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C>^^^^-^v< >' C9 . 
 
 A TALK ABOUT WINE 
 
 ■'■^^M)^^" WHAT IT IS; 
 
 <A 
 
 -'V ,■" 
 
 ITS USE AND ITS ABUSE, 
 
 V:' 
 
 v: , f"' ' "- v; » '.' '!'" 
 
 BY 
 
 .^v:'f'' G' CRAWFORD, 
 
 ■ 7 ■;■■.*, 
 
 Tilsonburg, Ontario, Canada. 
 
 .,Af 
 
 NOVEMHER, 1878. 
 
 FRKK I'RKSS PRINTING COMPANY, RICHMOND STREET, LONDON, ONTARIO. 
 

 i 
 
 
 ■It. 
 
 . »■ 
 
A TALK ABOUT WINE 
 
 V/HAT IT IS; 
 
 ITS USE AND ITS ABUSE, 
 
 BY 
 
 G. CRAWFORD, 
 
 Tilsonburg, Ontario, Canada. 
 
 NOVEMP.ER, 1878 
 
 FREE I'RESS PRINTING COMPANY, RICHMOND STREET, LONDON, ONTARIO. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 • 
 
 I liave iiev(3r seen anything written upon the .subject of 
 v;ine, irom tlie point from which I present the followint;? 
 thoughts : — 1 know ijuite well that I am not tiualified to say all 
 tliat miglit he said upon, the subject, nor (3ven to present 
 my thoughts in tlie most acceptable manner; but T 
 think the time has come wlien the public mind should be 
 directed in some way to the very grave question, Is wine an evil 
 or a good i a curse or a Idessing ? Tlie ])Cople sliould be 
 trained to examine the matter for themselves. 
 
 My connection witli the wine industry ol (Ontario, since 
 the year eighteen Inindred and sixty-seven, lias led me into 
 conversation with a great many persons in difierent parts of 
 Canada, upon the subject of wine, in which! have given 
 expression to some of the thoughts contained in these pages. 
 I have been asked to put my thoughts into print, 1 now 
 respectfully dedicate this tract to the people of Canada, 
 and ask a charitable criticism, hoping that some <me better 
 ipalitied than I am may be induced to treat the subject in 
 a more cumpreluMisive manner, my only object lieiiig to 
 "Vindicate the ways of (Jod to Man." 
 
 Cr. CKAWFOKD, 
 
 TlLSONIiVIM, ONT., 
 
 November, 1878. Canada. 
 
fl 
 
^ ^klk ^bout Wine. 
 
 Tlie discussion that has been carried on for some j^ears in 
 Canada, upon the subject of temperance, has brought pro- 
 minently before tlie public mind, tlie f[UCstio1i, Is wine an evil 
 or a fjood ? a curse or a blessincj ? 
 
 In order to understand the matter, it is better to know 
 what wine is. In every dictionary, large or small, the 
 meaning given to tlie word wine is, '•' the fermented juice of 
 the grape. " When other wine than that made IVom the grape 
 is meant, the term must be ([uali tied by having the fruit from 
 which it is made prefixed, as currant wine, gooseberry wine, Sec. ; 
 but the word wine alone, can, from its root as given by 
 Webster, mean nothing less nor more than the fermented juice 
 of the grape. 
 
 The express of the grape is viust, not wine, until it 
 ferments, which it will do within a few days after the grapes 
 are pressed, as naturally and as jiositively as milk will become 
 sour. Nature has given to imist this power or (quality of its 
 own preservation within itself, namely, tliG germ of fermenta- 
 tion, and it is simply impossible to prevent the .juice of the 
 grape from fermenting, except by adulterating it to such a 
 degree as would render it unlit for any purpose. 
 
 We have the record of wine for more than three thousand 
 years. Let us inc^uire how it has been used. 
 
 In the Scriptures there are two kinds of wine spoken of, one 
 a pure natural wine, given as a blessing to the human family. 
 
the other a mixed wiue, spoken oC as an evil, and its use 
 prohibited. I shall further examine into and mark the 
 distinction. 
 
 OF PURE NATURAL WINE. 
 
 The worship of God, (hiring the time of the Levitical law, 
 consisted largely in sacrifice, of whicli wine formed a part. In 
 tlie 29th chapter of Exodus, where the appointment of the 
 morning and evening sacrifice is recorded, it is commanded 
 that wine should be part of the sacrifice " day by day con- 
 tinually." In the 15th chapter of Numljers, where the law of 
 sundry offerings isr given, namely, " free-will offerings," an 
 " offering in your solemn feasts," it is commanded that -wine 
 should be part of the sacrifice, not occasionally, "but hencefor- 
 ward throughout your generations." 
 
 When Christ was about to offer himself as the great 
 atoning sacrifice, he ordained and commanded that bread and 
 wine should be the symbols of that sacrifice. 
 
 In many instances in the Scriptures wine is used as a 
 figure to lepreseut the richest blessings of the gospel. In 
 Isaiah, 25th chapter, Gth verse, it is said: — "And in this 
 mountain shall the Lord of hosts 7iiake unto all people a feast 
 of fat things, a feast of wines on Jie lees, of fat things full of 
 marroM', of wines on the lees well refined." Also in the 55th 
 chapter, 1st verse : — " Buy wine and milk, without money and 
 without price." 
 
 Wine is frequently used as a figure to represent the most 
 bountiful temporal blessings. Isaac said to Jacob, Gen., 27th 
 chapter, 28th verse, " God give thee of the dew of heaven, and 
 the fatness of the earth, and plenty of corn and wine." In 
 Joel, 2nd chapter, 24tli verse, it is said : — " And the fioors shall 
 be full of wheat, and vats overflow with wine and oil." It is 
 also spoken of as being a legitimate and profitable article of 
 commerce, Ezekiel, 27th chapter, 18th A'erse : — " Damascus was 
 thy merchant in the nndtitude of the wares of thy making, for 
 
the multitude of all riches, in the wiue of Helbon and white 
 wool." 
 
 It is impossible to read the Scriptures attentively and not 
 see that wine was universally drunk, both in the Old and New 
 Testament times, by the command or sanction of Cfod. 
 
 In the 18th chapter of Numbers, where the law regarding 
 the Tribe of Levi is recorded, we find that they were to have 
 no landed inheritance in Canaan, as the other Tribes had, but 
 they were to receive the tenth part of the productions of the 
 land as their inheritance, and in the 12th verse it is stated that 
 they were to receive " all the best of the wine," and they were 
 to offer a tenth part of that as their part of the sacrifice, and 
 appropriate nine-tenths to their own use. In the 18th chapter 
 of Beut. the same law is repeated. In Gen., 14th chupter, 18th 
 verse, it is said : — " And Melchizedeck, King of Salem, brought 
 forth bread and wine, and he was the Priest of the Most High 
 God." In the book of Deuteronomy wine is frequently named 
 amongst the richest productions of Canaan, as in the 11th 
 chapter, 14th verse : — " I will give you the rain of your land 
 in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou 
 mayest gather in thy corn and thy wine and thine oil." In 
 Nehemiah, 5th chapter, 18th verse, it is said : — " Now that 
 which was prepared for me daily (for Nehemiah) was one ox 
 and six choice sheep, also fowls were prepared for me, and once 
 in ten days stores of all sorts of wine." In Luke, 5th chapter, 
 39th verse, Christ said : — " No man also having drunk old wine 
 straightway desireth new, for he saith the old is l^etter." It 
 was impossible to have old wine except by allowing the must 
 to ferment. He also sanctioned its use at the marriage at Cana. 
 In 1st Timothy, 3rd chapter, 8th verse, it is said : — " Likewise 
 must the deacons be grave, not double-tongued, not given to 
 much wine," and in the third verse the same is said of bishops. 
 It will easily be seen that wine was given to the Jews in 
 Canaan as a blessing, and also that its use was sanctioned by 
 Christ and thej Apostles, and that its excessive use was 
 forbidden. 
 
8 
 
 That the wine used in those days was fermented, Christ 
 puts beyond dispute; for in Matthew, 9th chapter, 17th verse, 
 He says : — " Neither do men put new wine into old bottles, else 
 the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles 
 perish, but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are 
 preserved." Here, as in other places, must is called new wine. 
 
 In those davs the articles called bottles, into which the 
 new wine (or must) was put, were made of the skins of 
 animals, the fermentation expanded tlie skin to its utmost 
 capacity, hence if used a second time it would of necessity 
 burst, clearly showing that the wine to which He referred 
 must have been fermented. 
 
 Tlie Scriptures also inform us of the benefit to be derived 
 from the use of wine, and in many places we find passages 
 similar to that in the 104th psalm, 15th verse : — " And wine 
 that maketh glad the heart of man." Ecclesiastes, 10th 
 chapter, 10th verse : — "A feast is made for laughter, and wine 
 maketh merry," or, as the margin reads, " Wine maketh glad 
 the life." Wine is said to clieer and strengtlieu man's heart ; 
 its natural effect being to strengthen the muscular and nervous 
 systems and promote health, and consequently raise the animal 
 spirits and juake man cheerful. 
 
 Dr. Henderson, London, England, states : — " Pure wine 
 temperately used acts as a cordial, quickening tlie action of the 
 lieartand arteries,diri'usingau agreeable warnitli, communicating 
 a sense of increased muscular strength, and exalting the 
 nervous energy." 
 
 Dr. Sigmond, London, England, says: — "Good wine gives 
 additional strength and power of mind, and an increased 
 capacity for encountering the ever-varying agitation of life • 
 these are amongst the many good results which spring from a 
 regular, temperate use of pure wine." 
 
 Dr. Adam Clark, in a long article on the benefit to be 
 derived from wine, says : — " Pure wine, taken in moderate 
 quantities, has a wondrous tendency to revive and invigorate 
 
tlie Immaii body. Ardent spirits exliiliarate, but they exhaust 
 tlie strength, and every dose leaves man the worse. Unadul- 
 terated wine, on the contrary, invigorates, makes him cheerful, 
 and provides for the continuance of that cheerfulness by 
 strengthening the muscles and bracing the nerves." 
 
 A French chemist of note says : — " Wine maintains the 
 strength of a man in liealth, renews that of tlic weak, and 
 imparts to their feeble constitution a strength that they would 
 vainly seek in tiny other means." 
 
 Mucli stress has been laid on the statement that the 
 ancients boiled theii' wine, and that then it contained no 
 alcohol. M. le Comte De Chaptal, a French cliemist of Iiigh 
 standing, has shown that in wet seasons the grape contained so 
 much water tliat it was necessary to boil part of the mirxt, and 
 thus cause the water to evaporate, then pour it l)oiliiig liot into 
 the must that was to be fermented, this being the only means 
 to i)reveut it from turning sour and becoming luifit for any 
 purpose. The same practici! is still followed in southern 
 countries. I have never seen it stated that boiled muM was 
 generally used or offered in any sacrifice ; it is not wine — it 
 could not be offered iji sacrifice. 
 
 As tlie ]\losaic law re({uired that all sacrifices should be 
 offered at Jerusalem, and as the Jews, from all parts of Canaan, 
 had to np})ear there three times a year and bring the tenth 
 part of their wine tor the ])riests, and wine for their own 
 sacrifice, not boiled 7nnst, it nnist have been fermented in order 
 to l)ear the carriage. To speak of unfeiiuented ".\ine is like 
 talking of uuchurned buttermilk — a positive contradiction of 
 terms. 
 
 Tt has also been stated that, on some occasions, the mnst 
 was drunlv as it n\;is ])resse'l from tho grape ; but as 1 liavo 
 never seen it stated that grajies wcr.i ori'(ndd l)e preserved all 
 the year, I think it must be admitted that it was oidy in the 
 .sea.son when the grapes were ripe, or during the vintage, that 
 mi(,d was drunk. It could not supercede u'iiic, for vine was 
 
lO 
 
 used every day in the year, in the morning and (.vening 
 sacrifice. 
 
 It is plain, then, from what has been stated, that Jehovali com- 
 maneled tliat wine should be part of the sacrifice offered during 
 the Levitical Priesthood, that it be used by the priests and 
 the people in their homes, and that very frec^uently in the 
 Scriptures is used as a figure to illustrate the highest 
 spiritual and temporal blessings ; and it is equally plain that 
 Christ has commanded that wine be used in commemorating 
 his own atoning sacrifice. 
 
 The (question arises. Is wine an evil because evil may arise 
 from its use ? Is the abuse of any thing an argument against 
 its real good ? The best and most nutritious articles of food 
 we possess, as well as every blessing or good we enjoy and 
 even every faculty and po\\er of the soul, have been and 
 are continu.'illy being abused. What has been so outrageously 
 abused as Cliristianity itself ? Wlio would dare to call Christi- 
 anity, or any of the noble powers of body and mind, 
 or the many good things of life, given us by our Creator, an 
 evil, except an Atlieist ? It is plain to every thinking mind 
 that it is no argument against any good^to say that a bad use 
 may be made of it. 
 
 OF MIXED WINES. 
 
 In Proverbs, 23rd chupter, 29tli and 30th verses, we read : 
 — " Who hath woe :• Who hath sorrow? Who hath conten- 
 tions i Who hath babblings i Who hath wounds witiiout 
 cause ? Wlio hath redness of eyes ? They that tarry long at 
 wine, they that go to seek mixed wines." Deut., 32ud clinptur, 
 33rd verse : — " Their wine is the poison of dragons, aiul the 
 cruel venom of asps." I'salms, 75th and 8th verse : — " For in 
 the hand of the Lord there is a cup, and tlie wine is red ; it is 
 full of mixture ; and he poureth out of the same but the dregs 
 thereof ; all the wicked of the earth shall wring them out and 
 drink them." I'roverbs, 20th chapter, 1st verse : — " Wiue is a 
 
TI 
 
 mocker, strong drink is raging, and whosoever is deceived 
 thereby is not wise." 
 
 It is quite evident that the wine spoken of here was a 
 very difierent article from that spoken of in the ])recediiig 
 pages. It has a different root, and was translated mixed wine, 
 and is very frequently spoken of in connection with strong 
 drink. It was what we call adulterated wine ; and always 
 condem jd, and never spoken of in connection with any good, 
 spiritual or temporal, but represented as producing evil, and 
 nothing but evil. Its use was directly prohibited. It was a com- 
 pound of ingredients that were positively injurious to the 
 human system, just as the adulterated wines of tlie present 
 day. It is a desecration of the term wine to apply it to a 
 very large (quantity of the compounds now sold under th t 
 name. 
 
 Wovild it not be more in accoi-dancc with the principles o 
 temperance — I mean temperance in its literal and most com- 
 prehensive meaning, if our Legislature, the Press, ministers, 
 temperance lecturers, and every intelligent man, would make a 
 distinction between pure natural M'ine and all li(iuors, as well 
 as the drugged and adulterated stuff sohl under the namodf 
 wine. Our children should be taught to make the distinction. 
 Kvery one ought to know it. 
 
 Our Legislature might encourage tlie use of pure natural 
 wine by discriminating it by law from the injurious ingredients 
 to which I have above referred. Is it riglit to condemn what 
 (lod has given to our race, just as Jle has given bread, animal 
 food, iiud other nutritious articles of diet ? From the nature of 
 things it cannot be right. "Witliin the last ten years there has 
 arisen in Canada a very strong feeling that the manufacture of 
 Canadian wine should be encouraged, by permitting it to l)e 
 sold free from license in restaurants, by grocers, and at railroad 
 stations, where no otlier wines oi- li(|uors of any kind are 
 sold. Temperance principles and a home industry would thus 
 he promoted, wliich would certainly Ije a great benetit to- 
 
12 
 
 Canada. But in order to protect tlie public from imposition, 
 no wine should be allowed to be sold, from any vineyard, or 
 under the name of Canadian wine, by anjj parties, excex)t under 
 a standing certificate of analysis from an authorized cliemist, 
 that it is pure, that no spirits or other foreign ingredients liave 
 been added, and that it was made in Canada. There is at 
 present a necessity for protecting the Ijusiness against tlie 
 action uf unscrupulous men. 
 
 President -lelTerson, of the United States, in one of his 
 riost memorable speeclies upon tlie revenue derived from 
 imported goods, showed the advantage of " pure wine to the 
 working man, in preserving his natural strength," and proved 
 beyond a doubt tliat putting a high duty upon wine " was 
 sentencing it to certain adulteration, and placing it above the 
 reach of those who most needed it." He concluded by say- 
 ing: — " Xo nation is sober where ardent s]>irits are the common 
 beverage ; no nation is drunken where wine is the beverage." 
 
 It is not correct to say, as it has frecpiently been said, that 
 wine creates a desire or thirst for strung drink ; for if it did, 
 Cod would not liave conmianded and perpetuated its use. The 
 reverse is tlie fact ; wine has a satisfying nature, and M'ill 
 satisfy the appetite, just as tea, coiiee, or beef, or mutton will. 
 It is possible to commit an actcjf gluttony (it is done every day) 
 by taking too much beef, or mutton, or liread and butter, or any 
 otlier good thing,. into tlie stomach; in the same May a man 
 may take too much wine ; but wine will uoi make a man a 
 drunkard, any more than eating bread will ^mke a man a glutton. 
 
 I have endeavored to write in a plain, temperate and 
 concise manner upon the (question, Ts wine (a juire naturtal 
 wine) an evil or a good, a curse or a blessing I 1 think two 
 things are clear, namely, that it is a creature of Cod given to 
 man to nourish and strengtlien his physical system, and also 
 that (u)d has forbidden its excessive use, and attached jienalties 
 thereto. Just as he has to gluttony, and to the abuse of all and 
 €ach of the many good things with which he has blessed us. 
 
13 
 
 I think wine is a blessing, not only because of the proofs 
 given, but also IVom the fact that no otiier inference can be 
 drawn by any sound code of reasoning. Tliere is not any 
 thing that is an evil made use of iu any part of the Scriptures 
 to illustrate that which is a good ; but great and good and 
 beautiful things are so used. The rose of Sharon, the lily of 
 the valley, the mountains, the toc]cs, tlie rivers, wlieat, \i^ine, 
 milk and maiiy other good things, are all brought into service, 
 to make plain to us tlie richness, tlie fullness, the freeness of the 
 effusions of the Holy Spirit, tlie blessings of the CJospel, and the 
 immutability of Jeliovah. If wine is an evil, would it be so 
 used ! Or would Clod command its use in the most sacred of 
 all ordinances, namely, the offering of sacrifice under the 
 Levitical law, and in commemorating the atonement of Christ in 
 the Christian dispensation :* — thus perpetuating its use, and 
 consequently its manufacture to the end of time. 
 
 Wine, pure natural wine an evil : iM'.insii 'iiiK TfioroiiT. it 
 leads to blasphemy. 
 
 Mixed, or adulterated wine, on the contrary, is most 
 positively condemned, and its use prohibited. It will produce 
 drunkenness, woe, misery and death, and is used as a figure to 
 convey the iilea of ymn and sutTering. 
 
 « 
 Tliere seems to l)e in some persons throughout Canada a 
 strong desire to abandon the use of wine, mid to adopt a sub- 
 stitute for it in the observaj^ie of the Sacrament of the Lord's 
 Supper. JUit to use any other element than wine in the observ- 
 ance of that sacred ordinance would be to act in oppo.^ition to the 
 entire teaching of the Scriptures, and virtually to declare that 
 Christ had erred in instituting its use. It has been said that in this 
 age when intemperance is so great an evil, that tiie use of wine 
 ought to be entirely ubandoned, l)ut does not that statement 
 embody a denial of the immutability and omniscience of Jehovah, 
 
H 
 
 or there is no such thing a^. past or future with Him, but all an 
 eternal ever present NOW; "With Him is no variableness 
 neitlier shadow of turning," and " known unto God are all his 
 works from the beginning of the worlu." It nnist therefore not 
 only be wrong, but presumptucns, to condemn what God has been 
 pleased to ordain and command, namely, the use of wine in 
 commemorating the death of our blessed Lord and Saviour. 
 
 One of the al»lest divines of the present century, in writing 
 upon this subject, after sliowing that in the Eucharist nothing 
 but pure wine should be used, says: — "If tlie principle of 
 substitution be tolerated in the least, innovations without end 
 nuxy obtrude themselves into this sacred rite, ai?d into the mode 
 of its administration; then the issue must be, what, alas ! it has 
 already been in numberless cases, a perversion of the sacred 
 ordinance."