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32X
K ■ -
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1
:;•• 6
\
THK
ORTHOEPIST :
• A PRONOUl^cmG MANUAL,
ooHTAnrure
ABOUT THBEE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED WORDS
IXCLin>Iff9
A 00N8IDBRABLE NUlfBER OF THE NAMES OF FOBBION
AUTHOBS, ARTISTS, ETO., THAT ARE OFTEN
MISPRONOUNCED.
/\
8MVXNTSJSNTB EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED,
BT
ALFRED AYRES.
TORONTO :
W. J. GAGE & COMPANY,
54 FRONT STREET WEST.
1384.
TSM
PREFATOET NOTE.
This little book has been made for the ose
of those who aim to have their practice in
speaking English conform to the most ap-
proved orthoepical usage.
This aim has always been esteemed a worthy
ambition, and will continue to be so esteemed
as long as the manner in which one speaks his
mother-tongue is looked upon as showing more
clearly than any other one thing what his cul-
ture is, and what his associations are and have
been.
There are very many cultured people who
would be amazed if their mispronunciations
were to bo pointed out to them. Not long
Huice the writer met at the dinner-table of a
friend a liberally educated member of one of
the learned professions, who descanted at con-
<^
. I
fliderable length on tbe importance of speaking
one's vernacular according to the best usage,
maintaining that correctness in this'piKrticular
is worth ail the other polite accomplishments,
that it is the surest criterion by which to judge
a stranger's social status, etc. And yet the
gentleman, much as he seemed to pride him*
self on his critical knowledge of English, mis-
pronounced several words in daily use. !,
It is not expected that any one who has
given special attention to the subject of Eng-
lish orthoepy will agree with the author in
every particular; but those who look at all
carefully at what he has done, will see that he
has taken some pains, and, further, that on a
few points he ha.zards an impression of his
own. Instance what he says about the slurring
of the pronouns, and about the sound of the
vowels, especially Oj when standiiQg under a
rhythmical accent.
The object in view has been as much to
awaken an interest in the subject-matter as to
The pronunciation of the foreign names
that will be found in their alphabetical places,
and which are frequently niispronounced, will
not, it is thought, make the book less acceptably
to any, while it will, perhaps, make it more
acceptable to some.
Those who discover that the same things
are said in a plurality of places, will kindly
remember that repetition is the only sure road
to mental acquirement.
Suggestions and criticisms are solicited*
with the view of profiting by them in future
additions.
HizwYoMX, October, 1880,
f
►•T*.;.
KEY TO THE PROSOCUTION.
Si long as in hAle, Ifr&j, ifite.
5, thort. ^ . . . , " p^d, f&t, h&v^ r&o.
A, Ztfit^ ft^ortf r ** £&re, p&ir^ beAr.
a, Italian " iilr, f&ther, ciUm, „.,.
a, intermediate *> ^st, gr&sp, braiion.
4, Iroad, " fftU, w«1k, haul.
^yObeeure ** liar, hesitanq/.
fi, long ** infite, seal, Sve.
)^ f A«r< ** m^n, mSt, 8%n, fSrrj.
«, like4. " hMr, th6re, wh6re,
«, liked... ** ob§7, pr^y, §ight. .
S " her, herd, fern, verge.
^ obtcwre. .... ** bri^r, fnel, celery.
1, long " pine, fee, fire, file.
%9hQrU,. ..... ** miss, ptn, fill, mirror.
I, Uke long 0. '* mien, machine, police.
X, ehort and obtuee ........ ** tfr, fir, thirsty, bird.
I, ohtGure. *' m|n, elixir, abiljty.
0, Zon^.. " note, f&al, did.
Jb^ehort " n5t, »dd, resdlve.
6, like short « ** son, done, other, w6n.
i)^ like long 00 ^ ** move, prove, do.
A, like iihort 00. at in bOsom, wofl; wdmaii.
6, hroad^ like {i. ** n6r, f^rm, 86rt, tt6rk.
n^obievre... *' major, oonfeai, felfiij.
Sb^long '* mooo, fS5d, bifi^ty.
Sb^tihort ** wdOl, fd&Vffd^'^
Q, 2bn^.. ........ r ** tube, tane, Hm, Iftie.
«,f»w«... ...... •* tiib, httt, ill, httrry.
y, like long 00 *' ryle, tme, rgmor.
ii, like abort o% ** bllll, pfteb, put.
% thort and cbtu$e • ** ttt^ tbrge, cooctiT.
f, obieur€\ ... '* ralpbur, deputy.
y, foiv..... " il^myrejfly.
f, thort " aj^lvan, oj^st, Ijhrio
f, thort and obtua, ....... " m^h, myrtle.
•ol or oy (onmarked)... *' oil,joiii,iDoiit,oyitflr
ou 0j* ctr (axunarked): . . •• ** out, bound owL
^ tqft^ like 9 sharp ** (eae, ^te, mer^y.
•e^ Xar<2, like, i '* -call, •eon€ar, att«oeMi
fib, «^ like <&.... " (baiae, martjibloneM.
•eb, hard, like 1;.*. ....... . ** •eboms, eebo, diati«b.
gyhard •« ^t, ti^r, beSin*
g, «oy%, like J. •* ^m, en^ne, elejj.
81 to/t, like «. . . ., ** bag^ amuge, rofleatflw
til, «^ ^<^ or voeal ^ tiiia, tiie, smootb.
I,like^«. ** eiist, e^ert, auiilicrj.
The letter ^, wbcn used in representing the pronnnel-
ation of French words, simply indicates that the
preceding oonsonaat has a aaaal nttorano^
YOWELS ALIKE IN SOUm
fi in f ftte,
Ainf&ir,
ftiniall,
a in liar,
6 in m&te,
e in her,
I in pine,
1 in pin,
5 in n5t,
Q in move,
d in wOlf,
like e in they,
like 6 in th6re.
like 6 in form. i
like ^ in brier, i in rajn, o in m<gor,
and u in sulphur.'
like I in machine,
like I in sir, o in w5rm, ii in fdr,
and J in myrrh.
like y in style,
like y in sylvan.
like a in what.
like 6b in moon, and q in njle.
like do in wool, and U in ptlsh.
4. in tiib, like 6 in son.
THE ORTHOfiPIST
A.
This vowel is pronounced A as a letter, bat ei
as a word. In the languages of Continental Eu-
rope it usually has a sound like a in far or father^
or—especially in French — like a in ant, branchy
ffrasSf etc.
Aaron — Ar'un.
^b-dd'men ; ^b-d5ml-n^L
Ab'ject; Ab'ject-nfiss.
Ab's9-lute, not -lijt.
^D-s5l'u-to-r) .
The dictionaries say that the y«aultimate o
in such words as declamatory, migrafory, in-
ventory, matrimonyf dedicatory, derogatory,
natatory, category, parsimony, piscatory, pot"
tulatory, prefatory, preservatory, territory, etc.,
etc., is or should be pronounced like short (H) or
obscure {u) u/ that is, like o in mc0or, actor, fac-
tor, etc. ' Is this true ? The penultimate o of
Sie-Kcgr to .Fiiwinii lttltii^]p«-l^
/>
at^
tlieso words falls, without an exception, vncler a
rhythmical accent, which natorally 4oe» ftnd
should brine out, in no smaU degree, the quality
of the vowel, though not in the wime degree tfait
it is brought out when atandlng under a primiiiy
accent. And yet it would be as much in hai>
mony with the opirit of the language to SAjpre-
aervatdry^ making the o as long as the penulti-
mate o in protozoie^ as it is to slnr it to the
extent we naturally do in syllables where it has
no accent whatever, as, for example, \xi protecU^r^
protectorship^ rector^ rectorship, rectory ^ etc. II
IS safe to assert that it is only those speciliny
schooled to slur this o who pronounce it acdbrd*
ing to the dictionary markine. There are many
who say matrimony^ and a teir who say tnven*
tgry ; but there are probably none, in this coun-
try at least, who are consistent and uniformly
suppress this o in the whole Ion j; list of worjs
in which it is found. To do so is to take some-
thing from whatever of sonorousness the lan-
guage naturally has, as all languages are sonorous
m proportion to their wealth in vowel-sounds.
See antinomy,
^b-s5lve', oi* ^b-s6lve'.
9b-86rb', not -zdrR
^b-ste'mi-otis.
iib'stract-ly.
$b-str]|se', not -strQs'.
iic-9b-de'ini-9.n.
8MX4art»
»«l
u
jMcHntf noun.
^c-c6nt', i>^**J/ ^c-c6nt'ed.
The first marking is preferred by the later
orthoSpists, and is sanctioned by our most care-
ful speakers.
^c-ces's9-ry, or ^Jces-so-ry.
Kase of utterance has shifted the accent from
the first to the second syllable, iirhere it will ro*
main.
^c-cWm&te; 9.c-clrm9.-tlze.
^c-c6st', 7iot -kawst'.
The o of this word, though so marked, is not
really as short as the o in not. Short o is slightly
prolonged when followed by jf, ft, as, st, or tn,
as in Off', s6ft, crdas, c6st, broth ; also, in many
wotds where it is followed by n or final ng, as in
gOlM, begOne, ^^ngr, pr6ng, s6ng, etrOng, thdng,
thr&ng, tordng. The extreme short sound, in these
words, is as much to.be avoided as the full broad
sound of a, as in haitl, which in this co.untry is so
frequently heard.
^c-CQu'tre, not -cow'-,
f o-crvie', not -crti'.
U" preceded by r or the sound of «A in the
•ame syllable often becomes (7&, as in rude^ ru-
mor, ruht rub^t Bure^ U?uei
•m X97 ta PropoaelAtlo^kp. (k
r"' — "
a
ft'cpm, no^ A'c6nL
acoustics. S'^e SupplemiBEt
acquiesce — Sk-we-gs'.
%<»^ss', not ^-krawst'.
9-cr6s'tic, not ^.-kraws'tic. See accost
ac'tQr, 7U)t Ac'td
IKd-ik-mdn-te'^n. \
iid-^ptft'tipD. ^
§id-dress', hoik the noun and the verb.
^(l-duc6'.
When, in the same syllable, long ti is pre*
ceded by one of the consonants d', f, /, n, «, or
tfi, it ib not easy to introduce the sound of y ;
hence careless speakers omit it, pronouncing
duixfy dooty ; tu%%e, toon ; lute, loot ; nuiaanee^
noosance, etc. And yet to make the u in these
words as clear and perfect as in mute, cube, etc.,
is over-nice, and consequently smacks of pedan*
try. The two extremes should be avoided with
equal care.
^-d6pt', not fid'ept.
9Al-he'sive, not -zive,
dd'i-pose, or fid-i-p6se', not -pdi.
Bee K«jr to PronaoolftUon,p. 1
la
M'mi-r9,-ble ; fid'mi-rqt-bly,
dd'mi-rg,l-ty, W(?^ ^d-mi-i-^'ty.
A-do'nis.
q.-(lXilt\ not tii'fklt
^d-viince', not ad-vance', nor ^d-vtoce^
The fifth sound of a, called the intermediat*^
is found chiefly in monosyllables and dissyllables.
At the beginning of this century these- words
were generally pronounced with tne full Italian
a, which by the exquisites was not unfrequently
exaggerated. Thid Walker undertook to change,
and to that end marked the a of words of this class
like the a in md>n, fd.ty (it, etc. The innovation,
however, met with only partial success. Web-
ster and Worcester both opposed it. Now there
is a general disposition to unite in some inter-
mediate sound between the broad a in father,
which is rarely, and the short d in at, which is
frequently, heard in this country. Some of the
words in which a now receives this intermediate
sound are : advantage, after, aghast, alas, amass,
alabaster, Alexander ^ anmoer, ant, asp, ass, bask,
basket^ blanch, blast, branch, brass, cask, casket^
cast, castle, chaff, chance, chant, clasp, class,
contrast, craft, dance, draft, draught, enchant,
enhance, example, fasty flask, gantlet, gasp,
ghastly, glance, glass, graft, grant, grasp, grass,
hasp, lance^ lass, last, mask, mass, mast, mastiff,
nasty, pant, pass, past, pastor, pasture, plaster,
prance, quaff raft, rafter, rasp, sample, shc{ft^
slander, slant, staff task, trance, vast, id(0^
•r " - - — '■ » ■ ■ *F
j^ K«7 to FroquQoiatioa, pi>>
' i
14
adyentnre— ^d-vSnt'y^.
Itd'yerse, not ^-y^rse'i nor M-yiiise'.
ild'vfr-tige, or &d-Ter-t!ge'.
^-ver'tise-mSnt.
The Towel e before 9* in a monoBjUable or an
aooented svUable in which the r is not followed
by a vowel or by another r, and in derivatives
of such words — especially when the syllable re-
tains its accent, as in herd, defer, dtferring, err,
concern, maf«rAa/— has an intermediate^ sound
between u in surge and e in ferry. Theliincal-
tnred are wont to give the e in snch words the
full sound of t« in sur^, as murcj for inereg,
f urn for fern, etc. This intermediate sound is
quite distinct from both ik and h It is less gut-
tural than the former and less palatal than the
latter. It is heard in wmine, merge, prefer, ear-
nes$, birth, mirth, bird, myrtle, virgin, thirsty^
learn, discern, fertile, fervent, fervid, perch, per-'
feet, p&rfidy, perfume, pefjure, permeate, serpent^
service, terse, verb, verdant, verdict, vermin, ver-
nal, verse, versify, her, herb, hermit, hearse, cer-
tain, dcrvis,germ, merchecnt, mercury, merpe, m^r-
maid, nerve, adversity, etc. Also heard, m some
unaccented syllables, as in adverb, adverse, etc.
^-ne'id.
ft'er-Ate: ft'er-ftt-ei
aerie — §'re, or ft're.
&'^r-o-l!te.
0M X<7 to rkwiwolatloii, f. H
16
ft'er-o-n^nt. ^^vim
affaire d^amour (Fr.) — hi'i&t' d&'mQrl
affluxion — g,f-fltik'shun
aforesaid — g,-f6r'sSd.
again- — g.*gSn' ; against — ^-gSnst'.
The usual sound of the diphthong at is that
o£ long a, Tho principal exceptions arc in said^
eaith, again, and against, where it has the sound
of short e ; in plaid and raillerg, where it has
the sound of short a/ in aisle, whore it has the
sound of long i ; and in final unaccented sylla-
bles, &» In fountain, curtain, etc., where it has
the sound of short or obscure ».
^g&pc', or ^-gape'.
ft'ged, 9iot 6jd, except in compound
words.
9g-grAn'dize-m^nt, or ^gr^n-dize-m^nt.
agile — ^fi,j'il, not aj'fl, nor ft'jiL
^-ri-ctilt'u-rist, not -u-ral-ist.
ftil'ment, not -munt.
In pronouncing such f^rminal, unaccented
syllables as ment, cent, ance, ence, stant, ent, a/,
hssynesa, etc., it is as important to avoid making
the quality of the vowel too apparent as it is to
avoid saying 77iun^, aunt, unce, stunt, \mt, \d, luaa^
nuss, etc. If the one b slovenly and vulgar, the
other is pedantic and affected.
~' ■^— ^^— ^■^— ~ .
9m K«7 to FrmwicUtioo, p. 0.
16
y
^'^bds-ter, not al-a-bto'ter.
^'bfiio.
^-bu'men, ?w>^ 41'bu-men.
ill'cp-iiin, n(7^ al-cd'ran.
iQ'cdve, or ^l-c6ve'.
Al-ez-ftn'drine.
^'ge-bra, n(>^ -bid.
^'ge-br&-ist, or ^-ge-brft'ist.
The second is the marking both of Wiebster
and Worcester in all except their later unabridged
editions, which accent the first syllable^
ft'li-^, iiot a-li'as.
alien — ftl'yen, viot &li-en.
%1-le'gi^nce, or g.l-le'gi-g.nce.
Webster's dictiimary always has made this
a word of four syllables, the later unabrldKed
editions excepted.
iflle-go-rist.
allegro — g,l-le'gr6, or gl-lft'grd.
9il-l5p'gi-tliy ; §kl-l5p'g,-tliist.
ql-lude', mA -hid. See adduce,
^l-ly"'; pl.^ 9,1-lies'.
This noun is frequently pronounced dWy, in
accordance with the general custom of changing
^m K^ to Fi«raii«i»tfo%pk 9k
u
the aooent of words used both as nonns ftnd
verbs. But Walker shows that this is a violation
of a stironger analogy, since **it is a nniver-al;
rule to pronounce y like « in a final unaccented
syllable. Therefore this accentuation is errone-
ous, and it is altogether unauthorized.
almond — ^S'mund.
, alms — kmzy not &Imz, nor amz.
^1-pfic'a, not ftl-a-p&k'a.
alpine — &rpin, or (better V) -pm.
^'sd, not 5rs6.
iil-ter-c&'ti9n, not §1-, hut al- as in alum.
^1-ter'nate, nx)un and adj., not al-.
al'ter-n&te, or ^.l-ter'n&te, verb
^l-ter'ng.-tive, not al-.
9-lu'mi-ntim, not ^l^'-,
9l-ve'9-lg,r, or arve-9-lg.r.
9il-ve'9-lftte, or Al've-9-late,
al'ways, not al'wuz, nor 5l'wu2i
amateur — d, m&-ti^.
There have been as many ways set down for
pronouncing this word in English as there have
Deen English dictionary-makers. The fact is,
the exact sound of the last syllable can not be
represented by any characters we have at com*
mand. This word is semi- Anglicized.
8m Kej to FtraoaiicUtloDt p^ S.
•X.
18
s.
In pronouncing French, it is of tlie iirst iin>
portnnco to bear in mind that it is a compara-
tively ttnctccented Iitngitage ; that the difference
in the quantity of the syllables is dtie rather to
a prolongation of the vowel-sounds of the long
syllables than to their receiving a greater stress
of voice.
iim'bor-gris. ,
Tliere is a class of words, mostly of Fi*ench
and Italian origin, in which i retains the long
sound of e ; as, ambergris^ antique^ hombminCf
cajmchifij caprice^ critique, g€ibardine,,habet^
dine, quarantine^ ravine, routine, fascine, fa-
tigue, intrigue, machine, magazine, marine,
palanquin, pique, police, tambourine, tontine,
oblique, etc. JBrazil, chagrin, and invalid for-
merly belonged in this list ; now, however, they
are generally, if not universally, pronounced
Vith the i short.
ambrosia — g,m-bro'zhc-a, or ^.m-br^'zlid.
ameliorate — g,-meryo-rilte.
^-me'ng.-ble, not a-men'-.
amende honorable (French) — t'mXmgA'
dn'6'ra-bl'. ,
g,-m6n'i-ty, not a-me'ni-. ^
amour (Anglicized French) — a-mor'.
amour propre (Fr.) — a'mor' prtipr'.
ttc« Key to rrouunciatioQ, p. 0.
ESase of utterance has transferred this accent
from tbe first to the second syllabic.
anciior^-ano:'kur.
^n-cho'vy.
ancient — ^an'.Jient, not An'-.
andiron — ^and'i-um.
anew — g,-nu', not ^-nu'.
angel — ^an'jel, not ftn'Jl, nor iln'jtt]*
angular — ^ftng'gu-l^-r.
^.n-ni'lii-lftte, not ^.n-nilftte.
annunciate — ^n-ntin'slie-at.
9n-6fji'9r, not ^-n&th'-.
dn'swer. See advance.
&i-te-pe-ntilt'.
There is no authority for saying dn-te-pe'nilU ;
stilly that is what the recognized pronunciation
of this word will he sooner or later, probably.
We already have 'authority for saying pe'tiim,
instead of pe-nHW,
^%^ m>t fin'tl
iln'ti-mp-ny.
^n-tla'9-my.
The penultimate o of these two words, it will
be seen, is marked in both cases alike, i. e.,
Sev Sey to FrQOuneiatloB, p. Ok
so
i
According to the dictionaiies. Wbo will oonten.
that the sound of the vowel is, or should be, the
Rame in both words ? In the first word it is the
vowel of a long syllable ; in the second^ of a
short one. See absolutory.
^n-tlp'9-des, not ftn'tj-podz.
anxiety; — ^^ng-zi'e-ty.
anxious — ^^ngkshus.
ft'pSx, not Ap'ex.
Aph-ivKlite.
9-p5d'9-8l9.
apologue — dp9-lttg.
apostle — 9-p6s'8l.
iip-9-the osis, not dp-9-the-6'sY9.
Ap-pa-rA'tus, or Ap-pa-ra'tiis.
9p-pAr'ent, not ap-pftr'ent.
appreciation — ^p-pre-she-a shun.
flip-prfin'tice, not ajvprln'tis.
&p'pr9-bA-tive,
ft'pri-c6t, not ftp'ri-cOt.
apron — a'purn, or ft piiin.
k propos (Fr.) — a propo'-
Ap'ti-tude, vot tud.
The u of altitude^ amplitude, aaaiduity.
0M Key to ProauMtoMoo, p 0.
SI
amume, aHihidef aUuief aUrihUe (the nomi),
etc., 1|M its loDff Bound slightly abridged. The
eiidess generaUy pronounce it ^ Sm adduee,
aquiline — ak Ve-lln, or -Im.
aqueduct — ak'we-dtikt.
Ar'^b, not A'l&b.
Ar'^blc, not j^-rft'blc.
archangel — ftrk-ftn'jeL
When arohf signif y^ing chitf, begins a word
from the Greek and is Allowed by a Towel, it
is prohoonoed ark; as in archangel^ architect^
archive, archipelago, archiepieoopal, archceoloqy,
etc. ; but when arch is prefixed to an English
word, it is pronounced so as to rhyme with
march; as, archbishop, archduke, archfiend.
&r-€l>i-di-^c'9-n9il.
arctic — ^ftrk'tik, not &r'tik.
ftrd'u-oiis, not &r'doCis.
are — ftr, not Ar.
A're*dy not g.-re'a.
^>re'9-l&, iiot ^re-dl&.
ftr'g^nd.
ftr'gen-tine.
£-r}-Mne.
4L-ri'9iL
■ -■ — - —
6*3 Key to PkonttDcUtion, p. 3.
/
22
^^ris'tp-cr&t, or ftr'is-tQ-cr^
Arkansas. See Supplement
ar-ma'da, or ar-ma'd&
&r'mis-tlce.
Qrro'ma-tize.
arquebuse — ar'kwe-btis, not -bfta.
9,r-rear' ; ph^ ar-rears'.
&r'se-nic.
Ar'te-mls.
Asia — ^&'she-a, not ft'zba, nor &'zlie-d^
Asiatic — ^a-slie-dt'ic, not -zhev
as-pir'^nt.
^'sSts, not $s-s6ts'.
associate — as-s6'she-at, not as-s6'sbftt
association — as-sd-she-&'shun, not -se-.
assure — ^^.-shiir', not -shur'.
QS-Sjir'^nce.
^s-trdg'rgrphy ; as-tr9-l5^'ic.
ith-e-ne'um.
&Ehtr9-n5mlc.
fite, not St ? imp, of to eat.
a toute force (Fr.) — ^ tot' f6rs'.
a tout prix (Fr.)— a' tg' pre'.
Bm Se7 to FMaaneUttoo, p. ft. \
S8
attaclie (Pr.)— ^'tft'shft'.
Aubert — o'bdr'.
(|u-d&'cious, not -dtlsli'iia
au fait (Fr.)— d fd.
Au-ge'^n,
aunt, not ilnt.
flu-re'o-la, not (in-re-6'la.
au revoir (Fr.)— 6' riiv'war\
au'nst.
aii-ro'ril bo-re-ft'ljs.
^.iis-cnl-til'tion.
auxiliar} — a wg-zll 'y«>re.
9-vjnint', or a-viiunt'.
flv'c-nue, 7wt -nn.
nWful, not aw'fl.
fiwk'waril, not awk'jiixL
^-•\\Ty', 7iot aw-ry'.
axiom— itx'c-iim, or dks'jnira.
axle — Ak'sl.
ay, or aye (meaning yev) — i.
aye (meaning always) — a.
itz'ote, r>r g.-z6te'.
azure — ^a'zliur, or Hak'xxw
y
U
B.
This consonant, preceded by m or followed
by < in the same syllAble, is geiierallj siknt ; as,
lamb^ Hmb, comb, dumb, climb. Bomb, tomb,
doubt, debt, sttbtle, etc. Succumb is said to be
one of the exceptions ; in this country, however,
it is generally pronoonced without tlie b,
bade — ^b^, not bad*
bagatelle (Fr.)— b&'g&'teK
badinage — ^ba'd['n4zh'. ■[
balm — h&aijnothtaL ^^
Balmoral — ^b^-mttr'^
Balzac— ba.'z4k', not b&l'-.
banquet — ^b^Lng'kw^t
B^iflb'b^s, not b&rVb^a.
barouclie — ^b^rrosh', not -rgch'.
bir'rel, not -rlL
b^ftlt-'y not -z§]t'.
bas-bleu— b&'.bltili\
Those who do not know the French pronnn-
<dation well are advised to use the English word
bhiestockm^, as good English is always better
than bad Eraioh .
b^hfiw'.
bto' r§-liefV^^^ b&-.
■■ I ■ , ■ >
Stt ZMf tei FkonBMMtoa, p. 6^
I »i i " I
ss
Rls'tile'.
bath* not bath ; pi, bathg.
Beatrice Cenci (Italian) — ^b&-a-tre'chft
ch^n'che.
beau monde (Fr.) — ^b6' mf^und'.
beauz-esprits (Fr.) — ^bo'-zas'pre'.
be-c^use', not be-c5z'.
bedizen — ^be-di'zn, or be-diz'n.
Be-Sl'ze-btlb, not b^l'ze-btlb.
bedstead — bM'st^d, not -slid.
Beethoven — bft'to-fen.
been — ^bin. "•
Pronounced ben in England by many care-
ful speakers ; their highest authority, however,
marks it Mn.
be-g5ne'y not -gawn. See accost
b^-h&If ', no; -haf.
bS'he-m5th«
behoove
m
\
Whether written with one o or with two,
this word is pronounced be-h^ve^, and not 6e-
bd-esprit (Fr.)— bfir-to'pr©',
— *
0M Xqr to ViohnmBkXka^ p. t,
26
bellows — ^bSllus.
Smart says :' " Though generally considered
as a plural, some authors join bellows to a verb
singular ; and this will justify the pronunciation
helltis.^^ Walker remarks: "The last syllable
of this word, like that of ffoUows, is corrupted
beyond recovery into lies,^^
be-n€ath', not -neath'.
be-queaii', tw?^ -queafli'.
B6ranger — bfi'rSng'zlia'.
Ber'lin, not ber-lin'.
\
w
The latter pronunciation is neither English
nor German, since the Germans* say b&r-l^',
bestial — ^bSsfyg-l.
bestrew — ^be-strrj', or -stro'. See strew.
be-tr5tli', 7M>^ -trolii'.
be-trOtb'al, not -trotti'-.
be-tr5tli'meiit, n>oi -trSth'-.
bfiv'ely not b^v'l.
bib-li-dg'r^-pliy.
bi-fAr'cate.
bi-Mr'cftt-ed, not -Id, nor -tid.
Making id or ud out of temunal ed is one of
the most objectionable, as well as one of the most
common, of faults. The mangling of the termyiitt
" ■ " ' ' ^ -I.I.
Bm KIij to FMnutdattoa**^ 1
i1
Towels is more offensive to 9 cultured car than
the misplacing of an accent.
billet<loux (Fr.)— beya'do'.
, The plural (billetS'Clouse) is pronounced, in
French, piccisely like the singular
hi-^n'ni-&], not hi:
Bingen — ^bing'cn, not biu'jcn.
bi-no'mi-al, 7iot bi-.
bi-6g'rai-pliy, not bi-.
bls'muth.
Bis'marck, not biz'-.
At the end of a syllable, «, in German, has
Invariably its sharp, hissing sound.
bi-tu'meii, not bit'u-mon.
blackguard — bMg'gard.
bl^'phe-motis, 7iot bl^-plie'iuotls.
bla'tant, not bla'-.
blas6 (Fr.)— bla'za'.
bleat — bltit.
bless ud, a(IJ,
There are some participial adjectives, and
some adjectives not derived from verbs, in which
the e of the last syllabic is commonly sonn<lcd ;
as, a^erly bdovcfh blessedy ntrsrd^ rA/z/y//, tric/kCtlf
whiffed, etc. The pulpit affectation that sounds
buu Kvy to PronuuciaUuii, ii. &
2d
the ^of the imperfect tense and the participles,
when reading the Bible, is going out of fashion.
blithe.
Blumentlial — ^blu'i^^^^-tliL
blue, or bl\ie.
Smart is the only ortho3pist who gives the u
of this word the sound of long oo,
Boccaccio— boka'cho.
bold'est, 7wt -ist, imr -ust.
bcMnbast — btim'bfet. |\
This IS the accentnation of Walker, Webster,
Cull, and Richardson ; it is permitted by Worces-
ter, and is the general pronunciation in this coun-
try.
Boileau — bwa'lo'.
bombazine — bttm-b^-zme', not b5m-.
Boleyn — ^bool'ln.
BoHngbroke — bol'iug-brd&k.
bQm-byg'i-notts.
Bonnat — ^btin'na'.
bttn'net, not btin'-.
booth, not booth.
Borghese — ^bdr-gS.'z&. .
Bouguereau — bo'ger'6'.
Be^ Key to FronnnoUtlon, p. A. '
29
Boulanger— bo'lOng'zlift'.
bouquet (Fr.) — ^bo'kft'.
bourn, or bourne— born.
The authority for pronouncing this word
boom is very slight.
bowsprit — ^bo'sprit, not bow'%.
Bra'min, vot br&'-.
bra,-va'd(5, or bra-va'do.
bra'vo, not bra'-.
breeches — brich'ez.
breeching — brich'ing.
brfith'ren, not brSth'er-5n.
breviary — brev'ya-re, or bro'vi-a-re.
brew — ^bini, nothrvL,
brewer — ^bru'er.
brig'and, n<?^ bri-gand'.
brig'an-tine, not -tin, nor -ten,
bristle— bris'sl.
bro'gain, or bro-gan'.
bro'mine, or -min,
bro'mide, or -mid.
brttn-ehi'tis.
brbth'el.
6«e Key to Pronaaotetioii, p. 8.
ao
Brougham — ^brdb'^m.
bruit — ^br^jt.
bruise.
Buddha— bftd'a, or bud'^
buoy — bwoy, or»hw6f.
bureau— bu'ro.
BAr'gun-dy.
burJftsque'.
bush'ely not bushl.
businesSi — hiz'nes^noi'jifia. SeemlnientL
I
c.
This letter is liard, and sounds like ^, before
a« o, and u / soft^ and sounds like «, before e, i,
and y, except in sceptic and acirrhttSy and their
derivatiyes, in which it is hard, like k.
When ce or ci are preceded by the accent,
and are followed by a vowel in the next syllable^
the c combines with the e or i to form the sound
sh, as in ocean, social, tenacious, etc. Sometimes
the e alone hivs this sound, or rather the e or » is
used twice. First it combines with the e to
make the sound sh, then it takes on its usual
sound, as in sociology — so-she-oVo-gy,
— . ^ _, ^r_- ^ ■
8«e Kejr to nronunoiatioD, p. 4. \ »
81
In^iacerny sujj^e, sice, and Bocrifice, and tbeir
deirlvatives, c has the sound of 2. It is silent in
czar^ victucUa, indict, and their derivatives, and
also in terminal 8cle, as in muscle, etc.
cabaret — idi'b&'ra'. See uinateur.
• cabriolet — ^ka'bre'ola'.
cacbet — ^ka'sha'.
Cadi— ka'di.
caf6 (Fr.)— ka'fe'.
Cairo — ^in Egypt, ki'ro ; in the United
States, ka'ro.
caisson — ^ka'son.
This i^ord is generally marked by orthoCpists
JeiA'86bn' or ka'sobn; but it has become thoroughly
Anglicized, and should be pronounced according
to English analogy. The above marking is be-
lieved to conform to good usage.
c^l^h', not -Itlsh .
C9.1-cin'§,-ble.
caLcine', or cil'cine.
The dictionary authority for the second marK-,
ing is very slight. The preference sJiown for it|
in this country is due to its having been so
marked in the earlier editions of Webstei. The
last edition only permits it.
' — n -M—M ■ II -~ 111 . j_
Q Sm K07 to Fronanelatioo, p. C.
SSI
r
OAl'dr^n, not dQ'-.
calf---cftl^ nc>^ cSfL
ctif]i'pTi, not c&'u
dQ-js-tli^nics.
calk — ^kawk, no^ kawlk.
c^-Ug'r^-pliy.
C^-li'9-pe.
c&lm, pllniy psHlm, Hm^
cftlyx, or cXL'yx. .
CQrmSr^-pard. \\
c&m'j^hQT, not -fir.
Canaanite — c6'n9,n-ite.
canaille — cA'nie'.
The last syllable is very lik6 a raQmbg^
together of long i and long e,
c^'cel, not cM'sL
C9.-nine', not cft'nine.
caoutchouc — ^kdb'chdbk.
CAp-u-^hin'.
car'bine.
carbonaceous-^k&r-bg-u&'sluiB.
cftrety not cAr/-.
car^me (Fr.) — ^ka'rftm'.
8«e Key to PronoaoiAtioii, p>. Q. ,
cHi* j-c^t-nre, not -c^-ture, nor -c^-cliTir.
c&r'i-c^t-u-rist
Worcester's and Webster's maildng of these
words is -ca-^ar-.
dir'miue.
cai-te cle visite (Fr.) — ^kUrt do ve'zet'.
car'tcr (Fr ), not ciir'tel, nor cfijf-tCl'
carte blanclie (Fr.) — kart blongsh.
car'tridge, not k&tr,
Cftr-tha-gln i-^n.
case'ment, not -mtint.
caseous — ka'so-tis, ka'shc-tis, or k&'shtis.
cAs'si-mere, not kAz'-.
cassiiio (game) — ksls-so'no,
castle — kasi, not kds'tl,
casual- — kftzh'u-al.
casuistry — kAzh'u-is-try.
, catalogue — k^t'jvlOg, not -log.
catch, wo^ ketch,
catechumen — kiit-e-ku'men.
caviar (Fr.^ — k&'ve'ar/
Cay-Cnne', not ki-cn'.
Cecil — ses'il.
ScD Key to PronunciatioD, p. 6.
M
W
This is tbe marlcing of all the oribol^iBts
except Webster, who gives the preference to
c&ri^y not stdler.
cellular — csryu-l^.
cSm'enty or ce-m^nt' {noun).
Smart says ce-mhif, and thinks this accrata*
atioif will finally preyaiL
c6m'e-t6r-y, not cSm'e-try.
c3n*trlf'a-g^ not cSn-tri-fu'g^l.
cSn-tilp'e-t^ not cfin-tri-pe't^
ce-ph^lCy no^ c^ph'^-ia
ce'r^te, not c6r'%
^ere'ment, not ce're-.
"Bat tell
Why thy canonized bones, hearsed in death.
Have bnrst their cerements 1 ** — HamhU
Not "canoniz'd bones, hearsed in death,** as
it is generaUy read.
cer'tain, not cert'n.
ce-ru'le-an, not ce-ru'-.
^h^-grln'. See ambergris.
chal'dr9n, or chftl'drpii.
See X«/ to Fwn i uwtottoB, p. t,
a»
Gliain — 'k^On,
chftm'ber, not chftm%
chamois— *shilmVft'.
chiin'cer-y, noi cMn'-, nor ch&a''. See
advance.
€liA'6»y not 'Xaa.
chapeau — sha'po'.
^h^-rade'.
charge d'affaires— ^h&r'zlift' d&f 'fftr'.
chasten— chfis'sn, 'not cMs'n.
ch^'tise-m^nt, n>ot chas-tiz'-.
chateau en Espagne— sh&'td' 5n'as'p&&'.
Cherubini — ^kfl-rT^rbe'ne.
chestnut— chfis'nut.
chew, — chft, not chu.
$hi-ca'ner-y, not chi-.
chick'en, not chick'n.
chll'dren, not chirdum.
chimpanzee — chim-pto'ze, or -pAn-ze'.
Smart accents the last syllable.
Chi-nese', not -nese'.
€hi-r6p'9-dist.
Bee Key to Pronanciatioo, p. ft.
r
86
cUg'el, not chizl.
Qluv'^l-iic, or ^hi-v&rric.
chiv'^l-rotis, no^ chi-val'rotis.
9ldv'9.1-ry, not cliiv'- (antiquated).
ehl6'ride, or ride.
According to Smart and Cull, chemical terms
ending in id^ should have the i long ; all other
authorities, however, mark it short.
Chopin — sho'pang', not cho'pin. .
€horer-ie.
eho'rist, 7iot €li6r'- (antiquated).
€h5r'is.ter.
christen — kris'sn.
christening — kris'sn-ing.
Christianity — kiist-y&n'e-ty, or k^s-te
&n'e-ty.
Christmas-kris'mas, r...: krist'..
€hr5n'9-l6g-ic.
clc'a-trice, not -trice,
cicerone — sis-e-ro'ne (Anglicized).
The maker of this little book would take
occasion to say here that, in his judgment, it is
always well to make one^s pronuifciation, whei>
spes^ing English, as Englisn as permissible.
0M K«7 to ProDUMktlon, p. 8.
87
ohooBe— <^li]}z, not chtz,
ciliary — rfl'yqt-ry. f
Cir'ce.
Cincinnati — sin-sin-n&'ti, not -n&t't&.
clr'cum-st^nce — anee as m instance.
c!s-ftl'pine, or (better ?) -pin.
clt'^dSly not -dtil. »
dt'r^te, not ci'tr^te.
clv'il, 710^ civ'l, nor dv'iil.
cUn-dSs'tine.
clapboard — ^klAb'b6rd.
clAr''-9n.
clSm'en-cy, not -tbi-.
clew— klu, not kin.
clerk.
In England pronounced Mdirk; in America,
except on the stage, kHSrk,
cloth.
Before thj at, and 88\ the letter o is frequently
sounded 'aw in this country, as in clothy hroth^
lost, cost, moas, dross, etc., which is accounted
inelegant ; it is not more objectionable, however,
than a palpable effort to make the vowel short.
See accost.
Sm Eqr to FkomuMtaMoBt^ ^
38
■ co4d'ju-i4nt.
c6cli'i-neal, or (according to Smart)
c5ch-i-neal', not koch'-.
c5ck'9rtnce, not -tris.
coffee — k6f'fe, not kauf'fe. See accost.
cocoa — ko'ko.
Bttffin, not kaufn. See accost.
coexist^ko-egz-ist'. '
c6g'ni-z^nce.
There is gc od authority for pronouncing this
word cdn'i'Zdnce ; but this pronunciation finds
little favor in America.
cognac — liOTL'j&k'fnotko'm-Sk.
c5g-n6'men, .
Colbert (Fr.)—ktil'bftr'.
Coleridge— -kol'rij.
c6l-9s-se'um.
cWum-ba-ry.
column — ^kbl'um, not -y^m, nor -ytai.
cpl-lfi'tipn, not ko-lft'tign.
c6m'b9.t, or c5m'b9.t.
The question here is whether the o shall have
the sound of o in come or of o in/^om. Walker,
8m Xigr to FnmaeuVkm, p. 9, .
Worcester; Smart, and others prefer the o in
eome; Webster and others, and popular usage,
the o in from. The stage has always followed
Walker, making the 6 very short ; but, though
this may perhs^ps be considered the more elegant
mode of pronbuncing the word at present, the
longer o will doubtless eventually prevaiL
edmfh^ir^nt, or c5m'-. ,
c6m'bg,t-ive-n6ss, or com-Mt'-.
Ease of utterance has put the accent on the
iecond syllable of this word, where, despite the
dictionaries, it is pretty sure to remain.
Com^die Frangaise — ^komVde' fr5iig'-
saz'.
comely — ktim'ly, not kom'-.
comme il faut (Fr.) — ^ktim el fo.
cgm-m^nd'^-ble ; in verse, often c5m'-.
'^Tis sweeD and commendable in thy nature,
Hamlet."
** Silence is only commene^able
In a neat's foot dried and a maid not vendable.*'
commensurable — ^kprn-mSn'shu-ra-ble.
c5m'ment, verb and noun.
CQm-ml§'er-ate.
c6m'm9iiwSaltli, or c6m-m9ii-wSaltli'.
c5m'mu-iilsm ; c6m'mu-nist.
S«6 Kjtj to Pronnndfttloo, p. 9.
40
■Ci
c6m'p%-Zf)r'ble.
09m-pa'tri-9t, not -pftt'-.
*' Finding onrselyes too slow of sail, we put on
a eoiiifMrflldf Yal<nr." — Mxmki.
cpm-pSn's&te, or com'pen-s&te. See con-
ffommate. I
complaisance — ^k5m'pla-zance^
Worcester accents the last syllable of this
semi-Anglicized French word ; Webster the first,
placing a p.e'^cndary accent on the last. In French,
whatever difference there is in the quantity of
the three syllables is due to the vowel-sound of
the last syllable being somewhat drawn out.
c5m'plft!-gaiit^
c5m'pl6x, riot com-plSx'.
c6m'pr9-miae.
comptroller — kpn-trol'er.
cbm'rade, or cdm'vSde, or -rad.
The authorities are divided on this word
somewhat as they are on combat, which see.
The last marking of the seco^^d syllable, though
not sanctioned by the dictionaries, certainly is by
etymology and good use. \
I II - — •-'^ • • I —
Bm K»y to FiroDQBoltttoB, p. 1
41
con amore (It) — k5n &-md'Tft.
concave — ^kbng'kftv, not -kftv. ^
cpn-c^n'trftte, or c5n'cen-trat6. See con-
siumnate.
conch — k5ngk.
cpn-cise', not -cize'.
c^n-clude', not -clnd'. See aptitude.
cpn-clii'sive, not -ziv,
concord — ^k6ng'k6rd.
Concord (town) — ^kdng'kurd.
concourse— kttng'kors.
C9n-cu'bi-nage.
cpn-dolence, not cbn'd^-.
conduitr— k5n'dit, or ktin'dit.
cgn-fess'pr, or c5n'fess-9r.
The latter accentuation is becoming anti-
quated.
c5n'fi-d&nt'.
cQn-fis'cate. See consummate.
c6ii'flu-ent, not con-flu'-.
congenial — ^kon-jen'y?.!.
There is abundant authority for making this
a word of four syllables ; bat, fortunately, few
people follow it.
- -rr-m ..._Li_ ji[iii._ ■ I I . _ -.-iiwiBj-L -._. ^inj_i I o* ^mmmm^m
Bm Kiur (0 F»onuDchrttoii« p» d
42
congeniality— kon-jen-yifl'i-ty, or ^ni-£l'-
Congo— kbng'go.
congregate— kdn'gJre-gftte, or k5ng'-.
congress— k6ng'gr6s.
congressional — kon-grSsk'an*^
C9n-jure', to solemnly enjoin, to adjttre,
con'j^e, to influence by magic.
** What is he whose grief ^
Bears such an emphasis ? whose phrase of sdrAow
Coiyi^rtftf-^he wand>ing^ stars, and makes them
stand
like wonder- wounded hearers ? "
Which word does Hamlet use here f From
time immemorial the stage has said that he uses
the second. In other words, according to the
stage, Hamlet accuses Laertes of playing hocus-
pocus with the stars.
connaissenr (Fr.) — con'ft'sAr'.
The orthography of this word is made to
conform to that of the modem French, becanse
at represents the sound of the syllable, and o%
doQS not. The sound of the last syllable can
only be apprpzimated with English characters.
The ur of /ur, however, somewhat prolonged, is
very near it.
conquer — k5ng'ker.
conquest — ^k5ng'kw^st \
. .k
Bm JLvf to PrimuMta9ott, p. t.
,?*>
Ai
^conscientious — ^kftn-slie-en'slitts,
cDn-scr-vfi'tor, or c6ii'ser-va-t9r.
con-sld'er-a-ble, not -sld'ra-ble.
con-sign'9r, or c6n-sign-6r'.
con-sls'tp-ry, or c6n'8is-to-ry.
c5n-s5ls.
The important point in pronouncing this word
is to make the o of both syllables short. As for
the accent, it seems to be quite immaterial where
it is placed.
con-splr'^-cy, not -spi'-.
cttn'strue.
CQn-sume'.
cttn'sum-mftte, or con-stim'mftte, verb.
Those who prefer, in common with nearly
all thfi orthoepists, to accent the second syllable
of such thrce-s^llabled verbs as contemplate,
eompensate, conflacatey constellate, demonatrate,
despumate, expurgate, and extirpate, will perhaps
think it well to except consummate in order to
distinguish it from the adjective.
cpn-tSm'plate, or cttn'tem-plftte.
c5n't6nts, or con'tfints'.
The penultimate accent of this word is not only
well-nigQ universal in this country, but is sanc-
tioned by Webster, Worcester, Clarke, and others^
^— — . I I I ifT r-l i»
Bee Key to PfoaanolatlM, p. flb
mmm
44
contour— kbn'tdor'.
c5n'trast, noun,
cpn-trast', verb,
C9n-trib'ute, not c5n'tri-bute.
c6n'tro-vert, n^t c6n-tro-vert'.
c5n'tu-me-ly, not cpn-tu'ine-ly,
conversant. See Supplement
c6n-ver-sfi'tion, not -zS'-.
CQn-verse', verb ; c5n' verse, noun,
c5nVSx, not con-vSx'.
CQU-voyV "verb ; c6n'voy, noun.
cdbp'er, or coop'er.
Smart says : '' Cooper and its compounds are
doubtful (with respect to the sound of oo) except
in common speech, which, in London at least,
invariably shortens them."
^Common speech means uncultured, non-pains-
tal^ins speech, which cevtainly is not a desirable
model to copy after. The lower orders, the
world over, are slipshod in their articulation.
The most sonorous vowel-sounds in the German
language are never, by any chance, made b^ the
common people, simply because they require a
little greater effort than approximate sounds that
suffice. Cdbper for cdf&per— dike hdbp for htf&p,
rdbt for root, sdbn for s(^n, sobt for s(R>t, rdhf
for r<R^f, h^f for h^f, want for won't, hUm for
8«t Kejr to PvooaQoUitlon, p. fll
40
hdm<»« hal for wbole, eU>. ]« probably on^ of
tbose corrupt jonb whicb it is wisdom to avoid.
c6r'al, not c6 ral.
cordial — kord y al, or kor de-Qil.
c6rdiM i ty, or c6r-di all ty,
corkscrew kork'skr^.
Corot — ko ro'.
co-ro n^l, or cDr'pnal.
Preference is given here to tbe first marking,
because it more fully brings out tbe vowel-eoonds
and conforms to tbe primitive coro'na.
corps d'arm^e (Fr.) — kor d&r'mfl'.
corps diplomatique (Fr.) — ^kdr dd'pl6'-
ma'teek'.
c5r'ri-ddr.
cor-rd bive, not zlv.
cortege (Fr)—k6r'tftzh'.
corvette (Fr.)— korVet'.
cos-mbg'ra-phy.
ctts'tume, or cps-tume'.
coterie (Fr.) — ko'te-re'.
counsel, not coun'sL
coup d'etat (Fr.)— ko dft'tA'
coupe (Fr.) — ^ko'pft'
8«9 Ktj to PronanetaUoiif p. 9,
\
Pi
VfM
40
courier — ^ko're-er.
coumer (Fr.) — ^ko're'ft',
Oourbet— kor'bft'.
courteous — ^kAr'te-tis.
courtier — ^k^rt'yer.
coY'ev-V&tf not -JlA.
c6v'et^tis, not -e-clitis (antiquated)
cow'ard-ice, not -ice.
crftn'ber-ry, «i^^ cram % v
creature — ^kret'yur.
creek, not krlk.
cre'ole.
cre'o-sote.
cr6m'g,-to-ry.
crew — ^krij.
Cromwell — ^krtim'well. or kr5m'-.
cru'ci-fix.
cr^de.
The Yowel u preceded by r ic tlie same Bylla^
ble has the sound of oo,
cru'el, not -il, nor -til.
cu'ctim-ber, not how'- (antiquated).
cuirass — ^kwe'riis'.
Bee Kej to noniuioiatlon, p. 9.
47
cuirassier — ^kwe'r^s-s^r'.
cuisine (Fr.) — ^kwe'zen'.
culi-na-ry, not ktiri-.
cu'p9-la, not cu'p^ld.
CuraQoa — ^k]j-r^fl6'.
cu-rft'tpr.
c^r's^-ry, not -29-.
cur-tftil'.
curtain- -kftr'tln, 7U>t kftr'tn.
cy-cl9-pe'%n.
cy-lin'drjc
cynosure — si'n9-sliury or -Bh^r.
czarowitz — ^z&r'9-vltz, not -vrttz.
Czemy— chftr'ne.
IX
This consonant is silent only in the words
Wednesday, handkerchief, and handsome,
daguerreotype — d§,-g^r'9-tip.
dahlia-Hial'ya, or dal'y&.
dan'de-li-9n, not d&n'de-lin.
Worcester accents the penult of this word.
. 8m K«y U Fronondttlon, p. 6.
48
Daiiisb, ;2o^ Dto'ish,
dfi'ta, or da'-,
d&'tum, ov d&'-,
dgub, not d6b.
daunt^ not d{iwnt.
deaf — dSf.
"Webster alone of all the ortho6pists pro*
nounced this word de/—& pronunciation which
now is considered very inelegant. i
debenture — de-b6nt'yur.
de bonne grAce (Fr.) — de bon gi'fis.
debris (Fr.)— d&'bre'.
d^but (Fr.)— da'bu'.
As the sound of the French it can not be
represented in English, even approximately, or
made by English organs of speech without much
{)ractice, the safer plan is to Anglicize both syl-
ables of this word, and call it smiply de-bH', or
to avoid using it at all.
d6bTitant, debutante (Fr.)-dfi'bu't5ng',
da'bu't5ngt'.
As in the case of debut^ we would recommend
that these words be Anglicized in sound, and
both pronounced d^b-u-tdnf,
«^Mi^M ■■ I I I I mil
■*'''■.
8m Z«y to FnonnnoUtton, p. t.
49
dSc'^e, not de-kftd'.
de-cft'dence.
decalogue — dSk'9,-l5g, not -l6g.
de'cent, not de'stint.
de-ci'sive, not -ziv.
dSc-li-nfi'tion.
de-cli'votis.
de-Qprotts.
The authority is small, and is becomiiig less,
for saying dl^'o-roHs, which is really as incorrect
as it would be to say sdn'o-roiis,
de-cr6p'it, not -id.
de-dSc'9-rotis.
de-duce', 7w^ -diis'.
de-fitrcftte.
dfif-^-cfi'tion, or de-M-cft'tion.
d§f i-cit, not de-fig'it.
de-file'.
Sheiidan said dlfi-lh
de-fitn'i-Hve.
d^gage (Fr.)— da'ga'zhft'.
deglutition— dSg-lu-tisli'un.
digo&t (Fr.)— dfi'go'.
»■.'"' ■ ■ ■ "
Sm Key to PrononcUttoB^p. Ob
60
Delaroche— deli'rtisli'.
de-lude', not -lud'.
deJu'sion, wo^ -In %
d6m-9-ni'9-C9.L
de-m5n'str9rble.
de-m5n'strftte, or d^m'^n-strftte. See
consummate.
de-mttn'stra-ttve.
denouement (Fr.) — d&'no'm6ng'. \
denunciate — de-ntin'she-At.
depot — de'po.
This word is so thoroughly Anglicized that it
Is in doubtful taste to pronounce it h la flran-
paise ; but, Anglicized, if we give the vowels
thkilr long sound, the syllables still have nearly
the same quantity.
dfip-n-vft'tipn.
dfir'e-Hct.
dernier (Fr.)— dftm'yft'.
de-ri'sive, rwt -ziv.
Descartes — da'k&rt'.
deshabille (Fr.)— dft'z&'b6'yft.
de-sic'c&te, or d^slc-cftte.
DesgofEe— dft'gtif':
8m ZMi to FkomuidtOoD, p. <k
61
de-sign', or de-sigu'.
The second pronunciation is seldom heard,
and is certainly not euphonious, though the
weight of authonty is in its favor-
dgs'ig-nftte, not d6z'-.
de-slst', not -^t'.
d^'9-lftte, not d^z'-.
dfis-pe-rft'do, or -ra'-.
d^s'pi-c^ble, not des-plc'^ble.
de§-9ert'.
destine, not tin.
desuetude — dSs'we-tud,
dSs'ul-to-ry.
de-tail', verb,
detail, or de-tail', noun.
Preference is given to the first marking by
the later Ehiglish authorities, and in the last edi-
tion of Webster.
dSt-es-ta'tion.
detour (Fr.)— da'tgr.'
de trop (Fr.) — de tro.
de-vas'tate, or d6v'§fl-tate.
dfiv-^-tatipn.
Bee Key to Pronandauon, p. 6^
52
devoir (Fr.)"--dliv-wftr'.
dew — du, not du.
dissresis— di-Sr''e-[ds. ^
dialogue— di'^-l5g, not -kwg.
diV^nond.
di-^'tp-le.
di'^-tribe.
This word is proDonnced dVa-trl-be by Smirt}
and dh'il^t' re-he by several orthoSpists.
di'et-a-ry.
dif-fu'sive, not -zlv.
\
diff-i talis.
digression— de-grSsh'un.
di-lftte', not dLlfite'.
di-l6m'ma, not di-.
di-lu'tipn, not Ji^'-.
dSn'^Mhy.
di-5g'e-gdii, or di-9-ge'g;|ii.
di-o-ra'ma, or -ra'-.
dipli-the'ri-^ — dip or dlf-.
dlpli'th6ng— dip'- or dif'-.
Worcester and Smai*t prefer the former, Web
stcr the latter.
See Key to Pronunciation, p. 9^
53
dlplp-m&te.
dip l9-inAt'ic, not di-plp-.
di-plo'm^tist, Tiot di-plo'-, nor dip'lp-
di-rScTj'ly, riot di-.
dis — dis, or diz.
" When the accent, either primary or secon*
dary, is on this inseparable preposition, the 8 id
always sharp Sind hissing ; but when the accent
is on the second syllable, the a will be either
hissing; or buzzing^ according to the nature of
the consecutive letter. That is, if a sharp mute,
as jt), tj kj or c hard, succeed, the preceding s must-
be pronounced sharp and hissing, as dispose^
distaste, etc. r^ but if a flat mute, as 6, d, or g hard,
or a vowel or a liquid, begin the next syllable,
the foregoing 6 must be sounded like z, is dis-
hurse, disdain, etc. ; but if the secondary accent
be on this inseparable preposition, as in dis-
belief, etc., the s retains its pure hissing sound.'^
— Walker,
In accqrdance with Walker, Smart says : " As
to the pronunciation of this prefix, the s is un-
vocal [i. e., sharp or hissing] if the accent,
primary or secondary, is on the syllable ; but if
the next svllable be accented and begin with a
real vowel (not u) or a vocal consonant [i. e.,
flat mutel, the s is sounded z, unless the word is
connected with a principal word in which the s
is unvocaj ; for in such case the derivative fol-
lows the primitive."
b«e Key to Proaunciattdn, p. 0..
54
dis-&'ble, or dJB-d'ble.
dis-arm', not dis-.
dig-S^s-ter, Tzo^'dis-.
dig-Mnd', or dls..
djs-bArse', or dis-.
dis-card', not ^'card.
discern — diz-zem'.
discernment— diz-zem'ment,
dis'ci-pline, not di-cip'lin.
disclosure — dis-klo'zhur,
dis-count', or dis'count, -y^'^i
Webster stands almost alone in accenting ihf
first syllable of this word.
discourteous — dis-kAr'te-tis.
dis-cr^p'^n-cy, or dls'cre-pto-cy,
dig-dfiin, not dis-.
dig-eageV^^^ dis-.
dis-Mn'chise, wo^ -dliiz,
dis-g6rge', or dis-.
dig-grftce', or dis-.
djs^guise', or dis^
dig-gttst', or dis-.
dishabille — dis-^-bil'.
Bm mj$f to FMHittnclation, p. &
M
diaheyelled— di-BlL^yldr
dJ5*lL6n^e8t, not dis-.
i^hAji'oTf not Hb-.
dig-In'ter-est-ed, or dieK
djg-joiiiy or dis-.
dig-jiinc'tiTey or dick
dig-like', or dis-.
dis-l5dgey or dis-.
dig-loy'^ or dis-.'
dis^mfty', or dis-.
dis-mlss'y or dis-.
dia-mount'y or dii^.
dis-Ar'der, <>r dis-.
djs-dwn', not dis-.
dls-p9S-s^ss'y or dls-pps-sSss'.
dispossession--d][s-p9z-z&8li'a]i, or -sSsh'
(dUs'pu-t^ble, not dis-pu't^-ble.
dXs'pu-t&nt, not djs-pu'tiiiit.
Disraeli — diz-rft'el-e.
dig-robe', or dis-.
dis-s^m'ble, no^ diz-z^m'ble.
dissociate — dis-sd'she-At.
dis's9-lute, not -l^jt
Bm Ktj to FNoniMtalloBf jpi IL
X
66
^
dis-gttlve', not dis-s5lye'.
as-syUib'ic. >
dlfrsj^l^rble, or dls'sj^l-l^-l^le. : i^jj^
distich — dis'tik. < r 'u> -M
distingu6 — ie8'U.ng'g&\
distinguish— dis-ting'gwisli.
dis'trict, not des %
di-vto^
di'verse-ly, \
di-vertV^^^ dk
diTfesf, not di-.
docUe — d6s'il, not A6'eal,nor dd'sii (anti*
quated).
d6c'a-m6]it.
does— dliz.
ddg, not d§ug, nor the other eoetremeydXkg.
See accost,
dolcer— dol'chfi.
d6l'9-orotis.
dttm'i-ne, wo^ do'mi-ne.
dttn'^-Hve.
donkey — d5ng'ke, no^ dtog'ke.
D6r'ic, w^^ Do'ric.
i II > i . J—
Bw Kej to Prononoiation, p. 9^
67
dost — dttst, not Adst
doth— dtith, not dotk
double-entendre-^i55'bl-5ng't5ng*dt.
dr&'ma, or dr&m'a.
And then there is an abundance of nnheieded
authority for saying (fra'ma.
draught — draft.
dromedary — diiim'e-da-ry, notdjt^ni\
. dr5ss. See accost.
drought — drowt.
Dnj'id, not Druid.
du'bi-ofts, wo^ dvi%
dtic'tile, wo^ -til.
du'el, not d^l. ;
dtike, not dflk.
duly. See adduce.
dy'ngjs-ty.
Smart and some others isay (^/»'a«-^/ ^d
this pronunciation is very common^ though by
many considered vulgar. />
dJ^s'en-tSr-y, no< diz -.
dys-p6p'sy. ' \. ,.,
Worcester and half a dozen other orthodpists
accent the first syllable.
S«e Key to Pronuiidationi p. 6.
This vowel, the most frequent in tlie lan-
guage, has two principal sounds : long as In eve,
short as in end.
In the languages of continental Europe it
genendlj has the sound of a in fate or « in met,
according to position. In French, when un-
marked, it is silent in many positions, and in
many others has a peculiar and unrepresentahle
sound, which when distinct approaches that of
short u iu sum, and when slurred that of obscure
e in over. \
east'w^, not east'^rd.
eau de vie (Fr.) — 6 de ve.
^dat (Ft.)— 4'kl&'.
Sc-o-n5m'ic, or e-co-n5m'ic.
Sc-o-n5m'i-c^ or e-co-n5m'i-caL
The first is the marking of a large majority of
the orthoSpis.ts.
^n-m^n'i-cal.
E'den.
Most words ending in en drop the 6 m pro-
nunciation, as dozen (doz'n), soften (sof'n), qjften
(of 'n), etc. The e in such words, is sounded
more frequently by unschooled pedants than by
the careless. Some of the words in which the e
should be sounded are aepen, chicken, hyphen,
kitchen,' lichen, and marten. The e is also sound-
I -I - ■■ '' *
Bm Ki&f to Pronniiotatloa, p. 9,
1-
9f
it
1-
\e
)f
)-
n
d
7
e
ed when i>reoeded by /, m, u, or r, m in wnoUn^
omen, Hnen, siren, oarren ; but f alien, stolen,
and swollen drop the 6. As for Mien, sloven,
sjfdden, heathen, bounden, and mitten, somo
speakers suppress and some sound the e.
e'dile.
e'en — en.
U'iQTt, or U'idrt.
Sf-fr6nt'er-y, Twt -f r5nt'
ef-fu'sive, not -ziv.
e'go-tism, or Sg'o-tism.
egregious— e-gre'jfts.
either— e'tiier, or i'tiber.
Smart says that between either and Vther
there is little in point of good usage to chpose.
The last edition of Webster's dictionary says
that analogy, as well as the best and most gen-
eral usage^ is decidedly in favor of either. See
neither.
eleemosynary— el-e-m5z'e-na-re.
e-le'gi4c, or 6l-e-gi'^.
There is abundant authority for the second
markings but for the most part, in this country,
the word is made to conform to the rule that
words ending in ia, iae, ial, ian, eous, and ious
have the accent on the preceding syllable ; as
d€m,oniac, regalia, melodious, etc.
8«e Key to ProntinciatioD, p. OL
60
Sl-e-pMn'tine, not -tin,
a^Ve (Fr.)— a'lftv'.
eleven— e-lSv'n.
. a'i-gi-ble,* 710^ e-llg'i-ble.
^lite (Fr.)— alet'.
E-I3lz'g..b6th-pn.
T!iis is the dictionary pronunciation of this
word ; ease of utterance, however, generally puts
the accent on the penult. •.
Ellen— Sll'gn, not Sll'n, nor 611'tin.
61m, not 61'tim.
Sl-o-cu'tipn^ not Sl-e-.
Sro-quSnce, not -kwiinee,
e-lu'ci-date, not -lu'-. See aptitude.
eJu'sive, not -ziv.
elysian — e-lizli'e-an, not e-Ks'e-an.
elysium — elizh'e-tim, wo^ e-liz'e-tim.
emaciate — e-ma'she-at.
em-balm', not -btoi'.
embrasure — em-bra'zhur.
Sm-en-da'tion, not e-mSn-.
e'mir.
emoilien+^ — e-m5l'yent.
See Key to Proatinciat?nn, p. 0.
w
em-pir'ic, or 6m'pi-ric.
The time was when the weight of authority
was in favor of the second marking ; not so now.
^m'prSss, Tvot -pris. See ailment.
6m-py-e'ma.
fin-ce-pMric.
enK;y-cl9-p§d'ic.
eii-ey-clQ-pe'dist.
e-nerVate.
•
The only authority for saying ^n'er-va^e ia
popular usage ; all the orthoepists say e-neir'vato.
enfranchise — en-fran'chiz, iwt -chiz.
ftn'gine, not -jin.
English — ing'glisL
e-nig'ma.
Sn-ig-matic or e-nig-mat'ic.
Though the weight of authority is against us,
we nevertheless ^ve the first place to Walker's
marking of this word.
ennui (Fr.) — cfn'we'.
ensemble (Fr.) — ong'sfing'bL
ensure — en-shur', not -shur .,
en-thu'ai-^<*m, rwt -thu'-.
■ 1 ■■ . ^11 1 1
See Key to Pitmunoiatlon, p. &
6S
entr6e (Fr.)--ttng'trft*.
enunciate — e-ntin'she-At.
en-vCrpp, verb.
envelope, noun — ^ng've-ldp, or (better)
6n've-l6p
enveloppe (Fr.) — wag've-lttp'.
en-vi'rpng, or 6n'vi-r6ns.
The first aocentuation is certainly much to be
preferred. ;
ep'gu-l6t,
Ep-i-cu-re'^
Webster alone of all the ortho^pists gave this
word the antepenultimate accent ; and though in
the last edition of his dictionary the preference is
given to this accentuation, we are distinctly told
in the '* Principles of Pronunciation," in the first
part of the volume, that Epicurean is one of a list
of words ending in an which accent the penult.
epilogue — 6p'i-l5g, nx)t -log.
epistle — e-pis'L
Sp i-t&ph, 7k>if -t&f.
fip'oeh, not e'ptteh.
The latter is a Websterian pronuscifttiOn,
which is not even permitted in the late editions.
8t0 Kej to Fronuncfaitloo, pi, C
eciuable— fik'w^-bl, or elcw^bL
Preference is given here to Smart^B marking,
though ho stands quite, alono.
equation — e-qim'shun, no^ -zhuil.
e-qu^to'ri-^L
equerry — 6kVe-re.
e'qui-n6x, not Sk'-.
equipage — 6k'we-p^j.
equitable — ek'we-tgrbL
equivoke— Sk'we-vok.
ere — ks: ; ere long — Ar I5ng.
err — er.
fir'r^nd, not ^'tlnd, nor Ht'^iA.
erudite — er'yu-dite, 7W>^ Sr'u-.
The L'lttcr pronunciation is neither euphonious
nor easy of utterance. See pp. 202, 207.
erudition — Sr-yu-dish'un, not 6r-^%
erysipelas — Sr-e-sip'e-lgfi, Tvot ir-.
^s-c^-p&de'.
espionage— Ss'pe-o-nAzb'.
fitli-n5g'r§.-pliy.
6tui (Fr.)— a'twe'.
Eu-r9-pe'§,n, not Eu-ro'De-^n.
8m Key to Frommdatton, p. flL
Eu-ter'pe.
etag^re (Fr.)— & td'zhftr'.
Sv-g.n-g6ri-cal, ^^ e-v9»n-.
The first marking is that of Walkor and
Smart ; the second, that of Webster and Worces-
ter. Preference is given here to the first, becauhe
it b thought to be more euphonious and more in
accordance with good usage.
e-vft'slve, not -ziv.
evening — e'vn-lng, iiot ev'ning. ■
ftv'er-y, not Sv're.
6v'i-dent, rvot -dfint.
evil — eVl.
ewe — ^yu, or -^
The first is the pronunciation set down by
nearly all the orthogpists ; the second is ^hat of
the last edition of Webster.
ex.
The letter x in this prefix, when followed hy
an accented vowel, usually has the sound gz (^) ;
sometimes, also, in the deriyatives of such words,
even though x stands under the accent, as eoealta*-
tion, ex'emplary.
When the accented vowel is preceded by A,
universal custom cb^ops the h if the sound of gz
is ^iven to the x. The h can be more easily
aspirated when the x is prononnoed as A»/ but
■i* ej**s '.tt- ■ v%v rrv-^-
9m Xif to ftwi!W w Mi tty B | ^^<^
tbe writer inclines to tlie opinion that the h is
nearly always (from necesBity) dropped in both
cases — a point which the orthodpists seem to
have overlooked.
e$-dct', ej-fict'ly, ej-^t'^r.
exaggerate — egz-^j'er-At.
ej-^-ger-ft'tipn.
ej-alt', fi^-^kl-tft'tipn.
e:|^-to'ine, e^-to-i-na'tiQr..
e^-am'ple.
e^-bd^per-ftte, e$-lis-per-&'ti9n.
ex-cLse'j noun cmd verb ; ez-cise'm^n.
ex-clii'sive, not -ld\i'ziv.
excmciate — eks-kru'she-ftt. See accrue.
6x'cre-tive, or ex-cre'tive, adj.
The first marking is Webster's and Worces-
ter's ; the second, Smart's.
ex-cAr'sipn, not -zhtin.
e5-6c'u-tlve.
ej-fic'u-tpr, e^-Sc'u-trix.
exemplary. See Supplement.
exempt — egz-Smt'.
The letter p is silent or very indistinct when
it occurs between m and t in the same syllable^
as in tempt, exempt, etc<
0e« K«3r to ProntmotetioQ, f. 6.
66
ei-erfc', ej-er'tiipn
exhale — eks-hftle'.
exhaust—egz-^ust', or eks^hguert'.
exhaustible— egz-gust'i-bl, or eks-hfiust'-.
exhaustion— egz-aust'yun, or eks-hgust'-.
exhibit — esjz-ib'it, or eks-hib'it.
exhibition — ^ks-he-blsh'un.
exhilarate— egz-U'a-r&t, or eks-hll'^iflt
exhort — egz-6rt', or eks-h6rtV j
Sx-hpr-ta'tion, rw>^ figz-or-. '
exhorter — egz-6r'ter, or eks-hdr'ter.
ex-hume , Webster.
ej-hume', Worcester,
6x'i-g6ncy, not ex-lg'en-cy. .
exile, noun — ftks'il, not egz-il'.
exile, t^^rJ— Sks'il, or egz-il'.
The first marking is Webster's and Smart's ;
the second, Walker's and WorcestePs.
e^-lst', ej-ist'ence.
fix'it, not §gz'it.
e$-5n'er-&te, e;^-5n-er-A'ti9ii.
te'9-r^-ble.
e$-6r'bi4;^nt.
9mX«7 to FkwoMlAttoOt pk A.
m
e?-6r'di-toi,
ex-6t'ic
ex-pa'tri-fite, ex-pa-tri'ft'tion.
Webster said eks-p&if-,
Sx'pert, or ex-pert', rumriN.
Sx'ple-tive.
Sx'pli-c^-ble, not ex-plic'%
6x'pli-ca-tive.
ex-ploit'.
. ex-plo'sive, not -;dv.
ex-po'nent, not -ntiht.
expos6 (Fr.) — Sks'po'za'.
ex-ptr'gate, or Sx'pur-gate.
Sx'quj-site, adj, and noun^ not eks-quiz'it.
fix'tant', n^ot Sx'tg,nt.
As the syllables of this word are properly
about equal in quantity, it is thought to be mis-
leading to put a mark of accentuation over the
first one only.
ex-t6m'po-re, not -tSm'por.
extinguish — eks-ting'gwisL
ex-tir'pfite, (>/• 6x'tir-pftte.
Sx'tra, nx)i eks'tre.
I w>«
Bee Key to FkomuioiattaD, p. tt.
exuberant — eg2*7u'ber-^t
ta-u-dft'tipn.
&L-Ql-t&'ti9IL
eyre — Ar.
eyiy — Arte, or ft'pe, or 6're, or i're.
Good authority for everj one of them. Chot^se!
P.
Tdia letter has always the same soand ezce{>t
in the preposition of and its compounds, where it
bast the soimd of v. It is never silent.
In German, v has the sound of ^
facade (Fr.)—fa'sad'.
facial — ^&'8h^
&cile — ^fiU'jl.
f&c-slm'i-le.
failure — fal'yur.
fait accompli (Fr.) — ^f&'t&'cdng'ple
falchion — faul'chun, or -shun.
falcon — fftw'kn, not f^Vkn.
■W*"!^
■F*^
s«9 J^ i» fnfvi9timm% 9. 1.
f ^-mn-i-^i-ty, -ye-ar'e-te, or -yitar'e-te.
f&r'o, Tvot f a'ra.
faacia — ^f^h'e-a.
faubourg (Fr.)— fo'bor' ; Anglicized,
fd-borg.
f gu'cet, 710^ fds'-.
fault, 7wt f5lt.
Faure — ^for.
fa'vor-ite, not -it.
feb'ri-fuge.
fe'brile, or ffib'rile.
FSb'ru-a-ry, not -ru-.
ffic'und, w<?^ fe'cund.
fSc'un-dfite, or fe-ctin'd&te.
ffic-un-da'tipn.
ffem'i-nine, 7wt -nin.
fSm'o-ral.
feoff— fgf.
fej.Tule,''^ metal ring—Wrii, or Wr^.
f er'tile, not -til.
ferule — fSr'ril, or fSr'njl.
fi-dsri-ty, not fi-.
filet de boeuf (Fr.)— fe'lft' de bfif.
.■^►.j
wmmmrmmmm
B«e Key to FramwobitkWi p. Q*
w
figure— fig'yur, not flg'er.
filial— fil'y^l,' not ffl'i-?!
film, not fil'tbn.
fi-nfile, not f e-nffl', tw/* fi-nftl'.
fi-n^ce'y not fi'n^nce ; pl,y fi-n^'ces*
fin-g.n-cier'.
This mnch-nsed word is rarely prononnoed
oorrectly.
finesse (Fr.)— f e'n^s^ .
fiord (Swedish)— fe-6rd^. I
first, not fdrst.
fissure — ^fish'yur.
flaccid — ^flak'sid, not fl^'id.
flageolet — ^fl&j'p-lSt.
flambeau — ^fltoi'bd'.
flatiron — ^fliit'i-um.
flaunt — ^flant, not flawnt.
fleur de lis (Fr.)— fla^ de le.
The sonnd of the diphthong eu in French is
very like the sound of u 'm urge initiated with
the long sound of a — i e., with long a barely
touched before sounding the i^. »
flew — ^flu, not flij.
flexion — ^flek'shun.
I9n Xigr to R«D«D«tott«iH p^ ^
fldr'id, fip-rid^-ty,
fl&r'in, not flo'rin.
fld'risty not fl6r'ist.
Me, not fl^ See adduce,
to'id^ no^flu'id.
f d'li^, or f ol'id.
forbade — ^fpr-bM',
forecastle— for'kas-sL
f ore'fa-iiier, not for-fa'i3ier (antiqiiated)
foreUe'ad — ^for'ed.
^fhM nowadays is hardly permiBsiblfl.
foresaid — ^f ore's^d, not -sad,
f6r'est, not -ist.
forge, not f6rj.
for'ger, for'ger-y.
fpr-g^t', not -git'.
f6r'mi-da-ble, not f9Mnid'9.-ble.
f 6rt'iiight
In the early editions of Webster's dictionary
this word was marked fdYi'nit^ which possibly
accounts for this pronunciation being so common
with us. In England it is the nniyersai custom
to sound the % long.
8m Kej to PnAqnol»U<n,p. 1
n
f6r'tres8, not fort'rSs.
fortune — f6rt'yun.
frag'men-ta-iy, not frag-mSnt'^-iy.
francliise — frdn'chiz, not -chiz.
fr&nk-in'cSnse, or frftnk'iri-cSnse.
The first marking is Webster's ; the second,
that of nearly all the other ortho6pists. 'Ease of
utterance, as well as the etymologv of the word,
will probably make Webster*s marking generally
preferred.
frg.-ter'iiize, or fra'ter-nize. ^
fr^t'ri-cide, not fra'-.
fre-quSnt', verb ;. not fre'quent.
The latter was the marking in the early edi-
tions of Webster.
Fr^re — frar.
Freycinet — ^fra'se'na'.
fricandeau (Fr.) — fre'kttng'do'.
fricassee (Fr.) — fre'ka'sa'.
This word may properly be treated as Angli-
cized — frlc-as-see'.
frontier — frbn'ter.
Webster marked this vrovd, fron-ter' y but tl^is
accentuation has been abandoned in the new
editions.
B«e S«7 to FranttnclAtioo, p. &
T
78
frttnt'is-piece, not frttnff
frttst. See accost.
fVonde — trobd.
frg'g^L See accrue.
fa'el, not. f a% nor fuffiL
f&i'cniin.
fttl's^mey not iobW
fomitiire — ^fdr'nit-ynr.
loL'tiley not -tiL
fatme— fat'yur.
a
Tun consonftnt has two sounds, one hard and
one 00ft. It is hard before a, o, and u^ «zcept
in ijfitoif which is nsually written as well as pro-
Before e, i, and y it is sometimes hard and
fometiiiief soft. It is generally soft in words
from the Latin, Greek, and French, as in^^n^^,
gedHogy^ giant, gymnast^ etc., and hard in words
ixoai the Saxon. These last are much in the
soinofitf. Some of them are gear, get, gewgaw,
iogtft, gift, gig, gUd, gird, girl, rugged, foggy,
muggy, icraggy, etc.
Mm df to FNonmlatloo, p. 4.
__-..N
u
The (/ of Hff is often pronounced as though
doubled ; as in England, younger (ing gland,
young'ger). Before the verbal saffizes ed^ eat,
ing, er, it loses this double effeet ; as in ieing'ed^
bring'caty ainrjing^ hung'er, See ^,
■ne'
Gade. K n -gade.
Gaelic — ga'lik.
gainsay'.
'gainst — gSnst. 1
gari-ot.
gallant, brave, daring^ fine.
gal-Mnt', ^o?Vrtf end attentive to ladies,
gallows — ^g^'lus. See bellows.
galsorae — gawl'tJULi.
ganglion— gang'gli-on.
gangrene — gtlng'gren.
Ganz — gants.
gaol — jail.
gape — gap, or gfip.
'The latter is the marking of Smart and sev-
eral others, and is frequently followed in Eng-
land
garden — g&r'dn, or gar'den.
idMa
8m Key to PNoaneiaMM, p. fll
75.
Caribaidi — ^ga-re-bAldi.
gar'ish, usuali written gAir'ish.
gAi'Tu-lotis, r^ct gAr'yTl-, nor -yu-.
g*lo, not gAz.
ga§'e-ous, not gAs'-.
ga§-6in e-ter. •
gasp, not gAsp.
gAth'er, not gj^^'-,
gaunt — gant, not gawnt,
gauntlet — gantlet, not gawnt %
Gautier, Th^opbile — ta o-fel' jct'yft'.
gen-edl'Otgy, or ge-neAl'ogy.
gener-^iMy, not gen'rtil-ly.
genial — jen'yal, or je'ni-aiL
genius — Jen'yus, or je'ne-tis.
Genoa — jeu'p-a, wo^ je-no a.
gen'tle-m6n, not -mtln.
gents.
Supposed to be an abbrevia*ion of gmttemen^
Pronounced — except by the very lowe&t ordera—
the mo^t nauseating of vulgarUms.
ceuuiue — jen'yu in, not in.
ge-og lapby, not jografc.
b«» &ejr to ProauacuuoDu p. fll
4t
,
j[e-8m'e-try.
Ger6me — zhft'r6m'.
Gertmde — ^ger'tryd, 7iot -trud.
g^r'and, not je'nmd.
gestm'e — ^jfist'yiir.
get, not git.
gb:)ul (Turk.) — gobl.
In the digraph gh at the beginning of a word,
the A is silent, as la ghost, ghaatluy etc. ; at the
end of a word both lettera are usually silent, as in
high J »ighf neigh^ hmtgh, through, borough^ etc.
In Home words this digraph has the sound of /*,
as in enough, tough, cough, laugh y in some the
sound of k, as in hough and lough,
giaour (Turk.) — joAvr.
gibbous, not jib'-
gi-g^n-te'^n.
GU Bias (Sp.)— liel bias, not zbcl bla.
gi-rilflEe', 7iot gi-.
gm\ girl, gTrth.
The HOund of t hefore r,^ resembling u in
surge, in precisely like the sound of e in ermine.
See advertisement,
glacial — ^gltt'slic-^il.
s?lacier — gl^'e-er. \
Boo K07 to Flonuictatloii, jf, 0>
ft
gl&nce, gl&d, gUss, gUd.
Glftu'ber, not gl5b'er.
glisten. — ^gUs'n.
glue, not glu.
66d, not g^ud ; g5dlike, 7U)t g^udllke
golden — gold'n, not gordSn.
g5n'd9-la, not gpn-dd'l^.
gone — g5n, not g(^un.
gdbae'ber-ry, Tiot gdos'-.
gorgeous — g6r'jtis, not gdr'je-tbs.
g5s'peL not gftus'-.
Gounod — go'no'.
gourd — ^gord.
gouvemante (Fr.) — go'vfir'n§unt'.
g6v-er-nilnte'.
g6^'em-m6nt, not gtiv'e^-mtlLnt,
gdv'em-pr.
Graefe — ^grfi'f e, nx)t grftl
gramme (Fr.) — gram.
grftn'^-ry, not gra'ng.-re (antiquated),
gra'tis, or grAt'is.
grease, nown — gres.
grease, verb — ^grez, not gres.
6«e K07 to fMnmioktloBi pi. &
grea§'y.
grew — gruy not gru,
gridiron— grid'i.urn.
griev'olis, not grev'i-tis,
gri-mace', not grim'ace.
gri-m^'kin, not -mfjul'-,
gri'my, not grim'y,
grisette (Fr.) — gre'zSi',
groat — ^gr^ut. \
grovel-grSv'L
gru'el, not gru'-. See accrue.
guano (Sp.) — gwa'no.
guardian — gard'e-g.n, or gard'y5.n.
The second marking is Smart's ; the first,
Worcester's and Webster's.
gu.ber.n^.td'ri.al, Tio^ glib.,
guillotine — gH-lo-ten'.
guipure (Fr.)— ge'pur'.
Guizot (Fr.) — ^ge'zo'.
The office of the u here is simply to make the
pr hard.
gum-arabic — giim-ar'a-bik, not -a-ra'bik.
Gumbert — gobm'bert. ^^
Bee S«j to Fronimoiation, p^ 6>
gtimgy not gobmz.
gfin'stftck, not -stauk.
gtit'ta-per'cha, not -kd.
gym-nA'gi-tim.
gypsum — ^jip'sum.
gyve — ^jiv, not giv.
H.
This letter is merely an aspiration. It is
silent in heir, heiress, herb, herbage, honest, honor,
hour, hostler, and their derivatives. It is also
marked as silent by most ortboepists in hospital,
humor, and humble, and tbeir derivatives. By
some it is tbougbt that there is an increasing
tendency to sound the h in these words ; this is
undoubtedly true with regard to hospital, ff is
silent after initial ^y as m ghost, ghastly 6tc. ;
after % as in rhetoric, rhyme, etc. ; and also
when preceded by a vowel in the same syllable,
as in oh, Jehovah, etc.
The French talk about their aspirated A's, but
they never aspirate any.
In German uhe effect of A in many cases is
simply to prolong the sound of the preceding
vowel ; and in all the continental languages it
has no effect after t.
«
Bee Kegr to rhmunoletion, p. 6b
<'ff ,
\
80
Haeckel— li^ok'^*
halcyon — ^h^'s^ttn, or hiU^ah^ttxt
luOibut— Ii6l'6.b)it
hSlye, net liiQve.
handkeidbief— li^ing'ker-cldf ; pl.f<Mb,
handsome — ^hiUi'sam.
h&t^^BB, not h^ras'.
hft'rem.
haricot (Ft.)— &'re'k5'.
harleqnin — ^hftT'le-kYrin^ or -Mn,
Nearly all the orthoSpistspronounoe the last
syllable of this word kin, Wny ? Becaiue the
word comes to ns through the JPrenoh, in which
the u is silent ? Inasmuch as in eyery other re-
ipeet the word has been thoroughly Anglicized,
it would seem that the pronunciation of this
syllable should be Anglicized also.
h$r-m5n'i-c&.
H&r'ri-et^ not hAr'-.
hasten — ^hfis^n, not hAs'ten.
hannch — ^hftnch, not haunch.
Hanse — how'ze.
haunt — ^h&nt, not hftwnt
I 1, — ' — II —.—«—»
0M S«7 to PlroniuietotloB, p. 9,
81
hey pronoun — he.
When emphatic, this is pronounced as marked :
otherwise the h is but slightly aspirated, and the
vowel becomes obscure. See him,
"A man he was to all the country dear.*'
— Goldsmith,
*^JHe who goes to bed, and goes to bed sob jr,
Falls as the leaves do, and dies in October ;
But he who goes to bed, and goes to bed mellow,
Lives as he ought to do, and dies an honest fel-
low."'
heard — ^herd, 'not herd (antiquated),
hearth — ^harth, not herth, eosc^t m verse.
hea\eii — ^hfiv'n.
Hebrew — he'bru, not -bru.
He^e.
he-gi'ra, or heg'i-ra.
height — hit.
Hei'ne, not hine.
Final e in German is never silent,
heinous— hft'nus.
Hel'en, no^ Ha'ta.
Hellenic — hel-le'nik, Smart ; hel-lSn'ik,
Webster ; hsrie-nik, Worcester,
hfelm, not h^'tim.
0M Key to Froniuictotioii, p. <b
83
Hemans — ^h^m'anz, noi IiS'in^nz.
her — ^her.
So pronounced when emphatic ; otherwise the
h is bnt slightly aspirated and the Yowel becomes
obscure. See mm.
he-itfl'dia
herb-5rb.
Smart says hSrb,
herbaceous — her-bA'shus,
herbage-eVb^ or heVb^j.
her-biv'pr-otts.
hereof — her-5v', or -5ff'.
herewith — ^her-wlth\ or -with'.
hfir'o-ine, not he'rp-in, nor he'rQ-in.
h6r'9-ism.
hfit'er-o-dttx.
h6t-ef-5p'^-thy.
Heys^ — hi'ze.
hi-&'tus.
•
hi'ber-nflte.
hiccough — hlk'kiip,
hi-er-Q-glj^h'ic, not hi-ro*. ^
I
B«(» F^ to FlmiWMUrtloii, 9, %
83
him, pronoun — him.
When not emphatic, the h is but slightly
aspirated, and the vowel becomes •very obscure.
In ordinai-y conversation initial A is frequently
dropped entirely, in the pronouns, by those whose
articulation is least faulty. There are not r. few,
however, who, when they appear in public and
are " on their mettle," studiously avoid iilurring
the pronouns, and consequently are cai^eful to
aspirate the h distinctly in his, her, he, and him,
no matter whether the thought demands that the
pronoun should be emphasized or not ; but in
their endeavor to be nicely correct, they simply
succeed in being pedantically wrong. This error
seriously mara the delivery of many actors and
public readers, making their elocution stilted and
unnatural. Many of them slur mi^\ not unfre>
quently making it me, in fact, when the y should
retain its long sound ; but they seem to think it
would be a heinous offence to treat the other
pronouns in a like maii aer. Pronouns in which
the letters should have their full value sffQ met
with only at consider^.ble inter v^als. *
Hlii-ddb', or Hin'dvSb.
hip-p9-p5 c'9,-intis.
hir-sute'.
his, pronoun — hiz. See him.
** The bosom ©f his Father and his God." — Gray,
''His was a life of toil and penury, while
mir.e is i\ life of ease and plenty."
Bm Eey to Froouaolatloo, p. fk
84
hte'tp'iy, not hls'try.
hith'er-most.
The in most is always long.
h5riy-h6ck, noi -h(iuk.
horo-caust, 7iot ho'lo-.
li6m'g,ge, not 6m'-.
homely, 7iot htimly.
homestead — bome'sted, not -stid. \
h6moe-op'g,-thy, not ho'mce-o-path-)
ho-mo-ge'ne-otts.
Smart says hom-o-,
honest — dn'est, not -ist, nor -Cist
*" Ilonc^;, honest lago," is preferable to " hon-
ustj bont^5^ Ia^go/^ some of our accidental Othellos
to the contrary notwithstanding.
honi soit qui mal y pense (Fr.") — 6-ne
swa ke m&\ e pongss.
hoof. See cooper,
ho-ri'zon, not hor'izon.
hbr'o-scope, not ho'ro-scope.
hors de combat (Fr) — 6r de k^wng'ba'.
h6raerad'ish, not -red'ish.
h^s'pi-ta-ble, not hos-pit'a-ble.
%, ^4- 8oe Key to Pronancl&^^n, 2>. Q.
S5
hOs'pi-t^l, not 63'pi-t^l (antiquated).
hostler — 6s1er.
hound — hownd, not hown.
housewife — ^hous'wif, or htiz'zif.
As applied to a little workbag used by women,
tbe word has tbe latter prontmciation ; bat it
seems to be now seldom used in thb sense.
h6v'el, not h6v'L
hdv'er, not h6v'-.
humble — ^tim'bl, or htiin'bL
humor — yu'mur, or hu'mur.
Smart prononnoes this word hfU'mur when it
means moisture, as in a man's bodj, and yiVmur
in the o^er senses.
humorist — yn'mpr-ist,
htin'dred, not h^n'di^rd (antiquated).
hungry — htlng'gre, not hting'ger-e.
hj-dr6m'e-ter.
hy-dr5p'qk-thy, not hi'dr9-pAth-e.
hy'gi-ene.
hy-me-ne'^il.
hy-perlDo-le, not hi'per-bdL
hyp-9-€h6n'dri4c, not hi'pp-.
hypbcrisy — he-p5k're-se, not hi-p6k'-.
Bee Key to FiroQQAciatioo, jk &
86
hyp-p-crlt'i-cal, not hi-pp-.
hyp-Q-gas'tric,
Lypothenuse — ^hi-pbtli'e-nus, not -nuz.
, This word is very frequently — perhaps most
commonly among mathematicians — pronounced
hip^iU'e-nHae ; but Smart is the only ortho^pist
who sanctions that pronunciation.
hy-p9-th6t'ic, not Mp-^-.
.«
L
This vowel has two principal sounds, a long
and a Rikort, a.*^ in dine and Mn, It also has three
secondary sounds, heard in marine, Jtr, and ruin
respectiyely.
This pronoun, in common with all the other
pronouns of the language, and a long list of the
particles, is touched more or leiH lightly when it
10 not emphatic, Unemphatic, it becomes i in-
stead of i,
i-de'd, not i'do-a.
id-i-9-sJ?n'cr^-sy, not- id-i-9S-in'cr%-sy.
I'Agly not i'dl.
ig-np-rft'mus, or -ra'tniis.
B9i Kiiy to Prooiioclattoii, pc 6b
8T
jl-lu'slve, not -ziv.
il-ltis'trate, not il'lus-ti^te.
il-ltts'trat-ed, not il'lus-trat-ed.
im'age-ry, or im'g,-ger-y.
The latter is preferred by Walker, Smart,
Worcester, and others ; but usage is decidedly
in favor of the former.
imbecile — im'be-cil, im-bfes'il, or im-be-
seV.
The first mode given here of pronouncing this
word is the most correct, the ecrond the most
unusual, and the third the most ^^^ >aionaHle.
im-brue'. See accrue.
im-me'di-ate, not im-me'jet.
irn'mi-nSnt. See aiknent.
impartiality — im-Diir'-s]ie4ri-te.
im-pSc'ca-ble.
im-per'fect. See advertisement.
im'pi-otis-ly, not im-pi'-.
im-pla'ca-ble, n/)t im-pMk'-w
im-por-tune', nx)t im-por'-.
im-prO"Vi§e', owt im'pro-
Worcester says im-pro-vez'
ciation is rarely heard.
Bee Key to FtonoacUU o n, p. 6.
88
in-§u'gu-rate, not in-Jju'ger-fite,
in-ci'sive, not -ziv. '
in-ci'sor.
incisure — ^in-sizh'ur.
in-clSm'en-cy, not -tin-,
in-clude', not -Mud',
in-clu'sive, not -ziv.
in-cog'ni-to, not in-con'-.
in-com-mSn'su-ra-ble (-sin-). ^
in-com'p9,-ra-ble, not -kom-pAr'-.
incongment— in-kbDg'^-ent.
incongruity— m-kgn-gru'i-ty.
incongruous— in.k5ng'gru.o1is.
in-cpn-ven'ient.
Walkor and Smart say tn-kon'Ve'ne-hit
in-crease', verb / in'creaae, noun.
For the noun the ultimate accent is becoming
antiquated.
incursion — ^in-kftr'shun, not -zhun. *
in-de'cent. See ailment,
in-de-co'rotis.
This pronunciation is not only more sonorous
than ^n-a^o'o-ro^, but it now has the balance of
authority in its favor. See decorous,
Bm Z«7 to Flrasnnolatloii, p. &
89
indenture— jn-d%nt'yi^.
Indian.
This word is generally prononnoed Wdi-^m^
fhongh the orthoepists, for the most part, would
have xa say ^nd'^an,
in'di-cgrto-ry, not in-dic'-.
indiBceniible— in^-zemi-ble.
in-dls'pa-ta-blei not In-dis-pu't^-bla
indocile — ^m-d5s1L
hL'dxiB-iiry,jnot in-dtis'-.
inequitable — ^in-&k'we-ta-ble.
inertia — ^in-er'she-d.
inexhaustible — ^in-egz-anst'i-ble.
in-Sx'9-ra-ble, not ln-ex-5'-
in-^x'pi-a-ble,
in-Sx'pli-ca-ble, not -ex-pllk'-.
in-Sx'tri-ca-ble.
in'f^n-tile, or in'f^n-tlle.
in'f9.n-tine, or in'f§.n-tine,
in-fec'und.
in'fi.d6l, Tw?^ In'fi-dL
Ingelow — ^ta'je-lo.
in-gen'iotiSj or in-ge'ni-otis.
Bm Ke7 to nroBunotatioii, p. 6.
90
In-ge-nu'i-ty, not -nob'-
iu-geii'u-otis. *
ingratiate — in-gra'ste-fit, not in-gr&'sli&t
iu-Lo3'pi-ta-ble, not in-li9S-plt'^-ble.
in-lm'i-catl.
Smart says hi-e-mVcal,
initiate-r-in-isL'e-at.
In 'most, 7iot In'mtist. \
in-nate'.
This is the marking of nearly all the orthoS.
pists except Webster, who days in'nate.
in'no-cent, not -sunt. See ailment.
innoxious — in-n6k'slius.
inofficial — in -of -fish 'al, not -o-fisli'-.
in-6p-p9r-tune', not in-6p'por-tiine.
in-qui'ry, not in'qui-ry.
insatiable — in-sa'she-a-bl, wo^-sha-bL
in-sa-ti'e-ty.
in-scru'ta-ble.
in'sgcts, not -sets.
in-sid'i-otis, not -yu-tis.
insition — m-sish'un. or -sizh'-.
in-stfiad', nx)t -slid'. "^
Bee Kef to Fiommetotlon, p. 8.
n
In'st^p, not -stip.
in'stinct^ notin ; in-stlnct', adj.
In-sti-tu'tipn, not -t^j'-.
in'Bti:\l-m6nt^ not -mtint
insurance — ^jn-sh^r'qjis.
insure— in-shTjr',
in'te-gr^L
in'ter-est, verb, not In-ter-^t'.
in'ter-est^ noun, not in'trest.
in'ter-est-ed, not in-ter-^t'ed.
in'ter-est-ingy not In-ter-^t'ing.
In the diotionaries some stress on the third
syllable, in the verb and its deriyativ-es^ is indi-
cated by marking the € as distinct — &f / and that
was formerly the preyalent pronunciation. But
the most careful speakers now generally make the
third syllable as obscure in the verb and partioi-
pleo as they do in the noun.
in'ter-im,
in-ter-lttc'u-tpr^ not in-ter-lg-cu'tgr.
international — ^in-ter-n^h'un-^L
in-ter'p9-l&te.
in'ter-stlcfe, or in-ter'stice.
The authorities here are about equally diyidedio
Smart accents the second syllable,
Sm Kif to FMBvaolAtloii, p. •.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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I.I
11.25
12.8
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22
S r.ia 110
iiiiim
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WIST MAIN STRIET
WltSTM.N.Y MSSO
(716) S72-4S03
#
:<\^
<^#;
iV
;\
99
jn-t^s'tine, not -tine.
in-tiigae', noun and verb^ not in'trigue,
in-tr9-duce', not -dus'. See aptitude
in-triide'. See accrue.
f^-tri|'sioii.
in-tru'sive, not -ziv.
in-tu'i-tive. See adduce.
mu]*e — in-yur'. \
InV^-lid. See ambergris.
inveigle — iu-ve'gl, not -vft'gL
in'ven-to-ry, not jn-vSn'tQ-fy.
Iptigenia— if-i-jo-ni'a.
i-jis'ci-ble.
i'9-dlde, {>r-dide. See cUoride.
i'9-dlne, or -dine.
Iowa — ^i'9-w&.
iron — ^i'um.
irony, adj. — ^i'um-^.
irony, nowwr— iYun-e.
irrational — ^ir-r^lx^an-^L
Jr-rSf'r^ga-ble.
There is anthority for Baying ir-re'frdg'a-bl,
which certainly is much easier of utterance.
Ik« Kty to Fkonnnelitlun, p. 0.
98
iMre-fiit'%-ble| or ir-rSf tt-ta-ble.
Here, thongh the first mftrking is that of (be
majority of the orthofipists, and though it has
the advantage of being the easier of utterance,
the second marking may possibly be considered
the more elegant.
ir-re-me'di-a-ble.
ir-r6p'^-ra-ble, iiot ir-re-pAr'^-bl.
ir-r§8'pi-ra-ble.
ir-r6v'9-ca-ble, not lr-re-v5'k^-bl.
isinglass — ^i'zing-glas.
isochronous — ^i-siik'rp-niis.
ig'o-Ute, or is'9-late, not i'so-lftt
The first marking is Walker's, Worcester's^
and Smart*8 ; the second, Webster*8.
i-sbm'er-Jsnu
i88Ue-i8h'8hI^
isthmus — ^is'muSy or Ist'mvuEL
Italian — ^i-t&l'y^n, not i%
i-t&l'ic, not i-.
i-tin'er-^nt,
i'v9-ry, not iv'ry,
Ixion — iks-i'pn.
8m K«/ to ProBuaotatloB, p. IL
f
u
J.
Ten oosBontnt bu always the same sooiid,
and 18 neyer silent.
In words in whicli d precedes a letter havinff
or embodying the sound of y in an nnacoented
Suable, ttie sound of J is often substituted for
e combined sounds of d and y — as sofjer instead
of 9dUfyer^ and mdfu-i&t instead of mdd'U'i&t —
jnst as eA is substitnted for the combined sonn^
of I and y in gvesHon^ nature, etc. It is doubtless
possible to preserve the pure sounds of d and y
where they appear in these connections, but it is
weU-nigh certain that the most careful speakers
generaUy fail to do it.
J&'c6b, not jft'cdp.
jiSg-u-&<y not j^'w&r, nor jft g^.
jal'^p, not ]<^l'ap (antiquated).
jfin'ty, nai jaim'ty.
Jikofu-arTYy not j^n %
Jftp-^n-ese'y not -ese'.
jas'miney or jlte'iniiie.
jaundice — ^j&n'dia
jaunt — ^j&nt.
javelin — ^jfivlin.
jer-e-mi'^da
Je-rg's^tem, not -z^-*
«»'^^^^— — — — ■— — — — 1— — — ifc#
Sm Kqr to Apoiiuuistloiit pii a
Jew— ju> ^ ill-
jewel — ju'el, not jft'L
jew'el-ler.
J9-c6se'.
jttc'und. •
Join.
Until toward the close of tLe last centtiry the
diphthong oi was very generally prononneea like
long t, z&jlne instead otjoin, Ale instead of rot'/,
etc.; hut now this pronunciation is confined to
persons of the most limited culture.
joist, not jist.
josfle — ^jds'sl.
joust — ^jttst.
jo'vi-al, not jov'y^tL
jowl — ^jol, not jowL
Ja-da'ic.
jtidg'ment, not -mtint.
ju'gu-V, not jtig'-
Jul'i^, not Jul'-.
Ju'pi-ter, not ju'bi-.
ju-ris-c6n'sult
ju'rist, not jij'-.
ju've-nlle, not -nil (antiquated).
"
Bm 1^ to ProirandfttloB, ik A
M
This letter before all the Towelt bae one ani-
form soimd. Before n in the i^ame syllable it ia^
silent , as in kneel, knit^ knotr^ etc*.; it is likewi«e
silent after r^ as in back, craek, haddocl\ etc.
kauiJ^arcM) — yUig-g^-rob'.
keelsoD — k^rsoD, or kel'-
kfet'tle, not MtU ^
kbair (Turk.) — kawn, or k&n.
kiln— kll, not kfla
kind.
When 4, i, or I is preceded in the same sylla*
ble by the sonnd of ff or k, many speakers, espe-
cially m England and onr Soathem States, intro-
duce a slight sonnd of e, as in car, card, kind,
garden, guards guide, girl^ aky, eta If not car-
ried too far, this can hardly be considered objec-
tionable, as it effeotoally corrects a certain gat-
tnral utterance of these words that the best usage
is careful to avoid*
kirdchwasser (Ger.) — kdrsh'vftd^er.
kitch'en, not klich'n.
knout— -nowt
knowledge — nftVej ; nOl^j is very anli^
quated. \
m'
This liquid consonant always has tbe same
sound. In many words it is silent, as in bcUm^
calnit half, calf, almond^ palmer^ walk, could,
should, etc.
l&'he\ not la U.
Ifi'bor-er, not la^Drur.
• • • •
labyrinth — Iftb'e-rinth.
Meb'ry-mose, not -moz.
liic'9-n!§m, not l&'co-.
Mm'ent-a-ble, not la-mSnt'^-bL
lan'ddu (au 03 in haul).
Lange, G.— lang'e.
lang syne — lang sin, not -zrn.
language — lang'gwaj.
languid — lang'gwid.
languor — lang'gwor.
Lg.-6c'o-6n.
l^-psr, not lap'el.
lar'um.
la.ryn'ge-al.
la'teut, not Mt'-.
huh, or lath, not Mth.
_ 900 Sojr to ProQipetaUoQ, \f, 9.
«8
iM'iiiy not l&Vn,
lAt'tlce, not Mt'tus.
laud'^-ntim, not I5d%
laugh — ^laf, not Ml
launcli — lanch, not launch,
laundress — ^lan'dres, not l§un\
laundry — ^lan'dre, not l§un'-.
laurel — ^lau'rel, or I6r'-.
Ift'va, or^ l&'va.
i
leaped — ^lept, or ISpi
leam'Sd, adj. See blessed,
leeward — ^le'w^rd, or lu'^xd.
le'gend, or leg'end.
iSg'en-da-ry,
legislative — ISj'is-la-tXv.
legislator — ^iSj'is-la-tur, not -la't6r<.
legislature — l^j'is-lat-yur.
For an obvions reason these three words are
much mispronounced. Therels small authority
for the penultimate accent which ease of utter-
ance generally gives them, and none for the ante-
penultimate (le-gWlcS'tive, etc.) which some affect.
Leipsic, in Saxony — lip'sik.
Leipsic, in the United States — lep'sik.
8«e Key to Fkmittnclattoii, p^ 9$
99
I
leisard — ^le^ziur.
This 10 tliQ only waj of pronoTiTicing; thia word.
that noT7adayo 13 admic^iblo in this counury. In
JSngland, howGVOT, lc:ih''^:T io coinii2l5n, althongh
not oanotioned by any modem orthoSpist.*
length, not lenth.
le'ni-ent, Tiot len'%
len'i-Uve, not l0'ni%
lep'er, ifU)t le'per.
I^eroux — ^le-rdb'.
Ies's6ry or les-s6r'.
le-tli&r'^c, rwt l^tli'^r^
Le'tbe, Le-tlie'g.n.
lettuce — ^let'tis.
l^Y-QQ'y a gathering of guests.
levee-^lSv'e, a hank along a 9*iver.
iSv'el, not lev'L
le'ver, not lev'er.
Lever, Charles — ^leVer, not Ifiv'er.
lev'er-age, n^t leVer%
liaisoii (Fx^ — ^le-a'zawng'.
mie\not]i'hl
lib'er-tine, not -tin
itw
Bei» K«j to FfonimdstloDip. H
■MMPia
too
licentiate — ^li-sSn'sIie-at. ' V
It will 1^ observed that in this word the last
Towel, whiclms two removes from the aooonted
syllable, is left to take care of itaelf. This, it
may be seen, has been the usual practice in the
cases of all vowels similarly situated, especially
when they were in the penult. This vowel u
maiked long (S) by Smart, and obscure (a) by
Woreester. Smart says, then, that this a is like
a mfaOe / Worcester, that it is like a in sedative,
Kowy it is neither the one nor the other, ba^
something between the two, which somethmg it
is safe to leave every one to find out for himself;
«iid whether the speaker brings out the quality
of the vowel a little more or a little less than he
perhaps should, may be set down as one of the
least of sins against good usage.
KcLen— li'ken, or licli'eii.
The few English ortho6pists who have g^ven
tiie pronunciation of this word are divided in
relation to it ; but as a Greek and Latin word, it
is pronounced Iz'ken; the French keep the eh
hara, pronouncing it Wken ; and thd pronnnds-
tion of Wken appears to be supported by the best
usage among American botanistB.-i^ Worcetkr.
llc'Qr-ice, not -ei'-isli.
lien — ^le'en, or li'en.
In the early editions of Webster's dictionary
this word was marked lln. v
■c: . 1 ... . 1 ■ '- ' I -
8m ^ to FrimfUioUtlflm p> %»
101
lieutenant — ^lu-ten'aiit, iCf-, oy lu\%.
It is not easy to see why our ortho?pista
should differ so widely in their modes of )»ro-
nonncing the first syllable of this word. Bince
none of them appear to have made anv eifort to
imitate its pronunciation in French, trefercnco
is given here to the first marking — which is
Webster's — because it comes nearest to what the
orthography demands.
lilac, 7Wt li'l6k, nor lal6k.
lin'sey-wool'sey, not -ze.
listen— lis'n. *
li-tli5g'ra-plier, li-tli5g'ra-pliy,
litigious — li-tij'tis.
livelong — ^liv'l5ng, not livl5ng,
liv'er-y, not liv%
loath, adj, — ^loth, not loth, njov l5tfi^
loathe, verb — ^loth.
loathsome — ^loth'sum.
lo-ca'tion, noHo-.
logomachy — ^l9-g5mVte.
l5ngMiTed, not -livd.
loth, not l5th.
louis d'or (Fr.) — -lo'e d6r,^w^ dor,
low, verb — \q.
090 Key to Proaonelatioti, p. &
lu'ddy not In'.,
lii'ci-fer, not lu%
lii'cre, not Itj'-.
Lu'cy, 7^(9^ l|i'%
lu'di-cro^, 7^<?^ In'-.
• 7 »•
Inke'warm, woM^ik'-
lute, not l|it.
Jiii'ther-an, ti^^ l^'-.
luxuriance— Mgz-yij'ri-^ns. See ex;
luxuriant — ^Itigz-yu'ri-aiit
lipoirious — ^liigz-yTi'ri-tis.
luxury — ^luk'shu-re.
ly-ce'lim, not li'ce-tei.
Lyonnaise (Fr.) — ^le'M'nAz'.
a
ti
If
M.
Thb letter has always one sonnd, except in a^
eompt, accofnptan% and comptroller, pronounced
and usually written account, accountant, and con-
troHerc It is silent when it precedes n in the same
syllable, as in mnemonics,
Machiavelian — ^m^k-e-d-vSry^n.
mdc'rQ-cosm, or ma'crQ-c6sm.
im^^ _ _ II MB 1111,1 — — rnr"^*^^
0M S^ to 7iroii«Miatioiup»4^
103
Not nnfrequently good taste h offended by
the reteDtioD of tbo French word mmlame in
tnnsUtions. This is especially true of tranola-
tHms for the stage. Fow things are raore un-
pleasuit to &' cultured ear than the unnecessary
HmDg of languages.
madame (Fr.) — ^ma'd&m •
Madeira — ^m^-de'ra, or -da %
mademoiselle (Fr.)^ — mMm'wa'z^r, not
m&d-tim-wa-z^l, nor mam-z&l', which
is exceedingly vulgar.
In this word an Englishman encounters his
ffreatest difficulty in the proper utterance of the
£»t syllable, to which the Frenchman gives a
▼ery clear dental utterance, while the Englishman
18 wont to let the sound come from his throat
See ailment
ma foi (Fr.) — ma fwa*
m&fgi^ not m^g'i.
magnesia — mag-ne'zhe-a.
m^g-Mfl-eent, not -stot.
mag-noli-a, not -noVyL
main'ten-ance, not man-tan'ans.
mal h propos (Fro) — mil k pro'po'.
ma-la'ri-a, not maJa'-.
— — ^
0M KBf to FMannelatioii, jf, 9*
xniil-6-&c^t9r.
mall, a public woXh — ^m^
m^'mil-la-ry, not m^-ii^'^-r^i
man-d^-rin', TWit miiii'd^-iiiL ^
mft'nes; vvot m&nz.
mango — ^m^g'go.
m9rm'9rc^.
manoeuvre — ^m^-nu'ver, iMt m%-n& %
man'pr, Twit m&'nor. \
miin'pr-lioiise, w>t mA'n9^•
m^'s^' rdb£
mansuetude — ^mto'swe-tud«
mantua-maker — ^m^'tu-mftk'er. ,
m^-ilig'mus, not -r^'-.
marchande de modes (Fr.) — ^mftr^«
sh&ngd' de mod'.
llie letter o in Frencli generally has the sonnd
of in Bon^ won, done, or of o in. or, nor, for, ex-
cept when uoder the eircnmflez accent {d). Hence
we ehonld say, for example, dif a Id mm, not mod.
marchionesB— mar'shun-^s.
miir'i-gd\d, not ma're-.
mar'i-t9*ly not m&r'-.
Bm S^ to ArommditMki, p.flk
lOS.
/.
id
X-
oe
4.
mfir'ket, not -kit ♦
jnar'vel, not marVl.'
m^'cu-llne, not •lim
mask, not m^k.
massacre — m^'s^-keiv
mas'ter, not m^ %
m^t'in, not m&'tin.
ma'trix, not m^t'-.
ma'trQiiy not mSA/u
m^frpn-al, or m&'trQii-al
ma'tron-ly, W(?^ mat'-.
mat'tress, not mat-trass'.
mr^u-SQ-le'um.
mauvajs goAt (Fr.) — ^mdVa' g6o.
mauvaise honte (Pr.)— m5'v&' z§tmgt»
may'pr-^l-ty.
mayonnaise (Fr.) — m&'y6n!Saf.
measure — ^mfizli'ur, not mfizh%
mecJianist — ^mSk'ig.n-ist.
me-diQl-n^;!
medicire — mSd'e-sln, not m&A'su»,
mediocre — ^me'de-0-ker.
• • •
106'
meerschaum (Ger.) — mar'sll6^vm.
The tm has the &Qund of oto in otcl, and there
18 little if aay difference in the quantity of the
syllables, as m generally the ^"^se with compound
words.
Mei^omer~ma's6ii'ya'.
melior&te — ^meryor-at.
i|[i3'9-di^&ii:-ay or -dra-ma.
The second marking is supported by abundant \
antihQiity, but few, if any, seem to heed it.
Mel-p^m'e-ne.
memoir — ^mem'wor, or me'mw6r;
mem'o-iy, not mem'iy.
menagerie (Fr.) — ma'nazh'e-fc'.
menageiy — me-nazli'e-re.
mSn-in-gi'tis, not me-nin'gi-tis.
mer'c^,ii-tile, not -til, 7io?* -tel.
The second, however, is sanctifvncd by Smart.
See advertisement.
y.^f.
y._*
mesmerism — mes mer-izm, or mez
The dictionaries tell us to sound the first .9 of
this word and of its derivatives like ;?, which is
contrary to the prevailinjx custom, etymoloj;ically
incorrect, and hot euphonious. ^
MMW
bcc Key to I'rotiurtc-iatiuQ p. 0.
107
messieurs — mas'yur'.
The English orthoepists have marked this
word in no less than ten different ways, agreeing
in only, one thing — that the final s should be
sounded. Now, this s is absolutely silent ; so is
one of the other eses. The firot syllable is per-
fectly represented by mctSy and the second syl-
lable is uerj/ azearly represented by ydr. If, in
pronouncing this syllable, the speaker imagines
a long e between the y and the ^, and then, hav-
ing prepared the organs of speech to sound it,
goes directly to the «:?, he will perhaps get the
sound of the syllable somewhat more perfectly.
The sound of the r is very short and obscure.
See monsieur.
mSt-a-m6r'pliose, not -phoze.
me-tG-or'o-lite.
iaSt-ro-pori-tan.
mi-^S'iaa.
mi'crp-scope, not mic'rp-.
im-cro-sc5p'ic, not -scop'ic.
mid'wife-ry, or mid'wife-ry.
Milan.
We Anglicize the orthography of this proper
name : why ohould v/e not do likewise with the
orthoepy? Bryca, Earnshaw, and Thomas say
Mll'an^ while -Wright says Mi-ldn',
8eo Key to Froaanoiatioa, p. 61
lod
nillch, (iflj.^ not milks.
mill ionaire — mil-yuu-Ai*'.
min-er-arg-gy, not -Ol'Q-gy,
Millet, E.— mel'la'.
miniature — min'i-^t-yur.
Min'9-tfiur.
mi'nfis, not mln'us.
mi-niite', or mi-nute', adj.
minute, noun — ^min'it. \
mir'^-cle, not mSr'-.
mi-riic'u-lotis, not mi-.
mirage (Fr.) — ^me'rdzli'.
mis'a,n-tlirope, not mlz'-.
mischievous — mis'clie-vtis, njot mis-cIieVi
mls'cliiev-ous-ness.
mis-c5n'strue, not mls-cpn-strue'.
" Do not, great sir, misconstrue his intent."
misfoii;une — mis-fort'yun.
misogyny — mc-s5j'e-ne.
mistletoe— miz'zl-to.
luit'ten, not mit'n.
umeiTionics — ne-mon'iks.
Seo Evy to FtunuiiGlatloo, pt. 8.
lOff
mobfle — ^mo-bel', or ni5l>)L
.The first is the pronunciation of Walker and
Worcester, and is always heard in tibe name
Mobile; the second, that of Webster. Smart
f»aysm^ft'»7.
m5ck, Tiot mguk. See accost
mdd'el, not mod'l.
mod'est, not -fet, vtor -^st
moisten — ^mois'n, not -ten.
mp-lSc'a-lar.
m5re-cule.
Moli&re — ^mdryftr'.
M5]f 9^5, not M9-n&'c5.
mon'gd, or mo'n^ ; ]n9-nadio.
m5n'^-t6r-y, not -te-ry.
mongrel — ^mtog'greL
mon-^-cdt-y-le'dpn.
mp-nog'^i-my.
mon'9-grto, not m^'no-.
mon'9-gr&pli, not mo'no-.
mon'9-l6gue, not mo'no-log.
m5n-9-mft'ni-&.
mon-9-m&'ni-ac.
■p»
3^0 K«7 to FvonpneMIOD, p^ 8r
11©
monsieur (Fr.) — mtis'yAr'.
This marking perfectly represents the pro-
nanciation of tho nrst syllable of this word, the
o being like the o in son. The second syllable is
like the second syllable of the plural. The r in
both cases is really a silent letter, but with its
aid the pronunciation of the syllable is better
represented to the Englfsh eye than it could be
without it. It is marked obscure in order that it
may be merely hit and not dwelt upon. Care,
should be taken to give the syllables the same
quantity. See messieurs,
morale (Fr.)-— mo'ial'.
morceau ; pi,, morceaux (Fr.) — ^mdr'so'.
m5r'i-btind, not mo'ri-. *
Morpheus — m6r'fus, or m6r'fe-tis,
morphine — mor'fin, not mor-fen',
m6r'sel, not mor'sl.
mor'tal, not mor'tl.
JMosenthal, J. — mo'zen-tal.
Moslem, not Mos'-.
m6'tion-l6ss, not -Itis. See ailment.
mountain — moun'tin, not -ting, no7* -tn.
mountainous — moun'tin-tis.
mtil-ti-pli-ca'tion, no^ -pi-. >^
6ee Key to PronuQcIation, p. &
Ill
mttl'ti-tade, not -tad. See adduce
mu-ni9'i-pg.l, not mu-iii-cip'g,L «
miir'der-er, not miir'drer.
mus-c9-va'd6,
mu-se'um, not mu'se-um.
• mtLsh'rdbm, not -robn,
mti8-tlt§lie', or -tasli'.
my — ^mi, or mi, never me.
When, from being .used in contradistinction
to another personal pronoun, my is emphatic, the
y has its full, open, long-e sound. Thus we would
flay, " Is this mp ink or yours f " But when thero
is no such emphasis — and there is but rarely — ^the
2^^has the sound of obscure ^, as in mi-nute' lind
'fniraciUouft, which is very nearly the sound of y
*in many, only, etc. " My [mf\ ink is as bad as
my [mi] pen,"*"* These rules, however, afe and
should be departed from in certain cases where
we would express respect or emotion. *^y \mX\
brother shall know of this." " Sir, this lady is
my \mi\ wife." " Ay, madam, she was my \mi\
mother I " Say mi m these sentences, and they
become commonplace ; you take all the soul ouf;
of them.
myseU-mi-self. .
myrmidon — m^'me-dbn, not mir'-.
mythology — me-tli6ro-je, not mi-thol'-.
8
Bee Key to Frononoiatlon, p. 6^
ns
N.
This lettdr has two sounds : one simple, as in
man, ten, not; the other compound, as m thank,
banket, anxious, pronounced thangk, hang'quet,
anakfahua. The sound of ng is really a distinct
and simple alphabetical element, unlike that of
either constituent of the digraph. When final
after I or m, niA silent, as in kiln, condemn,
solemn, hymn, limn, autumn, etc.
naiad — isSJy^ \
naive (Fr.) — ^n&'ev'.
naivet6 (Fr.)— n&'ev'tft'.
naively — ^na-evle.
n&pe, not nap.
n^'cent, not nft'sent.
national — ^n^h'un-^l, not n&'shun-^L
The first marking is that of all the orthoSpists
except Webster, and his mode of pronouncing
the word is not even permitted in the new edi-
tions of his dictionary.
nationality — nash-un-al'e-te.
V ...
nature — nat'yur,
nausea — ^naw'she-a, not naw'se-a.
nauseous — ^naw'shus, not n^w'se-tis.
ng.-vlc'u-lar. \
* < — — — ■' ■ < " ^
9m E«7 to FMnandettoik p. 9,
Ddar'esty not •ist
n6c-r9-teg'ic. ..j.
ne-crbVQ'gy.
]i^c't9.r-iney not -ine, Ttor -dn.
ne'er — nkr, not ner.
ii6glig6 (Fr.)— nft'glJ'zlift'.
neither — ^ne'tter, or ni'tiier.
There is very little dictionary authority for
saying nVther, but of late years this mode of pro*
nouneing the word seems to be preferred by some
of our most careful speakers. See either.
N6m'e-sis.
nephew — ngv'yii, ornefyu..
" This word is uniformly pronoundbd nlw'wfl
by the £ngli8h orthoSpists ; out in the United
States it is often pronounced ntf'fu. Smart re-
marks that *'p with A, in almost all cases, is pro-
nounced f. In Stepheriy this sound is Tocalizcd,
that is, converted into v y and likewise in nephew^
almost the only word in which the combination
occurs that is not immediately referable to a
Greek^rigin.' " — Worcester,
The latest editions of Webster give n^f'yu^
remarking that the English dictionaries uniformly
mark it nlvi'yu. The latter, in our estimation, is
the most euphonious pronunciation of the word*
nSp'9-ti§m.
Beo Key to PrMunclatibn, p. 6L
*
neSHe — ^nSsl
nStii'er-mdst.
neu'ter, neu'tral, not nn %
new — ^nu, not nij.
New Orleans — ^nu pr-lenz'.
This, in the opinion of the writer, is the better
mode of pronouncing the name of the American
city. Besides harmonizing with the spirit of thOi
English language, it is easier of utterance and\
more euphonious than dr^le-anz^ which is a mon-
grel pronunciation at the best.
news — ^nuz, not nnz.
newspaper — ^nuz'pft-pef, not n^'%
niaiserie (Fr.) — ^ne-ft'ze-re'.
nfce-ty, nM nis'te.
. nicbe; not nlsh. . •
nlck'el, n/)t nick'L
nic'o-tine, not -ten.
noblesse oblige (Ft.) — ^nd'blSs' dlalezh'.
nbm'^dy ^wt no'mM.
np-mM'ic. ' .
nd'men-clat-nre, ornd-menK^l&t'ure.
n6m'i-na-tlve, not n5m'n9.-ilve,
9#» gjy to P w nMd tt tav yttt
ni5
none — ^ntin, not n6n,
nook, or nook.
nttt'^-ble, industrious^ careful, bussing.
not'a-ble, remarhable, memorable^
nothing — nlitli'ing, not nttth'-.
Notre Dame (Fr.) — ^no'tre A&au
nttv'el, not n5vl.
n5v'el-ty, not n6v'l-ty.
novitiate — no-visli'e«At,
noxious — nok'shus.
nu'di-ty, not nu'-. *
nuisance — nu's^ns. See addaoei
nuncio — ntin'slie-o.
nuptial — nttp'shal, not -chx/L
nu'tri-ment. not nu'tri-mtint
• •• •
O
This vowel has scvon sounds, as in isof^ ftol^
f<?n, movet wolf, nor, and major,
6'%-Bis ; j?7., o'a-ses.
"Webster permits o-ct'sls,
oath — 6th : pL, oaths.
Boo Key to Pronuncwtion. p 9
118'
ttb'du-r^te, or -pb-du'r^te.
.obeisance- 9-bft'sanice, (?/• 9-be%
The weight of authority is in favor of the
first marking ; usage — in this country at least—
would seem to favpr the second. Walker em-
phatically preferred the first, for the reason that
ei when under the accent is most frequently pro-
nounced like long a, and the corresponding t^
always, except in A-ey.
5b'e-lisk, not 6'be%
9-bese', not -bez', i
6'bit, or 6bU
obligatory. See Supplement.
oblige — 9-blij'.
•* When Lord Chesterfield wrote his Letters
to his son, the word obli<j9 was, by many polite
speakers, pronounced as if written oblcfjje — as if
to give a hint of their knowloil<;e of the French
language; nay, Pope ha.H rhymed it to tUiq t»ouud:
* Dreading even fools, by fiatterern boAicgod,
And 80 obliging that bo ne'er obliged.*
But it was so far from having generally obtained,
that Lord Chesterfield strictly cnjotas Lis son to
avoid this pronunciation as affected. In a for/
years, however, it beca.me fo p;eneral that none
but the lowest vulgar ever pronounced it iu tho
English manner ; but upon the publication of
this nobleman's Letters, which was about twenty
years after ne wrote lUeni, his authority had so
. -fhw E07 to rrooiurmuon. Ik <k
117
iniioli inflaenoe with the polite world ai. to bid
fair for restoring the i in this word to its original
rights ; and we not nnfreqaently hear it now
prononnoed with the broad English i in those
circles where, a few years ago, it would have
been an infallible mark of vulgarity." — Walker,
'' Smart says : * The word oblige^ which was
formerly classed with marine^ etc., is now pro-
nounced regularly.' John Kemble is said to
have corrected the Prinze of Wales (George IV)
for adhering to the former pronunciation, by
saying, ' It will become your royal mouth better
to say oblige.^ " — Worcester.
pb-lique', or pb-lique'.
obnoxious — 9b-n5k'slius.
pb-scSn'i-ty, not Qb-sce'ni-ty.
ob'se-quies, not pb-se^qiiieg.
ob'so-lete, not 5b-so-lete'.
pbrtnide', not -trade'. See accrue,
gb-tuse', not -tuse'.
9b-fcru'sive, not -ziv.
5b' verse, noun.
9b.yerse', a«fi.
9C-ca'aion, not o-cft'sion,
9C-ctilt', not oc'cult.
oceanic — o-sbe-an'ic.
fS» Key to FMmunciation, jf, 6«
118
pfst&'vo, or 9C-t&'v6. .
There is no dictionary authority for the eso-
ond marking, and yet that is the pronunciation
.that seems to be preferred by our most careful
speakers — for the reason, doubtless, that they
think it the more euphonious.
Qc-t5g'e-na-iy.
•V
1 , -
5c'tu-ple^ not 9c-tu'ple.
4; -. ■ :- ■-.
g-de'pn. ^^^ ^ ^
■■.; ■■J-^--V'
6'di^iis. : ■ ■
Z » - •f\
The best usage now makes this a word of
three syllables.
5f fice, wt?^ au'ftis. •
official^-pf-fish'^l, not o-fisli'^L
officious — pf-fish'us, we?if 6-fish'us.
5ften — 5f 'n, not 5f 'ten.
6'gle, not og'le. "
olden — old'n, not old'en.
6-le-6-mar'gg,-rlne, nof-jq,-.
The letter a is always hard before a, ezoei^
in ^ao^, now disused in this country. :.<./
^: 9-l3(b'^-ntoi. : ^
ombre (Fr.) — awng'br, not fim'bp,
om'i-nous, not 6'mi-nous.
'■■',■'•1'' ■
(Nt Sqjt to ArosiBotatfoB, p. 4
omnisoience — pm-nlsh'^iui.
to'^r-otis, not d'uer-otis.
6nly, not toly.
6'nfXf not on'yx
d'p9*l, no< 6'p^
opiitlialmy — 5ftli9l-my, or 6p'tli^l-my,
not 9pli-tlial'my. .
opinion — o-pin'yun.
Some of the ortboSpists caution us not to let
imaocented o in such words as opinion, observe,
appose, command, conceal, condition, contain,
content, poaaeaa, police, etc., degenerate into short
or obscure u. While it is well to heed their ad-
vice, it is also well to remember that to make
these o's too long is, perhaps, more objectionable
than to make them too short. How unpleasant,
for example, to hear pedantic ignorance say po-
lioe md po-aeaa f An endeavor to avoid sound-
ing 'the like short or obscure u should be made
with nice discrimination, as by making it too
long one's utterance becomes pedantic, which of
all elocutionary faults is the worst. ,,,^
5p-9-dsrdoc, or o-pp-derdoc, not -dfl'-
9P-p6'nent, not 6p'po-nent.
The latter, though often heard from tolerably
correct speakers, is unauthorized.
5p-p9r-tune', not op'p9r-tune.
Cce S«7 to ProannoUtlon, p. tt.
120
orange— ^r'SnjV 7w^5Tlnj.
6-rang'-ou-tang',
6r'€hes-tra, or or-ehgs'trd.
Among the ortho§pists who accent the second
syllable of this word are Walker and Smart ;
bat that pronunciation is Barely used by careful
speakers.
dr'^hes-trg,], or or-ehgs'trg.!.
fir'de-^ Tiot pr-de'^l.
The latter is not even permitted by any of
the orthoSpists.
6r'di-na-ryj not drd'na-ry.
orgies — 6r'jiz, w^?^ -jez,
6r'i-fice, not o'ri-.
oriflamme — 61^1-^111, not^'nu
9-rig'i-ng,l, not -o-ng,L
Orion— o-ri'un.
orison — or'e-zun.
6r'nate, not pr-nate'. ■;
o'rp.ttind, not or'p-.
The ultimate accentuation, O'TO'tUnd^, is be-
coming antiquated.
Orphean — or-fe'an, or 6r'fe-an.
.1
600 Key to Fkoaundatloo, p. flL
121
Orpheus— dr'fus, or 6r'fe-ti8.
The first is the classic, the second the popular
pronunciation.
6r'tho-e-pist, or or-tho'e-plst.
6r'th9-e-py, or or-tho'e-py.
One may say or-tho'e-py on the authority of
Wright, Clarke, and Knowles, and of Fulton and
Knight ; and this is the pronunciation the writer
would recommend, on account of its being so
much the easier of utterance, if he had the cour-
age to do so in the face of such weighty authori-
ties as Walker, Worcester, "Webster, and Smart.
ostler — 5s'ler.
otium-6'8he.ttm. ; -<-
outre (Fr.)— i)tra'. ,
o-ver-se'er, or -seer'. ' ' ' \^
o'vert, not g-vert'.
5xlde.
6'yer, not oi'er.
-..i -.
ri„'
.^ fV
This letter has but one sound. It is silent
when initial before w, s, or ^, as in pneumatics,
psalm^ ptarmigan. It is also silent or very in-
distinct when between m and t in the same syl-
Sm Kej to FconandaUoD, j^ 0.
ii
Hi
table, as in iempty exempt, etc.; bat vhen pre*
ceded by m in the same syllable and followed by
t or k in the next syllable, it is more properly
sounded, as in temptation, exemption, sumptuous,
bumpkin, pumpkin, etc. In raspberry, receipt,
semptress, and corps it is also mute.
p^-cif-i-ca'tion, or pac-i-fi-ca'tion.
pa-clf'i-cfi-tor, or pag-i-fi-ca'tor.
The first marking is TV ebster's and Smart's ;
the second, Walker's and Worcester's.
pageant — ^paj'ent.
PSjent is growing obsolete.
pageantry — paj'ent-re.
pal'^ce, not paVas.
The latter smacks of pedantry.
p^-la'ver, not pg,-lav'er.
Pil'es-tine, '•lo^ -ten.
parfrey, or pal'frey (Smart).
palm — ^pam, Twt pam.
panegyric — pan-e-jir'iL
Smart, Walker, Sheridan, and others prio*
nounce this word pdn-e-jti^'ik* Worcesteir re*
marks : " Thou<rh Smart pronounces squirrel and
paner/yric^ squer'rel and pdn-cjlir'ik, yet he says,
* The irregular sound of i and y in squirrel and
8m Kiuf to frononcto tto iw » 1^
133
pnnefff/ric wo may hope in timo to hear re«
olaimeil ; a correspondent reformation haTing
taken place in spirit and miracle^ which were
once pronounced sphr^it and mtr'chcle,* "
pan'el, 7iot panl.
panorama— pan-o-i'a'md, or -ra'msi.
IVm-the'on, or PAu'thc-on.
" Hail, learning's Pantheon ! Hail, the sacred ark
Where all the world of science does embark."
— CowUy,
<* Mark how the dread Pantheon stands.
Amid the toys of modern hands,
How simply, how severely great ! **
•^A/censide,
pdn ta>mime, not -mine,
papier mdche (Fr.) — p&p'ya' ma'tiha'.
pa-rAb'9-la, 7tot pdr-a-bo'la.
parcel, 7iot -stil.
parenchyma — pa-r6a'ke-ma»
par-e-g6r'ic, not -gaiir'ic.
par'ent.
pAr'ent-age.
Smart says pd'rent'age^
P9,r.h.6'li.9n.
Pa'r}-alx, not pa'%
Parisian^— p^-iizt'y^ji, 7ioi pQrrlz'e-^n.
Par-me-san'.
par'pl (legal word).
p^rdle; (mmtaiy word).
partiality — par-she-al'e-ty, not pfir-sh^^
par'ti-ci-ple, not part'si-pl.
p&rt'ner, not pard'-.
par'tridge, not pat'-
p^t'ent, or pa'-.
pat-en-tee', or pft-ten-.
According to nearly all the aatborities, the a
of these two words should have its short sound.
pdth, not path.
pA'tb6s, not ptlth'ps.
pat'ri-mo-ny, Tio^pft'tn
pa'trj-ot, not pAt'rj-.
pa'tn-pt-Igui.
pa trpn, not pdt'%
pdt'ron-aige.
pdt ron-^l.
Smart savs jxVfron-al, bnt the balance of
authority U decidedly in favor of making the a
short.
Sm lUijr to RpottttBrtitloii, pk 4L
129
pft trpn-Sss, not pftfrgn*.
p&t'r9n-ize. -
peculiar— pe-kul'y§jr.
Smart b&jb pe-ka'le-ar.
peculiarity — pe-kiil-yftr'i-ty.
There is abundant authority for 8ayingp#-A;i}^
yt'iir^e-ty,
pecuniary — ^pe-kun'y^-re.
pedagogue — pSd'a-g^g> ^w?< "g^g»
pe'd^l) adj,; pSd'§,l, noun.
pSd'es-tal, not pe-des'-.
Pfig'^-slis, n>ot Pe-g^'us,
pel-lu'cid, not -lij'%
pe-nft'te§ (Lat.).
pSn'cU, not p^n'sL
Pe-nSrp-pe.
penitentiary— pSn-i-tSn'sligt-ry.
pe'ntilt, or pe-ntdt'.
pe-nu'ri-otis, not -nu'-. See adduce.
pe'o-ny, not pi'ny.
peremptory. See Supplement
Walker^ Perry, and Jameson permitted p9*
rhn'tg-ry.
' 126
l^er'fect, arlj. See adyertisement.
pcv'fect. or j)er-f6ct', verb.
The latter pronunciatioD is probably the more
common, being in accordance with the general
rule of change of accent in a word used both as a
noun or adjective and a verb, as con'diect^ con'
tlucf; but the weight of authority is in favor of
the former.
per'fuine, or per-fume', noun.
The ultimate accentuation of this noun, al-
though there is good authority for it, is little
used in this country by careful speakers.
per-fume', verb.
pfir'il, ^0^ -til,
pe-ri-6d'ic, not pSri.
per'mit, or per-mit', 7wun.
Persia — per'she-a. not -zhe-.
Persian — ^per'shan, not -z1i§,il
per-slst', not -zist'.
j)er-spi-ra'tion, not pr6s-pi%
per-siift'sive. not -ziv. /
pe-n]§e'. See accrue,
pestle — pfes'l.
Petnichio — pe-tru'ke-6.
'A
Nf Mm9 to n«aiu»iattoii,> H
127
pSt'^ or pe't§bl.
pbaeton — ffi'e-ton, not f&'toD, nor f e't9n.
pji^'^nz, or ph&lanz.
''The pronunciation phdVonx is the more
general ; but pha'lanx is the more analogical.'*
— Walker,
Is Walker correct in saying that it is more
analogical to make the a long ? PAa, followed
by a consonant, and under an accent^primary or
secondary — is almost always, if not always, short.
This marking is supported by Smart and by
Wright, and by well-nigh imiversal usage.
pliarmacentic — ^ffir-m^su'tik, not -ku%
. pliarmacopceia — ^far-m^k9-pe'y&.
pUt^n-thrbp'ici not phi-l^n-.
pliil-9-l6g'ic.
pli][l-9-g5ph'iCy or -sbpV-.
pli5n'icSy no^plid'nics.
pli58'pli9-]m '
plirto-9-l5|;!ic.
phj^§-i-5g'no-my, not -5ii'o-my.
''There is a prevailiiig mispronunciation of
this word, by leaving out the g^ as if the word
were French. If this arises from ignorance of
the common rules of spelling, it may be observed
that g is always pronounced before n when it is
9
0M Xaj to #nA«n«Mi<M^ p.l|i
\"
128
not in the same syllable ; as, siff-ni/i/, indig-nitjf^
etc.; bat if affectation be the cause of this cn*ur,
Dr. Toung*s ' Love of Fame * will bo the bcftt
cure for it." — Walker.
pianoforte (It.) — pe-ii'nQ-for'tcL
pi-&'Dist.
picture — ^pikt'yur.
piebald — ^pi'bald.
pied,a^— pid.
'' Meadows trim with daisies pied,
Shallow brooks, and rivers wide."
— Milton,
pi'et-ism.
pigeon— pidj'pn, not -in.
pin'cers, not pin'cherz. ~ >
pinch'bSck, not •bd.ck.
pi'o-ny, or pe'o-ny, no^pi'ne.
piquant — ^plk'g.nt.
pismire, or pls'mire:
pla'cg.-ble, not pMk'g,-ble. .
pla'card.
The dictionaries tell ns to pronounce this
word, both the noun and the vorh, plu-fciird',
"Why ? Because it comes to us from the French?
A very poor reason, since in French it is pro-
nounced ju/a'^ur', which is as unlike pln^kani' as
bca Key tu PronuoclatlOD; ])^6
m
it is unlike the pronunciation that harmonizes
with the language into which it is adopted,
Damcly, pld'kard. In language, as in everything
else, that which is neither '* fish, flesh, nor fowl "
is distasteful. Mongrel pronunciations are as
unpleasant to the ear as orthographical mon-
istrosities are to the eye.
plagiaiy — pla'je-ro, or plfi'jo-a-te.
That pronunciation which makes the smaller
,number of syllables of such words as plagiary^
genial, cordial, bestial, ameliorate, etc., is the
easier of utterance, and for that reason is gen-
erally — and the writer thinks justly — considered
the more desirable.
plait — ^plftt, not plet.
plateau (Fr,) — ^pla'to'.
pMt'i-na, or plg.-ti'na.
plat'i-ntiin, or plgrti'iium,
plebeian — ple-be'yg,ii, not ple'be-§»n.
plebeianism — ^ple-be'y^n-iziru
Pleiades — ^ple'ya-dez.
Pleiads — ^ple'y^dz.
plSn'griy, or ple'na-ry.
''Some very respectable speakers make the
vowel e in the first syllable of this word long ;
but analogy and the best usage seem to shorten
the «, as they do the a in granary. Nor do I see
See Key to FrpDunciatiuo, p. 6*
180
sny reason tliat tlie € should not be short in this
word as well as in plenitude.*^ — Walker,
We have Walker, Worcester, and seven other
orthodpists for the first marking ; Smart, Web-
ster, and three others for the second.
plenipotentiary — ^plSn-i-po-tSn'shi-a-re. ^
pl6tli'9-ra.
ple-th5r'ic, or pl6tli'9-ric.
The early editions of Webster's dictionary
tuad plM'o-rie, and the later editions permit this
pronunciation. All the English ortho3pists, ex-
cept Ash and Crabb, accent the second syllable.
plume, not plum. See adduce.
pd'em, not po'm.
poignant — ^poi'n§,nt.
P9-Kce', not p5-. See opinion.
polonaise (Fr.) — ^pbrp-nftz', not p6'-.
polyglot — ^p6l'e-gl6t
p5l-y-syl-Mb'ic
P5l-y-hym'ni-A.
It should be remembered that y, except whert
beginning a word, has the sound of t, ana that it
never has its name-sound when forming a sylla-
ble. Here the first j/ is unaccented and sounded
like obscure i or obscure e, which are hardly
distinguishable.
iSce Ke^ to Fronunciationy p..8,
[87
Pompeia (Lat.) — ppm-pfi'yfiJ
Pompeii (Ital.) — p5m-pfi'ye.
I^ompeium (Lat.) — p^m-pe'ytim,
}i6r'ce-lain.
This is the marking of WorceRter, Webster,
and Rcid. Smart says ji>^r«7an/ Knowlesj />c»r«'"
lin/ WaXker,- por'se-ldfi.
porte-monnaie — ^p6rt'-m6n-nftV
p9r-tSnt'.
po-^'tion, not p6% See opiniom
po8-te'ri-9r, not pos-, nor p68-;^
p6st'Lu-motis.
Perry and Craig say pdafhtP-mafS
po'tarble.
po'ten-tAte, not p5t %
prairie — ^pra're, not pSr-ft'ft^
prSb'end, not pre'-,
pre-ce'dence, not prSs'e-.
preKie'dent, a^.
" A murderer and a villafn^^
A slave, that's not the twentieth part the tylBe
Of your precedent lord I "
Beo Key to Pronabclatlon, p. 8.
ws
prSc'e-dSnt, noun,
•pre-ciae', not -cize'.
pre-cise'ly, not pre-cise'-, nor -cize^
pre-clude'. See adduce.
pred'§,-to-ry.
prSd-e-ces's9r, not pre'de-.
pre-di-lSc'tion, not pred-i%
pr^'ace, noun andverb, not pre'fece
pre'fect.
prefecture — ^prSfek-tur, or pre'fet,
prefer-^-ble, not pre-fer %
prefigure — ^pre-fig'yur.
pr^r^te, 710^ prel&te.
prfil'ude, noun,
^-ebster alone says preflade^ and the latei
editions of his dictionary ^&wit prU Ode,
pre-ludeVt?<9rJ.
Smart says prl^&dey but he is supported by
Jameson only.
''So Love, preluding, plays at first with hearts,
And after wounds with deeper-piercing darts."
— Congreve,
pre-mgrture', not prSm'g,t-yur.
premier (Fr.) — ^prem'ya'.
8m Key to ProminoltUoD, p. <k
Ida
pre-p5s'ter-otiis, not -trtis.
Pr6s-by-te'ri-aD, not pr68-*
prfes'by-tfir-y, not pres-byt'e-ry;
prSs-en-ta'tion, not pre-.
pre-sgn'ti-mSntj not -zSn'-.
pre-ggnt'ment.
prfes'i-dSnt, not -dtiiit
pres'tlge.
presti^^ (Fr.) — prfts'tezh'.
pre-sumpt'u-otis, not -ztuup'slitoi
pre-tSnce', not pre'tence.
pr6t'er-lte, or pre'%
pre-t6xt'.
This is the marking of nearly all the orthod-
pists.
*' My pretext to strike at him admits
A good construction.*'
— Shakespeare,
pretty — prit'te, not pr6t'-.
pre-v6nt'ive, not -v6n'tg.-tive.
pri'ma-ry, not -mgr-e.
prln'cess, not prin-c6ss'«
pils'tine, not -tin.
pri'v^-cy, not prlv -.
Bm S«]r to Prooaoeuaoa, p 9t
nrlv'iJy.
pro'ba-to-ry.
pr6b'i-ty^ not prd'-.
The erroneous pronunciation is often used,
especially on the stage.
pr5g'ess, 7iot pro'-.
proems verbal (Fr.) — ^pr6's&' ver'b&l'.
pr6d'iice, not pro'-.
prftd'uct, not pro'-.
profile — pro'fel, -fil, or -fiL
The first pronunciation is Worcester's and
Smart's ; the second. Walker's and Webster's ;
the third, Craig's. Profit' is also authorized,
and by sdme speakers may be preferred,
prp-fuse', not -fuz'.
prttg'ress, not pro'-.
pr5j'ect, noun^ not prd'-.
pr9*jSct', verb.
pr9-j5c'til% not -til.
pro-lix'.
In their earlier editions both Webster and
Worcester pronounced this word prd'lix ; which
accentuation a few other authorities also recog-
nise.
»*# S«j to PiMVttohMioo, p^ e.
135
1 1
pr5l'^gue, or pro'-.
The first marking is tbat of Worcester, Smart,
and Walker ; the decond, that of Webster and
one or two others.
pr5m-e-n&de', or -nade'.
pro-mHrgate, Twt pr6m'ul-gate.
pr5m-ul-ga'tion, or pro-miil-.
pronunciation — pro-ntin-she-a'g hun, or
-ce-a'shun, hut riot -ce-d'shun.
The majority of the authorities are in favor
of the sound oi sih ; Webster was not, but this
sound has been adopted by the editors of the
later editions of his dictionary.
Wheaton in his ''Travels in England^' safs :
'* I was not a little mortified at havmg my r an-
kec origin detected by my omitting to give the
full sound of ih in the word pronunciation,^*
Walker says : " The very same reasons that
oblige us to pronounce partiality y propitiation^
apecialityy etc., as if written parsheality, propi-
sheashun, -epeahealityy etc., oblige us to pronounce
pronunciation as if written pronunsheaahuny
Smart marks this word pro-niXn-ce-a'shuny yet
he says in his " Principles ": " It is regularly -^to-
nowncedi pro-nUn-she-a'ahuny and by all speakers
would probably be so sounded if it were related
to any such verb as to pronunciate^ in the same
way as aaaociation and enunciation are related
to aaaociate and enunciate. In the absence of
8m K«7 to Prenundiitloii, p. &
-d
ISB
aoy snch related verb, most speakers say pr<h
nUn-Qo-H'shun^ and so avoid the double oocnr-
renoe of the sound of sh in the same word.'*
"Hie time was when the stage was justly
held the model of pronunciation : but that golden
age of dramatic literature and dramatio life has
long since passed away,*^ — William RuBwlU
propitiate — prp-pish'^-at.
prg-sa'ic.
pro-see ni-tim, not -scSn'-.
pr6s'per-otis, not prSs'prlis.
pr6t'g,-sis, not pro'-.
protege (Fr.)— pr6'tfi'zha'.
pro tSm'po-re, not tSm'pdre.
prot'es-fa'tion, not pr6'-.
pr9-thoii'9-ta-ry, not pro-thQ-nd't^-ry,
pro-trude'. See accrue.
prg-tru'sXve, not -dv.
pr9-tu'ber-g,nt.
proven — ^prdbv'n.
This word, incorrectly used iorprovedf is said
Co be a Scotticism.
pr9-v6'cg.-tive, or -v6c'g,-tlve.
Smart is the only orthoSpist of note who givea
the second marking.
8m Kej to PronanoiatloD, p, 9.
137 .
provost, tJie chief of any lody^ as a coU
lege — ^prov'ust.
provost, the executioner of an army —
pr9-v6'.
Smart and some others pronounce the word
in the latter signification jprdvW^ also.
prow — ^prou or pro.
prowess — ^prou'es.
< Prd'e8 was once permissible.
prude, pru'dence, prune, prij'ri-ent. See
accrue.
Prussian-prttsh'^n, or pr«5b'sh»n.
There is little choice here in point of good
usage.
prussic-pras'ik, or prob'sik
psalmist — sam'ist.
There is good authority for saying both adV'
mist and adVmist,
psalmody — sal'mo-de.
Webster said sdm'o-de,
psalms — samz, not stoz.
pseudo — su'do,
^S«e Soy to PronaaclAtioo, ]>. 0»
I
ii
idi
Psyche — si'ke.
In Greek and Latin words which bee^in with
ancombinable consonants, the first letter is silent ;
thus JP in Psyche and Piolemy is not pounded.
Ptolemaic — ^t5l-e-mfi'ik.
pu'er-ile, not -il.
puissance (from the French),
All the ortho&pists, with one exception, accent
this word on the nrst syllable. Why this is done
it is not easy to see, since that accentuation makes
the word most difficult of utterance, and because
the last syllable, in French, is made most promi-
nent by being drawn out in the pronunciation
somewhat like au in haul followed by nasal n
and the sound of «. It seems to the writer that
the wordj in English, should be pronounced/>t<-)te'-
9ans instead oi pn'ta-sdna.
r.f
pttm'ice, ov pu
"This word ou&^ht to be pronounced jt>«tom»«.
In nothing is our language more regular than in
preserving the u open when the accent is on it
and followed by a single consonant." — Walker.
We have at least three other words which
break this regularity — cum'in, duc'at, and pun'-
iah, Pum'ice is as well established as pun'ish.
We never hear a mechanic talk about his joet^'mt^-
%tone*
pump'kin. See P.
a^l— IMMLLj . , . _ . II IM ■III- 11^^ I III! ■ ' '
8m S«7 to Ptooanototlon. p. 41
139
pAr'p6rt, nown and verb, not pijr-p6rt'.
pur-sue', not -sij'.
pursuit — pur-sut', not -siit'.
pustule — ptist'yuL
put — pdbt, not ptit (very antiquated^
pyg-me'^n, or pj^g'me-.
There b very little anthority for the secoui
ttccentuation.
pyramidal— pe-r^m'i-d^l.
pyrites — pe-ri'tez.
Pytli-§,-g6're-9,n, or Py-tliag-9-re'§iru
Pytli'9-nSss.
This consonant is always followed by u. The
digraph qu has usually the sound of tew, as in
quail, quart, etc.; but in many words from the
French it has the sound of k, as in coquette, maa^
querade, etc. The termination que is also pro-
nounced ir, as in oblique, antique, etc.
quadiille — ^kg,-dril', not kw5d-ril'.
quaff, not quOtf.
qudg'g y, not qu6g-.
qudg'mii*e, 7iot qu6g'-.
8m Kfjr to PrennacfaiUM, p, <»
140
quiiii'd^-ry, or -dft'ry.
Webster and one or two lesser lights are the
only ortho6pists who accent this word on the
first syllable ; but that is certainly the prevailing
pronunciation in this country.
quar'rel, not quar'l.
quash— kw6sh, vwt KwasL
quassia — ^kwCfsh'e-^.
quay — ^ke.
quelque chose (Fr.) — ^k^l'ke shoz, w>\
kSk shoz.
quelle sottise (Fr.) — ^kSl sot'tez'.
quinine — kwi-nin', or kwi'-, not ke-nen'.
qui Vive (Fr.) — ke vev.
quoit — kwoit, not kwat.
quoth — kwoth, or kwtith.
"Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Soott, W.
Johnston, Mr. Nares, Mr. Y^tij^ and Mr. Smith
pronounce the o in this word lon^, as in hoth /
out Buchanan short, as in moth. This latter pro-
nunciation is certainly more agreeable to tae
general sound of o before th^ as in hroth^ ftoth^
cloth, etc.; but my ear fails me if I have not
always heard it pronounced like the o in doth, aa
if written ktoHth, which is the pronunciation Mr.
Elphinstone ^ives it, and, in my opinion, is the
true one." — WcUker.
Svd K«j to ProovaoifttloB, p. %
nt
R
This letter is never silent. It bas a pecnliar
influence on both the long and tbe short sound
of the vowels. Sometimes it changes tbe short
sound of a as in man into its Italian sound, as in
far, and the short sound of o as in not into its
broad sound, as in nor. It has a corresponding
effect on the short sound of the other vowels.
When r is preceded bv a short vowel, it some-
times has the effect of blending the syllables.
Thus the dissyllables higher, lower, moioer, rotoer^
Bower, and flower are pronounced precisely like
the monosyllables hire, lore, more, roar, soar,
Andflour.
r^dlsb, not rSd'-.
raillery — ^ral'er-e.
Webster, in the earl^ editions of his diotion*
ary, said ral'ler-e ; and m this some later oithod-
pbts have concurred.
raisonne (Fr.) — ^r(l'z6n'iiA'«
rancor — ^rdnff'kur.
rilp'ine, not r^-pen'.
raspberry — raz'ber-re, not rawz'-;
riirii'er, o/» i-atii'-, not rtitii %
ratio — ^iti'slie-o.
I'a'tipn, not rasli'iin.
> i ■— ■i^>i.i^i—i».
••• K^ to PNooB^tatloD, pb t,
149
rational — ^rftsh'uu-^
Md'shun-al is no longer permitted by any
orthoSpist. The like is trae of fyVshuH'ai ana
other words of similar orthography. Indeed,
the making of the a in the first syllaDle of the^o
words long was never countenanced bv any of the
English orthocpists. It was one of the many
Websterian innovations.
re-^l-i-zft'tioQ, not -i-zft'-.
re'^l-ly, not re'ly.
j^h'e\ not T&}'1
re-c6ss'.
There is no dictionary anthority for saying
refcess, though the word is very generally so pro-
nounced, even by good speakers.
rC^-ep-tiv'i-iy.
r6g-i-pr65'i-ty.
reg-i-ta-tive'.
rec-la-m^'tion.
re-cliiae', noun and adj.
*' I all the livelong day
Consume in meditation de o, redtese
From human converse." " ^PhUips.
Sooner or later the accent of this word, when
a substantive, and also of recess, will probably, by
general consent, be changed to the nrst syllkblo.
§«• Kiv to Fiioauui«!«ttoii, p. i,
n3 .
r6c'9g-niz^-ble, or re-c5g'ni-za-ble.
There is no lack of authority for the second
marking, but in this country it is not heeded.
rfic'og-nize, not re-k6g'niz, 7iX)r r6k'6n-iz.
rfic-pl-lgct', not re-col-.
rSc'9n-dite, or re-c6ii'dlte.
reconnaissance (Fr.) — re'kon'ft'sangs'.
This ip the modem orthography of this word,
reconnoissance — re-k6n'ni-sance.
r6c-9n-noi'tre, not re'-.
re-c6rd', .verb,
rSc'ord, noun^ not rSc'6rd.
- Some of the older writers accented this sub-
stantive on the second syllable, as we, see in the
lines of Watts :
" Our nation reads the wriUen word,
That book of life, that sure record?^
re-course'.
rSc're-ant, not re'-.
rSc're-flte, to take recreation
re-cre-ate', to create j,nefw
re-cruit\ See accrue,
rfic'ti-tude. See adduce.
10
B«e Key to Froniiii«laUoii, p^flL
'-rKfer-a-1>I&
re-fSr'ri-ble. *,
"This word,** says "Worcester, "ifl girbn in
many of the dictionaries in two torms, reftrribU
and referable^ and both are often met with ; but
referribh is the form that seems to be the more
countenanced by the dictionaries. Smart says,
' JRd/erable, which is to be met with, violates the
practice of deduction from the rerb.' "
re'flSx, not re-flSx'.
rSf'lu-Snt> not re-flu'ent
rSf 'use, or rSf'fuz.
re-fut'a-ble.
regime (Fr.) — ^rft'zliem'4
r^l-^-&'tioiiy or re-.
Euphony and authority sre on the side of tlie
first marking.
relievo— re-le'vo.
This word, thus given in the dictionaries, is a
corruption of the Italian rilievo. Inasmuch ad
our own word rditf has the same meaning in
art, there is no occasion for a corrupt foreign
form ; and when the Italian word is used, it
should haye^its Italian spelling and pronuncia-
tion — re-lya'vo,
re-me'di-a-ble. ^
6m X*)r to ProoandfttloB, ^ |^
'/ IP
feSSSTlSs, ov I'Siu'e-^MSss.
Ease of utterance makes the first marking
preferable, though the second is that of a major-
ity of the authorities.
re-morse'less) not -Itiss. See ailment
renaissance (Fr.) — re-na'sangs'.
rendezvous (Fr.) — rong'da'vob'.
. renew — re-nu', not -nu'.
renunciation — re-ntin-s1ie-a'sliun, or •se%
See pronunciation.
rSp'§.-ra-ble.
rSp-ar-tee'.
"A man renowned for repartee
*r'ill seldom scruple to make free
With friendship's finest feeliuj^."
— Cowper,
repertoire (Fr.) — ^ra'par'twar'.
rSp'er-to-ry.
rSp'tile, not -tile (antiquated).
r6p'u-ta-ble.
re'qui-em, or rSk'we-ejn,
Smart says rek^toe-em, an'd Worcester perqiits
this marking.
ro-search', not re'-.
See Ktj to PronanoUtloa, p. 6,
rSs'in, not rgz'n.
rSs'9-lu-ble.
Thoss who, like the writer, are glad to have
an authority for pronouncing this word re-zdl'u-
ble, find it in Sheridan.
rSs-o-lu-'tion, not -lu'-. See adduciB.
rSs'p-n^nce, not r6s'-.
re-source', not re'-.
" Pallas viewed
His foes pursuing, and bis friends pursued ;
Used thrertenings mixed with prayers, his last
resource,** y.^ ,
re-spir'a-ble.
Perry and Knowles say rla'pi-ra-hle,
re-spir'g.-to-ry.
res'pite, not -pit.
re-splSn'dent, not rSs-.
restaurant — rSs'to-rant.
• • • •
In speaking English, to pronounce this word
<2 la f ran false iz in questionable taste ; it smacks
of pedantry.
restaurateur (Fr.) — ras'to'ra'tAr',
re-sto'ra-tive, not res-to'-. v
Bm Kejr to Pronunciation, p. ft
147 ^
re-sume'.
r6sum6 (Fr.)— rfi'zu'mft'.
The vowel u has a sound in French which
ean not be repres^mted with English characters.
The sound is idendcal with il or ue in German.
re-tail', verb; re'tail, noun,
re-tairer, or re'tail-er.
rStcli, or retct.
Though the former is more heard in this
country, the latter has the weight of authority in
its favor.
re-trib'u-tive.
re'tro-cede, or rSt'ro-.
All the dictionaries put the accent on the first
syllable of this word ; but in nearly all other
words of similar formation it is on the last, as
intercede^ supersede', etc. If this were as com-
monly used as the others, we apprehend it would
have been treated in like manner.
rSt'ro-grade, or re'trp-.
A large m.?.jority of t^e ortho^pists give the
first marking. Indeed, Smart is the only one of
note who preferi? the second. ^
rSt'ro-sp6ct) or re'trp-.
_ 8«« Key to ProQuncUtlon, p.Q.
148
rfiv'el-iy, not -td-ry.
leyenue — ^r6v'e-nu,fnprow; r^vfin'yn,
iUkverne.
<* Do not think I flatter ;
For what advancement may I hope ifom thee,
That no reocnne hath bat thy good spjits
To feed and clothe thee ? **
— Hamlet.
re-vdlt', or -v6lt'.
"This word has Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick,
Mr. Perry, and Mr. Buchanan for that pronun-
dation which rhymes it i^iith malt; but that
which rhymes it with boU, jolt, etc., has the
anthori^ of Mr. £Uphin8ton, Mr. Smith, Mr.
Scott, Hiur. Nares, auB W. Johnston, a clear anal-
.QgjT, and, iT I am not mistaken, the best usage,
on its side." — Walker.
rheum — ^rmn.
rheumatic — ^r^-mftt'ik.
rheumatism — ^r^'m^rtizm.
rhubarb— rn'b&rb, not ru'%
Bichelieu — rish'el-yii.
It is doubtfnl taste to pronounce this historioi
name after the French mode when ispcaking
English. It certainly Bmacka a bit of pedantry.
lipe'neflB, not -ntis. See ailment.
iMXqr to F>wmkitloBi p. •.
T49
rlge, verb,
rise, i?r rise, noun.
*' This word properly takes the pure soniid of
B to distinguish it from the verb, out does not
adhere to this distinction so inviolably, as thd
nouns uae^ excuse, etc.; for we sometimes hear
*thc rise and fall of the Roman empire,' *the
rise and fall of provisions,' etc., with the s like z.
The pure «, however, is more agreeable to analogy,
and ought t<> be scrupulously preserved in these
phrases by all correct speakers." — Walker.
Walker's recommendation is little heeded
nowadays by even the most fastidious.
risk, 7wt rCsk. i
rp-bttst', not ro'btist.
** Survey the warlike horse ; didst thou invest
With thunder his rohtst, distended chest?"'
— Young,
robustious — ^ro-btist'yiis.
ro-mdnce'.
Though rd'mance is often heard in cultured
circles, it is not sanctioned by any of the orthoS-
pists.
<' A staple of romance and lies,
False tears and real perjuries."
— lVi«r.
roof. See cooper,
rtfck, or rook,
••• X«jr to PioiuMiitlw, ^ C
* 166
robt| not rclbt See cooper,
roseate — ^r6'ze-^t.
ro^eV^a, not ro-ge-dl^k
rou4 (Pr,>—r9'ft',
route — root
lliere is abundant anthority for pronouncing
Ibis word ratot; bat this pronunciation is now
Tery generally considered inelegant.
^Most of the ortho^pists more recent than
Walker give the preference to the pronunciation
rddt"— TTofoesfer.
rontme (Fr.) — ro'ten'.
Babiustein, A. — ni'bin-stin,
ra'by, not ru'-.
rgde, not rude. See accrae.
ruffian — ^rtif y^n, not r&f '^-an.
Rp'ffts
role, fiot rule.
ra'mi-n&te.
ru'ral, not ru'%
...» I
ruse de guerre (Fr.) — ruz de gar.
Bussian. See Prussian.
Buy Bias (Sp.)— r^ e bids, not bla. ^
i^- .>— — ■^■— — ■ - "'■'■~^~~~~""'""^"*
161
S.
The usual or genuine sound of this letter is
its sharp, hissing, or sihilant sound, as in afaa^ sun^
aawe, capa^ stuffa, etc. It has also a soft sound
like 2, as in doea^ teaa^ riba^ pricea^ diamaf, etc.
Combined with or from the effect of tbo suc-
ceeding vowel, it has the sound of »h in words
ending in aion preceded by a consonant, as in
dimenaion^ expvlaion^ etc.; also in cenauye^ am.*
aual^ Jiaavre, preaaure, aura, inaure^ uauaeaie^
nauaeoua^ auffar, etc.
It has the sound of zh in the termination «fo;}
preceded by a vowel, as in contuaion^ ejptoaion^
etc. ; also in many words in which it is preceded
by an accented vowel and followed by the ter-
mination t/r.<», as in treaaure^ esrpoaure^ leiaure,
etc.; also in a number of words ending in aier, as
in hoaietf etc.; and finally in elyaiutn^ e/t/aian^
'and ambroaia.
In the German language, «, beginning a syl-
lable and followed bya vowel, has the sound of z/
at the end of a syllable, it has invariably its sharp,
hissing sound.
sicer-do'tal, not sa-cer-.
• • •
sftcra-m^nt, not sa'cra-.
'• Thm word, with aaer{fice^ aaorilege^ and aao^
rhtij^ i8*«oraetimes pronouncpd with the a in thfi
first syllable long, as m aarred ; but this is con-
trary to one of the clearest analogies in the lan-
guage." — Widker,
Boo Kpjt to PronuurlatloD, p. (V.
152
sacrifice, verb — sAk're-fiz.
In the words sacrifice^ suffice^ discern, and «V«,
has the sound of z.
" They talk of principles, but notions prize,
And all to one loved, folly s'acri/iceJ'*
—Pope,
sacrifice, noun — s^k're-fiz, or -fis.
The second marking is authorized by Smart
and by Wright.
8^'ri-l^ge, m>^ sa'cri-,
s&c-ri-le'giotis, not -Uj'tis.
sac'ris-ty.
sg,-ga'ciotis, not -gash'&s,
said — sSd, not sfid.
Sainte-Beuve — sangt'-b'^v'.
Sill'ic, not Sfi'lic.
salinon--sam'uii.
salve — sav, or sftly, not sav.
''Dr. JohiLeon tells us that this word is origi-
nally and properly ealf; which having salves in
the plural, the singular in time was borrowed
from it ; seal/, Saxon, undoubtedly from salvus,
Latin. There is some diversity among our ortho-
epists about the I in this word and its verb. Mj*.
Sheridan marks it to be pronounced ; Mr. Smith,
W. Johnston, and Barclay make it mute ; Mr,
8«e K97 to ProQOOoiation, p. 0. '
158
Soott and Mr. Perry give it both ways ; and Mr.
Kares lays it Is mute in the noun, out sounded
in the verb. The mute I is certainly counte-
nanced in this word by calve and halve ; but, as
they are very irregular, and are the only words
where the I is silent in this situation (for valve,
delve, aolve, etc., have the I pronounced), and as
this word is of Latin original, the I ought cer-
tainly* to be preserved in both words ; for, to
have the same word sounded differently to sig-
nify different things is a defect in language that
ought, as much as possible, to be avoided."T-
Watker,
sdlVer not sa'ver.
S^-raAr'i-tg,n.
sanguine — s^ng'gwin. •
sapphire — saf fir, or s^f fir.
The second pronunciation has a great prepon-
derance of authority in its favor ; but the hrst,
which is Webster^s, is both more analogical and
more euphonious.
earce'net, not sar'se-.
sar'do-nyx.
8ar-s9.-pg<-rll'la, not sas-g.-.
satiate — sa'she-fit.
sa-ti'e-ty, tk?^ sa'she-ty.
Tlie pronunciation of this word seems anom-
alous, from the fact that it is the only one in the
See Kej to Proaundatiun, p.
164
languftge having tho syllable ^^ under an accent
followed by a vowel ; but this syllable regularly
takes the accent^ in analogy with soc'^ty^ variety^
and all other words of similar formation.
sat'in, not s^t'n.
sat'ire.
This is tne marking of Webster and»Craig,
Smart, says hCtt'or ; Worcester, sd'ter ; Walker,
sd'tlr,
•^dt'rap is becoming obsolete.
sat'ur-nine, not sa'tur-nin.
satyr — ^sa'tur.
Smart alone prefers adt'ur,
s^u'cy, not sas'e.
sauer kraut (Ger.) — zow'er krowt.
saunter — san'ter, ov saun'-.
" The first mode of pronouncing this word is
the most agreeable to analogy, if liOt in the ii^ost
general use ; but where use hns formed ro cleak
a rule as in words of this form, it is wrong not
to follow it. Mr. Elphinston, Dr. Keiirick, Mr.
Nares, and Mr. Scott are for the first pronuncia-
tion ; and Mr. Sheridan and W. Johnston for the
last."— Walker.
\
Bee Key to Pri>DuncUitlon, d. S.
155
The pronunciation stia'aij, now exceedingly
mlgar, was at one time countenanced by good
usage, and was preferred by several orthoepists
of the last century.
savoir faire (Fr.) — s^v'war' fer.
says — s§z, not sfiz.
sca'bi-otis.
sc^d, 07* scald, a Scandinavian poef.
scallop, vevh and noun — skbl'lup.
" This word is irregular ; for it ought to have
the a in the first syllable like that in talloxo ; but
the deep sound of a is too firmly fixed by custom
to afford any expectation of a change. Mr. Sheri-
dan, Mr. Scott, pr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, and l^Ir.
Smith pronounce the a in the manner I have
given it." — Walker,
scArce, not skftrs, nor skers (obsolete).
sc&tb, not sk&th (old).
scSn'ic.
Smart says acinic,
scbedule — skfid'jniL
The ortho^pists give us seven or eight differ-
ent ways to pronounce this word. This is the
marking of both Worcester and Webster.
%^ ,Ko7 to ProDuooiAtioa, p..6.
156
schism — ^slzm, not slz'tim.
**' The common pronunciation of this word is
contrary to every rule for pronouncing words
frca the learned languages, and ought to bo
altered. Ch, in English wrdB, coming from
Greek words with Xt ought always to bo pro-
nounced like k ; and I believe the word in ques-
tion is almost the only exception throughout tho
language. However strange, therefore, sAizm
may sound, it is the onlj true and analogical
pronunciation ; and we might as well pronounce
scheme seme as achiam aizm, there being exactly
the same reason for both. But, when once a
false pronunciation is fixed, as this is, it requires
some daring spirit to begin the reformation ; but
when once begun, as it has (what seldom hap-
pens) truth, novelty, and the appearance of Greek
erudition on its side, there is no doubt of its suc-
cess. Whatever, therefore, may be the fate of its
Pronunciation, it ought still to retain its spelling,
^his must be held Bacred^ or the whole language
will be metamorphosed ; for the very same reason
that induced Dr. Johnson to spell areptfck akei>-
tick, ought to have made him spell aehism aizm
and schedule aedule. All our orthoepists pro-
nounce the word as I have marked it." — Walker,
schismatic — siz-m^tlk.
schooner — skdbn'er, not skobn %
Schubert — shob'bert, not -bftr.
Schurzy Carl — shobrts^
B«i Ktj to PtonunckitloBi 9. fll
m
0cdff, no^8C^uf. See accoBt
Bcpr-bu'tic.
screw — Bkr\i, not skru.
scr6f'u-ld, 7iot skrauf'-. See acco8t»
scru'ple See acciiie.
Bcryp'Ti-lons.
scni'ti-ny.
sculpture— skfilpt'jnir.
seamstress — sSm'stres, or sem'-.
Webster is tbe only orthoepbt of note who
gives the second marking.
seance (Fr.) — sS'&ngss'.
seckel, a small pea*^ — s^ik'kl, not aik'L
se-clude', 7iot -clad'. See adduce.
sCc're-ta-ry, not sSc'ti-ta-ry.
se-d^'y a hind of chair,
aed'^-tlve.
Bo-diice'. See adduce.
seigneurial — sen-yu'ri-aL
seine, a net — sen, not san.
Seine, river — san.
s&m'i, not sem'L
sempstress — sem'stres.
•«t £t/ to Froounelatloa,,
Be'nile, not se'&U.
e^n'nd, not se'D&. *
sentient — s6n'she-ent
sSn'ti-mSnt See ailment.
sepulchre, noun — s6p'ul-ker.
**I consider this word as having altered its
original accent on the second syllable, either by
the necessity or caprice of the poets, or by its
similitude to the generality of words of this form
and number of syllables, which generally have
the accent on the first syllable. Dr. Johnson
tejlfl us it is accented by Shakespeare and Milton
on the second syllable, but by Jonson and Prior,
more properly, on the first ; and he might have
added, as Shakespeare has sometimes done."^
Walker,
sepulchre, verb — se-ptirker.
se'quel, not -kwil.
se-quSs'tr&te.
sequestration — s^k-wes-tr&'shun.
sequestrator — s6kVes-trfi-tur.
Se-ra'pis.
sergeant — sar'jent, or ser'-.
There is but little authority for the second
marking.
** There is a remarkable exception to the com-
mon sound of the letter e in the words clerkf aer-
%m K«j to ProDuactotloii, p^
159
geantf and a few others, where we find the e pro-
nounced like the a in dark and margin. But this
exception, I imagine, was, till within these few
years, the general rule oif sounding this letter
before r, followed hj another consonant. Thirty
years ago every one pronounced the first syllable
of merchant like the monosyllable march, and as
it was originally written, marchant, Sermce and
servant are still heard, among the lower orders of
speakers, as if written aarvice and aarvant/ and
even among the better sort we sometime^ hear
the salutation, * JSir^ your sarvant,^ though this
pronunciation or the word singly would be looked
upon as a mark of the lowest vulgarity. The
proper names Derby and Berkeley still retain the
old sound ; but even these, in polite usage, are
getting into the common sound, nearly as if
written Durby and Burkeley, As this modem
pronunciation of the e has a tendency to simplify
the language by lessening the number of ex-
ceptions, it ought certainly to be indulged." —
Walker.
** The letters er are irregularly sounded at in
clerk and sergeant, and formerly, but not now, in
merchant, Derby, and several other words."—
Smart,
** In the United States, the letters er are, by
good speakers, regularly sounded, as in her, in
the words merchant, servant, Derby, Berkeley,
etc. The regular pronunciation of clerk (durk)
is also a very common, if not the prevailing,
mode. Many give the same sound to e in aer^
geant,''"' — Worcester.
n
Boo K«7 to PronuiicUtloD, p. 0.
im
series- — se'rez, or se'n-ez.
ser'vile, not -vil. «
ser'vi-tude, not -tud.
s6s'a-me.
sew — so, not st.
sew3r, 07ie toho sews — so'er.
sewer, «?i under-gromid drain — su'er.
"Walker and half a dozen other orthoSpists say
ehor ; Smart says soor^ and maintains that ^hor
ib vulgar ; Worcester says soo'er or shor; and
finally, Webster and Wright say aa'er, which is
the pronunciation always heard here.
sL.
This dis^raph represents the simple sound
heard in anel/j flesh, usher, etc., and is never
silent.
^*It is expressed: 1. By c, as in oceanicy
emaciation ; 2. By «, as in nauseate, Asiatic ;
3. By t, as in negotiation ; 4. By ce, as in oc^an ;
6. By ci, as in social ; 6. By se, as in nauseous ;
7. By St, as in tension ; 8. By tt, as in cap^/ous ;
9. By the si implied in xi (=ksi), as in noa:eous ;
10. By the sy implied in su (=:syu), as in mensu-
ration ; 11. By the sy implied in une (::=^syi/), as
in luxury ; 12. By ch, as in cha,\2e, cAarlatan,
machine ; 13. By chs, as in fucAsia ; 14. By so,
as in conscientious ; 15. By sch, as in scAorl ;
16. By 8ci, as in conscience.**' — W, A, Wheeler.
Sm E^ to Frononobittoo, p. 8.
\*
16T
slial], muxnliary — sb&I, or sbl, accbrd*
ing to the stress put upon it.
The auziliaries, like the pronouns and a long
list of the particles, are toucned but lightly when
they are not emphatic and the utterance is natu-
ral.
sha'n't (shall not) — shant, 7U>t shtot
sheatliy noun; ^/., sheaths*
she, or she, according to the demands
of the emphasis.
^ Then, with eyes that saw not, I kissed her ;
And she \she\.j kissing back, could not know
That my [ml] kiss was given to her sister.**
'* Oh, she [she\ too died a short time since ;
she \she\ broke a blood-vessel in a fit of pasnon.*'
sheik — shok.
shekel — shfek'l, not she'kl.
shew — sho.
shewn — shon.
shu*e^ or shire.
'*Thc pronunciation of this word b very
irregular, as it is thv«) only pure English word in
the language where the final e does not produce
the long diphthongal sound of i when the accent
is on it ; but this irregularity is so fixed as to
give the regular sound a pedantic stiffness. Mr.
0tt Key to ProQuociatlon, p. 9.
m
Sheridan, I*?. Scott, and Buchanan, however,
have adopted this sound, in which thev have
been followed by Mr. Smith ; but Mr. Elphin*
Bton, Dr. Lowth, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, and
Barclay are for the irregular sound ; AV. John-
ston gives both, but placon the irregular first. It
may likewise be observed that this word, when
unaccented at the end of words, as Nottingham'
shire, Wiltshire, etc., is always jiroDOUUCod with
the I like ei "— Walker.
shoe — shoo, not shii.
shoue — «jh6n, or sh6n.
*' This word is frequently pronounced so ^s to
rnyrae with tone /but the short sound of it is by
far the most usual among those who may be
styled polite speakers." — Walker.
Webster and others give the first pronuncia-
tion ; Smart, Worcester, and others, the second,
which violates an almost uniform analogy, and is
rarely heard in this country. This and gone are
the only words of similar formation in which the
regular short sound of o is ever heard, the only
other exceptions to the long sound being a few
words in which the o has the sound of short ti, as
donet love, etc,
sh6rt -lived, not -livd.
shrew — shrii, not sliru.
shrewd — shrud, not shrud.
shriek — shrek, not srek. \
See Key to Pronunciation, p. 9, v
duiDey fiolBriii.
dainki not silnk.
durV^b^ no^srlib.
ahrttg^ no^srog.
dbyl — sib'il, not si'biL
See sacrifice.
sigh — su
* A very extraordinary pronunciation of tlaa
word prevails in London, and, what is more
extraordinary, on *\q stage — so different from
every other word of the same form as to make it a
perfect oddity in the language. This pronnncia-
tion approaches to the word $ithe [acj/the] ; and
the only difference is that aithe has the flat aspira-.
tion, as in this, and sigh the sharp one, as in t/tin.
It is not easy to conjecture what could be the
reason of this departure from analogy, unless it
were to give the word a sound which seems an
echo to the sense." — Walker.
" This * extraordinary pronunciation ' of sigh
Is more or less common in some parts of the
United States. It is not countenanced by any of
the ortho^pists.*' — Worcester,
silhouette (Fr.) — se'lcj-et'.
slm'i-Ie) not slm'il.
si-mul-t&'ne-otiS) not sim-ul%
Bm Key to FrQnan<4«ttoD« p. 9.
1
^01
idnce, not ^^nce,
Bi'ne-cure, wo^sin'e••
si'ne di'e (Lat.).
idn'is-ter, or Bi-'^ls'ter.
** Thi0> word, in the sense of left, is accented
by the poets Milton, Dryden, etc., on the second
Bvllable, though most lexicographers and ortbo^-
pists ac^nt it on the first, syllable, whether«it is
Qsed in the sense of left or perverse. Walker
Mys : * This word, though uniformly accented on
fi\e second syllable in the poets quoted by John-
son, is as pniformly accented on the first by all
Qor lexicographers, and is uniformly fjo pro-
nounced by the best speakers. Mr. Nares tells
119 that Dr. Johnson seems to think that, when
this word is usbd in its literal sens^a — as,
** In his sinister hand, instead of a ball,
He plaoed a mighty mug of potent ale,"
{Dryden) —
it has the accent on the second syllable ;. bat
when in the figurative sense of corrupt, insidious^
etc., on the first. This distinction seems not to
be founded on the best usage.' " — Worcester,
Bi'ren, not sir'en.
Slr'i-lis (Lat)!
sirrali — slr'ra, slr'ra, or sSr'rA.
''This [sdr'ra] is a corruption of th^ first
magnitude, but too general and inveterate to be
. — — • — ,
9m lUf to PromuMtotton, pw %
165
remedied. Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott|
Dr. KeDri6k, and Mr. Peny pronounce it as I
hare done. W. Johnston alone pronounces it as
if written Berrah ; and Mr. EJphinaton, because
it is derived from %ir and the interjection aA,
says it ought to have the first syllable like «tr.*'
^Walker.
rtr'up.
Though sanctioned, siXr'rup may be set down
as being rather inelegant
fiky-— ski, skeiy skyi, or sk'y. See kind.
slan'der, or sl^'der.
diib'ber.
This word b propounced colloquially sUVher^
and sometimes so written.
** The second sound of this word is by much
the more usual one ; but, as it is in direct opposi-
tion to the orthography, it ought to be discounte-
nanced, and the a restored to its true sound." —
J/ffdOcer.
sung.
sUnt
d&te.
8l§iig1i'ter.
Ae&Lj not slick.
dew— slu.
U$ IL&f to FtoDOBcltlloai 9, 4
i
168
sllv'er, or sli'ver.
The 6r8t marking, tbe prevailincj pronnncia*
tion in this country, is that of Webster and
Craig ; the second, that of all the other ortho-
epists.
slotJi.
Webster alotie marks the o of this word and
its derivatives shorts
sloth'ful.
slongh, the cast shin of a serpent — sltif.
slough, a deep^ miry place — slou.
sloven — sltiv'n, not slov'n.
sobriquet (Fr.) — so'bre'fea'.
sociability — so-sbe-a-biri-te.
sociable — so'she-a-bl.
s6ft. See accost.
soften — s6f n, not s6f'ten.
soiree (Fr.) — swa'ra'.
sojourn, noun,
spjoiirn', or so'journ, vert> '
"This, noun and verb are variously accented
by the poets ; but our modern orthoepists have,
in general, given the accent to the first syllable
of both words.'* — Walker. \
#f t Kfl to rronoocutioo, p. Ai
\\
167
SQ-joAm'er.
All tbo authorities, so far as the writer knowi^
place the accent of this word on the first syllable,
thus, so'jouTn-er. Ease of utterance, euphony,
and analogy demand the penultimate accentua*
tion, '^bicb is accordingly recommended here.
solder — s6rdGr, sttd'der, or saw'der.
" Dr, Johnson seems to favor writing this wore'
without the I, as it is sometimes pronounced ; but
the many examples be has brought, where it is
'spelt with l^ show sufficiently how much this or-
tnograpby is established. . . . Thoush our orcbo-
epists agree in leaving out the /, they differ in
pronouncing the o. Sheridan sounds the o as in
8od ; W. Johnston as in sober ; and Mr. Naree as
the diptbthong aw. Mr. Smith says that Mr.
Walker pronounces the I in this word, but every
workman pronounces it as rhyming "Triih fodder ;
to which it may be answered that workmen ought
to take their pronunciation from scholars, and not
scholars from workmen/*-* Walker,
86l'e-d§m, not sole-.
sbl'stke, not sol'-.
Bo-lu'tion, not -lu'-.
s6m'bre, or soin'-.
Nearly all the ortbo^pists mark the o of this
ATord lorjg. It is not easy to see wTiy, eopecially
as it comes to us tbrougb the French, in whicn
" See Key to Prooaadatloi^jpi &
168
language the o is more like our short than our
long o. True, the long o makes the word some
what more sonorous.
s6m'brous, or som'-.
Bdn'net, not son'-.
S.I.
89-norou«, net
■■*'■■■"•
s-fc.-
soon, not sob ^
sdbt, or sdbt, not stit.
'< Notwithstanding I have Mr. Sheridan, Mr.
Nares, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry,
and the professors of the hlack art themselves
against me in the pronunciation of this word, I
have ventured to prefer the regular pronuncia-
tion to the iri*egular. The adicctive sooty has
its' regular sound among the coircctest speakers,
which has induced Mr. Sheridan to mark ^t so ;
but nothing can be more absurd thi to pronounce
the substantive in one manner, and the adjective,
derived from it by adding y, in another. The
other orthoSpists, therefore, who pronounce both
these words with the oolike <?, are more consistent
than Mr. Sheridan, though, upon the whole, not
so right.'' — Walker,
soothe.
**Th^ at the end of words, is sharp, as deaths
breathy etc., except in beneath^ booths with, and
the verbs to seeth, to smooth, to sooth, to mouth,
all which ought to be written with e final, not
only to distinguish some of them from the nouns.
See Key to ProDonoUtioo, ^t
16?
mrto sbbw t'lit^/ris'soft ; foi*7/?7wluMrfiuairii
sometimes pronounced soft, .s in to mouth ; yet
ihe, ?vt the end of words, i.* never pronount'ed
hard. There is as obvious an analogy for this
sound of fh r. these verbs, as for the z sound of
« in verbs ending in se ; and why wc should
write some verbs with e, and others without it, is
inconceivable. The best way to show the ab-
surdity of our orthography, in this particular,
will be to draw out the nouns and verbs as they
stand in Johnson's Dictionary :
NbunSf etc. f'erba.
Bath, to batho.
Jircath, to breathe.
Cloth,
Loath, .
Mouth,
( to clothe,
( to uncloath.
to loatho.
to moiith.
NouHB^ etc.
Sheath,
Smooth,
Sooth,
Swath,
Wreath,
ferbi.
to sheath, aheaUtu.
to smooth,
to sooth
to Bwatiie.
>to wreath,
{to- ^
iuwreathe.
''Surely nothing can be more evident than
the analogy of the language in tnis case. Is it
not absurd to hesitate a moment at writing all
the verbs with ^ final ? This is a departure from
our great lexicographer which he himself would
approve, as nothing but inadvertency could have
led him into this unmeaning irregularity.'^—r
Walher.
''Although Walker speaks so decidedly on
this matter, yet he has not accommodated the
orthography of all these words to the principle
which he inculcates. . It could be wished that all
the words of this class were conformed in their
orthography to this rule. The only ones which
are not now actually, by respectable usage, con-
formed to it, are the verbs to motUh and tOi
^fia» .K«7Jo Jtammslstim^fiA
ltd
imoothf whi6h we hardly erer see written lo
mauthe and to emoothe." — Worcester,
Bobth'sfty-er, not sobtii %
sop-o-rif 'ic, not so-pp-.
Bor'ry, not saw'ry.
BOUgll — stil
Bouse, not souz.
Bouvenir-.- dov'ner'.
Bov'er-eign, or s6v'%
In England the o of this word is generally
sounded like o in on, while in the United States
it is generally sounded like o in son,
spamel — ^sptlii'yeL
sp^m, not sp^'tim.
specialty — spSsh'^l-te.
Bpecie8-8pe'8hez,or.9hez.
A tautophonic ohjection to the second mark-
ing will, probably, make the first one generally
preferred.
specious — spe'shus.
sper-m^-ce'ti
sphe'roid.
spinaclij or spinage — spln'ej.
Bm Kcgr to nontiodiatloii,> d
171
splr'lt, not spir'tit.
**Tbe general Bound of the first i, in this
word and all its compounds, was till lately the
60und of e in merit ; but a very laudable att<Mi-
tion to propriety has nearly restored the • to its
true sound ; and now spirit L.unded as if written
aperit begins to grow vulgar,"— IValker,
spir'lt-ed, not splr'et-tid.
spl6n'e-tlc.
spiTice, not spruce.. See accrue.
squalid — squttl'id, .lot squAl'-.
squa'16r.
This is th3 msKrking of all the dictionaries ;
but universal usage makes the word squa'ldr,
squiiTel — skwtir'rei, skwlr'-, or skwSr'-.
" The t in this word ought not, according to
analogy, to be pronounced like e; but custom
seems to have fixed it too firmly in that sound to
be altered without the appearance of pedantry."
— Walker.
See panegyric. The above note assumes that
the word must be pronounced with the sound
either of short i or of short e / but in this coun-
try the general pronunciation is that first given.
staVwg,rt, or st5l'-.
stdmp, not st6mp.
bM K«7 to FroBttncUtloOi p. 4»
17a
BtAnch, not Bttach.
stead — st^d; not stld.
Btfiad'y, not stid'y.
steery^d.
Colloquially in the United States, sfWyard;
in England, according to Smart, at^yard,
** This word, in common usage among th68e
who weigh heavy hodies, has contracted jts dooble
« into single s, and is pronounced as if written
itilyard. This oontraction is so common, in com-
pound words of this, kind, as to become an idiom
of pronunciation, which can not be easily coun-
teracted without opposing the current of the lan-
Iguage." — Walker,
**It is sometimes written stiUt/ard.^'^Crabb.
8te're-9-scope, or stSr'e-.
8te're-9-type, or st6r'e%
steward — stu'^rd, not stu %
stilnt^ not stSnt.
stir'rap, or sttfrnp.
st6rid^ not std'lid.
8t6m'9-cher, not -ker.
stone, not sttLn.
ston'y, not stun'e.
8t6m)9 not stawm.
Bm Kof to FroouaoUUoa, p. 6
etr^-t^g'jc, or -ie gic.
Wchsier anti Cull are the only aathoritiei for
llic second pronunciation.
strength, 7iot str^nth.
strew — stm, or stro.
The first place is given here to stnt because
that is the marking of the majority of the ortho-
epists. and because both Worcester and Webster
give it the preference. The writer personally pre-
fers stro, thinking it the easier of utterance and
the more soncroup ; in fact, the sound of long o
in the most sonorous sound iii the language.
etryeh'nlne, or nine.
stu'dent, not stu'-. See adduce.
Btu-pCn'doUs.
stu'pjd, fiot stn'-.
suavity — swdv'e-to, not sMv'-.
$»ubal torn.
• • •
The antepenultimate accentuation of this
word is bccoQung obsolete. *
yub-due', tfot -du'. See adduce.
Fub'ject h1, not sUb'ject-cd.
** A very improper accentuation {sAftject'ed)
of the pa?(8ive participle of the verb to subject
bus obtained, which ought to be corrected.** —
Walker.
/
6i« K«7 to rroQimcUiUoo, p. 6w
lU
stib-lu'nar.
stibfluna-ry.
subpoena — stib-pe'na, nol stipn
sub-si'dence, not stib'sk
substantiate — sub-std-n'slie-dt.
stib'stan-tive-ly, not sub-st^n'-.
subtile, thin, rare, fine — stib'til,
subtle, %ly, artful, cunning — stit'l.
These two words are often confounded with
each other both in orthography and proni^ncia-
tion.
stib'iirb, not suburb.
stib-iirb'g,n.
sticb, not sSch, nor sich.
stid'den, not stid'n.
suffice — suf-fiz', not -fis'. See sacrifice.
sug-gSst'.
*
Smart marks this word sud-fisi. •
"Though the first g in exaggerate is, by a
carelessness of pronunciation, assimilated to the
lant, this is not always the case in the present
word. For, though we sometimes hear it sounded
as if writt«>in sud-JesSy the most correct speakers
generally preserve the first and last g in their
distinct and separate sounds." — Walker.
See Key to PronoAClatlun, p. 6.
m
su-i-ci'd^l,, not su-lc'i-d^
suite — swet, not sut.
sul-tS'na, or -ta'-.
SHl-phu'ric.
stiin'm^-ry", not -mSr-e.
summoned — stirn'mu nd, not -munzd.
su'per-g,-ble.
su-per-e-r6gVto-ry, or su-per-Sr'o-g^
su-per'flu-ou8, not su-per-flu'%
Suppe, F. von— zdb'pe.
supple — stip'pl, not sdb'pL
sup-pose', 7>i^t spoz.
sure — shur, not sliur.
surety — sliur'te', not tskui'te.
sur-named'. ,
sur-prige', not sup-
sur-vey', t;c^^^.
siir'vey, noun,
Su's^n, not su'-.
suture — sut'yur.
sw^rtt'y, not swati'y.
swath — swoth.
sword — sord.
r/'-l
8«« K»j to FronanoiatioD, p. 9t
r
176
syM&b'ic.
Bj^n'pd, not s!'n5(L
syr'mge, not syr-inlie'.
8y8't9-le,
T.
This letter is silent in the terminations ten
and tie after 5 and /, as in fasten, Hsten, often^
Boften^ gristle, castle, throstle, bristle, etc. It b
also silent in the words chestnut, Christmas^ host'
ler or ostler, mistletoe, and mortgage,
tab'er-na-cle. r^'
tableau : pL tableaux (Fr.)— ti'bld'.
Tal-tnJd'ic.
t&p'es-try, TK^t tfips'tre, nor tft'pes-tre.
tapis (Fr.)—tH'p'e'.'^
tg,r-pau'lin, not tgir-poliii.
Tarpeian — tar-pe'y§.n.
Tar-ta're-an, not tar-ta-re'an.
tg,r-t&r'ic, not tar-tar'ic.
t^'sel.
The authority for saying t6s'sl is very alight
and antiquated.
Qm Ke7 to Prcqaooratloo, p. &
irt
tftt-ter-de<in^'ion, not •million.
Taubert (Ger.)— tow^bert
taunt — ^tant.
Several of the older ortbodpistB said tawni
tav'em, not ta'vem.
Tchaikowsky, P.— clii.kttv8'ke.
teat— t^t, not tit.
tedious-^te de-US, or ted'jrus.
te-lSg'r^^phj, not tsre-graph-y,
Telemacbus — te-i6m'a-ktis.
tSm'per-^-m^nt, not •m&nt. See aUment.
tem'per-^t-ure, or tem'per-^-ture,
tSnVble, not tti'na-.
tenacious — ^te-na'shus, not -n^h'aa
ten'et^ not te'net.
Some of the older ortfaodpists said tc'net, bat
now the weight of authority is decidedly in favor
of the marking we have given.
tenure — tSn'yur.
tfip'id, 7W>^ te'pid.
ter-gi-ver-sa'tion.
tfir'ra-pin, Tf/)t ttir'-.
Terpsicaore — terp-slk'Q-rS.
"■V-'
B«a K«7 to FtonancUUon, p. 41
Terp-si-eho-r5*^n.
t^te-A-tete (Fr.)— tftt'-d'-tftt'.
Th^-li'a.
ttitnks'glv.ing, or th^nks-glv'ing.
the, when emphatic ; otherwise^ the.
the'g,-tre, not the'a-tre.
their — th^r, when emphatic; otherwise^
ther. I
"Hearing their [M«r] conversation and their'
'ther\ accounts of the \the\ approbation their
th€r\ papers were received with, I was excited
.0 try my [mi] hand among them [^'wi]." —
Franklin, "'
" If their \th<ir'\ loss were as great as yours, it
would bankrupt them [fAV*]."
th^m, when emphatic ; otherwise^ them,
or th'm.
"If you give me [ml] money, what are you
going to give them [M^m|?'*
>w, I should know
»
what to do with them \tKm\
ther-g,-peu'tic
therefore — tiier'for.
1 h^ugh thdr'for is permissible, it is generally
tccotrted loelega It.
v» ^^ to ProatuicUUioai b> ^
'^'•♦i'
179
thereof— ttidp-5v', or tfaer Off.
th^re-wlth'. or -with'.
Theuriet^ Andrd — tii're-ft'.
they— 'tha, when emphoUic; otherwise,
th,ii
** Well see our husbands before they UKa] think
ofuB.^*
** Shall they [tAa] see us ? -
"So she asked him what they [(^] were,
whence they ['^(r] came, and whither they [lAa]
were bonna^
Thiers—tefir'.
thousand — thou'z^nd, not z^n.
threw — thru.
three-legged — ^three'-lfigd, or -l^g-gM
thr^sh'old, or hold.
thr6ng. See accost
thyme — tim.
ti-&'rd^ or ti-a'r&.
ticklish, Tiot -elishi
tid'blt
tiers 4tat (Fr.)— te-ftr' z&W.
ti'ny, not tln'y, nor te'ny.
ti-rade'. i
0M K«j to proDunnlAUoa, p> f
to— to, or tg, depending vpon the streaa
it receives. *
" From mom
To po] noon he fell, from noon to [to] dewy ere."
We say, " He is at home," not " to Itg] home."
S * - ' ■ '
i
tp-ma'to, or -ma %
tdbth'&clie, not teeth'aclie.
to-p6g'ra-phy.
t5p-o-graphlc, not to-po-.
tortoise — tbr'tiz, cr -tis, not -tois.
Toulmouelie — tdbl'mcjosh'.
tout-&-fait (Fr.) — tob'-ta'-fa'.
tout court (Fr.) — tiJb koor.
toward — to ard, not to- ward',
towards — to^rdz, not tg-wardz*.
"Notwithstanding our poets almost univer-
sally accent this word on the iirst syllable, and
the poets are pretty generally followed by good
spealcers, there are some, and those not of the
lowest order, who still place the accent on the
second. These should be reminded that, as in-
wards, outwards, backwards^ forwards, and every
other word of the same form, have the accent on
the first svllable, there is not the least reason for
pronouncmg towards with the accent on the last."
~^ Walker,
B«e Se7 U^Pronanototloo, p. Oi
181
-tranquil— trftnglcwil. " "'
trdns^ct', not ti'dnz-. ' %
transition — tr^nslzli'un, cr •alsVaiu
trftns-lu'cent, 7M>/ -ly'-.
trftns'mi-grate.
trftns-pAr'ent^ not -pA'-.
trtos-pire'.
This word is frequently mionsed in tho sense
of to happen^ to occur. It io property used in the
eense of to become known,
trftv'el, not trftvl.
trAv'elJcr, not trilvler.
trftv'erse, not tra-verse'.
treble-rrtrab'l, not trib'l.
Thio is one of the long list of words whick
are differently marked in the l^^r editione o€
Webster's dictionary from whK they were f«r*
uerly. .
tre-mSn'dous, not mend'viius.
tre'mpr, or tr§m pr.
tri-bun^L
trlb'une, not tri'btin.
trio, or tri'6.
trip'^r-tite.
B«« Key to FroDoooiaUoa, > 4
' i|
183
triplitliong—trif 'thdlig, or trip %
** Two aspirations in snccesaion, says Me. £!•
phinston, seem disagreeable to an English ear,
and therefore one of them is generally sank.
Thus diphthong and triphthong are pronounced
dipthong and tripthong, P is loot, as well as A,
in a^^; phthegm ; and therefore it is no wonder
we hear the first h dropped in ophthalmy and
ophthalmic, which is the pronunciation I have
adopted, as agreeable to analogy. Kay, such an
srersion do we seem to have to a succession of
Mpirates, that the h is sunk in iathimts, Esther,
and Demosthenes [?], because the s, which is akin,
to the aspiration, immediately precedes. Mr.
Sheridan pronounces the first syllable of ophthah
mie like off, but the first of diphthong and trij^
thong like dip and trip, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston,
and Mr. Perry pronounce diphthong and triph'
thong in the dame manner as Mr. Sheridan. Dr.
Kenrick givef no pi*onunciation to diphthong, but
makes the h silont ia triphthong ; while Barclay
pronounces the h in ophthcdmie, but makes it
either way in diphthong, and silent in triphthong.
It may be remarked that Dr. Jones, who wrote a
spelling dictionary in Queen Anne's time, makes
the h in those two words silent." — Walker.
trisyllable — tris-sill9.-bl, or tris'-.
triv'i-al.
The older orthoSpists say iMt/ah
trocte—tro'ke.
B«e Kcj to IttmuieiatloOi p. t.
188
trocliee — tr6'k&
tr6'pliy.
tr5th, not trotli. •
trou'sei^y not -zSz.
trousseau (Fr.) — ^ti'ob'sO'.
tn}'ant. See accrue.
true, not tru.
tnif 'fle.
truncheon — ^triin'shi^L
tn^tli, not truth.
trjjths, not tnitiig.
tube, 710^ tub.
tu'ber-dse, tu'ber-dse, or tube'rdge.
The first of these markings has the fewest
authorities in its favor, but they are among the
latest — Smart, Cooley, and CnU ; and the Web-
ster ** Unabridged '* gives it the second place —
after tabe'raaet which is a oorraption resulting
from the accidental resemblance of the word to
a compound of tube and rose. The second mark-
ing, in retaining the soft sound Of the '» goes only
half-wav in rejecting the vulgarism. The word
comes from tne Latin adjective tuberoaits, and
should have the sharp sound of «, like all other
words of similar derivation, as morosef verbose,
etc.; and this, we believe, is the actual pronun-
ciation of the majority of educated speakers.
See Key to PkonimeiatUn, p; A.
Tues'd^y, not t\|z'-. See adduce.
Tuileries (Fr.)— twele-rfi'.
tu'lip, not tu'-. .
tu'mtllt, not ty'-.
tunoy not tun.
tiir'gid.
turkois, or turquoise — tur-koiz', e>r -kez'.
tu't9F, not tu'-.
ty'pbjus, 7W>^ ti'pus.
typ-o-grAph'ic, or ty-p9%
tj"-riin'nie.
tj^^n-ny, not ty'r^U'.
tzar (for czar) — zar.
tzarina (for czarina) — z&-re'n&.
This io a remarkable instance of defeat of
good intentions. The proper sound of ez in these
lavic words is that of ta, and some English
writers have spelt them with a I in order to get
them pronounced correctly ; but our lexicogra-
phen^j assuming that this was merely an unmean-
ing variation of the orthography, have inserted
them as above with the same lazy pronunciation
given in English to the original forms. It should
be remembered* that, as a rule, there are few or no
entirely ineffective ktteirs in any of the Euro-
pean languages, the Eogiish and the French ex*
cepted. \
B«e Kov to PronundAtton, p. &
\
185
U.
This vowel was formerly the same letter as
the consonant v, and the two forms were inter-
changeable for both purposes ; and, though the
consonant and vowel have very different uses,
their representation came to be discriminated
only at a comparatively recent period.
The sound of this letter in French has no
equivalent in English, and therefore can not bo
rejpresented with English characters. In German
it IS sounded like double o in English ; followed
by tf, or with two points over it (U), it is sounded
precisely like u in French.
trrti-ma Thule.
til-ti-ma'tum, or -ma'tum.
We frequently hear this word pronounced
with the a broadened, and this pronunciation can
not be said to be really incorrect, although it is
not sanctioned by any of the dictionaries. This
remark applies with equal force to apparatvs,
armada, bravado, datum, desperado, gratis, ig-
noramus, lava, octave, octavo, panorama, prome-
node, etc. All these words are of foreign origin,
even to their form, and to many ears are more
euphonious with a broadened a.
Iil-tra-m5n'tane.
td-u-la'tion.
lim-bi-li'cus.
8m Key to PronancUtloQ, p. €.
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■^.v
■<<^
%
'^Z^
^
«>•
'^
nsiir
li?iJ
umbrageotis — ^ftm-bift'jtts, or •je-Ha.
!Lmrl»611&» ^Mi tun-ber-^Vi.
tbft-^dNi&iii'iiig, not HEism'-.
un-bftt'ed, no^ bat'-.
s^ With a little shuffling, yon may choose
A sword tcnftoted'.** — Samkk
iLD^dy'il, no^ •cItT, nor civ'tliL M^^'itfM^
nnooqiteoixs — ^ftn-kAr'te-lis, or -kdrf y'lkfl.
tkn-oQufh'; no^ •coutii'.
^]ietaoiuh-*4tUigkt'7ii4te.
uadaiinted — ^lin-d&nt'ed, not -d§tint%
tkn-der-neatii'y no^ -neadi'.
iln-derHsignod'.
imdiaoeriied — liIl-diz-ze^ld^ See sacri"
fice.
ttn-ez-ptet'ed, nol -iBid. See ailment ,
to-fre-quSnt'ed, n^ un-fre'qaent-^
iln-fir^t'fuly not 'trai\
unguent — ^iing'gweni
unhandsome — ^ttn-hiln's^m.
unheard — to-hcrd'.
Webster said {in-A^rcT.
to-in'ter-est-ed. ^
Sm Ktr to RNMNUMllklOlk Bk (k
im
tknJn'ter-eBt-inz.
- •• ■ • • o
One of the most common of errors u the mil*
plftcuig of the accent of the verb imUmt «ad its
deriyatiTes. See note on interesting,
unison— yu'ne-stUi.
Smart sa^^s yik'ne-zHn,
u-nit'ed-ly, not -tld-.
tin-k!nd'ness, not -ntks. See ailment
)in-leam'ed, adj.^ not -lemd.
iin-misk', not -mtek'. See advance.
tin-pr^O'e-d^nt-ed, not -pre'ce-.
tin-rftly. See accrue.
unscathed — ^t^n-skAtht', or -skfttht'.
tin-tune', not -ti|n'.
ttn-tu'tpred, n/>t -t]i'-.
unvanquished— to-vtogTcwisht
tin-wft'ry.
tlp'mdst, not -mtist.
tT'r^-nis
usage — yu'z^j/no^ 41^].
usurious — ^yu-zhu'ii-tla.
u-gArp', not -sArp'.
uxorious— ttgz-o'4-^
BMKqr to
M
V.
^(^. 'iJKMi.
Tbv o^iraoter representa a uniform eoasd^
Hint Bonnd, and ia navor sileQt (See VX
In German the letter v invariably naa tba
sound of/, except in words derivaA from foreigik
languages. , a'?^4?0'A;--^--- '"■-■--
vAc'gine, e>r vac'0ne. , .Vft^t
v§i-ga'iy, wo^ vfi'g^-ry.
''They changed their nunds, ,
Fle^c off, and into strange vagariea fell
As they would dance." -^MiUon*
v&l'et ; in French, vala'.
valet de chambre (French)— va'lA' de
shSng'br. • ^ '
va-lise', or -lise'.
v&l'u-a-ble, mot vil'u-bl, Tior v^'ti-^bL ■•,
vanquish — ^vAng'kwiah.
vft'n-e-gftte, not v^-ri'-
vA'ri-e-gfit-ed.
v&'ri-o-loid, notxiks'iu
vft-ri-6'rum.
vfise, or vfise.
For the pronunciation vd2, in imitation of the
French sound — more frequently heard in Kng-
i
Bm Key to PrononoUtioo, p. ^
1Z9
land tban with ub— there b no anthority what*
eTor ; nor ia there authority for vatoz, which waa
ovXj permitted hy Jameson. The pronunciation
to which' we girve the first j>iac<» is unqaestionably
the most rational and most eujphonious^ espetiatly
in the. plural. UfVUw : .
^* I have a pretty fanojf for brio>&«brae and aatiqne vami;
Know hotr to ca;ve a cabinet and make booka on tlie
racos.*^
vaunt, Of vaunt.
ve'he-m&nce, not ve-be'mence.
ve'he^ment, not vf-he'ment -
Tfel vet, 710^ -vit
vSn-due', 710/ •du*.
Yenezuela— v6n-e-zwe'la, or *^&'l^
ve'ni-al, of vSnIaL
"venison — vSn'zn, or vSn'e-zn.*
Thu word is rarely pronounced in three ayUft-
Wei
venue — ^vfin'yu, not ve'nii.
veracious — ve-rft'shus, not •rfisH'ua.
ver-b6se', not -boz'.
ver'di-gris. not -gris.
verdure — verd'yur, or -yur.^
vermicelli — ^ver-me-sfel'e, or-cliSl'e,
vermilion— ver-mil'yun, no/ -mU'e-i^iL
m-t^
tM Xijr to Ptottww kt toB y fiai
remxm — ver'ahuii, not'zTlxqxu
ver'ti-go, ver-ti'-, or ver-tt'-.
veeture — vftsfjrur; rruT
vSt'er-i-na-ry, noi TSfri-aa-ry.
Vibert — ^ve'bftr'.
vig'i-n^]^ or vi-ci'naL
vi-cls'si-tude. See adduce,
vlc'tp-ry, not vlc'try.
victuals — ^vit'tlz.
''This corruption, like most others, lias ter-
minated in the generation of anew word ; for no
solemnity will allow of pronouncing this word as
it is writtenw Vtctwtls appeared to Swift so con-
trary to the real sound, that; in some of Ms mano-
Bcript remarks, he spells the word vitUeK^"^
Walker.
viHain— vll'Kn, not vfi'lto.
vln'di-cft-tive, or vin-dic'grtive.
idn'di-cg,-to-ry.
vi'9-l6jice, not -Hincer
vi'^-Itety not -Ithit See aOment
vi-ift'ga, or vi-rft'-, not -ra'-.
* )
9m Wtyta rttmaaeMMf p. 6b
m
virile — ^vi'ril, or vViL <
yirtvie — virt'yu.
" rbr. Hill published, in a paniplilet, m petition
from the letters / and U to Uayid GarricK, Esq.,
both complaining of terrible g^eyances imposed
upon them bj that great actor, ^ho frequently
banished them from their projier stations, as in
the irord viriHf, which, they baid, he conycrted
into Vitrtue ; and, in the word ungrateful, he dis-
placed the I/, and made it ingrat^l, to the great
prejudice of fhe said letters. To thia complaint
Garrick replied in the following epigram :
* |f it is, as joQ saj, that Tto injnred a letter,
ru change mj note soon, and, I hope, for the hetter
H&j the right nao of letters, as well at of men,
Bereafter be fixed by the toninie and the pen.
Host dcTontlj I wi«th thej may both have their due,
And that / may bo never mibtaken for U.'^**
^Walker.
vir'u-lence, not yii'%
vir'u-l^nt.
It will be obserred that t* in these two words
has the sound of t in t}M<a.
viscount— vi'komit.
vis'9r.
There is but little an^ hority for foVior, Jit p
only permitted in the later editions of .Webster*^
visual — vlzh'u-§l.
U
SeeS^t*
^&
»
▼iyacioiui— vi^vft'shus, not «v&h'us?
vizier — vlz'yer^ cw -ygf.
v6'c^-ble, no^ v5c'%,-.
vOI9•tile/no^•til.
T5l-c&'n6, 920^ -ca'nd.
The latter pronunciation, althodgb et^'molog-
ically correct, is so beldom heard as to sound
pedantic.
volume— vbryum.
Webster said t;driim.
von (Ger.)— ftin, not v5ii.
This German monosyllable is pronounced pfe-
dsely like the English word fun^ except that Us
ntterance is somewhat shorter or more abrupt
Hence we should 8&j/&n (not v6n) Amim, etc.
w
This letter is a consonant (or more correctly
a semi-Towel) at the beginning of a word or of a
svllable» and wh^n preceded l>y a consonant in
the same syllable. Its combination with a pre-
ceding a in the same syllable produces the sound
of broad a in hall^ as in iaton: with e, a diph-
thonff sounding like long u, as in new^ or, if ore-
ceded by r or y, like the u in nUt — i. e., likh
iong oo— as m crew^ yew ; with o, the d^ph*
Sm EMf to FrODOiMiatloa, p. §.
thonga! lound lometimef alio tmmwM, }^ od»
it in tpwn^ or that of long o (tko to haTing no
effect).* aa in ffhw.
It If alwaya silent before r in tbe aame i]rll»-
ble, as in writfi^ wring, ufren, wrong, eto.; it la
likewise silent in the worda iword, an$wer, two^
toward*
Before another Towel in the aame ayllable^ it
is frequently repreaented by «^ aa in lan^ptar,
qtsestion, eta
In German, w haa the aonnd of « in Kngliah.
vriJt, not w&tt. See advance.
Wagner — ^vftg'ner.
Wft-hft'beea.
waistcoat — ^wflst'kpt^ of w^s'kpi
wan — ^w5n, not wan.
''Hr. Sheridan has given the a, in thia Irord
and its oompoonds, the same sound as in man*
Mr. Scott and Dr. Kenrick have given both the
sound I have eiven and Mr. Sheridan's, but seem
to prefer the former by placing it first. I have
always heard it pronounced like the first syllable
of wan-ton ; and find Mr. Nares, W. Johnston,
and Mr. Peiiy h&ve so marked it." — WclUut.
wAr'y, or wfir'y.
wafisail — w5s's]L
weapon — ^wfip'n, not we'ps.
well, Tvoi wiL
an Kigr «9
a-a
194
vr6, or we, according to the stress it
should receive.
" We [toe] ffo to Boston ; they to Chioaga"
" We [ufej nope to see you when vre [ii»«J ar-
ive ; if we £«©«'' ' r •. , ,. «
rive
pointed."
jce] do not, we [ute] shall be divap-
Weber — va'ber.
wfist'w^rd, not -tlrd.
whgrf, not w6rt
wh^re'fore, not wh^ftbr.
A goodly nnmber of the orthodpists say whUr^*
fir^ and Smart is among .them.
wh6re-wlth', or •wlfli'.
wh6re-wltfi-al'.
wheth'er, no^ w6th'%
which, not wicL
while, wo^ wile.
whis'key, not wis'-.
whole — hole, not htil. See cooper.
wh6le'sAle, not htd%
Wieland — velQ.nd.
wife ; possessive, wife's, not wives.
Winckelmann — vlnk'el-mg.n. ^
Bm Key to FMnanptetloiv p. 0.
196
wind, or wind.
« TThes^ two modes of pronunciation liavelieen
long contending for superioritj, till at last tlie
former [t^lncf ] seems to haye gained a complete
yictory, except in the territories of rhyme. ...
Mr. Sheridan tells ns that Swift nsed to jeer
those who pronounced wind ^Wh the i short, by
saying, * I have a CTeat m\nii. to find wh^ yon
pronounce it vi%nS? A very illiberal critic re-
torted this upon Mr. Sheridan by saying, 'If I
may be so boold, I should be glad to be toold
why yon pronounce it gooldj* . . . Mr. Sheridan
ana Mr. Scott give the same preference to the
first sound of this word that I have done. Dr.
Kenrick and Mr. Barclay give only the short
sound. Mr. Perry joins them in this sound, but
says in dramatic scenes it has the long, one. Mr.
^ares says it has certainly the short sound in
common usage, but that nil our best poets rhyme
it with mindy kind, etc. ; and Mr. Smith observes
that it is now the polite pronunciation, though
Against analogy." — IValker,
wind'pipe.
9
Wlr^cfpipe is antiquated.
wlnd'w^rd, not -tird.
wige'ft-cre.
Worcester saya wlie^a-ere.
'wl&, prepoaitfon^ not with,
with, Of* withe, a twig — with.
869 Sigr to PttmiuMlatioD, p. %
«m
\
women-^Mim'eii, not -Gn.
wont, verb and noun — wtiiit.
Won't — wont, not wtint.
wonted — w&nt'ed.
word — werd. See advertisement^/
work — werk.
world — world.
worst, verb and adj. — werst.
worsted — wobst'ed, or wdbrst'ed.
worth — ^werth, not wtith.
wound — wobnd, not wownd, which U
antiquated,
wrath.
Smait saya rath.
wriith'fuL
wreath, noun — reth, not reth ; plural,
wreaths — rethz, not reths.
wreathe, verb — reth.
wrestle — rSs'sl.
"irrestler — res'leiv
wristband— ^rist'bandi
wr6ng. See accost,
wroth, adj. — rawth, or r6tK. V
\\
w -
•«• S«r tu ri«MiMct«<faa. ^ fi.
lor
X.
The regular Bound of this letter is like ha, as
In t<iXf excuse, etc.
It has a soft or flat Bound like ffz vrhen tho
foUoinng ayllable begins with an accented vowel,
as in exist, example, etc. It also has the sound of
Sz in some words derived from primitives which
ave that sound, when not followed by an ac-
cented Towel, as in exemplary.
When x begins a word, it has the sound of z,
as in xefbee (z^bek).
xftn'the-ine.
xerophagy — ze-rOf ^gc
xy-leg'r^phy,"
xy-loi'dine. *
Y.
• u
This letter' at the end of a word, preceded by
a consonant, is generally pronounced short and
indistinct like obscure e, as in mant^^ comely, pol-
icy, etc. The exceptions are monosyllables and
their compounds, as dry, fly, by, whereby, *pry,
awry, etc.; verbs ending in/y, as mag,ni/y, beau-
tify, and a few others — for example, supply, mul-
tipiy, reply, etc.
^ 8m ILtf to PronnnolAtlon, p. 4
198
Mi
The sound of y is heard in many positions
where it is either unexpressed, or is represented
by t or «/ as in union {yiin'i/un)^ righteous (rW-
yiit)»eto.
yaclit — ^75t, not yilt.
ydeped — e-klSpt'.
Walker and several other ortho§pists said yfo,
baft this pronnnciation is noT^ obsolete.
yesterday — ^yfts'ter-da, or -ug,.
ySt, not yit.
"The e in this word is frequently changed by;
inooirect speakers into i ; but, though this change!
is agreeable to the best and most established
usage in the word yea^ in yeJb it is thQ mark of
incorrectness and vulgarity.
''Dr. Kenrick is the only orthoepist who gives
any countenance to this incorrectness, by admit-
ting it as a second pronunciation ; but Mr. Sher-
idan, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr.
Smith give the 'regular sound only."-^ WaXker*
yew— yn.
yolk — ^yok, or yolk.
y5ri'der, not yfin'-, nor ytin'-.
you — yu, when emphatic ; otherwise^ ye,
not ye. - ■. \ ■
/ 8«e Key to PtonuaoiatioD, p. &
idd
yotir — jis^j when emphatic ; otherwiae^
jTiTf or yer.
In the latter case the word is pronounced pre-
cisely like the last syllable in the word lazo^/er.
** What jadgment shall I dread, doing no wrong?
Ton \ye\ have among you [ye] many a purchased slave,
Which, like your [yur] asses and your [yurj dogs and
mules.
Yon [ye] use in ahject and in slavish parts,
Because you [ye] bought them [<A*mJ; shall I say to
youly?],*
Let them [th'm] be free, marry them [Wm] to your [yur]
heirs?
Why sweat they [tha] under their [ther] burdens? let
their [Mr] bed<«
Be made as soft as yours [yyrzj^ let their fthdr] palates
Be seasoned with such viandd. Tou* will answer.
The slaveb ar«> ours I So do I answer you [yn].
The pound of flesh which I demand of him *
Is dearly bought, is mine, and I will have it !
If you* d<»ny me |«i«], t?« tipon your [yur] law!
There \ther] is no force in the decrees of Venice.
I stand fur judgment : — answer : shall I have it ? ''
—Shyloeh,
The writer would take occasion now to say
that he is not of opinion that the sound of the
pronouns should always either be brous^hl out
distinctlj and fulljr, or that it should be touched
ver\ lisfhtly, in strict accordance with the mark-
ingH hi* has given, which are intended to repn-
* ITcrc tR* th3thni and not the «enM lengthens the Totiel
^Miiei^hat, \t1 if-U accounts for the quantity of the sound being
left unindicatel.
8m Kiiy to Proauaoiatlon, p>i flk
«00
tent onlj the tioo extremes, Mnch must be left
to the discretion of the reader, who, it is belieTedy
if he takes the trouble to obseire and to give the
matter a little thought, wiU quickly come to the
conclusion that nothing tends more to make one's
deliyery stilted and unnatu al than the continual
bringing put of the fmll name-sound of the pro-
nouns, uter the fashion of so many of the would-
be correct.
z.
This letter has the sound of soft «, as in maze^
gau, zone. In some words, combined with a
succeeding Yowel, it has the sound of zh, as in
azure^ glazier, etc. .
In German, it has the sound of ts; in Span-
ish, that of th as in thin, or (in Spanish America)
of sharp a as in sun,
Zamacois (Sp.)— thft-ma-ko'Is.
zealot— z6r9t, nbt z&lot,
"There are few words better confirmed by
authority in their departure from the sound of
their simples than this and zealoits, li custom
were" less decided, I should certainly give my
Yote for the long sound of the diphthong ; but,
as propriety of pronunciation may be called a
compound ratio ot usage and analogy, the short
sound must, in this case, be called the proper
one." — Walker,
!•• Kigr to FromiiMtetloB,> flb
Ml
l\
"I neyer once called in doubt the pronimci**
tion of this word till I was told that mathemati-
cians generally make the first syllable short.
Upon consulting our ortho^pists, I find all who
have the word, and who give the quantity of the
Vowels, make the e long, except Entick. ... If
this majority were not so great and so respect-
able, the analogy of words of this fornrought to
decide." — Walker.
Smart says zin'ith,
Zeus, not Ze'us.
zQ'bV o-gy J not ZO',
z6-o-l6g'i-cal, not Z0-9-.
Zunz (Ger.) — tsobnta
SUPPLEMENT
Okb of the objects I have in view in adding
to this manual is to make an opportunity to say
something about the pronunciation of conver'
santf exemplary, obligatory , and peremptory.
All the dictionaries in general use accent these
four words on the first syllable, and all the Eng-
lish-speaking world, except the few that chance
it> know how the modern orthofipists mark them,
accent them on the second. The dictiohary ao*
.. <p»»— ^-^— ?-^— — — — — ^— — ' — — ^— — ^^^— ^— — »
8«e K«]r to P»Huinoi«tioik, p. A.
203
centuation is as difficult as it is unnatural, the
case of conversant excepted, and ought, in my
judgment, to be abandoned, not only because it
IS difficult, unnatural, and unpopular, but also
because, if we go back to the dictionaries pub-
lished a hundred years ago, we find that the
weight of authority was then decidedly on the
side of the second-syllable accent. I have re-
cently consulted twelve dictionaries published
between the years 1730 and 1799, with the fol-
lowing result : Conversant is accented in ten of
them on the second syllable ; exemplar^ in all
of them on the second ; obligatory in eight on
the second ; and peremptory in seven on the
second. Walker, whose dictionary appeared in
1791, accented all four words on the first sylla-
ble, and the later orthoSpists appear to haYO
been content to follow his example. If Walker's
accentuation was ill-advised, as the result, it
seems to me, clearly proves, then we shall do
well to allow usage, seconded as we see by am-
ple authority, to be the umpire, and say, con-
Ter'sant, ex-Sm'pla-ry (egz-), ob-lig'a-to-ry, and
per-Smp't9-ry.
acacia — a-kft'slie-a.
* *
flc'cu-rate, not ^k'er-St.
Vowels in syllables standing next to accent-
ed syllables are generally obscure ; there are,
B«e Eej to Pronimdfttloii, p. 8.
tos
u
however, a considerable number of vowels so
situated, and that Worcester marks obscure,
which properly receive their long sound some-
tohtxt shortened. Of these, u is the one most
frequently met with. Giving these vowels their
full long sound has the same effect that it has
to make the pronouns, articles, prepositions, and
conjunctions too prominent : it makes the speak-
er appear pedantic and self-conscious. He speaks
best whose manner of speaking is least noticed.
A few of the words in which this peculiar vowel
appears are accurate, adulation, deputize, emolu-
ment, occupation, occupy, particular, perpen-
dicular, and superior, c/thus situated is some-
times obscure ; in disputant and disputable, for
example. See opinion^ also licentiate.
acoustics.
All our dictionaries pronounce the qu of this
word ow, while nearly the whole English -speak-
ing world, as far as my observation goes, pro-
nounce it od. Many persons boldly pronounce
it Jo, knowing that the authorities are against
them. Squalor is another word treated in like
manner. I am of opinion that this manual has
heretofore been in error in condemning, in com-
mon with the dictionaries, the wellnigh univer-
sal mode of pronouncing this word. If usage
and not the orthoSpists make the law, then it is
the duty of " The Orthoepist " to sanction and
not to condemn a-koos'tiks. A-kows'tiks, one
of " The Orthogpi8t*s " critics very justly says,
'* is a most unlovable pronunciation.'*
B«e Key to Pronanciatlon, p. &
Arkansas — fir'kaii-saw.
This i» now, hf act of the State LegiBlatare,
the legal pronunciatioti. Usage was long di-
yidied between this and ftr-kan'sas.
^u'men, not ^k'u-men.
adobe (Sp.) — ^-do'bS.
Ajaccio — ^a-yat'cho.
ar-bu'tus.
\ In the last edition of Webster's dictionary
the accentuation of this word, to make it ac-
cord with the Latin, is changed from that rec-
ommended here to ftrlbu-tus. TTsage and au-
thority, howcTcr, not only in Engluh but also
in German, decidedly favor placing the ateent
on the penult, which is certainly uie more eu-
phonious accentuation to the STnglish ear, and
th^ one that undoubtedly will preyaiL
Ar-ebi-me'deg.
^.phalt', not qs-jlbilV.
au't6p.sy.
Beaconsfield — bek'unz-feld.
Beli-al.
. * ■ ■ ■ f
bicycle — bi'ce-kel.
BOs'ton, not baws'ton.
carrousel (Fr.)- — k^r'rob'zgr.
car-iiiv'9-rp., not kar-ni-vo'ra. ^
\\
Sm Kejr to PironimcUaoii, p. flL
I
f 05
c&'se-lne.
c&-3i']id (It) — a little house.
casualty — k&zli'u-aLte. See accurate.
cftt-a-ma-rdn'.
Incorrectly marltecl in the old editiona of
Worcester, ca-t&m'a-ran.
C^u-c&'si^n, not kau-ka'zli^n.
c&'ve-ftt> not kdv'.
ce-r&m'ic, or ke-rim ic.
cliAr'y, not chft'ry.
cliiaro oscuro (It.) — rke-d ro IJs-kij'ro.
cll-m&t'ic.
The Towel t is often long in the initial sylla-
bles t, hi, chi, e/i, jt>ri, tri, though not under the
accent, as in ideal, biography, ehirology, cli-
matic, primeval, tribunal, etc. •
c6ra-m^n-dant' (Fr.).
The pronunciation of this word is a' compro-
mise between the French and the English.
cftm'mon-al-ty.
coquetry — ^ko-kfit're.
djn'am-ite, 7iot di'ntot-ite.
elongate — e-l6ng'gat.
I^, ending an accented syllable before g, k.
Be* Key to Froo«a«klloOtj>. t.
k'.
806
hftrd e or eA, or gu, often has the soimd of n^/
M IB anger, ankle, rancor, anchor, banqvet^ etc.
wxf*
epizootic — epi-zd-ot'ic.
f^-n&ticy no^ fan'a-tic. ,
floor— flar, not fld'a.
Careless speakers often fail to articulate the
letter r when it follows a vowel in the same syl-
lable.
fr5m, when emphatic ; otherwise, fr^m.
Geikie — gi'ke.
gl^-di'o-ltis, not gI&-di-dlijLS.
Goethe — ^gttr'ta.
her'^d — her as in heretic «ai aid as in
Donald, not htLr'rtild.
He-r6d'o-tns.
Her-mi'o-ne.
h6t-er.6ph'e-my.
hy-^-Sn'ic.
hy-per'b^ton.
Jacques (Fr.) — zh&. J^tques, in " Ah
You Like It," is pronounced jft'qufiz.
Lin-nae'us, Lin-nae'^
majolica — ^m^yal'i-k&.
M^-lay. . ^
8m K«ar to FMniueiatlaii, tfi 6
\^
SOT
ma-ura-cal, not ma'ni-a-wiL
ni&t-u-ti'n^L
metonymy — me-t6n'o-mo,
Michaelmas — mik'ol-mas.
mi-cr6s'co-py, 7iot mi-crp-scttp'y.
New-found'laud.
This accentuation is believed to accord v>iih
the best usage.
or'cliid, or'eliis.
o-vip'a-rotis, not o-vj-pa'rblis,
parquet (Fp.) — piir'ka'.
pas'tpr, 7iot pils'.
quer'u-lolis, not quer'u-.
Both Webster (u) and Worcester (n) mark
the u of this word, together witli the u in a few
other words, incorrectly. It h properly long,
somewhat shortened. Forming a syllabic by it
self, it is not affected by the r. Sec accurate
re-cu'gant.
Sar-ddn-^-pfiliis,
se-r^ph'ic
Sev'ille.*
ta-ra.nt'u-la.
te-leg'ra-pher, not tel'e-graph-er.
U
fiec Kef to rroaunciation, p. i.
208
triclima — trii-ki'n& ; pi, trichinoS.
Yo-afim'i-te.
** On that day, my lord, with troth I assure yefrp).
My saioted progenitor set up a brewery (9)."
Here we ha^e in y« — a perfect rhyme for the
last syllable of brev^ery — the exact pronimcia-
tion you when nnemphatio should have, pedantic
ignorance to the contrary notwithstanding.
B— Z.9J to Pwm wwtot tai, f. 1
«ai BITS.
o