CIHM Microfiche ({Monographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographles) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas 1 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy availablo for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur □ Covers damaged / Couverture endommag^ □ Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaur^ et/ou pelliculde I Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps / Cartes g6ographiques en couleur I I Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur D D D D D Bound with other material / Relid avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reliure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge int^rieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ^t^ filmtes. Additional comments / Commentaires suppl^mentaires: This Hem is fllnwd at ttw raduction ratio chacliad Mow / C« docunwnt Mt film* au taux do rMuctlon indiqiM ci^teasoua. L'Institut a microfilm6 le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de s*" nrocurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peui-6tre uniques du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6tho- de normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag6es D Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaur^s et/ou pellicul^es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / Pages dteolor^es, tachetdes ou piqu^es I I Pages detached / Pages d6tach6es I i/\ Showthrough / Transparence □ Quality of print varies / Quality in^gale de I'impression □ Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire I I Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, — tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film6es k nouveau de fa?on k obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolou rations are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont film6es deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. D tism lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x ./ 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x Th« copy filmed h«ra has bean raproducad thanks to tha ganarosity of: National Library of Canada L'axamplaira film^ fut raproduit grica k la ginArosit* da: Bibliotheque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the originel copy and in keeping with the filming contract spacificationa. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impree- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on tha first page with a printed or illustrated impree- sion. and ending on the last page with a printed or illustreted impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed ar different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure mrm filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les images suivantes ont ttt raproduites avec la plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet* de I'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmaga. Lea exemplaires originaux dont ia couvertura en papier est imprimis sont filmis en commencant par la premier plat et en terminant soit par la darniire page qui comporte une empreinta d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par la second plat, salon la cas. Tous las autrea exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commencant par la pramiire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration at an terminant par la darniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dea symbolea suivants apparaitra sur la darniAre image de cheque microfiche, salon la caa: la symbols — »■ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". Les cartaa. planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent atre filmis A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour atre raproduit an un seul clich*. il est film* * partir da Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut an bas. an prenant la nombre d'imagea nicassaira. Les diagrammes suivants illustrant la m*thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RCSOIUTION IBT CHART lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2| A APPLIED IN/MGE 165J Eas- Main Streei Rochester. ■,-» Vorl. '4609 USA i 7'6) 482 - :.300 - Phone {''1 6) 288 - 5989 - Fo« -/)^- -rrf~/rt/-^-.^_ CANADA DEPARTMKNT OF MIXES Hov. A„Tn,« Mk,..„.s, M,s,sr.K. ( h.k,.,. , vmsk,.,., „„.,,,. m,„.,„ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William M( I^^L^ Oikl, ,,,„. MEMOIR 118 I No. I(X), (ihoi H.RAL ShKlts Mineral Deposits between LiUooet and Prince George, British Columbia I eopold Reinecke .,^"^'- 'S. ,y 8:.': ;.. ■ ^''^^/.-.'j-v-E CO-' .'•-I I f '-iN -fi :!i :;(; MfNT OTTAWA THOMAS MU1.VEY PKINTER TO MIS MUST EXCELtENT MAJES No. ISli) CANADA DKr'AKTMKN T OF MINES Hon. AtTiii k Mkishun Mimm »; Ciukiks Cvmskll, Dkp.tv Minmtm. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WiLIIVM .\r(|NNt'<, UlBEttOH. I MEMOIR 118 No. 100, Geological SstiES Mineral Deposits between Lillooet and Prince George, British Columbia BY Leopold Reinecke sm—i OTTAWA THOMAS MULVEY PRINTER TO S .MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1920 No. 1819 CONTENTS, CIIAITKIl I. IlllltMluctkin; liK'tttiim uiiii trjir|Mirtatioii Tnpnitrnphy ; riiiiiatc; imrii'iilliw ( ■•'itloiiy CIIAITICU II. Ilyii.onmgnriiiti'; calcttrrMUM ttifii DlwomiU-; MMliiiin rarbotiatf. . . . Cluy CIIAITKK III. CIIAITKH IV. CIIAITKK V. CIIAITKIl VI. Dintoinacifni* nirth; liKiiitc; ix'ridot ; illicit CIIAITKK VII. Chromiti', miilybili'uiti-; innnKiinrm'; nickil (!nld; wlvcr; iii|i|>tr; Inul. CIIAITKK VIII. t 20 St 7« Index. i'lato I. II. III. IV V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XI!. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. Figun- 1 . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. !). 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Irt. 17. 18. 5172— U lUuttrotiont. KpKuniitc liikr Bt Cliii'm FniiitUpiccn Fraser river at ikxln i- ■ lOO \. Hl'uU- (if till' Ciildw.,: I- rormution at Pavilion ill) H, HciIm of Friiwr Kivrr fiinimtiiien-eiit on Timotiiy innuntuin . . 1^4 Alinrral oeeurrenees', I'arific Orent Kantern railway, betw Soda Cn-ek and Prince Georne , 2 Mineral oceurreiieeH, Pacific (ireat Eastern railway, bt tH-en Lil. .oet and Soda Creek 3 Hydromauneiiite near Clinton 27 Chemical comjxwition of hydrous mii»r.,nium carbi.- 'n compounds. . . 33 HydromuRxu'Hite >l posits at Meadow t. ' •■ 45 Hydromimnesite d. jyisits at WatH.m lik.' 47 Mixle of format ion of corrugated ridjs • travertine hO Epsomite deposit n< iiT Clinton 52 laealized cross-sretions of epsoniite deposit near Clinton ,54 Cross-section of Bitter lake, Kruger mountain, Washington, U.S.A.. . . 5.5 Cross-section of clay ni'ar Chimney Creek bridge fiS Clav and diatomaei iius earth near Quesnel 70 Molybd nit", p ridot, and copper ore on Timothy mountain 82 ^L^ =. "' ■ 87 80 !m 102 Chromite near Chrome cn-ek . FracfurinK of s -rp ntine near .Scottic creek. Silver-liMid claims near Ahbau lake Quartz veins and tunnel near Ahbau lake. Old workings on (told claims, Hixon creek 104 Mineral Deposits Between Lillooet and Prince George, British Columbia. j CHAPTKIl I. INTRODUCTION. This inomoir is based on inforinaf ion ol)t,ain(Ml san('o of the known oecurrenees of mineral ileposits of p()ssil)le economic value lying within the area served by the I'aeitic Great Ivistern railway iietween Lillooet and Prince (;(>orKc (Port CicorKe), British ('olumbia (FiRures 1 and 2). The country adjacent to this railway between Sciuamish and Lillooet was examined by Charles (,'amsell ' in 1917. The area traverseil by the rail- way for some to miles north of Lillooet was examined and geologically mapped by U. M. Dawson.'^ In 1!>18 certain minerals were urgently retjuired for war purposes. Several of these minerals were said to occur in the area in question and the writer was instructed to examine and report on them. The territory covered in 1918 extends from Lillooet to about 140 miles north. Three and one-half months were consumed in field work, and of that period six weeks wvw spent in examining deposits distant, by road and trail, from It) to 01) miles from the railway line. In 1919 two and onivhalf months were spent in completing the exploration along the railway line as far as Prince George about 3U() miles north of Lillooet, and an additional month was devoted to the area traversed in 1918. Nearly the whoh; of the first season was si)ent within the southern portion of the field, but the time taken in visiting outlying deposits during both the first anil second sca.sons made any attempt at areal mapping on a compreh(>nsive scale impossible. Sketch topographic maps were made of the principal tleposits reported on and as much detailed geological work as jxissible was done in their vicinity. A c(>rtain amount of prospecting was also done whenever time allowe(l. The mineral deposits examined are unusually diversified in character and .some of them are of uncommon occurrence. They include hydro- magnesite, epsomite, sodium carbonate, clays, deposits of diatomaceous earth, lignite, muscovite and peridot, chromite, molybdenite, as well as occurren(U's of minerals (^irrying values in silver, lead, copi)er and gold, nianganest , and nickel. (\'rtain of these minerals that were quoted at high |)rices during the time the field investigation was made, are now scarcely salealile. There is, however, a i)rospect of a demand arising for them within a year or two. Others are not stri(rtly "war minerals" and the demani! for them has not been affected to so great a degree. Some of the dei).isits represent new and unexploited assets and will become more valual)le as the country develops. This report does not treat of any part of the ('ariboo placer gold deposits which lie to the northeast, which have been the subject of s]iecial study by B. R. MacKay of this department. iCamsell, Cliarlw. Gmil. ,Surv., Can . Sum. Hcpt . 1917. pt. H. pp. I'.'H 211!. =0:iwMon. <:. .\I., "Hrport (Ml the nrfa of tlie K:i)nIoops nmp-alut't, MritL-^li Colurnbia." (>eol. Surv..(:an.. Ann. lii'pt., 1S!«, vol. VH, pf. H '^ *'- s:7;,!jfi&asr''- -- I •iita) I Figure 2. Mineral oreurrcnces, Pacific Great Eastern railway, between Lillooet and Soda Creek, British Columbia. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The writer is indebted to Mr. F. Calvert of the Stewart Calvert Co., industrial chemists of Oroville, Washington, for several analyses of hydro- magnesite, epsomite, and sodium carbonate, as well as for much information concerning thosodoposits- t..\i arpn r>f ;-_ '■■'>'ii' i-iahtern railwix- ti. * .»j'""u(i wjij afford < Trunk Pnnifi M "^°" Pomp etcd as f.r ' p • '" ""'•'« from Vanroii servic'e up tho Fr^Lr f^^P ^ ''""'" '■'^''''- from Quos , t ' *^""- ^ •• Trunk Piicifi,! o,t ," ^'■'"'■'^ <^'f •"•>;<.. Jk'f ,ro f 1,? ' •?■•''''' ''* ■'**<"'"'l' trains to tl K » o ?r '™-1-^'^" ""tfi«i„j, p ^t £ ""''''"« "^ t''*- <>'' 'lirection. TIutp i* '"""'<'J''l ' iiarrur to traasi,„rt. ; • " J^'ovin and another ;:";;;/*,^r:L''-'f!" ^^ i.iiiooot!":r:;^v^i"' ""*-^^' is no l.ri,l^an, th r ''''' ^^'^ '"•■<"" '1^ , ;.' "' f ""'"".-y or,., if Lillooct tho rivor r*^""^" Ooorg,.. F„r strofolw.j r '^'''^^ toll of ajj/jro? m of eddies TOPOCJRAPHV. '""'"•■'•atinKtoZr hi /'^•'"''■^'■''^ "'K south of S.'fc ^™t'"'- is th,. oanvon of I^.i';'"*^"' ^^'^Z''"'- Th, «nctly to the Fraser hut south and oast to the Thompson which reaches tho Fraser .">() miles south of I.illonet. PVom Ivillooet tho railway follows the canyon of the Fraser for aliout 20 miles north of Kolly creek, whore it turns northeastward through Jimction, or ("utoff valley (Plate VII) and follows that depression for some It) Tuilos to the village of Clinton. Thence northward it crosses the Green Timlior plateau, descends slightly into the valley of Lac la Hacho, or San Jose creek, and follows that depression until it again roaches Fraser canyon lift miles in a straight line north of Lillooet. From there north- ward the road is within a f(>w miles of the river as far as Prince George. For tho first 30 miles north of Lillooet tho waters o£ the Fraser are less than 1,000 foot above sea-level, whereas to tho west within a few miles the peaks of tho ("oast ranges risi; to t),000 and 7,500 feet above sea-level. Eastward tl;e ridges are from (>,000 to about 7,000 feet high and thi'ir summits, which are broad, merge into those of the Interior Plateau. Farther north, however, the continuation of tho same ridges, known there as Marble mountains, forms a more distinct range very sharply sei)aratod from tho plateau to the east with sinnmits rising to (i.oOO and 7,o00 foot above sea-level. From CliTiton to Prince fieorgo the railway traverses the Interior Plateau, a district nuide up of almost' flat plateau areas, of rolling round- topped bills, and broad valleys. An example of an extensive flat area is that of the Green Timber plateau north of Clinton. Tvpically developed northwest of th(> railway, about 40 miles wide and from 3.800 to 4,200 foot high, it lies between ^Iarbl(! mountanis to tho southwest and the Lac la Huche depression 1o the northeast and is, considering its avoa, one of the flattest parts of British Cohmibia. Except along its odj-os the drainage is poorly developed or ./anting. A large nmnber of small salitio lakes arc dotted over its surface. North of the Green Timber plateau and at some distance^ from tho immediate canyon of the Frasc, lies a country of broad valleys and rounded hills with perhaps 300 to .")0() foot ditTerence in the elevation "of valley floors and neighbouring hill tops. This typo of topography, but with gradually increasing strength of relief, pei-si.^ts eastward as fav as the front ranires of ("ariboo mountains, the eastern boundary of tho Interior Plateai. system, ("ertain ])ortions of the western ridges of Cariboo mountairis, vi>itcd in the course of this work, arc over 7,000 feet high and others fjirtluT east evidently attain increasing altitudes. Fraser river flows in a gorfje that lies from about 400 to l.'iOO fed below the general plateau level. Near tho main stream its tril)Utaiics lie in corrospoiidinjily deep gorges; between them the ridges maintai i the level of the plateau to the east. The immediate trough of the Fraser is a narrow trench about 2t)0 to 500 feet deep. Above this there is generally a number of terraces, the upper surfaces of which are broad and sloj)e gently to the river (Plate II). From the terraces the land slopes steeply upward to the rather flat tops oMhe neighbouring ridges. Tho level of Eraser' river at its confluence 'White. James, ■•.\lti(uilf9 in Oiiu'la": Socontl edition, p. 552. Commission ul fonservaliin. f ltt.i»a. 1915. with Nechako river, Prince GeorRe, is 1,848 feet above tule. About 100 miles downstream, at the mouth of Quesnel river, it is 1,563 feet, an average drop of about 3 feet to the mile, which is the average gradient for the 150 miles or so of navigable waters from Prince George down to Soda Creek. The rate of fall, however, varies somewhat and is much higher in certain short stretches such as Fort George and Cottonwood canyons. At the railway bridge near Lillooct, 200 m.lc? or so below Quesnel, the eleva- tion of the river is given as 619 feet above tide. From Soda Creek, the southern limit of navigat on, down to Lillooet, the average rate of fall is over 5 feet to the mile. For 30 or 40 miles north of Lillooet the Fraser occupies a particularly wild and impressive canyon and for miles at a stretch the water surges along its narrow bed in a succession of eddies, whirlpools, and rolls. Boat crossings are few and many of the Indians lose their lives while fishing off the rocks for salmon. CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURE. The summt-r is dry and cool in the country near the Fraser from Williams lake sou'h, but northward to Prince George the rainfall progres- sively increases and this increase is accompanied by a change in the character of the vegetation. Thus the immediate trough of the Fraser from Williams lake southward, is covered with sagebrush, with little or no timber, but back from the river douglas fir and jackpine {Pinus contorta) are the prevailing forest trees in the well-drained portions. Where the drainage is poor or lacking jackpine and aspen poplar prevail. There is much open grass-covered country and alkaline lakes are of frequent occurrence Northward from Williams lake the forest becomes denser. White and black spruce as well as white cedar, with douglas fir and jack- pine are found from Quesnel northward and where the forest is burned the bottoms are covered with thickets of white birch, aspen poplar, and willows.' An increase in the amount of rainfall, accompanied by the same increase in the density of forest growth, holds eastward toward Cariboo mountains. The winter climate is said to be very severe in parts of the plateaux. • • ^ j i The terraces on the Fraser banks are the sites of ranches irrigated by ditches bringing water from the side streams. Fine crops of grain, hay, and vegetables are raised in certain places up the river as far as Quesi el. Nearer Lillooet, where the elevation is lower, beans and potatoes are pro- duced in large quantities, and at Lillooet itself a great variety of fruit is grown. The Interior Plateau on both sides of the Fraser is a cattle range, some of the ranchers owning several thousand head. Horses are also raised and small bands of wild horses are found in the mountains and are sometimes hunted down and coralled in the winter. CHAPTER II. GEOLOGY. The formations observed in the district he between, and include, the Cache Creek series of the Carboniferous (possibly in part Devonian age), and unconsolidated Recent deposits. Certain schists of unknown age >The vegetation and riora along the Caribw. road from Cache Creek lo Quesnel and nort-M;e|t from there are described ina verj intenwting manner by John Macoun, in Kept, of Prog., Gool. burv., Can., 1875-78, pp. W4-ui). occur in the northeastern part of the area. Dawson' described the neolofty of an area of 6,400 square miles whose northwestern portion inchidcs the southern part of the district here dealt with from Lillooot to a point 75 miles northwest. North of the limits of Dawson's sheet the work of the present writer dealt only with small scattered area.s of mineral deposits that are in most cases many miles apart. Such facts as were gathered relating to areal geoloasy, are assembled in the following chapter. Time available was not sufficient to permit obtaining a comprehensive and accurate idea of the geological formations underlying the whole district. The table of formations given below is based partly on Dawson's account and is tentative. Except in the case of the Fraser Hiver formation, thick- nesses are as given by Dawson for the formations as tleveloped in the southern part of the area. Table of Formations. 1 Formation. Age. Character. Maximum thicknesB in feet. Recent and Glacial. River and talus deposits. White silts Boulder clay, gravels, sands. Early Pliocene. Conglomerates, sandstones. 100+ Later Miocene. Chiefly basaltic lavas. 3,100 Fraaer River formation. Bedded gravels, sands, clays with infusorial earth, and lignite. 700+ Earlier Miocene. Basalts, andesites, dacitos, dacitic tufts, etc. 6,300 Coldwater group. Oligocene. Conglomerates, shales. 5,000 Eocene? Granite, quarts, diorite. Queen Charlotte Islands formation (in part). Early Cretaceous. Conglomerates, sandstones, volcanic tuffs. 7,000 Jurassic? Quartz diorite in large batho- lithic masses, dykes of pegmatite, uplite, etc. Cache Creek series. Devono-Carboniferous. V\.^eT part— Marble Canyon formation. Limestone with some argillite, quartiite, and igneous rocks. Lower part— quartzites, argil- lites, altered lavas, schists, some bands of serpentine, and limestones 3,00' 6,500 Unknown. Mica schists, phyllites, etc. >DswRon, G. M., "Report on the area of the KimilonpA mnn^hpoi, Britinh (^olumbia " Geo! «urv Can Aim. Itept., vol. VII, pi. B, 1865. ~ ' SIIIISTS OF I NKNOWN \(JK. Kiist of Fras.-r river, toward tl.<- cMstcn. .■(!«,. „ the Intcri.)r I'liitcui, sclustos." rocks were .'iicountcn-d whose jik.- cannot he det.-nnined without inore comprehensive area! work. Such are tlie mica scliists at the nnisco- vite occurrence north of Canim lak.- (FiK„n> 2. locahtv 1!)), the country m-k of the ••lanns n.-ar Ahhau lake, on Willow river (Figure 1, localitv 5) Hixoti (Pmure 1. locality I), Covernment, and Stone creeks ( Figure l' Oca ity . ) and at tl,e silver-lead ohyllit..s aiul ,,uartzites o.'.'ur luar the camp of Doujrald Cam. ion on (loyernment creek. The country rock at the tunnel of (he Xechako Hiver Mines, Incorporated, on St.^K- creek is quart zite and phyllite, ami in the creek are boulders of actinolite selust which must outcrop to the east. The prevailing strike of these rocks is from north 20 degrees west to about northwest with steep dips to the northeast. r.\CMK ruK?;K sKun:s. I he ( ach(' ( reek series contains the chromite dejiosit at Scottie creek (Hjrure 2, Ocality I]--,), niiiior occurrences of ^,,1,1. nickel, and maii(ranese. and several deposits of residual clay. It is the original M.urc- nU, of tli- (leposits ot hydromasnesite and epsom silt. Dawson divided tlie series into an upper and lower portion and .seoaralelv ni;ip))ed these two divisions In the southern part of the area the I,ower < ache ( reek outcroi)s in two loufT strips I to 12 miles wide. One of t hese strips follows the east side of 1-raser valley from Klevenmile creek north of Lillooet. up the river past Kelly creek; the other runs from Clinton, south, alouf; th<> bottom and the west side of the Bonaparte valley. Tiie same strata were encountered a^'ain m the canyon of Frasor river from Chimney Creek bridge to Soda creek, and m Raker canyon west of (^lesnel. The country rock containinii p)lr,. canyon visible from the deck of a steamer. The greater jKirt of this lower portion of the series consists of fine quarlzites, siliceous arjiillites or phylhtes nieta:.iori)hoseaker canvon and at the Chimney Creek bridge, the beds arc much crumpled and in places thrown into folds. All of the Cache Creek rocks have been much mctamorpho.sed, both by mechanical shearing and recrvstnllization. 10 ORAMTIC ROCK8. OutcropB of granitic rockn occur alonK the Friwor nnrMi ,.f T :ii » A quartz diorite niasa which occunics an aroa nf at i»oo» i square miles forms the nmss of Ti-.othT mountain ?Fi^..r! ?^»\ " "^r-' ■ mill lu lo .^u per cent of nornblcndc and maffnetito nn rvo- ««„* r nhces thf ;.''-^r ''''■' °^^"?'-»^' «"'• '^ -ill amoun of TrtCase In places the p laKioclase is andcsine, but labradorite is more common F..ld par rcsemblmg orthoc asc in an outcrop near the basalt o^cnc^n many mdes to the south, and believed to be older than tlXSce^^^^^^ A larjrr mass of f?ranodiorite occurs at the copper claims of rL, r2 tr nV'' ?"'"" If '^^^"d "ortheast of Soda creeMFiRuro 1 10^11^ Jla o , in,r aclT'rL''^ orthoclase, plaKioclase, an.l quartz, the plS- ciaso !,, .nsc acidic The mass of granite that is said to lie east of Hixnn made up of magnetite, augite, biotite, orthoclase, plagiocTase anil a litM^ n, O. M., Op cit.. p. 39aB. 'Geol. Surv., Can., .Mem. 79, p. 42. 11 Pi'Kmiitite titxl iiplitc .lykcif w«re seen ut tlw- tmmcovite ociurrnico north of Cunini liike; on Timothy mountnin; iinil on the dilvcr-leutl chtiinH on VVilUw river. CRETACEOUS. The Cretaceous an mapiMul hy Duwson lies in u narrow strip trending north-nortliwest and followinx the Fruser from below Lytton to Foiintuin creek. No locks were recoirnizecl in the course of this work us ('rei:iceous to the north of Fountain creek and no mineral deposits were examined in the Cretaceous. Hetween Lilloo«;t and Fountain creek the ('rt-taci'ous is described hy Dawson as consisting of hinhlv indurated sanilstones argillites, ami conglomerates. S|)ec= Ms taken "from cuts in the .ailway 21 miles north of LiUooet, on the L.k Bend of the Fraser above Hri' o Creek mmith, and at Fountain creek, were banded, very dense, rhyolitlc t'a.ssy tuflfs; others resemblinn sandstones proved to be crystal tuffs of dacitic comiwsition and may correspond to tho.se described l)y Daw.son as arkosic sandstones. The Cretaceous of Fountain ridge lies in a syncline bounded l)y faults and trending about north 25 degrees west. COLDWATER GROUP. The Coldwater group was examined in three places, in and south of the landslide at Pavilion station, and near Clinton. A sample of clay derived from the Coldwater at Pa"ilion was tested in the laboratory but is not ut commercial value. Dawson found traces of gold in certain .samples of conglomerate from this group and advi.scd prospe-jting for gold in them. Near Pavilio i t.ie outcrops seen consisted of a conglomerate with boulders of Cache Cre( k rocks and granites, held in a grey matrix that weathers to a sticky red clay; with the conglomerates are thin, buff-coloured s.rdes or tuffs. Daw.son states that the main part of this area is occupied bv sbchtly calcareous, arkosic sandstones. The weathering of the dav on the south side of the valley caused an immense landslide. Although "the upper part is stiu moving this slide started at least one hundred an, 1(,, and 21 were examined under the microscope. ' ' 1. JuM .....t of milwHV Irurk bark of fir»t .liff. «n,l-.i,i,. Iav„. Htnl'!.'"'""'"'' "' '•'' '■ "' ull'iTl" "'"'*'"" ""* "'"'^•l""' "'J f'-nning » .•liff, .miy «iiKJ,t|y "'" ^ '''«i;,.'"''?,':l'-.T'i"""'""' «"■''"'"*' •""*"' -trike »outh •-• dPtnv. '^"' '"" .. IHrk-r.. .mr. ,1 luvu uli.-r.-.! to » r.-d rnin.bi.v n.«*H; thr Mtrik.- ..f tl... .i"8^ii?»Hr "!';"■" """ ""'* ""^^ """••^•■•■'linn iM-i i. Luah !;; •>. Dark ««•>• an.l.'Nii.^ ,i„.l r.-.i liivuH,' ..r..l).il)iv hunulf ,...1 l.v f.iult« WW l.»l..lf„riiHvulii.MiHb.iiMiiiK brick ,« J). Ilulilfii under the wiiKon niiid.. '" < . \ rry ba«i,. |,,vii w.^alh.Tin^ to a gwn brown fluv '«! I Ih .it ]^ .""'"■"•''/ ;""■ '" f'"8'"<'"tH J lo i iM.1. in mV..., f.,n..K I inn II .J.) to nO-ft bunk in plaiM » .., .». Aml<-.-.ili. or banalt «lt.T.-.l to » browninh Rr.-..n oluv \ boo.! .l.-al H). II.. 1 b,i«ult w.all,..rinK. in pla.Ts only, to a n'-Vodir... Tlii. b..,l " ai.|H.«r.s ,„ |,„v,. b....„ f«„|t,.,| l,H,;:iy. A Hanipl.. of t ,. inr' u. riii;;";;'!'.; ''"'•'''■'''' *"" """■'' '"' '"* ^•"'"" "•- '"""•^"' i-'k"-"* lo '■' ' '';^;n??MViJ""r'';!'" "1 •*"'"'""' '" "^ y..iiowi«h whit.. ,.iav whi,h i« '^ .•xr.ni.ly « uky wli.^n w.t. A vrv lar^ i,ion.,rli on ..f tli.^ ...ifTop IS clay^ K..r a .li-tan.^.^ alonR th.Mrik- of at l'.u"t -H^) yar,l« srv.-ral thousand .ubi.^ yanls ar<^ availabl... A s..,.upl.'.,f .•l;.y from this b.,1 was t,.«t,.d for huil.linK brick. I', of. which' r' u[ '" ■""•■''/'V"'"""""' »« ^■"- 12 fomiinK clifrs '" '-^ wlucli arc I ravtrsid b\ faults i - , .in 14. 1 i„k-^r.y an,l,.sitc vry larK,^ly .lc,^o,n,H„,c,l to ch.v. strike south .)t only local signihcancc. . * ■ ,. • b;I;!;",!7l,.v"'''K *'" '"Wl""»'nito larKoK; weathend to a purpiish br.m n day. ^ ragnK^nts r.^H,Tnblin« C'arhe Cn^ek .niartJit.. wer.- , '1' '" {""•'"»7'P"- .'-.•otions The dav is not uniform in appcar- Ifi Ul i. 1 "^ '"l" "'"^ ''':;''''' ''"' "■•* ^''''"'' a« a miiwral i>iKni..nt -m Ifi. \\ hi.e volcani.^ ash with a band of fiM,.r fxture in it Th L is of the com,K..sit.,,nofdacitea:i.lw.^ntherstoaKriltv.^hiy •!,'. 1/ . Dark br.>wn basalt weathering to purplish rlay " ", - I o ■^r.'^'^*'*''. "■■ .''ae'te wcatherinR white and Rreen . m '^".!i',,''l«''*''T'"''*«^?°*V'^i"K '•opposition mostly weather- ul to clay and more. )r less mven:l. , .,, -«J. iT'sh, hard, mauve and.-sites or tuffs. ',, Dark grey andcBites or tuffs. ,'? 15 T^jta! thickness imuim (Figuri- 2, I iindi'Kiti'H top (Piute xiut north ii«l nlteri'd I thoMtrike 10, 12, 13 ii'nii in fi'ct. 30 to lOM ' to 10 1.-. •20 10 to lo to 20 15 30 ■M 15 (••') 1.-.0 15 15 701 13 Kl^>»n IhiH iK>int wi.it til.- nwlirinl i» nxMlty eovi-mi rxppjrt (c- iilrriHw of • ft-w bull, of loiMlwrnllVfly mmlt.ml Uvii. i «• » ..- 21 T«'> or thrn limi.lnMl y«r.|>. lo ihr -..i.lhw.-iit, How,, » g,,|Iv, thrr.- an nrly H«t-lvir.g outrroiw of « , miti,- h-I, .,f th.- iwm.. rh«r«rf..r an.f proUbly il„. «.me N-.I M .No. HI. TbiK I* in thi- Iroiinh of lb., fold. Although thn Tmnquilhi Iw.ls wnro not ii..fin in thin part of the (ircii the UpptT Volcunirs. i-on-slntinK of murly fliit-lving hamiu, octur. trorn Hos in Fraser canyon just north miles n.irth of Motla Creek near the road, are pl...y olivine basalts striking from north 67 degre^'8 east to north 80 degr.es ,.a,.t with dips of T)') to 70 .l..gre..s to the north. Foui miU-s farther up, from a ciifl of much brecciated basaltic rock, large blocks ha\e rolli-d fr.mi the railway cut t.i the road. Stringers of epiuote and clialcedonic silira cut through the rock which has in places a pisolitic texture. Farther north on the east side of the road, a volcanic rock shows columnar structure. Just below the mouth of Au.stralia creek on the west bank of tras.-r riv.'r. is an amygdaloidal basalt, much brecciated and altered to clay. Beds of clay derived from this basalt are interbedded with lignitiferous clay or sand at this place. A bed of lignite is said to out- crop nearby but was covered at the time of our visit and its relation to the basalt could not Im observed About U miles below (iuesnel, on the west bank of Fraser river, there is a series of augite andesites and other lavas of nearly the same corairosition, occurring with white, finely banded, den.sr, glassy lavas (Figure 1?. locality 12). The rocks are much faulted and brecciated, and altered to clay, while nearby arc beds of arko.sic sandstone derived from them and carrying carbonaceous material. Similar lava beds outcrop on the .est bank of the river about 2 miles farther down (figure 12, locality 14) and in the road west of the river between the.se two localities. The very much faulted, brecciated. and altered condition of these lavas indicates that they are much older than the much less disturbed, topographically higher, strata of the Fraser Kiver formation. This conclusion is strengthened by tiio finding of clay and carbonaceous beds of undout)t«les are well rounded and composed for the most part of quartz and of metamorphosed sediments and lavas. The clays are generally grey in colour: some of them arc nearly white, and ■Danaoa, G. M., Oeol. Surv., Can.. Kept ol Prof.. lS7S-7«, pp. 251-2S6 •172—2 very porous "„.l ..f h w^ c^cra"itT''''Vh/l"T''"'"""'i *" ^'^^ carLonaceous clayw to black I «^nif .L f " ' i • '^"'*'''' ^''"■>' ^'■"'" *>'•"*' andd^wceou^e^KK£:^:.^a ::: '£..^^^^ feet ah ,ve thrriver One soot ifnT'^ 'v*^' ■;"""« *" ''•'•vations of 50( end of the cliffs^hows about 4W) fio^ f"" ^''■^\ ™''*«»"'^ at the .soutl a few lignitic s.-k ns the day SI foAh.fr" "* ^'r'^' *1J'' '''">'« *'^' section. The .Hail's of th'^'sl^ctllte tiruSeKelow.' *'^ *"^ °' ^'^^ Section Xo. 1. Top of srcti.m. BouldiT clay Thirkncss in tret- Basalt 4S Conccalod .'{0 Kod da '"" ''*'" '"■'^ "f c'»y «"»' Kravi. ::::;:::...::.; "', Cemcntod gravel 3 Yellowish red clay. .....,.., 12 Firmly cemented gravel •") Mottled clay '. '"" U Cemented gravel 5 R.-d.Hsh^^ellow clay With;i„ mLldle, a b. d of fi„e.grai„,.d, cen.ented " Concealed 7 Alternating bands of clay and gravel ^^ Red, consolidated elay 8 Gravel with clay 14 Orey Handy clay. ... 3 Alternating bands of chorolate and grey chiy ?. VVell cementoil, gn-y, sandy clay. ^i tme-gramed gravel 3i &j:i'"°J •"'"""J "'"y «"h JiKniteban.! '..'. ;. nn«>-gmmed gravel. . . 4J Sand and gravel in irregular beds " Handy clay, red at top. 12S S:S';::iw ci^' --"'•^'J «t topwith iro„ oxide: :;::::::::;::::::: ,s* (jrcy. sandy clay, with a 1-foot band of fin.^grnined, well c.wnfd gravel ^S (irey elay If, S.-indy, li(fni(ie elay. 22 Gnwei with one fciot at top well eeu.,-nted: ':.'.::.::::. ...v.::::, 2s* Charact<'r not recorded 2 San"'" --i™" rantain ,„„„. ol„v. On L 'r Ih.'^'It ■," ^'"""^ »i-y lignitic clay, fossil leaves, well binided. r Sand and gravel with a 2-ineh bed of clay ... 50 Grey eluy o Gravel and silt g Brown silty clav ... -i Sand. ..■........::::!!:;::::;;:::::;::;:::::::::;;: 5 Gravel. The base of the bed dips down-streiuii, south 16 degrees east with an inehnation of about 40 feet in 1,000 feet; thickness at north end IS 10 feet, at south end, 15 feet i >; Concealed ',- Silt, brown, thin-bedded, carbonact-ous 4 J in<> sand n Coarse gravel |0 Grey clay, weathering cream, lignite at base. M Green day y Concenh'd ■■■■................ \ Buff clay, lignite seam at hii.se. . . ' . 'i Buff clay ij. Green clay „ Silt :.:::::;;:::: ? Coarsi; gravel 35 Silt with 2-incli gravel layer 4 Coarse gravel with 3-inch layer of ironstone containing' remains of ieaves. 1 2 Hull and grey clay !<> Cream clay with infusorial earth. .. 1 Buff clay ?. Dark grey clay j; Sand and gravel j" Fmsrr Hi Vt-r level. Total v>74 5172—21 ' 16 the foSionSrexpos^d 'Tcon^nr"' '' ^Tu'' "^^ «ther section, formed of burnt!out fiteAnH tf„ 'rji"'/"*^ '''"^' J"^* below the to beds, is described by sX^'Dawson'^^H^^l*^^^ ^'*h under y of Quesnel. A section (7o 3)f^,n^:^Cref 2^ .S.r*^^^^^ Qnesnel, opposite Baker's ranch s eiven hpli^ ^k'^*'''" **^« "v*"- f'' iLTT""""' in this neighbourhL (Figure itbcalTtv'l^^"^'^''*'"" °^ ^' that of gravel and there are more 1 gSerous beds^ ^^^' '' ^''^''' *^ Section No. 3. Top of bliift. Rivi-rsilt Rivor gravel ...... i Grey day with liKniticpartinRs ' ' •;.ra vol ccrneiitpd with rfuv iToy and roddish olay univel Carbonacoous clay Cpmonicd gravel. . Grpy Play with a gravelly brd.' t^pniented sand and gravel Grpy clay Sandy clay Grpy clay Grppn clay . . Grpcn clay with lignitic partings'.:. ™nay, green clay Coarse gravel Concealed Total. Thickness : feet. 6 • ... 15 ... 10 .... 3 .... 17 .... 30 . . . . 15 ■ ■ . . 10 ■ . . . 25 .... 4 .... 7 . ... 3 . ... 12 ... 6 ... 17 ... 3 ... 12 ... 10 Fraser River level. at a ^uS opelTai'org lleYrot]?.^^^^^ '' ""^^ T*^ «f Quesnel.Tal^ In this section there is pra^tTcX 1^11 i 'l^^r" '?'''°^ («««*'«» No. 4) measures nearly 4 feet,^s mor^'ttiful Ih^'eftS'. '^"^ -amof whici Top of section. Bed No. Section No. 4. 2 Cl^v wlir.'*'^ houldersand, probably glacial I S!'^;;"^"'''"'""^ "'"y «•'*•' "^^'■^ of sand'. ; : 5. Brown grey shale. . . o. Ltgnite 7. Orey clay. 9: Sand". ^ ''. ^'^^ "«i"i'-sof iignite.'.V.-. . .' .' ! .' ! ! ! ; ; ] ; ; 10. Drab brown clay 11. Sand 12. Grey clay . . . [ ] ] . ' ] ] ' Thickness in feet and inches. .... 20 . . . . 13 .... 2 ... 3 ... 2 .. 5 ... 1 6 .. 5 ... 10 ... 4 6 ... 2 ... 2 6 I Hidp of PYaser ion of -cctioD sections of V the town, underlying r the village i river from ion of clay reater than rhicknoHs in feet. ... 6 . . 15 . . 10 . .. 3 . .. 17 ... 30 . . 15 .. 10 .. 25 4 7 3 .. 12 6 . . 17 3 . . 12 . . 10 . . 205 el, taken 1 No. 4). of which 3knes8 in ; d inchos. )0 i I 3 3 s 5 ? 6 1 6 6 17 Top of section. ti . i Bed No liicknottH in 13. SaAd ccinentod by iron oxi,!,- into l..n*-8 ''''' ""/'^""hc-H. 14. Compact ({n-y clay with sand lon.. . i « 21. Gwyclay „ 1^ 22. Liffnite ' " ^ 23. Brown clay J| .t 24. Drab clay ,' ? 25. LimUe ,\ *» S 3 3 010 15 to 20 26. Brown clay ' ' ' .' V ,, 27. Coarse sand an 28. Sandy clay. .. . V" 29. Drab clay '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'. ., J, 30. IrrcRular leas'^s of welk^emcnted silt with remains'of leaves 1 31. Brown clay with sand lenses up to 1 foot thick, and with liaiiile partings ^ ,., ,, 32. Grey clay ......■.■,•.■.•.■..■,•.•.•.■. 30 33. Brown, carbonaceous clay with seams and lenses, up to 2 inchi-s thick of linnUe ' ■? n 34. Sandy clay ...'.'.■.■..'.,.■■.".',' 3.V Drab clay with very little lignite. '' >. Carbonaceous clay 7. Grey clay free from lignite Ij'o 38. Brownish gn-y clay, thin seams of carbonaceous mat tl-r ■> 39. Mmn smm, liffnite (mined) ... -i o 40. Drab grey clay. j^ 41. Liguile „ " 42. Drab clay .'.'.'.. U,? 43. Lignite '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. \\ 44. Brown clay, full of carbonaceous matter. 7 « 45. Concealed Fraser River level. Daw.son .speaks of thp.><<> beds as the 1 ,nito Group. The writer sugge.sts the name tra-ser River formation as being more definite. Dawson' col- lected a number of plants from these beds and decided that they were of tertiary age, Miocene or older. Penhallow^ has placed them in the Eocene Jiecause of their position between a .series of disturbed and altered lavas corresponding to Dawson's Lower Volcanics and of vounger flat-lving ba.salts the writer l)elievos that they represent a perioJ o' sedimentation corresponding to that of the Tranquille formation at .•; .;nloops. And if IJawsons Lower Volcanics are post-Oligocene these beds should be placed in the Miocene. UPPER VOLCANICS. The Upper Volcanics are typically developed on the Green Timber plateau. A section measured at the head of the gorge known as the Chasni, near 59 Mile House, shows a thickness of 203 feet of flat-lyine ohyine basalts, in beds up to 25 feet thick, that are amygdaloidal for about iu teet at the top, becoming denser downward with a thin layer of amygdules ■Dawaon, G. M., Op. cit, p. 260. ^^n^enhallow.D. P., ■Report on the Tertiarj' plants of Britiah Columbia." Gcol. Surv, Can , No. 1013, 1908 18 dales! so^e o^ttm toStt'v Z^'f^'r^ 'P'' «-- '" the amy^. boulders are plentif" n™r the hvdrnm "^'^"•/P!'''™'""*'- t)livine basalt and on the hill at the northwes/eToffi^ at Meadow lake basalts several hundred feet thTcl ^t^l ^tteS tl^S^^S 3) th?re SeTd^'oTZintbSr^Hh' S'-^ '\'^^ ^'«"- ''' '-"ty that carries "peridot" tl^^ gre^n seri^li'^rf"' ""^ yP?r?thene peridotit^ in the jewellery trade (see page 81) '^"'"''"' '°™ °^ "''^'ne. « stone used west^JXt^alrfs tulS ST stfh^ f^f ^^ ^^^^-- valley west sides forming the uDrter rim nfVj. u ^"^'1 on the east and side of Fraser riveVat SLrCreek iJdl'LH^' T ''T °" t»>e west creek, in each case coming to the edge o tfln v ^'^pt^^'-^ t«ward Riske contmuing down its sides The lavf is b tlc^n^ ° ""^ I'T^'. "^er but not layers. At the base, in places through a th1ckn.i TyK^^^'^^dal with dense sand and clay being mixed w-ith k in f h 1 ' ?^ ^" ^''^^' '* '« d'^upted, thickness is about 40 fe" The basalt lilsflir"" ^°°,* ""^ ^°- ^^'^ average Baker Creek canyon and is ann^^n* ia^?* °f ''''*'"'y ''^ «« tl»e rim of the Creek bridge and on a spripTC'?*'^, *^«* ^^^^^ it occurs at Chimnev At two places eS of Que neltha'asK ^^'^ 1'^' ^"^'^ S. and a dip to the northwest o from 15 to 25 de^"* kT*" f t^""^^^ ^^^^ slippmg, due to local topographic™onditln, 3 h' ''"* L" ''°t'» instances PLIOCENE. AshcMa7;tr tSe S^^^l^^iSfs^'l ^","^°i ? ''^ ^"'^ton. the railway on Clinton creek and n thl rfn ' '"."'"''^y 10), also west of The section exposed on theloTd'ira^'^fSt-^ 'ZeZ^,t£r': ^^^"'^"- Thickness 2. C^r'' ""-^'^•' -"'J^'o-. «"«''tly iron-stainod near top. '" '"03 4; Ked"" '"""'' "'"^'^ ^vith irona„d-,n.u>ga„oso-. 1 1 1 i »^+ 8. Finp-gramed sandstones with itrains ft'honV Jl '^r"'^V-\ 4 lying in beds § to 2 SftCw-^r t °K ^ "''^^ "" diameter «and occur alonVhelHSLVSos'™"™''* '«<*''''''•'' tL pebbles"clrst'orSffi;^u?rt;?,2 inches in dian.eter. ' and porphyritic ba^rreSirS/rVTatr'^'^*''"''^''' 3 , 4 19 Dawson mapped these beds as Cache Creek, but the amygdaloidal basalt pebbles in No. 10 indicate that the strata are later than some of the Miocene lava extrusions. They either belong to a series corresponding to the Tranquille or are Pliocene. On the track a mile or two north of Clinton station, there are conglomerates with sandstones and shales like those at this locality, some of them slightly folded. GLACIAL AND RECENT DEPOSITS. More recent than the Tertiarj' are unconsolidated deposits of boulder clay, gravels, sands, and silts. Boulder clay or glacial till is widely dis- tributed. Conspicuous morainal deposits are found at Big Bar lake, in the neighbourhood of Clinton, and south of 150 Mile House. A flat, irregular sheet of glacial drift lies over most of the portions of the Interior Plateau visited, including areas near the Fraser north and northeast of Quesnel. A section of boulder clay lying on the east bank of Fraser river above Quesnel, with interbedded gravels, is given in section 2, page 15. Dawson' records the finding of glacial strise trending south 30 to 40 degrees east on all the higher points of the plateau lying 30 or 40 miles south and east of Green Timber plateau. The writer found glacial stria; trending true .south on top of the plateau near the road between Chimney Creek bridge and lliske creek and Dawson^ records further clear striations trending south 2 degrees east, 8 miles southwest of this place and 6 miles west of Fraser canyon at an elevation of 3,650 feet, that is on top of the plateau, well away from Fraser gorge, and he also notad striations trending a few degrees west of south on Tsawhuz mountain between Blackwater bridge and Prince Gejrge thus indicating the nearly due southward movement of a large body of ice on the plateau west of Fraser river. The records of glaciation in the northern part of this district have not bsen sufficiently studied to justify drawing general conclusions. Grey, fine-grained silts occur in the immediate trough of the Fraser at intervals from Lillooet to Quesnel. They resemble the white silts of the Thompson lithologically and in their method of occurrence and are supposed to have been laid down at the end of the glacial epoch. At Clinton and elsewhere much gravel has been laid down either by rivers on their flood-plains or by streams connected with glaciers. The following section taken at a point one mile south of the mouth of Quesnel river on the east bank of Fraser river illustrates a succession of beds from the Tertiary,Fraser River formation, up to recent river gravels, in descend- ing order: Thickness. 8. Soli 20 7. Gravelly sand, rasty at top '.....'. 9 6. Coarse-grained, unoonsolidated gravel, with boulders up to 1 foot in diameter, mostly of dense, metamorphosed rocks, a few of granite.... l.'> o . Grey silt in well-defined bed.s 135 4 . Coarse gravel, partly concealed 15 3 . Sand with seams of lignite 7 2 . Sand with a 1-foot bed of gravel at the base ..'..'..'..... 1.3 1 Concealed down to level of Fraser river 20 ■Dawson, G. M., Geol. Surv., Can., vol. VII, ISM, pp. 263B-2MB. ■Dawson, G. M., Geol. Surv., Can., Uept. of Prog., 1875-7*, pp. 2«1-2()J. 20 CHAPTER HI. HYDROMAGNESIIE. CO oure, , partly consolidated earth ivinronth T ^ "'"''"'"i"' '" " ^'•*'"'" Although parts of the deposits "ont' in muehni '"''?' " ''""^'J' «"«r* the composition of the better «mde" annrrohn, h "/^l"*''"-'" ''"Puritie.. maRnes.te, which is maKnesiurcarbonate uS n 1°^ *^'' '"'"''™' •'J''''"" ofserStTnTbur«e;;;aUy:rrv"elo"n:r""^^ ''■ '^^ '^'*-™*i- product of exploitation. trl'dZZhl h nl ^ ' '" quantities too small to permit near the town of At^H^^B^^td aroirind'neTr"''""'^';"'''**'^'' "'^^'^^^l report. Outside of a trial shi JmenUf abo,,? fiOO ^ '^^'V^'* *''*h '» ^his magnesite to Vancouver in 1915 thf ,)or> * u^ ""'' "^ ''^^ ^t''" ^ydro- unexploited. ^^^' ^'^^ ^lepo^'ts have remained practically Hydromagne.site is so closelv relntp/l in „ magnesite that it may reasonaSv be exneelr^ composition to the mineral obtained from the anhy.lrou -mi'nS tL ^T!! '' "^'^'''^^ of magnesite and the uses to which it Ls boon T^ '"' ^^'^ «oo wio i --, 08 909 (crude and calcinul) tons, valueil Ts72S 27*^ nn ' ""*/ ^ '•^""da' both countries fell ()ff considerably ir/o IS «;;• .^"' P'-o'luft'on of table. Simihirlv, before I0I5 the Lt .l!:^ a^. indicated ,„ the annexed from magnesite or its pr k uct a. d o ThT^rT'V^"'^ "l'''>' ''" "''*"'"- ore will no doubt be more extensive v used ^ a amnnercial scale in Canada oTthri ni'ted S at^; ^^'^i: '^.j/f '^uced on 8<,o00 pounds having an avcrace vilue nf «^ vJ ,' ^"''^' however, .n the i:„ite,l .Stat, s, and in 1 917 thi loum h .^'r-''"""/'' r'' ^'"^''''^^ butw-ith an av. rage, value of only S2 peTpound '" ' ''^'^'^ P°""''« 'Minoral resources „( the r S ntir ■« '" ^"" """ ■ Cuii , Mem OS. hy •M.Ui.h. i„„„. A„„. Hepl:M,!;:n//pr&»roV^«'^';„';%^^-: ,^. Vale and Ka.ph W. s.„„e. p. M. 21 Table I .—Prixtudion of Magnexik, 1913 to 1918. Country'. Typo o( occurrence. (Jueficc. British Columbia. California' Waxhinnton' Austria-Hungary, (ireccc 515 Imlia. !Cr>'8tallino Hylromaxncniti'.. ^fa.■«ivo ■Crystalline ■Crystalline 200.M7* IMassivct j 98,517 L, . . 31,815 iMassive* i 16,468 Production ii 1913 I 1014 I igis in tona. 1916 1917 1018 358 9,632 i 11.203 1.36. 701 .•W,.'>63 1,706 14,779 30,409 1,50,881 28., 563 7,570 54.778 635' 1.54,2,59 715 100,484 27,248 17,024 64,767' 211,663 1105.175 69.837 57.790 84.077 147., 528 'Forasummaryii(|countoftheknownf"f,T"' V^^^-.-o".'; "• '»»3. P- «0: "n^ U.S. Geol. Hurv. Bull. 355 ppMeV. • 'Most of It ruined in 1915 and marketed in 1016 • vv -• •Includes crude, calcined, and dead-hurnt; crude maki.ii? up the ereatost part ■'■'"' ^'-^^f^^ deposits were op«>ncd in the state ol V\ashington. The California magnesites are of the dense varietv and there IS on- -currence of a sedimentary magnesite. The magnesite of VVaslungton i.s of the crystalline variety and occurs about 60 miles north 01 hpokane. The material resembles the dolomite in which it occurs and can be distinguished from it only by chemical analyses. Although many ot the ( ahfomia deposits arc exhausted, at least several million tons of nuignesite are available in the Washington deposits. The principal Canadian deposits of magnesite' are situated in the hills north of the village of Grenville, Quebec. The magnesite is crystalline ^^ 'Wilson. M. E., • Mmpwiite depooits of Grenville district, Arienteuil county, Quebec', Geol Surv. , C«n. , Mem. 22 the dead-burn.Vprict'^ol.l nr"r '"''«^"*" ' '^"n "ro in rotary kilns a carrying up to IS^rmt of hIJ £"!''"" '"'f " '* ''' ««'^ ^f^"* ""^t^' Smaller oecuSco" of boTh 1^1 ^n" "'''' f"'-''''*«f""y "' ^hc proce been reported from Bolton «nH «^f 'l'"' ''T '"^P"^^ "laRnesite ha ships of Quebec" At Orn„ Jll ^ "? ^°«"''»"P'' "> the Eastern Tow deposit of crSlineL^nSS' »"""'' r''""*^' ^'"^'"^ «'-°*i''' taken out. ^''*""'*' '""Knesite has been op,„eci up and a small amoii and bS' CoTXa" CaTXl*" ^r ^'''^ ''^'''^' f""" ^'^ Vuk, few miles north of Oange crSUu'^ll'ifT'''''''^^ P"""^ magnemtes Alaska bonndary Thev^ orrnr inT . r ^ P«^cupine river, on the Vuko aggregate thickness of ImL ^^'^' ^'°'" ?,*° ^^ feet thick, having . c^BtallinemrgnSeuptS^^OfttThT^^^ McConnell' found bands , range east of RirSalnum rivor 1 ♦ ■'^^'.^"'^ ^^"r"^ '''^'"' '«'''' "' the fir, Atlin on tt OmZcT'rWeTlt: n,' I'.r'''"'"^^"''^'*^ "'"'^ f«""'> -" Young.' From the remilts rif ,!;.L "^^'"J'on'' J- ^- Gwillun,» and G. A m,m tonsTf theTtl in di "TL""'^'' ^"""^ ooncluded that abou of the foHowing fmpur UesTaO FeO AU^ "°ST!;^ ^^^^ '^ P^^ '^•'" being MgCO, with about 18 to loVTi " yY *"'* ^'0=' ^^^ '"emaindei impu\a' hydrous magneste a^s oecCinTtit h She "^7"""' ''''''''' a number of localities in th^ «nm„ !lw •'^* li °i?",*^ '*"*^ serpentme a1 bands of magnSe occurrinir wft^ l / "f *" ^- ^- ^^'^f'^nnoll"' reported creek, a tribu^r^^ orSSca r ter ^w n"' '"^T,'?*?"'' ''" Gennanser, discovered magnesite o"both crvr;„.P" I?''y«f''i'«^" "» 1915 and 1916 small extent, Tihe Br dee RivprH^'"''/"u' ''"'''^^'^ varieties, but of good quality *^^ ^""^^ '^"'"*^t- S«"'<' of this material is of USES OF MAGNESITE. dioxiftT^?ilio;7.tXSr?h;" *'^%'"?"^-^- of carbon ^|;^y^th^.mir Sne J^S\J3T= 'Op. cit., pace 62. ^^fe«^"&l^r^i;;^>j,^^^^^ Can., Rept. o, Pr«.. ,8,3. p. ,„. •gS"^?^" i"«-"^"pp'^''^'" ™"°"' """"^ """^ ''°™'"« "" ^""0. rive., Ala,ka " ','5°°! §""'•■ Can., Ann. Kept . vol. VII, I8S4 d isr "Oeol. Surv., Can.. Sum. R,pt . im. p.Js. '' 23 Carbon Dioxide.'' ' Carbon dioxide is liberated from tiiuKiiPMito at a temperature about 370 denrees CentriKraile' lower than from limefttonc or calcite. MaKnenite has, therefore, been used for producing carbon dioxide, luit other and cheaper methodH of manufacture have led to a decreased production from this source. Sorel Cement* If magnesite be burned to a red heat a product known as "caustic, calcineil maRnesite" is formed, which is a mixture of inaRiiesia and mapesite with a carbon dioxide content of less than 8 per cent of COj. This product, if free from certain ixnpurities, sets into a hard cement when mixed with a sohition of maKnesiuni chloricle of a certain strength. This mixture, together with fillers, such as sawdust, jtround cork, ashes, china clay, asbestos, serpentine, talc, and colouring material, ochre, etc., is used in the manufacture of flooring, artificial marble, and tiles. When success- fully laid, the floors are said to be smooth, resilient, and not liable to crack. They are readily coloured, take a good polish, prevent the escape of heat, and arc resistant to fire. Failures in the usi if fliis cement have been ascribed to lack of uniformity in the raw materials used, improixT mixing, (leterioration of the materials before construction, improper foundations, and lack of experience in the laying of the floors. Sorel cement is one of the products which eventually may be successfully produced from high grade hydromagnesites. Refractory Materiah. AVhen magnesite is raised to a white heat (1,700 degrees C.) and practically all the carbon dioxide is driven off, the resulting magnesia (MgO) is chemically inert and very refractory.' The product is known as "dead-burned magnesite" and is used either as magnesite brick or, crushed to pea size, for the lining of basic steel furnaces, cop|)er convert ors, furnaces for refining lead, electrical and other furnaces. The crushed material is employed as a lining for the bottom of open-hearth furnaces, '•otary kilns in Portland cement manufacture, and in making crucibles and cupels. The foregoing comprise the principal uses of crj-stallinc magnesite. Digestion of Wood Pulp. Magnesium bisulphite made from calcined magnesia, when boiled with pulp wood, dis.solves the non-cellulose matter in the wood and the resulting pulp is used in the making of paper. Manufacture of Magne»ium Salts. "Light magnesium carbonate"' or magnesia alba levis (MgOH SMgCOj) is manufactured in some instances from magnesite. It is used as a he at insulator on pipes, etc., as a fire retarding paint, as a toilet pre- ■U.S. Geol. Surv., Mineral ruources of tb« U.S. (or H13, pt. 11, p. 44«. »Oool. Surv,, Can., Mem. «8, p. 0. "Themical abetxacU for 1917, p. 562. •U.S. Geol. Surv., Mineral resouroes of the U.S., 1913, pt. If, pp. 447, i-VMSS. JThc mcitiai point oi MgO is i',S«re.,C»tJ, 2,57r C, AiiWi, 2,OaO'C., CrjOj. 1,9»0'C. Jour. Franklin Inat., 1813, p. oo7. J 34 n.son, Halt, for i,„.,li..i„„| ,/,„" s.'. i'.!^ "' I'.v. rat..! for,,, know,. romHt,„K pa<.ki„K for fnrunrTtxml p'^Z '""' "''••'''"'' «'"•'' "•* " h.-, MrtdlUc Maynrsiuin.^ The niotal iiiaKncsiiin, is of „ «iiv..r,, tou^h, „.alloahl,.. nu,lM^\Zuh!^Zl or two-thirds that of «lu,,.i,,u « .d '/In, r,? T'"'^*" «'"''^'*>' (' 7 ro,nn.n« .-...hparativoly "naltoml «n r ,u ,1 'if '' •"'' "";'"' •""'«" <»'' mum IS used in powdoVod for,,, in rPu 1 ■^^'^■'',' '•'""'''ions. MaRn s.n„. is „sed f«; flash liihts in '^ 'i^^^^ I'owdonvl .na^n, <•♦(•.. ,„ n,iiitary operations. KS?' i" "' ^'"'^'Z^''' «'"! for ftaro «-.!.. n tostin^ for phos,,h„r s aT ^.S V"'^''•"^•^^''''*•''^ Massivo „,aKnosiui.. i„ stirks is „s,d 1 Til , ''''""Hal lal.oratoriei aRon of alloys. AfaKnosiun, I rLw.rfn '"''•>• '•''"* '"' " 'l«'"-^i'li^in aKont an, its oxi.lo is ,„or,.. sta le at hi.^h L n'"":'"""^ ."'"' ''""'rifyin such as aln„.in„,„. siii.-on, an.i phcmpfts '''"*"'"' "'«" ^'^'■' ««''"» Other proro.sKc-s, sonio of thr.n sf f. Vi ' P"*"****"'"! (ArKCljKCI) of the f„sod „„;«„..[„". c5,l ri ' wi /':2'T:'"T"^'^^ •"'"«'• are n-.h.otio f'arl,„„, rodurtio,, of uuiKnosia M,^^^ nr "'""''"un,, r,.,|„,.fio„ with "'K n-siduos, and ehu-trK , f ,£ .K^.r^ 7^''"', J^'*^V'^'^ to slag fo„„. '"aKn(.s.un, an,l IK.tassi,,,,^,s,. d fo/^; ' ^« •. 1»'<- -ioul'lo chlori.le of carnallite ol.taino.l fro.n the sa t .Ten "Vs K 'V''f ■ ''" '>'^'"*'''' "'•"•■••'il A s„,a|| ,,„a„»itv „f n,ai„es m . 1 'f,'^ ''^^f'"-* "' (Jerniany. varions alloys of tlu^sea,Klo he ' , , ^l' ." f,^'-'' .^[^n'r, nk-kel. or that may I.e p„..se„t a.ul .nXV r ad, ,t?' "'V ''''''''" .l..ct. Alloys of aiun.innn. wi 1 alt^M^L^^^V'T ''"".'"K«^""o.-.s pro- have proved very ...seful. The rreiiChfer .'•'''"•''''•■ '''■•'^''''^^^ Kfoater tensile strength and resi.s a, c^ to in ,.,. "Ar"'""V"""" '""' ^"^'^ ''I'.nunu.n, with less than 2 pev e e, of ,nr, , -^^T'-'V""' *'■" '^""-V "^ fm-ntuKes of ealeiun,, ni-kel, ti, ,,d le u| .'' "' '""' "V "''""">• ^•"«» . mnest.e ware, snrKieal and of t Vl . ri/n J " T'"-'/;''"'' f"^''it<•hen and Aln,n,n..,m alloyed with n.aJ, . . , n, I'ls '' '^'''7 "l'"P"«'>'t. «'tc'. cast,ngs. Xun.ero,,sotherXvso,nJ '•'''''" ?'';' f*"- "'"king larger an.l eopper, magnesinn, z he / ^te E "e.-'"''' "'""'""'"• n'aK.H-simn nosn.n.. Kor instance, (^er;;;l"-i:^Lrt^i ^fe ^^,^11; U Vfatnll 1 ^l » '»■«. U.3. oeol. Sun-., Mucral nmunv-? „! thn r.H 19i7 Pt. I.pp H7-I31. MkC!j) can iimKJicsiiiH, •MaKiU'MJiiin iiaiuifnctiiro iifucttirc of known bh liici'd from "ikI in tho ax a hfat- •ally inert, 'ity (1-74) iiown thut • Mannc- !>il niuKnC' for flarcH, l>ow to S3.T per ton in New York, and the (iilifornin pnxluct prejiared .nnd packed in the same way fetched $30 to W,') in I-os Angeles or San Francisco. The price of dead-burned, crushed, or fine-ground Austrian magnesite averngwl »1(J.2.') to $1(>..')0 in New York atul the sftme product from Norwjiy $22..'J0 in Kan Francisco. In 1918 the California crude sold c.i an average of S9 per ton at the mine,- an ' ?"."' ""h.v.fmtiH inairi...s of the n.aKn««iuin pxwIh «» the «nV.v.lr™.5 i ''' ''"""'"^IrateM that ii inaKneHite aMociated with r« LT- * '"^ ^arbonate (Mr <(),), ,,i,h^, «" the mineral 'lolonure.((ri&."V""' ''"''''' *'''' •'•'In""' carbo,! fcarths made up nearlv «r wK n'" / 8p«cimeng tho«e eontaininR rdltrvHv i' '^''P'""" ''^•'"''^'o '" the h« microaeope the gypsum ervH^RlM.^ '"'^" an.ounts of lime. Under « probaily prJ^r Su d^nS .JdeteSor/'''"' ^"* ^"^ydrite wh the material. ' "" determined Iwcause of the finenew nnpuritL^*;i!;rte^^ the earths with mc defined, thin Ix^ds of ^ to VW nehTSni i''"^' L'"'">' '"'"•«». «how wc wavy outhne. The ^me KAnHiI.1 • i "*^''! '^'"K ""* but witha «liKhl of t^e hydromailS' Be&^STrf ''' "" !["''''^ ''^ke^rHuS rounded and curved surfaces »7n Dlace« n n*" ''"*"""'•' «'«v"'t'« wi impure earths are cemented into col"SetmLll.s. «™""'^*''t- '-el ti ««-/«<»on 0/ Hydromagnemlea and Impure Earth,. lies «uLl"tceTaKr ofT''"^ when present in the larger deposit the-e two zones. Where in fh« i„^ ^ • ".° ''™wn sand e betWeei and impure earth outcrop at the Sce'^o V *'''*hrh'*lMromaKne.s' s^whtly higher elevation Kn the neighbo. rin^lrl*''' 7-''*' '""''^ '« "* * Beow the cream-coloured, impure Seru/on'^'^ °^.!'"P"^'' '""'"ia' fu I of sand and clay, com^nt^ in rSl ^''T^'H ^ •^""^y wf'ite earth this ,s more sand or ciav At Vvatson iJkeX *° " ^"''' "r^^**' ^"^ '>^1"« seems m places to bo repealed so th„Vr^K» ?"'''"«'^^>«n described above layer. In places the und^; yil "layf ""^'"""^ a yelkmi.sh shells. '■y"'*^ *^'ajs contam numerous, small, freshwa er :b«w mrthfl originated ..... und PetroK. I)«,i«.i, Vorkommen." AttoniDti prewnt in (hi, earth di"> "* *''* '^'■-^^ «•,'« na^ca « . - , 27 ritii'H in con- <' Ki-anulufpd f. rcaemble PP U-I2S. Hhape of the Depontt. The larger deponitH are thin, flat-iyinR sheets <>( nearly uniform depth from the surface to the underlyiiiK wand or clay. The surfaces, which are from 1 to 2 feet hinlier than the surrounding valley floors, are broken up ititi) nearly circular humps full <>t radiatiuK cracks fem-mblinn the top of a cauliflowfr (Plate IV). The toj- ■){ thest; hum|is are, as a rule, from I Arems with hydrom^gnea/ie of good ^uthty Area3 with aeposits of impure hydromafnnite /,f,3- tipoaurea of hydmmutnesiU af^aod quality. 4,S.€.- Ctpoaurea ofcmlcitr with gyiaum. 7- Ixposuri of gypsum with CMJcite 8 - fxpoaure of cong/omerate otvtam tiy trawUnt f Tunnels X Prospects Scan of feat * yo ^ f jpotf aooo joa o 40oo tceo Approaimate magnetic datlination, S'T'Sast liRiirt' .3. HydroniagiH-site di'imsits near Clinton, Lillooet district, British Coluinl)ia. to 2 feet higher than the ground between them. In certain places along the j'dgos of the deposits. a.« at Me.idow Like .and olspwhero, lunar or <-.ivp- sliaiied cavities filled with large basaltic boulders, but with practically no fine-grained material, lie between the cauliflower-like humps. The shapes 28 of the cavitios ponform to the arranepmonf nf ti,„ • . amoiiRst which th.«y Ho Tho h m,^.? fircular niaRnosite pat pat.-hes have grown unwards an, ri"r'^''''''''' ''^ ''"'t ^^e .nagn^ an.l finally risbg aborthon, Th Tif ' ' ^^"'^ *^'' ''«"'''«'" *<' «"''' n(lioat,.,i-l,y the^rosom of si Ju vortn' 'ft.*""' •"''n'"''"*"*" i« f»r l)oul,|,>rs. On the lum . rs of T l- < '" niagncsito on in.livi, tluTc.s...msi,u,la,.osto l^an ,i^rL*^rf''"''i*" outrroppinK at tho s„rf footor«,,,,fsoilr(>sfinKonathinl, Hnf V 1 **'^'»a,n dopo.sit n-yv: inj? part of th,- main mass '^••' "f''>'''-'>'"'W>esitc evidently a proj, an.l ,.al,.i,„„, which f< n, nfl fc 1 vin^^^^^^^^^^^ "' "''"!"^ "^ '""K^'^-^i occur as l.ds i.iterstrati ie w h 'L f '' " J"st un.ler tho surface or , expose,! in pit No. 7 Ky, re S "" .''i''^' /n'."" "'"•'' ""*'"'^ »>«« '' and 8, Tal>le IV) It s o«'r|.v1 .' ,''*/.'"'/"" 'fat'' V, mul anal- so nearly pure gyps m an 1 ,.|ccnlL ;'"'"' ''^ '''^"'"^ ''''•' "'»' '■"""'i^t^ minerals are n. xe,l ^ iltl /il?v w. ' •' •'''"^'' ''""''''•• ''"^ "> ^^^P^h th in which the no,h. e 1 es r f, Xh ''r'','*^ amounts of tho houlder ci are fine, t.hrea,l-like streaks of .l^:r''"^ traversiuK the l.ouhlor eh with the n,atenais of H^^n" „, ! * ^ ^^^^ TJl " "'V™' '" '"""'««'^' also occur on th.. «*«->.. ,'""""' ^^'at<^ * 1;- -Nodular deposits of evnsi Hod.ied,iepoit ' f u ;s:;re,rvifh'"-' '"''^ ^^''''^ ^^'^ --''-' no>.i..„. „...! . ,ja'<"r.a''™"^ " s wat ►"sis In the COMFOSITJON. hy.iron.a«neS^i!;!;il:;'tiii'^Xw'i'r v^' '"■♦^^•' «-'- o'vek. This tai.le renn s, ,. s H ' '^'^"'^o^- ^^e ^^ atson lake, and Risl 'l-'posits that . a . rea^na V 1 1 '""?"f' *'"" "f ♦'»' '"atorial in the. The yellow, KHU i la t od ^ S . U'^r^^^^^^^^ !" ■\":''l '^ ^■""""^^''ial pro,luc of value. Analv OS 2 / i Z'["'l "/"" '"l'' '" '/""' ^''^ '' "'''' t» ' that they repre^.-nt an av,>;.l of tL n fr"i"P''' ^V'*'?' "' «"''»' "» ^^a an.l as stated in tt.o talle in „,wV . f ' '''"''^"•^^■■^ "^ *'"' layer sample ♦'"• «holo of the u ,pe into 1, ' Wiirth,'''' «"'"'•''*»!">"■ '-^Hosent averaKo value of eight analvsos n f VHi analyses ,s presented th report l.v (J. A. Yr^ig n the S.nn,»! !>'^''-"""'Pf«it'-H fakon from th rana,la. for 191.^ • /, l\ ' h^ 1, -"^ "/'""''^ "^ ^'^'' (Geological Surv.-v magnosit... Analv 5.1 mX?"'.!!*^ -sixteen analy.ses of C'aliforni, more than tWr.tvve-irs a^o o ^' '" V'*' r''u'-"^'^'"' ^""'''J- 'aboraton from the,■l,^,„<"t inateW.. f,«,n '"IV''''' ''^""'' '* '*' Presumed was take! "lars as to e me ho7l o X .rilis^' "''1"''' "V'T ''"P"^''' '"'^ P'^^^i'" show the mat,-rials o e low h, m.^""''' ' T '"'■''""^- ''"'"'^'- "'"^"'t* 2 and 4 reveal th,' preson co ofTn, 1 r ''"'' I'^'r''":. """"i'ies. Analv.se^ m all prohahilitv ^^"-0,1 from ho ^e' ?1 '\"^ ''"''r "'r>eHive\y . ^r^i.^, the upper white hydrornaLios l n f ' ","'' «P«'^« "^eattorod through the spring waters (page 4"^ ^tes ZlVf""?'! ^^'' /■""' Position of may bo present. l^^nagliS';:;^te;!}:':unlS'!,r;^73';;;:r ^ "'^" 29 esite patches le iimKiicnife s to one side on is further )n individual the surface, nesite; that )Kit reveal a ly a project- roniaj{ncsite niaRiiesiuni 'face or else lie has hcen analyses 7 consists of Jepth these oulder clay lulder day, onifKisition of gypsum nalysis 1). iroiis niajj- ^w parts of the water uialysis 3) ■ lake. grades of and Hiske 1 in these 1 F)roduct. rule to he ch a way r sampled epresents en ted the from the .1 Survey, 'aliforni.'t iboratory ■as taken it partic- >e results Analy.ses ly, which through sition of lica also nt. s S -a a: a aq 3l C s uirad;<0 I«»"J. OoSOI DoSOI jAoqn Q(f{ 10 •OS «O0 O'H o«o 0»M CI ^ -5eo S£ SI ® -J ' = Hi s iss S a = lb ^4 S-f 8 ■S.S •§2 il 1= ii ■!» ' " 8< £ n a s iJJ-S . o, !"" e 50 _ I - B aj ■> 11111 ■o25oS-a-3 -^ CI o-°ci •o«S } or : 1- t_ ■S O 5172 -a 30 Variation in Co,np„.,ition with Depth o; ll'^e • riy;^ 'T^^:^Z^'l^ ••-» a,.ra„,eci to show the in. that are included hmC.LZJ '•' ^ ''"'^^'■'' ''''PO'^its of n" v l^amples taken from the tn e sec ™""v -^'V''^'^''^ '' 2%nd 3 repr •^ed 15 inches thick which ex sts .7, "' r"' ^ ^ff""''*''""*'* the irpper w repr ents the underlying, Kran.latel^ ?!'"'" " ' "''"' '^^' ''^P" i^ N «"' Vo. 3 the lower pVrt of the o„o i V'""-/""'"'.'""'' ''^'' ^6 •"••hos th increases from 1 -32 ner c .,f in V ^'^ '"^hes thick. The Hme con lated cream-coloumfbe :.V<1 2 'V^'r' "'''^^ '""'• *» «-38 in heT« deposit. Samples Nos 5 an fiu? f [ '"*'"/ '" ^^"^ ''.wer 1.5 inches of Pit^situated a few hum ed flet awavtn" ^T !^" ^''"»'' ^^^ThL h 2, and 3. In this case no Einc ,nn ' ^^'T '"''""*>' of samples > ;;^P""«e".tj the material tordS of ri^jf "'"^''i ''^*^^- ' ^he beds' N. of the middle bed represented bvnnnlfx^*'' *"*' '"""tams about 1.5 i,,c the lower portion of the deposit LtweonH \l ^ 'j''"^'^' '*'"' ^^'o- 6 repre e down to the base of the deSS\^Z\7J^?*t H ^^ «'"' 60 inches or aim these analyses with analyS'yos 1 1 atd S^ " '' ""■''j^^- «>' '^^P-r 18 per cent . Analyses i\o 7 and 8 «rp n/^'P" T^^^^ '^^^^ ^^^^ «aid o places at Matson lake; \o 7 from th "'""P^'' ♦'»'*<^n at two differe the upper bed and the upper" narto^th i"''"". "'^'^^ ''«'- ^nd No 8 fro content is low. The owner of the w..''^' 'T'^" ^^ ^'oth these he lin amount of lime is verv small in f)f u f" ^''^'^ deposits states that t but increases to a mariced extent Jn ^hJ'" '^''^ r''"" "^ these c epos that m most cases underlie the Ik /'"^ ^ream-coloured, granulated lave, >n the white layer at Riie creek s indil"'^ -T'" ^^' l«w\,ontent o lim t TP^l*^"^^" f™™ J««-r KrJ.i'^d " '•^•^^7' hv analyses 6 and 7, Tal le I to have been high in lii, '^^''na ^here the white layer is absent is sni brought out stiikin^h-, a so 1,^00^^-'%?^ '""^" eo.ltent whh'de U carbonate present in the two serSs^ nT^ *''" calculated amounts of lin anatlyses 1, 2, 3, and 4, 5 and « ^ ""'T''''?'*''' ''^^« represented b e^mS^''■''^*'>^^"«'Ses'at^bv ZSn^of '^''^ '""- "o"'-' erratic in its venation and does not inv«rf i • °^ ""'"erous test holes i' .VVatson lake, n the easterIvw^«L. •* m^ariably increase with denth a 31 ■ the increase ^ nf 110 value I 3 represent irpper white )o.sit. \o. 2 inehes thick, Hnic content '1 the granu- nches of the 30.' II from a imples Xos. i>eds, No. 5 ut 1.5 inches 5 represents cs or alnicst ■ comparing t the upper lime as the ve samples m average content of said to be o different ^'o. 8 from ic the lime s that the ' deposits, ted layers It of lime Table ir. ■nt is said dep'h is ts of lime en ted by content t holes is pth. At re visible of white ' increase lears the le at the nd occur Analysis tches of esite at Puritigs calci „ s ?, SJ s 1^ s 0'.1 C! o s c c o ^ oc :: § CO w 5 '0'->J. O o o o o o = o o '0=i =0!S & 9 3iC c — -•■=•? -5 - - r T £ ? =: c*^ » is c -£ C.J' »£® C5F- ww'^ =: i 5 C ^ 1^ hi e«s-?"o »:= = £ • ■^■='= ; _- . « > e c ■£3? jli-5 f^ IS 0-3 =; ■ !; =5 - ; w — x "S..S"c-3 SS 5172-3J n 33 Mi neral Composition . In atteniptinn to intcrpi.-t the analyses in terms of mineral com- position the vvritir was Kuided by the following considerations: (1) The sulphate radicle was combined with calcium asj^'P^um C'aS()<+2H2 O or anhydrite CaS04, because the calcium sulphates are very much less soluble than the magnesium or ferrous sulphates, or sulphates of the alkalis. Gypsum' loses three-fourths of its water of crystallization when heated for some time at 100 degrees ('., but retains the remainder to a much hight-r temperature. One-fourth of the water required to make gypsum must, rigurc' 4. Chemical roinpo.sition of liydnms maxnexiuni carl)()iiatc coiiiixpuikIh. aocordinft to molpoular proportion.s.) (I'lott..(l therefore, come from the percentage given in the analysis as passing off above 105 degrees (\ The maximum amount of gypsum present is, there- fore, limited by the amount of water Hberated above 105 degrees C". and for this reason it follows that anhydrit* is present in both the earths high in gypsum represented by analyses 1 and 7, Table IV. The presence of gypsum crystals has been p.oved in these cases by microscopic work, but no satisfactbry determinations were made of the very fine grains supposed to be anhydrite. (2) The calcium remaining after satisfying the available ^Thorpe, E. A., "Dictionary of applied chemi«try," vol. I, p. 8!1. 34 as a h rKo pf>rco..tam- of ral.iun, ra,l,„„uto tho „ro.s,.,.C(< of ,u\Zl [ha f . I ''./"'V "'f<^;:<>^f'"K J)ap<'r In- Johns).,,, an.l the hvnoth .^ Jl ''T'i^ '""'" '••r'-"'*'^"'" h'lvo 1.0(.„ forn,o,i a o vo,v Hos p;rS.toIv t "t^''r'' !'"•'-• *-"f™t..n. a„^'''"'-'-" ro,"ainin, ^af," saSvi J" iLv I '"""^*"'K wa>- Ttio molecular pioport ons of niairnesi.. 7.n,.| Wt :, ' ':•""■ "^ 7-Vsfallization re.niining were no t'"' in n « t^ C hv !'"' '"'-"■""■ J^V '•^'^ ^""^'^ iM^, V U2, and HjU of the analyses le, w th veiv little vnri-ifirm lie hot ween hydromaKnesite and „,aKnesite. The eomnonndV vv , nrese,„.e ,s th„s indicated n.ay helon^r fo an ison. orpho ^ e ii of 1 hyilro„,agnes,te and niagnesito are end n,e,nbors or '^he ,,m he list , rmnpound. of co.npositions intennediato between hyarZa^neslIra TOPOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOOICAL RELATIOX.s. The deposits of pure hydi-oniaRnesite all lie on flat i?roi,n.l no.,,- t o ..HK- -5 n /'^ "" >: OOP slope on the oast side of the vallev (Fi^ e 1 ;;'' n'ahole if ' '''''' ''' "" '""^ ''' -"''>' ««"-- nearThe st-roim ar hill 1^' ^'''"^o"i i'n'"onsoli(latee distinct inesito and d near the at Clinton (Figure 3, feet lower them: "The faima obtaiuecl from this <'lay consists entirely of immature ami stunted forms. The followin^^ forn»s are represented: Lyntiim-it ((inlb;i) tri/oitii iLriii I'Uiiiiirhis cf. Iiirinij/i, ((idulil' 'cuiitiririril liy Dr. I-". C. linker, ''liiviTsily of lUiiKiisi. Plnnorhin opercxdnria Gould I'lmiitrliii fHimi.i ;."'.iyi I'hiim sp. ViTv ^imii^ iiidiviiluiilji only. "The above forms are all living at pres«'nt, ami all except PUuiorhi-< jinrvits are confined to the Pacific slope. They are freshwater, not land forms.'' There are Tertiary lavas in the hills .south of the deposits at Watson lake and basaltic ash rocks on the shores of lOo-Mile lake to the north, and outcroi)s to the northwest down the valley appear to be older than the Tertiary. No outcrops were seen near the Riske Creek deposits. Deposits of calcite and gyjjsum carrying a very small amount of hydromagnesite occur in the hill-slopes near the Clinton hydromagiiesites and .several hundred feet in elevation above them (Figure '.i). At Kelly lake, deposits of gypsum occur in the steep hill-slope above the lake, and on fans in the lake just below the .surface of the water are deposits of nearly pure calcite (Plate V'll). The .same material is found interbeddtd with sand and loam in the flat just west of the lake, .\bout one mile eai*t of the north end of Kelly lake, nodules of pink earth lie in boulder clay above argillites or phyllites of the Cache Creek series. They outcrop on the hill- slopes at various elevations within a few hundred feet o' the valley floor. ORKJIX OF THE DEPOSITS. It is important from the commercial point of view to oV-tain a clear conception of how the hydromagnesite depo.sits were formed and placed where they are ' ''""'"»« ♦"«< took placo hotweon ho ex re l|v «n i '^l ^"'^'""'^ '' ^'"-ther sopan, and tho hy.lrous n.aKnesTum ^ar fcratt 7^ "^ ".aKnosiu,,, (,fZn present only where the waters wJ.^n 'I" '^™,"'"'*''''^^'*'') t^ " » flraininK into streams. The cheSn'^o "th "'" f""'"' ''"^*' "" " ^'a' Js of course, not as simpirarsfaed TK ''''''''''•'•''*'"'''' P'-^'-ipitat soluble .natorial inclu* inrsod un, nt„ ■^"'' ''"^ probably ,nu rh o waters fsee analyse., pie 4m Cre'^^^^^ ""'"'''*' *■•"'■" "' tl tion of any of the four^pSd sal s a '^^^^^^ ''V.'^.P"'"' °f Prori^ and presmire being affe -f ed bv he rein ■ ' '^"""" '"""'"t'^n of temporal •n the solutions and porhap " J^Vherf^^ir"" r^"'^ ''•""^■'' "^ "'»''' these ohonuoal activities are of verv rcei^I./ '"''".•'': u'* "* ''•''""^••''' t di8cus«nl'irconnex"o"n wS\hef^^^^^^ *'''"''•"' ''>P"thesis is based will (1) the source of ^0 0^/1^1 am n.Z '"^"■' ""^' *" •»"■ «"''"^ '»'« « of the waters by which tlirrro ransnorted- '?i/ r ""'"'•*' '""' «" they were deposited ; (4) "chances TS'' '•^\*''*' ""'""^ •" wh deposition. "mng(s which hcve taken place since tl Oriyin of the Calcium ami Mag,,, mum. rocks ofThe'd"St'rat'Elil7a'ko or riinto;;''''"^,?*':^??. ^^""^ ''^''^^ ^'^^ drift-covered, but a number of o,,t?.J.. V .l'"* < ''"ton area is large of Cache Creek age occur „ the hi t'f'if'""'!*' ''^'''' «"'• ^^Ki'" noHite and above it in elevation Th ."h n"/'" '■"""■^' ""'"• *^"' ^ydroma ake contain numerous outcrops of the il^'T J"'* ""'** «^ ^^e epsomi tho drift blanket is e.en thicK mlVh^rr'^l'T^'''- '^^'^«t of Clint. crop out several hundred feet above the vallev for '7''*""? ^'"'^ ^'"'^P^"*'' There is, therefore no rensnn f/, i i •• ^""r> 'or a few mi es to the nort underlie the vaHev." The S ake"v7 **"** f">' ' - ^'-''he Creek Z narrow valley witn steep Wis entte "'r?''"'*t ™^*"'«1 "'^^ i" « d*^^! Themagne.siumrouldbede edfSaCt 'r ^'^ ^>'"^'^ ^ '''''^ '«'k drift at ("linton (Plate X) althnnah T 9%^^ serpentine covered bv th source of a great Part o the rfnL /en '"^f *^^*"'f/^ T ^ '■''>■ P-""'- ' no outcrops near the pure (0^)*^" fc th ^l ^^^T'^^''^^ ^^^^ ^^ere ar point to the presence of l>eds JTertia blsalt'l'T'""'. '^''^"l* ''«"'''" Thattheyareunderlainatnogrea Sh bvf V °r* ^'"i ^'''"' ^'"'^ ^''--fa" by the outcrops of Cache Creek lir^ei„np [^'h' ^ '""'^ '^'^^ ^^ irxdicate, exposed up to el-vations several humlredfLf* i*''^ west end of the lake deposit of impure magnesite af lake level tk'T *^^'"'^^ ""'» «''«ve , siRns of alteration such as would nrecerth^f ^^^ «'**«!* '>0"Ider8 show n. salts and it is most improbable ?Et^aieT*'"''°^'"'-"'^''^"'^g»^«i»« the magnesium. The geology arrui^Vr^arr'^l^'ruS i^ 37 h«> inovcmpnt to low land, lore iiiHoluhle 'posits on the m carlwimtcs (miH together er separation "1 (^epsoniile) iilphf, e heing no ti »'ans oi 'recipitations much other lica in these of preripita- teniperatiire ' of material elieved that me of theni used will he •r indieated: ' aud origin er in which since their nche ("reelv a is largely Van Hise, Op. cit., pp. 2H, :i5 'Ground waters circulate downward to a lone of the crust in which the rocks are saturated . The upper limit of tliia soue or sround water level, i» deeper on the hiUd and comes nearer to the surface in tlie vallej bottoms. The waters travel along the upper part of this »one frorr hinner to lower ground and issue as sprnRs at favourable places on the hiltoides or in the valley floors. .Such as do not come to the surface will move slowly dowa-nn'um close under the surface. These movements hJive been abundantly proved by tests, l-indRTcn, Op. cit., pp. 2'.l. :iO. Thus, the waters falling on high ground will percolate deepl.v into the rocks and take up their load of magnesium and calcium: some of them will come to the surface on the hillsides and deposit the salts that are the leai^t soluble. the water contalnilig the more soluble salts will flow over the surface or sink into the cnist and join the main dcm-n- ward moving solution to be deposited in the valley bottom or carriod down stream from there. '"«"•'•„"'"" " f-"" N. I, kVat • in ;, Tr V'"" """•• ""<' ^'i t - |.ro,|u...,s ,.f „.,' "u" tZ I ';"«"•-"•••■"''•;"•<'• ""'" tun «hu-h was fill,.,| with th.. s It t ti... I 'lr<'PP<' ^-k , materials ne..,le,| to fo n the , i/T"" "'"' ♦'""••'^"'•"' "'"tains all contains small examples 'Hr th tEi^'r^l^J^^nfrif tiS''^' Manner of Deposition. fo<'arp„irri!"''wa"t?s t;rora;in '""•^ ^'?'-'>- •-" ''"P'-te.l at ..erta illustrates the mol of C^^ie^7r^''' ^'""""."'^ *»'« 'Irift. iC < linton. Analysis 7, TaWe TV r^.n/ '^^"'1' "* '"^'^"ty 7, Figures »'o.lule; analysis 8 isWmioral'bXvTo'-'^^""?''"'^'*'"" of ^''•^ 4> " the no,iule an.l n the strS i 'Z'^f "^ "'?"* -"^ '? ^- 1''»' ^hite^-art the houlder clay grac'uallv Hp, r< ' *''•' "'fore, i.lentical. The white earth lies in yery ^nJ'Z:S>fZ":ZlVy''T'^ downwards, and 'eSe.U illustrates in detail a nortionnffP •>,"'""*' '" the elay. Plate V the fineness of the\hreEg>tim and r^ '" ^''"^" ^' -'^^ 'l-w of P-I)sum increases upwar.l ^^"^ '"''*""'''■ '" ^'hifh the amoun pure g/p^r^thtre: itiiTbir"-, ''^ ^^n^ -^^"- of th. no mixmg of soil and gypsumTo ir^« S ''''' '« f emarkable. There i> gradation downward inKhe boKiav Tf^'^ corresponding to the eudently travelled upward in s^^iL^^Zn:^^:'!^!!^ watrrs on tlir ■ and .■f f(»rinatii.n ■""1" if away, • I the crack, lu'd a small iivatcd. At <'cn forming f scrjx'ntinc and ina>rne- "s outlined < reck, are lins all the in addition origin. at certain Plate V i^Lire 3, at the upjwr n lietwcen ' ins(;lul)l( odulc and psuin and hite earth «" earth in evidently Plate VI nd shows e amount ee of the There is ig to the Mte have openings) .10 HI till' iMiuldci clay and have iiccii d<'p^l^itl•|' -e to tin- >iiilacc at the Iium- of the Ininius line. The nodules appear l.» have "grown" from ciTlain favouralile foci forcing the soil sideways and upward-- rather than peiieiiat- iiig it. The force of crystal growth is s'lfliiicnt to accomplish this. The nodule atiove referred to is situated on th.- slope of the hill at a point wl I'rc a moilcrate slope changes liclow into a sharper one i Figure H, locality 7). The main li> .iromagiicsiteilcpo^it iNo. :{i lies directly lielow it. \{ Kelly lake such nodules of gypsiun with calcile arc muncrous ;iiii| form small humps on the sides of thi' hills. They lie within the licilrock a.-^ well as on to)) of it in the drift. These noduli"' deiirly were formed at or near the surface hy upwaril moving waters. The distril)Ulioii of the main deposit-^ ill the tlalN at (liiifon. Meidow lake, and Watson lake indicates deposition at certain foi.il point< or areas ill the Hat land rather than as sheets covering the liol ti f a lake, that is, they were formed at the points whe'c underground waters reached the surface of the ground and spread out therefrom. The hydromagncvite i)atch (Figure :<, locality :i), at Clinton, for instance, lies at the foot of the hill aliout 4 feet aliove'the general level of the flat to the west anil H feet aliove the creek level. If it had heer iireci|)itateil tiy the evaporation of the waters of a saline lake the deposit would originally have covered all of tlie tiat land to an approximately eipial depth and its iircsence now at luit one point coiihl have iesult<'d only from the carrying away of large jtarts hy erosion. The same may lie said of the other (lc|)osits. JAideiice exists to show that they have been formed since glaiiation and since the glacial |)eriod there has l>eeii no erosion of any account ii, the ,\[eailow Lake Hat. Morciiver, the Inniimocky |)ortions of the surfaces of the deposits ( Plate IN ) do not reseml)l(! imaind.s left hy erosion lait. rather, structural foiins due to growth outward from a centre. The stone craters at Meadow lak<- are in plan exactly like the interstices hetween a set of closely spaced circles. These craters contain large stones only and extend several feel in depth lielow the tops of the circular hydromagiiesite masses alongside. Suc^h i' ciHulition could not have arisen if the hydromagiiesite had liceii iie))osited as a precipitate from lake water. (irantingthat the waters carrying tlie-e salts rose as springs, the find ■»« of shells at the liase of the deposits at Meadow and Watson lakes iiidica that the springs in many places reached the ground surfai'c at the liottoi.i of ponds, la. t their growth has in these cases .also heen around certain focal points or areas. Freshwater shells have, moreover, heei. found in deposits of carlionates of magnesium and calcium lying on the shipcs of a hill helow a mineral spring near 141 Mile House. The action of underground waters with reference to such deposits as those in question, is illustratcil hy tlie appearance of a white efllorescence on the hill-sides l.elow the irrigation ditch at Clinton. The water soaks downward from the ditch line, di.s.solves the salts disseniinaU'd through the soil and deposits them on the .surface. The following analy.ses of the waters of two springs and of the lime and magnesium carbonates deposited arotmd them are given as an example of the manner in which the calcite, gypsum, and hydromagiiesite are forii.ed. The sjyring whose water is represented by analysis No. 1 is situated a short distance east of the railway track opposite 141 Mile House: the second spring (analysis No. 2) occurs beside the north fork of Pxi'^ke crock three- quarters of a mile above the main deposit of hydromagiiesite. 10 .^ ^'•' »•-•<""///'"•- »/,S>r;,, j ■>...'.'.'.'.," lli>HrtH>nic ii,i,| ^H( •Oil.. '. < hlorini. (Clj. I ... Nulphurii' sricl (MO.j ' i l">«p(M>nr „.id iXu)...'. J, lir» (HiO,;. " Huorim" . . ,... Boron . . ,.,_'.' .'..'."" SSfe'.'S."'"""'™"' i»- •".»».. m.,.,^r. ^^•2:':Z:::;,r:czr^- t;iWi:"';% -[,"■' "■».> «f»niK.rahir..c.f(hcsprinK„ah^\'; T ' '^ '^"'"^''■' -^^•"<'« Hrnmh i^uH o.::;S'i:r^i^';-Ki-",^H.^ of ...,,, ,^^ ,.,.,.,,^. ,,^^ .>-«'pre,s<.,ite.|hy analysis \, f|,;' • ' V. "/'""'' "'"' *^»">>*«' w^ltt-rs '5""ly>*..'.s an. of sa,npU.s fake- . •l,"'''*!. '!PT''' "J^r»''.V .l.-srril,..;i. , a... at .1,,. sanu. level as fc odfi S ,ho '"'' '"!'.•;" ''" f"''' ''"«' « r ^ n-a." and IH fo,., i„ ol.vati n M,,,; ' r''" ''' "»« '"k-n KM) f.-.t .lo« folonr..,!. an.l Krani.lat..,!. lik. t u i ., ''""f ' '^*' "'^'<) o»i l>..|„w lOS-f; M«0 loss above 105°r CarbonaceouH matter Totals. . BjBWH 41 U« 2A I 2t! II 03 IM VI 34 ai i tt M I Norn- \on*» j i m ' Stmt* j NlHlP I 39 « 2 4» •Vorn-. 2» X. 22 110 MU 7AM «M la 4.1 lr»if>. ,2 21 NoiiH None ■Ml "1 2»t2 90 309- lA 202 09 MWS, 1 004 H'll to Mliall [mull. The 5 ildcroc^" F., itli.v inater- witcrs are ■<•'•>■ similar, Ix'il. Hoth iiinl 1 inch lownsfroani ix cohrront ' h'vi (loun- I is crpani- tlic hydrct- niij. •78 522 ■A8 064 -^ •32 0.73 4 ■31 43 32 t " 500 10 1 002 48; 0-36 'P. trace. 84 35- 10 30 202 80, 404 " 401 S 1 1 100-44 •1 * The material annl.VH-il alH»vi' mvcrH the hl«i|x' ol the lull l.clow ilu' tipring for KM) feet <>r rnon'. It in iiiiiKtlv culntr with iiiauin'siuiii iiirlxiiiiito iiik! a minor atnoiiui of alkalic carbonatcFt. The Mln'ctH of itiipurf iiiajfiH'sili' such aw arr loiiml at lakr-lcvcl at Intth iiid.t of Mcailtiw lake, the i-altifc ilt'iMtf-it on tlic In nchfs in Ktlly lakn il'latr VII) and in the lii'dw wchI of the lake, etc., prove, on thi-" other h.ind. that )>r<>i'ipilation from the u .terx of certain of llicMe iNtndH netually has taken place. (Quantitatively, lhnd on whether sul|)hates or carbomite.s were ill excesH. .lohnston' has shown that in water contaiiiintj only mannesium ami calcium carbonates in solution under atmospheric conditions, most of the calcium will be precipitated before the ma(frie>nuni. This (teiieial rule IS illustrated by the relative coiupositi(m« of thi- em (hs from 1 tl Mile House ,iiid the spring waters from which they are derived. The waters carry a l.irui' amount of carbon dioxide in solution and carbonates form the bulk of the i)recipitated earths. In the spriiiK water the molecular pro|)oriion of maRnesium is in excess of calcium by about It to 1, whereas in the earths precipitated from this water, calcium is in excess by 2 to I in one case an . tl to 1 ill another. Afjain, at Clinton, the iiii(h'rurouiid waters movinjj from the hiuh eastward rl«e westward to the valley Hoor, lose some of their loud of calcium at .-.icli places as localities 4, '), (j, and 7. Figure \\, by forming through the aKcncy of spriii^.s, nodular deposi's of calcite aiiP- '^ (My in of Magnetite. The is much „u,r,. s,,I I " tC w™^^ Nosqueh., carbon dioxide' It /r thorn J, '.7"''', '" "■''*^''"' '>>' ""'"ovinR precipitated arneLeho ,^71^,?^^'''''' "''"* ^i'"*"^ carbonates v .lehydration. It 's1,^nSnt thlt 1^',^'"' .'" '''T P"-*'^""* «»«♦« parts of these (iepos ts the w'^^^' -• *^''" -'^ analyses, ,n the dec surface materia Sle III aL "^"^ '' ^''^ *''^" '" the overl, proportion of ihe niaentiun in t^l r^^'^^^P'^ }^ock indicates tha magnesium carbonatTeXr maKneJror d^' > T'""* "' ^"^J'^'' supKcstion is made that mSes temth^ .?„ /'"'""V*,? ^f^"" P^f^^ 20). •] of deposits of this sort ^HabuW^So fT"?''' ''^ ^''^-ther dehydrat down and later deeply buried and en?, °r';>'*''-7.« carbonates were 1 heat, it is rationaHo /uSrnot onK th^"?;:*'-'' «V''J«etedronmK„esi. deposits res-'omble those of the^ 'lint n ,^'' T<^' .««"'. and \ ouur'. The mann' analvse.l the water from a Jn^n "^^ 'H^"'^ V"^' ^'"^'^'> • "" these dc,v,sifs an.l fo d[t t^o t^^c,o,S"'^^'■"i" '^' '''}'"' "^ ""« of carbon dioxir- u of a t o alof K 9^* ^"'^r"^ maRnesia and 5-93( parts of water, i „e ma^erill from S . "f^-' ""^ '•"^^'^^'^'^ P'^' thousar 15 to 24 inches of h?d om^Rnesi^el^^ *V' '"""5 T'^^^ ^•«"^'«'<'*' ' discoloured alternati ,KZ"rs hth in ZelliT: ""^''''*" ''•^' ^'"""^•»" nesia and some iron and contmnin^ « a , ^.u^.^^^'^'f^ amounts of ma, base of the depos.t wal ^t "In" overed ""^ "^ ' '"'' '^"'^ "'""'" '^"'^ »' surro,mS;;i:St7bShhrand^^Ioff^^ raised several feet above th o^^n.a.nes.,c wer^lt^S ^!?^rinjs who^^^^^ ^^ S Jour. .\ni Chein. Sor. vc Am. ){»pt . vjf. Xirr, iw>n, pp 47 5jii. Vounj!, (i A *Iloffmanii, U r,«,|. Surv ,c'u,.., .-,„ t.. Geol. Surv .Can. >«<«^S* la t-W»-^l»i»WM|JMMiwi)im 43 format ion a( ranch and by f tyjM's living uted l)y th«! loniagriesite, 1 (Figiiip 4, in tliat tiioy .'osqiichonito 111 a solution i>inovinK the onates were nt state by 1 the deeper le overlying ites that a i anhydrous ? 2(i). The Rehydration es were laid ressure and ly dehydra- the case of underlying n so jnany lone, either the above les'te may .'d to those ral theory magnesites k'. These •ly. Hoff- !■ of one of nd 5-9360 ■ thousand insisted of somewhat ts of mag- ? since the »l)ove the e deposits re similar em. Sot., vol. ISil-.pp 47-48 I. 82-S3. to the one analysed. Roliertson stated that the hydromagiiesite forms hummocks in a low, swampy depres.sioii, "which are constantly risnighighe'- and higher and now form mounds 5 to 8 feet above the swamp level." He concluded that carbonated swamp waters obtained magnesium carbonate from underlying soft magnesium rock and that the jirocess of deposition was such as to cause the materi'il to "grow up" from below. Young points out that there is no evidence of magnesium bedrock directly underlj'ing the Atliii deposits, that there may be 200 feet of imcoii- sdliilated drift between them and bedrock. He beiieves the earths were depo.sited in ponds by concentration due to evaporation, by the loss of I carbon dioxide, or through some other cause. He coniiiats the sining I hypothesis vigorously, altliough stating that the ponds i)resuiiiably recci\c 3 tlu'K witer by underground ways. I The writer believes that ui .\tlin as in the Cariboo-Clinton areas, the I hydromagnesite. were carried to their present sites in solution l)y iinder- I ground waters and were not transported either mechanically or m solutirtii ? i)y waters flowing over the surface. Precipitation occurred in jionds or on dry land according to the surface conditions existing at the place of emer- ^ gence of the waters. COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION. No attempt has yet been made to develoj) these deposits of the Cariboo- ( linton areas. The information upon tonnage given below is based for the most part on the examination of borings made with an auger by the writer in 1919. The outlines of the areas in practically all cases were measured with a steel tape. K. A. Clark of the Mines Branch determined the appar- ent specific gravity of the material in its natural state as 1-22. This makes the weight of a cubic yard of the hydromagnesite as it lies in the ground, including voids, 2,050 pounds. This factor was employed in cal- culating tonnage instead cf the true specific gravity of hydromagnesite. The results of the borings made in 1919 necessitate a revision of ♦he tonnage as estimated in 1918.' The final estimates of the amounts of hydromagne- site of possible commercial value are: at Clinton, 3,000 tons; ^feadcw lake, 114,000 tons; Watson lake, 23,000 tons; Riske creek, 13.500 tons. These estimates apply only to the upper white layer of hydromagnesite which in all cases is low in lime but varies considerably in the percentage of siliceous impurities (Table II). Austrian magnesites with total impurities ranging from 5 to about 12 percent have been extensively used in the dead-burned form for refractory purposes and, lately, Quebec deposits high in lime have been used after treatment for the same purpose, so that it is difficult to set limits to the percentage of impurities that would condemn a hydromagnesite for commercial purposes. It is believed that the white hydromagncidte layer, and in places the top of the granulated, will prove to be of commer- cial value. All of the deposits are soft enough to be excavated by steam shovel, although it may be difficult to do so without including the lower more impure layers. The Clinton and Watson Lake deposits lie from 1 to 2 miles from the railway. Meadow lake is 16 miles distant by road over easy grades, and Hiske creek 35 miles over very steep grades. Clinton, Watson, and ■t{4.ineck(., I... "rndt ■ «loped mineral rewmrccs of the Clinton distrirt," Trans. Cjin. Min, In.-t.. vo! XXII 1919. and Dull., Caa. Min. inat., Sept., IVIV. p M2. i ;i 44 Meadow Lake rail shipping points are about 170 to 220 miles from Sn mish and about 40 more from Vancouver. The Riske Creek deposit is lar from the railway to be considered of im, o-^ance at the present ti OwmR to these long hauls it will be advisable to calcine the maenesitf the shipping points, thus reducing the weight by more than 50 per c« It seeins probable that the high freight rates across the continent will m, the shipping of crude magnesite to the eastern markets unprofitable soon as rates of ocean freights fall. Refractorv magnesitte products v also, have to compete with the Quebec magnesites from which a sa factory high refractory is now being made. In the west, British Colum magnesites will have to compete with those of California and Washingt Clinton. In Clinton three areas have been mapped as commercial hvdrom nesite; these are localities 1, 2, and 3, Figure 3. Area No. 1 covers 5 square yards, the upper 3J to 4i feet of which is clean hvdromagnesi below there is brown hydromagnesite extending to where clay commenc about o feet below the surface. The calculated amount of hydromagnes present is 355 tons. Area No. 2 covers 1,200 square yards with 2 feet fau-ly pure material on top; the estimated content is 820 tons. Area No covers 1,850 square yards. Three holes showed pure material down 2, 3, and 2 feet, respectively, with a little siliceous impurity in two cas I he quality is expressed in analysis I, Table II, in which silica, iron a lime impurities are seen to be low. The estimated amount of pure mater l^,. *'■*'* .*°^^- T"® *ot*l amount of commercially valuable material C linton in round numbers thus is 2,650 tons, but of this amount, S tons IS of doubtful purity. In addition, as indicated in Figure 3, a relativ* large area is occupied by material not of commercial value. Prosi)ecti has been done in the hill-slopes above the hydromagnesite deposit in search for bodies of magnesite in the bedrock, but there appears to be valid reason for believing that such bodies are present. The Clinton deposits are about IJ miles bv road from the railw station and 275 feet in elevation below it. Clinton is 167 miles fro bquamish and about 207 from Vancouver. Meadow Lake. Five areas as well as some spots, of pure hydromagnesite, are present Meadow lake as shown on Figure 5. Areas Nos. 1 and 2 together cov about 16 500 square yards. They contain a grey white hydromagnesi of doubtful quality but probably fairly pure. The depth varies from 6 18 inches, below which the hydromagnesite is decidedly brown in coloi and a drab clay occurs at depths from 2J to 4J feet. The estimated amoui of hydromagnesite present is 5,640 tons. Area No. 3 covers 154,000 square yards. In eight openings the depi of white hydromagnesite ranged from 11 to 30 inches with an averai of about 18 inches for most of the deposit. In places, verv fine, blat specks are visible in the material. Analyses Nos. 2 and 3 'of Table ] indicate the quality of the hydromagnesite and show it to be low in lin but with a variable silica content. Underlying the purer hydromagnesii IS a cream-coloured material averaging 3| feet in thickness, below whic from Squa- eposit is too resent time, nagnesite at 30 per cent, it will make irofitable as oducts will, ich a satis- ih Columbia Vashington. hydromag- covers 260 imagnesite; commences, omagnesite th 2 feet of Area No. 3 al down to two cases. I, iron, and re material naterial at nount, 9G5 tt relatively Prospecting 'posit, in a rs to be no he railway miles from present at ther cover )magnesite from 6 to 1 in colour ed amount the depth n average 5ne, black Table II )w in lime imagnesitt' low which 45 i -a t 5172- 46 i«n!f \l T "nP"'^ T^^ generally cemented to hard rock and resting sand or bou ders Analysis 2. Table III, represents the composH AnaL^ 3 Table IT? • %"r/* '^' "P^", P"""* ''^ *^*' cream-coloured ia^ rnfJ^ni f .u ,"' '^ •'^ **'^ cemented layer at the base, and analysi' sTSflv li' ''t*^' '°r' P"'* °f *^^ "''"'" '"-v^"- «n^ the base. Then SS thinin ihp ""'* **. ^•"- ■ '""^■'^ «"■"?'"' proportion of lime in the ceme i„, Vl. " '" ^^^ overlymg cream-coloured layer. In the cream-coiou layer there is more silica and lime than in the overlying hXmaTe The estimated amount of «hite material in area No 3 isVSTons Area .\o. 4 covers 8,20() square yards. In two openingsThe "h ayer varied from 12 to 18 inches in thickness. Beneath this was a fi V layer of brown sand underlain by a foot or two of cream- ^iXd ea The estimated amount of white is 3,500 tons to'ourca ear variect trom 12 to 21 inches with an average of 15 or 16 inches T ca culated amount of white is 25,920 tons. Below this is gran lar cre^ coloured material to a depth nearly ever^•where of 4 feet from he surfa waf^r^''^ 1 'T'"*!':' ™'^*"'""'- 1" o"^ »'»'^ the cemented ma er 7 f" t 1 inch Thp f r'^''= \^^ T'^^"' '"'■'"' ''''' ''^'^'-'^ «♦ 'I depth LIT- ?• T . ^°*"' amount of commercial hvdromagnesite in tl l1prj'n'K'J"''*^1 '\ '■*'""'' ""'"•'*''•« «t "4,000 tons. The water le lies well below the best material. These deposits are 16 mi^s dista Chasm rJ ""^ ^""'i ?'"'»t ^™'" ^*>'^-'"" ^'^"tion at 59 Mile ri^use Fro t-ha.sm to Squami.sh IS about 180 miles. ii"uf . iro Watson Lake. There are five small areas at Watson lake (Figure 6), ail owned 1 t ^,arcw-G.bson of Vancouver. Area Xo. 1 lifs on low ground ar crenm i ''^ Tl^'. ^^l"^"; -^" ^""^'^ ''"'^ K^^e the following sectio of^—T'^'^' «t'^ky.hydromagne..ite 2 feet thick underlain bv 2ffe of greyer to nearly white material of the same general character • un.l this yellowish earth with white particles for 1§ feet resting on gr;encla at a depth of dJ feet from the surface. Water stood at a level of 4" S below the surface and the material just above was greenish The es mated amount of the two upper layers is 3,720 tons Area ^o. 2 covers 1,050 square vards. An 8-foot aueer hole ^ ^ ^ 2 o 1 1 1 -a; 1 % W) • mm % ^ m <3 I 1^ .3 X! .1 •a I s 'i I I £ -a ■■o 5172-41 48 The amount ..f....,„n.or..ial Uljii" -tl^'^'^Si^l^t-i:!! ot.i'!'^ "^""^ 'HHl .arrvinK , ore «r t war IH 1 hv.ln.magnesito boronnnR hard this was .; inrh.-s „f r.,1 Us " ^rth wi 1^1' i ? ^'"'L'".,**''' 'V^'''''- ^■"•' remains ,.f roots an.l s Ss \t t w vl. '**''' '^'T"'.""^' •'••"•'"'"^''-'O' i;.;..;.™„. .„ . „,„„ ,„ ,.t ,„,-,-'",s, ,|-- ts K, 'i';,::; was impure brow. I^h i th In ^n "fV""' f J "' ''[P"''* "* ' ^-'t ^^ '"''h'-^ from the Imse o Cf d nur h X ^ "^ ^f f^'"" ^"'"'^ ^'"^ "'"♦'''•" ;bwn to the l.,?tom o tt Esfa Tflf^r^ ^ Y"'"''. '^■"'."'""v"-^' '"^*'* 1-ole. with GO inehes of white miterial t ■ i.n . I '^ ^" **".' *^'''"*' '•"" fhaiiRed in eolour from irrev tr. ^„i i . /'"••<"'''y'nK earths gradual! X foet 10 inch " The Se ad ninkeH, "**"'", "^ **"' ^'^P"^'* ^^"^ " freshwater shells. In tirw ^.t^nd Zhi m^^^ ". *"''"'' "'''>' ^"^' material with black sneek-s tn^:i ;?, k **"ll«»t'^^, « hole showed grev-whit( mueh silica to 6 f^'t^^ Mow 'tts itn: w^!™? '^'"' '' ^™«/^hit^-. I>ut wit! of tl. up,jer white matJS istL:.te.r;^r ^^S;^'^!:"- '''"'' =~' .'xpress,.,! in anaK'..^>;4 and 5 T.lT I • . ♦*"' "'.'I'T "hit*" l^'ver i. on only one open ng, and mav he much I .«« A., i •' r "* "* '"'■^<''* the upper 2 feet in the auirer h, 1 ,"n f i analysis of material from Tal.le II. analysis 6 "*'"' ™^K"^«'t'' "^ very good c,ualitv. ^o.J^mS'':^::'^' '::^':i^ ^J^ C arew-Oihson of ^■ancouver, ^tm 1 49 Tal'l!' II. iiiiHlysiH No. 7. It is ii liipli grade li>ears to lie composed of particles about OOOl to OOOU mm. in diame- ter with very high birefringence. Nearly all these particles show well- developed crystal faces and the crystals appear to be eiiuidimensional, showing rhojnbs and prism faces. The material, f.s proved by testing with ferrous ammonium sulphate,' is calcite and not aragonite. The individual beds are very thin with many irregular cavities between them, lengthened in the plane of the bedding and showing small, somewhat spheroidal protuberances on their inner surface s. In certain of the freshly opened hydromagnesite deposits verj' .similar cavities are present, although they are on a smaller scale, perhaps because the slightly coherent state of the hydromagnesite mass would prevent the forming of larger ojien spaces. The dejxjsit is dome shaped. It measures about SIX) feet across in the railway cut, where it is exposed to a dei)th of 17 feet. The beddirg planes are horizontal in the central part of the dei)osit, but outwards from there, dip downwards toward the edges, the beds being parallel to the dome- shaped upper boundary of the mass. Individual layers vary in thickness from one-(iuarter inch to 2 feet. The upper surfaces of certain layers are covered with wave-like corrugations resembling ripple-marks and where these occur on inclined beds the lower edge of the corrugations is steeinr than the upper edge (Plate VIII). The mo.st remarkable feature of the dejiosit is a structure closely simulating folding (Phites VIll and IX). In places a series of these beds changes laterally into a bulging, pillow-like dome structure. In other I)laces the beds, through a var >ng distance vertically and for sjiaces of 8 inches to 2 feet horizontally, ...tpear as if closely folded into very sharp anticlinal forms, but between the steeply inclined axial plane.- of tlie.sc fold-like structures, the beds lie almost i)erfectly flat. The flat-lying parts of the beds are porous, the "folded" parts are dense and traversed by radial cracks normal to the surface. In still other plac(>s, two superimiMj.sed sharply "folded" beds arc separated by an absolutely Hat-lying layer of travertine and soft clay. As seen in cross-section along the railway cut, the "folds" are overturned towards the outer edges of the deposit. The jianie layer is flat-lying and porous in one place, whereas a few inches away iKuscnbuscb, H., Mikroskopiacho mineraloque I i, p. 441. 80 Oinctitm cr flow Pl»n Shalla*/ pool of ».»., Section along line AS Geological Sorvey. Canada Figure 7. The mode of formation of corrugated ridges -B in travertine. mmmmm 'B 51 it i^ (lenw iinil apiK-iirs as if slmrply lH>ut. In one place an apparent fault KHiden upward within 3 feet into a "fold," J>ut within that distance the ■strike of the beds on one «de of the fracture ha« changed through an angle of !K) degrees, whereas on the other side the strike shows little change. The i^iinie type of appan'nt folding was seen in process of formation iit the soer surface of the travertine there is, for instance, a lens of unconsolidated boulder clay carrying p«'bbles of the younger Tertiary basalts of the district. The upix-r part of the deposit is, therefore, later than the glacial epoch. At the north end of the cutting, a great many leaf impressions were found through a vertical thickness of 13 feet. Impres- sions of birch boughs, up to several inches in thickness, are also present. The leaf impressions were examined by James Macoun of the (ieological Survey who identified them as Populufs halsamifera, var. hastata (balsam poplar) and Alnim ginuata (alder). Both of the.se species are growing in moist localities in this region toH H(>uuin(^, of riiiiKncf^iiiin xidphatr, and Modiinii stilplmtc in the proportion of 4 to I. 'I'licsc art' the only lakes nt'ur ( linton known to con- tain u lafKc (piantity of tiic inint-ral. Similar deponitx occur near liat^iuc H.C, anil on Krnncr mountain, li.t Hoimdarv. near OrovLllc on the Intrrnalionai rilAllACTKH. KpNomitc' or cpsom salt is lined in medicine in tanninK. and in tlie manufacture of textile!!. 'I'lie mineral is a hydrateil sulphate of magnesium (.M){S()4+7HiO). It is white, transparent to translucent, with vitreous to earthy lustre, hardness 2 to 2-5, s|M'cific uravity 1-7S1. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with prismatic haltit Kiving rise to lonij four- sided prisms or a comhination of these with ])inacoids on the ends of which ))yramidal faces are often developed. In the Clinton ilejHisit, these four- sided, stick-like forms from ', to aliout 2 inclies lonn, "f ch;tracferistieal!y developed. They are clear and translucent when first exposj'd, hut soon hccome white and earthy, j)ossil)ly due to a loss of contained water and alteration to kieserite (>fgS()4 IM)). Durinn the stnnmer the central jiart of the smaller lake is (jenerally (>ccui)ied hy only a few inches of water surrounded l>y a white rim of s'llt. Hcneath the few inches of water are numerous, rounhly circular areas 10 to :{■) feet across, somewhat crowded tf)Kether and white or dark accordin(j to linht conditions. The upfM-r part of each of these areas or what are known as "jMjols" consists of a layer of nearly pure epsomite, and epsomite mixed with dark nuid occurs between the pools. The quantity of water in the lake seems to varj* daily even during continued periods of raiidess weather. According to the older inhabitants of Clinton, the site of this lake was at one time an irnjfated hay meadow, at another period if was occu[)ied by a lake, and the deposits of epsonute have been in evidenc- for the last few years only. The writer was informed by the manager of the salt works that an inch or more of epsomite crystallizes in the jkioIk during certain seasons. Mr. F. Calvert, one of the owners, has kindly furnished the followiuR partii ulars regarding the structure of the pools. The pools shown in cross- section in Kijiure 9 are nearly circular in j)lan and at the top consist of a layer of practically pure epsomite with some sodium sulphate. Helow this are several layers more or less mixed with mud and a little sodium sulphate. The pools \ary in thickness, the largest occur near the centre of the lake and are nearly 4 feet thick. Between the pools there is a dark mud, several feet thick and containing hydroniagnesite and epsomite. No excavations have been made in the underlying nuiterials but. pre- sumably, beneath there is more mud carrying lime carbonate as well as hydromagnesite. Figure 9 is an idealizeil cross-section of the deposit. Layer (1) repre- sents the circular areas or pools largely of epsomite. Layer (2) represents the black mud occurring between and beneath the pools and carrying some hydromagnesite and epsomite. Layer (3) occurs at a depth of about o feet from the surface; it represents the upper part of a mud layer that has not as yet been ppiietrated but which presumably carries lime carbonate and hydromai^no-ite. 'Dana, ' D.. "\ system of mineralogy," ftth edition. 1909. p 9^8 amount of sodium Huli)lu»f«. il L ."i ">'' ^"^> l")ttom of thJM ayor larn..r < | . t ".I- ,han in •;.■ ,1," ' I," ' ''■''" "' ''P'"'""'*' Ha, w..i.'''''':[:;tf,S'o; ;i'"V'''^^r r^ "• ""•'"•■•- " r-' -f ' ^ • ?/K e/»jow/<« .'.J 4./u\. iMver •SO., II |n., hJM llivcr thi- •I- "Ir" in of <•" i» a thill >hatc with 'Fwoiiiit*' an- |»uit of the >>*' lako uihl 65 Tlu' company controilinn the drponifn at Clinton hiH ofioncd very i>iniila<' «li'p(H«itii iit Kruicrr inoniituin on the lr>t(>rtiational Hoiiiwlury nrar Urovilh'. ThPM' iU'|M)HitH v/vrv prolmbly foriniMl in thf Miimi' manner a» thoiM' at Clinton. Ac<'«»r«lihn to Jenkiiin' then' nre. near Oroviiie. two landliK'ked lakes eonlnininK lirinew and beds* of e|>Homite. The laken ure in n-ck liaHinH without outlet; the NurroundiiiK rockH are metaiiiorphoKed |->yritifei'oui* doloniitet) and HhalcH. Kitnire 10 in a croHM-itection of the lake il'awn aceording to information fnrni»hed Ity ¥. Calvert. In this finure, layerH "a" and "f" are eone-Hha|M." Layer "ed of eiwomite with \' .y lar({e cr.Mttaln. Layer "g" in a thin layer of jiypMim underlain liy a thin l>ed of flay renting on "h," metamorphosed (lolomiteH and shales. The Mirface of the salt in "a" in lower than the toj) of "d." ^ lfiOMMf dolomite eU I'miiri' 10. CroBH-fMH'tion of Hitter iHko, Kriiger mountain, Wa.>liinuti>n, l'.S..\. Jenkins states that the drainage basin of the smalior lake w less than one-half a square mile in area. Sulphated waters formed by the oxidation of pyrite oeeiirring in the surrounding rocks are presumed to have dissolved magnesium from the flolomites. .Ii'iikins believes that tin- cone-shaped masses of sail in the upp<'r part of the deposit were formed by crystallization of solutions percolating upward and that the force of the growing crystals helped to open up a sp.ice in the mud, thus f(»miing a deposit wliich grew upward with increasing width until the surface wa- reached. <)l)iections to this hyjM)thesis are that a ma.s.s of salt fore uig its way to the sur^ce by cr\stal growth would form a body with a convex or irregular rath'T than Hat upper surface. The flatness of the upper surfaces of the iiuerted cones at Kruger niountiiin and the fact that the materials composing the cones is comparatively free from the impurities that form smalt ridges all around them, suggest that the bodies were fonned in the follo\\ jig manner. It if* well known that there are cyclic changes of cliniatc in which con- ditions change from arid to moist and back to arid, it may l)e .■>upposcd that after thip formation of the rock ba.sin by glaciers, there was a period of aridity - ''»^'-- ImmI' wat,.rnat.irallv contain ..1 u Jr, a^ ^.ni *^ ""* ""'' "'"■^"••'' •^""'"•.■s. 1 in very .Jiluto iolnti n \E "^ '""K'"'-^.""n sulphat,- sal,.. altJu CM.n.vntrat." ••entres and as the erv.stals f^in .'.l ^^b •'."*" >""''**''' •" •' Kn-i.t in, woul.l form on an.l n t X Vh/j" ,r"S''' " ^'.'" '""'»■ <>ther ervst .smkinK would result follow .,' tRm anoi ^ "" ''':* /'!""''•*• "^ ^"rt layer of a li, t le larger ra.lius <.n^op , f ♦ K" ? ' ,"^''* a l' " """'''*''• ••'^"" 'UK "P of the '' '^"'''••■■^■^ive hui a eone pointing .lownwanl-s h^tTjLl7T"f '"/''«'»''' ••^ «..ul.l fo HHTease.! anntirelv. If a few wt sIUt!! • . '" ' ."^ *'"' '"""'' «ould never <-"me covered Uy. u::,} :^'Z!:XnrZ:^- « '»: -<' -"iKht supp.J^ cause further growth on to,, of the e " T, tf i '"'-' '^^' '^''f ""^ ^"" "nderlying and surrounding m ud w r v.. • L '*^^"••T""•■'' ♦'"'* ^^ * paces, l„.con.e mixed with the" It n-s- 1? ^"™'"''"1 «'".»<■ "'iKht, at Chnton shown in Figure ') su^L, . ' / T')'' '"'""^^-^•'ft""" of a p« outlined a(,„ve. A shSr^eason f.ftl; '""".' "^ /"Nation sin.ilar to h, an.l general inerea-sing a id ,T""iml c". ,rr''':T '^!"'!'<•''»<'<' ''-V kver " tont from the i.ottom to th top "ne 1 '/'.'' ''™",'"""» "^ •»»«l «-o' than the surrounding mutlEuse h,. rT ".!''u P""'"* '^"' " "ttle low. downward. This .lownwird ;inkinl f VL'*^^'' ^'"' •""'•'^•''' ^^em to sin ateral thrust- of tlu. growiiKcrvS^^^ *':i' '■""?• t'*^'''"'"- ^ith th It to bulge upward above the [iools ' ' "" *'"' '""'' *° «"^ «»'•* '^nd eaust EXPLOITATION. ehemTstrirtei;;'r*Xert7""' "'"' "Z"'^*'' ''>' '' «'•'" "'^ i"'iustria salts are exc-avated ^ith pic^amUlirT r"^ '*r^'"'"' ^^■^•■'»'i»Kton. Tlu covering water, whee "l „. " ',""''' ^'■"'" ''^""'"''tl' *•'" few inches o pounde,. witha\;ood;V n ,r 0^^" ,m""Y- *", *'"' ^'"•^^' ^""-'W'"" to O-ville where the morn^rgiirterAJlSi:::;:""' '"•' ^""'P'"" Amount Available. eircuhir ,.r.-,.™;»„ ,i.;^_ :. ,V:. ' ' "V'''" "' 'i'"''* than cne-half is floored by the shn 57 a horizontal t('rtliifknp.s> tlic prescnci' It that time irgc ImmIv of irccs. thi.s '>. alttioiiKl) I desiccation torn on top Krcaf many licr (•rvstal> A further her circular ssive liuil(i- rtould form its weiRh) •roccss pro- d never l»c ()sits of sodium carbonate. (2) Sal.soda is made by dissolving soda :ish and n jirecipitating the >alt at a temperature below 32 degrees Cent .;ra*le. 1. is also found in natural deposits. (3) Baking soda or bicarbonate of soda. NaHCOj, is made by the Solvay process and is a partial constituent of many natural dejjosits. J™ Tiihlv VII. — Production of Sodium CnrbotKik !n the rnilcd States. leie. 1917 Short tons, i Value. Short tons. Value. Soilium bicarbonate 115,177 1 2,303,540 1,324,208 ' 18,283,866 t t 174.212 5,292,374 1,578.889 38.374,199 SulijoUa.. 77,939 ' 1,698,520 'WrIIi'. KrantrC, ".Sodium ulta in igiT" Minrral mou rrve of thp I'nitnl Sutm. 191: tnfnrtnation rftardiog; uent. etc., from satiie publioatioo. , pt. !I,pp.30S to 341. 58 USES. «reatl'i„ThelsT'Sy^eerl^,7„t^ 'l^'T"'^ »^- ""™» - further increase in vZiLZnJTLi ^°''?\America the war ,.au.se< Sodium salts havt l,eS S in h .nnt-' '^"^ ''«''^'»t*'d in the table pa^e J for potassium comporm.": in VXZuS:LZTr '"' '" ''"'r*' "' cyanide n photoEranhv m.wi ;„ i . "' '^''**''*' ''""P' ma^ehes, a stuffs\and o?pi.ive. ^V^. r'"'*r^?"""*''^'''P*""'»"yin m^'kinR dv hydroxide in ?h" wood Jul S'so^n in^' '? glassmaking and as s'l.diu u«ed in medicine, in cX/anllS^SSrvSr^lS::^''"-' OtCURRE. CES IN THE DISTRICT. the(;^et^S.l:r'Satr;n":?th'"o?rL\'oVTr'.1 \'''' ''"''' ^» "^ ^'^^^ flat tract of country covered whhJlacSHrift ^ Pj"*u ?" " r^mparativpl predominate. Near Z Sres oftho n f '" '''^'''t ''^'^'^ ''^'^^'^ l^o^'^l'-i JUS the Chasm near 59 mS- Roll th^i'^^rT' ^"^ "^l^'' ^^*'P ^«">on know underlain by several hundreJl.e; ^ ff f*!*"-" '"u'^''''*: ?"*>' '^^ •^"'n ^o » presumed that the topoKraDhv of the nl t^'"^- ^''"*'*'". '•"^'^ «"^ '^ i basalt beds. The sodVlake hLfn '^ "/"T '," '^*'"'""- '« ^ue to sue brines of varyinrst^enjf an^ heirTh"'*'?''-'^ landlocked, are filled wit crust. The stronger brine; hnl shore-lines are rimmed with a whit of plant life, bXrny o^rhercont^n^a s^r/ "t"''- . ^^'^ "^""^ ^l-^«'' the alkali shrimp (ariZaa^JH^^^A"'^^' ■•«• ^"-"^tacean, presumable a little larger tZn theTom.rn 1^' "«""* '''■''•'"" "^ '''«'''' Aios (£>%rfraj crust on ^^hich th^seemTex st TJe^ri''^''^^^^^ ^V'^ ""^^ »he sal with soft, Rtickv, blue clay '^ **"°' ""^ **'*'"*' '*''•''' a"-** •'«Vfre( i^ap^a^eltnetl^'samili ^Pl^'e XI) ,o„,,i,, , .^j,.^ ^,^, similar to that ocSk ?n th^i *f I''"'"'' ''^'"'',* "'"'''•"'' ^•'*^ «'>^«'"<-< Kruge^ mountain. The'rirKs a oC^^^^ edge of the lake ind ar.«»„, ♦ u '^"^ J" ♦" 15 feet in diameter near the BeLeen the rb^le SZhat^d^nL^ ^''*" '"^ \^f ™"'d'« «^ the lake 2 to 6 inches above the s^tci^ '^ v ' "•'T'P'"* »^y mu^l ridges rising ridges are above witer-leve/ TJii. ^^"*'' '*"' ':^«^' °^ ^^'c water these several inches of wpTerWn'.M ^*^ "'"^^' l" P''*'"*'^' a^*" «'overed with in diamete lie on tiese r^es A "^"7 "/ *H'™ ^'■°"'- ^ '"^hes to a foot wa.s found to ir on Sk fc ^»''""' '^ J''?^'" ^^^ '"*^*^' °^ **^" ''''''' which .„ i„„.»n,K^tt?t-sX3;=,:^i;L"f^^^^^^^^ Compojw/jon. brinellmTrfs'sSvei! |^, ^'"/^"htained from three lakes and of the dug from unrtKi'n"eln Oo;Jrugh^ll'f ^Tabl'vi^t^ "?•• T a salt composed of about Q? rJr !!»„♦ f x ^V^^'^*'^- indicates riJMft 59 Analysis No. 1 Rives the rompcsition of what is probably the same material, init after it had been exposed to the weather for many years. The analysis indicates the presence of 98 per cent of NajCOs-SHjO, some water in excess, and less than one-fifth of 1 per cent of sodium sulphate. Sodium carbonate' crystallizes from solution with 1. 2, 3, 5, 6. 7, 10, and 15 molecules of water, depending on the temperature of crystal- lization and free exposure to the air. Analysis No. 2 was made of a trans- lucent, colourless salt and, therefore, the material was presumably taken from the interior of the stock pile, whereas sample 1 was collected from the surface of the pile which after exposure for a few winter months in a heated buildinj? had been converted into a fine white powder. The analysis (No. 1) probably represents the salt in an intermediate stafte in the con- version from natron to a carbonate with less water, thermonatrite, Na?('Oj .HjO and this is said to be the composition of the material existing as a white efflorescence on the shores of all the soda lakes in this area. The manufactured soda from the lake just west of 70 Mile House is of much the same composition except for the presence of a small percentage of chlorides and a pfoportion of crystalline water that indicates XasCOj SHjO rather than the higher hydrates. Since this salt was also freely exposed to the air before .sampling, it probably represents another stage in the change from natron to thermonatrite. The crust of salt from Last Chance lake carries 5 per cent of sodium sulphate. An analysis of the brine from Goodenough lake. Table IX, No. 2, shows 0-7 per cent of potassium, bnne from the Last Chance '.i'i'2 per cent potash out of a total of 15-9 per cent solids in solution. The brine from Hutchinson lake, sample 1, Table IX, is a relatively pure sodium carbonate water, but of comparatively low concentration. Table VIII. — Analynes of Salts from Soda Lakes. 1 1 1 i 2 -1 4 .Soda Potash Magnesia Silica \a.O KiO MgO SiO, .\1.0iFejOiFeO. 1 31-36 j trace. 1 0-04 ; trace. 1 trace. 1 22-08 1 11 trace. 084 45-67 21 36 37 83 05 01 009 .Alumina and iron . f 'arhon dioxide Sulphur trioxidc Phosphorus pentoxide CO, SO, P.O. BO, CI 15-46 08 0-01 trace. 01 6303 ::::;:;: 26-70 04 ■;::;::: rhlorii.o. . Water above 105°C 0-37 0-61 Water below 105'C.. . 33 98 ! 99 90 99-96 99 67 'Chatanl. Tlijx. M.. "Natural wxla. iti- orrurrence and utililatioa " I'.S C: S Bull 60, 1890, p 31. 00 Hypothetical ConMnationg. Sodium rarbonate Sixlium liicarbnnste Hoilium sulphali'.. . Sodium rhloriilc. . Potauium chloride. Masneaium chloride.. . Imodium metaboratp.. HcHimm hy,l„H,en ammo. :.m phosphate: Water M-2I 14 3354 134 014 002 trace. 002 35-96 ' 5-2i 0-33 4« 47 62-89 002 58-48 99 Mj 99 95 100-00 : 64 34 99- ^nJylTCy rr^^^llX^L'^iZrMf^:^!,''^'^!' '»'"' "<■" -"••-»' end of Meadow lake. B.( 2.^^rom deposit on (i«..e„™,„. ...... .,„„y^j ,^ „^ ^ ^^,^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^_^^^ ^_^^ . between I derived (roi ^. l-roin deposit on Goodenough lake Ann Rept., vol. XI, IW, pp. 12, I3R. Mile ■HLran^i''.Me.S';;:: Tall:! Mfl^ Vte'^'s^i" northeast nuarter of lot .768 the brine in this lake was found to be n:,.!^ S.'.^^'*^ "" "'■''"■ "' »'"> «>'" matf^r c .„ „„„ luunu HI i>e potaHh, KiO T.ible I\'.~ Analy.se.s of Brines from Soda Lakes. 1000 grains of water contains: Sodium, N"a Potassium, K Calcium, C'a Magnesium, Mg Aluminum, Al Silica, SiO, Tarljonic acid, ciOi Bicarbonic acid, HCOi.. Sulphuric acid, SO, Chlorine, f;i Boric acid Phosphoric acid... Total. Percentage of total solids (dried at 103°C ) Specific gravity at 60°F.,. ' Equivalent to degrees Baum6 Grains. < 18 3800 1 trace, j trace. | 00261 i None. ! 22 6600 ! 3-0600 > 0-0820 , 0-8590 None. I (■rains. 37 -4^., 6 890 0-016 0-037 0-083 0041 42-845 10-731 7-326 7-902 trace. 0771 45-0671 114-170 '■-^ -T ^S'^^T''' ""'^- -^■""^-' "y^-^- '^•"t. ««"- Surv., Can., Ann. Kept., vol. XI, 1898, 01 64 34 07 0-28 U II 11-24 34 M 9e-6;t Onini. 37-420 6-890 0016 0037 0063 0041 42'84A 10-731 7 326 7-903 trace. 0-771 114-170 11-14 1108 Details of LakeK. The salt deposit in Goodonounh lake (Figuve 2, locality 21) was worked at one time and the remains of a storaRO shed arc still staiuling on the shore. A great deal of the salt has been washed away by rain, hut about 16 cubic vavds has been left. Analyses of this salt and of some taken directlv from the hike (Table VIII) show that it i.-i an exceedinijly pure carbonate of soda. The brine examined by Wait contained II; 4 per cent of solid nntter at GO denrecs F. The lake, it was stated,' covered 20 acres and had at the end of the dry season a deposit al)oiit 8 inches thick over the greater part of it, Init thiniunK to about 2 inches near the sides. On this basis it was tiKured that 20,000 tons of solid salt was present. The present area of the lake is nearly 15 acres, and if the relative (|naniity of salt present be the same as before, oidy about l.'uOOO tons of salt would crystalUze out durtng the dry season, and a small additional inches at one end to 1 foot ut the other. Thi- si)ccifi<- ffiavitv of the water at a temperature of 17 degrees (". was 1-08."). On lots ~\7'M, 1710. and 1701, just northwest of Little While lake (FiK'Uc 2, local- ity 2.i), is a lake which through continued evaporation had shniiik to two small bodies. The larger covered lo-ti acres to an apparent average depth of 10 inches. The specific gravity of the brine at a temperature of l.i .iegrees (". was 1 • IH.'). The sinall(>r covered <) .'» acres to an averagi' dei)tii of about one foot, and the specilic gravity of the brine at l.")-3 degrees V. was 1-1(>0. A large lake on lot 17()8, near the road f'om :Meadow lake to Chasm station (Figure 2, localitv 2:i), covered from (M) to 80 acres and the water had a specific gravitv of 1070 at a water temiK'tatuve of 20 degrees C. The dei)th of this lake is proi)abty 2 to 1 feet in the middle. Directlv east of this lake, and in the same lot is Last Chance lake, which contains brine with a specific gravitv of 1 • 170 when the water is 21 degrees C. The lake covereil nearlv 10 acres and at the sides was verv shallow. An analysis of the salt depositci in the lake is given in Taiile VIII. The water of a small lake situated west of the road leading to thi; two above lake.^, hiul a specilic gravity of 1 ■ 0:}0 at a water teini)erature of 17 degrees ( '. On lots 1702 and 170:1, about S.^ i ales west by north of 70 Mih- Hous (Figure 2, localitv 2(i) soda was manufactured in the autumn of 1918 froii a lake covering about 8.") acres, the waters of which were said to carry an average of about i)er cent of solid matter in the summer. The s))ecific gravitv of the lake water, in the summer of 1010, wsvs l-O.'w at a water temperature of 15 degrees C. which indicates a slightly lower percentage of solids than stated above. The lake if owned by the Pacific Copt (\mtraetors Limited, of N'ancouver, who have installed an evaporating iO«>l .Sarv., Can , .\aa. Rrpt.. vnl. XI. 1S9«. p. 12R 5172—5 62 f.'..t and l,oil,.,l .l.,u, u 1, . It'''" "" '■^•••'P<."'iti„K ,,,„k r.i l.v IJ I ••"rthy im,,„ri,i,.s an.l a .■.■rta tn. ,u. ; t ■■■ " !'''"^ '^«'Parat..,| fn.n was said to I.,, nain.n \a.r( nV u • '""""''' '"mor". Th,. „r.„ produn. tl„. (■(|mval,.nt .,f .{ tons . r V \ "',<• I'lant was i„t,.nd,., A\ ...Ml fuel ,.f ulnH, an al nn ant s IV; i'"";'"'^ ?'" ""''""" "'*" -«'••' ' fiirnaco. Tho plmK wliich s itt ll^^ " ? Pr<;scnt, was to l„. ,,.,.,1 in an" IS not more than from 100 to '?( v '"' r "^V 7*'^''' *•' '^" ; almo-f entirely ,o ,,,„„trv u Kh ," |,v I,. ' "'' '{""''r "■"'' '•"»'""'• n>ent,ons many instances of sue JJ ns of V'"''' 'l-''""-^- I-""'K'-''n .;;re invariably f„uns,,ciat"vfthn,.f "!.'""'• •'■'''''•""'''•• '"•*"'■- tha hey are presumed to be , . to h w . t"^ 'r*">'">' ^"'"''"i'' a.'tivitv •'■'•xxl.'. uhi.h act on the alk: ine i^; X'^";;'"*'''""''^' ""V'' ^'■•^" ••'"•''<'■ rocks to form alkaline phorus \n\ an.i IX show that (hi w.t;rs n r |""K'»-iun.. Tables ^aracteristics. The brines at 141 ,^l \^ ^Z ^:^^: J^^^S^:^ 'lincU™. HnLleninr. ■Mimral ,l,.p,„it. ■ ■ouiuifr, vrniuDil. tarart#r r>mlu.,, vol 150, 191,1, pp. 43^;" ' PP 5!)-(il. {■>:i 1 raic (,r ;j() t I'.v 1 } |>y ;; :ts f I!»1S-I!»|!) akc lias an ■climated to I of dcrp-scatcd and atmosi)hiTic waters. In this region, near tlit- ('lia>ni, till' oicurri-ncc of liydratcd sodiuii' •silicates, sucli as analcitc and clialiazitf, i- very common in amyjjdaloi.lal cavities in the l)asalts, indicating that tiie vajjours and soiutions rei)re.-entin(j; the later crystallization i)r()(lu>ts of voli'anic activity were rich in sodium. It is, therefore, concluded tliat the soda in these brines was derived from hot waters a-cending from Ixiow and connected with the volcanic activity that caused the extrusiases, such as lime and soical and chemical. The value of a clay for certain purposes is very greatly lOnlv oiH> workalili- ik-pmit ot kaolin or china clay is known in Canada toilay and imports of clay productn (Afcetl the domestic pnKiuctiijn. = Hici>. n., ■■Clayii.t!ieiroc,'urrence,prupertii'.«. and uwp," pane M niliyi Sm, New lork.IOCe. Ihcwrtjon !r_^i j, .; ,.( l!,r t""P^rtit^ HHil kin.!- f.( .-l»} i- larply t.-ikin from thi.i hor.k. il72-5J 64 KAOLIN. llu- kaolin ,1,.,,„M at St. \U,m, m.rll, „r ( innvill,.. (2„,,, i. 11,..^- -•on.nwrnal m/o that 1ms l,.,.,, „,„,„.,1 „p i„ ('ana. a. It or si. > camhrian (luartzitcs. ixmrsm i U\U. CI.VY. Rail rla.vs aro a varirty „f white hurninK ''lax- that arc v.tv nhs Tlicrc arc vcrv few kn States. \ day (.cciirririK at" Willow be considered a ball day.' own oecurreni-es in the Vnit in soiiihern Saskatchewan ni: UEFKACTORV OH KI1{?;-CI,AY. Firo-days arc those d.uys that can withstand IukIi tcn,|)erat,ires wit ont fusmK. Tins means that th.-y arc low i„ H..xin« i.npmS" s'.d • m.n hmc, .naKnos.a, an.l alkalis, an.l that the an.o.n.? of IVee si.e.r ah 1 r-M T '"Vr!; '^,'i'?;'*-^ •". '""-'■'•''.v f--^'^' ='t tc,n„eratnres al.o vc 'o,,. n,(>.-.0 'N'Precsr Those thiit fuse at tempo -atuves l,etw<-en cones •> ,," .^0 mdus.vc (I,l,.,Odcfrrecs and 1.7:i() dopreos f.) arc dasse, i,s"\o between con.-s :«) and ^3 (i.7;i() decrees and 1.700 deVe' <' i s Xo" : and above cone 8:< a.s No. 1 ^rade fire-davs Thev v-irv i,,^\ , V tensile strength an.l oth,. properties. A fi:^ fire-da ".s . re vh ?e ^ '"','. .'i ish wh.tc and burn to a li^r, , eolonr. There are instances of L-ch however, that are black or even yellowish re.i ir. the raw state Kin. . i :\ are u.sed in the manufacture of firebricks, retort', furnace liriinirs imi f other purposes whore resistance to hea, after manufa, .^e is of imnortaV, rhey are used also ,n the manufacture of floor t.i -Tra-co trna^ bricks, and so forth. luua, paMii ^^ .n.v;,vNVB.,''Kopor.„„,hecl«,r«KH.rc«,of«H,then,.S„k,,e,,ew„„.. Mim. „r«ch. Pub. N„ m W WtiM, H.,Op.cit.,». 174. 05 «KMI-KK>KA( roUY (LAY. Clays that deform aliovo coin 10 and below eoiie 20 (1330 dcurees to 1,650 e, paviiiK brick, and face brick. Stonew:ire day should be sufficiently plastic and touKli to allow of its b<'iii(j turned on the potter's wheel, sliould havi- low fire shriuk.-iue, and should vitrify at a fairly low temperature, but with a sufficii'iit range between vitrification and fusion to allow the wan- to hold its shape when burning. In making terra-cotta and sewer-j)ipc, more easily vitrified clays are often mixed with semi-refractory clay in order to (live a dense body at fairly low temperatures. Low sininkajre and freedom from warping are desirable (|Ualities in tcrra-cotta el:iy><. Hiirii percentages of M)lui)le salts are objectionable. I'avinp; iirick is made froiu impure shales as well as from semi-refractory clays. The raw nnterial should be fuirlv plastic and show a raiifie of at least 140 dogrces ('. iietwecii the beginning of vitrification and fusion. The known occu'Teuces of refractory and semi-refractory clays in Canada are summarized bv .1. Kcde.' nun K (LAVS. Clays used for common building-bricks vary in thoir characteristic>:. Till ! (luisites are that they mould easily and buurn rer,Hlucli.m fi«urr;jjlo not indude pr-nluHion fmni iiii|M.rt..;i materiafs. tin- «)urcp in 1915 was $28,807; in 1916-122.484; 1917-161,317; 1918-184,018. Production fi Average Prices of Clays and Clay Prmluctx. 1915. Kaolin, crude per ton Fire clay per ton '.'.'.'... Common brick, per thousand Prenaed or front brick, per thounand 10 00 2 00 7 48 9 89 1916. 1917. 10 00 3 .V) 7 71 10 95 18 00 6 00 9 49 14 07 1918. t 22 00 4 00-10 I U 14 (Pre 16 35 (Pre ii thuilia.iii. for waHhiriu' ul)ir yurdis i- 'ntiiiii tu tlir I proHp('cti\r >S hI|OI||(I Ii I, for tofttiiii;. in I'hnrartcr i 5I1 from ') til ' part of fill < lAY I,0< AI.ITIMS KXAMINKI). UKUJAI Tolt> AM) hKMI'IIKKKAt roKV fl.AYN. ( l:iys of this t vpf were i>\:i)iiiiic(| at < 'liimin'V Cnn-k I'fiduc Fiunrc 2. locality l.'i), lit Hakcr ('reck caiiydii o|)poMit(' (^iK-siirl (FiKUrf 1, localities 7 and H), -it a point S miles noifli of (jncsiicl ( Kiuuri- 1. locality (•). ami at another place ;{(( ndles aliove I'rince ( leorue ( ritinie I, locality 2). All tl'.c>ie localilie?* lie clow to the \\e:-t hank of Fraser river, (hi 1111111) Crick Uriiltjr. In;/ I'roitiictf lUIN. 1918. ( 22 00 4 00-10 IN) U 14 (Prrl 16 35 (Prcl, Samples 1 to 1 weie taken trom a point i.KM) feet in elevation al'ove < liimney Creek liridne, \ve>l of Frasi r rivi-r and within sIkIiI of the hndp' Figure 2, locality lo). The lirnlue is aWout 2<» miles hv road from l.'iO I Mile II( lup- ! tmpiin n. A 2»9 1 llti,' - f -t ; 458 401.:;: 489 6.734,1) llll : of the mine : : (>l DunrI, and i|. - 1' values of il,, W.712,677. ■uduction frin; 1 t if' HI' III' '1' — iki III' nou.se iunl !■) to lt> rni'e- oviT a hi({h Ki'-'ide trom the railvvav at \\ illiams lake. The clays occur :!^ residual masses produced hy the alteia- liipii of a series of Caclie < 'reek line-urained fjuartziles and .arnillites. The ilay-liearin>£ zone is much crujiii)lfd and fanlt<>d, whereas the nndisturhed lii'ds below and to the side are hard, fresh, and frei- from clay. Figure II -Ikiws the mode of 01 iirreiu'c. Over the lay there are silts and l>;isalts I' Tertiary ajje, \ section from the top down is as follow.s (Finure 11). liirkiii ?<» 11 fill. to 10 :!() Ill t to :i T HIiiili; liiiHiili 111 nrly Ihii-lyiiin .iml firiiiiiiu llic simiTii ' nf the •>I<'|h'. Till' luwir l.-> fi'i t !•• Iiidki II up :iiul ri)M.!ilily of TiTtiiiry ii|ii- I'ini'-nruiiu il iir«illili- nr niiartiiti', yrllimi-li wliiii . purtly iilti nil to rliiy " " Uluisli, liiii-nrMiiiiil <|uurtzitc, the linl iimrli inini|i|ril :iiiil iiniKii- ciitly wtiolly rhim(£ril fo clay, allliniiftli the .1111111. 1 carriril .'lO (XT I'liil of imii-Mlakiini! iiialiiial. S.iiiipli' ti si il ; .'^illy iii'Killiti' or iiiiartziti' I'liaiiKril to yi l|imi>li Nsliili' clay. 1.' i.i Jl) piT I'l'tit of fri'sh nirk promt, .'^aiiipli' trstiil "s'ar of white clay witl; piiikl-h -trcaks, j^himlim in iihu'rs only, ill a iiiiii'h i'ruiiipl< (I ami faiiltcii Imt. Thi> ii llic hrsl I'hiy la the hank. Sample t'v-t il ; Hi'scMibii'S (I'l witli scatm of « liitc c'ay throiiKh it . pi rrcntaKc of fr.'sh rock about llic .laiii" a.i in li-i. .Sainpli' tcilril '_'."> -Vltirniiti' bands of sihy aruilhti' or (luaitziii' varyinn ili(jhtly in tcxtnii' anil loloiir. laruily ahirril to i-lay but with more fresh roek iireiein than in 'ili, (ei, (fi, (ki xr, Hlark, rariionai'eims arfiillite somewhat altereil to clay .\lternatioiis of artsillile ami ijuartzite i-x|his il for ISliO feet down the slope. These l)eili are not chanKi'il to eliiy. The hods from (k) downward strike along the slope and are practically undisturbed; those from (c) to (fc) are very much crumpled, twisted, and .ippejir in all attitudes, and the bed from (hi is less disturbed. The altera- tion to clay of beds (c) to (jti is vciy proiKiiiiiced: (h) is partly altered to clay and from ik) down the lads are (piite fresh. Beds (0 1 ■ (k) belong to the Lower Cache Creek series. iSample.s 1, 2, 3, and 4 correspond to beds (d), (e), (f), (r), in the above see t ion. jr »w i : c i -5 Jbta; m Sit III lilt I. S<«ii»i-rffriifti>rv. \ wliitr, ii^idiiil clay. Wttxlmiit '.I 1 1,... 1 ■ .' ..: II -ii ».»..l...l !....> 1 ricciUMK (hrouf'.h SO-iiii'!«li Mi'vc vii-ldh '»(• [mt riiit of [ili«.tic clny n ■ inMiiitr -tout (JII'UIK wart' rlav. Tlii>< Imriis to a liglit itrcy, lianl I'mlv ri ir ••niilc clav, I to }r. l(»-ini'sh s. easily moiil'lcil. Ipiirtis to H (lark »jr<'y, liarii lioilv at coiio '' \'2'M^ .Icuri'fs i ' Ti''al«li nin' a t coiif •"), H jM'r ccjit. alisoi'iitu same tciiipcrai m»- (> |rt'r ■lit. \'^ anhcil clav I'liscs at rrt'f«' ('. i aii'l cnnlc rlay at i \x HM) (!«•««•«•« ('.). Slim I licitx- low. i/r A \o. :5 fin' A while a ml pill Mijila! I'la- Hiirtis to a li.inl. InitT lio-h' nt coiif .'> with toi li shrin ."I. ]H'r (-vnt ami aliMiiption II pcrci'iit. ify-tivc piT iciit i>f tl IC rrlliii- H rlav. ,SV; iiijii No. I lir«'-il:iy or kaolin. Whin- :i;m1 pink ic-iiliiMl rlax ('.loiiinl to pa.-<- Ili-iiicsh -icvc. I'la^liiMtv hiw. AP pailicic- do not Klnki', (led. l^'iiii- 'o a cri'mn-'olourcil iMnly .-it I'onr Ul'otlti-n otiin IT ikt <-(iit. I v^- ail RO-iiic^h sicv.-: pl;i»ticity 'i"< I'oi'tio il, clav !*iiiooili whrii «( tiic hiiitit to conr .') sliihtly i>tY wliitf colour .tiid sKit vitrified. < lay inaVc a «ood e.i-tiiiK -lip when poured ill o ))ln«lt-r mould'-, liut needs aeii.i-r( fr.-e iiijrlilv refiMcti I.iirllt lailT. lesid'i.il cl;i; . (Irouiid to |)ass ir»()-inesh . I- if' fair tml ^ln textl'ie iti hall t^rcv vitritie^| Uody ;ii ecj:;e ."> .vith t<>t,ii -inrihaite o f II nil- to iter I < :i\. Fuses to shm :lt i mo 17. llesein' Mr. Keele reiiia'k- on the re-ult t.il.nw- Ih- (e-ts show ih:it the deposit is uneven in (|llai|iy. tli;i' le .-Iiirniini.' p'oce.s.MS ii'c in't completed, a- pl:isticit\ is jreiiei.iily '"W an ' tluxh"; impurities arc •:'thev liii?h in ceit.iin portions. The cli\.-i of this dejio^.l as a whuj.' iiii^hl l>e W'.rkeil for the in.'.nufactiire of a !'>\v ^^rinh of tiielicick or as a inixt'Oe with a inoio i-Iastic cla>- for tihikiiiu >. wer-pipe If tlu' iii:iteriil w.i- ■■•n^lied ;uid wasiied it would yielil .i rerl:iin amount • f fine clay whi' li could he ii-ci in the matiufactJire of stoneware noods. • ut the \ ield of wn-iied c!;iv woiihl prohahly he too small to repay that oiHiatioii. A- the material i- • ■ liiie-nrained and is not white either in the raw or liiiri id state it cai .1 • ■' classed as a coiiitiiercial kao'in or china clay." There is another deposit alioilt one-half mile o-' so alon^i: the -!<• '■■ the south, which the writer was iiiiaMe to vi-it. liaktr Crti'h ('(iin/on. Samples .') and t> are from Haker Creek canyon ojiposite tne village o; tjuosnel. Sample 5 is from the base of a numlx-r of rock pillars on the norih .-'idc of Raker Creek canyon ahout ;{' mih-s ahove its month (Fimne 12. hicalitv 8). These pillars are partly chanted to clay. The rocks arc Kii'V tit huff (piartzitos and arjtillites of Cai he Creek nije. with occasional heds of hlack arjiillites. All of thesi- rocks arc exceediniriy ime-tirained and (piartzose. They hiivoheen much crumpled and folded. They are accom- panied in varyinjj amount hy (troy and rrpaiii-colotiied clays that havi' Keen formed hy alteration of the hard rocks. A niimher of pillars on the sleep sides of I lie CiiliVoll, SOino of thrin over HH) feci in lietKht, eStt-!id f ffepc^t ttposurti of f.'Sier /f'-v^r foir^nt'or /tvmmm/s on Usi *<* cfn^er ntmr /J •5 ftposwws of frmstr fliwer torus ^-^ip snd atriko KiKurr VI. Clay aiitl di Coluiiihia. iat<>n,a,.,H,us rarth .Irposits nrar (^iomu-I. CaribcM) distri.'t. Uritish 71 elevation above the lower masses and perhaps 40() lo .VM) feet above flip creek bed. Probably less than :{() per eent of their asi.rrejiafe mass woulil lie clay, although there are parts which contain more elay. An accurate estimate of this character is most difficult to make, however. Sample 6 is from an outcrop that lies one mile down the canyon on the west bank of the creek near the southeast corner of lot SCmI (Fijrure 12, locality 10). The outcrop which is of tlie same character as No. 5 is 8(1 by 120 by 10 feet in extent and is overlain by a red ochre clay that slai?is the white <'lay. Sample .». Semi-refraetory. Grey-white, residual elay; oidy 40 per cent washes throuph a 1 oO-mesh screen. Washed product has no plasticity, bin-ns to a buff vitvjfied iiody at cone 7 (r2i)0 deni-ees ('.), softens and deforms at cone l.'j (1430 depees <".). Needs addition of 20 to :U) per cent of a clay like sample 7. Sn'mple G. Semi-refractory, ("rufle clay, low plasticity, difficult to mould, bu'-ns to a hard, grey liody at cone 7 (1200 de;;rees ('.) and fuses at cone 18 ( 1490 deijrees < '.). Port ion washed and 70 per cent of the washiiip passed throuph a 2(K)-mesh sieve. The washed material had low plasticit>' and was difficult to mould. Hurnt to a porous, white body at cone 7. Clay white enough for paper filler, but lacks cohesiveness. It needs addition of plastic clay as in the case of sample ."). The deposits from which sample 5 was taken lie on the steej) slope of the canyon in a position not easily accessible and where they would be diffi^'idt to work. A roatl couhl, however, be biilt without nnich dithcnlty to the ffaf on which the lower outcrop (saini)le »>) lies. This would be about 2\ nules from steamboat transportation. A few other outcroi)s on the south s'de of the canyon may yield workable elay. A'or//i of Qur.tnel. Ei(jht miles above Quesnel, on top of a series of steep bluffs from 4(K) to 000 feet h'nih, are outcrojip of beds of elay ami infusorial earth (Figure 12. locality 3) that have been subjected to sliding, and lie in detached masses. Outcrops are not plentiful except near the cliff edRes, and the beds havi not been traced to their original location. They belong to the Kraser Isiver formation of Tertiary age and their horizontal extent is in all probat'ilily quite limited. Sample 7 was taken from a bed 20 feet thick and .50 feet long (Fi>fU'-e 12. localitv 3). Undoubtedly mor(> clay of the same cpiality is p>eserit, and fl.iother 20-foot bed overlain by 20 feet of infusorid earth .)ccur.i nea'-by. The location of the original bed should be .sought for back from the cliff faces to the we.st. Sample 7. Stoneware clay. A grey-white, bedded clay. Plasticity and working qualities good. Dnes well and has low air and fire shrinkagi'. Purns to a white, porous, strong body at temperatures up to cone 7 ( 12*.t() degrees ('.) and :• strong dense body at cone 7. It softens and deforms -it cone 17 (1470 degreesC). This is a clay suitable for stoneware manufac- ture, the first recorded from British ('olinni)ia. Mixed with the clays from Baker canyon, it coidd be used to advantage in making semi-refractory clay prcxlucts. There is an overburden of soil 2 feet thick on the outcrop. In othf places there is from 5 to 7 feet of soil and large trees. r2 North of Prince George. Sainjilc S was taken from a scries of heds, probably of Tertiar>' a; out(Toi)j)inn foi ""jO to 1,(M)U feet on the inime«luite west hank of Fras river, in lot 3991, 30 miles above Prince (leorKc (Fifsun! 1, locality - The following section was measured from the river level up. (ii) Covered with tulus 7 feet. (I.) Hlui.-h-Krey cluy ;{ f.el. (c) S.iiiily. wliili'-gny elay 2 feet. (i\) Very l)lu>lie, wlii'e eljy 2 to Ii fei t. (e) Hivir Kr.ivel iitul iMmlilers 4 to H feet. Sample S. Fire-clay. (Iri'V-whitc, bcdiled chuy. (lood working .ai dryisig ])ro]Hrties. Sandy in textiirc. Hums to while, porous bodies i to cone 7 tit which it is creaiii-colotiri d hard, ami ])orous with total shrin a^e of ti i)er cent. It is intact at cone UO (l,.'il!0 dcijrces (".) aiul won l)ri)balily stand uj) high ennugh to be classed as lirc-day. On accoii of its good working and drying (iiialities. low ^lirinkagc, and rcfractorim this iiiat( rial would make firebrick ami ^love linings. The outcro])s are over 700 feci in leiiiidi, Imt ho'v w the beds oxti-i back under the Hat terrace that forms thi to)) of I lie .avel is not kn >v A wagon road IJ inih s loiij; wduhi coiine<-t tiie (lei)o~if with the I'fin (ieorgi'-t ik>conie jiortage road at a i)oint alniut 22 inih » fritii I'rince (id.rj: The most fea>ible method of t ransi)o. (ation i.; I.\ ' '' ' Prince (ieor-ie. There is a steamer channel all overbiinlen that will have to be moved i>. thick in i)!aie> 'her< -,.....,.. enough ntaterial to jiay for > xploilatii.n. < ire should be tjiki n to >e)>iira the dilTt rent bed>, lor t!l( lower bid- ;\r'ird(d aliove j-f not 'ii ; {)robaliilit\-, of <'(!uall>- g 1 (|Uality. Thi- clay HUi»>>t 't the n«»-s4> railway freight rati s be .,|ii])j)ed to ea-ti rti ( ana(l:i it a jirofjf , but it m; become a decid' d a>^el if a market can !» found foi it iti mmh^tti Hrili Columbia. -Cow down t!'.(' river le wuv. \ltiiougii I -houl nUK K ( L.\YS. Ten samples of ej^ys lluit were ikol of refractory grat satisfactory re-iilt- Hoth are suital)le for the making of comim building brick atid ih>- (7n<-f«^l clay can in a(hlit!>)n be U'-ed for tiiakii (Irani nle. Very largi amount* of t):i- white silts -iiiiilar to tho>e ;ii I. hniet are found at intervals in the immediate neiglibouihood of Ira- river from I jihwc i to (^iii'stiel The (^U( mm I clays are not of very gfe extent Che »l!i*# tested at .Australia creek niigh^ be usey dry i)ro- (■ess,"yields sound, dark red luieks Suitable for f."c( brick. Xot refractorj- and not of <'i)niniercial v.alue because of stone content. SnDipIr -J. West of sample 2. tlreen-KH y. roidu.al clay in .''.")-f.iiit bed of dacitic ash. This is ind 21 of -cction referred to in Nos. 2 and ;!. Its pro])erties resemble No. 'A. Sinnplr .7, I'rom ba>" of slide o])j)o-ile Pavilion stati^'ii ''I'if^iiie 2, locality 37). Hed, slony cla>' di rived frcin < '-.idwatiT formalion. The rlav conteni ha^ i;ood ]>ia-(icity, burns re*f and in»» 'rf contmercial value bec.'Ui-e of stone eontiiii. Sitm^'- ,. "vcfHinK •'«H»j4*' ♦>. Ye!lowi-li day in a lO-f.iot bed of *-hit<\ c<**f»i quartzite «4 A*' < aeh*- Creek .-erie>. f-anic i)r(i])erlie« as -,inij)le ti. Siimpir S. Jti»t behrw mi»w -latn of lignite 20 feet from mouth of tunnel on .\ustralia ere k i'tf^iir- I ioc dily II Drab-f;rey clay in 1-foot leci if) the F'ra-er ISivt r forii-iit(** \fiotl»«r -i»m of -anie kiiid and itiick- ii'-s '; ify-JEMS below. Fairly tdm'*-' M'irnK lo dee]) butT. Shrinkage }i cciH «» H^rm ,1. «-.«.# *'.! 12 p'T cent. Th<' ,1 = air dried fj f^-^ shrinkage i ri-e of tem] 'rick. fiamph 0. '. erat beds of brow,; ■ .iy when We1. Bii; hf'i^ti and vitrified a' A piffft gradf of r Hiifnhli t ( Flow- siiKitiilily tlirouKli n die and is Miilat>l(' for niakiiiK Hclil drain til fi.s well as for i>rirks. Will rciiuirc admixtures 20 to '.W ju-r (■■,iit of sain hcciiusc of the liifjli sliiinkaKc It is not ;i tin-dny. ( >iitcToi)s for sit Iras 200 fi'f. aloiijj rivir wlicn- the '> to 7 ftrt of ovcrliunlcn muld 1h' ilnnijUM into swift ciirrfiit. Flat terrace 120 li et wide with an ohl l>riik-y:ir( (lav mill, and covering racks still >laiidiiin. MI N KRAI. Pir.MKNTS*. Samples of clay from 17 Mile ranch and from Baker canyon opposit QlloMtic aggl'iiiierate (No. 1."). page 12i. These lieli.im to the l.owi Vtiir.'inics (>ee sei'tion on page 12). The beds are only i)arily turned t dav. Samples 1 and 2 when ground in raw oil produce a chocolate browi and when burnt and ground in oil a light brown-red colour. The coloi: lacked the brilliancy of commi n i:d ochre. The large amount of grit i these days makes tliem of no ' alue in the manufacture of pigments. ('la> from this bank, burnt and mued with salron grease, have been used tV genera'ion- by the Indians of Pavilion for tracing thi' tribal history i pictographs on the rock--. These old drawings ri'tain their colour for a Ion time. S'tmpir .}. From Haker canyon 2^ mile- from Fraser river, opposit (iuesnel (Figure I. locality 7. and Figure 12. lo Ixd lias evidently been vashe from the elilf." The clay is not suitable for brickmaking, but may lie ( use as a i>igment. When ground in raw oil it i>'oduce- a iirown i)aiii .Munewhat similar to T .ruvian ochre, but not so dark or rich in tone. Uun and ground in oil it inoduccs :> brick nd jiaint with the- ton;' of ICnglis Venetian nd and lighti r in colour than stamlanl Canadian nd oxidi Moth raw atiossibly ])n)ducr a marketable pigment. Thi-^ material w; u>ed with very satisfactory results in painting a house in (juesnd. f)UI(;iS 111 TIIK UKsIl)lT,\L CL.WS. Two possible iiioih's of origin of the n'sidual clays present theinselvp They could have been formed at the surf.ice by weathering of the parei nicks through the ;sgeiicy of ^il iiiosphcric waters, or they wen- formed li the introduction of the clay substances from the outside; in tl.is case b means of hot solutions rising from below. The second pmcess seems ( Iwve taken place ii; this ca.se; the rca.ons for which are as follows; The oritiinal rocks in flic ('aclic Creek series eoiiM not by simple ncutlierinK have lieen turned to clay, simc the clay contains elenients which have liceii added to them presuinaldy hy hut ascending soliilio '1 he re>iidtial elav the Lower ( ' iimi« series occur in nx'ks coni- in sonie ca>j<'s (M).') inilliinetres Will till posed essentially of (piartz iji very tine >; and less, with a small percentage of muscovile or hydroniic: nicks have disintetrrated to clay the change appears to have consisted solely ill an increase in ine amount of hydromira or in othei' cases of hydromica with kaoliii ami ot'iei- clay-forminn siil)staiices. Tin- residual clavs in the Lower Tertiary N'ohanics lie in lavas iiid ash rocks tiiit have irlassy or very fine (iroiiediuasscs, and the chai.u'e to day has piodiiced what looks like hydromica, kaolin, iron oxide, c.irlioiiate, etc. in this instance the rock itself possihly could hjive furnish, d the elenients for its alteration product-. Ill residual clays in Cache Creek rock-, however, the fresh rock is made iiii essentially of (piar)z which cannot. I.y the acency of almospheiic waters, he turned to clay-forniin); elenients. nor is there enouuh li.\droniira in the jKireiit rock to acc(,mit for the cl:iy liy siini>le alteration of that liiinerai lu kaolinite. The increase of hydromica and the a''tiial replacement of (piartz hy it can he accomplished only liy the agency of hot ascendiim solutions, 'li places like the Moiiapjirte ciay hell, the widesjiread occurrence of |)yrile ill the parent rock show< that tiiere has heen mineral deposition through ;he agency of aseeiidinj: solutions. The i)rese!ice of jiyi'^'"" i" tlx-se clay hanks shows, on the other hand, that oxy;;enated .'itmospheric waters have also had an etTect. for.nirin sulphate waters from the pyrite after its deposi- tion, and from thes- );y))siiin, CaS« », + 2lL.(). has l>ee"n precipitated. The zone of decomposition is related to fracture zones rather than to a land surface or zone of weatheriii^r. In all .'asi-s where residual clays were examined (he rocks in which thev occui- have lieeii iiiucli disturlied. that is. either closely folded or fauPed and hrecciated, or both cruinpled and f.iulted. Figure II illustrates the clo>e relalionship at Chimney Cpeek hridjre hotween a zone of faulting and the extent of the residual clay. At 17 Mile ranch, the Lower \'olcaiiics are lyin-; in a syncline and i( is alont<: the .ipturned beds on the r(\fro of the sym-line, wlieri" a ureat deal of faiilt- iiii; has taken place, that t he clay h.anks lie (Plate XII). On the Honap.arte (Plate XIII) the Caclie Creek lie.ls are also tiuicli disturlied and similar leds in Baker canyon have t>e(>n much crumiiled. In ;ill these places it is possible to find beds of the oriiiinal, unaltered rock lyinvr at tlie s;uii,. level < the altered ni.aterial. Ai Chimney Creek for example, fresh rock not only underlies the clav belt but is found at tl At !'>aker can.von then is fresh rock over the clav. ame l(>vel to t! rth of it. -If/f of Fcrmntioii. The absolutely unaltered character of the Miocene basalt Iviiii; iliiectly over Cache Creek ekay in Haker canyon. |)roves thit the clav-form- iiii: pnicesses had ceased to act in the late Miocene. In Maker Cie<'k canyon, near the occiiri-ence of residual clays in the Lower Cache Creek nicks, masses of the s.-ime residual clay occur as boulders in a (;ravel r;irr> iiiK jilaiit icmains and underlyi"K the upper Miocene basalts. This tr.ivel belonjrs to the Fraser Hiver formation and the clays were, theri'fore, tunned in the Cache Creek rocks before the Fraser Hiver lieds were laid 'l"Wii. The Lower Nolcanirs of Miocene «({•' that underlie the Fraser Uiver fortnation at QuchiicI. wito first faiilto.l uiul l)recci!itr.l and aftjTwards turni'il to clav, m that the chiy-foniiinn processes wore aitivt' after the extrusion of the Lower Voleanics. The evideiiee, therefore, nulieates that to heated sohitions and vapours derived fronj the same souree as the hiva and rising to the siirfaee after the lava eruption. ("IIAI'TER VI. DI.\TOMACEOUS EAhTH. LKiNITE, PERIDOT, AND MUSCOVITE. DIATO.MACKors KAHTII. Deposits of (lialoniareous earth were examined in the vicinity ol (iuesnel. Diatomaceous eartii is the UMiie niven to deposits that are u-;n:dly wliite or creaiu-eoloured. and consist wholly or m part of the siliceous tests of low forms of plant life kn.iwn as diatoms. Ihese tests or shells are verv minute, the hirirest smaller than a pin head, the averau.' visible o-»lv under :i iii»!:h-po\v(>r microscope. They av(> composed w.iol y of hydrous'silica and contain a p-eat many small pores Mrianii<-d u\ mtru'ate piitlerns. The chemical composition, minute size, hardness, and porosity of the tests, havt' made the earths composed of them useful m a numl.er of wavs. The coherent earth, reduce.l in a manner which will not destroy the Icsis themselves and separated into p()wders of vai> i(i lineiiess, is u-cd !i;i);elv :is iiii al.iasive and polishiiiK anent in metal polishes, soaps, meia! i.owders, match hea.ls, etc. The purer imuhicis are used m t he mai'Kfacture of siliceous glazes and waterpla.ss or silicate of soda, llie lar-'c amount of pore si)ace within the tests prevents the passaire ot lieal through tlx- looselv i)acked earth or throuiih l.h)cks and bricks made ot il. Thi^ prope-tv, combined with the ability to stand (jreat heat witlioul fusion, makes the earth of jtreat use as insulatiuK linings for luniaces. ovens, safes, as well as in the walls of cold storage receptacles. It has als.. been used as an absorbent for corrosive li(iui), and a number of deposits occur oil top of the river-cut clitfs t.n the big bend of the Fraser 8 miles north of tlic village ( Figure 12. h)calilies 1, 2, 3). All th<-se localities are west of Ira ci rive.-. .\ small lens of the earth is exposed in the bruk-yard at (^tiesnel a I there are a few other unimportant oceurrenees near the river (tigure 1. localities G, 7, and 9). ~ "'B^ic, Perry \., "The Kii^lpihr imlu.tn.-," Metall. ami Chem. Kag., vol. XII. No. 2. Fi-1>., \W. pp. m>- '" •Krprhoti.., Howell.. "Ri-pfTt .. thp noninc-lnllie niimralj used in the Cinadmn niaBufttcluring indintri,-. Mines Branch, IX>p«nni«l ot Mines, Ottawn, 1»U, PP- 104, l"'- (|Uiic nilictnit , mcv-w liili- l< ('hiiriirli ■| 111' m.'ilcrial i.- cxccriliiiuly linc-uniii , .. , _ cniim-ciilniirril, iiikI iif cxcriii ionjiliy iinlit wi iuiit, Scvni s.impli's fioni I iw.i main ilcpicii- I'xainiiicd imu\ al)oiil ()((U;! to OIKJ III Jimctics ill IciiKlli ,'iikI alioiit onc-foiirtli as wie.|s haviiiK a total thick- ness of II Miclics. rnconformaMy over il - is a thick he.l of Imsall with I'lokcn hasalt and clayey m,ivel at the ha-e. The heds of infusorial . .nth -Hike nortli -.i dey:ices (Mst and dip west, mikI the strike of the has.ilt is i.c itlii'ast \\\\\i a dip of i,"i dejirees to the west. The structure is somewhat • •l-ciired hv faiillinii; ihat m:iy he due tn locd slippinu of the ImiN down ihe steep liilUide. Alioiil S miles I'ro.ii (jiiesnel. en the ri;;lil l.anU of Ihe Fr;iser, at t he • I -t end of a liin ••.>^" curve of the river and at an elev.ilion of .")IH)fee| or so .i!..ve the liver iliiruie 12, iocililies I, 2. ;{,, lu.isM's of diatomaceolise.arth in- loiilid on top of :i serie- of river-ciil ciilfs The clilVs h.low are com- Mised (.1 Ix'dded ;:ravels, sands, and clays, which al the south end of the iin tai-es strike north 7.'i ilciri. i- ea-1 and dip northwest .-iliout .') de^rree . -i\ liel.Hh.-d masses of I hr' vyv\\\ were located near the edy:e of the clilTs opposite ihe middle of th. Lend, three of them strike a|)proximatelv north ,i:'. dey:rees east and dip iioithvM'-t, others In nearly al rijiht aiiitii's In this direction, .-^ome are interhedih d with liiev and whilish-urev clav. H'llciops were seen al intervals for tilMi ie;i i,, ih,. west of the clilf in ilie ..i-.diboiirliood of a small jiuich. and the -vhole .ivea for that di-t,ince hacti 'I the clilT faces has lieen di-turiied l.y slidini; that h;is tnken place in the iireciioii ol the ri\c'r. Two mil.'s up the leaser from ihe \illai:.', on lot 1120 ili^ture 12. "■eality .-)! ji few hiindrei! feet from the we.-t (..ink. \ to .") feet of infusoriaj aiih outcrops on l.olh vid,.> ,,f ;, sin,ill utiily, Ihe aver.m.' strike of the ' il- is suuth :;.') dey;rees east with a dip of :{:i denrees lo the west. They ■<■ underlain !iy liedded s:m.ls and r'lays. .Inst north of tl,e old l.rick-y.inl at (Juesnei, is ,.| Jms of infusorial e.irth 1 ' l-e! loimaild 1! f<><-t Itii.:, :il its thickest point. || coiiliii..^ liai-es ,,| "' ' ''k-iv. :i!id iron oxide, ,i;id js nverlain liy 2 |e,.| of l.nuli|ei>. ~:iii'W. .iinl ' ■ s. piii!i;iliK- recent i i\er deposits. <>'niliii/ nj li,i l:'. \, IM the (S-lnnl -eel ion oiMai'iiiiii 2 milc' southwest o 1- iroii! lie li.p l,ed I 1 feel tlliik i-ipin|)|taivlill> (Miiyilij: s.iiii. fla.\ iiImii |il:iiit li'lliaiii-i, ami a frw pcldilcs. Jlctwccii Ihi'sc two licil^ i,- J fci'l n I'artli >iiiiil:ii In llial in N >. I ami "< iiii'lic-i nf iinpurc iratTial. Nn. It i froiii a l.')-!'cnii licil al llii' la^r, KMiiililiiiu ihi' niiildli I'lil lull witli iiion I'liptuitic, jHlil i-i si'iMlati'il finiii llir lliiilill)' Im'iI liy S iiicllfs iil' • iliil-.ti('ll|il<'v I'. \\'. Miiiiloii. Miiii- liraiicli, Ottawa, liavc lurii plat-i'il for coiiiiiai i-uii ;iii anal.v,>i^, \o. I, of [Hire comiiiereial iJialoinaeeiiiH earth from < 'aliforiiia', ami two paitia alialvwes of eoiiitiuic'ial earlli--, Nor*. ."1 ami l». Iioiii No\a Scotia.' Tiilili A/. .\hn';i^i X iif hiiilii'iiiiniii!." Emlh. \ ' l' >ll>- I -■.■»>. I ill I i( >. . 1 ilU N :.(> Kii i I! J I :ili..vr lip'. < iitl ilr\ irifr ;il in.'i ( ■ 70-2 10 i SI :'i I -.'IK I 7 IKt X tvt , 2 li-s I I .V, ■_' s.' :i ii.' II s| II ;>l II ii>i iriiiv : .'il I ' ((III j I II X.*! II .'ill \ II V! I I'll i I 711 I im II.' I ;ii II :; II lill II . '7 I) .'II Il.lrr. tr;ii-i'. M.li-r 7 inl Ii 21 "i V. I iMi I III : I Jii .■i .I I I III : lixi (M the purest of lin I liree. It i;anies more silica ami a smaller peiceiil;tv:e of impnrilies than ih lop anil liottom iiiils; the top lied is the pooiest. The lame percen.an'' «' iron would cai-e the material, not any of which is pure uhili' in the im iiiiriied stale, to luiril reddish. The composition of the ieds al the Ik lieiid to the north may show a sniiiewhat hiulur priceiiciire nf .-ilica, a iiidicaleil liy the tests lor alisorpt ion. The resuli- of ti>ts of the fineness and al. sorption of the malfiia! are (jiven III Talile \ i 1. Here Nos. 1 , 2, '.\ represent 'hiee lieds referri' to in 'I'alile Xl. Nos. I, .">. 11, atnl 7 refer to deposit.- (ccurrinti; aloiij; tie I ip of t he I litis at the lii^: In ml > I'iuiire 12. Im :ilit e - I. '.'. li :. '1 h 'sr d push lie ne.ar touithcrand are niiinlii red from s mtli t 1 ihn Ih e- they m cur a I' ' Hie t (ip of th" ( Hit. Niimlii'r I li-sat locality l{ in l'li;uie 12 s'liith «f a s;n:i 1 •iiiNiiii III the fare of ill,' iI'lY I'iiiiire 12. loc-iliti'"- 1 and 2'. Xn^. .'i. i' .'Hid 7 lie li.il I !i -if this i-aip. .11. .^- li.uk I ^11 lit . ri. I'.i-i li-t- 1-1.. I . 'Miiii-iiil |,r,.,lii, li.M ..( f:in ,.lii (..r l"ll.' |. IT: * 79 Tiihlr A'//. — Fini'msx uml Ahuorption of UinlnmnaouH Enrihii, 32 113 2S 70 3U 2 12 4 114 34 »A (M :iA .'Ml 127 ' 141 i:i;! 1.>N Howclls Fri'dii'ttr. .Mines Hr.iiich, roports as follows in ronard to inctliiHl; ('iiii)|ii\-('i! I>y liim in niakiiit; tlicsc ti'st^. "Till' cnKJc iTiati'ii;il was fiiinlv ((.In". cut and (lifficiilt to i>r('ak down wilhoiil at till' same lime lucakinit (lie irilctnd (riains, (Ircat circ was t;iki'n dniinn tlic criLsliinu iiol to ovcriri-iiul the iiiatcriil, tlicrcforo it U :ilt())roth('r likely that tlie ))i'rcciitaces sltown ici'iincl on the lamer screens (1(1 not renresenl co.arse grains Imt rather iinenislie(| particle-i of the oiiirinal iiiriirejtate. Due to the anunl.irity of the oirticleH and the.r li^rht w( iirht, the material fluffs and forms small pdlets on the scree'is, which are (li.rKiilt to overcome. Tlierefdre, I he percent, 'iircs of the material passinjj thrdUtjh the ir)0-inesh and retained on th4' 200-niesh scr(( suddeidy lust its '•shortne--s" and heeame sliiihlly plastic and could he eonsideralily deformed with a si)atula without showing cracks. Cheek tests showed that the •■imoiint of water mvessary to attain this cimd.t.on wa ( nractically the s-nne for any one samt)le. The amount of ciihic centimetres of water ahsorhed l>y 1(10 jirains of the material when at this condition was used as a measure of the ahsorjition." Hich ahsorption prohalily indicates larne perceuta);o r)f diatoms relative to that of clay .niid other im[)urities in the earths. Samjile No. 2, for instance, which is higher in «ilica and lower in impuri'ies than samples 1 and \\, has also a hicher al>s(.rption. If this conclusiii: l>e correct the material on the Muffs fFicure 12, iocalilies 1, 2, and :{), is of .somewhat liiither ^VAdc than that at locality 11, Figure 12. Commvrriiil Dl.v stiipiMil off for iiiorr tliati a few yufl iiiwanlly from *lii> pn-Hci.t outcrdp. aiMl fuillnT cxnivation woulil have i Jm' hy undprnroiiiKl inrlluxlH. It i- iMinxiltlr that htrippinu alon^: ilic liil f-idcM in tin- r»c ui alioiit oiii' mile in that dirortioii did not ti'vcmI an fiuihiT outcrops. A wagon road > i hUuIiIIv n-.ro than 2 inili-M in liiiun Would [•(> rcMimn'd to transiMtrt the nialciial " the fcrry-lariilinu opixisii Qnoiicl t>ii top of tlrf hhiff- at t'l'' Ilic loop ii'imin' IJ, localities 1. " ">). tli hits lie inf)stlv near the vl^ic of the • IJlTs at ele\:itions of lioni I.W i^ .'i.')!) feet aliove the river. 'I'liey li" in detachetl nias.HCM ; pd the ainotlt of diato' ici'ous earl hill hiirlil at Cin'h of thi ■■ is small, ' he mtretj'ite of >-i Iciiiu; alioiit 7,-i - prolialny iindistnrl'ed l> 'pini£. should he looKi ' for west oi the clill oducs t ,« ird the east line c^ lo' sM:', .and licyojul. Near river le\<'l is a suitnM site for loain~ and a .small wliarl The e.'rlh would h.nve to \»' taken down the clilT h; .'lerial tramwa> oi ^ome otlu i ccoiiuniical metlio to take plac at a rentral point like (^uosiiel, eonveiii''nt lo both the railway and rivei . MtNlTK. I.ieiiiti' lieds w< re seen at (^iii-nel and there arc a nunilier of outcrop on the I'ra^er -outh of that village, hut th^ nidy known lud of coiumerci;i -ize occurs on Australia ci ck a''i ut \S mih s vt\-\ .1" the tivcr (i inure 1 locality 11). \ -••■im xaryinu friiu ',i f'ct (i inchi- . :"> fci i 1(1 inthcs ii thickness outerop> .itpouf 2(1 feet .>ver the U\A of th^ cr« i-k on the nort- side. Helow the seam 1 foot of drah clay is underlain hy "< inches of litiiii under vhich is 11 inches of clay succeeded Is Ij feet of lignite, makim fthout 2 feet of day and 2 feet of lignite in aildition t the main seam. .' detailed .section of tl heds is ni\rn on l)aKe 4. The strike of the ci .il s«>an is north 14 denrees i- ~t with a di]) of 20 de(jr;'cs to the northwest. A sloji has heen run down tl, main seam into the hill for ahout .')(! feet in a direct ioi ajiproxiinately at rinhi angles to the strike. The lignite maintains a fairl; uniform thickne.-^ in the tunnel, althoufsh thin seams of day a)))>ear aii^ l)eter out. -Xn analysis of the liunite, made hy lldKa.- Stansheld of tli Mines Hrancli, is (fivm helow. The sample was taken acro>^ '.i feet li inches of the main scum on the we-t --iile of the tunnel at its face. Tiihic XIII. — Analyses oj Lignite from AuMrnlia Creek. Moisture ll-IS ptT rrnt. ! Anti ' 20-4 '33 2 per ront . Viilatilo matter . :«) t. •• :M 6 •• Fii"ii(lt>«c!i. 'I'lic :i-
  • Iruiii jiuisii tu pujiit anil I'oiilil hi- ("'iliicfil riiii'.idiralily I'.v i-arcfiil .xorliiiji <>iil nf tin' ^liali . I'lii' liKiiitt' 'liiiulii I vriilualh' ]iriiv<> iiM'fnl »>* a Im-al Miiirrc nf I'licl. Two I iitii.x of liKiiiti- '2 fi'i't ami 7 inrlno lliii-U \sitli l.'i imlns ui' tlav 1m(\ rni)i out '.'IK) frrt iliiwii tlii' iTi'rk from till' tiinml. 'I'luy coti -jmiimI >iraiiKraplii(iiliy with Iml- No.. 2.'> and 2'2 in tin- -irli'in, patr 17 wliii li arc S iiiclir> ami 2 iiii'lii* lliick, r(-)M ci ivrly. (»lli«r M'am>. aiil i.> liavr liciii rx)iosr(| a hiimlri'tl fict or -^o iij) tin- rnrk, \\rrr cover' il I'V tlcl>ri-> nt the time of visit. Outcrops of !i|{inti's were rcportcil on tin- r.i-'i liank of Ira'T river 1 niili- xiutli ami nearly I mile north of Auslialia creek, liut a search for tlice ]iroveil uusueeessful, owiiiK jM'rhaiH to a cunitiination (if -liile- un l>a-is exists for liili(>\inK that the outcro]is nieiitiomil on the Fraser ami that at thi' tunnel re])resi'nt |)arts of a continuous hed of iiiliiite. The ;}-fuot ".t-inch weani ixposeil in the tunnel proliuMy umlerlie-i ;iii area of ^ever.'il .acres, liut its extent eun lieconie known only liy devi lo]i- tmnt Work. TKlUnoT. Peridots oei'ur in a series uf lia-alts on the sununit of Timothy inotin- t;iin 'Vi^ure 2, locality 17, ami I'iRure i;{, locality -i, see also Plate .\\i. I't-riiloi is another naiii'- for the common, roi'k-formini; niin< ral olivine, Mk (Fe) S\Hi. A dark urein variety of ihis iiiiueral is very much in vnuue as a cheHji I'orm of jewellery. .Xi-i-ordiny; to one of the leadiii); jewellers in Canada jwriil it stones are ii-ed to cive |>li -^uik etTeets in comhination with ntliiT ami nuirc i>recious forms uf jewelh i\ aiul to httrinoni/e with many colours of wearing api>arel. .\lthoiit(h oliviiu' is a common rock mineral, the dark |?reen vaiirty is rarely found in sui-h form and qmmtity that it ran 1>P profital>l> mined for commercial i)urposes. The stones are eoin- iMonly eu» in rouinl, sijuare, iiiid oval sha]>es varying iti size from 'i to ti iniilimetros (J to J im-ii). Cut stones of these sizes are sold at from 40 cents to $!..')(). unmounted. The 1 isalts >n Timothy mountain occur in two cone-shajied hill- ri the -uininit of the nmuntain. .^ ' i-t of the ))eriiliit occurrences are on the m>rth- last ami steeliest side of the hills. The jieridots occur in irregularly -ha]>< d inasscst of red, hrowii, and fjreeii crystalline rock known as hypi'rslheiie piridotile. These lie in a reddi->'>ndinass. The ]>• lidotitc nia— es K'Uffally have rounded earners, althoUKh theri' are nuin> .iimular fr t' ;ients scattereil throu^ii the i.asalt and one had lie form ol' a lirick iiii liandid layers. They \.ir\- in size from aliout J inch to lioulders IK uirh' - across. 'l"h( re are also iioulders of ^cy ((uarl/, diorite in the basalt. The mas.-es are coarsely crystalline ami ure m.ado u]i of olivine with a Irsser amount of pyroxene. The olivines :ire translurcni . pale yellowish creen t lirouKli dark grein to hlaek. In certain masse- ihey are stained red liy iriMi oxide and this forms veiidets in th. ma-ses in -"laces radiating out into the liasalt. The olivines vary in size iroin 5',,-in ii to J-inch and over ;ind have a oonehoiilal fracture and vitreous or (flassy lustre. In the same MKaoCOfr RCSCXUTION TfST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1^0 "^ ■■■ ^ y^PUEU ItVMGE Inc ■«53 iov Uoin s„„i ^ocnes!e., Ne. vori, -4609 USA (?16) «82 - 0300 - Phon, ("6) 288 - 5989 - fo. 82 \m ,»»*" Outcrop o^ quartz vein, or ore cone i^A;.; ^rea of basalt -f'o' D'ij j^j itr>ke affava bed^ '^ fault or fracture zone :i \-nneli, shafts. pro^>ect:t / ^aft and tvnnel of 'Inter mountain goid, nher, copper claim ? Open cuts on copper ones J ^05pectj on "HaiUtcne' peridot claim 4 Pf aspects on 8.'jeorooie mclybdemie da-rr 6 Prospect on Tioperary molybdenite da rt 5 Tunnel. -^'t ^nd oroipectA on ''Molyb' mc-yc-jt le claim 7 Opet'CU on 'U^le* nalybdemte daim Figure 13. Molybdenite, peridot, and copper ore occurrences on Timothy mountain, Cariboo district, British Columbia. 83 d, i'/ver. w mountain, masses are pyroxoncs of a rich green colour with well-marked parallel striations. These are hard to distinguish from the olivines when small, but in many cases occur in hirue crystals uj) to \\ inches across. The olivines have the appearance of broken green bottle glass, whereas the pyroxenes are not translucent. Under the microscope some masses of this material were seen to consist nearly entirely of olivine, others carry up to 30 per cent of hypersthene. Feldspar also occurs. Rare constituents of these masses are individuals of biotite, magnetite, and green spinel. The olivines are in most places clear and colourless; in others they are shot through with iron oxide in tliread- 'ike films. The hypersthenes are green and pluochroic in tones of green and golden yellow in thick .•■•ections; they are colourless in others. Two cleavages intersect nearly at right angles, but in n.any sections cleavage is ])(i()rly developed and the mineral is traversed by irregular cracks. They are n« f:;;i!.ive in optical character with extinction angles uj) to 2S degrees. Iti certain cases twinning has taken jjIucc in narrow strijis along one of the cleavage jilanes. Walker and Collin^' have described hypersthenes of this character from the Hill Tracts, \'izagipatam district of India. A feld-par was determined as basic labradorite, Ab.io An™, in one instance. The basalt is dark brown, fine-grained, and holoerystalline, with ])ilotaxitic texture and amygdaloidal cavities. It is made up of iron ore, augite, olivine, and plagioclase. (Quartz is ])resent in one or tw'> cases. The magnetite forms 1.") to 20 per cent of the slides. The augit^ is of a riildish violet colour, in some cases colourless. So many fra;.;niint.s of olivine scattered through the matrix are clearly derived from the hypers- thene peridotite that it is difficult to distinguish those that crystalli/eil as a ])art of the basalt. These are small, of higher birefringence than other minerals present, and are stained brown by iron oxide. The i)lagioclases are amlcsines or labrailorites in the few cases tested. Certain fragments of hyper:^thene iM-ridotiti' lying in the basalt have iieen fused along the edges and sometimes the whole fragment has been ciianged. In some j)laces the outer edge of the altered ma-^s is a ring of violet-coloured augites, in others it has been altered to a highly birefriiigent aggregate of small particles. Larger masses are not affected to so great an extent and in some instances there is no sign of fusion at the contact. On the northeast and steejjer side of the hills (Figure \'.\, locality 3) the actual contact between granite and lava is exposed at the foot of the hill, where it strikes north 10 degrees east and dip< (K) degrees to the wist. The granite i. shattered antl oxidized ana to the north, and to the south .successive lava flows can be distinguished lying one over the other. In places there are i)illow-shai)ed masses with layers like the akin of an onion. Ropy and amygdaloidal lavas are common, but no true ash bods were observetl. •Walker, T. L., and Collina, W. H., "Petroloiticai study of some rocks from the hills of Vizaftapatam district, Madras Presidency." Records, Oeol. Surv., India, vol. \XX\I, pt. 1, 1907, pp. 14, 15. 84 The main (icpurrfncf of pcridotite is in tlic clitT immotliatoly west o the contact. It lias hocn opened at a J)<)int 45 feet al)ove where tiie contaci was exposed and 100 feet southwest of it. There the mas.ses lie in a zon. that IS 2 feet wide and trends north 2tite and quartz diorite. As the lava was extruded its internal pressure was suddenly diminished through the escape of contained gase^ and there was a gradual loss of heat. It is prohahle that the diminished internal pressure caused tlu; load of foreign material, peridotite and (luartz diorite, to sink to the bottom of the molten layers and to remain near the point of extrusion while the main l)asaltic tl(«.v solidified farther on This may ac<'ount for nearly all the larger peridotite masses being in the clifT near the contact mentioned above. COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES. A few, small prospect holes have been opened on top and on the side-^ of the dyke-hke cliff. A large percentage of the masses does not contain peridot of the proper size or colour for commercial purposes, and a fairlv high proportion of waste must be looked for in mining, i-urther develop- ment work should be done in the face of this cliff and possibly later by sinking along the granite contact. Most of the waste rock will have to be eliminated at the mine, so as to save freight charges. Since there is no market for uncut stones in Canada nor in the United States, arrangement^ will have to be made for cutting the stones before their exploitation can be commercially successful. MUSCOVITE.' Mica is marketed in sheet, splittings, and ground form. The non- mflammable and non-conducting properties of sheet mica render it par- ticularly suitable for the electrical industry and in place of glass in furnace- stoves, and so forth. It takes the place of glass in windows subjected t(', shock and vibration, such as shields in aero))lanes, and windows in the conning towers of warships. (Iround mica is used for lubrication for annealing steel, as a tiller in various compounds, in paints, wa!!-pmcr- and for other purposes. Sheets for condensoi-s should yield a rectangh' at least Ij by 2 inches in diameter. Prices jjcr pound vary according t.. size of sheets, colour, and freedom from stains. It is estimated tint th> percentage of marketable sheet mica product d bv Canadian mines average- above 5 per cent of the run of mine and rarely exceeds i') per cent Ju 1917 split and trimmed Canadian amber 'mica (phlogojnte) sold in the I nited States at prices ranging from 1 1 cents })er jKnind for 1 bv 1-incli sheets, 81 per pound for :5 i)y 3-inch sheets, .S3 per pound for (5 bv O-inch sheets, to .«!o..50 per pound for 8 by 10-inch sheets. White mica, from the 2nd *iS'^9'?2.'p^3of:3i?'"'' '" <«™"«"'^''' "P'oitaticn, and u^." Mines Branch, Oepartmont of Mi«.., Schaller. Waldeniar, T., ".Mica in 1917," U.S.G.S., Mineral resources, 1917, pt. II. 85 -licet-, -lic.'t-, vnrii (i tiiiiii (1 soutlicrn st.ii.v, :.,,l,l for 80 k, .jo (■,.],(> • ip iiuiind lor 1'. iy •J-iiidi for iSl.'M) to SI..').") for 3 t)y ;}-iiicli >liccts, >:i to S'i.SU i'l.r t'i l.y (>-iiicli and So.O") to .S7..")() per ixmiid for S Ky lO-incli -1,,.,., ^ the ]>ric( .■iccordinii to wlictlicr the iiii<':i \vji> r-potted or r\> :\r. .^linlitly Indian iiui.-covitc sold at al)o'it the avcrajic price of tiie Iniicl ])rouuct. A hasty visii was made to an oci'urrence of niuscovite mica -iiuatcd ill the Charualer (or Carilioo) mountain iI'iKure •_', localitv l;i.. This ])roperty, owned hy V. I). Foster, lies on one o'' the western Vidije- of tUv ranjjc bctwe^'n ClearwatcT ami Crooked lakes, ar)oiit 1.") to 20 miles from the cast end of Canim lake, in a direction north 2 decrees west, ma"netic (approximately north 21) (K.^'roes east true azimuth). The location as (jiyen oil the index map witji this rejiort may he in error as much as several mih's. Tho elevation as determined l>y aneroid in unsettled weather, is ().4r)0 feet above xeu-level. The claims were reached hv two and a lialf days of hard riding from the west end of ( 'anim lake over an Indian hunting trail. From the east end the trij) wotikl occupy one and a half days. The mica occurs in a series of parallel pegmatite tlvkes hinn in mica schist. The easterly dyke strikes east ii'.i degrees south, dijis rA degrees to the northeast, and is from 10 to 20 feet wide; its outcrop could l>e traced for about 500 feet. Other dykes lying parallel to and within a few hundred feet of each other are from 5 to 25 feet wide and form a belt that was traced a distance of about three- was barren. The thickness of the crystals was as a rule al)()ut one- third of the greatest d. nension of the leaves. The crystals are in many cases wedge-shaped, books of leaves overlapping and "feathering out."' A consideral)le amount of so-called "A" mica occurs, in which ojilv a small part of the sheets is of any commercial value. The best crystals were l)erhaps removed from the open-cut before th(! writer's visit." The mica -een was white or nearly colourless with a greenish to aml>er tint. A great many crystals are stained j-cllowish by surface weathering. The condition of the mica crystals at the surface, indicating that they have l)een subjected to pressure and contortion after their formation, IS to be expected throughout the deposit, but the yellow stain on the mineral is likely to disappear in depth. The dykes cross a nearly flat-topped ridge about half a mile wide, fron. both sides of which the land slopes steeply for several hundred feet. The dykes were not followed down the sides of the ridge for any great distance. If development is ever undertaken both depth and drainage could be obtained by a tunnel driven from the southeast slope of the ridge. outcrops are above timber-line, but mine timber can be obtained .m a short distance. An expenditure of S600 to SSOO would be necessarv to construct a first class pack trail from the jjroperty to the east end of Canim lake. This trail could be travelled by heavily loadeil pack trains during August 86 and Sipti'tnbor, hut Mliiiiincnts in June and July wouki necpssitato bridnini? two law streams, nanuly, Spanish and Di-ccption tTccks. A heavily laden jjack train eould make a lound trip every three days. The freight charges from the end of the trail, 20 miles by boat and about 35 by wagon to the railway grade, would cost from S20 to $25 per ton. CHAPTER VII. CHROMITE, MOLYBDENITE, MANGANESE, A^ D NICKEL. CHUOMITE. Chromite ores lie on Chrome creek (Figure 14) one-m of easy gradient, i»ut the lower part of Scottie creek lies in a rather ruKged gorge. The hills back of the creek cour^es are flat-toi)pcd and mo.«tly drift-covered. The ore mineral at Chrome creek occurs in serpentine rocks and consists of chromite, or more j)roperly chrompicotite. It is associated with some magnetite and carbonates, probably of magnesium and calcium, and, occasionally with opaline silica, white magnesium sulphates, ami chrome-bearing chlorites and garnets, but the garnets are not commercially important. Chromite is composed princijially of the oxides of ( mium and ferrous iron (FcOCrjOs), with varying amounts of magnesium 'duminum, and ferric iron chemically comt>ined. The mineral rarely contains tiO ])cr cent and sometimes contains only 10 per cent of chromium oxide. In this connexion it is important to bear in mind that no system of mechanical concentration of chromite on^ can raise the percentage of chromic oxide al)ove that contained in chemical ccrbination in the mineral. A sample of chromite from this locality, Scottie creek, was forwarded to the ( ieolo- gical Survey in 1901 and examined and analysed by II. A. A. Johnston' with the following results: chromium setquioxide, 55-90 per cent; alumina, 13-83 per cent; ferrous oxide, 14-64 per cent; magnesia, 15-01 i)er cent: silica, 0-60 per cent; total 99-98 per cent. Colour, velvet black, opaque; in very thin sections, however, translucent, and brownish-red by trans- mitted light: streak, grey to black-brown, fracture uneven, specific gravity 4-1.'. Its hardness is about 5-5, it is non-magnetic and it crystallizes in the i.sometric system, usually in octahedra. Magnetite which occurs with chromite here and elsewhere has approxi- mately the same colour, lu.stre, and shape of crj'stals. It can be distin- guished from chromite by its streak, which is black, whereas chromite when scratched yields a brown powder. Magnetite is in all cases strongly magnetic, but chromite is rarely magnetic. >Geol. Surv., Can.,, Ann. Rept., vol. XIII, I9D0,pp.|ll-12R. The location ia incorrectly atated in thia report because of a mistake by the person who forwarded the sample to Ottawa. 87 V. .l3« I / \ ) ,- .'•.■/' ^1 17.-. ' V '■••,/' , T / / -« Tur^eJi ti Prospects ,,.}< fiij '.'i \ /?yAas 1.1,3.4,5,6 f'iL.mberi. rrfzu'ed Ic /.? Report Scale of fat .-eologicAl Ciiirvey. Canada Figure 14. Chromite occurrcncfc near Chrome creek, Kamloops district, Briti.^h Colimihia. 88 \'V(Ti(l t>y l{. A. A. .Inlmstun' in t!i<' Inhoraliiry icst-^ to he ii-isdciatfil with the Scnttii" ('rrck cliroinjiicoiito but oniiiK f(i their mall vizc tlic,- an- of tniiicraloKica! interest only. ImiKcmc I'oitcviti of till' ( leolojfical Survey, Canada, (■ollccteii jfaiujjle-* (if jiinkisli cliroiMifcrous ehl(fit(' and oincraid urccn chroniiferous narnct uvarovite from tliis loe.-.lit v, in the siiniiiier of I'.MS. Tlie sei|>eiitin(' in which the cliroinite oecuis, oiit(To[)s on Ixitii j^ideM of ( iiroiiie creek, ( Fi^oirc It). At tiic southwest exiremity of this u-e.i arc outcrops of Miocene iiasalts and aunite andesites. The lavas outcrop also in the l>ottoni of Scottie creek one-quarier to half a mile to the south- east and southwest. To the north and east, the country for louK distances iH covered with Kkiciid drift. The serpentine in places is a greenish Mack, dense rock; in otlicr places, light yellow green, much sheared, with fdms of white in the shear-planes; and in others it has a hmI colour. In the field these three varieties of serpentine are in most places sharplj' differen- tiated from each other by fracture planes, although in one or two exposures they were seen to grade into each other. The dense serpentine has an irregular almost conchoidal fracture and within it are fonns with a well- defined, platy cleavage which may be serpentine, p.seudomorphous after pyroxene, but of the original mineral matter frota which the serpentine was derived nothing was seen. Through the .terpentine nuiss are scattered black niinernls with melallic lustre, which are secondary magnetite and, in the case of the larger individuals, chromite. Under the microscope the rock is seen to be made up practically wholly of serpentine and iron ore. There are larger individuals of the ore that are chromite, and smaller crystals of secondary magnetite lying parallel to the serpentine fibres in small veins in the rock. The yellow-green variety of serpentine is seen uuder the microscope to consist of iron ore, serpentine, and a carbonate. The serpentine has a fibrous appearance, the fibres being at right angles to centi-al lines, giving them a feathery appearance. The carbonate lies in veins along these line.- which are often roughly parallel over a small area, and from the main carbonate veins little arms project into the serpentine and into adjacent cracks, so that the carbonate is evidently of later origin. The red variety of serpentine found in certain places owes its colour to the oxidation of the iron ore crystals that lie scattered throup:h the rock which consists of serpentine, iron ore, and carbonate, or areas that are a mosaic of fine secondary quartz, carbonate, and iron ore partly altered. The red variety aj)parently represents a further stage in the alteration of the serpentine. Intruded into the .serpentine are dykes of diallage pyroxenite and (juartz diorite; one dyke of an acid, much altered rock was also noted. Major fault planes were observed in the clifTs at the tunnel (Figure 14, locality 2), in prospect holes just to the west of this, and in the cliiTs east of the valley. All these fault i)lanes trend within 1.5 degrees of true north, most of them slightly to the east of north. Some well-defined fault planes in the serpentine occur farther west and trend northeast and northwest. In most exposures of the serpentine, the whole mass i^ verj- much fractured in an irregular manner into rotmded, lens-shaped, and angular masses, .some only a few feet across. Figure 1.5, in which a section of the wall of tunnel No. 2 is shown, illustrates the irregularity of the fracturing. The best-defined fault plane ((A) in this figure) is warped and has a northerly 'Geol. .Surv., Can., Sum. Itept., IQU, p 3TO. 8» >liikf and low (li)'. to the wcMt ; iiillinioiH ol!n , ,l plaii<-> iln not a|i|ii'ar I" lollow any sy^lciiial.c plan. Tlu' iicinlinv: jini west of nurlli and di])pin>.'; for tlic nio.-t jia-t steeply lo the we.-l. South of the tunnel, in the cliff ea-^t of the creel., the den'-e hands swirin .iround to tlie west and ea^-t. If the'c hands repi( >ent strnctiira! zol.es in the oiiuiiial iiineons rock, if, for instance, they weie Ihi' dense ediic- of Hows or intru- sions, they here indicate a system of close l"olds trendinu west of iio'lh, pitching southerly, ami jmrtly overturned to the east. The neiiii faults. some of which are of the o\ ertlir 1st type, presumalilv , 'Adiild iiave arcom- paiiied this foldinir. Tlii're is no proof, howcvr. that the viirious liands do rejiresent such structuiid zones. The scri)etitine is sindla.' to the serpeiilim's ill the adjacent Hon iparte valley, <-!;isse(l liy Dawson' in the Cad r i'tn-li scries of ( '.irhoiiiferous aiie. W ll',S '•/-.vf liuurc 1.". rrirturiiiK of scriwiitinc ;it iiditli \v:il! of l.nincl. -•Iironiiir n'ciirnii.'" n,-ir S--()iij^. ciiM'U ;!'inur.' 11, liir;ilily Z . K^iiiilixips ops iiiip-.tlwyl." C»e.>l. Surv., Cao., vol. VI. pt. B, p. -MiB. 00 tin- scr|M'titiii(. in l.ntichcH of irrcRiilnr fortii or in Kiiiins M-at frn il throimli f ho wrpciitiiic ImhIv with no iippMrcnt cdiincxiin with later iiitnisii>n«( or fisiiiri' vciMN. TUi' relation of the ehroniite to the rock i« that of an orininal min- eral, llwrefore, ami ?uit of a ater aci-es.Mion. N.I.NIN*; DKVf.lJM MK\r. A iiiinilier of claiiiis have ».( en stake. I. The Iron Kinn ami Iron (^noen (ire owne.j l,y Sti-wart Calvert Conii-any, of ( (rovilje. Wa^limntnn. On these two elaiins tliere is an open-nit (|"i.u:inv 1 I, loralitv I) ami, east of <'li>ome ereek, outemps „f set, wit inc. Claims owned h'v .Afr Mryson of Pavilion ami leased li_\ ,'). At the eti,l of .Fidy. 1<»IS. the total amount of cNcav.Mtion represented l.y the fr.ur (.ros|M'ct pits or open-cuts .miih iiited to iil.oiit 7()(» cul)ic v.'irds. and al.oiit 7."> yiiids li.id I.een taken from the tniiml. 'Pliere htid also I.een prospeitinu work in other phiees. At the dale men- tioned, aliotit 2()(t t(.ns of ore .•iveraiiiiur alioi.t t(» per cent of chromic oxide and 40 or .*>() tons of lower urade, had Keiii j)n iceisiu;hf. Later on ano'lii r l(n tuns was excavated. m'>sily frofii tlie westerly o,,eiiini; (riifl.re I I. locality tii. \o ore had heeii shipped 'i|) to the simimer of I'llil, j.iif a wacon roant Cr ' of. ore from near tiiniiel and from opeii-eiits Nos. "> and •'• ('r>i)n. Float on the Iron (^ueeti claim, across the creek 41-2 per cent Cr.O,. .(■ra'ic ir cent liie tUlUie Ore-hodifx. T';e ore occurs in nodules, lenses, and taliul.ir - l.eets. some of them with qiiife definite l.orders. and is also disseminated thronuli the se.penti.ie. Area- of dis.seminated ore are not necessarily connected with ii core of rich ore. The ore lies in either ilenso hlack or yellow-fiiven, altered serpentine with no apparent relation to any d( terminaiile structure. The trend of two of the ore-liodies s.eins to have been northeast hv oast; i tretids east. Faults trending ea.st of north have ofTset the ore in at lei.st two places. Tlie oro-l)odies vary in size and all tluise so far uncovered have heon small. At open-ciit No. 1, a rich ore-hody l.'j feet Ioiil'. S to 10 feet wide, and ahout 8 inches in thickness was uncovered. The open-cut No. 3, about 80 feet lonfi with an average depth of about ."> feet, followed a .small ore-body for most of the lenpth. About lot) tons of ore were exca- vated. The ore pinched and swelled, its thickness beiiiK measurable in inches more often than in feet. Aiiout 100 tons of ore were taken from the most westerly o|K'ninn, No. (i. Ore Available. The dirome ore is an essential part of the rock mass in which it occurs. Because of the isolation of the serjM'ntine from outcrops of other r.icks the structure, .shape, and size of the serpentine mass could not be determined 01 fiiit! any •'^-timiitr of the poj-sjl,!,' jiiiioimt .,f rlirotnr silliplv >|M'(ulativi I'lrciiiiistimci" Kfin'ral < ii>- in liaiuls or -licfis tlmt flic n<)ii:ipiirti- '2 mil ore prf«p|if i"., in .||,-|| II' MTpiMitilifs dl' ihr iliHiiict ill 'I'l ari' as a rule not vi-rv wjil odii crci' I....I lie'; (iiIkts may lii« nr itly J(MI fc't in MJ.Ifli. T\ r itistanci", imly KMl fnf ( liniinc cii'ck may 1 (•!i)S('l\ fulilcd iiaiiil ipf II' siTpi'iitinc liiii|\ )i' a mass of iirct'ul:ir sliaiic, hiil it j* pn.l.al I'I'O ps of « .")(> arrcs. Ill) (lii-af tliickm Till' total ai >\y a iiai low, •iTI" i.imi' ail- fi.iiml in ai)iiiit MM* vaiiN |pv Miiu ra oMT u hicl .•M'lfpi'lilitii' rljtTs M fi'it liiiih occi vanN or I. thf itii'ati'sf ililicii 11(1' in ihc vli'vati (riuurc Hj. ir in this u'oa I'lati' \Vi ollt- 1 a I , J ion ol l.'ic i.iitcrops IS jii^l over L'(M) fr.I MOI.VIinKNITi; pr, ^roiyixifiiitc is till' si!i[)i,i,ii' of moivii.ii'iiiim ('^ros It of miilv IhI, niini ami 10 '0. miiH lal with mi'tallii' lustre ami lire to ^: .cnisli uri'v; liar.lni»s I to i:> lo ilia! it will nil ) piT ci'iit of siilplmr. It is"an op.ii ;isy fi'i'l; I'oloiir jcail-L'ri'y, streak Mil ;), eamiiji; •">"• I'"> M|I|I' iliifi hamlled: specific cravitv I 7 to |-,H: ami Koiiai system with perfect hasal cleav nil. oil on the timz. it crystalli/(- In ih,' hex clastic plates. It rcseml.h's urapliile. Inn' ji- specif iL'c, yielilmi: thin, (l.\ih|c. I.i.i not Crcat-'v ic |;ravi(\- i- Ores of moKlid cnitc (icciir on Tiniotl FiKure^. localit\ JSi; the peridot ami coId-cop| !'■ moiintai'i in ( a I imothy moimtai )er oies are s at tne we-lern foot of ( aril ami riDOO illslvirt toiind ncarln'. POO moiintaiis. Id ill lak posit ions o f tl: 'I mil nor 21) miles in a straijilit line north of Canim la!. eiist of I.ac la Hache. Its l,,,;,!],,,, ;,„,1 the es are not accnrately known and. theref,,re, the'positiVm ilocVilily'lH iivc'i 111 the accompanyiin: mail I Fimiie '_') i Ih- e siiitoiindiim inijcs. FriPiii Lac la llaclie posi offic ■ on the ("aril lioiii the lieu railway irrade. a wa;;on road leads north to \u »e in error l>y severa •o!i road. ;iliMiif a mili Seven miles from the lak nf nearlv to t.ie r.2ml jiarallel sii e, a new road hranchos otf which in HMS had rvey, east of Sprout creek. I- irsell\- ii\er. PCeli roni the lil from the railway p-ade at Li is alpoiit H") miles (pf whici moiint;iin. Hache II' over '2(1 miles is ti 1 of this road a very excellent pai'k-trail follows eastw;ivd ro-iml tl south end of .Murphy lake and th 'me northeastward to Timotliv 1 he total distance liy road and t to Tiiiiothv imriintai most of which could easily he M-e easy except on the last '_' i.,,„s. r,p, uie Kvea-.-r jiart ot tlie .iHl.mce he road ami I lead through the rojlin^r hiH coiintrv of the Interior I lateaii with neroiis lakes and with ridyes rovced with ia'ki.ine iisinp 800 or .„it feet above the vallevs. From this rolli„i; c.,niiirv' lininthy mountain rises in the form of a croscent-shaped ridire to eleva- tions (as determined l.y liarometer) of from fi.oOO to 7.(iv)(' leet ahove sea-level. A tippouraphical sketch of the top and nortl in converted into a w;ijjon road. The t For the Kiea'"r (lart of tl p 'iKure i;?. The top of the ridue is aliove tiiiilpcrl least iiank is jjivcn inc. flank is a h"avy (riowtli of spruce and halsam, hut on the west "rees are less plentiful and in places there are preat gra On its easiei the t and shallow lak mountain frnin th sh pe: sy swamps s. Several deep creeks and hi^rii rU\f:cs separate t e I lin ('anl)on ranco to the east 'Dawson, Op. cit., p. SBB 92 I'hc iiKilyhdi'iiiti' orpo (»rriir a^ ik ni'iii> t ^il|l' III' till- llliilllltilltl tit cli'VtltiiiriA ol' friilii T.'ill to l,2IM) (rvt lirlnw tlio j4i|iiiiiiii of the riiliii' i l'"iKni<' IH). Tin- Kulii-ciipiicr orcH occur in vcftis in I lie Mu country rock on tlic siininiil of the riiluc hihI near itw north cihI. 'I'lic iniiu'rals occiirririK in tlic niolylulcnitc >)itn h'c iiiolyiiitcnitc, iitiilyliiliU' in a iraiiKUc of pyriti'. urtlioclasc, quartz, Hi'ricilc, 'liotilc, cpidoic, ami tlir oriditial iniiii'ials of tlic country rock. Mulyliilcnitc JM tlic only valuaMc ore mineral on tliis |)ropeity. It occiiiM ill cry^falM up to oiie-liaif inch in ilianieter in some of the ii••^llle■l. -\[oiyl"lile' ir* a liyilrou«< ferric molylidate (i'e^Oi. UNfoOi 7JI1.0), carr> iii(r .iiMiiit 10 per ct>nt of molylniiMium. It i-'lilirous, furmiiiK tadiaiiiiK uroiips; yellow with silky lustre; its specific (tnivity is "J'.K). The country rock iit wliii'h the ore^( occur is a urey, oven-jfraineil. ipiiirtz thorite (see jiajie 111) ma£'<'<'" horiiliU'iide, luhradorite. orthoclase feldspar, aii I (piiirtz were determined. A numlier of dark tjreen to liiack, fme-grnined dykes or inclusions found within the fpiiit/ diorite near the ore occuri'i nces (Plate Wlli are niaile up almost wholly of hornlilende ami liiotite with less than '> per cent of white mineral, inosl of which is (piartz. I)ykes of pe^rmati'c occur at a uuml.er of places on the numntain. 'I'hcy consist of fell! !iar, qu.'irtz, and coarse crystals of mica, liut the ciimposiliun varies. In (,ne pjiue they may consist almost wholly of feld- sp;ir and in another, entin'ly of (piart/. In i)laces the feldsjja • ;iiid ipiartz are fine-nniined and (he dyke rcseiuhles ajilite more than pe(ji latile. West of the creek on the Hlue (Jrou.se claim, molylidenite a. •'■ i;'.;artz lie within a pe;;matite dyke. The niolyhdenitp ncrurs iti n number of nearly parallel (piartz fissure veins that vary in width from 1 inch to 3 fe(>t, and strike in direilions varying from south .Vi dejjrees east to south UK decrees east with dips to the southwest of from 'JO denrees to vertical. Vejjetation and deliris <'oii- eeal the rocks to a (jreat extent, hut the main helt of veins clearly runs in II direction south 'A7 deprros east on the southeast side of the creek i Figure 13, locality (>). This helt has heeti ojx'ned up at i itervals alonjj the strike fir a distanre of 1,000 f ^ct from luar the creek level to 4.^)0 feet ahove it. The 'ireatpst proved width of the helt, that is, the distance hetwceii vein^ across the strike, is aliout 7.') feet. Northwest f)f the creek in the direction of the trend of the main helt, two outcro))s have been opened U)) at a ilist.'Hice f)f .")00 feet from the cree' md ahout ")() f(\ t above it. Down the creek, SOO feet to the northeast of ilie belt, there is in the creek bottom an outcrop of much shattered (|uartz diorite with an irregular network of cpiart ^ veinp and ore forming what may be spoken of as a "stockwork" about 40 feei wide (Figure 13, locality ■')). Two hundreti ami fifty feel to the northwest of this outcrop, in a direction exactly parallel to the main belt, is another o--'cr i of the same character. These two outcrops may indicate a shatter ■> imprepnated with ore, Iving parallel to the main belt, Init the (over is I I'avy and there are no other rock outcroi)s to prove or disprove this supposition. Between the "stockwork' .'uul the vein belt, molybdenum showinRs are said to have been found in numerous places. iSchaller. WiUdemarT.. I'SCS., Bull. 4IK1, pp. 84-92, 1911. Hordin, F. W.. Op. cit. pp. 11, 12. {»;» In the tiiuiii IkH. tlic vciiiH liiiviv n- ii nilr, \vi'II.<|ctiiiic| w:ill- of (|ii!iirz iliorito iiinl iiri> <'ij'ii|MfM'.l ..f pjii.ill.'l l.ari.U <.f (lUartz ii:i.l ?iii.l\|«| imidiiiilly iissiH'iiiicil \\,tl< i»rllii»rla»r iiml (uiitf. Iti I fiiriiicd (|n»riz civ^tiils piDJc.i into iavilii> in flic v»ins. riH'k imiiii'iliatcly adjainit to iIumIv hpacrd In tl V(iii!<, arc iiiiiinli Chit' nan\ places \\,\l IV ciiiiiitrv i|iiart«, M'ticitc, l.iotitc cpiilnic. ami pyiitc, and fnnii tl irregular aicuM of llic sanic mineral- project into and rcplaic tl •in- icM' vcinlcts sm th( country nx'k. The replacement due- not ••ccni tocvtcnd II' miner. 1 an itich or so in the 'nsc of some of the uell-niarkcd (i-snr. . the fissures inolylidenite is present very -pariniiiy. if at all, and inoie tha A pyrife lies in the count ly k adj cent to, rather than in, the tissii wav Iroiii II) fl III many of tin openings, ipiarfz veins li- alonKsidc I, hick dvke rocks ill others fliry cut across tliein at a I iissoriated with |M'(fiiiatitc and cut •'Ulc Tl le Veins also occur dvki upiod l.y the veins evidentlv were f( loss ai, aplite dyke. The fracfiires irmed after the ininisinii of th- in ^tndyiiiK the nrraiineiiient of the hands of wns* fown I that the orthoclase wl followpd toward the of qiiarti mineral in the veins it leii present lies on the outside, Tlii.s is ■cntre l>y hands of niolyhdenite and these hv lianils that the fo di ) ahoiit :{() by 10 feet consists of verv much fractured quartz diorite traversed hy numerous, irrogular (piartz veins, most cf them under one inch in thidness and trending in all directions. 1 t wi»li a (; 'leral direction nearly at riijlit aniilcs to that of the fissure vein •icnhed above. The manner of arraimement of the iiiino>als in each . he individual veins and in the adjoininn connfrv rock is the s^une as i ,,io case of the :nain belt. In the upper few feet of many of the orc-bi.. ,, s. the quartz is stained hniwn with linionite, and yellow i)'.,-.(iery molyl ti is I'mind coating the iiioIybpo;^":;:!^;;^::rtrof';;;e foothills o Marble mountains about 2 miles north of Clinton creek ndnn VeTn^n'tr^'B r"'' The'' '''"" '"''"^""^ '^'"' "^^""^ '"^ '' ' '^rurra.; of X^- \\ estminster, «.( The ores were seen in an open-cut 38 feet loni; bv 4 feet m fnt'J h r"" •? *" " ^''^* ^"."P' ^•^"^♦^'» «" the east slop, of a hi 1, some 100 feet below its .summit. For several hundred vards , ,, ail .s,de"of t e open-cu the rock .s drift-covered. The ore occurs' in argiilites an 1 m artz- ites of the ( ache Creek series. The following ascen.ling section was seen .n he open-cut: (a) thin-be.lde.l, siliceous argillite J to J.inch eds ^2 foot; (b) bliKsh-grey, dense quartzite cut by quartz stringers and imp'reg- nated m an irregular manner with black mangknese, 20 feef (c geenish- «h, e beds of quartzite 1 to 2 inches thick, 4 to o feet. The ge er: 1 s rike i/tlTwert " """'^ '' ^'''^'■"" '''''' '"P^" '^^«-- to 70 .kWoes to tfcc fo„i7''*" "'"''i '"'"^'■•■^'^ »'•'' psilomelane, manganite. and pvrolusite A fault occurs be ween zones (a) and (b),accompanie• •^""'^•"■^ -•">■ «^ ^^^^^^y The HTiter took a sample representing the first 4 feet of the wall from tlio floor of the open-cut upwards, and across the lower 15 feet of zo e (M The result of an a.ssay of this .sample by F. W. Raridon is as follows: ^' MaiiKiinpsp Silica ■ ■ I'hosphorus ' ' (■•>( pcrooiit. .S2-.-17 OOIS The h,^h percentage of silica is due as much to the countrv rock included in the sample as to quartz gangue. The ore is too low in manganese and much too high m silica to be of commercial value'. '"^"ff**"*^^" and 'Allen. M. A.. u>d Butler, O. M.. "Mal.gane.e," Iniv. of Aruona, Bull No 91. pp. 20-23 5172— 7J 96 NICKEL. About 4| miles south of Clinton, one-half mile west of the Ashcroft road, and 500 feet above it, an outcrop of a calcareous quartz rock carries the green, nickeliferous silicate, garnierite. The rock is foliated and the green mineral, which is of later origin than the parent rock, lies in parallel bands through it. The outcrop is 25 feet by 10 feet in extent and may be an inmiense boulder. Two hundred feet south is an outcrop of quartz. There are a number of boulders along the side hill for one-halt mile north, but no other outcrops have been discovered. An assay made by H. V. Ellsworth of the Oeological Survey, of a sample taken at intervals across tiie 25-foot outcrop, yielded Oil per cent nickel and 0- 17 per cent chromium oxide, Cr203. CHAPTER VIII. GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD. In this chapter are described a number of mineral occurrences that carry values in gold, silver, copper, or' lead. All of these are prospects as yet and except in two cases, no underground development work has been done. Deposits of placer gold are not dealt with in this report. The occurrences include prospects in T user canyon; on Timothy mountain: north of Soda creek; on Willow ri\cr; on Hixon and Stone creeks; and on the North Bend of Eraser river above Prince George (Figures 1 and 2). FK.\SER CANYON. The railway l)etween Pavilion and Kellv lake cuts through niaiiv outcrops of argiliites and (luartzites of the Cache Creek formation. Ii: places these have been sheared and the rock near the shear zones altered to a soft mass f)f carbonaceous material acconipanietl by deposits of brown and yellow hydrated iron, numy crystals of gypsum, and a white powder consisting mostly of hydrated magnesium sulphate, with some gvpsum and less sodium sulphate. .lust east of the tunnel at the 28-5 mileage on t\u railway there is a section exposed showing this alteration for a distaiuc of 130 feet along the track, portions 30 feet wide by 30 feet high beini: extremely altered. At the base of the escarpment "north of Elevenmili' creek and east of Eraser river, about 2,300 feet above the railwav g-adc and 2 miles from it (Figure 2, locality 39), is an occurrence of the sanir character in which two or three shear zones traverse argiliites and dense quartzites of the Cache Creek in a direction north 16 degrees west. Two of the zones are from 10 to 12 feet wide. The material within them i- soft and contains much carbon which often shows glistening faces with tln' appearance of graphite. The amount of carbonaceous material is grcatci along the fractures than when a foot or so from them. The white salts and yellow iron stain are also in evidence. The altered zones run up the face of the cliff, but appear to end 20 to 30 feet from the top. Mr. H. Donaghev. owner of the 1 1 Mile ranch, sampled a portion of the shear zone materiid and had it assayed. The results were 0-8 per cent carbon, $3.20 in gold per ton, and some silver. The writer sampled across 4 feet of one of tho carbonaceous .shear zones and the assay results gave 7 • 42 per cent of carbon . 97 no Kold, and no .silver. Mcs .■i^lsSTnf 'L""''"*^T"r' ^■"'•'^ ^"^ ''«"'^- ^^ ^an.po ako,r V Daws Two of the orciiiToncos (loscribpd and nrol)il.lv «lin \r,.Ti-; i ■ lie in the neiKhbourhoo.l of Rranite in"n.s[ves h\ Vroi nn^-^^ strips parallel to the strike of t'he fonnlllionsin Vn"; ^a fvon ' " ""'"" The gold vaues found should encourape prospeetini in the {"•u>he ••'^^k •■oeks near this contact. The carbonaceous n. ,tte near Flevenn ,> creek looks like {iraphite, hut tests show that it is not. ^^■e%en„Mle TIMOTHY MOU.\T.\JN. Tourmaline and cpidote occur with dykes and light-coloured pegmatites, and near the pegmatites. tho 2L%"^ !''*' '''^"'*' general character and occurrence were found alone t he northeastern nm of the ridge and in t he gulch below On thrsuS are a number of parallel and branching veins about 6 inches thick s trS north 42 degrees east, dipping steeply^astward, some of tLm apparent v running ogether in depth. They have been opened up ina S o^X ml S'ofT''.' '"'r^"^^ ^"V^ '^""''""t^' clistrnce of Tbo^it 700 fee The ^Mdth of this sheared zone is from 25 to 30 feet. A few hundred feet south il ^IT"" ''"*"°P'' °Pt"'"«'' ^^«^'"K K^l^"--^ »»'l pyrite have been made in a shear zone crossing the prolongation of the vein zone .lescribed w h a .rlhLrf • »"Au'^'''T'"''**'^ ^^^^K^* ''^ken quartz diorite. On he lZiJ%-'"'f the ridge are a number of shear zones from 5 to 50 f et n cfarKS dvkes' • ' f^'- ^'"'"''^ """^ ehalcopyrite occur dissLina ed and aL'edTuSdiorife"'' """ " ""'' '°""' "^ ^•'""*''''°" "'^^ ^>"-^== W l'^Rv«T^!,'^'iK""«T,**'^ '.T'"'* ^'"^ the Intermountain, owi. d by shafV25^ee; nil H'Rhknd Mary On the Intermountain there are l nd acros, thfS;* «*^«';* *"""«•' '^"d a great deal of trenching both along and across the vema. Numerous prospect holes have been dug in the occurrences to the east. The values of assavs from different focalities haj^een given by Mr. Ryan as follows: (1) picked samplfof gSa ore vc.l 'v'lT'w°9i°pp*'Ma!M?B°" °" ""^ Kamloop. map-.heet. British Columbia." Geol. Surv.. C.n , Ann Rect. 98 from the shaft (Figure 13, locality 1), gold $7, silver 20 ounces per ton, copper 2 per cent, lead 25 per cent, and zinc 20 per cent; (2) bornite ore from the middle vein north of the shaft, gold $44, and silver 30 ounces per ton, copper 22 per cent; (3) chalcopyrite, pyrite in quartz gangue, from prospect hole 50 feet north of shaft, gold $17, and silver 28 ounces per ton, copper 18i per cent; (4) at locality 2, Figure 13, ore coniposed of bornite and chalcopyrite is disseminated in a basic dyke, gold $10, and silver 7 to 8 ounces per ton, copper about 5 per cent; (5) in a gulch about 500 yards east and 900 feet in elevation below locality No. 2 there is a shear zone 4 feet wide with pyrite in a quartz gangue. Two assays from this place yielded gold $5 and 2 ounces of silver to the ton, and gold $10 and 4 ounces of silver to the ton. Galloway' took samples of the mineralized zones on these claims, across widths of 3 and 6 feet, in order to determine the gold and silver values, but found only traces of gold and silver. NORTH OF SODA CREEK. Bodies of quartz carrying copper minerals occur in the hills about 10 to 13 miles in a direct line due north of Soda Creek and 7 miles east of Fraser river (Figure 1, localities 12 and 13). The northerly outcrops (locality 12} are 2 miles northeast of the north end of Cuisson Ipke from where there is a wagon road leading to the Cariboo road along the Fraser. The owners are Chas. Foyle and J. Briand of Soda Creek. The elevation by barometer is about 3,350 feet. At this locality quartz carrying chalcopyrite occurs in sheared grano- diorite. The shear planes and the edges of the large quartz bodies trend on an average north 11 degrees e»st, and dip in some cases to the east at angles I'p c j 35 degrees. The sheared zone is about 60 feet wide with a 17-foot ledge of quartz on its west side and lenses of quartz through the remainder. On the eastern side is unsheared granodiorite. The eastern edge of the shear zone outcrops in places for a length of 150 feet and carries bodies of quartz a few feet wide. No other outcrops were seen either north or west. A shallow shaft, full of water at the time of visit, sunk on the thick quartz body on the west edge of the zone, is said to have passed through a foot-wall of solid granodiorite dipping east. The amount of chalcopyite in samples of quartz on the dump and m the outcrop is very small. One-quarter mile south by east from this shaft is an area of sheared granodiorite, about 80 feet wide in a northeast-southwest direction, in which are a number of bodies of quartz. Copper-bearing minerals occur in the sher^red country rock as well as in the quartz. The ore minerals and quartz occur in a zone which is irregular in outline and whose p'-obabii' trend under the surrounding cover could not be determined. A small open- cut and shallow shaft are the only developments. The ore minerals seen on the dump were chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, azurite, and chalcocite. Galloway' reports assay results of 5 to 6-3 per cent of copper from selected ore specimens from either or both of these places, and traces of gold and silver from a number of samples. ■Galloway, John D., Report of the Minuter of MisMoI British Columbia for igi7, N'orthewtem district, p. 13j »Op. cit., p. 133. 99 Another claim (Figure 1, locality 13) at an elevation of 3 450 feet lies about 2 miles northeast of the south end of Cuisson hke an rock h.od been metamorphosed to schist. The probable order of formation is, therefore, quartz, then pyrito. and afterwards galena, zinc blende, and sericite. The country rocks con- sist of blue-grey quartzite of very fine grain, anout l.")(i and a vertical distance of 80 feet ; since then it is said to have been encoun- tered in a tunnel below, increasing the proved dimensions both horizontally an'l vertically. Two nearly parallel (luartz veins lie 25 and 100 feet north and up the hill from the main vein. They are 1^ and 2 feet wide, respec- tively. Othe. small stringers were seen, one of which lies close to and south of the main vein and trends away from it at a low angle. About 1,000 feet to the southwest in the creek bottom are lenses of quartz and galena 15 to 20 feet apart, that lie along the planes of schistosity of the roek. The largest is 4 feet at its widest point; it is exposed for about 13 feet (in one side of the creek and may continue across the stream. It strikes soutli 50 degrees east and dips 45 degrees to the northeast. A series of parallel lenses occurs, apparently, in this place, for galena float has been found t»0 feet to the east up the creek, but here, and on top of the hill, the drift cover is an impediment to prospecting. The general strike of the planes of schistosity in the rocks and of such true bedding planes as were observed is to the northwest, with dips of from 24 degrees to 55 degrees to the north- east (F'g'ire 16). At the upper quartz oect.rrence there is a cross anticliiud fold with T, northeast trending axis. ' o series of nearh' parallel oie- bearing quartz veins cross the crest of this fold at an angle. Two short tunnels had been run near the main quartz vein in July. 1919, the longest following the vein for 15 feet. Two open-cuts had been made on the lenses of quartz in the creek bottom and abr)ut 40 cubic yards of rock had been moved. The writer sampled across 4 feet of the ore-body (if 4| feet 101 in the faco of the larger tuiinol ai.d across 2^ feet of the Iai«cr lens in ti.o (•Toek. rhp rosiilts of assays of these smnpies at the Mines Hraiirli lal.ora- tones are as follows: T,mm'] (;oM 'rrirc •;'''^V li:t..zs. iMTtMii. I''"" Cold Tniiv 'l'''^';'' 2J:. .)z-. prr i.m. '•'"'' o-oj piT cent The results of assays upon samples taken hv the present owners in a tunnel driven smee that time at a point lower on the hill yielded- (jold ()()| ""{""^SIT; "'■•^'' ""^r- •'-a'l -l-t-l'i PPr rent, zinc 5- 10 per rent, total value S<5.84 per ton. The results of assays on sample.^ taiven hv the writer are low, hut he heheves that hiRher grade ores will he found in these .leposits hurtace pjospoetinK should he done, first, by cross trenehes throudi the neav>- drift covor at points lying in the direction of the strike of tli(! svsteni of parallel hssure veins, and also in the neighbourhood of the exposed lenses in the creek If the results are satisfactory the occurrences on top of the hill can he developed by a tunnel starting south and down hill to crosscut theni (l-igure l(,j. Waterpower for a small concentrating plant can he obtained from the creek. If the Pacific Great Eastern railway be built ilong the route as origin- ally planned about 2o miles of wagon road would connect the railway with the.se deposits, the mo.st feasible route being probablv from the south end of Ahhau lake down the North Fork of Cotton'woo.l river. The connectmg of Barkerville to this railwav wouhl shorten the haul wnicJi would otherwise be very expensive. Al)oi:t 2 miles northeast of the south' end of Ahl)au lake quartz claims have been staked by W. Harper and others. The prevailing country rock IS quartz sevicite schist. An outcrop of quartz 2 feet wide and W teet long trends south 41 degrees west with quartz float extending farther southwest along the strike for perhaps 100 feet (Figure 17). A tunnel .)0 feet ong uas been driven to a point immediately under the north.>ast end of the outcrop (Figure 17). The tunnel follows an anticlinal arch in the schist for oO feet, after which a 2- to 8-foot vein of (piartz. broken hy a north-south fault, is encountered. The cpiartz is cut off to the south hy another fault striking north 50 degrees west. The 2-foot (luartz vein in the tunnel is probably identical with the vein on the surface. About •iO leet north by east of the mouth of the tunnel a 2-foot vein of quartz crops out on the hillside. There is a little galena and pyrites in this out- crop and a few stringers of galena were seen at the point indicated in the tunnel; otherwise the writer was unable lo find occurrences of ore-hearing minerals 111 either the tunnel or outcrops. The claims lie 1,000 feet .hove Ahl)au lake. HIXON CREEK. On Hixon creek 4 miles east of its junction with Canyon creek and -12 rniles trom. the proposed route of the railway (Figure 'l, locality 4) are a number of old workings that mark the site of a gold mine operated more than forty years ago. A wagon road from the mine to the flat« of 102 !fl ¥¥xfr, iOrr\t f*ltn» tnd pyr.tts V fohttion planti m Khiu "«< fault \ apedts tnd Im stnnftn ^(rt. Ceological Survey, Canada. _T_rt vein of" quart! at surface *jQuartl rtfif, S:n tvide, dtp 9o' Wjii't; rf-. /? wide, dp 30' >• veify, much sf^attfvd, J ft vi.di: Figure 17. Quartz vems and tunnel, 2 milea northeast of south end of Ahbau lake. Cariboo district, British Columbia. 103 Canvon Creek valley joins the new provincial luKhwuv ar.d cnwwH the \Vhite ami 8 nulea to Woodpecker «teanil.oat lan.linKH on Fraier rivor Three old shafts were sm. that had evidently jM-netratod to l.c.lrm-k Three tunnels are sa.d to have been driven. I.ut only two are now Zu Ihe shafts were filled with water nearly to the surfac- and the (,l,.servat^, s [wo tunneir ^'''' "^ ^" exan.ination of the ^ ....lUHasi, Two miles west, near the junction with Government creek, is an out- crop of augite syenite, a medium-grained, unfoliated and unaltered and therefore much later rock than the schists. The rock near the work S has been faulted and quartz vems traverse t!ie schists in an irregular way iw™w.f '•"*'' V"™X'" ""^ P^;''"^' ^"'^'•^^ ^^>n« «t"k">K north 40 degrees' Xr« ^.^^•'''''^•''■'Vo'i^r"'^ '"PP'"« 70 degrees northeast, cj i,y others striking north 34 degrees east and dipping verticallv'. Most of the veins are small stringers from a few inches to one foot thick. W .ler yeins are reported, but the writer did not see any. Pyrite is found in the quartz veins and disseminated through the c-ountry rock. Fron he meagre evidence at hand it seems probable that, if the pyrite carries e f,?fn S"''' ^^i" °'-«-''°di^\"«^ «f the nature of irregular stockworks ad g nto the countrj' rock without well-defined boundaries. Bowman states that the cross vems .striking northeast carry pyrite, tetrahedrite, and free gold a^aying from $28 to S274 per ton, averaging .570 to the ton. These cro»s stringers are said to have been of small extent. Three shafts and ofTl^T''" •'^'''n^''" '^VI''' °" *h'« P™P*'^"ty ^^'' there are the rul?^ ?n tore T.P "I'"' "" °'^ arrastra, bunkhouses, etc. (Figure 18). wlin.,? ^" ^ "Pi "^/^ "'^'^^ *° unwater and examine the property but without succe.ss. Surface values are low and the higher grade ore Which If^l^ * f occurred in the deeper workings was not reached. A small shipment of gold is said to have been made from this property in 1880 ™ nf wtT??'*^ 'r "^V' ^^"^^ ^y the Quesnelle Quartz Mining Com! pany^of which H. E. C. Carry, Vancouver, is president. 'Gallo.iy JobB D..' Hiion creek," Kept, of Miniatrr of Mined BC IQln n kns Rep:'nT!Ji.'t?T'.88l!ffi,°p"4'|'^,'^.V"*L"p' '"" "■'"- '^^^C^^: S:c!^>lioo,, S..rv . Can., Ann. 104 Mamfc tocsiion 5c«.'» of rttt -3" I \, rr'l Of f^ Urtt cf 1_V_J ro 'tt.ci pifta i•«• of (if.fnf.l..,i,lc o,h„ »,„ ..'■i,^;/:1v://:m.;J;i://;s' .!;;':::'"'•£ S.ONE ( HKKK. 'Ualloway. Ibiil, p. 128. 100 NUKTH BKND Ojr fHAItKH RIVER. A Dronpect owiumI |,y ihi-AT KiWn. of Prii.r.. (Jeorgp, ami othorn «tuatp«J juirt north of the inoNt noithorly U'mi of Fruwr rivor (Fimiro 1 locuhty I), carrwH vahiw in nilvrr, leart y m con- nottwl l)y Btcanier rhannrl up the Fram-r with HudiM.n Spur near Haniut tt5 feet Ioiik trending atwut north 40 deareen w.mt. The country rock in a quart* inuwovite chlorite iichiit carryinn Home carljonate. A Kheared lone aliout 3 feet wide and dipping eaiit carries quart j with pyrite. In placeH in the tunnel it lien between fairly Holid walln. the easterly wall Imtif apparently more Hchistose. but other- w.w of the same character m the wall on the west side. There has been much faultmn *"" »"''«fi«-ation of the countrj' rock. The shaft lien 300 feet m elevation over the river, about 1,800 feet north of it, and about 760 feet east by south of the northeast corner of Eden's homestead lot. Galena occurs in quarti that is from 5 to tt feet in width lying between welWefined walls ofnchat The walls strike 28.5 degrees magnetic north (46 degrees true north) and dip 60 degrees to 65 degrees to the northeast. Faulting on the_ f(K)t-wall IS renresentecl by 8 inches of black and red gouge. About 20 feet of the length of the ore-body has lieen exposed, if the strike of the ore zone bo followed in an easterly direction for 550 feet along the side hill a gulch IS crossed running south 67 degrees west toward the Fraser Two hundred feet down the gulch from where the strike j.' the ore zone would cross the gulch are boulders of quartz, some of them / feet across. with much galena. They must have moved downhill froni their c ron ^^."'a.lZ"'^' «''™''""t indication that the ore zone has a length of from 5(K) to 600 feet at least. Samples taken from various places in the tunnel and in the foot-wall of the ore zore at the shaft are said to have carried radium. The writer took samples from the gouge in the shaft and from points in the tunnel, as near as possible to the points from which the original samples arc said to have come from, but a test on these samples bv H. V. Ellsworth of the (.eological Survey, did not indicate any trace of radium. According to Air. tden samples taken by him across theoutcron near the top oftheshaf; gave 13 ounces of silver and 15 per cent of lead to the ton, whereas a sample acro.ss the ore at the bottom of the shaft yielded 25-8 ounces of silver 4' pr cent of lead, and a trace of gold. The writer did not sample this ore' body, but galena is plentiful through the quartz. Assays made from samples 30 feet and 60 feet from the mouth of tlw tunnel are said to have yielded respectively 3 ounces silver, 50 cents in gold with some lead; and $4.80 in gold. A company known as the North Point Mining Company, of which Oscar Eden is president, has been formed to develop this property Surfaci trt.. ehing should be done to prove the outcrop over as long i distance as possible so as to determine its dip and strike and whether 107 if hnM Jw.cn fnul.0.1. With fhi. it.funi.ntion i. r-h .il.l 1„. n<...il,l.. i,. il 10!) 517.'-S II) II.ATK III. -^.f^H:-.^ ^f%^* :-s:f^p^^; A. llu^'(■ slide i)f Ihc Ci^llwatcr f(iriii:ili(iii :it I',ivilii)ii. Iii:li;iii villanc in fonm-oui 15. Ncai-ly \u rizi.iitnl )jiaV( 1. .-niiil. :ii;il i\.,\ hrc's if l-r;i<( r Hive r Inn: iiliini, cvcrljiii l)> h(a I i(T rl.,y. The Ixiiil li f r\u\ has ^Ijd cvi r chf wcl Irasi r Hivcr lic.!-^ mimI di.wn tin I'lilV 1(1 llic river, l-'riiiii the livi r tii the li p (if the liai ks the dilTd-ei. cc in ( le\ . ion i>- I7ii !'( ct. I i\.(;i' I I.I Ill 112 1 ^1 i P^.^^ 1 ■ , ' 1 » 1 ^ -^ 1 '1 .--;, 4i;|'^::^ #'^|:--#.". •■•,.■•,,.,;. Ii:i 114 ,1 ^■zz- II.-) \Ty. VIII. ""''r;j:;;r-'r;;nZ~;!s,^;'ta';;st,;i;,;,'"':K*';Kf?"- no l'l.ATh IX. Sami' locality as I'lair Vlll. Illustrates the structure (if llic curved beds, due to orininal do|)osition hut simulating foldeil strata. (l'a«i's 4<), .")!.) u; I'l.ATE X. 118 J I Ml 190 £r> _ c S_5 121 I'lvn; Mv Forl.v.f,«,t l)n„k »f ,\iaUmmn 01 (•<.U.S ..iird, „v,.rl:,i,| |,y h;,N„|t. •'!'•>• II). (i'aK.^7.i,r7 r'l,, "*■ '••'«'"•'■ 1-'. lo- 1*2 y. 123 124 I'LATK xvir. '""iiHs'iif ■'^■"'™- -=- -■•"■; i-r.;;;i;Tr/s.-;;:; 12.-) INDEX. Actinolil.' scliistM Africa, iii:inn<'sit<' Aitriiiilturc Ahhaii Like, liriutli ■ ira M'hisl- Ahrftrn, Mil All.-ii, M.A. '..'.'.'.'."'.." (|, Alston, Oscar \V [' ,[ KM) Altiliiii's, Cariboo jnoiinl.iins ... ,•> I''ri!nnii ' .10 I'Kiiitr St) tiiaKtiesile ores :il iiiaiiKanesc ore !).■, . spriiiK water 40 Andesite, IVascr vallev p. Aplite dykes ' ]]■ Aiyilliics, Cache Civ.-k siijcs. .!l. il] TJI) Aril IK id i/nirili.^- -,, Alliii, li.C., liydroiirmne.sii,. uc ar '_'(), L'J. J!) aiialvsis . Aunite .-iyeiiite Australia, iiiaiiiiesite Australia ere k, b i-;a!t near clays ;, li(illitr analysis sediments, T.'rliarv. ranch ' Aiistria-llini(iary, inaHiK -iti . 'JO, Maker Creek canyon, Ixisalt Caclie ' series 11). KW . . Jl . l:f ":!. SO . . ,S(I i;i II, 43 . . IS s Maker's raiicli . U.ikiiiK .soda. .s'. Uallilav . Mal.sam.' Maridon, I, \\ . Ha.sali, Kra-.r v.al .<)'». Ill .2holo)jrapli |)) Bas(iue. H.C '-.'i '•> cans ,j Mccder, .■^. M j^, Mi({ Har laki- P) Hif? Mend, Trascr lliver se.'- ■nts. .' ' [[ u Hid .'^.iltnori river -ti Hid Slide mine Hireh Hit t■> Hoeek, P. A ::;::::;:' '-v, liolt(m tj)., (^ne ■)•) Mon:i))arte river. Cache Cr •■■k set ies S. !l, :is, 7.^ clays 7.j^ 120 s'rpentine. ... s<) J172-U '.•7 (> PAOE !»7, <»S 1'-'. 110. lU', l|;i loa 9N 11 Hornite Hoilhler ite pm.hiciion, Brvson. .Mr ,„, Hnil.linm lirieks. .S,, (lav Hilller, (i. M .,.-, Cache Creek series: brick clays -;. drstribntion. J^ B'llil |>rosp"cl.s in 117 madficsites from !;i(i-;is m.iiinesinm rocKs .-,4 maiiuanese from ((.■i photographs ! ! ! ii7^ pji) lH)sition . . . 'e "- ([airnes. D. |). . '.'.'.['.]'.['.['","" y-'' Calcareous Hit'.i il) ."il CVIcimn, oriciii , m m.-.«ii.-ile ores iiti v.alifiirma, .liati leco,!- i.arlh 7s m.-lKllesile •>! -Mp Calvert, K.. . . ■" ' i^J,', J?''^'"'"- '', '...M.:,:i.r,r,. m ( aineron, DouKald 4. S. 10 10.", C amsell, Chailes | <'anada, i-lay, ecoiionnc •>:{ 7ii m.ikine-iii' -jo 2I mica H\ <' miin lake, mica . 1 1 , S."i schist- .s Carbon dio.xide, fr.im mai'ucsu... 2.i Carboniferous, .s'.. Cai'd,' Creel< series Carew-Cibson, .\ 1: i 41; (s CarilMio mountain. .S., Clearwaler mountain. mount. ims. . .-, ()| Carry, II. K. C. 'io;{ Carlwright, C. K. 4 J?""':-' ■■■::::::::: ,-, taiislic maniii site. Sn .Sorl cement J-f'''="-- (i Cement. Sn (l/.s,y .s;,iivl e ■mi-nl. C'.'ylon 21 Cliabazite "^^ Chalcopyrite. Si, C;>pper. y.V!''''"'"" IT, r,s, m Chimn.y iT.'ck, clay ti7, (is, 7.-| rtx'ks si IS stria' p.) (jhromr' creek :{S, .Miss. ll>:i Chripinite ^^\ i)\ ' i2:{ Cl-irk, K. .A ' ' ~ii Clay. .See uUi) Honlder clay. ei'ononiic " ^,^^. -,; map of, showing locations 2 "'^iti. ," photo Frciitispiccc. man .^,;> ■clacial di'poHit is, nydromagnesitp. . ..20, 25, 28, a.j, ait, 4.<. aiiuly»i.s 21t map J7 photograph ilj roeks h, <), 18, lit, M ur. .eivroum! waters Clinton creek Coal. Hee Lignito. Coldwater formation, briek clay fro; i. . . diatribution. position Colprovp, C. H 4 , h Colling, VV.H H:i Conglomerates li , is Copper, diMtribiition ' (m; maps .showinK looations 2, ii Timothy moiiiitaiii itl , !t4 Cretaceous, character 7 distribution || granite in 10 Crooked lake sTi Caisson lake 10 Cutoff (Junction) valley <», 1 14 Dacite, Fraser valley 12 Davies, N. B (14 Dawson O. M. . .1, 7, sj fli iii i2. l.{. „ Iti. 1<». «)7 Deception creek ,sti Devono^Jarboniterous. Sei- Cache Creek series. Diamonds 88. 89 Diatomaccous earth maps showing loca- tions 2, ,'i notes ti.5, 7t»-S0 photo 121 Dillon, F 07 Dillon, W 07 Dolomites in magnesium earths 2ti Donaghey, H (hj Drysdale, C. W 22 in .")8 Pjagle clp.im Karth, diatomaceou.s. See Dialomaceou.s earth. Eastern Townships, (Jue. lulen, Oscar s , Klevemnile creek s, <)f», Kllsworth, H. V "Mi. ' Ephydra Kpidote Kpsomite Frontispiece, . ;i.'), ,51 . map showing locations Euboea, Greece Europ- 1(H) ■)S 97 M :{ 21 21 Face brick. See Clay. Ferricr, \V. F ' 10 Fitield, \ew South Wales 21 •W Mile House 17, ,-,,s Fir, douglas .....' ' (icorgc. 17, ;t.-i ill), S.") ."•1 II !( 9.S 4 ti •Hi l:i 1 111 Firc-cl:iy V\\f». hiack ih'.jihijilriij Kiirinalii)ii.<, Table of. I'o-lcr. V. 1) Fort (leorKi'. >'c I'lin Fos.iil.-i Fountain criTk Foiinnilc creek Foylc, Cha.- '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. [{), I laser canyipn, ciuirse of river througli. . description iiiiiiillifcmu.s deiMjsits . . rocks 10, 11 See also Fraser river. Iras r iivcr, bridges and ferries clay (i.-), diatoina(':' named 17 photograph. , . 1 1(J IM)sition and character. . . 7 ,, , section 14, I.') Irechette, Ilimells 74^ 7,; Fniit '. .'. . ' li !i7 !»<) lO.-i \W, 02 6- 111 2'J 2? 10.-, , 111 I'l III. II It , (il , 10.-. Id 10 , '.»> , 21 98, io;t (iaiena, 'riniotliy mountain W illr.rt river tialloway, J. D (Jarnierite Gauthier, Arniand Geologj- Germansen creek Germany, niagiiesiuni Gillis, S. A Glacial ilejwsits 7 St riie Gold, ili.strihution in Coldwatv'r group maps showing location-s Timothy mountain 92 Goodenough lake .js, 00 Government creek, gold and silver..! 103 Tocks s, Graniti', distribution.. Granodiorit". . . i() Gray, H '.'.'.'.'..'.'.'... A Greece, m.igncsif production 20 Green Timber plateau, altitude rocks soda lakes Grenville. (^iie GrosveivT w'u,. M (iulhrie, tl '4 tiwilliin, .1. G - . . 'il <^vvi)sum 28, A-i, ;{8, ;«' map showing locations ' Haggen, R Harper, W Hav ... 1; 4.' II.' 1(11 127 ,, , TAUK HcMilamlilc 1^ lli(£lilaii(l Mary cdkjmi ( Ijini .'. . ij' Mill Tnict.i, \izuKapiitiiin (Jisujct, I,„|i., s;j ixonrrrrk s, |„. UH . 104 llotliimnt), (i. C . i.> llonliii, K W \\- I lorscH ' " Hudson .Sj)iir 1,1^; Himtjiin. >■-< Aii>ina-liiinKiirv utchins,,,,, I). H ,^, ,,„ llydriiiriMjciirsilr 2(1 HI in map showiiiK Irii'utiim^ [" , ' ;{ llyiMTsthi'iic |Hri(l(itilr .si , S'j ll)oiill,«;H.t. H.C. 2'> India, Ka.-.!, iiinmii NiH' . ^I mica. . . ^-j liifu-ori.d .arth. S,r Dialoma-M-uus rarlti. hiliii(;r i'lafi'aii, as (all I.' rang.', (tlaclal iliilt.. . . Intonuounluiii copiHT ilaiiii Iron Kin({ claim Iron pyrili's, .S', ti! Kersley " ::., Kieselpiln-. .S',, Diator.iac. (MIS earth Kmg, J. V .,4 Kru(;er mountain .-,■; Jj-, Lac la Hiuhe 91 - La Hess, 1 rank ."h, i I^idslide (at I'ayilion) brick clay from' 7;'t i notes. . ' ... II , , , photoKrapii 1 1() j Lapland 'I Last Chance lake "tS, tjo' tji n,> ' Lava, ape 11, I' i;5 contact with basalt " Ki distrilmtion 11 I iScottie cr(>ek j^j^ 1 Lead, map.s .showing lociit ions, ! ^ 2 .'1 '' , occurrence. .' "'% i Lignite, Australia creek u; sO Lipiitc group, .SV, Irasei Hhrr forma-' tion. J'illooet ,i -., I Lindgren, Waldcmar ' 6'' I Little White lake '.i7, (U I PAOK Lower Volcai.ies -^ 7- „g i.tfnnmia , . .. ,%m Lyiion '■■'■'■''.'..'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. \\ McConn.ll. k. (i 22 .Macedonia .,1 Mcdustv. I{. M.. 4 •MacKay, UK , McKinnoii claiiiiw jjj .McLarlv, \ j()- .McLeish, John '■.'..'.'.'.'.'.. -na. m .Macoun. James -j Macouii, John ' « Madras presidency, India oj .Magnalium.. " ."^ Magnesium salts "ja .\Iairiiesite '"' 2()-4!» M.'gnesium 24 3(1 .MaKi.'lite, dilTerence between, and' chromite jiy; .Maiiirancsc (j_r, Map-, I'acific (Ireat Kasleri. raiiwav, dislriel traver.sed ' o 3 -Marble canyon ■■•■.-, ^ Marble Canyon formation . . . . 7 Marble mountains, altitude n immgaiiese 9,5 rocks , {I Mariiarita island, \ Cnczuela 21 Meadow lake, fossils 39 magne.site , .2."), 27, 2S, 34, 39, 41, 44 aiuilysi.s 2ft, 31 ni.'ip ' .1,1; quantity 43 photograph HI '•»<'lnati(m frO' 43 Mexico, niiigncsilc 2I Mi<':i .S, H4 map showing locitions ' 3 Mica schists, occiirn'nccs ft Mineral pigments -^ Mineral springs, .iiialyses 40 Mines Hraiich, how to san.ple for (50 Mioc'iie. N(. (I ;.s() Basalt 7, li, 7,'« Molyb claim ' ' <^ ^I"b'';leiiiie ...in-9ii. 124 .Mooseliorii creel; jj,, Morain.il (le|)osifs .sVf (ilufMaJ deposits. Murphy lake f)| Murray, W . . 9,5 Muscovite. .S'i( Mica M.XMire, India -jl Necliako river, altiluiU' r, .Vecliako liiver Mines, Incorporated. S, 10.) Vew .South Wales 2I Xickel JJ^^ map showing locations 3 N'onnantl. E 4 North Point Mining Co lofj Norw.iy 21 N'ova Scotia, diatomareous earth, analy- ■^'•^ :. 78 Oligocene, character 7 Olivine. .SVr Peridot. 128 I'AflK <»l II' liaMill isi OlDIMClil nviT, H.(.' 'i' l.MtMil.. llc.iiH' iH lo:. Mil.' liikr '.'."/.'..'..." :(H l»l Mill' lliMiBC •_'.-,, :{<), U),'4I T)! 141 .Mil.lakr (12 Ml .Mil.ramli. .o Opnl < •niiijjc crcrk OniiiKc'liili', liiviiiic,-.^ CD., N.S Orovjll... \\ii>li I'iicilic ('iij!..! (_'(,ntiii(l(ir>, l.iil . -\. . ,, . li'iiiilh . riiinls. ,sr( Minrr.il piijiiiiiils. I'liIa-otHit.iiiy. .S'>> KiiHsil< I'livilion, brick- clny. . kindslidc,' .S,, Lanil-lidc. rocks l t 7.! II <) (17 17 SI :{ SI lor. l'i<'li)i;rai)lis ^ j I'iKii'cnts, iiiincral. >.. .MiiicraV jii^l llicllls y^ J 'ill IIS ,niiliiilii C riuiiiirhin.. ;j_r, I'limls, fos.sil, ,SVc Kos,sils. I'liocciic. I'oilcvin, KiiKciic ' ,%s^ l'(K)N. Sn Kii.soiiiiic, I'dtatocs _ (( I'ot((-ry. .sV. Clay, I'riiicc (li'.irKc . I, 72 I'yrili-, I'nfcr caiiymi ' <}j llixon creek l();j Sidlle creek )().'■, Tiniotliy iMiiiiMiaiii 1(7 \\ ill(m river i(") (iuariz diorilc, iii()lyl)deniii' in <)•> Tiinolliy iiioiintaiii, plidlds \-2>, 1_'4 (iucbrc iiroviiici', iiKcj^icsitp , . Jl , .•;} 44 (iiicon Cluirlotfc islaii.l,^ fornmt'ion, chanctrr 7 (iuecn.sland jl (iu"sn(d, rlay.s . ((9-74 •liatoiiiaccous carlh, 71 , 70 77 7',1 '■'"■'<'* l:i,' 1»>,' IS forniatition, scftidti ],'■, (iursiirlle (^uarlz Mininp C'diniiaiiy.. , , ! 103 Radium jOg Kninfall (> Recent drixisit.'s 7 19 Rcdlioh, K, A ' 26 Refractory clay. .Sic ('lav. Residual clays 74 , 1 19 PAdK lilaxlcKia , . •>! !'!''". '• «:), fij Kuke crock, hydroTii,ii.'ti(site. •_',"., JS, ;u, 4;i finaly-,1-" -jlt notes 4S rocks \fi truiisporlajioii to, , . 4M rtsoti, U , I' J J yi iil)ii-i-li, II ' ,49 Rob. R( Ri •J I Ryan, \\ Ml. .1 t, 97 . tU ■"•" ."1/ Si Rciui, t^iie. Saleratus. Salsoda Sail, Kp,soni Sii liiixitnilc lakes... ,-,7 Natiiplc. Iiow to prepare for .Mines Rraiieh nti S:inil-loiii's, Cliiitoii, IK ar . ... , IS Sanlti Maruarita island, .Mexico 21 Schaller, Ual.Ieniiir T S4 , 92 Sclii-ls, iioti's, .Sec (;/,w .Mica .-clii,-.ts, .. ' S Scliiiiid, Iliiuli S, dc s| Sciiltie creek 9, .SII ^9. |I7 Sections, (re.. luuicjl 12. 14, 1.'., Ill, 17 IH. 117 ^e|^v\Il, .\, 1; (' I,; .Scrp.'niiii.'. Clironii' iT.'.'k .S,S, 91, ]2.i Scottie creek 9, 117 17 .Mile r:iiicli 9. 7:! 7.") 110 70 .Mil.- II... w ; ,-,'l S.-wer-pip.'S, ,Sfc {.'lay. Shrimp (fossil. .-,>; Si|. sia, ( l.-rniaiiy 21 Sills, white,, .. '. . , \i\ Silver 91, 9'i, 99 niaj)< showiuK I'K-ati.nis , .'2, .', Saiith, Ilarlai. I .1 Sod.i. baking, .S.. Sal.-ralus. washii'K. .S(< Sal.sod:., creek S, II), l;i, |s, 109 ('r.'fk, .-..ppi-r Mo,-|li .if , 9K fall of riv.'i fni.-.i, • |i l.icaiion 1 lak.-s ;.; ;^s Soiliinn carbonate .'«7r..'l, lis .Scr. 1 c'nient. Iron, inami.-ite 2il S.iiith .Vfri.-a, llla^lll -ilc 21 South .Vuslralia -jl Spain 2\ Spanish .-re.'k ,s T.able of fonnatioii.s 7 Tana river, Lajiland 21 Tasmania .,| ]21> T. ri:i-<-i>!i:i. Sir Clay. 'ri'trtiliiilr!tr , . , ", , 'i'liiiiiiiiMMlnlr ■riiiMiipMiii river Thcrp'. K. A , . . ^ Tlir. rh.ilc l:,k.v ■l"ill. S,. I'.,)iii;|..|- I'l.-iv Tiiii'itliv Mininloiii: IIH'lMilifrroUS ||<'|)0>IT^ iiiiilyUli'iiilc , piiiil'i p' li'liil ))li()l() 'kli.i;! i)|;iii (if miuiT;il i! ;"i-ii 'loiinnnipliy riMiVfi.iliiic TrilifViiMl Tnivr. liiii- ■|"i-.-cs 'rri|ii'liti', ,s'.r I>i:itoiii'iri'ci.rs i.'irU 'r-Mwliiiz ii!Oiiiil:iiri 'I'linicr, \, I I liil>il Si;it(s, !'):iKiiiMl.' |ir iilmiH ri mil', I "Ddiiiiii (MilMin.'itc, pii iliiclioii IA 1 \ izmi;m|i .India.' ' li 21 l(i:i .*i7 l:l itllfll (1 .-tllct (l."i ^;i Wall. 1 \\:.lk.i, T. 1, • • . m. 01 s;i , ti, 111 !C •il . IS, ,sl 1_'.' I'l. II , <>\ \J I l',t Til tl I '|i|"-i \ uliviiiK.-i, cji.-'lnhiitiiin I'ral iiivili> Ill ■-",1 ■JO Si 17 \\:i«liiiilC Mida. S,i S.iltoila. \\ a>Mlll!l'iii, IM.-lKMi silc 'JI . ,■),•( W at' r, sprint'. iiiial\-i> M» Wal-.in lake, fo^sil'shclls .S'.l, TJ Indroii ;!M(Hiti' 'J.'i, 'Jit, :;h, ;«), -.u, :«t aiinly.si,. 'Jit map. »7 liiitr* 4r, >rati>|K)rtati,ri tri. 4H, 4S W .li-. V,' Rir C \2, ,-)7 WV-i, W 10.-, W liiitiiki r. 10 :;.•, Williams. (_'., S 4 William- lake 4 W illdw t> Willnw rivi r S. 11, 01) W illnws, ."(ask 04 Wilst.ii, M. K 20 \\(Mi(l-pi!lp, (lii!.sii(iii of 23 > ;;lr, ( lia,s, W 20 Ndiim.'. <;, .\ 22, 2S, 12 Nuknd 'J^ Zinc !tl, '.•", !•!>