IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) s ^ A* i f/. 2(i 1.0 I.I 11.25 ^ U& 12.2 u Eii Ui us 110 1.4 1.6 IIIIIM iy /i /a /: /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 87^-4503 /£ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ^ Technical and Bibliographic Notea/Notes tachniquas at bibliographiquaa Tha Institute haa attempted to obtain the beat original copy available for filming. 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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 1 1 y 1?X 18X 2DX 24X 28X 32X Th« copy filmad h«r« has b««n raproduead thanka to tha ganaroaity of: Seminary of Quebec Library Tha Imaflaa appaaring Kara ara tha baat quality poaaibia eonaidaring tha condition and lagibiiity of tha original copy and In Icaaping with tha fiiming contract spacificationa. Original copiaa in printad papar covara ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on - tha laat paga with a printad or llluatratad impraa* sion. or tha bacic covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or llluatratad impraa- •ion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or llluatratad Impraaalon. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol — ^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Mapa. piataa, charts, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thoaa too lar^a to ba antiraly Includad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comar, laft to right and top to bottom, as many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama llluatrata tha mathod: L'axamplaira filmA fut raproduit grAca i la ginirositi da: SAminaire de QuMiec Bibliothiquo Laa Imagaa suivantaa ont 4ti raproduitas avac la plua grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da l'axamplaira fiimA. at 9n conformity avac laa conditions du contrat da filmaga. Laa axamplairaa originaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat ImprimAa sont filmte an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'Impraaaion ou d'illustration, soit par la sacond plat, salon la eas. Tous laa autraa axamplairaa originaux sont fiimte an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta dlmpraaaion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darni4ra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un daa symboivi suivanta apparaitra sur la damlAra Imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la caa: la symbols — » signifia "A SUIVRE", la aymboia T signifia "FIN". Laa cartaa. planchas, tabiaaux. ate pauvant dtra filmia A daa taux da rMuction diff Grants. Lorsqua la documant aat trop grand pour dtra raproduit an un saul clichA, 11 aat filmA d partir da I'angla sup4riaur gaucha, da gaucha Jk droita. at da haut an baa. an pranant la nombra d'imagaa n4cassaira. Laa diagrammas suivants illuatrant la mAthoda. 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 BIBLIOTHEftUE I __DE— M. I'abb^ VERREAU I Xo - - ♦ Classe % Division - •■ • - I SSrie % IN !/ EASTERN CANADA (•(IMI'lllsINc; rHK MARITIME PROVINCES AM) THK HlioVl.NCK.S OK ONTAEIO AND QUEBEC INFORMATION RESPECTING PHYSICAL FEATURES CLIMATE ' AGRICULTL^RAL PRODUCTIONS. FISHERIES,' AND MANUFACTURING IXDUSTRIES 189 OTTAWA GOVERNMEiNT PRINTING BUREAU 1898 t If. after reading this paniphlol, any furtlicr information is required, a,.pli cation may be made to any of the following officials :— IN (ikl'AT HKITAIN. The Canadian Iligh Commissioner, 17 Victoria Street, S.W., London. The Canadian Government Agent, 15 Water Street, Liverpool. The Canadian Government Agent. 52 St. Enoch Scpiare, Glasgow. The Canadian Government Agent, 2 Abbey Street, Dublin. W. G. Stuart, 66 South (juildry St., Elgin, Scotland. W. L. Griffith, 10 The Walk. Cardiff, Wales. IN CANADA. The Superintendent of Immigration, Department of the Interior, Ottawa. The Commissioner of Immigration, Winnipeg, iManitoba. I I IN TIIK UNITED STATES. :\I. V. McIXNF.S, Xo. I Morrill I'-lock, i:)elr)it, Michigan. D. L. CA\EX, r.ad Axe, Micl.igan. JA^IES GRIEXE, Rood City, Michigan. T. S. CRAWl'ORD, 40S Hoard of Trade, Kansas City, Missom'i. BEN'JAMIX 1)A\TES, 154 East Third Street, St. Paul, .Minn. T. O. CURRIE, StcNcns Point, Wisconsin. C. J. P.ROCGHTOX, 1223 Monadnock Building, Chicago, 111. W. V. BENNETT, tiq New York Life Building, (Jmaha, Nebraska. W. H. R()G1*;RS, Watcrtown, South Dakota. Or for rates of passage, to any of the Canadian Pacific Railway Agencies, or to the Agents of the Canadian Steamship Lines, Area. ed, appli •;i f It I'iirliaiiic'iit l'>\iil(linf,'s, Ottawii. DOMINION OF CANADA aska. ay Agencies, HE Doininion of fnii.-ulii ('jiiiic in- to cxistciU'o on .luly Isl, l,S(i7, iiiidcr the tcriiis of au Act uf tlio liiipcriiil I'iirliaiiii'iit. known as (lii> lii-itisli North Anierk-a Act, wliicli iiroviilod I'oi- the union ol' 11u> provinces ol' Canada, Nova Scolia and Now Brnnswiclv ; tlie rrovincc of Canada boiiif;' ini- l)cfor(! tliat time (1ivi\vn now as Ontario and Quel)ec, respect ively. Tlie I ►oniiidou w is subsequent- ly auf;iiiented l)y tlie I'rovince of >fanitol)a and tlie Nortli-west Teri'itorie'i in ISTn. l)y Uritish Colunil)ia In 1S71. and rriiice Ed- ward island ill IS?:!, and now includes tlie wliole of Hritish Nortli America, with tlie t'xception of Newfoundland. The followins lisiii'es show the coin Area. pnU'd area of tlio Provinces and Ter- riloi'ies of Caiiiidt :-— Sq, Miles. I'atiirio 222,000 Quobec 228,900 New Hriiiifiwick '^S.iOO Nova Scotia 20,600 I'rirce Edward Island 2,000 Manitoba *7;i.953 I!ritii;h ("(lUimbIa 3S3,r>00 Provisional DiiUrict of .\i;sinilv.)ia. .about 89,535 Keowatln.. " 2S:\000 Saskatchowan " 107,092 Albprta " lOfi.lOO .Mhaba.sca... " 104,500 N'orth-W(?st Territories 000.000 Torritor.v east of Ifeewatin and si-utli of Hudson's Bay lO'i.SOO Territory of Hvdson's IWiy 3,")S.00O Islands in Arctic Oc ?an and Hudson Bay. oOO.OO;) Irrat LakiM and Itlver St. Lawrence east to longitude (!(>■', not ■ncluded in above areas 47,400 \rea of Canada ..." SA^CyJss •Tliisis for Manitoim as dolincd by Act of the Cana- dian Parliament. g DOMINION OF CANADA. AccoiMIng to the census re- twwn iLu provlncos iin.l tlio K.'dcnil Oovorn- Population. turns of 18!)1. the popuhitlon luout. in son.e oltho pn-vlmi-s Uu-nMUe two ^ of the Domlulou was as lul hmnc-hosof tl... loKlshituro In n.hlltlon to the . ._ LUnitcniinl-CJovcrnor, but in Ontario, New ""'^ ■ ,„„,,, Brunswiol?, Prince Ktlwiiitl Islanii. Manitoba Prince rdward Uland 10-^.^^^J ^^^^^, ^^^.j^,^,^ Columbia there are only slnRle NerBrrnswlck .'.'.■;.;:.;::.'■.■ 321:263 nouses. This, however, is a matter entirely y„pl,co " " 1.4X8,535 within the control of the local authorities, as Ontario li.llt/.Sl are also the election of members, franchise Manltfba V^?SM qualilicalions, anil nlteratiim of the electoral British Columbia ^^•^''^ districts for the Provincial Lenlslatures, but The Territories 98'""'^ the duration of the Local Assemblies Is fixed at four years. The powers of the Dominion Total 4,833,239 p.,,.j,_^,j,;.„^_ ^jj^ provincial Loffislatures, ami There Is no State Church In ,1,^. contributions to the revenues of the latter Religion. Canada, and the utmost reliRlous ^.^^^^^^ ^^^^ Dominion Treasury, are dellned by liberty prevails. Newly arriv(>d ^^^^^ Rfidsi, North America Act and the Acts adherents of nearly nil denominations avIU ^^.^^^^,^ under it. lA'^islatlon upon local mat- have no difllculty In finding congenial church ^^^^,^ j^ ussinned. as a general rule, to the society. Churches and chapels are numer- j„.,jvim.,.s. There is generally a perfect sys- ous and widely distributed. ^^,^^^ yj municipal government In the pro- Each church manages Its own affair.-^ , vincos co istltutlng the Domln- tvud the stipends of the clergy are paid our Municipal Ion. by which muidclpal ooun- of eiidowments. pew rents, and other siicli System, cils, elected by the people, con- funds. There are are no tithes or church trol and govern matters of rates, excepting In the province of Quebec, purely local and municipal concern. In every where the Itoman Catholic Church possesses ^^,j „f Parliament or Legislature one object some qualilied power in this resiiect, but j^„„j,i,f has been to give the utmost possl- only over persons professing that faith. j.je fi-pedom to localities to manage their The Government of Can- own local affalis. Free enducatlon Is furu- Constitution mla Is Federal. The pro- l«l>ed In all the vaiMous pro- of vinces have Local Legis- Education, vincos of Canada. Generally Government, h.tures. By the British speaking the system may North America Act, be- be described as follows : -Every town- fcre referred to, the executive government ship is tllvldod into sections sutticleutly and the authority of and over Canada re- large for a school. Trustees are elected mains in the Queen. The Governor General to manage the affairs, and the ex- for the time being carries on the government penses are defrayed by local rates and in the name of Her Majesty, but is pal.l out Provincial (Jovernaieut grants. leachersare of the Canadian revenue. The Dominion trained at Normal Schools at the public ox- Parliament consists of an Upper House, pense. For those who can afford it-.'ind the styled the Senate (81 members), and the cost is very small-there are schools of a House of Commons (213 memDer.s). The Sena- higher grade, managed also by trustees. At tors are nominated for life by the Governor these, as well as at many excellent private es- General oa the advice of the Executive tablislunents, a classical education is given. Ccuncil. The Commons are elected for live ard pupils are prei)ared for the professions, years. The franchise for botii the Federal Tberi are eleven universities and colleges Parll.iment and the Provincial Legislatures which confer degrees of Divinity. Arts, Law, practically confers the voting power upon Medicine, Civil Engineering, &c., besides nearly all male residents of full age. At the several that only confer degrees m Divinity head of each of the provinces is a Lleuten- -the Church of England, Roman Catholics. ant-Governor, appointed by the Governor I'resbyterians, Methodists and Baptists all General, and paid by the Dominion. He is Haviu? special theological colleges. There the executive head of the Provincial Govern- ^vere upwards of 13,000 students 1" attend- ment and medium of communication be- ance at the various colleges in 189.5, and I A.I ir AX/) no I. WE. The Courts. more tliaii one idIIIIdii rccoiviiit,' tlln-ct eilu ontlon In llio scIiooIh of the coiiiKry. For tl.o h'ljlKM' filnciitlon of Rlrls there Is niao 11 nuiiibor of colIoKes and schools. In n» counti-y in the world Is koo.1 ediiciition more generally dlfrused than In Canada, and the hiKhest prize.s the country offers are open to all. rich and poor alike. Tlio criminal and civil The laws of Canada, as well ns Administration their administration, ensure of Justice. impartial justice for all. .111(1 Rive everywhere a Ffnse of satisfaction. Tlie criminal law Is based upon the Enj;llsli system. Tiie JudK(>s pre appointed by the Crown durluK ^ood bolmvionr ; and tiiey are eiiosen. wiiatevci- Ministry may be in power, from amoiiR those who, by their ability, learning and Blnndlns at the Bar, have worlced tlieir way to the front of their profession. The hlRiiest is tiie Supreme Court of Canada, composed of a Chief .Tnstlce and live iniisne Judges. It has .ippell.iut .lurlsdictlon throniihout the Dominion, in criminal ns well ns In civil cases. There is also an E.xclic.incr Court, for trying cases connected with the revenue, which also has ,1urisdic(ion ns a court of Admiralt.v. The.se are the only Dominion clurts, all tiie others l)eing Provincial, in Ihe chief towns and cities tiicro are stipen- diary magistrates, wlio sit dully for the hcar- ir.g of ordinary police cases. They also have jurisdiction In certain civil cases, such i\a the non-payment of wages. Aldermen of cHles have inaglslerial powers, ex-otlicio. In nil p,irt.s of tlie country ther(> are justices of the peace, hohling tiieir coimuissious fr,)m Ihe LienteuanfCovernors, who in(iuire into cases wlilch \my arise within their respec- tive jnrlsdijtions. The .system of trial l)y jury everywhere prevails. The expenses e'f liiigat:on ;ire, as a rule, less than in lOni; land, on acc(Mint of tlie efforts wiilch have been successfully made to slnii)Iify all pro- ceed lugs. The Military '^''"'' ^^^^^'^ militia consists of Forces '"^'•^'•t 4().(K)0 men and although of Canada, '•'-'^'^^tive power exists to en able the (Toveriiment to lu'ci) ■up its strength by ballot if occasion sh.ndd fl.rise, and to call upon nearly tiie entire male 1-opulatlon l)etween the ag.>s of i.s and CO joars, to serve tmder arms in case of einei-- genc.\-, service haa been cheerfully offered, and no ditllciilty has been experienced in keeping up the proper strength of Ihe force. The various liattallons of the force, which Is un ler command of a general otHcer of the Hrltlsh Army, are called out for a number of dJiys' drill each year, for which the othcers and the rank and tile receive pay- nent. Commissions are granted to persona living In the Kominion who are able to pass tiie (I'lallfylng examination imposed by th? rej^ul itlons. \ small regular force Inis also been organ- h'.ed. consisting of aliour 1,01)0 men, divided Into csivalry, artillery and Infantry, forming mllltiiry schools in various parts of the Do- minion, wliere courses of Instruction are given to the otlicers and men of the mllltiii nglments. It Is well to say, however, that no di'licuity Is experienced in tilling any viicaiicles that may occur in this f(u-ee, and th.'it no pe's(uis are encouraged to go out to Ciuada on the chance of securing com- missions. The Koyai Mlllt.iry College of Canada, at Kingston, Ontario (Lieutenant-Colonel Ger- u'.d Charles Kitson, Commandant) is well kn()wn ns an excellent school for military and it'Mieral traluin.?. Four commissions in the r.iitish Army are regularly granted to graduates each year. Only boys wiiose parents have resided in Canada for at least live years are eligible for admission to tlie college, and they are also reciulred to pass a matriculatiou examination. The \orth west Mounted Police force num- bers 714 orticerr, and nu>u, and is engaged In tiie niiiint.^nance of law and order In the Nortlt west Territories. Xo recruiting is done in Great llrltain, and persons wishing to join must mak.j personal application at the otiiee of the Commissioner of the force at Uegiua, North-west Territories. They are re(]nirod to undergo t medical examination. Marrl(!d men will not be engaged. The mini- mum lieight is 5 feet 8 inches, tiie minimum cliest measiiremeiit 35 Indies, and the maxi- liium weight 175 pounds. No one Is en- couraged to proceed to Canada on the chance of obtaining a commission on this force. The ordinary police force throughout the Dominion forms part of the municipal system, and 1.9 pall from local or municipal taxe.s, Municipal Police. 10 ])OMiyiON 01'' C/UV.I/'.l with tho (>xcoi«tl«.u of a very Hnuill f.>w« ,anliitaino.l by tl... Don.lnl.... li. n.niH.ctl.Ki with the rurllimi-iit Kull.liii^s aiiM ol Hi.' North-west Mounted VMw. No (iiH'Htli)ii of nutiiriill- Naturalization. /.t«:'.n nrls-s lu coumntlo., Willi till' onilj:nttl(in or Brill-^li siil)it>cts tci ("iiiiJiili. Sottlln},' in lli<> IXMnlnion iniii^os no moiv channo in tliJH ivHpect tlmi ii r-i.w.val from Yorl;. (;iasK'«'W. Swansea or iMildin, to London, and a new niTlval lias all tlio privlloKos of a Canadian born rollow-su'..ioft. This Is very iinpoitai.t when foiiii.ured with tho iiosltion of a per- M'li who (•oiiemi)lates eiiiltrratini,' from llio United Kin;;dom to the United Slates. f"i t.xam|>le. It is iwiuire 1 tiait every one from iho Hrillsh Islands who desires to l.eeome nil Aiueriean eiti/.en sl:ai; laUe two oaths. Olio of li.lontion and one of fact, tiie latter lifter live years' resideiiee. Tlie effeet of these oatlis is pointedly and speeillcally to n.nnniKT aileuiance to the Qneen, to Kivo ni> one's Ihilish biniirinht, ami in the event of orelKo any of the polliieal rights of Am- erlean eitl/.enship without ro doln«. On ti,,. other hand, tlie Canadian naturall/.atiou 1,1 ws lire marlied hy a spirit of greater llhei- ality towards for'«l'{m'rs and sneii persons eim transa-t any hnslness and hold real estat > willout heini; iiaHirail/.ed. My reald- li,.' three y.'ars an;l taliin^' the oalli of alleni- iiiree. they heeome natnrali/.ed Hrilisii sun- Jeets. Tho oiUh is one id' simple iilleKianee, ,,,,,1 ,"i„es not re.inire any offi'iisive reimnela- (i,,„s. Naliirall/.atloii confers politieal ami idi oliier rlilils. The postal system of Can- Postal System, ad.'i ."xieiids to every vlllaue iiiid iiamlel in llie land. ■llH-re Is what is called a "city rale "-that 's. l'(,r liie deliVL'ry of letters in the city lu w'uWh they are posted~of li cents per ounce. The ordinary rate in the Dominion and be- tween Canada ami the Ciilted States and Newfoundland Is ;'. cents (lil.d.1 per imneo ,„■ I'lM-iioii tliereof. and to and from tlie rnil.-d Kiic^-dom .-. cents ('J'-d.) l>er hal-' •n„. Ol.l Cnv.nnii.iit linn. I. I'.iitl-li < '.'lunil.i!i. war to become an enemy to the land of one's ..„„ce. Xewspap-rs published ^^J^^^;^^ l,i,th. It. some of the States^the State of p.ss free of post:.,o ^'' ^^'^ ^ ^^ "^ , ; New York, for iastance-a British sul.j.c („her newspapers. booUs. putted -"'■=;' cannot hold real .state witl>o,n tMkin.^ such .„•.. pay p..sla,e .-.t the rate ot cent pc 4 oaths .and cannot in any of ti... states ex- ..unces. Tr.ide samples pass at the s.mK SOCIAL CONUITIOXS. U s ol" Alii- iii'iill/atloii •h IMTSilllS hold i-t'iil Uy ri'Bl'l- li (if all«!«i- rliiHli siiii- alli'Kliiiwi'. i> rciiiiiii'lii- )litlcill lUltl U'luoi' ("uii- •ciy vllliiue tin- l.iii'l. rate"— lliiit llu' city In i per oiiiiei'. loll and bo- Slatos aiul I por (>mi(-'t! 1 from llie .1 per lial:' d in Canada r subscrilit'i's. itcd circnlars. r 1 cent pof 4 ill ilic same rate, and ordleni-y panels at 1 cent per omiee. (hie cent dolilesllc post cards lire In line and are tivalialiie lor corroMpondence wUli thn TTnlted States. I'llvjitc post caids art! also perndltel. I'll" money order system Is Money Orders, ^i'liliar to that in oiieratlon in Kn«iand. The con-mlsslon cUarpKl on locjil orders ranges from .'1 cents (1'/jd.) for li'j (hdlars. say Ids., to lo cents (Is. 8d.) for UK) dolhirs, sny £1'0. .Money t rders are also Issaeil payable In the United KinKdom. In the s'lnie mtes ns those cluirL'ed eii sindlar orders issue! in (ireat Hrltain. payable in ('ami i.i. Til" teh'Kraph system In TelegraDhs. ('anadri is in the liands of puliilc companies chartered by A.'t of l'arll,im>nt. bnt tlio Uovernnienv nlfn ov.-ns some of tlie wires, chietly in con- nection witii tile lisiierl(>s. Tlie I'ates are Afry modciate, and >'\ofy town and village of .'iny importance possess.^ tele;,'raplijc fa- cllitles. I'llc Iclepllone Is also In very active operation in nm.ft of tlu' towns and cities oi ranada. .and is nse.l to n very «rcat extent, the niiiiibc:- of telcpiecie messages s(!nt year ly b(>ln« aiiont seventy millions. NewsDaoer ' "'" < "■"""mns arc well sn|,- p' «? "''"■' ^^i"' '"•"•si.apers. lOvcry '^'^^^^- considerable' village in the I),,, ndnion. imbllsii-'s its m-wspapcr. and in all tlie larn-e towns tiiere are several. Tlicsc newspapci's are tor tli(> most part conducted Willi energy and ability. They are snppiiivl Avitii full lei(.j;riphiL' reports from all parts of tlio u'lobe. Social I'l'iniry is often iiia* m <'anada. as coiiiiiared with Croat Itritain. It may be slated tliat distinctions of cast(> il" not <..\isl to the saim- extern as in Hie m(th,>r coimtr.v. Tiiere is a carefnl ineser vatio'i of those traditions wiiicli cive ilie >r(iier!it features to Kii-lisi! society, bnt there Is no feudal nobility in Canada; almost every farmer and awric iPiirisi is the owner of his acres-he is his own master, and is five to do as he will. This sense and state ,4 inde- pendence iiermeate I lie whole social system, and prodn— a condilim of social freedom unknown in older countries. Wjih rej.'ar(l to til'! liiiiiir tr.illic. loc.-il option -eiicraiiy prevails. Uy an .Vet of tile 1 linion I'.ir- lliunent mirrime witii a di>ceased wife's Mister was Icmilized In tS8L'. A^t niroady e.\- plained. reli«l(Mis liberty prevails ; education is prai'tleally free and nnsectnrlan ; and tiiere Is a lilicrai franclilse. .MemiieiH of Parliament are paid an indemnity. Thoio is no system for leuali/,in« pauperism, al- ihoncli orplians and the helpless ami aKe I of boll) .sexes are not ne;,dect(Ml, beini,' rare I for under I lie mnnicipal system before re ferred to, and by chnrehes and eharltaiilo institutions. Altop'ther, a Canadian Is able to look with pride and satisfaction niioi; tlie free and independent position wiii<-ii he en- .joys, coupled as it is with op|)ortniiitles ol I'etterinj; his condition in life tliiit he would hope for hi vain in Kuropean countries. The ellinale of Canada Is a sub Climate. Ject on which many per.sons net astray. Canad.i Is one of the healt'iiest of countries ; the returns of tiie iiiilitary stations which (existed until re- cently, an,l those relating' to Halifax ut pre- .-tilt l.ssued, prov(! this conclusively, apart from tlie y:eiieral lieaillifiiliK'Ss of llie popu- lation, wh'ch IS a subject of remark by all visitors and new settlers. The census ol 1S!»1 showed liiat tile death rate in Canada was one of till' lowest rates recorded on tlie list of (ountries which have collected the i>ec(>ssary statistics. It is a siunillcant fad tiiat the complaints apiinst tiie cliiiiat(> lefer. at lli(> present time, particularly to .Al.iniliiba and th.; North-west Ti^rritorie.'-. 'I he state:!icnts now bein.u: made rcspecliii;; .Manitoba were formerly applied to (>nt;irio, <.>ucliv'c. Nova Scoiia and .New lirnnswick. Tliese provinces, il was saiil. could never .crow fruit to any extent ; it would be im- |ossil)le that they sliouhl ever become fain OPS for raising cattle; and tlie season was iii.inii"..stly too slDvt to permit of ayricnltnral o|:eratioiis belli!,' carried on siiccessfull.v and protitald.v. In the same way, what Is now .Manitoba, (Jiie of the K'reat wheat-produciii:,' districts of the worhl, was siiokcn of jis a wilderness lit only for bufl'alo(>s and foxe.s. I! is hardly necessary to state how com- pletely these allegations have been falsilied. and cver.v year is proviiii,' the faUacy of simil.ir statements rcspectln.u- the western provinces. Canada lias a reiiutation f.ir fruit far lieyond its boundaries. Canadian apples probably briiif;- the highest price of any that are imported into the En,i,disli niar- lels. Those w lio have visited tiie country 1 1 12 DOMINION OF CANADA. know that it Is faaious for many other fruits besides nin>l-3s, and the many species grown m E.iulaii.l. under glass, such as grapes, peaches, melons and tomatoes, flourish m Canad.i in the oyeu air. But Canadian farm- ers d) not oonflne their attention entirely to grain and fruit growing. As a cattle country. Canada is taliiug an important posi- tion. Not only ar^i there sutticient cattle and sheep and other animals to supply the demands of its own population, but, on a four years' av-3rage, 105.000 head of cattle and over 300.000 sheep are exported an- nually. The largH- portion of tlie cattle is sent to Groat Britain, while the sheep prin- cipally go to the United States. Horse breed- ing is also attr;ictiiig much attention. Thero are many articles of Canadian farm produce wliich are receiving considerable notice in '-••1, notably clieese. butter and ! the dairy industry is growing •e important every year. Great t-ggs more The intensity of cold may be accurately ascertrined by a tliermometer, but not so its effect upon the human system. Tlie hu- midity or the dryness of the atmosphere In such circumstances decides its degree of comfort or discomfort, and largely Its health- fidness or unliealtlifulness. In some parts ,.f Canada, although one must be preprred for extreme tempei-atures, the air Is dry, bracing and exhilarating, and consequently tie cl'mate is pleasant to live in. Then, ii-ain in Canada one is always prepared for tho cold, and in winter the houses are ^\arm >r thin in Gre.at Britain. In the spring i.nd summer wild flowers are as common i,>; in England ; and in August wild fruits iiiid (hilicate ferns abound. Of course there J. re uood and bad seasons in Canada, as cverywliere else ; but, taken altogether, tue clin-ate is a good one. Tho tourist, the artist and The Tourist, tiie traveller will find much The t....-icr in Canada has to perform in the winter very much the same sort of worlc as the farmer In Great Britain. After the harvest is over he does as much i>loughing as possible, until tlie end of November. Very little actual work is done on tlie land in either countiy during midwinter, for e(iually obvious, though different, reasons. But cattle hav^ to be fed, tlie dairy attended to. ctrea's thrashed, macliinery iiut in order, buildings repaired, and carting done, whicli latter, by the way, the Canadian farmer, owing to the snow, is able to do very clieap- ly. The spring commences two or three ■weeks later than in England ; but iho cois- Oitions for the rapid growth of all produce - V arm sunshine and a suthciency of rain - are so favourable that the crops of tlie two countries are about eiiually advaiici-d liy the middle of July. Tlie average winter may be talioii at about four and a half nionths- soiiietimes it is loiger by a few days. Be tween Manitoba and the Nortli-west and On- tario there is a difference or a few d.-iys in favour of the latter. British Coiumlila probably possesses the finest climate in North America, having all the advantiiges of that of England, without its disadvant- ages. Any Canadian or Englisliiiiaii who has spent a winter both in the Dominion and in Great Britain will have not hesita- tion in saying wliich climate lie prefers. Artist ana ^^^^^ .^ picturesque and grand Sportsman. .^^ ^■^^^ scenery of Canada. The land of Evangeline; the Great River St. Law- r.'uce, with its rapids ; and the ohl city of Qneb'c; the Thousand Islands, tlie great lakes. Niagara Falls and the i)astoral scen- ery in western Ontario ; then on through the country north of Lake Superior to Wlt>- nipeg and the prairies, until the magnificent r. ountain. forest and water scenery of the Uockv Mountains and British Columbia Is readied, and the eye rests on the waters of tl;e racittc Ocean. The country is ecitially int(!resting to tlie sportsman iii the proper seasons. In the outlying districts, away from the settle- ments, and in the mountains, bears, moose, dter, wild slieep and .goats are found, while smaller animals and a very great variety of birds exist in great numbers. Most of the streams are well stocked witli fish according to natural surroundings, and the angler will liiid abundant sport in any of the provinces except in the prairie districts. Tlie Indian population of Can- Indians, ada niMibers about 100,027, lo- cated upon reserves in different parts <>i the country. Tliere is a siiecial de- partment of State to administer Indian affairs, and the Indians are not only peace- able, but fairly contented and happy. There pre 9,714 children being educated in the day, ■^ffi HAIL WAYS. 13 iiccurutely but not so in. The bu- nosphei'e In degree of y Its bealth- soine parts be prepprefi air Is dry, lonsequently 3 iu. Then. prei)ared for houses aro n the spring as common wild fruits course thore Canada, as together, the > artist and 1 find much le and grand Canada. The iver St. Law- e old city of s, tlie great lastoral scen- ou through erlor to Witi- e uiaguiflcent ;e))ei'y of the Columbi.a Is tlie waters of •estlng to tlie ous. In the n the settle- hoars, moose, ■ found, while great variofy I. Most of the lish accord' 111? he angler will the provinces ilatiou of Gau- nt 100,027, Io- cs iu different s a special de- iuister Indian lot only peace- happy. There ted in the day. boarding and industrial schools estahlisliel on, and off, the difCerent rt.serves. Tlio schools nnniher 288. The boys attending th>' Industrial institutions are taught trades, farming, itc, and the girls sewing, knitting house work, &c., in addition to the ordinary branches of education. Tliey have a largo area of land under cultivation, and own live stock and implements to a conslderahie ■lalue. the year were .$aO..")43.5(J9. an Increase of $21,.")17.779 over 1882. notwithstanding the groat reduction in tlio cost of transport iu tlie meiintimo m.ade by the railways, 't'liore are few countries in the world better serve 1 by railways than Canada. The Canadian ''''^[^ ''"^'^ °7^ '° "P^''^' Pacific " """^ Atlantic to the Railway. ^*'^*:''|'^ ^^f^"' '^"^^ ^^' riil>idity and energy display- C. P. K. l!.icl.,', There are about Ki.OOO miles of Railways, railways in Canada at tlie pre- sent time. Every place of any importance has its one or more niiiway stations. Tlie tliree principal systems nro the Canadian Paciflc ((!,2ir) miles). Crand Trnnlv (.'^,102 miles), and the Intercolonial, including the Prince Edward Island Railway (1,;{(!() miles). The rest of the mileage is made tip of smaller lines in the various pro- vinces. The total paid-up capital in .Inly, 180(1, was .$899,817,900, to wliicli the noiiiin- lon and liOciil Governments and municipali- ties liad contribut(>d in one way or otlu-r .$201,001.14;!, or .-ibout one-fourth of tlie wliole eosr. Tiie number of passengers carried in 1S!)(! wiis l-t.810.407, and the frelglit was 24.2(it;,82.") lo.i-i. The total receipts for • at Hat I'lirtiijrc. ed in its construction, and its importance to the future of the Dominion, deserves special mention. Until 1881 the line was under con- structed by the Government, but iu that year the work was undertaken by the Canadian I'aciflc Railway Company, the contract re- quiring its completion iu ten year.s. It was, iK.wO'-er. li lished In Xovember. 188."), nearly six years liefore tlie stipulated time ; and it certainly occupu^s a place as one of the great- est engineering aclu(>vemeuts of modern times. It is the siiortest of the gre.at trans- continental lines, the distance from Montrenl to Vancouver,, being 600 miles less tlian from Xew York to Saa Francisco. By tlie Cana- illan Pacilic Railway, too. New York, Boston and Portland are brought within from aoo to r.00 miles nearer the Pacific coast by ralJ 14 DOM I y ION OF CANADA. than formerly ; and the distance from Liver- pool to .Tai)an and China is, via the Cana- dian line. ; homes for millions of inliabl- til tits, increased markets for local and Bri- tisli piodm-ts. and. it is hoped, a new era *>>! p.-osperity for the Dominion. Branch lines have already been made in different piirts of tlie North-west. The splendid Sas- katchewan country, hitherto closed to settle- ment, has been opened recently by two new lines. Others are projected, Including one in the direction of Hudson's Bay in antici- pation of the route between Hudson's Straits and Liverpool becoming available for a suffi- cient time each year to fit it for commercial purposes. The Canadian IHciflc Railway's lines in So.ithevn Manitoba and Eastern Ai-siniboia have also been extended, secur- ing the oponing of the Souris coal fields and an u-ilimited supply of cheap fuel to the settlers. N.)t only have the people of Mani- tfl)a connection with the Pacific Ocean and M itii Eastern Can.ida through British terri- tory, and access to the great lakes, but there "Tlif Bi'aviT," first stLiimui' uii tile Pacitic. . M ,^,.1,1 Tt is at least 900 miles long tire also three lines running to the United ;.a siH" es w 1^ or an area of over 200,- States bon.idary, Joinin. there the American WO ,^0 o acres, more or less suitable for system of railways. Coal has been d s- OOO.om "\*"^' _ ^^ raising of covered in large quantities not only in the ::^:Srlth: "^^.S;. ami t;^^>r::Hn;and Miuth-western part of Alberta, on the line e^lig ot ^ttle; and its population Is of tli3 Alb.uta Railway and in the Rocl^y ■u IV LM-owing. Without the railway the Mountains, but also along the line of the \L n n^t Irive remained an " illimitable Canadian I'aciflc Railway ; mines are work- ".Z'nH's ' as i?ord Zconsneld described ed. coal is now sold at all the railway \. / prospect of of inhiiM- 111 aiKl Hvi- a new oni I. Branch in different )liii(l- piice has no longer to be placed upon tlie supply fiOTi Uultod States sources. Illtliorto the markets of China and Japan, New Zealand, Australasia, India and the I'acifie coast of South America have been closed to Canada, but access has been gained to th'!:n u.ider improved conditions, which give Canada advantages of time and distance over all other oountiMos. A regular line of steamers has for some time been running be- tween Vancouver, Yokohama, Shanghai and Hong Konp, and in ODUsequcnce of Ihe \m- perial Government having detorniinod to es tabllsh a mail service via this route, between England and the East, and of subsidies granted both b.v the Imperial and Dominion Governments, ste.-imers uneiilialled I),v ;\\\y hitherto .seen on th(> Pacific are now in that service. These hive furtlier increased tlu; saving of time, and afford additional facili- ties for traffic of aH kinds. As a result of this service the mails are conve.ved from Yokohama to Lou.lon. England, in less than oue-lnlf the tiuu> taken by the Suez Canal route. Can.ada Ivis over 7.000 vessels on the shipping register, mostly owned In At- lantic jwrts. and there is every reason why a simdar prosperity and marine enterprise find develoi.meiit slnuld talce place on the Pacific. The St. I.awreiice route is tlio most btaufiful of any leading into tlie interior of North America and it has the great advant- age of affording smooth water for a con- siderable part of the voyage. Its popularity is yearly liicreas'ng. TIio beauty of tlie St. L.-^iwrence Uiver. fli-' trip tluougl; tlie fertile prairies of Manitoba, the traverse of tlie plains of the Saskatchewan— not long ago the roaming ground of herds of counfless buffaloes and the homo of the Cree and Hlackfoot Indians-and lastly the passage fhroiu'h \\\i nneij lall.^l scenery of the Rocky Mountains to the shores of the I'acifie coni- bino to place the Canadian transcontinen- tal route above all others in tiio estimation of lOnropean travellers. 'J'he new railw.ay is sure to lie a favourit.' overland route to the East. Imagine a sail lip th(( St. Lawrtmce. a short st.ay at Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Niagara, flien on to the great lakes, or along their sliores to Winniiieg, across the prairies. !iiid tlirough the magnidcout .scen(>ry of tlie Kocky .Mount- ains to British Columbia and the waters of the I'acifie Ocean. Canals and ''''"^ '^''"'^'^ "i" ''•^"••xi'^ )i»t wide. I'lie depth of water is from 9 1o 14 feet, and works are In progress which will make tlie whole route available for ves- s> Is drawing 14 feel. There is also a oanal system to overcome the difficulties of the Blver Ottawa between Montreal and Ottawa; one opens navigation between Ottawa and Kingston, and another connects Lake Oham- plalu www the St. Lawrence. In Nova Scotia th(! St. leter's Cj'.nal connects St. Peter's Bay witli the Bras d'Or Lakes. There Is iilso navigation on tlie lakes in the North- west, and on the Bed Blver, the Asslnlbolne and t)ie Saskatchewan, the latter being navi- gable for over 1,000 miles. These water highways :ire much used for the conveyance of various prodnf;ts. and are of great benefit to the i'oi.ilnion. The Sault Ste. Marie opened for tr.afHc in Septendier, isa">, is two-tliirds of a mile in length, has one lock of dimensions 900 feet by GO feet, with 22 iVet of water oa the sill. The consolidateil revenue for Revenue, the yc.a' ended ;joth June, 18!)(5. was made up as follows :— ^;"'''^™s $19,833,279 '^""'^'^ 7,92'),006 Ot'.er source.s 8,859,S06 *36,6t8,591 The e.xiienditure was ifao,940,142. during the same period 16 DOMISIOy OF CANADA. The deficits of 1884-85 ami ISSo-SC. wore largely owing to uiiforoscon cxiJi'iiscs in con- nection with the North-west Rebellion. The following are the receipts and ex- penditure on account of tlie Consolidated Fund since 1880. They show that in the ten years the surplus revenue, after deduct- ing the deficits above referrd to, has amount- ed to thirteen million dollars. luander of the debt represents IhibiUtlea- payal)le in Ciinada. CansHiian (Jovi'rnmcnt securities are a favourite Investment in the British market, and tno posit'on of tlio country's credit will bo belter understood wlieu it is stated that while not very long age ". per cent had to be paid for loans, one of the loans recently issued was placed at 3 per cent, and reiiliic- RKCEIPTS AM) EXI'KNDITUKE, CONSOUDATKD FUND. I'ct'cipts. Kspciiditiirc Surphis. Deficit. 1SS0->S1 . 1881- H-' 1882 8H . 1883 84 . 1884 85 . 188,j 8(i . 188(^87 . 1887-88 1888 8! I ]88il !)'• . 18',)'' 111 , 18!)! Kl' . l,s'.IL'-'.i;^ 18().S ".14 , 18!)4 !ir> 18!»5-9(i 2!t,()H.").'J'.>8 \ 33,:{Si,4.")(! , ;!r.,7'.l4,f,4!l 31,8(ll,0t>L' ;t',7!i7,OMl :«, 177,(140 35,7r)4,!l!i;< 3r),<.)08,4(l3 38,782,870 38„',7'.t,;>ll 38,."! 1. 311 .3(;,!t21,872 3n,l(!S.(10!l 3(i,371,li!13 33,!(78,12!) 3l),()18,r)iM 2r),."i02,.").'i.'") 27,(Hi7.1iU ' 28,730.1,")7 3l,l"/,70(; 3"), (137. 01 ill 3!t,(M 1,(112 3.").(;."i7,(i8(l 3(),71'.»,4',l.') ,3(1,1117,835 3."i.'.l!(4,031 311.343,5(18 3(1,7(1.").8!I4 3(1.814,0,53 37,!>S,5,02(1 3,^132,0(15 3(1,!I4!(,142 4,132,743 (1,31(1,3.52 7,0(14,4'.I2 754,255 117,313 i,8()5',(>35 3..sS,5.S!)4 2,2,35,743 1,5.5,!I78 l,3.".4.55(i 2,24(),()59 5,834,572 810,032 1,210,333 4,153,.S7(J 330,551 27,81)2,3(11 14,57!l,423 Taxation as represented by the customs and e cise amounted, in 189G, to ?27,7.^>0,285, or $5.42 per head, as compared with $10.50 in the Ignited Kingdom, ?5.27 in the Cape of Good Hope, .«14.72 in Australasia (1892). Municipal taxixtion is also very light. The gross amount of the Public Debt, public debt on 1st .Tuly, 189G, was ?:i25,717,5".7. from which have to be deductc?d assets, $67,220,104, mak- ing the net debt, $258,497,433, or $-50.43 i)er head. The average rate of interest, in the year 189(3 paid on the gross debt, was 3'23* per cent, but after deducting interest receiv- ed from investments the rate was reduced to 2 '80 per cent. The tot.il amount of debt payable in En;j;- land or .30th .Tune, 1890, was $218,225,504, and tlie sevei-.il investments for sinking funds amounted to $30,414,370. The re- *l'opuliiti(iii fur 181)4, .5,021,47(1 f"i' calfiil^ition of gross dflit pii' head. ed the net amount of £97 9s. 2d. Canada issued, in June, 1888, the first colonial 3 per cent loan. The amount required was £4,000,000, and tlie minimum price was fixed at 92y2. T.^nders were, however, received for £12,000,000, an 1 the issue was allotted at an average price of £95 Is. per cent. The value of the imports in Imports. Canada entered for consumption for the year ended 30th June, 1890, was $110,.587,480. Tlie duty collected amounted to .$20,219,037, e(iual to $3.94 per head of the population. Considerable changes have taken place in the impoit trade of Canada in the last ten years. There has bef'U a falling off in the imports of manufactured goods, but the de- ficiency has to a great extent been made up by an increased importation of raw ma- terial. Tlio exports of Canada in 1890 Exports, were valued at $121,013,852, made up of— Canadian produce, $109,- 015,337 ; a)id other produce, $11,098,515. lliibilltlea- ities .ire a Ish luarUot, < credit will stated tliat It had to be us recently , and ro!ill55- IVficit. rj,s;u,572 ,Hin,();!2 1,210,333 4,ir.3,S7(l 330,551 I 14,57<,>,423 I id. Caiia'la jolouial 3 per squired was ice was fixed vcv, received as allotted at cent. ! imports in consumption I 30tli June, luty collected I to If3.n4 per aken place in 1 tlie last ten ing off in the <, but the de- becu made up of raw iiia- mada in 18!)(! ,013,852, made foiiuee. $109,- .1,008,515. THE MINH. Yl ducta Jor 1890, by classes :- ,„ ,„,„ „„„^tities as to create the belief '^^^ """'••■ $8 059,650 that throiiKhout the sevcrnl ranges of the The Fl8h..rie8 u,077.TC5 Rocky Mountains from the 40th parallel to AnL!u TnV ih" ; ■; "■ ' ^^•*''*" *'"* '^'■*^*'*^ ocean additional fields for m!n- rsr lotr."::::: nis"; ■"'-' "''^"p'-'^^" -•" -'"-"^ ^^ ^-<^ ^^r Manufacturer .. 9 365m ""'°^' ^'"'""^ ^'^ *'"""'• "°'* ""^^ ''« transport Mlic-ollaner.us looWi '** '^'^orded mining towns will arise from Short return !!!!!!! 3 329'"»try is itself cai)able of yielding are These fl:,'urf'S do not give an accurate Idea ^'^'^ '"JPorted, while the export of metals of the total trade of Canada. They only '^°^ ^^^^ "' "'any Itinds is susceptible of al- embraco the outside trade, and do not In- ™°®* indefinite extension. In 1896, the total elude the large business which naturally ^'^lue of the mineral products of Canada takes place between the provinces. It is I'^ached ^23,fJ2-,()()0. In 189(5 the exports scarcely possible to estimate what the inter- ^^^^ valued at .1(8,059,650, while the imports provincial trade Is. It lias been estimated °^ minerals and mineral products in the for 1894 at $11.S,000,000 ; it was in 1S87 ^^^^ y^"^'" amounted to over $25,000,000. about $4,0(.K),()<)0. The freight earnings of '^^^^ mineral product of Canada includes the various railways amounted. In 180(i, to ^"'''' ^''^er, cinnabar, copper, lead, nickel, .$32,308,082 for the ' carriage of 24,200,825 "*^l^«''^tos, gypsum, mica pnd pliosphates. tons, and the canal tolls to $265,413 for ^"'"^ *** "''^o worked in Nova Scotia, On- 2,740.241 tons of freight ; the tonnage of *-'^'"'" and Quebec In Quebec the deposits shipping engaged in the coa.stiug trade has "'"^^ auriferous gravels, chiefly in the valley also increased from 11,047,061 tons in 187* "' ^^^ Chaudiere Uiver. In Ontario quartz to 27,431,753 tons in 1890. These figures ^*''"** "^ "'"^''' Promise are now in course of serve to show the magnitude of the local ''''^■*?l«l>n>ent, particularly in the vaclnlty of carrying trade. In addition attention may ^''^' ^''''^*^ °* ^^^ Woods and Rainy Lake. In again be called in this connection to the ^"^'"' ^'^"^la the gold is obtained entirely by great increase in all the local industries con- '^^^^^^ mining on quartz veins, in British Col- nected with the mine, forest, fisheries, agrl- V'"^'"' "'* ^" "■ ^'^cent date, it came chiefly culture and manufactures, and it is proposed ^'■*"" alluvial or placer deposits, some of to say a few words under each of tlie.se ^^''"'''' '" *^''*' Cariboo district have been ex- headings, ceedlngly rich. Much attention is at present The principal countries to which goods are ^'""f, ^'^"^^ ^^^^'^ *° ^^^ introduction of hy- exported are Great Britain, the United ^ ''^""•^ ™'"'ng on a large scale, although States, Newfoundland, West Indies South "'® "^"'■*^<'ro»s quartz veins in various parts America and Australasia. With other coun- ° Province are attracting chief atten- tries, also, trade is rapidly growing, particu- ," , '® Present time. The total yield of larly with China and Japan, France, Ger- !° ^ '^^'^ *''"°"^ ^^''^^^^ Columbia and many and other European countries "■ '^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ about $72,000,000. Recent discoveries in British ^^^n^JT'^^^TT ^°'"'"^'*'^ '^"'^ '""^ The Mine. ClumbLa. the North- we.st Ter- X';"''"'* J,^ '"""'•''^^ "''"""tl in coal, ritories and western Ontario, to- , ^e^v Brun S u "^^ '° '''''^' '^"^°***y' fecther With the known fields in Nova ZeeZvmmTfo.^^""'^.''''^'' ^^°"^' Scotia and elsewhere, have shown Can- St Law tnce .L . . «da to be one of the richest mineral Queb^r ^d to l^^^T '° ''' ^''"^''^^^ °^ countries in the world. The discoveries lis also" nil vl' T f™ "^" °' ^°*'*^'^^- Of gold near the southern boundary of Brit- ami other Zln f"" '"' "'"'^ """'""^ ish Columbia have recently been'followed bl-d im^o Zt"cot, „°" *'' ""^'"•" ^•^••^- by still richer discoveries on the Yukon LrVancTver I irnt>o f -'V" "P*^'"^""" River and its tributaries in the extreme p rt TthTrroJ^M^^ .orU.. and at numerous points between '^:^ ::''.^^ t^:^ ::::^ 18 DOMINION OF CANADA. of Its better qu.Ulty. ^vith fuo s o .. I-umI wally ana la the State ol' WushinKtmi. A II U.U " va.t extent (probably the lar«e« 10 world) oecnDle. all the wostenj im t tl North-west Territory. Beneaih th^ ,.eat Plains the fnels are ll|:ni.e..<.Uo .-.•eat value for iocil use. but iiot m. nvc a Sied for shi,>..eut to long dis.anees. oot-hUlB of the Uocky Mountains h ' Ignites are replaced by ^'''"'"'"''-^X : and in parts of the u.ountau.s the. seh.s :;;nl,;; Lis. together With amurac^- .-oannel" coal are f.uud. these fuels a c •vlreatlv worUed on a small scale ni uuu > ace Dot the nmst iu.portant m.nes are ilSd at Banlf, t.uuuore au.lI.ethbrMg.^ In the vicinity of th'.« Crow's Nest L ass a arge number of superposed coal seam occur which await railway facilities for thch development. Th. Importance of these an.p.e Sines of fuel to the settler on the rich ttK ictdtural lands of the west cannot be exaggerated, and lh. output of .he uunes is ll.nlted only by the .le.nand consequent on 1„ the North-west Terrltorlefl. and expe l- .. . al borings are now In progress In he St, i.-t of Alberia. Natural gas Is also found ,n uIn region, but it has not yet been utl- '"lil!'.h <.ros of silver occur In the Thunder H,v district of .mtario. out It is particularly u'tue southern part of Britlsl> Cohunbia Uat ,he udulng of silver ores has attained i,„.,„,„„.,o of late. The Kast and West ;::.,cnay disivL^s were a ^-v years ajo almost uuinlnbited and very Imperfectli own. even geo^raphlcUly. They are now occui.lcd hs thousands of miners, and severa u>wus .o.^,e(her with smelting works and other Industrie, have sprung Into existence^ IlptothepresMt time, most of the work ,to„e has been that of discovery and pro - ,„ina.-v development, but the output of oie is no>v becoming large. Great areas In the luore northern pari of British Columbia re- main as yet practically unsearched for mlu- ,>ral deposits, alfiough isolated occurrences of vaPiable ores siM.ilar to those of Kootenay Hilt l'cii-tiit,''''>i' i'' the growing agricultural and industrial oc- cupation of the country. The totaprod- tion of ooal lu the Dominion m 189(. ^^. s 3 743 "".4 tons. Ontario is without Jivadable deposits of coal, but produces petroleum and mtural gas In \sm the v.alue of the crude pcMndeum obtained was $l.in5.040 the esti- mated value of natural gas. $27fl.3o1. Indi- cations of extensive petroleum fields occur ikc nf tllf \V(«llls. have been fouud throaghoui a belt of conn try extending nearly 1.200 miles to the north westward. Nickel, in association with copper and iron pyrites, forms dep )sits of great volume iu the vicinlt..' of Sudtiury. Ontario. This metal has lately found a new utility in the produc- tion of nickel steid. and the product from rhe Sadbuvy mines appears to be limited 1 % \ iind experl- ijrcess lu the Is also found yet boeu Utl- the Thunder < particularly Mil Columbia has attained St and West \v years ago • Imperfectly L'liey are now s, and sevenil g works and nto existence. of the work ?ry and prcll- output of ore t areas In the Columbia re- rched for nilu- >d occurrences »e of Kootenay I a iH'lt of couii illes to the north 1 c'()i)per and Iron (.foivt volume iu ario. This metal ity hi the prodiie- h(! i)roduct from IS to be Umltod -4- T/rh' FlSllKIIIES. M ^ t (iiily by tho extent of a profltnble mnrket. 'I'lio vnliio of till' oiitimt III ISOd Ih ostliimtcd III iiiHtiit $i,ir.r),()no Orpi of iiKii Mihl illlTcriMit UIikIn, nnil often of tlio best (111 illty bnve been found In iibnoHt every provliice of llie I)oiiiiiiion. Iron smolt- Injr Is enrrled on In Ontario, Nova Scotia and Quebec. The (iHbestoH 111! i.>h «if the Eiistern Towii- i-lil|is of Qiielii"', conNtltiite tlu> most Im- |iorl;mt kiiowii soiirees of supply of ilii? riiiieriil. 'I'lie prodiiet In ISOd wns 1L',:;.",0 1(.iis. viiliKMl nt $4::i>,a.')il. (typsimi . r oxeollonf iiiiallfy Is obtained In birne (inaiiMty In Nova Heotia, New Hriiiis wliU ,111(1 parts .it' Ontario. It Is foiiinl In other iiiovlMces but has not yet been worked there. .Salt Is Iar,"'lv iiianul'actiired In On- liii'io from brlnys olitalned from deep wells. The product In 1S!)(! amounted to 4;!,!».'")(1 t( lis. It Is also maniiracliiri'd in New Bruns- Avlek. iSriea, pliiiiibaKo and phosplinte (apatite) are I'oiiiid to,i;ethor In that p.art of the pro- \iMce of Quebec- iiorlh nf the Ottawa Ulver. The last named mimral eontalns a IiIkIi I'lrceiitaK" of plio.s|)lir)riis. and is employed In th.> mapiifacfiir > of fertilizers, but the Cnnadinn output has of late declined by rea- son of the oom!)(>t;f!')n of cheap, though less I'liiv. variedos of phosphate obtained else- where. In pftrtlenbir, further reference amy be mnde < n this subject. It N hero practicable to outline only In Hio briefest manner the Kcneiiil distribution of irineralM of economic value, but sulllclent may have been said to Indicate that Canada I'ot only ari'ords ciiiployiiicnt to the worUln« miner, but als > alTords ureat indiicemontii to th.! prospector, ,ind for the profitable In- vestment of capita! In mlnlii«, while tin? ox- pendltiirt' of labour and money upon tho mineral deposits of the country Is such as to largely beiiellt the farmer by affordliii} a desirable local market for his products. Tliese lire I lie i;iru'Os( in t' e The Fisheries, worl l, enibraclnn fully i;!.()(io miles of a sea coast. In ad- dition to inland .seas. Innumerable lakes and a Ki-eat number of rivers. They offer nainy advantages to tli )se eiiKai,'ed in similar oc- cupations in tlie L'niled Kingdom, and who have sntTered from the bad seasons of re- cent years. Tho displays made by Canada nt the Fisheries Kxhibitlon in Lond-m in ISS;!, and at the World's Fair at CliicaKo in l,S'j;j, attracted very considerable atten- tion. It is not i)ossll)li» here to eiiiiiiit>rale the v.'irioiis mineral jn-odiicis which In smaller quantities coiitril).ili! towards the wealth of the country as a whole, but it may bo added that structural imil(>rials. such as building; Btoiies and brick clays, exist in j^reat abund- ance ;iii(l of excellent .(Uiillty In Jilinost every part of (Jmadii. Marbles and other orn.a- nicnial stones are also well represented, al thoiiyh these iiave so far been uiili/ed to a li.ni:it'(l extent only, while jieat, lime and Other miscellaneous materials, together witli mineral waters, already Kiven rise to in,- porta ut local industries. The Geological Survey of Canada .ind the Mininc; Hureaus of sevtM-al of the iirovinces, are enKajjed in the investigation of tlie min- eral resources of tho Dominion, and to the reports and maps of tho CJeoIogic.al Survey Tho products of the fisheries, exported and sohl on the Dominion markets In 1895 amounted to .1!20,l,S.-..l.'98 ; but this by no means represents the valiu- of the total Hitch, I'or in Canada the home consumption is very gr.>at-100 pounds per Inhabitant being calculated, as against .'50 pounds in England. As tlio fisheries extend throughout the length and breadth of the Dominion many settlors are atforded an opportunity of catciiii.g lish for domestic use ; this lenders it impossible to give full returns of the wliole catcli. It is .-ipproxiiiiatoly esti- mated that tlie value of the home consump- lion per annum was .idy.ooo.doo, givin- a lol.-il of .s;-{4,0(l(),wo as the yield from less than half of tli.; Caiadian fisheries, exclusive ol the catch by for^iigu fisiieruion. The fish- eries on the Pacific coast are most valuable and extensive, but are yet only partly de- vel(>p..d. Tlio total pack of canned salmon m IJntish Colnmuia. in ISO;!, reached 3 million pounds and in 1,S94 the total pack of tlie province was -;!,027,140 one pound ( ans. DOMINION OF CANADA. Tha sea tisliedes are well-nigh inexhaustl- We-a fact attributable to the lishi's' foo.l suDply beini? brought down by the Arctic curreats from the uortlieru seas au.l rivers. This consists of living slime, formed of my- liads of minute creatures which swarm in the Arctic seas ami are deposited in vast acd ever-renewe'l quantities upon tlie tisliing grounds. Salt wat.n- lish.?s of nearly every viiriety are to be fcund along the Canadiiui o.asts. but the marine lisheries of greatest com- the value of the yiel.l of some of the prin- cipal fish has been : Cod. !i;i02,8i:$.832 ; her- ring .i!.->l,4'«.29S ; lobsters, $40,759,098; maclt- crel, irati.S ii.OOii ; salnon, $41,738,791; had- dock. '$12.(i90.522. MU'Jh actentiou has been of late years Siven to the development of the flsherles. 'Ihe Federal Govera.nont has granted a vearly sum of .n'lO.ODO as a bounty, to be divided, according to catch, among the ves- sels and b.)ats engaged in the prosecution of the s.vi lisheries. One result has been an merclal imimrt^ince are the i-oil, lierring, mackerel, lobster, salmon and seal. The fresh water lisheries are also of great importance, the immense lakes and rivers supply an abundance of fish of great eom- mercial value, both for liome oonsumi.tioii and export, besi.les providing sportsmen with some of tlie finest salmon and trout fisbir.r to be found anywhere. The Aalue of the yield of some of tiie principal fish in 189.5, was :-Cod. !i;:{,<);50,27tt ; salmon, $.3,732,717 ; herring, $2,800,551! ; lob- sters. $2,210,09(5 ; seals, $732,343 ; mackerel. $730,655 ; whiteflsli, $7(i7,307 ; trout, $702,.589. haddock, $422,053 ; hake, $190,890 ; halibiit^ $270,901. Between the years 1808 and 1895 increase in tlie number, and a great Im- provement in tlio build and outlit of Ashing vessels. It has also iirovideil fisli-breeding establishments, of which tliere are twelv.-. in (litfereut parts of the Dominion, and year- ly millions of Ush are hatched and placed in tiie rivers aii of the priu- !,8i;$.832 ; her- 759,098; luack- ,738,791 ; bail- of late years the flsherles. [vs granted a bounty, to be uiong tbe ves- prosuc'iitlou of ; has beeu au ml a great iui- oullit of flshiug leil lish-breediiii,' here are twelve, niuiou. and ywii- led ami placed in i sums of nioucy iu harbour iin •s. The priucipMl of St. Lawrence [ich other by land which means ii' of tlsh " strikes" lereby saving tin.' i of fruitless ex- The number of men, vessels, boats, and oak, butternut, basswood, poplar, chestnut, f.ithoins of nets employed in the lisheries, mountain ash, willow, black and white birch, iu 189"), are as follows :— j,nd olliers. FISHKKIKH 01' CANADA, ISfl"). I'unviNCKs. VksSKI.S AM) l!oA'l'> Nuiiil«'r. ^'alut■. Xovii Sooti.a New llniliswit'li PriiR'c Ivlwiini Island. Quclx't' jiritisli Coiiiiiibiii Ontai'io Miinitdlia Totiii lo.riSl r),(iG7 1.547 7.'-'.SIi L>.'t!l"i l,lL>!r Mkn. Xuiiilu'i i,r)L'!).,'i!ia 7i.i;<(t •_'L'(>,("W 7;«,;ii;i) .•m.i(i5 2,'),(>i:> io.:w.) ,s.7r),s 12,LM8 H.tS.-): ;{,L'5!I 1,58,-) Xkts. Otlier Fatlioiiis. Viiliie. Matcriiil. •S Si 35,48!)] 3,3,32,347 (1,334 2.3;{7,L'55 5(1S.:55I» .S5.7S3 .SUl.,S(i5 .SSO.llO .(14(1.473 32l',5((() ,5:{!»,2,S!) 3<«.144 3(i.4SO l.^(i,707 2'.h;,7(I(i 257.315 33,555 1,07 1.280 !l.S,S,(i34 372,02!» 421,!)28 1,054,375 240,025 (>0,(i34 G,042,33(i! l,713,li)0 4,208,311 These figures show a considerable increase on thrse of ten yj.irs ago ; but for the last few years they have not liuotuated much, owing to improved boats, with which more work can be done, being built to replace those formerly In use. Including weirs and other fishing iii;iteri;ds, the total value of the fishing " plant " m 1895 was $9,253,848. The forest products of C:in- The Forest, fida constitute one of her most important sources of wealtii. They find their way to all parts of the world - to the United States, to the United King- dom, to our iintipodes, tlie Australian col- onies, and to South America. The Canadian saw-milis ar > among the most extensive ;ind best iiiipointed iu tlie world. Tills industry in all its stapes employs a large nundier of men. as well as affording freiglit to railways and shipping. The forests of Canada are ricii with a gi'cat variety of trees, wliich are usefid fnr linuber of many kinds, for building pur- poses, for furniture, and, in many parts of Canada, for fuel. Among the varieties are the maple, elm, ash. cherry, beech, hickory, Ironwood, pine, Douglas fir, Alaska ced.-ir, Bpruce, balsam, red cedar, heudock, walnut. These exports include live anl- Animals mals, meat, butter, cheese, eggs, and their fur.s, hides, skins and wool, and Produce, form the largest item in tlie classification of the exports. It is a trade which has been largely the growth of recent years, and has been, generally speaking, a profit.able one for the farmers of the Dominion. In 1874 the total exports of cattle were 39.(!23 head, of which only 455 went to Great Britain. In IS'.td the number had increased to 104.451. of which 97.042, valued at over £1,400,000 sterling, M-ere ship- ped to Great Britain. When it is remember- ed that the United Kingdom requires to Im- l,ort over ,")00,()00 liead of cattle a year, the extent to which tiie Canadian cattle export business may be developed will be readily appreciated. In addition, the exports under this licad include 21.S.-i2 horses and ;i91.490 sheep. The cattle are of very good (piality, pedigree cattle in large numbers having been imported for many years for the improve- ment of tlie llocivs and herds. In fact, herds (if .Siiiirt horns. Ilerefords. Galloways. Polled .Vngus and ,I(>rseys, which will bear compari- son Willi those of any other country, are to be found in many parts of Canada. The sjime remark applies to horses and sheep. Great progress has been made in dairy farming in Canada, and the tendency is to- 22 DOMINION OF CANADA. wards improvement and economy of labour. The factory system has louj; been establish- ed in the old, and has been lately introducf.l in the new provinces. Canadian cheese car- ried off a very large number of the prizes offered at the World's Fair at Chica;.'o. The industries both of butter and clieese- malvins are largely carried on in Canada, and the exports of both products are very considerable. The export of Canadian cheese to the United King.lom has largely increased within the last feu years. In ISiu this ex- port was only l.r.77,027 pounds, ""f " ^Jf it was 1(54,410.940 pounds, valued at ^13,.)-4.- Q-i'y The total export of Canadian cheese to aUcountries in 1890 was 104,089,123 pounds, valued at !ri:!.9.-.t!.r,Tl, while that of the Tnit- ed States was :50,--7,291 pounds, valued at $3 091,914. Canada exported over ?10,8(K),- 000 more than the United States, thus lead- ing all cheese-exporting countries in the value of the export. Near the large towns marljet gardening is protitably carried on. A comparatively small capital is necessary, and with industry and perseverance, baclced by experience, a good Income Is assured. Poultry-raising is only beginning to be mucli attended to, prohaMy because poultry has been so cheap. In tlie course of time, however, as the market extends, and as means are found for exporting hens, geese and turkeys to Knglaad, henneries on a large scale will be establislied. The exp.irtatl.m has already begun. Tlie export of eggs has been a large trade for many years. The exports under tiiis Agricultural head include general farm Products. prjiduce and fruit. Having tlie advantage of a favour- able climate and a tortile : the country also occupies a place in the front rank, xiio Canadian exliibits of that class being tht best at the Antwerp Exhibi- tion, as testified by a committee of experts ; wh'le those who were present at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 188(5, and at the ("hicago Exhibition in 1893, will not readily forget the displays made in the agricultural class by the Dominion. ■I'lie growing of fruit, as well for home con- sumption as for exportation, is a very im- portant industry in Canada, and one whicii excites the wonder of new-comers. reoi)Ie wlio liave hoen accustomed to tliink of Can- ada, as described in the words of a French writer before the cession to Great Britain, as " a few acres of snow," are at first in- rmlnlous as to the extent and excel- lence of the fruits produci'd in a country whicli lias tlie summer skies of Italy ami France. The vineyards of Ontario cover (5.0(K» acres, and tliere are 2.000 persons di- rectly and indirectly engaged in viticulture ; some of these vineyards are from 50 to (H' acres in extent ; there are peach orchards of similar area, and apple orchards almost in- numerable. Strawberries are raised as a field crop. I'luius, pears, clierries, gooseber- ries, currants and raspberries are every- where produced in great abundance. The tomato, as already stated, ripens in the open jiir, and in great profusion. Melons also ripen in the open air, as a field or market garden cmp, and tliis delicious fruit is sold in large (luantities in the markets. ■i'lu- great wealth of Canada In fruits is a fact which is not only interesting to tlie in- U'liiiiiig settler as an industry, but as a cli- matic fact, the country in this particular be- ing imich aliead of the United Kingdom. It is especially interesting to the intending set- "■'% MANUFACTURES. ne at Agassiz, have already f the farmiug ly expected to re Is certainly Ida, au'l must anslderlng the ave still to be population of th of farm pro- their products, ts exported in e requirements ality of grains, a place in liie :liil)lts of that atwerp Exhibi- tee of experts ; at the Colonial S(5, and at the vill not readily he agricultural il for home cou- , is a very inl- and one whicii omcrs. People tliiuk of Gau- ds of a French Great Britain, are at first in- ut and excol- il in a country .'s of Italy and ; Ontario cover .(100 persons di- 1 in viticulture ; i from 50 to (11 > ;ach orchards of lards almost in- are raised as a crries, gooseber- ries are every- bundauce. Tin- pens in the open Melons also field or marliet ous fruit is sold [iriiets. da In fruits is a ■esting to the in- ry, but as a cll- lis particular he- ed Kingdom. It he Intending set- tler as a consumer, in that he can always obtain a supply of the healthful luxury of delicious fruits. In 1896 the export of apples amounted to 5(57,182 barrels, of which 504,(580 bnrrels went to Great Britain. In 1882 the export was 21."),52(! barrels, of which 130,848 barrels went to Great Britain. The growing of tobacco has been coiu- raenced in the Yale district, and a leaf dealer from San Francisco, to wlioni samples of the Canadian product were recently sidiniitled, has pronounced tliem flrst-elass. From half iin acre planted in 1804, 800 pounds df leaf were taken, and this has had the el'fect of greatly Increasing the interest of tlie I'esi- dents In the subject. The loeal manufac- turers are all agreed In the opinion that the soil of the province Is especially well adapt- ed for raising tobacco for cigar manufacture. According to present reports, as soon as the farmers u ider.stand the curing of the leaf they will have at theii' command a new and important sotu'ce of revenue. In the province of Quebec tobacco has been tultivated with success for many years, and the home-grown is almost tlie oul.v kind used by the naiiv(> I"'i'eiicli I'anadi.ins in the rural districts^. Mixed farming is generally eai'ried on, the growing of grain and fruit, stock-raising and dairy farming lieing more or less comliined. Of course, there are farms wliere the raising of cattle and horses is the sole industry, and the same may be sai0 3,988,001 9,891,510 51,262.435 3,712,40? 17,127,100 11,422.800 6,749,053 2,375,321 8,408,071 9,627.6.55 An Kll< 'I'cani. 24 DOMINION OF CANADA. Th- iroa indu^M-y Is an Important one. The trade and navigation returns of Can- All over Canada ther^ Is an abundance of ada for ISOO give the following particulars iron-iron of the highest grade, and irou of the vessels engaged in the sea-going, in- with less phosphorus than elsewhere on the land and coasting trade of Canada :- continent. There is also plenty of timber \.>. (if Ws.ii'is. Tonnage. and coal in Canada, and with these natural advantages, extensive means of communica- tion by ra Iway and canal and accss to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, new and varied manufactures are sure to spring into exis- tence. The principal general manufactures are ' ^ ^ , ^, ^ , „ i,ot confined to any one part ; they are to It may b. stated that nearly 69 per cent be found in most of the older provinces on of the whole of the water-borne trade was Sea-gi)in? 1 29.802 Iiilanil I 35,182 Coastlrig ! 125,017 I 11,458.S24 10,411,049 27,431.75,1 a larger or smaller scale. Closely connected with the Shipping, trade and commerce of Canada is the shipping interest. The fol- lowing is the total number of vessels (sea- ,. _ . going and Inland) arrived at and departed ^inee, special chapters dealing with the pro- from Canadian ports (exclusive of coasting vinces are appended to the remarks upon the vessels) in each year since 1877 :— Dominion as a whole. SHIPPING, CANADA. done under the BWtish fiag, which includes, of course, the vessels on the Dominion register. I'^or those who desire more detailed in- formation concerning any particular pro- BunisH. Canai)I.\n. KoHKIllX. Yk.\h. Total Tonnage. No. Tons Register. No. Tons Kegister. No. 1 'I'ons Kegister. 1877 2,9(13 2,210,510 24,.38(1 4,104,92(1 19.304 4.709,802 ll,0!l!>,244 187S 2,9,")4 2,294,(188 2(1,8.50 4,883,802 18,223 4,870,340 12,0.54,8iH) 1870 2,018 2,1,55,444 27,418 ,5,053,1,3!) 17,8o5 4,440,22!! 11,040,812 1880 2,990 2,(142,935 33, ((77 0,77!l.9O3 l(l,8(l!l 4,154,!I47 13,577.845 1881 3,707 3,520,005 31, .595 5,894.039 18,14!t 4,381,788 13,802,4.32 1882 3.335 3,104,8,39 33,007 5,722,.3!)!» 18.078 4,4!t2.044 13 37! 1,882 18S,S 3,403 3,001,071 31,332 5,8,30,8.58 1 20.095 4,932.8(10 13,770,735 1884 3,327 3,257,219 31,200 ,5,! 13! 1,731 ' 2il„50!l 5,102,070 I4,3.5!(,020 1885 3.219 .3,(107,314 29,438 (1,43S,7,50 18,4!l-i 4,(138.048 14,0.84,712 188t) 2,9(;o 3,101,285 30,1111 5,!I43,341 19.3.57 I,!I24,(10(1 13,!i0!t,232 1887 2.079 2,057,(119 30,9(10 0,245,032 24,2!M1 5.187,747 14,0!lO,it!t8 188S .3.31(1 3.320,417 33,395 (1,182,0!(7 27..592 .5.708.1!)4 1.5,217.308 188!) 3,3(»r> 3,333,079 34,504 0.030,032 27,188 0.085,110 10,054,221 1890 .3,071 ,3,017.013 38.222 7,70!M33 30,, 532 7.119,!I54 18,440,100 1891 . . 3,483 3,523,2.38 35,007 7.510,045 30,179 7,70.3,705 18,S03,(148 1892 3,402 3,580.335 32,944 7,031.430 2S,!I!I7 7,474.i.!)0 18,(1!»2.4.55 189.3 3,271 3,780.915 33.034 7,2!)8,151 2(1,870 7,10".4(ls 18,.53!t,534 1894 3.381 4 140,045 34,719 8,S51,220 27,90(1 7.!(.5.5,210 2((. 3,53, 081 189.') ., . 3,200 3,994,22 J 29,784 7,250,835 27,2!lil 7,85.5,!III4 l!(,100,!t03 1890 3,220 4,385,055 31,597 7,404,532 .30,101 10,01'0,8,SO ' 21,870,473 On The 3lst December. 189."), tiiere were on the registry boolis 7."2(i2 vessels witli a regis- tered net tonnage of 82.'5,837 tons. Of these 1.718 were steamers. Assuming tlie average value to be .i<3() per tin, the value of the registered tonnage of Canada would be .1:24.775,110, Canada stands fourth among maritime countries in tonnage of shipping own(>d and registered in the country. PERSONS WANTED IN CANADA, AND IMMIGRATION THAT IS NOT ENCOURAGED, As this pamphlet is lllvcly to be largely (ciisulted by tliose who desire, from some (.'iuse or otlier, to leave Great Hrit;iin and seeli new liomes, it is well to specify dis- tinctlv the classes recommended to go to Canada, and tlio openings tliat exist for them. AORIGULTURISTS. urns or Can- ^ paiticuliirs lea-going, in- ida :— I '!"( iiiiiage. 11,45S.S24 10,411,049 27,431,75,3 G9 per cent le trade was lich inolndos, le Dominion detailed in- rticular pro- witli the pro- irks upon the 'I'otal Toiniagi'. I-J ll,o!il",244 10 lL'.0.'">4,Si)0 .".( ll,(;i(;,S12 17 lH,r.77.S4,") ■iS 18,SOL>,4;iL' 14 lH,:f7'.l,HS2 k; i.s.77o,7;r) ■f> 14,av.l,02() IS 14,()S4,712 M'l i;i.!i(i'.t,2;i2 i: 14,0'.H),'.I!IH M i:.,2ir,»>8 1(1 Ji;,(K-)4.221 ")4 1S.44(;,10() 15 lS,S0.'i,(14H JO is,(;!i2.4r>.-) is is,.-)H'.>,r):u 10 20,H.")8,OS1 14 l<.i,i(»o,<.H;:t HC ' 21,870,473 < 3ANADA, rH AT IS EI D. to be largely e, from some t ] iritain and ^l)eeify di.s- i- upon farminr' pursuits. Before this Is done experience sticuld be ac(iuired, oitiu>r by hiring oneself out, as a laboun^r, or gain ing experience in some other way. Tlien. wlien the nece-iS:try knowledge has l)(>eii oli- lainel. a firm m.ay either be renlcd. pur- cli.'ise'l or taken up as a free grant. (See tlie laud regulations of tiie various provinces.) You ig men should go to Manitoba, the Xorth-west or British Columbia. Older men with a ca:)ital and young families, slioidd or away from railways, is attended with a cirtain amount of Inconvenience and an ab- s( nee of tliose social surroundings which nii'y 1)0 ol)1,Tined in the older settled parts of th}se and other pi-ovi)ices, and tl)is fact slioiil 1 be borne in miud by those who are considering the subject. It is difficult to lay down a hard and fast rule as to the am jiint of capital necessary to stai-t farming. Tlie answer depends upon t!ie oiergy, experience, judgment and enter- prise of llie person who is to spend the money, tli » province selected, whether free j;)-ant land is to bi taken up or an impi'oved farm rented or purchased, and many other details. It may safely be said, however, tliat if a man has about £100 clear on land- ing he is In a i)osition to make a fair begin- ning on free grant land in Manitoba and the North-^west, though not on a large seals. It shoidd be remembered, however, that numbei's of prosijerons men have begun life v' liard Avork and surrotmdings more or less insepar able from a farm labourer's life, have no difficulty in getting employment in the spring ; aad tiie agents of tlie Government in Canada Avill assist them as far as possible in doing so, Avithout charge, althougii. of course, without accepting any direct respon sibility. Being without experience, tliey will not get much wages at the commencement of their employment, but as tliey aciiuire skill they will be able to command remuner- ation iu proportion to tlie value of their AAork. Great care should be exercised in deciding ♦vlietliei- the yotmg men are suited to tlie life that is proposed. Hard work is necessary. and very often tlieir mode of living mny lie entirely .-iltered. They must bear in mind two things— tliat they must do wlint tliey iire told, and that they must pick up tlieir knowl- edge from experience. Miiny persons have gone out in this way witii good results, but there are others who have I'aiied. beca.ise they have not pniiieriy understooil cdlmiliil life, or were uulitted for it. 'I'lie ndvice of one of the Government agents should be ol)- tained before a final decision is arrived at. Tliere is also the nltiTnatlve farms of their own in some of the fin- est parts of the Dominion. This result, how- ever, does not niturally follow iu every cas(>, but is the consequence of work, energy, in- telligence, perseverance and thrift, which are elements ne<'essary to ensure success in every eouiitry. Market 'iiirdeiiers. gardeners, and persons understanding tlie care of horses, cattle and sliet'p, may also be advised to go out. But tliere is n.) opening I'or farm managers or bailiffs, as Canadian farmers, as a rule, sup- ervise their own lioldings. and pers(mally take part iu the work. In every city, town Domestic Service and village, female and other Callings domestic servants can for Females. readily tind empioy- iiieiit. Tlie wages are good, the riiiidPious of service are not irk- some, and comfortable homes are assurel. lidiiiestie servants should go at once on tlieir arrival to the nearest (JovernuKMit agenr. Thes(( gentlemen will give I he best an wages ar.' are not irk- are .issurel. once on their inient agent, est and most ftcn have hi lations ; and 1 Indies' coin- he benefit ss proceeding to join friends wlio tary and civil services of the Dominion. No will 1)0 al)ie to help them in getting employ- ment. encouragement is held out to sucli persons to go out to the Dominion, especially in cases M'liere immediate employiucnt is desired. Tliere are always openings and opportuni- ties for men of exceptiomd abilities with a spective trades and ''*'^1*-' capital, but, generally spealdng, the kinds of work before l>rofessional and so-called lighter callings in going out. Speaking generally, unless they <-''i"!itla are in very mucii the same position intend to farm they are not advised to come ^'^ *''*^y ^^'^ '" *''^- ^^"ited Kingdim, the lociii These are advised to Mechanics, General obtain special inforni- Labourers and ation as to their re- Navvies. to Canada. Railway Employees. The demand fo- such per- sons in Canada is not great, .■iiid is (>!ivily mot by tlio sup- ply ill the country. supply of men being greater tlian the de- mand. The system of education Schoolmasters iu force in tlie dilferent and Teachers. provinces of Canada in- cludes tiie tialning of Clerks, shop jissist- teachers for elemontfiry positions. The ants, and persons de- higher appoiiitincnts iiio gcnerjilly tilled by siring such situations gr.aduates of Canadian L'nlversities, or are advised not to graduates of English Universities wlio may cniigrfite unless pro- liave settled in tlie Dominion. Tlie certifl- coedlng to appoint- cates obtained l)y teaciiers in the United ments already secured, or to join friends. Kingdom are availnlile in CiUiiida. when en- Any demand for lal)our of these kinds Is dorsed by tlie Minister of Education iu the Clerks, Draughtsmen, Tele- graphists, Shop Assistants, etc. fully met on the spot. The emigration of children Child (unless accompanying their Emigration, families) is not encouraged, unless tliey go under the sup- ervision of some society or individual hav ing liomes in Orejit Britain and in Canad.a, wlio will look after thein until tliey are able province in wliicli the liolder desires to re- side. Xo ditliculty, liowever, is found in securing persons on tlie s[)ot to till the vacan- cies tliat occur, and no one is advised to go out on the diiince of obtaining a situiilion of tills kind. The Civil Apiiointments in tlie Dominion Civil Service in Canada are not to take care of themselves, and wlio M'ill be Service of subject to public competition, re.'jponsible for placing them in situfitlons. Canada. Applicants are, however. re(piir- All children .sent out must lie liealthy (and cd to undergo a qualifying e.K- possess medical certltic.ates to tliat effect), inuination. I'ublic e.\-aniinations are held yearly in the princiiial cities of tlie Donilii- Tnn,a+ , '"Y ^^ '^•■""'^ ^'"'^ *'"' '""■ ••'t "■•'»■" '■MU.li.lMtes a.v ivquired to pre- WoSoL! ^■"•^■■;'tion of the inmates of „„, themselves. Vacancies in the public Workhouses. workhouses, rofiier, is not em.'ouraged l)v t leC^'uvifii'in (Jovevnnionf rr,,„ » " ".> '"( '.an.uiiau iuiiMiers. The number of (imililied caiidi- o unment. Ihe same remark applies to .,,,es is alwavs much greater than the num- ■.my per,«ons who are not able to produce ,,„, ,„. vacancies. DOMINION OF CA NA l>A Persons qualilit'tl to I'l'n*'- Civil Engineers tiso in the United Kin«.l...n and "(.iil.l not lind any «lilli- Architects. culty in tlu- w:.y ..f tlieir (loins so in CnniKlii, i>nt these professions do not ofToi" many opeuinns at tlio present time. Laufl surveyors coming Into Surveyors. Canada are del)arred Ironi en- tering on tiio iuiinediatc prac- tice of their profession. Tiiey are reciulred to pass an examination prescril)ed l)y tlie Canadian laws and to serve one year in tlie field before practising on tlicir own account. ADVICE FOR INTENDING SETTLERS. The lirst general advice to Government bo given to the intending Agents. settler before he starts, or to any oue after arrival in Canada, is that he should apply to tho nearest agent of tlie Government he can tind for any Information or advice he may desire to obtain, and he may always rely on tlie perfect honesty of any statement made to him by any Government agent. In the United Kingdom all arrangements for emigration to tiie Dominion ara placed under tlie direction of the Hirh Commis- sioner for Canada. The following is a list of the Canadian Government agents ; - LONDON — The High Commissiouer tor Canada, 17, Victoria Street, S. W. do — Mr. J. G. Colnier, Secretary, High Commissioner's Office. LIVERPOOL— Mr. Alfred Jury, 1."), Water St. GLASGOW— Mr. H. M. Murray, 32, St. Enoch Square. DUBLIN— Mr. rharles R. Devlin, Commissioner of Immigration for Ireland. The agents of the steamsliip companies are nearly all supplied witli paiiiiiiilets. maps, and reports issued by tlie Canadian Govern- ment. Information in regard to all questions affecting free homesteads and immigration matters may be obtained I v addressing the Secretary of tho Department of the Interior, Immigration Brancli. Ottawa, or Mr. W. F. McCreary, of Winnipeg, Manitoba. The following is a list of I lie places at whicli the Depirlment of llie Interior has agencies :— HALIFAX, Nova Scotin. ST. JOHN. New lirunswlck. QliEHRC. I'n.vlncc of Quebec. MONTREAL "» WINNIPEG, Manitoba. ItRANDON do MINNI^IXSA do LAKE DAUPHIN, Manitoba. VORKTON, Asslnlliola. REGINA do KSTEVAN do LETIIBRIDGB, Alberta. CALGARY do RED DEER «1<' WATASKIWIN do EDMONTON do I^ATTLEFORD, Saskatchewan. PRINCE ALBERT do KAMLOOPS. British Columbia. NEW WESTMINSTER do Tho offlcers of the Department at those points will afford tho fullest advice and pro- tection. Tliey should be immediately applied to on arrival. .Ml complaints sliould be ad- dressed to them. Tlioy will also furnish in- formation as to lands oiien for settlement In tlieir respective provinces and districts, farms for sale, demand for emiiloyment, rates of wages, r(uites of travel, distances, expenses of conveyance, ind all other mat- tors .if inlerest to settlors, and will receive and forward letters and romittancos for set- tlors. &c. TIii> Dominion Government Employment has ostablislied an Employ- Bureaux, niont Bureau under tlio man- agement of the otlicor In charge lit eacli of the Agency points in Canada inoiitioucii iiliovo. The olijoct cliietiy aimed at in tills ostiililisiiment. is to facilitalo coiii- municiition between persons seoicing worlc :iiid those wlic may have need of tlieir sel'vices. No fees will be charged either to employ- ers or those seeking work. Ciiuada is provided with a Quarantine, well-considered system of quarantine. The chief stations are ostablislied at Grosso Isle, in tho lUvor St. liawrence ; Ilalifiix, N.S.. and William Head. B.C. There are minor stations at St. .lolin, N.B. ; Chatham, N.B. ; Pictou, N.S. ; Sydney, C.B. ; Port Ilawkesbury, N.S. ; IMMKiRAXT STATIONS IX CAXADA- iti'i'iof has )la. It nt those ce nnrt pro- toly applied ould bo ai- funiisli m- >ttloinont m 1 districts, luployniont, I, distances, other roat- will receive U'l's for set- fiovornnient 111 Kinidoy- ■r tlio iiian- :er in charKo in Canada liiclly aimed L'ilitato com- ekinK worlv a of llieir r to omploy- dod witli a system of hlef stations iu tlie lUver ind William ations at St. Mctou, N.S. ; iHiry, N.S. ; and Cliaiiotletown, P.E.I. Every niarltlrae port is also constituted wliat is called an uu- orKanized (piarantine station, tlio Colioetor of CustoiiiH Ijt'iliK tlie (piarant'iK'oilifer, with power to employ a medical man in case of any vessel arriving witli iufeetions disoase or well-founded suspicion of disoaso from an infected port. At tlie iiilaiKi ports all Col- loctors of Customs are (piarantine otHcers, with similar dutios to thoso of the collectors at the maritime ports. Tiie system pursued consists in taking oil" tlic sloli from the ves- sels or train in the event of sudi arriving, and carliiff for the patients Iu hospital. Tlie vessel, dothlnj;, luKnafie and ship's dunnage are disinl'eotcd liy tiie prot-ess of steam, the dio.xide blast and tlie blclilorlde niereurle drencli. After disinfection the vessel is given praticpie. In the event of a vessel arriving witli serious disease at any of the unorgaiilzed quarantine stations, it wouhl be sent to tlie nearest organized quarautlue sta- tion, where there are the necessary disin- fecting appliances. Quebec and Halifax are tlie Immigrant principal ports of entry in Stations in c.mada for colonists, and Canada, tlie Government at these points maintains establishments for their receptkm and projicr ciro immediately on arrival. They can at these stalioa.s pur- chase tickets for any points iidand to wliicli they may desire to go, and obtain iiiejils or provisions for use on the railway tniiiis on very reasonable terms, under ariangeineiits made by the Government, iind supervised by Government otticials. If they are |.i'ovlded with through tickets before sailing, which Is strongly advised, tlieir steamship ticl<(.ts are e.vchauged at these stations. All tlicir lug- gage is landed and passed througli the cus- tom-ho.ise. an 1 all immigrants effects in use enter duty free. The following is an extract from tlie Cus- tom tariff of Cana,la. specifying the articles that can be so entered :— Settlor:, housi'lioh of tiiuic, iiislnime wi-iicrs, Vfliiclfs ilio scltl I'l'iiioval «'■ articl iiiK ista I'iclurffi KIT('(!ts, viz. :— Wearing apparci, 1 furnilmo, books, iiiiploint'Mls itml tods octupatioti or employment, kuiks, musical Ills, domestic .seivinR machines, tyjie- livo stock, l)icyclcs, carts ami otlier and aKrlcultural imi)k>ments iu use hy Icr for at least six months liet'ore his to ("auada ; not to Include machinery, '.s Imported for use iu any manufactur- blishmeut, or tor sale ; also hooks, family plato or furniture, ])ersonal eftects and heirlooms left by bequest ; provided that any dutiable articles entered as settlers* effects may not be so entered unless brought with the settler on his first arrival, and shall not bo sold or otherwise disposed of without payment of duty, until after twelve months' actual use In Canada ; provided also, that under regulations n:ade by the Controller of Customs, live stock, when impoited Into Manitoba or the Nr)i-th-\v.;.l Tcrrlt')ries by intending settlers, shall be tree until t therwise (.rdered by the Governor In Cuncll. Immigrants may mall lett(>rs or send tele- grams to their friends from tliese stations ; and they may tilso exchange any money they may bring witli them for the currency or money of the country, without suffering any Ic^s in diff.M-ence of values in tliese transac- tions, tlie Governinent ollicials sui)ervlslng everytliing under rules, by which they are guided, from the Department at Ottawa, The laws passe 1 by rhe Canadian rarlli- meiit contain strict provisions for tlie prj- ttctioi of immigrants, and for imposing severe penaltU>s for all attempts to practise imposition upon them. Generally speaking the best The Time to time to emigrate, for all Emigrate. classes, is the early spring. Th3 agricultural labourer will then Iind his services in deniaiKl in the busy period tlmt always comes during seed time in Caiijida : tind the agriculturist who in- tends to tike up hind for himself will arrive; a I the beginning of tiie season's ojierations. Tlie agriculturist who goes to ^Manitoba may, by g-'tting in a crop of oats or potatoes dur- ing til- month of May or the first week in .huie, contribute greatly to the supjiort of luins.df and family during tlie (irst year. Or iigalu. if the agricultural labourer arrives in su inner, about harvest time, lie will find gieat loniiind and high wages for his services during tlu! harvest months, and he will have i'(. diiliculty in getting on well from this [dint. The fani.er, too. who desires to take up hind, if he comes in the summer time lujiy sie the crops growing, and may thus have an oi)port unity to choose at leisure the most adviintage>uis loc.ition. In Manitoba and the \ortli-west the summer and autumn n-.oiit!is jirj the best for moving about the country in search of land— or, as it is com- monly calleil. "land hunting" for a suital)!.^ si'ot on which to settle. Having selected it. he may proceed to erect his Inaise .•aid make preparations for living over tlie winter ; and, if he means to do tills, he may make his jjj DOMINION OF CA XA IKA . , fw,^ In ti,o Morini: The paHsm?e luc-lu.les all provisions. Twenty .,art with srea advautage In the .sptin, ^^^^^^^^^\^ ^^^^^^^^ ,, ^,,,,,,,, f,ee of from being on the spot. ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^,^1^^^^^ 2^^^^,^ ,„ ^.^pji mter No person other than <1oniestic servants j^^^^^,^^,, „,„, ^^..j to each steoraKe pasaenRoi-. are advlse.l to Ro to Canada (UulnK the ^ ^^^^^ ^.^ ^^^^^^ ,,,j,^, o f^et broad and 2 feet xvlnter, unless proceeding to Join friends, ^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^,^, ,^^. ,.,|„„, t„ ^^mi cubic feet. ,. -rU ,s not - --^'^,;r':::f':t''oS The steern.o passenger, being well pro- arrivals .luring that scasou as ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ Htoamsldps of the times of the year. .n-mHiKil lines, neod not thinit of supplying The intending emigrant wil ^^^^J^^^,^^^ ^^,,^, ,„,y ,„„,i „f p,ovislons. OceanFares. ;;>;-fj;;;:, .;;::-;:,";;;rr ,-,.> roi„..ing are tho railway fares, for l.illsoradv>rtlson.>nts vvhleh are now gen.r- nnlgv^nts l;ool;ing through from Kurope, lo V il^lis ,'ed • and he will also find by the „.,„« of the principal centres ol empU.yn.ent Inmnunns the rates of passage-cabin, in- i„ the Dominion, from Quebec :-Monln.al. Mime mums ^ _^ ^^^ _ Sherbroolce, 10s. Od. ; Ottawa. 17s. ,',(1. ; I'Clngston. ISs. ; Toicpnlo, £1 "s. !)d. ; Hamilton. £1 7s. lid. ; LoikIom. II VJs. -Sd. ; ; Uegina. i'.^ ll!s. Id. ; Kdmunlon, £■"» "s. Id. ; v.iiK'onver £10 Kis. Od." Children between omp.anies ; uui meru inv- .... ..-- - \.iniou\..„.o • , „ ., „„ VI and 5 vcars of age are charged iiall price , The Government does not now offe v ^- • ^^^^ ,,,,.^. ,.,,,„.„. Histed passages to any class ol emigrants^ U;sc n^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ,..,o,„momled to taUo All are re.iuired to pay the onUmiry i^ U^ -^ ,,.Uels iV.... Croat Hritain to .heir charged by the steamship companies, ban- '-' ^ ,,^,„,„,^, ,.,„,„ „>e steamship .rants are also '-l"'-> '" -^j;^ ;;^:^ ^ ^ ^ .. wi.o, by an arrange.nent with pay their lallway tares tn.m the .o, o ,„„„p,,i,s. issue rail tickets as landlag to their destinations, ami to pio- '' • |,^^.,^ vide their own food. Emigrants must, there- ^^' " •«- "^ •'" fore, have enough money for such expenses in addition to their ocean passage, ami 1" tcrn.ediate and steerage. '!'he cost ot reaclt- ing Canada varies from time to tlmo-cabin. £10 10s and upwards ; Intermediate, £(i ; Ktoerago, V-S to i\, being the usual rales Winnipeg, C'J Os. Id though subject to change by tiie steamslup calgary, £1 l!>s. ;!d. companies ; but there are no free passages. 'I'lie Canadian I'acKic Railway has a cou- in addition to their ocean passage, ami to unnoMs ii le from (Mcbec. on the Atlantic, provile bo.ird and lodging untd tiiey can to Viuicoiiver on tlie racilic. Trains leaving ..i-,vmont Tt niiiv be stated that; (),,,.i„>c sav on -Monday, arrive at Winnipeg QiielK'c say on -Monday, arrive at Winnipeg in tiie afternoon of Thursday, anil at Van- iiau^..-.i !...<=.. - --- X cuiive-.' on the following Sumlay. The fares to emigrants proceeding to the Dominion, c-oui (^i(>!)ec tt. Winnipeg and westward _. , 1... »r.c.^i.4^n it^nil ^\\T itinilit'V !1 1 tilt' Ji., procure employment. It may be stated that; some of the British railway companies olTer rtducid rates to the ports of embarkation These may be assortaiued by inaniry at the include the colonist sleeping cars passenger agencies and railway booking otll- ces. The Canadian Pacitic Hallway also offers a special rale to emigrants from Que- bec, Montreal or Halif.ix to Manitoba or other points In the west. Inquiry is often made whether there is any system in operation by widcli money is As soon as llie coh)nist gets During the on bo;iid tlie sieamsliip he Passage, shoul l make himself acciuaint- ed with the rides he Is expected tu olicy wii'dst at sea. These are always dis- played in several parts of llic vessel. He any system in operation by wiilcli money is j^ij,,iild do his best to observe tiiem. He will advanced by the Government for the pass ^j^,,,^ ;„|,i ,„jt only to his own comfort, but « . . . _ ,_ «1, .r,,. +1.^..^ 1..1 . . 1 1 . . ¥ 1? 1. . .1 I.I age of labouring persons, such as tho.se re ferred to in this pamphlet, to be repaid after arrlvil in Canada. It is therefore as well to say plainly that there is nof. To secure a berth in the steamers It Is necessary to thus add not only to his own comfort, but also tliat of tiiose around him. If he shouhl have any grievance or real cause of com- phiint during the iia.ssago he should at once r,iak(! it known to the captain, who will i'.aturally seek to have Justice done, as well send a deposit of £5 for a saloon passage ard fl for an intermediate or steerage pass- * Theso ratrs are subject to altovatinn from age. to th.i steamship company or to the time to inne, and from HaHfax age. to th.i steamship company or to the time to inne, and from Halifax ar.. lusher to "^ . , \ , . , , ,. .<. points cast of Torcnto ; to Toronto and points apent, the reraamder ty be paid before the ^^^^ ,,,^,y ^^.^ the same from Halifax as tiom passengers go on beard. ^uel.'cc LUaOAdE. 18. Twenty Ml free of I'at'h Inter pnsaoiiKor. tiixl 2 feet feet. well pro- Ips of tlK- supplying; )visloiia. fares, for Europe, ti» mployineiit -Montreal, ttawa, 17s. I 7s. 0(1. ; 1 12s. S.I. ; { Ids. 1(1. ; £,". 7s. 1(1. ; '11 betwi'en half price ; o. rasscii- il to tiiko liii to their stoaiiisliip ■iiicnt Willi 1 tlelu'ts as lias a cou- 10 Atlautle, liiis leaving t Winnipei; nd at Va'i- Tlie fares westward olonist KUt*^ 'iiiiiship he If acquaint- is expected always dis- vessel. lie 111. lie will oiiifort, but ;f lie should ise of com- )uld at once I, who will Due, as well ovation from r.i! higher to o and points itax as from ■ as for his own Interest as for thai of his (iliip a»i(l Ills employers. The master of the ship Is resiionsible for my iiv'Rleet or bad condncl on (he part of the sDjwards, or ,'iny of the olllcers, or th'^ crew. All steiunshlps cnrryiii),' emigrants have doctovs on board ; and In case of sl( U less any enil);rant will receive medical care and niedlc'ne, with such comforts as may be considered necessary by the doctor, free of cessary articles, as these. 1 esidos causing them a great deal of trouble, may In the end cost a great deal more than lliey are worth. On the stmmship bills the passenger will lii'd stated how m my cubic feet of lugga>,'e will be carried free on board. It imiy, how- ever, bappon that the number of cubic feet which the ste luiahip will allow Is very much litavlei- thai the blO potuid weiglit allowed le each passenger on the W(>sterii railways. The railways In Canada are very liberal ill dealing with emig.Miit luggage and will let pass anything that Is not very much ouf cf the way. On some railways, however. the luggage Is weighed, and anything in ex- cess of 150 potind.s [ler i>assenger is liable to I'C cliarg(Hl for. A family or party goln^ together may have their luggage all weighi'd together and no charge will be made unless iliere is an excess above an aggregate of 1."iO iiounds for each. The Canadian I'aciiic l.'Milway allows .'{OO pounds for each adult vm\ii we.-ft of Winnipeg, but not beyond • 'Mlgary. Many li."ivy liiiiibeiiiig tilings si inelimes carrli? 1 by colonists are not "•( rtli i)ayiiig the excess of freight for, and i:ni be better and more cheaply imrchased on arrival at their destination. Tlie luggage liiiil boxes or trunks of i^yy^ry passenger should have fh- inme of the owner painted Uj'oii them, and in aMition be labelled witii his name and d jstUmt'jn. The rea.son for tills precaution Is that If labels only are imed they are som. •times washed olT Ihrongli the liimk being exposed io rain befor(> embarka- tion or nibbed oil' by challng against som.( other box and the identity of the piece of baggage Is hist. Labels may be obtained from the steamship comp.any. Padlocks s^honl 1 be avoided, us Uiey are liable to be bioken off. All heavy luggage ,iiid boxes are stowed away in the hohl, but the colonist should put in a separa*:e and small iiackage the things he will roipilre fo- use (Ui the voyage ; tliese he should ke sp by him and take iutii his berth. Col mist sometimes suffer gr(>at loss and irconveiiienee from hising their luggage. They shoiiM, therefore, be careful not tii lose .sight of it until it Is put on shipboard ; it is then perf(>«.-t!y safe. Upon arrival In Canada it will be passed by the Customs (>IIicers and put into what Is called the " bag- gage car" of the railway train, where it is " checked " to its (lestiuati(m. This means that tiiore is attached to each article a little l»icce of in.,>tal witli a number stamped on it, while a corresponding piece, similarly numbired, is given to the passenger to Iceej) until his destination is reached. Tlie railway is tlien restioujible f.n- the safetv of his luggage, and will not give it up "until ho sliows his ••cheek." This custom has great safety as well as convenience. The colonist should taiie What to Take, nitli iiim as good a supply of strong, warm clothing as he can. Woollen clothing and otlier kinds of wearing apparel, blankets, house liu^n, A:e. are generally cheaper in Kngland than iii Canada. (Jeur.'rally, all bedding sliouhl be tidven, and the cover ticks of the beds, but not the malerials with which they are stutfed, as these would be too bulky, and can be reidily obtained on arrival. Many of the household necessaries which I lie emigrant possesses he might do M-eil to bring, and they may prove very useful ; but still it is advisable to consider well the weight and bulk, and how far it is worth while. Articles of household furniture, crockery, stoves, or heavy articles of hardware should DOMINION OF CANAIhi. be left behind or hhUI, except In Bome cli- cuniHtanceK for Hpecliil reiiHonH wlili'li Hie lolon'.Ht will c-)usl(lor. It niUHt be lioiiie In mliul tliftt Hueh iirtk-les are very Ihible to Uroakiijse. 08i)eeliilly on lon« railway Jour neys to the west. AKrtcultiirnl Inboin-ers slioiild not brlnn nny of their toolH with them as these ean be easily ^ot In Canada, of the li<>st Kinds, and suited to the needs of the emintry. arison with sterling Is subjoined, which will at once en- able the reader to understand, In sterling, values stated In dollars aiul cents ; and the newly-arrived Immigrants will have but little dhUculty in nuisterlng the system. Sfi i/iiiii 'mill Ihillitf' null Ci III". ids. '/id. sterling is 01 1(1. do 02 Is. do 24 ■: I (If 4 86 /)(///f(/N ((//(/ (,'i ///.< ////(/ Sli r/iii'i. i a. d. 1 cent is O'A : dollar is 4 IVa 4 dnlliiiH nre 16 5V4 ,"> do 1 CVi Tor small change, the halfpenny sterling Is one cent and the i)enny stiMiing, two cents. For arriving rougiily at tiie approximate value of larger figures, the pound sterling may be counted at live dollars. Tlie sign $ is used to Indicate tiie dollar. () dnn^t'i* of M me lii'tter rdcr may ho !lon In (Jan- vo\ixi\ coins •aluf, wlik'h iii){M, tliiriiifl, will lo.HC u imdlau c-ur- aoiiilnntlouH niul <'outH, xiikIh, hIiIII- i« systt'in of 111, Is much lilllliiKH and all ovor tho nrlsou with at onco on- In Btetilug, :8 ; and tho ve bi:t littlo \. i cts. 01 02 24 4 8(i i a. (1. ... O'l. ... 4 IVi ... 16 51/4 ... 1 6Vj ■ stt'iilnf? is , two cents. iliprK.xiinato nid slcrllnK Tho sii.Mi $ i ■Si' m^S^ a 6 '=5 riiiiilntftdwii. I'.K.i. PROVIXCH or PRIXCi: i:i)\VARI) ISLAM) ^' IJIXr,, KI.WAK,. ISLAM.. ,h.. 1 -n-n,,! Ilu.v to mm oLvaiMM, n.vor oxm.,1- |(^g^. sm.-.llost ,.!■ ilu. i.n.vi-i.vs nf 11, • i,,^^ .-,(.(. r..,.l nimv,. tho sea. Tho s-rncry ^J^]f^% '*'""'"'"" '"" '""""'•■•I' i^ situalc.l ..,.r.v !ini<-li iv<,.nil.I,-s (haf .n' Kii-laiul • .,11(1 '^P^ '" ""■ ^"""'"■'•" I""'' •"' ""' <■""' l'""HslHn- h.,in..st,.:i,|s aiv to 1„- ruun.l fliU- '^J^'^ "' ^'' ''''''■'■''"••'•• ■'""' '^ .^''Pitnit- !.>• .-^.MtK-nMl in ,.v,-y ,,..,rt ..nh,. island ■•'i6^=^|T^, <>il rniiii Nciva Scolia and New 1*^^ r.ruhswick l.v tlic XorilinnilHT- „ *'" ""lic.'itlon with 'l5^J~ l.'"id Straits. xvi.iH, varirs (v>>ui Communication, tl,,. mainland is nmin- -'■ -■ Mine to lliirtv miles in width. In tamed diiriiij,' (he i eriol shapo it taiios th(> r,.rrn of an invirnlar civs- "' '"■■'•""i'>' '"i viu;iii.).i ,,.x a lino of sioamors cent, (■..iicavrd towards the iiorili. ineasur- '""""';' "i- ''='i'.v \\ifh lu.rfs in X„va Scotia in- in Icimth 1.-,(» miles, and. l.eim;- .leepl.v ''' . ■^''^'' '^i"'"'^^^i''U. iiiid tlms with tho indented at man.v points h.v larn'e l)a.vs and |."''.""''' ''■''"'ly systems of Cana.la and the inlets, varies in width from f.mr t,. ihirl.v ""' '^'•"''^- '''•■"i'-^lit ;ind pass(.iii;er slciun- iiiilcs. It <-oiitaiiis an area of L'.udit sipiaiv '■"■ '''"""'''' "'•'•I^I*' with <.'■' "iH' Halifax and lation at (lie last census (is;il) was liiiMiTS. '""'"'' '" ""' ^"""'- ''''"' i^l.ni.l has also ■ -vei- -110 miles of rriihva.v in operation S"en from the water, (lie ai) i ii'iiiuMn- i, .,,:,,.■ ^'-ry- ' "" ' '•;:-;■ -'»»- - «--^-T;:::z:r:::: '::!;- ^:^::^ land is e.xccedinirl.v pi('|>osscs- .i ,,,i,i.||,, ,,,• .,,,.;. ,, , ' '""'iii ,. , ,, "" '" ' '" -Vpiil. Between lhes(> monllw I'l-, '»n aoproiehinu: (he coas( (he eoimdy ,. niiMi,..ifioM !•,,,• . ■noniiis ' . , iHlliK.ilion IS C'lrried on widi the nenti ;,!inrd. a rhannin^- piclniv oi enltivathm I.Ni.d l..v a steani .r spe,.iallv eonstnie.e i. . ;uid well woolcd laml. Willi vilhmcs and ,, i,,,,.,. ,,.,..i„..,,i,.„ r, ' ""'^" "*'<^''l '-i' ■ "•'•iK'i'i'Hi. Ihis service is sun i.ear'i l.ii'ins doited alom; Hie sliores and i,lem->iteil in- ii,>,i. ,. ■ • ■ ' ' ^ I'll 111', .iieii n.\ Do.Ms whicli cross to v> l.v III" sides of (he lia.vs aiKl rivers. 'I'lie is itinnswiei, mi tiu. ,, ' ^^^ '" '"^ nearest points a dist'oxu, l.iiid is. generally siieaUiiiK. level. Inn I'ises of nine miles. " ' ''""-'■ .".'j 36 ritlNCE EDWARD I.>r.AXI). T!u! cliiunto of I'rincc Kd Climate. war.] Island is roiiiarkably hoaltliy. Tlic cold is ccrlaiiily more severe;, and lasts for a lonfior iieriod than in Knjjliuid. bin the atmosphere is salubrious, and the snmnier is of sneli brightness and beauty as to eonipeiisate amply for winter. The weather uenoi-ally becomes unsteady in the early pari of Novem- ber and sometimes sharp frosts, witli Hurries of suow, take place about tlie middle of the month, the frost ijradunlly increasin;: until the ground resists the plough, whicli is ordi- narily about the second week in December. Tlie oold then increases rapidly, and the ground is coxcred with snow. Diu-ing the months of January aud February the wea- ther is usiuilly steady, with the thermometer occasionally from 10 to 15 degrees below zero Fahrenhoit. Marcn. as in England, is a windy inontli, and is througlio\it very (•haugeabl?. During the latter part of this Rontli. the suow rapiiily melts, and the ici> becomes rotten and dangerous for travel, and wholly disappears about tlie middle of April. Strong soutlierly winds tlien set in. inconvenience thence arises. About the niid- (11(> of September the autunni commences, ("iiarlotletown, tlie seat of Cities (Jovcrnment, is plc.-isantly situ- and Towns, ated upon a point of rising groiiiiil jit the conlluonco of tlie York. Elliot and Hillsborough Uivers. It contains "11..'>T4 inhabitants, and is well laid out with wide stivets, which intersect at right angles. Its affairs are managed by a (ori)oralion co-isisting of a mayor and eight councillors, Tiie harbour is large, deep, and v.-ell sheltered, and is said by Admiral Bay- field (a st.niilarl autliority) to be in every respect one of the linest harbours in the world. It is the itrincipal port of shiiimenr. Prince Edward Island is Soil and Crops, noted for tlie fertility of its soil, and it may conlident- ly be asserted that, witli tli(> exception of .a few bogs and swamps composed of a soft, siiongy turf, or :i deep layer of wet black mould, the whole island consists of higlily valuable cultivable land. The soil, which is veil wat:>i-e(l with numerous springs and rivers, is fvirmed for the most part of u rich ; t Outsidf ('liailiittil(i«ii, I', K,l. uiid the last vestigos of frost siieedily vanisli, layer of vegetable matter aliove ii bright Tlio spring is short, and in the beginning of lojiiii. resting upon a stiff clay and sand- June tlie summer Imrsts forth, and from slonc ; tli(> land, in its natural stale, beiim this time till the einl of Septeml)er tlie eli- (overed will) limber and shrubs of every mate resendilis that of the soutliern coast variety. Ad kinds of grain jind vegetables of England. The thermometer, liowev m', grown in Engl;ind ripen here in great perfec- diiring calm weather, indicates a greater t'on. Tli(> lU'incipal crops rais(>d ar(> wheat degree of heat, but the sea breeze seldom o.'its, baric,-. pota'0(>s and turnips, of wliid: fails to lower the temueriitiire. so that little oi.ts and potaloes are exported in immense jout the niid- '(iimueut'es. tlio seat of t'iisaiilly situ- ut of risiiii^ lluoiice of the Uivers. It 1 is woll lai*! iiit(>rs(M't iit aiiasod by a •or and eijjlit i;e, (loop, and Vdniinil Bay- bo iu evory bours in tlio of sin])nionr. urd Island is I'ertility of its ay contident- xcoption of a od of a soft, i)f wot blauk sts of liifj;ldy soil, wliicli is spriu<;s and )art of a rioh lovo a l)rinlit !iy and sand- 1 sialo. boiim 'nl)s of ovory nd votfotablos ffvoat poffo<'- od ;\ro wlioat lips, of wlii< li d 111 iniinonsc 1 Fr.sn/'jiiiEs. gy quantities The islan.l ^rows very good shad, halibnt and 1,-ont are cauRht in limited wheat, and probably hotter oats than „,„st quantities. l„ ,,.0 year 180r, tlie whT of other parts of the Don.iniuu. Of the f,.nne,, ti.e prodnets of the flsheries was loTO 836 z:r^ r 'o";; '^ i "' '"^'"'^- •""• *'"- ^^'''^'" '"^'""^-^ ">aeia..ei ;ai;;;'':t ^Ss ; attei .0 to ,0 bushels per aere. Barley, herring. fflH:,.:m ; lobsters. .1:372.041 • cod .Kj makes a very nice erop. The island is .^TT.r.t^ ; smelts. $.>8.391 ; U^..^^ S noted for its large crops of exeeilent pola- present annual value of the oyst;r fishery tees, wh.eh not nneoninionly reach 12r.„ hush, is ^„M.S..2. and this most valuable nduty els an acre of tine handsome tut.ers. Swed- is capable of vast development" ^ ish turnips make a fine crop, not uncom- monly reaching "no bushels ])er acre of ^^''^ ''*tl« l"»s been attempted to- sound and solid bulbs. Coal, wards (leveloi)ing tlie coal of the m addition to the natural fertiiitv of t!io • 'l^'i''?', *'" "••"-^^'"ify »» t"e exten- soil. the facility for obtai..i..g ,. , •« ma h.!' '"'' Tl'" f ""''"'' ^'"""'•^ """ ^''^P'^ be set down a.s a particular a.l.ge, " S'Ven 'le '"'' "' "''■ ' ''" '"^'"^"^ most of the bays and rivers are foimd e.. ^^s 'nt a" leas'"'"'"' """'■"'•^'^"""- '''■ ^"« tensive deposits of mussel-mud, forniecl by decayed oysters, clam and mussel-shells. 'i'he manufactures of The depos'ts vary from five to twenty feet Manufactures. Prince Edward Island are in depth, and their surface is often several limited, but have rapidly feet below lowwatir level. Alacliines i)laced '^•'^'^''^Ped of late. They consist of butter, ujion the ice and w )rked by horse-power are <^''*''ese, starch and soap factories, tanneries, used for raisiu^ (Ids manure. Procured in *^'''*'^' ^'^^^ ^^*^ woollen mills, factories for tiiis way, in large quantities, and iiossessing «^»»i'»S 'hkI preserving meat and tisb, car- Kieat fertilizing cpiaiities, it has vastly 1111- ''''■'*'^' factories, &c. Hy the census of 1891 pro\ed the agricultural status of the island. '^''^ ligures of island industries were as fol- lows :— Of late years very consider- Live Stock. !il)ie improvements liave been ^''^"'"'' i'lvostod $2,911,963 iiiMdc in raising farm stock. ■'^'"""^'''' "^ '"''"Is (inployed 7,910 The liorsos of llio islaml enjov a liigli repu- ^?'""''-' ''"*''"' "*""" 1,101.020 tatiou.n.u"ii attention Iiaving been bestowed " '' "'■'"'"•■'" 4,34r,,9l0 upon their hreediiig. In recent oxliibitioiis, <'^»U)!ii-ed with liie census of l&Sl, those (|)en to tlie wlioie Dominion, lield in Miai- ''■'^''""-'^ show an incr(>a.se in ten years of treal and Halifax, a hirge sliare of tiie '"^''''^ ^'* I'lh" w't in capital invested, 38 h()nours and pri/,.'s for tlie liorses was '"' '' '^■'''" '"' ''""ds .Mii[)loyed, an deveiopment of tlie favourably known in Dominion and Anieri- ^^™i"&- 'iTin;jr iiKliistry in the pro- can markets. The Provincial (Jovernnient , ^''"^'"- '" l**y-o"« experimental maintains a stock farm, on whicii pure '■^' ''^■''*'"" ^"°'" ""' ^''•'^tnn\muvo of cheese hred slock is raised and distribnte.l througii ^^'"^ ""•"'''''' ""'I'''' ""' «iipervisi(m of tlie llie country. Dominion Dairy C mimissioner. During the tiiree following years several otiier factories Prince Edward Island is, \u're put in operation on the co-operative Fisheries, without doubt, the best llsliing principle, each company owning tlie Imiiding stition in the Gulf of St. L.aw- iind plant whieli it used. The progress made 'iiice, but the habits and feedings of the in- > evidenced by the fact that iu 1890 tweuty- I'.iltitMiits are so decidedly agricultural that oight cheese factories ami two butter fa'c- ilie tisheries h.ave not received .om them b/ries were in operation during tlie summer: 'he attention which they deserve. They con and four butter fa-'tories with live cream- ^^|st elil(>ny of mjickend, lobsters, herring, separating stations triliiitary to them, were 'I'd, liake and oysters, wliile salmon, b.iss in operation during »Me winter. 38 PRISCE E]>WM!l> ISI.AXJJ. For many years what was Land known as the " Land gnesihm " Regulations, was a t'rnill'nl source of ilis- eontent. Xow, hapijily. it is possible to write of this beautiful island v, illi merely a i>assinfr reference to tliis j,'rievan(.'e, ami t) say that it no longer exists. Absentee proprietorship has been abolishe.l. ami tlio Local Government, which purehaseil the in trrests of tlie lanillords in l>ST."i. iias talsc of exacting Ihe annual rent from tlie tenants, but with the object of maUiu}; them owners of the soil which they have rodeemel from the wilderness. Of this immense adv.-intaizc by far the greater majority of the ten;ints have .availed themselves, to such an extent, indeed, that at the close of 18SS oidy 100,4Ti> acres reiu.iiued unsold of the 843.981 tic- (piired by the (iovei-nment, iiiul of tliis (pain tity only about 5.").()()l) acres rciiresent land held by parties who had not yi't purcliased The remaining 4.1.(Hi() acres may be set down as tlie available uncultivated iind vjic-iiil Government lands. Tliese consist of foi'cst lands of medium qiiality, the very best hav- ing, of course, been taly tiie tenant.^ in tli'J first instance, and their i)rice avi-rages about one dollar per acre. I'arties dcsiriii,:: t(> settle u[>on then are allowed ten yeiirs to i>av I'or tlieir holdings, tlie iiurcliasc- nioney to bear interest at live per cent and to be pay il)li? in ten annual instalmeuis. Altliongli there is a|)parontly Improved little room for new settlers. Farms. .vet I'rince Edward Island is a (l"sir.ible (ield for a certain I'lass of (>nii:i'rants who, in sejirch of a veady- iuaile farm, wtieiv they may have the social comforts of lift- witldn tiieir ri'acii, are pre- pared 1i> p;iy a higiier i)i'ice rather than go \\('stward, .Su<-h farms can be obtained iu the island, and various circumstances liave conlril)uled to place tliem iu the niariiet. 'I'lie prict' of siicli land varies mncli acciu'd- ing to its (piality, situation and buildings ; but w itli good buildings, a farm of 100 acres can be obl;iine 1 for .fUO to !f:5.'> (£4 to £7) an .acre. Facilities for travel and transporta- tion are ex.-elleut, the roads are good, and few farmers are .as nincb as six miles from a sliii)i)ing place for tlieir surplus iiroduce. .Ml tile necessaries of life can be laid at very low rates, liabour saving macliinos of the iiiost approvi'il liiud can be purchased or hired witiiout any diilicully. the competi- tion in ihi^ brtncli being very keen. s •ed ten yours lie imrc'liiisi- pcr ('(Mlt illKl iiistiilmouts. is ai)i)ai'ciitly iK'W sot tiers, rd Isliiud is a for a cerlai'i ell of a ivad.v- avo tho social oacli, are iirc- titlior than hd o obtained iu istanoes liavo the market, iiiiioli aocoi'd- lid buildiuijs ; 11 of 100 aoros (£4 to £7) an ,d transporia- ire >?ood, and iix miles from •1)1 lis ](r()dii'jc. )e had at very chines of the imrehased or the competi- keen. Halifax. PROVIXCK OF XOVA SCOTIA HE provi.ieo of Nova Scotia, iu tho ' Dominion of Canada, is situati'd h.twoeii -13 and 47' uurtli latitude and (iu and 7n west longitude. Xova Scotia projier is conuectud with thi> |)roviiice of Xevv Kriiiis- wicU by an isthiiiiis about 11 miles wide. Its area is about ;5ti() niiles iu len;,'th by cSK to lOO miles in width. Tlie Island of Position <'ape IJretoii.wliicli is a jiait of tlie and Area, province, and contains four coun- ties, is separated from tiie maiu- li.nd. or i)eninsiila. l)y a narrow channel calle.l the Strait of Canso. 'r,ie province coniaiiw souielliiiifj; over tliirteeu niillious of acres, of wliicli nearly (uie-liflh part consists of lakes and streams. I'ive or six million ;icres of laud are lit for tilla.ue; tlie remiiindei', which is chielly a belt of the sea-coast, is rocky and barren. l''roni the apin'iirauce of the eoast, no ide;i could be formed of the beauty and fertility of the interior. Tli(> coa.st is indent- ed with numerous e.\celleiit harbours, most of which are easy of jiccess, safe iiud coni- niedimis. The climate of Nova Scotia is Climate, well suited to Europeans. It is not generally known outside the liroviuce that the temperature is more equa- ble than in any other part of the Dominion. '1 he extreme ci hi which is experienced In winter iu other parts of America is not known here, owin;jr, perhaps, to the fact tliat the province is almosr completely surround- ed l>y the sea, and that the (Uilf Stream sweeps alouf? within a few miles of its s(Uitlie!'n shore ; and, further, that the pro- viine is protected from the chilly n rth wiiMs by an almost continuous belt of mountains, or very liiyh hills, stretcliiujj; alou;;; its nortli- 1111 side. The climate varies, however, in different parts of the province. In the An- napolis \alley the sprlnfj opens about two or llirec weeks earlier in the year than in the city of Halifax, w iiicli is lu'ar the Atlantic, and the weather is f^enerally drier, clearer and more exempt from fop;. The mountaiu raufre at the north side of the valley, wiiich sliirts the sluuv of the Hay of I'^undy, is bif;h euouKh to prevent the sea I'oi; fnuu coming over— tl'.iis, while it is •sometimes damp and 40 XOVA SCOTIA. disasreeabk' on the uortb side of the riiuj^e, wlikh faces the bay, In the valley, ouly three Of lour miles away, it is delightfully warm and bright. la Halifax and the eastern counties the mercury seldom rises iu summer above Sti" iu the shade, aud iu the wiuter it is not ofteu dowu to zero. Iu the iuterior, say iu the Auuapolis A'alley, the winter is about the saiue, but the summer Is warmer, altliou.,'h, owiug to the dryness of the atmos- phere, the h(!al is uot oppressive. The cli- mate is extreineiy healthy; tiiere is probably none more so iu the world. The health re- turns from British military stations place this province iu the lirst class. Nova Scotia has fewer medical nicu iu proportiou to the population, aud requires their services less than lu-obably any other part of America. No person is allowed to practice medicine or surgery unless he has obtained a diploma from some university, college or incorporated school of medicine, or has passed a success- ful examination before the provincial meil- cal board. Tlie fees of physiciaus are njod- erate. The fertility of the soil iu many Fertility of the agricultural districts is very of Soil, grciit. and is evidenced by tlie fact that, iu (luautity aud quality, tlie productifii of tlie farms, even under a care- less system of cultivatiou, is equal, aud iu some cases, superior, to those of Cireat Brit- ain ; for iusliiuve, the orchards iu the Au- uapolis Valley, particularly, produce hirger aud liner apples thau are grown iuauy oilier part of tlie continent. The grain and root crops are excellent, the average production of which, iu Die western counties is, as near- ly as it Is possible to estimate it, as fol- lows :— ^V''"at • • ■ .per acre 18 bushelh. ^^'^ U,. 21 do B^'l'-'y do ys do <^a'« do Si do Bucltwhcat (j„ ;j3 ,,, Indian Corn (maize) do 42 do Turnips ral average of tho crops in tiiree counties ; but there are many farms which, being highly cultivated, prd- rtncp astonishing crops. A fiirnier iu one .season, iu King's county, raised on a little less thau one acre of laud, four hundred aud three bushel,., of potatoes ; and in Annapolis county, sixty bushels of shelled Indian corn Uuaize) have been raised on an acre. Five aud one-half tons of hay have been taken off au acre of land in oue season. Live Stock ^^""^ aught bo more extensive- and Dairy '^ '"'^^ profitably prosecuted in Farming *^''^ pioviuce. Of course, every farmer raises stock ; but most of it i.i raised to supply the markets with butchers meat. Until recently, uot nearly so much attention was paid to the making of butter and cheese as to ralslug cattle for the slaughter-house. In some couutles, however, cheese aud butter are made in considerable quantity, both for home consumption and for exiiort. Cheese factories have been es- tablished in some of the eastern couutles aud (Jape Breton, aud a butter and cheese mauufactory iu the county of Cumberland. Tlii^re is a coudi.'used milk factory at Truro, iu the county of Colchester. Speci il instruc- tion is given in the making of butter at the l'ro\iucial Scliool of Agriculture. Farms along tlie line of the lutercoloaial liall.vay supply the city of Halifax with a great deal of milk. A great deal of the prolit of ( very farm arises from the sale of fat cattle. There is plenty of lirst-rale pasturage iu every county, and almost the ouly expense of rais- ing slock is that of the winter feed, aud as that consists chietly of hay, at a cost or mar- ket value of from Sin. to -lus. per ton, ac- cording to locality or season, it will easily be perceived that the business is proUtable. There is much laud suitable for shccp-rai.s- ing in every couuly, and even anioug the wild l.inds there are tracts of pasture that might 1)0 made capable of mainiaining large Hocks al very little expense. In tlic south- westeru i.art: of the lu'oviuce, sheep are pas- tured along the shores aud ou the islands most of the winter, and in .some places through the whole year. The sheep tiud nourishinent in see-weed when the laud iias- ture hapiiens to be poor. For all the fruits of the teni- Fruit Iterate zone (he soil and climate Growing, of Nova Scotia are favourable. Fruit-niising iit present is conlln- ed cliielly to three cmintics, viz., Annapolis, Hants, and Kill's, out of eighteen compris- (I on u little liimdrud aud in AuuapoUs liuliau coru acre. Five beeu taken t. re extensive- rosecuted in ourse, every ; but most larkets witli , not nearly le lualiing of attle for the es, liowevor, considerable imptiou and ive beeu ea- nu counties aud cheese Cumberland, ry at Truio, ;ci il iustruc- lultjr at tb(' ■e. Farms lial liail.vay a great deal jtii of ( very attle. There io iu every L'U,se of rals- I'eed, aud as ciist or mar- ker ton, ac- will easily s prolitablo. ' .slioep-rais- auioug tile »asUu-e that iiiuiU},' large 1 tile Koutb- H'p are pas- tlie islands iniie places slicep tiud »e laud pas- )f tbe tem- ind climate favourable. It is confln- Auuapolis, ill compris- ing 1 ed iiKPsi att( I'lSimitlKS. roviiice. .\|)|)lc-,i,'n)\viiii; lias ivceiv- extent— bei 41 lliKlll ticrt'tDtdrc. iiiid the cmp ronclies some MoM.iini) Imnvis fmin ti,,. ,]is- tricls ivferred to, a liuw part of wliidi is exiiortod. The oxci'lleiii iljivoiir and the ke('piii.i: (piiilities of Nov:, Scotiaii aj.ples have won for tlieni a liijili position in the markets of Knrop(> and the L'nited States, and there is leKitimaic room for a large ex- tension of the present area devoted to that fruit. Peaches (at present only » -jinlen crop), plums, cliernes. st a wlu-rrics. rasp- berries, and tomatoes, givj lar-e yields witli ng atta:"lied to farms of fr -_om KM) to :>oo acres. There are always desir- able farm i)roperties of tliis class for .sale at from tL'OO to fl.opo. i)articularly in the coun- ties that border the Bay of l.'imdy, so that per.sons of moderate means are aliie to liud •suitable openings. The fisheries Imve long been Fisheries, celebrated. Xo country in the world c!in exceed Nova .Scotia in variety of delicious lish and its inexiiaustible •piaiitity. The total value of tlie fislieries of tills province for the ye;ir IS',),"), tlie latest of iMiIiaii Ili'iTv Pickers. little Mill iition ; and in ndditioii to the lariie \vliicli \v(> have statistics, ^^■as over $(),213.- v mediciuiil and other purposes, anion^' whicli are wild cherry, sumac, mountain ash. siirsapiirill.-i, older, hazel, bay, &c. ^\•i!d tlowers are iii groat profusion. The trailing; arbutu.s, whicli tloonis iu April and Jlay, cannot bo surpas.s- ed iu delicate beauty and fragrance. The miuerjil resources of Xova Minerals. .Scotia are very vjiluablo, and it is one of the few countries wliich ha\o workable deposits of coal in,n cud .!,'old side by side. In Cape Breton J'leto.i nud Cumberland cotmtie.s are ex tensive deposits „f |,it„niin,,us coal, siniihir to the deposits of the uortii of Knuland which are worked l>y several .•(mipanies Iho coal tni.lo is steadily Krowiny-. and the iron ore deposits of the province althouyh very extensive, are work.-d only at h,nuUm- derry. Torbrook, .SprinKhill and tlie I'ict..ii Charcoal Inm Company. wije;e ir„n ,.f excellent (|nality is nnide. The KoM-lhdds of iVova Scotia, although extousive and valu- able, havo hitherto been worked onlv on a small scale, but more attention is n„w de- voted to them, and thoir development will form an important industry. L.-u-e dejiosiis (if Kyiisum abiiuiid. and about 14(!,()()() short tons are annually extiJicled. Anion',' other minerals that ai" worked to sonu! extent may bo mentioned manpiiiese. antimony, baryta's, gri^nlsiones, A:c. ; deiiosils of cop- per, load and graphite are also known. Tlie (piarries of .Nova Scotia furnish excel- lent granites, syenite, seriientine. marble, iind freestone. As may be inforrod from the l>rece.liiig reimirks, the lUdviuco is rich in those niiiu rals which interest the miuer- iilogisi. and fr 'iiu'mly prove useful for In- (liisiri.il purposes. Tlie total value of the iiiinec'il production-; of liu' province for tlie .M'ar l.Mn; ii,a.\- li" estimated .-it aliout three and a half million of dollars. The uiaiits of land to Tenure of tiie early settlers in this Mineral Lands. inovinco contained no systcinatic reservation of minerals. In some instances gold, silver and I-reci )us sl.mes only were reserved ; in other cases the gold, silver, iron, copper, load, i\:c., vcre rci.-iined lor a soiirci! of revenue to the Crown. In tiiis connection the rates of Kiyaliios paid are : On the gross amount of gold obtained by amalganiat;ou or otherwise in the mill of u licen.s.jd mill-owner, a royjilly uf two per emit. Un coal, leu cents on every ion of two liious.and iwo Iminired and forty pounds of co'il soM or removed trom the mine. Un coitper, four eenis per unit. On loail, two cents iier unit. On iron, live cents on every ion of two thousand t .vo hundred and forty pounds of ore sold or smelleil. Tin and itreciotis stones, live per cent of their value. ■J"ho Act of .Seii|oni_>nt rele.a.ses to the owner of iho soil all .nypsuni, limestone, Ure- chiy, baryle-s, manganese, antimony, ,S:c., and any of the reserved minerals whenever He revervalion is noi .speeilied in liie original grants. There are now in .Nova Land .ScoUu nearly 1,.M4, KU Regulations. .a-jres of ungranled lands, a considerahle (piaiitity of wliich is l)arren and alimjsr lotally limit for cultivation. There is still ,some g.'wd uns(dd Crown land in lii,' jinjviiice, itiit it is nearly sj/irrwo AX/) tuade. 43 14(i,()()() Hliort Aiiioii'j; other SUIIH! OXtl'Ut i', jintiiiiDii}, Misiis of Cop- also Uuowu. jiniisli L'xet'i- liiif, lunrblo, iTod I'rom the t-L' Is rich iu t tho miufcr- ist'lul I'oi- iii- Viiluo of the viiice lor the iilKHit tlireo •< of laiul to iiliTs iu this )titaiiieil uo .'survutioii of hi, silver uud Oil ; ill other er, lead, iV:c., vouuu to the ho i-jitc's of obtained by 111' mill of u of two per loll of two )i'ty pouuds lU iiiiuo. I. loll of two y poiuids of lier t'L'Ut of SOS to I he csioiie, lire- iiuoliy, iScr., S WllL'UOVLT liiu original \v ill Aovu l,.S14,ia4 iitod hiuds, ilii:ilitity of ly limit for I'ood iiusol'.l it is nearly all fi'Mioie from .setlleiiieiits cluii'ehos am! sehools. Till' price of I'low lands is $10 (CS St,-;.) per 100 aeres. AlthoiiKh Nova Scotia Manufactures. i-* iK'iiiai)s beiier adapted for a miuiul'iictiiriiiK coun- try than any other i)art of Americu. owiii.i,' to ii'i niilluiitjd command of water-i)o\ver, and its inoxhaustible sn|>i)Iles of coal and Iron, there are few maniifactiires in coiii- fiirlson Willi what, considering the facilities, there miglit be ; or what may in tlie near future be expected. Nova Scotia owns moie .sh:p Shipping i>in;;' in in'oiioriiou to piiiinlU' and Trade, 'ion than any otlier country, iiml her vessels do a (jonsider- able i)roiiortioii of the ■-•.•irryins' trade of the world. 'I'li.'y may b;; found in every port of the li.ibitnble ijlobe, loading and discharg- ing cargoes. The exi)orts consist of lish, coal and other mineral sul»st;inces, luinber iiLd general products ; and tiie imports, of West India produ'je, British and .Vmericau manufactures, tea, &c., from China and the I'.ast Indies, and hemp from Russia. There are now OKI miles ol Railways. rai!r,)ad in oi»eratioii. I'assen- gei's can go south-west from Halifax to Ytirmouth (217 miles). Prom Halifax there is a railway (tlie Intercolonial) to lb > borders of New Brunswick (112 miles'. with a branch from Truro eastward to the f-tralt-< of Caiiso (12;i miles), and a line is constrn.te I from there through Cape Breton to S.>(liiey. There Is also a branch from Si»ringiiili to I'arrsboro", about ol miles. A line is also (ompleled from .Mi(hlleton, In the utility of Annapolis, to Lunenburg (74 miles) ; aii;)tlier from Oxford, In the county of Cu.'iiberland, to I'lctou ((!9 miles), besides a niiinber of sliorler lines iu different parts of tlij province ; oilier lines are projected. Nearly all parts of the province are thus ill direct comniunicatlou by rail with the metropolis, and also with otiier provinces of tlie Dominion and with the United Stalls. The province is connected with Europe by lines of excellent steam slops. There are also a line of steamers to Newfomidland, two to Boston, one to New Vorlv and one to Biltimore. Tlie estimated population oi' Population. the in-ovince is 4o."),(j47, con- sisting of Knglisli, Scotch, Irish, Uerman, Frjuch and native-born In- habitants, a few thousaud coloureil people, and about two thousand Indians. The latter stipiily the marliels with basinets and other small articles of wooden ware, by the sale of wldch, and by hunting, tiiey earn a live- lihood and sui)|)ly their wants. They live iu tents and wigwams in the forest, on lands of their own, grant ;d to them by the Govern- ment, nnd termed Indian Ueserves. ■:# «*«- i.: i 1 : 4 :■'. %: ! t i 1 J Kiitn t" ll:iili(im-, St. .loliii, x.n. '4 PRovixcK or vH^v bruxswick N noiio of tin; proviiic's of CiiiiMda can a man wli )so nx'ans arc small sclili' Willi a lu'dci- iinispcct of rising l>y his .iwii indusiiy tn a I'Dmliiiiin of indciK-mlcncc lliaii in Xcw Kri'uswick. If the climate of a country is to lu' judged by its (>ff(>cls on ani- mal life, then llie climate of New Brunswick may lie pronounced one of the liesi in ilie wiu'ld. Nowliere do Climate, nieu and women ^row to !incr [iro- portion ihaii In New Brunswick : nowhere does the human frame attain lo greater iierfeciion and viudur, or is luinian life extended to a lou,ij;er term. 'I'lds is sliown Ity the statistics of mortality and hy the rcciii'ds of ilie Britisli .\rmy. which sliow tliat the doath-rato is lower in New I'.iniis- wick and Nova Scotia tliiiii In almost any oth(>r coimtry ;,'arrisoned hy Britisli soldiers. As it is with men and women, so also is it with domestic animals in Canada. Horses, cattle and live stock of all kinds, imported from Oreat lirit.ain, not only maintain their excellence, lint imiirove in the Cjinadi;in climjiie : and so much is this the cnso that many eiiillo lued in Canada, of the best strains siibjccl iin>|MT vci:('I:iI>1m><, mnlii. piilsi', i\:( ., iiii' iiliuvc lhi< iiilcniloii iiiiivo III sliilliitf Hull Now llnms nvcruf, luili In ylcl.l iiinl i|iiiilil,v. wIcU IH pai'llriiliiii.v "I'll iiiliiiitc I I'lir ii >.vs Icm 1(1' viiili'd liiisliMiiilry, (•■iiiililiicil willi < II (111- ralslii!.' mill I'oodiiiK. The piisliiros me cNci'll -lit, iiiKJ tilt' iiliniiiliiiit <'n>|> i>( iddlx jill'onN till" iiu'iiiiM ol' prcpiiiiiiK lift'l' iiiiil inilln'i (>r K<>'>(1 (|iiiilll,v I'lir the pnn-liifiiil or Kiiirllsli iiiiirki'iH. Tliiit this ciiii lio done with iirolit liiiH Ik'cii (IfinoiiMtnili'd In .vciml )i iliiiilil. A Kood deal ol" nllciillnii liiiw Im'imi uIvcii ol' liilo to diiir.viii;:, wiili tlu> Ih-mI rosuItM. Triiil Hhlpinciils of liuilcr and cliccsc liavc lict'ii nindo lo (ircat Uiliaiii, an I llic hlylicsl I'lit'CM oblaliuMl. and wlu'ii (•iniipcililon uas tried at sonic ol' llic Kn-it cNlilMllons, llio l'.ii;li('-it awards wore won. Til" iHPsllloii i-f the niarltiini' proviiicis on the Atlaiilic s(>al)iard, and (liidr pi-oxiiiiit.\ to (ir.>at Uiltain. slvo tlicm special ad\ant nucs for the transport of (heir prodiicis In tl'iit mark -t. All L'arden ve^elalilcs. such as caliliay;c. eaulitl'iwcr, heel, celery, lei I nee. inclies \rn\i. and s(piasli welfrliiii;; 1."iS pminds, li.ne been shown. 'The fruils ol" .New Krnnswiek ai'e apples, pears, jilnnis. elierrjes. nooseherrie-i. slraw- berrles, raspherries. lilneherries and hla,'dei's, to the linprovemeiit of the livo stoek of the i)roviiice ; and althoiii;li there is still jrr-ar i-oom for liiiprov<>ineiit, the stoek of 111" best New lirimswick fjirm <'rs will (•>nipi?'e favonriibl.\ wilh llail of other coniilries. The I'eileral < Jnveinineiit has established an K\perinienlal l''arni on the borders of Ne>v Ibainswiek and Nova Sooth, in i'oiin"-tion wilh the ;;eneral sys toni of lOxperiim iilal Tarms for the whole Dominion. AlthonKh snilicient time lias not ilnpsod siiiee the farm w;is established (o give definite I'etnrns. eiion.uh ovidenee has boon obtained to jirovo that all kinds of The Inlri) Inellon i>\' Improved breeds litiN led lo the I'alsim: of lai'u'e nnmbers i>f eallle I'rr the l'hi;;li>li niai'Ueis. a bnslm>ss which l.s now condllcled on an e.Melislve scale by the farmers of .Mberl and W(>slmoreland, S( me uf ihe eslabllshmenis In these connlics How to obtain a Farm, Niall fed iis many as 'Jiin or ;i(i(i head In a winii'i' : and laix'e a^fKienale numbers artj cxpolled. Till' farmers of New Ibiin-i A Ick are almost with out c.\cc(»lioii the owners (d III" farms ilic.\- cnllivale, If a man rents a farm he only does so for a short period, jiiid for III.' purpose iif employing his linK' until he can do belter. l')very man can be- come .'I laiidowncr if he wishes, ami lliere- fere, the relations of landlord and tenant, so far as they apid.v to fanners, are almost iinknic.vn. .\ll men who wish to emlf;rate do not, how- (Ncr. poss 'ss eiioii;;h money In buy a farm, m' e\cii to stock it if it weri> boiitrht. To- Mich Ihe liiibonr Act jiassed by Ihe New lirnnswlck l.euislalnre olfers an easy way for tlicm to become Ijindowners, and in Iho ciiil firmers. perh.ips of Independent means. Ten ye.'ii's a>;.> Hie free uraiit system of set- tlemeiil \\;is intri.dnccd. and II was found ii Kr.'iit success. There are now about fifty free j;i'ant settleiiieiils in the province, sot- thii by tho.isands of indiislrioiis men who had in means id' pnrchasimr farms, but who will soon be in prosperous circumstances. The aj.'u:rci;!iie value of the improvements In those setllements w liich lliive been carved out i>{ the forest within the past ten ,\c;irs is pr(d(!ibl.\- not less than one million doliiirs. Land is nol now Kiveii under the Kree Craiits Act, but the provisions of the I.aboiir Act virt.nlly irlve a free Kraiit, as worlv done on the rojids in |ia.\Miciit for the land is done near the a|(iilicant's own lot, and Is i;rc;illy to Ms licnelit. i'l'own lands in.'iy b(> nc- Land (inired as follows ;-- Reglllation.S, Hi f>iie hundred acres are •,'iven to any sidller over bS years of aire who i)ays 14 in cash, or who do(>s work on the |)nblic rojids, &e., equal to £2 iier annum for three years. Within two years a Ii(.ns(>, W feet l>y '_'0 foot must bo (/i!.iXTi:i> .\yi> rs(ii;.\s'TKi> i.axdk. 47 Ity. lifcctls IlllS ITS ui' cut I It' lllCSS Wllll'll Ivc Nt'iili' l»y ■HtiiiorolaiKl. I'Nl' ('(HllltiiH too IicikI III iiiiiiImm's iiro 1 of New ilinost witli I lie ownoi'H I IIIMII IM'llls lldl'l llt'l'UMl, \\\i Ills lime Kill cnii Ih>- 11 111 I tliero- lllll tlMltlllt, aro uliiioxt lo not, how- my w farm, iDiijrlit. T(- \- II u> New easy way ami In tlio lent nifaiiN. VllK'(>, .SOl- iiuMi who s, hut who uinsljinccs. Vfincnis In 'cn carvi'il l)ast ten lilt' iiiillloii mitlor tlio nils of tln> KHint, as •lit lor till- 4 own lot, iHillt ami two iMTi'M of land clcari-d, c :iv 1m nf- .'icros nn' T over IS li, or who ., ('I]ll)|l to 'illiin two I IllllSt 1(0 lliinoiis irsidcii".' for i!ii(.(> yiNirs ft'oiii diiti- Ti ' ""■"' '" alioiil thiriri'ii liiimlivd ihthoiih. of ciiiry, ami In a.'i'cs riililvatcil In ilmi pr'.vli tliiiii ar < ri'iin'iri'd. (U.) Single ii|)|)ll<'all(iiiH may lie iii;id<> for not nioiv than I'tHi acrcM of Cimwii lands v.itliont rolldKlons of srltlo |||. 'I'hcsi- aiv inil ii|i lo imlilli' inii'iioii iil an ii|isci [wU-v of -Is. I'd. per acre. I'lirdias y to lio |i;i|i| nt once. Cosi of survey to In- imld liy |nir i'liascr. .\o\i: lo agriculture, ihe in The Forest.i duMiy wlileh, hi New Mnins aiiJ the \\ ii'iv, emidoys the lai'Kcsl Wood Trade, nuiiilier of u iiud yields the Ini'iu'esl relllins. is tlie liiiiiliei' trade. The wlade of the |.r,.vime was orlu'ln.'illy ciivered with imijiiiillreiii lor- oslH, and these forests ;ire still a kivjiI source <'f weallh, their prilncis forming liy far llic lari.'esl item In the exports of the province. This will lie seen liy the following staleineiit of llio evporfs of .\e-,v liniiiswlck fnr IMh; ; lcr.« ;ire three liirye woollen Is In iho me at St. .lohii. one at .Moiicton, and one at i'ort Klulii, which iiianufHcturo hoines|iiiiiM, IwecdH, tlaniiels, dress ^oods, ^e. Tliero aro a niimher of smaller cottcn jiiid woollen mills In tlie various paits of the pro- \ luce. I'lM inc.. , r til,. Mill,. ,^ ni!.:,i;ii ill' l''islifi'lrs 7;iS.L'7i; 'I'l l''iiri'st ."i..'i4;!,i;iL' AiiimalH anil tiiolr iiniiliici' ri7:>.,''!l Ak'iii .illiir,il |)ri iliu'tH ;',:•!, ii7!i ^'"""f" ■'"'•<■■■< 4;!;j.V4r, *Iis.'. lime (Ills nriicli's 71,-1 S7,85.'i,31< It is estimiited that Ihe Granted and luovince cimi.iins iT.v.U.hMi Ungranted aires, of which Kmkkkkio Lands. iicres lur,-,' lici.n mjniicd jimi located, and 7,.S!H,^iH> acres are still vacant. New r.riiiiswick. nw in... to Manufactures. its cheap co.-ii ,imi iifoxim- Ity (0 the lM:irl. its tlie licld for manufjwtured |irodiicts lii'comes wider. There tire fiv(> l;ir},'e cotton mills in I lie province— two in St. ,Iolin. one ;it St. Slephen. one at Marysville .■iiid aiiotlier nt Moiictoii. These mills mal;e imiHou clotli [iml coltiin y.-irn of all kinds, and s'ivc eiiiploy- Tlie tlsherles of .New The Fisheries. Hnniswick are xi^yy \h\\\. able, and employ n Im-jjo nuniher of men. Accordin« to the returns of l* natnrjil home of the salmon and Inmt. 'I'liere is no country ju Hi,, world which Hirers such uiirivalle.l oppnrtunlties for tlu> angler as New nriiiiswick. Kvery river, brook and hike abounds with llsh. There tire indications of miii- Minerals. enil wealth throughout the pro- vince, iuul ii luriibor of niliiea liave lici.n successfully worked. The |-ollowiii,«- is the oilicial statoniont of llio products of til,, mines xportod from New Mrunswick in IS'.Mi :— ^^"'"^''"^ $ i,:,n ''"'^' 15,268 I null' y;.v|isiiiii 71 4tl .MaiiKiiiii'Si' ' g I'lunil.auro „ I'nwn.iislit s',,11,. Mini I. till r iirlicl,.s ^,959 There is plenty of sport In this Sport, province. The Indiiins (consisthi); of the Mlcniac and AiiKdeolto trlb(>s —tlio former inhabit in.ir the coast au'^ the latter the interior) ;ife very iiioffeusivo. and make usoful .iruldes In hunting and fishing e.Kpeditiona. Y. Is y. '.•iii'lii'c, fidiii Toiiit LiA is. l^ROVINCH OF OUKBEC II K pDviuco of Quebec has an aroa of I'L'S.OOo* s,,iiiiiv iiiilc^. Tlic soil of a cortiiiii pordon of ■ Ills iiiiinoiisc aira is fxcccdiiii^iy fertile. mikI caiJaMe of liiuli ciil!!- vaiioii. 'I'lie cereals, .sirassrs, root I'l'ops. and many of the fruits of tlie teriipi'i'atc 'm\w. i^i'i'w ill aliniidaiiee and to per- Extent and fection. la the sontl.ern jiait General of the province Indian corn is Capabilitiea. a laru:." crop, and fnlly ripens Tomatoes f,'ro\v in profusion •iiid ripen, as do also many varieties of ^'inpe. Quebec lias vast tracts of forest land, .'•I'l a very laryv luiiibcr trade. It is rich in' iiiinei'iils, including K<)id, silver, copper, Iron, I liiinlMno, -alena. f'Ispar. limcsi,,nc, as- I'esius, an I mica, and has also immense de- lesiis of phosphates of lim(>, but it has no '■al. retr)leuni has been found, lately, In ' Hy an Order in ("duiicil uf July 8th, ISM, 'lie ar.'il of the iir^vilic." of Quebec was extemle.l iMiI l.s now computed to be 347,3riO s(iuare miles. ba.vmar (piantities, in the county of Oaspe The provin.e has lar«e deposits of valuable peat. Its lisheries are amon.i.' the most valu- able in Canada. The inhabitants (,f tlie Hritisli islands airl I' ranee will find tliemsclves at home in the '"'"^"i"^'' <"■ ^""' the KiLuMish and French lanuu.iK-cs bcin.ii- botli spol<(.n. ■I'liis provin.^e was orLuhially settled by the Irench. Amonjr the first lOn-lish .settlers v. ho h.xcd their homes in (.)uebec were the lnit(>d i;mi>ir,- Loyalist.s, whom the War of In.lependence in the rniteuei- ro.ids are made. The snow river, apart from its commanding coramer- wiiicii lasts, geir.'rally commeiices in De- dal importance, is /ilso I'emai-kable for great (unber and goes nvay in .\pril. natural beuity at every point of Its coin-so. 'Phe snow covering is most advantageous lis waters are everywher(> clear annmercial m >ir.)polis, and ihe p'in cipal port of entry. It is built upon a series climaric influence being healthy aud pure of terraces, and is over four miles long by two brjad, aud has a magnificent back- ground in Mount Royal, which rises about 7C0 feet above the river level. The hotels, public buildings and qiiays are large and handsome. The city is tlie centre of tlie great railway system of Canada, and is ihe most important manufacturing district in tho Dominion, having large and varie they are cultivated. Spring wheat . .s;ives an average of about eighteen bushels industries, which give employment to many (,, fi, > „„,.„ n„tfir>u«, i- -J to tn > acie. < attle-breeding on a large scale thousand artisans. lo pn,.,,!n,i ^n ..11,1 <>«....„.„ is c.ii 110(1 on. and for soiue years past cattle Quebec. (70.0001. the most historic city of have iieen exportel in large; (luaiititios from CanadcM is the seat of the Provinci.al Govern- I'lis provjuce to the English market. For ment, and presents many features of great I-asturage the lands of Qtiebec are of special irterest. Its surroundings including probably excellence, particularly those in the Eastern &ome of the most beautiful scenery in the Townsliips and north of the St. Lawrence world. The harbours, quays and graving i„,ii,,u corn, hemp, flax and tobacco are dock are of great importance. It lias rail ^^rowu in many parts of the province and and water communication witli every part yield large crops, of Canada, and passengers from the ocejui pjn'ts of the lirovince of Quebec are es- pecially favourable for the growth of apples and plums. Large quantities of the former are exported, anl some of the varieties wliieh are peculiar to this province cannot I e excollod. and lli>y i,avo specialties which sleanurs generally land tliere in the summer seaso'i. The winters in Quebec are coll Climate, and tho summers somewhat simi- lar to those in France— this prov- ince having the summer suns of France, be- P'^i'l'-Tps cirmot be equalled. The small lug in the same latitude. But very exaggerat- ''"i**^ every wher.> grow in iirofnsion. and ed notions prevail abroad as to the severity -'"Pcs, as e]sA\vhere staled, ripen in the of th'( winters in the province of Quebec. "'"'" •'''' '" ^''<^ southern and western iiarts Thor,? is decided cold : but the air is goner "'" ♦'"' Pi'ovinc.'. They are now beginning to ally dry and brilliant, and the cold. th(^r(>- foro. not felt to b- unpleasant. Snow al- ^Aays covers llio ground during the winter months. It packs under foot, and makes everywhere win^^i'r roads, over which homy loads can be drawn in sleighs with the great. !st ease. Tliese roads, for the imrpose be largol" grown. Population and Industries. present, but Tlie |io|MiIalion of the pro- vince of Quebec was 1.48S,- r.;r> by the ctMisus of 181)1. Agriculture is the chief oc- cupation of the population at manufactures, fishing in its i(> lu>st in (he ill tlio iiewcsr utry before the ule. The snow lU'iices in De- •il. advantageous IS is ulso ttie ! ground in a inter rest, for '• of the lie.alth- as tli(> most 1 ague, though ■n States, are nalaria, every ly and pure le province is tlio most part nd susceptible ultivation. It ry varied pro- of crops and in abundance =?priiig wlieat liteen bushels I a hirge scale rs past cattle lantitios from market. For are of special 1 the Eastern . Lawrence. tobacco are province and lebee are es- vth of apples if the former I he varieties vince cannot ialties whicli The small ofusioii. and ripen in the i'estern j)arts beginning to 1 of the i)ro- ' was 1.48.S,- is of 1801. tlie chief oc- >opnlation at diing in its grea labo taut bull« Til the In n tr, i for ; Til rjipl( fedei grea nr.ani tabu Th and vast Th( prori sawn diem AVOOlJ agric chees ptatis The vince 1891, Capita Numb Wages Valui' Comir means has <• whieh divldo also i sidora Ireks, son, 1 Manrii tance ; rcniiirl fact, i rearly livers been s has 1)0 fonnoc 4V» FISlIKlUli.li AND MINERALS. 51 great waters, and commerce, occupy the l,,tion both ou tho north and south shores abours o a considerable part of its inimbi- of the St. Lawrenc.. Tl.ewihl lands are tants.^as do also .umbering, mining and ship- ..pencl up by colonization roads, and besides ^''f* i\!gnlar m.-ic/idamized roads there are The mo it important trade in Quol)oc is I't'ids everywhere Ihrougiiout the province the lumbei-ing industi-y, and this affords, In many parts, a ready market for the farm- „, ^* ^ *^ ^^^'^^ already stated that er, and in the winter season employment ^*^"®"«s tho province of Quebec is rich for himself and his iiorses. ^^^ '" minerals. Gold is found mi i. . ^ „ Minerals. In the listrict of Beauce and The extension of railways has been very els,3wi >re. Copper aCnds "n rapid n the province of Quebec since Con- the E.asteru Towa.hlps, a,id Iron i found federation ; and th.se have led to a very in many places Some vory rich iron mines great development of wealth. Many large are being worked, notubly by the Canada t'a'Ztd " "'" '"" """^'-^ ^"- '^-^^ ^"'•'^•^'^^ ^«-P-y "i'ity- ^J^i'-a is also found in good quan- vince of Quebec, according to the census of ^'^^ '° Ottawa and Pontiac districts and it 1S91, are : '^' *^™"^ ^o exist in superior quality in the capital invested JUS 291 it.^ '^"!'T f ^^''"^""y- ""t'^^'j' '° Bergeronnes Ninnbor of employees 117 380 "" V '■''^""•^''''^<^' ^•'*'i"« t'»<5 Government have Wases paid ? 30.69!).'ll5 ""^^ ^'^'^ valuable mines. Value nf products ;fl53,i95„'iS?, Tlie fisheries of tile province are a great The groat River St. ^-f"" ^^ t^'o settlers and fishermen resident Means of Lawrence, from the earli- "" '^'^ coast lii'-s. The fishing industry has Communication, est period of settlement i'^<^fiined large proportions, the products has afforded the chief being exported to distant portions of the Do- raeans of communication, but the province "''ui''" aQ'l foreign parts. has otlicr large navigable rivers, among wldcli may be mentioned tiie Ott.-iwa. which Tenant farmers from divides it from the province of Ontario, and ^arms for Sale the old country may also in its turn his iiflliionts of verv r-on- ^'^^ find frequent opportuni- siderable longili ; the RIciielleu. with its Government Lands, ties to purciiase im- Iccks. affords communication with the Hud- „ ^ proved farms in the pro- son, m tho state of New York ; the St ■,"'^'' ff ♦^^""'"'c at vry reasonable prices- Maurice is navigable for a considerable dis- , "! *"* ^'crling to £<; sterling per acre, in- tance ; and tlie Sagnenav Is one <.f the most , "'!"^ clwelbng-lu.uses. outbuildings and rcmarkal)Ie rivers on the continent, or, in '^'"•;'^f I" »''"'« "f UEItt.C. Liuicls purcliiiso.l rr<'iii Land Regulations. tli<" (iovt'iiiiiu'iit ;ii-c in !)!> paid for in llii' I'ol- lowin:; n\iiniicr : - ( )iu> lil'tli of tho purcliasc ruonoy is rocniivcd to lu> paid the day of tin' sale, ami tlic r.'iiiaiiidi'r in four 0(i\ial yi-ari;. iiistaliiiouts. lii'ariiu- inltM'cst at ('> per ctMit. But the pi'ivo at wiii.-li tlu' lands aiv sold is so low-from 'M rents to (iO cents per Jifi-e (lOd. to -Js. TyVA. sti?.)— tliat these con- editions art' not M'i'y burdensome ; in fa. i, thoy are eqiiivalenv to liivin.i;- tlie lands free, jis the prii'c at wliieh they are sold is barely sutlieieut to cov -r the cost of niakiiii; llie survey and const rnetini;' the roaits. I'hi' pureliMser is ivipdred to talie posses- sion of the land soil within six mouths of ilie dale of tiie sale, and to ocfUi)y it within two years. lie must clear, in the course of tell years, ten acres for every liundref now t. Jobu ay, St. I'^astern ;o TfUi- of the [jfmilJt^^»« liiimliciiii}; in tlic Wiiiti'f. Lt'giHlutivi' Buildings, Tdiuiitn. PROVIXCH OF ONTARIO ^n _. NTAUIO cmbViU'cs iiii arcii of iibom ^.vJ^'^ nvo hun.lred and twoiity-two thou- " s-jiud square miles, and has a iiopu lation oxct'odiuK two iiiilliinis. Ufdociiii'd, as tliocultivalcd por- tion of tlif itruviiK'i! has Irhmi. from llic primeval forest, it is needless to say tliat tlie vast 'i,"^0'* wciiltli of timlier still remainimr is one of its most valiial)le lieritaires. capable of fiirnislnnf; an abundant sup ply, both for home consumption and for every probable tlemand tliat <'om- n^eree ean m;ilce upon it. for ion.u' years to come. Though nuidi has been added of late years to the general lvno\vledi;i- of llie subject, the great region wliieh is consider- ed to be the main depository of naiui'e's most liberal gifts in ndneral wealtli, is as >et almosi. unexplored, and only liiiown iis to its general external features. Uut enough is already establislied to sliow tliat ilie dis- tricts north of Lalves Huron and Superior are enormously I'H'h in gold, iron, silver, cop- ollier minerals, and now per. i-Uel. and oili that the Canadian racilic Uail^'ay is run- ning through that country, an early develop- ment of tlie uuniug industry is sure to fol- low. Tlie recent discoveries, in the Lake of the Woods and IJainy Kiver districts, of rich tleposits of free milling gold iiulicato the ex- istence of a wide area of auriferous coun- try in that litlle-Unown portion of the pro- vince. It has been ascertained, moreover, llitit the nickel deposits are practically of illiuiitaiile extent and enormous value. In eastern Ontario tliere liave been considerable linds of gtdd, galena and mica, while the (piarrying of apatite, or pliospliate of lime, and marl)le (d' (>xcellent Muality, are both pnMilable industries. In the soutliern dis- iricl, near Lake Huron, are the famous oil siiriii-s from wiiicli petroleum is ol)taiued In inunense .iminlities ; further to the north in tlie same district are prolilic salt wells, wiiicli send forth an abundant supply of brine, tiie salt obtaiued from wliich forms a large item in the commerce of the place ; wliiie^eastward on the Cr.ind liiver there are extensive mines of gyiisum or plaster of 64 ON'iAino. raris. 'I'luTc aiv iiIko t jiisiilfniblv 'irons of peat 1)(m1m ill s>'V(MmI parts of tin- ini.vliwo ; Its rivers aiul lai< -s nr" well siiiiplifd willi tlsli, and its f.nvsis witli uiiiiu'. Hut lln' (jn-at and alM«uiuiliiK .■iciiiciii of Ontario's natural woaltli is in Us soil, ami to \y and its products it is (losirtMl to din-ct tlu> aticnllon of Intending iniinlgrants. Torouto, the seat of the I'roviucial Cities. Govorunient, had a pnpulatlou of ISl.-JUO aocordinj; to tlic tcn.v.is i f 1891. It is a city of which any country mifiht be proud ; it Is continuing to grow- steadily both in wealth and population, .•uid has many very line public bnildiniis ami many Important manufactories. Demand for Labour. nuinicallou by water ami railway, and la a large numufacluriug city. The soil of this province may bo generally described as very rich. It varies In different localities, but a large proportion of the whole is the very best for agricultural and horticultural purposes, including the grow- ing of .all Uimls of fruits w'llch llourlsh in 1 lie temperate zone ; Its special adaptation to tiio growth of these being favoured as well by its summer suns as by the modifying in- tluenco of the great laUcft. Men to work and develop the agrlcidtural :Mid ndueral resources are, tlierefore. the kind 'rdriinto. Ottawa has a population of about .".it,0(i(» ; It Is the seat of the Dominion Govcrnmeni, and here are erected the Houses of I'arllii- ment and departmental buildings. Those edifices are of great beauty, and excite the admiration of all visitors to tlie capital. Ottawa is the centre of the Ontario lumber trade. Hamilton (population 48,980) is beautifullv situated on tlie soutli-we.st shore of Hurling- ton Bay, at the extreme west end of Lake Ontario. It has excellent facilitii's lor cmii- of settler Ontario most needs. Agricul- turists, from farming being the leading in- dustry, stand In tlio lirst place. The demand fir female dome^itic .servants is always large and steady. Hut as respects artisans and mechanics, and men required by its numerous industries, they are referred to the general directions to classes who sho\ild Immigrate to this country, in the earlier pages of this book. Ontario has now l)ecome an important iiiainiraclnriiiir co-mti'v. Tlie leading Indus- CUM AT t. ^^ ons can-lanos. ralln.a.l .•..111..^ stn..k (indn.i 11... ,l..v.-loi.iM.M.t ..1 .vny Inir' loeoinotlv.'s), cott.... laciorii-s. Nvoolli... tiiriil iiulustry. fnctovi.'s la.morl.'s, fm'..it..r.. factories, tl.ix Ti.o (•li.imto of 0..tario varies VO.-US. onlin.ry In... a.d Lanlwan- wo.'Us. cn^.te. a.-onli...' to latit...!.., alt.uule nnd paper au.l ..ulp fa..ori..H, s,.a„ xvorUs. w..u.l. Hil.u.tK... uitl. rol.MV..«. o the onwaro &l'. The Loimtiful wafr s.ipi.ly In ^,,,Mit lalli.torty- ^^^ t,,^, ,i,.st or second week m April. Ex- nlne miles west fnnn Toroii- ^.^.^^^ i,j ,i„> northern region, there is no win- to In the midst of a tine farming distrlet.vere ,^.^. j^^ Ontario lastin},' over four .nonths. and established by the I'n.yinclal Covei'imient. ^^^ „voraj:e dnratl(.n in the settled portion of under the ad.ninistrative (•..ntrol of the IM-o- ^j^^, p,.„viin'i. (previously described) is fn.ra vincial Minister of AtirioHlture for the special ^,,,.j,g mouths In vhe southern a.id western purpose of giving a practical and scientllic ^,, ,j„.^.j. „,„, .^ i,„ii', or at most four months education to the s(.ns (.f farmers. The farm )„ 1,^, ,,,,stcni and northern districts. Though consists of so.ue .".(> acres, and is llttcl with ,„ the northern i.arts of the province the every appil.iuiv for successfully cai-rying out ^yinter begins ea.-lier a.id breaks up later its |')urp(.se of giving to the youth who at ^^^^^^^ m the southern, yet so far as settle- tend it ihon.ugh and pi'.Mctlcal knowU^dg.' of ,„^^,„t ,,„j^ v(>t advanced to the west and every branch of agriciiltuiv. iiK.n' especially i„„,,i,_ ,i,i. scas<.ns liave (.ffei'cd no bar to the of those branches which are best adai.leil loi' successful prosec.tlon of agriculture, protitable prosecution in the pn.vince, ac- ^^ j,., ^^i^.j-j. jn ti,e si.ring, which C(.mes c(.rding to conditions of climate and soil. It ^^..j,^ ^,,.^,.,, ,.,,pidity, the b xurlant vegetation is c.nducled by an able staff (.f pn. lessors. ^^^^.^^^^ .^ ,„.,.,.,„ii;,i s(.urce of wonder and ad- instrnctors, and the fees an- exceedingly ,„i,,.i,ion even to those who have witnessed moderate. it for twenty or thirty years, but whose mem- 1 ..I'ies I'ecur to the slower growth with which The Experimental I'ar.n his eonlerred ^_ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^.^^^ ,^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^.^ ^„-eat benetit o.. the agricultur.s s ot the p.. ^,,^^. ^^^ j,,.„^. vin..e. by the in.por.ation <.l tbon,ugh-b "^^^J^ ^, ,,^, 4,,, t,., ,pHng is a stock from Great lUi.a.n and by holdmg I'^o/;.. '^^.^,,.,, ,„, a busy one. The genial ai-nnal sales as the animals mult. pl.N on t u. .^ ^^^^^.j, .^^^^ ^j^,y_ farms. It an..u..Ily distributes seeds and ux.^ i,,,,,,,i,,g warmth of air and soil, grains that have been i.j.ported tro... Euro .e ^"^^^^^ ^^^,^,,,^ ,,,,,, ,,,,t vigour, and lested f..r two ..r three yeais. Ih. k- i _^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^_^ ^^^ summer time and suits of Its various experiments .n u.'a.n- ;,,^. ,,^^,.^.^.,, ,^,, i,,„Tied ou together, ciowiug feeding and dairying, are publish- i^"^ "'i'*^ .. . i.„„„,i ed U bul etins rn..n tin.e to tin.e. VuUy The summer season .s usually . ck ned eauiped laboratories an- connected with from the middle or end of May to the ml 1- o collL .M arin and everv depa.uncnt die of Scpte..d.er. Under the steady .varmth o . cnl t.m in^.-^^^^^ is well organi.c.l. and n.-.eshed by oceasio..ai brief but cop - ^*„;,'] . r i«lV.r....tion may be obtaine.l ous showers, the cn.ps make rapid pn.gress, u:mIS;^ the ;;;:";:''•;; of the cnege. ...dp.,. a..d the ...onth of .nne is hardly finished ere 66 ONTA It 10. tht« Imm of prcimnitlon I'm- lli" linrvcst H licanl. liny i-uttlnn lu'Kins abinit llic oiul of .lunc. ttiul wlipiit ImrvoHiliiK iu tlio llrnt wrcU of July, In the most soiillicni piirlH of tlio province. In otlit'i- localltU's Iiolli (iponilloiiM bPKln a week or Iwd Inter, ncconlliiK' to tho sltuiitlon. All tho other «raln crops follnw III r,ii»l(l HUccoHHion, ho that by the ciid of AtiKUSt the harvest Is coiiipleletl throiiK'hotit tlu! province. The harvest time is usually the period of extreme Humnier lieat, yot those who work In tho oix-n tields, under I lie rays of the siin, in the middle of the liottest days seldom suffer Injury or even serious discomfort If tliey use ordinary precautions for tbelr protection. 'I'iie autumn sejisiui, called tlie " I'all," is the most deliclolisly enjoyalde weallu'r of the ciMil markets of the world, is very advanlaneotis. Its In li rior me IMS of transport are ample. At lialf a do//>n dllTerent points its railway sys- tem counects Willi liiat id' the United States. Its iiiinnillcent system (d' lake, canal and liver navU'alloii accommodates not only Its own trade, luit also ^i yfcat portion of the Ir.'ide of the W'esiern .Stales, 'roroiito. its (■apllai, tile seat of the rrovliicial tjovern- iiii nl Mild LeKi-\ays extv'iidiug ihrouglioul the i)rovlnce In all directions. The trip from Toronto to Liverpool ca i now l»e made witli ease and comfort ill eigiit or nine days liy tlie present St. I.awrciice siea ucis. and might lie made in iiiuidi less 1i:!ie by tlie "ocean grey- lii unds." Large (juantities of farm ami dairy jirode.ce ar.' sent yearly to Hrilish ii arkels. 'i'iie iiiarkn-j tiuMuglioul the province are witliin easv reach of tlie farmer in every settle 1 district. Tlio iiigliwnys are substan- Soil. M, SOIL m tially mini' mil lu-pl In tfimil icpair. Iowiih h mi iiro (lie Ioihiim i I" tlllVorciif klinis, bliicU ami vlllMKfs ai'i' thli'Uly iluUfd ovi'f tlu- ctmn- try, Im'Iiik Mrldoni iimrc iliaii I'fuiu llvi> lo t< n iiiilt'H .'i|iai't. ami ai! I'aiiiis aro witlim u Hliort (llslaiit'e of a railway Ktallon. The (liii'Hlioii of easy acccxs to markets Is one which mJKhl lie suitpoHcil to Involve serious dltllcnltii's 111 n ooniitry einlM'a<'in»; siirh a wide iaii({(! of illHtaiices ; but, practically, the means of transport aro so ample ami the freight rales so reKulated, and upon the whole so low, that there Is no settled pari (if the provliie.' In which malorlal ohstacloh jiro i)reseiil'>d, ePhcr as res|)ects costs or couveiilclice. OiHiirlo his 'iiany varieties of hoII, Soil, nearly all of wnlcli are fertile and easy of ciiltlviition. Tlie most com- I'lKl.lt cjtoi'S •'ic'ld ci'dii,' clay and simly. There are also llirht and heavy clay soils, sandy soils, and In souio distrl.-ts ncirsh and alluvial soils of jireat depth roMtliig on clay bottoms. Tho old tiirins are in soin.T places partially worn out IhrouKh loii.{ .■■iiitliiued wheat cropping; hut ihi'y still yield a prodtablo return If eiilllvated with the view to stock ralslDR or dairy faruila^, tUo two brunches which pro- mise In the future to bo the leading featiirea (if aKrIcullural Industry In Ontario, both of wliieli have a tendency to rontore and nc- 1 ich the soil. The following gives the area and produce of til ' l>ri 1,'ipil Held crops of Ontario for IS'.),") and tS'.Ki, with liio yearly uverage for the llfteen years 1882-00 :- -ONTAKU). ]''all wliciil : iH'.Hi 1S!I.") ISH'J '.111 .., Spriii^f wliciit ; lH!l(t l.Hit."i . . . IMS-.' it(i . r-iu'cv : l,H!Mi iHiin .... 1SS2 !Hi . . Oats : IHIHi. .. l.Hlt.") 18H2 !l() . Kyc : 1S!l(i LSOa 1HS2 IMi .. Teas : ISiMi mKt \mi. lie. . . liiickwtifiit : IWKi .... 1H!C. ISSL' IMi, . . iiiH : iwm... IS!),-) . . IHS'J !«!. , . J'ntatiM's : IK! Ml . lH'.l."i lSS-_' !l(i . . .Miui;;cl-wiirzi'l 1.s!m; is'.iri 1HS2 IKJ ., < 'arnits : isik; lS!l."i . . . l.SKL' ilCi... l!i Acres. s-(i,iCir) 74:t.l!"t ss7.2(t.'> 2."..:ii'il L'L';!.!I.">7 IIIO.ISH MVl.lWl 4;s,(Mti (i."i.").a7:i L',-tL'.").m7 u'.;i7;(.:ia'.t i,s;i,s,(i8!t i4s,(;sii iL'ii.;i.")i) 1(|-_',I7.! .Slill.lidl 7!l!(,'.ili;! 7U7.K44 14."i,(iail '.ll.SL'.") 7:-'.717 17K,'.i(i.'i 1S4,(;47 1,'kS,LM4 ;4,:<(>.'j SL'.!l7'.t.'.l!l2 st,Ci!i7,."iiiri (i;<,iii!t,;ii2 •J,'.':.si,;{7:i :i.7."i:<.s.<-j Vi.'ld per ac'ic, 17'2 I'.l ill !l i:VH If)-.' 15;; IT) -3 25 (1 ;u 2 :tr. 7 ;u ;< 15-0 1 ;-)■;■! 15 it 21 1 I'.l 5 20 2 17 !• 20(i I'.l (i 17 T) 20 .'i i7;i 11!) l.-ls : ISilli 18!(5 18S2 '.Mi Cum fur hiiskiiit,' {iu tlic viw) : ISlMi ISltu \X\yi !l(( (five Vfiirs) Corn for silo mid fuddiT (jirciMi) : IHllli 18!i:) ISilL' !«•. (five years! Hay and clover : 'IS'JO 18il5 18S2 9(1 I4s,i.':i4 C'.I.Sll.Sll 471 151, hk; («,4'.Mi,70L> 41H ii7,")r)7 4'.),(iSi»,n,jr) A-a :n7,t><'>7 •J4,(l71.:f(14 75.8 ,S(1L'. !•!".• ■_'4,S1'.I.S'.I'.I SI. 11 •j.".7,;vi(i i,s.(i!i:i,>sir) 70. S tuns. tons. 17S.'.i(l'.> l,'.i4S.7Sti 10.8'.) ll'.I.S'.l'.l 1.77."i.l'i.")4 11.85 !•_>:., i: IS i,:C)4.."ii;i; 10.7!t •-'.l-JCiJIl •-'.■Jfld.i'to .lia ■J..'):i7.(>7i 1,S4!I,'.I14 .73 i;,;i8i,iio;} 3,-JU4,U7L' 1.35 The estiniiitos in Auumst ware : fall wheat, erop of AnuM'i.'a (uorlli and south) tor 14 510 088 busluds; sprins wheat. 3.077,T.-.7 1SU5. The there are 3.54.S.0.5S young apple trees planted in orchards. The yield of apples in 1890 is estimated to b-; .5:..895.7.55 bushels or an avera«'e of 9-45 bushels per tree of bearin.i; age. The Wheat The ligtires for 1895 show tlic Crop of the total wlieat crop of the woild, World. by continental divisions, and tlie ^.,l,„];,t(.(l stalcuiellt shows tlu' wllC'lt Whet iter available, ollicial ligitres. either preliuiiiiary (U' linal. liave been used. It is unfortunate lliai in some important wlicat growing countries ollicial rcltirus of wiieal itrodiiclioii are mu made. In such iiise c.immcrcial eslipiates liavc been used. In the countries of the Southern llemis- pliere the wluil harvest talies place from November lo l'el)-iiary. and the estimates given for tliese countries are for the twelve montlis ending O'tober .'.1st of the years intuins publislied b.\ tiie liuivan of Industries, it w.as estimated in 181).") at !|illl,54T,l>^'- I'll'- nunber of animals is statetl as follows :— The value of the cheese ex- Dairy Farms, portnl has more thau doubl- ed within recent years, Cana- luau ■jlieese being now recognized as the best laadt! in America ; la-l of late years it has .•.jiiipeted siicc(;ssfiiily with tlie English-made iii'ticie. A single clieese, weighing a little oxer "eleven tons.' lualj in the province ci Ontario. ex.;iLed the wonder aud admira- tion of visitors to the World's Columbian Exhibition at Chicago iu lhi>:i. The follow- ing hgures tell liie progress of the cheese trade ; — Quantity e.\poned. Value. Lbs. $ ISSti '•*■•*.'»« U'i.i'Ji IS'JO ••• i'-l,li(;0,187 0,372,212 y^.jy i(,U,202,140 0,508,800 lS,i,2 118,270,002 11,1)52,412 18')3 . .. 13o.!t46,3t)5 13.407,470 lj,r,4 154,977,480 15,488,101 1895 14iJ,004,650 14,253,002 ISaS 164,089,123 13,050,971 LiVK STOCK ONTARIO. Cattle . Hoi'.ses Slu'cp I'i^'s... I'oulti) Sold or Killed in I'revious On hand .luly 1. : Year. No. 2,1.50,103 (147,000 2,022,735 1,200,072 7,752,840 Value. 40,708,017 40,28,3,754 7.70s, 142 7,101,211 2,l.")(i,()23 103,0.58,047 No. Vahir. s 41.8,131 40,34() (182,315 1,1,50,002 l,O3O,.507 1.3,272,127 2,010,301 2,484,012 10,007,0117 800,334 1 20,301,1:11 ONTAlilO. The butt-r cxportea amouulod in 189(5 to 5,889,l'-ll pc.un.ls, valuo 1 at $l,i>52,0S!». ElToi'ts aro UAivi malo. with Govonimeul assi;trathroy. Fruit farming (embracing vino Fruit culture) is another branch to Farming, wlacli the attention of the in- tiiiding settler in Ontario sliould be directeil. In any part of the in-ovince of Ontario the farmer may iiave his orchard. Ontario. Though apples may be cultivated with profit in any of the settled portions of the province, it is only in the southern regioii al)ove indicated that fruit culture has up to this time received much attention, and the success wiiich has attended it has been so encouraging that vineyards, orchards and fruit gardens on a large scale are numerous in tlie Niagara district and westward on the same line till the c.mnty of Essex is reach- ed, which is regarded as specially adapted for the profitable cultivation of the vine. The value of farm pro- perty, in Ontario in 1895 was estimaied at $931,- !)89,.'')74, made up of $572,- 9;W,472 farm land, $204,- 148,()70 buildings, $.")(),»t4.3S5 implements, and :);i(«,95S.047 live stock. The total value of liald crops in Ontario in 1895 Value of Farm Property and Taxation. Liilsc i>f the WiKidfi and in many parts he has it ; but in the early struggle v.itli the sturdy trees of the forest the pioneer had no time to tliinlc nf such luxuries, and lieiice llic planting of or- chards was neglected. For many years, however, the apple tree has been steadily growing in importance, and plums, pears and peaciies. and small fruits of every i.-). The average rate (f (liivct taxation levied by municipalities in Oiiliirio in IS'ti' for till puri)oses, includ- ing schools, was $4.17 per hetid in townsliips, ■'i!."».S1 in towns and villages, and $12.:il5 in cities, l)eing e.pial to $(;.18 iier iiead for the wiiole population assessed. The produce of the mine from Minerals. Ontario is siiipi>ed almost ex- clusively to the rnited Slates. Tlie industry is yet in its infancy, but there are oiiixirlunities for its development to an almost unlimited extent, and the experienc- ed iiiaii of very modcr.-ite means can readily MINER A LS. 61 establish himself In tlio bnsinoss, as ininin.ij; lands are sold or leased by the (loverninent at low tigiu'es. The niininR regulations are of the most lll)oral charaetei'. In the mntter of iron alone it is atllrnied by conn)etent Judges that the province of Ontario is ricli enough in ore to maico it a successfiil cnui- lietitor with the United States in the produc- tion of iron. Tlie ore occurs both as magne- tite and hematite in various porti.)ns of the province, l)ut the deposits of eastern On- tario and of the country west of r-.rt Artliur are among the most notable. Gold, silver, nidsal. lead and coppi-r ores are hmiuiI in various parts of Ihe province, tlie ndneral- bearing d'striets of wlueli are yet largely unexiilored. In the Lake of the Woods, Seine Uiver and Kaiuy Lalie dislricls. re- cently discovered gold fields havi! attraetd large numbers of prospectors and nuuers. and give promise of being permanenlly jiio dnctive. Several goitl mines are in reg\d:M oi:eration, turning meut has been Iteguu at several points where the necessary materials occur. The salt and petroleum wells of several counties in the western peninsula have long been in successful operation. Natural gas is found in the T,ake Krie counties, iind a number of wells have liet>n bored which yield from one to ten million cubic feet of fuel gas per day. The price of farming land varies mnch according to locality. In the neighliour- liood of the cities and large towns in the old settled dis- tricts it is sometimes as high as ifion. or £'_•(» sterling, per acre, and from that flgun> ft rvnis all the way down to £2. or ijio per acre, for partially cleared farms in the new- ly-settled districts in the north-eastern part of the province. In speaking of the price of a farm in Ontario it is usually rated at so much per acre, including buildings, fencing and all fixed improvements ; lience, many of the so-called highly priced farms may carry a ciiarge of .$;i<» or more per acre on account of the value of the dwelling-house, stables, barns and other outbuildings, which are sometimes very commodous, sul)stantiiil structures of brick or stone, costing from ^:i,000 to .$5,000 or more. The average price for good f.-irms in tiie best agricultural districts in the old settle- iiHMits is from !);;K) to ■$,')0 (£(t to £10) per acr(>, and at tliis figure usually a large amount of Ihe purchase money may remain unpaid for a term of years, secured by mortgage at a rate of interest not exceeding (i per cent. In tiie newer counties, wliere the land is but partly cleared, wiiere a li.-ilf or the tliree- fourths of tlie farm is still in its i)rimitive wooded condition, or " in bush," as tiie local lilii-ase has it, prices range from $15 to $25 (say £3 to £5) per acre for really good farms, in good situations, to still lower figures ^\here the situation and soil are not so fav- ourable. Free Grant Lands. acres and Natural Gas. Facilities for obtaining Farms. Any head of a family, whe- ther male or sole female hav- ing children under 18 years of age, can obtain a, grant of 200 fi single man over 18 ye.ars of age, or a married man having no children under 18 residing with him, can obtain a grant of 100 acres. This land is mostly covered with forest, and is situated in the northern and north-western pints of the pro- vince. Such a person may also pur- chase an additional 100 acres at ,"iO cents per acre, cash. The settlement d outright or leased at rates fixed by the Mines Act. The minimum area of a loca- tion Is forty acres. Prices range from !?2 to .<;:! per acre, the highest price being for lands in surveyed territory and within six miles of a railway. The rental charge is at the rate of $1 per acre for the first year and 2."> cents per acre f(n' subsecpient years ; but the le!is{>hoId may be converted Into freehold at ilie option of the tenant at any time dur- ing the term of the lease, in which case the first year's rent Is allowed on the purchase money. A royalty of not more than 2 per cent is reserved, based on the value of iho ore, less cost of mining and subseqtKUt trer.tment for the market. TlfE WAIiKlOOy COUNTRY. I THE WABiaOON COUNTRY, RAINY RIVER DIfcJTRIOT. North of the country bordorlnf; o" ll>c Rainy River, doscrilu'd iil)ovo. niul directly on the Hue of railway, is a section to wliicli the Wabisioon Kivor sives its nanio. Atten- tion was lirst drawn to it two years a^o by the Ontario Government establishing there what was called a " Pioneer Karni," for the purpose of demonstrating tlie afiriculttiral capabilities of the country, wiiicli liad hitherto remained imdeveloped. Tlie i)recis(' location of the farm is 2ir. miles .-ast of Winnipeg, and SO miles east of Kat Portage. After one year's successful experiment the land was tlirown open for settlement (that Is, in the spring of ISOO), since whicii lime it' has been rapidly taiion up. Tiie settlers consist almost entirely of a good class of Ontario farmers, and the devclopmimt of tiie country is being pushed forward witli en- ergy. A store and a saw-mill have already been started; colonization roads and bridges have been built, and the 'confidence and zeal witnessed in tliose who have located there augurs well for the future prosperity of the settlement. The land is not free grant, but it is sold to actual settlers only at fifty cents per acre (conditional on certain improvements'), one- third down and the balance in tliree annual Instalments. How nuich agricultural land there may be available at this i)i>int has not as yet been definitely ascertained, but It is known to b(! limited in extent. The chief advantages of the coimtry are as follows :— First, the railway passes througli it, which renders access easy at all times of the year, and places it witliin reach of such centres as Kat I'ortage and Winnipeg. Second, good mariiets are available, notably at Uat Port- age, the centre of the milling and mining in- dustries of the district. Third, the laud, al- though not a prairie, is easily cleared. Some stretches are entirely destitute of timber, having been swept by forest fires, and re- quire only a little underbrushing before the plough starts to work. Elsewhere the growth is liglit. and may be cleared with much less labour than is reQUired in heavily timbered countries. At the same time, sutll- clent large timber for building purposes Is to be found here and there, so that, as will be seen, the advantages of a prairie and of a timbered country are here combined to a large extent. The country is well watered, and possesses a good soil and a good climate. It is adapted to mixed farming, but particu- larly to dairying and stock-raising. A pamphlet giving fuller particulars may be had on application to the Ontario Depart- ment of Agriculture, at Toronto. C.l'.K. Tuiiml. n ! \n f k i. THE PINK TINT INDICATtS BRITISH ItRRITC IMMIGRANT 1,'i AliANTlN!'; STAIIONS '.AlTLt, ylJA- -NtlNK blATIONS . . LU UHniSH I tRRITOHY. RELATION WITH EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES RAILWAYS t^ -WAYS m Ot'EHATION ARE SHEWN IN FUi,, O ::,li. OHIO ' ■ ■ PROJECTED, AHE SHEWN IN DOT! ED HLo LINES. RAILWAY CONNECTIONS IN UNITED STATES IN BLACK LINSS. CUicI ID THE UNITED STATES L A N T 1 C....^ — i- — "ll^fTou'^ C E OF PART OF C A M A lOAlt OP STATUTE MtLt9, loo IDu 2iiO 7)/,7'^J ItTMKXT or Tin: JNTKltlOB OTT.l IIVI. 9 , ^(r/urv^ Toyi^ RAILWAYS. .i,MAtjlAN HAIUWAVS 1^4 Of CliATION ARE SHEWN IN FULL RED LINES. ■ DITTO ■ " PROJECTED, AHE SHEWN IN DOTTED HtO LINES. RAILWAY CONNECTIONS IN UNITED .STATES IN BLACK UlNti Ciiicago **v^ j"K«y