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Little or noth- ing is known of this portion of the coast of western North- America previous to the year 1776. wheii that great circum- navigator. Cai)tain Cook, visited and explored its shores. At that time the country was divided among savage tribes of Indians, who from time immemorial had held undisputed sway over the land. The ascendancy of the Indians, however, has long since waned and they are now fasc disappearing from our midst. DISCOVERY AND 1C.\RI.V 111 STORY (>K THK r.\cii"ic. Much romantic interest attaches to the historv of the discovery of the Pacific Occaii in the i6th century. .Spain was then in the very zenith of her fame as a miglitv maritime nation. lUit the lustre of iier glory Vias about to be dimmed and later totally eclipsed by i'.ngland's risinj; naval power, which in after years was destined to astonish and awe the world. The .Spaniards were undoubtedly the pioneers of discf'very on the I'aeitic Coast and their exi)lorations were the re- sult of endeavours to reach India by a western rdute. \ ague accounts, too. of tile wealth of China and Japan liad come to the ears of these hardy adventurers, and they determined to monojiolize the commetve in tli" ^old. silks, spices and ])reroduced in fabulous (|uantities bv these countries. .Stories of .S])ani>^h successes on the I'ac'lic Ci^ast readied llie siiore.> of I"ng- laiid and incited the sturdy seamen of tliat nation to visit these waters and take a liand iii tiie game there being played. Expeditions under well-known com- manders were fitted out and despatched to the Pacific, more it must be confessed in the hope of reaping a rich re- ward by ]jillaging Spanish settle- ments than with any peaceful intention of exploration and discovery. These grim old privateers harried the .Spanish Main, striking terror into the hearts of their enemies. Their names have been handed down in many a legend of blood and fire. P)Ut the narrative of their ad- ventures is too well known to be rejjeated here even though space permitted. The Pacific Ocean was di-scovered by \'asco Xuuiez de lialboa in the year 1513. l">om that date the work of exploration and discovery was continued at intervals. In 1532 the Spaniards fitted out an ex- pedition under the command of Grizalva and Becerra. which succeeded in sighting the peninsula of Lower California. In 1535 the famous Cortez took possession of this peninsula in the name of His Catholic Majesty. .\ little later Spanish settlements were established on the coasts erf .Mexico and from one of these an expedition was despatched in 1342 to explore the coast to the north. It is claimed that this ex])edition reached the vicinity of the 43rd parallel and discov- "rerfoid. In virtue of a Pa|)al bull, conferring on I'erdinaud and l.riti«li sidnects to settle in an\ countrv not in the actual occupatitm of another Christian nation. This i)olicv having iieen otficialh lio- tlw., 9M 58 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. clared by Queen Elizabeth. Sir Francis Drake, with the sanction of the authori- ties, started on his historic voyage to the Pacific with the object of harassing the Spanish fleet, which had hitherto held undisturbed control over the western coast of America. In 1577. this heroic buccaneer, who was the first Englishniaii to navigate the Straits of Magellan, sail- ed from Plymouth on his adventurous quest. Drake, after hardships and losses likely that this daring Englishman, whose romantic adventures will always live in the annals of British seamanship, paid very much attention to objects of less practical concern. His sole aim was to return safely with his plunder. With this end in view, rather than run the gauntlet of the Spaniards to the south, whom he well knew were burning to re- venge the indignities suffered at his hands, Drake decided to return by way of the northwest passage, in the exist- :J^.y*. ■..-«,^^* HudHon'R Bay Company's Steamor Beaver. The Beaver arrived at Astoria on April 4th, 1H,S6. which would have broken the spirit of a man less brave and determined, reached the Pacific and sailing north discovered California, which he named Nevv Albion. His voyage, however, was not prim- v.r''v one of discovery, but n;ade rather witii the object of pliuidering the richly laden galleons of '^pain returning with spoils gathered from the ancient cities of South America, whose inhabitants were treated with such refined cruelty by their Iberian conquerors. It is, therefore, un- ciicc of which he, in common with the mariners of his age, had a. firm belief Eventually he was forced to abandon his attempt and return by way of tiie Phil- li|)iiics aiul the Cape of Good Hope, thus completing the first voyage round the world. The precise parallel of latitude reached by Drake on his northward voyage has been the subject of much discussion, more particularly in coiniection with the Oregon boundary. The chaplain of the B. C. BEFORE CONFEDERATION. 59 expedition specifies that "the height of forty-eip'ht degrees" was attained. It is impossible, however, to ascertain at this late date the exact spot arrived at by Drake; but it is aUogether probal)lc that to him belongs the distinction of liavint;' been the first to lay claim to the land be- tween the 43rd and 48th parallels of north latitude. While reviewing the early history of the Pacific Coast, it would be improper, even in such a cursory resume as the present, to pass without notice the story of the first reputed navisatif)n of the channel separating the Mainland of Brit- Queen Charlotte Sound. De Fuca im- agined as he emerged into these waters that he had passed from the Paci- fic to the .Atlantic and accordingly claimed to Ije regarded as the discoverer of the celebrated northwest passage, the search for which has only terminated in recent years. Interesting as the account of this voyage must always be it is never- theless somewhat mythical; although, in justice to Juan dc I'uca, it is but fair to state that in tlie light of modern research the story of his voyage has met with acci'])tanoc among tliose who have stud- ied the carlv histurv of these waters. If H: \ t W'eck of the Beaver, Brockton Point. ish Columbia from the Island of Van- couver. It has been assorted that this voyage was accomplished by a Greek named .\postolos Valerianos. better known now as Juan de Fuca. In an ex- citing narrative published in 1625 by one Michael Lock it is set forth that this Greek, having been commissioned by the Spanish Governor of Mexico to explore these northern waters, entered tho strait which bears his name, sail 'd through the Gulf of Georgia, and, having navigated safely the intricate passage to the north of the latter, at last reached Cook, in his third great voyage, hav- ing, of course heard of the voyage of fuan dc I'uca, determined once and for all to dispose -^f any doubt in regard to the existence ot the sheet of water claim- ed to have been navigated by the old Greek pilot. He therefore examined the const with nnich care as far north as the 48th parallel. Finding no opening cor- responding to De Fuca's description, he gave up the search and declared the story of this reputed discovery to have been altogether fictitious. Cook then continuod his voyage up the coast. Da.« 173491 «0 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. ing on his way north the entrance to th • very strait in the existence ol whicli he had averred his entire disbeUet. During the i8th century the British and Spanish prosecuted with more or less vigour the work of exploration along the west coast and many expeditions were despatched with a view to obtaining information concerning those wild, un- known waters. In 1774 Juan Perez set sail from Monterey on one of these ex- ploratory surveys. Heading north he passed without notice the entrance to the Strait of Fuca and on the i8th of July sighted the Queen Charlotte Islands. On his homeward journey, it is alleged believing that the latter was the one in vogue among the natives. As previously mentioned, in the story of Cai^tain Cook's great undertaking, which was given to the world in 1782, we have the first authentic description of an important part of the coast of British Columbia. Although Juan Perez had preceded Cook, yet little is known re- garding the results attained by him owing to the fact that the records of his discoveries were never made public by the Spanish Government. Beyond the knowledge that Perez discovered the Queen Charlotte Islands and anchored in the viciiiitv of Xootka Sound, Oovernmcnt Housi;, VIctoriii, destroyed by tire in May, 1899. by Spanish and American writers, he discovered Nootka Sound, and anchored in a bay named by him Port San Lorenzo, in honour of the Saint on who.se day it was discovered. Some years later Captain Cook visited this spot, which he named King George Sound, after the king who had done so much to encourage among his subjects the exploration of far distant and little known lands. Cook, however, subse- quently changed the name to Nootka, which latter place was destined at a later period to play an important part in the history of this coast, we have little information respecting his expedi- tion. In succeeding years Captains Portlock and Dixon, Lieut. Meares, and many other traders and navigators, all more or less well known, vis-ited and explored our coasts, many of whom have bequeathed to posterity interesting and valuable ac- counts of their adventures. B. C. HEFORK CONFKDKKATION. <;i by In the year 17S8 Mfaris citcU-cI at Nootka a small building, which he forti- fied against tin- Indians. Ik- then pro- ccfdtd to the Strait of juan de I'uca. leaving a portion of his crew to con- struct a small vessel to he used for trad- ing purposes. This little sloop, christ- ened the "Northwest-America," was the first vessel ever constructed in the coun- try nortii of falifornia. It may be inter- esting to add that it was built by the aid of Chinese carpenters, being, in all pn/l> abilitv, iIk' lir.-t instance (jf Mongolian employment in our Province. I'rom thi., lime on, Xootka derived some import- ance from becoming the rendezvous of Spaniards determined to put a stop to all encroachments. .Martinez was or- dered to proceed to Xootka and in the name of .Spain take possession of the Soinul. Trouble arose between Mar- tint'/ and t'olnett and lludson, who had lieen sent thither by .Meares under the r.ritish tlag. kinally, their ships, the IVii'.cess I\o\al, the Argonaut, and the .\orlhwest -.Xmerica. were seized and their cargoes placed on board the Si)an- i>>li shi])s of war. C'olnett was arrested and suffered many indignities at the hands of his captors, and, later, was sent to Mexico, where he was at last liberated b\ order of the \'iceroy. The piratical old Post Ollici' ami (usImhi Ilousr, Victi>riii, thirty yi'urs ano. the traders, who had already begun to fre<|ucnt these waters for the puri)ose of procuring the valuable fur of the sea otter and other animals, in which a large and lucrative trade was soon established. The Si)anish authorities, who claimed the sole right to navigate the Pacific on the northwest coast of America, becom- ing aware of the visits of the various traders, sent an expedit!>)n in 17SS in command of l-lslinez Martinez and flon- zale-; TIaro to obtain information regard- ing the reputed depredations of these ad- venturers. In the following year the action of the Spanisii commander, as soon as it became generally known, evoked the greatest indignation amongst the lintish people. In an inconceivably short space of time a large fieet was as- sembled and for some months the whole civilized world was in suspense and an- xiety as to the issue. Eventually, how- ever. Captain \'ancouver was despatched in charge of ihe ship Discovery and the brig Chatham to determine with th.^ Spanish Commissioner what indemnity should be made to the British subjects who had suffered on account of the tin- 02 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. toward action of the emissary of tiie Spanisli Government. It was in connec- tion with this difficulty that Meares pre- sented to the House of Commons liis somewhat celebrated "Memorial on the Nootka Affair." The Spaniards evcr.Ut- ally relinquished their extravagant claims, war was averted, and British su- premacy was finally and lirmly estab- lished. In addition to the official business up- on which he had been despatched, \'an- couver was directed to explore the coast of the Pacific from the 35th to the 6oth parallel of north latitude, and id keep a look out for the northwest passage. He was particularly ordered to examine into the open waters of Queen Charlotte Sound. Ariving at Nootka, Vancnuver and the Spanish Conunander, Ouadra, compared together the notes and charts of their voyages through the Strait of i'uca; and it was agteed between ihcin that the great island which that arm of the sea separated from the American continent should bear the names of both. And thus it appeared on maps and charts for many years as the Island of Quadra and X'aucouver, although the former name has now been dropped, and it is known to the world simply as Van- couver Island. Vancouver departed on his homeward voyage in iJtM- Ihn-ing the years lie t( e H t II a t 1 1 S o s f: v The old Jail, Bastion S(i\iare, Victoria, sim-c pnlietl down. with great care the Strait of Juan de Fuca." After a futile search for the mouth of the Columbia River, which was subsequently discovered by Captain Gray, after whose vessel this magnificent river was named, Vancouver proceeded to survey the Strait of l-'uca. On the 22nd of June. 1702, as he was returning from Jervis Inlet he met the Sutil and Mexicana, two Spanish men-of-war, in cotnmand of Galiano and Valdes. Van- couver received a most courteous recep- tion and information was exchanged in the most friendly manner. Then separ- ating, Vancouver threaded his way through the islands of the Gulf of Geor- gia and Johnstone Strait, sailing at last spent in the northwest American waters he was indefatigable in prosecuting the surveys, for which his name has since be- come justly famous. The explorations which he carried to such a successful is- sue have not been excelled by any other navigator. They were faithfully and thoroughly performed. The charts and plans drawn under his direction will al- ways stand a lasting monument to the patience and industry displayed by this great navigator, often under very ad- verse circumstances. Vancouver died in Mav, 1708, completely worn out with bis labours, before his report was quite fin- ished. Tt is impossible in the space allotted 15. C. BEFORE CONFEDERATION. to tliis article tf) discuss at atiy Ifii^th. nr even mention all those "forgotten wortli- ies" who pave their time, and too often their lives, in explorinjj this coast. In many instances their only monuments are the names which they have left scat- tered up and down the shores of tlie Pacific. There is much to be ad- mired in the characters of tiiese rug- ged old sea dogs who braved the dangers of the unknown deep in their frail ves- sels, with scanty accommodation, and faulty instruments, in the vague endea- vour to satisfy the restless, adventurous prosperous communities alniig thediast of N'orthwest America. THE IIUDSOy's H.\Y COMl'A.W AND COLONI.M. I).\V.S. '{"he histor' of the (iieat N'orthwest from Hudson's r>ay to the Tacilic is in- dispolubly linked to that of the powerful corporation, which for so many years guided the destinies of this great wilder- ness. ( )n the i<)th of .May, i't<)<), Charles Tf. conferred a royal charter on the "The Governor and ("oinpany of .\d venturers of I'ngland Trading into the irudson's Uovernment House, New WeaUninater, in 1860. spirit working within them. The spirit of the age in which they lived imbued them with a love of travel anil adventure, which resulted in discoveries of vast im- portance to all mankind. The search for the northwest passage, the desire for new and rich do- minions by the rulers of the Old World: covetousncss for the trade in the rich furs so greatly prized by all civilized nations; the thirst for gold; these were the potent causes that led to the explor- ation of these northern waters and re- sulted in the establishment of free and Bay." This immense concern received many rights and privileges, the vast im- port of which was scarcely thought of when the grant was made. By the terms of the charter, provisions were made for the election of a governor, of a deputy governor, and a committee of seven mendjers, who were to have the directii n of all voyages, sales, and other biisiness of the company — for the elec- tion of new members — and for holding at particular periods a general court uf the company. The first company and their successors were made lords pro- 64 TIIK B. C. MININ(} HKCORD. priotors of tlu' torritoriis wliicli ha«l been (^'rar.ti'il tluMii. liuldiiij^ tlic lands "in fft' and ronniioii socam'. and not /// cd/^ili', nr l)y knij^dit's service;" and tlu-y win' cin- powi'R'd to make laws and re^jjnlations for tlie j,'ovennnent of tluir possessions, wliieli may "l)e reasonai>lc, and not con- trary or repiif,Miant, but as near as ma\ be apreeable, to tlie laws, statutes, and customs." of l'".n;,;land. The wliole trade, tisliery, nnvij^ation, niinends, v'tc, of tl.e countries under their control was j.jrante i to the company exclusively, all others of the Kinjj's subjects beinj; forbidden ti) Majesty's plantations or colonies, in Amrrica, called Rupert's land." Thui; it will be seen that the llud.son's Hay Company possessed by its charter almost sovereijjn powers over the portion of America ddly enough this village exists to-day in sad contrast to the state- ly pile of ( lovernmeut buildings a few himdred yards distant across the water. The Indians hold treatx rights with re- gard to the reservation wl'.ich the var- ious Ciovermnenls of the Dominion have felt it incumbent upon them to respect, although it would undiiui)tedly l)e better for all concerned if the Indian reserve cotdd be shifted to a more suitable lo- cality. In 1S4S a grant of \'ancouver Island was made to the lludson's I^ny Com- pany upon the condition that active measures should be taken within five years towards its colonization. The step.'^ taken in this direction, howi-vcr. failed to prove very successful, and be- yond the somewhat prosperous st.'ion and farm at \'ictoria, a trading jmst at I'orf RuptTt. and a small si'ttlcmeiit at X.anaimo. little use was made of \ an • couver Island by llritish colonists. By the deed of grant from tlie Crown, previously referred to, the company were allowed absolute control of the Colony of \'ancouver Island for a period of ten years, from January, 1S4O. (hi the exe- cution of the document. Mr. Richard P.lanshanl. an English barrister, received Tier Majestv's commission as tirst ( iov- ernor of the Island. lie had a peculiar and ditticult mission to perform in es- tablishing constitutional government in a land little more than ;in imes])lored wilderness. .Mr. IManshard arrived in \ ictoria in .March, 1H50, and, it must be confessed, tli.it he received a somewhat ruck awakening with regard to the coun- try over the destinies of which he had come to preside in his gubernatorial ca- p.icity. Victoria was .-.imply at this di.'e a very .--mall trading post with scarce!,, 1 soul residing there who was not oniiected with tlu llud- son's IViv' Couii)aiiy. There being no Covcrntneiit house or other lodg- iiij.' - t apaiL to r c^ive him the newly- installed tjover;ior was compelled to re- main on board If. M.S. Driver during her stay in die colon}-. One of the ( lover- nor's tir.-* official acts was to appoint Or. John Sebastian llelmcken a magistraie of the colony. This is our first introduc- tio.n to Dr. llelmcken, who w.-s for vears .so intimately and honourably connected with our early history. I'nforttuiately fn.-m the very first fric- tion occurred betwen the Ciovernor and the officials of the company, which, per- haps, was not altogether to be wondered at, when it is considered that he was ap- pointed in direct opposition to the ex- pressed wishes of the chairman. .Sir John relly, who hafl desired the appointment for Chief b'actor Douglas. After a residence of two years in the country His Excellency, Governor lilan- shard. who. it is only fair to state, had always endeavoured to discharge the du- ties appertaining to his high office con- scientiously. resigned his commission. I!e left for I'.ngland by way of California mi II. M.S. Daphne in ."September, iSst. I'.e- fore, leaving, however, he appointed a Council of tliree to carrv on the Covern- ment of the Island until a new appoint- ni'Mit might be made. This Comicil was comiiosed of Tames I^ouglas fSenior ^.femlierV James Cooper, and John Tod, ,-d' of whom rendered distinguished ser- vice to their adot)ted country. Thus ended the first chapter of the colonial historv of A'ancouver Jsland. Xolhing of any g-reat note happened during Covernor T^>lansliard's regime with the cxceiUion. perhaps, of some de- predations committed bv the Indians in th ■ neighbourhood of Fort Rupert. V runboat was despatched, however, to the scene of the disturbances: the law- 66 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. breakers were punished and peace and Older restored. Governor Blanshard, while he may not havo been exactly fitted for the dif^cult position to which he liad been called, was, undoubtedly, a very intelligent and able man. It must be bonie ui mind by his detractors, that during his brief sojourn in the colony he enjoyed wretched l)odily health, and, therefore, was often unable to give adequate atten- tion to public affairs. The j-oculiarity of Mr. Blanshard's situation as pioneer Governor necessitated that he should unite in himself the functions of execu- tive and judge. In the latter capacity he was chiefly oc- cupied in adjusting differences between the company and i their servants. It | must be added that the few independent ' settlers expressed great regret at the j departureof the first ' Colonial Governor. .SIR JAME.S DOUGLAS. There is one fig- ' ure who will always stand forth clearly and distinctly in the annals of our Prov- ince. Reference is, of course, made to His Excellency, Sir James Douglas, the second Colonial Gov- -- ernor of Vancouver Island. Endowed by nature with re- markable administrative ability and a forceful and energetic character he was in eveiy respect admirably fitted to perform the task of found- ing in a far distant and little known land thriving settlements and establish- ing tiierein tliose i)rinciples of political lil)erty and religious freedom that have always distinguished British colonies. While, of course, it camiot be expected that all his official actions were marked with the same keen insight and sagacitw yet, it is but just to say that he was al- Slr .InmeH Ddiik'.ik ways guided by a stern sense of duty and a love of justice. Mis eminent mer- its were recognized by all who lived un- der h's wise and beneficent administra- tion. In his capacity as a private citizen he "wore the white tlower of a blameless life." The personal appearance of Governor llcjuglas was very striking. Me was a fine specimen of nature's nobleman — tall, broad-shouldered, muscular, with a grave bronzed face, yet kindly withal. His stalwart figure was a familiar sight in the early days as he walked down the streets of Victoria followed at a respectful dis- tance by his order- ly in uniform. Many anecdotes are related of this sturdy old represen- tative of Her Majes- ty. One at least may bear repeating here, well illustrat- ing, as it does, his great coolness and readniess in mom- ents of danger — qualities which often stood him in good stead, when white men were few in these regions and the Indians by no means the harmless individuals that they have since become. On one occasion, when in command of an outlying trad- ing post, his sub- ordinate officer be- came exceedi'igly alarmed over the behaviour of the Indians, who had for .some time past displayed symptoms of rebel- lion. Becoming more violent than usual the savages forced their way into tlie enclosure itself. Rushing to Sir James the oflicer reixtrted. in a very ex- cited manner, that tiie Indians were in possession cf the fort, and re(|uested ])ern;ission to call the men to arms to re- pel the expected attack. But to his com- ])lete surprise his superior officer (juietly remarked in those measured and delib- P^cvr B. C. BEFORE CONFEDERATION. ()7 I eiate tones so characteristic of the man: "Give them a little bread and treaole. Mr. Finlaison; g\\c them a little bread and treacle." .Strange to relate this rem- edy southed the turbulent crowd, when, in all probability, the entire j^arrison of the fort would have been unable to ac- complish the desired end by resort lo arms. Many illustrations might :)e given, but space forbids. Sir fames Douglas received his com- mission as Governor of Vancouver Island in November, 1851. For several years, however, on account of the sparse- Finlaison, and -Mr. John Tod. In 1856 in accordance with his m: tructions, lie called togetiier the lirst Legislative .\s- sembly of the ccjlony. b'or this purptjse the Island was divided into four elec- toral districts, \ ictoria, l".s(iuimalt, .\a- naiuKj and S(joke. 'J'he.se constituencies returned seven members between them, viz.: J. D. I'emberlon, James \'ales, i'.. E. Langford (who some time later gave place to J. W. .McKayj, Thomas Skin- ner, Dr. J. F. Kennedy, John Muir, and Dr. J. S. Helmcken. The .\ss(.inbly met for the despatch of l)usir,ess for the first =iiSi3te:ri.i_-:dfe:v^ K»-:i\i- nt:s. In 1853 the total population df the whole Island di hastily bu'lt in the days of the gold ex- citement. From that time Victoria has in- iT(;,-ed in si?.e and importance, until .it nrcsent. its suburbs stretch niik"^ distant from the site of the old fort. The old landmarks are fast disappearing and few- would recognize in the modern city of ;o-d;>v t''e rude backwoods trading post of fifty years ;igo. In 1858, at the request of Lord Lytton, .Secretary of .State for the Colom'es. Sir TniiH's T^'otiglas severed his coimection with the Hudson's P.av Company, as it was deemed incompatible for him to at- tend to the duties of lK)tli Ciovernor and \ 70 THE B. C. MINING RECORD. Chief Factor, cspcciall> as it was feared that the interests of the Hudson's Baj' Company and the Imperial (jovernment miglit sometimes clash. ( )n the ,2nd of September, 1858, the Crown revoked tlu ])rivileges of exclusive trade with the In- vlians f^ranted to the Hudson's Bay Com- pany some twer.ty years previously, and an Act to provide for the government of British Columbia was passed by the House of Commons. In the same year Sir James Douglas was appointed (iov- ernor of the new colony thus created. Mo was duly sworn in by Chief Justice Beg- bie (afterwards Sir -Matthew Baillie) at Fort Langley. Sir James now divided his time between the two colonies, build- ing' roads and bridges and attending to other matters of importance. In spite of his increasing years he was almost ns active as ever, making tours throng! 1 the country and reporting thereon to tlie Colonial Secretary. Lord Lytton, who al- ways exhibited the liveliest interest in the welfare of the two colonies on tlic Pacific. . In 1863 Sir James Douglas's conmiis- sion as Governor of Vancouver Island lapsed. In that year he received the honour of knightliood in just recognition of the great services which he had so faithfully rendered. Mr. Arthur Ken- ncy was appointed Governor of \'ancou- vcr Island in his place. In 1864, Mr. Frederick Seymour was appointed to succeed Sir James is (iovcrnor of the Colony of British Col- umbia. In the same year the latter re- tired from public life, and many were the nianifestations of regret and found expression on the severance of his con- nection with official affairs. Thus we take leave of the strongest personality in the liisto-. y of our Province, to whom we are indeiHed for the peaceful establishment of constitutional government in this dis- tant part of the empire. Sir James died in 1867, full of years and honour. It might be said in conclusion that 't has been altogether impossible to more than refer in most general terms to a few interesting points connected with the earlier history of British Columbia. Manv well-know-n names and many im- portant events have been left unmen- tio!ied, not for lack of appreciation on llie part of the writer, but simply because It is impossible to cover the whole ground in an article