lamented L«i Moyne. Acknowledging and a{>-
pivciating his merit, the Viceroy, a.s it were, on his account, granted

* Eel. 1663-4, ch. \ Hi. Jesuit Journal.

252

AMKUICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

peaces to tlu! wi'stom <':int«nis, t'xchani^od prisoncis, aud, in :'.<.•
conhxrwc, with tlioir request, promised tlu'in two inissionarics.*

Lc'*'t now to war <m llie .Mohawk and < )n<'iilas alono, wlio, un-
dismavcd 1)V the det"e('ti<»n ot" the western eanions, still kept ihr
field, De Tracy sent an «'Xj>editiou under IN- (.'ourc«'llo late in tin-
year IGOS, attended by Katleix an<l AlbaiU'l as chaplains, which,
traversiiiiif tli<! country on snow-sln)es, hursi on the Mohawks; hut
warned ot' his approach, tin* savai^ts had tied, and he tounil only
their «leserted villa«ifes.

In consecpience of this hlow the wily < >nei<las sent ambassadors
in rlune, afid, after receivinuj a fa\orabIe answer trom Father < jiau-
monot, th<> delegates set out with Father Heschefer and two French-
men, apparently to indiice the Mohawks and <)neida8 to send
ileputies to a ifeneral council in the followini; month.f Hut tin y
had scan'cly <U'j)arted, when news arrived (^f the murder of several
French ollicers by a ])arty of Mohawks. On this, Father Heschefer
was recalled, the (Mieidas seized, and every preparation for war n-
sumetl. The nei,n)tiations with the other cantons contiimed, and on
the 31st of Au<,aist, in(i<i, ambassa<lors from every one, "lincteinis
inaudituin," writer I'ather !.»• Mercier, the Superior, in his ,louni:il,
met in the park of the .IcNiiits to confer with the Viceroy and <io\-
ernor of ( 'anada. I'eace was herf «'i»iicluded with all but the. Mn-
hawks; an<l as the rayuu;a <hief earnestly renewed his request for
missionaries. Fathers Jan»es Fremin and l\'ter Katieix were chosen
to u^o with him, the forna-r apparently already a laborer among tho
half-tribe at C^uinte.|.

The Frencdi were now left to cope with the Mohawks alone. l>e
Tracy resolved t») }iujiish them in person, and prepared his troops
for a new expedition. The S» neca < )n?i<)nkenritewi in vain en-
deavored to avert the blow by belts to Lc Mercier and Ciiaumonot,

* New York Coloniul DooiuuentH, iii. 123.

t .louriial ofttif .Ifsiiit SujR'rior.

X Now York ('oloniul l>oi'iunciits, iii. 13»>; Jottnial of the Superior

^i0!^rssf

FRENCH MISS10N8.

253

but tile niissioiiaiics couM not iiitrrt'ci'c. 'Hk' \ iccnty, with a fono
of 1200 wliitcs an<l I0(/ Indians, t'litcnMl the Mohawk ooimtrv,
burnt the villaufcs, ami canicd oil' i»i- ilotiuvcd tlu-ir «'xt«'nsiv('str)n's
ot' |)rovisi(»n.* This coMUM'ilfil iIh'iii to ask sincerely tui" ptaee.
ami after Po 'IVacv's (Iriiaiture this was y-iaiited hv < 'overnor <le
rourcelle. Like the w«'stein cantons, they soliciieil missiuiiaiies,
and jHotiL'ssoil a desire to einhrac»' Christianity.

CIIAPTKK XIII.

IKOQt OIS MISSION' — (COMINIKD.)

IVri'Ml of peace— Mi^^i<lns iirojictcil nrid Jiopiin in all tljr cimtoii-*— Mission nt Quintc
IJiiy— Tho Suliiitiiins- latin r rmniii .■*(iit to tin' M'llmwk with Iiriiyivs niul I'icrron
—Mission foiunk'il— Zral of Huron Chrlslinns— Convorls to Hip faltli---l{ruyas founds
Uii- (*nei(lu niioloti— (litrnitr rf>torrs tiial of onomliu;:!. is joIiumI \i\ Mild liinl <lo Cm-
lioil, ami founds that of ('.tyu;.'H— Frcniln. in tlio wi-st, loiimls liu- mlxsion of tho
!<onfoas— Ton version <tf Mary (iannoakteiia at Oneida— Slio founds tho Christian
village of Laprairie.

A puoFOi'xn peace now reigned in the valleys < \ Las^fi Ontario
and its outlet. K.tr th(» first time in inunv \t :\!h lo virpai'tv
stoalthily traversed the forest, or h:rked aro'i- d tlio St. La^.rence.
The b'aves of the five cantons turned th^'* anns to tr.e south
and west. Such a moment was one which tlli. .1 the heart of Lo
Mt'icier with rejoicini; and hope. Attain Sup^.ior of the missions,
he saw that now at last the InH|Uois mission, s* often jtrojecled, so
often apj)arently foun<le(|, was now at last to hej^in ; and ho ex-
ulted to think that the ^n*at object of his order in CaJie.l was to
be accouiplisiiod in his day.

* New York rol^'iiinl l>u(.ntncnt.'». iii. 13').

254

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Tlie Jesuits, always eagor to christianize thc^ Iroquois, liad I

De-

1 ■

held with j)k'asur*' a Cayuija colony lornied at t^^iw^o l>ay, north

of Lake Ontj

(1 in lOGG

Fath

tario; and in loou some ratners, anion^' tncni appa-
rently Freniin, were sent to labor in the new village, soine of whose
denizens were already Chnstians. The complete peac^tJow estali-
lisht'd ^vith ail the cnmons, opened a wider field in the cantons
themselves; and the .h-suits resio-nod the (^uinte mission to the
Seminary of St. Siilpiee at Montreal, which, having lost two of its
mend»ers l>y the han<ls of the lr()<ju«»i>, now sought to return evil
for good by laboring for the conversion of the nation which it had
espoused in blood. Two mendx-rs of their congregation, young
Levites, aspiring to the priesthood, Claude Trouvo and Francis
d<' Salagnac de Fenelon, arrived in June, 1007. 'J'hese were in-
stantly selected to begin the tirst Iroquois mission of their congre-
gation at C^uinte. After a year's delay, doubtless spent in gather-
ing a knowletlge of the language, these two young clergymen, t'lill
of zeal and devoteduess, were or<lained bv tin? sainted Montmorencv
de Laval, first IJishop of (Quebec, and repaired to (^uinto. On the
28th of October, 1008, thev reached it and bcL'^an. their labors, to
which we shall elsewdiere allude.

Meanwhile tin- Jesuits hatl again advanced into New Yoik.
When all the negotiations of the treaty were concluded, prepara-
tions were made to renew the missions, commeiicinof in the Mo-
hawk valley, where Jogues had led. the way. For this great woik
were selected Father James Fremiti, a missionary of St. Marv's of
(Jaiientaa, FatluM* James l»ruyas, whose name is indissolubly con-
netted with Indian philology, and Father John Pierron.* In
July, 1007, these three set out with some Mohawk hunters for
their destination, but were delayed for a time at Fort St. Anne, a
sk'onghold recently erected at the mouth of Lake Champlain, I'V

* Not Andrew Pcarron, as lie is often ealled. lie must not be confoiuukd
with :i eonteiiiporaneous Father I'ierson, of wlioni \\c phnll have occasi"!!
'.i> sj'oak in the <Hta\va mission.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

255

is, had l)c-
l>ay, noitli
hem iii»ii:i-
e of wliose
W>w estah-
10 cantons
>ion to the
[ two of its
ivtuni t'vil
iiich it liad
ion, youu;!;
ikI Francis
!se were iii-
leir oonoTf-
t in a,-atlnr-
'LTvnuMi, lull
)ntinoivn('v
e. On the
hibors, to

S'ew Yorli.
(1, prcpara-
n tlie Mo-
great work
. Mary's of
)hibiy 0011-
rron.* hi
uinters for
t. Annt\ H
niplain, I'V

coiitbiiniKd
ivc occusl'>'.;

are].>:*.t that tlic intervening rjround was heset by war-parties of
the Moliegans, who then for a moment kept the Mohawk in awe.
At last, liowever, tliey launched iheir canoes, and safely reached
the head of the lake, a place noted for storms ot'ten fatal to the
Indian, and hence the object of his reverence. In their wild the-
o«Tony, they peopled the bottom of the lake with a faiiy race,
whose constant toil it was to cut ifun-tlints and scatter them on
tlie shore. In their ^jisure hours these elfs skim over the water
in lleet canoes, but disapp(\ar when seen by mortal eye; and when
their chief descends, the lake, at his anger, is lashed to storms, and
the curious mortal perishes.

Leaving this spot, they soon came upon Mohawk scouting par-
tics whom the fear of a new P'rench invasion kept in the tleld.
K.'joiced at the appearance of the missionaries, the best ])roof of
jicacetul dispositions, these parties joined that of the embassy, and
all soon reached the chief village, (•andawague, the spot where
•legues had been put to death. The missionaries were received
hctbre the village uith the usual ceremonies, and conducted to the
I'MJge of the chief sachem.

Although the Mohawks had been foremost in their crueliv to
tlieir prisonei's, two-thin Is of this village consisted of Huron and
Algonquin captive'^. Many of these were Christians, and though
so long bereft of all spiritual gui<iiih<i\ ha<I reujained steadfast in
tlu' faith. Father Le MoyU' was liie oiiiy one who had ever
reached them, after the captivity of Father JogU(?s, that was really
eiialtled (o minister to them. O^ their fervor, we mav iudn-e from
the tact, that in winter several of them swam two rivei"s in order
to meet the missionary, and approach the sacrament of jtenance.
In their secret assemblies, these faithiul Christians encouraged one
another to persevere in faith, constancy, and courage, and heaveidy
tavors increased tlieir zeal and fervor.* Among the women espe-

♦ Kcl. K-^f'-Loh. vi.

256

AMKKICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

cijilly, the spiiit of reliii:i()n was inaiiit;iiii('(l. Several wi'iv horoic
cxaiiipli's ot' ( 'liristiaii viiliic. < >ii(' llu-rc was, wlio.xc luni^ captivifv
liad Im'<'Ii passed, like 'ri»l»i;i«; mI" (J(1, ill visitiiit^ the sick, in Kiiry-
iiit; tlio (lra«l, ill staiidiiiLT l»v tiic i>all«*t, and still iii(»rc' ufiu'rouslv
hy tilt* stako of the dyiiiu^ ('a|»tiv«', siii^LTt'stiiii; fcrvfiit prayer, ainl
eiK'ouraiifiiiijf tliciii t<> die as Cliiistiaiis. Slie was not deprived ot
her rewaid. lOnaMed at last to retmn to (^hieln'C, she was (Muellv
murdered and inanu;led in her liut l>y two Mohawk deputies wiioiii
she liad hosj)itahly received.*

Such were the first ohjeets of Father Freinin's zeal after liis
'•uMie reception. IL; opened his cainpaijjfu of hope hy the hap-
tism of ten infants; hut while thus enrolliiio- the vount>: in the
Hock of Clirist, a ])iteous spectacle met his •ye, and cnlled uj> nil
his sympathy. Tiie ^^•hei^ans, dashinif down upon tho village,
scalped a wretched sijuaw at the very gates. Fremin was tme of
\hxh first to hasten to her, eau;er *o save a soul, where life was in
8o great peril ; but she spurned his offers Four times .she turned
away in scorn. lUit the prayer of them that believe is powerful:
she is changed, bapti/ed, and dies a fervent Christian, with a
prayer for mercy on her lips. In tin; throe days spent by tlio
missionaries in this town, they began to see some of those fruits
which wi'ie aflerw.ards reaped in tliis canton, hitherto tlie nio>t
deadly enemy of the faith, and almost the only one whose hands
had l)een imbrued in the blood <»f missionaiies, nine of them
having Utu .slain by braves of the Mohawk valley. Heaven
could \U' longer resist the voice of their blood. J ogues, Daniel,
JJrebeuf, Lalemant, ( lander, Buteux, Liegeois, Garreau, and Vig-
nal, — all interceded for iha i>enightf'd men who had given them
th<' martyr's crown.

Here in this very town of (Iandawagu6,f wet with the blood of
Jogues, (loupil, and Lalande, and in the very cabin where they

• Kel. 16(V2-3. ch. iv,

■f Now Cnutfhnawngu.

FKEN'CJI MISSIONS.

257

ere lieroic
r captivity
V. ill l>iiry-
i^fiu'rously
(Vayer, ami
It'privcil (it
vas oruclly
itics wl>i>ni

il after liis
»V the bap-

» *

ijiig' in tlw
iIUmI up all
the villaiiv.
^^aH one ••!'
litb was in
she tunic 1
s powertnl :
ian, with ;i
cut by till'
lictse tVult>
) tlie nio>t
hose haii'l^
lie of thi'lll
Ilcavtii
it'S, l)aiii'-l.
, and ViiT-
iven thi'lll

lu' bK'0«l ot
Iherc thov

Iwnga.

stopped, wjus a cliikl, Tfufalikwita, whose sanctity at a later date
was to tiirow su<'ii a halo around the mission. Apj)ointe«^l to NNait
u|H)n the missionaries, th«' pure girl licrc tlist U-arncd to rcv.rciu'o
religion, and from their words derived iier th'st knowledjj^c of il.

AmoULf tliose who prcscntfil thems<'lves to the missionaries was
a Mohawk s«juaw, wIkj showed Lifroat ferv(.>r and an eiunest (K-sirc
iVir baptism. To try her lirimie>s, she was api»ointed to call the
Christians to prayer. 'Ihis ollio**, humiliating; in itself to an Iro-
t|ii<'is of rank, and exposiniLf iier, moreover, tu mock«'ry and insult,
>li.' t'ulHlled with humility and charity. When the mis>ionaries
wfie depart iiiij: f»»r TioiKintoirucn, Frcmin promised to instruct hv-r
fully on his return, in about a f<>rtnii,dit, as he expectccl. As tiiat
time j>asscd without his appearinu", she followed iiim ; and as in
tlio interval slie had learnt the jirayers and <'ateehism, she implort'd
ii;i|itisin airain. Father I'lcmin, n(»t aware of all the facts, hcsi-
tulei], for ho was afraid of baptiziiii; too hastily, and put her olf
till 1.- return. Then he learn»<l the particulars of her fervor, and
with joy and consolation made her a child of (Jod. She never
uavered in hert'aith; the ard»»r of liei- lirst days but imtreased. A
series of domestic atllictions desolated her cabin, and stretched her
on a bed »)f surt'erin*;. Kisll of contidence in (iod, she rejected the
suiKji-stitions t!iat her friends would hav(! had lu-r employ; nor
was her trust in G(xl disappointed. A few months later saw Imm'
ivstoivd to health.

But we are antioipatininf (he course of events. Leavintj (Jan-
<l;i\v;)<;u6, the missionaries visited atiother town, where they bap-
tizt'd a few children, and procee<linof on, at last reaeheil Tionnt»n-
t(»!j:iU'n, the capital, ri'built about a <|uarter of a leaufuo from that
which had Invn burnt. It was jiow thf capital; and hei-f the
niiN>ii(inaries were s(j|enmly receiveil, with every demonstration of
liniiur. by the saehe»ns of the tribe. In j^ein-ral assembly ».f tin?
six villajifes of the ^fohawks, Jirld on the 1 tih of September,
latli.-r Fiemin aros«\ and. after reproaehini; the tribt! with th<'ir

258

AMERICAN OATIIOI.IC MISSIONS.

faithlossnoss and ciuolty, entered at length on tho advantages of
jx'ace. Tlien, plantlni^ a pole and attaciiinLj a belt of wannniiu
to its toj*, he deelaivd that Onontio would hantf in a siinihii
way the fnst who should violate the tieaty, be he I'Venehnjan (.)
M(»hu\vk.

I'rovoked and conlounde<l as they were, the humbled Gaii
nieguo answered in terms of ju-ace, surrendered all their ('aj)live>.
and assifjiied the missionaries a |)la('e tor a chapel. A cabin \s;;-
soon raised on the sj)ot, the Ab)hawks themselves beini;' iln-
builders. Here the mission began, and divine service was oilend
up, to the joy of the Ifurotis, so louiif deprived of tho rites of tlii-
Church. Forty of these, in fervor tar above the ordinary Lcraije nf
Christians, so fervent yet so loni»*f()i-saken, at once; jjfathered arouihl
the altar. Fr«'min, skilled in Ifuron and < )nondai(a, soon spokf
the dialect of the Mohawks, and l>ruyas and I'ierron devuteij
themselves to its study. Their sermons excited the attention nf
tho people to such a degree, that heaven and hell were almost tho
only subjects of conversation in the cabins on the baidcs of the
Mohawk ; and Fremin rose to such influence, that when, contrary
to the treaty, the youth were about to put an Ottawa to death,
lie, bv cries and threats through the streets of tho village, cum-
pelled the sachems to rescue him from the hands of the infuriate
mob.

nis influence did not, however, save him from insult and vio-
hr-nce, especially in the time of their wild debauches, when, mad-
dened by the rKjuor so plenlit'ully suj)j)liod by the neighboriiiij
traders, they forgot all restraint. Then flrebrands were flung at
the missionaries" beads, tlieir papers burnt, their cha|X'l ceii-
stantly entered. P^ -

The mission of St. Maiy of the >rohawl<s was, liowever, e^t.ili-
lished. In three months flt'ty had been baj)tized — two only of the
Mohawk tribe, and they at the point of death. Fifty more J^oon
followed, and tlie mission life was regularly orgauiaecL

FJtKNCll MISSIONS.

259

Ivantages ot'
)( waiu|iiiiii
III a siiiiihii'
uncliiiiaii (•:

inblod Gaii-
leir cajuivi-.
A cabin w;;--
s b<-'iiiu" ill'-
! was oHItciI
\ rites of tli.-
ary u^railf ni'
lered aroiiii-l
, soon sjiokc

Toil tlo\t>t<'il

attention <'t'
•e almost tli*^
banks ot' the
icn, contrary
Ava to death,
^•illagc, com-

hc infuriate

s\ilt and vi<>-
wlion, ina<l-
liioijjliboriiii;
n-e tiun;:' :it
|clia}X'l (■< 'li-
re ver, rvt;i1>-
only ot the
uKvre soou

Having tlius cstabiisliod one mission, Father Kremin dispalched
hi> associate Jiruvas to ( Mi«'ida, and l'iern»ii, lirst to Albany to
renew acijuaintance with tlio I Mitch, and conciliate their new
in.i>ttis, the English,* then back to (Quebec to announce the
li.ippy ii'sults obtained.

Katlier IJruyas set out in Sej»tenibei' with one l)0(juet, a
Frenchman, as hunter and interpreter, and soon arrived at the
('.i.^tlt' of the Oiieidas, feeblest but proudest of the cantons. They,
tiMi, welcomed the envoy of the faith, raised a chapel, and came
tn listen to his sermons. Thev were not mere idle hearers; they
ti'uk heed of wliat was said, and recounted it to the absent. Thus,
;i woman related to her dying mother the glorious doctrines she
li.id heard, the exhortations to a nobler lite, and she believed,
r.ruyns. summoned to her couch, instructed and soon bapti/e«l
litr. Shortly after she sank ; and as ln» raised the crucifix before
her <;l;issy eyes, lie Jisked — " J)o you love Jlim who died for you '*'
"Ve^'' she exclaimed; "yes, 1 love llim, and will never offend
Him." Thus had God rewarded her for a eonjugal fidelity which
had made her honored in her tribe.

A >fohawk who fell sick, and was surrounded by inedi<'ine-men,
wns loss easily reached; but the zeal of Hruyas, aided by the
Huron women, triumphed, and the bravti died with a pray«'r for
mercy on his lips. ''None, I hope, will die unconverted," wrote
r>niyas. Fifty-two, principally children, were soon baptized — the
liist-fruits of the mission of St. FVancis Xavier of the Oneidas.

Onondaga — cradle of the faith — could not be overlooked.
Piorron, after meeting Governor Nicolls in Ot-tober, reached (^ue-
Im'c ill FebniaiT, and in May the youthful Father Julian (Jarnier,
t!if first Jesuit ordained in Canada, not yet twenty-five, set out
for niit'ida, accompanied by Hoqui-t, who had ju>t <'oiii<' in with
thirty of that tribe.f This new missionary was to pass on to the

♦ Sop N. Y. Col. Doe. iii. U2.

f Journ. Jes.

260

AMKUICAN CATHOLIC MI'SION.'.

I i*

C)non(|jigas, :tii)l ir|Miit \\io j>ros|MM|s wliidi that cantcm utli'r< .1
for rrhiiiltliiii; St. Mary's.

Accuidiii;;lv, al't«*r a short stay >vit!i l"ath«'r l»riiyas at < >ii«'i<l,i.
(Jariiier fw't out fur ( )ii(>inla«jfa, wlicre In; >vjls rccoiytMi \Nith all <ui-
(liality by that fricudly nation, and with pfUi'tt ontlmsiasin \<\
(iar.'icontit'. 'Ihcy earnestly ini|»lori'tl him to Hx his ri'Miltinf
anion^ lIuMn, hut us he tleclari'tl that h»' was ordori'd not to r.-
niain, uiilt'ss a (^haiH'l was fnTtt'd, ^iaracoiitiu at oncn took it in
haiitl, and, liavinLf s.m'Ii it a('<unij»li*«h».'d, rrt out for (^uelu'c wiili
Konio ImviicIi |»risoiK*rs to hrinsjf hafk an assoriato for (Jarnicr, .in.l
a missionary for tlu* < 'aynufas, who had hft-n so cruelly disaiipointcl
the pri'crdini^ year.

ArriyiiiLi' at (^uchcc, ( laracontio, in a nohlc sp<'oc]i. thanked the
(Joycrnor tor his modi-ration in the la^t war, and, after reminding:
him of jiis own sfryices to tin- j-'rcnch, whom ]\o had so ot't<ii
rescued from a crutd death, he hej^n^ed two missionaries for \\\>-
cantons. Coini limentinL; him on his fidelity, the (loyeriior ;i( -
ced«'d to his re«|Uest, and I'athers Stejiiien de Carheil and riter
Milet, s«'leeted hy the Sujterior, were committed to his care, ain!
thus rewarded for his loni; exertions, he sot out for his castle.

Meanwhile Planner was evani;eli/ini; the canton. 'J'he llureiis
still ardent in their faith, needed his ministry. The Onondair.iN
whom they or the French had won, neede(l tinal instruction ainl
ba[»tism. Tlu' news of the jiresence of IMack-gowns at Mohawk
and < )neida had sent a thrill of joy throULfh them all. At tin'
very monu'iit of his arriyal, an Iroquois, conyerted by his Iliiieii
wife, and teiTent in his n(?w faith, was about to start for (Miei'l:i.
when the runners announced that a J>la(;k-gown was coniin;:.
'Moy, joy, fttreyer!" ho exclaimed; "he >yiU oj>eii the gale d
Ijeayen, at which I haye been so loULf knocking."*

While endeayorini,' to meet all the duties now devolveil upon

• Rol. 16C7-8,ch. iv.

aiituii otiiixi

.'(•i ;il < Mi»'i.|;,.
[ with ;ill <•' li-
nt liusinMii liV

llis lVM<l«llt»'

ihI not tn r.'-
co took il ill
• (^iu'Ikt with
r (Jariiit'V, :iii*l
V (lisMj»|Miiiittil

I, thankitl the
IUt rt'inini!iii<_'
( lm«l so oticii
iii.'irit's I'm til''

< I()V('riM»|' ;i(-

lifil an<l iN'tiT
llis cart'. ;iim1
lis cnstlt'.

Tlio lluroiis
e ( )nt>ii«lair;i''.
struct ion aii'l
s at Mdi.iwk
all. At th.-
•V his Huron
rt tor (>n<-i<l;i.
was ('(iiniiiix.
I th'' u".il«' <t

[evolvetl II] "^11

"^Wi

FKKNCll MI.SSluNrt.

201

liiiii ill this mission, (Jarnirr \v;w joined in < N-tolM'r l»y Milff and
tit' Carhoil, ami K'aviiiif tin,' t'onm-r t«» iv|.laff liiin at niiontlai;a,
j»r»K'('iMlt'<l to Cayii!^a to inliodiitc df (ariu'il to ijiat tiilM-. i Ui
.nriviiii; at tlie cast lo ot' tin? Cayni^as, on the Utii ot' Nov«'iijU'r,
ilitv I'oinul tlK'in «lev<»urinir, with sa«Til«'ijfious riti's, a Coiit-s-
to<ruo ufirl, to propitiate tlii.'ir i^od. \ et ihuy roci'ivi'd th<' niis>ion-
.iiiis kindly, and at oiico raised a »liajM'l, which Father do ( 'ai-
li.il dedicated to St. .loseph, patioii of the Jesuit inis.sions, and ot'
N'oithcrn Aiiiciica.*

.hist het'oiv thi>, I'athcr I'Veiniii, the |tioneor ot' the new iiiis>ioiis,
lia\iii;jf I'iciTon on the Mohawk, wh i In- h:id reached thii-e

la\ s het'oie, s<'t out on the l(»tliot'(»i

I'or the Seneca countrv,

In three weeks luj was in the villai^es ot' the western trihe. IJe-
cived as an aiiil»assador of ( Miontio, he hiiilt a «'hai»el, and i)eir;iii
llis lahoif by baptizing the children of the ('hristiaiis there, and
lii-ariiii^ ronfessions.|
Tiius, hv th».' close of l(!(iS, there were missions t'ounded in all

ill." I

ro(|Uois canton^

lifsides this, an incident occiirreil at the < Mieida mission which
It'll to results of tin; most strikiiii; character in the jifopaiLjation of
ill*.' laith ainonir the Iro.jUois.

Anioiief the tlock of Father Uruyas at < >iiei(]a was a Huron, whos«»
\\it'.', <;aiineaktcna, by birth an Krie, by adoj>tion an ( Mieida, had
loiiLr hi'<'U esteemed for her virtue, Iter modesty, purity, atnl efenth'-
iK'fvs. Sb(» was one of the tiist to become a tlisciple of l»riiyas,
wliuni she aided in his study of the lani^iiau'c of the canton. Ib-r
iinlination to Christianity was not, iiowever, relished by her family,
and she in conse(ju«'nc(5 met with unceasiiii^ j)ersecution t'rom her
relatives. When lioquet set out ft»r Montreal with s«'VeraI < )neidas,
slu.' seized the opportunity, and with her Imsband proct'cded to tluj
coluuy, in order to be able to embrace Cliristianity in ]»eace. Ka-

* Rel. 1667-8, ch. v.. niul 1068-0. j.. r.n.

♦ liel. ItJt'.s-Ct, p. S2.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

■so

^ M 12.2

Ui liii
us

111

'^m

1.8

1.25 ||U 1 1.6

►

Hiotographic

Sciences

Corporation

<^V

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

^J^

'9>

1 '

202

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

ther Raft'eix was then at Montreal planning a settlement at L.i-
prairie : during the winter he instructed her, and in the spiing the
party proceeded to Quebec, where she was baptized by the name
of Catharine, and confirmed by the holy Bishop Laval. Full of
joy and zeal, she no^'. longed to make those who had persecuto(l
her sharers of her happiness ; and, as she returned, she, to her great
astonishment, found them at Montreal, and desirous of followiii<i'
her example. With them she again proceeded to Quebec, ari<l,
after their instruction, returned to Laprairie, as Raffeix had urged
her, and founded a new Iroquois village on the banks of the St.
Lawrence — a village Christian in its origin. Christian in the zeal,
sanctity, and punty of so many of its children.*

Such Avere the fruits of this eventful year, 16G7, in which, after
years of ti'ial and endeavor, missions were at last begun in all the
cantons, and a new home opened for the convert whom tie pagan
and the unbeliever harassed for his faith. These missions con-
tinued for several years, the last with its filiations to the present
day ; and as each has in a manner a history of its own, we shall
now proceed to trace their annals, sometimes grouped together, at
others giving each its distinct narrative as materials or the events
seem to require.

* Compare Rel. 1667-8, cli. iii. with the account of Catharine Gauneaktena,
in Chauchetiere's Life of Cuthariuo Teguhkwita (MS.)

r ,!i

CHAPTER XIV.

le Gauneaktena,

IROQUOIS MISSION (CONTINUED.)

The Mohawk mission — Picrron and his labors— His paintings — Cards— Invokes tbo
aid of the English governor in repressing ttie liquor-trado— Success at Cauglinawnga —
"ather Boniface — The feast of the dead— Triumph of Fremln— Idolatry abolislied —
Conversions — Peter Assendase— Fervent women — Notro Dame dc Foye- Deatli of
Boniface— Conversion of Kryn, tlic great Mohawk — Emigration to Canada — Catharine
Tehgahkwita — Her piety— Departure — Later missionaries — Close of the mission.

Father Pierron returned to Tinniontoguen, the mission site, on
tlie Vth of October, 1068, and three days after, Father Freniin,
setting out for Seneca, left him sole missionary. He was not un-
equal to the task; though but a short time in America, and scjirceiy
yet a resident at his mission, he had acquired enough of the Mo-
hawk dialect to express himself readily, and, what was more im-
portant, had at once seized the characteristics of the Indian race.
His instructions in the seven Mohawk towns were unremitting, and
not without fruit. A witness of the good done in country missions
by the symbolical pictures of Mr. Le Nobletz, the home-missionary
of Brittany, Father Pierron turned his own skill in painting to ac-
count ; and two pictures, the death-scenes of a Christian and of a
pagan Indian, with their future symbolized, produced the greatest
impression, and effectively aided him.

The present was a season of turmoil on the Mohawk : the Mo-
hegans, more numerous and far more alert, carried the war to the
very palisades of the haughty tribe, whose humiliation by the
French had broken the prestige of awe before which the Algic
tribes had so long cowered. Amid all this din of battle, PieiTon
wrestled manfully with the two great enemies of his work, super-
stition and inebriety : the former he so covered with ridicule that
juggleries ceased at his presence : to. crush the latter he appealed

264

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

i '

to the manly Christian sense of the Englisli governor. Ilis letter
was not Avitliout its eft'ect. '' 1 will lestrain by severe penalties the
furnishing of any excess to the Indians," writes Lovelace in reply ;
and, alluding to the request of the sachems and chiefs inclosed hy
the missionaiy, he adds : " I am delighted to see such virtuous
thoughts proceed from heathens to the shame of many Chiistiaus;
hut this must be attributed to your pious instructions, for, well
versed in a strict discipline, you have shown them the way of mor-
tification, both in precept and practice."* Seven villages were too
large a field for one missionary : at his call the zealous Father
Boniface joined him.

Of all the Mohawk towns, Gandawague, committed to the caro
of I3oniface, now took the lead in piety, fervor, and constancy,
amid insult. This village had its chapel, built by the Indian con-
verts, who assembled regularly each Sunday to chant by their
rapid streamlet the law delivered amid th«.' thunders of Sinai ; for
circumstances did not always permit the missionary to ofter up the
holy sacrifice among them. The fruit here granted to his labors,
the missionaries in general attributed under God to the death ami
blood of Father Jogues. " He shed it," says the Relation, " at the
very place where this new Christian church begins to arise, and
it seems as thougli we are to see verified in our days the beau-
tiful words of TertuUian : ' The blood of martyrs is the seed of
Christians.' **

The conversions were indeed consoling; one hundred and fifty-
■me were baptized, nearly half of them adults, one having been in
his day the great war-chief of the confederacy ; three others, meu
venerable for their years and wisdom in the management of aftairs.
'J'he women, touched by the beauty of the truths of Christianity,
embraced them with joy, and clung to them with the fidelity of
their sex.f

* Letter of November 1<5; 1668.

+ Kel. 1668-9, ch. i.

FPENCII MLSSIONS.

265

His lotter
icnaltios the
3e in iei»ly ;
iuclosed l»y
ich virtuous
irChvistiaiis;
ms, for, well
way of mor-
rjes were too
alous Father

cl to the care
(i constancy,
3 Indian con-
ant by theh-

of Sinai; for
:o offer up the

to liis hibors,
lie death and

.tion, " at the
to arise, and

|ys the beau-

s the seed of

Ircd and tifty-
living been in

others, men
ient of affairs.

Christianity,
Ihe fidelity of

1 ch. i.

As the Mohegan war went on, the battle-field and the scaffold
gave new theatres to the zeal of Pierron and Boniface. Despite
the wish of the Mohawks to see their captives burn in hell, he in-
structed and baptized them, giving to the wounded both medical
and spiritual aid. Entering a village one day, the missionary to
his joy descried a cross planted in the middle of the broad street.
In a transport of joy he knelt to thank the Alnrlglity for this
change in the hearts of the Mohawks, but foimd, to his regret, that
it had been raised by a medicine-man, who had learned, in a dream,
that the cross was the mistress of life. Strange revolutions since
the day of Goupil's death ! Following the Mohawk, however, to
the fishery, the cliase, or the field, he at last gained proselytes :
several embraced the f^lith : one, a brave warrior, was honored
after death with a solemn funeral service, and the corpse, surrounded
hy tapers during the requiem, was borne to the grave to the chant
of the Miserere, amid the throng of wondering Indians. l*ieiTon
was a thorough missionary : zealous, capable, active in mind and
body, labor never weighed upon him. He taught catechism twice
a day to old and young : now in one village, now in another, for
he was ever in motion. He undertook a school at Tinniontoguen,
and for a month taught Mohawk boys to read and write ; but at
last, finding himself unable to cope with such varied duties, he sus-
pended it. The chief doctrines of the Church he next drew on
cards, and, by forming games, inculcated them on the minds of all.
A Christian life formed the game of point to point, the cradle to
the grave.

Still his progress was slow. Hawenniio* had not yet over-
thrown Aireskoi and the other ancient deities of the land. A
happy accident accomplished what zeal and devotedness had failed

* Tho modern Iroquois name for the Great Spirit : it is composed of Niio,
a corruption of the French Dieu, written, at first, Di8, and tlio native prefix
Hawen. It means tlie true God, and the present pagan Iroquois undoubtedly
worship him, though with many superstitions.

266

AMERICAN CAIIIOLIC MISSIONS.

■' sm

'} >

I ■

to do. Gandawaguo was the scouo of a foast for the dead, and to
this cradle of the tribe lepaired not only the Mohawk, but also the
clansmen of Oneida and Onondaga ; and each in cabins apart pii-
pared to take a part in the funeral rites, and games, and banquets.

For respect to the dead the aborigines have ever been remark-
able. The Huron-Iroquois were peculiar in the honors which
ihcy paid to the departed. Unless lie died by frost or violence'.
the body was at fii-st buried in a circular pit in a sitting postuiv.
or, more frequently, inclosed in a bark coflBn, laid on a platform of
bark raised on posts to protect it from wild beasts. Food wa^<
regularly offered on the grave, or at this aerial tomb ; and w hen a
certain period had elapsed, generally about ten years, all who had
died in the interval were disinterred and committed to one common
fur-lined grave, with game, and banquet, and solemn rite. Tliis
was the festival of the dead.

At the present one. Father PieiTon stood amidst the Mohawk
sachems. When, in the course of the ceremonies, orators began
to relate their theory of the creation, he ridiculed the tale, and,
though ordered to be silent, continued to refute 'it. On this lie
was driven from the group where he stood, and compelled to take
a position among the Onondaga delegation. The ceremonies
lasted five hours ; and as Pierron had thrown out hints of his leav-
ing the canton, they were no sooner closed, than the Mohawk
chief who had treated him so, came to apologize, and beg him not
to leave on that account. The missionary, however, affected to
be greatly hurt at the insult. Driven at last to despair, the chief,
who foresaw no alternative but a rupture with the French, ex-
claimed — " I see what is at the bottom of all this. "VVe are not
Christians ; but if you leave this great affair to me, I promise you
success. Convoke a council ; give a belt to each of the three
families ; speak out your mind, and leave the rest to me."

On the following day, notwithstanding his advanced age, be
went around to the cabin of every sachem, and summoned all the

;

FFIENCH MISSIONS.

26;

Ovnnders to Piorrous cha}iol. There tlie inissionjuy afldressed
tlioin, and, declaring liis intention to return to Canada, urged
llieni by liis belts to renounce Aireskoi, to stop invoking the evil
s})irits, and to suppress superstitious dances. A few days after, on

the 25th of March, 1070, while G

(Jnondaga

party were there, they returned to the cha}»el to make their
answer. Before the proceedings conmienced, Garacontie spoke
to support the requests of Pierron, but tlie great Mohawk chief
said — " This Fi'enchman has changed our hearts and souls ; his
desires and thoughts are ours ; we listen not to thee, but to him ;"
and then repeated all his address. The politic Garacontie again
rose, and, after complaining of the apparent sliglit put upon him,
changed his tone, and exclaimed — " I thank you. Take his word,
for he has sacrificed all for you." This conduct of the Onondaga
orator had a great effect, as his authority and reputation were im-
mense.

On the following day anotlier council was held, and the
sachems, after declaring the difliculty of renouncing old customs,
agreed to the demands of the missionary, renounced Aireskoi,
and promised to' do all in their power to stop any future invoca-
tion of that false deity, and to suppress the superstitious dances by
all the arguments they could adduce — sole power of the sachems.

The missionary thanked them for their resolve, and at their in-
stance enlarged his chapel. A few days after, the medicine-men
cast into the fire their turtle-shell rattles, with all their other
badges and instruments of office. Their occupation ceased. No
cabin now echoed with their howls around the couch of the sick
and dying; they were not even summoned. The lascivious dance
H'dered by dreams was neglected. The old urged the young to
attend to the instructions. Paganism had fallen. Aireskoi was
disowned, and his name is not even known in our days among the
Iroquois. The next step of the missionaries was to implant Chris-
tian truth and Christiar. feeling in their hearts.

2t)8

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

' i '

Tliis ^va.s the moment of triumph. Ilenfoforward idolatry
ceased ninid the Mohawks. A vast field opened to Pierron, and,
liastening to Quebec, lio soon returned with Fathers Thierry !><•-
schefer and Louis Nicolas, to Jiid him in cultivating to the har-
vest the whitening field so suddenly pi'escnted. Fervor pervaded
all, and converts wero made, who never wavered in the t'aitli.
The Catholic Indians of the Mohawk were now known and ridi-
culed by the people of Albany, who had never made an attenij»t
to introduce Christianity there. The burghers of Albany and
Now York even threatened the squaws for displaying their " beads
and popish trumpeiy" in their villages; but, far from conceal-
ing these marks of their faith, the noble Mohawk women were
ready to die for it. One of them, stung by the taunts of the
whites, went into their meeting-house, and recited aloud the
prayers taught her by the Black-gown chief of the prayer.*

Among these women some experienced persecution from the
pagans also ; and Skawandes, after escaping from the tomahaw ks
and scalping-knives of the Mohegans, resolved to go to Canada,
and set out with an Oyander, who had been deprived of her rights
foi' embracing the faith.f

Yet the mission went steadily on, and eighty-four baptisms are
reported for the year 1G70, when Pierron was again alone J with
Boniface. Destined, how^ever, soon to yield his mission once more
to Bruyas,§ now made Superior of the mission, Pierron was re-
called to govern the new mission of St. Francis Xavier des Pres,
at Laprairie. A malignant fever desolated the canton in 1GV2,
arising from excessive debaucheries at the end of the Mohegan war.
It gave abundant employment to the missionaries, and was the oc-
casion of many conversions. Thus only, however, did the faith
make any considerable progress. The impylse given by Fremin
had sj)ent its force, and the Mohawks relapsed into their usual iii-

* Eel. 1669-ro, p. 111-193.
X Rel. 1670-1, ch. iii. p. 40.

t Rel. 1670-1, ch. iii.
§ Rel. 1671-2, p. 59.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

269

(litTerencc* Yet converts were made ; among others, tlu; almost
oitoyenarian cliiof, Assendase, eminent for talent and exj^-rienee,
.suheni of one of the great families, who, aftt'r a long and proud
struggle, bent to the cross. All human reasons seemed to induce
liini to remain a pagan, and adhere to his superstitions, for he was
a medicine-man, and a haughty dissembler; but when he sub-
mitted, his fervor repaid his patient pastor. Lnmediately after
his baptism, Peter Assendjiso declared officially that he would no
longer sit in council on any dream, or such like supei'stition ; and
lie was true to liis word. So for, indeed, did his zeal, not merely
for the conversion of his own family, but of his tribe, carry hira,
that " we thought," say the missionaries, " that he would have the
[fhrj of being the first Iroquois martyr." An idolatrous relative
one day sprang upon him, and, tearing from his neck his crucifix
and beads, raised his tomahawk to strike him down. " Stnke,"
said the hero; "I shall be too happy to die in such a cause. I
would not regret my life's blood given in testimony of my faith."

He was deemed the soundest statesman in his tribe, and on him
the missionary Bruyas now perhaps relied too much. God soon
withdrew him from this world. After an illness of six months, he
expired in August, 1C75, in perfect resignation to the will of
God, " who sets," to use his dying words, " what limit he \\\\\ to
our days."f

Meanwhile Father Boniface w^as cultivating the more prosperous
mission of Gandawague, and by his zeal achieving results which
rank him among the greatest of our missionaries. At Ganda-
wague the faith was more constantly embraced than in any other
part of the Mohawk country, and " liere," say the missionaries,
" we fii-st saw, properly speaking, a native church, and Christian
generosity displayed. We accordingly style it the first and chief
mission that we have among the Iroquois." Here the neophytes

* Rel. 1672-3, MS.

+ Kel. 1G78-9; 1676-7, MS.

«:*

270

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

P I!

showocl many instances of fervor. Clnistian women rojoctod tlic
Iiands of lieallicn cliicfs, prefi-rriuif privation to wealth, wliciv
their faith would be endangereih Another, more fervent than
well-informed, drove from her lodge an unhelieving husband, wlm
liad destroyed lier beads; but learning that she had done wrouu',
recalled him, and won him to the faith. A pagan custom ha(|

ith

moth

condemned the unweaned child to be buried wiiii us moiini'.
TJiese innocents were now saved, and nursed by Christian
women.

Such was the progress of the faith, that in this village alun« ,
containing about four liundred souls, thirty-three adults were pub-
licly baptized in less than ten months. From 1G73, prayers were
publicly said at this mission of St. Peter's as regularly as in any
Christian community in Europe. The choirs of men and women,
with the tiny voices of the children, honored the solemnity of
Sunday, and after the sacrifice of the mass, bread was blessed, ac-
cording to the customs of the churches of France. The matron
who presented the bread then gave a little entertainment to tlie
Christiana, and distributed the bread. Tliis " Agape" was opened
and closed by prayer, and in cordiality, purity, and piety recalled
those of the catacombs.

Father Bruyas had received at his mission a miraculous statue
of Notre Dame de Foye from the shrine of Dinan, which so
awakened the zeal and fervor of Agnie, that the town was com-
pletely changed. Whenever it was exposed on the rustic altar, as
it was on the feast of the Immaculate Conception, the crowds that
flocked in never retired without leaving some better disposed.

So, too, at St. Peter's. Father Boniface, at Christmas, exposed
beside the altar an effigy of the infant Jesus, lying in his wretched
manger, and in like manner increased the piety of the Christian,
and excited the attention of the unbeliever.*

» Rel. 1673-9, 1675, 1676, MS.

ail !

FREN'CH MISSIONS.

271

iulous statue

Ivn was coin-

But amid his triiinij>hs at Caughnawaga* tho health of Fathor
IJonitac*' sank rapidly; tho privations of liis missionary lifo, his
unsparing labois wore hurrying him to tho grave. In 1G74 he was
ret allod to Quebec, and in December lay stretched on a bed of
pain, surrounded by his fellow-missionarios, who saw him wasting
away unconscious of his state, for lie was constantly delirious. In
order to obtain him a happy death, all with one consent had ro-
coui-se to tho intercession of Father Brebeuf. Heaven was not deaf
to the voice of prayer, or insensible to the merits of his servant ;
Father Boniface, by what all deemed a miracle, recovered his senses
and expired, in sentiments of the most tender piety, on tho ITth of
December, 16V4.f

Caughnawaga was thus bereaved of its devoted pastor, but the
zeal and fervor of the Christians were undiminished. New converts
were constantly made, and Bruyas extended to them too liis apos-
tolic care. Among those who now embraced the faith was the
\\\k of Kryn, the great sachem of the tribe, Avho resided there. On
her conversion, the chieftain's anger knew no bounds, and, forsaking
his lodge, he struck into tlie wilderness. In his rambling hunt he
reached the St. Lawrence, where the new village was rising at
Laprairie. Entering it, he was struck by the jxjace and order which
prevailed ; he listened more attentively than he had ever done to
the instructions of Father Fremin. Resolved to examine, he win-
tered there with a pious Christian Avoman, who taught him and his
companions the prayere, and overcome their doubts. 13efore spring
he had become a Christian, and an enthusiastic advocate of the
new village. Unaware of the change effected in him. Father Boni-
face was startled one day by his well-known gathering-cry, which
had so often summoned the braves to follow him on the war-path,
fiT, contrary to custom, Kryn was a brave. To his clansmen he now

* Thus we shall now modernizo Gandawague.
t Manuscript attestation of the miracle.

r.l. j

272

AMKUKAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

rolat»'d all tluit had transplrod, and he iii'ijod all who shared his
ideas (o I'ollow him t<> l.ainairio. Many were already Christians,
and conscious of the dangers to which theii' faith and morals wen*
('.\j)osed amid i>a<^ans addicted to vice and superstition, had already
turned a longing eye to Laprairie. Forty at once joined him, a noMo
band of pilgrims for religion's sake. Turning to take a last look of
the liomo of their tribe, the grave of their sires, they knelt, and,
with one prayer for its benighted pet>i>le, turned with heavy hearts,
upborne by faith alone, to the woodland trail that led to the St.
Lawrence.* On Easter Sunday, 1070, they reached the inissiiju,
amid the celebration of that happy day.f

Alarmed at this desertion, the sachems met at Tinniontoguon, and
summoning l)ruyas before them, charged liim with depopulating
the canton, llis answer was clear. Of the act of the chief lie
knew nothing more than they : he had neither counselled nor jno-
jected it. Their own conduct, vice, and superstition, were, he
showed them, the real causes of the decline of the tribe.

Father James de Lamberville had been sent to replace Boniface
at Caughnawaga, and from 10*75 labored in this village of piedi-
lection,^; recurring in his difficulties to Father Jogues, the illustrious
founder of the mission, and seldom recurring in vain.

The departure of many fervent Christians, first with Boniface and
then with the great Mohawk, had indeed greatly reduced the vil-
lage and still more his flock, but consolations were not wanting.
Tegahkwita, daughter of a Christian Algonquin woman, had been
an orphan almost from her birth. A Aveakness of the eyes, the re-
sult of fever, confined her much to the cabin, and thus shielded her
modesty and purity. When Fremin and his companions were in
her uncle's hut she had waited on them, and learned to love and
respect the Black-gown. She longed to be a Christian, but was too

* Charley, de la Mission de St. F. X. des Pres, IG 4. MS. ; Eel. 1C73-9, MS.
+ Lettres edifiantes. ^ Kcl. 1675, :\!S. ; ^ol. 1676-7, MS.

< i

FllENX'II MISSIONS.

273

hasliful to present heixelf, and her uncliss liostility to tlie faith pre-
vented any alhi.sion to it in iiis ]>res«'nf:e. Soon alter La inhervi lie's
arrival, wliilo most of tho vilhiLjo was aitsent in tlie field or woods,
the missionary hei^an to visit tlie cahins to instruct tin; sick and
siieli as remained. A wound in lier foot liad kept Tei^ahkwita at
lioino. Joy lighted uj) lier countenaneo as tho missionary entered.
She at once contid«'d to him lier d«'sires, tho long-treasured wish of
her heart to be a Christian, tho opposition of bor family, their in-
tention to compel lier to marry, to wliich sho wa^ strongly dis-
inclined. Delighted as tho missionary was to luivo discoveu'd
such sim})licity, can(h»r, and courage, ho was fur from hastening lier
baptism. Tho winter was spent in instructing lier, and in examining
the character sho had borne till then. Her courage amid i)otty i>er-
socution exalted her perfection, and after witnessing the departure
of the great Mohawk, Avhom sho longed to follow, sho was baptized
on Easter Sunday, IGTG, tho veiy day of his arrival at Laprairio.

Faithful to her conscience, when iniaided by tho gospel light
Cathanue Tehgahkwita, as may ojisily be supposed, now gave her
soul entirely to God. Her devotions, her austerities, her good
works, were at once determined upon and perse veringly practi' ed,
in spite of the obstacles raised by her kindred. Sundays and holi-
days beheld her the sport of their hatred and cruelty : refusing to
work in the fields, she was compelled to fast, for they deprived her
of food. She was pointed at by the children, and called, in derision,
" the Christian." A furious brave once dashed into the cabin to
tomahawk her, but awed by her calm and dignified mien as she
knelt to receive the blow, he slunk back as from a superior being.

This was not enough : calumny now raised its viper-head against
hor, and, though Father James was convinced of her innocence, she
still had much to suffer. Amid this strife, with no Catholic ex-
ample around her, deprived of all sympathy, she longed to reach
Laprairie de la Madeleine, and even those convents of Ville Mane
and Quebec, of which she had heard. Accordingly, when the great

12*

274

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

.■■I

Mohawk returned, in 1G77, with tlie Oneida, Garonhiague, and one
of her own relatives, she escaped, ahhoiigh her uncle, discovering
her flight, pursued her armed for her destruction, and passed within
a few steps of her place of concealment.

Deprived thus of the fairest blossom in liis mission, Father Lani-
berville continued his labors at Caughnawaga. Bruyas, at Tin-
niontoguen, was replaced, in 1679, by Father Francis Vaillant dii
Gueslis, who seems to have continued it till the close of 1081, when
a hostile spirit began to evince itself, attributable, in some degree,
to English influence. Most of the Christians, too, had emigrated,
and it was probably deemed better to leave it for a time, as wni'
was about to commence with the western cantons.* AVhatever
was the precise time or cause of the withdrawal of the missionaries,
it was final ; for, as we shall see, they never returned, though Fa-
ther Vaillai t, at a later j^eriod, made an ineffectual effort to reach
his former neophytes.f

;|-,.

* In the census of 1681, Poor's Paris Doc. III. 88, the Jesuits among the
Iroquois arc put down at ten, wliich must have included lay-brothers*, yet
bIiows that the missions were still continued on the original footing. De hi
Barre held his council of war in October, 1682.

t Fatlier James Bruyas, apparently of Lyons, one of those most connected
with the last Mohawk mission, arrived at Quebec on the 3d of August, 1066,
and on the 14th of July following set out for the Mohawk. After laboring
among the Mohawks, Oneidas, and Onondagas, he was stationed at SautSt.
Louis. lie was Superior of all the missions from 1693 to 1699, was envoy to
Boston in 1700, to Onondaga in 1701 and 1702. His death was subsequent
to 1703. He was the best philologist of the Mohawk language, and compiled
many valuable works on it and in it. Hennepin journeyed from Quinte to
the Mohawk to copy his dictionary, and Cotton Mather had a copy of his
Iroquois Catechism in his hands. — Mag. Christi. Jlennepin's Discovery. Of
these there still exist in manuscript, " Jiacines Agnieres,'''' radical words of the
Mohawk language, a French Mohawk Dictionary, and a Mohawk Catechism ;
the former of which, a precious philological work, has been loaned to me by
the Kev. J. Marcoux, the present pastor of Caughnawaga, or Saut St. Louis,
on the St. Lawrence.

assed within

CHAPTER XV.

aits among the
ir-brotliers, yet

THE IROQUOIS MISSION (CONTINUED.)

I. The Onkida Mibsion— Its sterility — Conferences— Conversions— Milet succeeds

Bniyas— His long apostolatc. II. The Onondaga Mission— Gamier and his labors

—Milet— His skill and succces- Advice of Garaconti6— Overthrow of worship of
Agroskoue — Meeting of Iroquois missionaries at Onondaga— Baptism of Garacontio at
Qiubec— His firmness at Onondagf\— His ell'orts for Christianity — A Huron missionary
— Fatlicr John de Lambcrville succeeds Milet — Garacontio; his sickness, recovery,
visit to Frontenac, fervor, final sickness and death— Bruyas at Onondaga — The Lum-

liervilles. III. The CAvrcA Mission — F. Stephen de Carheil— His unavailing labors

— Afflictions— Fulls sick— Succeeded by Kafleix— Kecovers and returns— Conversion

of Saonichiogwan — Expulsion of de Carheil. IV. The Seneca Mibsion- Laborsof

Fremin- Succeeded by Gamier— The Huron Christians— Peril of the missionaries-
Fathers Kaffeix and Picrron— La Salle, und the effect of his visit — Expulsion of the
missionaries.

I. — The Oneida Mission.

The Oneida mission, founded by Father Bruyas, never repaid
the toil of the apostolic men employed upon it. This clan was
ever noted for its intractable, ungovernable spirit, e\nnced even in
the concerns of the league. To the faith they were always opposed.
When Bruyas began his mission, the Mohegans and Conestogues
both pressed the Oneidas so hard that famine desolated the
canton. Still no change was operated in their hearts ; even some
Christians apostatized ; and the missionary, living on dried frogs
and herbs, had no consolation but the baptism of some dying chil-
dien, and the piety of a few old Christians.* During other years
he was in constant peril from the intoxicated braves ; for at one time,
in less than three months sixty casks of rum were consumed in one
village. At such periods he was compelled to retire to a kind of
hermitage by the lake, or even to Onondaga.

* Rel. 1668-9, p. 80.

276

AMERICAN CATILOIA ) MISSIONS.

HH' I

(

\ i;

1 .1

; V

On Christmas day, 1GC9, lie for the first time baptized an adult
in health ; for hitherto only the dying, or the prisoner at the stake,
had received the sacranient. CJiving it all the pomp his poverty
pemiitted, he drew crowds to his chapel, and fioni morn to night
preached and instructed.* No conversions, however, followed
this commencement; and, as death gradually thinned the little
band of old Huron Christians, there seemed no hope of eventual
success.f

In 16 VI his Superiors, conscious of his worth, appointed him
Superior of the Iroquois missions ; and Bruyas, summoning Father
Milet from Onondaga to supply his place, proceeded to the Mo-
hawk. Just before his departure he had, during an idle season in
the year, begun a series of conferences which wese well attended,
and produced a result which he had not dared to anticipate. Some
aged chiefs embraced the faith, and such a spirit of inquiry was
excited that Milet found a better field than he had at first been led
to expect. On the day of his arrival he baptized a dying woman,
and soon after formed a regular congregation, w^^/^re the Lord's
day was sanctified by the celebration of Mass, while from the choirs
rose the alternate chants of the Huron and Oneida Christians. The
missionary himself became so popular, that he too, like Pien-on on
the Mohawk, persuaded the sachems to forbid all invocation of
Agreskoue, and was himself invited to open their assemblies by
a prayer to the Maker of all things.J

The sodality of the Holy Family, founded in Canada by Chau-
monot, had everywhere produced great good. Milet established
it at Oneida, and was consoled by the effect it procured. The
women especially became more fervent, and gained others to the
faith. Sensible of the danger attending union with unbelievers,
Christian maidens and Avidows rejected the best marriages m
the village sooner than peril their faith, preferring the helpless

* Rel. 1669-70, p. 193. t Rel. 1670-1, ch. ii. % Rel. 1672-8, MS.

TRENCH MISSIONS.

277

and tlegraded state of lone woinrn to the plenty of a chieftain's
lodge.*

In 1675, he converted Soenrese, a chief whose manly courage
ill defence of the faith, and zealous opposition to debauchery and
vice, did much to raise the character of the Chrislians.f Borne
up by occasional consolations like these, Milet continued his mis-
sion till the prospect of a war became too certain to make a fur-
ther stay prudent. He was then recalled, after an apostolate in
the canton of nearly fourteen years, and reached the camp of Do
la Barre in July, 1684. With his departure closed the Oneida
mission, half restored, indeed, for a time, by his long captivity, of
which we shall soon speak. m

II. — The Onondaoa Mission.

The Onondaora mission had always been legaided as the most
promising of all, and the attention of all tViends of the mission
turned naturally to it. The influence of Garacontie seemed to
iusure the triumph of the gospel. Gamier began his labors under
happy auspices, but soon found that the hopes were too sanguine.
The knowledge of the faith implanted by the missionaries of Ga-
neutaa had almost died away in tlie hearts and minds of the
Onondagas. Dreams ruled the land. The Hurons alone were to
be relied upon ; and the first care of Gamier was to revive their
fervor, and baptize the captive and prisoner, whom he found
means to instruct. Milet came at last to his relief; and possess-
ing great facility for languages, soon acquired the Onondaga suffi-
ciently to catechize.J In the following year, Milet was left alone.
Gamier having proceeded to the Seneca country to aid Fremin in
that populous tribe. Milet, to whom the Onondagas gave the
name Teharonhiagannra, " The one who looks up to heaven," un-

* Rel. 1672-3, MS.

t Etut present, 1695, MS. ; Kel. 1676, MS.

X Rel. 1G6S-9, p. ;37.

t 1

■ f

278

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

'ilii

1^ I

(ierstood tlie Indian chaiactor well. Like a chief, ho, by liis cries
through tlie street, gatliei'od the old and young to his loiige, and
there, by symbolic presents, belts of wampum, and other devices,
announced the faith. On the approach of Christmas, he gave in-
structions on the Creation, the Trinity, the Incarnation, birth and
mission of Christ, and denounced the worship of Agreskoue, and
of dreams. These denunciations first produced their eti'ect. Hence-
forward he opened their councils with prayer.

Garacontie, anxious for the conversion of the tribe, advised
Milet to instruct the old, and not give all his time to the young.
Delighted at the opportunity, Milet offered to begin the next Sun-
day, and Garacontie invited all to a feast. The cabin was adorned
with all the skill the time permitted. A fine wampum belt hung
in the middle of the wall, with a map of the world on one side,
and a picture of St. Louis on the other. Below the belt, on a
table covered with a crimson cloth, was a Bible, and upon it a
crucifix, with emblems of superstition below.

When the guests had assembled, Garacontie addressed them,
explaining the object of the feast. Then Milet himself declared
the greatness of the one true God, adored by both king and pea-
sant, the Creator of all, the Master of life and death, and, with
every argument, inculcated the necessity of serving him. The
sachems listened with pleasure, and regularly convened to hear
him, so that by Christmas he was obliged to increase his chapel,
and borrowing the bell of the old mission at Ganentaa, rang it for
the sachems and braves, while the children, answering a smaller
one, sang as they ran along — " There is but one God, the master
of life." " In heaven are all good things, and endless happiness :
in hell, fire and eternal torments."

When insulted, Milet, by assuming a high tone, was soon re-
spected, and the medicine-men quailed before him, for his wit was
keen. His presence was a sure stop to their incantations. Some-
times they excluded him, but he a]>pealed to the sachems, an<i

FRENCH MISSIONS.

279

they were condemned. In that council, Garacontie, to appease
him, reminded him that Ag'^^skoue was no longer mentioned, and
all })romised to prevent improper dances, or public honor to
dreams. An eft'ort was indeed made in favor of the old customs;
but Milet at last prevailed, though he could not suppress the On-
nonhouaroia, a soil of carnival, productive of great disorder.*

In August, 16G9, the Superior of the Iroquois missions sum-
moned all the Fathers to meet at Onondaga; and Fremin from
Gandachiragou^ Gamier from Gandougarae (both Seneca towns),
Bruyas from Oneida, PieiTon from the Mohawk, and do Carheil
from Cayuga, all joined Milet at Onondaga. After a short time
spent in prayer, and the solace afforded by each other's company,
after so long a banishment from civilized life, they drew up a uni-
form pljin for their missions, and, aided by each other's lights and
suggestions, after six days' deliberation, returned to their solitary
posts to resume their toil amid the motley population of the Iro-
quois towns, peopled by fragments of conquered tribes, often out-
numbeiing in the mass the native Iroquois.

The Hurons, who throughout fonned a large body, were the
gi'eat consolation of the missionaries. Here one would meet an
old Christian like Francis Tehoronhiongo, who, baptized in his
ov,n land by the martyred Brebeuf, afterwards a host of Father
Le Moyne, had never, for twenty-seven years, missed his prayei*s,
and, though without a spiritual guide during most of that long
captivity, had brought up his family in the practice of piety.f
Here a Huron woman converts her Iroquois husband, and inspires
him with such a desire for baptism, that he sets out for Montreal,
and meeting a missionary, bursts into a chant of joy and triumph.

* Eel. 1669-70, p. 207.

+ This excellent man subsequently removed to the Sulpltian mission, nt
the Mountain of Montreal, and died there at an advanced age. He was
buried in one of the towers of the fort still or quite recently standins, at
what is called the Priests' Farm.

280

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

•!

■ 1

■}■ 1 ,.

: : _ '■'

While the missionaries tlius pursued their «|uiet way, others
reaped at Quebec the fruit of tlieir toil. A murder cominitted by
some French miscreants on an Iroquois chief, and collisions be-
tween the cantons and the Ottawas, led to an assembly of chiefs
at that city. Garacontie set out with the deputies of all the
western cantons, except the Senecas, Avho were really the offend-
ing party.

After a long and important conference, the Governor restored
peace, and ordered the prisoners taken by the Senecas to be re-
stored. In the course of the treaty, Garacontie inveighed in no
measured terms against the manner in Avhich the Ottawas treated
their missionaries, whose zeal and devotedness he eulogized in the
highest terms. He then declared his love for Christianity, his
long examination of it in theory and practice, and at last, turnini;
to the Bishop, solicited baptism. Sudden as this declaration was,
it was not unexpected. His long attention to the instructions
of the missionaries, his well-known purity of life, his zeal for
tlie conversion of his countrymen, — all induced the prelate to
comply. *

The ceremony was performed with great solemnity in the
Cathedral of Quebec, before an assemblage such as the French
settlements alone could show. In that pile, all feudal in its archi-
tecture, amid the descendants of the crusaders, men of noble line-
age in the olden world, amid Hurons from Montmorency, Tionou-
tates from Mackinaw, Mohegans from the Hudson, Algonquins
from the St. Lawrence, Chippeways from Lake Superior, and Iro-
quois from every tribe along the Mohawk and Genesee, stood
Garacontie to receive baptism at the hands of Laval, as the chief-
tain Clovis did centuries before at the hands of Remy. AVitli
calm attention, he followed the rite. Clear and distinct were his
responses as to the doctrines he would embrace, positive to stern-
ness itself his declaration of adherence to Christianity. Then,
amid the thunder of the cannon of Fort St. Ix)uis, with the Gove'-

FRENCH MISSIONS.

281

nor standing by as his sponsor, the waters of baptism flowed on
his head, and tlio greatest Iroquois of the epoch, tlie virtual head
of tlie league, was now the Christian Daniel Garacontie.*

Ere long he was in his native Onondaga, already the head of
the Christian party, now himself a Christian. Accustomed heie-
tufore to preside at various ceremonies and rites peculiar to the
tribes, and of a superstitious or doubtful character, he announced
his resolution to take no part in them. The saturnalia in Fel)-
ruary, in honor of Tharonhiawagon, were disregarded by him, and
wlien the subject of the Onuonhouaroia was taken up in the coun-
cil, he rose and said : " You know my sentiments on this point. I
have but to tell you, once and for all, I am a Christian." With
these words, he left the cabin, and the council broke up without
any action on the subject.f

This conduct produced a great change, for his influence was
great, recognized even by the English governors of New York,
Avho asked his mediation to effect a peace between the Mohawks
and Mohegans. At Onondaga, several who had held out against
their convictions from pride or other human motives, now came
forward ; and Garacontie was soon able, by the conversion of his
wife, to render his cabin entirely Christian.^

On returning from a council at Quebec and in one at Albany,
Garacontie nobly professed his resolve to live up to the doctrines
which he had embraced. In a dangerous illness which surprised
him soon after his retuni, he rejected all the superstitions of the
medicine-men, and when, without his knowledge, one superetitious
rite was j)erfonned in his cabin, he no sooner knew of it than ho
became inconsolable. " Alas !" said he, " what will Teharonhia-
gannra (Milet) say of me ? He will think me a hypocrite ; but I

* Rel. lti69-ro, ch. ii.

+ This circumstance seems to show that he was really a sachem, and not
merely an orator, as Lafitau avers.
; U.-l. I'wi'-l, p. 55.

282

amj:hican catholic missions.

\> i

liave too much licart, and have promised God too solemnly ever
to relapse."

On every occasion wheie an opportunity ottered, he raised his
voice for the faith, as later he did at Montreal, before an asscnihly
of ti-ve hundred deputies of ditferent tribes, asisembled to treat with
de Courcelle, and at which he was present as Iroquois deputy to
the Ottawas.*

On his return, he was accompanied by a zealous Tionontate, a
deputy theie. Louis Taondechoren had for twenty years been
"Dofrique," or cliief of the prayer, in the Huron mission at (Que-
bec. In an apostolic spirit, lie now proceeded to the Irofjuois can-
tons to exhort the tribes to embrace the Christian religion. His
excursion was not unfruitful. He and his companions were joy-
fully welcomed as valuable auxiliaries by Father John de Lambii-
ville at Onondaga. Their days were spent in instructions to such
as could come, but in the evening they gathered all around theiii.
Extending their labors to Oneida and the Mohawk, they met witli
equal success. " They have changed the face of my little church,"
writes Bruyas, from the Mohawk. " A man like the fervent Iliii-
nonskwen would be worth two missionanes like me." John de
Lamberville was now at Onondaga, a companion, then successor
to Milet, enjoying the labors of the latter, who had given the mis-
sion a regular form, and freed the Christians from all intoxication
and debauchery ; these being, in fact, matters of public penanco.
Of extending the taith by the conversion of the rest of the tiibe, de
Lamberville wrote despondingly. "To convert tiie upper Iro-
quois," says he, " we should have to undertake to reduce them by
two arms — one of gold and the other of steel : I mean, gain them
by presents, and subdue them by fear of arms. The missionaiics
have neither the charms of tlie one nor the strength of the other."

Garacontie was their stay. After his baptism, he never coni-

* Eel. 1671-2.

FRE^X'U MISSIONS.

283

mittcd .1 ■wilful fault, nnd, in spite <>f the clamors of a faithful but
sc'ukliiig wife, sliowed in tho woods of Auiorica a cliaractor worthy
(if thu primitivo Church, l»y the wondrous union of niajjfnaniiuous
virtues, and those " little virtues'' Avhioii i;ivc })eaee and contidence
to all around.

His religion drew upon liiin taunts and even menaces from the
dissolute youth ; but his acknowledge<l sui)eriority as the clearest
head and best statesman in the cantons, still made him revered
l>y all the leading men. Ju 1072, he was prostrated by a danger-
ous malady, and the anxious sachems gathered aiound his couch
to hear his dying counsels, liis political testament. Milet and de
Lainberville, who, like most of the missionaries, possessed some
iik'dical knowledge, frequently called into requisition, succeeded
bv their care in restorinir him to liealth, and he soon after set out
with other deputies to meet Frontenac at Cataracouy, where that
governor, wishing their consent to erect a fort, had summoned
them, in July, 10*73.

Two hundred in fact came, and Frontenac, attended by Fenelon
and D'Urfo, urged them to embrace the faith. " Children !" ex-
claimed the French governor, " children of the Onondagas, Mo-
liawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Senecas ! I cannot give you any
advice more important or more profitable to you than to exhort
you to become Clnistians, and to adore the same God as we. lie
is the sovereign Lord of heaven and earth, the absolute master of
your lives and properties, who hath created you, who preserves
you, who furnishes you with food and drink, who can send death
among you in a moment, inasmuch as he is almighty, and acts as
lie willeth, not like men who require time, but in an instant, and
at a word. In fine, he can render you happy or miserable, as he
pleases. This God is called Jesus, and the Black-gowns liere,
who are his ministers and interpreters, will teach you to know
him, whenever you are so disposed. I leave them among you
and in your villages only to teach you. I therefore desiie that

284

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

you respect thorn, and prevent any of your braves daring or pro-
sumini!; t<> injure tliem in llie slightest di'gree ; for I shall considtr
the injiuies done them as personal, and punish them as such.
Sachems! give herein an example to your children, as your judg-
ment must bo sounder than theirs, or, at least, if you be not di^-
])08ed to become Christians, do not prevent them becoming so,
and learning the prayer of that great (jlod, which the Jilack-gowiis
will te.'ich them, and his commandments."

By the aid of (jiaracontie, Father de Lamberville converted
another chief of rank, long convinced, but too addicted to dreains
and superstitions to obtain the favor of baptism. Sickness at List
showed him the ineflicacy of the arts of the medicine-men. He
became a sincere believer, and gave up all his treasured okis or
charms. More consoling to the missionary, however, was tlie
death of a poor blind woman, mangled and mutilated by an ine-
briate, and abandoned bv all. Nursed and tended bv the mission-
ary, she made lier time of sutfei ing a canticle of hope, and expired
bathed in the sweetest joy.*

Soon after, Garacontie again opposed the superstitions and
dances, and, as before, did much to check them. His piety was
undiminished. Though his cabin was half a league from tlie
chapel, he attended mass regularly, with his wife, and caught a
severe cold while going to the midnight mass on Christmas-day,
in the year IGYS.f It soon proved serious, and he prepared for
death. On that festival he had, as if foreseeing his speedy release
from his labors, taken up a picture of our Lord, at the feast whicli
he gave in honor of the day, and covering it with kisses, ex-
claimed : " Behold the true Master of our lives ! Our dreams do
not give us long life. Jesus, born of a virgin ! thou art peerless
in beauty ! Grant that we may sit near thee in heaven. Chiis-
tians, remember what we promised him in baptism."

* Rel. 1672-;?, MS.

t Rel. 1676.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

285

4..

As lii.s pulmonary «lisojtsc' *U'('l:in<l itself by tlio blood he raised,
lie went to tlio inis,sionarv, exclaimed "'I am dead!" and mad«'
wjiiit ho intended as a last general confession, with every mark of
sincere pioty. Anxious to 'save so valuabh' a life, the missionary
lavished every care upon him; but the health (»f the sachem of
Onondaga had been broken by constant labors and fatigues, for
lie had been em})loyed on every embassy of note from the ( >noii-
• lagas for many years, and figincd constantly at Albany, New
V(;ik, Cataracouy, and (Quebec, — the zealous friend of the French,
the ardent and impetuous child of the Catholic Church.

When he found his death near at hand, ho gave his last coun-
sels to his family, and ordering liis death-banquet to be prepared,
invited to it the sachems and chiefs of Onondaga. In liis address,
he exhorted them to live in peace with the French, and to turn
their arms against the distant Ontwagannha ; to become Chris-
tians, and to banish liquor from the canton. Then, turning to the
missiouarv, he said : " Write to the Governor that he loses the
best servant lie had in the cantons of the Iroquois ; and I pray my
Lord Bishop, who baptized me, and all the missionaries, to pray
that my stay in purgatory may not be long."

After this, he gave the missionary directions for his burial, and
then prepared for his last passage. His agony was brief, and, as
it came on, he exclaimed — " Onne ouage che ca" — Behold, I die !
Then all fell on their knees, and amid their prayers he expired.
Contrary to custom, he was, as he had requested, buried in a
coffin, in an ordinary grave, and this was surmounted by a lofty
cross, that all might see from afar, and remember that Daniel Gar-
acoutio was a Christian. No clothes, no bow, no hatchet was
buried in his grave : it was like that of a white man.

Thus closed the career of one of the most I'emarkabh^ men in
Indian annals, — eminent as a Christian statesman, a friend of his
race, and an ardent laborer in the cause of their civilization. .\
true friend of peace, he more than once saved Canada from a deo-

> (

^^-^^86

AMEHICAX CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

luting war. To induce lii.s countrymen to follow his ideas, lie cui.
braced many European haltits, and, tlioui,di advanced in yeais,
be/i^an to learn to read and write, and actually made consideraldf
]>rogress. Friendly to tho French from the first, and attracte<l liy
the beauty of Christianity, whose inherent truth he felt, (Jara(!oiit'n.'
lonii^ ke})t aloof, and betraye<l no sign of conversion, either because
he deemed himself not sufficiently aware of tho obligations im-
posed by baptism, or because he distrusted his own strength ; hut
when once he had received the character of a Christian, he never
swerved, and his fidelity won even the admiration of the colojiisis
of New York, although, on one occasion, his zeal, provokt-d I'V
the taunts then, as now, often launched by the ignorant Jiii'!
silly at the faith of the majonty of Christians, led him to cut" r
the meeting-house at Albany, and kneel down to say his beads.
When commanded to leave by the clergyman, he poignantly re-
joined — " \\\\i\i ! will you not let men pray in this house of (Joil •
You cannot be Chi'istians ; you do not love the prayer."*

Ilis death was heard of with grief by the missionaries and the
entire French colony ; and even the English deplored tho loss of a
great and good man, though not an adherent of their cause.

Soon after the death of Garacontie, Father Bruyas, the Supe-
rior, obliged to leave the Mohawk, replaced Father John do Lain-
berville at Onondaga,f about 10*79; but his stay was short, for
Father John soon returned, and was joined by his brother James
from the Mohawk, and they were together when the political hori-
zon darkened, and the policy of Dongan drove them, last of the
missionaries, from the land of the Iroquois.

* Eel. Icrs-O.

t Rel. 1673-9, MS.

):,

FREXCII MISSIONS.

287

III. — Tim Cayioa Miss

lo:

Tlie mission nmoiii^ thu Cayuijfas was, as we liavo soeii, t'ouiulcfl
\>\ Father St»'j)hon du I'arhoii, wlio nocompairKMl Milrt to Oiioii-
ilai^a I I 1008, and (Iumk'u |)roceotk'tl to Cayujn^a. KatlhT K«'iii'
M^'uaril had Ix'tjim a njissioii th'T*? in tiio time of St. Maiv's ot'
(iaiK'Utaa, but scarce! a traco of his hibors n'maincd, cxct'iit in a
ttw Cin-istians,* and the good-will and friendly disposition of Saon-

Ounncr th

d, tiio li

of til

present period, tno History ot tlie mission
is a liistorv of the almost fruitless labors of de Carheil; for thouMi
lie spoke the (Jayuga with elegance and ease, possessed the
|:;ivate.st missionary talent, and was regarded by French and
Indians as a saint and a genius, ho never made more than a small
imnil)er of converts.f Arriving at Cayuga on tlio 0th of Novein-
bor, 1008, he raised a chapel on the 9tli, and dedicated it to St.
Joseph. With a knowledge of the Huron, which all could under-
stand, he began liis instructions, and, though at first scarce re-
garded, by his courage in acting as sentinel in times of danger,
and accompanying them when attacked by the Conestogues, he
won their esteem. Keducing the Cayuga language to roots or
radical words, he soon began to use that dialect, and drew up his
formula of baptism in it.

Three villages — Goiogouen, Kiohero, and Onnontare — were the
objects of his care. In all he found Ilurons, some of them Chris-
tians, eager to profit by his ministry, others inveterate pagans.
One of these latter liad a daughter at the point of deatli. In vain
de Carheil sought to baptize her. The father sternly refused :
"You speak as Echon did in our country. He killed men by
water, and you too wish to do flie same." Expelled from the
cabin at the coming of the medicine-men, he bui*st into tears, and
when the child died he was inconsolable. "All that night," he

Eel. 1669-70, ch. ix.

t Charley, li. 185.

::s

288

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

writes, " my heart was full of bitteniess. I could not sleep, having
constantly before me the loss of that soul, which I loved, and
would have saved, but which was now lost. Then, better tlian
ever, I realized the affliction of the heart of Jesus, who loved all
men, and wished to save them, yet knew the prodigious multitude
of those who should be lost." So inveterate, indeed, was tins
hatred of Christianity, that the father who had thus lost the soul
of his child, attributed its death to Carheil, and sought his life.

With ^ther supci-stitions he was more successful. These lie
ridiculed, and often rendered so absurd, that the sick were ashamed
to use them. His plan was not to argue, but to seem to acquiesce,
and begin a ridiculous prayer to the pretended god.

Gradually his church began to increase in numbei-s, though
slowly,* and sachems, warriors, women, and children attended his
catechism classes, and disputed for his little prizes.f Baptisms of
adults, some obtained only after great exertion and trials, began to
reward and console him. J Just then he w^as attacked by illness,
and was compelled to return to Canada in 1671. Father Peter
Raffeix was sent to replace him, while de Carheil, after finding
human skill unavailing, made a pilgrimage to the still celebrated
shrine of St. Anne's, and obtained a deliverance from the nervous
disorder which afflicted him. On this he returned to his mission,
and Raffeix proceeded to the Seneca country. De Carheil found
prejudice still deep-rooted in the public mind, and calumnies of
every kind spread against the faith. Some consoling conversions,
liowever, among others, that of a young chief, gladdened his
heart ; but, unfortunately, murder and license rendered them few
indeed. The tribe, as a tribe, never seem to have had any char-
acter for firainess or decision. His mission, it is true, gave the
greatest number of infant baptisms, the mothers readily presentini:
their children when sick, so that here, and we may say eveiy-

* Eel

I Ml

. 1668-9, p. 59. t Kel. 16G9-70, p. 264. X Kel. 1670-1, p. W.

■uStS^

' '4-

FIIENX'II MISSIONS.

289

wl)ire, the number of baptisms is no criterion of the success of the

mission.

His only stay was the chieftain Saoncliiogwan, who, tliough in-
ferior in many respects to Garacontie, seconded all his etibits.
hike the hero of Onondaga, he was convinced of the tiuth of
("liristianity, which he had learned from Menard an<l Chaumoiiot,
as now from de Carheil, for all had been liis guests, lie wa.^
crafty, pohtic, and shrewd, and though he liad solicited baptism,
it was defeiTed by the cautious missionary. In the spring of 16*71,
a Seneca embassy was sent to Quebec to restore some I'ottawata-
niius, whom the braves of the western canton had sui-prised in
violation of the peace. This embassy was headed by Saonchiog-
wan, who, after concluding the negotiation, solicited l»ai)tism from
the Bishop. Instructed and examined by Chaumonot, he was
fuuud sufficiently grounded, and baj>tized by the name of Louis,
the Intendant, Talon, being his godfather. Immediately after a
solemn feast was given in his name to the Indians in the neighbor-
hood of Quebec.f

The Cayuga mission continued in this way for several years, un-
marked by any striking event ; the obstinate and haughty spirit of
the people continuing the same as ever till about 1684, when de
Caiheil was plundered of every thing by a chief named Ilor-
chouasse, and driven from the canton by two others.^

* Rel. 1G71-2 ; 1072-3, MS. ; 1075, MS. ; 2073-9, MS. t Rol. 1070-1, cli. i.

t Father Stephen do Carheil arrived at Quebec on the Gth of August,
inOG, and was immediately placed with the Ilurons, who gave him the name
of Aondeehete. After his expulsion from Cayuga, as above related, he was
pciit to the Ottawa mission, und, as wc shall see, laboroel there for nuxny
years. " He had sacrificed the greatest talents in the hopes of bedewing
(-aiiiula with his blood — lie labored there indcfatigably for more than sixty
years — French and Indians regarded him as a saint and a genius of the
liiirlii-st order."' As a i)liilologist, he was remarkable. lie spoke Huron
nikl Cayuga with the greatest elegance, and he composed valuable works in
and upon both, some of which are still c.\tant. Returning to Quebec, lie
(lied there, in July, 1720, at a very a<lv nood ago.

? I

•*

.-t

290

AiMKKlCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

IV. — The Seneca Mission.

The Sonoca mission l:iy in the most populous of the cantons, and
olterfM.1 the gi-eatost liopes of success.'''-' One town, Gandougarae, was
composed of Ilurons, Neutrals, and Onnontiogas, the former being ;ill
thi' survivors of the missions of St. Michael at the town of ScaiiD-
naenrat, jmd St. John the Baptist, at the town of Kontarea in
Huronia. During the mission of St. Mary's of Ganentaa, Fath. i
Chaumonot visited tltem, and revived their feelings of faith. Wlnii
the new missions were well begun, Father Fremin left the Mohawk,
and on the first of November, 1GG8, was received at Sonnontouan
as an ambassador. He came, however, as a missionary, and, bulKl-
ing a chapel, soon began his ministry among the Ilurons. His
labors, as envoy of Onontio, Avere, however, needed : attack aiitl
reprisfd had taken place between the Senecas and Ottawas, and all
Fremin's exertions were needed to prevent Seneca war-parties from
taking the field. Fortunately, Father Allouez soon after arrived
with some prisoners taken by the Ottawas, whom he restored, and
thus appeased their anger,f and a final arrangement was made bv
the French governor at the council which Avitnessed the conversion
of Garacontie. In the summer of 1 609, Fremin, as Superior of the
Iroquois missions, called the meeting at Onondaga, of which we
have spoken, and, finding his own labors too gi'eat, summoned
Gamier to his assistance, and assigned him the town of Ganda-

* Having given specimens of other Iroquois dialects, wo add that of tlie
Senecas from Morgan's version of the New Testament, Matt. vi. 9: "Gwali-
nih gaoyah gelislioh chilidyoh Daycsaalisaonyook henisahsanandoffahdili.
10. Idweh niis no saiwaligcli ne dwanolido osha gwen niyuh : Neh Iculi nii^
heni di sanigoohdaah nehhuh niyawah neyo aujahgeh naeh hcnidyiilulaah
ne gaoyaligeh. 11. D.igyoh nrtgaAvanishadehnalidewanlshage nogwaaliL'wiIi.
12. Neh, kuh, neh dondagwai walisagwus nogwai wanchakshah naeli iiiili
hede jakhiwahsagwahseli nokliiwanehagih. 13. Sanoh kuh nehhiiii liasg-
waah hadyogwali nigodaguh ; nehgwa sho dagwayahdohnook liayahdadeh
naahnigoetgah."

t Rel. 166S-9, p. 82.

FllENCll MISSIONS.

291

chirngou, where that missionary built a chapel in September, wliilc
Fromin liimself remained at Gandougarae. In both places mass
was said daily, and the Huron catechists, now supported by the
presence of a missionary^ continued with new zeal the labors which
liad hitherto kept the falih alive. James Atondo and Francis
Thoronhiongo were especially eminent in the band of old Huron
Christians. The pagans soon received the attention of the mis-
sionaries, who here, as elsewhere, took every means to instruct the
prisoners brought in to die. Conestogues were frequently burnt,
and always instructed and baptized, and F'remin found one who
had received some instructions in Catholic doctrine, probably from
the Maryland Fathers.* Gamier had meanwhile nearly perished,
having been fittacked by an inebriate at Gandagaro ; but he win-
tered at his mission of Gandachiragou, which contained only three
or four Christians, studying the language, compiling a dictionary,
and performing such missionary duties as ho could.f

The next year Fremin was recalled to the St. Lawrence, and
Garnier was left alone to cope w ith the labors of the mission, Bruyas
succeeding as Superior of all the Iroquois missions. New ditK-
culties crowded around Garnier ; the village of Gandougarae, or
St. Michael's, was burnt, and in the conflagration the missionary
lost his chapel and all that it contained ; but the zeal of the
Christians repaired all : prayers were now said publicly morning
and evening in all the towns ; the Christians sternly refused all
participation in superstitious rites ; and many, whom pride had kept
fiom professing Christianity, began to yield.J Soon after the
sachems of Gandachiragou publicly declared their wish to pray to
God, and Garnier conceived hopes of effecting a great change ; but

* Tlieste Conestogues, commonly called by the French Gandastoguos, or,
sliorter, Andastes, were, in all probability, the Susquehannas; and might
thus liavo been objects of the care of the Jesuits of Maryland.

t Kol. 1669-70, p. 283.

t Rel. 1670-1, oh. vi. p. 70.

292

AMKUICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

the liorizon was suddenly darkened by rumors of a French inva-
sion, and the shinders raised against the t'aitli by a Cayuga brave.
No longer an object of esteem, (jrarnier was suspected, even by tin-
chief in whose cabin he dwelt, and t^ie death of the chieftainV
niece, who then lay sick, or any clearer rumor of wai', would liuvc
led to the massacre of the Black-gown, whose assiduity in piayci'.
at this crisis, lieightened suspicion.

The faithful Ilurons of St. Michael and St. John wel'c liis con-
solation ; though longing to rejoin their countrymen at Notre 1 kuw
de Foye near Quebec, they bore their exile with submission to the
will of God, and sought comfort in his service ; Garnier was iu>t.
liowever, doomed to remain longer alone.

Father RafFeix, leaving Lake Tiohero and the banks of the Oclioii-
guen (Oswego), reached the Seneca mission of the Conception in
July, aTid began his laboi's there, not borne up by any ignorant en-
thusiasm, but well aware of the forbidding toil which awaited him.
" To expect that a whole tribe will convert at once," he says, " or
to hope to make Christians by the hundred or thousand, is to lio-
ceive one's self. Canada is not a land of flowers ; to find one you
must walk far, through thorny paths."

A third town, St. James, contained several Christians, who
anxiously begged for a n)issionary, and Father John Pierron, whom
we have already seen among the Mohawks, was sent to it, and the
Seneca canton was thus possessed of three missionaiies. By their
ingenious zeal, piety soon flourished in these towns, and the mission
was scarce inferior to the reductions founded on the banks of tlic
St. Lawrence. Conversions went slowly on, contested at eveiystcn
by the medicine-men, who so won on the minds of the })o(ii»l<'.
now emboldened by their triumphs over the Conestogues, that th'-
missionaries were often actually in danjxer. Garnier was accux-i
of sorcery, and as accusation and condemnation were iicail;
synonymous, they determined to tomahawk him. The executions!
was named and paid, but God averted the blow. Rafteix soiijzhtt"

French invii-
'avuija brave.
.1, eveu by tlio
[he chiL-rtainV
ir, wouUl liiivc
uity in pvaycr.

wel'O his (•(•u-
at Notre Daiiu-
bmission to tlio
iiniier ^vas nut,

LSoftheOclioii-
I Con('-epti«.»u in
my ignorant in-
ch awaited liim.
e," he says, " or
usand, is to ilo-
to find one you

Christians, who
1 Pierron, \vl»om
snt to it, and tho
aries. By tbeir
and the mission
he banks of tin-
;ed at every st.'p
of the pool'l^'.
stoguos, that til''
ier was ncf.UM"!
on were iK'inly
The exocutit">^'i
Raffeixsouirl't'"

FEENCH MISSIONS.

298

lead a dying girl to truth, but such was the hatred then prevailing
ngainst the missionaries that she sprang from her sick couch and
tore his face with her nails till he streamed with blood, lie did
not, however, despair ; continuing his visits, his kind and gentle
manner disabused her. She listened, was convinced, and, to his con-
solation, died piously, uttering a prayer to Jesus, the giver of life.

The French occupation of Niagara under La Salle in 1G78, and
the hostility of that commander, evinced by his forcing Father
(iarnier to leave a council, must have also contributed to weaken
tlie influence of the missionaries, and excite distrust of the French.*
As their position seemed thus more precarious than ever, they used
greater caution in baptizing, lest any should afterwards live to be
brought up pagans.f

Such was the state of this mission when the Relations close in
1079.]; Idolatry was generally discountenanced throughout the
cantons, now fully instructed in the mysteries of faith, but not
courageous enough to embrace them. The life of the missionaries
for some years had been perilous indeed ; they were often treated
witli personal violence, and had even been frequently doomed to
death in public or private councils ; yet they had built and main-
tained their chapels, and worked on patiently in hope, gradually

* Hennepin ; La Salle.

t llel. 1671-2; 1672-3, MS.; 1675, MS.; 1876, MS.; 1673-9, § 8, MS.
X The Relations furnish the following statistics of the Irocjuoia mission,
wliich -vvill hardly suit those who accuse the missionaries of baptizing b»

wliolesiUe :

Years. Mohawks. Oueidas. Onondagas. Cayiigas. Senecas. Total.

lGt38-9 151 80 28 60 269

16G9-70 53 40 87 120 250

1G70-1 84 62 110 318

1671-2 60 30 89 80 41 200

1072-;i 72 34 30 65 70 261

1'575 80 72 21 100 273

167G-7 350

1C77-8 300

:=< voars 2221

294

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

gainino' all not oonuptcd by del>auchorv and intoxication; and
baptizino- the dyiiii^ children whom thoy conld reach.

Now a new obstacle was to arise; Eng-land and France were lo
dispute the valleys v'i the Mohawk and Oswego, and, though
both then governed by Catholic sovereigns and their colonies l.y
Catholic governors, the missions were sacrificed. Of this period
we shall now speak generally, after giving a sketch of the Ivediic-
tion of Laprairie and the Mission of the Mountain of Montreal/''

* As this was the close of Frcmin's labors iu New York, wo (jivo sucli ii
sketch of the missionary as we are able. The time of his arrival in Caiiaihi
is unknown. Sent to Onondaga in 165C, he remained till the close of iho
first mission, in March, 1658 ; was then for a couple of years at Miscou ; iic.xl
at Three Rivers and Cape de la Madeleine. After being appointed to the
projected Cayuga mission, in 1666, he was the next year sent to the Muhaw k,
where he remained till 1671. lie was placed at Laprairie by the advice of
de Courcelle, and made several voyages to France in its behalf. He is said
to have been again in the Iroquois missions ; and, after many years of toil,
he died on the 2d of July, 16'Jl, at Quebec.

Father Julian Gamier, the last Seneca missionary, was born at Coniiorai,
in the diocese of Mans, about 1640, and was a brotiicr of the celebrated Bi nc-
dictine Garnicr. He came to Canada, while still a scholastic, in Oetul^er,
1662, and, after teaching some years, completed his studies, and was ordaiiicl
in April, 1666. After passing with success liis final examination in 16CS, lie
was sent to the Iroquois missions, and labored ut Oneida, Onondaga, ami
Seneca, He probably returned as late as 1702, and was still alive in 17jl'.
He was apparently employed also on the Algonquin missions. Lafitau, who
derived from him much of the matter of his work, speaks highly of his zeal
and austerity. Of the de Lambervilles, Milet, and le Vaillant, who figure iu
the later mission, little is known beyond their labors in the cantons.

Father Peter Rafleix, the founder of Laprairie, arrived in ill health in ICoO:
was chaplain in the expedition against the Mohawks iu 1665; appointed to
go to Cayuga in 166G. In the following year he was at Isle Percce, and, alter
founding Laprairie, labored among the Cayugas and Seneeas till 1680. lie
was at Quebec in 1703, broken down with years and toil.

V 3

CHAPTER XVI.

IROQUOIS MISSION (COXTIXLED.)

TiieUeductioss in Canada. 1. Lohette— Iroquois there— La rrt'riouso— Sogare^s ;

— I(.'n!itius Tocachin. II. St. Francis Xavier ties pros and ilii SaiiU or Caiiirli-

iiawotra — Its origin— Founded by Father K.iHVi.v — Catliarine (ianneakti'iui- »'.:ii(iii-
hiiifruti or Hot Cinders— Kryn, the Great Mohawk— Life at tlie niissiciu— Fervor ol'iho
Neophytes- Mode of instruction — Visit of IMslH)p Laval — Uenioval from Laprairio lo
tjault r?t. Louis or Cauglinawaga — Catliarine Teli-jalikwita — Iler eminent holiness

Her life and death — Keputation for miracles. III. Quintk IJay and tiik Mdi .n-

TAiN OF Montreal — Sulpitian missions at Qulnte Bay— IJesifrned to Itecollects — l)e
Belmont founds the mission of Notre Dame des Neijres — His zeal — Mariuaret llour-
gcoys and lier Indian scliool — Success of this mission— Mary Barbara Attontinon iUid
Mary Theresa Oanncnsagwas, Indian sisters of tlio Congregation.

1. LORETTE.

The Huron mission of Lorottc had been the fust r<'sort of the
Christian Iroquois, who resolved to become pilgrims of the faith.
Tiio Oyander won by Fremin, and the woman tomahawked by the
Moliogans, who so long resisted his exhortations, botii emigrated to
Lorette, which they illustrated by their piety; and the former gave
birth to Ignatius Tocachin, a child whose early development, apti-
tude for learning, and rare childi.sh piety, are the theme of several
caily narratives. Such hopes were indeed excited that it was ex-
pected that he would one day say in reality the Mass, which it was
liis only amusement to imitate, showing even then that inci]>ieut
Vocation so often remarked in servants of God. But the Aliniiihtv
called him to himself, and his truly Christian mother, who had
sacnficed the honors of her birth on the banks of the Mohawk to
the Giver of life, now bowed without a murmur to this new .sac-
rifice. Here Catharine Ganneaktena, the foundress of Lapi-airie,
^^as baptized. Here long lived, eminent for her piety, zeal, and
Christian virtue, Maiy Tsawente, whom the French honored with
die sui-name of "the Precious." She enjoyed in life and death the

200

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

t ■ •

reputation of a saint, and was indcod a model of self-devoted nfss
and charity. Her husband, James Soj^ait'sso, was a worthy imi-
tator of (iaronhiague, and, like him, frequently visited the cantons
to announce Christianity to his pao-an countrymen.*

When, however, the distinct Ir<)»|uois missions were well ori>;i!i-
izcd, the number at Lorette decreased, and it became exclusively
Huron.

II. — Mission of St. Francis Xavieii dks pres.

Opposite Montreal lay a fine open tract extending for several
miles, which early obtained the name of Laprairie : it was, at fiist,
allotted to de la P'erte, Abbe de la Madeleine, a member of the
So(;ietv of a hundred, who for a time controlled the destinies of
Canada. l.)eej)ly interested in the success of the missions, he suli-
sequently bestowed this tract on the Jesuit Fathers, in whose name
it still stands, though actually seized by the British government.

The position was too exposed to be soon settled, and it was not
till towards 1669 that the missionaries resolved to begin a resi-
dence there as a resort for the missionaries on the upper lakes, and
in the Iroquois cantons, to which they might retire for their annu.'il
retreats, or in case of sickness. When, however, Father Ratfeix
proceeded to the spot to begin the village, a new idea presented
itself. The faith was now advancing in the Iroquois cantons ; but
the missionaries saw with deep affliction that the Indian convert,
whose instruction and conversion had cost so many an anxious hour,
was often lost by the bad example and corrupting influence of liis
pagan countrymen, already depraved by connection with the whites,
and maddened by the liquor supplied by the New York tiadeis.
Often, too, the converts were subjected to a constant persecutioi)
fiom their own kindred. No sooner, then, were the missiona
founded, than many saw that if they wished to fulfil their bap-

* Rel. 1673 t', MS.

FKENCll MISSIONS.

207

tismal vows, and enjoy the t^osjX'l iti peace, tlicy must <ro forth, like
Abniliam, from tlieir idolatrous kindr*' 1, and seek a iww lioiuc,
wliere, freed from such c.\ami>le, ichi^io.. and virtue might alone
possess their hearts.

At the moment, Lorctte, the Huron colony near Quebec, seemed
the surest refuge, as there, under the zealous and lioly Chaumonot,
piety and order flourished. Hither, accordingly, the first pilgrims
npaired ; but, as they passed at Laju'airie the little chapel raist-d
l)V liatieix, that missionary conceived the project of forming around
it a Christian reduction to rival Lorette or Sillery. Tlie governor,
seeing the political advantage of the step, eagerly encouraged it,
and induced the realization of his plan on a more extended scale.

Cathaiine Ganneaktena, the liostess of Bruyas at Oneida, where
she, an Erie girl, had been adopted, was instructed by Father liaf-
feix during a winter at Monlreal, and requested by him to begin
the new colony. Joined by most of her family, she, on their con-
version and baptism, came to Laprairie from Lorette and founded
the first Iroquois reduction, which assumed the name of St. Francis
Xavier des pres, probably at the close of 1G69, for none had settled
there in the middle of that year^ the chapel being visited only by
the wandering hunter.

Catharine was well worthy of the honor of founding so celebrated
a reduction. Amid the seductions of an Indian village, her life had
been blameless before marriage, and after her union with the
Christian Francis Tonsahoten, she overcame, by her mild and win-
ning ways, his fierce and intractable temper, acquiring such an
ascendency over him that her whisper was his law, yet using it
always for his good. No sooner did she know the faith than she
embraced it ; but, as we have seen, retired from the pei"secution of
her family to Canada. Her cabin at Laprairie was ever hospitably
open to French and Indian, the latter being immediately objects
of her zealous care ; for she became at once a catechist.

Others soon gathered around her, won by her arguments or her

13*

298

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

virtues; and the little colony rcoeivod constant accessions tVtmi
Loretto, or the missions in the cantons. In 1070 it containt-ti
cightoon or twenty t'aniilios — in all, sixty souls; and havinij; thus
attained considerable size and importance, a govermnent was or-
ganized, and two chicls elected — one for prayer and one tor gu\-
ernment.* When Kati'eix was sent to Cayuga, in 1071, Freniin
was recalled, at the request of de Courcelle, who deemed him hcM
litted to insure the success of the new village. That missionary,
after witnessing with joy the good ahoady done, hastened (•»
France to obtain such aid as would enable him to carry out tli<'
plan. During his absence, Father I'eter Cholenek was station«t|
there, and ho describes in glowing colors the faith and fervor of
the little colony at his arrival. AHhougli within sight of tluir
lodges stood a taveni, where constant scenes of riot met their eyes,
not a drop of liquor entered their cabins. Yet fifty, at least, had
been notorious inebriates.f

At fii"st the emigration was chiefly from Oneida. Among the
most illustrious who came was Ogeratarihen or Garonhiague,
known to the French by *ho name of La cendre chaude or La poudre
chaude. Beside the stalie of Brebeuf lie had stood a mocker of
the Christian's hope ; now, in the designs of God, he was des-
tined to be himself an apostle of the faith. Quarrelling with
another Oneida sachem, he withdrew towards the French, and
soon after hearing of his brother's death, resolved never to return.
In his rambles he stoi)ped at Laprairie, and there his wife, soon
won to tlie faith, lost no time in bringing to it a husband whoso
fidelity to her had never wavered.

Not long after his baptism he was elected the fourth chief, for
the number was now increased, and, though the youngest, became
really the head chief of the mission, a rank which he was too
diflSdent to seek. A declared enemy of fire-water, ho began his

* Kel. 1670-1, p. 39.

t Rel. 1671-2.

FKENCII

'SSIONS.

oflnrl.s by ingeniously ovorsotlint^ .1 kcttlo t>t' li<pi< :in n» „fa
on<'ani|)niont near Montreal. In the village ins oqiH'ijc* tnd
teivor produced such etl'ects, that ho was nKid(3 a li hist and
when some pious pictures were placed in his hands, represeuting
vanous mysteries, ho explained them so lucidly and eloquently,
that the heathen were converted, and the tej)id Christians roused
to exertions for a better life.

He drew many of his old adherents from Oneida, but the Mo-
hawk sent more. Father Jioniface, during his mission, saw a
party of forty families depart for Laprairit; with the gr<'at Mo-
hawk,* as we have already mentione<l. That chieftain, called
Kryn by the English, was a worthy assistant of Garonhiaguo, and
as distinguished, after his wonderful conversion, for his zeal and
piety as he had previously been for his opposition to Christianity.
Both he and Garonhiague frequently visited their own cantons to
announce the faith, and invite all who wished eternal happiness
to follow them to Laprairie; and many followed them indeed.+
Knn led a large party from (Jandawaguo in 10 74, and again, ap-
parently, in 1676 ; and in the following year Garonhiaguo enabled
Catharine Tehgahkwita to escape from the same place to Laprairie,
henceforth to be hallowed by her virtues, and be honored by her
wonder-working tomb.

From the continual wars of the Iroquois, these Lew settlei's,
although all from the cantons of that league, were in many cases
Iroquois only by adoption. In 1674, the village contained repre-
sentatives not only of the five Iroquois tnbes, and their kindred
Ilurons, Tionontates, Attiwandaronks, Erics, Conestogues, but also
Abnakis, Montagnais, Mohegans, Nipissings, Sokokis, Mascoutens,
and members of several other less known Algonquin tribes. As
we have seen, they began by electing a chief, and adopting a form

* Rel. 1672-3.

+ Etat present, 1674, MS. ; Kip's Jes. Miss. 93; Cholenek's letter; Dc la
I'otlierie, ii.

300

AMKHICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

of jfovennnont like that of the cmitonM. Tlit^ nuinbor of tlic thuls
was soon afh-r iiicronscd to five, and Iuih roinaiiiod so till tlif
prosont time. Tli*' first step was to pass lawH oxcliKliiii; all \vli<>
would not foi-swcar t\u' idolatrous observance of dreams, eliangiin:-
of wives, and diuukemiess.

This mission now rivalh'd that of ParajLjuay. Its annals dispLiy
the same reirularitv and innoeeneo of life, the same fervor in tlic
practices of rvliixiou, virtue? carried t<» heroic acts, and a spirit of
mortification and penance worthy of the primitive! Church.

Tlio missionaries bejjan their instruction in religion at oncf ;
tliey did not seek to teach the Indians to read and write, as an m-
dispensable prelude to Christianity. That they left for times
wlieu greater peace would render it feasible, when long self-(;on-
trol had made the children less avei*sG to the task. The utti r
failure of their Huron seminary at Quebec, as well as of all the
attempts made by others at the instance of the French court,
showed that to wait till the Indians were a reading people, would
be to postpone their convei'sion forever ; and, in fact, we see Elliott's
Indian Bible outlive the pagan tribes for whom it was prepared.

The moile of instruction adopted by the missionaries was that
of sermons, and instructions after the nature of conferences, in
which objections to doctrine are raised by one of the audience,
and answered by the catechist. Symbolical pictures were em-
ployed with great advantage in all the missions ; those which the
celebrated le Nobletz, the holy missionary of the Bas Bretons, had
used with such success in impressing on an ignorant peasantry the
truths of faith, were found no less efficacious here.

These instructions were not always given by the missionaries ;
the chiefs and elders of the tribe themselves, well instructed in all
the points of Christian doctrine necessary for salvation, became in
turn catechists, and with a set of pictures as their library, ex-
plained the mysteries of faith, the Incarnation, Redemption, the
Last Judgment, the pains of hell, the joys of heaven. Several of

FUKNCII MI.SSIUNS.

301

[\w early cliict's wciv ciiiiiK'nt as dn^ntnifs or fatediist."*, Iiut. (Jn-
i(iiiliiai,'uu was umivallt'tl ainunir tlifiii.

Tlicsj' instiiK^tioiis iiia<l»' tin* jK-uplc thoroiiirlily a('«|uaiMt('«l with
mII tliat is nocossarv tor salvation with the coiiimaiHliiU'iits and
jirt'ccpts of n'liifioii. All <li<l not coinr to tin- mission well dis-
|i(»s»'d, liut nil yi('M«'d to tim t'crxor of tli»' coiivtMls. Many, d<-
spairod of in their native cantons, bccaiuc hore niod«ds (»f virtnf,
while othei*s, risinj^ above tiu; path of the pn'ci-jtfs, soiiirjit to eui-
hrace the counsels also, especially after the wondert'ul ( 'athariue
Telii^ahkwita had set tliein so glorious an exaniplo in iicr extraor-
(liiiarv life.

The day of the Christian Inxpiois heijan with the morning
prayer, which each recited in liis cabin at an larly lionr. At five
all rep.iired to the chapel to visit the Savior there enshrined, and
pay him their morninir adoration. If :» mass was sai<l at that
Lour, thev heard it, and returned t<» tiii'ir cabins. This visit was
one of their own choice, but so well established by custom, tliat a
fervent woman and lier dauuhters punished, by a severe penance,
tlieir omission of it, from havinnr over-sle})t themselves one n^ornino;.

The village mass was said ni sunrise. This all heard with great
piety, chanting hymns and various devotional acts, intoned by
their dogique or catechist, and sung by alternate choirs of men
and women.

After the service, they wound their way to the cabins or fields,
and the children now filled the cliapel, and, after mass, were cate-
chized and othersvise instructed ; for a school for the boys was co-
eval with the mission.*

Meanwhile the busy labors of the field engaged them all. The
lands of the poor and sick were tilled by their wealtliier neigh-
bors, and often was a fervent neopliyte seen to resign, in a peni-

* Mun. flc M. dii Chosncau, Nov. 13, 1681. Dc la Potheric, iii. remarks
tliat the Indians did not care to have their children tauijht to read and writo,
liunting beincj better, as it enabled them to live.

S02

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

tential spirit, liis new-matle clearings, or give them to a recent
comer, and begin liis toil anew, for there tlie fervor of faith tri-
umi)hetl over Indian aversion to hibor.

If tliey had occasion (kning the day to enter the village, they
always took the chapel-path, and loosing their rosary from tin-
neck, offered the Virgin ^fother the homage of their })rayers, ainl
bowed in adoration before her Sort in the JSaerament.

Devotion to the Blessed Virgin characterized these converts ; all
wore their beads visiblv, j^enerallv around the neck: the moiv
fervent, like Alartin Skandegorhaksen, made them a chaplet, boiiiKJ
around their brows. This young man, whose piety is comnit'ino-
rated in the annals of the mission, was a nephew of the great Mu-
hawk, and one of bis earliest followers. After a life of gieat piety
and purity he died on Christmas-day, 1075, as his uncle was bear-
ing him from the distant hunting-ground to the mission. Even
in their visits to xMbany to sell their peltries or goods, they bore
their beads conspicuously, for all its exciting the displeasure of the
burghers there. One woman, taunted with adoring a creature,
replied : " What ! would you have me believe that the Mother of
Jesus deserves no honor ?" clearly distinguishing what they con-
founded.

When the declining sun called the Indians of the mission to
repose, they all assembled once more in the chapel for prayer, and
then returned to their cabins.

Such were their daily habits, the eve of Sunday beheld the con-
fessional crowded with penitents, declaring their slightest faults
with the greatest compunction. Sunday, sanctified by repose, gavf
more time to God. Besides the High Mass on that and festal days,
fuller instructions were given to young and old ; books written for
their profit w^ere read and explained, and at a later date the as-
sembly of the pious confraternity of the Holy Family filled the hours
of the afternoon.

The festivals of the Church, with their processions and hallowed

FRENCH MISSIONS.

303

to M recent
of faith tii-

•illage, thcy
y from til''
[)rayers, am!

:ionverts ; all
: : the inoif
laplet, bound
s couinienio-
he g'reat Mu-
)f great piety
cle was bcar-
ission. Even
ids, they bore
leasure of the
rr a creature,
he Mother of
lat they cou-

lie mission to
)!• prayer, and

Iheld the con-
ightest faults
repose, gave
id festal days,
ks written tor
date the as-
lUed the liouis

and hallowed

rites, had replaced tlie Onnonliouaroia and otlier idolatrous festivi-
ties ; yet two national festivals were retained, Idessod and san<-tifiod
bv religion. These were tlie planting festival, when the seed was
blessed for sowing, and the harvest festival, when the first-fruits
were brought in and laid upon the altar.

During tlie hunting-season each party had its chief who directed
their devotional exercises, and superintended all ; so that not even
then did their fervor slacken.*

The success of this mission astonished all, and the Bishop of
Quebec, Monseigneur Laval, resolved to visit it in person, and ar-
rived before Laprairie on the 2oth of May, 1675. No sooner was
the canoe of the venerable prelate discerned from the village than
Father Dablon's shot out to meet him ; and the Ilurons of the
village descended to a temporary dock to harangue him. After
the address, he landed and advanced through rustic boweis to the
church, escorted on the right by Father Fremin and the Indians,
on the left by Father Cholenek and the French, who alternately
filled the air with sacred chant-s. Twice the procession halted,
and at each station a new address was delivered to the prelate, thus
successively greeted by a Huron, an Oneida, and an Onondagfi, and
last of all by the dogique Paul, the ablest speaker of the village.
Entering the church, he gave the Benediction of the Blessed Sacra-
ment, and then in the missionaries' cabin received the visits of his
forest children.

The next day he solemnly baptized fourteen adults and seven
children, and for the first time administered there the Sacrament of
Confirmation ; a hundred Hurons and Iroquois receiving strength
to become strong and perfect Christians.f

This visit extended to several days, excited admiration in the

* Cliauchetiere, Life of Catliixrino Tcligahkwita, MS. ; St. Valicr, Etat
present ; De la Tour, Vie do Mgr. Laval.

t Manuscript account of visit; Rcl. 1673-9, cb. vii. MS.; Etat present,
l«7r,, MS.

304

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

U !

]ii.slio|), fervor in tlio Indians, and gave new courage to their lal»o-
rioiis j»astors.

At this time the mission numbered about two hundred, and
aheady finding the low lands of Laprairie unsuited to their cultiva-
tion, they resolved to emigrate, and, in 10*76, removed to the little
stream called Portage Kiver, where cabins were soon tlu'own up.
and a temporary chapel raised, near the spot now marked by tin-
cross of Catharine Tehgahkwita. Lying within sight of the rapids
of the St. Lawrence, which Canadians call Sault St. Louis, the mis-
sion now changed its name of St. Franpois Xavier des presto that
of St. Francois Xavier du Sauk. The Lidians themselves calKil it
Caughnawaga or the Rapids ; and the English, who soon leaiiiod
to dread them, adopted the name for the mission and the tribe.*
Here a substantial stone church, sixty feet long, was begun, aud,
when completed in the spring of 16*78, was one of the finest in that
part of Canada.f

Before its completion, and while Fremin was absent in Europe,
Catharine Tehgahkwita arrived, and, forming a close friendshij)
with a few pious women, aspired to the highest sanctity. Her
hours were spent in labor or in prayer, and in both she seemed
never to lose sight of God. Deaf to all offers of marriage, she lived
by the work of her hands, a hazardous experiment for an Indian,
but from her skill and industry successful in her case. M'hat
leisure her labor permitted she spent in the chapel, edifying all bv
her modesty, recoUectedness, and voluntaiy poverty.

Her first desire, formed as she sat beneath the village cross with
Theresa Teguaiagenta, gazing upon the rapid river which hurried
by them, was to lead, with some others, a life like that of the nuns
at Quebec ; but this being impracticable, she resolved to avoid all

* The Utat present of 1675 heads n chapter, " De la mission de St. Frai^ois
Xiivier a Laprairie do hi Magdelcine ; tlio Kelation of 1676, St. Francois Xavier
du Saut."

t St. Valier, EUt de TEglise; Cholenek, Lottre.

their labo-

lunclrcd, iiml
their cuhiv;i-

1 to the littl.'
n thrown \i\u
arked bv tlk-
, of the rai»ids
louis, the Hiis-
;s pres to that
elves called u
► soon learned
nd the tribe.*
IS begun, and,
e finest in that

ent in Europe,
ose friendshijt
anctity. Hoi'

1 she seeiut'd
"iafe, she lived
br an Indian,

case. ^Vhat
edifying all by

•

age cross with
which hurried
lat of the nuns
id to avoid all

FRENCH MISSIONS.

305

de St. Franqoi^
Francois Xuvier

the vanity of her countrvwomen, and observe tlie utmost modesty
in dress and life. For poor as the Indians were, they had their
btdles, whose toilet was as anxiously cared for as in any [lolislied
country. A manuscript of the time describes the Indian maiden,
with lier well-oiled and neatly-parted liair, descending in a long
plait behind, while a fine chemise was met at the waist by a neat
and well-tiimmed petticoat reaching to the knee; below this was
the rich leggin, and then the well-fitted moccasin, the gloiy of an
hoijuois belle. The neck was loaded with beads, wdiile the crimson
blanket enveloped the whole form.*

All the finery of dress Catharine renounced ; tlie ordinary blue
blanket, now universally worn by the women, served her use ; her
other garments were plain. In summer and winter alike her face
was nmftled, so that no brave of the village had ever looked her in
the face but one, w ho rudely put aside lier blanket to see her blush
with shame. But it was not enough to renounce pleasure. A
virgin, she kept the vow of chastity, and resolved to assume the
painful austerities of a penitential life to liken herself to her Re-
deemer. " Who will teach me," she would exclaim, " what is most
agreeable to God, that I may. do it ?" Two days in every week
she tasted, while scourging and cliains were in constant use, the
former even to the effusion of blood. These austerities were indeed
moderated by her directors ; but as they were evidently prompted
by the spirit of God, those wdiich the missionaries were forced to
concede to her fervor, rank her among the most austere.

x\fter one winter spent in the Avoods, her desire of attending all
the offices of the Church made her renounce the advantages of the

* Mr. Faiilon, Vie de la Soeur Boiirgeoys, i. 291, fulls into the strange error
of snpposinfr that the women were perfectly naked, with no covering but the
hliinket. All writers, from the time of Cliamplain, represent the Huron-
Iroquois women as wearing a petticoat of beaver-skin, and later of cloth, with
lonrgins and moccasins, besides the blanket. Sagard gives their ideas of
iiiodesty with curious detail.

306

AMKlilCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

•A

^ > !

hunting season, and remain in the village, where she supported
hei"self by sewing and the manufacture of various articles of wood
and bark, whicii she made with great ingenuity.

The servants of God are ever tried by persecution. Pure us
was the life of Catharine Tehgahkwita, she did not escape the
breath of calumny, under which she long suffered in silence, un-
able to dispel the suspicions against her. Iler self-imposed pains
did not equal this sorest trial of her life. Her pilgrimage w;is,
however, drawing to a close. Towards the end of 1079 lnr
health failed ; a lonfj march on the ice led to a maladv which
proved fatal. During the winter she was often unable even lo
di'ag herself to the chapel. As spring came on, the out-door oc-
cupations of the rest left her sole occupant of the cabin, where tht:
missionary, to console her, would frequently assemble the children
to instruct them in their reliijion and such branches as the nioiu
settled state of the village now enabled him to undertake.

As Holy Week came on, she sank rapidly, and it was fouiul
impossible to convey her on a bark litter to the chapel, accordino-
to custom, for the last sacraments. For the first time the Viati-
cum and Extreme Unction were administered in a cabin. The
novel sight and the general esteem for Catharine drew all around
the priest, as, accompanied by the acolytes, he bore the sacred
host to her dying couch. She received the body of her Lord
with the most tender devotion, but intimated to the missionary
that he need not then anoint her, as her death would not lake
place till a moment Avhich she named.

Till that moment her lowly couch was surrounded by the old
and young, learning in her death the deep lesson of life. Life
ebbed slowly away, and on "Wednesday afternoon, about three
oVlo(]k, she uttered her last words, the names of Jesus and Maiy;
*h(iu a slight shudder ran through her frame, and she fell into hor
agony. Conscious to the last, about half an hour after she
breathed her last so calmly, so ))eaccfully, that she seemed to slcej).

FliENCH MISSIONS.

807

supported

les of wood

. Pure us
escape tile
silence, un-
posed piiiii-^
rimage ami-,
f 1679 \m-
aladv which
ible even lo
out-dooi- oc-
n, where llie
the childveu
as the nioic
take.

it was found
el, according
me the Vi:ili-
cabiu. The
>v all around
the sacred
of her Lord
le missionary
luld not take

Id by the oLl
lof life. Life
about three
IS and Mary ;
fell into her
lur after she
ined to sh-ej).

She was buried beside tiie church, and her j^rave became im-
mediately tlie resort of those wiio wished to interest in their bidialf
a faidiful servant of (j^od. It ])ecame a })il<^riinag(^ where the pre-
late and the viceroy came alike to kneel and pay homage \o v\-
alted virtue, as thcv invoked on themselves and their charije tlui
l)lessing of Heaven. This devotion was not unrewarded : miratni-
lous cures attested that it was pleasing to Heaven, while they en-
kindled anew the devotion to this holiest of the children of the
American forests.*

The mission especially was renewed by so holy a death. Her
oxamjde and her life served, in a series of paintings, to rouse the
lukewarm and confirm the fervent in their struggles airainst the
world and self.f

A few yeai-s after this memorable epoch in the annals of the
mission, the vallev of the St. Lawrence was visited by one of tlu^
most ten'ific hurricanes ever known in the countiy. The new
stone church of the mission was levelled by it to the ground.
This was in August, 1G83, three years after the death of Cath-
arine, to Avhose prayers was attributed the preservation of the
three missionaries who were in the chapel at the time. The
rains came crashing around them, the bell even fell at the feet of
one, yet two escaped with slight bruises, and the other entirely
unhurt.t

A fervent chief immediately oti'ei'cd a new cabin for a place of
worship, and as they soon went still further up the river, and
settled for a time in the woods, the former chapel was never re-

* Soo attestations of two cures in Father C'holcnek's Letter, in the Lettrcs
E'Jifiantcs (Kip's Jesuit Missions, p. 115); also a manuscript by M. liemv,
Cun'' of Laehine, at first warmly opposed to the devotion entertained tor
Cailiarine, afterwards an earnest propagator of it.

t Ilcr life was first written and her portrait drawn by Father Chauchc-
tiere, a missionary there at the time. These were evidently used t)y Fatiier
Choienok in i)rcparingr his letter and portrait for the Lettres Ediliantc;-;.
Chauchetiore's manuseript is still extant, and we pivc the portrait.

i St. Valior, Etat, &c.

808

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

buil', and at this day not the slightest trace of it or of the vili.'tge
is to 1)0 seen. The cross of Catharine alone serves to I'eniiiul us
that it was the abode of tlie Catholic })ilgrinis from New Yoi'k.

The loss of the church and the subsequent migrations entailt-il
another misfortune. Eager to rear up maidens to imitate tlic
piety, zeal, and fervor of Catharine, the sistei'hood of Margaret
Bourgeoys liad, soon after the death of the holy maiden of tlit;
Mohawk, begun a school for girls beside the Portage Kiver; but
when the village moved to the woods, and, unsettled in location,
became so in manners, the sisters, unable to labor with anv sue-
cess, withdrew for a time,* and subsequent events long retardcil
their return.

The memory of Catharine Avas, however, in itself, a const;iiit
lesson and model to the voung. The devotion to her, checkLil
by some as imprudent, fi'om the fact that the Holy See Inftl iii)t
spoken in the matter, contributed in no slight degree to the main-
tenance of religion and fervor, not only among the Catholic hu-
quois, but also among the French settlers of Canada. The devo-
tion subsists to our day, and at this moment we learn that a
movement has been set on foot in order to solicit the necessary
permission to introduce the cause of her beatification, and that of
the celebrated martyrs of Canada.

III. — The Mission of Quinte ]5ay and the Mountain of

MONTUEAL.

The Sulpitians, who were founded by Mr. Olier, the projector of
the Society of Montreal, acquired finally the seignory of the island,
and, individually and as a body, were deeply interested in the hi-
dian missions. One of their number had given means to found
tlie mission at Quinte Bay, among the half-tribe of Cayugas,

* Faillon ; Vie dc M. Tiourgeoys, i. 286.

loUNTAIN OF

Hi.

• FAC-SIMILES

OF THE AUTOGRAPHS OF CELEBRATED MISSIONARIES

AND OTHEBS CONNBOTKD WITH THB

Sttl];ilisn Iti5si0ns.

^/r^aut^ / g^

11 fr p I'

mdrCt ttrtJc

1 Abb6 F6n61oD.— 2 C. Trouv^.— 3 F. de Belmont —4 AbW Galinler.— 6 W. Vlgnal.— 6 Sistei
Mai^aret Bourgeoys, foundress of the Congregation Sisters,— 7 Sister Mary T, Qannensagwaa,
an Indian.— 8 Abb6 Piquet

t '■

■, J

:-,r.

Iff

FAC-SIMILES

OF THE AUTOGRAPHS OF CELEBRATED MISSIONARIES.

• • *

fKe^ncUvu, ^Cru^^ Jocl^A^,

JO^i^

/^U^-f^A..^^

^^-"v-^yL/yury^-^-A.^

S'^^r^A "^yi^^^es Soc-J-y-

Ja.efM IIWyjM^ /2r,^

(XC'QifaAH^^

^^/«,

^Anruu ^Jmr^Jao Je^

/ au/iA.^a^

J^ Ctrr t- Sj^o A>/» yc Sa.C tt

1 0. Kaymbaut— 2 R. Mwnard.— 3 C. Allouez.— 4 C. Dablon.— 5. O. DrallleteA-6 ^
Marquette.— 7 0. Albanel.— 8 Bailloquet— 9 A. Sllvy.— 10 P. Plerson.— 11 J. J. Marest-H
J. Gravler.— 13 J. Enjalran.— 14 P. du Jaunay.— 16 P. Potier.

KHEXCll Mlr^SluXS.

801)

whore Messrs. Fcnelon and Trouvo beu^an, in 10G8, the first Sul-
pitian mission among tlie Iroquois.* Messrs. d'Uife, de Cico, and
utiieis sueceeded them, and tor ten years struijufled in vain, and
ihev concluded that only by a "reduction" could real g'ood be
done. The success of the Laprairie mission confirmed this. Ac-
cordingly, when some lro(piois and others, in 1G70, asked leave to
settle on the Island of Montreal, their offer was accepted, and a
place assigned them where the country-house of the Sulpitians
now stands. Some of the Indians of Caughnaw aga, probably dis-
liking their new station, also came over, and the mission of the
Mountain was beguu.f Colbert, the sagacious minister, approved
the plan and the idea of opening schools for the instruction of
boys and girls. Accordingly, the Sul})itians closed their Quinte
mission, and, resigning it to the liecoUects, turned all their atten-
tion to the new reduction.| A village of bark cabins was soon

* De la Poth. iii. 210 ; Kel. IGOT-S, ch. v. ; Faillon, Vic dc M. Bourgeoys,
i. 274; Le Clercq, Etabl. de la Foi.

Tlie Abbe Fenelon here mentioned lias been confounded by sonic late
writers with the Archbishop of Cambray; but the great Feuelon was ti>f>
younn: to be a priest at the liine when the other was in Canada.

t Sec Faillon, Vie de la Sauir Bourgeoys, i. 275, note, where he refutes tin-
errors of Montgolfier and Noiseux, who carry the mission back to a ver^
eiirly date. See Belmont, Ilistoirc du Canada (Quebec Hist. Coll. p. l;}i.
who gives 1677 as its foundation.

X Of this Quinte mission, we have given the brief notices which our au-
thorities enable us. Of its subsequent history we know little. The fir>t
Recollect missionaries scut were the famous Father Louis Hennepin and
Father Luke Buisset. The former visited the cantons in New York, copied
Bruyas' dictionary, and returned to Fort Frontenac. Ilis missionary caret-r
was, however, short. lie soon after set out with La Salle on his voyage of
discovery. Father Luke, a man of piety and erudition, twice wintered with
the Indiarts, and labored zealously for their conversion, as Lc Clercq assures
u« (vol. ii. p. 114; Hennepin, New Discov. p. 19-277). He was suocoedcd,
apparently about lOSl, by Fatlicr Francis ^Vas^on, of wlioiu Lc <'loic|
^pt-aks in terms of eulogy, and who remained as cliaplain of tht- fort an 1
missionary of the Iroquois for six years (Le Clercq, Kolation do Gasp.'sie,
50,") ). His labors in the latter capacity could not, however, have been great,
t"i" when Dcnonville required an interpreter at the place, he was compelled
to substitute Father Milet as chaplain, a step wliic would have been un-

310

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

! 1

i '

■i

raisod, raiiovd in le^ailar onlor, ami a cliapel built at the oxpotiM' of
the t'crvont Francis do In-lnmnt, then a deacon. One linndn-d Mini
sixty Indians, half of whom wore (,'iuistiaiis, had now asscni',»lr(l
tiieic. The bovs' school was bcmni in lOTO, and in the foUowin:;'
year was directed by Mr. de Delniont ; whiii! Mar<^ar('t Jiouii^eoys.
foundress of the (Jontjregation Sisters, sent two of her coninnniit\
to begin a school for girls. lender such auspices, the mission
could not but prosper. The want of European females to train uji
the girls had been felt at Sillery and Lorette. The disciples cf
Margaret liourgeoys, in all the fervor of the beginning of tlnir
institute, infused a new sj»irit into the lro(|Uois women. Tli<'
sisters, besides their day-school, brought up, by the help of a pen-
sion from the king, in their own cabin, a few of the most promis-
ing girls, who were, in the sequel, of the greatest assistance to them.

The boys', of whom Mr. de Belmont had twentv-three from tlio
very first, learned to read, write, and chant, as well as various
trades; the girls to read, write, sew, knit ; and the governnniit,
which took a deep interest in the mission, sent out women to teadi
them to spin, knit, and embroider. The girls also adopted the Euro-
pean dress completely, but this was apparently only for a short tiiiic

Amonff the eai-liest fruits of the care of Sister Bourwoys was ;iii
Onondaga girl, i».ttontinon, who took in baptism the name of Mai y
EWirbara. She was one of the earliest convers of the mission ; ami
after displaying great fervor, was, after repeated requests, received
into the community in 10 79, making the promises, by which
alone the sisters were then bound. So nvent a chanire had beiii
made in her Indian character, that she lived for twelve years as a
sistei', eminent for her regular observance of the rules and all ilio
little virtues of a community-life.*

necossury had Father Wasson spoken tlie Cayuga dialect. It may, tlicif-
fore, be concluded that the mission was virtually abandoned in 1687.

* She died 29th November, 1691, and was buried in the vaults of the paiisli
cliurch.

t'KKN'ClI MISSIONS.

311

When the mission was cstahiisliod, several came from tlilK'rent
cantons in Xi-w Vurk. The a^'cd Francis Tciioronliioni^o an*! \i\^
wife left the Soneca tt)wns, in 1(577, witii a son and grandchild, to
>lK'iid ids remaining* d.-ys at the Mountain, having; become free liy
the death of the heads of tli(! cabin in wliicii he iiad so loiio- Ix-cm
;i slave.* At tini ^^HMltain lie was received Nvitli Jdv; jdreadv
known by tlie auuiial relations of tin; Jesuits for his fervent jiiety,
lie justitied his reputation by his conduct at the mission, by his
labors for the poor and afflicted, and, wlien lie finally became blind,
bv his unremittin!jf luaver and union with (Jod.

Ills jxranddaughter, (!annensa<j;was {^she tahn the arm), was
jilaecd with the sisters, and, after beinjj^ baptized by the name of
Mary Theresa, soon siu'passed all her com}>anions, especially by her
uiodestv. After si>eudinu' several vears in that school of virtue, she
asked to become a sister, and having shown a decided disinclina-
tion for marriage, was received, and made school-mistress — a post
which she filled to the age of twenty-seven. She was ever emi-
nent for modesty, silence, and a spirit of mortification, which her
prudent directors had constantly to control.f

Such was the state of this mission at the time of the border
troubles. It was poor, but fervent ; the zealous missionaries and
self-devoting sisters lived, like their flock, in wretched cabins, sub-
joct«?d to many hardships, for even the royal aid had not enabled
them to obtain what could be called comfort.

* Faillon, Vic de la Sceur Bourgeoys, gives some details as to a son and
prandson of Francis, in which he taxes F. Fromin, Eel. 16Glt-70, of had
incmorv and error. Yet his own account makes a hoy of ccrtaiidy less than
twelve take his father prisoner in hattlc, i. 2i.>7. Francis lost his wife in ICTS
(Vijrer, Petit Registre, in 4°, p. 30) ; but Mr. Faillon seems not to have known
tlie tiict.

t Faillon, Vic de la Sceur Bourgeoys, ubi supra.

CHAPTER XVTT.

THE TllOOrOIS MISSION — (fON'TINrKD.)

l^'

DoniTftn Mill his projoct— Knt'llsli Jesuits — I'.mloiivor to recall tlio Ciiujrhnnwagas -Tin'
inisslonaiies ten^'nilty retire — The tlsi()ii — IJetrosiieet — DfiioiivJlloS
ram|)ftif,'n— The ("athollc Iroquois In the flelil — Death of riarotililapiiu— Moveineiitj
of the missionaries— t'aptiire of Fatlier Mllef— Laehlnc and Scheneetudy— Tclionin-
hlonjro — Deatli of Kryn, llio great Moiiawk. — Attack on the Moiin.ain — TTie diciinc
of i)lcty In the Indians while at Montreal— Stephen to (Janonakoo and his lierulc
death — Oiirelionare — Paul— Francos CJonanhatenha, her tortiir<', ddellty, and de.itli —
Milet and his eai)tivity— Conversion of his owner — Her haplisni — Ucsioration of M Kt
— Death of Oureouliare— Contla^ration of the mission at the Mountain— Zoid ani
generosity of de Helinont— Mary Theresa Oaniiensagwas— Mission at tlio Suult an
IJei'ollet hegun— That at the Mountaiiiclosed — Saidt St. Louis— JCn;;lish mission tntli.'
Moliawks— nellamont — His falsehoods and higotry— French missionaries iw\u\ in
New York in sjdte of penal laws— Mruyas at Onondaga— The last mission and its cln-..
— Treatment of Father Mavi'nil — Tegannissoren — Captives at Onondaga— The Xuiiii
family— Mission of the Sault au Kecollet transferred to the Lake of the Two Moiiii-
tAins.

THE STRLGGI.K OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE FOR THE IROQUOIS.

The English colony of New York had now passed under tlie
sway of Colonel Dongan, one of the most enterprising and active
governors that ever controlled the destinies of any of the Entiiish
provinces. Ilis short but vigorous administration showed that he
was not only thoroughly ac(]uainted with the interests of England,
but able to carry them out. A Catholic, who had served in tlu'
French armies, he was biased neither bv his relicrion nor his foriiKi'
services in the duties of the station now devolved upon him.

Claiming for England all the country south of the groat Libs,
he it was Avho made thoin a boundary. His first step was to extfinl
the power of New York over the five Iroquois cantons, and Mii'l
those war-like tribes to the English interest. Ilis next, to recall the
Caughnawagas to their ancient home by promises of a new location

I'UKNCll MISSIONS.

UlS

■t't nloiic In Xc"
A^tnuiilinlty 'if the
H'ot— lK'in)nville">
n!:iu'— Movi'iiiotit'

lectudy— Ti'Iktoi-
[i:ain— TlioiWclinc
.((!\ iitiil liis lurnli-
U'llty, 1111(1 ik'.itli-
Icslorutiim ni' M.lit
()untiiin--/A\tl iiii'l
)n nt tlio Saiilt ait
;;lish mission tutln'
<si(>ii!ii'ics n;:;iin in
uis>i()n ami Us il""'
;)iula};a— The 'Sum
of the Two Miiiiii-

[IE IROQUOIS.

Isccl iindc'V the
iing and active
lot' the Enu-lisli
Ibowed that lie
its of England,
served in the
nor his torniw
lion him.
le groat lakes
^vas to oNtcad
|tous, and hiii'l
t, to recall the
la new location

(Ml tin* jdainHof Saratoga, when' a rhunli siiouM !>«> built forthrtii,
!(til» .li'suit stationod as their Mns>it»nary. In tliis ])lan Ik;
t«iiiii(| his (.'tlorls thwarit'd hv the nii>sionari<'s, wh»>, I'Vi-nch hv hirth
and attachment, looked uitli .su>'j»iei(»n on the growing i'Jiglish in-
tliii'iice in the (;ant(jns as fatal to the missions which had <'ost so
imicli toil, and who ndied little on l)ongan's tair words, and suhse-
ijui'iit promise to replace them i>y English niemhorsot' their so<'iety.

Several circumstances tendeil to tavor liis ])lans; tin- murder ot"
a Seneca cliiet'at Maid<inaw, an attack by the Inxjiiois on a French
jiest in Illinois, the seizure of a tlotilla, all jMvpared tor a renewal
(if the war between the cantons and Can.ada. Amid these troubles
the cantons became no longer safe for the I'Vench missionaries;
Seneca breathed only war, and Ei<'min and Pierron retired, fol-
lowed in 1083 by Father (iarnier, who thus let't the Seiiecas un-
attended. Among the Cayugas, de Carheil was jdundered and
maltreated by Ilorchouasse, and, in 1084, driven from the canton
by (Jreouato and Sarennoa, the two head chiefs of tin; tribe.*
Meanwhile de la Barre, bent on punishing the Senecas, collected
a considerable force in Canada, and for the first time called the
mission Iroquois into service. The braves of the Mountain and
llapid obeyed the call, although the gallant Garonhiaguo was so
evidently averse to action, that, by his lukewarmness, he fell under
PU>picion. As de la liarrc advanced, F'atlK^' Milet met liim at
Hungry Bay, leaving liis Oneida mission, which had so long defied
his labors. Here, too, the F'rench governor was met by deputies
of Oneida, Cayuga, and Onondaga, who pro}»osed terms of media-
tion, which Father de Lambervillef urged the governor to accept.
This opinion was shared by (Jaracontie II. and Oureouate, who
headed the embassy. With his army wasted by sickness, de la
Uarre lost courage, patched up a peacte, and retired.

At this moment no French missionaries remained but the two

* De Belm(^nt; Paris Doc.

t Doc. Hist. i. 127; Col. Doe. iii. 453.
14

\ !

#-*

814

.\MKU1CAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS,

de Lambervilles at Onondaga; and l)ono;an liad now receiveo

he liad eainostly sought, three EngHsh Jesuits to continue the

fonnor missions.*

Fatlier John de Lainberville, the Teiorhenscre of tlie Indians, was
now to be removed ; l)nt, conscious of his duty to those whom he
had so long instructed, and whom liis predecessors liad conveitc.l.
beloie Dutch or EngHsh had visited tlie lakes of New York, tli'.-
elder Lamberville resolved not to forsake his flock. Seeing Doii-
gan's constant eftbrts to induce them to drive off and plunder tlic
French traders, and the evil dispositions of the Seuecas, who hail
determined not to fuHil the terms made in their name bv the other
cantons at Hungry Bay, leather John de Lamberville resolvi^l lu
visit the new CJovernor Denonville, and set out for that pnr]i(iN\
leaving his brother James sole missionary in the cantons, lie wan
indeed but a hostage, and iJongan now asked the canton of Onmi-
daga to surrender him into his hands, while at the same time, hr
invited the missionary to come to Albany as a place of safety ; hut
the canton and the missionary alike decHned, and de Lambeivillo
remained at Onondaga. Baliled in this, Dongan, at the same time,
witnessed the failure of his eftbrts to seduce the Indians of CauLih-
nawaga. His professed respect for the missionaries now vauishod,
and he no longer concealed his hostility to them.f

Yet not Dongan, but Denonville, was to give the last blow to the
Iroquois mission, and it soon after closed, as it had begun, in the
captivity of a missionary. Although Dongan had failed to iii(hi(V
the Onondagas to surrender Father James, he i»ersuaded them thai
his brother would aj>pear only as a guide to a French army. ^^ ai-
parties were actually in the field when do Lamberville arrival
alone, with presents from the governor, and Avas soon able, by his
frank address and insinuating manners, to change the opinion so
unfavorably formed. Having thus quieted the storm, he hnsteneil

* New York Doo. Hist. i. '230. iii. no.

f Col. Doo. iii. 453, ^c

FREXOII MISSIONS.

back to C^iieboc to announce the ij^ood disposition of Onondai^^a, and
the liostility of tlie Seneeas. Tlien, liis j^olitical career ended, lie
?ct cut in September for liis mission, wlience his brother was now
to (lt'])art. Yet, thoni^'h tt) be dej>rivf(l of that consolation, witli
life in constant danger from the drunken braves nho staifi^ert'd to
his door, an object of jealousy and suspicion to the authorities of
New York, fearless, uul)roken, and undismay<'d, the ixallant John
de Lamberville, the last of the missionaries, alone in tlie heart of
New Y'ork, with enemies on every side, clung to liis desperate
mission.

"Will it be credited that a Catholic governor could sport with the
life of such a devoted man i Yet so it was. Father John d(;
Laniberville little knew, as he bent his way to (Jnondaga, that he
was the dupe of an act of treachery as savage as any by which the
faithless lr(K|Uois had sullied their name.'* In his instructions to de
la r»arre, the French king had ordered some Jroquois captives to be
sent to the galleys in France. Unabl(» to take them in war, De-
iionville resolved to em})loy treachery ; and now, through Father
de Laniberville, invited tlie Iro(]U(jis chiefs to a council at Cata-
rafiui in the following spring, intending to seize them all ; and, at
the same time, ho sent Father Milet to that fort to act as chaplain,
and when necessary, as interpret«'r. AYlien the deputies arrived
in the spring of 1087 they were seized and sent in chains to
France. This news came like a thunderclap on the cantons.
All rose in war. De Lamberville's lite was forfeited: but the
sachems of Onondaga knew Teiorhensere too well, and resolved
to save his life. Summoning him iM'foro them, they ex(daimed,
alter bitter reproaches to the governoi' : "Every consideration,
leiorhensere, would justity our treating thee as an enemy ; but we
cannot )>ring ourselves to do so. We know thee too well not to
he convinced that thy heart had no part in the act of treachery

* Chiirlev. ii. ?.35; X. Y. Doc. Hist. i. 210.

ai6

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

i i

which tliou hast done us ; and avu are not so unjust as to puuisii
thee for a crime of whicli we beheve thee innocent ; which, doubt-
less, thou dost detest no less than we ; and of which thou art hoiii-
fied to have been the instrument. Yet it will not do for ihw to
tarry here; all will not perhaps do thee the same justice as oui-
selves; and when our young braves have once chanted the \\;ti-
song, they will behold in thee only a traitor, who liasdelivercil up
our chiefs to a harsh and unworthy slavery. They will Ik arkni

•' «. %/

only to their fury, from which wo could not save thee. Fly tin ii.
Teiorhenserc, tly !"

jS'^or did they allow the missionary to depart alone ; guides ami
guards led him in safety to the nearest French post, and returucij
to dance the war-dance of vengeance.*

Tims closed in the spring of 1G87 the Iro(|Uois mission, fouinlid
in IGGT, having thus histed just twenty yeai-s, a period illustiiuiis
for the labors of the zealous men employed on an ungrateful t;i> .,
subjected to reproach and calumny even in Canada, and misivim-
sented in many writings of the time. Of the purity of their iiio-
tives and of their conduct, time and frcv...loni from the passions tlkii
aw.'ikened enables us to form a calm and unprejudiced judgment.

Their triumph had been great, though not complete. The wor-
ship oi' the demon Aireskoi, or Agreskoue, had been piiMicIy
abolished ; the superstitious slavery to dreams had been, in a gitat
measure broken, and the power of the medicine-men overtlirown.
In this way the ground had been prepared for the superstnictiiiv
of Christianity ; but this was not all. Hundreds of infants hh\
been baptized ; many adults gained to tlie truth, as death ivv(:il« <!
to them the futility of their idolatry; nay more, many iiad in
liealth embraced the faith, and illustrated tlie Church by a lit'' tt
piety; children had been traine<l up in the knowledge <»f <^ In '>••

* Charlevoix, ii. 346, nscribcathls to Garacoutii' ; but the prcat ch'ut'Kt'tlKit
name was dead, and liis brother was not possessed of his influence. Col.
Doc. iii. 4r)3.

FKEXCn MISSIONS.

317

lic'nl partaken of tlie sarranionts, and, in tlioir riper years, ear-
nestly adhered to tlie gloiious doetrines impressed on their infant
niiiuls.

At tlie moment, when the labors of the missi()narics seemed
(K'stiiK'd to gain gTadually the great end of the entire conversion of
tlif tiihes, the jar of statesmen and human avarice was to iliive
tluin from the cantons. But as we have seen, ere this the (.'atholic
part of the Iroquois nation had begun to emigrjite. The baid<s of
the St. Lawrence, the old home of their nation, were now adorned
ly villages of Iroquois, who gloried in the name of Christians, and
"men who made the sign of the cross."

llencefortli these sedentary missions will almost entirely claim
our attention. Their religious history is calm and tranquil ; the
anival of pagans to be converted, the seasons of fervor or of te-
l>iility, the death of one noted for sanctity or piety, are the events
t(i he recorded. Their chief historical interest lies in the part which
they occii})y in the ensuing wars.

In the anny which Denonville raised to advance into the Seneca
country, the Iroquois of the Reductions and the Ilurons of Lorettc
took their stand beside the Canadians, and tlie regular soldier
of France. Tegaretwan or " the Sun," led fifty braves from the
Mountain, Garonhiaguo as many from Caughnawaga, and lifty
more followed Gonhiagwi (^the Hcdvcn) from Lorette. The depu-
ties of the cantons had, since the meetinij at IIunt;ry IJay, con-
stantly declared that tlie praying Indians must return or share the
fate of traitors. To return to the dissolute towns of New York,
now destitute of missionaries, was to abandon their faith ; neuti-ality
was impossible, an<l as the English governor threatened severe usage
to any who .appeared in New York, the Catholic Irocjuois took the
only course left, a close union with the fVench.

The army ])roceedeil to Irondequoit Bay and threw up, at
the mouth of the des Sables, a fort of that name. This force
having been Ikmc swelled by the Ottawas, who had come down

818

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

!u-

with Father Enjalnm, tliolr niissionarv,DenoMvillt' advanccMl through
the defiles, two of wliieli hv passed in safely, but at tlie tiiird fell liitD
an aiiihiish of 800 Senecas. The Clinslian Indians received the liist
shock, a volley of insults and bullets. Stunij by tlie former, tli. ir
chiefs, to sliow that the faith did not make them cowards, as lii,-
enemy charged, rushed on, and both fell mortally wounded. " 1
am dead," exclaimed Garonliia«nie to tlie missionary who bent over
him ; "(jod wills it, and 1 do not regret to die since Christ died \\<v
me," and witli these woi'ds he expired. His name will ever be ii-
membered in tho annals of tlie mission. Few missionaries ni.nit'
more converts than he, as they themselves testify : as a catecliist.
he was unequalled ; as a Avarrior and sachen\, he enjoyed the higli<*>t
reputation, and a truly Christian death ck)sed his career.*

The Sun was the first Christian of his mission — the prayci-
chief. For the twelve years that he had spent at the Mountain.
he had been so complete a model of regularity, that he was be-
lieved to have preserved his baptismal innocence to the grave.f

After ravaging the country, Denonville erected a fort at Nia-
gara, and returned. Father de Lamberville, anxious to hover
around his old mission-ground, was the first chaplain of this jiu-t.
Sent there in September, IGSV, he soon fell sick of the scurvy,
with most of those in the fort, and was drawn on the ice in aliiiot
a dying state to Cataraqui.;}; He was succeeded by Milet, who
retired when the fort was abandoned, in September, 1088.

The missionaries now used every efibrt to bring about a peace.
De Lamberville negotiated with the Onondagas at Cataraqui.
Vaillant hastened to Xew York, Milet sought to gain his Ont'i<la>.
Denonville saw the worth of the missionaries, no less than his cwn
folly, and looked upon their return to the cantons as the only hope
of peace; but this was now impossible. The French had i«>*t
ground. The Iroquois at the Rapids and Mountain began l"

* Clinrlcvoix. + St. Valier, Ktat dc rEfrlise, &o. t Charlev. ii. oOi*.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

Sid

wfivor. Thoy suiTendored tlicir ])risoii(.'rs. ]-}ut this d'ul not snvo
the latter tVoin an attack, in wliich llaratsioii, a cliict' of ii^reat
worth, was shiin/*^ ^'il'tv Jit onco left the village at the Ra[>i(ls tor
the cantons, and the panic was general. Ki'vn, the great Mo-
hawk, was, however, undismayed, llis eloquence and skill pre-
jwiTVed th<3 mission ; and such was his i)Ower over the Mohaw ks,
that, alone and unarmed, he induced a war-party to return.

In June, 1G89, Fort Frontenac was still invested, and Father
Milet, whose zeal and charity Avere known, was lured out to attend
a tlying Christian brave, and fell into the hands of the Oneidas,
who, exulting at their good tbrtune, inflicted on hiia the j)relimi-
naiT tortures. The stake at wiiich so nuuiv French ])risoners
[•erished would now liave been his fate, had not a matron adopted
and saved liim.f

Soon after this came the terrible massacre <jf Laehine, where, in

a single night, the Iroquois butchered two hundred Canadians,

men, women, and children, with fiightful cruelty, led oft' as many

for future torture, and gave the country to the liames, to the veiy

t>ates of Montreal. Panic seized all. E\erv eftbrt to arrest tlie

r
tk'stroying band proved unavailing. The small bodies sent out

Were cut to pieces. The braves of the Mountain and Caughna-

waga were defeated, and the inhal>itants of those two villages came

to >h)ntreal for safety ;;{; destined in the midst of that city to lose

much of their fervor.

The French resolved to retaliate this massacre on the English —
the instigators of the Indian war. A plan was formed for the
conquest of New York, and J^e Moyne de St. Ilelene and d'Aille-
hout de Mantet led into New York a force of about a Inmdred
Irenehmen, with eighty Indians of the Rapid and Mountain, com-
manded bv Krvn, the o;reat ^[ohawk.8

Schenectady was the first point of attack. As they approached,

jarlev. ii. 30'.'.

* Dc Belmont.
t Cluvrlev. il; 408.

+ Dc Belmont ; Dc la Pothcrio. "
§ Doc. Hi». i. 298.

320

AMERICAN OATJIOLIC MISSIONS.

I'wrvii acKliossod liis men. lie uii;-o(l on all (o }H'rfuiin their duty,
aiid forget their W('ariii('s«< in hojU's «»t'takiini: full veni^eaiu't^ (»f all
the wi'(»iii>"s tlu'V had recciviHl iVoiii their couiitrvnieii at the iiisii-
g'ati(»u of the Eii<i^li«^h. The town was taken (•onH)K'toly hy sur-
prise, left undefended in conse'jUence of the eivil war then i>re\;iil-
in<;- between Leisler and Uayar<l. I'he houses were tired, and
sixty-three of the inhabitants butchered. Such ciueliy we ni.iy
deplore, but venufeance is ever crui'l.

Soon after this canipaijj^n of the iJeduction braves, the Moun-
tain lost the amnl Francis Tehoronhionuo, loni' since blind, bin
devoted at prayer and devotional exercises; for he sought to <il>-
tain the conversion of an erring and impenitent son. At la>t,
worn down by the weight of over a hundred years, he expired nii
the 21st of April, 1(500, having been "by his piety anil probity
the example of the Christians and the wonder of the unbelieM-r."-'

Not long after, Kryn, the great Mohawk, set out with Liiu-
tenant Beauvais on a war-party; but while lialting at Saliii'Hi
liiver on the 4th of June, 1G90, to throw np a stockade, tlicv
were suddenly attacked by some Abnakis, who mistook them for
English. At the first tire Kryn fell dead, and some others were
killed before the mistake was discovered. Thus, after neaii\
twenty yeare spent in tlie mission, the great Mohawk chief, wliesL-
talents, piety, and zeal endeared him to the French, fell by a
friendly lumd. The governor deplored, in his death, the loss of a
faithful ally, but the missionaries that of a most faithful coadjutor.
In his own canton he had never lost esteem, and at his death tixie
were hopes of his drawing the w hole canton to Canada.f

The Christian Indians liad now to a great extent assumed tlie
European dress, and several bore military giades in the Ficntli
service.J One of the most active otiicers, indeed, was Lieuteiiani
La[»laque, a nephew of Kryn's, who figures i!i all the accounts of

* Faillon, Vie dc la Sneur Bourjrcoj s, 1. 500.
X Doo. Col. Hist. iii. 4^f*.

t Charlevoix.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

321

tlu' time, as the heir of his imcle'.s bravery, but not, initortuiiatoly,
of his virtues.

Tlie Mohawks, in thtir iiu'oads, now eanicMl off sonu; of iIk^
('au<;linawa^as, and in 1001 attacked the; Mountain. At the
latter mission a loni^j Hijjlit took ]>hict', but the Christian Indians
\va>ted th<'ir fire, and, after losint; their eliief, Tondiharon, saw
thirty-five of tlieir women and chilthen draufjjfed off as cai)tives.
In spite of the hostihty tluis siiown l>y tlie cantons, natural alfec-
tion f'rei|Uently made tlie C li- m Iroijuois (hipcs of tlieir dupli-
city. Frontena(!, who liad ai^ain come out as f^overnor, bearini^
the chiefs seized at Catara<jui, had always l)een prejudiced aj^ainst
them and their missionaries. In his ann^er at their proK'iit (conduct,
he attacked the Jesuit Fathers for not makint; them more French,
and the cliarjije is renewed by his flatterer, tin; Jxecollect Father
Le Clercq.* llis ])lan was to bring the Indians and whites in
constant contact, in the idea of thus civilizing the foi-mer. Ex-
perience had tauglit tlie Jesuits, and the failure of every su<*h
etiort has shown conclusively, that this plan is fatal to the Fiulian.
At that very moment the Catholic Iro((Uois were a proof of this,
and their recent residence in Montreal sliould have been enough
to dissipate any idea of benefitiiig them by contact with the
whites.

Accordingly, as soon as Phipps was defeated before Quebec,
and the New York army, thinned by sickness, had disbanded, the
Jesuits and Sulpitians hastened to collect their flocks again at the
old missions. The evil, liowever, had been done, and from this
tune their much-admired l>iety decayed, and on its loss a decay
of morals necessaiily followed. This was not so total as to efface
all their former attachment to religion. Althouirh it was no lonnfer
the spirit of the whole body, many cases occur evincing the con-
tinuance of their primitive fervor.

Etablisscment do la Foi. See Shea, Discovery of the Mississippi, p. 70.

14*

322

AMERICAN C:iTHOLIC MISSIONS.

At tlio very period of which we speak, Stephen tc (Janoiiakoa
displayed a heroism vvoi'thy of a place among the noblest acts ot'
the martyrs. Surprised while huntinnf, in September, 1G90, by ,i
Cayuga party, lie, his wite, and a companion were conducted lu
Onondaga, and there received with fiendish joy. Stephen \\a>
forced to run the gauntlet and un<lergo the usual tortures; but lie
avowed himself a Christian, happy to suffer as such, even to tl^'
loss of life. In the torture, while they were tearing out his nails
and cutting off his fingers, one of his tormentors cried, " I'rayl"
"Yes," said Stephen, "I will;" and raising his fettered hands, In-
blessed himself in a loud voice;. A shout of rage l)urst from \\u'
crowd, and rushing on him, they cut ofi" half his remaining fiiigris.
" Pray now I" yelled the infuriated savajxes, and aixain he raisod

• • • • • •

his hand to his forehead ; and again rushing on hmi, they hadoil
off all liis fingers, leaving only the mangled jxalm. Blows, insult-,
taunts, all were showered upon liim, and again tliey dared him tn
pray. As this true lover of the cross again raised his hand, it w.is
entirely cut ofi\ wliile, as if to efface the hated sign, wherever his
hand had touched forehead, shoulders, or breast, was slashed with
their knives. He next underwent the torture of fire ; and triunipli-
ing over all, was at last bound to the stake. " Enjoy," he ex-
claimed — " enjoy, my brethren, the savage delight you take in
burning me. Spare not ! My sins deserve far more than yuur
cruelty can inflict, and the more you torment me, the richer my
crown in heaven shall be." Nor did they spare him. Yet all
their cruelty could not wring a sigh from the hero who sttMicl
motionless there, with his eyes raised to heaven, and his soul rapt
in prayer. At last, feeling the dew of death on his brow, ho
asked a moment's calm, and chanted aloud his dying prayer — a
prayer for his torturers, who in a few moments completed their
work.

He had been ever distinguished at the mission for his fervor ami
regularity, and especially for his careful education of his childteu.

-J>*^

FRE^X'JI MISSIONS.

323

) (iranoiiako.'i
oblest JU'ts ot'
r, 1G90, l.y m
conductc'tl In
Stephen \v;t>
tures; but li<'
, even to tln'
r out his n:iil>
rie.l, "I'ray!"

;i'e(.l liands, lie
urst tVoin tli-'
aininijf fini'vis.
rain he I'aiscil
», tliev hack'd
llhnvs, iiisult>,
' daved him U>
is hand, it was
, wherever liis
IS shashed witli
; and tnunii>li-
Injoy," he <*x-
vou take in
ore than y«iui'
lie richer my
[lim. Yet nil
iro who stcMjd
d his soul rapt
his brow, lio
ing prayer — a
Miipleted their

his fervor aiul
)f his childreu.

Ills wife escaped, as ho had hitnselt' predicted, and returned to tho
mission.

Tiiis case alone shows the injustice of Frontenac's suspicions of
the Christian Indians ; nor were other evidences wanting. Two
holts, sent, by Onondaga to the chief of tho Mountain and to Louis
Atcrihata of Caughiiawaga, were at once placed in his hands, and
the whole design of the canton made known to him.

Ill August, 1G91, the fear of an English attack again assemlded
a motley force at Laprairie. The llurons came, led on by Oureou-
liare, a Cayuga chief, who had been seized at Cataraipii, sent to
the ijallevs in France, but now so won by Frontenac, who had
brought him back, that he had already, on several occasions, sig-
ualizt'd himself on the side of the FVcnch : the Cauoflinawaofas were
led hy I'aul, their Huron chief, and tho Temiscamings by La Kou-
tiiK'. The confederate camp was negligently guarded, and as a
contemporary document* declares, a scenii of riot and debauch.
Oil a sudden an English-Mohawk force burst into the camp, but
was r('j)ulsed by the French, who lost, however, their commander,
S(. Cyrque, and a detachment which pursued the enemy too far.
hi the general fight which ensued the New Yorkers were tinally
beaten, and gave way, leaving 120 dead, and more wounded on
the field. The French lost two officers ; but the Caughnawagas
had to deplore the loss of their head chief Paul, who fell exhorting
his men to combat to the last the enemies of the faith. Other
chiefs here signalized themselves so as to leave no doubt of their
attaidiment.f The loss of Paul was a severe blow ; for he was one
of the oldest and most fervent, as he was, undoubtedly, the ablest
and most eloquent chief at the mission of the Rapid.

The month of November was marked by two new efforts against
Caughiiawaga ; both failed, but a detachment of the second party
tell on a band of Christian hunters near Chambly and killed or

* Ilibtoire de TEau de Vie. Quebec Hist Coll. + De la Poth. iii.

324

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

took twelve ; tlie Caiiglnia\v<Mijfa.s were at onco in pursuit, and, ovt r-
takint( the Moliawks on tlic hanks of L:ike Chani|»lain, altackt'(l
tluMii in tiicir intrcnclii'd )»ositi(»n, and succet'de<l in dt'hverinjnf thtir
oountrvnien, lakinuf or kilMnLT thirty of the enemy.

'riie CaULrlinawaiias next aj^war in Mantel's expedition at;Miii>f
tlie Moluiwks, in whieli tiirir atfection for tlieir own tril)e led thtiii
to steps whieh imperilled the safety of all. ]>ut tlu-y were faithful
to the French, and eiiually so to their religion. Kranees (Jonaiilia-
tenha was a convert of Fremin's, and the model of Caughnawaga
for her piety, modesty, and charity; tln) mon; remarkable, as llie
pristine spirit of the mission was gone, having declined from the
moment when Frontenac refused to aid the missionaries in exclu-
ding licjuor from the mission. Fr.inces heard one day of the ap-
proach of a hostile l>ai1y towards the spot whei'e her husband was
hunting: she instantly started in her canoe, with two others, tt»
go and warn him ; but alas ! arrived only to see him slain, and
become, with her companions, prisoners in the hands of the
enemy.

Their torments began on the first evening: their uails were torn
out, their fingers burnt. When they reached Onondaga, the native
place of Frances, she was given to her own sister, who, dead to all
the ties of blood and the cries of natuie, gave her up to die. On
the scatibld she loudly professed her faith and her happiness in
dying for such a cause. A relative used every entreaty to induce
her to renounce the faith, till, furious at her resistance, he tore licr
crucifix from her neck, and, with his knife, slashed a cross on her
uncovered breast. " I thank thee, brother," she exclaimed ; " it was
possible to lose the cross of which thou hast despoiled me, but
thou hast given me one I can lose only with my life." She then
spoke to all present with great forc« and unction, exhorting them
to embrace the faith as the only means of escaping eternal torments
infinitely more frightful than those which she was to sufter.

Their hearts, however, were untouched : she was tortured for

FRENCH MISSIONS.

825

tliri'c succM'ssivo niiflits ; tlieii ti('(l to tlio stake, ami, after hvwvj^ hnrui
for a c'oiis'nU'raKle time, was s('al|«'<l ami forctd to run till she ti'll
JH'ncatli a sliinvcr of stones, which she received on her knees, tor
after rnnniiijL? for some distance, she kmlt to otjer lu-r lite to (iod.
SiicJi is the account of her heroic death Lfiven l»y the Kreiich piis-
uiiers, one of whom did all to alleviate her suH'erines during her
loiiir inartvrdom.*

Durinir all this time Father Milet had been a prisoner at < Mieida.
Although subjected to torture at his capture, his life was spare* 1 on
arrivinij in the canton, and lie was assi<rtied to a s«juaw, who thu>
Ict'l to choose whether she should adopt him instead of a lost mem-
ber of the family, or sacrifiee him to his manes, ch»)se the former.
The missionaiy was tlius comparatively free. A few old Huron
Christians still remained at One ida. These eiiioved Jiis minisfrv,
;iiid the Oneidas were aijain exhorted to embrace the jjospel. The
French prisonei*s, whom he could not save, he attended in death,
consolinr; and encouraginij^ them amid those torments which mii^ht
vet be his own.f (jiraduallv the Oneidas became attached to the
missionary, and, in spite of all the etiorts of the Knj^lish to obtain
possession of liim, kept Milet at Oneida, and becyan to treat with
the French. Accordingly in June, 1093, Tareha, one of the cliiefs,
[•roceeded to Quebec to negotiate an exchange of prisoners. T'he
letter of the missionary secured him a favorable reception, and in
September he again visited Quebec with the squaw wlio had
adopted Milet, and who, apparently won by him, now came osten-
sibly to see the great governor of the French, but really to remain
as a Christian. She was instructed, ]>aptized by the name of Su-
sanna, and settled at Caughnawaga, where she died llfteen yeai^s
after, having constantly edified the mission by her fervor and piety.

* <'harlevoix, ii. ; LcttresEdifiantcs ; Kip, Jesuit Missions.

t There is still, in the archives at Quebec, tiic decision and arjruinents in
■i Oii-;e arisina: fts to tlie validity of the nuncupative will nfa<'iUiadianburne<l
"t Oneida, to which Father Milct was a witness.

320

AMKHICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

B |; .

Tlic (■iiil);is>^v ot'Tarrlia was lollnwril liv oiio I'loiii (aviiu'a ami
SciK'ca, li'il hy 'rt'ii"ajiiii>N«tr('ii, ait < MiiUitlaya cliict', \\\io ihav in-m-
|ti<'il tlu' |n»sifi(iii oiicr licid liy ( iaiacoiifii', as a tVi«'!ii| of till' I'VriK li.
J't'acc was now |»r«'|»art'tl, ainl oii the icsioratioii of Kallifi' Milil ia
( h'toinT, IGO I, ('oiiclutlfd.''- 'I'lic iiiissjoiiarv had Ihi'Ii live \vn\>, a
captivt', and, on the jx-acc, «aiiir>lly >(»ul;'1iI Io ivinin : Imf an iiiiv;-
lisli fort at < Mioiidau'a icndi-icd a mi.-<>ioii un:-at't', ami, ind.cd, ih.'
jM'aci' sc'(.'nu'd only drhisiNc.f

W.ir, in tact, lnokc out tlif next vi-ar ; Imt l-'rontcnac, witli liis
Fivncli and Indian forces, ravaii'inuj < )non«lan'a and Oncitla, foi'crd
tluMii to a dt'finiic tn'aty. huiinii' the war, howt-vcr, the ("atliMlIc
lio(|Uois of the Mountain lost their excellent chiet", 1'otathiron, l'\
an accitleiit similar to that hv wliich the i;reat Kivn had fallen.!
(auij^hnawaira, meanwhile, received an accession of thirty-three
()nei<las, wlio came to settle, and earnestly beixi^ed to have Fatliir
Milet, to wliom they were extremely attached. If this, how. Mr,
elate<l the Christians, they were soon saddened hy the death v\
Oureouhare, >vho, on his return from a mission to liis native canton
of Cayuc'a, where he disposed all minds to jwace, was seized wiili
a pleurisy, wliich in a few days hurried liim to the ^rave. At
fii-st, tlie hitter enemy and p<'rsecntor of de Carheil, then, l>y a
base stratajGfem, sent to the yalleys of France to toil amid tin- mit-
casts of European society, Oureouhare had, under the instructions
of Fatlier Le Koux,^ learned to love and appreciate the heauties
of Christianity ; and, on his return to Cayuga, exerted all his in-
fluence in favor of reliijion and civilization. His fiery zeal relicil,
perhaps, as it too often happens, on his own ]Mowess, and his ex-
pression, when listenino; on his death-bed to the story of the in-
diijnities otfered to the man-god, recalls that of Clovis, and shows a
striking resemblance of character between the chieftain of tlii-

* l)c la I'otli. ill. 248.

t MS. Limd-papcr oHu^c. Canada.

X De la Potli. iii. '_'.V., ? Paris Doc, Boston, iv. 217.

Ij.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

327

Cnyuua iiii'l

(I lloW (idU-

' till' l"'ifii< li.

tluM' Milrt ill

1 live Vi'Siis ;i

Itut all KiiLr-
, iiali'(.'»l. ill.'

iiac, with lii>
iu'i«la, tuifrd
tilt' C'alli<4ic
otutiiil"«»ii, li\

Fiatiks and tlio sacluMii ^A' Cavuufa.* "<>, luul I boon tlicro," lie
crii'd, "tlii'V ncviT should jiavo so tn-atctl my <iod I" torg.'ttiii<x lor
a iiioinotit that il<» who sulVtTcd ui'cdfd no ana to stiikf in his di-
fciicc; or, lik<' iN-tcr, noMy dcsifiiiji; to din ln'sidi! him.

llt'^nt'tti'd by th»^ whole ('(doiiy, and cspt'cially by Frontmjic,
Omcouhafo was ititrnod as a cajttain in tin* Kivnch army.

riif mission of the Mountain was soon at'tci" dosolatcd by a con-
llaijration, tlie Imletul oll'octs ot' intoxication. ( )n th»', 11th of S.-j.-
t( iiiboi", 1004, a young ln'avo, for som«! faucitvl insult, iMtshcd in a
drunken phrensy to an enemy'-* cal)in, and flivd into it; th«; liy;ht
haik was soon n llames, and a i>a£^ of |)ow(ler i;avo the <K>voui"inij
element a deadly inipelse. !n thi'ee liours tifty cabins, fifteen Kreiieh
li(»uses, the beautiful a; 1 w* 'l-adorned cliureh, and tlie all-important
village palisade, were red '..'ed to<« lies.f Tiiest' had all been raised
by Mr. de Uelmont, and nonsi«t'\. of wood; not disheartene<l, he
now })eijan, at his own o.\pen^e, a ston fort, eoujpletetl in 1098,
after an outlay of over IOi»,'>00 livres. As soon as the towers were
erected lie gave the i >ngregation Sisters one 1 '•' j residence, the
other for a school, and as such they Wi>re occupied till the mission
Avas removed to the Sault au liecollet.|

In the course of the ftllowino; year tin* mission was to lose its
brightest flower. Sister Mary Theresa < iannensagwas [shr fakes the
arm), the granddaughter of Francis Tehoronhiongo. She was one
of Sister l^ourgeoys' i-arliest pupils and Indian associates. After
having long edified all by her piety, modesty, talents, industry, and
zeal, she WU' - !zed witli a fatal malady, and died in the odor of
satietity on the 25th of November, 1005. Sh*' had aske<] to be
buried privately in her poor habit; but such was the esteem t'nt<'r-
taii)<id for her, that slie was, like her grandfather, interred in the
new mission church ; and, when that was demolished, the remains

* Sec N. Y. Hist. Coll, TI. ii. 109.

t Ilistoirc de rEiiu do Vio eii Cimada, p. }■> ; Vie do In Soeiir liourgeovK,
i. 3(,H: De la Potlieric. iii. 204. X I'J- -'"'•"•

328

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

of both were traristcirod to one of the towers of the fort, now iiseil
as a chapel.*

The next year the Sulpitians resolved to divide the mission ; jiinl
sixty, who w<Me ^iven to intoxication, were sent oi^' to the Sault an
Kecollet, wliere tiie new mission of Lorette was begun l)y Mi.
Maurice Quere de Tremnon ; three years later another colony was
sent, lea\in<r only 120 at the M(»untain. The new mission hail
now inn)roved so much in tone and numbers, that in ITOI tin-
Sisters of the Congregation left the Mountain and took up tlnir
residence in a new house which they had erected in the fort at tli.-
Sault au Kecollet, on the banks of the Desprairies liiver.f lltic.
as in the old luission, two sisters taught the Indian girls to wuik
and read, keeping six jis boardei's with themselves, who gradual! \
ac([uired European habits, and, as they grew up, tended much tn
improve their countrymen.];

The mission of the Mountain was finally abandoned in 1704, and

* The following inscriptions are still to be seen there :

loi reposunt

Ifs rcstes mortels

FRAN(;'OIS TIIORONIIIONGO,

Huron,

Baptise })ar le lievun'-nd

PicuK Bbebeuk.

II fut, par sapiete et par sa probiti'-, rexeinpic tics Chretiens ct I'adiniratijii

dcs iuflJeles: il mouriit, ajji- d'environ 100 ana, le 21 avril, 1090.

Tci repose nt

les restes mortels

MAEIE-TIIERESA GANNEN8AQOUA8,

de la

CoNOnEGATIOX DE NoTRE DaME.

Apres avoir exerce pendant treizo ans, I'otfico de niaitresse d'eeole

a la Montague, ellc niourut en reputation de grande

vertn, agcc do DS ans, lo 25 Novcnibre, l(j95.

Ilcr life was written by do Belmont in his " ElogoH de quolquos personnel
niortcs en odenr de saintett^ a Montreal en Canada," and is still preserved.
+ Vlo de la Soeur Bourgeuys, ii. 1 (]'.•. % Id.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

329

till' new one took the title of tlie Annunciation, and continu«'<.l.

.Ii

l)esi(,le tile Jiaitid, wli

di.-a.

\w >naii see, tor some years oesiue ine Jiapui, wnere > um jtcnsnt-a.'
< >t tile Jesuit mission of Sault St. Louis we luive, tiuriiiii' tliis
jieiiod, no account ; it iiad finally settled in its present locality, and
;i i;rant of tlie seigniory had been ol»tained in the name of the In-
(liaiis who still possess it.

liie border-war ended with the jteace of Kyswick, in 1007, an<l
tile French then hope*!, as the English dreaded, to see the restora-
tion of the Jesuit missions. The seed of t^)j-position sown by l)on-
..Mii had now ifrowu to ri[)eness, and a new governor, an Irish peer,
ut' deep-rooted fanaticism, ruled the destinies of New York. One
of his tiist acts wsis to warn tlie Indians against the French priests.
Mindful of Dongan's promise of English Black-gowns, the deputies
:i>b.'d ilellamont to fullil it. Accordingly, Delliu.s, tlu; I)utch
I'lotor at Albany, was aj)pointed missionary to the Mohawks,
■iltliuiigh he never took up his residence among them, and limited
liis ministry to occasional visits, when he preached by an interpie-
t< r, and to the administration of baptism to such children as were
hroiight to him iu Albany. Such u man hardly seemed to the In-
vliaiis a successor of F'reinin, liruyas, and Boniface, whose cabins
had so long been seen in their villages. Disappointed in their ap-
plication to New York, they naturally turned to Canada for reli-
gious teachers, liellamont was provoked, and resolved to exclude
the Jesuits, unblushingly declaring "■ that the Five Nations had
earnestly implored him to drive out the Jesuits who ojipressed
tliein," although he knew that sin<;e 1085 tliere had been no mis-
sionary iu the cantons, e.\ce)»t Father Milet, and he not oppressor,
hut oppressed, a prisoner and a slave.

To carry out his plan, he sent to the Assembly the draft of a
hill against Jesuits and priests. It was not relished : several of the
missionaries had, at various times, visited the colony ; they were
kiKtwn and esteemed by the leading men, who had thus been

* Vigor, MS.

330

AMKllICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

I, .

eiial)l(Ml to s('(* (.'atliolicitv iti its workiiicjs, wliicli tlio iiil'atuatcil
^ovcriioi" had no!. Tlic Council nci^Mtivt'd tin* hill: l)('llaiiioiii
Noting as a nn'iiihcr made a tic, and then votinj^ ai^aiii asoMvnucir
canit'd it; and, liavino; ol>tained its j)assau;c in the house, niadr ii
tlio hiw of the land. Assuniinij; the lro»|Uois to be suhjects ot" lli.-
Knglisli monarch, and witli still greater disn-gard of truth, averring
that "Jesuit priests and popish missionaries iia<l laicbj coww intc.
and, for some time, had had their residence in remote parts of tin'
province, to excite hostility against the English government," iln'
bill enac.'ts that every priest in the colony, " after the Lst of Novem-
ber, ITOO, be deemed an incendiary, disturber of the jmblic peace.
and enemy of tiie Christian religion," and condenmed him to pei-
petual imprisonment ; and, in <*ase of escape, to death, if retaken.

The generous burghers and their clergy, Nvho liad so often shown
ho.s)»italitv to the French missionaries, were bvll»e same act threat-
eiied with a l»eavy fine and the l>illory, should they ever again
liarbor a priest beneath their roofs.

Ignorance and absunlitv could go no further : the fierv /e.ilet
was satisfied with his act ; the New Yorkers disregarded it, and tln'
very next vear the Canadian Ibe-rville landed a Jesuit at New Voik
to proceed to Canada.*

]V'llamont liad sought to prevent tlie Iro(iiiois from making any
s«'parate peace with the French; l)Ut, on Frontenac's death, tlio
cantons sent deputies to the St. bawrence to condole with the
colony. This was not, however, their only care ; they asked '!i:it
Father Ihuyas should be sent among tiiem, and the elder <!«'
liamberville be recalled from France to resume his old missicjii.
The latter was deferred ; but, on the coming of a new enih;ts.>.y.
Father Bruyas, with Joncaire and .Maricourt, active oflicers ainl
jidopted Iroquois, set out for Onondaga. Ib're they were receive <1
by Tegannissoren with much .solemnity, and all terms having hct^n

* O'Cullagbnn.

FKENCil AILSSIONS.

381

1m' inlhtiuitcil
I : IVllaiiKMit
ill as i»;(»\t'iiinr
ousc', m:nl<' ii

llUjrCts ot" llu'

mtLi, avfiTiiiir
'/// coim* iiiio,
te parts ot" tlir
t'ninK'iit,*" the
1st of Novtiu-
( public ]H'a««-,
hI liim ti) iK'i-
;1j, if retaken.
30 often sl)<»\vii
me act thn-at-
ey ever aL^iin

lie fiery zi'alct
led it, an»l tli<'
t at New York

111 making any
•'s deatli, tli«^
Sole with ill''
ey asked 'Ii;it
the eldtT <!•'
old nris>i(»n.
new enihas'^y,
oflicers nii<l
wcrt' rt'ft'ivnl
s liavinn' !"'''»

arraiiijfed, peace was sicjned at Montreal on the 8th of September,
ITUU, bv dcimties of all the nations, bcinir the first written treaty
i)f t'i French and Imlians.

I'w carry out its |»r<>visions, iJiuyas visited < )iu>ndai^a again in
ITUl, and havini; broui^ht back the French piisoners there, a ik-w
treaty was signed at ^biiitival by tlu' French, Iroijuois, Ahnakis,
Ilurous, Ottawas, Illinois, and AIgon«[uins. No mention uas
made of the missions in this document; but a deputation sent at
the request of Tegannissoivn, in 17(»2, invite<l the return of the
iiiissiunaries to their former posts. "Fathers were a<;cordinglv
sent evervwhere," savs Charlevoix, "and a contemporarv list num-
hers as Iroquois missionaries Father James <le Lamberville, Julian
(iarnier, and le Vailhint, who renewed their labors among the
Onotitlagas and Senecas.''* These missions the cantons bound
themselves to maintain; and though a new ^\ar Ix.'tween Fjigland
and France soon broke out, the missionaries won tlu; cantons, aiul
Schuvler the Caui^hnawat^as, to neutrality, so that New York and
Canada escaped all the horrors of Indian war.

The missions accordingly contimied, but we hav«' no tidings of
thein. Father James d'lleu and Father I'eter de Mareiiil joined
the rest, and they labored on till 1708, wiien th*; English finally
induced all but the Seuecas to tak<; up arms. The missionaries
retired to Canada.f ^ Mareuil, recalled by his Superiors, but unabli!
to escape, accepted Schuyler's kindly invitation, and retired to
Albany. There, in spite of the cruel ])enal law, he was welcomed
as a friend, and, by a resolution of the Assembly, maintained at
the public expense.^

Mareiiil ^yas tlie l.'ust Jesuit missionary to the cantons. With
liini ended tlie long struggle on that soil, begun sixty-seven years
Ix'fore by Jogues in his blood. Three times expidled, they had re-

* ratal. Prov. Franeiuj Sue, Jos. 170;), t Paris Poo.

I Journal N. Y. Asftembly, lie subsoijuontly roturiiod to l-'raiioo, and
^Ued at Paris in 1742. Charlevoix, iv. 48.

382

AMICKICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

I. I

tiirnod Jigaiii nnd nuaiii ; Imt now iiiiahU' to coutimu! the struffLrlc,
willidn'w, to coiitimn' at tlu-ir l{«'<ltioti<»ii tlu' labors they woiiM
fain liavc <l«'Vote<l to the still uiM-onvcrtt'd t'on'stcrs of New \'ork.

Krom tiiiH! to time Inxjuois woiiM join tla* si'tjciitary llli^^illll>.
some of liii^li rank. Tciijannissorrii, wliosi* t'lo(jiH'no(* cliariiitil
alike FreneJj, Kni^lisli, and Indian, the iijuiglit mid clear-hcadf.l
clii*'!', on(^ of tlie nohlcst orators that the country lia<l <'V«'r ]>in-
dueeil, eanie at last t<» »'nil>raee the faith at Cauijfhnawaiija. Likr
(Jaraeontie, Iw had ('\('r \uvu tVieiidly to the I'Vi-nidi, for he ci^ilv
saw that tlu- |»o\vei' of reli<;ion was ijjn'ater in Canada than in N< \\
York. Warned <»n('<' ai^ainst the rh-suits, he reti>rted — " W C
know that tlu* l>laek-i;o\vn favors his nation; hut it is not in our
j)Ower to ehanj^e our atfeetion for our lut'tliren. We wish tli.tt
you would l)ury all misunderstanding's eoneeived on liis aceoutit.
and we likewise wish that vou would i^ive less credit to luiii-
carrieix." Kn<;lish writers, who witnessed his oratory, coinp.nv'l
him to Cicero, and \\w king of Franc*' had his j)ortrait luiiii,' up
in tlie ijalleri«'s «>f N'ersailles. Such were the men whom ("liii>-
tianity won to its bosom.*

The lro(juois of CauijhnawaQfa and the ^fountain were not neu-
tral to New ICin>land. Thev were eniployed in many incursions,
and freijuently hrouii'ht in prisoners from the frontier towns, who
were adopted hy the tribe. Even on the declaration of j)ea((',
some of these <lecline<l to return, and tlu'ir descendants arc -liH
members of the tribe. Amonj; the most known are the 'rarlull-.^
Eunice ^Villiams.| Klizabeth Naim, and iu^natiu-* ilaizenn<'.sj TIk'
two latter subsequently married, and their family lias ever . •ii
distinmiislied by pietv. The descendants of this Puritan faniilv,

Indians by adoption, liave given several clergymen and reliyinii-i

* Coition; Cliurlovoix.

+ Taken at droton, in Queen Anne's war.

X Taken at Doertii-Kl, in 17o;{ ; Hutchinson, ii. 139.

is Kailloii. \'ir ilc la M. l?our^ci\v».

FKENOll MISSIONS.

838

to Canarla, and almost in tluiir own day tlicir (lancflitcr Ix'caino
Sii|)i'rior of the Sistors (tt'llic Coiiijfrci^ation.

Klizahetli, at tlu; time of Ikt captun^ in 17<)J, was owly two
Years old, Ignatins ton. l»otii wwa ado|>t<'d l>y tlio Indians, and
hroiiiilit up anioiiii; tli«'in, ran-fnily instrncti'd l»y tli(! niissionarifs
and tin; sisters, and after refusing to return to iKM-rlit'lt), on the
dose of tlie war, were lilterated at the re<juest of the missionnrits,
whi) gave them a tract of land at tlw lake, on which the family
Mill resides.'*

When the mission had heeii for alxuit twmty years at the Satdt
ail Kecollel, the want (jf hunling-ground, which drew the Indians
to the main land, and the great facility of intercourse with
Montreal, induced a new removal. Tin; l^ake of the Two Motm-
taiiis seemed suited to their wants. 'I'he location was aj»)»r»*V('d
hy the government, which viewed the Indian village's as military
j>os|s. This mission was then composed of about nine hundred
souls, and could furnish one hundn-d and liftv braves.

The sit(^ (>f the new mission is a point on the St. Lawrence, just
at the extremity of the islainl of Nfontreal, .wlnre the river widm^
into a kind of lake. Two slight eminences, which soon ohtaiinil
the name of mountains, give it its name. Near those the niission
was begun in 1720. For some time all lived in bark cabins, as
the precise spot for the fort was not fixed ; but it was soon fouiid
to be so well suited to their wants, that a Nipissing and Alijfon-
quin mission, begun on the Isle aux Tourtes by the Sulpitian Ifeiie
Charles de Breslay, was transferred to the sam(^ spot.f

A grant of the land was made to the SuljMtians in I71H by tli.-
king of France, on condition of their building a church ami fort,
but delays intervened, which for sonu; time ]>revenft'd ii-^ <'.\.'cu-
ti"n. However, on the bisho})'s visit in IT^^O, fln'v began iIk*
woik, ami two yeai"s after erected a spacious <'hm'ch ami fort, with

* Vic do la SaMir Bour;;onys, ii. 442.

t Faillon, ii. SCfl ; IVtit UoL'istro Ao M. Viircr, .MS.

iiU

AMKlilOAN CATHOLIC iMlSSlONS.

a hous<' tor the sisters about a mile tVoiii the old mission. I'iioc
still n'lnaiii ; ami thoiii^ii the walls of the tort have in part t'allni.
the chureii aiul inission-hoiise still stand between the two villag<>,
which tonn the two-told llock of the Sulpitian uiibsionuries.*

ciiaj'TKj: XVII I.

Till-: llJOliLOIS MISSION (I'ONC'I.IDKI).)

The interval nf ((oncc— Dilliciiltits — I'miirratioii — I'trvor of the adoptoil (*n|itiv(s—
rifqiiot at tlio Lake of tin- Two Mdiintains— »Ili.s lalmrs— Tin- <)1«1 Frt'iicli war— I'iciiiict
pnijcfts a iii'W Ui'ilnctiiiii — 'I'lic I'rc.M'iitatidii — It is attai-ki'il — Its r^^^torali^)ll -\ i>i[
of tlie liisliop— r.aiiiicr — l'i<<iiut in tlio cantons— Oocs to France and retnrns— Tla-
second French war— St. IJeiris I'oundeil — Its orij.'in — lOH'i-ct of tht; Itiss of Caiiaiia (in
the inis.»ions— .Mar;;(»n deTerlaye and the inis>iun at tlie hike — 'I'he American llfV^iln-
tlon — Close of the Presentation mission — McDonnell at St. IJeds — New chiin ii.>
erected— Mr. .losipli .Marconx— Charles \. an<l Pojh' Leo XII. lietiefactor of llic
ini.ssion — Cross of Catharine '!Vhi.'ahkwita— Caii^'hnawa^jra — St. lleyis — The 1-ake ot"
the Two Mountains— Uotrospecf.

TiiK jieace of Utrecht clo.'^ed the cantons to the (,\ntholif mis-
sionaries, and duriiii^ the ensuing years, while the war-song .nni
the war-path were forgotten, the sedentary missions ac<[uiiv(l ;i
more settled condition, and the Catholic Iro<piois, undistractt't] l.y
the exciting scenes of border strife, devoted tlienisclves to vaiioii-
branches of imhistry. Their great danger was indolence aii<l ii-
almo.st necessary attendant, intoxication and immoralitv. riilwi-
tunatelv, a small bodv of soldiers, stationed in tini-; of wai' at ci' li
missictn, was kept up after the peace, and corrupted the In<li;niN
in spite of all the ctl"<»rts of the missionaries. In vain thev <l''-
nounced the traflic in liipior; in vain they strove to screen the

Fnillon, Vie do M. Bourgcoy;*, ii. 836.

FI^ENCH MISSIONS.

83;1

roi

(UOl!'

niaiilens from the sotliu^tlons of tl»o <lissoliito soldifiv,

( »n iii<>r«! tlmii ono occa.^^ioii tlio cuininaiKl.'Uit succocdctl in liaviug
ilic t(H» taitlif'ul missionaries disjdacod, aii<l tli<'U the uiii^uiflt.'d In-
dians jdun^ctl into every excess presented to tlirm.*

Many <>t' tli<' Indians lu'ij^an to I'orsakc tlir villaLjes, and a now
( ',iiiL,dina\va^'a viilaL>-(! tj^rew up on tiie distant l»ani<s of tlio Mus-
i<iiiL:uui, amid the \Vyand(jts, IK-Iawaics, anil Miamis,f wlieri^
nianv, likf Loufan's father, n-hipscd into a kind i>f paganism.

\\:\ tiie missions had oleams of fervor, and religion aii'ain ijained
thi; ascendancy over the liearts of tli«i tribe. Not only the sons of
thr forests, hut tlie children of the Puritans of New I'^iii^land clnni^
wilii unwavering attachment to the missionaries and the ('atholi(;
t';iitli. Kunice Willianjs, married to tho chieftain Amhrose,]; visited
her native J>eerfield; hut thouirh daui;ht«*r of the minister of tho
iilMrc, no t-ntreatv could induce her or Marv Jlairis to foisake their
Iiniiaii ways or the faitii which they liad embraced. So, too, the
Tarhells wt)uld raud)le to (Irotoii, hut thoiinli viewed with jealousy
at t'aughnawa!jfa, refused to return to tlieir kindred.§

Aniontj; tlu! missionari«'s who directed these Reductions, poveral
deserve mention, l)Ut especially the Sulpitians de JVlniout, who
closed his lal)orious career on the 22d of May, 1732,|| and Francis
rieniict, who, statioiK'd at th«^ Lake of the Two Mountains in
1740, completed the fort of which we have spoken, surrounded

* ^.aliinde in liis memoir of Pieqnct.

+ Smith's Journal, in Drake's Iiulian Captivities, 184.

: i.i. I-."...

^ lliinsoii, Lost Prince, ISl; Hutchinson, Hist. Massac, ii.
Francis Vaohon ilc I'x^lniont, whose nurnc is inilissoluMy connccfcil with
tlii> Snl|)itian mission, rononncc<l the worKl an<l its honors to ilevntc his for-
tune ami toil to the cause of the ludian. He was only in <leacon"s orders
when he arrived, and began a school at tho Mountain. After a lontf mis-
jsiniiary career, he became Superior of tho Seminary of Montreal in 1090,
and coiitiinicd so till his death, in 17:V2. He wrott- a work fntitlc;d " Klorro
"le i|!ieltiuos j»ersoiMies niortes en odeur de saintcte a Montreal en < ■ana<la,''
which in still in manuscript ; and notes entitled " Histoiro du Canada," pub-
lished in tho Colloetions of the (iuebec Historical Society.

330

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

,5 ,■

tlie villajjfcs by i»iilisa»K'^, ;iii(l »)U tin; saiuly lu-ij^lit erc'clt'il llio
calvarv wliicli is c-vi'ii now a piln-rimai^f, woilliv of iiK'iitiuii lor ii>
stone oratories, wliicli mark tlio stations, and the <'lia)K'l on lii'
sunnuit, wliicli terminates this Way of the Cross.* He did n.i',
however, devote himself merely to tiie mateiia! injprovenieiit ><{
the place ; lu* lal)<»red no less zealously to advance his llock in tin-
way of Christian virtue and perfeetion.

The period of peac(( ■was, however, drawinj^ to n eK)se. In
1744 '.var w.as auain declared between France and Kuirland — tli.-
"old French war" of our colonial wriN'is. Ai;ain the villa|LC'> ''"
sounded with the noise of war. The vounu: braves weie all e.iifrr-
ness to show their ]>rowess, and ]>arties took the field otieii ;ir-
tended bv the missionary as chaplain.f 'J'hus tln-y wont as ( '\ivU-
tiau warrioi-s ; and an Knj^lish captive has recorded his surpii>e tn
find the savag«' f<x^, into wliose hands he fell, kneelinj^, when tlir
fight was over, to thank (Jo«l for victory — a moment when, in iiii
English camp, oaths and blasphemy would alone have Imch
lieard.J

ricquet himself attended the warnors of liis flock, who scrwd
under Marin, in his attack on Fort Edward in 1*745, and .*t)ii>;i-
rently on other occasions, down to the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. in
1748. During the war he ha<l come more in contact with tlic
Indians of the cantons, and found them desirous of enibracinij
Christianity. A mission in New York at any of the Indian town-
was impracticable. lie therefore conceived the idea of founilinir
a new Iroquois lieduction still further up towards Lake Ontaiio. to
which the well-!ittected in the cantons might easily be drawn.

His design liaving been approved by th(! government, he "^'t
out in May, 1748, with de la Jonquiere, to select a site, and liii.illy
decided on a spot at the mouth of the Soegatzy or Oswegatchi*'.

* Eiisthnnrs Narrative, 20S; Lalando's Memoir.

t Lalaiulc, Mc'tnoin; sur rAblv- Pio(inot.

X Ertstburn's Nnrrativo, in Drake's Indian ('aptivity.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

337

wliero Ogdcnshurir now stands. In this Ih-anliful spot, with fVrtilo
litMs, vniuahlt' woods, and a d«'t'|> an<l spacious harhor lH't<)ro it,
lie so<)n, with his Kivnch and Indians, thn-w up a ston'h()Us«^ and
a pi( k<'t-l"ort, to which lie jLjavo tlie name ol' Ft)rt IVoscntation —
the ti'stival of tho 1 Vescntation of the Hlcsscd Virufin Iwini; th"
p.itronal foast of St. Sulpicc. Ilcie lie liopod sm>n to i;ath. r
mnucious converts from tho cantons; Init his ])uildin|i^< were
M-arocly completed, wlion lie w.'is attacked in October, 1740, l>y a
Moliawk war-party, who hurnt all to the pfround except his house.
ri('(juet had already expanded 30,000 livres ; but, unbroken by
iiiisturtune, he began all anew, and soon repaired tho loss. Once
cstahlishcd, th<' jirogress of the nnssion was raj)id. In 1740, it
iniiiiltcred only six families, the next year it had eighty-seven, and
in the next three hundred and ninety-six, comprising in all three
thousand souls, drawn chiefly from Onondaga and Cayuga.*

In Canada his plan had at first drawn on him a shower of ridi-
cule; but on his success, the lieads of the g<>verninent visited a
post which might be so useful in the now lowering war. The
bishop of Quebec camo in May, 1752, and after sj>ending several
d.iys in instructing the neophytes, baptiz<'d one hundred and
twenty, and confirmed many.f So great was tho inb^rest then
taken in tho Presentation mission, that the ladies of Montreal pre-
sented to it a splendid banner, which is still preserved at the Lake
of the Two Mountains, bearing the totems of the three great Iro-
quois families and their council-fires, with the monogram of (Jiirist,
luikod together according to their own peculiar devices.

Ilis flock being now so considerable, Picquet drew up a plan of
government, vesting the power in twelve chiefs, who formed tho
Council, and who all took the oath of allegiance to France. ]3y
the exertions of the missionary, the place was well supplied with
horned cattle, and every means of procuring a subsist(,'uce.

* Lettres Edif. ; Doc. Hist. i. 559.

t Banner at the Lake of tho Two Movmtaina.

338

AMKIUCAN CATIIOMC MISSIONS.

With tins siu'ci'.xs to cluvr iiiiii, in; visited tin* caiitoiis in I"')!,
and was ('vorvwlici'o woll roecivod. 'I'Im' l»clt«i' |Knti<)ti, Nviio d*-
sjKiircd of Knixiish niissioiKuios, inclined to cndH'Mct) Catiioljcitv
an<l till' Krcncli cause. Tiie Seiiccas i'specially showed a \\\'<^\
<»arnest desiro for the faitii, an<i the ajjed chief I'etit Saidt, a ir;il
ajiosth', folKAved the Ahbe ric<|Uet witii his own faniilv anti main

others. A jjeiieral move towards tho St. Lawrenco would ind 1

liave taken ]»hice, couKl France have sent to those wild-< the dc
voted missionaries of tlie precedinu^ centnrv; but l'ic((Uet, full nt
zeal and abilitv, was thwarteil and alone, and the Society of .)eMi>
now sirugLrli'iff f<^>i' existence, had no means of renewing her fornnT
eft'orls.

Vet the influence of one man, aided by the reminiscences of tin
old ]^Ia(dv-gowns, nearly drew the r!ans of tlie complete cabin fnn.:
the English alliance. Sir William Johnson alone, by his intlueiic.'
with the Mohawk, was abl^ to arrest this, but lie could not destroy
the new mission. At a general meeting of tho Six Nations at
Onondaga, in 1753, ho called on them to extinguish the tire at
Oswegatchie — that is, to break np the mission, liut while. Indian-
like, they seemed to consent, they replied, by their chief Kedliead
— "We do not conceive that we did much amiss in going thith' r.
when wo observe that you white people pray ; and we have ik'
nearer place to learn to pray and have our children baptized than
that. However, as you insist, we will not go that way."*

Bicquet was tho last mis-sionary who yisitc<l tlu^ cantons from
Canada. Two schemes, destined to triumph, amuhilated all liept"-
of extending the work begun at Caughnawaga, A(juasasne, Caiia-
sadaga, and Soegatzy. England pre})ared for a final etlbrt to re-
duce Canada, and the courts of continental Europe on their side,
blind instruments of a rising spirit hostile alike to religion and
monarchy, combined to crush the Society of Jesus.

* Doc. Hist. ii. 688.

KUKNCll MI.'?S1()NS.

ajy

itoiis ill I 751,
It ion, wiio (li-
ra ('atli<»li<ily
ioNv<'(l ;i most
t Saiilt, a H';il
lilv and m.'iiiy
would iiidcfil
> wilds till' dc
'icijiU't, full nt'
u'iety of .Icsus
iiiii liei" foniirr

iscenccs of tho
ete caltin from
ly liis intliu'iicf'
uld not destroy
pix Nations nt
sli tlie fir«' at

while, Indian-
chiof Kcdiicad

o;oini; tliith' r,
we have no
)aptized tiian

Yet I'ic»jiU't did not falter. iJcpairini; tt» I'Vatii'"' in 17.*»3, with
three of his tloek, he h-ft M. I.a ( Janle in ehaiiLfe of his niisHion, and
ill tin- following; April saih-d for Canada, with two clfrLjynH'M to

aid him.

Tilt' war hcLjaii in ITol; and thoui^h at lirst favoraMc to
liaiiee, resulted at last in the loss of (,'anada. in «'V(iy campaign
tilt' Catholic IroijUois, althoiioh their towns wi-re cut down in
IT.").") almost to ono-half l>y the small-pox,* were in the Held
sidf hv side with the Canadian and l''r<.'n»di soldiei's, i;cMH'rally at-
cndrd, as before, hy their niission.aiies as »hapl;iins. 'I'hey lii^nie,
indeed, in every eno'ai^fement from l>raddoek'.s defeat, where they
pL'ived a eotispicuous part, down to tla; elos** of the war, and were

nt'

ver eharired with the barbarities which diso-raeeil the wester

Iii'lians.f

With their bark canoes, they captured an Knu^lish flotilla on
b.ike (ieorn^e; and when an i'Jii^lish olUcer olli'r«'<l a reward for
the he.id of tht.' Abbo I'leipiet, the Indians of the JVescntation
sent out a war-])arty, which secretly made its way to the o}>posite
canij), and scizinnf the otlicer, led him in triumph to their iuissi«>n-

arv, (

)n whose noil his life d«'pended.j;

huriiiii^ this last contest of the rival powers, the Jesuits resolved
to tliviile the Caui,dinawai;a mission, and remove some of tlu-ir
flock further from the daiii^ers of Montreal. Karckowa, one of the
Tarbells, liad long been viewed witli envy and jealousy by some of
tht^ native Cauijhnawagas. After many annoyances, he an<l his
brother, with their families, resolved to remove, and headed the
l>arty sent from the mission of the Rapids. Choosing Atpiasasne
— "the place where the partridge drums" — a j)lain east of a slight

* Fiiillon, Vlo do M. d'Voiivillc, Ml. This niUlior, ffoncnlly correct,
bcro omits ttic Iroqiioin at the Lake, and seems to make the fresontatiou
ail Aliroiiquiii and Nipissiiig mission I

t Lalaudc, Memoiro; SmitU's and I-Jistbiirn's Niirriitives, iu Drako.

X Lalande.

.'MU

AMKKICAN (.•ATllol.U" MI.SSloNS.

hill, at (»n«' ul" »••»• i •, sjjot.-* wIum'c (lif iM|»itl-vi'.\tM| livfi- ^lido
(taliiiU l>v — IIh'V ;f''.:i tli'i inissimi of St. I*raii<is l{t'«;is, ;iiii|
thicw up a loi^-cjilii'i for (ho .h-sjiit l"ath«'r, Mark Aiilh<»ii\ <M)t<|nii.
who »c<Miiii|»aiii»'(| tlicm, ItcaiitiLj as a pjocious ticuMHV pari otiln-
ivlic.s ot' CathaiiiH- 'rtht;alik\\ila.*

Oil \\h) fall of (^iK'l>cM', Mr. I'ic<|iu'l, who had lu'comc vi ly ol.-
iioxioiH to tho Kiii'Iish, h'ft the couiitrv — tho last «'iitiv on lii>
lii'jLfistcr iH'arin^' date .May 13, 17(50, oiu' inoiith hrtoiv the Kii:;-
lish took posH«;ssion of thf fort.f Ih- had for twelve years dir«itf.|
the mission which he had created, never havini^ left it »'\<:e|»t diir-
\\\iX his visit to France on its iN'half. His labors rank him anion^^
the p'oatest of our Indian missionaries, an<l the Knu'lish s(» e>ie. m-
inif him, gave him the name of "the threat Jesuit of the \\.'«.t."+
On Ills dej>artur<', the mission u.is eonlided to Mr. i'eter I'.iiil !■,
de la (iarde, also c»f St. Snlpice ; |»ut the Indians were s(ton har-
assed, and in the suhseipient war, joininuf the Kin,dish, removed i^
Canada.

Just l)eforo the peace. Father Gordon, at St. K<'u;is, helu'lil lii>
lojr cha}>el and its contents destr«>yed Ky lire, but, in spite of th.

* Hon>;li's Hist. St. Liiwrciicc Co. ; Mr. .Marcoux.

t Iloiii^li's St. l.awn'iK't', H7 ; \'ii,'*T, .MS.

X Lc'tfrcs YAW. Sco Vie .Ic Mmo. trY.mvilli', p. '_M^.

Mr. Francis Pioquet was l)orM at Hourir, in lircsso, on the 6th of Pccom-
})i'r, 17os. Eiilerinj,' tlio ecolorsiastioal stato, ho t»oon ^liowoil frri-at taliiit«
for tiio pulpit, and, complutiii^' his liivinity courso at St. Siilpitr, i'aris,
joined tho comrrouation. Sent to rainuhi in 17:'<3, his career, atter n lew
years spent at Montreal, was tliat of mi Iroquois missionary. Tiio Kn iich
authorities, both civil and ecclesiastical, entertained the hiirhest re>pirt I'-r
hitn. His zeal made liiin, in the eyes of the Knu'lish, a .Fcsuit ; .Mniit.Mlni
called him the Putriareh of tho Six Notions, and tho cantons hcstowid nu
liim, as a giflt, the hauls aroiiml Lake (ianentaa. After his return to Kraim.

ni'i

he was employctl in active duties, oteenied alike l)y tlu! (lallican <'Icr:.'\
the rone. lie dic«l at Vcrjon on the l.")th of .luly, 17^1. His iinrtmit i-
still preserved at tho Lake of the Two Mountains. A copy of it, niatli' i'}
Duncan, enriches the Canadian Album of the Hon. .Jacques Viifcr, of .M 'i-
real, who kindly permitted me to have it cnirraved for this work. It wil.
appear in a subsequent edition, as an acoideitt has prevented its conipklion.

FHKNCII Ml.SSIUNS.

341

(I rivi'i- j^lid.s
jw lU'i^is, :iii<l
tli<»iiy <M)r«l"ii.
mv i»art <»t' tin-

Toino v«'ry oK-
t nitry on lii>
x'tort' tilt' I'iu^'-
vi-ars diritticl
L it t'X<:<'|»t iliir-
iik liiiii .'iMii>ii:_'

jlisll so »>>l«'( lli-

of tin' \\\'-\:'i

. IVtcr Paul V.
wiTc soon 1 1 .'Ir-
ish, rcinoW'tl to

'tjis, Ik'Ih'M lii^
ill spite ot" till'

6th of Doooin-

vd frreat tali'iits

Suljiioe, I'aris,

reor, iitU-r ii tVw

The KiviH'h

L'hcst rc^pL'i't I'lr

■suit ; Mniiloaliii

Ills ln'StflWfil oil

n-tuni ti> KniiKT,
iHk-ati r\i-rjy I'-M
His jMirtmit i>
V ut' it.uia.l*' l>v
Viirt-T, ut' M< !"t-
i> \vori<. It will
,1 its coniplction.

flilliculfi*':* of tli<» (inio, hofjan n now woodon ohurpli, wliich lu»
MMiM coMi|)li>t4'i|, nn<l coiitiiiiicil to ilii'fct tlit* ini>sioii till liis dralli,
III \ i I t.

All the missions, l>y tin- |M'a<'«) of ITHM, lo>f tlio annuities
•.'ranted l»y the Krencli court, un<l were thrown ii|Min their own
It-. iiirces. That of tii<' l.ak<' owed its preservation mainly to tin*
-generosity ot' the Sulpitian, Mari;on de Teilaye, who jUMve I <),(»(»()
li\res to tiio sisters, and maintained them till his cimLCreifition
luiilertook their support. Their lalxtrs were ns fruitful as ever.
Marv <ia<;uira<'s, a Choctaw, carried iier virtues and /eal to hero-
i«jii. Ilercahiu was the home of the jiew-coiner. and herexamj»lo
;iiid exii(»rtatioii won manv. Kveu wlien dvini;, she (|rau:<;ed her-
self t(» the i>ed-sid(! of a neophyte, to animate his piety by liur
liiiriiiiii; words.'f

The /eal and charity of the Indians ;it these mis>ions had not
<l«'(Tuied. \\'hen the conllai^ration <»f I7(i.") laid Montreal in ruins,
:iiii| left hundreds destitute, the liiiliaiis of ( 'aui,dinawai]fa and
('aiiasa<laL;'a came t(» tlu-ir relict", selling; their silver <»rnaments,
their wampum, hlankets, richdiiltcd knives, and other articles, to
raise n»<^ney for the relii*f of the poor.J

When the American revolution broke out, the Catholic lro(|Uois
refused to take up arms ae;ainst the colonists, as many of tlndr
oliiefs and leadinj; men were natives or descendants of natives of
the Knglish provinces. It is not strange, then, that they inclined
to neutrality, and though urged and even threatened by Sir (Juy
(arleton, the English governor, adhered as a body to their ])m-
pHse, though some actually joined the American army, among
tlieiii Atiatonharonkweii, or Louis Cuok, who ros<! to the rank of
captain; while Thomas Williams, or Teh<^rakwan«'k<'n, wli(» had
fought by his side at Braddoek's defeat, now battled for Kngland.

• Vigor, Listo corrisroc. The registers besin in 1762.
t Vio do IiiSd'ur IJoiirgeovs, ii. 3^tJ, 4o3.

t Vio do IiiSd'ur IJoiirgeovs, ii. 39tJ, 4o3.
I Kuilloii, Vic, (If Mino. d'Yoiivilfc. p. 'J22.

342

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Tlio inissionarit'S took no part in tho war, y<'t ox|)('rioneod liaisli
trcatnit'iil I'loni the Anicricaiis <luriiiL; their invasion ot' ('aiiada/'-
Siiicc the close ot" tln' American war, \\'\\ iii«'i<l*'iits niaik tiir
history of these ^juiet missions. That of the rrescntation, all' r
bcinir rlenioraiized i»v a Uiitisli !>-airison stationed tliere, was setllnl
by the Kntrhsh i;ovei'nnient, first at Johnstown, then at lii(h;iii
I'oint, Lisbon, on Anu'iican nioinul. Here they had a little \il-
lap^o of twonty-foiir families, which was tinally disj>ersc*<l ia Imm;
and 1807, and the poople retired to r)nonda2:a and St. l{e<,n>.+
Those of Catiijhnawau^Ji, Canasa(hiu-a, and St. liegis still siil»>i-.t,
and have of late years jvreatly improved, liaviiiGj sliare«l in llif
general religioiis progress of Canada, whose C'hnrch, so suddenly
severed from France, and harassed bv l*J!u:land, maintained llir
some years a doubtfnl struirgle.

St. Kegis, for s(»me time after its founder's death, was d '|inv.'i|
of a resident missionary, and «lej)ende(l on visits I'rom neighbo'iiiLr
priests; but in December, 1785, when peace once mor*; lefl all in
quiet on the St. I^awrence, the licv. Koderic M(d>oiniell, a /ealou>
Scotch priest, took nj* his residence among the Indians of At|iia-
sasne, and in 1701 erected the ]>resent massive stone church, lli-
continued Ids labors, undaunted by ill-health, down to the jieriiMl
of his death, in 180(1.

llis almost innnediate successor was the lato.Iohn I»aptist I{oU]'t'.*
during whose pastorship wnr broke out betwtvu the United St-itis
and England, and as his tlock lay on both sides of the line, he li.dl
the afHiction of beholdin<; them arraved in two hostile parties. \^
the war advanceil, his Indians were reduced to starvation, .'iinl
subsisted only on the rations doled out to them by the Ameiicaii

* Lottcrs of an Aiuor'n'aii Farinor; Aiiicricaii Arohivcs, li. 301, •>44, Ic"',
]048; Joiirn. I'rov. ('oml'. 1'51>.

t lloiijrli's St. Lawrcnoo Co, 108.

t Ho was ufti'i-wanls at llio Lake of tlio Two Moniitainf, and <lic«l at
Moiitroal in Stptoinhiv. Is.M, at tlio ut,'*' of 7=5.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

343

301, 244, 10i"2,

comini;*sariat. In tlu^s^? Mr. lloiipo shared, but was condemticd in
t'aiiada, and .scjoii afl«'r inado juisoucr l»y tlio Americans, who al-
tarked llie villa'^i*, and seized liiiii in Ins house.

The oilier missions being less exposed, enjoyed greater calm.
Caii'jfln.awaga, under Mr. Joseph Marcoux, advanccnl rapidly, and
i\A llie old church showed signs of decay, he prepared to rebuild
it, and a new church was actually erected in 1815.

I'liese missions have even attracted attention abroad. In 181*0,
Joseph Torakaron, one of the Tarbclls, visited Eur(>[)e, and was
jjivsented to Charh'S X., king of Kraiice, and to his Holiness Tope
Ia'o XH., who then occupie<i the See of I'eter. Hoth received
uiuM kindly the descendant of (he I 'uritans, the «lescendant, too,
• if the Iroquois Catholics, who had never swervetl in their tid»'lity
t<» their ri'ligion, nor indeed in their tidelity to France, so long as
France wa.s true to herself.

The king U-stowed on the chief thre«! paintings for the churches,
— one of St. Louis, now at C auglmawaga, and the others of St.
IVaiicis Xavier and St. Francis Ivegis, still at St. Uegis. His
Il'»Hiu'ss added a collection of books, a silver servictj "^r thti altar,
and a jewelled rosary. With thi'se valuaide })rt'sent> the chief re-
turned to America ; but at New York was robbed by his ctun-
panion and interpreter of all but the njoney of which he was the
hearer, and indeed of every thing Imt the paintings and rosary.*

Besides tliose important epindis tor the mission, the year 1843
witnosf-ed a ceremony of great consohition to the Catholic Iro»jUoi^.
It was the erection of a nt.'W cross over the tomb of Catharine
Tehgahkwitn, The spot had always b(.'en marked by the sign of
redemption, and is well located even by deeds of property, uhudi,
such was the devotion to her, sometimes made a mass in her honor
a part of the considoration.f At the period we mention, the old
cross was mouldering, and a now one, .v'cnty-fivo feet high, was

* Hough's St. Lawrence Co, 106.

♦ Pnppr? in tho Xotnrint of Lnpriirio.

3-^-*»»<?j

844

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

prepared, in which were enchased some relics of the holy virffin
of (.'auufhnawa^a. On Sunday, the 23dolMuly, 1843, the ('auiili-
na\vai;as, headed l»y their missionary and chiefs, repaired to i In-
little river VortaiSQ, near which their former church and viilau^c
had stood, on a bluff between that littU; stream and the lordly M.
Lawrence. The space on the left was soon tilled by whites, drawn
thither by interest or curiosity, alike of French and Kiij^lish origin.
The banner of Laprairie and the pennons of the Sault floated abov«'
the crowd on either side of the hijjfhly a<lorned cross, at the foot i^t'
which was a ])aintiniif of the (Christian heroine. At the signal
given l)y tlni dischaige of artillery on the right and left, th(; cKogv
in procession advanced into the c«'ntre, chanting the '' Vexilla
Regis.'' At another discharge. Father Felix Martin, one of the
tirst Jesuits to whom it was given to return to the land einiclird
by the sweat an<l blood of his society, rose to address the as>eni-
bled throng in French. Then, after a hymn in Irocjuois, the Jiiv.
.Joseph Marcoux, the pastor of the tribe, pronounced a discoui>«;
in the guttural language of his tlock, and gave j>lace to the IJev.
Hyacinth lludon, Vicar-CJeiieral of Montreal, who delivered a
third address in English, and then performed the ceremony ef
blessing the cross. That sign of faith wjus then slowly raised,
amid the chants of the Church, the thunder of the cannon, and
the mingled shouts of men of many <'limes and races, who, ditl» r-
ing in language, bowed to the symbol of a common faith.

Such is the history of the Inxjuois mission, on which we liavc
dwelt longer because its aimals have reached us in a 'nore i->n\-
plete form, and because r»f all tla^ early missions it ])resents at this
day the most numerous and thiiving communities.

Sault St. Louis, or Caughnawaga, formerlv a seiirniorv in iho
hands of tiie Jesuits, now contains al)out twelve hundred souls,
many of them halfbreeds, some pure whites, taken captive loiiii
years ago. 'I'hev support themselves by tillage, raising chit'tly
maize, by the manufactme of baskets, mats, sleds, moccasins, and

KKKNCH MISSIONS.

«j-

c lioly vircfin
3, the Cauyli-
I mi rod to the
li and villaiiv
the lonlly St.
whites, drawn
iiighsh ui'ijLfiii.

tloated ahuvo

at tile foot i)i
iVt the sigiwil
L'ft, tht! cK-rgy

the "Vexilla
n, one of tlio
hiiid eiiriolnd
ss the asscin-
iiois, the liL'V.
L'd a discdiUN'
irn to tlie licv.
dehvert'tl a

cereiiioiiy "t"

slowly raised,
caiiiioii, and

, who, ditlor-

faith.

hich we have
a Mjoro fiiii-

vsciits at this

jiiiory ill ihu
iiudre<l souls,
captive h'lii,'
lisiini; eliietly
ocensins, and

other Indian articles, and l>y the ]>il<>ta<re of vessels, and especially
of rat'ts over tin* rapi<ls. 'I'ln-ir villat^c i- irrenfular, uupaved, and
not. indeed, v»'ry tidy; thoiii^h some (tf the houses are wtdl huilt
and coiiitortaltle. They have a tine (diurcdi, huilt a tew years :\jfi>
■ III the site of a fornu'r one; the old jiarsonai^e still renniins, wi'ii
the ( hand»er in which ('hailev(»ix and Latitau wrote, and maiiv
lioi'ks and manuscripts of Bruyas and his comjianioiis. Tlu'V havt^
also a capacious s( hool-house, and ]>o.ssess, imleed, every advantau;e
eni<'Ved hy the whites. The present pastor, tiie Kev. »losej)h Mai-
foiix. has heen for forty years attai'hed to the Inxpiois missions, and,
since 1819, stationed at Sa»ilt St. Louis. This loni; intercourse
with the trihe has rendered him the most thorouo-h master of their
ianguaufe that ever lived ; and 'J'har»>nhiakanere, mindful of his .suc-
cessors, has composed a full and <dear lirammar of the lane;ua«jfe,
and twi) dictionaries — one in French, with ioipiois interpretation.^;
the other irivinj; the French of the Irocpiois words, as well as cate-
chisms and prayer-hooks.* 'J'hes(^ nolde works rank him with
I'haumonot, liruya.s, de Carheil, ami Zeisherger, who had ]>reviously
• oinposed similar, hut less complete works ou the same lanifuaufo
«M- its dialects. His missionary lahors, at first cliequered w ith much
opposition and ditliculty, have succeeded to his wishes, and the peo[>le
of his parish are uow sobei, iroral, and not ungutteful for his care.

* Kuiiitonscra Jont'^rcnnaientnk;^ n-T'ul.tiuki , .N'ontrcul) 1852 — Jonteri-
wareustukwa no kariwiioat^u n^eusonthii M. 1S44. From these •wo take tlio
Lonl's Prayer in the presrir i!',aioct, of tin < 'au<flinawafra.s:

" 'r.ikwniciilia ne karonii-..; e ^rsiteron, l.Ksa^'^"lnai('n, aiesawenniiostnko,
iiii^awi'imaraUwaki! i»oii\vtni.-i. k 'iiniiot lie karo.iliiake licsawiMinarakwa.
Takwaiiont ne ki nwentc ial>. "ir'Jiekon iiialitowtMiniAeruko ; sasanikonrlicn**
iii'tlii'iinn i.)nkinikoiiliraksatoii nonkwo ; tosa aionkwasonui no kariwaiieren,
akwckdu eren wawit ne iotakscis etlionaiuwen."

To .show the changes it lia- situlergone we add two lines of the Litany of
Lnntto from a very old mannseript, and the ."orresponding ones in Marcoux.

Ms. Dis no n'iona «rarimliia>ro < t" itoron .Atagwciitenr senwen.

M.vucorx— Niio icsaniiia karonliiake e.sih'ron Takwoulenr.

-^1'^. Marie 8;aatato;,'eton tagMutrenilaJe'ihas.

M.ARcov.\— bnri saiatatokenti taksatereniiiionhas.

1.^*

346

AMKKICAN CATliOJ.lC MISSIONS.

St. lto:?is, oi- Aquasasno, is intersected by the New York bouii-
dary-linc, so that part of thf village is Anu'ii.-.-ir' and jtart iMitisli —
an iiiifbrtunate division, which has Utii to luiicli dissi*nsioii. Ut' tins
some of tlio Protestant sects soon took advantai^o. Lazarns, or, a>
he is now calliMl, lCI(>azar Williams, a ijjrandson of Kuniec, and s.»ri
of Thomas Williams, aft«'r havinijj been ed neat ed in New Eni,d;iiiil.
H'turned, as a member of the American Hoard of Missions, to ( 'anuh-
na\vai;a in 1812, an<l in IHIT) atttMnptcd to establish at St. llfi^is
a school and cIsajK-l as an l'][iis('oj»:d clcri^yman ; bnt tailing- mi
both occasions, lu'camc a missionaiy anioiiuf the < Jncidas on <Mtrn
IJay. ( >f late ho claims to be l>>nis X\'ll., kint^of France, and i>
again in ihc nci^chborhood of St. Itejnris. Jn 1847, the M»'thodi-.t>
also bcL'an a mission, an<l built a Hue chnrch and parsonatjc in th.
neiu;hboihood, but their success is inconsiderable; the ixrejii ma-
jority still adhere to the faith preached to their fathers by .bi'^n.^
and his successors. The whole villai^e nund>ers over eleven liiiii-
dred souls, jroverned on the Kiii^lish side by chiefs, on tin; Americaii
by trustees. The prest-nt missionary is the liev. i*'rancis Marcoux,
who has been stationed ;here since 1832.*

Canasachiija, or tlie Lake of the 'IVo Mountains, is, a.H we hav
seen, a double mission. From the point Avhere the church stands
two villages run otf on ditl'erent sides along the shore — the lro(Hii»i>
on the left, tlie Algonquin on the right — as distinct in language ami
manners as tlieir ancestoi*s were in the days of Cartier or Cliaii'
plain. IV'hind them rise the two sandy heights which give nan...
to the mission; one of them crowned by a calvary, to which yen
approach by a number of stone chapels, often visited by piou^ |>ii-
grims. The number of Iroquois at this mission is about 2dO, auJ

* This trcntlcnmn has been nmde the object of most pcurrilous attacks by
the hito Mr. Hanson in h'u>, " Lost Prinei'," and it is <liio to hitn to state ili;i;
tilt! aoousations iirr loutuU'd simply in prpjiidit'O. No less than thirty jK'r>'»ii>
nt (Jaiifjhnuwftpa recollect Williams I'rotn childhood ; and as Mr. Lorimicr, the
Indian Agent, avers, no influence of Mr. Marcoux was needed to make M:;i.>
Ann nay what she has. ever said, except when under the dictation of Kloa/ur

FRENCH MISSIONS.

347

their prosont ])astor is Mr. Nicholas I>utVi'Siio. lU'sidcs tliis thore
Miv many C'atliolic Jr(M|ii()is in tin,' cantons, ut Green iJay, and in
various western tribes.

The Catholic IrotjUois, tlirrelore, niiniU'r aboiU .3000; tije rest
of the nation are mainly papins, with some t't-w rre>ltyti'rians,
J!|tiscoiialians, and Methodists. Sc^nu* ( Mieidas and < >n<»nda<^as,
with a considerable nundn'r of Senecas and 'J'usearonus, remain in
Nfu York; tiie Mojiawks, ^\ith many of all th»^ canti»ns, are in
I |'|M-r Canada ; some < >n<'idas in Wisi-onsin, some Senecas in In-
dian Territory.

When the Catholic missionaries were e.\j)ell«*d, some etVurt was
niiide l»y the authorities in New York to co?jvert the Mohawks to
Aiiirlicanism, and manv, led bv Brant, becuno members of tho
Church of Kngland. 'I'he Moravian Zeisberfr,.)- attempted in vain
a nii>sion at Onondaii'a, and I'yrheus another at the Mohawk.
The civili/ed Oneidas were visited l)y Xitw Eni,dand missionaries,
.'ind Were tinally jGfained by the .Nb-thodists, while some of tiie same
niU' at (Jreen Jiay are Kpiscopalians; missions of various sects
Were boijun among the vSenecas and Tuscaroras, but a powerful
party here and at < hiondaga are still jiagans, ami celebrate their
heathen rites amid tlie citv-stud<led realm of New York.

We have tlius brought down tlie history of the Iroquois mi.ssit*n,
;uid the more famous Huron one, of which it may be considered a
lirniif'h. Coc'vnl almost with the origin of the <,'anadian colony,
tile work of the inissionnries still endure>. We have traced their
laboiv fr()m tlh; days of Jogues — labors pui"sued amid every diili-
eiilty and trial, but ])ursue(l with an energv and zeal j.lmost un-
paralleled. We have seen their Christian villages arise in another
I'liid. and piety and virtue tlourish in the deseit: we have seen
these villages for generations honor the I'aith, and protess it still,
■^vhile the iiuxsn of their count rvmen are vet i>agans. Such is the
Iio.niuis mission : we shall allude to it again lis evangelizing the
I 'iieiJic shores ; but liere we leave it to take up the western missions.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE O'n.VWA MISSION, OK MISSIOX TO TIIK ALfJONQlIN TKIUES
IN Mlt'llRJAN ANIJ WISCONSIN.

The Ottawa country — Its various trllpc«~Tlu' Ojlliwas invito tlie niissionarios— .Io;;ius
ami Hayinhaut at Sauli St. Mary"« — Tlu> fail oi" tlio lluroun— <iarri'au and Druilloti's
hcnt to the West- Dittat of tlic ini.vsion - Dealli of (iarrcau — Mis.-ion of Monaril -
Ills liiToisiii — Mis vii\a;;t'aiiil its triai.-i — l^'onudsa mission at CiioKoinii'iron - Ills IuImiis
and doatli— FallitT Claudius Alloucz— His «ha|iel of tlu- Holy ointo— lli»
labors— doiufd hy Louis — IJ< .Mart|Uott»' -Tluir lahors -l>al»l( n hi-corms Sii|)erior of
the Ottawa iMiH»ion — Saul' St, M.,ry's (nundcd— An Illinois mission iirojcctod—Allouc/
founds St. Francis .Xavici s at (irecn I5.ty— 'I'lio trilics there — Druiiletes in the Wist
— His labors at the Sault -Mar<iuelte l->uni!iSt. Iiriiali\isat Mackinaw— Father Andr.'
In the .\rchi|)elap)— Missio?! of < J recti Hay — Nouvel as Superior — Labors of the various
Fathers — Alloiie/. — Marijuetle, sueceedeii by I'ierson, i^oes to exidoro tlie Misbis-ijijii
— His obseijuies— Knjalran in the West— Later labors and laborers.

TiiK poninsula lyin^ ItrtwciMi L-ike Sii|K'rior on the north ami
L;ike Michiijjan on {\\o cast, cxtcndinu; hack to the Mississippi, \v;is
in early times the ia.st outpost of the Alijfon(|uin race in tlie West,
inhahite«l hy several tribes <>1" that t'aiuily, who thus formed a har-
rier to tlie I)ahcotas or Sioux — a triht^ of Tartar oripn, who had
advanced eastward to the hanks of the Missis-sippi. One 1 »aii<ota
tribe ha<l, however, pushed furllier on, and settled on the siioren of
(fi'cen Bay, amid the .MijoiKjuins, who styled them Wimubai^ot'sor
Salt-water men, while to the main bodv of the Dahcotas thev L'nvc
that of Nado-wessiouex or Cruel — tlie same name, in fact, which
they b. 'Stowed on the teriible litujuois. The chief tribes of this
section were, '>n the north, the Ottawas or Traders, the Outchiboueo
<>r Sauteurs, since called Chijt))eways and Ojibways, the Menoino-
nees or Wild-rice trilie, the Siikys, tho Outai^ainies or Foxes, tiie
Mascouttns or Fire-Nation, the Kika})00s, and, towards the south,
the Miamis and Illinois or lUiniwek.

■..^u.

KHKNCH MISSIONS.

349

riN TKIIIKS

I railing as tlu?y»li(l with tlir J Iur(>iis,tlu'«» trilM'"* woiv srM)ii known
to till) Fivncli, ami tlu-ir rojinti y w.'is visit»'(' . ii v:\v\y day by
Nicolff, one ((filic liaitlit'st |»i(>n»vrs ot" (;ivili/ation in tlif annals of
Niw I'laiict'. 'i't-n years sjx'iit in AlLromiMin < aliins on tin' hanks
<>t' Lakf N'ijtissinir ami tlu- Ottawa, tilttMl hiiii t<» tra\»'i><' in safety
tin- va>t leufions where that lani;uaii;e |irevaile<l. Several \fars
jirior to his death, which took jtlaee in 104*2, while en!4;a<»ed in a
work ot'<'harity, Nicolet set out tVoin the lluioti 'oimtry, and, alter
a V(»yaufo of three hundred leai;ues, visited the '• Sea-trihe," nn-
ilntihtedly the Winnehafi^oes on (rreiMi Hay, with whom, in the
name of France, lio concluded a treatv in an assenihlv of four or
live thousand men.*

Tliore was noae to follow him to that wild West till U)4I,
when a great "feast of the dead," tjfiven hy the AlufoiKjuins in
llmuiiia, gathered there all the kiinlivd trilies to take )»art in the
tuneieal games, the dances, chants, and m(»urnful proi-essions of
thos<' decennial rites. Among the rest came the ('hijvpewas from
llie Uapids, which close to the ve>sels of man the entrance of t!u?
vast upj>er lake. These dej)uties, lik<' the rest, were visite«l by the
Jesuit missionaries, ami so won were the good Chippeways by the
gentle, self-devoting ways of those herahls of the cross, that they
earnestly invited them to their cabins at the Falls, |)oilraying
will) all the lively imagination of tin; child of iln^ forests the
riches and plenty that reigned in their sylvan abodes. Ever eager
to extend their sj»i ritual eoncjuests, to erdarge the bounds of tree-
doin in this westerfi world (for there alone is liberty wher»- dwells
the spirit of the Lord), the missionaries joyously a<*ee])ted the in-
vitation of the Chippeways.

Hy command of their Superior, two missioiuiries. Father ('harles
Rayinbatit, thoroughly versed in the Algonijuin cusl(»ms an<l lan-
iruage, with Father Isjiac Jogues, no less complete a Huron, «ere

* r.el, ir,42. p. 8.

850

AMMHCAN CAIllohlC MISSIONS.

(Irlaclicil to \isit tliciii. < >ii tii(> 17tli ot'.luiK' tlu'V lauiiclKMi tinir
(•im<M*s at tim iiiissiuii-lioux' ot' St. .\larv*>, ami li»r m*v»miI«tii iI.iv*
advanced over tin- crystal waters^)!' tin- iiilaiMl .s-a, ;tiiii»l tlic Im-.-ui-
tiliil i>laii»ls wliicli htn-tcli at-ioss tli' lake, clustciiiii; aiouml tin-
laki'-u;fiiiiiit<l Maiiitoiiliiic, so liall' v.>.l to tlic IiKliaiTs iiiinil.
Wlu'ii tlicy n-aclu'd tin- lalls, tiicy louml two tlioiisaiid Iiidi.iu-
a>s»'inlilfd tli« ic, and amid tlnir joyt'ul uitctiiiu's, tln' iiiissioiiaii(>
ina/«'d witli dt'liij^lit on the va.-t lifld \vlii«di lay lirt'oi*' tln'in. 'Ili.\
iu-ard of tiilx' athT tfilu- whirli lay ai»»iiiid, and over and anon «\'
tli»' tniihK; Nado\v«'>si who dwtlt on tin- o-i,>at river of the \\\>t.
KariM'stly did the Chipjicways jnoss the two Fathcis to stay in
ihoir midst. '* Wf will .'mhrar.' you," said tlu*y, " as L)iotlni>;
we shall (h'livc jnotit from your w< mis ;'' but it couhl not he mi.
Tho ))aucily of missionaries in the Huron < ountry did not v!XUos could hut plant the cross to mark the limit of their spirit-
ual proufre.ss; yet they turned it to the south, for thither now tlitir
hopes Ix-i^an to tend.* After a short stay they returned to st.
MaryX Jiiid hopes were entertained of .sof>n estahlishini^ a mi»iiiii
"^ on Lake Superior; hut liaymbaut shortly after fell a victim to the
Olimate, while .loi;ues iKUfan in his own person a lonjif career of
martyrdom, jtreludinG; the ruin of the llmon mission, the death v\
its apostles, and the destruction of the tribe.

Hy 1050, rppcr Canada was a desert, and the missionaries
thinned in numbers, turne<l to nearer (iehb, and even tried to leinl
the hautflity Iit)»|Uois, and bow hi> neck to the cros.s.

The West, however, was not t'orirottcn. In U»o6, a flotill;i "t
Ottawas a]>pearetl <tn the St. Lawi-enc. led by two adventui<iii>
traders who had two vears previously struck into the far \\ e-t.
These Indians aske«l a French alliance and missionaries, both «'t
which Were readilv ujranted. Two Jesuit Fathers were selectod

Kei. I«i42, p. IG/S.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

351

to accojtipaiiy tlioiu, with a considerable nuinlu'i* of Frmclinion,
iiit«Mi<k'(l to form a coiiniH'icial fstaMishiiH'iit in tli«.' West. I)is-
i.Mist»Ml witli till! lu'.'tality and lH»L'«lK'ssness of the < Htawas, the
Kiviiclnncn, on reacliini»' Tliivi' Itivors, resolvi'd to almiidon tin*
midfrtaJNin^; imt tin- two inissionarics, Fatiu'is I.<'«jnard (ianvau
and (Jabrici I)iniil«'t('s,* nndisniayed l>y the daiiLTtT, still k«'|it on
tlieir wav. As the Krench had foreseen, the tlotilla was attacdvi'd
hv an Inxjnois war-party, ]H)st«'d in andjnsh. At the fust v«illt y,
the wnerous (iarreau was niortallv wonnde<l, and, abandoned bv
the Ottawas, fell into the hands of the enemy, who, tearin<»' otf Ins
clotliinir, left him welteririir in his blood in a fort which thev had
thrown n|> on the end of the island of Montreal. Vet after several
(lavs, fcariiiiif the vengeance of the French, they carri<'d hint to
Montreal, where he soon after expired. I>rnilletes meanwhile had
hoen left by the Ottawas in another fort, which they threw np,
hut finally abandoned, refnsiiijnr to takt; the missionary with them.f
Thus failed tin* secoiul projected mission in the West, battled like
the first by the cruelty of the ]ro<(U lis.

In 1000, another tlotilla descended; the result of tlu? enterprise
of French voyacfers, who now KmI to the tradinif-posts of Fianco
sixlv canoes loaded with n«'ltrv, and manne<l bv three hundred

> i ft ft

western Alp^oncpiins. These, too, asked an alliance and Hla(!k-
gowns to teach them to pray. At (his epoch the missions had
received u new imjuilse from the zeal and de^'ot«'dness of the tlrst
hisliop of Quebec, who found a kindred spirit in the veteran
I'ather .ferome Lalemant, then Superior of th<' Jesuits in Canrda,
a man full of enerijv and zeal. <dadlv would he have ofone him-

~ f ft '^

M'lf tf> the ui>per lakes, to which, as Superior of the Huron mis-
sion, he had sent Jojjues and iiavmbaut nearlv twentv vears i)e-
f'Te. His duties, however, de-tained him at l^uebec. There was

* In tlio Ahniiki mission, we liavo {jivcii tlio iiaiiie Druillcttcs ; ii\ luct, lies
wrote it both \va\>, but iiktc commoiilv as now given.

* Kel. 1655-6.'

;i52

AMSCIUCAN CATIIOLK^ MISSIONS.

Mill, liowt'Vcr, jmotluT survivor of tli«* oM Huron luissiuus. loin^r
yoMi's Ix't'orc tin' (oiiir.'Klc iiini t'»'llo\v-lal»ort'r of" .Inj^ju's, Ifrcxsmi.
r>r<'l»«'iit', (ilariiii'r, <i;»rr«'au, and others, who iiad already won ,1
martyr's (Mown amid their apostolic toil. His head was whilen<il
with vears, his face s<'arred with wounds rec«'ived in th(> streets of
('ayuf^a, tor he had ' vn on*; ot' the first to hear the faith iiU'.
<'entral New York. TlioroUirhly inured to Indian lilf, with manv
a diale(;t of Huron and AI^oikjuiii at hits command, Keno Men.-tiij
soui^ht to die as his earlier friends and comrades ha<l lotiij siinc
<lone. The West seemed a pronnsed land, to lie reached only
through the Ked Sea of his own blood, and with joy ho receisid
tlie order to begin his march into the wihh'rness. We havo still
extant a letter written by him in Auiju f, 1 <>()(», on leaving Thr.v
Jiivers, replete; with a spirit of sacrifice, which can scarci; find ,1
parallel. He went destitute and alone, broken with age and toil.
but with a life which he saw could last oidv a few months; yet lu'
liad no thought of recoiling: it was the work of Trovidence ; aii'l
in utter want of all the necessaries of life, he exclaims: *' He wlin
feeds the voun«; raven and clothes the lilv of the field, will t.ikf
care of his servants; and sliould we at last die of niiserv, how
great our happiness would be!"*

There is something grand and sublime in tlie lieroism of then'
early missionaries, which rises as wo contemplate it ; and few will
win our admiratiori more than Menard, a ma!i devoid of enthusi-
asm, whose letters are as cabn and unimpassioned as those of a
commercial house, yet one who, in liis vocation and in the ap-
pointment of his Superiors, saw the will of God, and did it man-
fully.

Soon after leaving Tlu'eo Rivers he met Bishop Laval. " Every
consideration, Father," said the pious prelate, " would seem to re-
quire you to remain here ; but God, stronger than all, will havi.'

* Rol. 1659-60. p. 152.

FHKNCll MISSIONS.

ar)8

vou tli«»ro," and lio pointed to tho distnrit \V«'st.* Kiicour:iijt(l
.(iitl Ihii-iio u|i still iiioif Ity this, t'lill of u «.l«'sii'u of MitVi'iiiii;. Ii«-
titi.illy NtMitfd iVdin Mniitifal, tlio fnditirr |>«»st. In sj»it»' i>\' tlu'ir
|tiMniises of p>u«>II«>i1 the au-ed
|irir>t to paddlo tVniii ntorninijf to nii^Hil, to lielp tlieiii at the niaiiv
linitaijes — in a word, t() take on iiini all tlu'ii- tliinli^.-iy. The
llinmellt.H he conld steal to s;iy hi> i>Hiee di^|•lea^e^l iheiii; thev
ihniir his hrc'viarv into the N\at«'r; and at. last, ins4'nsil)lL' to i»iiv,
It't't liini on the shore withont lood or protection. iMuini; tli«*
wliujc voy;i;j;e, Menard had, lik»! the re>t, sntfered fxieatly from
tiinmn'. Herries were tlu-ir chief food; and iioppy )i" >vln) t'oinul

some cili

hi'

111.

IlUH»»

and ha]>pier ho >vho iiad in his cK»thin<^ a piece
ij. lie ha<l borno all patiently; l»iit now, harefoot
aiitl woniuled hv the sharp stones, he stands at last on the shore
of Lake Superior, abandoned to starvation. After a lew days,
*luriii<; which lu^ lived on juMmded hones and sm h other objects
as he could find, his faithless conductors relentinLf, r«'turned, and

riMiv

wed him to the rendezvous of the tribe, a bav which 1

reached on St. Theresa's-dav, and named after hei'. " Here," savs
111', "1 had the consolation of sayini; mass, which re])aid me with
usury for all my past hardshij)s. Here I bepan a mission, com-
jMised of a tUin/< ehurch of Christian Indians from the neit;hbor-
li'MMJ of the settlements, and of such as God's mercy has gathered
in here."

This first mission in {Iw. West was situated, as the date of his
K'tter tells us, one hundred leagues west of Sault St. Mary's; in all
I'lohability at Knoweonaw. Without waiting to repose, he began
his ministry among the few Christians there, and sought out tin;
iitHicted and miserable. "One of my tirst visits," says he, " was in
a wretched hut dug out under a large rotten tree, which shielded
it oil one side, and supported by some fir-branches, which sheltered

* Kd. lGO.3-4. ch. viii.

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*^f

354

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

y jh

it against the wind. I entered on tlie other side almost flat on iny
face, but creepiii!^ in I found a treasuie, a poor woman, abandoned
by lier husband and by her daughter, who had left her two dying
children, one about two, and the other about three years old. I spoke
of the faith to this poor afflicted cre.'iture, who listened to me with
pleasure." " Brother," said she, " I know well that our folks reject
thy words ; but, for my part, I like them well ; what thou sayest
is full of consolation." With these words she drew from under the
tree a piece of dry fish, which, so to say, she took from her ^ ery
mouth to repay my visit. I thanked her, however, valuing more
the happy occasion which God gave me of securing the salvation
of these two children, by conferring on them holy baptism. I re-
turned some time after to this good creature, and found her full of
resolution to serve God ; and, in fact, from that time, she began to
come to morning and evening prayers so constantly that she did
not fail once, however busied or engaged in gaining her scanty
livelihood. Soon after thus beginning his distant and laborious
mission, Le Brochet, a chief, who had especially ill-treated him on
the way, drove him out of his cabin ; and Menard had no refuge
but " a kind of little hermitage, a cabin built of fir-branches, piled
on one another, not so much," says he, " to shield me from the
rigor of the season, as to correct my imagination, and persuade nie
that I was sheltered." Such was the winter residence of an aged
and enfeebled man. Consolations were not wanting. A pure and
noble young man, who, amid the vice and debauchery of his na-
tion, had always been regarded rather as a spirit than a being of
flesh and blood, came to be instructed. Heroically he embraced,
heroically he professed the faith of the cross. His widowed sister
and her children, and some few others, were soon added to Me-
nard's flock, but the missionary's progress was slow. He had, how-
ever, no idea of abandoning his post. " I would have to do myself
great violence," says he, " to come down from the cross, which God
has prepared for me, in this extremity of the world in my old days."'

FKENCH MISSIONS.

355

" T know not the nature of the nails wliich fasten me to this ado-
rable wood; but tlie mere thousrht that any one shouM come to
take me down makes me shudder, an<l I often start up from my
slumbers, imagining tliat there is no Ottawa land for me, and that
my sins send me back to the spot from wliich the mercy of my
God had by so signal a favor once drawn me." His letter of July,
1601, announces his desire, or rather liis resolution, to attempt a
journey of two or three hundred leagues over a land intersected by
lakes and marshes, in order to announce the gospel to four popu-
lous nations, doubtless the Dahcotas, of whom he had heard.

The project, however, he never realized ; another field opened
before him. It had nothing grand or sublime in its novelty or the
power of the nation, it was beset w ith difHculty and danger, but it
was one which an old Huron missionary could not think of re-
fusing. A party of the unfortunate Wyandots had, as we have seen,
tlt'd to the upper lake, and, at this moment, lay on or near the
Xoquet Islands, in the mouth of (Jreen Bay. Long destitute of a
pastor, the Christians were fast relapsing into pagan habits ; but,
stili clinging to the faith, they sent to implore Menard to visit them.
The missionary firet sent some of his French companions to ex-
plore the way. They descended a rapid river, and after countless
rapids, portages, and precipices, reached the village, which was in-
habited by a few wretched Hurons, mere living skeletons. Con-
vinced of the impossibility of Menard's reaching it, or remaining
if he did, they returned, encountering still greater difficulty in
ascending the river. On arriving at the mission in June, 1001,
they implored the aged missionary not to attempt a journey so
evidently beyond his strength. All the French joined their en-
treaties to those who spoke from expeiience, but in vain. Speak-
ing of his Sioux mission he had said : " I hope to die on the way."
No fear of death then could deter him from answering a call of
duty. His faiihful companion, the Donne, John Guerin, spoke in
the spirit of the cross, and, reminding him of St. Francis Xavier,

366

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

*■■

! f

expinng at the very' thrcsliold of the Celestial Empire, induced h
to attempt tlie voyage, even if lie, too, should perish ere he reached
the scene of labor. "God calls me thither; I must go, if it cost
me my life: I cannot sutler souls to perish under the pretext of
saving the bodily life of a wretched old man like myself. AVhat I
are we to serve God only when there is nothing to suffer and no
risk of life ?"

lie set out with some Ilurons whom accident had brought to
the mission; but, on reaching a lake, they left him. After waitiiii,'
here a month for their return, he and Guerin proceeded ; but, on
the 10th of August, the poor Father, following his companion at
the last portage on the rivei", mistook one wood for another, and
was lost or seized by some band of Indians. Guerin having ac-
complished the portage, sought him, but in vain ; hurrying on to
the Huron village, lie, by signs, at hist procured assistance ; but no
trace of the missionarv could be found. Lonij after his bas; wms
found in the hands of an Fiidian, who refused to tell where he ]i;id
got it, and some of his chapel-service was subsequently seen in sx
lodge.* He was probably nuu'dered on the first rapid of the Mo-
uomonee, closing a long life of assiduous toil in the missions of
America by a death glorious in the sight of lieaven, although thcio
was none to chronicle his suti'erings and his constancy in death.f

* Perrot, Moeurs et Coutumes des Sauvagcs, MS.

t Father Keni'i Menard, born in 1G04, had been in France confessor to
Madame Daillebout, one of tlic founders of Montreal ; but of his previous
history wo know nothinjf. lie came to Canada in the Esporance, whioii
sailed from Dieppe on the 26th of March, 1G40, and, after being compullod to
put back by storms, reached Quebec in July. After being director of the
Ursulines, he was sent to the Huron country, and succeeded Raymbant as
miissionary of tiie Algonquins, Nipissings, and Atontratas. On the full of tlie
Hurous lie was stationed at Three Rivers till he was sent to Onondaga, as we
have narrated in the Iroquois mission. After the close of St. Mary's of Ga-
ncntaa he was again at Three Rivers till the period of his departure for tlio
West. lie died about tlie 10th of August, 1601, being 57 years of ago. His
constitution was weak and delicate, but his courage bouudless. His fervent
piety made lum in nil adversities and hardships consider only the glory of

FKENCIJ MISSIONS.

re, induced h
ore he reaelud

■>t go, if it co<
the pretext of

nyself. AVliatl

;o siiifer and no

liad brought to
. After waitini,^
;eeded ; but, on
is companion at
for another, and
orin having ac-

hunying on to
distance ; but no
fter his bag was
U where he had
uentlv seen in a
apid of the Me-

the missions of
, although tliore
ncy in death.f

mce confessor to
It of his previous
Esporance, wliioli
eing conipellctl to
S director of tiic
ded Raymbant as
On the fall of the
Onondaga, a^ we
St. Mary's of (^a-
departure for tlio
years of age. His
less. His fervent
onlv the glory of

With the death of Menard closed the tirst Ottawa mission. At
that moment there was not a missionary station nearer than Mont-
real, and indeed his post was almost as near to the Spanish mis-
sions of Santa V6 or Alachua as it was to Montreal ; yet, regardless
of all, he had fearlessly penetrated to that distant spot.

The Jesuits had faced death and difticulty in every shape ; mis-
sion after mission had been ruined, and the ablest men of the order
ruthlessly butchered. But, says the Protestant Bancroft, " it may
be asked if these massacres quenched enthusiasm. I answer that
the Jesuits never receded one foot ; but, as in a brave army, new
troops press forward to fill the places of the fallen, there was never
wanting heroism and enterprise in behalf of the cross under French
dominion." At the present moment they were true to their spirit ;
no idea of abandoning the Ottawa mission seems to have entered
their minds. The Supeiiors needed only a man fitted for the vjist
field. One soon arrived. Claudius Allouez had long sought the
Canada mission, not buoyed up by any false enthusiasm, founded
on an ignorance of the real state of the Indians, but conscious of
the difficulty, and ready to meet it.* Ilim the Superior of the
mission now selected, and he soon prepared to face all the dangers
of the long and perilous route, to meet hunger, nakedness, cold, and
cruelty, to win the West to Catholicity. In 1664 he was at Mont-
real, too late however to embark, as the Ottawa flotilla was already
gone. More successful in the following year, lie embarked, and,
with happier auspices, reached the southern shore of Lake Superior

God, and realize the truth " that, when m^t bereft of human eonsolatlon,
God takes possession of the heart and convinces it liow far liis lioly grace
BurpasiCH all consolation to be found in creatures." Hence he was a most
iisofiillaborer in God's vineyard. II's Superiors called him "Pater Frugifer,''
and Risliop Laval styles him a religious of most exalted piety, for whom not
only the " French, but even the Indiana, liad a most profound veneration."
A.s to the spot of his death I dift'er from Bancroft, who (vol. iii. 147), sup-
poses him to have perished between Keweenaw and Chegoiniegon ; but from
a study of the narratives, and the fact of the Ilurons being at the time on
Green Bay, I have come to the conclusion stated in the text.
* Jesuit Journal ; Relation, l*)64-5, ch. 3; MS. notice of death of Allouej

358

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

and began his labors, which, for the next thirty years, were dmo-
ted witli unabated zeal to the moral and mental elevation of the
Indians of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois. lie may indeed bo
styled, in justice, the Apostle of the West.

After great toil a!id suftering, aggravated by the brutality of
his conductors, he arrived on the 1st of September, 1065, at Saiilt
St. Mary's, and for a month coasted fdong the southern shoiv.
After stopping at St. Theiesa's Bay, where two Christian woinon
reminded him of Menard's labors, ho advanced to the beaut it'iil
bay of Chegoimegon, which he reached on the 1st of Octolier.
Ten or twelve petty Algonquin tribes soon assembled there to
hang on the war-kettle, and prepare for a general invasion of the
land of the Sioux. Tlie young braves were rousing each other to
phrensy by dance, and song, and boast. The envoy of Christ was
the envoy of peace. His influence was not exerted in vain. Tho
sachems pronounced against the war. Tranquillity being thus in-
sured, Allouez adorned his chapel of the Holy Ghost at the spot
henceforth called Lapointe du Saint Esprit, and began to gather
his Indian church. His chapel was soon an object of wonder,
and wandering hunters of many a tribe came to wonder and to
listen. Their numbers and attention roused the hopes of the
earnest and laborious missionary. In a short time the Chijipe-
ways, Pottawotamies, Sacs and Foxes, Kikapoos, Miamis, and
Illinois became known to him, and to all he announced the truths
of Christianity. In his excursions he met the Sioux, and wrote
home telling of the great i^ver " Mesipi."

At Chegoimegon his labors were crowTied with but partial suc-
cess. Many were no strangers to Christianity, but had long re-
sisted its saving doctrines. Like Menard, he had to struggle with
superstition and vice, consoled only, amid hardship and ill-treat-
ment, by the fervor of a few faithful souls. His mission com-
prised two towns — one inhabited by the Ottawa clans, the Kiska-
kons and Sinagos, the other by the Tionontates. The latter,

:i:

FRENCH MISSIONS.

359

mostly converted in their own land, he endeavored to recall ; the
former, embittered against the faith, he endeavored to gain, and
not in vain. In the fiist winter he baptized eighty infants and
three adults in danger of death, and had the consolation of gain-
iiin; one whom he deemed worthv of the s;icrament in health.

Suj^ei'stition reigned around him. The lake was a god, the
rapids, rocks, and metals all were gods ; and a chimera of their
own imagination, Missipissi, was the object of univereal adora-
tion.* He visited also the Saulteurs at Sault St. Mary's, and after
spending a month among them, proceeded to Lake Alimpegon,
where the Nipissings, better taught by adversity than their old
Tionontate neighbors, aftbrded the missionary greater consolation.
Thoy had had no priest for twenty years, and many were still
pngans, but the old Christians were full of fervor. But the great
field in his eyes was, however, the new tribes yet uncoiTupted by
intercourse with the whites.f

After two years of labor, Allouez, having thus founded the mis-
sions of the Ottawas and Ojibwas, and revived those of the Hurons
and Nipissings, returned to Quebec to lay before his Supe-
rior a full account of the West, and then, two days later, without
waiting for repose, having received supplies and a companion in
the person of Father Louis Nicholas, he set out again for Chegoi-
megon.J Though forced to leave their French companions at
^lontreal, and otherwise, harassed, they reached their mission in
safety, and entered, on their apostolic duties, in poverty and hun-
ger, amid the insolence and mockery of the unbeliever. They an-
nounced the faith to twenty-five different tribes, and out of these
men of many tongues, gathered eighty souls by baptism into the
church of Christ.g

* Rel. lC66-r. t Eel. 1666-7, p. 16, &c.

t Jesuit Journal.

§ The Our Father in the Ottawa tongue, as given by Bishop Baraga in hia
Katolik Anamie-Misinaigan (3cl edition, Detroit, 1846), is :
1. Nossina wakwing cbiian apegich kitehitwawcndaming kid anoaowin.

360

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

'i '

Assistance was now coming. In April, 1668, the celebrated
Father James Marquette left Quebec with Brother IjQ Boesrno,
now iniu'ed to tlie work, and soon reached the West to begin iiis
labors.* Before that, however, Father Louis had set out witii a
flotilla of Nez-perces, and did not again return to his westcin
labors. Among the incidents of mission life, the Fatliers record a
noble si)eech in favor of the faith by an old Christian, who, at't< r
having led for years a nomad life, in danger of dying unprepared,
now cabined near Father Allouez, as if to be assisted by liini in
death. Death soon came on, and, thankful for the blessino;
aftbrded him, he gave his dying feast, and to his heathen guests
declared his hopes of happiness and the joy of his heart, warniiiir
tliem to believe, if they would escape fires more terrible than those
of the Iroquois, and prolonged to eternity .f

The next year Allouez himself came down, in part to restore
some Iroquois prisonei-s, in part to seek additional missionaries.
After completing his errand of peace, he prepared to return.
Father Claudius Dablon, though greatly needed at Quebec, was
sent with him, and appointed Superior of those upper missions.
Under the conduct of this active and energetic Superior, piattors
took a new form. Long trained to mission life, he was equally

2. Apegich bidagwichinoma{rak kid agima wiwin.

3. Enendaman apegich ijiwebak, tibichko wakwing, mi go gaie aking.

4. Mijichaning nongo agijigak nin pakweji ganimina wa-iji-aioia»g lueme-
chigo gijig.

5. Bonigidetawichiuang gaio ga-iji-nichkiinangi eji bonigi detawangiJwa
ga-iji-nichkiiamindjig.

6. Kego gaie ijiwijichikangc gagwedibeningewiniug.

7. Atchitchaii dach ininamawichinang laaianadak. Apeingi.

The Chippeway differs but slightly from it, as may be seeu by the same
prayer in his Chippeway work of the same title. It begins: **1. Nossinuii
gijigong ebiian Apegich kitchitwawcndaming kid ijinakasowin ;" and ends:
"7. Midagwenamawichinam dach maianadak. Migeing." But besides
these there are only nine or ten words that differ.

* Jes. Journal; Eel. 1667-8, p. 103.

t Jes. Journal; Rel. 1667-8, p. 110. .

FRENCH MISSIONS.

S{)1

igi detftwangiJwa

fitted for command and direction. The Inciians who had tjatlieied
at Lapointe had scattered again, some to the Falls of St. Mary's,
others even to Green Bay. Dablon and Manjuette began a new
station at the foot of the rapids on the soutliern side. Here Mar-
fjuc'tte found an abunchmt harvest. " Two thousand souls," he
wrote, "were ready to embrace the faith, if the missionary was
faithful to his task." But though thus deceived by his enthusi-
asm, he connnitted no erroi-s. He and his Superior went on
patiently instructing all, baptizing such only as were in danger of
death.*

Allouez had resolved to leave Lapointe and proceed to Green
Bay, weary of the obstinate unbelief of the Kiskakons, who, in-
structed by the old Huron missionaries in Upper Canada, by
Menard and by himself, answered their exhortations only by ridi-
cule. Shaking the dust off his feet, he i)rep.'ued to depart. An
accident detained him, and the Kiskakons, corresponding at last
to grace, yielded. Tiie chief, Kekakoung, now ba[)tized, spoke in
favor of Christianity. Three venerable cliiefs supported his views.
Polygamy, sacrifices, and superstitions were suppressed ; the
cliapel was thronged ; and by long and repeated instructions,
Allouez now prepared one hundred for baptism.f

This post, however, he soon left to Father Marquette, who
reached it in September, 166.9, after a month's navigation amid
snow and ice, which closed his way, and frequently perilled his
life. He found at the mission five villages — four Algonquin and
one Huron. Of these, the Hurons and Kiskakons were chiefly
Christians, the Sinagaux and Keinouches bitterly opposed to the
faith. The Hurons assembled in their village to recei>'e him;
but Marquette, little vereed in their language, was not able to
minister to their wants. The Kiskakons received him joyfully ,J
and afforded him much consolation. At a word, thev renounced

Eel. 1668-9, p. 102.

t Eel. 1668-9, p. 86.
16

: Eel. 1669-70, p. 40,

362

AMEUICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

[>r.'ictic('.s still retain<"l, hut savoiiui,^ of siipeixtition ; and tlio sick
cariM'stly l)oi(^od his itrcsciKjo to krcj) ofi' tlu; iiKMlicint^-iiK'n. A
skilful missionary, ^^al•qu('tt(' did not endeavor to alter their tinie-
lionored customs, unless when sinful. I'rayer replaced tl'e idohi-
trous ceremonies in their festivals, and acts of devotion tlieir sense-
less juijgleries. To enjoy the labors of the missionary the more,
they separated from the rest, and erected their winter cabins
around his chapel.

Dablon remained at the new mission of St. Mary's of the Sault.
The little tribe of Pah-witing-dach-irini, or Saulteurs, which con-
tained only one hundred and fifty souls, were the permanent lesi-
dents. The ricli fisheries Ihid gathered others — the Nouquet hun-
ters on the lake shore, the Chippew^iys, Maramegs, Acliirigoiians,
Amicoues, and Missisagues, scattered in the islands, the Kilisti-
nons and Winnebagoes in the interior. Anxious to extend the
faith, Marquette had sent an interpreter to the Sioux, bearing a
present to the tribe to obtain protection and safe conduct for the
European missionaries ; " that the Black-gown wished to pass to
the country of the Assinipoils and Kilistinons ; that he was already
among the Outagamis, and that he himself was going in the fall
to the Illinois."

Such were their plans. While Marquette was learning from an
Illinois captive the dialect of his tribe, Allouez had proceeded to
Green Bay, which he reached early in December, and saying bis
first mass on the festival of St. Francis Xavier, called the mission
by his name. The town was a motley one, made up of Sacs and
Foxes, Pottawotamies and Winnebagoes. Assembling the sachems,
he explained the Christian doctrine and his purpose, and urged
them to embrace " the prayer." His chapel was then opened for
instructions; and wdien not occupied there, he visited the cabins to
minister to the sick, and, if possible, save them from eternal death.
Such was his usual plan. Besides this town, he \isited another
Pottawotamie town in the spur of Green Bay, and in April ascended

FRENCH MISSIONS.

363

; and tlifi sick
i(;iin^-in<'H. A
Iter tlioiv timc-
aceil the idnhi-
ion their Hoiisc-
maiy the nioiv,
winter cabins

y's of the Sault.
iurs, which con-
permanent resi-
e Nouquet hiiii-
;, Achirigoiiaiis,
ids, the Kilisti-
\ to extend the
Uoux, bearing a
conduct for tlie
ished to pass to
; he was already
roinff in the fall

naming from an
ad proceeded to

and saying bis
lied the mission
up of Sacs and
ng tbe sachonis,

)ose, and urged
then opened for

id the cabins to
eternal death.

^^sited another

April ascended

Fox River to a town of that tribe, where ho announced the faith,
and after a short visit to the Mascoutens, returned to St. Francis.
The tribes he had seen were ])owerful, and, except the Winneba-
goes, spidco Algonrjuin dialects, received the missionary with every
lioiKH', and seemed a rich field for labor.* 'i'ho Menoiiioiiees, of
tli(! same tongue, a feeble tribe, next received his care ; then the
Winnebagoes, onco cut down by the Illinois to a single man,
called his attention. Their language ho found new and strange,
with no analogy to the Huron and Algonquin. IIo began to
study it, and soon translated the Lord's prayer and Angelical Salu-
tation, with a brief catechism. His stay was not fruitless. The
AVinnobagoes responded fiir better to his teachings than the Al-
goiiquins liad done, and he found less resistance to the truth,
liaving been able to baptize fifty infants and seven adults.f

When tidings of this vast field reached Quebec it was resolved
to send more missionaries to the wild, irregular field, which, with
all its ditficulties, could not appall or dishearten the soldiers of the
cross. The veteran Father Gabriel Druilletes, with Father Louis
Andre, who had in the last year learnt the language, were ac-
cordingly sent in 16*70. J

* \Vc give the Our Father in Pottawotamic, from Do Smet's Oregon mig-
eions :

Nosinan wakwik ebiyin apo kitchitwa kitchilwa wenitamag kitinosowin,
enakosiyin ape piyak kiteAvetako tipu wakwig, apo tcpwetakon chote kig.
Nf?oin ekijikiwog michinag mamitchiyak ponigeledwoiket woye kego kachi
kicliiimidgin, kinamochinag wapatadiyak chitchiikwan nenimochinag mcy-
anek waotichkakoyakin. Ape iw nomikug.

In Menomonee, as furnished to mo by tlie politeness of the Kev. Fl. Blon-
<iuel, it runs:

Nlionnhiawkishiko epian. 1. Nlianshtchiawkaietchwitchikatek ki wish-
wan. 2. Nhanshtchiaw katpimakat kit okimanwin. 3. Enonitaman nhan-
phtcliiaw katoshekin, tipanes kishiko hakihi 0c min. 4. Mishlame ioppi
kislii;;^a nin pakishixaniminaw oniko eweia 0anenon kaieshixa. 5. Ponikite-
tawiame min ka cshishnekihikelan, esh ponikitetawakiOwa ka ishishnekihi-
anieflwa. 6. Pon inishiashiame ka kishtipeniflwane. 7. Miakonamanwiame
Oe meti. Nhanshenikateshekin.

t Rel. 1669-70, p. 62. % Kel, 1660-70.

804

AMERICAN CATirOlJC; MISSK^NH.

i\ ' '

Pruillctcs, full of sanctity nn<l z«'iil, soon cliatn^cil tin; Sanlr.
TIk* cures li»5 crtl'ctccl (luring an ci>iik'nnc yxeiv. ri'gardt'tl as lui-
raculoiis, ami tlio Indians, in a general council on the lltli of Oc-
tober, 1(570, declared tiie Sault to be Christian, ami adoi)te(l llir
(Jod of "the prayer" as the master of life. The chiefs amio to the
cha])el for instruction; the young cried out : "The Sault jmiys;
the Sault is Christian !" All was now in motion ; the minds wtiv
open to light, the liearts to grace : in six months 120 children wtio
baptized, and when in January, 10*71, the church and mission-hoiiso
were destroyed bv fire, Diuilleles, who had saved nothing but tlif
Blessed Sa(;rament, began to erect a new and finer one. Within
the year he baptized thiee hundred souls ; but Druilletes was not
only a most successful missionary and able counsellor ; ho Avas^ in
the eyes of his contemporaries, a saint.*

Marquette had, as we have seen, opened a friendly corres-
pondence with the Sioux ; but the Ottawas and llurons of La-
pointe, by their folly and treachery, provoked a war which com-
pelled them to flee eastward. The Dahcotas, sending back to
Marquette his pictures and other presents, declared war. The Ot-
tawas set out firet, having chosen as their abode the island Ekaen-
touton or Manitouline : the llurons remained for a time with
Marquette, but finally embarked on Lake Superior, and descendinn;
the rapids, doubled the cape and landed at Michilimackinaw, where
they had been some years before. Here Father Marquette began,
in 1671, his mission of St. Ignatius, having raised his chapel on the
mainland opposite the island. The place was bleak, exposed,
and barren ; but the missionaiy was full of confidence and lio{x\
although he had more to suffer than to do.f

The Ottawas were not abandoned. Father Andre was appointed
pastor of the tribes on the islands and shores of Lake Huron, many
of whom were in pait Christians. His duties were equally hiho-

* Kcl. 1670-1, p. 162 ; see Charlevoix. t Kel. 1670-1, p. 147.

Pp f

FRENCH MISSIONS.

^Qo

rioiw and dnnffcrous; but he was lull of /oal and courai^e. Leaving
Saiilt St. MaI•v'^^ on tho 28tli of August, 1G70, ho linst visiicvl tlio
MissisaguoH, then tlie Aniicouos, and, at'lcr it'ijowing tho fervor of
till' old, he hastened to the new Ottawa mission of St. Simon's on
Mauitouhne ; wlieie, hke his pied('(!essor8, lie had to struggle witii
the jK'rversity and superstition of most of the elans. Although he
Iwitl hitherto sutl'ered greatly trom want and scareity of all kinds
i»f food, lie ascended French Kiver to Lake Nipissing, and wintered
there among the Outisquagamis (? Tetniseamings), the long-haired
tribes on its borders, whom he drew to the chapel by his skill in
music, and tauglit assiduously, living on acorns and tripe de roche,
an edible moss. In the spring he returned to Manitouline, his central
station.*

The new mission of St. Francis Xavier was now the cliief hope
of the missionaries, who, finding further progress through Lake
Supeiior closed by the war-like and outraged Dahcotas, hoped,
through Fox Kiver, to I'cacli new nations. In September, 1G70,
Allouez returned with Dablon, liis Sujiorior. Throwing down a
rude, unshapely idol at the Kakalin rapids, they proceeded to the
Mascoutens' town, inhabited partly by Miamis. Addressing tlio
sachems as to their object, they both preached and urged the In-
dians to embrace the faith. Some Illinois whom they met gave,
however, better hopes, and inspired them with the desire of realizing
Marquette's projected Illinois mission. Meanwhile, however, Al-
louez wintered in Wisconsin, laboring altemately among the
Miamis and Mascoutens in one village, which formed his mission
of St. Francis Xavier, and among the Foxes at his mission of St.
Mark.t

The same year Dablon descended to Quebec to become Superior
of all the Canada missions, and sent, as liis successor in the West,
Father Henry Nouvel, who had already been inured to toil and

* Kel. 1670-1, p. 115.

t Rcl. 1670-1, p. 155.

366

AMEKICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

difficulty, amid the tnbcs on the lower St. Lawrence and Saguenay.
DispatchiiJg* Andre to Green Bay, Nouvel took his wandering mis-
sion, and for more than six months traversed the islands and tlio
northern shore of the lake from Lake Nipissing to Sault St. MaryV.
Louis, the fervent convert of Menard, now chief Christian at Maiii-
touline, was his main support and consolation. Among the Beavor
Indians, or Amicou^s, he was beaten and expelled from a cabin,
where he was endeavoring to save a dying Christian from the medi-
cine-men, but was rewarded for this humiliation by the conversion
of one of those impostors. The sick w.^re, as usual, his chief oaio;
and, as he was a devout client of Father Brebeuf, he frequently
employed his relics, and invoked his aid. His lettere assure us
that heaven deigned to approve the sanctity of the illustrious
martyr by miraculous cures.

Druilletes still labored at Sault St. Mary's and Marquette at
Mackinaw, while in Wisconsin AUouez and Andre gave form at
last to their missions. Andre gathered the children at the Bay,
and taught them to sing hynms embodying the doctrines of
Christianity, or ridiculing superstition, whilst he accompanied them
on the flute. Allouez, among the Foxes and !Mascoutens, wtis
regularly increasing his little flock.*

In 1672 many of the Ottawas settled at Marquette's post, having
been much improved by a mission of Father Andre. Their t'oit
was at some distance from the Hurons, and the church attended
by both lay bet\veen. Their isolated position afforded many ad-
vantages, and the zealous missionary found many consolations in
the improvement of his flock. He was constantly in movement
from one village to the other, visiting them in their cabins and
fields, or summoning them to prayer on holidays.

At the Green Bay mission, Andre, during a temporary absencf,
had his mission-house and all his winter supply of dried fish, his

* Rol. 1G71-2, p.l09.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

367

nets, ami all his property burnt by the pagans. Undaunted by this,
lie raised a cabin amid the ruins, and renewed his attacks on their
polygamy and supei-stition. Avowed adorers of the devil or evil
spiiit, they attacked him for the opposition he made to the object
of their woi'ship. " The devil," exclaimed a chief, " is the only
great captain : he put Chi-ist to death, and will kill you."* Such
was the hard and unpromising field now before Andre ; but he did
not falter, and made converts in the very cabins of his bitterest
enemies at Chouskouabika and Oussouamigoung, his two chief
viihiijes.

Allouez, meanwhile, had planted a towering cross at St. James
of the Mascoutens, and by Assumption Day, 1G72, opened his
chapel of mats to the Illinois, Kikapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis, and
Weas cabined there. So great was the curiosity of the throng,
that they broke in the sides of his chapel, and Allouez at last came
forth, and, when silence had been proclaimed by an aged chief, rose
to speak. " God gave me grace to speak Miami," says he. In
that tongue he poured forth words of truth and love. His long in-
struction was heard with wonder, for so fluctuating was the popu-
lation that few had ever seen or heard him before. He now began
regular instructions in his chapel for the various tribes, visited each
nation, cabin by cabin, instructing, consoling, baptizing the sick.
When about to depart, he met a band of the Illinois, whom he also
iiistnicted, but whose sui'prise was endless at his attention to a poor
sick boy ; for philanthropy and benevolence are but faint shadows
of Christian charity, and are found only where the cross has been
planted. With these, the Pottawotamies near Green Bay, and the
Foxes of St. Mark, he spent the year. The latter had received from
tlie Iroquois calumnies against the missionaries, and, losing some

* A similar speech occurred, it will bo recollected, in the Florida inissimi,
and no fact is better established than that of the demon-worship of the
American tribes.

■1i

368

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

Christians iu war, began to view Alloiiez with suspicion ; yet his
mission, during the year, sliows nearly 200 baptisms.*

Sucli was the wandering life of this early apostle of Wisconsin,
continually visiting the various stations, instructing in public and
in private, planting the cross on many a highland ; above all, en-
deavoring to abolish idolatry and superstition, sometimes heard,
sometimes derided : now an object of suspicion, as some rambler
came in from a distant tribe with his tale against the Black-gown ;
now, a very murderer in their eyes, as a Christian fell in battle, or
died after baptism : ever, therefore, with his life in his hands, ex-
posed to perish by famine or the hand of man, when, driven from
a village, he cabined alone in the snow. Such was indeed not the
life of AUouez alone, but of all his associates in the Northwest. But
Allouez, the pioneer of all, was doomed also to see his toil and
labor of years misrepresented and ridiculed by his own countiy-
men, and even by missionaries.

At Sault St. Mary's, Druilletes, meanwhile, had gathered around
his church the fervent Kichaoueiak, and formed among the Missisa-
kisf a little church of twenty souls — inducing many, by his won-
derful cures, his sanctity and power, to renounce polygamy and vice.
The spirit of these Indians was that of the ages of faith. Not only did
they bring their chiluren to receive the benediction of the holy mis-
sionary, they led him to bless their fields, they brought to the altar
their firet-fruits, and, when going to war, came like the fervent
Chichigouecs to call down the blessing of heaven on their arms,
Druilletes was not alone : the missions in the lake were esiDecially
in the hands of the Superior Nouvel, who, in his constant contests
with the medicine-men, had well-nigh fallen a victim to his zeal,
for the axe was thrice brandished over his head ; but he Avas fear-
less, and amid the storms on the lake, and the perils on the shore,
where he had no recourse but prayer, he put his trust in the Holy

I ,'i

* Rcl. 1672-8, MS.

t Or Missisagucs.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

(369

Family, aud was not disappointed. Singular was the instance of
protection once af!oided liim. Anxious to reach his mission, he
prepared to launch his canoe, when the Indians, pointing to the
(•(fining storm, implored him to stay ; but he put oflf boklly, and,
after gazing at him for a time, they retired. Soon the storm came
oil in all its fury ; and Nouvel, unable to paddle, advance, or re-
turn, lay down in the bottom of his canoe and let it drive before
the storm. At last he felt that it was approaching the shore — that
the Holy Family, constantly invoked, had not rejected him. In a
few moments he sprang ashore, and to his wonder beheld a new
mercy. He was at the very spot whence he had started, but his
absence had saved his life ; a tree had been struck by lightning,
aud the forest far around was wrapped in flame.*

The following yeai"s find the same missions still existing, though
traversed by accidents. In 1G74, Father Druilletes beheld his
church consumed by fire during a conflict between some Sioux and
some Algonquins. The former came as ambassadors to treat of
peace, for tb" *ribe had been worsted in recent engagements. The
missionary, desirous of founding a Sioux mission, had already some
of the tribe in his house under instruction : with the same view he
now received the envoys. A council of reception was held at the
mission-house to deliberate on the proposed peace. While all were
thus engaged, a Cristinaux brandished his knife in the face of a
Sioux chief. Fired at the insult, the Dahcota sprang to his t^et,
and, seizing the stone knife in his belt, drew from his long hair a
second, which they always carry there. Brandishing these, he
shouted his war-cry, and, with his clansmen, soon drove the Al-
gonquins from the house. To dislodge them, their antagonists fired
the building, which was totally destroyed, killed the ten Sioux
envoys and two women, but lost twice as many of their own num-
ber. Thus was Druilletes doomed to witness his hopes all dashed

* Eel. 1672-3.
16*

870

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

J f

4 .-

in a moment ; his church and house in ruins ; the Sioux rendered
bitter enemies, and the Algonquins exposed to a relentless war.*
In 1675, Father Peter Bailloquet joined the mission, and Nouvel
leaving to him his former ground,f the islands and upper shore,
pushed further east, and wintered with the Amicoues near Lake
Erie in the former country of the Sakis,J in gi*eat plenty, for tlio
countiy abounded in game. Meanwhile, another missionaiy. Fa-
ther Peter A. Bonneault, came up, in 1676, and returned with
Nouvel to the Sault,§ making their journey one continuous mission.
Druilletes remained alone at the Sault, " broken by age, past hard-
ships, and infirmities, yet laboring on with unexampled vigor" till
1679, when he returned to Quebec, and died there the next year
with the reputation of a saint, supported and sustained by miraclc's.||

At Mackinaw, which Father Marquette had founded, we find
Father Philip Piereon succeeding him in the care of the Hurons,
when that missionary at last set out on the voyage which has im-
mortalized his name. By his exertions a new church was built
and opened in 1674, awaiting Marquette's return; but only his
bones reached it long after, to be deposited in a grave before tlie
altar. In 1677, Father Nouvel repaired to this post to take charge
of the Ottawas ; for them he built the bark chapel of St. Francis
Borgia, and though the cross, when first planted, was fired at by
the pagans, a zealous chief caused a reparation to be made. This
chief was the soul of the mission ; such was his piety and devo-
tion that he drew on himself the title of the Black-gown chief; but,
proof alike to ridicule and violence, he became the column of the
rising church.

In this double mission the Kiskakons numbered about 1300 ; the
Hurons 600 : each village was under an oflScer of the faith or
catechist, who, after the missionaiy had finished his instruction, re-
peated and explained it. The dances were by this time almost

* Rel. 1673-0. t Rel. 1675. t Rel. 1676-7, § Kel. 1673-9. I! Paris Doc.

FliENCH MIS. IONS.

371

abolished, those ouly of the women being left, and at these the
chants were consecrated by religion. The Sundays and holidays
were kept with extraordinary piety, and both villages assembled
every Thursday afternoon at the Benediction of the Blessed Sacra-
ment. In fact, Mackinaw now begJin to rival Laprairie and Lo-
rc'tte in the fervor and piety of its Christian Indians.

The solemn and interesting ceremony of the translation of the
remains of Marquette from their obscure resting-place to the mis-
sion which he had founded, gave a new impulse to their fervor.
The illustrious explorer of the Mississippi expired near the mouth
of the river which bears his name, and was there interred by his
sorrowing comrades. Uis Kiskakons were too deeply attached to
their faithful missionary id leave his body in so unhonored a grave.
Tiiey resolved, in 16V 7, to transport liis remains to Mackinaw;
and, landing at the spot, opened the grave. The body was entire,
tiiough dried up ; clearing the flesh from the bones, they inclosed
them in a box of bark, and, depositing it in a canoe, proceeded to-
wards their village in a long and silent convoy. Some Iroquois
canoes which met them, learning the nature of the ceremony, joined
the line. On appearing before Mackinaw, the two villages, headed
by their missionaries, Pierson and Nouvel, came down to the shore,
and verifying the identity of the body, lan«led it amid the chant of
the " De Profundis." Borne then with the usual ceremonies to the
church, it lay exposed till the next day, the 9th of June, when,
after a mass of requiem, it was interred in a Uttle vault in the
middle of the chui'ch, " where," says Father Dablon, " he reposes as
the guardian angel of our Ottawa missions."*

To consolidate this mission of St. Ignatius, another missionary,
Father John Enjalran, was sent in 1678, destined to labor for
many year's at that post.f

Meanwhile the third OttaAva mission, that of Green Bay, went

-9. i Paris Doo.

* Shea's Disc. Mississippi, p. 63.

+ JSel. 1678.

372

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

i s

steadily on. Father Louis Andio, a man of firmness and ability,
directed at St. Xavier's his little church of five hundred Chris-
tians, which slowly but gradually increased, and at the same time
he kept down the opposition of the pagans. His house at Green
Bay had been burnt, another on the Menomonee now shared its
fate ; but he still went on, and, living almost constantly in his
canoe, went from station to station along the bay, visiting the six
tribes of his paiish.* In 1676, the veteran Father Charles Alba-
iiel, broken by toil, just returning from an English prison, whither
he had been hurried from the snows of Hudson's Bay, became
Superior of the western missions, and took up his post at Green
Bay, where again a fine church was soon raisedf by the Rapide des
Peres, partly, it would seem, by the aid of the western tradei"s,J
and among others of Nicholas Pen'ot, so well known as an ex-
plorer of the West.

Allouez still directed his two-fold mission near Winnebago
Lake, and during the year 1674, baptized one hundred and sixty
of the Fox, Mascoutens, and other tribes, propagating assiduously
devotion to the cross,§ and consoled by the piety of Joseph, a fer-
vent Miami chief, and of the Christian maidens, who, amid all
allurements, persevered in the path of virtue. He labored chiefly
in the Fox town, then harassed by war, but extended his labore
also to Sacs and Winnebagoes.|| To assist him, the Superior at
Quebec now sent Father Anthony Silvy, who, on the 6th of April,
1676, announces his arrival at Mascoutens, where he found thirty-
six adult Christians and one hundred and twenty-six children, and
soon added to the number by baptisms, for he immediately began

* Rel. 1675-6-7. f Rel 1673-9.

X In digging the foundations of a house on the site of this church a few
years since, a splendid silver ostensorium was found, with this inscription:
"»J« Ce Soleil a etd donne par M. Nicolas Pcrrot k la mission de St. Francois
Xavier, en la Bayo des Puants. ^ 1686." — McCdbe's Gazetteer of Wiscon-
sin. The Puants here mentioned are the Winnebagoes.

§ Rel. 1675. i Rel. 1676-7.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

873

his label's. AUouez and Silvy now labored, together or apart,*
till October, when the former, appointed successor to Marquette,
set out for the Illinois country, leaving the latter alone.f About
1G79, Silvy, recalled to Tadoussac, was in turn replaced by Father
Peter A. Bontieault ;;[ and soon after AUouez, driven from the Illi-
nois country, returned to Mascoutens, and again i-esumed his mis-
sion there.

Such was the state of the Ottawa mission when the last Jesuit
Relations were written. Deprived of their guidance, we find, in
subsequent years, but scattered notices, from which we must now
endeavor to fonn a connected whole.

CHAPTER XX.

THE OTTAWA MISSION (CONTINUED.)

Later history of the old Jesuit missions — A mission servant Icilled — Tlio cliurch at
Green Bay burnt — Mission at Maclilnaw abandoned— Its restoration— Detroit— Death
of F. Constantino- The last missionaries — Le Franc, Du Jaunay, and Potier — Tlie
Sioux mission— Hennepin— Marest— Captivity of Guignas — Martyrs— Close of the old
mission— The Sulpitian mission at the Lake of the Two Mountains.

For some time the only account of the western missions is such
as we glean from incidental expressions of travellers. Father Le
Clercq, the author of the Recollect annals, pays his tribute of
praise to the unremitting labors of the Jesuits, which had all the
success that could be expected in nomadic tnbes. The missions
of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus had indeed, from the arrival
of AUouez in 1665, resulted in the baptism of many pagans, old

* Rel. 1673-9.
t Rel. 1673-9.

t Shea's Disc. Mississ. p. 00.
Silvy is inentiored in Kel. 1678.

374

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

m -'

r I

;. J

nnd youDg, most indeed since dead, yet enough surviving to tbiin
important missions at Sauit St. Mary's, Mackinaw, Green liay,
Winnebago Luke, and the scattered islands in Lake Huron, all of
which were in 8UC(;esslnl operation. Of the individuals we know
little. In 1G80, Father Enjalraii was apparently Offcue at Grceii
Bay, and I'ierson at Mackinaw — the latter mission still comprising
the two villages, Huron and Kiskakon. Of the other missi(>us,
neitlier Le Olercq nor Hennepin, the Recollect writers of the \\'est
at tliis time, make any mention, or in any way allude to their
existence, and La Hontan mentions the Jesuit missions only tu
ridicule them.

France had taken formal possession of the "West in 1G*71, at a
congress of tribes, held at Mackinaw, and in the wars now about
to break out with the L'oquois, called on their western Indians to
aid them. This caused much activity and preparation on the
hikes, and with the former opposition of La Salle to the Jesuits,
tended materially to injure the missionary cause. Dissensions
among the Indians followed, and the French finally lost much of
their hold on the aftection of the western tribes which the mission-
aries had hitherto secm*ed without an effort. The missionaries
themselves were now in danger. Among the Winnebagoes, a ser-
vant of the mission was murdered, and though demanded, the sat-
isfaction in presents required by Indian ideas was never given.
Indeed, so ill-disposed were the Winnebagoes, that they ^^ere
about to follow up the blow by the destruction of the missionaries
and their church, for fear the Jesuits should by some means de-
sti'oy their tiibe. A faithful chief succeeded in dispelling this
superstitious idea, and calmed them all for a time.

Among the Foxes, too, a lay-brother was cruelly treated, and
compelled by a chief to work for them, a drawn sabre over Iiis
head awaiting but a signal to descend.*

* De la Potherie, ii. 153.

FRENCH jn^SIONS.

875

Wliile tilings were tluw unfavorable, Father Enjalran wjis
called upon to accompany the Ottawa troops led by J >urantaye,
to join in Denonville's expedition against the Senecas. To absolve
the dying Christian, Ihj fearlessly exposed his pei-son on the Held
of battle, and wiis there severely wounded. While stretched on
his bed of pain, during the tedious period of convalescence, he
soon after heard, in deep affliction, that his church and house at
(Jreen ]5ay had been destroyed by fire, the pagans having in the
al)sence of the Christian chiefs accomplished their design.*

Enjalran returned, however, the next year, as he appears in
1088 on the Ottawa mission with AUouez, Nouvel, Albanel, and
r»:iilloquet, the veterans of the West, aided by Gravier, soon to
repair to Illinois, with Claude Aveneau, whom La Ilontan met at
Detroit in lG87,with the Cayuga missionary, Stephen de Carheil,f
and soon after with Father Nicholas Potier.J By these some new
stations were begun, and among them the long flourishing Potta-
Avotaniie mission of St. Joseph's River, founded by AUouez, who
died there full of days and merits.§

For several years we now lose all trace of the labors of our mis-
sionaries in the Northwest. Political intrigue had entered that
field, and the propagation of the taith was sacrificed to petty and
selfish views. The race of truly Catholic-hearted rulers in Canada
was gone ; a new race had succeeded, and not one would re-echo
the words w^ith which Champlain, the first governor, oj^ens the
histoiy of his voyages. This was not all. England had entered
the field to contest with France the mastery of the Northwest.
Mackinaw was abandoned ; a new post arose at Detroit, and hither
the Hurons and afterwards the Ottawas removed. At Mackinaw
there remained only a few Algonquins, all heathens, with somo
coiweurs de bois almost as heathen as they.|| '

* De la Potherie ; Charlevoix, ii. 354. t Catal. S. J. 1688.

X Belmont's Canada. He makes Potior descend in Dec. 1684.
§ Charlevoix, iii. 393. \ Charlevoix.

376

AMElllCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

J I }

P i-

!■

5 i :• ;

In tlio liist year of the oiglitcenth century, Father Enjaiiaii,
then at (Quebec, wan sent to the West with Courtenianche to in-
duce the western tribes to appear, by their envoys, at the jLfic.it
Concfress of 1701. lie wintered at Mackinaw.*" At that epocli
we jLjfh'an from a catiilojijuef that Nouvel, Aveneau, and de C'ar-
heil were still on the Ottawa mission, aided by Father James ,1.
Marest; but of their respective stations even, to say nothing of
their labors, we have no tidings.

Three years later, the veteran Nouvel disappears, replaced by
Fatlier John 13. Chardon,J whom we soon after find in Illinois;
and in 1*706, the missionaries at Mackinaw, finding it useless to
continue the mission there, or struggle any longer with sujxMsti-
tion and vice, fired their house and chapel, and returned to Que-
bec. AlaiTned at this step, the governor at last promised to en-
force the laws against the dissolute French, and prevailed on
Father James J. Marest to return. Soon after the Ottawas, discon-
tented at Detroit,§ where the blootl of a Recollect had been slied
in a riot, began to move back to Mackinaw, and the mission of St.
Ignatius was renewed.||

Here, in 1*711, we find Father James J. Marest Superior of the
Ottawa and Illinois missions ; and so little intercourse was there
between the various stations, that his oflHcial duties now, for the
fii*st time in fifteen yeare, brought him in contact with his brotlier
Gabriel, although the distance between their posts could now be
travelled in a day. Then it was a long journey in the wilderness,
4' ■

* De la Potherio, iv. 102. f Catal. Prov. Franciee, S. J. 1700.

X Cat. 1703.

§ The French post at Detroit was served by Recollects. In 1706, the rash-
ness of Do Bourgmont, the French commander, led to trouble between the
Indians of different tribes, in the course of which Father Nicholas Benedict
Constantine, the Kecollect chaplain of the fort, was killed. Other Recollects
succeeded him at this post down to 1782, but none apparently undertook
any Indian mission ; that duty devolving on the Jesuits. Of Father Con-
stantine, I have no tidings beyond the fact of his deatli.

j Charlevoix, ii. 306.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

377

and each, overboiiie with toil, could ill steal days for rest or a
visit.

Charlevoix, the histonan, visited the Ottawa missions iu 1721,
and his journal gives us the next account of them. Mackinaw was
still a missionary station ; but, as he remarks, th«; Fathem were not
much employed, having never found any groat docility among the
Ottawas.* There was a missionary at the Sault, and another,
Father Chardon, at the fort of Green IJay, about a mile and a half
from the mouth of Fox liiwr. This missionary labored chiefly
among the Sacs; but, finding them indocile, was busy studying the
Winnebago in order to labor among that tribe. Charlevoix, as an
envoy of the king,f urged the Sacs to greater respect and docility
for their missionaiy, if they hoped to retain the favor of the French
king, and apparently produced a good eft'ect. At the fort on the
St. Joseph's River was anotlier missionary, recently arrived, who
was attempting to restore the long-interrupted work. His flock
consisted of two villages, one of Miamis, the other of Pottawotamies.
Some Mascoutens and Foxes liad been there previously, but were
now settled elsewhere. The Pottawotamie orator Wilamek was a
Christian in name, but far from being so in practice. Charlevoix
reproached him, but without effect, for his neglect of his Christian
duties.;!;

Subsequently to this the Fox war plunged all the West into dis-
order, and greatly embarrassed eveiy eflbrt made by the missiona-
ries. From that time, indeed, the Ottawa mission is almost un-
known till the days of the last Jesuit missionaries of the West.

Afler a time the whole mission devolved on two celebrated Fa-
thei-s, Marin Louis Lefranc and Peter du Jaunay, the last of the
old Jesuit missionaries among the Western tribes. They were both
stationed at Mackinaw till about 1765,§ and regularly visited the

"^ Cliarlev. V. 412. + Charlev. v. 432; Sandwich. X Charlev. vi. 21).

§ In this year two Jesuit missionaries are said to have been put to death

ou an eminence by a rapid on the Fox River, thence called Le Rapide des

878

AMKHICAN CATIIUI.IC MISSIONS.

ijH

M^l

»■

various stations on Lako Mi(.■hii,^•ln. Tlioir nicniory was lon«; m
bont'tii(;tion among the Ituliaiis, and as lato as lH'20, aj^od nu-n <it"
the tribo at Arbre Croclu; could point to the spot wlnTu clu
.Jaunay was wont to say his breviary. Futlicr iVtor J'otier occa-
sionally visited Illinois and ministered to the Indians near that jmk
till his death in 1781.* l>u Jaunay and JiCtVanc had ahvady
preceded him, and with his death closed the old Jesuit missi()ll^ in
the Northwest.

There is yet, however, one mission of which we have not hitht rto
spoken. Father Menard liad proje(;ted a Sioux mission: Mar-
«[uette, Allouez, Druilletes, all entertained hopes of realizing it, and
had some intercoui'se with that nation, but none of them ever suc-
ceeded in establishing a mission amonu: them. When La Salic
was carrying out his mighty ])lan8 for colonizing the West, amid
a thousand difliculties, lie sent the Recollect Father, Louis Henne-
pin, in 1C80, to explore the Ohio to its mouth. That well-kiiuwii
missionary was ascending tlie Mississippi in April, when he fell into
the hands of the Sioux, and was by them detained as a prisoner till
July, when Du Luth, a Frencli agent, effected his liberation. A
stay of four months enabled him to acquire some knowle<ige of
their language and manners ; but as a missionary liis labois were
confined to a single case of baptism, having, after some liesitatioii,
conferred the sacrament on a dying child.f The tribe was sultso-
quently visited by Father Joseph Marest, to whom, doubtless, Ciiai •
levoix alludes when he says: "Our missionaries have tried to
found a mission among them, and I know one who greatly regretted
that he had not succeeded, or rather that he was unable to stay
any longer among an apparently docile people.''^ But there is no
extant account of his visit, its time, or duration.

Pores, a name preserved in the town of Depere. This may be true, Init no
traee of tbo fact is to be found in any work of tho time. See Ann. Prop.
ii. 121. * MS. in Bureau des Terrcs

t Hennepin, Rehition do la Louisiane. t Tharlevoix, v. 26P.

FKEN'CII MISSIONS.

379

\'y Wiis loiij; ill
0, iv^y'd men of
s|»ut wIk-Tc '111
ter J'otier occa-
s iioar that jhK
lie had ahvjuly
isuit luifssioii^ ill

lave not hitlurto

mission : M.ii-

roalizing it, ami

t' thcni over siir-

When La Salle

tho West, amid

T, Louis Ik'lillr-

rhat wc'll-lviiowii

when he fell into

las a prisoner till

liberation. A

le knowlcdi^e ut

his hibors wore

some hesitation,

ribe was subse-

loubtless, Chai-

havo tried to

greatly re|,n"etted

unable to stay

But there is no

ay ho true, but no
Sec Ann. Trop.
lureau des Terrcs
ix, V. 269.

The first Bishop of Qu»'l»ef, tlie vein'ral)le La\al, had ilii?* nuH-
«ioii Lfieatly at heart, and his l)ioH^ra|»lier says tliat .lesuil Katiici-s
were sent tlnMo in his time;* l>ut nothiiii; is eertai'i beyond Ma-
rest's visits till 17*28, when Father l;L,n»atius (iuigna.^ b<!<,in u mis-
sion amon^ them, llis labors were nut, howi^ver, to continu*' Ion;;;
lie w.'is compelled to abandon his int'ant ehur<'h on a victory of
the Foxes over tho French. Attem]»ting to reach Illinois, (iui<;'nas
fell into tho hands of the Kikap(jos and Mascoutens in October,
1728, and was for five months a captive in the hands of those allies
(if the F^oxes, constantly exposed to death. After a time he was
indeed condemned to be burnt, and was saved only by the inter-
vention of an old man who adopted him. Kedieved by supplies
from the Illinois missionaries, (Juignas used what he received to
gala the Indians, and having iiKhieed them to make jK.'ace, lu; was
taken to the Illinois country and left «»n parole till Xoveiid)er, 1725),
wlien they returned and took him back to their canton, though
there is nothing to show that he then resumed his Sioux mission.f

We cannot then consider this mission as more than an episode
ill that of the Ottawas; but if we can believe tradition, the Sioux
shed the blood of Catholic missionaries. According to the r>blato
Father Aubert,| a fervent missionary, attempting to penetrat(^ to
Red River, wsis killed by tho Sioux on a little isle in the Lake of
the Woods, and the rock bedewed by his blood is still pointed out
l»y the Indians.

We have now closed the history of the old Ottawa mission, so far
as authorities have enabled us to follow it out, and we now resume
its results. It dates properly from 1G60, when Menard began to
convert the Kiskakons, and undertook to minister to the fugitive
Ilurons. His successors established missions among the Chippe-
ways and Nezperccs on Lake Superior ; the Ottawjis, both Kiskakon

* Do la Tour, Vic do Mfjr. Laval.

t Marestin the Lettros Edifiantes, &c., Ac.

X U. S. Cath. Mnjr. vii. 36:^.

380

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

■^■^M

and Sinagos in their various posts, among the Pottawotamies, Win-
nebagoes, and Menomonees, on Green Bay ; and among the Sacs
and Foxes, Mascoutens, Kikapoos, and some families of tlie Mianiis
in the intenor of Wisconsin. All these tribes still exist, except the
Mascoutens, merged probably in the Sacs and Foxes. All were,
to some extent, converted to Catholicity before that sad period tor
the French missions, Avhen Choiseul directed tlie destinies of France.
His two great achievements, the surrender of Canada and the sup-
pression of the Jesuits, were a death-blow to the missions of the West.

For thirty years tluie was no priest west of Detroit,* and the
Catholic Indifins thus left to tliemselves, where not well-grounded
by time in Christianity or removed from pagan influence, lost mucli
of their fervor, and even of their faith. Yet most remained trne to
their religion, and awaited with eagerness the coming of a Black-
gown.

When the Avestern country finally fell into the hands of England,
the war of Pontiac soon desolated the whole country, and the In-
dians were in too excited a state to hope for any missionary opera-
tions, even had there been priests to conduct them. The American
war followed, and after its close in 1788, a new Indian war broke
out in the West, so that in fact Indian hostilities continued with
slight interruptions during more than half of the last century. These
wars not only prevented any access of missionaries, but aho
served to extinguish the faith in the hearts of the people. Deprived
of pastors, constantly in motion, mingling with war-parties of pagan
tribes, and sharing in their superstitious rites, they soon relapsed
into many of the old customs of their race.

Of this mission our narrative has been less full and edifvin?
than we should have wished ; but, last of the old Jesuit missions,
it arose but a few years prior to the publication of the last Rela-
tions, and after their close our sources lun o been precarious.

* Mc'Cabe, Gazetteer of Wisconsin.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

381

It embraced, as we have seen, the Ojibwas on Lake Superior,
tlie Ottawas, who finally settled iu Michigan, the Menomouees on
the river which still beai"s their name, the Sacs, Foxes, Kikapoos,

Only

(I M{

I'ound G

ith the W

agoes.

iscoutens

two langi nges, the Algonquin and Dahkota, prevailed ; the iornior
ill various dialects. Not only have the narratives of the mis^^iona-
ries perislied, but also the philological works which they composed ;
and at this day there is no trace of any grammar, vocabulary,
catechism, or prayer-book, in any of the dialects of Wisconsin and
Michigan.

On the death of the old missionaiies, the Algonquins, who are
great ramblei's, frequently visited the Sulpitian mission at the Lake
of the Two Mountains, where a small body of Catholic Algonquins
still remain. At this place they revived their early knowledge of
the faith, and, returning to the West, kept religion alive. The
mission at the Lake may then be considered as having been in the
interval the only sanctuary of religion for the western branches of
the Algic race. There only could they find the consolations of re-
ligion ; there only hear the truths of the gospel proclaimed in their
own tongue.*

* Of these western missionaries brief notices can be given. Father Peter
Pierson was a native of Ath, in Ilainaiilt, where his father was a royal offi-
cer. He came to Canada as a scholastic on the 2r)th of September, 1607, and
was for some time a tutor. After his ordination, we find him at Sault St.
Louis, Sillcry, and Lorette, before going to the AVest.

Father Louis Nicolas, wlio appears in the Iroquois and Ottawa missions,
spent most of his days among the Montagnais.

Father Albanel had been cluiplain in expeditions to tlie heart of New
York and to the snowy plains of Hudson's Bay, which he was the first to
seek overland.

Silvy was also at Hudson's Bay, and was at various times in the Sagucnay.

Father Eiijiilran died, it is said, December 6, 1700.

CHAPTER XXI.

THE OTTAWA MISSION (CONCLUDED.)

American Missions — Tho Ottawas— Ricliard at Marquette's grave — Petition of tlio
Ottawa chiefs — Badin — Dejcnn resident missionary at Arbre Croclie — Ottawa yoiitli
sent to Rome by Bishop Fenwiciv — Rlzl' — Barnffa — The Ecdcmptorlsts at Arbre
Crochc and Sault St. Mary's — Barnga and Viszogsliy at Grand Iliver — Pierz at Arbre
Crociie — Baraga at Lapointe— Tiie Ance — Pierz at Grand Travers Bay — Proiilx and
the Jesuits on the Canada side — Skolla — Chippeway missions in Minnesota— Billc-
court — Lacombe— Barnga made Vicar Apostolic. — Tlie Menomonkks — Mission re-
stored by Vandcnbroecli — Blonduel and liis labors — llcmovul of tribe — Father Hkollii.
— Tlic PoTTAWOTAMiKS — Richard— Itezii — The chief Pokegan — Fervor — Badin— His
labors — Detiseille — His mission and death — Petit and Ids exiled flock — Edifying con-
duct of tlic Indians— Death of Petit. — The Winnebac.oes — Mission of Mr. Mazzuclielli
— Petiot — Persecution of tho missionaries — Cretin — Strange conduct of governineni
— Cretin bishop — Canon Vivaldi.

I !

f <

4 i

As the Catliolic Church of the United States acquired form
after the close of the Revohition, the attention of the first bishops
was drawn to the French and Indians of the West. To meet
their wants was, liowever, a matter of great difficuUy, and it was
only when the French Revolution made the clergy of France wan-
derers in foreign lands, that any hope existed for them.

Soon after the outbreak of that terrible war on religion, the
active and laborious Sulpitian, Gabriel Richard, was stationed at
Detroit. A man of great activity and zeal, he was eminently
fitted for the difficult post. His life may seem strange indeed to
many ; but though, as we have said, founder and director of the
first printing-press in Michigan, and deputy to Congress from that
territory, he was not the less a laborious and zealous priest, who
did much for the cause of religion in the West. As early as 1700
he visited Arbre Croche, where the Ottawas of Mackinaw then
were. The memory of the Jesuit missionaries w^as still fresh.
Tradition had handed down the death of Marquette, invested with

FRENCH MISSIONS.

383

ornaments of romance, and many were yet alivo who could point
to tlio favorite walk trodden by Dii Jaunay while reciting- his bre-
viar}'. But, unfortunately, little else remained. One only of tho
tribe, a man of seventy-five, had been baptized.* Several years
(lapsed without Richard's being able to return, although often in-
vited by the Indians.f When the Episcopal See of Cincinujiti
was erected, and Michigan attached to it, steps were at last taken
to give the Ottawas a pastor. Richard visited the shores of Mi-
chigan again in 1821, and was conducted by the Indians to the
spot where Marquette had been first buried, and Avhere, as Richard
supposed, his remains still lay. To honor the founder of Macki-
naw, he raised a wooden cross at the spot in the presence of eight
Ottawas and three Frenchmen, and with his penknife cut on the
humble monument, the only one ever raised to the honor of the
Discoverer of the Mississippi :

" Fr. Jh. Marquct.
Died here 9th May, 1675."

He celebrated mass at the spot on the following Sunday, and
pronounced the eulogitlm of the missionary to whom tradition
still attributes miraculous gifts.

After this passing visit, the Ottawa chiefs, more anxious than
ever to have missionaries, as their fathers had, addressed to Con-
gress the following petition :

" We, the undersigned, chiefs, heads of families, and others, of
the tribe of Ottaw\as, residing at Arbre Croche, on the east bank of
Lake Michigan, take this means to communicate to our father,
the President of the United States, our requests and w^ants. We
thank our father and Congress for all the eflforts they have made
to draw us to civilization, and the knowledge of Jesus, redeemer
of the red man aid white. Trusting in your paternal goodness,
we claim liberty of conscience, and beg you to grant us a master

Ann. Prop. iii. 33S.

t Ann. Proj:>. ii. 50.

884

AMERICAN OATHOiJC MISSIONS.

! i !

or minister of the gospel, belonging to the same society as the
members of the Catholic Society of St. Ignatius, formerly estah-
jished at Michilimackinac and Arbre Croche by Father Marquetto
and other missionaries of the order of Jesuits. They resided long
veal's among us. They cultivated a field on our territory to teacli
us the principles of agriculture and Christianity.

" Since that time we have always desired similar ministers. If
you grant us them, we will invite them to live on the same ground
formerly occupied by Father Du Jaunay, on the banks of Lake
Michigan, near our village of Arbre Croche.

"If you grant this humble request of your faithful children,
they will be eternally grateful, and will pray the great Spirit to
pour forth his blessings on the whites.

" In faith hereof, we have set our names this day, August 12,

1823.

" Hawk, Crane, Bear,

Fish, Eagle, Stag."*

Caterpillar, Flying-fish,

Fearing lest even this should fail, Magiti Pinsingo, the Ottawa
chief, four months after, again addressed the President, but no
steps were taken to make any provision for a missionary .f

In 1825, they were visited by Rev. J. V. Badin. Hearing of his
approach, they erected with their hatchets a log-chapel, covered
with bark, and lined with planks. This Mr. Badin blessed on
the 19th of July, dedicating it to St. Vincent of Paul. On the
following day he read a letter from Mr. Richard, in reply to tliose
of their chiefs, and delivered to the eldest a silver raedal.J After
a short stay, he visited other posts — Drummond Island, Mackinaw,
Sault St. Mary's, and Green Bay — reviving in all their desire for
Catholic missionaries. Returning in the following September to
Arbre Croche, he again ministered to their wants, officiating in

* Ann. Prop. ii. 100. t Ann. Prop. ii. 102. X Ann. Prop. ii. 127.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

885

day, August 12,

Inn. Prop. ii. 127.

the rudo obapel, baptizing thirty children and adults, five of whom
made their first conimunion. The chiefs deHvered him lettei-s, in
their style, for Mr. liichard, which were published in the Annales
of the Propagation of the Faith.

During his short stay, Mr. Badin also preached in English to
the soldiei's under Major Clark, then stationed there.* In the fol-
lowing year lie renewed his visit ; and Richard, at Washington,
endeavored to obtain the government pennisvsion for a missionaiy.
The Secretary at War at last agreed to bear two-thirds of the out-
lay for buildings for educational purposes, and allow twenty dol-
lars for each child instructed. By his zeal, too, Badin inspired two
good ladies of Mackinaw to ofier their services as teachers of the
InJian girls, and his great object now was to induce the Jesuits to
return to the former possessions of their society. Arbre Croche
was thus formed as a mission station ; and though Badin failed in
securing the former laborere, he soon found a man fitted for the
task.

Mr. Dejean, a priest of the diocese of Rhodez, after some years'
stay on Huron River, was now sent to Arbre Croche ; but before
his arrival, the news spread that a missionary was to reside there,
and Catholic Indians began to flock in. Assaguinac, a pupil of
the Sulpitians at the Lake of the Two Mountains,! just appointed
chief at Drummond's Island, renounced his post and its English
pension to come to Arbre Croche. Though disappointed at find-
ing no priest, he remained, became by his influence a chief, and
began to catechize the people, and teach them hymns. J

AVheu Dejean an-ived at Mackinaw, in 1827, six Indians came
for him, and took him to the village. Here he found much done

* Ann. Prop, ii, 99.

t Besides the Iroquois mission hero, there is an Aln^onquin one also di
reeled by tlie Sulpitians. It has been in a measure the cradle of the western
Algonquin missions in the present century; its documents, catechisms, vo-
cabularies, hymns, and prayers havinfr been the basis on which the other
missionaries worked. X Ann. Prop. iii. 344.

■■A t

380

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

by tlie z< il of Assaguiiuic. Twenty-one were prepared for bap-
tism, wliicli was now conforretl. The number of Christians had
by this time become about one hundred and fifty. The rest of
tlie tiibe, about four hundred and fifty, sliowed every inclination
to embrace the faitli. Tliree chiefs even gave up tlieir inediciin'-
l)af]fs, and asked to be instructed.

In 1820, Mr. Dejean was again there ;* and finding one hundred
and thirty catechumens, of all ages, suflficiently instructed, bap-
tized them. As his visit was but short, lie named seven catechists,
and urged the Christians to cabin apart, as the pagans now
showed much opposition.

Having laid out tlieir new village, they renewed their entroatios
for a pastor, and the Dominican Bishop Fenwick at last, in May,
1829, sent Mr. Dejean to reside permanently there, and in liis
diocesan visit stopped at Arbre Croclie, to the great joy of the
Ottawas.f As he neared the shore in his canoe, he was received
by the tribe, who came in procession, headed by Assaguinac, and
all knelt to receive his benediction, then led him to their chapel,
where they recited their evening prayers. Tlie next day he began
his mission, for such, in reality, his visit was, and, with the clergy-
man who attended him, spent some time in instructing, confessing,
baptizing, confirming, and marrying. A temperance society,
already established, was approved ; the labors of the excellent
ladies, Misses Bailie and Williams, in instructing the women, were
encouraged ; the attempts of Mr. Ferry, a Presbyterian minister at
Mackinaw, defeated. This visit convinced the bishop of the neces-
sity of a Catholic missionary on the Lake, to save the Indians
from being led astray, and he even resolved to try and form Indian
priests.J

On the 29th of October, 1829, Dejean wrote: "My desires
are at last fulfilled. Here I am stationed since June among the

* Ann. Prop. iv. 465. t Ann. Prop. iv. 486. X Cftth. Mag. yl. M-

FRENX'H MISSIONS.

387

repared for bap-
if Cliristians had
fty. The rest of
every inehnation
-) their inecliciiic-

lino' one humlred
'■ instructed, hap-
seven catechists,
ilie pagans now

d their entroatios

at last, in May,

here, and in liis

great joy of the

, he was received

Assaguinae, and

1 to their chapel,

xt day he bcijan

with the clerc:}-

cting, confessing,

perance society,

of the excellent

he women, were

erian minister at

lop of the neces-

ave the Indians

and form Indian

e : " My desires
Tune among the

ith. Mag. yl, PS-

Indians of Arbre Croche. Already eighty-five, chiefly adults, have
received baptism, five of the number being over eighty-one. A
house 46 feet long by 20 wide, and a church 54 by 30, have been
built of wood. . . . My good Indians have worked with zeal 'and

courage.

Schools were also begun, and thus, ut last, a regular Indian
mission was established in the tribe, which Meiuuxl had first
labored to convert. Besides this, the bishop had two Ottawa boys,
William Maccodabinasse and Auguste llamelin, whom he was
carefully educating, in the intention of sending them to the Pro-
paganda, that, if they showed avocation, they might, as priests,
labor among their countrymen.* Both finally proceeded to
Rome, where they were received by the Pope with every mark of
esteem, and began their studies ; but William died, and Auguste
returned to his tribe.

The Ottawa mission was thus restored. The Church could now
advance to new conquests. Other tribes which had been con-
verted bv the old missionaries were next to be recalled. In the
month of July, 1830, the Rev. Frederic Reze, afterwards Bishop
of Detroit, was sent to visit the vaiious Indian tiibes in the North-
west. He first reached the Pottawotamies of St. Joseph,f then
under the Rev. Stephen T. Badin. Proceeding then to Sault St.
Maiy's, he for a time administered the sacraments to the French
and Chippeways ; thence, by way of Mackinaw, he reached Green
Bay. Here he baptized a considerable number of Menomonees,
already instructed in the faith by F. Mazzuchelli, who had a school
in operation, and a church erecting. While liere, Mr. Reze was
invited by the Sacs and Foxes to visit their villages. The inhabi-
tants of Wisconsin thus showed a desire to enjoy once more the
blessings of religion, to which they had at first turned a deaf ear.J

% - il

* Ann. Prop. v. 521, vi. 180 ; Cath. Church in Ohio ; Cath. Mag. vi. 98.
+ As to St. Joseph's, see Illinois mission.
X Ann. Prop. vi. 147 ; U. S. Cath. Mag. 264.

888

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

II i

■ , !■

M -

i/t

Dojean, meanwhile, fulvancod rapitUy at Arbre Crocho. Within
a year he had received six hundred into the churoh; a prayer-book
had been eoini)iied and printed ; twenty conilbrtable log-cabins
had been erected around the chuich ; the schools for boys and girls
contained sixty-four pupils. Intoxication was banislu'd from tlio
village, and, as a natural consequence, all wore an air of gieai( r
comfort.*

The government now allowed one thousand dollars a year lur
this school, that of the Menomonees at Green Bay, and of the
Pottawotamies ; so that even though this bounty should continue
but a few years, it wouKl give a permanent foundation to thorn
all.f

In May, 1831, Dejean was replaced by the Rev. Ferdinand
Baraga, a native of Dalmatia, now Vicar Apostolic of Upper Miohi-
gan. A man of great energy and activity, he soon extended his
missions to the Beaver Islands, and even beyond Lake Michigan,
erecting chapels in various parts. In one year he baptized 20C
Indians, 137 of whom were afterwards confirmed by Bishop Fen-
wick, who here found his greatest consolation. The parish of St.
Peter's at Arbre Croche now contained 700 Catholic Indians.^

The mission at Green Bay was now undertaken by the children
of St. Alphonsus Liguori.§ The Redemptorists, under Father Si-
mon Sandrel, here began their first Indian mission in the country.
Sandrel soon after devoted himself at Arbre Croche with zeal to the
study of the Ottawa, analyzing it to compile a grammar and dic-
tionary. Another of the some order. Father Francis Iletschor,
raised a bark-chapel at Sault St. Mary's, and gathered the Chiitpe-
w.iys around him. At Green Bay, Mazzuchelli and Vandenbroeck
directed the mission, extending their labors to the Menomonees and
Winnebagoes. Reze had now been created Bishop of Detroit:

* Ann. Prop. vi. 147 ; U. S. Cath. Mag. 264.
t Id. vi. 197.

t Ann. Prop. vi. 179.
§ Id. 203.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

389

attached to his Indian missions, lie visited tliem in 1835. Arbre
(roclie could then boast ofsixtv-one houses and 1200 inhabitantvS,
all temperate, industrious, and well instructed, almost all being able
to read and ■write ; still nomadic, but, by their number of succursal
tliapels, never depnved of their religion.

At Sault St. Mary's a fanatical opposition prevented the Catholic
missionaries from erecting a brick church on the Indian reserve,
but the Chippeways were attached to Catholicity, and rejected all
aHurenicnts of the various missionarv societies.*

Baraga meanwhile had proceeded, in 1833, to Grand Kiver,
where a Baptist mission, after eight years' struggle, had failed. By
1835 he had 200 Catholics; but so great was the opposition to
liiiii, that several attempts were made on his life, and lie was at
times obliged to shut liimself up. Failing by this even to alarm
him, his pereecutors petitioned government for his removal, and,
though the governor of Michigan wrote in his favor, Baraga was
coinpelled to return to Arbre Croclie, succeeded at Grand River by
the Rev. Mr. Viszogsky. lie, too, had to contend with the same
opposition, but remained firm.

Mr. Baraga was about to proceed to a new mission on Lake
Superior; but as Father Sandrel, after two years stay at Arbre
Croche, was recalled by his Superior at Vienna, Baraga repaired to
his former mission.f Some time after it passed to the care of the
Rev. Francis Pierz, who for many years directed it with great
ability, extending his care to Sault St. Mary's and Mackinaw.

On leaving Arbre Croche, the unwearied Baraga proceeded to the
southern shore of Lake Superior, and halting at the spot where
Allouez had begun his mission nearly two centuries before, at La
Pointe du St. Esprit, now simply called Lapointe, began a new
mission. After extraordinary eftbrts and struggling against all sorts
of obstacles, privations, and difficulticvs, he succeeded in establishing

ft-:

* Ann. Prop. viii. 293.

+ Id. viii. 808.

390

AMEIUCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

' ;

l;|ii;!

i'^ \

t
1

mff'

;

- ! } i

: I

a missionary station. Tlore ho built a cliurch, mission-house, and
(hvcllini^s for tiio converted Indians.*

Kight years after he (juitted it, and repaired to the Ance, win re
an Indian viihigo hay, steeped in idolatry and intoxication. Ills
61*81 eflorts were unavailinijf, but, gainin*^ the children, he soon
began to make progress. A medicine-man was soon converted :
liis example had a powerful ett'ect, and the mission village rapidly
increased. By 1849 it con ained 42 families; by the followinL,'
year not a single pagan was left, and the tribe which, by vice, had
been reduced to a mere liandful, now sober, industrious, in com-
fortable houses, began rapidly to improve. Their families became
more numerous, their children healthy, the church and school-
liouse both well attended. For over fourteen months prior to
August, 1850, not one death occurred at the mission. The pagans
around saw the change, and many joined the village at the Ance.
At the present time the Ance contains upwards of three hundred
converted Indians, directed by Mr. Angelus Van Picmel.

Pierz, on his side, extended his Ottawa mission : Sheboygan,
Manistie, and Castor Island, became regular stiitions; and, in 1845,
a new mission was beguu at Grand Traverse Bay, while Arbro
Croche, with Middletown and La Croix, its fii-st offshoots, gradually
increased in numbere without diminishing in fervor. Besides
Baraga and Pierz, the Rev. Ignatius Mrak and Otho Skolla have
for several years labored in this Ottawa and Chippeway field, f a-
ther Skolla is a Franciscan. He succeeded Baraga at Lapoiuto iu
1849, and had care of Fond du Lac, Pigeon River, and even the
pagans on Lake Courte-oreille and Flambeaux. Some years after,
however, most of the Indians and half-breeds were removed beyond
the Mississippi, and Skolla has became the missionaiy of tlie Meno-
monees, visiting, however, his old post. Meanwhile, about 1838,
Mr. Proulx, a zealous Canadian priest, restored the mission on Isle

* Letter of Bishop Baraga.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

891

vsion-houso, and

Manitoulino, and, in 1844, Father Clione, of the Society of Jeaus,
soon followed by otliei"8, extended the sphere of action and good to
the furtherest extremity of Lake Superior. Sault St. Mary's has
been for some time under tlio care of one of the Jesuit Fathers
connected with the Canada mission.*

In 1852, Pierz was succeeded by the Kev. Eugene Jahan, and,
leaving Arbro (Jroche, hastened himself to a new Chippeway Held.

Besides these missions a new class began by emigration from
Canada. The Abbo, now Bishop Provenchore, was sent, in 181 8,f
to liod Kiver, near tlie American border ; and finding the tribe of
Cliippeways and halt-breeds divided, stationed his companion, M. Du-
luoulin, at Pembina, but he had to leave it in 1823, as it was found
to be in the United States. George A. de Bellecourt, in 1833, began
a new Indian mission on St. Boniface Kiver ;J but, as I'embiua again
attracted the half-breeds and Indians, they again entered Minnesota,
and began a settlement at that spot. Bellecouit, who knew them,
also entered the country in 184G. I'embina seemed to him the
point for central missions : the Cliippeways, though pagans, awaited
him earnestly ; but having no powei's from the Bishop of Dubuque,
ill whose diocese he now was, he did not undertake any ministry
till he received them.§ Five hundred soon gathered here around
liis church of the Assumption, and he thence, for several years,
aided by the Rev. Albert Lacombe, visited many scattered tiibes,
amid great hardship and danger, drawn by dogs over the snow.
Ill 1852, Lacombe succeeded also in establishing a mission among
the Mandans, which has not yet, however, acquired permanence.
Meanwhile the town of Pembina grew up, twenty miles from the
mission, and soon had a population of 1500 Catholics, chiefly half-
hreeds. This now became Bellecourt's chief station, whence he
visited the Assumption. Many Cliippeways were to be found

* Ann. Prop, xviii. 449.
t Id. ix. 352.

+ Id. xxi. 77.

§ U. S. Cath. Mupr. vii. 827.

892

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

^ I

■ il

1 ■
If :

nroiincl Millc Lars ; amoiij;^ thcso Piprz, on loavincr Lake Michigan,
fixed his rcHidoncc, aiul o.stablislicd a mission at (Jrow Wing, wheii!
tho log-chajK'! of St. Francis Xavler s(H)n rose. Hero 250 Catholics
reside, and many more Sandy Lake, Chippeway, and Sa(^ Uapid In-
dians are also Catholics.

Such is the stato of tlie Ottawa-Ciiippewa mission at present,
greater in reality than it ever was in the most flourishing
times of the old Jesuit Fathei-s. To confirm and extend it, tho
Holy Father has recently appointed the Kev. Mr. Baraga, Bishop
of Aniyzonia and V'icar- Apostolic of Up]>er Michigan. Ue has
fixed his I'esidence at Sault St. Mary's, and most of the missions \\q
have mentioned are in his diocese, or have been placed under his
control l)y tiio neighboring Bishops.

We have already seen that tlio Menomonees, another of the
tiibes evangelized by Allouez of old, had been visited by the Rev.
Mr. Kezo in 1830,* and that a church was erected and a school
begun by Mr. Mazzuchelli, so that several were ready for confirma-
tion at Bishop Fenwick's visit.f No permanent mission, however,
was established till 1843, when the Rev. T. Vandenbroeck extended
his labors to them, althougli an Indian school had been in opera-
tion for some time previous.^ In the following year the same
clergyman began the new mission of St. Francis^ on Wolf's River
or Lake Powahegan, which, in 1846, numbered four hundred In-
dians, with a good church and school. He was soon after suc-
ceeded by the active and enterpnsing Flavien J. Blouduel, who
jidded a second school. In 1 850, the Menomonees were enumer-
ated at five hundred souls. All were agriculturists; fifty-seven
families living in substantial log-houses. The government agent
reported that they were the most numerous and interesting tribe
in his department, and speaks in high terms of the wonderful im-

* Annales de la Prop. vi. 148.
t U.S. Catholic Almanac, 18 U.

t Id. vi. 182, 204, 297.

^nko Michignn,

V Wing, who 10

! 250 Catholics

Sa(! Uapid ln-

on at present,
5st nourish i II ij
extend it, tiio
3araga, Hishop
ligau. lie has
he missions we
aced under his

another of the
ed by the Rev.
d and a school
y for coutirina-
ssion, however,
oeck extended
been in opera-
year the same
» Wolf's River
ir hundred In-
,oon after suc-
llonduel, who
were enumer-
its; fifty-seven
rnment agent
,terestin2r tribe
wonderful im-

52, 204, 297.

FRKNCH MISSIONS.

393

provenient wiiieh tliey had inad»' under the missionaries. Tiio
iujpn'ssion ina<i«' on the whites was ti'It by the jiagaii Menoinonees,
« )siii<erenniew, brother (»f the Christian chief U.shkosh, joined tlio
Ciiristian party, and wa« followed by a considcrahlo nuinlM-r.
Kills, the agent, had exprcssi'd the hope that they would not be
•listurbed. This was not to In- so. Trcparations for thrir removal
were made in the following year. Seventy families tlu'n resided
there. Among these, one hundred and forty-eight jK-rsons were
niembei's of a temperance society; on*; hundred and twenty could
read Ojibwa and Ottawa books. Two hundred Testaments and
other books in those dialects had been distributed among them.
The Sunday-schools for young and old were well attended.

So happy a state of things made a distant removal almost cer-
tainly ruinous. By the exertions of the missionary, they were jxir-
niitted by the general government and that of Wisconsin to settle,
in 1852, on a tract between the Oconto and Wolf Rivers. Here,
on the banks of Lake Showano, the mission and school arose
under the invocation of St. Michael, and Blonduel resigned to
Father Otho SkoUa the mission which he had created.

Another tribe evangelized by the old Jesuits on this mission was
the Pottawotamies. A part of these, with some Miamis, had, as
we have seen, settled on St. Joseph's River. These, like all the
other western tribes, attracted the attention of Mr. Richard. Reze
was sent to them, and arrived early in July, 1830, at the village.
As soon as the Pottawotamies knew that a Black-gown was really
there, all begun to gather around his cabin, pitching their tents
hard by, not to lose his words. Many solicited baptism. All
sought to show their desire to embrace the religion which had
been preached to their fathers. Reze baptized Pokegann, the
chief, and twelve others whose past conduct seemed to promise
perseverance. At the end of the ceremony, they held a council to
decide on a place for a chapel. They finally decided to ask the
Baptist ministers stationed there to leave, and give up the mission-

17*

394

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

ij h.

lioiiso to a Catholic missionary at the expiration of a montli.*
IlavinfT found all their etforts useless, the Baptist missionaries
agreed to the proposal.

Kozo's mission could not be permanent, and he soon left. I*ok(.'-
gann was inconsolable, lie rcpaii'ed to Detroit on the 1st of
July, 1830. "Father! Father!" he exclaimed, "I come to ben-
you to give ua a Black-gown to teach us the word of God. W'v
are ready to give up whisky and all our barbarous customs. Thou
dost not send as a Black-gown, and tliou bast often promised us
one. What! must we live and die in our ignorance? If thou
hast no pity on us men, take pity on our poor children, who will
live as we have lived, in ignorance and vice. We are left deaf
and blind, steeped in ignorance, although we earnestly desire to be
instructed in the faith. Father, draw us from the fire — the fiic
of the wicked manitou. An American minister wished to draw
us to his religion, but neither I nor any of the village would send
our children to his school, nor go to his meetings. We have pre-
served the way of prayer taught our ancestor by the Black-gown
who used to be at St. Joseph. Every night and morning my
wife and children pray togetlier before a crucifix which thou hast
given us, and on Sunday we pray oftener. T>vo days before Sun-
day we fast till evening, men, women, and children, according to
the tradition of our fathers and mothers, as we have never our-
selves seen Black-gowns at St. Joseph."

Touched by this appeal, Richard resolved to send the Rev.
Stephen T. Badin to them, promising not to remove him till
he found another. That missionary was at his post in August.
Twenty-four were soon enrolled for instruction and baptism. Too
old to learn the language, he nevertheless began to take down from
Pokeganu's lips the prayers and commandments as preserved by
tradition. So destitute was he, that he had not even an altar

Ann. Prop, vi 148.

FRENXH MISSIONS.

395

n, according to
lave never oiu-

stono to say mass, but nevertheless was cheeiful in his privations.
The Kikapoos in Illinois sent to ask him to extend his labore to
tlicni.* Miss Campo, an excellent lady, acquainted with the In-
dian language, soon joined liim, to lighten his labors, acting as his
interpreter, and teaching the young the Christian doctrine.f

In the winter he proceeded to Chicago, which Lad not seen a
piicst for eight years. Here he was met by the Kikapoos, who
again earnestly implored his care. They were now a petty band
on a prairie by Vermilion River, J most of the nation having been
transported. But he could not leave his Pottawotamie mission.

On the withdrawal of the Baptists from St. Joseph, tlie govern-
ment agent took possession of the mission, although it had been
built from funds expressly reserved, by the request of the Indians,
for a Catholic mission. Badin accordingly bought a house, 25
feet by 19, for a chapel, and fifty acres of land two miles from it,
near Pokegann's house, leaving the old mission-house in the hands
of the government.

Pokegann and his wife, heirs of the Catholic traditions and vir-
tues of the tribe, were his greatest consolation, by their piety, zeal,
and devotedness. All showed great docility. Men of thirty and
forty came to kneel at the feet of the chief morning and evening,
to learn their prayers like little children.

Badin's first labor was to restore the prayere which had become,
lie found, greatly corrupted ; then instruct in them such as present-
ed themselves, or as he found disposed in his visits to the cabins.
The work of conversion thus went on. By Januaiy he counted
three hundred Christians, all of whom confessed regularly, besides
a hundred children and adults baptized. As he baptized none ex-
cept on sufficient. trial, he relied perfectly on their fidelity in keep-

* Ann. Prop. iv. 540.
t Id. vi. 148 ; U. S. Cath. Hag. vii. 264.
I Called at times Vermilion and Prairie Indians.
Ma.^coutens.

They are probably the

396

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

ing the promises which they made to God. Their hte was indeed
truly Christian, and worthy of their being allowed frequently to
approach the holy table. Their influence on the pagans was soon
felt, and many, desirous to renounce their dissolute habits, came to
jisk instruction and bapusm.

But he was not without his afflictions. During the winter one
of his earliest converts, the fervent James, died in the v.'oods on a
hunting-party, which the general scarcity compelled him to follow,
though sinking in a consumption. The missionary himself suffered
in the general want, but this never elicited the slightest complaint
from him.* He was soon after joined by Messrs. de Selles and
Boheme, and, aided by contributions from Europe, began to give
solidity to his mission.f

Badin's stay, however, was only temporary. The bishop found
a missionary for the tribe in the Belgian, Mr. Desseille, ready to
follow them in theii intended removal, for the government was
about to deport tliem.J The missionary extended his visits to
Chitchakos and another town on Tippecanoe River, in 1834, bap-
tized several, and planted a cross at Yellow River. He returned
the next year ; and Brute, Bishop of Vincennes, about the same
time reached both stations, and confinned some at the latter, which
was in his diocese. At Tippecanoe the greatest joy prevailed.
The Indians, then scattered, came from all sides and encamped
around the missionary, to whom they offered ground for a church
and school. In ten days Desseille baptized forty-three adults, and
admitted to their first communion thirty baptized the previous
year. Proceeding thence to Yellow River, where he had already
planted the cross, he found a little chapel raised, and the people
anxious to enjoy his ministry .§

Desseille continued his labore zealously, in spite of the difiicul-

* Ann. Prop. vi. 154.
t Id. viii. 805.

Id. vi. 208.
§ Id. viii. 828.

FKENCH MISSIONS.

397

abits, came to

ties caused by the removal of the tribe in 1836.* In October,

1837, however, he fell dangerously ill, and sent for the nearest
clergyman, but it was too late. Worn out by his toil, he expired
alone, before any one could reach him.f

Ik'njamin Mary Petit, a young deacon, was now ordained by
Bislioj) Brute and sent to South Bend, where a chapel rose in the
village of Chichipe Outipe. This town lay on a rising ground near
tour small lakes, and contained 1000 or 1200 Christians, all fer-
vent, and eager to gain and instruct their pagan brethren. By the
aid of his excellent interpreter, apparently the zealous Miss Campo,
Mr. Petit preached and instructed those who had already learned
the rudiments from the older converts. After seveial missions here,
interrupted by ministering among the whites, he proceeded in May,

1838, to Pokegann's village, whicli was yet without a missionary:
at both places he continually ad<lecl to the number of the flock by
baptism, having enrolled nearly two hundred during I'aschal-time.

The fatal hour at length arrived. In September, 1838, a force
of United States troops surrounded the I'ottawotamies, and, as
prisoners of war, compelled them to remove. Petit had asked of
his Bishop leave to accompany them ; but that prelate had de-
clined it, not deeming it proper to give any approval of the cruel
act of the government. But being himself on their route, he after-
wards consented. The power of religion then appeared : amid their
sad march he confirmed several, while hymns and prayers, chanted
in Ottawa, echoed for the last time around their lakes. Sick and
well were carried off alike. After giving all his Episcopal blessing.
Bishop Brute proceeded with Petit to the tents of the sick, bap-
tized one, and confirmed another, both of whom expired soon after.
The march began ag!iin ; the men, women, and elder children,
urged on by the soldiers in the rear, followed by the wagons
loaded with the sick and dying, with many of their wives, and

Ann. Prop. x. 142.

+ Id. xi. 884.

398

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

children, and })ioperty. Thus, tlirough tlie country, excited by t\u'.
Mormon war, tlicy proceeded to the banks of the Osage liiver,
wliere Mr. Petit confided his flock to the care of the Jesuit Fatlier
J. Iloecken.* lie remained a time to repose and to initiate his
successor, but he had overtasked his powers, fell dangerously ill,
and, though he recovered sufficiently to set out for Indiana, soon
lelapsed, and died at tlie University of St. Louis, in the arms of tliu
Jesuits, on the 10th of Pebruary, 1839, regarded by all as a martyr
of charity.f

On the sale of their lands in Indiana and Illinois, the United
States government allotted t)ie Pottawotamies a territory on the
MisvSouri near Council Bluff's, containing 5,000,000 acres. Sixteen
hundred ariived near the Kikapoo village in 1836, and three thou-
sand soon followed. They were thus brought within the field of
the Jesuit missions, but in our free republic the Fathers could not
without leave extend their ministry to them.J The Pottawotamies,
by their chief and lier.d warriors, in the presence of the government
officers, solicited some of the Jesuit Fathers as their resident mis-
sionaries ; and Father Verhaegen, the Vice-Provincial, set out for
Washington to obtain the necessaiy leave. By the aid of Mr.
Nicolet he obtained permission to begin a mission among the Pot-
tawotamies, and to send missionaries to the other tribes in the In-
dian territory, with a promise that the wishes of the natives as to
their religion should be respected.§

Here we leave the Pottawotamies|| for a time, and return to
another tribe embraced in the old Ottawa mission. This is
the Winnebagoes, or Puants, as they were called by the Fiench.
They derived their name from the fact of their coming from the

* Ann. Prop. xi. 379. + Id. 398. t W. x. 142. §Id. xi. 408.

I Tlic last remnant of the tribe was deported in 1841 ; they had been
attended by M. Bernier, and were visited by Bishop de la Ilailandierc, who
confirmed several, just bclbrc their removal, at Notre Dame du Lac— ^««-
Pro/). XV. 46.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

399

Pacific, and were a branch of the Dahcotiu*, or Sioux, wlio,
penetrating among the Algonquins, were ahnost entirely de-
stroyed by the Illinois, but all captives were at last allowed to
return and form a tribe aijain. The Jesuit missionaries converted
many to the faith, and, iu 1721, we find them with the Sacs, under
the pastoral care of the zealous and charitable Father Chardon.*
On the suppression of that society, and the death of the last sur-
vivoi-s of the old Fathers, the Winnebagoes were left in entire
destitution of religious instruction.

From the intercoui-se with the French, the tribe soon counted
many half-breeds who became Christians, however, and, as in other
tribes, preserved Catholic traditions. Mazzuchelli was one of the
fiiftt to visit them, and when Bishop Loras was raised to the See of
Dubuque, the Winnebagoes requested a missionary. When they
had again and again renewed their entreaties, he sent them the
Kev. Mr. Petiot, who possessed great faculty for learning languages.
This clergyman soon made great progress in Winnebago, and began
his labors ; but the Indian agent, Lowry, raised many obstacles,
and finally, through misrepresentation, procured his removal by the
governor of the territory. The Indians were naturally indignant
at this religious tyranny, and on the 3d of November, 1844, iu
council with James McGregor, the next agent, requested him to
write and inform the President that the nation -.vished their
brother, the Black-gown, to reside in the nation and take charge
of the Indian school, and the superintendent and teacher then
among them to depart. On the 20th of November, Waw-kawn-
haw-kaw, the chief, renewed his requestv, and demanded explicitly a
Catholic teacher. The sub-agent, McGregor, supported the request
of the Winnebagoes, and declared that, as they had from their earliest
intercourse with the whites, until within twelve years past, lived
under the influence of the Catholic Church, he deemed it ques-

* Charlevoix, vi. 436.

400

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

tionnblc policy to toice tliein to rcceivo iiistnictio" tVoiii a class to
whom tlu'V objcctod. On this tho Imlians again apjiliecl to the
liisliop, wiio dispatched the Rev. .losoph Cretiu, now J3ishop of St.
Paul's, to their assistance, and the chiefs tbnnally authorized him
to erect a church and schoolhouse. At a public council, held in
the presence of Governor Dodgo, they strongly expressed their
desire to have a Catholic priest to instruct their children ; but in
spite of all, Cretiu could obtain leave only to reside there, being
expressly forbidden to open a school !* He continued his mission,
however, but at last he too was summanly removed by order of
Governor Chambers.

The affair excited general condemnation, and was even taken up
in Congress ; but, of course, was soon forgotten, and not only did
the government continue to pay the money of the Winnebagoes to
a missionary whom the tribe rejected ; but, strange for a govern-
ment that professes equality of religious rights, and is indignant
at Tuscan laws, deprived the Winnebagoes of a priest of their
religion.f

The tribe was next removed to Long Prairie, and left out of the
reach of tlie Catholic missionaries; but, in 1850, Cretin was made
Bishop of St. Paul's, and restored the mission, soon after reaching
his new diocese. He placed at Long Prairie, Francis de Vivaldi,
Canon of Ventimiglia, and obtained some justice from government.
The mission now assumed a flourishing aspect, and, though em-
barrassed by the opposition of an agent, Vivaldi has now a Catholic
population of two hundred, a school of ninety children, and has,
to aid him in the care of the female children, three Sisters of St.
Joseph. Among the Sioux, now^ extremely scattered, no perma-
nent mission has yet been founded. The Red River missionaries,
de Smet, Hoecken, and the other Jesuits in Indian Territory, at
various times visited separate bands and converted many, so that

Ann. Prop. xvii. 487.

+ N. Y. Freeman, 1846.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

401

Voni u class to
applied to the
tv 13i»liop oi' St.
luthorized him
louncil, hold in
expressed tlioir
lildren ; but in
[le there, being
led his mission,
3d by order of

s even taken up
Qd not only did
►Vinnebagoes to
re for a govern-
nd is indignant
priest of their

left out of the
Jretin was made

after reaching

icis de Vivaldi,

)m government.

Ind, though env

now a Catholic
lildren, and ha?,
|e Sisters of St.
;red, no perma-
'^er missionaiies,

in Territory, at

many, so that

Ian, 1846.

a missionary always finds some Catholics in their bands. In 1847,
the Rev. Augustine Kavoux was sent by Bishop Loras to Fort
rierre, and there began a mission among the Sioux and half breeds,
which he still continues ; and Father de Sniet has for some time
projected a Sioux mission in Indian Tt'rritory.'*

Such is the present state of the principal other tribes embraced
in the old Ottawa mission. The Ma.scoutens have disappeared : the
Sacs and Foxes, constantly at war, are now in Indian Territoiy with
the Kikapoos and I'ottawotamius, whose later history we shall re-
sume at the (dose of the Louisiana mission.

Of the modern Algonquin missions in the West, the Illyrian,
Bishop Baraga, is, if not the pioneer, certainly the one who has la-
bored most earnestly and successfully ; and no missionary of whom
we have had occasion to speak has published more Avorks in In-
dian dialects, or treatises on them, or issued more frequent editions.
These works comprise catechisms, prayer-books, instructions, medi-
tations, Bible history, epistles a:id gospels, and form a richer reli-
gious'library for the Ottawas and Chippeways than any other tribe
possesses. Their use is not limited to them alone : the Menomo-
tiees also use them, occasionally adapted by their missionaries.-)-

Owing chiefly to his care, this part of the Church contains now
several thousand native Catholics, directed by zealous and earnest

* U. S. Cath. Mag. vii. 19-84 ; Ann. Prop. xxii. 267, *c.
+ Bishop Baraga's works are :

1. Anamie Misinaigan. (A Prayer and Hymn Book, and Catecliism.) 1st.
edition: Detroit, 1832. Throe others since.

2. Gcte Dibadjimowin, Gaie Jesus, Obimadisiwin oma Aking. (Bible
Extracts, Life of Christ, Epistles and Gospels.) Laibach, 1837. Detroit,
1637. Second edition, 1840.

3. Kaw'lik Enamiad o Nanagatawcndamowinan. (Instructions and Medi-
tations on all the Doctrines of the Catholic Church.) 712 pages: Detroit,
ISW.

4. riiippeway Grammar. 576 pages : Detroit, 1849.

H). Chippeway Dictionary. 662 pages : Cincinnati, 1852.
6. History, Character, and Habits of the North Arnerican Indians: Lai-
Nich, 1837.' (Paris, 1837.)

402

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

■ •

■ {

i .

f 1

■ •"

: i 1 1

1 '

pnestfs, and no obstacle exists to the progress of tlic faitli, except
tlie occasional opposition of fanatical or dishonest government em-
ployees.*

* Tlie Kev. Stephen T. Badin, whose name is nssociated with the new
Pottawotamio niisHion, is famous as being tlie first priest ordained in the
United States. Ho was born nt Orleans, in France, on the 17th of July.
1768, and after studying at Paris, entered the Sulpitian seminary at Orleans.
Refusing to join the Constitutional Chureh, lie came to America in IT'.'i',
and was ordained nt Baltimore by Bishop Carroll on the 25th of May, 17ii3.
Kentucky was the chief scene of his labors, and ho has been not inaptly
culled its apostle. lie died at Cincinnati on the 2l3t of April, 1853, at tlie
age of eighty-five. (See Spalding's Sketches of Kentucky.)

The Kev. Andrew Viszogski, another zealous missionary, noted for liis
labors and piety, was a native of Hungary. He died on the 2d of Januury,
1853, after ti missionary career of eight years.

CHAPTER XXII.

THE ILLINOIS MISSION.

Tbe Miainis and IlHnois — Their country — Tlieir first meetlnc; with inifistonarlcs —
Alloui'Z— Marquette [trojeets a mission — Aliouez meets them at Masooiiteiis — Mar-
quette meets them on the Mi^«sissipIli — Visits the Knskiu<kla.s — Iteturns and founds
the nussion of the Immaciiluto Conception— llis death— Alloiiez at tlie Kaska>ivia
villafie- The Keeollect.s in Illinois— Tlioir labors— J-"li!.'lit—Doatli of Father Hihourdo
—Allouez returns — Gravier beffins Ills mission — IJale and his labors — Gravier ajrain
—Details of his mission— Kaskaskia chief converted— Madame Ako. his daughter —
liinneteau— Pinet founds Cahokia iidssion — Marest — SittUineut of Louisiana — Death
of Binnetcau and Pinet— Gravier wounded at Peoria — Descends to Mobile — liis
death.

In early times tlie country lying north of tlie Ohio, from the
headwaters of its northern branch to the Mississippi above its
mouth, was inhabited by various distinct nations. Of these, the
Ei-ies, who lay south of the lake which still bears their name, the
Weuro, and other tribes, of whose existence no trace remains
except in the Relations of the Jesuit missonaries in Iluronia,
were of the Huron-Iroquois family. By the middle of the seven-
teenth century, all these had been conquered, annihilated, and
absorbed by the Iroquois, who thus changed into a desert the
whole basin of Lake Eric and Lake Huron, as they depopulated
the valleys of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence. The territory now
occupied by the two states of Ohio and Indiana was a wil-
derness, which separated the Iroquois from the far-famed Algon-
quin archers of the West. Illinois was then occupied by two
kindred nations, each composed of several clans, Algonquin in
language, but approaching the Abnakis more than any others in
mannei-s. These were the Illinois and Miamis, the former made

404

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

i !

E 1

up of the Pcorin, Caliokia, Taniaioa, Kaskaskias, Moinofwonas, the
latter of tli(^ Wea, Piankcsliaw, Tcpikokia, and Kilatak clans.
Both have left their names in the states, rivers, towns, and hei«^iits
of the W<^st.

When first known they were very powerful nations, and tliouoh
in collision with the whites only for a short period, have almost
entirely disappeared. What we know of them is connected with
the labors of Catholic missionaries to win them from idolatiT, and
gain them to Christ, liy stubborn and unyielding toil, those de-
voted men succeeded at last in beholding all embrace the faith,
and then it would seem the reprieve granted by Providence to tlio
tribes expired, and they disappear. In other lands the priest of
God converts the expiring sinner, in America the expiring nation.
Some tribes are entirely extinct ; none can ever rally and regain
their former strength ; most are dying sileutl}^ away.

When first known to the envovs of Christ, the Illinois lav on
both sides of the Mississippi, pressed on the west by the Tartar
Dahcota, and on the east by the fierce Iroquois, so that some
tribes descended to the south and southwest, where, not unlikely,
traces of them may yet be found. The Miamis lay around the
southern shore of Lake Michigan, stretching eastward to the shoies
of Lake Erie. Although distinct, and at times at variance, the
Illinois and Miami easily intermingled, being of the same race and
language.

The Illinois fiist met the missionary of Christ at Chegoimegon,
where Father Allouez planted, in 1667, his firet Ottawa mission.
Here, too, his successor, the illustrious Marquette, received visits
from straggling parties, projected a mission, and from one of the
tribe learned the language of the Illinois. War defeated his de-
sign, and drove him to Mackinaw. When Allouez, at a later
date, ascended Fox River, and passed the Kakalin Rapid, he
came to the motley town of Mascoutens, where a number of Illi-
nois and Miamis resided, with the Mascoutens and Kikapoos, ail

FKKNC'H MISSIONS.

40,

firatherod in tlio same villajro, althouirli tlie Illinois >v«'io about t

•s>^ »

nMn(»ve to the banks of thrir own river. J.ater still, Man|uettii
was enabled to realize liis tbnd project of explorinijf the ^^vnnt I'iviT
of the West, and foundini; an Illinois mission. Following tlie
track of the adventurous Allouez, lie reached Mascoutens, but
there were no Illinois there. Crossing a short portage, he em-
barked on the Wisconsin, in the name of the Blessed N'irgin Im-
maculate. Ilis canoe glided on, and at last, on the 17th tit'
June, 1CV3, sliot into the calm, transparent waters of the Upper
Mississippi, to whidi, as he liad promised, he gave the uiimo of
Conception Kiver. llis wisli wjis not realized there — the Indian
name prevails — but Mary, under the title of her Innnaculate Con-
cojition, is the patroness of our whole wide repul)lic. Long sailed
he on, with no witness to his way but the birds and the beasts of
the plains, till he at last descried a trail on the shore, leading to
the Illinois towns of l*eoria and Moingwena. These he visited,
meeting a kindly welcome, and promi?Mig them to return. As is
well known, he then pui"sued his voyage, passing the Missouri and
Ohio, till he reached the Arkansas, when, convinced that the
river emptied in the Gulf of Mexico, he returned, in consequence
of an Indian report that the Spaniards were not far off. Ascend-
ing, he passed the Missouri, and entering the Illinois, met the Peo-
rias on its banks, and ;>pent three days preaching in all their
cabins. After baptizing a child among them, he reached the
Kaskaskias, not far from Rockfort. Like all the other Illinois
clans, they received him joyfully, and earnestly entreated him to
remain. He promised to return and begin a mission, and after a
short stay, doubtless spent in announcing the word of God, he re-
turned to Green Bay, by the way of Lake Michigan. Such was
the first incidental mission anions: the Illinois, of which the onlv
result was the preparation of the field for the gospel, passing in-
structions, and the baptism of a single child, whose soul, ere
the good missionary embarked, had so.ired regenerate on high,

406

AMERICAN CATIlOlJf MlSSlUNt^.

f II !

to ojM'ii ill tlio iv.'ilins of bliss tlio ]>laoo of the; elect of the
Illinois.

KatlitT Mjii'(|Ut'tto n'aclu'd (Jivcii Hay laic in Scjth'mlMT, lOTH.
If he I't'tunicd to Mackinaw, as soinc <lo('Uinents seem to sav. in-
certainly spent the next summer at (Jreeii Uay in a state of snll.r-
int;, for ex<'essiv«» toil anti ex|»osur«' had shattered his health, ami.
almost th(? vounijest of the western missionaries, ha saw his careti'
nl»out to {'lose. (Mh' ol>je<'t alone; inspired him with a desire td
live — his mission of the Immaculate Conception ainoni; the l\;is-
kaskias. To them he had pliijhted his word to return and instruct
them in the faith. The onler of his Sujierior at (.Quebec to bcijiii
that mission seems to liave restored his health. He received it in
September, and in October set out to realize his last earthly dc
sire. Sulferincf in bodv, his itlavful, winning wavs ffave no token
of Ins inward ])ain, and his couiago bore liim up in that winti r
journey in the wilderness, unsheltered and unprotected. So l.it<
was liis departure, that the ice surprised him on the Chicni-o
River, and there, in a wretched hovel, open to eveiy wind, the
dying missionary, upborne by the consolations of heaven, awaitcij
the moment when Providence should enable him to complete lii>
course. No murmur, no complaint escaped his lips, and liis lan-
guage in his lettere seems to describe a place of abundance and
comfort. With liis two pious boatmen, he embarked again on
the 30th of March, when the river had opened, and, in conse-
quence of some delay, reached the Kaskaskias only on the 8tli of
April. lie was received as an angel from heaven by the kiml-
hearted Illinois, who had, during the Avinter, shown their interest
in their missionary by even sending him a deputaiion, and otfer-
ing to carry him to their village. Eager Ic ,<:ofit I - u strenirth
which had been miraculously lesiuio J uy a • *'t''.c

Immaculate Conception, he went from cabin i*.- v ..■
the inmates. Then, when all were sufficiently await loc-

trines of the cross to follow his discourse, he convoked a general

FnHNTIl MISSIONS.

407

ho elect of tlh'

niMing ill a Ixviutit'ul prairio. TIkm-c, Itcfoiv (licir wondrntio-
ov»'.s, lu' raised iiis altar, ami, as true a kiiiglit to Mary as chivalry
ever produced, displayed on every nide pictures «»t" that mother of
all purity, who uas to juu'ity and elevate a land sunk in all horrid
vice. At least two thousand men, with countless women an<l chil-
(h'l'ti, were frroujM'd around, and with the l»re;ithless attention of
llie Indian, all listened to the pale and wasted missionary, who
sj)ok<! his heait to them on tlu^ mystery of the cross. And still
their wonder grew as they beheld him then otVer up on liis sylvan
:iltar the holy sacritice of the mass, on the very day when, more
than sixteen centuries before, the (Jod he preached had institnte<l
it in the upper room at Jerusalem. Thus, on Miiundy Thursday,
was possession taken of Illinois, in the name of Catholicity, of
Jesus and Mar\'.

.Nfarquetto remained there instructing thetu till after Easter,
which fell that year on the 14th of April. Then he felt that the
strength given him began to fail, and he was wanied to depart, if
he would die in tlie arms of his brethren at Mackinaw, lie set
out accompanied by the Illinois, whose fond adieus and earnest
entreaties to return cheered him as he launched his bark at last
on Lake Michigan, and began to coast along the unknown eastern
shore towards Mackinaw. Day by day he sank, and his two poor
companions trembled for their dear T ther. No couch was there
for the dying missionary, but the canoe, rocked by the waves, or
the earth where they laid him at night. But Marquette was
(•aim and cheerful. lie spoke of his death, and gave them all
directions for that awful moment, and for Ins obsequies. Ever a
priest, he recited his office to his dying day, and almost his last
act in life was to liear the confessions of his pious comrades. At
last, as he reached a river, he pointed to a rising giound as the
place of his interment. It was prophetical ; for though the day
was clear, and the men sought to push on, a sudden change drove
them back. When they haid him on the shore, the dew of death

I II

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408

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

was already on his brow. Repeating his last direction?!, he
begged their pardon for all the trouble he had given. Ih' be-
sought them, in his name, to beg pardon of his Supeiiors and :ill
iiis fellow religious, and then, with a promise never to forget them.
bade them rest awhile their wearied limbs. AVhile they slept, ho
communed alone with God, till he felt that his hour was come.
Then he called them to him, and with a loud voice pronounced,
as he gazed on his crucifix, liis profession of faith, and thanked tlio
Almighty for his mercy in permitting him to die in the Society ot
Jesus, alone amid the forests. Then with the names of Jesus and
Mary on his lips, and his face lit up with a rapturous smile, his
pure soul passed away, and the discoverer of the Mississippi, the
founder of the Illinois mission, the most loyal servant of the Qiieoii
of Heaven that ever traversed our land, went on her chosen day
and in her chosen month to chant her glories in heaven. It was,
^s he had asked, on a Saturday, the 19th of May, 1675.

Need we stop here to tell how they buried him there, and rais-
ing a cross over his solitary grave, knelt to invoke his intercession
with God, sure that in glor)^ he could not forget them ; how, two
years later, his Kiskakons of Mackinaw disinterred the body, dried
but undecayed, and removing the tlesh, bore the bones in funereal
triumph over the waters of the lake to Mackinaw ; how he was
buried there in the centre of the church, as the guardian of the
Ottawa mission.*

Thus, calmly and gently, as he had lived, died the sainted Mar-
quette, a martyr to his zeal.f But the Illinois mission was dos-

* Shea's Discovery and Exploration of tlie Mississippi, passim.

t Father Jarncs Marquette was born in 1637 at Laon, in Picardy, in the
present department of Aisnc, wlicrc liis family had long held a distiiii^ui-'licJ
rank. His mother was a relative of the venerable John B. de la Sallo, the
founder of the Christian schools. Enterinnf the Society of Jesus in l<'i")t, 1^'
was for twelve years employed in study or teaching ; then exchanged from
his province of Champagne to that of France, he came to Canada. After
studying Montagnais, under Druilletcs, he went to the "West, and nt^cr
founding SaultSt. Mary's, became the missionary of the Ottawas and Hurous

FREN'CU MISSIONS.

409

5t directions, lie
given. 1I<' bc-
Supeiiovs and all
31* to forget tlieni.
lile they slept, he
, hour was conif.
^oice pionounced,
, and thanked tlio
; ill the Society ot
imes of Jesus and
pturous smile, liis
le Mississippi, tho
•vant of the Queen
)n her chosen day
1 heaven. It was,
iV, 1675.

Ini there, and rais-
ike his intercession
it them ; how, two
•ed the body, diied
bones in funereal
[law ; how he was
guardian of the

the sainted Mar-
ls mission was des-

pi, paspim.
1, in Picardy, in the
J held a distiii<,'uislKJ
|in B. de la Salle, the
I of Jesus in K'.'ii. lie
jbcn exchanged from
|o to Canada. After
\ho West, and nt\cr
[ottawas and Hurons

lined not to perish. Alloucz, founder of ko many western mis-
sions, was chosen to carry out the plans of the discoverer. lie set
out in October, 1G7G, and wintering on the way, reached the Chi-
cago in the spring. Here he met a band of eighty Illinois, who
welcomed him with the calumet of peace, and accompanit . ! im
to Kaskaskia, which he readied on the 27th of April. IL- was
innnediately installed in Father Marouette's cabin, and, convoking
the sachems, announced the object of his visit, and unfolded the
mysteries of the faith, for all had to be begun anew, so changed
was the village. Marquette had found but one tribe and seventy-
four cabins, where his successor found eight iribes in three hun-
dred and fifty-one cabins, ranged along the river in a beautiful
prairie.

Allouez began his mission by proceeding to the cabin of the
chief of the clan which he intended to instruct. There ho pre-
pared his little altar, and exposing a crucifix, began to explain the
Christian doctrine, and teach the most necessary i)rayers. All
joined witli the utmost alacrity, repeating th«.* prayers, biinging in-
fants to baptize and children to instruct.

On the 3d of May, the feast of the Invention of the Holy Cross,
he raised in the midst of the village a cross twenty-five feet high,
which for many a year stood erect, to show that Chnst had been
preached in that new land. Such was the fervor of the Illinois,
that Allouez, seeing nothing to prevent a permanent mission,
yielded to their entreaties, and baptized thirty-five infants and one

at Lapointc, with whom he removed to Mackinaw, lli.s subsequent wo
have given. Zealous, laborious, cheerful, mild, and liumble, he was the
sa!iic in life as in death — forgetful of self. His last thoughts were for his
companions; his last entry in his journal, sympathy for the suffurings of tho
traders. Of his own he never spoke. His devotion to tho Iminacnlato Con-
ccption was wonderful. lie never wrote a letter without mentioniij<f it. Ho
gave that name to his Illinois mission, and to the great river which he dis-
covered. He died on the 19th of May, 1075, aged forty-eight. His life may
bo found in Sparks' American Biography, vol. x., and more fully in Shea's
Discovery of the Mississippi, xli.

.1 1

410

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

dying adult. In this he acted unwisely, as events proved, llis
mission was never to be permanently established in his lifetime
He nimself was driven from Illinois, and his enemies, who
called the cross a stick, boasted that those whom he had baj)-
tized were growing up in idolatry.* Such an issue of events
Allouez could not foresee, and doubtless he weighed the matter
well before he conferred the sacrament on any of the infants not
absolutely in danger.

After a short stay, he left Kaskaskia for Mackinaw, to make ar-
rangements for a permanent residence there. In 16/8, ho again
set out for his new mission, intending to prolong his stay for two
years ; but soon after his arrival, the Iroquois invaded the country,
the Illinois scattered, and the mission was checked.f Allouez re-
mained, however, till the approach of La Salle, in 1679. Tliat
commander was so opposed to the Jesuit missionaries, that he had
refused to treat with the Senecas till they dismissed Father (iar-
nier from the council-lodge ; and to Allouez he had constantly
shown a personal opposition. Aware of this, Allouez thought it
better to yield to the storm, and, with a heavy heart, retired to
Mascoutens, awaiting the time when the clouds should pa^^s
away.J

Meanwhile, La Salle reached the village in December, but it
was empty — all had gone some distance down the river to hunt
buflfalo. He came to colonize the West, and accumulate woaltli
by a monopoly of the fur-trade. The Illinois River was to see the
first of his posts arise. Possessed of great influence with Indian
tribes, he now sought to win the Illinois. Descending with the
current, his flotilla, airayed for battle, came by a turn in the
river into the very midst of the Illinois camp, at the head of Peo-
ria Lake, on the first day in the year 1680. As soon as confi-

* Le Clercq, Etablisscment do la Foi ; La Salle in Hennepin,
t Shea's Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi.
X Hennepin, Kner. edition, 1697, appendix.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

411

dence was rcsto'otl, La Salic outorcd into tViendlv rolatioiis ■with
the tribe, and l>ogan a fort on a rising ground. Mistbrtunos bad
nK'anwbile c]iC(juerL'd bis patb. His vessel, tbe first to ply tbc
waters of Erie, Huron, and Micbigan, bad foundered ; faitbless
agents liad plundered bis stores ; and be now set out for Niagara,
across tbe unknown region on Lake Erie, leaving tbe Clievalier de
Tonty, bis lieutenant, in command of bis new fort.

Altbougb La Salle's object was purely a mercantile speculation,
he Avas not indifferent to religion. Three missionaries of tbe order
of St. Francis, and tbe reform called Recollects, bad accompanied
him. Tbese were Father Gabriel de la Ribourde, who liad been
the first Superior of tbe Recollects after their return to Canada,
Fatbei"s Zenobius Membro and Louis Hennepin. Tbe last named
was sent westward bv La Salle before be himself set out, and
never returned to Illinois; but Father Gabriel and Father Zeno-
bius at once began a mission ivn ;g tbe Indians. Eacb was
adopted by a chief, and both, when T. "v s men deserted the fort,
were compelled to accept tbe liospita '^ jl chiefs who bad adopted
them. Zenobius was tbe first to begin tbe study of their language,
hut unaided by previous studies of Algonquin dialects, witb no
gi'ammar or vocabulary to guide liim by analogy, bis progress was
slow. Wben Zenobius followed tbe Indians back to their village,
Father Gabriel soon joiii'^d him, and even, at bis advanced age,
began to study tbe dialect of the Illinois. For botli it was their
first essay in an Indian mission, and what wonder tbat tliey were
discouraged ! Like many even in our days, they liad misconceived
the language of other missionaries, and wben tbese spoke of great
results, figured to themselves cburcbes filled witb neophytes.
They had now to learn by experience tbat one or two convei-sions
in their first years were really a splendid triumph.* They made
liono, and tbe excellent Father Membro was comjdetely di.«'beart-

* Le Clercq, Etab. de la Foi, i. 173, 179. For Ilennepiu's character, poo
l)iscovery of the MiHsissippi.

412

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MLSSIOXS.

|} i

enetl. He baptized some dying infants, and two or three expiring
adults; but even then saw one breatlie his hist amid the incanta-
tions of tlie medicine-men, an apostate from his new faitli. IL^
visited a Miami vilhige, but the same prospect met liim tluTc.
Dejected as lie was, he struggled on, for he was a faithful and
eai'uest missionaiy, who, through every adversity, would bear up
to the end. In Sejitember, however, a change of affairs blasted
every hope. The Illinois were again attacked by the Iroquois.
Unable to meet that terrible foe with their villao-es weakened hv
the absence of war-parties, the Illinois fled, leaving the mission-
aries and their French companions alone. Tonty, Membre, and
Ribourde had now no alternative but to tiT and reach Green Bav,
the nearest spot where they could hope to receive a welcome.
Embarking on the Illinois on the 18th of September, their canoe
was soon injured by the rocks, and the next day they landed to
repair it. Leaving liis comrades on the shore, the aged Father
Gabriel retired apart to say his brevi^u•y. AVliile thus engaged.
he was met by a party of Kikapoos, out against the Iroquois, who
ruthlessly murdered him. Such was the end of tliis holy religious,
who, after having filled the most important offices in his order,
had in his old age, consulting his zeal rather than his strength,
embarked on a long and dangerous expedition, in the hopes of
gaining souls to Christ.*

His companions, on discovering his absence, sought him in vain :
and when all liope was gone proceeded on their way, and, after

* Father Giibricl de la Ribourde was the last scion of a noble Biirpnndian
lionse, who renounced tiic world and its honors to enter the order of St.
Francis, and then, when advanced in years, renounced the comforts of
Europe for the wilds of Canada. lie came out in 1670, and soon becanio
Commissary or Superior of his order in the colony. His conduct in tlii>
position met universal praise. Sent by his successor to Fort Frontcniic. ho
was induced by Hennepin to join La Salle's party. He died on the I'tli of
September, 16S0, in the seventieth year of his age, and the fortieth of liis
religious career, during most of which he held important offices. (See Ihii-
nepin's New Discovery, Le Clercq, Shea's Discovery of the Mississippi.)

■■* '

FRENCH MISSIONS.

413

• three expiring
iiid the incanta-
new faith. He
met him tlicrc.
I a fjiitliful ami
would bear up
f affairs blasted
)y the Iroquoi;'.
^es -vveakened by
ng the missioii-
y, Membre, and
3ach Green Bay,
eive a welcome,
iber, their canoe
y tliey landed to
the aged Father
e thus engaged,
he Iroquois, who
lis holy religious,

ces in his order,
an his strength,

in the hopes of

icfht him in vain ;
r way, and, after

noble Burgniuliiin

er the order of St.

cl the comf'irts «(

, and soon became

ia conduct in tlii^

•\irt Fronteniio. li'^

died on the '.'th of

tlie fortieth of liis

offices. (Sec llt"-

le MisBiPsippi.)

iiuicli suffering, reached the Jesuit mission at Green Bay, where a
kindly welcome soon restored them to health and strength.

Tlius ended the Recollect mission among the Illinois, for, though
Father Zenobius passed through again in 1082, with Lu Salle, when
lie went down the Mississippi, and again on his return, he makes
no mention of any intercourse with the Indians.*

The next year Tonti restored the fort, and, feeling the want of a
[)riest, welcomed AUouez with pleasure, when that missionary, in
1084, returned to Illinois with Durantaye. Aware, too, of the
groundlessness of La Salle's suspicions against AUouez, Tonti per-
suaded him to remain, and ho did till 1687, when the survivors of
La Salle's fatal expedition arrived.f As they falsely announced
that the great adventurer was still alive and on his way, AUouez
again withdrew to Wisconsin. Of these missions of AUouez no
trace remains, and none of another apparently later visit. lie
<lied in 1690 at Fort St. Joseph, full of days and merits, but
the fragment which records his death gives no details of iiis
labors. J

In the same year that AUouez withdrew, as we have stated, on
the arrival of Father Douay and his companions, Father James
Gravier visited Illinois,§ but his mission did not then become a
permanent one. On the death of AUouez, the Superior of the Jesuit

* Shea's Disc, and Exploration. f La Ilontan, ii. 146 ; Lo Clercq, ii.

t Of Father Claude AUouez I find neither the time nor the place of his
birth. We know that on the 3d of March, 16r<7, he received permission to
ciiibark for Canada, and came out in the followinf? year. After laborinj? at
Throe Rivers and Montreal he setoutfor the West inlGGo, and labored there
steadily till his death, which took place about August, IGDO. For a sketch of
his life, see Discov. of the Mississippi, p. 67. lie was a fearless and devoted
missionary: as a man of zeal and piety, he is not inferior to any of his day ;
iiiul his name is iniperishably connected with the progress of discovery in
the West.

§ Tonti, in Louis. Hist. Coll. i. p, 70. The English version of Tonti has
Crf'vier ; but as Gravier was on the Ottawa mission at that time (Catal. Prov.
Francis S. J. 168S), we may safely infer him to be meant: all the names iu
liiv memoir liaving Buffered in transcription or translation.

414

AMEIUOAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

I I

; >

! ' ,

' •

r -HI

' ■ 1

missions selected, as his successor, the now celebrated Father Se-
bastian Kale, who set out from Quebec in August, 1G91, but did
not reach the great Illinois village till the next spring. On ai-
riving at the first village, then composed of 300 cabins, all of four
or five fires, and twice as many families, he was invited by the head
chief to a solenm ban.j[uet, given in liis honor. Yet kindly as hi.s
welcome was, he found that the faith had yet made but little
progress. " There would have been less difficulty in converting llie
Illinois," says he, " if the prayer liad permitted polygamy amoni;-
them. They acknowledged that tlie prayer was good, and were
delighted to have their wives and children instructed ; but when
we broached the subject to the men, we found how difficult it
was to overcome their inconstancy, and induce them to adhere
to a single wife." "There are none," lie adds, "even of the
medicine-men, of course the worst enemies of religion, who do
not send their children to be instructed and baptized."

The account given by this missionary Avas written thirty years
after, and is necessarily vague. As in most rising missions, the
best and most certain fruit was the baptism of the infants, many of
whom died before attaining the ago of reason : yet adult conveits
were not wanting. A considerable number had been won, and
such was their fervor and attachment to the faith, that they would
have suffered any torture sooner than foi*sakc it.

The services of religion were regularly maintained ; and besides
the daily mass, all assembled in the chapel for morning and evening
prayer.

After two years' stay among the Illinois. Father Rale was recalled
to the Abnakis, liis original charge, and Father Gravier again re-
sumed the mission.* lie was the first to analyze the language
thoroughly, and com[>ile its grammar, which subsequent missiona-
ries brought to perfection, admitting that their labore were hut

*" RiUo, in T.ottrcs Kdil". and in Kip's .Jesuit Misfiions, 4o.

FKENCU MISSIONS.

415

lie was recallod

developments of Gravier's masterly sketch.* As a missionary ho
iiit't threat opposition from the niedicine-men, who often threatened
his life. Patient and mild as (}ravier was^.he was no less firm and
intrepid where duty re<iuired it. Of his mission we have a journal
extending from March 20, 1093, to February 15, 1094, which
gives some idea of his labors.

Ilis mission was near the French fort, within which his first
(hnpel was ; but after wintering with the Miamis he erected a new
cliapel outside of the fort in a very convenient place for the Indians,
and, opening it in April, planted before it a towering cross amid the
shouts and musketry of the French.

The Peorias, among whom he labored, already numbered some
fervent Chnstians. Even in the absence of their pastor the men
assembled in the chapel for morning and evening prayei", and after
they had left, an old chief went through the village to call the
women and children to perform the same duty. Tlie head chief,
however, who was a medicine-man, with many of his associates,
did all in their power to prevent the people from listening to the
missionary, and eagerly endeavored to draw a discontented neo-
phyte to their party, hoping to prove by him that Gravier poisoned
the dying ; for here, too, that old calumny was spread. Even the
French at the post, whose dissolute life could not brook the censor-
ship of a priest, aided these slanders. During the year, however,
Ako, apparently the companion of Father Hennepin in his voyage
on the Mississippi, married Mary, the daughter of the chief of the
Kaskaskias; and this, although at first a source of great persecution
to Father Gravier, became, in the end, a great help to the mission.

* None of his works exist. A catechism and dictionary were extant some
years since, but scorn to have perislicd. As a specimen of the kingiiage, we
f,'ive from IJale his version of tlic " O Salutaris llostia :"

" Pekiziunc nianct wc
Piaro nile hi nan<rhi
Keninama wi oo kangha
Mero winang oosianj? lii."~/u/', -A*. MUsionSy iiO.

»p

( ■

416

AMEllICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

When Ako sought her in marriage, tar from being liattered with
the prospect of a union with a Frenchman, slie told her parents
that she did not wish to marry ; that she had aheady given all her
heart to God, and could not share it with another. This she re-
peated when they all proceeded to the chapel, and there Gravier
told her that she was free to marry or not, as she chose. Deeming
Gravier her adviser, Ako and the chief resolved to drive him to per-
form the ceremony, or leave the place. The chief stripped his
daughter, and drove her from his cabin : then convening a council
of the chiets of the four nearest villages, he declaimed against tlie
missionary, and easily induced them to issue an order forbid-
ding the women and children to go to the chapel. Regfirdless of
the order, fifty I'eorias and some Kaskaskias came to prayers, and
the intrepid missionary, as usual, traversed the villages to summon
them at the .accustomed hour. Finding this first step useless, the
chiefs next blocked up the paths to prevent all from going ; but
as even then some, by a circuitous path, reached the chapel, a chief,
tomahawk in hand, rushed into the cabin during prayers, and, in
a menacing tone, ordered all to leave. Gravier ordered him, in
turn, to retire ; and, as the faithful Christians remained firm, the
intruder was compelled to retire baffled. Such an outrage in the
house of God was, the missionaiy deemed, too grave to let pass:
he applied to the commandant of the French fort, but was himself
overwhelmed with reproaches and accusations, in the very presence
of the Indians. Thus left exposed to every violence, the missionary
could but mourn in secret over the blindness which had aroused
such a storm. Meanwhile the poor Illinois maiden, finding that
her father threatened to use all his efforts against religion if she
persisted, repaired to Gravier. Earnest as was her desire to lead
a life of virginity, she trembled to see hei'self and her tribe deprived
of a pastor. " Father !" she exclaimed, " I have a thought, and I
know not whetlier it is good. I believe that if I consent to the
marriage my father will listen to you, and induce all to do so. I

FKKNCIl MISSIONS.

417

desire to please Cfod, and would wi.sh to remain jus 1 am to be
iiiTieeable to Christ ; but I have thought of consenting against my
inclination for love of llim. Will this be right ;" The missiotiarv,
moved at her piety, approved her thought; but bade her tell her
j'.irents distinctly that she did not yield to their inenaces, but simply
bt'cause she hoped that, by marrying a Chnstian, she could more
easily gain them to Christ.

This she did, and consented to become the wife of Michael Ako,*
more a victim than a bride. On this her father submitted, and
publicly disavowed all that he had said against the Black-gown.
After her marriage her life was of the greatest purity and virtue.
By her example and exhortations she soon converted her husband,
whose profligacy had been notorious. Reverses overtook him, and
his only consolation in the general odium raised against him
was the practice of liis religion, and the society of his pious and
devoted wife.

This elect soul was the great comfort of the missionary. Iler
love for Jesus, her devotion to Mary, her zeal for the conversion of
her countiymen were truly remarkable. When asked whether
she loved the Mother of the Redeemer, she replied : " I do nothing
but call her my mother, and beg her, by every expression of endear-
ment, to adopt me as her daughter ; for if she is not my mother,
and will not regard me as a child, how can I conduct myself? I
am but a child, and know not how to pray : I beg her to teach me
what to say to defend myself against the evil one, who attacks me
incessantly, and will make me fall, if I have not recourse to her,
and if she does not shield me in her arms as a good mother does
a frightened child."

As may be supposed, her virtue gave her a wonderful influence
in the tribe, and her father's position Jis chief redounding on her-

* Sometimes written d'Acau. The noble prefix was claimed, probably,
from his having been a member of La Salle's expedition, to whom it was
granted by the king.

18*

418

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

r! -I'

self, giiVG (^liristiai)ity a foothold it had never yet acquired, llcr
parc'Ut.s' conversion was now her great object : they were long deaf
to all her entreaties, — filled with bitterness against Gravier tor his
supposed opposition to the marriage, and giving full credit to all
that Ako liad then said. Conscious at 1 ust of this, the now iv-
jxjntant Frenchman disavowed all that he had said against tin-
missionaries. On this the chief and his wife called upon (iravitr
to instruct them. Summoning the chiefs of the various villages li.
a public banquet, the Kaskaskia sachem openly renounced all their
superstitions, and urged them no longer to thwart their own haji-
piness by resisting the grace of Christianity which God oftered thciii.
His wife made a similar address to the women ; and when Gravit r
had duly instructed them, he traversed the villages, calling all to
the chapel to witness the ceremony of their baptism.

Duiing the summer, sickness ravaged their villages, and many
were again opposed to Gravier. Regarding him as "the bird of
death," the source of tlie malady, they, in their incantations,
mimicked and ridiculed bis ceremonies ; but he fearlessly remained
undeterred by their threats of personal violence. Strong in the
support of the chief, who soon, amid the ingratitude of the French,
showed the power of rehgion in checking his vengeance, the niis-
sionaiy struggled on with the medicine-men, even holding his
meetings of Christians in their cabins to prevent their being used
for superstition, and throwing down the heathenish poles to which
dogs and other offerings were attached.

During the absence of the tribe on the winter hunts, Madame
Ako regularly assembled the children, who remained at her house
for catechism, and herself fully instructed, rendered great service to
the mission. GraWer himself at other seasons catechized all, and
especially adults, using copperplate engravings of the scenes of the
Old and New Testament, as texts for oral discourses. Madame
Ako soon leanied the nan-ative connected with each cut, and bor-
rowing them, gathered not only her class around her, but the

:3.

FllENC'll MISSIONS.

419

acquirccl. llor
y were long tKaf
,t Gmvier for liis
full credit to all
his, the now n-
said against tilt-
ed upon (jiravirr
arious villages to
nounced all tlnir
•t their own h:iji-
iod ottered thoii.
,nd when (Jravicr
;es, calling all tti

Uagcs, and many

II as "the bird of

eir incantations,

arlessly remained

Strong in the

,0 of the Frenc'li,

,geance, the niis-

ven holding his

their being used

poles to which

hunts, Madame
led at her house

great service to
Jtechized all, and
the scenes of tlie
lurses. Madame
Icb cut, and bor-

id her, but the

oMt'st of the village, explaining more intt lligihly than the nus-
sioiiary what scene in Holy ^^'rit was there portrayed. So great wa.s
the impulse given by these means to Christianity, that in the cate-
cliotical instru(;tions which he gave every evening for two hours,
< iravier had three fourths of the Kaskaskia villag*} crowded into his
( ahin, old and young, chiefs and matrons, all ready to answer the
(jik'stions of the catechism, and eager to receive a token of the
missionary's approval ; while their children, day and night, sang in
thf village streets the hymns which Gravier had composed, embody-
iii2- the truths of Christianitv.

Such is the brief gleam of the Illinois mission in 1003, during
eight months of which Father Gravier baptized 200 souls, many
of them infants, who soon after died, and whom he was enabled to
bathe in the sacramental waters only by stratagem.

His chief progress was, as we liave seen, in the Kaskaskia tribe :
the Peorias were more obstinate. The Tamarois and Cahokias he.
would fain have visited ; but he was alone in the land, and when
tlui Osages and Missouris, men of another language, came to pray
liiin to visit their cabins, he could only promise to do what in him
lay to reach their land.*

Of his labore in the ensuing yeare we have but scanty data : his
name appeal's at various intervals on a register of baptisms from
March 20, 1095, to February 22, 1099.f

(iravier was, as Marest informs us, recalled to Mackinaw, and
succeeded by Father Julien Binneteau, whom we have seen as a
missionary in Maine in 1093, and who was on the St. Lawrence
in the following year; and by Father Francis Pinet, who founded
the mission of Tamaroa, and was certainly in Illinois in 1*700.
P>inneteau's name is not in the catalogue of that year. Of him we

* "Journal dc la Mission de I'Imninculeo Conception de Notre Dnine uux
Illinois, 15th Feb., 1694," MS. I am indebted for a copy of this long and very
interesting letter to the Hon. Jared Sparks.

+ IViIIon'.s History of Indiana, 1.

'iM-^i !

420

AMEKICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

know, that followiiif^ tlie tiibo to tlic upland plains of Missouri,
stilled with the heat amid the tail pfiuss, he contracted a deadly
fever, and exj»ire<l in the arms of Father (labriel Marest, who, after
being delivered from captivity in England, had returned to Canada.*'
The French had, meanwhile, under Ilnirville, reached the mouth
of the Mississippi by sea, and projected » settlement. One year
after this we Hnd Father (Jravier, in 1 TOO, at the mouth of the
great liver awaiting the arrival of the Freiieh vesst'ls, from which
ho expected a necessary sup))ly of articles for his Illinois missioii.f
He then apparently returned to his mission and continued his
labors. Comnumication wjis now oj>ened between the Illinois
country and Fort Biloxi. F'ather Lymoges, stationed at first among
the Ouni.'is in the lower Mississippi, probably ascended with Gravier.
F^athei-s Pinet and Bovio were also there, with Marest ; but Bovic,
de Lymoges, and Gravier disappeared in 1703, and in 1704 Pinet
died, having founded the Tamaroa mission, and obtained such
benedictions of heaven by his zeal and labors that his church could
not contain the crowds that flocked to it. Bovie, and apparently
Lymoges, had been withdrawn ; Gravier returned to Peoria, and
renewed his labors ; but the medicine-men excited a sedition,
in which the missionary was dangerously wounded, and narrowly
escaped with life. He descended to Mobile, which he reached on
the 11 th of January, 1700 ; but his wound, aggravated by the heat
and motion of his long voyage down, proved fatal.J

* He was carried off from Hudson's Bay in 1695, and as Binneteau's name is
not in the catalofjuc of 1700 or 1703, his death must be between 1695 and 17*0.

t SauvoUe, in Louis. Hist. Coll. ili. 237.

X La Harpc, in Louis. Hist. Coll. iii. 36. Father James Gravier is said by
a very incorrect writer to have been born at Lunel in Languedoc. The time
of his arrival in Canada is uncertain. He was at Sillery in the fall of 16S4,
and the ensuing spring, but must have gone west soon after, as he appears
connected with the Illinois mission from 1688 till his death in 1706. Of his
philological labors wo have already spoken. Ho first reduced the Illiuois
language to grammatical rules. Some of his works are believed to have been
in the possession of the late Ethnological Society at New York.

CIIAPTKIi XXIM.

nili ILLINOIS MISSION — (CONTINIEI).)

The pricfttj* «if tlio forelu'n iiil.'o'ions— Montiirny— HfrsU-r ,it ('ntiiiki;i— His trials and
(liath— Mornu't on tlio (Hilo— Do Villo ainoiiu' tlm riMiilu.'* — Miainl mission of St
.Jofoph's — Tlio ruinous Jansi-nist Vftriot— (k-nerHl view of iiiission— C'liarlevoix's
vi>it— I'atluT ](• llotilunffor mul his literary liihors— Ail th»- Iliiiiois sottU- on Iho
hunks of the Mississiiipi — Tiu- ehieftain t'hic,i!.'o— Kiil"Kimn of tlio inl-.sionaries —
Father Doiitrelcau and his narrow cscai»t'— Father Senat an<l his (.'lorioiis deatii —
Mociinc of the missions— reriod of war — (lihanlt, the link of tlie old and new line of
ini>MonarU'S — Flajrct — Ulvet— Tho t'hief I'iskewah, or Kleliardvlllt)— The Indian cle-
ment in tho French poimlatiun.

The Illinois mission, thinned l»y tiicsf insscs, (jcvoivcd now on
Marost and P'ather .laincs Mcrnn't, whose h.-imk' apjtcars as t'arlv
as 1700.* They wvn; nno(jual to the task Itdoiv tlu'in. Coad-
jutors were not wanting tVoni an institute which owes its en'ation
to the Society of Jesus. T\n' Seminary of the ^oii'ign >rissions at
Paris rose from a sodality of the lilessed Virofin, such as the
Jesuits everywhere established. One of its earliest ornaments was
Laval, the first bishop of Quebec, who founded a similar seminary at
his see. Foreign missions being its peculiar object, it soon looked
towards the West, and as early as 1699, Francis J. de Montigny,
Vicar-General of Quebec, and Antoine Davion, proceeded to the Mis-
sissippi, and in July reached Biloxi.f Others followed, and now
Taniaroa, the mission of Father Pinet, was confided to their care.
A grant of land secured the permanency of their mission, which

* I cannot explain a passage in Marest's letter, wlicre lie says, that after
the death of Binneteau and Pinet, he was alone till Mcrinct's arrival. Bin-
ncteau died before 1700, as his name is jiot on the catalogue of that year.
I'inet's is on that of 1700 and 1703, so that he must have died in 1703 or
170-4 at the earliest, and yet Mermet is on tlic list of 1700 and 1703.

+ Sauvolle, in Louis, llist. Coll. iii. 227 ; Ferland, Notes.

422

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

was loiii^ tVuitt'ul ill good. Tlio fust of tlicir (clergymen sent to
Calioki.'i, as the post was inoro g^'Hcrally <-alli'<l, was Mr. Jolm
lieririer, a iiiaii of'tnu' iiiciit and most austere lite. Being unused
to Indian customs, and ii^noiant ot" their laniruau'e, lie was soon in
(lillieulty. The medi(;ine-men, awed by Tinet, now seized theii"
oi»])ort unity, and souglit to obtain the upper liand, and actually
drew oil" some recent converts; but Heigier was soon able to cojx'
with his antagonists. He restored peace to liis little church, and
soon saw it increase in numbers and tervor. His health, however,
tailed, and Father Marest, then at Kuskaskia, which had already
assumed its present position, hastened to his relief, lie found
liergier ill indeed, but that zealous nnssi<inary soon rallied, lie
urged Marest to return to his post ; but soon after the departure
of the Jesuit Father, he again relapsed, and finding it too late to
recall him, prepared for death, and i)ressing his crucifix to his lij)s,
expired.* While the inedi(tine-men danced in triumph, glorying
in his death, and broke the cross which he had })lanted. Christian
iiinuei*s hastened to Marest, who came to render the last rites to
his deceased fellow^aborer.f

By this time, then, we see two regular missions — one at Ta-
inaroa, thus depnved of its second pastor, the other at Kaskaskia,
under Father Marest. Father Mermet, meanwhile, was at a new
French post on the Ohio, founded by Juchereau, laboring almost
in vain among a party of Mascoutens who had migrated to that
river. Peoria, where Gravier received his death-wound, had been
for a time the station of Marest, but was now vacant, and the In-
dians, in punishment for their cruelty to their late missionaiy, were

* Marest, in Lett. Edif., and Kip's Jen. Missions, 214.

t Jolin Bergier, priest of the Seminary oftlio Foreifrn Missions, is said to
have arrived in 1(583. lie readied the Illinois country after the spring "f
1604, and in all probability as hitc as 17"4, tlie earliest period to be asssitriicMl
to I'inet's death. His own decease took place, according to Noiseux, on the
16th of July, 1710, in liis SSth year. It is mentioned in Marest's letter "f
November, 1712. Kip's .les. Mis>ions, 211.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

423

cut off from tlic French trade. Marest visited tht'iii again in l Til,
.'iiid found tlieni liunibhxl and conscious of tlieir fault. The chiefs
implored him to renew his mission, promising to destroy the power
of the medicine-men, and hearken to the voice of the missionary.
From the Jipparent sincerity of their lepentance, Father Marest,
then on his way from Mackinaw, promised to return to his old
j)ost, but on reaching Kjiskaskia, found the French and Intlians
there so much opposed to his removal, that he sent Father de
Ville, who had recently joined the mission, to renew the faith
among the Peorias. Do Ville was a man of zeal and talent, and
possessed of the ail of winning Indians, so that the progress of the
mission was rapid.

Ik-sides these Illinois missions, there existed a mixed one on St.
Joseph's River, to which we have already alluded.* La Salle, on
his way to the Mississippi, had built a temporary fort on that
river, not tiar from the portage leading to the Theakiki. Here his
party rested for a time ; but no Indians seem to have been near,
and had they been, the Recollects were not acquainted with their
language. Soon after his time, however, a band of Miamis settled
on the northern, and a band of Pottawotamies on the southern
shore, near the fort. Father AUouez was soon placed here, but
when, precisely, does not appear. Father John B. Chardon, who
was on the Ottawa mission as early as 1700, was stationed here
in 1711. According to Marest, he was a missionary of great zeal
and rare facility in acquiring Indian languages. This mission is
tlie first among the Miamis after that at Mascoutens, founded bv
Allouez, where some Miamis were found.

Such were the mission-posts in Illinois and on its bordere in
1712. St. Joseph's for the Miamis and POttnwotamics, under
Chardon ; Peoria, under de Ville ; and Kaskaskia, under Marest

* It wtia partly Pottawotaniio. At thirf time tlio Miamis ooi)sisti'<l of
three villagos — one on the St. JosepliV, one on tiie Maumce, and ttio otlnT

on the Wabash, (^'liarlevobc, v. 278.

424

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

I.l i

1 ■ ■

■■ i

1 ,

[

1 1

J !

and Mcinit't, wlio had joined him. Taniaroa was not long unoc-
cupied. As successor to 13ergier, cauie, piobahly in 1712, Dom-
inic Mary \'arlet, a doctor of tlie Sorbonne, whose subsequent
career was a scandal to the Church. For nearly six years he was
a zealous and laborious missionary amon^ the Illinois, but on his
return to Europe, where he was raised to the ej)iscopacy as Coad-
jutor of Babylon, in 1718, he avowed his Jansenistical doctrines,
became the head of the schismatic church of Utrecht, and died
interdicted, deposed, and excommunicated by three successive
popes.* About the same time the Rev. Philip Boucher is said to
have labored in Illinois, chiefly at Fort St. Louis.f

Of the other missions, till 1721, nothing is recorded; but we
may here give some idea of their position and success, as well as
of the labors of the devoted missionaries. Not even at this epoch
was the whole Illinois nation converted. Few, indeed, of the Peo-
rias had bowed to the cross, and, as we have seen, the pagan party
at Tamaroa was still powerful. Yet the Chiistians were no in-
considerable body, forming the very elite of the nation. Before
their convereion, cruel and licentious to the most frightful degree,
the Illinois had, under the influei'ce of religion, softened their sav-
age customs, and became so j ure in morals, that the French
settlers frequently chose wives from the Indian villages. These

* He was at Quebec in 1717, about to return in the spring with another
priest.— Poor's Paris Doc. vii. 124. lie died in 1742. See de la Tour, Vie
do Mgr. Laval, 101 ; Feller, Diction. ; Kohrbacher, Ilistoire Gen. de TEglir^c,
xxvii. 155.

+ Noiseux is the only '•.iithority for tliis. According to him, this clcrcry-
man, born at Quebec, ar d ordained there in IGSi), set out lor Illinois in 16'JJ,
and Avas with Bergicr till 1696. After which he labored in Arkansas, but
returning to Illinois, died at hi.^ mission of St. Louis in '719. Much of tiiis
is at variance with all other accounts, but as it may lead to some better date,
we insert it. He was, according to M. T Abbe Ferland, son of Pierre Boucher,
Governor of Three Kivers, and autliof of a work on Canada.

Noiseux also ranks Mr. Geotl'roy Thierry Erborie among these mission-
aries, and states tliat he died in Illinois in 1727. As to the credit to bo
given, however, to this work of Mr. N., see Martin, lielations des Jesuitcs,
]-'nillon. Vio de M. Bourueovs, i. 375.

not long unoc-
in 1712, Dom-
ose subsequent
ix vears he was
nois, but on his
opacy {IS Coad-
itical doctrines,
recht, and died
hree successive
ucher is said to

corded ; but we

Kcess, as well as

sn at this epoch

i3ed, of the Peo-

:he pagan party

ins were no in-

nation. Before

ightful degree,

tened their sav-

at the Frencli

illages. These

ing with aiiotlicr

de la Tour, Vie

Gen. de TEglisc,

^lim, this clcnry-
Ulinois in IG'JJ,
|n Arkansas, but
Much of th'w
[ome better date,
Pierre Bouclicr,

tlieso misslon-
[ho credit to bo
Ins des Jcsuites

FKEXCH MISSIONS.

425

intermarriages are indeed represented as so frequent, that we must
consider the present French families of Indiana ?'miI Illinois as to
some extent representing the Illinois Indians, whose blood tlows so
freely in their veins. The labors of the niissi(»naiy here, sis among
the Abnakis of Maine, had two fields — tin? villages at one season,
the hunting or fishing ground at others ; being thus partly fixed,
and partly nomadic. The Illinois had two great bufialo hunts —
the short but severe siunmer hunt on the parched upland plains,
and the winter one, which lasted four or five months. All the
rlans went on these hunts, except some Kaskaskias, who preferred
a permanent abode. The missionary had to follow his tlock of
hunters, and undercfo incredible fatiirue in visiting the scattered
huts. Those who were separated from the missionary assembled
at night in a largt; cabin for prayers, aiid recited in their chanting
wav the rosary, so dear to all Catholic converts.

The village aftbrded the missionary greater consolation by the
ivguiarity which prevailed. ''Early in the morning," says Marest,
"we assemble the catechumens in the chiirch, where they say
prayers, receive an instruction, and sing some hynms; then the
catechumens retire, and niass is said for the Christians, who sit
as in all Indian churches, the two sexes on difterent sides ; then
follow morjiing prayers jind an instruction, after which they dis-
perse to their several avocations.'" The missionary's day was theti
taken up by visits to the sick, 'in which he was often obliged to
become physician to body as well as soul, comforting, consoling,
instructing all. The afternoon was set apart for those regular
catechetical instructi<'iis by whi(di the truths of religion were in-
culcated, in old and young, till they became a part of their
tiioiights, a tradition of the tribe, for thus alone can any natiijn
hocome Christian. The chapel at sunset was filled again by the
\illage, assembled for evening prayor, and in responsive cliaiit
tlit'V closed the day as piously as it bogan. This was the ordinal y
•lav. Sundays and holidays witnessed still greater devotion, and

426

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

cacli Saturday tlio confossional was thronged by fervent penitents,
fur most of tilt! Illinois C.'atlKjlics ivceivod every fortniufht.*

III 1721, Fatlier Cliarievoix visited these missions. As we have
aheady stated, lie found tlie Mianiis and Pottawotaniies of St.
Joscpli's almost all Christians, but, from tlic long absence of a mis-
sionary, fallen into great disorders, so that it would require great
ctlorts to revive piety among them.

Peoria, which rewarded (iravier's labors with death, and had,
on its repentance, been assigned to Father Louis de Ville, was
again without a missionary, and almost entirely pagan. Yet it
})res(.'nt(*d hopes. The gieat chiof wore on his breast a cross and
a figure of the lilessed Virgin, lie had found the latter, and wore
it with confidence when told that it represented the Virgin Mother
of (iod ; tliat the infant in her arms was the Redeemer of man-
kind ; that slie was the help of Christians invoked by them in the
liour of danger. Believing this, one day, when a lurking Fox In-
dian aimed at him, he invoked Ma'y, for his own gun was un-
loaded. The Fox five times missed fire, and as tlie Peoria had
now his gun to his shoulder, the other surrendered, and the votai y
of Mary led him in triumph to the village. At the time of Char-
levoix's visit, the chief's little daughter was dying, and he brought
her to the missionary to be b.iptized.f

The chief missions were now on the banks of the Mississipj)!.
The Cahokias and Tamaroas under the priests of the F'oreign Mis-
sions ; the Kaskaskias, Christian IVorias, and the Metchigameas, a
tiibe whom INfarquette found near the Arkansas, still under tiio
Jesuits. None of the missionaries named by Marest remaincii.
That illustrious Father, whose name is so intimately associate"]
with the Illinois mission, had Ix-en apparently recalled, for his
di'ath is said to liavo occurred some y«'arf> later.;j|

* Marest, in Lett. E<llf. ; Kip. + Cliarlcvoix, vi. l'2'.i.

X Noiseiix. 15csidos liis missions in Illinois, V. Gubriel Marest was oiii

ii'vent penitents,
•tui<^ht.*
IS. As we bjuo
wotaniies of St.
bsonce of a mis-
Id require great

death, and had,
lis de Ville, was

pagan. Yet it
east a cross and
! latter, and wore
»e Virgin Motlior
ideenier of nian-
l by them in tlie

hu-king Fox In-
\vn gun was nn-

the Peoria liad
1, and the votary

le time of Cliar-

and he brought

the Mississipj)!.

[lie Foreign Mis-

yietchigamoas. a

still under the
[arest remained,
lately associateil
[eealled, for his

jrlcvoix, vi. 120.
^■l Marc.Hl was em-

FRE>'cii :missions.

427

Cahokia was on a little river about a mile from the Mississippi,
which was gradually retiring on that si<K'. ComixjSi'd of two
tribes, it formed a large town. The two juissionaries had both, in
other days, been pupils of Father Charlevoix at Quebec. At the
time of his visit, the elder, Dominic Thaumur de la Source, who
liad been stationed there at least two years,* was absent ; the other,
Le Mercier, a man feeble in health, severe to himself, but full of
fharity to others, and inspiring all with a lo\e of virtue, now
.-tiuggling with a mission which seemed above his strength, but
whieh he attended for manv years.f

The Kaskaskia mission had just been divided into two : one,
stated to have been the more luimerous, was about half a league
above old Fort Chartres, within gunshot of the river. It was
under the direction of Father Joseph Ignatius le lioulanger, a man
nt" great missionary tact and wonderful skill in languages. His
Illinois Catechism, and Instructions in the same dialect forbearing
mass and approaching the sacraments, were considered by other
missionaries as masterpieces. To enable the latter to avail them-
selves of his labors, he added a literal French translation. In
1721, he was assisted by Father de Kereben.| The Jesuit Father
do IV'aubois Avas parish priest at the French village below the fort,
and the second Kaskaskia village, six miles inland, was directed by
Father John Charles Guymonneau, apparently at the time Supe-
rior of the mission.§

Almost all the Illinois were now Christians, and greatly attached
to the French. They cultivated the ground in their own way,
and had become, under the influence of religion, very industrious,
raising poultry and live stock to sell to the French. The women

jilDvi^d ill Hudson's litjy, and tlinre taken prisoner Ity the IJiirlisli. IIo
wrote two letters in the Lottres Edititintcs.

■ Spaldini^'s Life ol'llislidp Fla<,'cl, I'jtJ. t H*-' is naint-d in I75t).

t Le I'ctit, in Lettros Kditiaiites ; Kip.

^ Spalding's Lite of Fliiiri'l, 1-'', maizes him Siipi'rior in 171'.'.

428

AMElilUAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

1 i

■|

wore adroit, wcavinij of ImtValo-liair a fine fi^lossy stuff, which they
(lyeil of various colors, and worked into dresses for themselves,
inaiujfacturing a line tliread witii i^reat ini^enuity.*

In tlie followiuLT v»'ar the lUinoi.s of the Rock and Piniileouv,
lianissed by continual attacks from the Foxes, resolved to ahaii-
don the old villages,! and join their countrymen on the Mississijij/i.
This wiis providential for them ; for they had long been too far
removed from the missionaries to profit by their instructions. On
the banks of the Mississipj)i they all became Christians, led by the
chief who had already such confidence in Mary.|

Louisiana was now rising in importance, and on its organizjititni
as a colony, Illinois became subie(;t to its ffovernmeut. The
Jesuits, after failing at fii'st, were at last established at the moutii
of the Mississippi, and their Superior at New Orleans had tlio
superinteiulence of the Illinois mission. Missionaries for the Illi-
nois country now came by way of the Mississippi, Thus, in 172o.
we find Fathers de I'u'aubois and de Ville ascending the river, fol-
lowed in 17*27 by Fathers Dunuis, Tartarin, and Doutreleau. At
the same time Father le Doulanger was still Superior of the Illi-
nois mission,§ and Father C. M. Mesaiger directed the Miami mis-
sion of St. Josej»h.||

The Illinois Christians fretpiently descended to New Orleans,
and le Petit describes the edifying conduct of a party, led by tluir
excellent chieftain, Chicago. "They charmed us," says he, ''by
their piety and edifying life. Every evening they recited tlio
beads in alteinafe choirs, and every morning lieard ir.y mass,
chanting at it, especially on Sundays and holidays, prayers and
hymns suited to the day. They are well acquainted with the his-
tory of the Old and New Testament. Their manner of lieaiing

* Clnirlcvoix, vi. 140.

t They were neur Butlalo Koek, Lii Salle Co. 111. ; Reynold's 111. 20.

t Charlevoix, iv. •2.!1. § Lo Petit in Lott. Edif.

I Register of St. .losoph's, 1724.

FKENCIl MLSSIOXS.

429

mass and approaching tijo saciamonts is oxccllont. Tlio mission-
aries <io not sufK-r thcni to grow np in ignorance of any of the
iiivsteHi'S of reiiijfion or of their duties, hut irround them in wiiat
i> fuiKhunental and essential, whieli they incuicatt^ in a manner
t.i|Mally sound and instructive."

(.'hicago had b«'en in France, and had learned the advantages
of civilized life. Mamantouensa, another chief, was not inferior t<)
liini. Seeing the Ti-sulines with their })U}>ils, ]u\ exclaimed to one :
" I see you are not nuns without an object. You are like otn-
Kathers, the Black-gowns, you lahor for others. Ah I if wo had
tliri'e or four of vou, our wives and dauirhters wouKl have more
sense, and be better Christians." " Well," said the Mother Suj>e-
rior, " clioose anv that vou like." " It is not for me to choose,"
replied the truly Christian chief; "it is for you, who know them;
fur the choice should fall on those who are most attached to God,
and who love him most."*

Hitherto we have cited the missionaries themselves, or memlx'rs
of the same missionary bodies. Their judgment was not peculiar
to themselves. While the Illinois mission, under the wise guid-
ance of Ic Boulanger, was rapidly gaining in nnndx'i-s, an oflicer
of the French marine in Louisiana writes: "Nothing is more edi-
fying for religion than the conduct and unwearied zeal with which
the Jesuits labor for the conversion of these tfibes. There are now
Illinois, Apalache, even Choctaw Christians. I'icture to yourself
a Jesuit missionary as a liero. Four hundred leagues away in the
depths of the forests, without comforts or supplies, often with no
resource but the liberality of men who know not (Jod, oblii^ed to
live like them, to pass whole years with no tidings of their coun-
try, with men human only in figure, without relief or seciety in
llic hour of sickness, constantly exposed to perish alone, or fall by
the hand of violence. Yet this is the daily life of tlu-se FatluMs

fetit in Lott. K>lif.

* Lo Petit, in Lottros JMifiiintes.

480

AMEIUCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

i^i'

in Louisiana and Canada, wliciv many have shed iheir Mwod l.-i
the faitii."*

Louisiana was soon to see licr inissionarios troa<l (lu; path if
those of C'anathi. Before the descent of Chica«^o, wliieh we ha\«'
mentioned (for lie and his pious followers were a war-])arty).
Fathers I'oisson and Souel had been killed by the Indians in tli.-
rising of the Natchez. An Illinois missionary, Father Doutrelciii.
was well-ni<ijh involved in the massacre, lie had set out on tin-
first day of the year 1*730, and deeminuf it imjjossible to readi
Father Souel's chapel in time to say mass, landed at the mouth of
the Yazoo to offer u}) the holy sacrifice. A rustic altar was soun
raised, and the missionary bcijfan to vest, while his boatmen loi-
tered alonn; the shore, tirinu; at the wild-fowl. Some Indians cam.'
up, and to their hail, respondeil, " Vazoos, friends of the Frencli ;"
so, without ilelay, all knelt down, French and Indian, alike befoiv
tlie altar. ,lust-iis the piiest was about to begin the glonous cli.iiit
of the angels at Bethlehem, the Indians, who knelt behind, tiiv<l,
k'Uing one of the boatmen, and wounding the missionary iii the
{irm. His companions fled to their boat, but Doutreleau knelt to
receive his death-blow. Wlien, however, they had twice fired.
and twice missed him, he sprang to liis feet, and enveloping tli.'
sacred vessels in the altar-cloth, fled, vested as he was, to tln^
shore. The bo.at had put oft*, but the missionary, though woundeil
again, reached it, and seizing the rudder, urged his comrades to
}>ly their oars vigorously. The hope of escape was almost too
slight to nerve an arm with vigor, for two were wounded, all un-
armed, and almost destitute of provisions, for they had notliini:
but one bit of pork. Death from exhaustion or famine seenieil
their oiJy prospect, could they even distance the enemy ; but their
trust was in (»od. For an hour the Yazoos pressed on in liot pm-
suit, ])ouring in volley after volley on the unarmed French, till at

* Relation dc la Louisianc : Amsterdam.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

431

d their blood I*

i;ust the latter, by ach'oitly showinjif an old rusty imiskot, whe:i tho
pursuers i'uuHi too near, distanced tlu'iu, and tho Va/.oos returned
tu bojist of havini; killed them all. After nianv other dani;ers uu
llie river, Father Doutreleau and his companions at last reached
tile French camp at Tonicas.

More terrible was the trial of another Illinois missionary, Father
S( iiat. As the Xatchez ♦var }>roceed<'d, the French resolved to
attack tho Chickasaws from Louisiana and from Illinois. The latter
('Xpeditioii was led by Dartaguettes and Vincennes. Senat ae(;om-
jianied it as chaplain. vSuccess att«'nded the first elVorts of tin;
I'lvnch and Illinois ; but at a third fort, meeting a determined re-
si>tance, the Illinois jOjave way, and the French were surrounded.
A few cut their way throui^h; the rest fell into the hands of the
( liickasaws. liienville, who led tho expedition from Louisiana,
?till pressed them on the south, and the prisoners were sj)are<lfora
tinu'. Amon<^ them was the " generous Senat, who might have tied ;
l>iit regardless of danger, mindful only of «luty, had remained on
the field of battle to receive tho last sigh of the wound«-'d." WhiKi
tiieir fate was undecided they received no ill treatment; but when
liienville retired, the prisonei's were brought out, tied by fours to
stakes, and put to death with all the refinement of Indian ciuelty.
One alone was spared to record the story, but he has left no nar-
rative of their last scene. We only know that to the htst the de-
voted Jesuit exhorted his companions to suffer with patience and
eourarre — to lionor their reliirion and cc-imtry.*

The Illinois mission was now to decline ; the mismanagement of
Louisiana afiected the whole valley of the Mississippi. The fort
in Illinois, gan'isoned by dissolute soldiers, where licjuor was freely
sold to the Indians, added to unsuccessful wars, tliiimed down the
tribe, so that in iToO there were but two Indian mi-;Mons, both con-

d French, till :it

* Duinont, ii. 229 ; Charlovois, iv. 298. The place of their death is paid
Vj be in tho present county of Pontotoc, Miss. Kcynold's Illinois. 40.

48'i

AMKKICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

t ■

ducted by Jesuit Fathers:: one containinijsix hundred Indians und^T
Father Franeis Xavier do Ciuicnn*; and Father f.oui.H Vi\ ier, thiii
recently arrived, and actually studyintr tlie huii^uage ; the oIIkt,
still smaller, und<r Father Siihaslian Jiouis Mcurin, prohahly ;it
Vinceiines.* 'I'lie piiustsof the Seuiiiiary of I^Meign Missions ii.iij
no longer any charge over the Illinois, hut continued at (.'aiiokii
as ]){i.stors for the French. A third Illinois village completed tin'
nation, now s(» reduc(?d that it could not j'aise three hundred tiglit-

ing-ineii.

The Miami mission liad not been made subject to Louisiana. St.
Joseph's still tlourished under tlie care of Father Jolni liaptist h;i-
niorinie;f an<l among the Weas, near the present town of Lafay<tt<\
we then find Father l*ierre du Jaunay, who liad been at St. Joseph's
in Ili5.l

Twelve years later Choiseul drove the French Jesuits from tlnir
colleges, and surrenden-d the possessions of France in North
America to England and Spain. The centre of the mission at Ni v>
Orleans was suppressed in 17G2, and all further reinforcement was
cut oti' from the Illinois mission. Part of the Jesuit property in
Illinois had been sold by the French government,§ and the mean^
of the missionaries thus reduced.

The Fathers generally remained as secular priests in their former
missions, under the authority of the Bishop of Quebec, till one by one
they died off. Gagnon, Vivier, Meurin, and others ended their lives
where they had hibored. Father Peter Potier, the last Jesuit in the
West, was at St. Joseph's in iTol, and frequently visited the Illi-
nois country down to liis death in 1781 at Detroit.

The great political changes l>y which the flags of France, Fug-

I, ,

* Mcurin was at Vinccnnes from 1740 to 17r)3; Vivier, from 1753 to 17'>ij;
and Julian Duvcrnay, the lust Jesuit, from 17oG to October, 1703. IJejris^tir
cited by SpaUliu}?, IJfc of Fla<?et, 41. The body of Father Mcurin wasu
few years since transferred to St. Louis.

t Reg. St. Joscpli's, J Spaldingr, 41. § Kcynold's lllinoiss, p. <'i?.

red Indians undtT
Louis Vivier, tln'ii
^unge ; the otii.r,
iirin, j>r«>l)al»ly :it
eigti Missions had
inucd at I'ahokia
ga I'ompioted tin-
ree liundrod Hijlit-

to Louisiana. Si.

Joliii Haptist l-:i-
toun of Lafayette,
eon at St. Joseph's

Jesuits from their
Frauee in North
he mission at X<\v
reinfoi'cenietit was
Jesuit property in
,§ aud the moans

(sts in their former
>cc, till one by one
ended their lives
last Jesuit in the
■ visited the llli-
t.
of France, Knir-

from 17')3tc) IT.'"-:
Iber, 17G3. Ke-ri^ttr
Ither Meurin was a

I's Illinois, p. "1-.

FRKNCH MISSIONS.

433

land, and the United States, in (iui<'k succession, floated over the
Illinois country, with the Miami war, which ensued tii«? American
occnpation, Jiad prevented any new oriranization of the missions.
The llov. Mr. (Jibauit, who was there during the brief Kurdish nde,
and down nearly to the close of the century, ministered foi" manv
years to both French and Indians : Fh*ij^<'t, afterwards liishop of
Hardstown and Louisville, was for a time at Vincennes, followed bv
liivet, a priest driven from France by the Uevolution — a man of
jearninff and abilitv. 1 )urini; his ministry at Vincennes, from 1795
to 1804, Rivet devoted himself especially to the Indian tribes in that
territory. In his Keo-istei*s he styles himself " Missionar\' to the
Indians, temporanly olKciatinuj in the parish of St. Francis Xavier."
God rewarded his zeal with abundant fruits ; liis Registers show
haptisms and marriages of many Indians of ditierent tribes — l*ot-
tawotamies, Weas, riankeshaws, Miamis, Kaskaskias, and even
Sioux and Cherokees.

Some of his Indian converts were most exemplary, and he men-
tions especially a chief named Louis, commonly called " Lo vieux
priaiit" — the old Christian — who died on White liiver dunng a
winter encampment, shortly after having approached the sacra-
nionts at Vincennes.*

In subsequent years the few remaining Indians came incidentally
under the care of other clergymen : Bishop Kosati baptized the
brother of the great chief; Bishop Blanc, w hen at Vincennes, fre-
(juently ministered among them. Some of them had entirely
adopted the European dress and customs, and acquired ease and
competence, such as John B. Hichardville or I'iskewah, sou of the
chieftainess, who led the Miamis at llarmar's defeat.f Many of the
others, however, had relapsed into paganism — retaining, never-

* Spalding'8 Fhiget, 117.

t Ann. Prop. ii. 40, i. 344 ; Schoolcraft. He died August 13, 1841, buried
at St. MaryV, near Fort Wayne.

1*9

434

AMKKH'AN t'ATllUf.U' MISSIONS.

theless, an jittachiuciit to tliu Catholic religion, and a desire ot
ba)>t

IMII.

The Miami and lliincds rlans wvw, however, soon after carrieij
west of the Mississipjd, and thus ffll within the district of tin-
.h'snit Fathers, whose hihoi-s we shall hcreafier treat in detail.

Such is tile storv *>\' \\\<' Illinois mission, one of the njost suc-
• M'ssful in onr annals; and tlionufh the tribes were generally doeiji-,
its earlv missionaries nund»er maiiv who njavsome day be onroll<'.|
in our national niartyroloiry. Manjuette, its tbunder, and Jiiimeteai:,
died in the wilderness ; Hibourde, Membr6,f (iravier. Kale, ainl
Senat, by the hand of violence, and 1 >oiitreleau narrowly escaped
a similar fate.

Of the result of the mission we are not to judtjfe by the small
bands that remain, sole survivors of the wars and diseases whi» li
have almost extinc^uisluMl the clans. More than in any other part
the settlers intermarried with the Indians, and there are few of the
French families in Illinois and Missouri that cannot boast their
descent from the noble tribe which has given its name to the
former State.

♦ Ann. Prop. x. 188.

t As wc huvo frequently mentioned tlie gentle Meinbre, wo may here pivc
Bomo details as to his life and deatli. Zcnobius Membr6 was born al 15a-
paiime, in Artois, in 1G45 (Paris Doc, Boston, iii. 88), and was a cou:<in
of Father Lo Clercq, the author. (Hennepin.) He was the first novice in the
new province of St. Anthony, and came to ( 'anada in 107"). Three years at'ti r
ho accompanied La Sallo west, and in 1682 returned to Franco, where lie
became Warden at Bapaumc. When LaSullo aailed to Louisiana he actoiii-
panied him, and on his being wrecked was left in Texas, at a fort mar
Galveston Hay, with Father Maximus Lo Clercq and tiie Sulpilian Chefdevlllc.
Hero Membre projected a nussion among the friendly Cenis, or Assinais;
but the fort was attacked, and all its inmates killed by tiie Quoaquis, in 1*3*7
or 1689. See Lo Clerctj, Joutcl, Ensayo Cronologico, cited in t!ie Discovery
and Exploration of the Mississippi. Father Membr<5 was universally es-
teemed for his mildness and virtues ; and his Journal, pubhshodin the work
of Le Clercq, gives a most favorable idea of his worth.

S'S.

, niul a ilesiro of

soon after cnrrioil
[\u'. ilistrict of tlu-
cnt ill «U'tail.
5 of the most siic-
(! jj^c'iicnilly (.loci If,
10 day be cnroiltil
er, ami Jiiiim?tein!,
ravier, Kale, a in I
narrowly escajM-d

(luft; by the small
id diseases whi( h
in any other part
lero are few of flic
cannot boast their
its name to the

, \vc may here eive
>r6 was born nl Hu-

nnd was a cousin
c first novice in tlic
Three years after

Franco, whero lie
oiiisiana ho acctnii-
xas, al a fort near

pitianChcf(levi!lo.
Cenis, or Assimiis;

Quoaqiii.s, in lt3S7
il in t!ie Discovery
'as universally es-
>hsho J in the work

Oil A VTK U X X I V.

Tin: I.OLISIANA MISSIONS.

FftlliiT Marquottu vl!*lts tribon on tlio Lower MUNlsjjippl — IIi'nncpin, llio Sioux— Mom-
Iti', the Arkiui.Hjii— .Ifsiiits succeed liiiii -'I'lic Sfiniimry at (iiU'lu-c uiuj lit |iroJc(ft —
Monllmty (Ii'sc«ti(1k H.H Virar-lJcntTiil- His pliiii;* — MiNHinn* ol' tlio CiiiiikIIuii olorjiy —
The Tuoti/iw aiitl Toiiloiis— St, C'omo at N'atciio/,-Tho Jesuits— Do Liiimuo ut llm
Oiuims — Mr. Fom-aiiit nmimir tin- Vii/nos— jjis death— ('lost' of the .Iisiiit mission —
Piivlon nnd tlie Toaieiw— Death of St, Come— Mavioii finally retires— Father Clmr-
levoix — New Jesuit mission— l)u I'olssou in ,\rkaiis,is — Souel on the Vu/oo — Their
death In tho Niitc hoz war-- Ya/oos attaek F. I Jnutrtdeaii— Father ih'(«uienne and tho
Alilmmons— Father le i'etit and Haudoia amoui; the Choeluws— suppreasioa of the
JuAUit.s, and close of thu mls.sloa,

TiiK (lis(;ovei'y (jf the existtjiiee of a LCicat river in the West had
inflamed tlu; zeal of the Jesuit missiduaries on the u|)|x*r lakes.
"Ill this western world they had evt-r been the piuiK.'ers of civili-
zation and the faith; s(^aive a river was entered, scarce a ca|)e
was turned, but a .lesuit h^l the way." \ new world now
opened to their ambition of love : they resolved to explore it.
Accident after acci(.lent arrested their proinrress. Marcpiette resolved
to open the way : lie made his preparations at Lapointe, in IGGl), to
visit " this river and the nations that dwell u}»on it, in order to open
the passage to so many of our Fathers who have so long awaited
this happiness." But again accident prevented their further pro-
gress. The French government at last resolved to undertake the
exploration, and sent Louis Jolliet, a native of Quebec, to explore
the river. Marquette, to his great joy, was deputed by his Su-
l)eriois to accompany him, and thus was at last enabled to realize
liis ardent desire of extending the kingdom of Christ, and making
his name known and adored bv all the nations of that vast country.
Tims thev set out — the one the envoy of the French frovernmcnt, to
exjiloie, the other the envoy of the Almighty, to illuminate the
valley with the light of the gospel.

They embarked at Mackinaw on the I7th of May, 16Y3; and,

436

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

; i

nsconding Fox IJiver, entered tlie Wisconsin and floated down to
the lordly Mississippi, which the pious Manpiette, " with a joy,"
says he, "which 1 cannot express," named the lliver of the Con-
ception. On the 25th of June he reached the l*eorias and Moiii-
gwcnas, Illinois clans.

Passing the Missouri and Ohio, he found a party of Indians on
the shore resembling both Ilurons and Iroquois, whom he address
ed in the Huron language, and being understood, was invited to
{heir cabins. AN'ho tiiev were, the missionary gives us no sur-
mise ; they were evidently unacquainted with the French, bin
traded with some Europeans at the east, and, as it would seem.
with Catholics. To these Marquette announced the gospel, jiinl
leaving medals to show the visit of a 131ack-g(jwn, proceeded.*

About 33° north he came to the Metchigameas, who prepared
to attack them. In vain Marquette showed the calumet ; death
seemed inevitable, and the little party, commending themselves t<>
the Blessed Virgin Immaculate, j>repared to die by the shower of
arrows which threatened them. But the aged chiefs stopped the
turmoil, and they were saved. Now hospitably received, Mar-
quette, by an interpreter, endeavored to give; them some knowl-
edge of God and the way of salvation. Imperfect, indeed, it w;i>,
but as he remarks, " it is a seed cast in the earth which will bear
its fiuit in season," and in season the Metchigameas joined the Il-
linois mission which Marquette founded, and were absorbed in
that tribe.f

He next reached the Arkansas, on the eastern shore, and by
that good people was received with all favor. Finding one well
acquainted with the Illinois tongue, he delivered the presents of
the faith, explaining each in Indian style. They showed groat
admiration for his doctnnes and the truths which he annoiincoil,
and entreated him to tsike up his stay among them.J

* Mhrqucttc, in Siieii's Discovery, <tc. t".

+ Id. 45.

: Id. -i:

FRE^X'H MISSIONS.

437

Here the missionary and liis companion ended their exploration,
and returned by wayoftlio Illinois liivcr, visitini; the IVorias and
Kaskjuskias as we Imve already seen.*

The Cross was thus i)lanted airain in tJje vallev of tiie Missis-
sij>pi. Marquette from the north reared it at the mouth <>[' the
Arkansas, whose head-waters had been reaehed by Father I'adilla,
and whose waters meet the Mississippi not far from the spot where
a Spanish piiest had knelt to hear the dyin*^ eonfession of I)e Soto.

Tlie Jesuits were unable then to evani^elize this mighty field.
In 1680 the adventurous La Salle was in Illinois, but aecident
having compelled him to return to Canada, he sent the Kecoliect
Father Ilennepiu to explore the Illinois liiver to its mouth. The
missionary set out with two companions in March, reached the
Mississippi, and for a .iionth sailed on till he was taken by a Sioux
party, and earned to a village near St. Anthony's Falls. Here he
was detained till Julv, when la; was delivered bv I)ulutli, who
had the previous year explori.'d the Sioux country .f Duiing hit*
captivity Hennepin seems to have mad«» no attempt to announce
the gospel, and merely, after some hesitation, baptized a dying
infant. J

La Salle returned to Illinois in 1082, and descended the Missis-
>ippi accompanied by the Kecoliect Father Zenobius Mt'mbre, i\
man of great zeal and mildness. On reaching the Arkansas in
March, Membro, delighted with the manners of the p^'ople, phuited
a cross, and attempted, chiefly by signs, to give iLem some idea of
Christianity and the true God.§

They now entered on a new region, passing beyond the limit
reached by Marquette. The next tribes, the Taenzas, were reach-
ed on the 22d of the same montli. Their eight populous villages
lud half-civilized natives seemed a most promising field fur the

* See lllinoi-i Mission. + I'aris Doo. vi. 2''>9.

t Hennepin, in Sliea's Di.scovcry, where his oharacter is discubscd.

§ Membn'', in Slion's Disc. 17^.

438

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

I. '

t I

gospel ; and the pious Recollect here too endeavored to give the
poor beniLjhted natives some notion uf a puivr faith, and raiht;
their minds tioni the sun and lire to " llini that made them, more
beautiful and miufhticr than thcv.''*

^'isitini;; the Natchez and Tangihaos they now proceeded to the
sea, and then returned. Thus, by Jesuit and by llecollect, Chri>t
was at last announced along the niighty river, from the Falls <•!'
St. Anthony of Padua to the Gulf of Mexico, and naught remained
but to find apost<»lic men to com}>lete, by years of patient toil, the
outline made by the mis.sionary explorers.

The uidiappy La Salle, whose life was ever checkered by mis-
fortune, endeavored in 1G85 to reach the Mississippi by sea, ho})iiig
to colonize the West, but he failed, and after landing in Texas per-
ished in an attempt to reach the Mississij)pi. < )f his Texan colony
wo have spoken elsewhere.f it wus cut to ))ieces by the ln<lians;
but of the party with him at his death several, among otln-rs tjie
Recollect Anastasius J)ouay and the Sulpitian Cavelier. reaehe<l
Illinois, but perfonned no missionary duty among tlui Mississijipi
tribes. Douav returneil in the tleet with which the gallant C'an.i-
dian, Iberville, at last reached the delta of the Mississippi in lOO'J,
and ascended the river for some distance, but did not remain.^

A Canadian had lirst reached the mouth, an<l was to be tiie
father of the new colony. Canadians were to be the pioneers ef
the faith. The Bishop of Quebec and his clergy resolved to en-
ter the great Held opened by Marquette. Tonty, the faithtul lieu-
tenant of La Salle, had obtained of him a grant of a considerable
tract on lie Arkjinsas River. Here he built a house and fort in
1C83, and being a man of genuine and sincere piety, had sought
to obtain missionaries for the new ]>ost. Unbiassed by tju^ preju-
dices of La Salle, he applied to the Jesu'ls, the more readily, p-i-
haps, as Couture, whom he sent to begin the i>ost, had been a donne

Menilir^', i<.l. p. I'.'S.

t Sco noto, p. 'I'H,

] La Ilnrpo'H Journal

^Hf^>€SSf

■avorod to nrjvo the

•r Ijiitli, and mist.

made tliciii, more

r |M-ocf*oded to tlir
/ Itt'Collcct, Cliii>t
tVojii the Falls of
naugjit remained
A' patient toil, the

'heckered by riii.>-
>pi by sea, hoj)ini,'-
iiig in Texas jhi--
his Texan colony
» by the Indians;
inunir others the
L'avelier, ivachcl
C the .Missi.s.sij,|,i
lie o-allant Caiia-
••^issij)!.! in 100t»,
not reniain.J
was to be lli.'
tli<! j)ioneeis t-f
resolved to cii-
le laitht'ul li.ii-
a eonsideraLdc
use and fort in
ty, Iiad c^ow^la
I by the prcjii-
e I'endily, jki-
1 been a doniit'

FliENClI MISSIONS.

439

of those missionaries, and had share<l with Jorjues the trials and tor-
ments of Jifdian eajitivity. liy a died dated NoveMil>er 20, 1G80,
lie i(ave to Father Uaitlon, then SujM'rior of tin- Canada missiun, a
stri|) on the Arkansas Kiver, a little east of his fort, of about rij^ht
acres, for a eha}>el anil niissiondiousr, besides an innnense tract on
the opposite side of the river near the Indian village, for the sup-
port of a missionary. This mission was to begin in November,
1090, and the missionary was, among oiIhm- things, to build two
(•liaj)els, raise a cross fifteen feet high, minister to whites and In-
dians, and sav a mass for Tontv on his feast, St. Henry's day.*

AN'hat missionary was then sent does not appear, n<tr is there
any ac<ount of the duration of his mission. It could not, how-
ever, have been lasting, as no trace remains of its existence.

If the Jesuits of (Quebec atl«'mpted any missions on the Lower
Mississippi they soon abandoned them. In the «'apital of Cinadu
an institution still exists, t'oundcd by the illustrit)us Laval, the first
liishop of Qui'bec. This is the Seminary, itself a filiation of the
Seniinarv of the Fori'i<ni Missions at I'Mris. from which Laval had
oonie. Like the house to \Nliielj it owrd ii.» tuigin and spirit,
the Seminary of (Quebec had long aspireil to enter on the work of
evangelizing the heathen, but avoided ail rivalry with bodies then
engaged in that imdertaking. Now, however, a vast field lay
open to them, on which the .Fesuits and liecolleets of Canada de-
clined to enter.

St. Valier, Bishop of Quebec, claiming the valley of the Missis-
si|>pi as part of his diocese, was also desirous of establishing his
clergy at the mouth of the great river. As j»ioneer of t)ie new
iTiissions, the Seminary chose Francis Jolliet tie MontiLfiiv, a man
of vast designs and boundless zeal. Invested by the Bishoj) with
the i.owers of Viear-fJeneral, Montijjnv set out witli Anthony L\'i
vion, a jtriest of the same seminary, in the Ottawa llotilla of lODB.f

Iftrpo*M Jom-iiul.

* Deed in Bnrcnu des Terref.

t De In Polhori'\ iv. 10','.

440

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

After wintering at Mackinaw they visited the IHinois, the last
Jesuit field, and entered the Mississipju. Descending to the
Taenz.'w, Montigny was charmed with the dispositions of the
tribe.* The 1'aenza.s Avere half civilized, and occupied eight
towns or villages composed of houses built of earth and straw,
with many articles of furniture not found among the northern
tribes. The p'ople were subject to an absolute chief, who was
treated with great honor. In dress, too, they were somewhat
ad\aru'ed, being clad in a clolh woven of the fibres of a tree.
Selecting this ivs his own station, the Vicar-( General proceeded to
tlie Tonicas on the Vjizoo River, and raising a mission-house, es-
t-ablished Davion as a laborer there.

At the Ked lliver they heard of a French settlement at the
mouth of the Mississippi, and resolved to visit it. After ten days'
sail in their bark canoes, suti'ering greatly for want of water, they
reached liiloxi on the fii'st of July. As it was too poor to offer
them hospitality without danger, they remained but ten days, and
again set out for their j)osts with presents for the Tircit Sun of the
Natchez, wine for mass, flour, and some necessaiy tools. It is
probj'ble that Mr. de Montigny went at once to the villages of the
Natchez, among whom he proposed founding a new mission, for
which another priest had arrived : this was the Canadian, John
Francis Buisson, commonly called de St. Come, who was at his
post before Iberville's coming iu 1700.f

This nation was by far the most civilized to be found in the val-
ley of the Mississipj)i, as their countiy was the finest. Adoreis
of the sun, they had a temple in its honor, built, like their houses,
of earth and straw, where a fire was kept constantly burning in
honor of their gr)d. The great chief bore the name of Sun, and

• La Hurpo, in Loiiisliinft Hist. Coll. iii. 16.

t SiUivollc, .Journal in Loui.siuna Hist. Coll. iii. 227 ; Lft Ilarpc, in Loiii.-i-
.in:i Hist. Coll. iii. p. 17, nays that Iborvillo found him nt Natclioz, Marb
11, 1700.

FRENX'H MISSIONS.

441

he was the hiifli-j^iest of the naiion, daily oftering an obhition of
incense IVom !ns caiunict tu his pietoiuied siiv. Su(;ces8ion wjus
in the female lino, and the inuther of the Sun, or teiuale chief, was
treated with the gieatest honor, although she took no part in the
government.

Among these, then, St. Come took up his residence. He soon
gained the favor of the female chief, who was indeed so attached
to the lilack-u'own that she conferred liis name on one of her sous.
Hut his labors were not blessed with fruit : his instructions were
seed wliich fell on the rock. No (.'onverts to the faith enabled
him to begin a church of Natchez Christians ;* yet he struggled
on for some years undeterred by his ill-success.

About the same time Davion visited the villages of the Chicka-
saws, but no mission could be attempted in a tribe already devoted
to the English.f

Besides these missionaries, of whose presence on the Lower Mis-
sissippi there can be no doubt, a work on the Canadian clergy
names two others as companions of the Vicar-General. These
were Michael Antliony Gaulin and GeotFiy ThieriT Erborio. The
former attempted a mission among the Assinays or Cenis, but
after a struggle of two years, in the midst of constant ill-treatni 'nt
and danger, he abandoned his mission and embarked for (^luubec
by sea. The latter repaired to the Choctaws, and labored am'>ng
them and the Natchez till 1709, wli •>, he returned to Illinois.

Of these missionaries, liowever, we find no trace in the early
•locuments relating to Louisiana, and the account is probably
erroneous.

These missionaries, all of whom belonged to the secular clergy
of Canada, were not alone — the Jesuits of France sent membei-s to
a field which they had oeen the first to explore. "With Iberville
':ame a Father of the Society of Jesus, Father Paul du Ru, followed

* Charlevoix, vi. 194.

+ Sp-uvollc, Louisiana Kist. ColK ut. 231.
19*

442

AMKIilCAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

soon after by Falliors Joseph do Limoges and I)ono:y. l>u Ru
was intended for tlie Xatdiez, Init as St. ( ■onie was actually there,
remained at tlie tort. J)e J^imoircs, whom we Hnd at a siiiisecjuent
period laboring in Illinois, now proceeded to the Oumas on Red
Itiver, and began a mission among them, which apparently lasted
several yeai-s.*

Thus almost coeval with the settlement of Louisiana, when tin-
civil powei had but a single jKitty tort, the Church had begun
missions among the Taenzas, Toniras, Natchez, Arkansas, arul
Oumas, and probably imiong the Choctaws and Cenis, and was
laboring to elevate them ^o civilization and truth by the light and
practice of the gospel.

Zeal did not, howe\'-. command succ^ess. Like every other
mission, that kS l.inii^innn was baptized in blood, and illustrated by
the deaths of it^ [^ioUcei-s. In 1702 Nicholas Foucault,f who had
arrived tlie previous year. :;nd was labonng among the Yaz os and
Tonicivs, set out witlj Jnce Frenchmen for the fort, att' nded by
two young Koro.'ts as guides. Letl by hopes of jdunder, or iusti
gated by hatred, these treacherous savages aft'ected the jmu'der of
the wliole party near the Tonica villages; thus gixing the zealous
Foucault the glory of first shedding his blood in I ho dangerous
mission.

On learning his death, Davion, the missionary among the Toni-
cas, and Father de Limoges, {\\,m ihe O tmas, deemed it no lonu<M"
prudent to remain in so e\posed a sitvuation, and descended to the
French fort, which they reached di the 1st of October.^ Tlie
governor determined to exact reparation for the murder, and this

* IIo was there in 1702.

t Nicholas Fouoault was, according to Noiscux, a rarisian, ordaincil at
Quebec in 10S9. For ten years pastor at Batiscan, ho was impcllcil by zeal
tor the missions to follow Montigny, and set out for the Misgissippi in 17ol.
Noiseux erroneously puts his doath in 171 S.

X La Ilarpe, in Louisiana Hist. Coll. iii. 28, 32. The chief put the nnirdcrcrs
to deatb. Mom. dc Richebovirg, id. iii. 246.

FUENCH MISSIONS.

443

made a return still inoro tlaiii^orous. Meaiiwliil*' Fallior <lii Kii
])n>j('('to«l a new mission at the l>ayan<jula \iliaii;i', l»iit as disputes
had aiist'ii hctween him and Sauvulle the commander, the latter
made comi>laints in France wiiich led to the recall of du liu and
the abandonment of the Je>uit mission iti Louisiana. l>oni;y «lied
at Mobile in 17(>4, of a pestilence in which he had displayed the
7,eal antl charity of his order. 1 )e Limoijes a[»parently ascended to
Illinois ami du Ku returned to France.*

Thus closed the Jesuit mission. I )e ^h)ntiu•nvt andfiaulin had
luni; since departed, and not a missionary remained below the
mouth of the Illinois, except St. Come, to realize the sciu'iaes
which the zealous Montii^ny had formed.

At last, however, in December, 1704, the Tonicas sent their
deputies to Mobile to bctj Davion to return and instruct them.
Althoujifh they had hitherto shown little rci^ard to his teachiiiff,
ho tinally yielded to their solicitations and returned, but r»'S4jlved
to adopt a ditierent course from that wliieh he had liithertu pur-
sued, lie spoke freely and boldly, ilenounciuL^ their vices and
idolatry, and urj^ing them to embrace Christianity. FindinLT them

)ut the nmrdeicrs

* Crctineau-.Toly, La Ilarpe, Suuvolle, ut ante ill. 237.

t Francis Jolliot do Montigny, who took so conspicuonH u pari In organ-
izing these early jnissions on tlie Lower Mississippi, wa:^ l)<)rn at I'aris, but
ordained ut QtiebfO on the Sth of March, lO'j;!. After Uiiiii,' run- at St.
Anarc Clnrdien, and Director of the Ursulinos, ho was sent to iho Mississippi
i»i lO'.ts, witli the titU; of Vicar (icneral. His riu'ht as hucii was apparently
not recojiuiziul by tiie Jesuits \vit!i H)erville, and he scoins not t<> have met
any support in liis missionary projeets from tliat Canadian I'lHcer. Tho
period of his stay is not known. Ilo is said to have been Su|H>rior of the
Seminary of Quebco from 171'3 to 1719, and t(» have died in Paris in 17'J.'>, at
tlie aire of CI.

Micliacl Anthony (Jaalin was born at Sto. Famillc, in Isle Orleans, and wua
elevated to tho priesthood in Pcceuilier, lCt»7. lie i«pent tho ensuinu year
lit I.orctte, in chartrc of the Iluroiis, but left tlioin to accompany Montigny.
On hi*» way from Mol)iie to <,2ucbec, in 17'>2, ho was wroclwcd on the coast of
Maine, and, an wo have ^ccn, tor a lime aided the Abnaki mission. Ilo died
itt the Hotel Dieu, Quc'occ. Mjirch 6, 1740, ajjod 67.

444

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

L I
|l

(leaf to his exhortations, he destroyed their temple and quenched
their sacred fire. Incensed at this, thev drove him fr«)m their
viUa^e, ]>ut were so in(Htrerent in reahty tiiat tliey took no steps
to rebuild their sacred edifice, and soon after invited Davion to

St. Come, meanwhile, was laboring among the friendly Natcln?z ;
but ho too was destined to be cut off by ])lundering Indians. I)e-
sirending the Mississippi in 1707, with thre*^ Frenchmen and a
little slave, he was attacked and murdered while asleep by the Siti-
machas, who to the number of eighty surprised the little party,
liergier, the Cahokia missionary, was on the river at the time, and
announced the sad tidings at liiloxi. On hearing it, the governor
♦•ailed on his Indian allies to avenge St. Come ; and the Sitima-
ehas were almost exterminated by the Natchez, Biloxis, and Bay-
agoulas.*

Davion was now alone, but he too soon after finally left the
Tonicas, who, though so attached to him as to ofier him the rank
of chief, showed no desire to adopt the dogmas and morals of the
gosjx'l.f A change, however, came over them. lie once moic
became their missionaiT, and such we find him till 171G. By this
time the chief and several others had been baptized. The former
had even adopted Kurf)pean costume, and acquired some knowl-
edge of F'rench. Still, Davion was soon forced to leave for-
ever.J

* La Ilarpc, in Louisiana 11. ('. iii. 35; Do Rioliebourfr, id. 245, mis-
dutcs. .loliii Fraiu'iH Bui^son, of a fumily ori<jinuily from St. Cosme-le-Vcrt,
•was baptized at Pointe Levi, February Hth, lrt67, by Fatlier Henry Nouvel.
lie was ordained in ltj9<'. — \<>t<' of Ahhr tWUtiul. Noiseux >,'ive8 1711, as tho
year when lie went West, and 1717 as tluit of liis death ; but La Ilarpo nioii-
tioHH his' arrival in 1700, and his deatli in 1707. If not a companion of M.
de Montij?ny, he must have followed him closely.

t Memoire do M. de Kiohebourir, Louisiana 11. Coll. iii. 246 ; Kip's Jes.
Missions, 24li.

X Davion is said by Noiseux to have been a native of Issigny, in Norman-

FRENCH MISSIONS.

445

and quenched
him tj'oin their
)y took no steps
vited Duvioii to

iendiv Natchez ;
Cf Indians. l)e-
L'nclinie!i and a
ileep by tlie Si ti-
the httlo party,
at the time, and
it, the governor
and the Sitima-
•iloxis, and Bay-
finally left the
pr him the rank

1 morals of the
lie once more
1710. By this

d. The former
id some knowl-
to leave for-

Irju', id. 24.'), mis-
It. Cosmc-lc-Vcrt,
Ir Henry Nouvel.
I'ivcs 1711, as tlio
It La Ilarpo men-
:onipauion of M.

246 ; Kip's Jes.

jny, in Nomian-

The visit of Father Charlevoi.x in 17'21 revealed to France the
spiritual destitution of both French and Indians on the Lower
.Mississippi, where not a pncst was to be found, except at Vji/.uo
and New Orleans.* To supply its various j)osts the conij»any
naturally turned to the reliy^ious orders, and finally entered into an
aijfreeinent with the Capuchins and .lesuits, by whicli the former
Were to supply piiests for the French posts, and the latter for the
Indian missions. The (^'apuchins accordini^ly entered New Orleans
in 1722, and became the parish priests of that city and colony,
their Superior being Vicar-General of (.Quebec. The Jesuits, who
were allowed a house in New Orleans, though ]ireclu<led from
exercising any functions, except by leave of the Superior of the
Capuchins, entered in 1725. The first colony consisted of Father
Vitre, Superior, Fathers le Petit, de Beaubois, and de Vilie ; the
two last-named being old Illinois missionaries, who in all probabil-
ity returned to their former posts. TIk; others established them-
selves outside the city, in a house jnuchased of M. de liienvillc,
the commandant.

In 1727, Father de P)eaubois, then Superior, received a new party,
consisting, it would seem, of Fathei's du Poisson, Souel, Dumaj*,
and de CJuyenne, followed soon after by Tartaiin and Doutreleau,
botli for the Illinois mission.

Severed from Canada, and attached to Louisiana, this mission
was. in fact, the only one in existence. New posts were, however,
projected, tribes selected, and ?'athei*s sent at once to their various

(ly,to have arrived at Quebec, May 24, 1(590, and to have been a parisli priest
till 1700. Oa leaving the Tunicas he remained at New Orleans till just
before the arrival of the Capuchins, and then returned to France, wher6 ho
died before 1727. Sec Charlevoix, vi.

* The latter pt>st hud always been attended liy a chaplain. The Rev. Mr.
de Vente and four other priests arrived in 1704 ; and when the Western
Compwiy undertook to colonize the country, M. Francis le Mayrc is nien-
tioncU as tiie first chaplain on I>auphin I>land. Charlevoix; I'aris Doc,
''anada, ii. 640 ; La Harpc, in T.oniHiana ll\r.t. Cull. iii. .",6.

446

>\MKRICA.N CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

dostinatioiis. The Arkansas mission, the oi*lost of' all, |)i(»ject(Mi
by tlit^ .k'suit>, ami jK-iliaps <'ultivat«Ml lur a tiino by BoiU'liur, was
to l>e resloitid, and llif li^lit-lM^artod ilu I'oissou was named to it:
du (iuyonnc set out to announce tlie I'aitli to the Alibamons, and le
IVtit fou«id('(l tile tir.st C'lioctaw mission; wiiile Souei inoeeeded to
Va/oo, to raise iiis syivan elia|>ei l>esid«* tiie JMvncii jxtst. Dumas,
Taitarin, i ►ontivlcan, wtiit to swril tlic rinn)l)ers (»f tlio lilinoi.^
Fatliers.

l)u Poisson, after a V(»yaf(e fnil of diseomfort, of winch he lias
left us a most fjrajdiic dcscrijdion, readied tiie Arkansas post on
tile 7th of July, 17'J7. Wlien a short distance from (he village, n
company of Iiulian youth announced liis comintf, an<l the tribe
poured fortii to ivceive him. Their lirst question was: "How
maiiy moons will Paniano-asa, tiie IJIack-chief, stay among us .'"
"Always," replied a Frenchman. The Arkansas doubted; but
when assured that du I'oisson came indeed to teach tiiem to know
the Great Spirit, as other lilack-gowns had taught the Illinois, ttie
Indian exclaimed : " My heart laughs within me when you tell me
this." At the Sauthouis village the missionary was received with
oi'"'-y mark of joy by the gieat cliief in his antichon, or rural
pavilion. Vet at first Father du Poisson needed all his pru-
dence, as he found that they expected from him I'ather a profitable
tn.de than instruction. A few <lays after his arrival a deputation
Vit 1 on him for leave to come and dalice the Calumet, or at
!i.; I !i Oiscovery dance. The French sent by Mr. Law to the
Arkansas had, on the dance of the Calumet, made great presents,
and they would exjjcct the same now; if the missionary establislud
a precedent, it would entail great ditliculty, and he avoided it.
The Discovery dance being less expensive, he agreed to allow
it. Their visits to him were now continual, and having learmd
the words " Talon jajai,"' " llow do you C"all that," he soon (•••1-
lected a considerable vocabulary, though as yet unable to apply
himself regularly to the investigation of the language. lie saw

FKENCn MISSIONS.

447

of all, |)i(»ject(Ml
bv noihlior, was
was nained to it :
ilibariions, and lo
>uel proceodod to
ii post. Dumas,
-8 of the lliiuoi.>

of wliic'h he has

Lrkansas post on

loiu tho viUage, h

ip, and the tribe

ioii was : " IIow

*tay among us .'"

as doubted ; but

d\ tiiem to know

t the Illinois, Ao

when you tell me

IS received with

(Ichon, or rural

ed all his pru-

ther a profitable

al a deputation

e Calumet, or at

Mr. Law to the

e great presents,

)narv establislu-d

lie avoided it.

igreed to allow

having learneil

," he soon eul-

unable to apply

;'uage. lie saw

perfectly tiie <lifliculty of his task, and says that it will require much
tiint' to be able to address tlu; Indians undt'rstandini;lv «»n rrli^^ioUH
iii)itt«'rs.* For a time he was devote«l to study and to the care of
the thirty FrenchuHU at the ]»ost, whom sickness soon made ob-
ject of his solicitu<le.

Here lie labored till 1720, although we do not know with what
success.

Meanwhile Father Sou«'l had been left at the Yazoos, intmdfd,
apparently, to minister to the French, and announce the go>p('l to
the Vazor)s, r)fafjoulas, an<l Coroas. This missionary was rudely
treated by the climate: on his way up he fell sick at Natchez, and
though he had recov red when Father Poisson left him at tUv
mouth of the Yazoo, he subsefjueiitly relapsed, and his constitution
was completely shattered. Vet lie tfMik up his residence in the
Indian villaije, and devoted himself to the studv of the lani^uai'e,
endeavoring to gain the good-will of all.

The two missions were, however, soon <l»;stined t(» fall. In 1 727,
the French commander at Natchez had, bv his arbitrarv conduct,
exasperated the chieftain of that tribe. Silently and s<»cretly the
Great Sun sent his runners to the neighb(»ring tril>es to engage all
to rise on one apj)ointe<l <lay, and by a simultaneous attack sweep
the French from Louisiana.

Ignorant of this, Father du Poisson, who had conceived a plan
of removing the Arkansas villages, set out in November for Now
Orleans to consult IViier, the governor, as to its expediency, liy
the 26t]i lie reached Natchez. It was Saturday, and as Father
Pliilibert, the Capuchin chaplain of the post, was absent, the people
V>ogged liini to stay and say mass for them the next day. To this
request du Poisson acceded, remained, said mass, and prea<;hed

* Tl>c present remnant of the Arkansas arc called Qiiapaws, the ancient
name of the people, at tirst written Oo-yapes or Oo-g\vapcs. Their laii;.nui';e
is of Dahcota origin, and nearly approaches tlic Osago, of which a specimen
will be given.

■J^.

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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

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•%

448

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

doubtless on tlie terroi-s of the Last Day, for such is the theme of
the gospel of the day. After mass, as he had lost his companion,
Brother Crucy, by a sun-stroke, he determined to return to his
mission ; but wishing to administer the last sacraments to some
sick persons, he remained another day. Monday was the fatal
moment fixed upon by the Natchez in their secret council for the
massacre. While du Poisson was preparing to say mass and carry
the viaticum to the sick, the signal for slaughter was given by the
Great Sun. A gigantic chief rushed on the devoted missionary.
Du Codere, the commandant of the Yazoos, who stood beside du
Poisson, endeavored to save his life, but was himself cut down ; and
the savage felling du Poisson to the ground, hacked off his head
with a hatchet. In a short time eveiy Frenchman at the post
shared his fate, and the women became captives in the hands of
the Natchez.*

The Yazoos had joined the people of the Sun in their plot, and,
although they had just returned from New Orleans, whither they had
gone to dance the calumet of peace, united with the Coroas, whose
hands had been the first to spill the blood of missionaries, and pre-
pared to massacre the French. They began with Father Souel.
On the 11th of December, as the missionary was returning through
a ravine to his cabin from a visit to the chief, he received a volley
of musket-balls, and fell dead on the spot. His cabin was then
plundered, and his faithful negro, who, ignorant of his master's fate,
attempted to resist the violence of the murderers, was cut to pieces.
Remote for this treatment of one who they knew really loved
them, soon followed. The Yazoos mourned over their own folly ;
but the blow was struck, and it was too late to recoil. The next
day they attacked a French fort a league distant, and massacred
the inmates, sparing only the women to keep as slaves.

* Lo Petit, in the Lettres Edifiantea ; Kip, 286 ; Dumont, Louis. H. C. v.
89-72.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

449

They then attempted to cut off P'atlier Doutieleau, but, jus we
have seen elsewhere, providentially failed.* A war of vengeance
now ensued : the French, aided by the Tonicas, Arkansas, Choc-
taws, and other tribes, nearly exterminated the Natchez, and drove
the Yazoos and Coroaa from their territory. In this »var a woman
recovered her liberty, who gave some account of the remains of
Father Souel. " I saw him," said she, " lying on his back in the
canes very near his house ; they had taken nothing from his body
but the cassock. Although he had been dead a fortnight, his skin
was still as white, and his cheeks as red as if he were merely
sleeping. I was tempted to examine where he had received the
Mai blow ; but respect checked my curiosity. I knelt for a mo-
ment beside him, and brought away his handkerchief, which lay
near his body." This same woman, full of veneration for the mis-
sionary, finally induced the Indians to give him burial.f

The Natchez massacre, which thus desolated the valley of the
Mississippi, arrested forever the Yazoo mission, and deprived the
Arkansas of their beloved pastor. Another was indeed sent to
console them for the loss which they had sustained, for they daily
mourned his death. Of the subsequent history of the mission no
trace remains. Vivier tells us that the post was vacant in lYoO,
and the Register does not date further back than 1*764, when we
find Father S. L. Meurin,J the last of the Jesuit missionaries in Illi-
nois, officiating here.

The tribe was known among the French by the name of Arkan-
sas, but their distinctive name was Ouguapas, or Kappas, and one
of the clans bore the same name ; the others being the Torimans,
Dogingas, and the Sauthouis. Known at present under the name
of Quapaws, they were early in the present centuiy visited by our
western missionaries, and are now in the diocese of Bishop Miege.

The third Jesuit mission was that of the Alibamons, a tribe who

Loujs. H. C. V.

* Dumont, in Louis. Hist. Coll. v. 80.
X Spalding's Flaget, 152.

t Eip^B Jesuit Missions.

450

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

_. i

havo left tlieir name to the State of Alabama. The mission was
foiiiukHl by Father dc riuyenno, but it was much cx[)0.so(l owing
to the proximity of the English, and Indians in English interest, in
Carolina. After much opposition on the j)art of the latter, de
(Juyenne succeeded in building cabins in t\V(.» ditierent villages, so
as to bo able to learn the language and instruct the people ; but his
cabins were soon demolished, and though he j)ersevered, the pios-
pects of the mission were so unpromising in 1730, that Father le
Petit writes that he would probably be compelled to confine his zeal
to the French fort of the Alibamons, or leave the country entirely.*
The Choctaw mission, the fourth of those begun by the Jesuits
in Louisiana, was the most exposed and difficult of all.f It was
founded by Father le Petit, but he was replaced prior to 1730 by
Father Baudouin. The Choctaws, though allies of the French,
and battling with them against the Natchez, were a wild and law-
less band, and could not be relied upon. The missionary acquired
no ascendency over them ; he could not even obtain from their
hands the church plate and vestments recovered from the Natchez
and Yazoos. Desperate, however, as his mission was, Baudouin

persevered for eighteen years on the unproductive field.J Of his

— — _ . , __

* Lc Petit, Lettres Edif. xx. 100; Kip's Jesuit Missions, 310.

t According to Mr. Noiscux, a Choctaw mission was begun in 1713 by
John Daniel Testu, a native of Capo St. Ignatina, in Canada, who was or-
dained in 1G93, and went to join Mr. do Mont'gny in 1712. In Augn.st,
1718, while on his way to Mobile, he and his party, while cabining at night
on shore, were attacked by Indians, and at the first volley Testu received a
fatal wound, llis age is given as fifty. Of this Charlevoix, ■who was on tiio
river in 1721, and mentions Foucault and St. C6me, makes no mention, and
the Hon. Mr. Vigor docs not include him in the list of martyred Canadian
jiricsts. According to the same unreliable writer, Mr. Erborio also preached
to the Choctaws.

X Our Father in Choctaw reads as follows :

9. Piki rba ish binili ma ! Chi hohchifo hj;t holitopashke. 10. Ish apcli-
cViika yi't flashkc. Nana ish ai ahni ka yakni pakna ya a yohmi kvt, vhix
yakni a yohmi male o ehiyuk mashke. 11. Ilimak nitak ihlpak pirn ai dli-
posa kaki ish pi ipetashke. 12. Mikmut nana 11 ahckn puta ish pi kashoti
ki\ jiishno rt nana pirn aheka piit:i 11 i kashofi chatuk a ish chiyuhmichasliko.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

451

he mission was
exposed owing
;lish interest, in

the hitter, <le
•ent villages, so
people ; but his
Viii'Kid, the pios-

that Father le
confine his zeal
untry entirely.*
I bv the Jesuits
Df all.f It was
•ior to 1730 by
of the French,
\ wild and law-
ionary acquired
tain from their
)m the Natdiez

was, Baudouin

field.t Of his

310.

)c<run ill 1713 by

lada, who was or-

1712. In Au.ffi'.f't,

Icabining at nitrlit.

Testa rcccivcil !i

, who was on tlio

no mention, and

irtyred Canadiau

»ric also preached

, 10. Ish npeli-

yohmi kt-t, vhA

[ilpak pirn ai tUi-

ita ish pi kasliofi

Invuhmichasliko.

struggles during that period wo have no record. A letter of his
from the Indian town of Tchicachee, dated November 23, 1732, is
still preserved at Palis in the archives of the Marino and Colonies,
and is said to be an interesting account of his mission, but it has
never been copied.*

When Baudouin was at last on the i)oint of reaping the rewai'd
of his long labors, the troubles excited by the English and his
manifest danger, induced Father Vitre, then the Superior, to re-
call him to New Orleans.. He was himself Superior in 1750, and
tenderly attached to the field of his toil, was taking measures to
restore the mission ;f but its subsequent history is unknown, al-
though it subsisted till about 1770.];

Such were 'the Jesuit missions in Louisiana. They never had
the extent nor the favorable field which those of Canada at first
possessed, and unfortunately the missionaries employed have left
us scanty memoirs of their exertions. The missions extend in their
utmost limit from 1700, the visit of Montigny, to 1714, and from
the arrival of Father Vitro, in 1725, to 1704. In the later yeai-s of
this period, the hostility then growing against the Society of Jesus
in France greatly impeded the success of any missionary eftbrt,
and rendered it impossible to attempt any extension of their plan.
The French court at last suppressed all the houses of the order,
and seized their property. The royal ofiicers in New Orleans,
without awaiting the royal decrees in form, dispersed the Jesuits
at the point of the bayonet, confiscated their property, and sold ik
off prior to February, 1764.§ With this ended all the Jesuit
missions in the lower valley of the Mississippi.

Under the Spanish rule, there is no trace of any efi^'ort made to
restore the ancient missions, although some attempt was probably

13. MikmtJt anukpylika yoka ik ia chik pim aiahno hosli, amba nan okpiilo
a ish pi a hlakcfihinchaslike. Amen. — Choctaw Test<iment, Matt. vi. 9.

* Louisiana Hist. Coll. ii. 77 ; Arch. Portf. 8 n. 407.

+ Vivier, in Lcttres Edif, et Curieupcs ; Kip.

t Ann. Prop. ix. 8'.'. § Louisiana Hiet. ("oil. ii. c-.

452

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

made at the time wlicn New Orleans was made an episropal See.
No mission was, liowever, established, and the Jesuit missions were
the last colonial eflbrts to civilize the Indians in the lower and
western valley of the Mississippi.

The missions which we have thus described never acquired the
solidity and permanence of the otheis. The Quapaws-Arkansas
are at the present time almost the only remnants of the old French
missions. They are, as we shall see, now under the care of the
Jesuits in Indian Territory.

Like the other missions, that of Louisiana can count its heroes
who did not hold life dearer than duty. Foucault, St. Come,
Membre, Cavelier, Testu, du Poisson, and Souel dyed with their
blood the land where they had preached the gospel, earnestly,
zealously, if not with fruit.

CHAPTER XXV.

! I

S 4

THE LOUISIANA MISSI0I4S REVIVED IN MISSOURI AND INDIAN

TERRITORY.

LouiHiana becomes part of the United States — Du Bourg, Bishop of New Orleans— The
Society of Jesus restored— Du Bourg invites the Jesuits to Missouri — Disfiosition of
tiie Indians — Fatlier Van Quickenbornc leads out a colony of missionaries — La Croix
among tlie Osages — Scliools— Odin and the Quapaws— Van Quickenborne's plan—
Anduze witii tlie Apalaclics and Pascagoulas— Lutz and the Kansas— The Flatlieads—
Van Quickcnborne prepares to found permanent missions — The Kikapoos — Potta-
wotaniies — Neighboring tribes — Death of Van Quickenborne — New mission amonj:
the 0:<ages— The Miamis— Sioux — Blackfeet— The territory formed into a vicariate
— Bishop Mi^ge— State of his diocese.

The power of Spain in Louisiana passed now to other hands.
The eagle of Napoleon and the tricolor of the Republic were to
occupy the territory colonized under the lilies of the Bourbons.
But almost at the same instant the whole vast territory was trans-
ferred to the United States.

episcopal Soo.

, missions wore

the lower and

3r acquired tlie

ipaws- Arkansas

the old French

he care of the

30unt its heroes
ault, St. Come,
yed with their
ospel, earnestly,

FKENCIl MISSIONS.

458

AND INDIAN

If New Orleans— The
souri — Disposition of
Issionaries — La Croix
liickenborne's plan-
las— The Flatlioads—
le Kikapoos— Potta-
ew mission anion?
led into a vicariate

I to other hands.

^public were to

the Bourbons.

Ktory was trans-

Spain, as we liave seen, did nothing to restore the Indian mis-
sions begun by France. Indeed, after supjiressing the Jesuits, it
was difficult enough for her to meet the exig»incies of the missions
already established. Still, she was a (Jatholic power, and the acts
which gave the sway of the country to Napoleon or the cabinet
at Washington, gave omen of sadder days for the cause of Catho-
lic zeal. Such was not, however, the case. In the designs of
Providence it was the prelude to the new Indian missions which
have been carried on vigorously to the present time.

As before, the Jesuits were to be the pioneei-s, and their new
missions were to be a legitimate consequence of their former
eilbrts. Their houses had, as we have seen, been suppressed by
the government of France : the society itself was extinguished by
Pope Clement XIV. Many membei's remained in Canada and
Maryland, laboring in the ranks of the secular clergy, but none of
the French Jesuits who had labored in America lived to see the
restoration of their order. Not so those of England. Several of
the Fathers in Maryland survived the close of the century, two oc-
cupied the episcopal chair as Bishop and Coadjutor of Baltimore.
When Pius VII. approved the society as existing in Russia, and
pennitted those in Naples to reorganize, Carroll and Neale, in a
touching address, implored the same privilege for the aged Fathere
of Maryland. This was granted, intercourse with Russia was
opened, and when the society was finally re-established by the
bull " Solicitudo omnium ecclesiarum," the Maryland mission was
already in a state of prasperity.

When the zealous du Bourg was appointed to the See of New
Orleans, the whole of the couiltry west of the Mississippi, with its
Indian tribes, became the field of his labore. This was the ancient
Louisiana. To revive the faith in the Indians who had been con-
verted, to call others to the faith, needed zealous, devoted men,
and he applied to the Jesuits of Maryland.

The western tribes remembered the old missionaries, and re-

454

AMKinOAN CATIIOJ.K' MISSIONS.

jectecl tlie ministers olTored by government. Sioux nnd Mi.'unis
called in siirkness on the Black-ijfown and solicited baptism. Tiie
Osages,* headed by their chief, Sansnerf, invited the IJishop to
visit tlieir villaj^es, and promised to embrace the i'aith.f Al-
thougli relying mainly on the Jesuits, du ]3ourg did not let the
time pass in vain. La Croix, chaplain of the Ladies of th(! Sa<'re<l
Heart at Florissant, was sent in 1821 to the Osage tribe, lit-
was well received at the only village not then engaged in tin.'
chase, and from their welcome conceived great hopes of seeing
the faith jM'osper. During his stay he baptized forty of various
ages. Having thus prepared the way, he returned in 1822. Noth-
ing could exceed the joy of the Osages at his return : they came
out on horseback to meet him, and then with every mark of
honor conducted him to the cabin of the chief, Sansnerf. After
a series of banquets here, lie spent ten days in visiting the other

* The Osngcs, first made known by Marquette, were frequently visited,
and, as we liuvc seen, invited Gravier to tlieir country. In 1720 some of
the Missouris went to France, and the chief's daughter liaving embraocil
Christianity, married Sergeant Dubois ; but the tribe soon after their return
massacred all the French at the post. — Duniont, in Louisiana Hist. Coll. v. 37.

In the language of the Osages, the Our Father, for which we are indebtcJ
to Bishop Miege and Rev. F. Schoenmakers, is as follows :

" Intaatze ankougtapi manshigta ninkshe, shaashe digta
Father our sky sitting in name thy

ougoupegtzelow. Wawalatankapi digta tsJiigtailow. Ilakistze

bo it worshipped much. Greatness thine let it come. As thy will
inkshe manshigta ekionpi manshan lal akaha ckongtziow. Ilumixilo
in sky they do earth this on just so let it be. This day

humpako sani waatziitze onkougtapi wakupiow. Ouskan pishi
day all corn our give us dealings bad

waxshigepa onkionlo ankalc ekon ouskan pishi ankougtapi

to us have done wo again throw off. Wo so dealing bad ours

waorilapiow. Ouskan pishi ankagchctapi wasankapi uinkow.

throw away from us. Dealings bad ours us try not

Nanshi pishi inkshe walitsisapiow. Ekongtziow.
but evil in remove from us. Be it bo.

t Ann. Prop. I. i. 239 ; iv. 56. "^

\ ^ ■}

FUKNOU MISSIONS.

4or)

X and Miainls
baptism. V\o
the liisliop t«»
le faitli.f Al-
lid not lot tlii'
'S of tlu! Sacicil
ago tiibo. llf
Miffaffed in tin;
hopos of seeinir
forty of various
nl822. Notli-
irn : thoy canio
eveiy mark of
N'lnsnerf. Aftor
siting tlie otlior

frequently visitcil,

1 In 1720 some of

having embraecil

after their return

na JIM. Coll. v. 37.

I we are indebted

shaasho cligta

name thy

ow. llakistze

no. As tliy will

iow. Ilumpalo

it be. This day

Ousknn pi;«lii
deaUngs bad
pishi ankougtafii
bad ours
lisankapi ninkow.
IS try not

villages, everywliero mooting a most cordial welcome. Ili.s in-
structions were heartl with attention, divine woi-ship attended with
respect, and he was about to build u chapol, when ho was soi/e<l
by a dangerous fever, which compoilod him to return.*

Meanwhile the Jesuits of Maryland had jovfullv accepted the
otter of du liourg, which a j)romise of the governnu'nt to allow
two hundred dollars a yoar for oacih missionary rendered free from
all hazard. The novitiate iu Maryland contained seven young
Belgians, Francis do Maillet, Peter J. do Smet, VeiToydt, Van
Asche, Clet, Smedts, and Verhaegen, directed by the Father
Mastere Charles V^an Quickenbornc and Temmerman. Embar-
nissments had for a moment induced a design of dissolving the
novitiate, but on the of!'er of the Bishop of New Orleans it was
ofiered to him to transport to Upper Louisiana, there to become a
hive of missionaries. Setting out at once, the Jesuits soon ar-
rived, and began an establishment at Florissant,! where, by tlie
month of June, 1824, they had opened a boarding-school for In-
dian boys, of whom they had eight, supported by a government
allowance, J while the Ladies of the Sacred Heart had about as
many girls in their school.§

The Jesuits were thus restored to the missions on the Missouri :
those on the Mississippi were confided to the Lazarists, who pro-
jected a foundation at Prairie du Chien.|| On:- of their body,
Odin, now Bishop of Galveston, visited the Quii^i^vs on the Ar-
kansas River. Nothing could exceed their joy at the an-ival of a
missionary. "Now will I die happy," said the aged chief Sar-
rasin, who had come out with all his family, "now will I die hap-
py, as I have seen my father, the Black-gown of France." Though
all really pagans, they preserved an affectionate remembrance of
the missionaries, and evinced a strong desire to have one among

I ii

* Ann. Prop. I. ii. 51 ; iv. ^t.
X Id. 1. iv. 4&.

t Id. I. iv. 40-43 ; €ret. Joly. vi. 288.
§Id. ii. 397. Hid. I. V. 71.

456

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

them again. Mr. Odin said mass among thom, and gleaning somo
idea of their religit)n and customs, returned to obtain, if possible,
some means to restore the Arkansas mission.*

Father Van Quickenborne now drew up, at the suggestion of
the government, his phm for the improvement of the Indians. It
was as follows :

" 1. Our little Indian seminaiy should continue to support the
present number of boys from eight to twelve yeare of age, whilr
the Ladies of the Sacred Heart in our neighborhood should brinii'
up about as many girls of the same tribe. They should be taken
young, from eight to twelve, to habituate them more easily to tha
customs and industry of civil life, and impress more debply on their
hearts the principles of religion.

2. After five or six yeai-s' education, it would be good that eacli
youth should choose a wife among the pupils of the Sacred Heart
before returning to his tribe.

3. Within two or three years two missionaries should go to re
side in that nation to gain their confidence and esteem, and gradu-
ally persuade a number to settle together on a tract to be set apart
by government. Agricultural implements and other necessary
tools for the new establishment to be furnished.

4. As soon as this new town was formed, some of the couples
formed in our establishments should be sent there with one of the
said missionaries, who should be immediately replaced, so that two
should always be left with the body of the tribe, till it was gradu-
ally absorbed in the civilized colony.

5. Our missionaries should then pass to another tribe, and pro-
ceed successively with each in the same manner as the first.

6. As the number of missionaries and our resources increased,
the civilization of two or more tribes might be undertaken at once.

The expense of carrying out this plan might be estimated thus :

• •

* Ann. Prop. ii. 380; iii. 496.

d gleaning mmo
)tain, if possible,

le suggestion of
the Indians, Ii

) to support tlu'
11*8 of age, while
ood should hrnvj;
should be taken
ore easily to ti»(,'
e debply on their

e good that each
ihe Sacred Heart

I should go to re-

iteeni, and gradu-

ct to be set apart

other necessary

e of the couples

with one of the

aced, so that two

till it was gradii-

r tribe, and pio-
is the first,
ources increased,
lertaken at once.
estimated thus :

FRENCH MISSIONS. 457

Support of 16 to 24 oliilJren iiitho two ostablishments $1900

Three missionaries 600

Totul |'2o(>0

Such was the great schenio projected by the Jesuits of the
West, never indeed to be realized, but, as their history shows, one
which would have approached, if it did not obtain, complete suc-
cess."*

The Jesuits had thus their field at the north. In 1825 the Kcv.
Mr. Anduze had reached Nakitoches with Bishop du Bourg, and
found there the remnant of the Apalaches and Pascagoulas united
in a single tribe, whose cemetery showed them to be Christians,
although from the long want of pastors ignorant, knowing little
beyond their prayers, but all careful to baptize the children.f

To cany out his plans, Van Quickenborne, in August, 1827,
visited the old Osage village near Harmony, and in the house of
the Presbyterian missionary baptized ten, heard confessions and
said mass, for many of the tribe w^ere Catholics. He then visited
the villages on the Niosho, where, to the joy of the Indians, ho
spent two weeks, and baptized seventeen of the tribe.J

About the same time the chief of the Kansas anivcd at St
Louis to treat with the Indian agents. In a public assembly he
requested some one to teach his nation how to serve the Great
Spirit. A Protestant minister present otfered to go : but the chief
eyeing him, said with a smile, " This is not what I ask : this man
apparently has a wife and children, like myself and other men of
mv tribe : I do not wish him. Whenever I come to St. Louis I
go to the great house (church) of the French, there I see Black-
gowns who have no wives or children : these are the men I ask."
Joseph Anthony Lutz, a young Gennan priest of a delicate consti-
tution, but intrepid and full of zeal, heard this and entered into
correspondence with the chief.§ Bishop Rosati at last yielded his

Ann. Prop, ii, 894.

+ Id. iv. 506.
20

: Id. iv. 512.

? Id. iii. 520.

468

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

consent, and Lutz sot out for his mission with Vasquoz, the pious
ii^i'ui of th(! Kansas, wiio died on the way, leaving tiie zealous
piit'st to pursue his way alono.*

Arriving at the Kansjis village, all was to be brgun : the cus-
toms, languag«', and ideas of the Indians were to bt? studied, a mis-
sion site selected, and good-will to be gained. The tribe wjis then
tlosolated by sickness : nearly two hundred had died, and now the
chief, Noml)C-ware, lay at the })oint of death. This chieftain,
whose name. Furious, characterized his disposition, had in liis ill-
ness raved fuii(nisly against Ood. No soonc'r, however, had he
heard of the coming of the Tobosca or Black-gown than he had
himself borne to njeet him, entirely changed in heart. "O Fa-
ther," he cried, " welcome: at last I see him whom I have so much
desired ; my heart leaps with joy. Pray the povveiful Wachkanta
(VVakonda) to restore my strength, for I will aid you in your la-
bors among the Kansjis." The tiibe received the new missionary
with every mark of respect, which increa.sed on their perceiving
how easily he adopted their usages. The anival of a government
agent enabled him to address them in a body, and announce the
object of his coming. A very good disposition was evinced, but
such was the barbaiism and superetition of the tribe that he did
not venture to baptize any adults, although many solicited the
sacrament at his hands.f

In 1828 Van Quickenborne again visited the Osages, while
Badin in the south baptized at Attacapas some of the almost an-
nihilated tribe of Sitimachas,J and Odin, a Shawnee chief.§
This was not all: in 1831 two Fiatheads of a party of four fell
sick at St. Louis, and by signs requested baptism, which was
administered, it being found that they had learned some idea of
Christianity from two Iroquois of the Caughnewaga mission, who

* Ann Prop. iii. 539, 550.
X Id. iv. 572, 599.

t Id. ii. 556.
§ Id. vil. 165.

squoz, the pious
ing tlio zealous

K'gun : the ciis-
i studied, a inis-
1} tribe wjis then
sd, and now the

This chieftain,
I, had in Iiis ill-
)\vevcr, ha<l ho
vn than he had
heart. " O Fa-

I have so mucii
rful Wachkanta
you in your hi-
new missionary
their perceiving
)f a government
1 announce the

as evinced, but
ye that he did
ly soUcited the

Osages, while
the almost an-
lawnee chief.§
rty of four fell
ira, which was
d some idea of

a mission, who

556.
. 165.

FKEN'CII MISSIONS.

45y

had wandered thus westward and been a<l<^pted among the Flat-

lU'l

ad>

A rich field thus opened for the new missions: tribes eager to
receive the Catholic, and steadily rejecting the JVotestant envoys;
soliciting the doctrine which their fathers had so <x>ldly heard;
the government not opposed, and even inclined to favor in some
degree the efforts of Catholic missionaries, which, in a utilitarian
view, seemed most likely of success. As yet, howc'ver, no perma-
nent mission was formed. There were CatJiolics in almost every
tribe, in many cases, like the whites on the borders, trusting to an
occasional visit of a priest, and from their petty number, almost
lost amid the iiitidels; there were many, too, who pr(iserved but
the name, yet were so numerous that a missionary would ti'id a
sufficient field among them.

As yet no permanent mission had been formed, but as Indians
of various parts east of the Mississippi were djiily transported to
what is now called Indian Territory, a grejity facility was afforded.
Van Quickeuborne set out again from St. Louis in June, 1804.f
On entering Indian Tenitory lie met a man with several women.
" I am a Shawnee," said the man ; " I was baptized by a Catholic
priest ; so was my wife, she is a Wyandot ; but as, since our emi-
gration, we have seen no priest, we go to the Methodist church."
The other women were Kaskaskias,;j; w ho still adhered to the ftiith,
although without a regular missionary since the days of Father
Meurin. With their neighboi-s, the Peorias, now counting in all
but 140 souls, they earnestly implored the missionary not to
forsake them. Although debased, degraded by intoxication, they
were still Christians ; and some, like the chief's daughter, faithful
to their duties as such, undertaking from time to time a long
journey to approach the sacraments. Near tliem were the

* Ann. Prop. v. 599.

+ Yet see x. 129, which puts it in 1835.

X Only one man ami 60 half-brccds of the tribe remained.

460

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

i 1

1 '- '^

■
■

two Miami clans, the Weas and Piankeshaws, similarly reduced,
and fallen into the same disorders. Among these the mission-
ary distributed rosaries, justly deeming that a revival of their
devotion to the Blessed Viigin would be the easiest step to a con-
version.

He then visited the Kikapoos. The celebrated Prophet called
upon him : Blackhawk was absent. When the chief returned, the
Jesuit told him that he had come in person to leani whether it
was really true that they wished a Black-gown, as he had been
told. " Have you a wife ?" was his reply. " You know well,"
rejoined Van Quickenborne, " that Catholic priests do not marry :
I am a Black-gown." The chief promised to hold a council and
send an answer to St. Louis. He kept his word, and invited the
Black-gown to his tribe.

The Pottawotamies, Chippewas, and Ottawas had, as one tribe,
sold their territory and agreed to remove westward. A pagan
party of the first of these tribes Avas already among the Kikapoos.
Their chief wished a Catholic missionary, and persuaded his clan
to receive no other. After many conferences with Van Quicken-
borne, he came up on the day of his departure to bid him farewell.
"Do not forget us. Father. I conjure you to pray to the Great
Spirit for us. Come and live among us. We know that the
Black-gowns have been chosen by the Saviour of the world to in-
struct us. Bear us in your heart, and when you return we will
listen to you."

Encouraged by this, the missionaries obtained the government
authority to begin a school and mission among the Kikapoos and
Pottawotamies in the spring.*

The two Flatheads who returned had spread the tidings through
Oregon of the kindness of the Black-gowns. An Iroquois came
ivith his children to St. Louis to have them baptized, and implored

* Ann. Prop. ix. 88.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

461

lilarly reduced,
5e the mission-
evival of their
t step to a con-
Prophet called
ef returned, the
earn whether it
8 he had been
)u know well,"
do not marry:
i a council and
,nd invited the

id, as one tribe,

ird. A pagan

I the Kikapoos.

Liaded his clan

Van Quicken-

d him farewell.

f to the Great

enow that the

e world to in-

return we will

le government
Kikapoos and

idings through
'roquois came
and implored

missionaries for his new countiy. Here, too, it was resolved to
found a mission.*

In May, 183G, Father Van Quickenborno set out with Father
Hoecken and two lay-brothers to found the Kikapoo mission. On
an.-iving at their country, difficulties were raised by the government
agent, who at last gave the missionaries positive ordeis to suspend
their labors. Sickness soon prostrated the Fathers; and as tidings
of war alaraied the Kikapoos, Van Quickenborne took the oppor-
tunity of performing his annual retreat. In this way they were
enabled to pass speedily the time which elapsed till the new orders
came.

These were favorable, and the missionaries now selected a spot
for the mission-house in an agreeable and healthy site, about 400
paces from the Missouri, near its junction with Salt Creek. Here
their house was built, and the two missionaries began their labors.
Van Quickenborne soon after, leaving Hoecken there, hastened, as
he had promised, to the Weas and Piankeshaws, Kaskaskias, and
Peorias, who had finally listened to other missionaries, and of
whom many had become, exteriorly, at least, Protestants. The
Wea and Kaskaskia chiefs had remained Catholics, and when
with them, Van Quickenborne asked whether they had become
Protestants, all were silent, till a woman, with tears, acknowledged
it, believing it better to be something than to have no worship.

Their state of abandonment moved the good Father's heart : he
promised to visit them regularly till a missionary could be sta-
tioned among them.f

Here, however, Van Quickenbome's laboi-s end. First Superior
of his order in the West, he had restored the Jesuit missions
among the Indian tribes. After a brief illness he expired at the
Sioux portage on the iVth of August, 1836, in the fiftieth year of
his age.J His mission was, however, firmly established. Father

* Ann. Prop. ix. 103, x. 145. f Id. x. 129. X W. 240 ; Cath. Alma.

462

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

^W'

i|-j ,. i I ^eE

Iloeckon, aided by Verreydt, still remained with the Kikapoos.
Veihaegon hastened to Washington to eftect such arrangements
with the Secretary of War as would enable him to found a Potta-
wotamie mission in the same territory ; and having succeeded to
his utmost desire, set out on the 2d of May, 183G, with Fathers
de Smet and Eysvogels, and with Claessens, a temporal coadjutor
for the territory of the Indian tribes, and soon reached the Kika-
poo village. From this point he proceeded with Father Christian
Iloecken to the Pottawotamies of the woods, on Osage River, and
after some difficulty reached the village, where they were received
with open aims by the Catholic chief, Napoleon Bourassa, who
had been educated in Kentucky, and spoke English and French
perfectly. The principal chief welcomed them, and recounting
the spiritual destitution of his tribe, implored them not to forsake
their children. Here Iloecken remained for a time to administer
the sacraments ; and Verhaegcn having consoled them with the
hope of soon possessing a church and resident missionary, returned
to St. Louis.

Meanwhile de Smet, Verreydt, and Brother Mazzeiil had crossed
the tracts of the lowas and Ottoes to reach the village of the
prairie Pottawotamies,* a tribe made up of Pottawotamies proper,
Sacs, Foxes, Chippeways, Ottawas, Menomonees, Kikapoos, and
Winnebagoes. Among these they began their mission under the
protection of the Blessed Virgin and St. Joseph. A little chapel,
twenty-four feet square, surmounted by a modest steeple, soon rose
in the wilderness ; and beside it the log-huts of the missionaries.
Their field offered a life of crosses, privations, and patience, yet
relying on the aid of divine grace and the prayers of their brethren,
they boldly began their work. The result of the first four months
was indeed consoling : many of the Indians showed a great desire
for instruction. The missionaries opened a school : their log-hut

* These are perhaps the old Mascoutens.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

463

the Kikapoos.
Ii arrangements
> found a Potta-
iig succeeded to
G, with Fathers
poral coadjutor
iched the Kika-
^'ather Christian
'sage River, and
ly were received
L Bourassa, who
ish and French
and recounting
n not to forsake
le to adnninister

them with the
iionary, returned

leai had crossed

) village of tlie

rotamies proper,

Kikapoos, and

ssion under the

A httle chapel,

eeple, soon rose

le missionaries.

d patience, yet

their brethren,

rst four months

1 a great desire

: their log-hut

could hold but thirty pupils ; it was soon crowded to overflowing.
The Indians, who left the schools of other missionaries silent, soli-
ilaiy, and empty, crowded the log-school of the Jesuit to hear the
instructions given twice a day to those who wished for baptism.
One Imndred and eighteen were baptized during the first three
months. The festival of the Assumption was celebrated with the
greatest pomp and devotion. On all sides they renounced Nanna-
bush and Mesukkummikakevi, to embrace tlie true faith. The
sick were dragged for miles to be enrolled in the flock of Christ
by baptism ; — their fables were forgotten.*

As in all the Indian tribes, the death which followed baptism in
many cases was ascribed to it, or to some cross, medal, or prayer
cfthe missionary ; and, from time to time, the medicine-men would
excite the greatest trouble. Polygamy, too, presented its fearful
obstacle, requiring, as it did, a restraint on the passions to which
these children of the wilderness were not accustomed ; while intoxi-
cation, the deadly bane of the red race, at times converted their
towns into images of hell.

Not content with the field oftered by the Pottawotamies, de Smet
visits the Sioux, and, after explaining to them the Christian doc-
trine, makes peace with them.f

Meanwhile, Hoecken, at the first Pottawotamie mission of St.
Stanislaus, instructed his little tribe. At daybreak, after his medi-
tation, he summoned his flock to morning prayers, then said mass
amid their Indian chant, and followed it by a catechetical instruc-
tion. Then the day was given to labor, and at sunset all met to
chant the evening prayers. His Christians were all exemplary,
devout, respectful, and faithful in approaching the sacraments.

Not careful merely of their spiritual interests, anxious also to
elevate their social position, Hoecken inspired the men with a love
of labor, and gave them lessons in agriculture, and a plentiful

* Ann. Prop. xi. 467.

t Id. xiii. 50.

464

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

harvest showed those rude ehildren of nature the advantage of
skill*

But his little pansh did not content his zeal ; he visited the
Ottawas, and inspired them with a horror of intoxication and a love
of virtue. He converted and baptized their chief :f then extended
his excursions to the Sioux, (Jros Ventres, Ricarees, Mandans, and
Assiniboins, of whom he baptized about 400. Meanwhile the Flat-
head mission, so long projected, so often resolved on, so frequently
implored by the Indians, who, amid a thousand dangers, war, sick-
ness, accident, had sent embassy after embassy for priests, so often
traversed at the moment of execution, was at last to be crowned
with success.

The Kikapoo mission, left by the death of Father Van Quicken-
borne under the care of Hoecken, was soon after abandoned or fused
into the Pottawotamie mission of St. Mary's on Sugar Creek, di-
rected by Hoecken, aided by Verreydt, Eisvogels, Soderini, de Coon,
Guilland, and later by Schultz. Before long the mission contained
1200 Catholic Indians; and two schools in a flourishing condi-
tion gave every hope of the rising generation. The Fathers were
aided in this mission by the Ladies of the Sacred Heart, who
began a school at Sugar Creek about the same time.

This was for a time the only mission in Indian Territory ; but,
after 1846, a new one was begun among the Osageson the Neosho
River, under the invocation of St. Francis Hieronymo, by Father
John Shoenmakers and John Bax, while the Sisters of Loretto, to
rival the Ladies of the Sacred Heart, came forwai;d to conduct the
school for girls. This mission has continued to the present time
under the same missionaries, aided by Father Maes, and afterwards
by Paul Ponsiglione, who replaced Bax.

About the same time, a new mission was founded at the Marais

* Ann, Prop. xiii. 50. See his Letters on the Pottawotamies ; U. S, Oath.
Mag. vi. 688, 149, 214, 825.
+ Ann. Prop. xiii. 60 ; U. S. Cath. Mag. vi. 825.

be advantage of

; he visited the
nation and a love
I then extended
s, Mandans, and
inwhile the Fhit-
)n, so frequently
ingers, war, sick-
priests, so often
t, to be crowned

er Van Qiiicken-
andoned or fused
Sugar Creek, di-
oderini, de Coon,
lission contained
ourishing condi-
16 Fathers were
red Heart, who
le.

Territory; but,

IS on the Neosho

ymo, by Father

rs of Loretto, to

to conduct the

le present time

and afterwards

d at the Marais
inieB ; U. S, Catb.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

465

des Cygnes, among the Miainis, by Father Charles Truyens and
Henry Van Micrlo; but it was abandoiu'd in 1840. At that time
Father de Smet was making gve^'t efforts to found a Sioux mission,
and paid several visits to the tribe in 1848, while Father Point,
who liad converted over a thousand lilackfeet, hoped to raise a
chapel among them east of the Mountains.*

The difficulty of giving full scope to these missions east of the
Mountains, while they remained a mere dependence on tlie diocese
of St. Louis, led to the erection of the Vicariate of Indian Terri-
tory, which was committed to the charge of Father John B. Miege,
consecrated, on the 25th of Marcli, 1851, Bishop of Messena, in
partibus. lie took up his residence at the Pottawotamie mission,
and at the present moment has with him there Fathers Duerinck,
Guilland, and Schultz, who attend three other stations. This
mission has its manual labor school, where fifty boys are boarded
and educated by the Fathers and eight Brothers. The girls' school
contains from 70 to 75, under the charge of the Ladies of the Sacred
Heart.

The other mission, that of St. Francis among the Osages, is still
directed by Fathers Shoenmakere and Ponsiglione, aided now by
A. Van Hulst, who visit the Miamis, Quapaws, and several other
tribes. The manual labor school here contains about 50 boys,
directed by the Jesuits ; the school for girls, about 40 pupils, under
the care of the Sisters of Loretto. Dependent on these two stations
are several other chapels and stations among various tribes, the
Kikapoos, Miamis, Piankeshaws, Weas, Peorias, and Quapaws, and
the whole Catholic population is estimated at nearly 6000.

The result of the labors of Van Quickenborne is thus a noble and
steadily progressing good : the Vicariate contains over five thou-
sand Catholic Indians, and many of the younger members, brought
up to habits of industry and neatness, give great promise for the

* Ann. Prop. xxii. 25T.
20*

466

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

future. To Father Van Quickenborne, as the founder of the
Vice-Province of Missouri and its Indian missions, too little honor
has been paid. His name is almost unknown, yet few have con-
tributed more to the education of the white and the civilization of
the red man, to the sanctification of all.*

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE LOUISIANA MISSIONS REVIVED — THE OREGON MISSION.

Origin of the Oregon mission — The Flatheads — ^They seek missionaries — Their trials
and disappointments— De Smet is at last granted— Ho reaches their village— Founds
the mission— Visits the Blackfcet and returns— Blanchet and Demers — Tlieir lahors
— Eeturn of do Smet witli Point and Mengarlnl — Mission village of St Mary's— Tiic
Coeurs d'Alines — Progress of the mission— Journeys of de Smet — The mission of the
Cceurs d'Alenes — Blanchet and Demers — Joined by others — Found a seminary— Dc
Smet at St. Louis— In Europe— Sails for Oregon— Willamette— Various missions-
New Sees — Present state — ^Testimony of government.

Having already related the origin of the Oregon mission, so far
as it is a development of the Jesuit missions of Missouri, we now
resume its history as an independent mission, and will briefly
sketch its^ course from its origin.

At an early period Oregon was visited by French and Indian

* Father Charles Felix Van Quickenborne was born at Peteghen, near
Devizes, in the diocese of Ghent, on the 21st of January, 1788. Educated
at Ghent, he surpassed his classmates in industry and talents as much as in
piety, and at an early age entered the diocesan seminary. As a priest, he
was at first a professor in the Petit Seminaires or colleges, then a village
pastor, but, on the establishment of the Jesuits in Belgium, entered the
novitiate of Rumbeke on the 14th of April, 1815. After his period of pro-
bation ho sought the American mission, and came to the United States at
the close of 1817. Two years later he waS made Master of Novices. His
career in the West we have briefly sketched. Spent with toil, he was seized
with a bilious fever at St. Francis or the Sioux Portage, and after a brief ill-
ness expired about eleven o'clock in the morning of the 17th of August,
1887, deplored and regretted by all. — Circular Utter on hit death.

\s.

il^

1 founder of the
3, too little honor
iet few have con-
the civilization of

GON MISSION,

slonaries— Their trials
their village— Founds
Demers— Their labors
ge of St Mary's— The
it— The mission of the
ound a seminary— De
I— Various missions—

)n mission, so far
Missouri, we now
and will briefly

jnch and Indian

at Peteghen, near
7, 1788. Educated
lents as much as in
y. As a priest, he
?es, then a village
Igium, entered the
p his period of pro-
le United States at
sr of Novices. His
1 toil, he was seized
,nd after a brief ill-
le 17th of August,

^'■-

iquin-t I'uixl

'... / ^ >

J^lJ.h''' hi .''' f.liif/Zrd' /^/jJou/'Jy/- .f-

^ ?/;-

J • r

m^i

.«

ti». (

TRENCH MISSIONS.

467

trappers from Canada, many of whom remained for yeai-s, and
cvt'n settled there. Though dejinvod of pastois, and not always
cxemplaiy in their lives, they were Catholics, and propagated
among the tiibes with whom they associated some knowledge of
Christianity. Some Iroquois of Caughnawaga joined the Flat-
heads, and the tribe became Christian in heart as early as 1820,
conforming as nearly as they could to the doctrines and even the
religious practices of the Church, daily oftering up their prayers to
the Father of mercies, and sanctifying the first day of the week in
his honor.

Every year the tribe assembled on the Bitter-root River. From
this camp, in 1831, a deputation was sent to St. Louis to obtain a
Black-gown, but it never reached that city. Most of the envoys
fyll victims to disease, and left their bones to blanch on the trail
in the wilderness. Undaunted by the first failure, the fervent tribe
sent a new delegation, which liappily reached St. Louis ; but the
bishop was so destitute of priests, that he could only promise to
meet their wants at the earliest moment. Buoyed up by this
promise, they lived on in hope ; but when they encamped in 1837,
and no Black-gown had yet appeared, they once more chose an
embassy, but they were destined to a new disappointment : the five
who composed it were massacred by the Sioux. Yet still the
Flatheads persevered. In 1839, they sent two Iroquois deputies,
Peter and Ignatius, Avho at last obtained the long-desired mis-
sionary. Peter, elate with joy, hastened back to proclaim his suc-
cess ; Ignatius remained to guide de Smet to their camp. On the
30th of April, 1840, that missionary left Westport with the an-
nual caravan of the American Fur Company, whose destination
was Green River. The fever of the plains soon seized the good
Father ; but after passing the Sheyenne village, he arrived on the
30th of June at a rendezvous to which Peter had sent on an escort
After celebrating mass for the Indians assembled there and the
Canadian trappers, he set out with his brave escort, and on the

i :"■

408

AMKUK'AN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

V: ?

\4i\i of July anivi'd safMv iti tli«' camp of Pctor Vallov, wlioro tho
Flathortds aiul roiidcras, t<» tli«! mimlM-r of sixtron liiindt'cd, had
n.ss<'jid)lt'd.*

His t'litranco int<» tlu'ir ('McamjMncnt was a triuiiii)li, in wliicli
moil, womon, aii<l fhildn'ii took part. '\\u' ^ivat cliiof, Tjolizliit-
/ay, a voiicrahlc old man, who ivniinded one of thr ancient patri-
archs, awaited tho missionary, witli his cliicf braves ranched aronnd
him, and wished at oiict^ to yield to the envoy of Christ all his
jM)Wcr. I >isal)usin^ the chief of the ohject of his mission, de Smet
arranj^ed with him the «)rder of the reiii^noiis «'xercises of tho tribe.
At the close of tho day two thousand [n«lians assembled bcfoi'o his
tent to recite in common tiieir evening prayer, and cliant a solemn
hymn, which they had themselves composed. *

Such was the openincj of the Flathead mission, tho glory of
our later annals, (rhild of the Iroquois missions of two centurioH
back, and tii"st conquest of the faith beyond tho Mississippi valley.

Ever}' day at dawn tho aged chief summoned all to prayer.
On tlic second day de Smet had, with tho aid of an intei'preter,
translat«Hl tho Lord's I'rayer, the Creed, and the Commandments.f
A chief soon learned them by lieart, and became the catechist of
the rest. In a fortnight all tho Flatheads knew their prayers.
These were soon explained thoroughly and completely. In two
months six liundred had sufficiently proved their dispositions to be
admitted to baptism. All showed the greatest desire to obey the
commandments which they had learned. " Father," said the Pan-
dera chief, " I lived long in profound ignorance. Then I unwill-

♦ Indian Sketches, 90; Ann. Prop. xiv. 53.

t Tho Lord's Prayer in Flathead and Pcnds-d'oreillcs is a3 follows :
Kylo-e-ou Itchitcheinask askwest kowakshamenshein, ye-elskyloog. Ent-
ziezie tcUetzia spoeocz. Assintails yo-clstoloog etzageel Itchitchcmask.
Koogwitzolt yettilgwft lokuitsiapetzinem. Kowaeksweemillem klotaiye
kloistskwen etzageel kaitskolgweletn klotaiye kloistskwen klielskyloeg
koayalokshilem takaekskwentem klotaye kowaeksgweeltcm klotaye. Ko-
mieetzegail. (De Smet, Oregon Missions, 409.)

,'( !

'^.

fS.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

469

i^allev, wliorc the
>on liutKlrtMl, luul

iuiiipl), ill wliicli
t cliii'f, 'rjolizliit-
Im^ ancient patri-
'H rancf^'d aronnd
nf Clirist all his
nuhsion, df Snict
fiscs of tlio tribo.
nil)le(l bclbie his
I chant a solemn

on, the ^lory of
af two centuries
fississippi valley,
d all to prayer,
f an interpreter,
yomniandments.f

the catechist of
w tlieir prayei"s.
pletely. In two
lispositions to be
ssire to obey the

," said the Pan-
Then I iinwill-

a3 follows :
e-clskyloog. Ent-
iel Itchitchcmask.
icmillem klotaiye
:\ven klielskyloeg
;om klotaye. Ko-

tiriLrlydid evil, and may have; disph'ased the (ireat Spirit; buV
when, with l». i •!• iiiMtnictiuii, I kiirw a thiiii; to Ik^ bad, I w-
n«Mmre<l it, and I do not renuMuber since havinir otlcnded ^iod
volimlariiy I"

ilaviii)!; lliiih tounded ihc mission, d(> Smet set «)nt otj tht; li7th
of Au;;nst for St. Louis,* to rej»ort the state of atiliirs, and lake steps
for a permanent cstal>lislim«'nt. His way wnx thronifh the countrv
of the Jilackfeet, (irosventres, and Sioux, all hostii*' to the Flat-
heads and their friends. ]'a.s.sinuf an Assiniboin party in safety,
he and his companions were, in October, surrounded i>y a tierce
war-party of the IMackfeet. The soutane of the missionary, the
crucifix which ,t(littered on his breast when<'ver he travels over the
prairies, arrested the eye of the lilackfoot chief. "Who art
thou?" "lie is a lilack-^own," said the com|)anion of de Smet.;
"a man who speaks to the (Jreat Sj»irit." in a moment all was
changed. Invited to the missionary's humblt? board, the cliief
sliowed still greater respect when he saw him address the Great
Spirit before eating. When the frugal meal was ended, twelve
Indians stretched a buffalo-skin before him, with motions indica-
ting a wish that he should sit upon it. Supposing it meant as a
mat, he did so, but they raised it aloft, and so bore him in triumph
to their village. There, too, he was treated with every honor.
"It is the happiest day of my life," said the chief; "it is the first
time that we see among us a man in such close communication
with the Great Spirit. Behold the braves of my tribe ! I have
thus unwonted brought them here, that the memory of thy pas-
sage may be ever engraven in their memoiy."

Having thus, contrary to every expectation, opened the way by
the pacification of a tribe the terror of the wilderness, he jjursued
his way in peace.f His safe and speedy return sent a thrill of joy

♦ Ann. Prop. xiv. 59.

t Indian Sketches, 13-58 ; Ann. Prop. xiii. 487.

^il

470

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

!!h

(lu'oufjh tlio hoHits of nil his associates, and when, with tho enthu-
siasm of zeal, he «h's<'ril)e(l llie favorable (lisj)osition »)f tlie Klat-
heads, the liehness of the vast ficKl opened to their laboi-s, all
burned witii desire to join him on his return. As to the estab-
lishment of the mission, there was now no (juestion, and during
the winter preparatit)ns were mad»; for its commencement.

l>e Sniet's was not, however, the oidy mission in Oregon. Un-
known to the Flatheads, as well as to the American Jesuit, two
Canadian priests, Francis N. Bl;inchet, now Archbishop of Oregon,
and Modest Demers, now l^ishoj) of Vancouver, had reached Fort
Vancouver on the 24th of November, 1837, to the joy of tho
Canadian families so long deprived of tlie sacraments. After at-
tending to their wants for two years, Blanchet was met in June,
1839, at Cowlitz, by twelve natives of Puget Sound, who had
come to see the missionary. While instructing these, he con-
ceived the plan of the " Catholic Scale," a form of instruction
Avhich represents the history of religion and the various truths and
mysteries of faith in a chronological form, with emblems for fix-
ing it in the mind. It was afterwards generally adopted, and
proved of great service to the missionaries.* With this " Scale"
these Indians in turn instructed their tribe, and a knowledge of
the faith was rapidly propagated, so that in the following year
Blanchet met, near Whitby Island, Indians who had never seen
a priest, but had some knowledge of Christianity.

Demers, meanwhile, after laying the foundations of a mission
among the well-disposed Indians of Nesqualy, visited Wallawalla,
Okenjigau, and Colville ; while Blanchet, who had also visited Nes-
qualy, again met the Puget Sound Indians and renewed his in-
structions.

Their labore in 1840 were as varied and as arduous: Demers
laid the foundation of the Chinook mission, Blanchet planted the

* Do Smet subsequently publiahod one in his Indian Sketches.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

471

with iho enthu-
im of the, Klat-
tlK'ir lal)oi*s, all
As to the c'stab-
oii, and during
coniont.

I Oregon. Un-
ican Jesuit, two
shop of Oregon,
id reached Fort
the joy of the

3nts. After at-

s met in June,

iund, who had

these, he con-

II of instruction
ious truths and
mblems for fix-
r adopted, and
th this " Scale"

knowledge of
following year
ad never seen

s of a mission
d Wallawalla,
so visited Nes-
enewed his in-

iious: Demers
et planted the

cross nt Ncscjualy, reconciled two waning tribes, baptized many,
and for a (considerable time prolonjifcd his iiistructioris, stimulated
by a )'.!tter from de Smet, who, hcii iiig of their labors, sent to an-
nounce iiis coming. During the next year J)emei"s j>enetrated to
Frazer's River, and to the crowds of natives aimounced the truths
of the gospel. Overjoyed with the good tidings, all ])res8ed him
to stay amongst them, and oti'ered their children for baptism.
Yielding to their desire, ho baptized no less than seven hun-
dred.

Such wa5», in tlio year 1841, the state of tlio two Oregon mis-
sions, of which wo shall pursue the separate history.

Father de Smet, in the spring of 1841, set out with Father
Nicholas Point, a Vendean, Father Ciregory Mengarini, a Roman,
and three lay-brothers, all expert mechanics. I^eaving Westport
on the last day of April, they passed the friendly Kansas, who
still remenibered the visits of La Croix, the Sheyennes, the treach-
erous Banacs on the dangerous La I'latte, then the less reliable Paw-
nees, and at last, on the 15th of August, met at Fort Ilall the
Flathead escort, who had come 800 miles to join the missionaries.
They were full of zeal and fervor. Simon, the first convert, in-
iirm with ago, his grandson Francis, Ignatius, the brave Pilchimo,
Francis, and Gabriel the half-breed. I'he fidelity of the tribe was
confirmed by their conduct. Pushing on with these, the mission-
aries on the 30th came in siglit of the camp of Bigface, and soon
after W9re amid their children. All crowded around them —
mothers offered their children — every heart seemed wild with joy.*

The tribe wished to select a site for a permanent residence.
Father Point drew the plans foi* the mission village, on which all
now depended ; and on the 24th of September the whole party
arrived at Bitter-root River, the chosen site. Here a cross was
planted, and the mission of St. Mary's begun on Rosaiy Sunday.

Sketches.

• Indian Sketches, lOfi.

472

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

The lay-brothers were soon at work : the panting forge and clang
ing iiammer ere long resounded, and the house of prayer began to
rise. ]3efore it was completed, chiefs of the Cceurs d'Alenes came
to beg the missionaries to have pity on them, and visit their cabins
to announce the word of truth.

The P'latheads, among whom their chief mission now lay, are
disinterested, generous, devoted to their friends, of acknowledged
probity and morality. Their dress and manners were equally
modest : no superstitions prevailed, no medicine-men favored the
worehip of demons. Many chiefs were most exemplary men.
Among them, Simon, Peter, and especially Paul, were eminent
after their conversion for their piety, zeal, and purity of life.

They now aided their missionaries in erecting the first neces-
sary buildings, and by St. Martin's day a temporary chapel and
residence were raised, although the lay-brothers had few and in-
sufficient tools.* De Smet was, meanwhile, on his Avay to Colville,
to obtain, if possible, a supply of provisions, leaving Point and
Mengarini to instruct the catechumens who were to be baptized
on the 3d of December, when two hundred and two became by
the sacrament children of God.

The rehabilitation of marriages was the next care. Finding
few previously contracted valid, they conferred the sacrament on
all the baptized couples : where polygamy existed one wife was re-
nounced, and this led to the most touching scenes — as the hus-
band hesitated between two equally dear, both mothers of his
children. In several cases a woman would generously yield in
favor of one more loved than herself The village was now Chris-
tian, and the greatest piety prevailed. At the sound of the Ange-
lus in the morning they rose from sleep, half an hour later they
met for prayers, then heard mass, and attended instruction. The
day was given to labor ; the Fathers visiting the sick or attending

* Indian Sketches, 160, 178.

rs.

forge and clang
' prayer began to
rs d'Alenes came

visit their cabins

ion now lay, are
)f acknowledged
rs were equally
nen favored the
exemplary men.
il, were eminent
•ity of life,
the first neces-
ary chapel and
lad few and in-
' way to Colville,
ving Point and
3 to be baptized
two became by

are. Finding
le sacrament on
3ne wife was re-
es — as the hus-
mothei-s of his
rously yield in
was now Chris-
id of the Ange-
our later they
triiction. The
k or attending

FRENCH MISSIONS.

473

to other duties. In the afternoon the children were catechized,
and after sunset another 'instruction was given to the adults.
Among young and old emulation was stimulated by little rewards,
which to us might seem petty, but to the Flatheads, as to the old
Huron braves, derived their \alue from religion itself* By the
8th of December de 8met returned, having, amid much danger and
hardship, baptized 190 persons, 2G of them adults, of various
tribes, Coeui-s d'Alenes, Kalispels, Koetenays,f and preached to
over two thousand Indians. Unable to obtain supplies, the tribe
was now compelled to dispei-se for the winter hunt, and this was
deferred only to allow them to celebrate Christmas at the mission.
On that day one hundred and fifteen Flatheads led by three chiefs,
thirty Nczperces and their chief, a Blackfoot chief and his family
were baptized. " I began my masses," says de Smet, " at seven in
the morning : at five in the afternoon I was still in the chapel.
The heart may conceive, but the lips cannot express, the emotions
which I then experienced. From six to seven hundred new Chris-
tians, with bands of little children, baptized in the past year, all
assembled in a poor chapel covered with rushes, in the midst of a
desert where till lately the name of God was scarcely known, of-
feiing to their Creator their regenerated hearts, protesting that
they would persevere in his holy service till death, was doubtless
an offering most agreeable to God, and which we trust will draw
down the dews of heaven upon the Flathead nation and the neigh-
boring tribes."
A few days later Father Point left with the hunters to undergo

* Indian Sketches, 148.

t In the Flatbow and Koetenay the Oiir Father runs : " Katitoe naitlo
naite, akiklinais zedabitskinne wilkane. Ninshallinc oshemake akaitlainiun.
Insliazetlnlte younoamake yekaktiekinaitte. Komnakaike logcnie nisr^rena-
waislnie nuioaacm miaiteko. Kekcpaitne nekoctjekoetlcaitle ixzeai, iyakia-
kakaaike iyazeaikinawash kokakipainien aitle. Amutikezawes itchkeot
shinimekak kowelle akataksen. Shaeykiakakaaike." — De Smet, Oregon
Miss. 409.

474

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

tho suft'erings of the winter chase, and peril his life among the
Biackfeet. De Sniet and Mengaiiiii remained to translate the
catechism, and })repare one hundred and iit'ty for their tirst com-
munion, while the lay-brothers ere(;ted a palisade around the mis-

sion.^

Soon after, de Smet resolved to visit Fort Vancouver, in hopes of
obtaining the supplies necessary to make St. Mary's a fixed mis-
sion. On his way he visited the Koetenays, Kalispels, Coeurs
d'Alenes, Shuyelpis, and Okinakanes, teaching them the ordinaiy
prayers and the rudiments of faith, and instituting among all the
custom of morning and evening prayer. After a dangerous pas-
sage down the Columbia, in which he narrowly escaped a watery
grave, and saw some of his fellow-travellers perish, he reached
Fort Vancouver. Here he had the pleasure of conferring with
Messi-s. Blanchet and Demers, but found that he could not there
obtain the necessary supplies. Returning to St. Mary's, he resolved
to cross the wilderness again to St. Louis, and leaving Mengarini
with the Flatheads and Ponderas, he sent Point to found a new
mission among the Coeurs d'Alenes, then set out in August, bearing
back the joyful tidings that 1654 souls had been already redeemed
by baptism.f

At the close of the hunting-season, Father Point set out, and
on the fii-st Friday of December planted the cross of his new mis-
sion of the Sacred Heart among the Coeurs d'Alenes. Several
years before, this tribe, hearing the Christian doctrine, had re-
nounced idolatry, but never having been instructed, fell again into
the superstitions of the Indian tribes. Now all embraced the
truth. The medicine-men were the first to destroy the objects of
idolatrous reverence, and fervent piety was soon awakened.

In the spring a new village was laid out; trees were felled,
roads opened, a church erected, and the public fields sown. Thus

Indian Sketches, 169.

+ Id. 224.

FRE^X"H MISSIONS.

476

the second permanent mission, that of the Sacred Heart of tlie
Coeurs d'Alenes, wiis founded. To instruct the Indians in the in-
tervals of tlie cluuse required all the missionary's care, till agricul-
ture should enable them to be stationary. \\y October, 1844, the
little village contained one hundred Christian families.*

During the autumn of the same year, Blanchet and Demers,
(jvertjusked with the care of tlie Canadians, and the missions
among the Indians, were gladdened by the arrival of two other
priests from Canada, Messi*s. John 13. Jiolduc and Anthony Lang-
lois. Tliey now began a seminary at Willamette, intending to
make tliat their centre for missionary excursions. Ix'aving the
rest engaged in the new works, the ardent Jiolduc set out in
March, 1843, to visit the tribes on Vancouver's Island and around
Puget's Sound, and baptized many of the Kawatskins, Klalams,
and Isanisks.f

On arriving at St. Louis, de Smet laid before his Superiors the
whole prospect of the country. Immediate action was taken.
Oregon was then a territory in dispute between England and the
United States, yet the American prelates, in their IVovincial Coun-
cil, solicited the Holy See to appoint a Vicar-Apostolic. Mean-
while the Provincial of the Jesuits in Missouri dispatched Father
Peter de Vos and Father Adrian Hoecken, with three lay-brothers,
to the mountains, and directed de Smet to proceed to Europe to
make further provision for the conversion and civilization of the
Indian tribes.

In Europe de Smet excited the greatest enthusiasm in behalf of
his work. The names of the Oregon tribes became more familiar
to the fiiithful in Belgium and France than in the United States.
Many Fathers of his order wished to join him, and the Sisters of
the Congregation of our Lady offered to proceed to the distant
wilderness to aid the missionaries in instructing those of their own

* Oregon Missions, 280.

t Id. 51.

i i

476

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

sex. Having obtained considerable relief, be at last, on the 12th
of December, 1843, sailed from Antwerp with Fathers Vercruysse,
Accolti, Ravalli, Nobili, a lay-brother, and six Sisters of the Con-
gregation of our Lady, and after a long and dangerous voyage,
arrived, to the joy of all, at Tort Vancouver, on the 5th of August,
1844, having been long given up as lost.* Mr. Blanchet soon
arrived (for he was temporarily absent), and hailed with joy this
new accession to his future diocese. To relieve the Jesuit mis-
sionaries of all embarrassment, lie olTered them a delightful spot
on Willamette River for their central mission, and here they at
once began to clear the ground and erect buildings. So rapidly
did the work advance, that in October the Sisters, who had already
begun their school in the open air, took possession of their convent.

Two other Italian Fathers and a lay -brother now joined the mis-
sion. The station of St. Ignatius was begun among the Kalispels
by F. Hoecken in an extensive prairie, thirty miles above the mouth
of Clark River, near a beautiful cascade encircled by snow-clad
mountains. Here, in their winter camp, a church was raised, and
the missionary began his labors, consoled by the fervor and docility
of his flock. On Christmas day a considerable number were bap-
tized by Father de Smet, who celebrated that festival there with all
possible pomp.f

On the same day. Fathers Mengarini and Zerbinati among the
Flatheads, and Point and Joset among the Coeurs d'Alenes, com-
memorated the nativity of our Lord with similar ceremonies and
consolations, — Joset devoting himself to render them agriculturists,
Point directing the mission.^

Ill the spring the Pends-d'oreilles began their permanent village
of St. Ignatius, and by the month of July had fourteen log-houses,
300 acres in grain, and a church erecting, with a steadily increasing
supply of poultry and cattle.§

* Ann. Prop. xvii. 475, note,
t Ann. Prop, xviii. 504, xxi. 153.

t Oregon Missions, 252.

§ Oregon Missions, 248, 259. 94.

FKENCH MISSIONS.

477

From this station, Hoeckeu, joined by Ravalli, visited the Zin-
gonienes, Sinpoils, Okenaganes, Flatbows, and Koetenays. l)e-
niers had visited the tribes of New Caledonia, and Nobili now
sot out in June, 1845, for the same district ; wiiile tlie Zingonienes,
Sinpoils, Okenaganes, Flatbows, anil Koetenays, were to be evan-
gelized from St. Ignatius. Among these de Sniet now began a
series of missions extending to the water-shed of the Saskatshawan
and Columbia, to the camp of the wandering Assiniboins and
Crees, the flock of Belcourt and Fort St. Anne, the station of
Thibault and Bourassa, announcing on all sides the good tidings,
and, in the company of other missionaries, finding new incentives
to zeal.*

During his absence, the laborious Iloecken had completed the
conversion of the Shuyelpi or Kettlefall Indians ; and Nobili, from
Vancouver, had planted the cross and raised chapels among the
Sioushwaps, Chilcotins, and other northern tribes.

The Oregon mission was now to take a permanent form. The
Holy See, listening to the application of the American prelates, had
resolved to ere(;t Oregon into a Vicaiiate ; and on the first day of
December, 1843, appointed Mr. Blanchet Vicar-Apostolic. On
receiving due notification of his election, the founder of the Oregon
church proceeded to Montreal, where he was consecrated on the
25th of July, 1845, and then proceeded to Europe to obtain as-
sistance for his new diocese. There a change was made in the
diocese ; Blanchet was raised to the rank of Metropolitan, as Arch-
bishop of Oregon City, and several suffragan Sees erected, Demers
being appointed Bishop of Vancouver, and Magloire Blanchet,
Bishop of Wallawalla.

* On Jasper Kiver he met an old Iroquois with a name thtnous in the
annals of the old missions, Lonis Kwaraghkwante — the sun that walks — the
Garaconti6 of the Kelations. His family, to the number of forty-four, whom
he had instructed in their prayers, were now baptized, and seven marriages
renewed and blessed.

j i

■;|

i'^

.is !

478

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

On his return to Oregon Avith several priests, secular and regular,
including some Oblates, who now joined the mission, the Chinooks
were converted ; and, in 1851, obtained a resident pastor in Mr.
Lionnet, while the Kev. John B. Brouillet set out in December,
1847, to found the mission of St. Ann among the Cayuses, then
desolated by disease. On arriving, however, he found that the
Indians had risen on the whites, and killed Dr. Whitman, an
American missionary, his wife and ten othere, suspecting them of
being the cause of the pestilence. Brouillet, whose well-known
dress protected him, hastened to the next Protestant mission, and,
by his timely warning, saved the station from a similar fate.* A
war ensued, and the Cayuse mission was deferred ; but the Rev.
Lewis Rousseau and Toussaint Mespleo began another among the
Waskosin in June, 1848, which still subsists. Besides these secu-
lar missions, the Jesuits still direct the Pointed Heart, Kettlefall,
and Kalispel missions, while that of St. Mary's among the Flat-
heads has been vacant since 1850. The whole number of Catholic
Indians is now estimtated at 3400, but the missions have not the
same advantages for schools as those in the Vicariate of Indian
Territory.! Of the effect produced by the missions we may judge

* U. S. Cath. Mag. vii. 490.

t To complete our specimens of the languages of the Indian tribes where
our missions have existed, we annex the Pater in Assiniboin :

Tuchiachttoobe machpiachta yaeoenshi baoninshi nabishi metshalzilzl,
nitanwiadezi ekty yaegnizi, yetshoeszizi aittshaiszi lenmachkoetzizi aseett-
shaiszi machpiachta. Tnkoera nangaah oczoezandie innimbechain. Ezieya-
kink taniozeni etchoengoebezie sinkirabishnitshaa ektas etchoengoebezie.
Youoechtontjen tanniaesni etchoem goebishniet tchain, napeen giettshioenn
ingninnacge. Eetchees.

And also in Blackfoot :

Kinnna spocgsts tzittapigpi kitzinnekazen kagkakomimokzin. Nagkita-
piwatog neto kinyokizip. Kitzizigtacn nejakupestoeta tzagkom, nietziewae
ppoegsts. Ikogkiowa ennoch matogkivitapi. Istapikistomokit nagzikamoot
komonetziewae nistovva. Nagkezis tapi kestemoog Spemmook mateakoziep
makapi. Kamoemanigtoep.

Of the nussiouaries employed in the Missouri and Oregon missions most

w w

rs.

FRENCH MISSIONS.

479

cular and regular,
don, the Chinooks
int pastor in Mi',
lit in December,
the Cayuses, then
le found that the
Dr. Whitman, an
Lispecting them of
k'hose well-known
tant mission, and,
similar fate.* A
red ; but the Rev.
iiother among the
besides these secu-
Heart, KettlefoU,
among the Flat-
umber of Catholic
ons have not the
icariate of Indian
ms we may judge

from the instructions of Stevens, governor of Washington 'l\Miitoi y,
to the Indian Agent. " Vou undei-stand well the general charjictor
of the Flatheads — the best Indians of the mour'nins or the plains
— honest, brave, docile — they need only encourawoinent to become
good citizens. They are Christians, and we are assured by good
Father de Smets they live up to the Christian code."*

nro still alivo ; but wc add iiotioes of two who died in tlie inidst of their labor.-i.
Father Peter Zerbinati was of tiio Koinuii province of the Society of .Jesus,
sent to Oregon in 1843, and reached the Flathead mission in September,
1844. Applying himself to the study of the language, ho was soon a zealous
catechist; but in the spring of 1845 he was accidentally drowned. An
humble monument was raised in the cemetery to this lirst missionary wiio
died in the Kocky Mountains. — NbU of F. de Smet. Father Christian
Iloccken was a native of Upper Brabant, who had been fifteen years among
the Indians, died of cholera in the arms of Father do Smet, on board of the
St. Ange, while ascending the Missouri on the 19th of June, 1851, twelve
days after leaving St. Louis, and was interred at the mouth of the Little
Sciouse. lie was a perfect master of the Indian languages and customs, and
consequently was highly esteemed by them. In fact, he lived oniy for the
Ked-man, and full of patience, piety, simplicity, and equanimity, was emi-
nently fitted for his post. It would be impossible to find a more apostolic
missionary, and we are convinced that the illustrious Society to which he
belonged did not number among its children a more faithful or fervent re-
ligious. De Smet ; Voyage au Grand Desert, 20.
* President's Message, 1854, p. 463.

Indian tribes where

boin :

abishi metshalzilzl,

achkoetzizi aseett-

mbechain. Ezieya-

s etchoengoebezle.

apeen giettshioenu

Imokzin. Nagklta-
Izagkom, nietziewae
Imokit nagzikamoot
^mook mateakoziep

fcgon missions most

[

THE ENGLISH MISSIONS.

CHAPTER I.

THE MARYLAND MISSION.

Goneral Indifference of English to salvation of Iniliaiis — Lord Baltimore— C-atiiolic
cmlf;ratlon — Jesuit inisslonarU'S— Father Andrew White and his companions — Al-
tliiun at Piscataway — Wliite at St. Mary's— Tlio tribes of Maryland— Lant'uii^'e, dresa,
religion— Pliilokifrical labors of the Jesuits— White at Mattapany — Maquacomen, and
bis inconstancy — Conversion of Chiloinacon, I;inj,' of I'lNcataway— His baptism — Death
of Althani — Illness of White — Death of Ilrock— Fatln-r IJigby— Tiio Susquehanna
war — Attack on n missionary station— Keported death of a Father — Life on the
mission — Wonderful cure — Uuin of the niisulon — Tlio Fatlicr seized and sent to Eng-
land—Ineffectual attempts to renew the Indian mission.

Missions among the Indian tiihcs, ett'oits t(j Clu'Istianizo and
civilize the red-man, were, as we have seen, coeval with all the
attempts of Spain and Fran(;e to plant colonies in Amenca. At
a later date, England, Holland, and Sweden began to form settle-
ments on the Atlantic coasts. With one solitary exception, these
colonies were Protestant, and in them, with that single exception,
we look in vain for the same spirit of faith and charity, the same
desire of extending to the natives the benefits of Christianity,
which characterized the Catbplic powers.

The eflforts made were purely individual ; they were isolated
and unsupported ; they did not spring from any public opinion as
to their necessity, and they were necessanly evanescent. Indeed
it was not till the mid^Ue of the last century that any general plan
was adopted in England for evangelizing the heathen, and then
revolutions soon neutralized the tardv effort.

484

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

1:1

Amid the English colonies, one wns founded by Catholics, and,
strange contrast, here Indian missions are coeval with the coloniza-
tion. A few years since the Indian missions of Maryland, with
most of the details of their fiist years, were shroudeil in mystery.
Fortunately, however, a recent discovery in the archives of the
Society of Jesus enables us to trace them till their dose.*

Lord ]5altimore returning to the faith of his anc-estors, resolved
to found a Catholic colony in America. The Catholics of the
Bntish isles clung almost as tenaciously to their native lan#as
they did to their religion. Still, unable openly to profess the faith
of Bede, of Alfred, of Edward, of Becket, and of Anselm, of thirty
generations of their ancestors, a few resolved to emigrate, and oc-
cupy the territory of which Lord Baltimore had secured a grant.
Mindful of his duty as a Christian, the Catholic peer resolved to
send clergymen to his colony, and applied to the Superior of the
Jesuits in England for Fathers of his society "to attend the Cath-
olic planters and settlers, and convert the native Indians." The
conversion of the heathen could not be a matter of inditierence to
the Society of Jesus, and least of all that of the natives of a region
already watered with their blood. They did not refuse the call.
Father Andrew White, a man who had already suftered imprison-
ment and exile for the faith, was chosen to found the new mission.
His associates were Father John Altham and the lay-brothers,
John Knowles and Thomas Gervase.

The settlers, thus attended, at last set sail from England in the

* This istbo " Relatio Itineris," or Journalof Father Andrew White, copied
at Rome by Father William McSherry, of Virginia, and published by Force
in his Historical Collections, vol. iv. He is our authority, with Oliver's
Collections towards illustrating the Biography of the Scotch, English, and
Irish membcrg of the Society of Jesus, and Tanner's Gesta praeclara. White's
narrative is freely used by Campbell, Historical Sketch of tiie Early Christian
Missions among the Indians of Maryland ; Burnap, Life of Calvert ; and by
McSherry in his History of Maryland. From all these much incidental in.,
formation has been derived.

Catholics, and,
til the coloniza-
Mai viand, with
led in mystery.
Eirchives of the
t;lose.*

;estors, resolved
'atholios of the
native lan#as
profess the faith
iselm, of thirty
ligrate, and oc-
■lecured a grant.
:>eer resolved to
Superior of the
ittend the Cath-
Indians." The

indifierence to
ives of a region

ofuse the call.

fered imprison-

le new mission,
le lay-brothers,

England in the

row White, copied
iblished by Force
•ity, with Oliver's
tch, English, and
raeclarii. White's
le Early Christian
[' Calvert ; and by
ch incidental in-

ENGLISH MISSIONS.

4s5

Ark and Dove, on the 22d of Novomber, 1033, choosing St. Igna-
tius as patron of Maryland, and placing their voyage under his pro-
tection, that of the Gu.'idian Angels of Maryland, and espe(;ially
of the Innnaculate Conception. Exiles as they were for conscience'
sake, they bore no revengeful feeling to the Anglican (Jhurch,
which pei-secuted as it had robbed them: none to the Calvinistic
party, which sought to exterminate them. They came, and as
they came let the broad Atlantic wash out the memory of their
wrongs; they came to found the tirst State where men could freely
practise the religion of their choice.

After touchinir at the West Inilies, thev arrived on the 3d of
March at the mouth of the Chesapeake, and on the feast of the
Annunciation, which England has not yetHorgotten to call Lady-
day, FatJier White landed on St. Clement's Island* to ofler up
the holy sacrifice of the mass ; then raising a cross as a trophy to
Christ the Saviour, they humbly chanted, on bended knees, and
with deep devotion, the Litany of the Cross.

Thus did Catholicity j)lant her standard once more on the
Chesapeake, and claim the land for Mary. The conversion of the
natives Wius the first thoui»"ht of the devoted missionaries. Those
at St. Clement's Isle were friendly, and White at once entered
into relations with them to see what ground was to be the lot of
the missionary — whether the barely covered rock, the way-side, or
the fertile field.

Meanwhile, and before the site ot the new settlement was deter-
mined upon. Father Altham accompanied Governor Calvert in his
voyage of exploration up the Potomac River, and with him visited
the great chief of Piscataway, who is represented as superior to
the other chiefs, and is sometimes stvled emperor. The governor

and his exploring party first landed on the Virginia side of the
river, where the natives received them kindly. Here Father Al-

t Now BlftckBtono's Island. — Campbell.

480

AMERICAN CATIIOIJC MISSIONS.

' i \

tham explaiiiod to tlioni the (loctriuea of the Christian religion by
means of an intorprctoi'. The regvnt-chieftain Archihu heard liim
with pleasnre, and eainestly besouglit him to remain. " We will
use one table," said the chief; "my servants will hunt for you, and
all things shall be in common between us." After proceeding to
the residence of the J^iscataway cbief, however, the whole party
returned to St. Clement's Island, and purchasing a site from the
friendly Yoacomico and his tribe, founded the city of St. Mary\s.
(Obtaining a wigwam from {» native, the missionaries immediately
fitted it up as a chapel — the first in the land. The conversion of
the Indians being the great object of their zeal, they without delay
began to study their language, manners, and customs.

The Maryland trib?s consiste<l of sevend branches of the great
Huron-Iroquois family, and, doubtless, of some Algonquins, although
it is not easy in all cases to decide to which class a tribe is to be
referred. The most powerful were the Susquehannas, the An-
dastes or Gainlastogues of the French, the Minquas of the Swedes,
known in later annals as the Conestogues.* On the Western Shore
the Patuxeuts, Piscataways, Anacostans, and Yaocomicos, seem to
belong to the same great family, while the tribes of the Eastern
Shore, the Nanticokes, Ozinies, Toglnvocks, Atcjuinachunks, and
Wycomesses, were of the Algic stock.f

The Susquehannas, or Conestogues, were the dominant tribe ;
the Algonquins their allies, the other tribes their enemies or vic-
tims. Among these last the Catholic missionaries now began their
labors, and during their short career in the field evangelized chiefly
the Piscataways and Patuxents. From the few words found in the
narrative of Father White, the language was evidently a Huron
dialect, and the English Fathers would have derived no little aid
from the catechism of Father Brebeuf, then just published at Paris;
but of his labors they were probably unaware, and Father White,

* Compare McSherry, History of Maryland, 89 ; Cainpanius; Rel. 1642;
Pennsylvania Annals. t McSherry, History of Maryland, 62.

ill

KN(JJJSH MISSIONS.

48;

itian religion by
:hihu heard him
ain. " We will
unt for you, and
Ljr proceeding to
the whole party
• a site from the
:y of St. Mary's,
ies immediately
he conversion of
}y without delay
ms.

lies of the great
nquina, although
s a tnbe is to be
lannas, the An-
is of the Swedes,
3 AVestern Shore
jomicos, seem to
!8 of the Eastern
linachunks, and

lominant tribe ;
enemies or vie-
now began their
ngelized chiefly
rds found in the
ently a Huron
ed no little aid
lished at Paris;
Father White,

anius; Bel. 1642;
Maryland, 62.

devoting himself t- the study of the language, soon compiled a
grammar, dictionary, and catechism in the I'iscataway language,*
while Kigbie, at a later i)eriod, compiled a catechism for the Pa-
tuxents.f Of these valuable works a catechism still exists in the
archives at Rome, and was seen by Father McSherry, when he tlis-
covered the precious Relation of Father \Vhite.|

In dress, the Indians of Marvland resembled the tribes around
them; the breech-cloth or ])etticoat, with the cloak or mantle,
being their chief attire, and from their vicinity to the English and
Swedes, many had P]uropean articles.

Their wigwams bore more resemblance to those of the Iroquois
than to those of the Algonquin tribes. Oblong or oval, they were
api)arently of bark, with the opening above alike for chimney and
window. The fire occupied the centre, and beside it, in better
cabins, was a sort of shelf made of long poles and slightly raised
from the ground. They were, too, generally from eight to ten feet
high, so that the occupants were not compelled to crouch, as was
sometimes the case.

Their morals were pure, and their desire of improvement great ;
their religion such as we have found it in all other parts. Recog-
nizing a God of heaven, they paid him no external worship, but
endeavored to propitiate a certain spirit which they called Okee.§
Like the Iroquois, they worshipped corn as a deity wonderfully
beneficent to the human race, and paid the same honors to fire.

" Some of our people," says Father White, " relate that they have
seen this ceremony in a temple at Barcluxen. On an appointed
day all the men and women, of all ages, from many villages, as-
sembled around a great fire. Next to the fire stood the young
people ; behind them those more advanced in life. A piece of

* Oliver, Collections, art. White. t "White, in Force.

X Campbell, Early Christian Missions.

§ This word is Huron-Iroquois. Lafitau, i. 115; Rel. 1636 (Brobonf's
Huron part, 96).

488

AMEIilOAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

■^

deer's fat being then thrown into the lire, aiul hands and voices
being lifted towards heiiven, they cried out, 'Taho! tahoT Then
they cleared a small space, .and some one produced a large bag;
in the bag were a pipe and a kind of powder, which they call
Potu. Then the bag was carried around the fire, the boys and
girls singing 'Taho! taho!' After this the Potu was taken from
the pouch and distributed to those standing around, who smoked
it successively, fumigating his body as if to sanctify it."*

Such was the supei*stition which Father White and his com-
panions were here to overthrow. The power of Sjitan was to be
prostrated; but like the strong man armed, he battled for his
stronghold, and difficulties soon embarrassed the missionaries.

In 1635, Claiborne, the evil genius of Maryland, excited the
natives against the settlers, and circulated calumnies against the
missionaries. Still the Jesuits were undaunted. Another priest
reached them in that year, and still another in 1636. Though
some sank under the climate, they still carried on the work vigor-
ously among the Indians around St. Mary's. Father White, as
soon as he had acquired some knowledge of the language, pro-
ceeded to the town of Mattapany, on the banks of the Patuxent,
where the friendly chieftain Maquacomen luled a populous tribe.
A strip of ground was allotted to the missionary ; and raising his
bark chapel, he began his ministry. The chief, though friendly,
showed little inclination to embrace the faith, or gave but momen-
tary gleams of hope. His people were more docile : yielding to
the instructions of the good missionary, six adults were baptized,
and a native church established. Then the baptism of infants,
and especially of the dying, added to the numbers of the elect.
While exulting in the prospect now open before him. Father White
was recalled to St. Mary's by the governor, on a rumor of war.

In 1639, however, the cloud cleared away, the epidemics which

* White, in Force, p. 23 ; Burnap, 74.

laiuls and voices
)! taliol' Then
ced a large bag;
which they call
•e, the boys and
L was taken from
lid, who smoked
fy it."*

te and his com-
Satan was to be
3 battled for his
missionaries,
land, excited the
mies against the
Another priest
1636. Though
1 the work vigor-
Father White, as
le language, pro-
of the Patuxent,
a populous tribe,
and raising his
hough friendly,
fave but momen-
cile : yielding to
s were baptized,
)tism of infants,
rs of the elect,
n. Father White
umor of war.
epidemics whioh

ENGLISH MISSIONS.

489

had ravaged the colony ceased, and the Indians Ijecame friendly.
White, Altham, with John Jiroek, the Superior, and riiilip Fislior,
"settled in places widely distant, hoping thus to acquire a knowl-
edge of the neighboring idiom, and consequently spread more
widely the truths of the holy gospel."

Brock took post at Mattapany, where White had begun his
labors ; Altham on Kent Island ; Fisher remained at St. Mary's,
and White, in June, 1639, reached Kittamaquindi, to preach the
gospel to the Piscataways.* The king or tayac^ Chilomacon, who
exercised a sovereign sway over several petty chiefs, received
Father White with great cordiality, and installed him in his own
lodge. The missionary immediately began to announce the truth,
explaining to the prince and his family, as well as to the braves of
the tribe, the glorious dogmas of Chiistianity. His words impressed
them deeply. At his suggestion, they became more modest in
dress, and Chilomacon renounced all but one wife. So thoroughly
was the Piscataway chief imbued with a sense of the importance
of Christianity, that when the governor adduced commercial rea-
sons for an alliance, he declared " that he esteemed such considera-
tions lightly, compared with the treasure bestowed by the Fathere —
the knowledge of the true God ; a knowledge then and ever to be
the chief object of his wishes."

At a general council of his tribe, when several of the settlers
were presei": \ he avowed his detemiination, and that of his family,
to renounce their ancient superstitions, and pay homage to Christ,
declaring that there was no tme God but that of the Christians,
nor any other name by which the immortal soul could be saved
from rain. Accompanying Father White on a visit to St. Mary's,
his piety edified all, and he in turn witnessed with wonder the

* The Relation has Pascatoe, which Burnap thinks must be Patapsco ;
but he forgets that Father White wrote in Latin, and that the last two
letters correspond to the English " oway." Campbell calls them the Piscat-
oways, and he is undoubtedly right. See McSherry, Hist, of Maryland, 48.

21*

490

AMERICAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

I '

> i I

^^•

! M,

zeal of the Fathers in attending an Indian condemned to die for
murder. In the capital of Maryhmd he solicited baptism, and the
missionary could not refuse him the sacraments of regeneiation.
Anxious, however, to avail himself of its eftect on the tribe, he de-
ferred it till their return to Kittamaquindi, the site of the modern
Piscataway. Then in the bark chapel of the town, on the 6th of
July, 1C40, Father White, in the presence of Altham and the
governor, with many colon'al officers, who had threaded the wil-
derness to assist at so important a ceremony, baptized Chilomacon
by the name of Charles, and conferred the same happiness on his
wife Mary, and infant daughter Ann. Mosorcoques, the chief
counsellor of the king, with his son, were also baptized on that
day so full of hope and triumph for the Mai-yland tribes.* The
afternoon witnessed more imposing ceremonies. The tayac and
his wife were united in the bonds of marriage by the sacrament of
matrimony, and then the governor and his officei's, with the tayac
and his chiefs, bore to its destined spot a large cross, which was
soon planted by the Fathei-s, who had led the way, chanting the
Litany of the Blessed Virgin.f

Before the missionaries could follow up this success, both were
seized with a dangerous illness, contracted that veiy day. Father
Altham soon after died, on the 5th of November ; and White, now
thoroughly versed in the language and manners of the people, was
rendered unable to perform any missionary duty. He was not
idle, however ; he revised and compiled the grammar, dictionary,
and catechism, in the language of his flock, to aid his successor in
the mission.

In this position White called on his brethren in Europe. " Those
who are sent," he says encouragingly, " need not fear lest means of
support be wanting, for He who clothes the lilies and feeds the

* There is a curious cut of this baptism in Tanner's Gesta prseclara, \>.
808, art. Andreas Vitus,
t White, in Force, 85 ; Bnrnap, 96.

rs.

lemned to die for
baptism, and the

of regeneiation.

the tribe, he de-
te of the modern
vn, on the 6th of
Vltliam and the
:hreaded the wil-
ized Chilomacou
happiness on his
oques, the chief
)aptized on tliat
id tribes.* The

The tayac and
the sacrament of
?, with the tayac
cross, which was
ay, clianting the

ccess, both were
y day. Father
and White, now

the people, was
He was not
mar, dictionary,

his successor in

lurope. "Those

ar lest means of

and feeds the

ireata prseclara, p.

ENGLISH MISSIONS.

491

birds of the air, will not sutler those who are laboring to extend
his kingdom to be destitute of necessary sustenauce."

Chilomacou died the next year in sentiments of great piety; but
Mosorcoques still upheld the faith, and iuduced Anacostan, a
neighboring prince, to iuNite the missionaries to his tribe. The
.Jesuits were, however, sinking under the climate and toil. Brock
exclaimed, "For my part, I would rather, laboring in the conver-
sion of these Indians, expire on the bare ground, deprived of all
human succor, and perishing from hunger, than once Lhink of
abandoning this holy work of God from the fear of want." And
five weeks after this noble declaration he died as he had chosen.*

The English Jesuits in Europe, on hearing of the state of the
mission, its difficulties, dangers, and prospects, were inflamed with
a holy zeal to join their brethren in Maiyland; and many, in most
urgent letters, besought their Superiors to send them to Maiyland.f

Several obtained their wish ; among them Roger Rigbie, sta-
tioned in 1642 at Patuxent, where, speedily acquiring the lan-
guage, he composed a catechism in it. AVhite, who remained at
Piscataway till 1642, was caught in th*^ ice, and proceeding to
Potomac town, began a mission. During a stay of over two
months, he increased the church there by the conversion of the chief
and several of the tribe of the Potomacs, as well as of three chiefe
and many braves of other tribes.

A war now broke out, and the StISquehannas, Wycomesses, and
Nanticokes, poured down on Maryland and its allies. They at-'
tacked a settlement, apparently of the missionaries, massacred the
people, and carried otF the spoil. In New York the rescued
Jogues heard of the war, and learned that one of the Jesuit
Fathers had fallen amid his neophytes.J

* Father John Brock's red name was Morgan. He died June 5, 1641.
+ Mr. Campbell had no less than twenty-three of these letters in his hands,
hU bearing date in July and August, 1640.
J Bnrnap, p. 193 ; Buteux, Narr^, &o. MS.

492

AMKKIOAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS.

II. I

Piscataway was now constantly exposed to attacks from the
enemy ; and as tlie younnr queen, who liad been educated in the
colony, had been baptized, the mission was reiiKned to I'otopaco,
where the young queen, the wife, and two chiMien of the former
chief, and 130 of the people, almost the whole tribe, embraced
Christianity. In the same year the missionaries made several ex-
cuixions up the Patuxent Kiver, and in other parts, the war ren-
dering this the safest and best means. Their life is thus described
by one of tliemselves :

" We sail in an open boat — the Father, an interpreter, and ser-
vant. In a calm, or with a head-wind, two row and the third
steers the boat. Wo carry a basket of bread, cheese, butter, dned
roasting ears of corn, beans, and some meal, and a chest con-
taining the sacerdotal vestments, the slab or altar for mass, the
wine used in the holy sacrifice, and blessed baptismal water. In
another chest wo carry knives, combs, little bells, fishing-hooks,
needles, thread — and other trifles, for presents to the Indians. We
take two mats, a small one to shelter us froin the sun, and a larger
one to protect us from the rain. The servant carries implements
for hunting and cooking utensils. We endeavor to reach some
Indian village or English plantation by nightfall. If we do not
succeed, then the Father secures our boat to the bank, collects
wood, and makes a fire, while the other two go out to hunt : and
after cooking our game, we fflke some refreshment, and then lie
down to sleep around the fire. When threatened with rain, we
erect a tent, covering it with our large mat. Thanks be to God,
we enjoy our scanty fare and hard beds as much as if we were ac-
commodated with the luxuiies of Europe; with this present comfort,
that God now imparts to us a foretaste of what he is about to give
to those that live faithfully in this life, and mitigating all hardship
with a degree of pleasantness ; so that his Divine Majesty appears
to be present with us in an external manner."*

* White, 40.

•i' I

KX(JLLS1I MISSIONS.

493

tacks from the
educated in the
red to Totopaco,
11 of the former
tribe, embraced
iiade several ex-
its, tlie war ren-
8 thus described

rpreter, and ser-

{ and the third

!3se, butter, diied

id a chest con-

ar for mass, the

smal water. In

s, fishing-hooks,

le Indians. We

un, and a larger

ties implements

to reach some

If we do not

bank, collects

t to hunt : and

, and then lie

with rain, we

iks be to God,

if we were ac-

)resent comfort,

s about to give

3g all hardship

lajesty appears

This iitV* was iit>t exempt from dani^fr, but tlie.^iviri<' interposi-
tion excite<l them to hold life less dear than duty. An Aiiacostan
Indian fell into a Susqiiclianna anibusli, and pit-rcu'd from side to
side witii the keen'sj)ear, lay weiteriiiLf in his blood. His friends,
recalled by his crv, bore him to j'iseatawav, an<l laid him on a
mat before his door. Here Father W'liite foimd him, ehantinLj in
his dvinijc voice the never forufotten deal h-son<^ while his friends
joined in, the Christians invoking the aid of heaven in his behalf,
lie too was a Christian; and Father White, s<'eiiig his jx'rilous
state, renewed his faith and heard his confession. Then readini,' a
gospel and the Litany of Loretto over him, he urjjed him to com-
mend himself to Jesus and Mary. After applying to his wounds
a relic of the Holy Cross, he directed the attendants to bring his
corpse to the chapel for buiial, and then lann«-hed his canoe to
visit a dying catechumen. As he was returning the next day, to
his amazement he belieid the same hulian ai»proaehing him in a
canoe, paddling with as vigoious a stroke as his comra<le. Still
greater was Father White's surprise when the Indian, stepping
into his boat, threw ofi" his blanket and showed a red line, the only
trace of liis deadly wound, (iiorifying God for so signal a favor,
the good missionary admonished the happy man never to be un-
grateful to God, but ever to love and honor the most holy name
of Jesus and his holy cross, to the instmmentality of which he
owed his recovery.*

While the Englisli Jesuits in Maryland were thus equalling
their brethren in Canada in devotedness and zeal, Claiborne, the
evil genius of the colony, raised the standard of rebellion in 1644,
expelled the governor in the following year, " carried off the pnests
and reduced them to a miserable slavery." All the Jesuits were
sent prisoners to England, and the missions, not only of the In-
dians but of the whites, depnved of pastoi-s in a land the first to

♦ White, in Force ; Burnup, p. 40, 194.

404

AMERICAN CATHOLIC iMISSlONS.

establish tVoo tolcnition.* Tliis state contimiod for ihnu' yeaiH,
tlioii FatlM'i* riiilip Kislior and some otlicis retiirnrd to Ial)or in
secret. Kisher, in March, 1G48, joined the Indians from wlioni he
had l»een torn, and renewed his mission. Otliers followed, and
there wa8 once more a hope that the natives would Iw won to
Christ.

A new storm, however, arose. Chailes !. was at last overthrown,
and monarchv in Enorland fell. Fanaticism atjain ruled in Marv-
land : the cleri,'y ofliciated only in secret, and Indian missions be-
came impossible. In vain were the Stuarts restored, the ban was
still on the Catholic, and the Indian mission of Maryland was
closed forever.

Restricted to the care of the whites, the Jesuits in Maryland
soon numbered native members, who, on the suppression of their
society, formed the nucleus of the present church in the United
States, and reorganizing at the earliest moment, restored the
order.

The Maryland Province, as we liave seen, founded the present
Vice-province of Missoun, and thus the missions among the Pas-

* This ends the career of Futher Wliitc, the illustrious founder of the
Maryhind mission. lie was born iu London, about 1579. Educated at
Douay, lie became a priest, and s as banished from England in 1606. (Clial-
loner's Missionary Priests, ii. 14.) Entering the recently opene>l novitiate
of the Society of Jesus at Louvain, in 160/, he was, after his prob,>tion, sent
to England, and after being a r.-issionary there, was professor of Hebrew,
Tiieology, and Holy Scripture in Spain, at Louvain and at Liege. From Vir-
ginia he was sent to England — tried, and banished. After in vain endeavor-
ing to reach Maryland he returned to England, and died December 27, 1650
(0. S.). (See Tanner, Gesta prseclara, 803 ; Oliver, verbo White ; Campbell,
Early Missions.)

Father Roger Rigby was born in Lancashire in 1608, and entered the So-
ciety at the age of 21. He was one of those who in 1640 solicited "that
happie mission of Mariland." He was carried to Virginia with Father White,
and died there In 1646.

Father Fisher was also taken. During the period of the mission, Father^
Altham, Copley, Gravener, Brock, and the lay-brothers Gervaae and Knowles,
had died — a fearful mortality tor so short a period.

I for tlirci? years,
turn('<l to lai>or in
IIS from whom lio
ers followed, and
k'ould Ikj won (o

t last overthrown,
:i rnled in Marv-
<liim missions bu-
►retl, tlie ban was
ot* Maryland was

KNGLIStt MISSIONS.

496

™.n.-u,r,.«l.li..s i„ M,.i,„, „,„ l.ot,a,vo.a.nic.», Osa.-os Mhmi,

;;;;; ""'"•'":"'; ■■" • '''-"""t, .1.. i.ia,i„.a:,, ,.,;,;.,,.'

" <«"■-! Alonos of O,.ogon, and oven an,on,. ,|,o [n. „ oi'

A drov V. Into. ]„ „.i.s «„, .„. separate ,„i..,i„ns founded u •
Spamsl,, trenc „ or Knglisi. rnio, blended into one, are now und
the Amencan hierareby, earned on a., of old '

nits in Maryland
•pression of their
h in the United
!nt, restored the

idod the present
among the Pas-

)U3 founder of the
1579. Educated at
%nd in 1606. (Chal-
ly opene I novitiate
his prob.vtion, sent
ofcssor of Hebrew,
Liego. From Vir-
sr in vain endeavor-
December 27, 1G5G
White ; Campbell,

id entered the So-
>40 solicited "that
tvith Father "White,

mission, Father.-^
rvase and Knowles,

iM*'

•

APPENDIX.

FATHER ISAAC JOGUES.

In the notice of tlic Irorpiois mission no notioo was trlvonof the Ilfo of thi?
holy inissioniiry. Isiiftc Jojjues wiis ii native of Oiloans in France. IJorii on
the 10th of January, 10n7, of u hi^rhly rcspcctahic family still existinj^ there,
lie was eminent in ciiikliiood for i)iety, and, on the close of hin studios,
entered the Society of Jesus, at Ilouen, in October, \>'>'2i. Full of zeal for liie
missions, he solicited that of Ethiopia; but was applied toteachinff, for which
he possessed rare qualifications. Wlien htj at last beiran his tlieo!o<»ical
course, he ajrain solicited a foreitrn mission, and, on his ordination in 16:3rt,
was sent to Canada. At'ter a short stay at Miscoii he proceeded to (iuehec.
and thence to lluronia. His subsequent career on the mission we have
pivcn ; and we have oidy to add that on his way from New York, tlien New
Amsterdfttn, he was driven on the coast of Knylaml, and robbed of every
thinf,'. Keaching France in a wretched pliLJit, he was soon an object ot
general admiration : the Queen Mother invited him to Court ; and the Tope,
with words of hijrhest praise, pave him permission to celebrate Mass with
his mutilated hands. " Indignum esse Christi martyrem Christi non bibere
sanguinem." On his return to Canada he projected the Iroquois mission,
and was killed at Caughnawaga on tlie ISth of October, 104(5. We have still
extant a description of New Netherland, and a sketch of Kene Goupil, in his
own handwriting. The former is to be found in the Documentary Jlistcry
of New York. His Journal is given by Alegambe, Tanner, Bre.-sani, and
will appear in the New York Historical Collections. His letters have been
collected and published in Canada. All his writing;^ breathe a .spirit of
fervent piety, love of suffering, fidelity to the vows and obligations of his
order.

FATHER JOHN BAPST.

This missionary, connected intimately with the later Abnaki missions,
enjoys the enviable position of a confessor fortlie faith. He was born at L."
Roche, in the Catholic canton of Friburg, in 18^5, and educated at the
Jesuit college in the capital. Here, too, he entered the Society of Jesus,
and was constantly employed till 1848, when the Catholic cantons were de-
prived of their inalienable rights, and reduced to a sort of slavery. Tho

498

APPENDIX.

J r f

Society of Jesus in Switzerland was compelled to send many of its mission-
nrics abroatf. Father Bapst, who had a fjrrcat aversion to the foreign nli^-
sions, was suddenly sent to Anieriea, at a moinent when, in dreams, he hc-
^|khcld himself amid a barbarous race. Stationed at Oldtown, on the Penob-
scot, he devoteil himself to the study of the Abnaki, and ministered to the
Indians for two years. Here lie established habits of temperance, reeoneilcil
party feuds, attended his ilock in the tryini,' time of the cholera, and en-
ileavorcd to secure the trilie the benefits of Christian education. (Govern-
ment, however, thwarted his desii^nis, and deprivinj; the Penobscots of a
priest, drove many, as voluntary exiles, to Canada, Father Bapst was then
placed on the white mission, ami ndnistered, with some companions, to the
scattered Catholics. His attempt to prevent Catholic children from beiiiL:
forced to learn Protestant doctrines at their own expense, drew on Idm the
odiutn of some of the people of Ellsworth. On the 8th of .July, 1854, it was
resolved, at i\ iotvii mcetintj, that if he returned to the place he should hr
tarred and featlierod, and ridden on a rail. On tiie 14th of October, Fatht-
Bapst visited the place, to otliciate the next day. When this was known, a
mob assembled, broke into the house, rol>l>ed him of his purse and wateii,
dragged him out, and pultin;,' hiin astride a rail, carried him aloni? the strei t
for a considerable distance. Ilaltimr at leu<rth, they stripi)ed him, usuil'
every violence in act and hTnjjuaire, filthy as hell or their own hearts. Tlio
sheriff, it is said, came up at this time to rescue him, but, it seems, was un-
able to sec him, and returned. Then the mob covered the priest with tar,
nnd pourinjr feathers over him, lef't him about two miles from the house
whence he had been taken. This lie at len<rth reached in a state of great
suffering, and it being past nudnight, refused all nourishment, as he had to
say nniss that day.

The citizens of Bangor, where Father Bapst resided, were loud in de-
nouncing tlie miscreants who had cast such a blot on the lionor of the Kepublic.
They presented the illustrious sufferer with a watch and purse, and sought
to bring the villains to justice ; but alas 1 hatred of Catholicity is so rampant
that a public meeting justified, as another liad suggested the act, and tbo
grand jury refused to indict the offenders, twelve or fifteen of whom had been
arrested and identified.

Such is one of the later Abnaki missionaries. And it is a curious fact that
no missionary to that tribe was ever injured by the Indians, while Brother
du Thet and Father Kale were killed, and Father Bapst lias been thus cruelly
treated by the whites, more savage than the original occupants of the soil.

munv of its mission-
to the forcif,')! nii^-
n, it) dreams, lie l>c-
Itowii, on tlic Penoi)-
ud ministered to tlie
mpcranoe, rcconeilcil
the ciiolura, and eii-
education. (lovern-
tlio Penobscots of a
atlier Hapst was then
ic companions, to tlio
eliildren from bciiii:
ise, drew on liim tlio
of July, 18r>4, it was
'i place he should be
th of October, Fathc*-
en this was known, a
lis purse and watoli,
him aloni^ the strett
stripped liim, iisiiiu'
uir own hearts. Tiio
ut, it seems, was uii-
.1 the priest with tar,
liles from the house
.'d in a state of great
hment, as he had to

d, were loud in dc-

lonor of the Kepublic.

1 purse, and souglit

olieity is so rampaut

|ted the act, and the

u of whom had been

lis a curious fact that
Llians, while Brother
]ias been thus cruelly
lupants of the soil.

APPENDIX.

499

LIST OF MISSIONARIES.

ABNAKl MISSIONARDlS.

MISSIONARIES.

ARRIVED.

I'eter IJiard. S. J Tunc, 161 1

Kiu-monil Ma-ss*! June, 1611

Iiriiatiiis <le Pari!', Cap.

CoMiDus <le Mant»'t, Caji.

Aug. 15, 104:}

.'»
II
12
l.S
14
l.')
U5
17
1>!
11»
•20
21
22

(iabriel l>ruillcti-.'
.laiiifS Bi_'ii

Vineeni Hi;:ot

Julian Kiiinuttau

Louis I'ierrc Tliiiry, F. M , I

oriL I)i-c. 21, 1077. )

j!''liastian Kale, S. J Oct. 13, 1089

Stoplion LauviTgat

.lohn Lovanl

Ciaudo liu Puy

•lames de Sircnne

I'iorre de la Cliasse

.Ii'sepli Aubry

Michael A. Gaulin, F. M

l{a-e«)t. F. M

(.'o«luard, F. M '

(icnnain, S. .1

IN MAIN P..

1013

10l:J

1040

lOls

1040-

10n7

10s7

1093

16S;

7, 1650-2, 1C56

DIED.

Nov.
May

17, 1022
12, 1056

■ . . .

A pi.

8, 16>1

-91)
-1724

Francis Ciquard, Sulp.

John Cheverus

Kouiugno

11795

1093-

1724

1731

1703

1704

109S-1704

1760

1792 or 1793

about 1796

j about 17ii7
d. Juno .3. 1699
k. Auc;. 23, 1721

d. after 1750

after 1M2
July, 1S36

HURON MISSIONARIES.

MISSIONARIES. AnRIVED.

1 Joseph Lc Caron, IJec May 25, 1615

2 William Poulain, Uec June. 1619

3 Niehohus Viel. Kec Juno 2S 1023

4 Tlu'odat Sacard, L. B June 28, 1023

5 ,Tos de la Koclie Daillon, Kec. 1025

John de Rrebcuf, S. J June 19, 1625

7 Anne <le None .Tulv 14, 102t>

S Antlionv Daniel luiie 24, 1033

9 .\mbrose Davost June 24, ItWS

10 Francis Lem. 'cier , Julv 20, 10:^5

11 Peter Pijart Inly 10. 10:15

12 riiarles (Marnier luiie 1 1, 10.36

13 Peter Ch.istellain Tune 1 1, 1036

14 I.«aac .loiiues Inly 2, 1030

15 Paul R.ipuenean June 2S, 1636

ON .MISSIO.V.

101.5-10,1623-24

1022

T023-2.'»

102:$- 24

102<W2>

16.'0-9. 34-41, 44-

1020-27

16:{4-.30. 163S-4S

1034-:^0

10.3.V.M>

10:(.')-44

16:S0-49

1036-50

16.36-12

16:^7-40,1641-50

DIFTD.

1632

k. Julv. 1025
left in 1624
l.ft in 1629
k. Mar 10, 1049
frozen Feb.l.164G
k. July 4, 164S
d. at sea in 1l>43
left aOor 1070
left in 10.50
k. Dec. 7, 1649
<1. Aug. 14, 1683
k. Oct. IS, 1646
left Sept. 1666

500

APPENDIX.

HURON MISSrONAUIES— (Continued.)

1G
17

ly
'21

'2'i
28
•i4

•-':>
w

•-'7

'.N
20
80

MLSSIOVAIIIFS. AURIVED.

.It-nuiie Lulcinant, S. J Aiijj. 2(i, 16as

Simon It' Moync l(i8S

Francis Dupt'-ron 1(5 '.8

1'. .). M. Cliitiiinonot Aiijr. 1, \M9

Jost'iili A. roni'i'i Aiiii. 1, lC:t9

CliiirU's U:iyinljaiit lli:>7

Clnudo rijiiil Inly 14, lt;:!7

Kiiu' Mi-riiird July S, U540

Lctmnnl (Jiirroiiu Aulr. ir>, Hi4^{

NataliM (."Imhaiicl . .» Auir. 1.% 1(!4;J

Franc, .f. IJrcssani I(i42

tlalirid Lalcmant Sept. 2ii. 104(5

Adrian Daran ! .\nir. fi. KUii

Janie.s Honin j Au^r. 14, 1(i47

Adrian Grelon ' Auij. 14, l(i47

I ON MLS8ION.

: lft5S-45
1«8S-41

I n;:{'j-5o

l(J:W-4(i, lC4.')-r)0

l(;4()-42

l<>4tl-.^0

;'Ui-r)0

l(U4-f)i)

i(;44-4;t

1C4.')-41»
ir.4s-4D
l(i48-oit
l(U8-5'i
i KUS-fiO

DIED.

d. Jan. 2f,. 1673
d. Nov. 21, llif,.-)
d. Nov. 10, MWr,
d. Fch. 21, Itiic;

,d. Ocl. 22. i»;42
Id. after l(i(W
Ik. Aii«. 1 (it'll
jk. Sept. 1 ();■)(>
k. Dec. \ n;4;t
iclt Nov. 2. Kmii
;k. Mar. 17. ItU'.i
I left in ir..-)0
left in Ifiod
died in Cliina

IROQUOIS MISSIONARIES IN NEW YORK.

|i '

MI9SIONA1UK.*.

8
9
10
11
12
13
14

ir.
1()

17
IS

19
20
21
22
23
24
2o
26
27
2S

29
30
81

AUKIVED.

ON MISSION.

Isaac Jojrue.s, S. J July 2, 1('(86

1> inei.s J. l>r»s.<ani 1642

Joseph A I'oncLt \ Au<i. 1, 1639

Slnu)n le Movne 163s

I'cler J. M. Chauinoiiot I Aiitr. 1, 10-39

Claude Dat.lon ; Ki.Vj

Frs. J. le Morcier July 2!t, 10:^

Keno Mcinird iJiily S, 1()40

.lames Fremiii I . . .".

Paul Ka^'ueneau I June 2S, 1()36

Francis Duperon 1638

James Ilruyas I Anir. 3, 1666

John Pierron | June 27. 1667

Julian Gam. IT 'Oct. 16()2

Stephen de Carluil | Aujr. 6, 1006

Peter Milet |

Thierry Heschet'er I June 19, id'iS

Louis S'icholiis I Mav 25, 1 ()63

I'etor Uair.ix Sept. 22, VW.i

Francis ISoniface

li)0>?

Frs. Vaillaiit de (Jiieslis ..

John de Ijiml>or\il!c

James de Lamlierville

Peter Mareull

James dF.u

Francis Picquet, S. S. S

llamon Guen

John Pierre Davaux IJerson }
de la Garde )"

Elie Deperet

John Claude Mathevct I Au2. 7. 1740

Peter Paul F. de la Garde June, 17M

Sept. 1733

1642-43, 1640

1644

lO-W

1(554-5S. 1061-62

l(!.j.'»-.')S

i(K)6-r)S

l(i56-r)S

16.">(>-5S, 1067-71

l(557-5>»

1657-5S

1667-70*

1667-79*

l(i6S-S3, 1702

1608-71, 1672-S4

I668-S4, 1689-04

1670-71 y

1670-71

167 1-79*

1671-73

1074-79,? 1703-04
il()71-s7

1675-86

1709

1708-9
■1748-60

1750-52

,1753-54

1758-00
1760

DIED.

k. Oct. la 16-p-)
d. Sept. 9, 107-.'
d, June 18, KIT.")
tl. Nov. 24, lOi;.^
d. Feb. 21. lO'JJ
alive in 1691
in West Indies
k. Aui; 1661
d. July 20, 1(1!>1
rl Sept. 3. 1680
d. Nov. 1065
d. after 1703

alive in 1722
d. July, 17'>6
alive i"n l7itl
alive in 1691

alive in 17(i2
d. Dec. 17, 107}

in France. lOi*'.'
d. after 17u5
d. 1742

d. July 15. IT'^l
d. April 15, 1701

d. 1790

d. April, 1757

d. 17S1 ?

d. April 4, 1784

Aiid perhaps later.

nue'a.)

•N.

DIED.

>-:>()

(1. Jim. 21!. 167:}
(J. Nov. 21. Hit;.-)
(1. Nov. 10, IGii.')
.1. 1-Vl.. '-'1, KiiW

.1. oia.'i-i. i<;4j

;<l. tlftlT KitW

Ik. \ui:. KH-.l
Ik. Sf|)t. nirx)

jk. Decs, liU'.t
lelt Nov. •_', I(;.")i»

Ik. Mar. IT. ItU'.t
h'ft ill lf..">'>
lelt ill lOoit
(lied in China

W YORK.

lOX.

DIED.

k. Oct. 18. IC-lf.

(I. !Sopt. 9, 167J

(1. June I':*, U)T."i

>l-62

.1. Nov. 24, ir.cr.

(1. Feb. 21. 10'J:J

aiivo in 1G9I

in West Indies

k. A lit? 16G1

7-71

d. July 20. 101

il SepL 3. ICSl)

d. Nov. lt)tV)

d. after 1703

alive in 1722

2-84

d. July, 17'>t5

9-1)4

alive in I7til

alive in 1C91

alive in 17ii2

d. Dec. 17, 1071

03-04

in Franco, IG'J'.t

d. after 17u5

Id. 1742

d. July l.\ 17-1

d. April 15, 17G1

d. 1790

d. April, 1757

d. 17S1 ?

d. April 4, 17S4

APPENDIX.

IROQUOIS MISSIONARIES IN NKW VOliK— (CoiniiiiMMl.)

MISSION AltlEfl. I ARKIVED. ON MISSION.

>\2 Mark A. (lordon, 8. J 17t;o-1775

;,3 Koderic McDonnell, Sec. F H-S-l-snG

:!4 A . Van Felsen 1 ^oo-2

to Uiiilret l>,n-.'-3

•M J. B. Koupe, S. 8. S 1mi7-12

:'.7 Joseph Marcoux, Sec. F l-^TJ-l'.*

;;S Nicholas Dufresne, S. S. S l-^T.t'i.")

•.'<\i Jo^eph Valle, !^ec. F lH2r)-;i2

40 Francis Marcoux, Sec. F ,1 S12

VI ED.

d. 1777
d. 1>0«

d. 1S54

d. Is50

OTTAWA MISSK lNARIKS.

MISSIONARIES.

AURITED,

14
1.5
1(>

IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2I\
27
2s
29
80

Isaac Jojrues, S.J July 2, 1636

(.'liarle.s Itaviiibaut 1(W7

Fene MenaVd July S, 1640

Claude Allouez July 11, 16.5S

Louis Nichola; .May 2.'), 1663

JaiiU's Marquette !^»"pt. 20, 1666

C'laude Dulilon 16i)5

Louis Andre

♦ Jabriel Druilietes Au','. 1."). 164;J

Ili-nry Nouvel \\v^. 4. 1662

1 ; arlos Albanel Au;;. 23, 1 (V49

1 'ter Bailloquet June 25, 1647

1 tiilip Fiorson Sejit. 25, 1()67

.\i!thony Silvy

Feter Andrew" IJonneault

John Eiijalran

Nicholas Fotler

James Gravier

Claude Aveiieau

Stephen do Carlieil Au<;. 6, 1666

James Josejih Marcst

J. B. Cliardon

J. C. Guy monneau

Feter M. Guignas

C. M. Messaiffer

J. B. Lainoriide

us-tinian la Kichnrdie

Marin Louis Lefranc

Fierre Dujaunay

Feter Fotier

I TI.ME ON MISSION.

J (542
11642

1660-61
:i665-S»
i 1 667-6S
' 166-1-75

166S-71

1669-79*

1669-S(»

1671-1700*

l(i7S-''S*

1675-S^*

1675-si*

1676-7^*

1676-79*

167S-'^S*

16 -S4

1 d'^sf

16^St-170.3*

16S^t-17u3♦

17(H(t-1712*

DIED.

k. Oct. lt>46
Oct. 22, 1642
ik. i\uii. 1661
about A us. 169(1

Id.' May 19," 1675 '

d. April S, 16^1

!1706

;july, 1726

1721-22
172!S-;}(l
1724
1749-50

till 17(>4

1764

1751t-Sl

d. July 16, 17S1

* And perhaps later.

t And perhaps earlier.

ILLINOIS MISSIONARIES.

MISSIONARIES.

AliUIVED.

WHEN IN ILLINOIS.

DIED.

1 James Miirquelte, S. J Sept. 20. 1666

2 Claude Allouez July 11, 16.5S

3 Gabriel de la Uibourde, Kec. .. Aug. 1670

4 Zeiiobius Meinbre June, 1675

1673-75
1677, 1()79
16>^0
l(!S<i

''t

]Mav 19, 1675
•ibo'ut Aup. 1690
k. Sept. 19. 1«>S(»
k. UW6-7

502

APPENJ)IX.

ILLINOIS MISSION AKIKS—((J()ntiniU'fl.)

MISSIOXARIES.

AKKIVEU.

7
8
«>
10
11
12
13
14
1.'.
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22

2:$

25
2(i
27

*.iO
31
32
83

James Gravier, S. J June, IC, 1072 V

Stibttstian l£ule Oct. 13, lOSU

Knincis I'liict

(jiihriel Manst

James Marriict

Julian Binnetcau. .

do Lyinocos

liovio

.lolm 15. C'liardon

.lolin Heiftier, I'riest of F. il

Louis Mary de Ville, S. J

Dominic Xlary Variety F. M

Jojiepii Ifin. Ic Houlanger, S.J

de Kercbcn

de lieaiibois

J. C. Guymonnenu

G. CaUarin, F. M

1). A. U. Taumnr de la )

^lource. F.M.,ord. Feb.1717 f
Jolin le Mcreier, F. M., ord. (

May. 171S J

Senat, S. J

Louis Vivier.

A. F. X. de Guyenne

Douireleau

Dumiis 1727

Taitarin 1727

Vattrin

Sebast. L. Meiirin

Claude F. Virot

Julian Duvernay

WHEN IN ILLINOIS.

lCs7-170«

1601-1(2

1700, i7oa

17(10, 1703, 1712

1700, 1703, 1712

17oi>

1700

1700, 1703, 1721

1700, 1707, 1710

1712

1712-lSv

1721

1719

1721

1730

1750
'1750

1727

11727

1727-4(5
,1750

1750
, on Oliio in 1757
,1763

niED.

k. about 1706
k. A up. 23, 1724
d. before 1712

,d. before 1711

d. 17-12

d. April 4, 1731

d. April 17, 17.V2

k. 1730

d. after Aug. ITM

d. alter 1763

LOUISIANA MISSIONARIES.

Ill

MISSIONARIES.

1 Anthony Davion, F. M

2 Francis J. de Moutignv, F. M,

8 Geoffrey T. Krborie, F. M.?.

4 Jolin ]J. de St. Come

5 Mieliael A. Gaulin

6 Paul du Ku. S.J

7 Jo!>epli de Limoges

S Donge . . T

9 Nicholas Foucault. F. M....

10 Jolin 1). Testu, F. M.V

1 1 du Poisson. S. J

12 de Guienne

13 le Petit

14 Souel

15 Moran

] 6 Baudonin

Tunica-s in 1699-1716
Taensas, in 1699-1716
Cboctaws, in 1699?
Nateiiez, in 17oo
Cenis, ? in 1700-2
Bayagoulas, 1700
Uumas, 1700-2

DISD.

died before 1727

diedVfif?

killed in 1707
left in 1702

Koroa>?

Cboctaws, in 1708?
Arkant^as, 1727
Alibamons, 1727
(hoctaws. 1727 to near 1730
jYazoos, 1727
Alllmmon^ 1730*
Choctaws from about 1730 to 174S

died at Mobile, 17()4
killed in Oct. 1702
killed 1718?
killed Nov. 2S, 17-29

killed Dec. 11, 1729

* And perliaps later.

APPENDIX.

503

iu*d.)

niKD.

k. iibout 1706
k. A up. 2'i, 1724
d. before 17r2

(I. before 1711

d. 1742

,d. April 4, 1731

d. April 17, 17:.2

k. 1730

d. after Aug. 17M

d. utter 1703

■ DIED.

died before 1727

; died 1727?"
Ikillcd in 1707
;left in 1702

!::::::::::::::::::.

.'(lied lit Mobile, 1704
killed in Oct. 1702
killed 1718?
killed Nov. 2S, 17-29

ikilleJlDee.'ii,!'-'-'

is!:::::::::::::::..--

AUTHORITIES

USED IX THE COMPILATION OF THIS WORK.
THE MISSIONS GKNERALLY.

NAMES or AUTHORS.

Henrion
(retinoau-Joly

TITLIIS «K Wor.KS.

I'UUMSHKD.

Ilistoire Oi'mrale <le.s Missions, 4 vols I'ari.i.

llistoiro (!e h\ Compapnie de Jesus, t) vols... Paris, 1S47.

Uonit

L)"Oultreumn Tableau do i'ersonnages Signales Domty, ltJ22,

,. ■ ! !,,. , . o 1 » •• T < Antwerp &,

Sacchinus llistoria Societatis Jesu - i \^]2i\-},'^

.Touvency llistoria Sooietatis tTesu Konie, 1710.

(cirdara jllistoria Societati:* Jesu Home, I'-'tO.

llibadaneira Centuria et Catalosus illonie. If.Oi).

De La>n iNovus Orbis Ir.ui;. Hat.. 1633.

■|;

Alefraiiibo 'Mortcs lllustres

Tanner Societiis Jesu Militans.

" ( Jesta rncclara

Purclias Pilfrriin

Kakluyt rhncipal Navijrallons. .

Pvftfn.

NOKWKGIAN.

Antiquitatos AmorU-nna^

Memoirs of tbe Koyal Ijociety of Northern

Antiqnarie.'*.
;\ineri«-a Discovercil in tlie Tenth Centurv

lionie. 1<))".7.
Prague, lt'>78.
Prague, lt)73.
London, ltt'J(),
London, 1S09.

Smith The Northmen in New England .

White Apologia pro Ilibernia.

Ilafniir, 19.'?7.

Ilafhite, 1S3C-9.

'New York, 1938.
Boston, 18:J9.
Dublin, 134lt.

SPANISH.

Touron ITistolrc nonfrale de TAmerique, 14 vols Paris, 1770.

Herrera llistoria General .Madrid, lt)05.

Gomara llistoria General .Madrid, 172.3.

Aleman Dlsertaciones sobre la llistoria de Megico ...Me.xico. 1S43.

Barezzi Cronique des Freres Mineurs, 2 vols. Paris. IGi 9.

Cabeza de Vaca Naiifragos Madrid, 1723.

(.':istaneda de Nagera. . Relation du Voyage de Cibola Paris, 183^.

Torquemada. Monanjnia Indiana Madrid, 172.3,

lienavides Memorial Madri<l, 1 03i),

Mendoza Hel.-ieion de la Pina Madrid, 1.">S9.

AL'reda La Mistiea Ciudad de Dies Me.\ie<>, IS.'iO.

Villasenor Teatro Amerieano Madrid, 1743.

Alcedo Diccionario Geogratico ,Mtidriil, 17S6.

Cardenas Ensayo Cronologico Madrid, T72.3.

Vega. La Florida Madrid, 172.3.

Las Ciisas jfEuvres Pari,<, ISIO.

Ciuicer & Beteta jUelation de la Florida Paris, 1841.

Davis jCarribee Islands London. KiCC.

Charlevoi.v Journal de Voyage Paris. 174".

Kdberts iFlorida ." London, 1703.

Koman JFlorida N.-w York, 1775.

Garcia JManual para Admlni..*trar los i<acri»mentos . . Mexico, 1700,

Apostol afanes ile la Compania de Jesus Hare., 17.'>4.

.\legrc 'llistoria do la Coinp, de J, en Mexico Mexico, IV)!.

Vcnegas |Historia do la California Madrid. 17.''j7.

Clavigero Storia della California Venezuela.

I'alou Relacion Hittorioa Mexim, I7S7.

1 ■'-

604

APPENDIX.

SPANISH— (Contniucd.)

i f

NAMKB OK AUTHORS.

titij:8 ok works.

PCBUSnEU.

Xoticiii <io 111 Provincia do las Californias — Valcn.. 1794.

Jtoscana Cliini^'cliiiiicli New York, 1S46.

DiiHot de Mofras Exploration de TOrogon » Paris, 1S44.

Kobinson Life in California New York, 184C.

Bartlett Personal Narrative New York, t&54.

'Histoire Cliri'tienno de la (.'alifornie Paris, 1S51.

Kip.

■1

I'KENCII.

Lltteriv Anniiie, S. .1

Lettres Kdiliaiites et C'lirieuses

Jesuit Missions

Merctire Fntiirnis

lieliitions de la Noiivelle France et du pays']
dcs Hnrons, par Laleinant, Le Jenne, [
Kiiirueneaii. Le Mereier, Dablon, Urc
beuf. 40 vols,

Annales dc la Propasation dc la Foi, 24 vols.

.Arelin'olofrja Aiuericuna, '2 vols

Maine lli.>torical Colleetions. 3 vols.

New Ilainpsliire Historical Collections, Tt vs,

Massaeluisetts llistorit-al Collections

iNew York Historical (collections. 18 vols

jNew York Documentary History, 4 vols

[New York Colonial Koeunienls, .S vols

iLonisiana Histiirical Collections, !S vols

.Quebec Historical Collections, 3 vols

■American I'liilossopliical Society, ft vols

i Memoirs of the American Academy

Force 'Historical Collect lims, 4 vols

Sparks 'American Hio^rapliy. "iS vols

Pinkerton General Collection of Yoyages, 6 vols

Cliamplain ; Voyajres. '2 vols

Sasrard Orand Yoyaire an pays des Hurons

"" Histoire du Canada

Lescarbot Histoire dc la Noiivelle France

Creiixius Historia Canadensis

liressani Hreve lielatione

Le C'lercq

Houclier

Charlevoix

De la Potlieric.
r..afltaii .

, Ktablissement de la Foi, 2 vols

Histoire Nat iirelle du Canada

Histoire Oeneriile de la Nouvelle France, 6v

Histoire de rAmeriipie

Moeurs des Sauvajres

Garnean Histoire du Canada, 8 vols

Williamson 1 History of Maine

Hutchinson History of Massachusetts

Smith History of New York, 2 vols

lirodhead History of New York

O'Callnghan History of New Netherland ,

Billon History of Indiana ,

]$rown History of Illinois.

I'eynohl? History of Illinois.

Lanman Historv of Micbi::an ,

Peck Annals of tlie West

MeSherry Ili^lnry of Maryland

Martin History of Louisiana.

Gayarre History of Louisiana

Dumont Mirnoires de la Lonisiane

Marbois History of Louisiana

Monetle History of the Mississippi Yalley

I)iseo\»ry and Lxploration of tlio Mississippi

Lyons, 1611, &c.
Paris, V. a.
New York, 1S4G.
: Paris.

! Paris, 1632-72.

Lyons, 1<^22, &c.
Camb., 1836.

1S24.

17!t2-54.

1S09-54.

1S46.

IsVi.

1S46.

1S33.

Pliiladelphia, 17^t^.

18;!3.

Hoston, 1S4S.

V. a.

Philadelphia, ISll.

Paris, ls30.

Paris, 1 ()32.

Paris, 1636.

Paris, 1609.

Parks, 1636.

Macerata. 1653.

Paris, 1691.

Paris, 1849.

Paris, 1744

Paris, 1722.

Paris, 1724.

Quebec, 1852.

Hall, 1S32.

London, 182'^.

New York, 1S29.

18.V?.

1^46.

Indiana, 1813.

New York, 18"2.
Cincinnati. 1*^40.
Baltimore, 1841*.

New York, ISM.
Paris.

Philadelpliia, \^W.
New York.
New York. KV-'.

pfBUSnED.

,'Valcn.. 1T94. ^
New York, 1*46.

.Paris, 1S44.

.New York, 1810.
New York, 1&54.

.iParis, 1S51.

...Lyons, 1611, «&c.

...I Paris, V. a.
...JNew York, 1S4().

... jParis.
«' l.lPari^l6•3'2-72.

C- j

mls.iLyons, l'^22, &c
Caiub., 1836.

5 vs.;lS24.
....ll7St2-54.
s.... isn9-54.

i....'1846.

llNVi.

1S46.

llS:i3.

....iPliiladelpliia, l«>f.

1 hftu.

Boston, 1S4S,

Iv. a. ^.,,

Pliila(lelphi8,l^ll-
Paris, 1830.
Paris, UW2.
Paris, 16;36.
Paris, 1609.
I Paris, 1636.
iMacerata. 1653.
Paris, 1691.
.Paris 1849.
..Paris 1744
.Paris 1722.
.Paris 1724.
.Quebec 1852.
1 1 fall, 1832.
.London, 1828.
.'New York, 1S20.

.1^6.
, . Indiana, 1S43.

p,6v

New York, IS^^i.
Cincinnati. I**t0.
IJaltiuiore, 184''-

New York, ISM.
Purls.

Philadelphia, IS.*?"
. . New York,
lipni. New York. I"*-'-'.

KAMKS OF AUTIIOKS.

Bancroft . . .
Holmes

Selioolcraft .

Drake

Dablon

Le Clercq. .
Hennepin. .

La Tlontan.

Kalni

Ulloa

Henry. .
Butler...,

Viper

St. Valier.
Ferland. .

l)c Smet.

■Williams....
Heekwelder.
8t. John . . . .

Bayley

Mather

Campbell . .
Itasueneau.
Cliarlevoix.
T>e la Tour.
Faillon . . . .

appp:ndix.

FKEiNX'II— (Continued.)

, TITLES OK W0UK8.

j.\MU'rican Archives, (> series

LAinericaii State Pajiers, 21 vol.s

Journal of the .\s.sciiibly of New York. 2 vh.
[Journal of the Provincial Congress of New /
I York. f

History of the T'nited States 6 vol.-*

Annals of .Vineruvi, 2 vols

Hi.«tory and Prou'rc.-.-* of the Indian Trihes, (
4 vols. I'

Indian C;if(tivilirs

Vovaire (111 Pere Munjuettc

I'efation do (rnsin'sic

I'uintiitn (le l;i L()iii~i:iiie

New Discovery

Vo vji:rcs

Travels

Noticiiis .\merlcaiui

History of Siianish America

Travels and .Vdventurcs

History of Oroton

Histoire des Paroi.sses do Montreal

Kfat present

Notes siir les IJctristres de tinelx-c

N(jtes siir i'Histdiro du Canad.i de lirassiur.

Indian Sketches

Oreiron Missions

Voyiiv'e au ({rand Dcl'sert

Neutral French (Introduction)

Missions of the I'nited Brethren

Litters of an AmericHU rarmer

History of the Catholic Cliurch in the City (
of New York. \

Magnalia Christi Americana

A brief Account of, iVo., of the S(»ci(,-ty i>()
Friends for the Iinproviiuent of the In- v
dian Tribes. S

505

PlBI.ISIIF.n.

Washintrton, l^o7.
■Washinstoii. 1 -;)•.>.
New York, ITiil.

Albany, 1S12.

Boston, is.") I,
Camb., 1 >•-".'.

Washington. 1 >*>•-'.

Martin . . . .
Champion .
Sparks. ...

Francis

Shea

Campbell

Dubourg

lhirnai»

SpahlinR

h. S. Cath. Magazine.

Oliver

Marcoux

CI a esse . .
Andrews .
.Morgan . .
Maraga . . .

Early Catholic Missions in Maryland

Vie de la Mere Catherine

Vie de la M<>re Marie de I'liicarnation

Memoires sur Mgr. de Laval

Viede M. Oiler..

Vie de Mar;;aret Bourireoys

Vie de Mme. d' Youvillo .".

Vie do Bressani

Vic du P6rc John Bigoleu

Life of Father Marquette

[Life of La Salle

Life of Father Bale

jLife of Father Marquette

Life of Archbishop Carroll

Life of Cardinal Cheverus

Life of Calvert

Life of Bishop Fhiu'ot

Various Lives an(l Sketcln-s

Biography of the Engliih, Irish, and Scotuli I

Jesuits. 1

Kaietonsera lonterennalentakwa(Caughn). .

lonteriwaienstakwa

Xe (trliyenirene, Ac. ( Mnhawk)

Ne yiisrawash mvadewiLdiidseniire (Mohawk)

Seneca Spellin:.' BooV.

Ananiie *Iisinid

ler m.

New York, 18.M.
New York, l^.-.J.
Paris. 1f,91.
Paris, IC.'.M.
.Amsterdam.
La Have. 1703.
London, 1772.
Madrid, 1772.
London, 1742.
New York. 1S09.
ISoston, 1^48.
Montr(>al, 1^50.
Paris, Ui><S
(iiiehcc, 1S.V1.
(inehec, IbM.
Philadeli.hia, 1545.
New York, IblT.
Briix,. l^oii.
Providence, 1S41.
I'hiladelphi.-^^ 1S20.
Dublin, 17>2.

New York, 185-"..

London, 1702.

London, ls06.

Baltimore, 1S47.
Paris.

Paris 1724.
Col., 1751.
Paris, 1^48.
Tours, 1S,V2.
Tours, 18,52.
Montreal. 1852.
Lyons, 1739.
Boston.
Boston.
Boston.

New York, 1852.
Baltimore. 1846.
Philadelphia, 1339.
Boston, 1847.
Louis., ls:V2.
Baltimore, 1844.

London, Is 4.5.

Montreal, 1S52.
Montreal. 1^4-t.
New York. ITCO.
New York. 17C,9.
Butlalo Creek. 1842.
Detroit,

506

APPENDIX.

Unpuhlislml Works to which I have had access through the kind-
ness of authors.

Vlger Liste Corrijrec,

" i't'tii ri';;isirc, in 4°, avec des pravnres.

" Alhiiiii (los souvenirs t'anndleii.".

TftsrliProftti Mi-inoiie siir Ics Missions do I'Acadie.

M'jirt in Vie (iu IVto Isivac Jo-ruea.

Vies dos I'eres do Nouo, Gamier, Gan-can, Buteux.

Manuscripts.

Kiilm Letter of September 16, 1699.

I'errot *. . . . ,Ma-nrs et Coutumos dea Sauvagcs.

Chaunionot Autobiotrrajdiie.

.loiirnul du Superieur de la Mission.

Gamier Lettres.

Jogucs Deseription dn Niow Nederland.

" Notlee siir lienO Ooni»ii.

Buteux Narro do la priso du Vi^ra Jojrues.

Eaffiicncau -I ^'^'""•'''*"^ toucliant les vertus des Pires de Jfou6, Jogues,

- I Daniel, IJrobeuf, LHlcMiiint, (larnier et Cliabanel.

Dablon Relations de la Noiivelle France, H)72-.1.

I>ablon Relations de la Nouvelie France, 1«7:J-1>.

" Relations de la Nouvcllc France, 1C76.

" Ktat present, 1676.

" Circnlnr on tbo death of Cliaumonot

" Circular on tlio deatli of Gamier.

" Letters and sUitenients.

Eemy Notice sur lea Miracles de Catherine Tehgsbkwita.

Chaiichetitire Vic de Catlierine Tebjttabkwita.

Druilletes Narro de Voyatro a Boston.

Bigot Relations de'Sillery et de St Francois.

Gravier Relations de rillinois.

Archives of St. Mary's Colleeo, MontrcaL
Archives of tlie Bure.nu des Terres.
Arcliives of the Notariat of Laprairie.
Paris Docuinents at Albany.
I'aris Documents at Boston.

Bruyas Racines Ajmi^res.

" Dictionnaire Francais-Agnler.

Villlers Journal de Campagne.

Besides Messrs. Taschcreau, Viger, and Martin, I am indebted to the
Abb6 Ferland for many valuable notes, and also to Fathers do Smet, Bapst,
Shoenmakers, the Kev. Messrs. Pierz and Bonduel, the V. Rev. Wm. S.
Murphy, Bishop Miegc, and Bishop Baraga, for notices of missions under
their charge. The manuscripts are almost all in the collection of Father
Martin and the Hon. James Vigor ; those of Bruyas being in the hands of
the Rev. Mr. Marcoux.

To them, and all who have aided my researches, I here return my warmest
thanks.

hronqh the kind-

urcs.
adiP.
Oarrcau, Buteux.

on.

Peres do Nou6. Jognes,
mi IT et Cliabanel.
1672-n.
167:5-0.
, 1C75.

not

rlne Tehgahkwitft.

ncois.
^lontrcaL

L'9.

airie.

im indebted to the
lers do Smet, Bapst,
ho V. Kcv. Wm. S.
of missions under
collection of Father
ins in the hands of

5 return my ■warmest

INDEX.

Abclla,F. Ramon. 114.

Abnaki mission, 23, 129, 156, WS.

Aca;;clictnt>m ln<iians, 9S.

Acliionftcras, John B., 221, 232.

Acliiri;;()uans, 362.

Aconm, 83.

Adayo mission, 86.

Acs. 80.

Agnier, I,,e Grand. Sco AVyn.

Agr«-(la. Maria dc. 81.

Aliiisistari, Is;}, 2o!>.

Aircskoi, 211,266,276.

Ako, Madam*), 415.

Alabama mission, 50.

Aliusapas, 86.

Albanel. F. Cliarles, 371, 375.

Aljror.quir.?, 2> !-;i.

Aiibamons 446, 45i).

Alloiifz, F. Clninlo, .S.J7, .S73, 41.S.

Altham, F. Joim, 1S4.

Amantacba, Loui.s. 172.

America, 19, i.'l, 2.3.

Amicoues mission, .^fi.").

Amurro, F. Gregory, 96, 109.

Anacostans, 486.

And'igoron, 2U9.

Andastes, 24.

Andre. Louis, 36-3, 372.

Anuneiation, F. D. de la, 60.

Apaches, »2.

Apalache mission, 72-3.

Aquasasne, 346.

Aquinas, F. Thoma"*, 88.

Arbido, F. Martin, 82.

Arbre Croche, 384.

Arenda, 182.

Argal, 33.

Arkansas mission, 436, 446.

Asao, 67.

Ascension, F. Ant. de la, 88.

Asinais mission, 86, 441.

AssHguinac, 385.

Assendase, 268.

Assiniboins, 24, 362.

Assumption, F. And. de la, 88.

Atimucas, 74.

Atironta, 18A

Attikamegues, 2X

Attiwandaronk mission, 170, 182, 284,

Attontinon, Sister Mary, 810.

Aubery, F. Jos., 144, 152.

Auguslinians, 23.

Aufion. F. Michael de, M.
Avila, F. Francis do, 70.
Axacan. 62.
Ayavalla, 74.

Badin, J. V., 384.
Badin, Stejdien, 387, 402.
Baez. Autfustlne, 5H.
Baiii<)(iiu-t. F. P., 370.
Baptisms, 293.
Baraga, Bishop, 388-401.
Barranechc, h. John, 102.
Bauohe, Marchioness, 142.
Baiidouin, F., 452.
Bccancour mission, 146-154.
Beliamoiil, Lord, 329.
Bellecourt, (J. A. de, 891.
Belmont, Francis de, 310-335.
Benavides. F., 80.
Bergier, John, 422.
Besehef.r, T., 252-263.
Betcta, F. Gregory, 47-51.
Blard, F. Peter, l.SO-4.
Bigot, Fathers, 142.
Binnetcan, F., 144, 420.
Biographical sketches of—

F. Claude Alloue?., 413.

F. Dominic of the Anunc, 08,

F. John Bapst, 498.

Francis do Belmont, 335.

John Bergier, 422.

F. Gregory de Betcta, 62.

F. Peter Blard, im.

Philip Bouclier, 424.

F. John do Brebeuf; 190.

F. Francis Bressani, 195.

F. James Brnyas, 274.

John F. Buisson, 444.

F. Joseph le Caron, 172.

F. Louis Cancer, 89.

F. Stephen de Carhell, 289.

F. P. M. T. Chaumonot, 197.

F. Nat. Chabanel, 194.

Card. Chevcrus, 1.5*^.

Francis Clquanl, 157.

B. John of the Cross, 48.

F. Claude Dablon, 241.

F. Anth. Daniel, 187.

Anth. Davion, 444»

F. Gab. Druilletes, 141.

G. T. Erborie, 424.

If) '
II !

608

F. r. M. do F'eriii, 52.

N. FoiKMiilt, \\\>.

F. .laini'^ Fiiniin, 2i»J.

y. Kruiiiis (iari'i's, li>'.'.

V. Cluulis (iiiiniir, l!'3.

F. •luliaii (iariiitT, 2U4.

M. A. (Juiiliii, 44;<.

F. ilaiiicM (IravU-r, 420,

Kfiii- (ioiipil, 'JIO.

F. Chris. ll...'ckin, 479.

F. iMiac .Joiiui'.H, 41)7.

F. tlolin.Iuaro/, 41.

V. Kiisfb. Kuhii. 89.

F. (tab. Lnli'inant, 191.

F. Francis Lt< Morcier. 241.

F. Simon Le Moyne. 170-2H.

F. I'eter Martini;/, TiO.

F. Knoin. Ma^sc, i;U.

F. .Jolm do Mfsa, 4»!.

F. Zon. Mi'iiibrc, 4;i4.

F. IJoni' Mi'iiard, i\:>6.

Fr. ,1. do MnntiRny, 44^.

F. Marl; of Nic.-, 42.

F. Anne de Nouc, 170.

v. And. de Oimos, 4().

¥. .lolin do Pftdilln, 44.

U. Jolui do I'alos, 41

F. Ant. Pi-yri, lid.

F. Peter IJatJei.x, 294.

F. Paul Ivayueneaii, 241.

F. Seb. Kale, 151.

F. Oal)riel de la IMbourde, 412.

F. Kali.il Ki^'by, 494.

B. Aut,'. IJodrigiiez, 78.

F. Jolm K()j;er, (35.

F. Dominic tie Saljvzar, 52.

F. John B. de Segiira, fi4.

F. Junijier Serra, 91-102.

Jolin J). Testu, 450.

F. C. F. Van Quickenborne, 466.

F. And. White, 494,

F. Zerbinati, 479.
Blackfeet, 469.
Blanehel, Archbishop, 470.
Boldiic. Jolm B., 475.
Bonduel, Fl. J., 392.
Boniface, F., 2(54, 371.
Bonneault, F. P., 870.
Boulanfjer, F. J. le, 427.
Brebeuf, John de, 1(59-190, 809.
Bres!«ani. F. J., 1S5-212.
Brock, F. John, 491.
Bruillet, J, B., 478.
Bruyas, F. James. 254-430.
Bneno, F. Sal v., 73.
Buisson, J. F., 440.

Cabot, F., 111.
Cacina, 78.

Cailodachos mission, S4.
Cahokla. 404,419.
California Indians, 24, 98.
California missions, 91.
Caint.a, F. M. de la, 91.
Cambon, F. Peter, 94.

INDKX.

Canasndncn. f<41, 34i'.

CanciT, I'. I.oiii.-*, 4tJ-8.

('andalcni.s ^;l.

(':i|iii('liins in Acadia, lo."» — Canada, 172

Loui^ianii, (-15.
Carlnii. V. S. de, 2.5(1, 2s7, 375.
Carnu'lite.H, 'i\ ss.
Carrii;:oulia, 170.
Caiighnaw^rii (N. Y.V 2."jt>.

(C:in.), 4:.s.

Cayii^ra mission, 21(2, 287.
Cayu^e mission, 47!S.
Ceiiis. Si'c Atimtin,
Cerda, Perez de la, 72.
Chalmnel, I'. Nat., 1^.')-94.
Cliarclon, F. John, 370, 423.
Charles X., 34^5.
Chasse, V. P. de In, 144.
Cimtcliiin, F.. 17.'").
Clniiiinonof, F. P., 1S0-9G.
Cliej;oimei,'t»n, .'!5S.
( hcrokiee mission, 22, 58, 72.
Clieveru.s, Card., 157.
Cliieairo, 42s.
Cbicldtfouek.s, .308.
Cliickiusaw mission, 224, 441.
Chiliatenhwa, .Io.«., 17S, ls3.
Cliiioniacon, 4V).
Cliiii|ie\vays. i?eo Ojihicas.
Chinook mission, 470.

Choctaw ,441-50.

ClKilonek, F. Pete:, 29S,

Clione, leather, 391.

Cibola, 41.

Cieiiye mission, 43.

Cipias mission, 81.

Ciquard, Francis, 157.

Cisneros, John de, 78.

Cocapo, 7'^.

Coeliite. S3.

Cocos, S().

Canirs-d'Alenes, 473.

CollanI, 82.

Comeyas mission, 90.

Conjrrepation Sisters. 808-327.

Conception Imm., S'arioua missions of,

101, 107, 175, 291, 405.
Conception, Immaculate, Devotion to,

174, 1S3, 404, 5n5.
Conestopue.s, 24, 287, &c., 4S6.
Constantine, F. Nich., death ofj 876.
Cook, Col. Louis, 341.
Coosa mission, 24,51.
Coroas, 442. 447.
Coronado K.xpedition. 42.
Corpa, F. Peter de, 06-8.
Cortes, F. Hyacinth. 89.
Creek mission, 24-57.
Crespi. Father, 91-101.
Cretin. Bisliop, 400.
Cruzado, F. Ant., 95.

Dablon, F. Claude, 222. 241, -SCO, 365.
Dakoto-s 21. 848, mission to, i!55, 3("i2,
809, 378, 4C5.

w,.

iiiu, i;j:)— Cunudii, na

2iU», 'JS7, 375.

YX '.'wt?.

a-', 'JS7.
47 \

;i, 7J.
., 1nV!)4.
I, !{7t), 4.>;{.

In, 114.

'.', lSO-06.
)8.

., 21, 53, 72.
157.

•iS.

on, 224, 441.

!«., 17S, ls8.

e OjUtuaa.
, 47(».
,441-50.
t.'.% 'JK.S.
391.

143.

157.
7S.

473.

00.

.rs. 30S-3-27.
., Various missions of,
»l,4(t5.

naculate, Devotion to,
'5.

287, &c., 4S6.
lich., death oi; 376.

341.
,51.

tion. 42.
e. fi6-3.

til. 89.

-57.
1-101.
00.

95.

0. 222. 241, SCO, 365.
niiftoion to, {.555, 3tV2,

INDEX.

509

Diilliuti. V. .loMph. H'9.

Duiiu'l, r. .\iiili.. \l:i-<>.

Dnvitm, ,\iilli., 4-'l-J4.

|)a\ii«t, 1'. .\inli , 178.

|)r .1.1111, Kiv. Mr.. ;l»5-S.

DiMiii'i'.'*, I»i>iii>|), ITti.

DiinlliiT, Ililiii., l(il.

I>f Soto, 41.

D.NMillo, IJov. Mr., .nitC-9.

i»o Siiu'i, 1". IVttr, 471.

Do Villo, F. Loui.s 423.

Dlieii. r. Jimic's, 331.

Dill/., F., s7.

Diiiz, F. .lolin, 102.

I)ii'i.'.>, niMiop. 111-.3.

Doiiiiniciins in Florida, 40-0— Alnbumn,

5(1; Virginia, 5.'>; Calllornia, 95.
Domii s, 2(17.
Doiiav, F. Anast.. 438.
Doutr.U-au, F., 42S.
Doiiiraii, (Jol., :U2.
DriiillitfS, F. (Jal)., 1.3(1, 351, 370.
])ti lloiirg, lJij>li<>p, 45.3.
l)u .Jaiinav, F. IVtcr, 377, 432.
Duiiieiz, F. Friincis, 94.
Dimioulin, Mr., o91.
l)ii|H'roii. 1'. •)(>!*., 2:iO.
Diiran, F. Nnrci!*sus, 111.
D'lirf.', Mr., 2>'3. 3(9.
Dii Thct, B., 132.

Kknontonton, 3(V1.

KM;;lisli iDissioiis — Miirylanil nnssiun, 481.

Kiijalrai), F. .lolin, 371-5.

Krborle, G. T., 441.

Kric, IJisliop, 34.

Fries, 24, 2()1.

Kscalona, F. John de, 79.

Kscobar, F. Franc, de, HO.

Kstt'iiopa, F. Thomas, 113.

Etbarita, 192.

Fcntlon, Francis de S., 254, 2S3.

Fenwicli. Bp., 3s().

Firia, F. Pedro do, 50.

Ftrrcr, F. J(din, 49.

Flathead mission, 458, 466.

Fleche, Jesse, 129.

Florida missions, 46.

Font, F., 99.

Fortuni, F., 109-113.

Foucault, Nich., 442.

Fo.\ mii'sion, !J(!2-374.

Franciscans in New Mexico. 41-44 — Texas,

45; Florida, 65. See Capuc/iina, lie-

c.oUectH.
Frcmin, F. James. 252-261, 290.
Frencli missioii.s, 121.

Ai.naki, 129-162.

Huron, 16(>.

Iroquois, 205.

Ottowa, 34S.

Illinois, 4(13.

Louisiana, 435.
Destructiou of, 183, 146-9, 171.

O!llif<t00, *;.•<.

(iarHla;;;ire. 2:!1. 2!M».
(iiiiiiloiiL':irMc, 291.
(tiiiidiielilriiKiiu. 291.
(taiidawiiiriie. Seo < 'iiuy/nnt^coffa.
(iitnutakleiiii, Ciitli., 2(il, 295.
(i;lllnell^;l;.'^vn^, Si>t(r .Mary, 311,827.
Oiinoiiakoii, Stephen te, :!22.

(rlliaeontii', {►:illlel, •.•42-2Ni.

Garaconti.- IF., 2>(*).
Garee^ F. Francis, 102.
Garcia, F. J<diii, 47.

, F. Hart., ^7.

(•arnier, F. Cliarlo.s U.VlOa

, F. .Julian, 2.'.9-aai.

GaronhiaL'ue. 29H-318.

Garroau. F. Leon, 1h4, 193, 23(j, 360.

Gaulin, .M. A.. 14.\44l.

Georffia, missions in, 72.

(lermain. F., 151.

(iitmult, Kev. Mr., 433.

(toiocouell, 2">7.

(Jomez, F. F.. 91.

(ionaiititenliii, Frances, 825.

Gon/.ale/., F.. 111.

(loiipil, Itt.nu, 2(i7.

(;ra\ier, F. .lames, 375, 414, 420.

(freloii. F. A.'riaii, 19:i-,'..

(Jreeiiliind mi»ions, 3^!.

(ruadaloupe, 82.

(illale. 5^, M.

Guerin, Joiin, •3.').'').

(Juiiiiias, F. Louis J., 379.

<iiiilu<os, 1(9.

Guyenne, F.F. X. de, 445.

Havana, School at. 53.

Hemes mission, 80.

lIoe<ken. F., 401,475.

Holinnon.sionnI, 2u5.

Holy Family, Devotion to, 197, 869.

Horeliouassi-, 2&9-313.

Huron Indians, 16.3-2<>4.

mission, 103-191— On St. Joseph's

Isle. 192 ; at Quebec, lo4; in tlie West,

199— General view, 195-204.
Hvitramannaland, 33.

Hionatiria. 173.
Illinois Indians, .34S.

mis>ion. 4(i3-85.

Indian tribe-s, 22-.').
Maimers, 43-129-163-481. Bee Lan-
yuiigen.
Irish, :«.

Irlaiid it mikla, 3.1.
louskiousme Indians. 109.
Iroquois mission, 205-348.
Izqulerdo, F. Lojie, SO.
Isleta, 80.

Jftyme, F. Louis, 94.

510

INDEX.

I ! • t

.Tt«»iilt.*, law a^iUnsl, !f.M>.

J«>.Hiili iMi>.'<liiht ill riiiriilii, :<(\-»'tt; (all-
r.irniii. v.t; Mimif. IJJ; New Vurk, •ivU;
Mlflii^Mii unit Wixi'oiiniii, ills; llliiiitl.s,
4i):l; ArktiiiMit iiml l.iMiioiiitni, 't'l') : lii-
<lliiii IVnitory, 4w4; (»i\>,'t)ii, 4titJ,

•Ilciirlllii-*. sj.

.lotfn,.., F. I.MiHC. 175,319, LSI, t.H)0-17,4l>7.

.loliii , HI.

•IdIiii of tli(> CroMs, 4-1.

•Iiiliii M.'irk, 7.'i.

.Iimroz, F. .lolin, 40.

•Iiiiiiuniw Iiiiliuiis, til.

Kiilispols. 47a

Kik|)|>ii.H, '2t.

Kll.skuHkill^ 404-14.

Kiiwiitwklits, 47.'».

Kfclils, KK

Kt'iiiouclD'H, :)(ll.

Kikiipoos, 2:1, :ti8 ; mission, 4C4-S.

Kilatak, 4fi4.

Kltili«>r<> Lnko, 287.

KlotDiictoii, 2U.

Klskiikons. HoS, 370.

Klalaiiis, 475.

K<)nt«?nay.\ 473.

Koiidluronk, 202.

Kryii, 271, 2'.W. 32ft.

KtiliD, F. EuMib., 89.

La Condro Chaurtp. 29S.
La Combo, Uov. Alb., 301.
La Croix, Kev., 454.
LnKuna, 83.

Lake of tlio Two Mountains— Iroquois mis-
sion, 332-84G; Algic, 381.
Lalandis Jotin, 217.
Lalen>ant, F. Charlos, 132-169.

, F. Gab., 188-91.

. F. Jerome, 179-82.

Lamborvllle, F. John do, 282, 313-5.

, F. James do, 272, 331.

Langlois, Anthony, 475.
Language of—

Abnakls, 137.

Acaschemem, 90.

Assiniboins, 478.

Blaekfeot, 478.

Caughnawagas, 345.

Chocouy6, 109.

Choctaws, 450.

Comeyas, 92.

Flatbow, 478.

Flathead, 4CS.

Gailacos, 100.

Iliirons, 164

Illinois, 415.

Jouskioiism6, 100.

Kechi, 109,

Menomonees, 863.

Mohawks, 210.

DJibwa-s 350.

OsHKC'S, 454.

I.iniL'unjfi' of—

iMiawii". ;i.V.).

IViii|>-<rnr.'ill.', 4t;s.

I'litt.iwiilaliiit"), .'(ii3,

HaiilH riaru, Imi.

Han Fcriiaiiilo, loO.

Han Oiklirlrl, liiO.

Santa liic/,. ItiO.

Si'111'can, 290.

'r.-lanii.s, 9:1.
La|i()jiit«>, ;(.'iS.
Ijt|irHiri(>, 3(M».
La Saili", IJolH-rt do, 81.
LiLH Ciksiis, H|>., 39.
Laiivorunt, F. Hto|»licn, 144-53.
I^izven, F.. 91-loS.
Lo Caron, F. Jos, 106-172.
Lo FratK-, F. Marin, 377.
Lo .MaJHtro, .laiiios, 216.
Lf Moriior, F. Fri, 174,223,211.
Lo Morrior, Mr, 427.
Lo Moyno. F. Simon, 170, 182, 223-41.
Lo Movno {iloiiin), 234.
Lonni Ijonapo, 23.
Loo .\ II., 343.
Lotriido, F. John, 81.
Link, F. Wono.. 90.
Louis, F. Niob, 26s, .^.-iO.
Lopoz, F., SI.

F, Fnino, 77.

I»rolto Mission. 19s, 205.
Loyard, F., 141 9.
Lnna, l>ou T. do, .'>0.
Lntz, Kov. J. A.. 4:)7.
Lymoges, F. do, 420, 442.

Macpftdobinasso, Win., 8'57.
Maiiistio. 390.
Manitoulino. 199.
Marame;;^. 3(51.
Miircoiix, llov. .1., 313-5.

Kov. F.. 316.

Marcst, F. .1. .1., 876.

F. (Jab., 378.

Mareuil, F. Teter, 331.

Marians, 1s:j.

MarkofN'ico, 41.

Marquette, F. James, 360, 201, 405, 485.

407, 371, 408, 38;i
Martin, F. Felix, 343.
Martinez, F. Foli.x, 1 10.

F. Alonzo, 78.

F. Peter, 56.

Martyrdom of

F. Arbide, 82.
Auflon, 69.
Barraneclie, 102.
IJrcbeuf, 190.
Buis^on, 444.
Cancer, 49.
Chabanel, 194.
Chefdeville, 434.
Constantino, 376.
Corpa, 67.
Daniel, 187.

84.

jen, 144-B3.

100-172.
, :U7.
210.

, 174,22^2J1.
17.

n, 179,192,223-41.
284.

il.

, X>9.

S, 295.

0.
>7.
I, 442.

in., S'i?.

J8-5.
16.

31.

Ls, 360, 201, 405, 486,
[3.

[no.

78.
156.

INDEX.

511

MArtvrilfim of
F. "l)ia\ •»:.

I Ml lli.t, 1:12.
I'lMnii'^ ;{'.'.'».
I''i>ucHiilt, 4 \'S.
!• ruii(l«iuii% 7 1, 7S.
Onrci's, HI'.'.
(Jariil.-r, lict.

(ilMI|lll, 'J<i7.

JiriivliT, 420.

ilaviiio, '.Hi.

,I..L.Mi.-.H. 217.

I..- Clcrrq, 431.

Lali'iiutiit, 191.

Lot rail.), si.

l.ii|MZ. 77.

Muriiiicz, .')0.

Mcmhri', 4'i4.

Menard, JJ.MJ.

ra<lilla, 4;<.

I'd'ialo.sii, 47.

PoisHon, 44s.

Quiros, 04.

iCulo, IMi.

IMhourdc, 412.

l:(iiliii;iU'Z, 0(3.

Hctfiini, ti-l.

Hfiiat, 431.

Hoiiel, 44H.

Hte|.ii.!n, 322.

TtMii, 4.")0.

Vfla.s('i.lii, 70.

Viil, ItW.
Maryland mission, 48.3-!)4.
Ma>c'<>iitL'ns ini>.Hiiin, 31'5, 30.J.
Ma>si) KncMi., 13(t, 109.
Malacviiiiba Key. 73.
Maz/.uclu'lli, F., 3s7.
McDonnell, Kod., 312.
Mi'dctktek mission, 113.
Mflierrin, 24.
Meia-sliwnt, (lis., 130.
M.leiidez, IVdro. 53 C5.
Mt'iiihrc, ZenohiiLS, 411-37.
Mt'iiibertoii, 13(».
MtMiii, IJ. Marli <le, 49.
Minnrrl, F. Ueno, 2(li). 232, 352.
Mi'nclioro, F. John, S3.
Mcndoza, Francis 53.
Menoinont'o mission, 3.37, 342, 392.
Menus, Don Solis de, ."iil
.Mermet, F. .lamos, 421.
Mesa, .lolin de, 4.').
Metelii;rnmoas, 420, 430.
Metiio<list mis.sion, 310.
Miami.s 348, 305, 40.'i.
Micliillmaokinac, 199.
Micmacs, 2-3. 130.
Milet, F. Peter, 260-77, 819.
Mi-islons —
Oeiicrall)-, 23.
Norwegian, 3S.
Spnnisli, 37.
French, 121.
Knglisli, 431.
Miwions, Seminary of, 439.

Mi'Monarlc*. List of, 499.
.Mh.si.iirJH, •>ti.
Mix'I'iii.'Uit*, ;I0I -o,
M..l.ili.»n>, '.'2.

.M<>|iHwlv>t, mivtion.i to, 215-254.
.Mii||c;,MII-*, 'j;{.
.Mulder, F. «Mrva.Ho, 200.
M.inll;iiiv. Fniiiiis.l., 421-39.
Moreiia,"F. .Maltli.w, Inj.
Mount Carmel mi^r^ion, 99.
.Mnik, Krv. II'., WO.
.Miit'iirte:.'iii, F., Os.
.Murmiiu, F., 99.

Nac(iLrd<ifhes ndaslon, 1^6.

Namlie, ^3.

Narrayanselts, 23.

Narvae/, I'aiidllo, 39.

Natelie/. missi.iii, 4-10-S.

>.avajoes mis.si ill, S2. '

Xa/on("« mis!«ii II, sti.

Ni'iitriil liis.sjon, 'I'M.

New .Me.vlcan mi»ion. 41-4.

N' wporf lliolu.s at, 34.

Ne/.jierctrt, 473.

Nliii>- -'H, ;!.')9.

Noi|iiei iNlaiid. 'J •■.

Nor\vei.'iaii miv>l 1 . 33.

N<.rridL'ewalk • ■!■ •*io(i, 137-^3.

Notre Dame d ; Foyo, 19*. "70.

Nott . V,:' s 21.

Noi->, !•. \lilie de, 109-VO.

Nou el, 1 Henry. :!O.Vs.

N.i'^tru .Seiiora fie (iiiadaliipo, 86.

— ,l,.l iMJar, s7.

de Solednd, 107.

la Kedonda, S2.

Ofa-, 1' is. 117.

(•jihwas, ;Ui-391.

( >kiiiakaries, 474. "

<>livi^ F. Vicente, 11.3.

(Miiios, I'. AiKlrew de, 45.

Onat., .lolili le. Ts.

Oiieida mi^•^iMn, 'J34-277.

« )niionoiiarola, 22)i.

Onuntare. 2s7.

Onondaga mis>ion, 220-238, 259-277.

Ore, F. Luis I. de. 71.

Ore;;on Inilians, 24.

-nii.-siou, 4*ki.

Ore Jones, sij.

OrJHte, 50.

Orleans mission, 196.

Orono, 150.

Osai;es— sO mission, 464.

Ospa mis.sion. 67. >;■

Ossossane. 175.

Oswpiratcliio, 33(!. o

Ottawa mission. 34S-S4

Oueliibo\U'C. (See Ojibwa.)

Oiima mis-sion. 42(1.

Ourehoiiare, ;!2:5-0.

Outagaiiils. Crmo Foxefl.)

612

INDEX.

Oiitrolinntl, 2Jfi.
Owc-nagungas, 129.

I'aco.'is, St;.
I'iulillii, r. Jolin, 43.
Padroii, 1'. All;;., SO.
I'aliwitingiliicliirini, 862.
IVialiitos. 8(5.
I'linawaniiike, 113.
i'ari'ja, V. Finn<-is, C7.
I'arron, F. Fcril. 91.
I'asii, ^.i.

l'assaina<iuo(l(lics, 102.
I'atiTiia. F. Ant, 1)5.
I'atnxi'iitx, 48r>.
l'au^iaIU'8, S(i.
I'aycras, F. Mariano, 109.
IVh'os ini'sion, 4-"), s(t-3.
I'fciiriis mission, s;j.
Piinado. F. Alonzo. SO.
I'l'iiibina mission, 890.
IVfia. F.. !i!>.
I'lnalosa, F. Dicjro, 47.
l'tni)l>sc(it mission, 14^}, ICl,
Peoria mission. 404-14, 4'Ji'.
I'tpijiokia mission, 404.
I'fijinxls, '2:!.
I't'i-alla, (iaston de, SO.
I'or.lomo. F. Dlc'.'o, GO, 80.
i'lTiot. Nicii.. :!7I.
IMit, 15. M , :«t7-s.

F. Loui.s 4.")0.

I'etitliommo. Mr., 101.
I'l-tlot, Mr, ;J99.
IVtiins. Kit), 179. 194.
Foyri. F. Ant., 107-110.
I'liiiolosiists—

Jlar!l;.'|^ 401.

Koiiianfier, 427.

l'>reboiit; 172.

liniyas, 274.

(Ihimiionot. 19(\,

Demilier, 101.

Doiii. (te la Aniin., 53.

Feriii, 52.

Marcoux, 345.

t)linos, 40.

Parcja, OS.

Kalo, 14S.
Piankcsliaws, 404.
Pie|)iisian mission, 101.
1'icra.s F. Mich., 91.
[•i.'i-son, F. Phil., 370. 374.
Pierz, Ucv. F., 3S9.
Pijart, F. Claude, 182.
Pilabo, 80.
Plinos mission, R9.
Pinet, F. FrancK 420.
PIscataways, 4So.
Poisson. I<. du, 44''.
Point, F. Nich., 471.
Pointed Hearts, 473.
Pokecan. S93.
Poiicet, F. Jo.sepli, ISO.
Poller, F. P., 37S.

Potrinconrt, 130.
Poiilaiii. F. Wm., 167.
Powlmtans, 23.
I'rado. F. -losi-i.li, S7.
Prouix. Kfv. Mr., 391.
Puel)lo Indians, S3.

Pottawotanii mission, 862,876,428,887,
400, 89S.

Qiia|iaws. 4,10.

t^iientin, F., \i]2.

(iiieret, sO.

(iiurc dc Tre^'tiron, 328.

Quinte mission, 252-4, 308-9.

(^iiiros, F. Louis, 02-4.

Qulviia mission, 42-3k

Katleix, F. Peter, 252, 202, 2S8, 296.

Paireot, Mr., 145.

IJaiTueneau, F. P., 230-41.

Pale, F. Sehast. 414. 144-151, 160.

Paymhaut, F. flias., lyi. ;^9.

Keeolleets in Canada, 124; in Acadia,

135; Qninte, 309; Illinois, 411.
Kedemptoiists —

Mission in Micliigan, 388.
PLelij.'ion of Indians, 25.

New Mexico, 73.

('alilbrnia, 99.

Iliirons, 108.

IJeli-rious Orders, 28.
IJenssalaerswyek, 211.
Pvez-. IMsliop, 3S1-93.
i:il.i>.:.de, F. (Jab., 412.
Pichor, F. Peter, 199.
IJichard, Oahriel, 3S2.
Pivot. Rev. Mr.. 43;».
Itodri;;ue/,, H. Aug., 79k

F. Bias., 6S.

Kojrer, I**. John, 5.').
Pomagne, IJov., 157.
Poupe. liev. J. B., 842.

Snehiendowaii, 260.
Sac Indians. 23, 302.
Sasard. B. Gab., 167.
Salas, F.. 80.
Salazar, F. Christ, de, 79.

F. Dom. de, 57.

Salvatierra, F., 90.

Sanchez, F., 110.

Saiiilrel. F. Simon. 8SS.

Saonchlosfwan, 243-51, 289.

Sarria, F., 113.

Sanlteurs. (See Ojlbways.)

Sault an Uecollet. 328.

Scanonaenrat, 179.

Selia.*tlan. F., 135.

Sedofio. F. Ant., 5S.

Se-rura, F. .1. H.. 5S.

Senat, F.. 431.

St-neea mission, 232. 201, 290.

167.

87.

ion, 862, 876, 428, 887,

1, 328.
.2-4, 308-9.
V>-4.
2-&

252, 2C2, 2S8, 296.

23(M1.

14, 144-161, 160.
IS., lyi, :{49.

I ad a. 124; in Acadia,
>; IDinuis, 411.

igan, 3S8.

s, 2r..

tlcxico, 7S.
Ilia, 99.

15, loa

28,
1211.

!>:?.

412.

»S>.

«S2.

».

68.

57.
842.

C7.

de, 79.
I, 57.

883.
-51, 289.

(ibways.)
328.

2. 201, 290.

INDEX.

513

pnpcn. 80.
Strra. F. .Iiinip.. ;>1-I02.
Serrano, F. Aloiizo, 71.
Sevillota. ■^••.
Sliawiiovs, "j:?.
t^iief»>vjj;iin. ;!00.
Slinyt'lpes 474.
Sillory. l;i.Y
Siivy, F. Ant,, .'{71.
Siiium, F.. 14:5.
Siiiiitfos inission, 85"^.
SirriiMc, F. .laiiu'S, IM.
Sidtix. (SiH' Dakota.)
."^itjar. F. Boimv., \>3.
fl.I'iu.s v., (i(».
Sulpitian mis-sions, 254,
Skanil«irorh:tli.>*en. 302.
Skolla, F. Otto, -MO.
.""•(corro, so-:i.
S>i'iirese, '277.
8okoki», 23.
f»oiiicr.% F. Anc., 94.
t<ouel, F., 445-s.
Source, Doin. T. do hi, 427.
Souriqiiois, 'i-S.
Spanisli missions —

Florida, 39-46, r>3.

New Mexico, 41, 76.

Texas, 45, 84.

Alabama, 5(i.

California, 88.
St Ana mission, 83.
San Antonio, 93.
St. Barbara, 9.5-107.
St. Bonaventure, 95.
San Carlos, 92.
SanU Clara (Cal.\ 99

(N. M ), 83.

Santa Cruz (N. M.), S3.

107.

San Diego, 92-6.

St. Esprit, 3.'vV60.

St. Franci.s SO.

San Francisco, 99.

SL F. Xavier des pr«^s, 296.

de la baic, 315-71.

St F. Regi^ 3;W-4.-i.

S.-in Fernando, 107.

St. Francis de Saks, 142-154.

St. Francisco Solano, 109.

St Gabriel, 94.

167.

St Helena, 58.

St Ignatius, 364-70.
179-186.

477.

St Ildefonsn, 8;J.
St James, 867.

St John Baptist, 185-192.

St John's (PetnnX 192.

St John, 18'2.

San Juan Capistrano, 96.

San Juan. &'2.

St. JosonhX 423.

San Jose. Itt7.

St Joseph, 173-8.

22*

St Joseph's Isle. 102-4

:i7.Vl»;j.

4-'3.

San l.,nis «)bi^po, 0.5.
St I.oiii.s (Siiiiit), 304.
St. I.ortllZK, ^3.
St. Luis llty, lti7.
St Murk, :"th).
St .Mary (Sault), 184,361.
St .Mary's ((Janen.), "228.
SUi. Maria .Fuaii de, 77.
St Mary's (Mcdiawk), '253.

HI -92.

471.

St Mi-iul, l(t7.

San I'edro, k2.

St. IVier ami I'aiil, 101.

St P.ter's I>.le, (57.

San IJafiu'l, !(•'.».

St. SaviorX 13'2.

San Salvador.

St Sitiion. '•U')').

St. Stani>iaus, 463.

St. Theresa, 3.53.

Taenhatentaron, 179.

Tatfaretwan, 317.

Taos, s(».

Taenz;u«, 440.

Tanos, sO.

Tainaroa. 419.

Tarhell Family, 332-9.

Tarantec s, 120

Te>;ani.ssorens, 3,32.

Teananstavae, 174.

Teiami.s 93.

Teoas, so.

Teh^ahkvvita, Cath., 272, 304-7, 348.

Tehoronhioiico, F., 279, 291, 320.

Texas mission, 5:4.

Tezuque, 83.

Thet, G. du, 131.

Tlmry, Kev. I»etcr, 143.

Tilly ay as, 86.

Tonicius 440.

Topiras, 80.

Tocachin, Ign., 295.

Tionontates, 23.

Topoqutr 68.

Toienuito, 67.

Topiras, 80.

Toanche, 17-3.

Tsawente, Mary, 295.

Trouve, .M. CI., '254.

Tiiscarora-s 24.

Tutoloes, y4.

Van Curler Arendt. 209.

\andenbroeck. lie v. F., 392.

Van Paeinel, Kev. Ang., 390.

Van Quickcnborne, F. Ch. Felix, 455-61.

Var Ambrose, 156.

Vnillant. F., 274, .'Wl.

Varlet, Dom, M., 424.

614

INDEX.

Vclascolo, F., 00-70.
VillHreal, B., ftO.
Virginia missions, f>r)-63.
ViiT, F. NIch., 107-9.
VlRnnl, llcv. Wni., '240.
VivuWli, Cnnon, 400.
Vizcaino, F. .John, 91-2.
Vinland mission, H4.
Vlszogsky, IJcv. Mr., 8S9, 402.

Wpa.<t, 204, 307, 460.
\Von«lat, or Wyandot, 208.
Williams, Kunico, *i2-&.

Kleazar, H32-46.

Thomss, 841.

(Sec Huron.)

AVinnebnRoos mission, 349, 862, 374, 89&
Wye Klver, Isl.

Yamassees mission, 07.
Yazoos mission, 446.
Yumas mission, 101.

Zalvidea, F. Jos^, 112.
Zamorro, Francis, 80
Zcrbinatl, F., 476.
Zla, S3.

Zingomcnos, 447.
Zunl, 41, 82.

ssion, 849, 862, 374, 898.

gP-

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ft-run beautiful larce type, made ex|ire-sly for thi> editinn. 'i"he copies bonnd lor pre-

Hcntation or jiift books, in M'i)crl) 'I'lU'key MoriM'co ami ricii silk velvet ami irold, are

particularly des'rable for all who wish a hxintifitl <;ift !'>i<itk of permanent utility ami

extreuio elegance. A cheap <y|ition also, from .")U cents to %\.

'■'• CailivVn' InNtrurtor says: — 'The most complete and mamiillccntly bound Manu.il
of Prayer that luus ever been piiblisheil in Americ.i.''

New-York Morning Courit'r says: — •' .V very beautiful manu.Al of devotion. The
form in which it is produced makes it an ilegant gift booli, even in tliesc days of superb
publications."

Boston Pilot says : - " Superior to any tidng of the kind we have ever seen In a book
got up for fiale."

Nen-Yurk Morning Stuv savs:— '•One of the handsomest gift books over pub-
li-shed."

URSULIXE MAXL'AL. ISm,.. Ur^-e typo.

Illustrated presentation page, and 12 magniflcently engraved Illustrations, Silver

and (lold mountings, from i^-'Tt to |50.

Velvet, full ornaments, l:{ line plates |S 50

Velvet, clasps and corners, 13 |>lates 6 00

Velvet, embos.sed, vvitli chusp. i:{ plates 4 ,50

Turkey morocco, super extra ;;ilt edvres, witli clasp, i.T plates 3 00

Turkey morocco, super extra gilt edfies, l;i plates 2 60

Tiukey morocco, gilt edges. 10 plates 2 00

American morocco, gilt edges, 10 plates 1 60

URSULIXE MANUAL. 24ni(>. Lnrp' tyi)e.

Turkey morocco, super extra gilt edj;cs, w ith cla.s|i, 13 plates 2 50

Tmkey morocco, super extra gilt odj.'es, 13 plates 2 25

Turkey morocco, gilt edges, lu |)lates 1 83

American morocco, fidl gilt edges ami sides, witli clasp, 10 plates 1 50

Anu'rican morocco, full gilt edges and side.*, 10 plates 1 25

ritSlLIXK MAXUAL. CIiomj. cMJition. 18mo.

.\uu'rican morocco, full gilt sides and eiasj), 10 plates 1 38

.\nieriean morocco, gilt sides atiil edges, ti plates 1 00

Koan morocco, gilt edt'cs. 2 plates ... 76

Roan morocco, two u'ilt centres and gilt back. 1 pUto (50

lloau morocco, gilt back, 1 plate 68

EDWARD DUNIGAN Ss P.ROTIIEIl

Publish tlio largest ussorttiicnt in tho United States of the

most jipprovod

STAND AllD CATHOLIC PRAYEll BOOKS,

In the JfJnf/lisk, (nr/iiaii, French^ and Spanish LaNf/uaffCS,

In variouH sizes, and In every viirioty of Vlwu]* mid Elegant Bindings. Witli

llie aiii>ii)biilion ol'tlie

M S T R E V . JOHN H T (; 11 E S , D . D . ,

AKCH BISHOP OF NKW-VOUK.

KEY OF IIEAVKX. 24imo.

Turkey imomcoo, »ii|»er extru <.'ilt odu'os nn<l cliisiin, nine plates, |2 25

Turkey nidriKTo, suiter exini jjilt edu'es, nine jiiates, 2 OO

Tnrkey inoroeeo, pilt tdyes and el.isps, six |ilatc.«, 1 '5

Turkey inoroeeo, jfilt, edv'is, six jdutes 1 5(»

Anicriean nioroceo, ^rilt ed;;f.s and clasps, six plates, t*S

Aineriean inoroeeo, ^rilf ed;;fs, six plates 75

Aineriean iintroceo, f:ilt eilges, four plates, 63

Aineriean nioroeeo. frilt sides, two plates, M

Koan inoroeeo, t'ilt Imek, one plate 38

DEVOUT MANUAL. New Pniycr Hook, Uargc type. 32ino.

Turkey inoroeeo, super extra, pilt edftes, elRlit plates, I 50

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Aineriean inoroeeo, full gilt sides and edges, and clasps, elglit plates,. ... CiS

AmcrlcMn inoroeeo, full gilt sides and edges^ eight plates, 50

American inoroeeo, gilt sides, two plates, 3S

Kt)an inoroeeo, gilt back, one plate, 25

DAILY PIETY. New Prayer Hook. A Guide to Catholic Devo-
tion, for general use. With 30 Pietorial Illustrations of the Mass. 82tno.

Turkey inoroeeo, su[K.'r extra, eight plates, 1 50

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Americau morocco, full gilt sides and edges, and clasp, eight plates, 63

American morocco, full gilt sides and edges, 50

American Morocco, gilt back and side, 31

Koan, gilt back 25

llandsomo cloth binding, 19

CHILD'S CATHOLIC PIETY. New and Beantifid Child's Prayer

Boolv. Numerous fine wood Illustrations. 48mo.

This pretty little embellished Child's Prayer Rook contains morning and evening
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Turkey morocco, super extra, eight pKites, 1 25

Turkey morocco, eiglit plates, 8S

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Cloth, gilt sides and back, four plates, 25

Handsome cloth binding, one plate, 19

POCKET CATHOLIC MANUAL. G4ino. Smallest size Prayer

Book primed, with beautiful wood Illustrations.

Cloth, plain edirc, 13J

Cloth, gilt back, ... 19

Cloth, gilt edges, two plates, 25

Turkey morocco, extra, six plates, 75

MASS AND VESPER BOOK. G4mo. A Pocket Prayer for

Mass and Vespers, in large tvp«.

Hoth 12i

Gilt edges, two plates, 25

Turkey morocco, extr.1, six plates,

1:1

',«

iites of tlio

LI BOOKS,

n.lings. With

D . D . ,

.... |2 25
'2 00

■.". 1 75

I bi)

■ ■ 75

"... M
'.'..'. 38

ype. 32mo.
'. I 50

:.; 1 v5

1 00

Mes,.... «3

..' 25

Catholic Devo-

Mass. 32ino.

.... 1 60

es 1 25

.... 1 00

tcs 63

ChiUVs Prayer

rning and evening
espers. Instructions
d would deiiglit in.

.... 125
83
83

est size Prayer

12J

et Prayer for

12*

EDWARD DUNKrAN k l^KOTIIEU,

rul»ll."*li tlio largest nssortnioiit in tlio I'nitcd States of the nio.sf ajiiirovod

STANDARD CATHOLIC rPvAVEll P>OOKS,

I\ THK KNni.ISir, Oi:i{M\N 1-KKNTII, .\M) Sl'.VNlSlf I.A.\(ilAfii;s.

In every vnricty cf.sizc and styles of elienp and elegant IJindings.

With the ajiprobatlon of the

MOST 11 E V . J O II X HUGHES, D . D . ,
AiuMun.snop of xew-york.

\VE(1 ZI;M IIIMMEI-. 24mo. A now r.crnmn Prayer nn.Ul

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jMiMie or jirlMite practiee of "their reliirion ; witii a lart;t' enlleclion oi" the in<
i)r(>ved Litanies and Hymns for Piiiidays. ll<il\days, Ac; beinct tti<' most
prehensive and iisefid Herman Trayer JJook pidilishe(l. 2-lnio. OOS i)ages.

IkOan nioroeeo, (.dlt hai-k

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Ameriean moroeeo. I'liil L'iit ed;.'cs. wjtli {'lit-^p

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DAS

yinn

ies. in

ist ap-

eoia-

374
50
C3
75
SS
1 75

PATIADIKS (iAini.KlX. Now Gcniiivn Prayer IJook,

with 30 Illustrations of the Holy Sacrittce of the Mass. 32m'o.

Roan moroeeo. frilt haek 25

Ameriean moroeeiv frilt sides 38

Ameriean moroeeo, full piU sides and edpcs 50

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Turkey moroeeo, gilt sides and ed;,'e3 1 00

L'AmiE COXnrCTErR. 2-Uno.

This Now and Ueautiftil Freiieh I'niyer Hook is considered one of tlic best and most
complete Prayer IJook i>id)lished,'eontaining in fact almost every tldng required.

Kich velvet, fidl mounting, !> fine plates 6 00

Turkey moroeeo, super, extra, gilt edt'es and ei.isp, 9 plates 2 25

Turkey morocco, super, extra, gilt edges, 9 plates 2 00

Turkey morocco, gilt edges, S plates 1 50

American morocco, gilt edires and elasp, 6 plates 8S

American mon)cco, trilt edges, 6 plates 75

American morocco, gilt edire.s, 4 plates 63

American moroeeo, <.ilt sides, 2 plates 50

Ivoan morocco, 1 plate 38

EL DIAMANTE DEL AMERICANO CATOLICO. 24mo.

This beautifid Spanish I'rayer Book lias been ])ronounced by endnent judges as the

most comprehensive and best Spanish Prayer IJook ever printed.
Fublish

and

and 9 fine steel Illustrations.

Rich velvet, full mounting, 9 steel plates 6 00

Turkey morocco, super, extra, gilt edges and clasp, 9 plates 2 25

Turkey morocco, super, extra, gilt edges, 9 [dates 2 00

Turkey morocco, gilt edges and sides, 8 plates 1 80

American morocco, gilt edges and sliles and clasps, 9 plates 1 18

Amorican morocco, gilt edaes and sides 1 00

American morocco, gilt sides 4 platea "^^ i

Roan morocco, 1 plat« 66

isheil with the approbation of Right Rev. Ilisnop Alkmanv, Bishop of California
[id ^fonterey. \\ ith 36 wood cut Illustrations of the Holy Sacriflce of the Mass,

I:, i

!' 1

IJKAUTIKUL (iirr liOOKS FOR ALL SEASONS.

LIFE OF MliS. KIJ/A A. SKToN, Foimdiv-s juid First Su-

porior of llio Si>ti'rs <>r l>;m::litiTs of Clmrity in llic riiiti'<l St.itc.H of Atupricn,
Willi Coploiis Kxtriicts from luT Writings, iiiiil an Historical Skcicli of tlie Si>ti'r-
liood. Iiiiii) its Origin to tlic rrc.-int 'lime. I!y tin- llfV. <'iiai!I.i;,s 1, Wiiitk, I>. J).
Ill one cIcL'aiitiy |>riiit(';i-s, smitll octavo; witli ti beuiitiful
lilc-lii;o I'orlrall, cnyruvcil in iho most I'Mpiisito stylo of tlio art.

IlaiKlsojiie cloth liliuli'.'^', line portrait 1 75

Do. do. Kilt siiiis 2 00

I )o. do. full gilt ft\ii\in and sides 2 50

Tills j\M>%i Imjiortant Contrilmtion to .\incrlcnn Catlioilc Litcratiiri'. contnir' not
only a most intensely inti'ivstini: Uloirrapliy of oiu' of tin- most Itcmarknljlo Women of
the av'L' in wliicli slic lived, Imt also an autlientie History of timt lavaliiablc Kt'licioiw
Society wliosc inlliience and deeds arc lieyoiid worldly praise.

THE fJLOlilFS OF MAKY. Tninslatod fniin tlic Itiilliin of St.

Aliilionsns M. IJu'imri. I'lider tlio direction of llii- Itedemptor.st Kutliors of the
('oii;;re;;iitioii of tlie Holy i:e<leefiiir, Willi tlie approliatioii of the most Itev. Arch-
bisliopof New-York. ()iie volume, Itimo. nearly 700 jiaKcs.

llandstiine cloth hindinir. full srllt cdu'es, 2 plates 1 50

Do. do. K'lt back, 1 plate 100

Do. do. ] i)lato 75

This new edition of the "Glories of Mary," translated under tho direction of the
Heflemptorist I'athers, is tlie first complete translation that has ever Ik-ch made into
the l^n^'lisli lanp;uage of that most lieaiilil'iii book. Asa iii.'\niial of devotion for tho use
of Callmlics. it is one of I lie most admirable books over writti'ii ; its simplicity, Its fer-
vor, its lucid arrangement, examples, and its beautiful ami comprclicnsive prayers, must
make It u great favorite.

Tlie Louilon 7'i i hltt snys: "A ninirnilicont edition, which certainly docs great credit
to the well-known Catholic linn in New- York, who liave brought It out.''

The JiroioiHOii lieview says: " A very beautiful edition of one of liie sweetest nncl
most admired of the Devotional \Vorks of that groat .saint, M. Alplion-us Liguorl, Tho
translation lias been made by one that Is abundantly able to du It faitlifully, tastefully,
and etlectuallv."

Tho .\ficYitrk Freemaii'a Journal snya: "Tho most beautiful Book of Devotion
In the Knglish hinguage."

Tho Boston J'ilot says : " One of tho best Devotional Books ever written."

LIFE OF THE BLESSED V^UTI^^ MARY, MOTHER OF (;0D.

Taken ft-oni tlie Traditions of tlio East, tlio Manners of the I.srnelitea, and tho
Writings of the Holy Fathers. From the French of M. L'Auiik Oksim, by the
IJov. 1'atkick Powku, D. I>. ICmo.

Cloth binding, 1 fine engraving 60

Do. gilt edges, 4 plates 1 00

Do. full gilt edges and sides, 6 fine plates 1 60

This translation from the French of the Abbe Orslnl, who collected his facts from
traililions of tlie Fast, tlie manners of the Israelites, and tho writings of the Holy
Fathers. Is written in a peculiarly graceful ami felicitous style. The most prominent
events in the life of the Ble.sscd Virgin ; her seclusion In tho gorgeous templo of Solo-
mon ; her laborious life in the jiicturesquo village of Nazareth ; her .sufferings on Cal-
vary ; her wanderings with St. tlolin, and death at Ephesus, are brought before tlie mind
with more than the vividness of painting.

The Cluirlettton Catholic Misc/'tldn;/ says: "Tills Is truly a beautiful book."

TUii Loudon Tiihletsnv^: "Tliis is an opiiorlune book, wliicli has given us much
pleasure. It convevs a holy and lovely lde;i, and we can bo coi tain that somo such life
as tills the Blos.sed V'irgln must liave Ivd according to tho circumstances related of her
by a const.int and harmonious tradition."

Tiic London Jiamhlcr says: "This is a work of Etiropean reputation, and has re-
ceived tho liighest tcstimoniu s of approbation from authorized judges."

I-

I''

-I

- f

PUBLISHED WY DUNIGAN k BROTHER.

i^I^d

11(1 First Su-

;ilf!< (»f Aiiiprirn,
tell of tlic SiMor-
s 1. WiirrK, 1>. J>.
i: williiibi-iuitiful

1 75
•2 (Mt

2 50

ituro. contnir' not
irkubU' Wonu'ii of

Itnliiiii of St.
r.st Fiitliers of the
a most Uev. Arcli-

1 50
1 00
75

10 direction of tlie
cr ln'cn inado into

evotion for tlio use
slniplifity, its f«r-

n.-^ivi' i»niycr!>, must

ily (Iocs great credit

lout."'

)f ilie sweetest and

MIS Lifjuorl The

iijtiifully, tastefully,

Bool; of Devotion

r written."

ER OF (iOD.

Israelites, and tho
BE 0R6INI, by the

1 00
1 50

■ted his facts from
ilings of the Holy
jc most prominent
us temple of Solo-
sufferings on t'al-
l^ht before the mind

beautiful book."
as given us much
liat somo such life
ices related of her

tatlon, and has re-

TIIE MOST COMPIiKHEX^IVE CAT/fOLW HYMXIiOOK
IX Till-: h'Xf' L IS 1 1 J. . I X(;l \ I (1 E.

\X\\\ ( .\TIlOI.I('.\. CniiiiiiniiiL' all flu- nyiiiiH of iju- Kom.-in.

Hrevliiry ami Mi-v*iil. witli others tVcuii vnii'iiis Sourrts ; nrian^cd for oxcry I);iy in
t!u' Wei',. ;iiiii iIk- l'c'tival> iinil SiiIth-" ]>;iys ilirontrhoiit \\w ViMr. AVliii a Si- <c-
lion of llyMiii>, .\iili«i'iii», ami J'acruil i'oclry, from n|i[irovi'i| r^ource?'. ItJtiio.
570 p:iL'i-.

Tho f.ouihm Titf'l^t s.iys : '• .\s a composition, otu- of l!io mo:*t perfc-t specimens of
ti'iiiolatiiut in tlie Kiiiflisli lansuaso, and •■xcriieiitly ailapti'ii to lii'votioiial |iurpos<'«."

T\\i^ /'ittf'iiii'i/ Ciit/iolii: fi\\-<: " \ hool; wli'uli rviry ralholii- will wcloonic witli
di'liirtit, as stiiiplyinir a want wliirh we havf Iohl' r.lt."

The Ciithilii' Ihrtdil says: *■ .Mtou'ctluT hy far Ihc hct and most complete collec-
tion of n-nily Catliolii- I'oftry, that ha- yet appiarnl aitioiu'^i n>."'

Tui' Ciit/iolir In.sfriiit'ir *A\>: •• llii« tMilltiii ami piiMical translation affords to
tlio l.aity tlic happln>'«'4 of daily uiiiiing witii thi- ('l('r;.'y of the ('iiuri''i, in an important
portion of hi-r aiTc|ir;iliU' ^rrv ice."

'lUi' .\'fir- y,ii-/,- I '<ii4i in- iiii't Riiijith-f ■ *\\\'.\ "'I'liis t'icL'aiit volniiie cotit.'dns all
the Hymn- of tin- Koiii:in Uic. ia.y an>l Mi"-;!!, and uiil supply a want Uiw^ ffll liy tho
(.'atholii iiiniinity."

Till* .\'''"- Yii'l: 7'inif^ ^ay^: ' \ welcome ho()|< to any t'hri'lia'i "

The lii-'lo)! I'Udt says : " .\ll hreiitliis ii truly Catholic spirit, and udmirahly adapted
to h«' siinu' or read with plca-urc and |irollt."

'I'ln- luillinutii' Sini says: This work has been prei)ared with great caro and ta.sto,
and is jirintcd and hound in heautifiil style."

LITTM-: CWTIIOI.IC IIVMN'-BOOK, fur Schools and private ii.se.
C.^TllOLK^ IIY.MN r.OOK: a Collectioii of Hymns, .\iit!H-in<. iVe.,

for all Holy Daysoftthliiratioii and Devotion tllroll^hout the Year. .■t'.'mo..eloth, 25 c.

(WTIIOMU ("ll()iI.\LIST; ;i Si-lectioii (.f ('atli(.lie Hymn Tiiiie.-^,

and Litanies set to Music. '.Mmo., neat paper hindintr, !> cents.

I'OOP. M.\N'S (WTKCIIISM; or. The ("hristian Doctrine E>:-

plained. Hy John .M.v.nsoiik, I). S. P.. l.ino.
Strong jiaper binding il5 Clutii hindiiiK 33

THINK WELL OX'T. Hy thelit.Kev. Bishoi.Cii.M.i.o.NEi:. Cloth, 19
(IROUXDS OF THE CVTHOLIO DOCTIHXE.— Contained in

the Professions of Faith jiublished hy I'ope I'iiis IV. Hmo.
Neat paper binding 9 t'loth ! indini; 19

PAPIST MISRKPRESEXTEI) AXD TliULY REPRESEXTEI).

By llev. John (ioTnr.i'„ ismo,
N'eat paper binding 9 Cloth binding 19

FIFTY RF.\SOXS WHY THE R()M.\X CATHOLIC RELKHOX

OUGHT TO BE rUF>rEUUi:i) TO AT.L OTIIF.IJ^. ISmo.
Neat paper 9 Ciotii binding, 19

SURE AVAY TO FIXI) OFT THE THFE RELKHOX, in a Con-

ver.'ufion between a Fatiier and Son. By lifv. T. Riddklet. ISmo.
Neat paper binding 9 Cloth biiuiing 19

OllKdOX MISSIONS. AXD TPvAVFLS OVER THE ROCKY

MOUNTAINS, in lst.-)-4ii. By l!ev. P. 1. Dn Smet. T2mo. |1.

HISTORY OF THE OLD AXD NEW TESTAMEXT. By tlie

Itiirht Bev. Bishop Ciiai.i.onek. ISmo.
Strou',' half leather bintlinu ;U Neat clotli binding ;;S

CATHOLIC SCHOOL HOOK FOR THE IXSTRCCTION OF

YOUTH. By \V. K. AsDf.Kwa. ISmo. 15 cents.

iNlVFRSAL RKADIXG HOOK. 18mo. Rtronp: binding. .'IT ^

ITER.

PUBLISHED BY DUNIGAN k BROTHER.

WOKKS PUIiLISIIKD WY KUWAKD DUXICr AX it HROTIIEIi.

TIIK CATHOLIC OFri:iMN(i. A (iil't I'.onk tor nil Seasons. Uy

liL'lit Ki-v. Wii.i.iAM Wai'^ii, I). I>.. 15i>li..p of |[iilif!i\. I'.l.-.'antly i)rfiit<'.l on (li«>

lliii'.-t paiur, and illu^traUd in llic nioj^t ixijul^itc .-lyli' oi ilu' art; wiiU/mir lictiuti-

fill /llKiiiiiitifioiin III t/if. tili/lt' of tilt Anvieiit J/ixhiiIm, from uriu'iiial (li'.-i;:ns, nml

iihif Miijii'fh A'/i(//'(/r///(/.v of till' liiirli' ■ I )lni>li aiul hvanty, from (loi^rii-* of Over-

I>ork, I'arlo, Dolci, St<inlf, and other ^rn-at ma>tfr.s ; ami a number of /i";j« Wood

A'lH/nirinyn, by eminent urtlf*ts. Small Svo. .V)0 pngcf*.

Turkey moroeeo, uilt f litres, tidrteen jilates, Jf.l 00

]{eauliful elotli. t;ilt ed^Ti'N llnrtuell JilaleS, '2 M

Clolll, t'ilt edjre.«, Willi S |. lutes, '-' (•()

Cloth, (ilain etlge, with 5|>lates, 1 00

liroirnsnn's I'l'iifir says :— " A vuliimi' which, for illustrations, lottor-prpss mmI
liindini:, is nnsurpa.-sed l>y any of the fa-ldonalile annuals of the conntrv, ami a sidtnhle
(iltl Itook for tlie holydiiys, or any si'a.vin of the yiar. 'I'here can lie no doubt tlio
t'atholie Otlerln^' will he a favorite."

The l^nhliii '/'(////'/ say.-':— "'riiis i^ a mairnllleent //r/'f" r/** /«,r which, inileed, does
hiirh ercilit to the < 'atholic pros of New- York ; eleirantly printed, with iiluiinnated title
natfes. and pre-entaliun llv leaf, |)rol'usely ad<irned with enirravinu's. and arrayed ineostly
bindini: of azure and ^old. The work itself is snllieienlly reeoiniiiended to" the favor (if
tlu! Catholie puhlie as the composition of the endneiit l(i.>liop of Halifax. Kaehjrreat festi-
val liius an arti<"le devoted to it, written with jrreat fervor, and thu misculliineous jiajiers
are very interest iiiL'."

Tlie I'ttlliolU; Mirror !^i\\n: — "Tlieapiiearance of this volume beiiins a new era in tlio
nniuilsof Knirlish Catholic l.iteratnii-. 'I he contents are from the pen of the eiidneiit
Iti^rht Itev. I>i>liop Walsh, well ktmwn f >r his lear!i'"" auil literary ability, and may bo
read at all times with pleasure ami prolit. In meehaniod !»p]iearanee. it is far superior
t far as w ,• know, that has appeared from the Catholic press in Knt'-
jand or America. It is a splendid volume, which all'ords lui opportunity at llio liolyday
season or any other lime of proviin; a tJil't Hook for clii dreii or friemls."

'J'/ifi Ciitholii' llerohi says : — •* Decidedly the most splemlid work that hius issued from
the Catlidlie I'les-s in America"

LENTEN MANU.\L, AND COMPANION FOIl TASSION

TI.ME AND IIOLV A\ KMK. Translated and eompiliil from various sources, by
the Kiglit Kev. Dr. Wausii. 2lmo. 470 paire.s. Cloth, fiTi cents.

VIA CRUCIS; Of, TIIK HOLY WAY OF THE CROSS.
Jly the Itight Uev. Dii. Wai^ii. Cj cents.

STATIONS FOR THE HOLY TIME OF LENT. From the

French of Pkjie ISektiieik, S, J. lly the Itight Uev. Dr. Walsh. Cj cents.

SEVEN WORDS OF .lESFS ON THE CROSS. From tlio
French. Ky the liight Uev. Dr. "Wai^sii. 6] cents.

EXPOSITION OF THE LAMENTATIONS OF THE PROPHET

JEUKMIAH. Fr.im tlie French. Uy the Uight Uev. Dr. Waush. 1'2J cents.

SPIRITUAL MAXIMS OF ST. VINCENT OF PAUL. Arranged

For every Day in the Year, by the Uight Uev. Dr. Walsh. To Mhich is added'
a Nino Days' Devotion, in honor of St Vincent; and Biographical Notice of Mrs.
Setox, foundress and First Superior of the Sisters of Charity in the United States
82ino. Cloth, 25 cents.

THE REAL PRKSENCK OF .lESlS CHRIST IN THE MOST

HOLY EUCIIAUIST. By the Most Uev. Wm. Wausii, D. D. ISino. 12.^ cents.

THE LOVING TESTA M EN T OF .lESUS. By the Most Rev. Wm.

Wai.su, D.I). ISmo. K . cnts.

iJ*.!A^-^^5l^ ^

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I* all Season-*. l>y

..•rnntly luliitcil "n tlio
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III oil:;iiml (ll■^il:^^ i>i>''
from tU'^lfrii.-* "f ((v.t-

l number of /«« ^Vood

f 3 00

i! 00
1 50

5S.

!lti<>n^ loltor-prosn ami
• foiiiitrv, iiixl Ik suitable
iro ciiii bo no ibmbl tho

htr wbicb, Indcoil, does
m1, witbilluinbmti'il title
iL's. anil urrayt'il in costly
iiiiiumkIi'iI to" till' favor of
laliliix. Kiifh ;:ri-at iVsti-
lie iiiiscfUaneoiis iiajiers

i('boi:insanc\vorHin tlio
lliu iKii of till" fiiiiiifnt
riirv ability, and may bo
[•ariinco, it 'is far .siiiH-rlor
lie Catbolic pri'ss in Knt:-
i.ortunilv at the bolyilay
ViciuK"
rk that has issued from

FOll PASSION

From various sources, by
cnt*.

HE CROSS.

P:NT. From tho

ALSii. 6^ cents.

OSS. From tlie

ts.

THE PROPHET

Waisii. 1'2J cents*.

*AUL. Arranged

III. To -which is added-
Iraphical Notice of Mrs.
Ity in the United States

' IX THE MOST

D. ISino. 12.V cents.

Iho Most Rev. Wm.

CANOX SCHMUrS KX(iriSlTK TALKS.

TJM'se inimitable and cliarmlnir tales, so e«l«brnted all ovt-r the world for flioir
nintchlcsrt bcMiiiy. and inriiJi'ulliiL' that ln',iiill''iil spirit of rrllirion an>l fhi»rltv. :>ri<
supiTbly illustraii'd fnui o L'in.il d.>i;.'ns l.y iIr. .inlneiit iiilist, .1. <;. tliii|im;ui. and
eiiirravnl uit *.<nid ill tilt' lilL'h««l «lylf of the art. To ha\e tiji'ni in an Kniflhh drr-s
li:i> ion;.' bii'il a iriiat olijcrt with the lno»i iiiteMii'tnt f, h-nds <■!' i-diicafioii, atid this
<'diti(iM is translaii'.l iVoni till' oi'i.'inaMtermatt. eartfnlly re\ i-ed, with a \ieu to thi-lr
thnroiiirh domestical ion in oiir lan'_Mia!.'e. .No family sliould be widioiii thi-< iMTlen.
Nothinir can h" inuri' suitable \'iir fii mi/ 1/ ri'n/ini/, sr/umft, infiiiin mi, ^i/t-bmik't, .\ c'.

Tile I'ollowiiii; are issued in neat paper biiidiii;,', ami .>>old separately ; — "

riil'm I'M

roiroKT-MK-N'oT 7 «

Tin: i:i;i)15i:k.\>1' i» !>

TIIK M.MxtN.N.V 7 !>

Tin; (AKKs 7 y

TIIK CIIKKUIKS 7 )

ANKKLKA S '.)

Tin: Mi:i,(»N s ;»

Tin; IMMI! (ilKI s !•

Tin; DAISY h <j

Tin: FiiM' ri.Y .»> o

Tin; <Ai:i:ii:i: iM(n:oN... s vii

Tin: (ANAuv liiiM* r ij*

Tin: WATKIMTIIIIKU... 7 l.'*
( I. A i: A, or the Ued ami Whito

i:.'-es S Vi\

ANSKI.MO 12 I.'.

Tin; i:»t>i: r.fsii m i.',

Tin: m;sT imikimtanck « i.'>

Tin: LITTI.i: I,AMI5 10

liouiid in handsome <dotli \ olumes. at -.'>, .'O, and 7.') ciMits each vidume.

i;f THE HOME i.ir.i{.\i:v.

* SitiM/or Gift liooks <£• I'rhfs^nn ivell tin f'orF.iiiii/;/ li>iiiti»g,8i-html I.ihrit)'ifi>,S.o.
\] Zr.NO.sirs rxi .III.IA nKM(»NI» Hs

\) K.vTiiKu I'KLix.... ns Tin: i;li>i;i:s iiorsK jts

',' ti;ai:s on tiii: ihakk.m ns ,ii;ssii; i.indkn jw

* TII"KM;KKKY AISUKY ;;s IUA.NK: or. 'Ih.' Painter's Profn-oss.. :H

'i Tin: SISTKi: or CIIAIMTY 7r» TASHION; or, Slska Von Ko..>emael. as

/^ SHAXDY M-(irntE, <.i; TRICKS II'OX TIJAVEEEEKS.

A Story of the North of Iicland. I>y I'aii. I'ki'im-.U(;i!ass, 1:s<i. 1 vtdiime ItJmo. In
half-cloth bindiii;;, .'JD cents; full cloth, uilt baek.s, 75 cents.

,* "Shandy M'(iidi-e'" is emidiatieally a -Story i>f the .North of Ireland." The jdot is

'i maiidy laid in the heart of the eonnty I'oneiral. and the eharaeteristie life of that remote
reL'ion is beautifully portrayed The fair ami the llL'litin'_'. the L'anjrer ami llie illicit still
— the Oran^'emeii and Kibbonmeii — the irraspiii!.' ac'iit ami the >-nlI'eriiii.' eottau'er— the
Priest of the People, and the proselyting Minister cd" the Kstabli.slied (.'liurcli, are all
successfully and striki:ij.'ly portrayed.

ANXn: AND HER AENT. Ily a Convert. IHino. 2.-) cents.

.iH',^ T\\(i Jioxhni y/A// says: -"Tills is a i.'ood litthi story — (]uilo suitable for Cat Imlic

children. Annie is a little Catholic t,'irl wlio is thrown into Protestant society, and, of

,iH' . course, temi>!ed in various ways to deny her faith, or to disobey the Church. She resists
heroically, and she is rewardi'd at the end. We think that she >ias siitHeiently .senipu-
lous about the birthday party. ISut Anine is a good girl, ami we cordially introduco
lier to our youni; reade.-.s,

DOUAY CATECHISM. 18ino. Coinpo.sed in 1(U!>, l.y tlie Rev.
Henkv Ti'iTT':iivii.i,k. D. 1)., of the Knglish College of Douay. Approved by tho
lit Hev. Uknedict limiiuf, of Uoston.
Paper binding 12^ Leather backs 19

MOST REV. JAMES BUTLER'S CATECHISM. 5 cents.
■»B) CATECHISM; or, Abridgment of tho Christian Doctrine. Scents.

\\\

XEW SPANISH CATECHISM.

EL CATECISMO DE LA DOCTRIXA CRISTIAXA. Approved

by tho Ut Rev. Bishop Alkmanv, D. 1)., BLshop of Monterey and California. Gl

DE FEXSO DE AIGUXOS PUXTOS DE LA DOCTItlXA

CATIIOLICO. ISmo. Approved by tho lU. Rev. Bisiiof Ai.kmanv, 1). I). ftO

LIFE OF PETER CLAVER, OF THE SOCIETY OF .lESlS. 0^

PUBLISHED BY DUNIGAN & BROTHER.

I I

EDWARD DITNI(;AN 1- BROTUfJJ,

151 Fulivp 'ittwt,
iiAVi: juar Pi'iiLisiiRh IS tl •; uNosoMt: volumes.

Crown Octavo — Piicc §2 T.),

THE PRACTICE OF CHRISTIAN AND RELIGIOUS PERFECTION,

Bv Alpiionsus Rodriguez, ok the Sooicty of Jesus

I
1

"In tliis Pxct'Uont work," says Albaii IWitltT, iii liis Lives of
the Saints, .July 31s(, " liucirii,aU'Z i^atlHTcd and ili;;vsti'(l, in a
clear and easy nu'tliod, the most adiniralde maxims and lessons
of tlie ancient monks; and havini^ trained u|>, acconiinij to
them, tile novices of ins ordt-r in Spain, died ijoiily, in the year
1010, in tlie ninetieth year of liis age."

No description can do justice to tlie merits of this vahiable
work, no esiimato over-calculate the extensive good it has
elfected. IVaised and studied hy the most eminent Saints and
Fathers of a s|>iritual life, it has been translated into the vernacu-
lar language of every ])olite nation in Kurope. I >igested and
arranged with an ability and candor never surpassed, this work
proves that the author possessed a perfect kn(nvleilge of the jjcart
of men. lie insinuates himself into its utmost recesses; he explores
and lays ojkmi every avenue to inspection ; he delineates the
ati'ections, describes the causes of the corruption, and displays
the inward workings of the mind with such ex<|uisite skill, pre-
cision, and clearness, that every reader who has departed from
the ways of virtue, beholds an exact delineation of his defections,
as if the book had been written for him alone. At the same
time, he points out the grand and sublime contemph-ftions which
elevate the soul, and tix her attention immovablv on the im-
portant truths of salvation, which he so accurately illustrates, so
if resistibly inculcates.

This book contains within itself the germ of perpetuity, writ-
ten to bo read centuries hence — not destined, like the epheme-
ral j>roductions of a day, lo be read and forgotten — it still stands
and will ever remain, a monument and model of Christian and
Catholic morality, approximating in a closer degree to the mor-
ality of the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ than any cilier work
that has vet emanated from the hand of man.

:.s:is SJ^riaJ^EaiJt^ •

i VOLUMKS,

S PERFECTION,

V Jesls

, ill his Lives of ' r

d (.lioesU'<i, in a ' ,)
;ims aiul lessons

i|), according to ^;

olily, in the year -

4 of this valuable '
ve good it lias
incnt Saints and .
into the vernacu-
». I digested and
jtassed, tiiis work
(.'i\(XH of the lieart
losses; he explores
le delineates the
on, and displays
Luisito skill, pre-
is departed from
of his defections,
At the same
mplfftions which
nbly on the im-
,elv* illustrates, so

perpetuity, writ-
like the epheme-
^•n — it still stands

if Christian and
I'nive to the mor-
li Miiv oiluT work

wouKS riiiLisiii:i) hy DrxiGAX & iuiotiii:!:.

Following ok CIIKIST. Now and IVaulilul Kditi..!). lMiiiu.

Tni?i(ilufo<l friuii tli<^ firlffiiuil l.iitln "f'l'iinMAS A Kkmi'm. Ily llu< Kt. IJov. lil'liop

C'liallotiir. with ;» \h-w traii-'liillnn uf;i I'mcticiil Kcllcctloti uii<l I'nivpr .it tlio fcn<l"f "i

Crtdi eliaptt r. Kinin ilu- In-ii'lt xfllt-v. K. I)k (loNNKrur, S, .1. fii

J.>

lII<hof> Clmlloiior's ti-iin!«lallon <if tlils Invniiialtio work Im* ovor Ix-f n niiifl(lirp<l tliu ,, '

liont over iimili" by man, ami the lu w tr!m«lHti<»nH of tlio IJclliTiltins iiinl I'rnycr frmii \'''

tin* Frriicli ol' I'alliiT <it>mitHiii. \<y imc nf iho l>o«t srlmlurs in liii-t coiiiilry. ila'aiMliion j''

of wlilcli it !■« liii|i.'il will ri-ml.r llii.t new hihI l-enjitidil cilillnh oii^ of tlio iiio.^t atlraoiivi* 5

VoIUIIK H oVtT (MllilUllOtl, S

IIati<l'«(>iiio cldili l.iniiiiiff, I plato i\'\ J

Aiiiirii'aii iii'irocco f.O f

Amoricaii Miorocoo, full gilt cdpcs and Rldi-s, plates 7."> h

Tiirkry inoiocco, •rill c.ll:<•^ fi plates 1 :>i) J

Tiirkny inoron'o, .•"iiiior «>xtra, nilt edgos, 9 (liates U u<i f

FOLLoWlNci OK flFlilST. :]'2mo. Clioap IMilion. IV.m the S
original Lntin of Thomas a Kkmph. Uy tlio Ut. (lev. nisliop ("liallonor. ^

Cloth lilndin? 25 ^ ' '

Cloth, gilt ciliii-s . . . .M) I::

END OF JIKLKilors CONTIIOVKUSV. I,, a tVuii.lly .•..riv- C

spondoiipc l)olwcon a nli^rions Society of Protcitanf', ami n Catholie l)ivlnc'. Ily ]

till' Ut. Kov. tloii.N -Mii.NKi!, I). I'. I'riiitnl from tho ln«l edition nvised l>y tin* 5

Author. l'2mo. ^ 3

Pronounood by eminent jii(l;..'OS the greatest C'enfrorerslal Work ever wrilton. ^

Price in neat Taper Ijin.liiig 2r» (

Price in Cloth Hacks 8^ ^,

Price in full Cloth :.') ]\'

CATHOLIC CIIIIISTIAN INSTllCCTFI) IN THE SA(i:.\-

MKNTS. SACinriCICS, CKItKMONIKS, AND ORSKKVANCES OF TIIK
CllCUCir. Hy Most Kt. Pvov. Dr. CIIA1.I.ONF.K, ISmo.

Nent Paper P)in(ling 19

Half Cloth IJindinp:, '2.1

EuU Cloth IJindlng, RS

DOCTRINAL CATECniS>r. By the Rev. 8rEPnKN Kf.knan. IHrno.

Paper, '25 [^\j

Half Cloth Bindinp, :tl <'

Full Cloth Binding, .V» }

YOl'Tirs DIRKCTOR, OR FAMILIAR INSTRrcTfoXS F(Mt ;f

VOUNO PKOPLK, which will be found useful to persons of every ngc, m-x. and iif
condition of life. 21mo. f\j

C'oth 3t| 'h

Cloth.pllt •■'■li '^

The pure morality and relieion which thi^ little Mainiul of moral in-itriiclion iiicnlc;it«»«'. j
render it peculiarly adapted to tli* instruction of old and yoim;.' in [iractical Christianity ^

iJ'

'il

nrXICAN it liliOTIIER,

l.M I'n.ioN sriiKii. nkak Ukoakway,

AUK IlK-fMIlLlsmNU Wiril rilK AIMMiOllATlON (H" TlIK

MOST lii:V. .KHIX lirailKS, I). />.,

AllClIlMSllor or NKW-VOUK,

TIM-: xi-w AND (Mii:\r cLirrox tkacts,

Now ill fi>urs(> 111" PiiMlffitioii ii\ I.iitnliiii, liy tlic l>ri>||icilioii(I of SI. Niiicfiit of I'liiil,
niiclcr llio >iiunlioii of \\w l>i--lio|i ni' tlifioM. miiiI willi llu' a|>|iroli!itioii of CariUiiiil
WiscMAN, and all llu- ('niliolii- UMio|is nf jjiirJaiiil.

'I'liU SiTii'S of 'rn><'t>< \v.i-< oriiriii:il''il ^iili lIu' \'w\\ of •iiipiilyiiii.' ;i want lon^; aiul
p'lUTiilly fi'lf of a iMimltiT of 1 III: \i' -lii.;l<' riil>lli':ilioii>i, wliirli, at tlic siiiiio tiim» t'-iif
llicy alVi»ri|ri| ii>iifiil rrailiiiL: to ('atl'olii'>i, ainl lln' nimn'roiis cimvcrls that from all sidi's
nro lu'lii;; ;:atlifrcil into tin' fold of ilii' Climcli. iiiL'lit al-^o fiinn<li iniinircrs witli a plain
and simplo statiMiii'iit of Catliolir doi-iriiu', priiifipli'x, and p-ariicc, to^Ttlu-r »1tli an
»'\posiii'i> of I'rolcstaiil errors, and a n't'iilatioii of sonif al liM-t anion;; the many al»nrd
and fooli''li i'!iar::t's lironu'lit au'ain-<t llic «'atliolic rcliuioii.

Notliini: over writti'H in tin- laiiilisli laiiirnafr'' i> so adniiraMy adiptoil for Ri'noral
(1islril>iilion, and dr sprcailiii:.' a knowli'di^.- of tin- u'iimI iinilis of iin- ('alliolii' ri'li;jion.
its tins Sciii's iif Tracts, liiju.' wrillcii wlili rare aMlily an I caii-, and in tlio ln'st possildo
spirit ofcliarilv. /oal. anil ^-ixid taste, and il \< hoped I'ley will win their way into every
family, lus eaeli Traet diseiisses in a inasierly and eoiideiised manner .a single sul>j»'ct
only. Tlii'lr diversity, emhraein:; as they do, lli^torieal. Controversial, and l>evotional
Sulijects inn^t reiwler them al>o liiirhly ;iltraeli\e not nnly to the Catliolie tint to the
freneral reaiier. They are piildished in a neat anil attraetive style and form, with beau-
tiful type and ::ooii paper, and sold mi I'lll'.AI' in priee that they can iiardly fail l«) meet
Willi a lar^re I'ireiilatioii.

The /.(>>/'/iKi /'if;;('7>'.'' says : — "The matter so i>\eel!ent and priee so Inw that tlioy
imist do iiie.alenlal'le L'ood. Th<'re is soinetldnu' in the lone of these little e<says. llrni,
chi'erfnl, ami tainrilile, most oppusite to the morhid, Ldonniy eseiiemeiit of tlie tracts,
which have so Imiir circulated anion:: tin- intelliL,'ent of oil r |ioor, iriviin; 'the 'i>rri>r\' as
we are told hy Mr. M.iyhew, to such .i- were entrapped into readiiii; tlieiii -most Djipo-
.site will he their elVeei, if tliese should iret into a wide cir<'iilatloii.''

The (''iitholi,- Misi;//ii)iii says: •■ What surjirises iis is, that those li.uidsome jnildlea-
tions, printt'd in siu-h neat style, can he sold lie" such a iritliiiLi; sum as four and six cents
I'ai'h. We sincerely advise oiir i'.itliolii' t'riends w ho art- thrown daily into tin six-iety
of IVotestants, and who are harassed hy a mnltitiide of controversial quest ions, sometiiin-s
]iiit t'ortli with a sinister purpose or in a spirit of e.indid iinpiiry, to pnrelia.se tliese tracts:
mill at'ler iiiTiisiii:; them, to lend them to their Protectant aciiiiaintanccs. They will
p"l more than the wiirth of tln-ir money, and will, he-.ides their own advaiitane in the
way of instruction, have the merit jirohahly of heiii;; iiistriimciital ni LMidiin: otiiers to
th ' woiidcil'iil liu'ht of(5od"s kinL'doiii, and silcnciiij- eil'ectnally many of iho:.»' ohjeotions
which are daily made to our more |irominent doetri'ies."'

The Phila lelphia Catholic IfiiiU s.iys: "Dnni^r.in .t r>roiiier are pntilishitiir .i
S(>rics of most valnahli' C"al olic Tracts, in an excecil Ji^'ly iie.al form, mi siihji'cts u|iiin
whicli ewry V'atholie shoiilil he wed informed, so a.s to be able to iiu'ct the objections of
iMir dis'enliii:; brethren."

Tlie New-York Truth Tfl/t'r ■>i\\^: " 'i'liese Catholic Tracts c.innot be too stron^rly re-
commended. Tiiey liave done ::ood work in I'lnrland. and an- written with a v iroron*.
yet |ileasini,' and i'<>rdial jieii : and are as far removed t'roni the venomous f.uiatieisnt
^.'eneraliy found in tracts, as t icy aru allied tot;ood feelinu; and Kcniaiily."

Tie IMiiladelpliia Catholic /uiiti'iK'tor says: " We have not in a lonir time seen any
niii.iH works from which lari.'er advantaije to (.'atholies may be derived, tliaii this idie.ap
serii's of Catholic Tract.s. now in course (if ]inblicatioii in a neat form by I>nni<!aii A
Hrotlier. .Ml Catholics in tlie habit of oouversln;; with I'rotostaiit*, und all rrotvsUiutd
nnxious to discover truth, shoii'.tl read these." :

lER,

ON tH' TIIK » ^

S TKACTS,

if St. VitKVUt of r:iul.
I>|.ri>liiitii>n i>r fanliiKil

ilyiiiu' ;i «:»'"' 1"'<'-J "'"'
lit tlu> sMino timo t'-it
MTis tli:it from :ill siilrs
I iii>iuiri rs wiili n \<\n'u\
ctici'. tiiirftlior *1ili an
immi;: llif many al>>unl

Illy ail.ii.tf.l for ir.-iu'nil
of 111.' Cittli-'lii" rcli^tii'M.

ami ill till' lust (lossililo
I ill tluir way into »>vtry
iiiaiiiuT a siii:;li' milijoet
ivorsini, ami Kcvotimial

tlio rntlii>li<> I'lit tt> till-
lie mill foriii, with bi-uii-
y call lianily fail to iiii'ot

1 ]>rioi' so low tliat tlioy
llu'S.> liltio «Msays. linn,
oiifimnt of till- tracts,
■ziviiii; ■ tin- 'iirrurs,' as
iliiiu' tlioiii -most opiio-
.n,"

|iio-A.« liaiiilsoiiio |>ul>HiM-
iiii as four ami six cciils
II daily iiit>> Hi' siM-icty
al <iiu'stions, soinotiiiii-s
o jmrcliaso tlu'sc tracts:
jiiiaiiilaiiccs. Tlicy will
Ir own ailvaiila^c in tlic
al 111 LMi<lliii: others t<>
iiaiiy of tlio:-»' olijcclioii>

lotlior arc imhlishiiii: :i
Voiiii. on siiliji'cts ii|>i>n_
meet tiif olijcctioiis of

Innot lu> toostron;:Iy n-

M'ittcn with a v ^oroii".

venomous fanatic isii*.

I'liiality."'

(in a lorn: <iiii<* "<'»'" «">'
I ri\c.l. than this cheap
Jt form hv Piiniiran A
|iit«, uiiil .i:i I'rotwsUiuu

TIIK NI'W AND rilKAP CLirrOX TIIACTS, 1]

WITH Tilt; \l'l'l!i>n\THiN HKTIli: M<)-iT i:l.V. \ltrllll|S||i)|>it|- nkw-vouk.

1.— UOSAKY or TIIK r.LKSSKI) VIUHIV M AUV. an.l the Is,. ,.f tho Heads no
"vain Ueiielilioii." I'l i I cents.

2. TiiKtMinicn, Tin; tir.MiniAN oi riii; <i imiti'ima i <vnt.-».
n. TIIK «'m i;( II, TIIK witnkss ok riii; si i:inri:i;s. le.nt.s.

•I. Tin; fllCKCII. A KIVCIHIM. I ,., nl^. <

.\-TIIK riiriM II.TIIK |t|<rKNSKi: ol- -CIMI'rriJK; or. An- (it hollcH allowed !"

to n :i,| 111.- r.ll.ie. I c. Ills. c'^

«;.- TIIK t IIIi;iII, Tin: I\rKi:l'UKTKIioK >^< IMI'ITUK; ..r. Ilowdowokm.w ]•:

wllJlt till' ItiMc llleMII-i. I Ci'llW,

7 I'KoTKSTANTISM WKKIIIKO IN 11- OWN' r.AL\N<I", ANI> rol'NI)

\\A\TI\(; : ihe I'.il.le and Hie I'.IMe onl.\. t e.tlls
S. -I'lIoTKSTAN riSM \VKHilli;i>, \c, : the ( Imnl,. | e.nls.
9. I'i:oTKSTAN'TI<M WKHillKM, Ac. : the Sacraments. C eent«.

10. I'i;t»ri:sr\\||SM WKKMIKD. \e: Devotl-.n loSalnlsand Aiii.'eN. 4 cents.

n. iM:ori:<r.\\ri>M \vki(;iii;i), .Ve. : iii.^.ii.ivniacv of «;i. I'ei.r. i cents.

IJ. r.KNKItlCTION' OK TIIK Mo«. r iJoKV ^ArKXMK.NI'; ..r. What CiilliollcH

do ulicii the c.'ilidles .■ire lii,'lili'l •"• Ciiil-.
l:; Till. CATIIol.ir MI«.<Io\ \|;V. Ihe .I.smIi- in Kaivcnay. C, <eiiis.

11. TIIK fATIIol.IC .MISSION \i;V. Kaih.r Cl.uer ii Imlia. I c. i,t«.

1.'. -now i>ii> K\<;i,\Ni> r.KcoMK. <a iimi.M am> now hid knc.kani*

in.i'oMK l'i;orK>i|'ANT:' i\ cent-.

If.. -<)IKK\ M M;V AM) lIKi: IM.oI'M; Th.' Smithll. I.I Kins. C,\ cents.

IT (.tKKKN MAUV AND IIKU l'Kt»l'I,K. How Maiy ies|„ro.| tho Catholic
lleliirion. til cents.

ly — II(»W TIIK roI'K I'.KC \MK A KINC. The K. ..|.h-.l,MTte.l l.y Ih.ir Kiil.r^ 'tots.

10. -now rilK I'ol'K IJKCAMK A KIMi. The Kail of I'a-aii Kome. I ecnt.s.

H».— now TIIK riU'K I'.KCAMK A KINiJ. Th.- IVopK'clioos,. a Protector, t ccntn. (•'

'21.— COIMM'S CIIIMsri: or, the l'.a>t oftli.' must Holy Saeiam.nt •» e 's.

'i2.— cnitlSTMAS I>AV ; whose I'.iith.lav is it f I cents.

EDWARD DUNIGAN & BROTHER'S

VALUABLE EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS.

Ni:W SPELLING BOOK.

THE PRACTICAL SPELLING-BOOK.

l'2ino. llalf-lioiind, ICS pii^ros 124 cts.

Tlio prcfit nilv!inta<:i'.H iiossrssod by flui "I'mctical Sju'IHnff-llook" over all
•itlicr books iiDW in ii>c. is tin' rulnoss with wliidi the Vowel and Dipli-
tlionpJ sounds are trcatcil in its U'ssons. thus rondorinjr tlie first »t('|)S to-
wards knowlcd;,'^ foiii|inrativi-ly easy, and the pmirri'ss of the learner sure aa
well as rapid : and to this may l)e added another of hardly less importance, the
relief atl'ordeil t'l the motiotiiny of tlio s[icllinf; Ux'^ons by siiort exen'i.-e< in
reiulinu'. from the writinu's of those holy and i)racticMl men, St. Vincent de Paul,
and St. rhilij) Neri. hy which a needful rceiH atiim is ]irovided for the young
mind, and a moral slicn^th iiiii>arted, which notliing in after life is likely ever
to tlotroy.

l'j>wAKi) Di'sniAN tt HitornKi: aUn besr to inform the Catholics of tlio
I'nited States. Canada, Are,, iliat thev have pnrelia^eil from Mr. ICiii'ene Com-
misUey.of l'lMhideli)hia, the Stereoty'iie Plates of all the CATHOLIC SCMIOCL
liOOKS piil>li>hed by him; and they resiiectfiilly be;; to call the attention o'
the Kt. IJev. I!i>hops, Kev. Cli'rj.'y. and all inleresied in Catholic Ivlncalion, to
their new editions just issued, 'i'hey woiiM esiiecially rerinot atlenlioii li> tlio
series of the

CHRISTIAN BROTHERS' BOOKS,
whifli have rec(dved .such universal .■i[»proliatii>n from the IJt. I'ev. ltisho[)S and
the Kev. Clei-fiy in every pari of the world where the Knirlish lan^'uapo ifi
spoken. These new editions are also iiuLIlshud niider the diatingni.shed appro-
bation of the

BlIOTUni: IMt(iVIN('I.VL OK THE IIK0TI1EK3 OF THE CHRISTIAN 8C1IOOU8 IN AMEKIOA.

DUNIGAN & BROTHER'S CHEAP EDITIONS.

CllIMSTIAN r.ltOTUKltS' Isl l!(.ok. l-^mo 4

])<) do '2il Hooi:. Ilalt-t.oiind 10

1)0 do lid hook. Half-bound 87|

DUNIGAN & BROTHER'S NEW AND IMPROVED EDITIONS.

Nfany teachers who have used this series baving cxi)ressed ft desire to iiave
Spelling le.ssoiis printed with dellnilions and accentuations in the Second and
Third iSooks, these are printed witband without them, so that teachers can uso
which tliey prefer.

CHRISTIAN I'.ItOTHKUS' 1st I'.ook. Improved Kdition «{

I).. do 'Jd Hook. do do 12i

Do do S<1 IJook. do do 60

Do do 4lli IJook. do do 02^

CATHOLIC riMM I'll S

Do SCh'ooT, HOOK 15

INIVr.ltSAL 1:KAI)I.N'(; hook. Stronirbalf-leatherbindinff. TJmo. ii'\
'I'his valuable School liook was oriLMnally srof up by the Didilin (.'jith«dl«
liook Society, um' \e!'y ;:eiiii'ally ri-commended for its u>efu!ness.

OF.NKHAL liISTOUV oF Klliori;, from tlio bou'iniwnir of tbo Kith

century to |s.'j4. I'.'nio 15

New I'.dilion. revised and improved: by .1. C «<hen, Kstj.
This eelebmti'd Work has been most iiii.'lily rei'iimmeiided. adndred, and at:-

proved. by th.' most < iimpet* iit jud;:vs in Kii;;laiid and America for its lidclity

au'i pur':y of htyle.

Ci^Tms.

lOOK.

ng-Book" ovf-r all
Vowel nnd Dipli-
lio first steps to-
he learner sure aa
ss iinportiuice, tlio
short e.\i!n'l?-e< in
t. Vincent de I'aiil,
ilcil for the voimg
r lilb is likely ever

("Mliiolics of the
Mr. I'JU'ciie (Nmi-
IIOLIC SCHOOL
ill tlie iittontion i>'.
lolio Ivliieiilion, to
:6t nllentiuii to iho

liev. IHshops nnd
iilJish laiifruape is
>iingiii.sht'd appro-

lOOLS IN AMERICA.

IONS.

37*

D EDITIONS.

I ft desire to have
in the Second and
It teaehcrs c«n use

«l

C2k

diiiff. I'.'nio. A7\
e Diihlin ("atliollo

hu'ss.

r of the Kjtli
75

I, Ksq.

. ailinircd. and at:-
Tica lor its lldelitv