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THE PBOOEBDINOB OF THB ROYAL OBUOBAPHIOAL SOOI£TY, AT THBm EVENINO MEETING, IK BUBLmGlON HOUSE» ON THB 28n> JANUARY, 1865, WBKM A PAPER WAS BBAD OK TBM ABOVB Bl^HnDOT, By captain SHERARD OSBOBN, R.N., CB. STB RODBRIOK I. MUROHISON, K.C.B., G.G.S^^S., D.OX.* Ui.D., P.B.8., PBRSIDIirr R.«.8., Im thr Ciuib. ^'""'^V^OP^ffi-LSi. J %0 i 07- 1 o I.OMIilXI rHINTKI* IIV M-. C!IA)WKR AM» 80NII, .STAMFORU FTIIKKT, ANP ('HAKIN' x., and are not scaretl by the recollection of cold fingers an«l banian days. Men do not volunteer for certain death or starvation, and I can only say that so popular is >\rctic service with our sailors, that I am frequently asked by oK* "bipmates, " Are we g«»ing up that way again, sir? Please don't a)rget I am a volunteer ! " Tho fact is, more sailors have been thrown to the sliiuks from the diseases incident to service in China and tho coast of Africa, within tho last four years, than ever fell in thirty years of Arctic service, and our seamen and officoi's know it. And, after all, the dangers of exploration in the north are those common to like undertakings in all unknown regions — Spoke and Grant seeking for the sources of tho Nile, Burton at Ilarar, Freemont in the Siena Nevada, Livingstone on the Zambesi, or 13urko and Wills in tho hungry wilds of Central Australia, have all moments of as great peril as Kane ever endured in Smith Soimd, or McClure passed through in Banks's Tiand. I will, therefore, without farther preamble, deal with the points which are the most important for our consideration. « EXPLORATION OF THE NOKTH I-OLAR REGION. ! I Ml h First. The direction from which a Polar exploration Blionld be undertaken with the least risk and greatest probability of success. Second. The mode in which such an expluruiiou should bo exe- cuted, and the scientific results likely to accrue. We have before us a circumpolar chart. Mark the nearest known points to the Pole — the extremes of Spitzbergon and North Greenland. Let us first deal with Spitzbergen. Hakluyt Head is about GOO miles from the I'ole : in the last century the whale fishery was situated oflF that Cape, and wo have the concurrent testimony of all those ancient fishermen to prove that the sea was often found clear of ice for another hundred miles further north. 1 say, therefore, that sailing-ships have been in that direction within 500 miles of the Pole. For the information of those more sanguine than myself of the existence of open water at the Pole through the action the Gulf Stream, I annex a table collated, by my kind friend Mr. Markham,* from the data furnished to tho Koyal Society by the Hon. Daines Bamngton, Colonel Beaufoy and others. You will there find that stout old Dutch and English skippers vowed they had been as far north as the 88"^, some to 83'^ n., and many into the 82^^ pai*allel: indeed one old sailor declared to Master Moxon, hydrographer to Charles II. of glorious memory, that " he had sailed two degrees beyond the Pole ! " but it is only fair to add that this was said in dreamy Amsterdam, over strong Dutch beer. I am content, however, to point to the position reached by tho late Sir Edward Parry, in his boat expedition from Spitzbergen in 1827. There, at any rate, ho stood upon a floating sea of ice on the night of July 22, 1827, being then in lat. 82^ 45' n., exactly 435 geographical miles from the I'ole. He was constrained to give up the attempt simply because the ice was being swept faster to the south than his men could drag their boats to the north. It was the height of the Arctic summer, and all the ice-fields were in motion. The experience of the last twenty years tells us that instead of starting on such a journey in June, Parry ought to have wintered in Spitzbergen, and started for the North in February ; and such is tho perfection to which Arctic sledge-equipment is now brought, that the weights would be infinitely less for the men to drag, whilst the provisions would last months instead of weeks. But there are great objections to any effort to reach the Polar area by sledges from Spitzbergen. You will observe as yet no known lands exist upon its meridian and to the north of the island ; lS<.'i.' p 27. i:XPLOKATION UK THE NORTH I'OLAR KKdlOX. cnnsequently no fixed points for depots of proviNions: whereas, in Smith Sound, we havo a starting-point 120 miles nearer to the I'olc, and there is good ground for believing (as 1 will show) in a further extension of continents or islands upon the meridian of the^Auieriean and Greenland continents, which is not the case in Spilzbergcn. For instance, the floes which drift down upon Spitz- bergen from the north contain in their embrace no icebeigs prf»]>er. This tells us that no extensive lands lie upon that meridian ; fur the iceberg is a creation of the land, bom of a glacier, and not of the sea : whereas these icebergs abound in Smith Sound ; and the glaciers, as Kane advanced northward, appeared to increase rather than diminish in extent, which would not be the case if the land ended abruptly near the Humboldt Glacier, in 80° n. latitude. Those vast accumulations of snow and fresh-water ice, and their beautiful creations the iceberg, tell us of great lands with lofty mountains and deep valleys retaining the moisture and snow-drift of ages, and promise that continuity of coast-line, and that frozen seaboard, which is only needed to enable our explorers to reach the Pole in safety. Greenland, therefore, and not Spitzbergen, is the direction I advocate. At the same time, do not jimip to the con- clusion that there is nothing to reward the explorer in the direction of Spitzbergen or Kova Zembla, for there is much yet to be seen and done there in scientific research. The bugbear of Arctic navi- gation is being gradually dispelled. ♦ A Cruise in High Latitudes,' and * A Sejison among the Walruses,' encoui-age us to hope, that where yachtsmen havo not hesitated to go for pleasure, and where poor Norwegian fishermen yearly sail in almost open boats for hides, ivory, and the more precious livers of Arctic sharks, which produce, as you know, *' pure cod-liver oil ! " it is possible others will yet wend their way for love of science, and add to our know- ledge of the laws of electricity, light, magnetism, temperature, and winds. From Spitzbergen let us turn to Greenland. In the year ]85.'{ my lamented friend Dr. Kane entered Smith Sound, at the head of Baffin liay, with his little brig, the Admnce. At that time I was serving with Capt. liichards, the present Ilydrographer of the Navy, in an expedition in Wellington Channel, under Sir Edward Belcher ; Kellett and McClintock wore in Harrow's Straits, McClure had just reached the waters of the Atlantic from the Pacific Ocean, CoUint^on and Ifae were in Victoria Land and Poothia, and Ingle- field had just made one of his summer trips to Peechey Island. There could not have been loss than four hundred Pritish subjects within the Arctic seas. All our ships had been admirably found, 8 KXI'LOKATION OF THK NORTH I'OLAR REGION. '\ and our crews liveil in comparative comfort, for the resources of a nation and a great navy had been placed at our disposal. Dr. Kane's expedition was rather the result of private munificence, and a generous impulse of individuals ; and it is only fair to Dr. Kane to say, that never in our times has a navigator entered the ice so indiflerently prepared for a Polar winter. With only seventeen followers, two of them mutineers, without a steam-power for his solitary vessel, without proper sledge-equipment, without any pre- served fresh meat, and a great insufficiency of preserved vegetables, and with only coals enough to serve for twelve months' fuel, the only raarA'cl to mo is, that he ever returned to relate his sufferings. They are only to be equalled by those of the navigator " James," in Hudson's Bay, two centuries earlier. God forbid that I should bo thought to cast one reflection upon those warm-hearted Ame- ricans who came nobly forward, and said, •' Wo too will aid in Arctic enterprise;" but the fact is, that enthusiasm and high courage without proper knowledge and equipment must, on such service, infallibly lead to the suffering which Dr. Kane's followers endured ; and it is tlutt which best explains how it was, that whilst our sailoi-s, far beyond the present haunts of Esquimaux, waxed fat and fastidious, Kane's poor followers had to eat the raw flesh of animals to avert the ravages of scurvy brought on by a poisonous dietary of salt-meat. ITiis much to meet the objections of those who point to Dr. Kane's thrilling narrative with a view to frighten us fiom Arctic exploration ; and I may add, that I know well that chivalrous man never penned those touching episodes to frighten men from high enterprise, but rather to caution us to avoid his mistakes, and to show us how nobly the worst evils may be borne when the cause is a good one. The brig Advance entered Smith Sound, but departed from an Arctic canon by keeping upon the eastern or lee-shore instead of the western or weather-shore : she was quickly beset, and fell into a bay sixty miles further on, out of which she never again sailed. In the spring of 1854 a further exploration was accomplished, of about 1 GO miles of the Greenland coast, and the western land was observed for a still greater distance. The extreme of Greenland visited was a point beyond a stupendous tongue of the great glacier, and named Cape Constitution by the only man (Mr. Morton) who reached it. This sailor could not get round the Capo because of water existing at the base of the cliffs ; he could not scale the cliff, because it was too steep ; what more there is, therefore, beyond Cape Constitution, none of us know. Kane thought it the termination of Greenland. I entirely dissent from so hasty a conclusion, because I cannot EXPLOUATION OF THE NORTH POLAR RKOION. 9 1 'ces of a Dr. lee, and >r. Kane ice so venteen for his iny pro- ;etableH, uel, the fferings, James," 1 shotild d Amc- I aid in id hi^h on such ^llowers it whilst , waxed flesh of oisonouH of those frigliten veil that frighten void his 30 borne from an ibtead of II into a iled. ished, of and was 1 visited ier, and reached existing le it was titution, jenland. cannot believe that such a glacier as that of Humboldt, ever bearing the hundreds of icebergs, which Kane tells us of, into the waters of 8inith Sound, was fed otherwise than by some extensive parent glacier »orn himself, Sir Leopold McClintock, Captain Kochfort Maguire, and many gentlemen in that room whom he might name if they were not present. It was not to be supposed th;^t in the present day, when the interest in geographical and in all the physical sciences has so much increased, that so large a portion of the globe, lying almost at our hands, should remain uncxi)lored. And could this task be achieved at a more suitable time than this, when we have amongst us so many men trained in that school comixjtent and willing to undertake it? He held it to be a great honour to Sir Leopold McClintock, and an honour to his profession, that he was willing to give up the command of one of the finest frigates in the service in order to conduct the expedition. On the j>art of the Royal Society, he might say that there were many subjects of the highest importance which they could suggest as requiring investigation by such an exiiedition ; and they would be ready to co-operate in the recommendation by furnishing, at a suitable time, a state- ment of the objects in physical science which could be prosecuted without imjwding the main or geographical pur|X)Sc. Admiral Sir Edward Bei.cher was happy indeed to find this subject taken up by Captain Osborn, and should be glad to see it carried out. The only difficulty he apprehended was the probability that the floe to the north would be found in a moving condition, the same as Parry found it to the north of Spitzbergen, and by which he was compelled to return. Beyond this, he saw no risk in any part of Captain Osborn's plan. It was a curious fact that a dif- ferent temperature prevailed on the two sides of Baffin Straits. On the Greenland side the land is warmer. When the expedition under his command arrived at Disco, wherever the sun bore upon the sides of the hills, which were of a coal or shaly formation, the snow melted instantly. This took place early in July ; and from it he concluded that on the eastern side of the straits and the eastern side of Smith Sound, there would be more vegetation, owing to the gic'ater warmth of the earth caused by the thaw mixing with the iron pyrites in the shale. On the western side, so far as he explored it to the north, he found on the 20th of May the whole of the sea in that direc* tion in motion, quite open to navigation by a boat. If it had been possible to get his boat over the obstacles which beset it — pinnacles of ice about twenty feet high, mixed up together like teeth — he should have preferred that mode of travelling. In latitude 78° 10" he found on the islets quantities of deer- tracks, horns of deer, and during the summer geese found their way to the open water. The cliffs at the same date (the 20th of May) were washed by the sea. Therefore, he had no hesitation in saying that the northern part of Smith Sound, which was found washed by the sea, must agree with the line of cmreut that i>assed to the northward of his expeditionary party of 1852. On that occasion, going up Wellington Inlet, the ice suddenly came in and drove them into Northampton Sound ; but afterwards, on their sledge- journey, he got on to the summit of Exraouth Island, and saw the whole of the floe beneath him crumble into small pieces and move ofl" to the west, and he returned a distance of about eighteen miles in a boat, which he had previously traversed in a sledge over the floe. Therefore, he inferred that to the north- ward the ice is in motion much earlier than it is to the southward, for Barrow Strait is not open or navigable till late in August, and this was in May. Ob- servations had been made with regard to the food that people at the North prefer. It happened that during the winter, when he was certainly in a delicate state of health, although ptarmigan and hares could be found, he strongly I 1 22 EXPLORATION OF THE NORTH POLAR REGION. lit •* I»referml bear and walrus, and ho bt'llevearts un«ler water, would be constantly moving up the floe instead of travelling with it. He thought this great problem of the Polar region should Ije solved by England ; not agitated here, and the Americans allowetl to take the lead as they did in Japan. Among the names of eminent Arctic explorers, he was sorry that 8ir Francis Beaufort had not been mentioned. With regard to the health of the men, if the men were well examined before they started, he believed they would be in much finer condition at the end of the three years than when they set out. Mr. John Lubbock, President of the Ethnological Society, said Captain Osbom had hit ofl* in a few words the main ethnological interest of the exjjedition. There was no doubt the manners and customs of savage life, the simple yet complicated contrivances by which they carry on the struggle for existence, always had great interest for those who live in more civilised countries. But of late years the remarkable discoveries that had taken place with reference to the antiquity of man, the various questions which hsid been opened up by the researches of M. Lartet, had certainly thrown upon these questions an entirely new interest. As had been truly observed, man, in the earlier times of which we have any relics, apjtears to have been not only a savage, but a savage living under Arctic conditions. Therefore, the native tribes who might be observed in the projected exi)edition wore precisely those who would have the greatest interest for us at the i)resent moment. In the earliest voyages under- taken in the Arctic seas most interesting and valuable accounts had been given of the manners and customs of the Esquimaux, and even of the Arctic Highlanders who had been alluded to this evening. Still, there were many questions which we should like to have answered, and which, a few years ago, would not have occurred to anybody to ask. Most of those who had travelled among savages had brought back with them the more reniarkable specimens of their skill and ingenuity ; whereas, if we examined tlie remains which are found either in drift, or in the pile-villages of Switzerland, or in the shell-mounds of Den- mark, it is not the best weapons, those which have been made with the greatest amount of labour and skill, but the woret, those which were most commonly in use, and which could he most easily made, which are the most often discovered. It is therefore precisely those with which the ethnologist and archanjlc^st have principally to deal, which have met with the least amount of attention from tra- vellers who have had the opjiortunity of studying the manners and customs of modern savages. He happened to have in his jXHjket a very simple little flint implement, which is extremely abundiuit in all the places in which the remains of ancient man have been discovered within the last few years. This instru- ment is flat on one side, convex on the other, roimded off at one end, and EXPLOnATION OF THE NORTH POLAR REGION. 23 pointed at the extremity. It belongs to a type which is well known to archaH)logi8t8, and was det«cribed by ouo of our most eminent men in this dc|>artmcnt of science, as having probably had the round end tixed into a handle, s< ■ that the sharp edges might Ik; used as a knite. The general opinion had formerly l)een tliat the narrow end was put into a handle, and the broad end used as ascmpT ' >r the prei«iration of skins. This might have been a point for diw.uKsion lor now knew how it -IS used by tlieni. Thus one of the questions relating to the habits of the early history of man was satisfactorily solved. It might appear a very small jMjiut to know how a little bit of flint like this was used; but it is by these small ix>iDt8, by meat)s of these little glimmers of light, that we can alone ho]X) to obtain some information as to the mode of life of our ancestors in ihc earliest times of which we have any record. He trusted, therefore, if this exix,'dition should be carried out, that the attention of the explorers would be particularly directed to the simpler and ruder implements which they might find in use among the tribes they might visit. There was one little jKtint in the jtajier u|ion which he should like to have fiu-ther information. Captain Osborn said these fieople living so far north must evidently have had supplies of food all the year round. Now, he did not venture to question this, in a people living so far north ; but he thought it jjrobablc that supplies of meat were stored for future consumption. In these northern regions it is very easy to preserve meat ; it does not require to be hermetically sealed, or to undergo any diflieult pre- paration. Sir Edward Belcher had already described, in the Transactions of the Ethnological Society, some large stores of meat which he found under some Esquimaux habitations. This was an interesting point with reference to the remains of ancient man of which we have heard so much lately, because we must all be struck with the question, how it was that so large a number of bones should have been originally collected in these French caves ; and here we get a glimpse of exjilanation in the analogous state of things described by Sir Edward Belcher as existing in the habitations of the Esquimaux. Thus we see that in one year these jjeople could collect a sufficient quantity of food to last for a considerable time, and it might not be that game was plentiful in all seasons. Captain Hamilton stated that in 1853 he crossed over from Davy Island, where he had been wintering under Admiral Kellett, to Sabine Bay. He ascended the land to the northward, and after meeting Captain Richards and Captain Oslwru, crossed by Morton Channel. The ice all the way was evi- dently the formation of that year. I'his was in May and June. There were no tides or currents, nothing to show any undue pressure of ice on that shore. Sir Leotx)ld McClintock, who travelled to the westward, met with the same sort of ice ; and to the northward there was nothing to indicate any undue pres- sure of ice on that shore. From that it was to be inferred that there must be land to the northward. To the west of Paget Land the ice was of the heaviest character — indeed the heaviest ever found by an Arctic navigator. On McClure Island the ice was found eight or ten feet high. Mr. Clements R. Mark ham was glad, as the humblest of those who had ever served in Arctic expeditions, to have this opportunity of expressing his intense satisfaction in listening to Captain Osbom's paper. An exploraDou of the North Polar regions is now one of the greatest problems that remain for geographers to solve. What old Martin Frobisher said of the North- West Passage 300 years ago may now be as aptly said of the North Polar regions : — " It is the only thing in the world that is left undone, whereby a notable mind might be made famous and fortunate.'* Among the numerous ^loints of scientific interest connected with the Polar regions, he would allude to the ethnological point — the migration of races — and to the question how far north I" 11. 24 EXPLORATION OF THE NORTH POLAR REGION. -!i J' i' ■ ji II man had fixed his permanent habitation. When the Normans first discovered Greenland in tlie eleventh century, they found it uninhabited — a silent land. They dwelt there a century and a half or two centuries ; and then they appear to have been exterminated by a race of Skraelings or dwarfs, who were the Esquiniaux. Observations had thrown some light upon the direction whence these people came. Along the whole length of the Parry Islands, east and west, we found the remains of Esquimaux. It hapix;ned that just at the period that the Skraelings appear to have exterminated the Normans, Zenghis Khan arose in Central Asia and poured forth his hordes west and north over Tartary and Siberia. It is jiossible that the invaders may have caused a ])ressure on the i)eopIe of the north coast of Siberia, who wandered thence along the shores of Parry Islands, and, finding them uninhabitable, wandered on and on, unable to find a fixed habitation, until they arrived on the coast of Green- land. There they found a very difl'erent country, and one in which they could live ; and meeting there only a smatl body of Norman colonists, they exter- minated them, spreading afterwards to the south as far as Cape Farewell, and away to the north as far as Kane went. No importance was to be attached to an Esquimaux saying he believed there was no one furtlier north or further south ; because the Arctic Highlanders have no canoes, and therefore have no knowledge of inhabitants north or south of them. It is not at all impossible, therefore, that they may be found in small communities as far north as the Pole itself. This ethnological question is only one of the numerous interesting points which this pajier raises, and which the proposed expedition will throw light upon. Lor*^ DuFFEBiN said he had listened with the greatest pleasure, interest, and admiration, to everything that had been said, and, as far as his opinion was concerned, it seemed to him that the projected expedition was a proper object of national ambition. No difficulties of an insurmountable character appeared to present themselves, and if it were not that he had recently encumbered himself with trammels of a domestic character, he should humbly ask to be allowed to enrol himself a volunteer. Dr. DoNNET wished to add a few words with regard to the health of the ex- pedition which he had had the honour to lielong to. He served under Admiral Austin in 1850 and 1851. They had a crew of 180 men, and the expedition was away altogether about twenty months. Tliey lost but one man, and that poor fellow died frost-bitten. With resi)ect to the salubrity of the Arctic regions, he thought there was not the slightest objection to the proposed exploration on this score. The expedition to which he belonged had for food chiefly the salt and preseiTcd provisions which were supplied to the ships. Mr. John Cuawi^jbd had not one word to say except in the way of thorough approbation. Captain Osborn had given a most complete and satis- factory account of the projected exixjdition. He came into the room not per- fectly satisfied with his pioject ; but now he had heard the statements, he was thoroughly convinced and was prepared to advocate it wherever he went. With respect to the Esquimaux, they were certainly a remarkable p o I ^ ^ (-^ *M •** ^ 9 ^ • ri S CQ A a ^ E '^ MlB^ o ' ■ i O J N ' I; EXPLORATION OF THE NORTH POLAR REGION. 27 of 'Ji u »_J w^ o h— ( r— I u NM » l-r CZ2 Pi r o rr 'A CO H4 a" M <) » m M tt « BS ■< ^ k^H :» f^ g tf 92 c« H k^ Si'. O H ^ a ^ Cd o >3 > o o ^ OJ I-) « <1 E fl o I s a I .^ u o •s I I ig I I •/I ©'S .2 1 S g — a ^ -s -^ jntury inatioi ardar t er sol 01 o ■" CO ^ g s ^.s a *± . ♦> 3 .s:to a ^. - " — ^ J3 IS, Cm a » . o *;?oi3 flj ^ /3 3 4> a '-' * fe I 2 bo o -1 .2 t? -a .1^ 3 i? -5 S 5 ^ wi c _r w Ji-~ S 'S • ^ • 5 J2 o -c — • i> a * ~ ^ c 2 (s 2 D . • 2 2 o 4s a ., - j; ^ S >-» "^ "5 's a a -fl r (M .S a S bo a s cs ^ I F 2 P a -^ o i S i; ^ 5 la F *J rO ,£ S^-Sx! a 1^*3 -M O) ^ « a ■fi a •M .a «fo-^ " « 2 2 > (A SH a cQ ? bO -« ^ .2 X — to <-> 3 to ■,: .2- «< .5 5 "ra o -3 I" r- .5 s « - 2 •4-1 o o 1/5 28 EXPLORATION OF THE NOUTH POLAR REGION. 1^ ,11 S! I ■♦2 w H o >^ s (4 o ;> fit, o Ed n I 2 OS V U •c o 5 a a o XI o ■s a ■S ? 3 V o E <« S to 2 g ■^ "S .2 b-. a « - CO ^ a — » - t^ ■^ ^ ^ 9 ,4.1 .60 ■ ^^ S "^ "o .S p o 25 il 3 fl o ■s S2; o So 00 .So 3 so « .« -a = 5 « "a S o -S *^ ^ C •" J3 O O - o 00 00 I> a, -rj< .2 § t- .2 a'i Ul "S CI > 4) "^ n a S.2 < bO • tfi • a. o W fe a 00 a o •«^ bo a ^ T? s ■otf) "•"i 'TZ U ^-s -4^ rt 3 41 B itton, as on .64. 53 s 'Ji f 2 ^ ^ ^ a 6^5 W ►^ w 1 2 2 c bo •> ^ S« S -^ V CO 33 i, *3 g ^^ — ' 9 " « — Ji ^-' .S « -S ^1e " to - w a CO 3 - a "i 1 ^ ^ ^ :< o o 00 00 00 00 00 00 1 3 3 3 i P 5 1 a ■■n a M 9 St; a o,:a a, e.S- s* c3 § C ■* s S a a p.. » h s J e 1b O) s ■S B efl s w S t» tn C C3 is ^ ta b w S .0 o Sr 1-4 00 00 V. .fro- i 1^ R J^S 1 a O4 •P a 3 <3 a S :« h. hj EXPLORATION OF THE NORTH POLAR REGION. 29 o II •J) "^ *" d * .2 c25 r s U a .a e 2 a » s o re fci) 3 •c s S •o a s o 2 J a 2 >»■!.• Ilia, 5z; I I ^ Is V3 V I w a in a o CO o 11 K I i ll B s a o ^ a a o 5-s g a I ^ B 5 o ? 3 3 1 2 1 ^ ^ 00 >/s 00 S?5 « 3 o o p^ CO -I ^— ' 00 oCi CO 00 00 M CI 00 m X CI 00 !C §1 00 ^ o -<• to :5^ -s « '^ ^ 5^ leg 6 6 •J e<'/) B-3' -S^ wO ^ s' Pi 0^ a, .5 c .t* cc 2 m "5t« ^ (ft »s s «o <» CO 00 CO eo ao EXPLORATION OF THE NORTH POLAR REGION. 1-5 .^,4 to .a ! w U o » H o o H rO U Ik O » PQ -<) a V CO O 5 e o ■s s S5 s •a <41 .3 M es JS "S n 3 r/-i e •> n j: P- .-1 o n £ o bJ) o .a :S X 00 "^ _ O JS s o o o S "^ P 41 . C % o •2^ 18 56 • ? " «* 35 3 § « u bo •4-) Of eg a ^ * S o " — „ ® C .5 ^ _ __ .B 2 B sS "^ *" "3 m >^ t2 « bo -3 a m £ B 3 5 S s s o B .S 9 « a 0) ., 3 a if ^ 2 « ea ♦J Q O o 00 CO o 00 VI on 00 o o 00 -3 iJ E 1 .S •' '4-* D.-3 s s g^-= .S-!^' W M o a o 5 S -i > 0) 00 e« ai — ' >^ 3 OS i 1 I I o 00 jpI O d v « •4-1 f- CI . B o "+ i^ .u -♦-t C-1 o "b T ^ CO T-< m o :2 f-4 <— t ■O "^ O) O) ^ — ' X 4 V V V 1 *^ Vi >. >tf J ^^ m > 2L K a. - o r73 */i ^ ^ . ^\ r^ .-^^ ?< i^ V •■P ^ lO XT' ft. *l •■ ^ i5 > o ^ K. i w r-*' V- s ^ ^ ^ Cf ■/; X> a o K '^ . CO o 00 .a •3 s B 3 •3 I a o to a a .S* <^ p. .a . CO ^ 1-4 CO &-■ B.S- ft< CO -5 '5 &4 - ■^' -^ B _B S S 2 '^ ai 33 ft. ft. CO l>- II I' -* {; >V2 8 i to C4 ^ O 00 tu a ^ chan, Frankli Trent. 1^ O-^ .5 i^S ^ Capta Lieutc H H. ^v 00 "V ^H tiB 00 KXPLOIIATION OF THK NORTFI POLAR REGION. 31 4 v! :i '^ V V ^^ 'SV^ S V v 1 '*j Vi >. N« J3 U Tl > ^ w a. o C rn '/} ^. ^ . •- N • •^^ .^•< ^v 'X> <5 i?5 ■3 bc •- 5, O .S £ aT S ^ bO Si -5 J i. %> >-. CS •- *^ 2 _ r 3 .Sf ©■Ml- ^ © to .$ S O 01 o a t; CC' i3 a re o ••:: ■^ 2 -2 a a 2 S> S — h a ^ >» ©.« 5-J ■M So O 8 xr^ i I: 5 CO o CO cq a o o o CO o o o 00 To To o o 00 -^ -2 l m o 1— T) o +i s *3 O ^ S ti .3 &r 00 ^ -^^ es o o g CO --J £3 S ,£3 O d o goo ^^^ ^ d rd g CO 3 11 c?d d a d S 09 O es re o ^ 3^ i bOt- d t- m d tr- .d s .9 3 flu T" =^ a to u " .." 3 u v o 02 -2 a^ ■,5 CI a •2 ^ i o 1-5 SO =° CO s «3 O g .. CO I Cl -'I o 0I -3 bc ■*5 a u re o I** o o 00 a re CO »o 00 >o o lo ♦^ 00 •X '--i i^^^ f -•• JT -,„ a. LONDON: PBINTltT) BY WILHAM CLOV F.S AJ.1> SONS, STAMFORB STRRET, AVD CIIAKING CT0S8. i- 1%' fi. 1 " ■. i-l ::'