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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. rata 3 lelure. 3 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 ^ 1 • 6 ,«..,,— ^ ,.,s^:fc.#:^^|^^^ ?^p '■■> ,v P ^i r^-^f ^^^ 4^^jj f*^* .*^6^i>* 'i«* ^^ ■■.¥^f^ < i-^r'' . a ''r~N«v>^p^s»^Aiw^tD, ibt?. ** It is unquestionably the cheaaest periodical pubUcayo^'a^e WMent ti»e,ai;f[l a car^ery glance at tlie Index 4ill JtnffitM^ t« eftnviiicit ahy rmMi'm Hv i^istlce of fti claim to be'consi«lered by niocb the m.ost aiiinsingi^— BriftsJk PH0.J^e 14, 189D. ' ** Ti»e se lectioiit is made ^itbso inoob ;^adf ment, and tbere lieii^s |a 1 ^taken to aacliide every thing of aaiiapiaiMirRatnie, that we reeoaMsaQdlng Itia )|.9nni{anddid,,tDi|irefrrpnLf to cthoim "l^ 6r«t vi»bi«i« U <^oai|>«eti, and forms one of thn^ most tJMqoe, ^M^«^^i?||M , «g, andamnsiog volMRts that ever fell tiiroar lottopernsc; the caRtciits are l^ply ^ instractive l^tlia yeOoger braRohes of fikmfiies,^t^4it W^aMlaoa^Cf of delightftil ui4 moral enteillmibent to those atore ad^t^Rcad In yeaini."— efHttelbain AdNea^. «< We reconln->end this R!Otk to the jj^er^Rl «f yonlh^ aatf 'tbe'^^mi{Rage of the rich, it Mof |#Knaitt1>l|il%«t<^fitio« >in4^ :#pK'ii|«i|ltt peer to the cottager; andj^^ «ilt#|lb«foi^alM,Kl^^ mtcruiatteot, (witbll 1tN|pat»o ca«l>lS»^11%«c •hiltlRgs aatllixil^ any iJNtrk at the price s|4e*)ef bal,^ fAt*g^^^fMtl^.aur/^*^€imm^ This work, eai#Roiiib«r of which «o«tl!iiM.:9f ^eOilRiRi of ctosetir briittfd mai- te^ and c«ibclli^d[ witb fiiici^^liWB #i|NidV %^^ . SS5. StraiHl. -. " ■ ^ z %:■, ■^^.,.,:':- ' "^ ' ^ fldrilienfst vokn^ of T|i« Ml ^ion^ clli^ 06OfiJdiiimais of dcJRy - ^nM/Ietterwpi^, and 40 eB^ra«ifl|^, ittay bftb»d ceinplcteiiij ^rds, :prifie;CMiV6d. ■ m' ;-/.;. ■-"^v,;^ The Proprietors of THE MIRROR OF LlTBRATti|UB, jUif(J«£MBINf AND INS"! RUCTION, flaitereid aad saBcoM^nid lrraha«i:teR«ive ^traawe with which the work has beea honored, and anidoUt to give it new o)a}Ria to the Support •f the Public, propose to introduce oiceaeionaliy ILLUSTRATIONS OF THB PM.YS OP SHAKl^$ARE. Wvm DMOU^IOMfl,Hl9TQKICAI., CfllTJCAL, Alftt TOfOMjimiCAh. Of the lAHtty or intOfNit of l«A llla>ili«iteiiB, ft la nel neoiMa^'te ifNbak,ir« who that i»u read tbe description of Sfaakspeare's ClfifioKfaig Lepr, ha« Holt long< «o visit Dover, or at teait to aee a vtear *f a jjitaee to aiHA^ih tbe ■mkt t)i the P< who " was not for an age bot for all time" has given his iniperilhMiIo dltae t Aitd when we read of Jaiok Cade striking hTs VifOTA against LonN^Q witMSe, ' and ex- daiming ^'now is Mortimer Lord pf this Qity,"* we. sigh for soaie birformation - ratalingtoa circttinstance which 8l>id(S0ea>e that deeined worthy of noliee. ||JMy|b la order to supply this desidejratum that the I*r6prf etors are about UTOtHSinenee nfUr lUilfkratioBis of Shak9peare ; the first engraving will appear in the ieoorse of a few " wiiks.^PttbUahei by J. lauBiHB aad Sold by the Booksellers. vV* '^ ' # ;^! •*' =-§ ,1 r iflL.' 1 •* si .#■: the the lei ions •ertj. m. and JT. able Qtild «r.lhe wpcer {{eiHad iiinany %i t MBHf with apport 4 iai 1^1 BE. 1 Arid „ and ex rinatV of »ftwlSBf+ .# (w« ,Tn!5?!f' r •?>^> V. ~N V «5 H^lir Ultttov OF LITKRATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. N^o. LVII.] SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER. [Price 2d. HISTORY OF NORTH POLAR KXFUDITIONS. Before we proceed to an account of Captnin Parry's last voyage, we shall ffue asui;cinct history ot'the attempts of former voyajjers, to discover a North Polar passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This is one of the most iinporiantsreoe discovery of a North- West pas- sage to China, has by some been con- sidered as only one of the dreams of the philosopher, and by others, slighted, on the ground of the very questionable advantages that would result from it ; but we trust that neither of these objec- tions will prevent the British govern- ment from continuing to send out one expedition after another, until the pas- sage is either discovered, or it is ascer- tained that uo such passage exists. To a nation like this, such expeditions are honourable, even in their failure ; and, although they tnay not succeed in the main object for which they are sent out, yet the least successful contributes something towards a more correct know- ledge of the Arctic Regions, and thus paves the way for future discoveries. Such has been particularlythe case with the expeditions of Captain Parry, as well us in preceding voyages, of which we shall now proceed to give an account, in order to enable our readers to be- come perfectly acquainted with the progress of discoveries in those re- gions of perpetual ice. Before discovery had overturned the theories of philosophers, the seas in the frigid zone were considered as quite iHunanageable, and the lands such as no Vol. H. human being could inhabit. Such were the opiniouH of tte ancients, and they continued prevalent, until Mr. Boyle denied that the Pole was either the sole source, or the principle of cold ; and it has since been discovered, that there is a diversity in the element of the frigid, as well as the torrid zone. — (Miarlton Island, for instance, where Captain James wintered, lies in the most southern part of Hudson's Bay, and is of the same latitude as Cambridge, and yet the cold is nlmost intolerable, while the servants of the Hudson's Bay Gompany trade in places ten degrees nearer the Pole, and yet feel no such in- convenience; but to shew that heat and cold do not altogether depend on lati- tude, we need only state, that Moscow is in the same latitude as Edinburgh, and yet the climate is essentially differ- ent. We now proceed to an account of EARLY VOYAGES TOWARDS THE NORTH POLE. When the first prejudices against ex- ploring the Arctic Regions had been removed, others were started. The States General of Holland, at the in- stance of the East India Company, dis- couraged it ; and navigators who hdd fail- ed, themselves declared all attempts were fruitless. The discovery of America, by Columbus, was, however, one im- ])ortant step towards a knowledge of the Arctic Ocean ; and so early as the reign of Henry VHI. the possibility of reaching India by the North Pole, was suggested by Robert Thome, a m^-rchant of Bristol. In 1527, he wrote a letter to that monarch, and another to Dr. Ley, the king's ambassador ia Spain, strongly urging the attempt. " God knowelh," says he, in his me- morial to the king, " that though by it I should have no greai interest, yet I have had, and still have, no little mind ot the business, so that if I had faculty to my will, it should be the first thing that I would undertake, even tu attempt, if our seas northward be navigable to the Pole or nc." Thome's advice was neglected, and although Borne in his ^' Regiment of the Sea," printed in 1577, and George Best, a navigator, who accompanied Ee # J ^ 4 f J^<»iio/9 ( ««/ig imiminnun) ■■■ 416 THE MIIIROR. Sir Martin Frobliher, recomroended the project, yet no attempt wa^i made to explore the Arctic seas, until the year 1007, when Henry Iludsion was sent out by some public-spirited merchants of London, '* to discover a passage by the North Pole to Japan and China."— He penetrated as far as 8<). 23. latitude, when the ice and the land prevented his proceeding farther. Next year he was employed to attempt a North-East pas* sage, but was equally unsuccessful. These failures did not wholly dis- courage the London merchants, and in Ld09, the Muscovy Company sant out Jonas Poole, in the Amity, who made many accurate observations on tlte coast of Spitzbergen, and reached us far as 70. 50. when he was obliged to return. In 16 M, he was again sent out in the whale-fishery, but wilh discrt;- tionary power, to attempt discoveries to the North Pole, if he saw any pro- spect of success.* He reached the 80. of North latitude, when the ice prevent- ed his further progress, and he returned to the fishery of Spitzbergen, where he lost his ship. In the year 16U, Baffin and Fotherby were sent out on a new voyage, which was abortive, as was another by Fother- by in the following year; but though unsuccessful, he was by no means con- vinced that success wi>s unattainable, and. he recommended that the Muscovy Company should yearly adventure 150/. or 2001, for making further discoveries. Baffin, the accurate and authentic Baffin, made a second voyage, in a ship called the Discovery, which was fitted out by some merchants in 1616. It was in this voyage that he discovered Ihe Bay to which he gave his name, and the existence of which had become doubted, until it was fully confirm- ed by the voyage of Captain Ross, more than two centuries after Baffin had explored it. Hitherto every attempt at discover- ing the North Polar passage, had been made either by individuals, or by mercantile companies ; and so indiffer- ent was government to the subject, that it was not until the year 1773, that * In the Literary Chronicle, a peri- odical which has tward ; but although this labour was continued the whole Jay, the shijis were only moved about three hundred yards to the west- ward through the ice. Still the crews persevered, and on the lltli of August the ships'caniA to an anchor in the har- bour of Smeerenberg, close to .Amster- dam island, the westernmost part of which is Hacluyt's headland— a point regularly resorllid to by the Dutch fish- ermen, who bmled their whales down here. Captain Phipps liad a tent pitched on shore in order to make ob- servations: '* Opposite to the |)lacH where the instruments stood," says Captain Phipps, in his Narrative of the Voyage, " was one of the most remark- able icebergs in this country, about three hundred feet high, with a cascade of water issuing out of it. The black mountains, white snow, and beautiful colour of the ice, make a very romantic and uncommon picture. Large pieces frequently break off from the icebergs, and fall with great noise into the water : we observed one piece which had float- ed out into the bay, and grounded in twenty-four fathom ; it was fifty feet liigh above the surface of the water, and of the same beautiful colour as the icebtTg.' The wind springing up the vessels were able to get out of the ice, and on the '22>lof Aug. they set sail on their return, iUter, says Captain Phipps, hav- ing had '* tlie fullest oiiportunity of usceriaining repeatedly the situation of that wall of ice, extending for more than twenty degrees, between the lati- tude of 80. and 81. without tlie smallest appearance of any opening." Thus terminated the voyage of Capt. Phij)ps, the result of which led to a be- lief that 8U.i was the boundary of the navigable ocean, which, says Mr. Ba- rington. who was mucli disappointed ut the result of tlie expedition, •' is not a degree beyond the most common sta- tion of the Greenland fi»h>-'rie»." Go- verniuent suymed to ha disheartened, E C 2 'I ! s 420 THE MIRROR. tliouRh Bnrington was not, and nearly another half century wus suflered to elapse Ijefore luiy new altenint was mode to disrover a North Polar pas- saife. Thin was in the year IHIH, when two new expeditions were sent out to traverse those regions where ^^ Pale suns unfelt, at distance roll away, And on th' impassive ice the lightnings play," One expedition consisted of the Isa- bella of 3Ho tons, commanded by ("apt. John Ross, and her tender the Alexan- dria, commanded by Lieutenant Parry, who has since distinguished himself by two other voyages, in which he had the chief command. The other expedition consisted of the Dorotliea, a80 tons, commanded by Capt. Ruchan, and tlie Trent commanded bv Capt. Franklin. It is understood that Capt. Buchan's in- structions were to sail direct for thePole, but all that is l. 82. west, they were surprised by the appearance of several men on the ice. These belonged to the ])re- viou^ly unknown tribe of EsquimHux, and inhabit a couniry to which ('ap- tain Koss gave the name of Arctic Highlands. It is situated in the north-east corner of Baffin's Bay, be- tween the latitudes of 70 and 77. 40. north, and the longitudes of 00. and It.i. west, thus extending on the sea- shore for l':0 miles in a north-west direction; the breadth, where widest, does not exceed 20 miles, and to- wards the extremities is reduced to nothing. It is bounded on the south by an immense barrier of mountains co- vered with ice, which takes its rise • : latitude 74. 30., and extends to 70. north. The highest northern latitude reach- ed by the expedition, was 70. 57. when, on the 23d of August, they ' successively made out the north and south points of the land across the bot- tom of a bay, or inlet, which answered Baffin's description of Jones's Sound.' These they named Capes liardwicke and Caledon ; and, as a ridge of moun* tains was seen to extend quite across the bottom of it, it was determined there could be no passage in that di- rection, and they began to beat to the southward, where they made no new discovery, but confirmed the accuracy of Baffin. Captain Ross, finding that, according to his instructions from the Admiralty, as to the time of his leaving the ice, that he had but eight days re- maining to explore the remainder of Baffin's Bay, a distance of about 400 miles, one half of which had never been examined, he proceeded to that spot where he was led to expect the cur- rent, but he did not find the least indi- cation of a passage. He then traversed the rest of the bay, and came to this hasty conclusion, that in proving ' the existence of a bay from Disco to Cum- berland Strait,' he had ' set at rest for ever the question of a north-west pas- sage in that direction.' Captain Ross then left the ice, and reached Shetland on the 30th October, without losing a man, or having either officer or man on the sick-list during the voyage. It is to be regretted that so ptincli- ?^:? t/^~ THE MIRROR. 431 his interroursH ose Northern and (HI the Sd aad of July, of north lati- riiHt, when in longitude 05. prised by the men on the to the pro- f EHquimhux, :> which (.'ap. ine of Arctic iiied in the In's Rav, be- J Hnd 77. 40. s of 60. ond on the »ea- a north-west I'hire widest, les, nnd to- 1 reduced to I the south by lounlnins co- PS its rise • ; lends to 70. titude reach- ^'as 76. 67. August, tliey le north and ross the bot- ich answered les's Sound.' i Iiardwicke Ige of moun- quite across determined in that di- > beat to the ado no new he accuracy rinding that, IS from tlie ' his leaving ?ht days re- ;maiiider of r about 400 I ni^ver been that spot ct the cur- ; least indi- Mi traversed ;ame to this oving ' the CO to Cum- at rest for i-west pas- ipfain Ross 'd Shetland It losing a • or man on so piincli- I lious an attttntioa lo orders should bare been observed, since some of the per- sons in the expedition were of opinion that a passaKe through Lancaster Hound was not to be despaired of at the mo- ment when Gapt. Kowt turned back, and declared there was no passage. The Captain exp'ored Baffin's Bay to the distance of about 80 miles, when he fancied he saw a connected chain of mountains at eight leagues distance, to wliich he gave the name of Croker's Mountains ; but that he was mistaken, was proved by Capt. Parry, wlio in 'i>s first voyage Mailed over these moun- tains, and penetrated about four hun- dred miles beyond them. The moun- tains are now therefore converted into a bay, to which the name of the Secre- tary to the Admiralty is still given. But though the expedition failed of its object, Capt. Ross was enabled to make some contributions to science ; he brought ».ver some pieces of me- teoric iron, and a quantity of red sno?i', on which our chemists have hitherto been unable to decide as to the means by which it is coloured. He met witli a tribe of Esquimaux, with whom Saccheuse opened an intercourse, after considerable caution on their part. Tliey first, says Capt. Ross, In the Marralive of his Voyasre, pointed to the h'jis, eagerly asking, " What great creatures those were ?" " Do tliey come from the sun or the moon?" •• Do they give us light by night or by day?" Saccheuse told them that he was a man. that he had a father and mother like themselves; and pointing to the South, said that he came from a distant country in that direction. To this they answered, " That cannot be, there is nothing but ice there." They again asked, " What creatures these were ?" pointing to the ships ; to whicli Saccheuse replied, that " they were houses made of wood." This they seemed still to discredit, answering, " No, they are alive, we have seen them move their wings." Saccheuse now inquired of them, what they them- selves were ; to which they replied, that they were men, and lived in that direction, pointing to the North ; that there was much water there, and that they had come here to fish for sea uni- corns. Among other amusements afforded to the ofticers and men on board, by their trials on the inexperience of the na- tives, was the effect produced on them l)y seeing their faces in a magnifying mirror. Their grimaces were highly entertaining, while, liku monkeys, ihuy looked first into it, and then behind. In hopes of finding the monster w'dch was exaggerating their hideous gestures. A watch was also hild to the ear of one, who supposing it alive, asked if it was good to eat. On being shewn the glass of the skylight and binnacle, they touched it, and desired to know what kind of ice it was. During this scene, one of them wandered to the main hatchway, and stooping down, saw the Serjeant of marines, whose red coat produced a loud exclamation of wonder, while his own attitude and figure did not less excite the surprise of our tars, who, for the first time, dis- covered some unexpected peculiarities in the dress of the natives. Another party of the natives after- wards went on board, and Capt. Ross en- deavoured tu discover the nature of their amusements. "One of them," he says, '■accordingly began inunediately to dis- tort his face, nnd turn up his eyes in a manner so exactly resembling the ap- pearance of 1 p'Tsonin a fit of epilepsy, that we were ("Mviuceii this accident had happened, ti -d 1 was abo.it to call for assistant fr(/in llie surgeon. I was, however, soon undeceived, as he imme- diately proceeded to execute, in suc- cession, a variety of extraordinary ges- tures nnd attitudes, accompanied by the most hideous distortions of countenance. Like the similar amusements of very different climates, these contained the indecent allusions which are well known to form an essential feature in the dance of many nations, in other respects far advanced in civilization. The body was generally in a stooping posture, a\id the hands resting on the knees. After a few minutes, the performer be- gan to sing ' Amnah ujah,' and in a very short lime the second performer, who had been looking at the other in silence, began, as if inspired, to distort his face, and imitnte the indelicate alti- tude of the first, and soon after to sing as chorus, ' Hejau, hejuu.' Afier this had continued with increasing energy for ten minutes, the tune was suddenly changed to a shrill note, in wliich the words • Weehee, wechee,'' were ut- tered with great rapidity. They then approached each other, by slipping their feet forward, grinning, and in great agitation, until their noses touch- ed, when a savni^e laugh ended this ex- traordinary performance." We now come to by far the most im- portant of nil the North Polar expedi- tions in point of scientific discovery ; •^ » ►*^*|« '/ 1 *n THB MIRROR. CAPT. PARRY'S FIRST VOYAGR. The fnilure of Capt. Ross's expedi- tion, so far from discouraging tlie Bri- tiiih government, seems to liave given it a new impulse, and scarcely liad he returned, when another expedition was determined on, the command of which was Riven to the sub-commander under Captain Ross, Captain Parry. Two vessels, the Iletla and the Griper, the first commanded by Capt. Parry, and tlie latter by Lieut. Liddon, were pre- pared with all the strength that naval nrchiteciure could devise, and with a due regard to the comfort of the adven- turous crew, most of whom had been in Capt. Ross's expedition ; their waives were dou))le the ordinary pay of the navy. The official instructions to Cnp- tain Parry were to proceed to Davis's Straits, then to Lancaster Sound, which he was to explore, and, passing through it, proceed to Behring's Straits: but if he failed in passing this way, he was to proceed to Alderman Jones's Sound iin bleak and ication of was tlie the spot deathlike ed only by lie distance in tile open of intense e. C.iplain n distinctly ion tone of e ; and ho iseir, as he at even a Another ly less cu- viis felt so niles, lee- peded the F'ebruary, )5. below ivere cold Harbour ; ised them- and beat- vas the in- theslight- d from ex- erson well r was per- ivinter, a ntificpur- A ser- lis endea- losed his lie opera'- he after- r in much been, in y cause of unconsci- rature of tlirenheit, was at lion, and uige ap- tly hard, I inflexible, colourless, possessing a de- gree of translucency, exhibiting more the external chara(;ter of pieces of scul|)tured marble, than those of ani- mated matter. They were immediutely [»luui?ed into the cold bath, where they continued for upwards of two hours ere their flexibility was completely reco- v«red : the abstraction of heat had been so great, that tiie water in contact with the fingers congeiiled upon them, even half an hour after they had been immersed. During the cold application, a considerable degree of re-action took place, attended by acute pain, from which the patient became so faint and exhausted, as to necessitate his being conveyed to bed. In less than three hours, very active inllaminalioii had su- pervened, extending high up the arm, and soon afterwards each Jiaiid, from the wrist downward, was inclosed in p, bladder, containing upsvard of a pint of viscid serous fluid. There were, however, three of the fingers of one hand, and two of llie other, in VthicU tills vesication did not form ; they con- tinued cold, and perfectly insensible ; and whilst arterial action was power- ful, as far as the first joints of ths se fingers, the vessels of their extremi- ties were in a perfect state of coUap- sion. During the employment of anti- phlogistic remedies to reduce the inflam- matory symptoms, various stimuli were used ineti'ectually, to restore animation to the fingers: when the inflammation began to subside, a separation took place between the dead and the living parts, and eventually the amputation of them became necessary. Some of the seamen, weary of the monotony of remaining so long cooped up, set out on a ramble to a considera- ble distance and lost their way. One of these, whose name de- served recording, Peter Fisher, scratched the initials of his name on a stone, and, though absent four dajs, returned quite in good health. When asked what he had lived upon during his absence from the ship, he replied, " lived upon, why the Duke of Wel- lington never lived so well. We had grouse for breakfast, grouse for dinner, and grouse for supper, to be sure." Here tht; crews remained until May, when they began to cut the ice round the Ilecla, which was got afloat on the 17th of that month, in the beginning of June, Captain Parry, accompanied by some of the officers and men, set out on a journey across Melville Islaiu. (so called by himself on disco\ering it) and returned on the 15th by a diO'erent route ; game was less abundant .in the interior than near the shore ; but as the weather got warmer the sportsmen be- cauie more successful, .-xnd during the period of nearly twelve months that tha ships wintered iliere, three musk oxen, 24 deer, (58 hares, 53 geese, 59 ducks, and 14-t ptarmigans were obtained. Capt. Parry had now penetrated to the North-west as far as latitude 74. 26. north, and long. 113. 46. ; he first, however, mad- an accurate survey of the new region he had discovered, which will be found laid down in our Map under tht name of the North Geor- gian Islands, with the names given to them, as well as to the harbours, &c. by Captain P".rry. Hining traced the ice from the longitude of 114. to that of 90. without discovering any o|)ening that promised a hope of penetrating to the southward, Capt., Parry determined to return to Kigland. In his course he made a general survey of the we->teru coast of Haffiirs Bay. lie also opened a communication with some Esquimaux who lived near the river Clyde (see the Map), and bartered several articles with them. They were strictly honourable in their dealin(;s, and of mild habits; they were short of stature, and did not differ from the Esquimaux in general. Their tents, vvliicli compose their sum- mer habitation, were principally sup- ported by a long pole of whalebone fojrteen feet liigh, the covering of which was formed of skins. The grown-up females, says Ci ntain Parry, in his Narrative, measured Itoiu four feet ten to four feet eleven inches. Their features were regular ; their complexions clear, and by no means dark ; their eyes small, black, and piercing; teeth beauti:ully white and perfect ; and although the form of their faces is round and chubby, and their noses rather flat than otherwise, their countenances might, perhaps, be consi- dered pleasing, even according to the ideas of beauty which habit has taught us to (ntertain. Their hair, which is jet black, hangs down long and loose about their shoulders, a part of it on each side being carelessly plaited, and some- times rolleil up into an awkward lump, instead of being nr.atly tied on the top of the head, as the Esquimaux woiP"n ill most other parts an- accustomed .o wear it. The youngest female had much natural baslifulness and timidity, and was considered to be the only unmarried one, as she dill'ered from tlie other three in not being tattooed upon the face. Two of them had their hands tattooed also, and the old woman had a iM THR MIRROR. ) \ I few mark! of the tame kind Hbuut each wrist. None of the men or children were thus distinguished. The dress of the men consists of a neal-skin jacket, with a hood, whicl. >s occasionally drawn over the head, of wliich it forms the only coverinjj. The breeches are also generally of seal- skin, and are made to reach below the knee, and their boots,, which meet the breeches, are made of the same mate- rial. In this dress there was little difference from that of the other Esqui- maux, except that the jacket, instead of having n pointed flap before and be- hind, as usual, was quite straight be- hind, and had a sort of scollop before in the centre. In the dress of the wo- men, there was not so much regard to decency as in that of the men. On the 9th of September, Captain Parry took leave of his new acquaint- ance, and directed his course home. On the 29th of that month he landed at Peterhead, a sea-port town of Scotland, with Captain Sabine and Mr. Hooper, and set off in the coach to London, where they arrived on the 3d of No> \ember. Of all the voyages to the Arctic Re- gions, that of Captain Parry was the most valuable, and it gave him confi- dent hopes of ultimate success. The discovery of an outlet from Baffin's Bay into the Polar Sea, and the circum- stance that the sea was studded with numerous islands, were highly cheering, although experience has long since proved that the navigation of the Polar Sea can never be performed with any degree of certainty. Scarcely had Captain Parry returned and arranged his Narrative for publi- cation, when new expeditions were planned. Captain Parry had suggested that the new attempt should be made along the coast of America, and endea- vouring to enter from the Atlantic to the Polar Sea through Cumberland Strnit, Sir Thomas Rowe's Welcome, or Repulse Bey. One advantage such a course offered was, that the conti,g^ui- ty of the land would afford great fici- lity for preserving the lives of the crews incase of seriouj or irreparable accidents happening to the ships. Tliese suggestions were attended to by the British Government, and Captain Parry wns sent out to ascertain the North- Polar passage, in the direction he had suggested. Earl Bathurst thought it might not only be serviceable to the in- trepid navigator, bu. desirable for the benefit of geographical and hydrogra- phieal science, to ascertain the actual Eosition of the mouth of the Coppermine liver, and the trending of the Polar Sea to the eastward of it. With this view Capt. Franklin.who was with Capt. Flanders and Capt. Ruchan in their voyages, was sent out on an overland expedition for that purpose. CAPTAIN FRANKLIN'S EXPE- DITION. If the naval expeditions towards the North Pole have been more perilous, they have not exceeded in personal suffering and fatigue that of Captain Franklin, of whlih several particulars have appeared in the Mirror. In No. 26. we gave a memoir of this distin- guished officer. In No. 27, we insert- ed an account of the Dog-rib Indians discovered by him, with an engraving ; and this was followed in No. 31, by a view of the Falls of Wilberforcn, with a description. Our notice will now therefore be principally scientific. Ntither the route to be observed, nor me object to be attained by Cap- tain Franklin, were new projects, for in the years 1789, 1770, 1771, and 1772, the Hudson's Bay company sent out Samuel Hearne on three successive journeys to the Northern Oceaii, ♦* for the discovery of the Coppermine Ri- ver, a northwest passage, and other purposes." His first expedition, -com- mencing Nov. 6, 1769, was terminated in a month, the natives robbing and de- serting him. His next essay was com- menced on the •2SA of February, 1770, when lie tardily pursued his course un- til the 11th of August, where having broken his quadrant, he again returned. The third journey was began in De- cember, 1770, when Mr. Hearne, pur- suing a more westerly course, reached the Coppermine River on the 14th of July, 1771, which he relates to he full of shoals and falls, hardly navigable for a boat, and that it empties itself into the sea over a riilge or bar. Some of Hearne's conjectures, and a Cape called by his name, will be seen in our Map. In the years 1789 and 1793 Mac- kenzie, whose name will also be seen iR our Map, made some voyages from Montreal with a similar object as Hearne, but he went almost entirely by sea. He embarked June 3, 1780, at Fort Chepeywan, in lat. 68. 40. N. long. no. 30. W. navigated the lake, the Pearce River, Slave Lake, and down Mackenzie River to the sea, so rapidly with the current, that he reach- ed the ultimate point of his journey on the I2th of July. Here he landed on the Ifth of July, »t lat. 69. 7. and dis- 'i i 'i THE MIRROR. i97 f & 3 covering nothing but ic« extending from South-West to tlie Eastward, ha returned. explain Franl^lin. accompanied liy Mr. Hood and Mr. Back, two midst)ip> men, and Dr. Ricliards.on. as surgeon, left England on the 23d of May, 1819, and reached York Factory on the shores of Hudson's Bay on the 30th of August. Ob the 0th of September, Captain Franklin and his party em> barked, and going about G9U miles by water, reached Cumberland Houso on the 9th of October. As it would lead us too far to dwell on tliis expedition, we shall merely give an itinerary of its course. Though now winter, he set out over land, an'l performing a journey of 857 miles with the thermometer, sometimes 50. below zero, arrived at Fort Chepeywan on the 26th of March, 1820. Nothing could exceed the misery of travelling, not only from cold, but from hunger and fatigue. On the 18th ...' July, the whole party left Fort Chepeywan for the northward, in the hope of reaching Coppermine River before the winter set in ; but nu- merous impediments pre ented their getting so far, and they \ ere obliged to fix their winter quarters on the 20lh of August at a place about 550 miles from Chepeywan, at Fort Enterprize, in lat. 64. -26. and long. 1 13. 6. W. The Canadian voyagers who accom- panied the expedition, and who, when at the Company's forts, have eight pounds of animal food each per day, got disheartened when they had but one scanty meal a day, and that of but a few ounces of fish or deer's flesh. They were therefore compelled to con- tent themselves for this season with making an excursion to the head of the Coppermine River, in Point Lake, about sixty miles to the northward. While they remained here, the thermo- meter was sometimes 67 degrees below zero, and the party destitute of ammuni- tion, and their blankets, &c. all being spoiled, it was determined that Lieut. Back should return to Fort Enterprize to obtain supplies. This Journey was performed on foot between the ISth of October and the 17th of March, when he returned to his friends, having dur- ing these five months travelled I1U4 miles in snow-shoes, and had no co- vering at night in the woods but a blanket and a deer-skin, although the thermometer was frequently at 4U, and once 57 degrees below zero, and some- times passing two or three days with- out food. On the 14th of June the ice was constdered as sufflciently broken np to admit of its being navigated by canoes. They then set out, and arriv- ing at the Copper Mountains, near the foot of which the river flows, the canoes stopped to allow a party to land. At this spot the Indians determined to quit the party. Home of the Canadians also wished to return ; they were alarmed at the idea of launching on an icy sea in bark canoes: and indeed it was a perilous enter|)rise, and such as none but British seamen would have risked. However, on the 21st of July, 20 peo- ple, of whom 15 had never seen salt water, launched upon the rough and chilly hyperborean ocean, in two mi- serable birch bark canoei), with no mora than fifteen days consumption, and with a voyage before them of 1200 miles at the least. In these canoes Captain Franklin navigated the Polar Sea, round Cape Turnagain, as will be seen by a reference to our Map. The re- turn was attended with greater hard- ships than the journey ; and their sole food for several days was tripe tie roche, a species of lichen, which grows on the rocks, or dried skins ; however, on the 14th of July, 1822, Capt. Frank- lin arrived at York Factory, and thus terminated his long, fatiguing, and dis- astrous travels by water and land, in- cluding the navigation of the Polar Sea, of five thousand four hundred and fifty miles. We have no room to dwell on this journey, but shall insert a brief no- tice of the snow-houses of the Esqui- maux at Fort Churchill, as Captain Parry met with similar ones in his last voyage. Capta! 7ranklin says, " The winter habitations of the Es- quimaux, who visit Churchill, are built of snow, and, judging from one constructed by Augustus to-day, they are very comfortable dwellings. Hav- ing selected a spot on the river, where the snow was about two feet deep, and sufliciently compact, he commenced by tracing out a circle twelve feet in di- ameter. The snow in the interior of the circle was next divided with a broad knife, having a long handle, into slabs three feet long, six inches thick, and two feet deep, being the thickness of the layer of snow. These slabs were tenacious enough to admit of being moved about without breaking, or even losing the sharpness of their angles, and they had a slight degree of curva- ture, corresponding with that of the cir- cle from which they were cut. They were piled upon each other exactly like courses of hewn stone around the eir- mm mm 1 418 THB MIRROR. I cle whtch was traced out, and care was taken to smooth the bedsof thediflereut courses with the knife, and to cut them so DS to give the wall a slight inclina- tion inwards, l)y wliich contrivonce the building acquired the properties of a dome. The dome was closed some- what suddenly and flatly by cutting the upper slabs in a wedge-form, instead of the more rectangular shape of those below. The roof was about eight feet high, and the Inst aperture was shut up by a small conical piece. Ti.e whole was built from within, and each slab was cut so that it retained its position without requiring support until an- other was placed beside it, the light- ness of the slabs greatly facilitating the operation. When the building was CO 'ered in, a little loose snow was thrown over it, to close up every chink, and a low door was cut through the walls with the knife. A bed-place was next formed, and neatly faced tp witti slabs of snow, which was then covered with a thin layer of pine branches, to prevent them from melting by the heat of the body. / c each end of the bed a pillar of snow was erected to place a. lamp upon ; and lastly, a porch was built before the door, and a piece of clear ice was placed in an aperture cut in the wall for a window. " The purity of the material of whicji the house was framed, the elegance of its construction and the translucency of its walls, which transmitted a very pleasant light, gave it an appearance far superior to a marble building, and one might survey it with feelings some- what akin to those produced by the con- templation of a Grecian temple, reared by Phidias; both are temples of art, inimitable in their kinds." Of one of these iiouses the following is a correct ground plan, with explana- tory references to all the apartments in an Esquimaux mansion : A. steps; B. porch; C. passage; D. for the reception of the sweepings of the house, a sort of Esquimaux dust-hole ; E. F. G. antechamber, or passage; H. cooking-house; I. pas- sage ; K. for piling wood upon ; M. fire-place built of stone; L. cooking- side ; N. house ; O. door ; P. clear space in the apartment ; a. r Island, which had also a straight leading to the Westward into a large open sea ; and which, they said, was only two days' journey across the land from Repulse Bay, The West side of the Bay tliey could not approach on account of the ice, until the end of August, when it broke away, and Capt. Parry proceeded up a Strait about 60 miles, until he came to heavy ice, which had not broke up. Parties were sent away to the Westward over the ice, but the farthest extent they could reach pre* sented nothing but a sea totally covered with ice. Capt. Parry steered along the coast to the north, but could not penetrate farther than the longitude of 82. 50. and latitude 69. 40. Several inlets were explored, but none of them af- forded a passage, and the ships passed a second winter near a small island, in 81. 44. west longitude, and latitude 69 21. north, which is pointed out in our -Map. The ships were moored about a r In distant from each other, where they remained locked in the ice from the 24th of Sentember, 1822, to 8th of August, 1823. They had pre- viously entered a strait leading to the westward, in hopes of an entrance, hut were stopped by the ice ; and after remaining a month waiting for its breaking up, which was not the oase, but on the contrary, beginning to freeze more severely, they took up their win- ter quarters. When released from the ice last September, Captain Parry determined to return home, and after a very bois- terous passage, in which the ships had nearly been lost, both vessels arrived at Lerwick, in Shetland, on the 10th of October ; on the 16th fhej reached Whitby, where Capt. Parry, Lieut. Hoppner, and the Rev. Mr. Fisher, the Chaplain, proceeded to town, where they arrived on the 18lh of October, to the great joy of their countrymen, who had despaired of th'Mr return. Swch is a brief summary of Captain Parry's last voyage, and it was neces- sary to complete our history of North Polar expeditions, which we trust will be found to be a clear, connected, and ^^^^^^^^"^^^^^T^i^^tf^-' ^^^^^-__ 430 THB MIRROR. Intelllgtb'.a oarratlT* ; tod, with the aid of our Map, will exhibit all the divco- veries that have succeKHively been made from the time of Baffin to the present day. We know we might have ampli- fied the subject much, but we were de- termined to give the whole in one num- ber, and we shall sow occupy the small room left us, by a few anecdotes con- nected with Capt. Parry's last voyage, for which we confess ourselves in- debted to the Lilcrary Gazette and the Literary Chronicle, the only Journals in which any thing interesting on the subject has appeared. During the win- tering of the vessels they were visited by some tribes of Esquimaux, who do not materially ditfer from the Esqui- maux noticed by Capt. Franklin, and other navigators ; indeed, the descrip- tion we have already quoted would serve for them. They came down in the usual man« ner of savage tribes, by an unexpected movement, uttering a loud and shrill shout, advaucing closely upon the ships, armed with bows and arrows, and formed in straight lines of 40 or dU each. Behind them were their dogs and women, with canoes and sledges. The frankness of communi- cation observed towards natives in their situation was practised towards them. Capt. Parry and some of his principal officers, not more than four or live in number, advanced towards them, arm- ed, but with demonstrations of friend- ship and confidence. They were well received, and a mutual good under- standing was the consequence. They then came towards the ships without hesitation entirely unarmed, one of them carrying an old man on his back ; on coming on board, they looked round, either with the most stupid indifl'er- ence, or were struck dumb with asto- nishment, as they had never seen a ship before, nor indeed a man, besides their own race. They exchanged any thing they had for whatever was ofl"er- ed thenj, and received presents with extreme delight, jumping and shouting in the most hideous manner when any thing was given them. They are peaceable and good- natured, exhibiting marks of con- siderable intelligence, but without any signs of a knowledge of the Supreme Being. An Esquimaux bespeaks his wife when a child, and has a feast when he marries her. Their funerals are, as may be expected, simple, the body being interred either in the snow, or in a trench dug in the (ground. Poly- gamy is allowed among the Esquimaux. Thty often eat raw flesh, bat lonie" times cook it. One dity an Esquimaux brought to the Hecia, a deer's head, which had just been taken from its body: one of the crew purchased it, and asked the ship's carpenter for a kettle lo boil it in, for the purpose of getting the flesh off easily, in order to preserve the tkutl : the kettle, having had gas-tar in it, re- quired cleansing, but, from some un- accountable mistake, the head was put in and boiled without that necessary preparation; the stench arising from the tar annoyed the whole of the ship's crew, and as it was conceived by the owner of the head that it was unfit for his purpose, he gave it back to the per- son he bought it of, when the latter gorged the flesh with ravenous appe- tite, and seemed to relish it as much as if boiled in a clean utensil. Notwithstanding the rude habits of the Esquimaux, and their seclusions from all civilized society, they are still an ingenious people, and their clothing and implements display considerable skill in the manufacture. Among the specimens brought home are jackets with hoods, and trowsers with boots, the former of seals' and bears' 8kin8,an(i sewed with great strength and neatness, their needles being made of bone, and their thread of mosses. The upper gar- ment resembles a smock-frock, with a tapering skirt, and has a hood, iu which the women carry their infants ; but the dresses of the men have the hood also, and the trowsers and boots are alike for each. In very severe weather the natives wear a double set of garments, the furs being next the skin and outwards — the fleshy sides of the two hides coming together. They use immensely long whips, with great dexterity, made of hides, and plaited extremely well ; the thongs are as thick, at the large end, as a man's thumb, ta- pering oif gradually, and terminating with a single lash of the same material. The children have them for their amuse- ment, and the whole tribe crack their whips in a style superior lo French pos- tilions. To try their Bkill in manufac- ture, a piece of lignum vitse was given to one of them to make eye-shades, a kind of screen for the eyes, in some de- cree resembling spectacles in shape, but with mere crevices to look through. The artist soon returned the eye-shades, neatly inlaid witli ivory, much to the satisfaction of tiis employer. From children they are accustomed to use the bow and arrow, and are consequently TH£ MIRROR. 431 >ufflit to lich had one uf ksked the lo boil it I the fle«h the tkull : [in it, re- pome Ull- was put Jiecessary ling from Ihe ship's Id by the I unfit for • the per- khe latter >us appe- much as labits of eclusiona r are still clothing isiderable inoiig the 3 jackets ih boots, skins, and neatness, pone, and pper gar- k, with a hood, iu ' infants ; have the lud boots y severe aubie set next the f sides of r. J'iiey ilh great I plaited as thick, limb, ta- minuting natei'ial. r arause- ick their nch pos- nanufac- !>s given lades, a ome de- shape, hrough. shades, 1 to the From use the quontiy I dexterous arcbera. The bows are formed of two pieces of horn tiei together in the centre, and their spring given by the lashing on of the sinews of the rein- deer ; the arrows are made of wood, of which also some uf their spears are formed, but wood is extremely scarce, and a majority of their iipears are formed out of the horn of the narwhal, or sea unicorn. The sharp points of their instruments ^re generally made of a hard kind of stone or slate. Of the spears we have seen, one is of wood, with three prongs of bone, for striking fish below the ice, and is skilfully con- trived: and another is the horn of a narwhal reduced to a convenient thick- ness for handling. From the above it appears that they entertain a belief in certain spirits or superior beings ; but their notions con- cerning thorn are extremely rude and vague. This was displayed by the Angekok or Conjuror, of whom we have spoken. This great man was, after much entreaty, prevailed upon to exhibit his supernatural powers in the Captain's cabin of one of the ships. He was accompanied by bis wife, and began his operations by having every glimpse of external light carefully ex- cluded. Still t>>e fire emitted a glim- mering, and this was covered with a thick mat; so that at length all was utter darkness. The Angekok then stripped himself naked, and lay down upiiK-'tJhe floor, and pretended that he was goTit^o the lower regions where the spirits dwell. His incantations con- sisted of hardly articulate sounds, not appearing to have any meaning attach- ed to them, but to be the muttering and whining of strange syllables. He also practised a kind of ventriloquism ; and modulated liis voice so as to give it the effect of nearness and greater distance, in the depths to which he wished it to be believed he had descended. This farce lasted about twenty minutes ; and on the re-admission of liuht, the actor gave an account of his adventures, and of what the spirits had told him. As a proof of the truth of his facts and the rea- lity of his colloquies, he produced several stripes of fur which one of the spirits had fastened on the back of his skin-coat since he went down— which, indeed, his wife bad been busily stitching un during the dark performance. Yet, by such fables and impostures he maiiitaiu- ed his sway over his ignorant country- men, who implicitly credited his inven- tions and powers. The latter were consequently invoked upon all import- ant occasions. Thus, for example, when they became scarce, or rather when the evil genius took away from the waters and the earth to her caverns beneath, the animals which constitute the principal food of the Enuee, our Ange- kok was employed to bring them back again. This he accomplished, agree- ably to his own story, by the following means : He called to his assistance Torngak, his familiar and a friendly spirit, iu company with whom he jour- neyed to the realms below, to combat with the evil genius. With this aid. Aid by his own address, he vanquish- ed the enemy, and forced her to submit to his decrees. He then cut off the lower joints of her four fingers, and im- mediately the bears were released, and found their way to the upper regions. His next operation was to cut off the second joints, by which the seals were liberated. The excision of the upper joints performed a like service for the walruses ; and finally, by amputating the hand, the whalers were freed tu revisit the shores of the Esquimaux. — To substantiate the truth of (his grand exploit, the bloody knife with ^vhich the deed had been done, is produced, and the re-appearauce of the bears, seals, walruses, and whales, infallibly fol- lows. The Esquimaux had several dogs, of which we reserve an interesting account for a future Number. Nothing excited so much surprise to the Esquimaux as the loadstone and a scaramouch, which one of the sailors h.id. To see the loadstone attract needles, was an object of unceasing surprise, while the dancing of the scaraniouch,when they pulled the string, was a source of never-failing delight. The Esquimaux, who in the begin- ning of the intercourse were very re- served, soon became communicative, particularly the women, with whom chastity is not a virtue. These females are not, it is true, the most lovely objects in nature. Their features are disagreeable, and they have long and harsh, but exceedingly black, hair. We have been shown a map drawn by one of them, (a remark- able instance of intelligence), in which she represents two islands to the north of the second winter's poi^'ion of the ships, and others in different directions, giving rather sonorous names to them all. The nearest on the north is several days' journey across, and the roaming of the Esquimaux tribes is confined to these islands, a» 'rS4 TFTE MITIROR. they nfvcr venture upon the conlin-nt. Kvery family has a sliMlire, iiiid i»ene" rally ftvf or six doj^s, with wliirli they travel with great ease, and hunt. They say that their race orij?lnally sprung from a benellreiU (Vinale spiiit; and that from another wicked feiniile spirit are descended tlie oilier thn-o creatnres who inhabit tho <'arlh, iiinii»ly, thf Itkali, or Indians ; the Ciiblunrc, or Kiiropeniis ; and (after lonf? hesita- tion before they would express it) llu' Dofis whic'lv they drive! The ltl5, Strand, (East end of Kxvter Hhnnife); and told by aU Newsmen and Booknellers— Printed Ity '/'. uof.nv.iav. Strand. pi ih of rai to tici but ofi Wii and I •I I decit publi tifand POSM jibrai H Is Ooi £ngra will OG £ngrai Is in tl ATunbei OnSA Al ovt: PRO* with a ne '4i" ■^m ^-^..mf 'W •"■•■",flPi«»''»"»«IiPi*lipp 5".' 5* » I R B »^ lWc«««,„e|„j « MWftihinn , . '«'o-Pe«ce), e,nbel1i,i,ed with u-lil'-E?"" •' 'l"« BriU.I. .i.„ 1 , ""'<«» of « , ■-- ... Hie norgjy Jtach number of printed «„ Fine pa ,Y ***".' *'>'t'»obost'iir»'i.T-""'","*"»" *>ith lllu.V, 'ftvlngs, TyP«. aad on Fine Pape?.^ ''** /^*»'»^>'«. in Octlvo Mei^.I'''^?^- ' »aony printed Wm^r-' lAmbircPs British Cla9§ic$. ThA Piriit Pari of Limiiiro's Bbitiiii ClasbicIi. printed aniMriiAr nrlth Ike RritlHli NovelUt, and equally embelliRhed, in puhlUlied, priov Eitin*Patt0B oad* Uinlng GOLDSMITH « ESSAYS, with 'riire«> KngrHviugH on Wnod Olhcr WurkH are In the pruMM, and will hf nroduci*d In reguli r nuecouldl, .vlMP they mny either be purchaMod complete, or in Weekly NiUnibern. ^ Every Saturday in publivhcd, Pric« Two-PbncIs, The Cabinet of Curios; OR, wosTBams of tbs woma aMsvx.A Pormiag a Miieellaneiioni aeleetion of Miraouloai Cveuti } ExtrpMi«dimfy PanishmenU } Hoaxes ami Imposlurea ; Aneedetei of Longevity ; HeMaAliM* wreck! ; Eocenhic Bio{(raphr ; llie WoDtlers of the Creation; the Book of DWayfli';.'' Book of Oiant* ; Hair* breailtb 'aoapes ; (Maaitroas Lhaaeea; aad noVlag aoofdMts Iff Flood and Fiitid ; formiDg " A world of woaders where creation itjcaii "No more tli Pri|Mr Each Hand ; Illustrated with Engravings of the various Pens Used in "^It which are annexed v irections shewing the proper manner of tiaing the Strong Hands: with many useful Observations. — Price Sixpence. MURDER OF Mh. WEARE. This Day is published, very closely printed in Octavo, price Two-fience^ ea- belli shed with Four Views, viz. 1. The Lane where the Murder was «(WittittM4 2. Probert's House— 3. The Fish Pond— 4. The Pond where tlfls Body of WEARE, was discovered. ^ A faithful Narrative of the late Dreadful MURDER of MR. WEARE nil Murder which stands ofone in the Criminal Annals of the Conntiey, for the eilila blooded manner in which it was planned, executed, and afterwuroa treated hfvkft guilty Parties. With an Account of the Thurtells, Hunt, and Prdbert. wid^Vftry Circumstance relative to this horrid Transaction. — Sold by SMEETOji, l». Arcade, Pall Mall, and all Booksellers and Newsmen. LIFE AND DEATH IN LONDON ; or, the Keleidscope of ViU«iiqy^0e- sci-ibiHg tlie various Cheats and Frauds, daily committed in the Metropi^I'vof Enfi^land: w?tb Plates, price Sixpence. THR CATECHISM OF BOXING, which will enable the Pupil more, r* t% attain a perfect Knowledge, than any 1* reatise hitherto Publisied* Prifl V \ %v rV<)>.— \ •'vi^''