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THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., Toronto, 1897. ^" Entered according: to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven, by Gko. E. Henderson and Chas. G. Eraser, at the Department of Agriculture. >> PREFACE. Our experience in teaching History in the Publis School convinces us of the necessity of giving concise notes to the pupils after the topics have been dis- cussed in class; but the presa of work causes the copying of these notes to be done so hastily that the writing is usually poor and the spelling and com position faulty, so much so that the notes are diffi- cult to read, and their usefulness in review work is in many respects greatly impaired. Believing this to be the opinion of teachers gener- ally, we have prepared this little work, which we now place before the teachers and pupils of our schools. The Authors. BRITISH HISTORY NOTES- THE ROMAN PERIOD. 55 B.C.-41() A.l). Characteristics.— The introduction of the arts of peace ; the opening up of the country ; and the main- taining of law and order. 1. The Ancient Britons were the people who inhabited the country now called l^ritain, before the beginning of the Christian era. They were a brave and hardy race, living on flesh and milk, and dress- ing in the skins of animals. They were divided into many tribes, but in times of danger all united under a connnon leader. Their religion was called Druidism, and their priests, known as Druids, were really the rulers of the people. They wor- shipped one God, but such objects of nature as the sun, the moon, and the oak, shared their veneration. They offered many liuman sacrifices. 2. The Roman Conquest.— To punish the Bt'itons for assisting the Gauls, and to extend the Roman empire, Julius CaCSar invaded Britain in 55 B.C. The Romans, under Claudius, came again in 43 A.D., and gradually conquered the country, putting the Druids to death. The Britons struggled nobly under Caractacus, and then under Boadicea, to defend their homes, but the arms of Rome pre- vailed. Caractacus was taken a prisoner to Rome, i . BKITlSIl lUSTOIiY NOTES. whero his n()])le })n»iring gained liini a pardon. Tt is said that Boadiooa took poison, in the year 01, to esca})0 falling into tho hands of the llomans. 3. Roman Influence.— Tlio Romans opened up the country, ])uilt r<»a(ls and towns, taught th(3 Britons the arts of p(?aco and maintained law and ordor. To keep hai.'k tlie PictS and ScotS, who dwelt in the northern pai't of the island, they })uilt two walls from sea to sea. They disarmed the Jii'itons to prc^vent their rising in rebellion, and thus the country became dependcMit on the Roman arms for pn^tection. During the Jloman period Christ- ianity was introduced by some missionaiies, and in the course of time both l^ritons and Romans became Christians. Tn 410, the Roman soldiers were with- drawn to defend their provinces nearer home. THE EARLY ENGLISH PERIOD. 44!)-1017. Ghararterlsticfi. — Constant strife, and the introduction of self-governing institutions. I. The Coming- of the English.— After the withdrawal of the Romans, the Britons asked the English, who lived around the mouth of the Elbe, to assist them in driving back the Picts and Scots. The first of them, under Hengist and Horsa, came over in 449, drove back the Picts and Scots, and then settled in the land. Company after company of them followed and took possession of the country, driving the Britons to the west and north. There were three tribes of the English, — Jutes, Angles THE EARLY ENGLISH PKUIOI). 8 BRITISH HISi.^:iY NOTES. I' i and Saxons, — and tliey founded several kingdoms. At one time there were seven, which are known as the " Heptarchy." These wore constantly at war with one another until, in 827, Egbert, king of Wessex, became king of all England. 2. English Self-governing Institutions.— The English were great lovers of freedom, and brought with them to Britain the elements of our present local self-government. The township, the hundred, and the shire, each had its own " moot " to manage its affairs. The national council, which j..et three times a year to give advice to the king, was called the W^itan. On the death of the king, a new one was elected by the AVitan, the son of the lato king being generally chosen, although in time of danger he was sometimes passed over to secure a military leader. This was the case when Alfred was chosen. 3. Christianity. — St. Alban introduced Christ- ianity into Britain during the Roman period, but it was driven from the land before the heathen Saxon invaders. Again it was introduced by AugUStine in 597, and gradually spread its influence over the land, and most of the men of England became free- p.'.en. Missionaries a!, so came from Ireland to the northern parts of the island, but gradually and fnially the Roman brancli of the church gained the afcp.ndanov- This kept England in touch with the most c^^t>\rV;d churches and nations of Europe. 4. 'J rj.: D-^.nish Invasions. - Egbert had barely h^Kjii Ci.>^vned king of all England when he had to defend his kingdom against the Danes. These were fierce, heathen sea-rovers, who were closely akin to the English. Throughout the whole of the Early English Period, during which there were fifteen THE EARLY ENGLISH PERIOD. 9 kings, the Danes made inroads upon the land. Ethelred the Unready raised a tax called the Daneg'eld to buy them off, but tliis brought them back in greater numbers. He then had a massacre of the Danes on St. Brice's Day, 1002. The Danish king, Sweyn, whose sister was among the slain, came to take vengeance, and at last the country was conquered in 1017. S Alfred the Great (871-901) was the greatest of the Anglo-Saxon kings. At first he was defeated by the Danes and had to flee ; but collecting his forces, he gained a great victory over them at Eding- ton. The Danes, under their leader, Guthrum, agreed to become Christians, and settled in the eastern part of England, the district being known as the Danelagh. The country then had rest, and Alfred organized a militia, built forts, and founded our great British navy ; he encouraged learning and founded Oxford University. He also framed a code of laws and had them strictly enforced. 6. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, was the first of our great English ecclesiastical or church statesmen. He lived during the latter part of the English Period. His government was wise and just. He maintained order, protected the land against in- vaders, extended commerce, and encouraged learning. He was a zealous churchman, and devoted the last nine years of his life entirely to the work of the Church. iii 10 BRITISH IIISrORV NOTES. THE DANISH PERIOD. 1017-1042. Cnut or Canute - Harold — son. Harthacnut — half brother. 1017-1035. I. Cnut. — On the death of Edmund Ironsides, son of Ethelred the Unready, Cnut, the Danish leader, was chosen king of all England by the Witan. Although a Dane, he tried to rule as an English king. He governed by English laws, and married the widow of Ethelred. He divided England into four earldoms and appointed Englishmen to rule over them, the most noted being Godwin, Earl of Wessex. He also dismissed his Danish troops, and tried to stop the slave trade, which was then carried on between Ireland and the west of England. THE LATER ENGLISH PERIOD. 1042-1066. Edward the Confessor 1042-1066. Harold— s(m of (Jodwin 1066. Characteristics. —The introduction of Norman-French influence. I. Edward the Confessor.— On the death of Cnuts two sons, Edwaid the Confessor, son of Ethel- red the Unready, became king. He had lived in Normandy during the time of Danish rule, and after becoming king he displeased the English by the favor THE LATER ENGLISH PERIOD. 11 he showed to his Norman friends. Edward was a weak kin^, and spent his time in hunting and religious duties, while the government was carried on by Harl Godwin, the king's lather-in- law, and by Harold. At one time Edward quarrelled with Goo- win, and it is said that he then promised the crown to his cousin, William of Normandy. 2. Harold, the son of Earl Godwin, was chosen by the VVitan to succeed " The Confessor." He had shown his fitness for the office by his ability and bravery in Edward's reign. At one time he had been wrecked on the coast of Normandy, and having fallen into the liands of Duke William, he was com- ])elled to swear that he would support the Duke's claim to the English crown. William now called u})un Harold to keep his oath, and on his refusal, prepared for war. Just then, Hardrada, king of Norway, and Harold's brother, Tostig", invaded Eni^dand, l)ut were defeated and slain at Stamford Bridge, near York. Meanwhile, William had landed in the south, and Harold hastened to meet him. The })loo(ly battle of Senlac or Hastings was fought in 10G6, in which Harold was slain and the English were defeated. William then marched to London, where he was crowned. This is known as the Norman Conquest. I NORMAN PERIOD. 1066- J 087. i087-I100. nOO-1135. 1135-1154. 1066-1154. William I. (The Conqueror) . William II. -son HenryI.__brotlier . ' " Stephen -nephew CharacterUics. —The' S«<- ^ —""-no*. I Wir '^''-'''^^ 1-1066-1087. - .;0^ inl,eHtaneTa*I:f ,5°o^^^^^^^^ t''""d *he crown ;nd a statesman, and ruWl t-.u^ "^"^ ^ g«n«<-al Repeated rebellions led " -^ r'^ gf^'^* fimngss. .;■"' ":■? English, depnv ni t^i° ,^?' 7'"-y cruelly ''t one time wastin-r and h, "* ^^^^'^ '^"^Is, and ^fj'^nd in northerS WlatPi" "^'"^ ''^'•^- ^^^'"t 5|";Jal System and CcurS;'","'^"''^^ ^'''^ iNew Forest as a mvol V""^W, laid out the S ^T ^T^' -d iS'th^r'^' -''' •^'f the land belonl^ L h!''^'^"'''^ '"t" Engh .fj grants of land to Cnobl s S"' "^ «"^« '-S among the gentry, and the L. "'S'''" divided It yeomen. In each case part T\? '""^-J^* '* to the money, corn or cattl^, Cd L'^ ""' "'^^ P^^'^ '» ii'iuerof the land was ohiLj ^ '^ remainder the to -rve in war with^uttlr' ^^-''-^d to arm^ ^/ vviijiam made every NOUMAN PERIOD. 13 Hon- man swear fecalty to him as well as to his own feudal lord. Ill this way, all were dependent on and subject to the king. In order to prevent the great nobles from having too much power, their estates were scattered in various counties. 3. The New Forest. — The Conqueror was pas- sionately fond of the chase, and he laid out a vatt tract of land as a royal hunting-ground. This was the original of Windsor Forest. To protect the game he made severe game laws. The penalty for killing a deer illegally was to have the eyes put out. 4. The Domesday Book was a record of all the land and the population of England. It was compiled by William I. for purposes of taxation. 5. The Curfew was a bell which was rung each night throughout the land as a signal that all fires and lights should be put out. It is said tlie object of this was to protect property, but the law was harsh. WILLIAM IL— 1087-1100. 1. William XL was made king on the death of his father. He promised to give the people good laws but did not keep his word. Robert, his elder brother, made an effort to get the throne but failed. William was a bad king, and oppressed the people greatly after Lanfranc's death. Anselm, the new Archbishop, opposed the king in his misgovern- ment, but in the end he had to leave England. The Crusades started in this reign. Robert was one of the leaders, and in order to get money for the expedition he mortgaged his dukedom of Normandy in 1096. William was murdered while out hunting. 2. The Crusades were religious military expsdi- tions to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from i u BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. v! the Turks, so as to enable pilgrims to visit the Holy Sepulchre at will. Each soldier wore a cloth cross on his shoulder, and the color indicated the nation to which he belonged. There were ten crusades in all ; of these the most important to us were the first, which Robert of Normandy joined ; the third, of which Richard I. was the leading spirit; and the last, of which Edward I. was a leader. The crusades failed in their object, but they did good by — (1) Clearing Europe of many lawless people. (2) Letting the people see how other nations lived. (3) Opening up the East to commerce. . HENRY I.— 1100-1135. Henry I. — On the death of William II., his brother Henry seized the crown. He knew he must govern well if he would retain it. He imprisoned William's adviser, Flambard, recalled Anselm, issued a charter of liberties, and pleased the English by marrying Kdith, the daughter of Malcolm of Scotland. Robert returned from the Holy Land aud claimed the throne, but was defeated and taken prisoner at Tenchebrai, in 1106. He had his eyes put out and was imprisoned until his death. Henry ruled well in many ways. He administered justice, granted charters to many towns, and allowed the clerey to select their own bishops, although they were required to do homage for their lands. Henry's son, William, was drowned in 1120, so he left his crown to his daughter, Maud. STEPHEN— 1135-1154. Stephen, a nephew of Henry I., became king NORMAN PERIOD. 15 visit the 3 a cloth ;ated the vere ten nt to us Y joined ; i leading [. was a but they le. ns lived. wo- and because the nobles did not wish to have a man to rule over them. Civil war began, David of Scotland came to Maud's assistance, but was defeated in the " Battle of the Standard," in 1138. The war went on for several years, and at last Maud was forced to leave England. During this time England was terribly oppressed by the robber barons, who, taking advantage of the war, built castles and plundered the people. At last, on the death of Stephen's eldest son, it was arranged that Henry, son of Maud, should succeed Stephen. II., his he must prisoned Anselm, English colm of y Land d taken his eyes Henry justice, ed the h they lenry's left his e king THE PLANTAGENET PERIOD. 1154-1399. Henry II. — Grandson of Henry I. 115-4-1189. Richard I. — Son 1189-1199. John — lk(ither .... 1199-121G. Henry III. — Son 1216- 1272. Edward I. — Son 1272-1307. Edward II. — Son 1307-1327. Edward III.— Son - 1327-1377. Richard II. — Grandson 1377-1399. Characteristics.— The growth of Parliament and of Lim- ited Monarchy ; the Feudal System in its prime. HENRY IL— 1154-1189. I. Henry II., though absolute, was one of the greatest of EngUsb kings, and tried to rule his people well. He restored order, and compelled the barons to tear down the castles built in Stephen's reign. The judicial system he organized was the model of our own ; and his laws were wise and good. Trial by Jury was introduced by Henry. He wished to have the clergy tried in tne regular courts instead of in the church courts, and made his friend, Becket, Arch- bishop of Canterbury in order to have his assistance in bringing about this change. Becket opposed this so bitterly that he had to flee from England. On his return he was murdered. During this reign the eastern part of Ireland was conquered by the Eng- lish. Henry was a very powerful king, as he ruled over many French provinces, as well as over England and part of Ireland. The last years of his reign were saddened by family discord. 16 ..■•4 if. I I I i THE PLANTAOENET PERIOD. 17 18 BRITISH JIISTOHY NOTES. 2. Thomas Becket— William I. had allowed the clergy to have their own courts, but the plaa had not worked well. Henry II. determined to have the clergy tried in the regular courts, and in order to hring about this reform, he made his chancellor, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. Becket as chancellor had served the king well, but he opposed this change. In 1164, the " Constitu- tions of Clarendon" were drawn up, making the recjuired reforms. All the bishops consented. Even Becket gave in ; but he soon repented and was as much opposed as ever. The king became so angry that Becket had to flee from England. After six years he returned ; the quarrel re-commenced at once, and in 1170 Becket was murdered by four knights. 3. The Conquest of Ireland. — For centuries the Irish chieftains had been almost constantly at war with one another. In Henry's reign one of the chieftains, the King of Leinster, came to England for help. The Earl of Pembroke, surnamed "Strong- bow," went over with an army and conquered the eastern part of Ireland. In 1171, Henry II. went over and received the homage of the Irish chiefs. This was only the beginning of the conquest of Ire- land ; the real conquest was in Elizabeth's reign — four centuries later. a I] ta h(| di E ■/'. RICHARD I.— 1189-1199. Richard I. spent only a few months of his ten years' reign in England. He was a great warrior, and was surnamed " The Lion-Heart." The chief event of this reign was the Third Crusade, of which Richard was one of the leaders. The crusade failed, TIIK PLANTAOKNKT PKRIOD. 19 d allowed e plan had have the L order to chancellor, mterbury. well, but *onstitu- akitjg the d. Even d was as so angry After six lenced at 1 by four centuries tantly at •ne of the England Strong- jered the II. went ill chiefs. it of Ire- reign — and on his way home Richard was shipwrecked and taken prisoner. ( )n the payment of a large ransom li<^ was released, and ho returned to England. He died of a wound received in a petty war in 1< ranee. ? his ten warrior, ^he chief 3f which e failed, JOHN— 1199-1210. 1. John was the worst king that ever sat on the English throne. Wo know nothing good of him. Ho murdered his ne;phew, Arthur, to secur(3 the Eng- lish crown, and on refusing to be tried before the French king for his crime, he lost his French pos- sessions. A (piarrel arose about the appcjiutiiig of a new Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Pope placed England under an "Interdict" from 1208-1 2 Ui. l>ut John did not care. The Pope th(;n called on the King of France to dethrone him, and John in cowardly fear became the Pope's vassal, which dis- pleased the English but saved his crown. John oj)l)resse(l his people so much that in 1215 they I'ose uiuha* Archbishop Langton and compelled him to sign " Magna Charta " or the Great Charter, grant- ing the people their rights and liV)erties. John was very angiy and pj-epared to take revenge. The barons called on Louis of France to help them, but just then JohiL died. 2. The Interdict (1208-1212).— The Archbishop of Cantei-bury had died, and the monks had secri^tly elect(Hl a successor. John compelled them to elect another. The Pope set both aside, and caused Stephen Langton to be elected. John would not allow Langton to come into England, and the Pope placed the country under an " Interdict." For four years nearly all religious ceremonies were sus- pended ; no prayers were offered in the churches, and ii ERITlSir HISTORY NOTES. i\u* (lead were bulled iiiditelu's and meadows witliou^ funeral service. At last the Po[)«^ deposed J(»lm and called on Philip of Franee to (li^thr(nw^ him. In .hject fear, Jolin submitted, received Lan^'ton, and ^javc^ liis kini^doni up to the Pope, receivin«i^ it hack as a vassal. 3. ** Magna Charta" (l'2i')) is the ^n-eat charter of ICnglish liberties, which the Ijarons compelled John to sign at Runnymede, secui'ing the rights of all the people, and limiting the power of the king. Some of the chief clauses wer(^ : — (1) The king could levy no taxes without the con- sent of the bishops and ]>ar()ns (parliament). (2) No man could \m imprisoned or dispossessed of his lands ex(!ept on th(^ lawful judgment of his peers. (.'i) Justice was to l)e administered to all. A.rchbishop Langton was tlie leading ))atriot in secui'ing this document. It was a definite statement of the rights of the people, but it made no provision for enforcing them. HENRY III.— 1210-1272. I. Henry II L was but a child of ten when his father died. The nobles rallied round him, and drove out Louis and his French troops. During the early years of his reign the country was governed by regents. Henry was a weak king, and depended mai .\\y on his favorites, most of whom were foreigners. At last, in 1 258, the barons met and drew up the famous Provisions of Oxford, demanding : (1 ) That the king should have a council of advisers. ' 2) That the castles granted to foreigners should be given back to Englishmen. (3) That there should be three Parliaments a year. As the king would not agree to these, civil war at ulows witlumf •>«'(l Joliii and in. Til .hjcot , and iTiivi) liis ck iiH a vassal. ^voiit chaitor ►nipelled Jolm ' rights of all of the king. hout tho con- on t). ispossossed of of Iiis peers, fco all. ^ patriot in ite statement no provision en when his him, and During the governed by depended e foreigners, rew up the ding : of advisers, rs should be ents a year, ivil war at TIIK PLAVTAOFA'KT PKUloD. 21 last broke out. Tho barons, led by Slmon de Montfort, took thc^ king })risoiier at LeweS ui 12()4. Montfort then called his fainnuH Parliaiin'iit, 1205, liaving nol)los, cloigy and cunnions ; but tlio .sanu^ year ho was slaiti at Evesham. .Homy t lion ro- gainod his throiio, and roigiKni until liis death in l'J7-. 2. Simon de Montfort was one of tho foreign favorites of Htuiry ill., and married the king's sister. NooV'ithstanding this he biicanio ilni lender ot the liarons in tln'ir struggle for refoi'in. In the balt^e »»t' Lewes, 1204, tlu^ king was defeated an. THE PLANTA(JENKT PERIOD. 23 iien Edward I. ales, to do ho- n iivmy .'i^^aiiist 3ut in 1281 he The former nd Wales was ef-, the king's VsileSy a title i^» itish Sover- pendence.— leaving his the Maid of d many claim- Jphn Baliol The Scotch ied until they Then he sat icame his vas- itedly bef ro t his govern- ed him, and md. Harsh " Hero of s successful 'id. A few o the hands a grandson Bruce was I'ched north ard II. was castle after astle, Ed- reatest and grandest armies ever led by an English king ; but he was completely defeated \)y Bruce in the Battle of Bannockburn, l.'Ul, which secured the indepen- dence of tbcotUmd. EDWARD IT.— 1307-1327. Kdward II. was idle and fond of bad compan- ions. His promise to carry on the war against tlia Scots, which he made to his father, was forgotten. He allowed them to regain their independence, suffering a terrible defeat at their hands in the Battle of Bannockburn, 13 1 4. His wife, Isabella of France, and his nobles raised an army against him and deposed him, placing his son on the throne. He was afterwards nmrdered. EDWARD III.— 1327-1377. 1. Edward III. became king when a mere boy, nnd for the first three year-s his mother and her favorite, Mortimer, ruled. Early in his reign Ed- ward laid claim to the French ci own by right of his mother, although the claim was worthless, for by the Salic Law, the succession could not pass through a woman's claim. This gave rise to the famous " Hundred Years' War," which lasted, on and off, for nearly 100 years. In 1340, Edward gained a naval victory at Sluys, and in 1346 the French were routed at Cressy, which was followed by the t+king of Calais in 1347. The Black Prince, Edward's eldest son, who had won great fame at Cressy, defeated and took the French king, John, prisoner at Poitiers in 1350. In 1300, the Treaty of Bretig'ny put an end to the war for a time, 24 I m II DBiTisn mmosy notes. broke out again and Hhi P^^lP'^^s. Ti.e war soon n>ost of thefr ^rencf itttJ^J'"^*^ Engl.hTo" called the "Black D^f h '• ^ *'''""ble plague J348. «o JnypeSM/7?*«^'''-EnglandTn , g'-eat scarcity ofVb^p'^r' ji°^ '* *'^''t the^e was a ^ «tj;ug«le between aSow;e.r'"^/?T *''«^« ^--^^ harsh Jaws were parsed toWnTf 'r''"'"*"'^' ^"^ Th.,s re.gn is notable for the rise o^f ^" , ■f\'' ^o^"- SdTrau2;;z'^;:^-^wS?s ReUS^ forerunner of the jnto English, and boldly spot *r''f?,^ "'« Bible ference with English ^aff£ fr 1 ?""""> '^te"- known as Lollards, and in aft.. ^""''^^'^ ^^^e ^er*' put to death'asherett, ^w'r.^^^^fthem ^as safe, as he enjoyed the fl;^ ^>^'^?' ^^^^^er, °f John Of Gaui{ thj^rot'::^ £ p---' I R. /'''''^^^ ^1-1377-1399. As he S"o4'I-CwtnTel ^^^^'^ ^-0^ a council was appointed to rule T"f f'' ''^^ *'''-"°«. ants of England' revoLd under wlf 4^ ^.'^^ ^^"^^ -The revolt was crn^h^^ ^^^ing part m labor, 'l-^h. In theLTwe^'r^ther-Z-eputtc. ' *''® people got what :i 3. •ench crown in The Wrir soon he English lost terrible plague, ^er England in at there was a /esLvs there was laborers, and latter down, jlish literature, > the Reformer, •unner of the ted the Bible ' Roman inter- ollowers were many of them jliife, however, nd protection dward III. THE PLANTAGENET PERIOD. 25 they wished. Richard ruled well for several years and made good laws, but at last he began to rule absolutely and the people turned against him. In 1398, a quarrel arose between the Duke of Norfolk and Henry, son of John of Gaunt. Richard in- terfered and banished both. The next year Henry returned to recover his father's estates, wliich Richard had seized. The king was in Ireland at the time, and on his return he was dethroned by the Parliament, and Henry was made kijig. Richard was soon afterwards murdered. Black Prince, i the throne, 81, the peas Tyler and They asked : which had ■TIL to pay their ibor. were put to got what I II 1! iii ; 1 \ w LANCASTRIAN PERIOD. l.S9t)-l.Jl. Henry IV.-(;raiulsoii of E(L 111. l.?99-1413. Henry V. -Son - . - 141 8- 1 422. Henry VI.— Son - - - 1422-1461. THE YORKIST PERIOD. 1461—1485. Edward IV.— Son of Duke of York 1401-1483. Edward V.--Son - - - 1483. Richard III.— Uncle - - 148.3-1485. Characteristioi.—Qrowth of Parliament for a time gradual abolition of Villeinage ; destruction o Feudal System ; founding of the ** New Men archy." HENRY IV. — 1399-1413. Henry IV. received his crown from Parlia ment, and to secure his position he had tb keep in favor with the Parliament and the clergy. Tin. House of Commons gained the sole right to grant money to the king ; to please the Church the Lol lards were persecuted, W^iUiam Sawtre being thi first person put to death for heresy in England. Henry had much trouble with the Percies — the Earl of Northumberland and his son — and with the Scots and the Welsh ; but he was successful against them all, the chief battles being at Homildon Hill in 1402, and Shrewsbury in 1403. 26 LANCASTRIAN PERIOD. 27 •ERIOD. [M. 14 1 ;m 422. 1422-1461. ERIOD. ik 1 40 M 48.3. 1483. 148.3-1483. nent for a time 5 ; destruction o the «« New Men 413. vn from Parlia e had tO keep in he clergy. TJk. '■ right to grant Church the Lol Wtre being tlit sy in England. 3 Percies— thu n— and with the iccessful against lomildon Hill HENRY v.— 1413-1422. Henry V. was a very popular king. Early in his reign he granted to the House of Commons the concession that their petitions, now called bills, weie not to l)e changed by the king before lie ass(!nted to them to make them law. The persecution of the Lollards was continued in this reign. The French king being insane, Henry revived the English claim to the French throne and prepared for war. In 1415, he took Harfleur and won a great victory at Agincourt. Three years later Rouen was taken after a long siege. Just at this time the Duke of Burgundy was murdered by friends of the Dauphin, the French king's son. The Burgundians in revenge went over to Henry's side, and in 1420 the Treaty of Troyes was signed, by which Henry was appointed Regent of France and heir to the French crown, and was to marry Catharine, the daughter of the French king. Two years later Henry died. HENRY VI.— 1422-1461. I. Henry VI. was only a year old when liis father died. His uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, a selfish, quarrelsome man, ruled in England, while another uncle, the wise Duke of Bedford, became Regent of France. The French war continued, and the English con(|uered all France north of the Loiie. While they were besieging Orleans in 1428, a peasant girl named Jeanne Dare, or "Joan of Arc," who claimed that she was sent by God to crown the Dauphin, placed herself at the head of the French I! ! I I \ I 1 1 I !j 28 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. forces, and raised the siege. She won many victoric over the English, but, being taken prisoner, she \v,i burned as a witch in 1431. 8oon after, Bedford divi and the English rapidly lost ground. Bur«;undy wen over to the side of France afijain. In 1445, Henry \' 1 married Margaret of AnjOU and gave up tli( province of Anjou to his father in-law. Norman(i\ was reconquered by the Froncii in 1449. At last tin war came to an end in 1453, and Calais was th( only French possession left to the English. ^ In 1450, there was a rebellion under Jack Cade, the people demanding : — s (1) Free elections. (2) That the foreign favorites should be sent away (3) That there should be a change in the king^ advisers. The rebellion was put down and Cade was killed The last event of the reign was the beginning of t the Wars of the Roses. Henry was deposed in « 1461, and was murdered ten years later. ^' 2. The Hundred Years' War.— Edward III. * claimed the crown of France and went to war to en- ^ force his claim. The chief events in the early part of the struggle were a naval victory at Sluys, the b.attle of Cressy, the siege of Calais, and the batth- of Poitiers. The Treaty of Bretigny, 1360, put an end to the war for a time. Soon it recommenced, and before the death of Edward the English had lost nearly all their French possessions, although the war continued into the reign of Richard II. Henry V. revived the claim to the French throne, and after a few years' war, in which the principal event was the battle of Agincourt, the Treaty of Troyes, in 1420, brought about a tem- porary peace. After Henry's death the French war { !^OTES. LANCASTRIAN PERIOD. 29 won many victoric^as renewed, and the English power increased, en prisoner, she wajcanne Darc first turned the tide of success against attei*, Bedford di('(fche English, and after the year 14 28 their power de- nd. Burgundy w<'fiplined. Little by little they lost what they had won. In 1445, Heniy \' I until, in 14.53, when the struggle ended, Calais alone and gave up tJureinained to England. ill-law. Normandv 3. The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485).— 1449. At last till The Duke of York had a better claim to the d Calais was thtcrown than Plenry VI., as he was descended English. from the second and fourth sons of Edwaid III., illion under Jack^^^^^® t^'^ Lancastrians were descendants of the third son. York had been heir to the throne until the birth of Piince Edward, son of Henry VI. In 1454, lould be sent away. Henry became insane and York was made Protector, ange in the king's but on the king's recovery he was driven from court. He then took up arms, claiming the crown, and thus [ Cade was killed, began the famous civil war, known as the ^A/ars of 3 the beginning ot the Roses— the Lancastrians wearing a red rose ry was deposed in and the Yorkists a white rose as a badge. They later. lasted over thirty years, during which there were t". — Edward II L twelve battles fought. In 1460, the Duke of York ent to war to en- ^^^ killed at W^akefield, but his son Edward con- in the early part tinned the struggle. After the bloody battle of ^ry at Sluys the Towton Moor in 1461 Henry lost his throne and is, and the battle ^^^ succeeded by Edward IV., the first of the York- tig-ny, 1360, put ists. The Earl of Warwick, the "Kingmaker," 1 it recommenced. '^^^ ^ Yorkist at first, but, becoming offended at Ed- English had lost ward IV., he went over to the Lancastrians, and suc- ilthough the wai oeeded in restoring Henry VI. to the throne. In the 1 II. battle of Barnet, however, in 1471, he was defeated to the French and slain. Soon after, Henry VI. and his son, Prince in which the Edward, were murdered, and the Lancastrians were Agfincourt the completely overthrown for a time. The last battle ?ht about a tem- was at Bosworth Field in 1485, when Henry the French war Tudor, the leader of the Lancastrians, defeated and slew Richard III. Lr r i si I , i f "f ao URITISn IIISTOKY NOTES. Results of the Wars of the Roses.— (I) Mosi of the fiveat nobles of England were killed, and tlu' king gained almost absolute power ; (2) The Feuda. System was completely swept away. EDWARD IV.— 1461-1483. 1. Edward IV. carried on .the war against thol Lancastrians with great energy, and overthrew theniM in several battles ; but while the nobles and their fol^' lowei's were fighting, the middle classes were growing rich. The great majority of the nobles had been slain in the Wars of the Roses ; the clergy were afraid of the spread of Lollardism ; and the rich com- moners thought only of themselves. All these causes u combined to increase greatly the power of the kiijg,7i and he ruled with an iron hand. Edward IV. wasf rich from the confiscated estates of Lancastrian m nobles, from forced loans, fines, and *' benevolences ' ,at or presents, and thus was able to rule without the aid of Parliament. Thus rose what is called the New Monarchy, which lasted until the revolution in 1688. An important event of this reign was the introduction of printing into England by W^illiam Caxton. 2. William Caxton, who had been on the con- tinent for some years, returned in 1476 and set up the first printing-press in England. He printed all the English works he could secure, and placed them on sale at a reasonable price. He translated many works and printed them in English, and h J a great influence on the form of our literary English. He was patronized by kings and nobles. Printing paved the way for the Reformation, as the Bible was one of the earliest books printed. 1 » : I? OTES. LANCASTIMAN PKKIOl). 31 EDWARD v.- 1483.- 1-1483. Roses.— (I) Most 3re killed, and tlu r; (2) The Feudal ,y. Edward V. r^'ic^nod only a few woeks. Plis icle, Richard, J>uke of (Jloucester, became Pro- ctor, and Edward and his brother, the Duke of brk, wei'e placed in tlie Tower. Their friends vveie le war against the^^ ^^^ death, and soon after, Edward was deposi d id overthrew theni^^ Richard became king. The *' Boy Princes," a^ obles and their fol^^y were called, were afterwards murdered. isses were growing nobles had been ; the clergy wen; RICHARD III.— 1483-K85. and the rich com- Richard III. tried to rule well, but his crimes . Ail these causes iuml the people to hate him. In 148.5, Henry )Ower of the king,fudor, a descendant of John of Gaunt, and leader ilidward IV. wasf the Lancastrians, landed in England and defeated ^ ut ^^^castrian „d sltw Richard at Bosworth Field, the last benevolences ".attle of the Wars of the Roses, le without the aid called the New he revolution in s reign was the nd by William been on the con- 476 and set up He printed all _J — nd placed them translated many and h J a great / English. He Printing paved B Bible was one TUDOR PERIOD. 1485- -160a ^-nryVlI., descendant of John of Henry vW "sr ^'/^^'^-'^ "^ H85-I509. Edward Vl.-Son Mary I_HaIf-sister . BIizabeth-Half-sister 1509-1547. 1547-]553. J''>53-1558. 1558- J 603. T-e Refori?rr„Unr '^'^ ^''-''. I Hen ''^'''''' ''"•~^'''-'^««- ' c tiie Jaws were iinPf^ K^« ^^^>ver. ihose wh 1 Henry „ot only incre^!;, T'^'^y' '^nd in this way llll-fy rich 'uke Sard iT^r^'^ but/ pendent on his Parliament tn^ •' l'^ ^^ not de 1 het- ^'"' Yorkists^!," forlrH .'"'"'^ *'»<>«* abso g the throne, the first l^iL jZ u ^"^^ Pretenders t. I Arfh,.! ■'^^"'■y had two son, „ j . Warbeck wa y> h^^H" Z^ '"^'•^d to S,!- '^ *^° daughter, p ' after h,s death, by the 1^; • ."°^ °^ Arrag-on o, ^.pe, she married S^^ll P"^™'««°« o^^the e^ Margaret married jf "ef' IV ?«" ^'"" ^'•"ther. tl S H '"■"!^ ^'^^ King of pTan^! ^'?"''"''' and a, '"" "'« 'ntroduction of the Ne» r ^" ^'''^ '"^ig" « «ew Learning, a.s tj I TunoK I'Kiaoi). 33 lOD. )Im of ni. 1485-1509. 1509-1547. 1547-1553. 155.3-1558. 1558-1603. lie New Monarch 5-1509. zabeth of Yor' 3 Lancastrians an les to oppose liin )ower. Those wh^ , and in this way n power but h J he was not de ruled almost abso |two pretenders t( :rt Simnel, an( th were defeated |but Warbeck was 1 two daughters, e of Arragon, jermission of the :ounger brother. Scotland, and In this reign Learning, a.s it was called; and tho discoveries of Columbus, the CabotS, Juid VasCO di Garni, eomnwucod a new era in llie connneice of tlie vvoild. 2. The New Learning. The Crusades ^ave the peoj)l(! of Imhojk; an iiittuciiani^e of ideas. Tlio diseoveiy of tho shape and niotioii of tlie eai'tli broadened in<'n's minds. The inti'o(hi(;t ion of the mariner's compass enabled sailors to launch out upon the deep. Tlie stoti(\s of disc-overy and exploiation in the New Woild lilled men with excitement and wond(^r. The capture of Constantino[)le by the Turks iti 1 lo.'J caus(*d many leai-ncd (h'ec^ks to tlee to -Ital}', whei'e they set up schools to which scholars from all parts of Europe llock<'d. Grtiek becanui very popular. Printing phuMul books in the hands of th(5 connnon peo])le at a reasonable price. A gen- eral desire for learning was awakent^d, and this revival is called the "New Birth," or tho "New Learning." In England it, took a religious tendency and the liiblo was placcnl in the hands of the peophi. The grc'at lenders were Coiet, ErasmuS, and Sir Thomas More. Tl'e last mentioned may be re- garded as the English representative of this New Learning. He was the fii'st great writer of modern English prose, and his Utopia projK)sed many re- forms, which have since been adopted, and some for which we are still striving. 3. The Star Chamber, so called from the dec- orations of the room in which it met, was a court established by Henry \M. to try offences against th(; state. Tlie judges were appointed by tho crown, and in many instatices gave veiy unjust decisions in the king's fcv/or, making the ccjurt au instfument of tyranny. It was abolished })y the Long Parliament. 4. During the days of Feudalism, the nobles had M ' t >■ 1 i* i i V H \i \ ^ 34 ijitrnsn ms'i'oKv notes. in tlioir H(»rvioo many livori^nl rotninorH, who fornKi a little ai-iiiy rcs-uly to do the lM(l(lin«(of their' n»,'i,st«' To hisscn the jMjwcr of the jiohlcs llcMiry \'Il. abil ishod this system of maintenance. HENUY Vlll.— mOD-lf)!;. I. Henry VIII. was handsome, iM'i Pu]«'. i\v. always (Midrav orcd to st r<'!i<;t lien the kind's ]i((\\('r, and to .i;aiii lintiof and wcallli tor liini- self. lie avoided, as niueli as {>ossilile, callin<:; ParlianM-nt. H' rn'v at last Lri'<*\v tiit'd of liis wife, Catharine of Arragon, and wislied tog(;tadivoire. W'olsey dared not opjiose the divoi'ce fearing to lose tli(» favoi" of the kini^ ; lie dai'ed not fa\or it for fear of Catliarin(;'s nephew, Charles W of (lei- majiy, wiio had promised to aid him to h<'('(»me Po}te. In th(* end his doul)l(! dealin,<( was fonnd out, and lie was sti'ip[)ed of all his jxilitical oilii*es. A yoai" later lie was arrested on aeliarge of treascjn, hut died on his w.iy to London (IT).')!)). 3. Thomas Cromwell l>eeame the kini^'s secre- taiy in lo.'U), and for ten years lahoie'd hai'd t(j in- crease tlie kin<^'s power. Ho w;i,s a hard, st(!rn m.iii, and spared no one that stood in his way, and his term of ofHei; was a period of terroi*. The; Ijest and noblest of the land went to tiie block. Even Sir lead of the En ivoreed, one dieil ^")47, leaving tli( ►lary, the daugli len to Elizabeth, time was the bi'inging aV)out of the Keforniation in England. In 1 r>.'^).'i -4: he had two acts passed by Parliariient, the first foi-bidding the payment of ''first fiuits" to Kome, and the second "The Act of Supremacy," making Henry Suprenn; Head of the Church. TVie clergy were forcfd to acknowledge Henry's supremacy, appeals to Kome were foibidd* 11, and soon after tlie kinif tjot his lonued-for di\-orce. In 1536, the smaller monasteries w^ere suppressed. Three years later the largei* ones also were abolished, and the king and many nobles were enriched wirli tl le spoi L But a new court party was arisin g» th( i 1 I Iji I I i I ''i ; ' i i! 36 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. religious changes were giving new energy to the peo pie, and the revival of pai-lianients opened up tli» avenue for action. At last Cromwell's enemies gaine(» the upper liand. The match with Anne of ClcNes, a Protestant princess of Germany, which he arranged, was distasteful to the king, and Cromwell was ac cused of treason by his enemies and was executed. 4. Thomas Cranmer gained the favor of Henry VI II. by saying that the divorce should be referred to the Universities of Eurojje instead ( f being left to the Pope. He was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1533, and soon after granted Henry a divorce from Catharine. He was a zealous Reformei', and had the l>il)le translated and read in the churches. He also favored the suppression of the monasteries. He was one of the principal advisers of Edward VI., and aided in drawing up the Forty-two Articles of Religion and the Book of Com- mon Prayer, ^n Mary's reign he was arrested ami burned at the stake as a heretic. 5. Marriages of Henry VIII. -Henry had six wives : The first was Catharine of Arragon, who was the mother of Mary 1. !She was divorced in 1533 The second was Anne Boleyn, the mother of IIli2'abeth. She was beheaded. The third was Jane Seymour, mother of Ed- ward VI. She died at the time of Edward's birth. T? e fourth, Anne of Cieves, was divorced. Tiie fifth, Catharine Howard, was beheaded. The sixth, Catharme Parr, survived lier hus- 6. The Reformation. — AVyclifTe had strongly vipposed the Popes interfei'ence in English afTairs, but the Reformation was brought about in England I n ' >TES. TUDOR I'KIilon. 37 energy to the peo nts opened up tli. ^H's eneiuies gainec, Aline of Cleves, ;i ^vhich he arranged, Crornwe]! was ac' id was executed, 'd the favor of divorce should be Europe instead < f ade Archbishop of ■ granted Henry .i zealous R,efonnei' "d read in th.' oppression of tJic iiicipal advisers of P the Forty-two Book of Com- 3 was arrested and II. -Henry liad rag-on, who was ivorced in ]53.3 , the mother of mother of Ed- Edward's birth. s divorced. 'Vas belieaded. rvived iier hus- ^ had stronrrlv English affairs, out in England by Henry's divorce. Laws were passed forbidding appeals to Rome, and tlie payment of " first fruits " to the Pope, and also making Henry VIII. Supreme Head of the Church. Then the monasteries were suppressed. Henry was by no means a Pi-otestant ; he retained many of the old Roman Catholic beliefs, although a few, such as the invocation oi saints and prayers for tlie dead, were rejected. ]>oth Roman Catholics and Protestants were put to death for not accepting the king's beliefs. In the reign of Edward VI. a great cliange took place. All laws against Lollards and Protestants were repealed ; images were destroyed ; mass was abolished; the Book of Common Prayer, which con- tained the church services in Knfiflish, was prepared.; and the Forty two Articles of Religion were drawn up containing the creed of the Church of England. In Mary's nngn the Roman Catholic religion was restored, and there was a fierce persecution of Protestants. On the accession of Elizabeth the Church was brought back to what it was in Edward's reign, with a few exceptions— the Prayer-book being changed somewhat, and the forty-two Articles being reduced to thirty nine. The clergy had to acknowledge Elizal)eth's supremacy, and all people had to attend the English Church services. Thus the Reformation was completed. EDWARD VT.— ir)47-l.')r)3. Edward VI. came to the throne at the age of ten. His uncle, the Duke of Somerset, Nvas made Pi-otector. Aw army was sent to Scotland in 1547 to to force a marriage between Edward and young I 3S nrciTisH nisToiiv .votks. The cMef'featuef; rr"''''-^''^^«'*°P™ C-uamer were zea ou.lv Tn *''!,'^">g' Somerset, djner and Bonner t«T r '* '" ^"«"«J'- G took their places Th^se 1 ^^*"ner and Rjd; content, and there we eTeve :?»"?' '''•''^*^'l ■""«'' ">"ntry S,n,erset a Jast Jos "«' ^'^oughout , ««eded by the Duke otNnJu"'^'^ ^"'' ^^'^ «' kmg s health failed in 1 35S n i^x'?'"''^'"'and. T fear of Ar,„y, ,^,^^ 1; n '. '^ Northumberland Pe-'suaded Ed.vard to '"ave hir?* ^^"'"'" Pathol, Grey, the great cmntl T I '"*'"'" ^ Lady Tar "-"^ N-'^u^hea/ie;^ fc^"- ' Mary I.— Tl,e effort tn > . on the throne failed am) °^.P"'^ ^''''Jy ^^"6 Qvo, -ere beheaded. The'rfli£ ""^ ^°«h"'nberia re.gn was undone. The Pone ^ """"^ °^ ^^J-''"''^ of the English Church an^R"''' ^'i^'" '"''^''^ Hea.l restored. In the lat ei- part^r^f" ^^.^hoHoism wa I' persecution of the pJZ^l *''"/'''" "^ *''«'•« wa.s ™er, Ridley and hun X ot?" , ^^'^T^^' Lat- ourned at the stake. I„ jr.^f t''^"- degree were V,'»«". Philip of Snain ' ^^■•^'•y married her d-.sliked by tL E^fr' l\r'"''''^ *''** ^^ muc Her husband neglected her i"'^" ■■"'■«" ^''« «'>ort and the Joss of Calai<» H i '"''P^'^P'e disliked her ^--e, filled hSf^^Vtit '''f ^ Vr-'-^" s>orrow. fehe died in 1558, iV NOTKS. he 8oots were defe.t «entMaryoif'toFra ^ei-n was the --. the king, Somer.^ \h row TUDOR PliRIOI). ELIZABETH.— 1558-1()03. ;30 t.£i-ed. M? set, ai I. Elizabeth was warmly welco led to the throre, ^ ass Was ah^nd never lost her popularity during her long ^^^^^^ "^^ English. Ga'eign of 45 years. She had difficultNvoik to do. 'H CathoJic bishoi.^t the beginning of her reign there existed discontent -arimer and Ri(j](ind religious strife at home, and war and defeat ges created much (ijibroad. Besides, Mary Queen of ScotS claimed sings througliout i\the English crown. Elizabeth chose wise counsellors, ' P^^^^^j ^nd Was sijand soon the condition of affairs improved. The ^^'^^Oerland. 'Jljdifficulties of her position made Elizabeth more de- "^^''^"^Jnherland, jpendent on parliamenij, and the House of Commons Konian Catholi,now began the long struggle to recover their old 1 own to La(jy j^j^ pov/er, which ended only with the Revolution in f^J^of Henry VII., t 1688. The English Church was again separated from ^lecl his son. Rome, and the people were compelled to conform to the services as contained in the Prayer-book and to acknowledge Elizabeth as Head of the Church. "^'^^"' Elizal^eth for many years avoided foreign wars, and J was thus able to keep down taxation and make her \ AT "^ Jane Grov people prosperous. This reign was a time of great jorthumberlaii'i maritime enterprise, nnd English sailors were found ork or Edward^ on all the seas. In 1587, Mary Queen of Scots was ^gain made Head beheaded after an imprisonment of nineteen years, lan Catholicism wm.s The next year the « Invincible Armada," sent out reign there was by Spain to conquer England, was almost destroyed, v^rannier, Lat- ^^^d England then became " mistress of the seas." ^«er degree were The last importa,nt event of the reign was the com- IMary married her pletion of the conquest of Ireland by Lord '^ tjiat was much « Mountjoy. reign ^.ig shorr. 2 The Puritans.—The Church of England, as er ; established by Elizabeth, was not extreme. The queen wished to take a middle position, and so bend both Roman Catholics and extreme Protestants to >«^ple disliked h iglish possession ia ^iie died in 155.S, 40 m ""'■"«" I>I«TORY NOTES. W way of worsliippinf. ivr a purer Jhnn of w ^ ."H;, ^^"'^ "^ the latter wi. Puritans. Tl.ir h? i,'^';' fr J''"""'' '-'"- . t>"n to right were stn ,; , , ,f ''f" '■^"d "'eir d, and they f „,„;,,, «„ ^'^J'' '*« >» ti.eir charac grace tl,e page of history ""'''*'"' "^"'^ t offii K;^,e*;ef4f's oVj^e ^"!-i^'ffh, had ,, and Mary. vVhe„ E .Vabe^l?"'"^ ^ "^ ' ^^'*ard ^ became Secretary of 8.1,^ T""" *° *''" ^''t^one Jike the queen, was anx ous to" '''•', ^^"''"»«' ^^ He aided iu brin.^ino- '), 1 *° ''^'^'d foreign w,-, of the glory of El Lfb h'f "^ ■'■^V'"''' '"^'^ '""' counsels ami acts of Cecil p^",?'\^"« *" the wi , 4- MaryOueennf c ,-'^'* d'«'iu 1598. ul woma/orher"thL^L°*F "'" *''^ "-' »>-"' ^-ug^-t up in Fran e r;vhere r^'t I^" ^'"^ '-^ Dauphm, afterwards iCcIs Tr ^u*^ ™^^"«<^' «' ^ ^idow, and returned to L.-' ^ " '^''^ ''°''° '^^ second hu.hand, Lord n, ,"''"'* ^" ^^Cl. H,.^ a..d Mary married the „,?f "^3^' ^-^ ".u.dere,,' the murderer. Tlie Scot ]n K " ""'T ''S<^'ded .,= the throne, and she fled to p ^'^ ^''""^ ''<^'- fro:,> was a dangerous rival of EI,V?f ^"''/° ^'"^>^- S'"- the English crown and^Lf "*'"' ''■■'^'"g claime.^ nineteen year.,. He" rell " '"f-^''^'^ ^ pHsoner f > Plottinff to „..;„ > 1' "^eyious friend.s n,„.. i "ineteen years. Her'reH,:,';,';, "'^.^eld a prisoner i,,' ain her freTd fand?'"*^' "^^'"^ ^'"-■^'"V "t.hUnNZrr'l^'r*'';'''-- Eliza. fi'%f::;;.-[,.^-do,n and to overthrow ...,,.■ . 5 The Span sh A V'''' beheaJed. i i-sels haflfe^^^^jmada (1588, M^^^^ ^pan-^' the!/lr.;svf r^ lor reveriire, Pl,iJm%i^^ , ""^P ^* Spain , ^f W Ships, fuJi;n,,3^ ^"^ ^ ^-oat fle,,.>^ / manned and commanded by the '' «Y Notes. TUDOIt I'KHIOI). 41 J'^y of the Icatfcor wis)^^ oflicers of Spain, to coikiikt iMiirland an-arded • ^^^i'*^^*^ *^'^ them, and this produced great discontent. "i^or, drove\er froi,^^ ^^^^' ^^^ ^^^^' Hugh O'Neill Earl of Tyrone, fand in ir>G8. 81 P^^ ^" rebellion with the assistance of Spain. The 'th, liaving claime(^^^^ ^^ Essex, who was sent to crush the rising, ^ held a prisoner f( .^olishly made a truce with the Irish and returned lends never cease '^°^^'" ^^^^ ^^^^ stripped of his offices, and Lord o overthrow EJiz- ^Ountjoy was sent over. He put down the rebel- beheaded, io^? '^^*^^ since that time the whole of Ireland has been >^^8j.— Many Span-'^^j^^'^ ^'' English rule, English privateer 7; The Elizabethan Poets.— Times of great <^^ed the Dutch i ^^^ional exciten.ent always produce great writers. Philip of Soain ^^^ religious changes, the discoveries, and the defeat out a j^-reat fl .^,^f the Armada thrilled the EngHsh people, and this ommanded bv tJi ''^^8^^ ^'^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^*^ brightest periods of English Literor n \: IiV NOTKS. prince of writers, so wel], belongs t( ^ys which are actp( ay- Edmund Spe ir poets, his chief >eth's Reign.— ^ ne she found En death the countrj her wise rule En- droved methods in manufactures and r the fall of Ant ecame the great m, editions were sent STUART PERIOD. 10031714. ■Son of Mary Queen of l(i03 1625. 1(520-1649. 1()4<)-1660. 1660-1685. 1685-1688. 1689-1702. 1689-1694. 1702-1714. James 1. Scots . - . - - Charles I. — Son (The Coninionweultli) Charles II. — Son of Charles I. James II. — Brother - William III. — Son-in-law and nephew - - - - - .Maiy II.— Daughter of James II Anne, Daughter of James II. ^ ~^^^^^^^^^3,nchararferistirs.—The Struggle between King and Parlia= nade responsible f( ment-Parliament victorious. yen luxury were f( The Bible became JAMES L— 1603-1625. cantism was orpifi lered to be ' I- James I. of England was also James VI. 1 historv ^^^ ^^ Scotland. He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots, nd great-grandson of Henry VII. He received he crown solely because of his birth. He believed rmly in the " Divine Right of Kings," as he called it, hat is, that the king received liis power from God ,nd no subject should dare to limit it. The Puritans t^ere very strong in the House of Commons, and they vere determined that Parliament should regain the DOwer it had before the Wars of the Roses. James ivas equally determined to have absolute power, and 50 there was continual trouble. The king also de- sired a union with Spain and a marriage between Prince Charles and a Spanish princess. This was bitterly opposed by Parliament because Spain was a ^ 4S history. I 'I H., ■■h 44 ""'•nsn „,.sTo,n- notm. '«'>".i.. Catlu.lic country !„ „ ''"'ken o/r ami Cha Z^' ^ '^'"' <••'«' H'o .., Maria of j-vlneo r """' """''^J '" H Gunpowder Plot L ! "1^7 '''"'J, Millie, Bible were ul.su important i ^''^nslation -■- Ko,„a„"Sffi?cf to f (^«0^)--a' ^''"■''anient at the openin ° , f .T "^ ^"*'' Ki "l^'e-; ti.e building TaTswJ'f *^l ''^^'''°"- ^ Fawkes was to'l^Tt the f "''''' P""^''^'"''-''' .{'»" plot was discovered and 1"'' "' "'« P''"!* ; ' '•""' very harshlaws If"^ '"'^'^'■'^^ "^^^ -'-'"nan Catholics ^"^^ P^^^ed agai,, Juir'JS's^.?ralfrJ5^, ^''^^e.-Du,,, ""^de. James I. caused l?" "^ *''« «ible King James' Version is^'''°"^«^ Versio 4- Sir Walter Slh ""''''' •'»°°'''n>° Eluabeths reign."^ He g,,T 'i "*^*«^ <^°"« Amenca, which he named \^1^° /°»"d ^ ^^'o'- ^-ariy in James' reiJT.! ^'"^g^mia, after the ,„ P"t Arabella Stuart „' ^"""e'-ned in a p t';e throne. Por th^^V! T"'"" "^ ^'"8 ^^me w'>ere he remained for twt.v '""'= *'^ t'"' IVi Jy wnting a Histo^ o^ uV^"!"'" '" ''- ''e was released on tlie n. ■ ® World. In h ^ gold mine in South /™"!''« *''''* ^e would ro ^^« to bring about a '"''V ^«* ^^''eight , , b-ealc off the Sprn"4'Vatcr'^''\«P-'^ -'^ ' STUAKT I'KRIOr). 45 ^^ t/lo OJlfi fl. ^as iriarned to R ''''^^^ Thirty Years' War (ir,ls.i64S) was ^^^1 UnliL-o xi^i- f*^^d between tli(5 Koiuaii CatiiolicH and Protestants "^^'Carrand y-,, "ermany. Ihe leader o *'^^6 Transl • '^'^^^' son-in-law, tlie Electc ^ ^v-ents of tf •''^^"- ^^'""^^^ Elizabeth Stuart. He was t Plot (1005)^^*^ ^'^'^^'rince Rupert and the Princess Sophia, after- o bJow un K r,^^ '? J is noted in Eni^lish history. Jam- s ^ave little f the Protestants was Elector of the Rhine, ^vlio le lather of the red e fus "P both Ki session. ^\ ^i to his son in-law, though the En<^'lish people with Do 7 stron!axe concerned in a murder, and was obliged to re- d to fo ^ ^^^rti'Q from Court. The next favorite was VilHers, Tginia. ft ^ coJ^no was created Duke of Buckingham. He was conce ' rl ^^ '^* statesman, and was very unpopular with the Eng- usin of K' ^^ ^ P^'ih. He was murdered early in the reign of Charles I. ^s sent J^^^ ^^^^}-- S. Sir Francis Bacon was a noted lawyer and years, miin 'e Toriter in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. He fie \A/ 1^^ ^^ ^''^ '^^ under the displeasure of Elizabeth by opposing a 3 th'if h ^^ iibsidy which had been asked of Parliament, and. . j^ , P ^ould renough a nephew of Cecil, he received no preferment Vith o .^^^'^ <'i.uring the queen's life. In James' reign his ability 2^ P^in and tfas recognized, and he rose to the post of Lord he ^ ^^^^ ^^ej-j. Chancellor, but was impeached before the House beheaT^^r^^^''' '"^^""^ "^^^^^ ^""^^ taking "presents" (bribes). He was J ' ^ ^ t ^^. ^^^*' (tripped of all his offices and condemned to pay a ^ ^e opaiii. leavy fine, but the fine was remitted by the king. 46 IJIUTISII HISTOUV NoTKS. CHARLES I.— 1025-1649. 1. Charles I. was courtly and religious, but, like his father, he was stubborn and wished for abso- lute power. Early in his rei,i,ni lie was compelled to sign the famous Petition of Right, but lie after- wards continued to levy taxes on his own authority, the most noted of these being Ship-Money. From 10 29 to 1640 he ruled without parliaments, and his chief advisers were Strafford and Laud. An effort to force bishops on the Scots bi'oughb about the sign- ing of the National Covenant in 1638. In 1640, Charles called the famous Long" Parliament. After two years of disputing, a civil war broke out, in which the king was worsted. He was tried and beheaded in 1649. 2. The Petition of Right (1628).— Charles I. got into debt on account of a war with France, and he called a parliament. The members would not grant him any supplies until he signed the Petition of Right- The chief provisions were : — (1) No taxes were to be levied without the consent of Parliament. (2) No person was to be imprisoned unjustly. (3) Soldiers were not to be billeted upon the people. (4) There was not to be martial law in time of peace. 3. Sir Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Straf- ford, had been opposed to the king as long as Buck- ingham lived, but on the death of that duke he at once swung over to the king's side. From 1633 to 1640 he ruled Ireland as Lord- Lieutenant. His system, which was to rule with the assistance of a standing army, he called Thorough. He was be- headed in 1641 on the charge of treason. STUAKT I'KUlOl). 47 4. Archbishop Laud luul chai«,'o <»f Churcn af- fairs, lie liat(Ml tlu) J*ui'itaiis, and a«^Miu introduct'd into the churcli sei'viot;s many of i\\o. old jiracticca wliich liad lung bfien cast casido. His interference in Scottish church affairs caused the signing? of the Na- tional Covenant. He was arrested in 1G41, and after four years' imprisonment was beheaded. 5. Ship-Money (1634-IG38).— Charles took many ways of raising money, tlie most noted tax btang Ship- Money. This had been an ancient tax laid on coast counties in time of war, to raise a lleet. Charles now levied it on every county. It was objected to be- cause — (1) The king had no authoriry to levy the tax. (2) This was a time of peace. (3) Inland, as well as coast counties, had to pay the tax. (4) It was thought to be for an army, not a fleet. John Hampden refused to pay the tax, but the judges — tools of the king — decided against him. 6. The National Covenant (1038).— The king and Laud wished to force bishops on the Scots, and ordered a liturgy, or regular church service, to be read in the Scottish churches. Riots started in Edin- burgh, and the Scots rose in a body against the changes. High and low signed the National Covenant declaring their determination to resist the changes, which they called popery. The signers were called Covenanters. 7. The Long Parliament.— In 1640, Charles called the famous Lons; Parliament, so named because it was the longest in English history. It compelled the king to acknowledge that it could not be dis- solved without its own consent, and it sat with cer- tain interruptions for nineteen years. Among its in 48 HinTisir iiisTofi'V notks. noted members were Pym, Hampden, Vane Jind Cromwell. 'I'l>t^ »StM('y was dt^cluicd ill('l,^•Ll, In 1G4I, tli(3 I'arliamenb dn^vv up the Grand Remonstrance, n stateniciit of all Charles' iiiis<^M)vt'riiii)enb. lii 10 IS, those iihmhIhms wlio were favoiahle to Charles were excluded by Col. Pride. (This is called Pride's Purge.) The remain- der, nicknamed the Rump, a[)}>()inted a Hij^di Cour-t of Justice to try the king. In lOTj.'i, the Iiump was expelled by Cromwell, bub in 1051) it was recalled l)y General Lambert. The next year the members ordered a new election and then dissolved. 8. The Civil War. — The king's party were called Cavaliers, the leatlers being the king and Prince Rupert, his nephew. The Parliamentary ])a]'ty were called Roundheads from the Puritan pi'actice of clipping the hair. Tlie leader was at lii'st the Earl of Essex, but afterwards General Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell commanded the army. Cromwell was the leader of the famous Ironsides— a regiment of cavalry. The first events of the war were the in- decisive battles of Edgehill in 1042 and Newbury in 1043. In 1043, the Parliament got the Scots to aid them and promised to make Presbyterianism the established religion of England. At Marston Moor in 1044 and Naseby in 1045, the king was totally defeated. Charles then gave himself up to the Scots, bub they handed him over to the Parliament. 9- John Hampden was a noted patriot of the reigns of James I. and Charles I. He refused to pay Ship-Money and the case Avas tried, but the judges decided against him. lie was a prominent member of the Long Parliament, and was so active against the king that the latter tried to arrest him along with STUART Pi:HIf)I>. 49 four others. He joined the Roundheads in the Civil War, and was killed in a skirmish al Chalcrrove Field in 104^. '^THE COMMONWEALTH," 1010 1600. 1. The Commonwealth. — Tnu.iediatcly after the death of Cliai'les 1. tlic Rump aholislicd the ofHce of king, and also the House ')f Lords, as being useless and dangerous. A Council of State was appointed to govern the country. Bradshaw was made President of the Council, and Cromwell, Fairfax and Vane were among its niemheis. In IGo.'i, the liunip was expelled hy Cromwell, and the same year he })ecame Protector, and governed with success for five years. On his death in 1G58, his son, Richard Cromwell, became Protector, but being unused to such a trying position he soon resigned. General Lambert was aiming at the Protector-ship, l)Ut his plans were frustrated by General Monk. After the dissolution of the Long Parliament in IGGO, the Convention Parliament invited Prince Charles over as king, and thus the period of English history known as the Commonwealth was ended. 2. Prince Charles. — In 1G49, the Royalists of Ireland rose in favor of Prince Charles, son of Charles I. Cromwell was sent over and in the sieges of Drog"heda and Wexford the Irish were put down with great cruelty. In 1650, Charles came to Scot- land, and on promising to accept the National Coven- ant, was made king. Cromwell was sent noi'tli and defeated the Scots at Dunbar. In 16.51, Cliarles and the Scots suddenly marched into England, and had got as far as W^Orcester when they were overtaken and utterly routed. Charles escaped to France after many adventures. -. »»W»y'!^TK"s,-j.;...>?adK- ao BRITISH IIISTORV NOTES. 3. Oliver Cromwell, " The line -owned King" of Kngland, was a, member of Parliament in 1028, when the Petition of Right ^vas passed, and again, of the Lung Parliament in 1640. When the civil war broke out he became the leader of the Ironsides, &nd then of the whole Parliamentary army. He took r- prominent part in the trial of Charles I., and was a member of tho Council of State in the ConimoAwealth. He put down the Ptoyalists of Ireland and Scotland in 1649- 1051. In lOo.*?, he ex- pelled the Rump a.pd soon was made Protector For five years ho ruled with energy and success. He made many good laws, and there was prosperity in his time, but httle freedom. His fc^reign policy was brilliant. The Dutch tleet wps defeated in several battles by Admiral Blake ; Jamaica was taken from tx 3 Spaniards in 1655 ; Dunkirk was taken from r^rance ; and the persecution of Protestants in France was stopped. Cromwell died in 1658. 4. The Restoration. —After the resignation of Richard Cromwell, Gen^^^al Lambert recalled the Rump, and in 1660, after ordering a new election^, the Long Parliament dissolved. The Convention, Hi:, the new parliament was called, was composed mainly of Royalists. The House of Lords again assembled and Prince Charles was invited over from Holland to be king. This event is known as the Restoration. CHARLES II.— 1660-1685. I. Charles IL had everything in his favor at first, but he was too fond of pleasure to make a good ruler. He never ceased to aim at absolute power, but he was too much afraid of losing his throne to '-•!?••, STUART PERIOD. 51 press the matter far. England soon lost the high place she had won in Cromwell's time, for the Dutch easily defeated the English fleet. Charles was secretly in the pay of Louis XIV. of France, and so got money for his pleasiu'^s. In this reign we liiid the rise of the political parties, called Whigs and Tories. Charles' adviser at first was tln^ Earl Ot Clarendon, but afterwards a body of men known as the Cabal directed the affairs of state. The chief law passed in this reign was the Habeas Corpus Act. 2. Disasters: — In 1665, the Great Plague swept over Europe. In London alone it is said that over 100,000 people died of it. In 1666, occurred the Great Fire of London. The city burned for three days and a great part of it was laid in ashes. It was a blessing in the end, for it cleared out the plague, which still lingered in dark and foul corners, and wider streets were laid out and better houses were erected. A Dutch W^ar wen\; on in the early years of Charles' reign. The English ships were in had re- pair, bec.iuse the money voted by Parliament for the navy was spent by Charles in his pleasures, and o^ course, the English fleet was defeated. The Dutch then sailed up the River Thames and burned the shipping along the shore. 3. The Earl of Clarendon was the most noted adviser of Charles II. He held oflice during the early part of the I'eign, but was compelled to resign. He afterwards wrote "The History of the Great Ke- bellion." H's daughter married James, Duke of York, afterwards James If., and became the mother of Queen Mary and Queen Anne. 4. Secret Treaty of Dover (1670).— Parlia- ^mm BniTISlI IIISTOliV XOTKS. meno wished an alliance of European nations to check the power of Louis XIV. Cb-^rles, instead, sold himself to Louis by the Secret Trct^cy of Dover. Its terms were : (1) Charles agreed to declare himself a Roman Cacholic and aid Louis in all his schames against the Netherlands. (2) Louis was to pay Charles £300,000 a year and furni'^h an army to ]3ut down the English should they rebel. 5- The Cabal. —Daring the years 1667-1673 the kin-'s advisors were Clifford, Arlington, Buck- ingham, Ashley and Lauderdale. Their initials make the word Cabal. These ministers ruled so badly that ever since^ the term has been applied to any secret union of persons who further their own iiiterests by dishonest means. 6. The Popish Plot. —In 1678, a preacher of low character, Titus Oates by name, came forward with the s;tory of a Koman Catholic plot to murder the king and set up a Roman Catholic government. The story was not true, but at the time many be- lieved it, and (|uite a number of innocent Roman Catholics suffered death. Strict laws were passed against tlu'm, all of that faith, except the Duke of York, being excluded from both Houses of Parlia- ment. These laws were in force until 1829. 7- Whigs and Tories. — These parties arose in the latter part of the reign of Charles II. The Whigs were opposed to James, Duke of York, and wished to keep him oil the throne. Most of them fa' ored ins daughter Mary, who had married the Prince of Orange, although some were in favor of the Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Charles. The Tories were in favor of the Duke of STUART PERIOD. 53 3se in The , and them d the favor son of ike of York, and in after years of his son, tlie Pretender. The Whigs tried to pass the Exclusion Bill to prevent James from succeeding to tlie throne hut they failed. For this the great Whig cities lost their charters. 8. The Rye House Plot.— The chief members of the Whig party formed a plot*agaiust the Govern- ment. A small section of these formed another plot to murder Charles II. and the Duke of York at a lonely spot called the Rye House- The plot was found out and Russell a^nd Sidney were beheaded. The W^higs were completely overthrown and the Tories had things their own way for the rest of Charles' reign. 9. The Habeas Corpus Act (1G79) provided that no person should be kept in prison longer than a certain time without being brouglit up for trial. (r)ften, in times of rebellion or gieat public excite- ment, this act is suspended for a time.) Mary Queen of Scots was imprisoned for nineteen years without a trial, Sir Walter Raleigh for twelve years, and Archbishop Laud for four years. Such a thing would be impossible in Great Britain now. 10. Religious Laws, etc. 1. The Corporation Act (1661).— All persons holding office were to be members of the Church of England. 2. The Act of Uniformity (1662).— All clergy were to be ordained by l)ishops and give full assent to all contained in the Book of Common Prayei', or give up their livings. Over 2,000 ministers were thus turned out of their positions and were after- wards known as Dissenters- 3. The Declaration of Indulgence was issue( BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. by Charles II. in 1672. He wished to give Catholics freedom of worship, and included Dissenters, but Parliament forced him to recall the Declaration. 4. The Test Act (1672).— All persons holding office, civil or military, were to take an oath that they did not believe the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, and were also to take communion according to the Church of England. JAMES II.— 1685-1 6S8. I. James II. was a Koman Catholic, l)ut he took an oath to respect the laws and support the Church of England. The Duke of Monmouth at once made an effort to get the throne, but he was defeated at Sedgemoor and beheaded. James was now at the height of his power, and he determined to do away with the Habeas Corpus Act, to get a large army, and to have the laws against lioman Catholics removed. He attacked the liberties of the Church of England and the Universities, and tui'ned even the Tories against hini. Although warned of liis danger by the Pope and by Louis XIV., he went l)lindly on. His Declaration of Indulgence in 1688 brought about t'.ie Trial of the Seven Bishops, which ended in a defeat for the king. William of Orange was then invited over to drive James off the throne. He landed in England in 1688, and James, finding everyone against him, fled to France. This event is known as the Revolution. 2. Monmouth's Rebellion.— In 1685, the Duke of Monmouth landed in England to get the throne. In the battle of Sedgemoor he was defeated, and being taken prisoner, was beheaded. Judge Jeffries was then sent down to the scene of the ris- STUAKT PERIOD. Ot) iufr to try the rebels. This li;is been called the Bloody Assize from the criK'l puuislinient tliat was niett'd out to the prisoners. JeilVies was a coarse and brutal man who delighted in passing li^'avy and cruel sentences. Hundreds of the rebels were put to death or sold into slavery for a term of years, while others were imprisoned, fined, whipped or tortured. 3. Trial of the Seven Bishops —In 1()«8, James issued a Declaration of Indulgence, and ordered it to be read in all the churches. The kincr had no authority to issue such a document, and so his order was obeyed by few. The Archbishop of Canterbury and six bishops sent a petition to the king protesting against it. Tlie king had been angry enough because his order was disobeyed ; he was now furious. The "Seven Bishops" were ordered to be tried for "false, malicious, and seditious libel," but they were acquitted by the judges. The English were wild with joy over the defeat of the king. 4. The Revolution (U)8S).— James 11. had promised to respect the laws of the land and to suj)- port the Church of England. He broke his oath in many ways, and the people of England l^ecame thor- oughly roused against him. 8even of the most noted l)isliops and nobles of England sent a secret paper over to W^illiam of Orange, son-in-law of James, asking him to come over and drive James olf the throne. He landed in 1G8(S, and James fled to France. A Convention Parliament was called, and it met early in 1G89. The Declaration of Rights was then drawn up, asserting the ancient rights and liberties of England. Its principal provisions were afterwards embodied in the Bill of liights. \A/^illiam and Mary then became king and queen. Thus the Revolution was elFected without bloodshed. The E -sui-tir ^:wis«we-«» 56 UUITTSII HISTORY NOTES. struggle had gone on through four reigns, and ended in victory for the people. WILLIAM ITL (1C89 1702) AND MAKYir. (1689-1694). 1. William was quiet and distant in his manner, and was not liked by the English, but he ruled according to law, and that was all that was ex- pected of him.. James II. landed in Ireland and made an effort to regain the throne, but he was defeated in the "Battle of the Boyne, ' 1690. The Jacobites, or followers of James, were put down, but they continued to plot against William's government. William's great purpose in life was to break the power of Louis XIV., and the most of his reign was taken up with a French war. Queen Mary died of small-pox in 1694. Several important acts were passed in William's reign, the most noted being the Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement. 2. The Jacobites in Scotland were led by Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, a cruel officer, who hod become notorious in the perse- cution of the Covenanters. He won several battles in 1689, the hist being at Killiecrankie, where he was killed. After his death, his Highland followers went home and peace was restored. 3. The Massacre of Glencoe.— The Highland chiefs had been promised pardon if they took the oath of allegiance before Jan. 1st, 1692. Macdonald of Glencoe was a little late. William was misin- formed about the circumstances, and soldiers were sent to Grlencoe to punish Macdonald. For several STUART PKUIOD. 57 days the soldiers were hospitably treated by the clan ; then one ni^dit many of the people wei'e treacherously murdered by their guests. This crime, which was caused by jealousy between the Camr^bells and the Macdonalds, has left a stain on William's reign. 4. James in Ireland. — in 1089, Tyrconnel, the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, invited James IJ. ovr, and a Parliament was called at Dul)lin. James 1 lid siege to Londonderry and Enniskillen, but afte.- a gallant defence of three months he gave up the siege of the former, and at the same time liis troops were defeated at Newton Butler by the Enniskil) eners. In 1690, William crossed over to Ireland and won the battle of the Boyne, and James fled to France. The subjection of the Irish was completed next year by William's generals, the chief events being the battle of Aughrim and the siege of Lim- erick. Harsh laws were passed against the Irish Roman Catholics, and great numbers of them went off to foreign countries. S War with France (1689-1697).— The power of Louis XIV. had become so great that a Grand Alliance of other nations was formed to humble France. England was one of these nations, and William was at the head of the allied armies. The English fleet won a great victory over the French off Cape La Hogue in 1692. On the continent the war was carried on in the Netherlands. More than once William was defeated, but he quickly and skil- fully repaired his losses, and was a match for the best of his enemies. At last Louis agreed to acknowledge William as king, and this led to the Treaty of Ryswick, 1697. Its chief terms were : — (1) France gave up all her conquests of the pre- vious twenty years. ■aua 58 HRITISII iriSTOKY NOTKS. (2) William was acknowledged King of Ent dominions to Philip of France, a grandson of Louis XIV. As France was already too powerful, an alli..nce of oth'^i nations M'as formed to deprive the French of this territory. The Duke of Marl- borough was made leader of the English forces. He was an ei:ceedingly able general, brave, gentle, even of temper, and kind to prisoners of war. Aided by Prince Eugene, he won the ])attleof Blenheim in 1704. He also won victories at Ramilies in 1706, Oudenarde in 1708, and Malplaquet in 60 IHUTISir IIISTOIIV NOTES. 1700. The war was carried on in Spain also, the chief event being tlit; capturi^ of Gibraltar in 1704. The Peace of Utrecht closcjd tiie war, the chief terms being : — (1) England received (ili})i'altar, Newfoundland, Acadia, and Hudson IJay Tei-ritory. (2) The Pretender was to leave France. (3) The Sovereigns of J^^ngland, ;;s provided by law, were to be acknowledged by Louis. (4) The crowns of France and Spain were to be for- ever k(;pt separate. 3. Union of English and Scottish Parlia- ments. — The Act of Union was i)assed in 1707. The chief terms were : — (1 ) Scotland was to have 45 members in the House of Commons at London, and IG members in the House of Lords. (2) There was to be freedom of trade between the two countries. (3) The Scots were to have their own form of church government (Presbyterian), and their own laws and law courts. (4) One sovereign was to rule over the whole country, which was now called Great Britain. * BRUNSWICK PERIOD. 1714-Pr(!seiit 'I'iino. George I. — Great -gniiKlsoii of .lamos I. - 1714-1727 George II.— Son 1 7*27- 17(50 George III.— (J raiulson .... 17(;(l-lSii() George I\'. — Son IS-JO-IS.SO William IV.— Biother .... 1S.S()-1S;{7 Victoria. — Nieo .* ls;i7- CharacteriHticH. - kJevelopment in civil and religious lib- erty ; in colonization and commerce ; in inven- tion and manufacturing. GEORGE I.— 1714-1727. 1. George I. was a son of Sophia of Hanover. He strongly favored the Wliigs, as they had sup- ported hiiii, and that party remained in power dur- ing tlie reigns of the first two G(H)rges. This is called the " Fifty Years of Whig Rule." In 1715, the Jacobites made an effort to put the Pretender on the throne, but they failed. A noted event of this reign was the South Sea Scheme, which was very popular ; but soon the company failed, and thousands were ruined. The greatest statesman of this reign was Sir Robert W^alpole, who was Prime Minister for many years. The chief laws passed were the Riot Act and the Septennial Act. George died while travelling in Hanover. 2. The Fifteen. — In 1715, risings took place in England and Scotland in fav(jr of JameS Edward, the Pretender, but the battles of Preston and Sheriffmuir ended the rebellion. Several nobles Gl G2 uniTisn iiisTouv notks. and other of lesser degree ^v'ere put to death for their shai'e in these risings. 3. The Riot Act (1715) enacted that any unhiw- ful assembly ot* persons that did not ilisperse on the conmiand of a niagistrat(^ became guilty of felony and might be tried for it. JJcsides this, the crowd or mob could bo dispersed V)y soldier's. 4. The Septennial Act (1710).— By this act a general election was to be held at least every seven years, instead of every three year?, as before. This law is still in forces The ministry of that time was unwilling to face the people so soon after "The Fif- teen," and so lengthened the term of Parliament. 5. The South Sea Bubble.— In 1711, the South Sea Company was foimed to trade in the South Seas. In 17 HO, the Company entered into an agree- ment with the Government, by which they were to pay off the National Debt, and grant the Govern- ment a bonus of .£7, 500,000, in return for the mono- poly of the trade in the South Seas. The Company l)i'omised enormous profits, and the "scheme" be- came very popular. All classes invented in stock. Shares rose from £100 to j£. 1,000, and the people went wild with excitement. Early in 1721, the whole scheme fell to the ground and thousands were ruined by it. 6. Sir Robert Walpole had protested against the South Sea Scheme, and as he had great skill in money matters, he was made Prime Minister in 1721, and held the position for over twenty years. He bribed members of Parliament and others, and so kept himself in power. He was very jealous of others of ability, and contrived that no other great man should be in the Government. His policy was to keep England out of war, and the country became iMarN'SWICIv I'KIMOl). G3 very fjrospcrouH in liis tiino. Owin*,' to his niisman- JitjfcuuMit of tlio Spanish \Var l»o was coiniu'llcd to ivsii^ai ill 171'J, but lie received a pension, and was raised to tlie peera<^e. (JEOKGH TI.-l7'J7-17r)0. 1. George II. was a very stubborn man, l)ut he did not interfere with his ministers. He was very fond of Ids wife, Caroline, a very shrewd woman, and was ^'I'catly intluenced by her wishes. AV'alpole was the chief niinistcu' in the early part of the reign, but he resigned in 1742. On account of Hanover', Eng- land was drawn into the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1745, Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, made a bold push for the throne, but was defeated. The Seven Years' War took place in the latter part of this reign, and the British were successful, owing to the skilful management of the war by William Pitt, the Secr'etary of State. 2. War of the Austrian Succession.— In 1 740, the Emperor Charles VI. died, leaving his daugh- ter-, Maria Theresa, to suciused him on the throne of Austria. Uefor-e his deatli he had had the lead- ing nations of Eur-ope to sign the " Pragmatic Sanction," agreeing to this arrangement. Now suri'ounding nations trierl to dopr-ive Mar-ia Theresa of her position, and nearly all Eur-ope took part in the war which followed. The i^r'itisb aided Maria Theresa, while the Fr-encli t(X)k the ojjposite side. The British won a victory ;it Dettingen in 1743, where CJeorge 11. fought at the head of his army. At Fontenoy, 1745, the Duke of Cumberland, the King's son, was defeated. Tlie '^'--eaty of Aix-la- Chapelle in 1748 closed the war. The chief terms were : — 64 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. (1) The various nations restored their conquests with the exception of Prussia, which kept Silesia. (2) Miu'ia Theresa retained her throne. 3. TheForty-five.— In 1745, Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, landed in Scotland and pushed on to Edinburgh. With an arm ■ of High- land'^ rs, lie defeated the royal army at Preston- pans. After some delay he marched into England ; but getting little aid from the English he retreated into the Highlands. Early in 1746 he won a slight victory at Falkirk, but hiter on he was utterly rout- ed at Culloden Moor, near Inverness. The royal array, under the Duke of Cumberland, put down the rebellion with great cruelty. " Prince Charlie " was hunted from place to place for several months, when he manaired to escape to France. For several years the Highlanders were foi'bidden to wear their Highland dress ; but when Pitt became Secretary of State he raised several regiments of them to fight in the British wars, and permitted them to wear cheir Highland costume. Since then the Highlanders have been loyal subjects. 4. The Seven Years' War (1756 1763).-Dis- putes between the French and British Colonists in America and India brought on a war. It was carried on by Brit.'iin in a half-hearted way at first, and there were many misfortunes. This led to a chanjre in the iMiiiistry. William Pitt, ''The Great Com- moner," was made Secretary of Soate, anc^ he set to work vigoi-ously. Soon there were British successes in all parts. Canada was conquered in the years 1758-1760, the British being led by Generals Wolfe and Amherst. In Europe, the British won a naval victory in Quiberon Bay, and also the battle of Minden. By the great battle of Plassey, 1757, BRUNSWICK PERIOD. 65 Clive won for Britain the large and fertile province of Bengal in India. The Peace of Paris in 1763 closed the war, the chief provisions being : — (1 ) France gave over to Great Britain, Canada and all her other posse. •:.ions east of tlie Mississippi, except Louisiana and the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. (2) Spain gave up Minorca and Florida to the British. 5. Clive. — Robert Clive was sent out as a clerk in the employ of the British East India Company at Madras. Duplcix, the governor of the French East India Company, wished to drive the British out of Mavlras,, and war broke out. Clive became leader of the British troops, and Dupleix was defeated and re- turned to France. In 1757, Fort William was taken by Surajah Dowlah, Nabob of Bengal, and the British prisoners were shut up for the night in a wretched dungeon called the Black Hole. Out of 146, only 23 were alive the next morning. Clive was sent with an army to take vengeance, and at Plassey he won a signal victory, and conquered the great Province of Bengal. 6. The Methodists.— This great religious body rose in the reign of George II. The leaders were George Whitefield, and John and Charles Wes- ley. The name was given them on account of their strict method of living. In the early part of the century, religion in England was cold and powerless. The Methodists commenced a mighty revival that did much for the whole country, and its e.T^cts are still felt in all parts of the world. GEORGE III.— 1760-1820. I. George III. was a grandson of George II. He was very popular with all classes, but he wished to BRITISIf HISTORY NOTES. govern in his own way, and this brought nothing but disaster in the early part of the reign. In 1775, the thirteen colonies in America revolted and won their independence, l^ut the voyages of Captain Cook partly made up for the loss by adding Aus- tralia to the Empire. The latter part of the reign was occupied by a mighty struggle with France, whose Emperor, Napoleon, was utterly overthrown. From 1812 to 1815 there was a war with the United States. Under Warren Hastings and his suc- cessors the British power in India grew fast. George was insane during the last nine years of his reign and his son George, Prince of Wales, acted as Regent. 2. The American Revolution (1775 1783).— To aid in paying the cost of the Seven Years' War it was proposed to tax the thirteen British colonies south of Canada. The colonists objected, as they were not represented in the British Pai'liament. The Stamp Act of 1765 ordered that all legal docu- ments in the colonies should have stamps placed on them, but strong opposition to this led to its repeal the next year. Other taxes, however, were imposed on such articles as tea, lead and glass, and at last, in 1775, the colonists rebelled. An attack was at once made upon Canada, but it failed, and the Americans were driven out the next year. On the 4th of July, 1776) ^^^® colonies declared their inde- pendence. The principal events of the war were (1) the battle of Bunker Hill, 1775, (2) the surrender of a British army under Burgoyne at Saratoga, 1777, and (3) the surrender of anoth', r British army under Cornw^allis at Yorktown, 1781. The Ameri- cans, under their great leader, George Washing- ton, were entirely successful. Towards the latter BRUNSWICK PERIOD, 67 part of the war the French aided the colonists, while other European countries were at war with Great Britain. By the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, which ended the struggle, Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States, and opain re- ceived Florida and Minorca. 3. William Pitt, the " Great Commoner," was a noted statesman of the reigns of George IT. and George III. Being made Secretary of State in 1 757, he carried on the war against France with great energy and brought it to a successful close. Canada was conquered, and many brilliant victories were won over the French. Pitt resigned early in the reign of George III., and was afterwards created Karl of Chatham. Pitt was much opposed to the plan of taxing the colonies, but he was never in favor of granting them their independence. He died in 1778. 4. William Pitt, *' the younger," a son of the *' Great Commoner," was a statesman of ability. He became Prime Minister of Britain in 1783, when only 25 years of ago, and held office during nearly the whole of the next twenty years. His chief opponent was Fox, a talented but dissolute man. Both died in 1806, ] itt being broken-hearted over the successes of the French under Napoleon. 5. Warren Hastings. —The Anglo Indian Em- pire was founded by Robert Clive and grew fast dur- ing his time and that of his successors. Warren Hastings, the f .st Governor-General of India, ruled with great ability. Some of his acts were harsh and unjust, however, and on his return to England in 1784 he was impeached before the House of Lords. The trial lasted over seven years. He was at last acquitted, but his defence cost him a fortune. For II: ' f • ^ unev^m^it G8 BRITISH IIISTOliV NOTES. his great services he had expected to be raised to the peerage, but he v/as disappointed. During the re- maining years of his life he enjoyed a yearly pension of £4,000 from the East India Company. 6. Australia. — Wliile the British were losing their thirteen American colonies, they were gaining vast tracts of land in the East. Captain Cook made three voyages to the Pacific Ocean. He ex- plored part of Australia, and discovered many islands. He also took possession of Australia and New Zealand for Great Britain. In 1779, he was murdered by some natives of the Sandwich Islands. A few years after this Australia was chosen as a penal colony. The first settlements were made at Botany Bay, near Sydney. These Australian col- onies hav^e grown fast, and are now among the most important of the British possessions. 7. Union of the British and Irish Parlia- ments (1801).— From 1782 to 1800 the Irish en- joyed Home Rule, that is, Irish affairs were under the control of the Irish Parliament. The great Irish leader was Grattan. The Irish Catholics, however, were not allowed any share in the government, and in 1798, they rebelled. They received a little help from France. At Vinegar Hill the rebels were routed, and the rising was put down with great cruelty. It was thought wise to bring about a union between the British and Irish Parliaments, and Pitt, by extensive bribery, induced the Irish Parliament to consent to the Act of Union, which came into force on Jan. ist, 180I. The Irish were to have 100 members in the Imperial House of Commons, and four bishops and twenty-four lords in the House of Lords. 8. The French Revolution.— The people of Franc in 17.^ were Many set up to put 9. ] the F tories. fleet \ fleet ^ Nelsc "Bat at Cop 1801, noted Nelsor fleets 10. and th thorou Egyp " Bat stroye( After Consi Amie Soon ] the dt compe battles crushe his br( the P army t BRUNSWICK PERIOD. 69 Prance had been oppressed by lieavy taxation, and in 1789 they rose in arms. The King" ^md Queen were imprisoned, and after a time were beheaded. Many nobles m(^t the same fate, and a Republic w-as set up. Most of the other nations of Eur'ope united to put down this revolution, but they failed. 9. Naval Victories. ---In the war growing out of the French Revolution the British won many vic- tories. At Cape St. Vincent, in 1797, the Spanish fleet was defeated, and in the same year the Dutch fleet was defeated at Camperdown. Admiral Nelson's great victories over the French in the " Battle of the Nile " in 1798, and over the Danes at Copenhagen, or the " Battle of the Baltic," in 1801, added much fame to the British. His last noted victory was at Trafalgar in 1805, where Nelson was killed. Here the French and Spanish fleets were almost completely destroyed. 10. Napoleon Buonaparte, a native of Corsica, and the most noted Frenchman of this period, was a thorough master of the art of war. He invaded Egypt in 1798, and defeated the Mamelukes in the " Battle of the Pyramids," but his fleet was de- stroyed by Nelson in the *' Battle of the Nile." After Napoleon's return to France, he was made Consul and then Emperor. The Peace of Amiens, in IHO'2, gave Europe a breathing-space. Soon Napoleon planned an invasion of England, but the destruction of his fleet at Trafalgar, in 1805, compelled him to give up his intention. Then, in the battles of Austerlitz in 1805, and Jena in 1806, he crushed Austria and Prussia. An attempt to place his brother Joseph on the thTX)ne of Spain })rought on the Peninsular War. In 1812, Napoleon led an army of 500,000 men into Russia, but the burning 70 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES. of Moscow by the Russians compelled him to retreat in mid-winter, and only a few thousand of his soldiers ever returned. In 181.'^, Napoleon v^as defeated at LeipsiC) and had to resign his throne and retire to Klba. In 1815, he suddenly crossed over to France and was once more proclaimed Empe.ror, but in the battle of Waterloo, he was utterly crushed by the British under the Duke of Wellington, aided by the Prussians. He was then banished to St. Helena, where he died in 1821. 11. The Peninsular War (1808-1814) was caused by the Emperor Napoleon attempting to place his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spaniards called on the British for aid, and in 1808, Sir Arthur Wellesley (afterwards the Duke of W^elling'ton) was sent to Spain where he won a victory at Vimiero. He was then recalled, and Sir John Moore, who succeeded him, won a victory at Corunna in 1809, in which he was killed. Wel- lesley was again sent out and conducted the war to the end. He won battles at OportO and Talavera in 1809, Busaco in 1810, Salamanca in 1812, and Vittoria in 1813. The French were thus driven out of Spain, and were finally defeated at Toulouse in 1814. 12. The War of 1812 (1812-1814) was caused by the British trying to prevent neutral nations from trading with France and her allies, and by the " Right of Search." The Americans made several determined efforts to conquer Canada, but they were unsuccessful. The war was also carried on by sea, each side capturing many ships. The Treaty of Ghent in 1814 closed the war without settling the matters in dispute. (See Entrance Canadian Iliiitorij Notes.) were ;i battle 1824 Lower BRUNSWICK PERIOD 71 GEORGK IV.— 1820-lsaO. 1. George IV. hud ])eeu Regent during thf, last niii,' years of bis fatlior's reign. Ho was very polished in his iiiaiiiiers, but was very immoral, and, on account of bis treatment of bis wife, Caroline, be was de(adedly unpopular. l)ui'in. put down all efforts of the people in favor of free gov- ernments. The British did not join the Alliance, but it was well known that the Government was in sym- pathy with it. After the death of Lord Castle- reagh in 1822 there was a change, and at once there Ix^gan a period of social reform. 3. The Catholic Emancipation Act (18291— Tn 1828, the Test and Corporation Acts were re- pealed, thus allowing Protestant Dissentei'S to hold office. In 1821), tliis was followed by an Act repeal- ing :iil laws against Roman Catholics. All offices except those of Sovereign, Regent, and a few others were thrown o})en to them. The leader of the Roman Catholics in their struij^le for this reform was Daniel O'Connell, a lawyer of groat eloquence. He bad l)een elected to Parliament, but was unable to take bis seat until the ])assagc of this Act. 1:1 ► liKITlSIl HISTORY NOTES. WILLIAM IV.— ]s:iO-lS37. 1. William IV., a brother of George IV, was very ])opul;ir ou account of liis sinn)le life. The early part of his reign was marked by a sti'uggle for Parliamentary Reform, wliich ended in the pass- ing of the First Reform Bill in 18.S2. This wiis followed by a law freeing all slav( thioughou' 'Aie British possessions, and another reforming the muni- cipal system. A notable event of this reign was the building of the first steam milway by George Steph- enson in 18.30. 2. The First Reform Bill (1832).— The House of Conmions did not fairly represent the people. Many large towns and cities had no members, while other places — called rotten boroug"hs —with only a few voters sent one or two members to Parliament. Earl Grey succeeded in passing the First Reform Bill in 1832. Its chief provisions were :■ - (1) Fifty six boroughs lost tlie right to ^end a rep- resentative to Parliament. (2) Thirty others v/ere to send one instead of two as formerly. (3) Many large towns, formerly not represented, were to have a member. (4) Some counties had their number of representa- tives increased. (5) The right to vote was given to those paying c£10 in rent in the boroughs, and also to those pay- ing a >£50 rental in counties. This benefited the middle classes, but not the lab- oring people. 3. Other Important Acts :— The Act for the Abolition of Slavery (1833\ provided for the emancipation of all slaves in the British col dies, wher received £ and Wilb reform. The P( of work ho themselv-.;s The IVI mayors an cepb Londo Statements by the cour I. Victc Kent, the eighteen ye She has ma popular till English his jousin, Pri] Consort v Corn Lavv Great BviU] several yea some of wl war of thii 1856). Th reforms in has been ar some of th( form Bill 1884 ; the the Educa IJIUJXSWK'K I'KIflOI). 73 '1 i British colonies, more particularly in ^ho West In- dies, where they were most numer s. Their owners received ,£20,000,000 as compensjiion. ClarLson and W^ilberforte were the chief agitator^ for this reform. The Poor-Law (181^4) orcjured the buil'^ing of workhouse,, and ail persons unable to support themselves were to be sent to these places. The Municipal Act (1835) provided that the mayors and aldermen of all cities and towns, ex- cept London, were to be elected by the rate payers. Statements of the money spent were to be furnished by the councils every yeai'. VICTORIA.— 1837. I. Victoria was the daughter of the Duke of Kent, the brother of William IV. She was only eighteen years of age when she came to the throne. She has made an excellent ruler, and has been very popular throughout her long reign — the longest in English history. In 1840, she was married to her jousin, Prince Albert, upon whom the title Prince Consort was conferred. He died in 1861. The Corn Laws were repealed in 1846, and soon after Great Britain became a Free Trade country. For several years the Chart ists agitated for' reforms, some of which have since become law. The chief war of this reij^n was the Crimean W^ar (1854- 1856). The Indian Mutiny, in 1857-1858, led to reforms in the government of India. This reign has been an era of great political and social reforms, some of the more important being the Second Re- form Bill in 1867; the Third Reform Bill in 1684 ; the Ballot Act ; the Irish Land Act, and the Education Act, 74 JJUITISIl HIHTOHY NOTES. 2. The Repeal of the Corn Laws (1840).— For mariy years a strui^^'h; liad heon goin^' on in England to bring al)Out Free Trade, by wliidi system coin- niei'Cft would not be hanijKM cd by duties. The leadei-s in this agitation were Richard Cobden and John Bright. Tlie Corn Laws of 1S28 imposed a sliding scale of duties on foreign giain entering England, that is, the duty was low when the price of grain was high, and high when the 23rice was low, so as to keep the })rice of grain more regular. In lf^4G, Sir Robert Peel was able to repeal the Corn Laws, and the duties on grain were gradually abolished. Soon the duties on other 'irticles were also removed, and now Great Britain is practically a Free Trade country. 3. The Chartists were a body of men who, in the early years of Victoria's reign, agitated for the adoption of what they called the '* People's Char- ter." This document called for six reforms : — ( ' ) Vote by ballot. (2) That a man might be a member of Parliament without having land of his own. (3) That the country should be divided into equal electoral districts. (4) That all men should have votes. (5) That there should be a general election every year. (()) That members of Parliament should be paid. Of these, the first three have since become law In 1848, the Chartists proposed to form a monster procession to present a petition to Parliament. This was their last show of strength. 4. The Duke of Wellington was one of the most noted generals of modern times. He first won fame in India, Then he was made leader of the British t the Fren British f( which tl From IS: was not much opi unpopula favor wit "Iron I Fights.' 5. Th peror of key shou refusal oi French key. Th chief eve Inkerm; bastopo Southern a year, among tV other wo laying th of Pari* were : — (l)Th Greek CI of Great (2) Th fleet. 6. Th ish intro greased BRUNHWICK PEUIOI). 75 ^ British troops in the Peninsular War, and drovf; the Fronc'li army out of Spain. In liSlT), lie led thf; Britisli forces in the gn^at battle of W^aterloo, in which the power of Napoleon was finally crushed. From 1^^28 to ls:50 he was Prime Minister, hut was not a successful political leader. He was so much opposed to reform that he became exttcmely unpopular. After his resignation he again vhuh) into favor with the people, who loved to call him th(i " Iron Duke " and the " Hero of a Hundred Fights." He died in 1852. 5. The Crimean War (1854-1856).-The Em- peror of Russia demanded that the Christia^is of Tur- key should be placed under L\z protection, and on the refusal of the Sultan war was declared. The British, French and Sardinians interfered in favor of Tur- key. The allied armies invaded the Crimea. The chief events of the war were the battles of Alma, Inkerman and Balaklava, and the siege of Se- bastopol. This last was the greatest fortress in Southern Russia, and was taken after a siege of about a year. During the winter there was much suffering among the soldiers. Florence^ Nightingale and other women came as nurses, and aided much in al laying the sufferings of the wounded. The Peace of Paris closed the war. Its princi^ :%1 provisions were : — (1) The subjects of the Sultan, belonging to the Greek Church, were placed under the joint protection of Great Britain, France, Russia and other countries. (2) The Black Sea was to be closed to the Russian fleet. 6. The Indian Mutiny (1857-1858).-The Brit- ish introduced a new rifle which required the use of greased cartridges, and the SepoyS, or native sol- 7G imiTISII IIISTOUY NOTKS. (liors of India, tliou^lit that this was moant to inter- f(;n! with tlicur veli«jfi()n ami so causes tlieiii to lose caste. Ill 1857, th(}y mutiiii(Hl. Fcaiful cruelti(^s wt^ro per- petrated by the n^hels, and th(;y had control of tho upp(H" part of India for s(^veral months. Their most noted leader was Nana Sahib. The chi(;f events W(;re the sic^ge of Delhi, tluj siege of LucknOW, and tin; massacre at Cawnporc Ihitish tioops under General Havelock (piickly marclnMl to th(5 assist- anc(i of the besieged garrisons, and Sir Colin Campbell folio w(m1 with another army. In IH.OH, the rebels were put down, and the government of India was taken out of the hands of the East India Company, and transferred to the Crown. 7. Important Acts :— The Second Reform Bill, (1867), was passed through Parliament by Mr. Disraeli (afterwards Lord Beaconsfield). In boroughs, those who paid iilO rent, and in counties, those who paid £12 rates, had the right to vote. The Irish Church Disestablishment Act, (1869), was brought about by Mr. Gladstone. Tho Irish Church was disestablished — that is, it ceased to be a State church — and part of its revenues was applied to compensate the clergy of that church, and part to relieve the poor of Ireland. The Irish Land Act, (1870), and similar acts since, have given the Irish tenants a iuore secure tenure of their land. If turned out of their holdings, they have a right to be paid for any improvements they may have made. The Educational Act, (1870), enacted that wherever there were not enough schools to educate all the children, schools were to be built at the ex- pense of the whole people. Since then, compulsory education free. TheE secret vo of open \ The! th(^ Ijil)ei vote to n a half m who hav( rates, ai( 8. He questions of their The leai Charles ago. Jn Home Iv tives cai turned V Rule B continue 9. Th century and Kus the Bla enforce i as was s this woi ful, and tlie Cri] to Russ the Brit Turkey country nnuNswicK pkriod. 77 education has hoen onforcod, and many schools are free. The Ballot Act, (1870), intn)(luc«'