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-"w^rmn^frntr' 
 
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 ^^''dl^^li 
 
 A SHORT HISTORY 
 
 1 
 
 ©•#' 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 iY 
 
 That true North." 
 
 1895. 
 
 § ri 
 
 O^wa 
 
 
 i:Z^.:r-K 
 
mmf^tumv 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 History should teach us not cvctits merely, but loyalty, 
 patriotism, courage, and all the civic virtues. De Quinceysaid 
 that literature was of two kinds, — the literature of power, and 
 the literature of knowledge. A history which is to be used as 
 a text-book should belong to both these classes. It should not 
 only narrate facts, point out the relations existing between these 
 facts, trace clearly the unrolling of effects from their causes, and 
 show how events press on steadily toward some goal set far in 
 the future : ()ut it should do this in a way to stimulate the im- 
 agination of the student, and to serve as a continual object-les- 
 son in clear and forcible expression. In other words, it 
 should be literature. The historical text-book which aims to be 
 nothing more than a text-book is not likely to be a good text- 
 book. Some of the most im[)ortant lessons of history are subtle, 
 and are conveyed as much by the manner as by the matter of 
 the teaching. Moreover, the history of our own country is one 
 with which o'lr students must be kept in close and sympathetic 
 contact during almost the whole of their school course. If such 
 a book, with whose pages the student must daily associate, be 
 written in a b^ld, commonplace or coUjrless style, then compo- 
 sition lessons will be wasted in the effort to teach the student 
 the art of expressing himself in good I^nglish prose. In matters 
 of speech, either written or spoken, exam[)Ie tenches better than 
 precept. 
 
 A work calling itself history must first of all strive to be ac- 
 curate. This book omits certain historic fables which have re- 
 tained a hold on the popular mind long after their falsity has 
 been {)roved by historians. No effort has been spared to make 
 it conform with the requirements of sound scholarship. After 
 
accuracy, the most essential riuality in a histc^rical text-hcols for 
 the use of young students is interest, without which accuracy 
 and every other excellence will l,e of little use. 'I'liis work, 
 therefore, strives after the clearness and picturestiue diction with- 
 out which a narrative cannot hoi)e to prove interesting. 1!, 
 rigid .selection, hy sharp .self-restraint in the matter of details l,y 
 ;n-rangen)ent of material in its Iogi<-al sc(iuence, the writer has 
 tried to make the story of Canadian history lucid and continu- 
 (His. He has endeavoured to indicate each successive .step in 
 our grcnvth. Hearing in mind that young students are not less 
 ready than their elders to ask " HVn' is such a thing so .-" he has 
 sought to give the philosophy of Canadian History alon- with 
 the stor--. 
 
 Canadian History is like a great rver, which in its course is 
 joined hy many tributary streams. To show the sources of 
 these affluents it has been necessary at times to digress from the 
 main narrative. Hut the object in view when writing of the 
 separate provinces has been to show the relations which they 
 have borne to each other, and the part which each has i)layed 
 ui the building of the national edifice. The aim throughout 
 has been to discourage all narrow sectionalism by showing how 
 the heroic deed or great achievement of any one province ^is the 
 glcjry of the Confederation. 'I'he whole life of our people 
 has been taken as the subject matter of this history,-not thei. 
 explorations, migrations, and wars alone, but their law.s, social 
 customs, industries, hou.se.s, food, dress, with the awakening and 
 growth of their national aspirations. But the heroic elJment 
 m which our history is .so rich has been given its full promin- 
 ence, as being the most fruitful breeder of patriotism. The 
 schools and colleges of Canada should be nurseries of patriotism. 
 A distinct purpo.se of this book is to help them in fulfilling such 
 an office. 
 
 The language in which the work is written aims throughout 
 at simplicity, but the utmost effort has been made to avoid the 
 error of writing down to a supposed low level of childish intelli- 
 gence. The ideal kept in view has been such a simplicity as 
 
III. 
 
 might be acct'[)tal)le alike to the veiling and llic inaliirc. 'I'liat 
 tcacliing is most effective, as a rule, which makes most appeal 
 to the eye; and this hook is therefore supplied with an unusual 
 number of sriiall sketch-maps. With the aid of these, and of 
 the black-board diagrams suggested at the end of each chapter, 
 the events and movements of our history may be made visi!)le 
 to the student's eye. They will thus be grasfjed more clearly, 
 and be more easily remembered. 
 
 At the end of each chapter will be found a list of (luestions, 
 a list of topics, and a few suggestions to teachers. The iiues- 
 tions are intended to serve the double purpose of aiding tlu' 
 student to analyze his subject and assisting the teacher to con- 
 duct a recitation. The to[)ics are intended to help the teacher 
 in training students to syntheti/.e their knowledge, and, also, in 
 answering, to express themselves independently. The synthetic 
 method and the analytic method must be used together, neither 
 being sufficient alone. The former will perhajjs be |)referred 
 with the more advanced pupils, and in reviewing. The sugges- 
 tions to teachers point out where and how the blackboard may 
 l)e used to advantage. They indicate, also, a way in which the 
 history class and the composition class may be made to help 
 each other. 
 
 In the appendices will be found suggestions for the more 
 advanced study of Canadian History, together with much exact, 
 information which could not be included in the text nithout 
 cumbering the story, and which should, at the same time, be 
 within reach for frecjuent reference. 
 
m 
 
g'^W"! 
 

Si;. 
 
 Skc 
 
 Si:(i 
 
 Skc 
 
A HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 m 
 
 FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 French Dominion : -The Struggle for New World Empire. 
 
 CHAI'Ti:i{ I. 
 
 Skcti.ins: 1, liiti(.(lii,t..iv. •-', 'I'lic Xditlini.'ii ;{, (■..lumlMi.-.. », Tl„. 
 CalH.ts, iiiid \'iTra//.iihn. "). Cart ici'.s ImisI XMy,-,-,.. (>, Culi.rs 
 Second \'»\n}H'. 7. Ciiti.M's 'I'liir.l X'l.yM-c, and liulMival. 
 
 CHAI'IKH II. 
 
 SiMTi.iNS: S, Friiiiuo forirt'tsCaiiiida for a tiiiic. Thr Kniiii^li in \.« ■ 
 fuundliind. !), The lv\|)cdition of .!.■ l,i Ho,!,,. Id, Cliami.l.nn 
 iind do Monts at St. Croix. II, Cliain|,lain. I'oi.l rii.rom I and 
 l.t'scarKot at Port Uoyal. |-_>, Himronrt ami tlir .l,-.snii> m 
 Aiadii'. in, Newfoundland. Il.nry Hudson, 
 
 CMAI'I'KK Ml. 
 
 Si:rT|,.Ns;-14, Cliamplaili at (,>lleliee. I."., Cjian.plani Ksplores tlie 
 Ottawa. I(>, The K.vpedition to liie Huron Country. 17, Tlie 
 i.onlsliip of Canada passe.s from hand to hand. Is, KirM Capture 
 of Qiicl.ee l.y the Kurdish. Cjianipiains la.M ,la\>. 
 
 CHAI'IKK [V. 
 
 Si:,TI(.Ns : --li», The Seoteh in Aca.lie. -JO. Th,. la Tout,., talh. . and >on. 
 '21, The Sliiifigle hetweeii la Tout and CJiiuni.-. \ , •_'•_>. C|,an::e, 
 ill imiRM'ship of Acadie. 
 
 
 
 
CHAPTKR V. 
 
 SKrTK.Ns :--2.S, The Work of the Jesuits. -24, The Foun.ling of Mon- 
 treal. 2.\ The Destruction of the Huron Mission. 2(i, New 
 France and New Knglan.l. The Jesuits •ind tiie Iroquois. 27, 
 Laval. Dollanl. -JS, Dissei sions in Quebec. The (ireat Eartli- 
 (juakes. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 SK(Ti()NS:-2i», The Sovereign Council, and Land-Hohling in Canada. 
 :V), Talon comes to Canada. The English seize New York. .SI, 
 de 'i'racy conies to Canada, and the Iro(juois are Chastised. H-2, 
 I)i.scovery of the Mississippi l)y Manjuette and J(dliet. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Sk( tions :— 3,S, Frontenac conies to Canada. La Salle. 34, Frontenac's 
 Recall, and La Rarre's Fo'dy. .•}->, Denonville, Dongan, and the 
 Iroquois, m, Kondiaronk, " the Rat," kills the Peace. The 
 Lachine Massacre. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Skctk.ns :— 37, Frontenac Strikes the English Colonies. 'AH, Phips at 
 Port Royal and at Quebec. Madeleine de la Vercheres. Death 
 of Fronte;iac. 3!), D'H^erville in Hudson Ray, Aca.lie and New- 
 foundland. 40, War of the Spanish Succession. P^iiial CoiKjuest 
 of Acadie. 41, Repojic, Progress, and Western Expansion. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 SiocTioNs :— 42, The W^ir of the Austrian Succession. Pepperell's Cap- 
 ture of Louisburg. 43, Louisburg Restored to France. Houndaiy 
 Disputes. 44, The English Hold Tightens on Nova Scotia. 45, 
 Fall of Reausejour, and E.\|)ulsion of tlie Acadians. 4(i, The 
 Struggle in the West. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Si;iTi(iNS :— 47, The Seven Years' War. Fall of Fort William Henry. 
 4S, The Combatants Compared. Louisburg cmce more. 4}), Ti- 
 conderoga. ')(), The Reginning of the End. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Skctiuns :—.")], Wolfe and Montcalm Face to Face. 52, The Plains of 
 Alirahrtin. 53, Quebec in English Hands. 
 
 St 
 
 Er 
 
 Ski 
 
 Six 
 
 Sec 
 
 Skc'i 
 
 Sk'" 
 
 Secti 
 
CHAITKK XII. 
 
 Skction-s: -.4, J'opulation an.l Dwellings at the Close of ti.e Fren,.h 
 
 SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 English Dominion :-The Struggle for Responsible Government. 
 
 CHAl'TKR XIII. 
 
 Skctioxs :_;;,,, Tl,e Conspiracy of I'ontiac. o7, Ti.c (^.ehec Act r,S 
 Atraii's m Xova .Scotia. ' 
 
 CHAP'j'KR XIV. 
 
 SKCTK.Ns :-..,, Trouble Brewing l.etvveen Knglan.l an.l the Thirteen 
 C<. on.es. no, The U'a,. lU-g-.n, an.l Cana.la Inva.le.l hy t ! 
 
 volnt.on.sts. (il, The I^e^ ..Iting Colonies Achieve tl, d.. In. - 
 
 pendence. 
 
 CHAl'TKR XV. 
 
 SBCTXoxs: (U. The Loyalists. 0., K^peWences of the Loyali.. .nHng 
 
 I nn e K.hvanl s an.l. .i."., The Loyalist.s in Western Cana.la 
 W,, (.on.luions of Life anmng the L..yalists. 
 
 CHAl'TKR XVI. 
 
 SKrT.ONs: (17, Lonl Dorchester (i..vern.,r-(;ene,al. (W, The Constitu- « 
 -w. Act m TheTwo(<ana.las Cpperan.! Lower. 7., The 
 ulr:.!";™- ^''-'--^-'^— Kng.an,.'an.l 
 
 CHAl'TKR X\'II. 
 
 „,..,,, ;2,Var l)eclare.l l.y C.ngress. :^, ,si± The An.eri..a„ 
 IX^'imr'^' -^- The Campaign of ,S,.. 7., The .■an- 
 
 CHAl'TKR XVI ri. 
 
 SECTn.xs:-^,i, The North West; .7S!..,s;U 77, Strife in I'..Iiu.s, 
 Growth m population. 78, Political Ntrifc in Lower Canada. 
 
 i'.' 
 
h 
 
 CHAI'TF-:r! XIX. 
 
 Skctkins :— 7!), Political Stiifein Upper Ciinadii. SO, The Struggle in 
 Xovii Scotia. SI, Political Strife, and other nmlters in New 
 lirunswick. S2, Affairs in Cape Urcton, IVinee Kilwanl Islanil 
 and Newfoundland. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 SEtJTIo.NS : — S3, The Kehellion in Lower (,'anada. Sj, Tlie Hehellion in 
 Upper Canada. S."», Lord Durham and his Report. Sit, The 
 (^anadas United. S7, Kespfinsiide Covernn'ent gained in New 
 Brunswick and N^ova Scotia. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 SF.rT'ONS ;— SS, The Rebellion Losses Bill. Omfedcration Proposed. 
 S!), The Reciprocity Treaty. JM), Prince Edward Island, New- 
 foundlantl, the N^orth West, and Biitish Cohuiibia. 
 
 CHAPTER XXn. 
 
 Skctions : — 01, (Irowth of Confedeiation Sentiment in the Canadas. 
 \)'2, The Cliarlottetow n Confei'ence, <^)uebec Conference, and <.i)ue- 
 hee Resolutions. !)8, How tlie Quebec Resolutions were Received. 
 i)4, Confedei'ation Accomplished. 
 
 THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 Canadian Dominion : -Expansion and Consolidation. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Skctions : — 95, The First Dominion Parliament. !)(), Nova Scotia Re- 
 conciled. !)7, The Red River Settlement becomes the Province 
 of Manitoba. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 Skctions :--!)", British Cohunbia joins the Dominion. 97, Provincial 
 Affairs. !)S, Piiiice Edward Island joins the Dominion. Change 
 of (iovernment. 99, The National Policy. Tlie Fisheries (, 'on i- 
 mission. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Sections: — 100, (Jauses leading to the Saskatchewan Rebellion. 101, 
 The Saskatchewan Rebellion. 102, the Canadian Pacific Ruilwa>-. 
 
CHAl'TKH \.\\I, 
 
 MICTIONS :--l(a Fislu 
 
 \h 
 
 I'ifs Di.spiiti 
 
 y. 1(»,1, Xewfoiiii.llariil 
 
 iji lo l>.,ff. 
 
 vents ot the I'l.M'iit 
 
 <HAi"i'i:k XXVII. 
 
 Nki Tii.Ns :-.|u(i, Int 
 
 ellfutiud I'l 
 
 oifrcs.- 
 
 IVSH 111 Cdllildil. I(),s I 
 
 ifsuiit Coiidit 
 
 in CaiKicIu. lu;, Maleiial I' 
 
 l"lis, and the Outlook. 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 A : -licitisli Xoith A 
 
 li: -Tlu' Indian.s of Canacbi 
 
 niuriu-a Act. 
 
 (.":— Tallies of 1^ 
 
 ha 
 
 i-vinccs and Tcmloii,vs of fanada, vviil, A.-a.. ]- 
 
 1> 
 
 '<'"><, etc.; Cliicf (,'itie.s and T 
 
 ipn 
 
 -Ciili-n.lar in Old and Xew Stvl 
 
 o\\ n.-- 
 
 -U 
 
 ii'oiiological Talili 
 
 -Chronological (,'hart. 
 
 k \<^. 
 
 OKXHHAL IXDKX. 
 
M 
 
 A HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 FliKNX'H I)OMTXIOX:-THE STRU(}(}LE FOR 
 XEW WORLD EM PI HE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 SECTIONS : 1, Introductory. 2, the Northmen. 3, Columbus. 
 4, the Cabots, and Verrazzano. 5, Cartier's First Voyage. 
 6, Cartier's Second Voyage. 7, Cartier's Third Voyage, 
 and Roberval. 
 
 I. Introductory, 'rhe stage on which tht- drama of Can- 
 adian History unfolds may seem to the world an obscure one. 
 A closer view, however, will reveal that on this stage some of 
 the gravest problems of history have been pressed to a solution ; 
 and we may reasonably expect to find in this drama an answer 
 to some of the weightiest tjuestions of modern politics. Battles 
 were fought on the Rhine, the Elbe, the Danube; Clerman, 
 Austrian,. Spanish thrones were shaken to their fall ; navies 
 ciinciiin Hi-;- ^applcd in the Caribbean, and Mahratta hordes 
 lory in its n la- were slaughtered on the rice-fields of India, to de- 
 »■'"■'''■ cide the struggle which ended o.,ly upon the i)lains 
 
 of Abraham. Now, in these imperial domains which Wolfe's 
 triumph secured to British sway, a people is taking shape whi« h 
 bids fair to combine the power and genius of the two great 
 races from which it springs. In the hands of this people it will 
 perhaps rest to decide whether the limpire of (ireater Britain, 
 built with so much treasure and baptized with so much blood, 
 will split into pieces or be drawn into a yet closer and stronger 
 union. 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 K: 
 
 '4 
 
■I. 
 
 !!l 
 
 The history of Canada* falls into three great natural divis- 
 ions. The first of these is the period of French Dominion ; 
 and its distinguishing feature is the strife between Franc e and 
 ICngland for the mastery of North America. This strife, the 
 real object of which was often vague to the eyes of the contest 
 ants, was kept active by the spur of varying rivalries and needs. 
 Out of a tangle of trade jealousies and religious contentions we 
 see it stand forth as the central and controlling influence of the 
 period. It supplies the connection between iniidents and ac 
 tions which would otherwise seem to bear no relation to each 
 other. During this period the history of Canada is .,.,|,, .,.,^,,,,,, 
 world-wide in its meaning. It is the concern of '*,')|',|",'|'jj'','^ ""^ 
 nations. The second great division, lasting from "i-'t'">- 
 the fall of Montreal, in i 760, to Confederation, is the period 
 of English Dominion. Its central feature is the struggle of 
 the people for the right to govern themselves, after the man- 
 ner of free Hritons in their own land. During this period 
 the foundations of C'anada's greatness were firmly laid ; but 
 what went on within the borders of our scattered provinci-s was 
 little heeded by the world at large. When the right of self- 
 government, commonly known as Responsible (lovernment, was 
 gained, it was bye and l)ye enlarged and secured by a union ot 
 the pn>\in(H?s ; and on July 1st, 1867, C'anada entered upon the 
 third division of her history, the period of Confederation. Of 
 this the chief features are exjiansion and consolidation, with the 
 growth of a national sentiment. And now, having stretched her 
 [)o\ver over half a continent and drawn her boundaries along 
 three oceans, Canada becomes a matter of interest to the workl 
 and begins to feel her hand on the reins of destiny. 
 
 2. The Northmen. — The true sources of history lie 
 somewhere in the wonder-lands of ni)th and tradition. Can 
 
 *The Dfiine "Canada" i-sderived from the Hiiron-Irtujuois word "Ka- 
 nata," wliicli means a town. At the time of Cartier'.s explorations tlic 
 name applied to the country lying along the St. Lawrence from Isle an 
 Coiidi'es to a'i;oint some distance above Stadacona. Le.scailiot applit'> 
 liie name to the whole St. Lawrence Valley from Hochelega, (now Mon- 
 treal) to tiic (illlf. 
 
 ill 
 I', 
 
adian history seems to have its proper beginning in that vague 
 atmosphere, colored with adventure and romance, which sur- 
 rounds the westward voyagings of the Northmen. Though 
 nothing ':ame of these Norse discoveries, they are interesting as 
 the first recorded contact of our race w itii these lands which we 
 now occupy. They are significant, because they were a direct re- 
 sult of that spirit of determined independence whiih 
 
 ' ' . Till' wfstw.inl 
 
 dwells in our blood. When Harold Harfager, in the ninv.ni.nt ,<( 
 ninth century, undertook to impose feudalism upon 
 Norway, the Vikings turned westward their indignant prows, and 
 found a harsh freedom in the commonwealths which they estab- 
 lished in Iceland and the Faroes. But these were not a sky and 
 soil to encourage indolent content, and ever further westward 
 they pushed restlessly, till, about the year 986 A. I)., the coast 
 of (ireenland was occupied by Eric the Red. Soon a strong 
 (Ireenland colony flourished on the western shore, more hospit- 
 able then than now, and extended itself northward as far as the 
 seventy-fifth parallel. A (ireenland colonist, Beorn by name, 
 being caught in a north-east gale while on a coasting voyage, was 
 swept far to the west and south, till he sighted unknown shores. 
 His tale stirred up Leif Ericson, who presently set forth to ex- 
 plore these "New 1-ands," as they were called, (1000 A. D.) 
 The point at which he first touched this continent was probably 
 the coast of Labrador, near Hamilton Inlet. This place, with 
 its austere soil and sea-line, he named Slone Land. Thence 
 sailing south he reached a friendlier shore, which he called 
 Bush Land. This, in all likelihood, was the eastern coast of 
 Newfoundland, a region of high plateaus covered with thickets. 
 i.riftii.i,iick.v, Running westward across the (kilf he reached a 
 H'cIi''o..im'izel^ pleasant country where the wild grapes grew, and 
 called it thetefore \'ineland. Whether \'incland 
 was Nova Scotia or the coast of Massachusetts Bay is a ques- 
 tion much disputed among historians. Here he established 
 a village called Leif's Booths ; and here his brother Thorwald 
 built him a new ship, on a headland which they called Reelness. 
 From Leif and his followers went forth good reports of the 
 
iii 
 
 
 (■1 ! 
 
 WL'stcrn country. Ships from (Ireeoland came yearly for car- 
 goes of the \ineland timber, much coveted for masts. .\ 
 Uader named I'horfuin Karlsefni made a larger effort to found 
 a colony. With one hundred and sixty followers, and horned 
 cattle, and grain to sow in the new fields, he led three dragon- 
 ships to \'ineland and planted his "bcjoths" in a sheltered 
 haven. Hut the work of settlement thus bravely begun went to 
 ruin under the arrows of the savages. Then fell a darkness of 
 four centuries. Kvents in Europe opened richer fiekls to the 
 yellow-haired freebooters of the N(jrth, and Vineland, Hush- 
 land, Stoneland were forgotten. Kven the great Cireenland 
 Kiiiiiic (.r till- '^•^^''^^'■'y) \\''tli 't^^ stone-built cities, its churches antl 
 Nnitiiiii.il. i|.^ bishoprics, its ambitions and its letters and its 
 trade, lajjsed soon into decay. The ICscjuimaux laid it waste : 
 a hostile fleet com|)leted its destruction ; and dense fields of 
 floe and berg sealed away the devastated coast. Of the visit 
 of the Northmen to America there came ^nothing at last but 
 two Icelandic sagas, in which are told the brave adventures 
 of Eric, and Leif, and Thorfinn. 
 
 3. Columbus. AN'ilh the name of Columbus we find our- 
 selves in the broad daylight of verified history. Though Colum- 
 bus neither knew nor considered the northern [)ortions of the 
 continent which he gave to civilization, his achievement is none 
 the less a part of Canadian history. It jjointed out the way to 
 the makers of Canada. The sailing of ("olumbus into the heart 
 of the unknown west, a region which superstitious fancy had 
 peopled with strange terrors, was one of the most daring deeds 
 of man. It may be regarded as the perfect flowering of that 
 age of romantic adventure and restless curiosity. 
 
 When Columbu.s, after years of such failure and discourage- 
 ment as would have daunted any heart of less heroic fibre, at 
 last set sail from the Spanish port of Palos, his hoj)e and faith 
 were fixed upon the finding of a new pathway to India. He 
 
 *Tlie old stone mill at Xewpoi't, loiifi supjmsed to he a Xorse relic, 
 was realh built by a (iovenior of Rliode Islaiul late in the ITtli century ; 
 ami the supposed Xoi'se pictures on the Dighton Rock, in Massachusetts, 
 have proved to be the work of Aigouiiuin Indians. 
 
 
M tiii'li 
 
 t'.plllilllills. 
 
 .vr,| 
 
 \v;is in reality swept westward hv a Ijroad and nullity inipiilse. 
 This impulse was the awakening lunii^er of the western nations, 
 Spain, I'ortugal. Holland, !•' ranee, and ICngland, I'or a parti<ipa 
 tion in the gorgeous trattic of the l'',ast, which at that time was 
 emptying itself into the laits of the Italian merchant 
 repul)lic-s. 'I"he only way to the treasures of the 
 spice islands, to the gold and silks and jewels of 
 Cipango and ("eylon, lay through the Mediterranean and tli<' 
 caravan routes of I'ersia. While the Italian cities held control 
 of these their monopoly of the eastern trade was safe. Columbus 
 was a skilled mariner, trained in the service of ( leiioa. An 
 eager student, he knew whatever of geography there was in that 
 day to he known. .\ daring dreamer, he had gathered and 
 woven together all there was of floating myth or dim legend that 
 might point to the existence of land in thi' furthest west. He 
 knew the world was round, though he little knew how great was 
 its circumference ; and from this knowledge he jxisscd to the 
 belief that the new path to the I-^ast lay through the West. The 
 grand idea which his imagination brooded, together with his 
 services in carrying it out, he offered Hrst to his mother land of 
 (lenoa. Hut (lenoa did not want a new route to the ICast. 
 Then he turned, but in vain, to Portugal. The hopes of Port- 
 ugal were set upon a passage around the south of 
 Africa, and her captains were [)ushing their keels 
 
 Till' sn-iiyirliv 
 
 (■!' Cnllllllllll.s. 
 
 down the coast of that mvsterious continent. To ICngland and 
 
 t th 
 
 ese 
 
 to France (!olumbus held out his wondrous offer : bu 
 countries were slow and unbelieving. It was to Spain he made 
 his most i)ersistent a|)peal ; and Spain, for her imperishable 
 glory, listened to him. When Columbus sailed on his great 
 voyage, he did so under the patronage of King I'Vrdinand of 
 Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile. 
 
 The story of that seventy days' voyage of Columbus, with 
 his three cockle-shell craft, and no guide but his faith and the 
 tremulous finger of his compass, is one of the heroic ornaments 
 of time. On the 12th day of Oi-lober, \4<.)2, he landed on an 
 
 ■'t| 
 
 
 '•I urn 
 
 •I' n 
 
 /:■■ ' 
 
 h 
 
 % 
 
! 
 
 li 
 
 lli-i tlil|lll|>ll. 
 
 inland of tlic I'.ahaiiiMs. As hu offtrt-'d up his thanks to Ood 
 ■amid a throng of mild fvcd natives, he lancicd himsi'H upon the 
 skirts of Asia. 'I'o the dark-skinned inhal)itants, tiierelore, he 
 Ha\e the mislea(Ung name of Iiuhans.* Spain, tr) whom he 
 had given an empire heyond the dreams of pridi', 
 iieaped honours njion him and made him Achiiiral 
 of the Ocean. 'I'he after voyages of Cokiml)Us, and the feats of 
 navigators who followed in his traek, are not a part of Canadian 
 history. 
 
 4. The Cabots and other Explorers, ^^hal Colum 
 
 hns had discovered was the island-fringe of the continent. Not 
 till 1497, when Vasco di (lama was roiuiding the Cape of (lood 
 Hope and leading the ships of I'ortiigal to the treasure-houses 
 of India, was the mainland of the New World revealed. I'hen 
 an e.\[)edition from Bristol, under the leadershij) of John (!al)ot, 
 reached the continent at a point which is now Canadian terri- 
 tory.! Cab' t sailed under charter <";om Henry \'H ; and 
 Hngland was thus enabled to claim the North Am- 
 .piihf erican contment on the ground 01 first (hscovery. 
 
 Maiiilainl. T 1 • II 1- 
 
 In this same memorable year, uccordmg to some 
 authorities, a l-lorentine named Amerigo \'espucci also reached 
 the mainland, at a point within the tropics. It is pretty certain, 
 however, that \'es|)ucci never .saw the mainland of the New 
 World till 1499, when he took part in an expedition which 
 landed on the coast of Brazil. He did n(;t lead this expedition ; 
 and it is one of the strangest freaks of l'"ate that a comparatively 
 obscure explorer like Amerigo \'espucci should have been im- 
 mortalized in the naming of two continents. :|: 
 
 The achievements of John and Sebastian (!abot, father and 
 son, entitle their names to a place near that of (Columbus on 
 
 * 'i'lie IiiiliaiKs of the North Aint'iicaii (Continent are (leserihed in 
 Appendix H. 
 
 + Probably a point on tlie Labrador coa.st, tliougii some aulhoi'ities 
 hold it to liave been tiie gulf (;oast of Nova Scotia. 
 
 * \'espiieoi wrote an interesting aoeoiint of his voyages, and Brazil 
 was named America in his honour. The nai> .: gradually passed to the 
 whole southern continent, and then to the northern continent a.s well. 
 
7 
 
 tlu' roll of^rcat discovcriTs. 'riu-sc uku, llidugli sailing 1*10111 
 tlic port of Bristol and iindiT tlu' tiaj; of l'jij;laiid. wiTc Italian 
 iiiariiicrs from S'cnict'. I'lic King\ chartiT was held hy John 
 {,'abot and his three sons, the greatest ol' whom. Sebastian, is 
 sii|(|M)sed to have accompanied him on his first vo\aj,'e. liehind 
 their enterprise lay a mmilier of influences. 'I'he King wished 
 a share in the glory and gain which S|)ain was rea|)ing through 
 ("ohmihus. The merchants of liristol were looking for a gre.it 
 tratle in stockfish. Mefore the eyes of John ( "alxit himself glit- 
 tired visions of golden ( ipango ; and like ( 'olumhiis 
 he appears to have cherished dreams of winning a unci kii«ii«i 
 
 riirCillii.|> 
 
 new world to the laith of ( hrist. i he ( ahots in 
 I4«^S e\|)lored the whole c»)ast, from l,alirador to South Caro- 
 lina. Though the discovery of Newfoundland is credited to 
 them, it i.s sometimes claimed that the Hanks I'isheries were 
 alreatly known to Hiscayan fishermen. H(nvever this may In-, 
 it is certain 'hat Knglish, Norman, Has(|ue and IJrcton lost no 
 
 time 
 
 in f1 
 
 o(. ng 
 
 to the rich harvest there revealed. In iqi;. 
 
 only twenty years after Cabot's discovery, there were no k" 
 
 than fifty 
 
 vessels on tlie Uan 
 
 th 
 
 In 
 
 a second expedition, sent 
 
 out in the following year by Henry \TI, the Cabots turned their 
 sails northward, seeking a way to India. They got as far as the 
 mouth of Hudson's Straits. 'I'heii the Arctic ice forced them 
 back. In the reign of Henry \ III a new charter was granted 
 to .Sebastian Cabot, who continued that intrepid search for a 
 North-West passage which has lasted nearly down to the present 
 day. It is not too much to c:laim for these Italian mariners that 
 they showed the way to Knglish enterprise, and laid the founda- 
 tions on which Hngland was to build her maritime and c-olonial 
 greatness. Their deeds are commemorated only in the late 
 naming of a barren group of islets near Newfoundland. 
 
 Close in the wake of the Cabots followed a Portuguese navi- 
 gator, (!ortereal, who in the year 1500 visited the coasts of 
 Labrador and Newfoundland, and carried away to slavery a 
 ship-load of the red inhabitants. This ini(|uity sowed the seed 
 whence sprang in later years rich crops of hale and bloodshed. 
 
 
 
 ^\ 
 
I i 
 
 " ill 
 
 
 8 
 
 In I'arlv I'ortiigucsc ninps all this riL^ion is marked Tc/ ni 
 Corterealis, tlic Land of ( !ortt;rcal. In 1506 a I'Vcnclmian, 
 iK'nis of Honflour, \isitotl the (liilf of St. I .awrcncc. In r^iS 
 the iJaron di' I .cry trit-d to plant a si'lticniL'nl on Saljlu Island. 
 His clioice of a site t'llis one with wonder ; ..nd utter failure was 
 the only possible result, 'i'he cattle, however, which he left 
 behind him throve on the sandy levels, and their multiplying 
 , . . herds l)e<anie at length a nioninnent to his vain 
 
 Cnrtl'ICIll, lll'lUS ^ 
 
 or iiniiii.Mir, enterprise. The next important visitor to Cana- 
 Vi ri;i//iiMn. iX\\\w shores was John \'erra/./ano. He was a Mor- 
 cntine na\igator in the service of the l'"rench King, Francis 
 1. In 1S24 \ erra//ano hastily examined the coast from some- 
 where on the Carolina shore northwartl to the (ailf of St. 
 Lawrence, and declared the whole region annexed to the I'lench 
 ( jown. I-roni N'ewloundland he sailed back to I'Vance. He 
 had <^^ined much fresh knowledge of the New W'orkl's Atlantic 
 borders. At the same time he had repaid the hospitality of the 
 natives bv kidnapping a child ujjon the shore. It was by acts 
 like these that the barbarians of America were instructed in 
 the civilization of I'-urope. 
 
 5. Cartier's First Voyage. 'The Old World powers 
 
 were parting the New World between them : and on the 
 strength of Xerraz/ano's discoveries l'"rance made ready to claim 
 ' her share of the spoil. Though not the fn-st in the field, she 
 outstrijiped for a time the e'forls of her northern rivals. Her 
 wise or tbrtunate i-hoii-e of men enabUd her to do this. While 
 I'jiglish navigators, v\\v\\ a picturesciue compound of merchant, 
 buccaneer, and hero, were trading to Brazil or the (luinea coast, 
 lording it over the codfish fleets in the fogs of Newfoundland, 
 battling with the ships of Spain in the tropics or with ice-tloe 
 and famine in the spectral Arctic waters, l-'rance was entering 
 Canada bv the gates of the St. Lawrence ami making good her 
 hokl on half a continent. 
 
 In the early spring of 1534 Jaccjues Cartier set sail for the 
 New World from the illustrious port of St. Malo. Cartier, 
 whose name shines in our annals, was a IJreton mariner of good 
 
 I 
 
 t\ 
 
f.nnilv ami rt.'])iito, strong in iIk' possession of cou-t favour. 
 
 n 
 
 is patron was an ontlnisiastic yi>ung iioIjIl', 
 
 ippc dc llrion-C'liahot. wlio was deep in thr conli " ' ' 
 
 (Iciu'c of I'Vancis I, and diligently fostered the kind's dream of 
 Xi'W World Kmpire. ('artier was well fitted to the task now 
 put ui)on him. Al)out forty years of a^i'. dauntless, ki'en of 
 
 eve. ruiiL'Oi 
 
 1 and 
 
 lean of eounti'uaiK <.•, he had suecessess and in 
 trepiditics alreadv on his record. I'hi' ( ompanv with whieh he 
 
 sai 
 
 led consisted of ai)out one Inuulred and twcntv men. in t 
 
 Wl) 
 
 weatlu'r thev ri'.K lu'd tin 
 
 small ships. 
 
 .\fler tweiitv davs of favouriiij. 
 coast of Newfoundland. This was on Mav the lolh. i'ass 
 ii\Li throui^h the Straits of iJelK' Isle he \iewed with little 
 satisfaction the hli-ak coast of Labrador. whi( h sinined to 1 
 ("ain's portion of the earth. 
 
 111! 
 
 neiice lUMdiiiL; down and .icro>- 
 
 the liulf he r.ui through tlu' Magdalen Islands, and lame 
 
 upon the north shore of New iSrunswick. |)rol),ihl\ 
 
 al)out the mouth of the Miramichi. or oiu' of the N'« Hhiii^wi. 
 
 C:ll liiT \ i^it- 
 
 ^lli'l (lasjii 
 
 smaller streams so nnnierous m that region of water 
 
 courses. Here he found a fertility ami abundance that (U-liuhtei 
 
 dl his company, 
 
 he forests were rich with pme. maple. aiK 
 
 asn. 
 
 he meatlows were pur|)le with vet( h hlossom 
 
 W 
 
 lid 
 
 i)ernes everywhere temi 
 
 ited tl 
 
 le se;i-wearv 
 
 U). 
 
 11 
 
 U' voNauer^ 
 
 av awake at ni 
 
 iht 
 
 and listened with wonder to the noise of 
 
 countless salmon i)assiiu 
 
 th 
 
 e shallows, or tn tlu- wm^s ol 
 
 innumeraDle 
 
 wikl] 
 
 )it2eons streaminu overhead 
 
 o add 
 
 to 
 
 ("artier's good oi)inion of this favored laml. its mhabit.uii- 
 
 were iViendlv and few. 
 
 issing northwai(t tlie evplortas < .iiiu 
 
 in earlv lulv, to the grei-n and sheltered waters o 
 
 )f 
 
 whose shores wavered throuuli a viokt h.i/i 
 
 ll 
 
 lesi' wa 
 
 ters received the name of Uaie des ( 
 
 Inleiirs. 
 
 I 
 
 t);i\ 
 
 knee 
 
 ia\ iiu 
 
 the bav. ( artier rounded thee.istern promontors of ( laspe, ( )n 
 the (laspe shore he set u|) a cross thirty feet high, be.iring a 
 >hield with the arms of I'r.mce. This (iri'iiionv roused the 
 suspicions of the Indians, whose instincts appaientlv (iete<'tctl 
 in it .some violation of their rights of soseieignty. They 
 
 m 
 
 -'•/ill 
 
 ^-1 
 
 
 1./ 
 
 \ 
 
 i- 
 
' 
 
 i!'i' 
 
 lO 
 
 were soon ai)i)case(l, however, with protestations and trinkets. 
 Taking base advantage of their confidence, ("artier hired two of 
 the voung savages into his ship, and carried them away lo 
 l-'rance. His sudden return, after he liad sighted the shores of 
 Anticosti and reached the very thresht)ld of the St. Lawrence, 
 was due to his dread of the autumn storms. For his treachery 
 to the Indians he was afterwards to pay dear, in the ineffaceable 
 distrust of the i)eopIe wliom he liad wronged. l'"or the blood 
 and tears wliich stain tlie whole line of contact between the 
 Old World races and the savages of America, the blame seems 
 to lie chiefly with th(jse whose civilization and whose creed 
 should have made such a reproach impossible. 'I'he record ot 
 [•'ranee, however, in spite of the barbarity of ("artier and ot 
 \erra//.ano"s cruelties, looks fair enough when compared with 
 the records of some of her rivals. 
 
 6. Cartier's Second Voyage, w hen vlartier, on the 
 
 5th of Septeiiiber, re entered in lriumi)h the harbor of St. Malo, 
 he had missed by a hairsbreadth the discovery of the great river 
 air.jss whose mouth he had sailed ; but he imagined that he had 
 found the gateway o\' the passage lo Cathay. The heart ol 
 
 ^.„„,„,i,„ , |-ranct> thrilled to his story. Here was empire to be 
 
 KraiM'.' nvii ^^.^ji^^ 1^^,^^. ^^.^,^^ heathen to be converted, here were 
 .lisruv.ri.s. ,i,.hes to be gathered in. 'I'h- king, the priest, and 
 the trader, all awoke to enthusiasm. On the 19th of May, 
 iS^S, ^t. Malo again saw Cartier's sail diminish on the blue 
 horizon, speeded by the prayers of iM-ance. On this expedition 
 earlier had three small ships.* In his company were repre 
 sentatives of some of the noblest families in the kingdom. 
 I'reseiuly a storm arose and scattered the little Heel ; and it was 
 not till near the end of July that they came together again, al 
 j,^ |.^^ their rendezvous on the Straits of Belle Isle. Hold- 
 
 "■""','■*'" , iiiL' his course more to the northward than on the 
 tiii.r ships. nivvious voyage, Cartier [)assed a large island wiiicn 
 lie named Assumption, now Anticosti. '1 o a l)ay north of An- 
 ticosti Cartier gave the name of St. Lawrence, -a name des 
 "^ * riif " Hbiiiiiiif ,'■ tiie " I'etite Horiiiiii.-," iui.l the '" Kinerillou." 
 
 ■ li , 
 
 ■ li' 
 
 if' 
 
I I 
 
 lined soon to sjircad not only to tlic ^'ulf Ik- h.id just travcrsi-fl. 
 hut also to the great river in whose channel he now found him- 
 self. Continuing up the river, which ('artier learned from hi^ 
 kidnapped Indians to call "the great tiver of Canada," the e\- 
 |)lorers entered the austere |)ortals of the Sagueiiay. and floated 
 with awe U|)oii the sombre waters of that gigantic trough. Here 
 they met Indians in birch-bark canoes, with whom they com- 
 mimicated through their guides. Xot delaying to e\|)lore tlie 
 Saguenay they resumed their journey up the main stream, round- 
 ed an island rich in ha/els which they called Isle au ( 'oudres. 
 passed the beetling shoulder of (Ja])e I'ourmente. and came to 
 a s|)atious green island so abounding in wild vines that the de- 
 lighted voyagers called it the Isle* of ISacclnis. Here they cast 
 anchor. I'resentlv from every cove and inlet came gliding the 
 noiseless, yellow, birchen craft of the natives. I )istrustful at fir^t, 
 the savages were ([uickly conciliated, and thronged with mar- 
 velling admiration about the white men and their strange shii)->. 
 
 Above the island the shores contracted sharply anil the river 
 forced its wav between towering battlements of grey rock stained 
 with red. On the northern shore the heightK broke off abrujit- 
 Iv. forming that majestic promontory now crowned b\ the cita- 
 del of (^)uebec. Here were huddled the wigwams of Stadacona, 
 the savage metvo|)olis of that region : and here I)onnacona, the 
 rulinu chief, who had visited Cartii-r at his fust an 
 chorage on the Isle of liacchus, e\ti'nded to the 'ii'- -i'' "i 
 strangers a barbarous but ardent hospitality. L'nder 
 the shadow of the cape a small river emptied itself quietl). and 
 in its mouth the {■'renchmen found safe harbourage for their 
 shi|)s. 
 
 The Indians were all friendship, but to (',irtier'> design of 
 ascending the river they ottered a velunu iit o|iposition. .\rgii- 
 ment and entreaty failing to dissuade the obstinate str.mgcr, 
 they tried to work upon his t'ear>. .\ clever masi|Liera(le was 
 prepared, and the I'renchmen, leaning over the sides ol' thiir 
 ves.sel.s, watched with amused perplexity what seemed to be 
 
 * Now tilt? fruitful and |)c(|iulous |>le (!"( )ili;iiti.s. 
 
 ^^1 
 
 4 
 
 "I 
 
 t - 
 
'4 
 
 12 
 
 tlirce demons who diifted slowly past thcni in a canoL'. 'riiesc 
 woR' tnedicine nion, adorned with monstrous horns, their laces 
 hlackened, their eyes glaring with hideous ti\ity uixn die 
 strangers. The chief demon yelled a fierce harangue; till the 
 canoe had floated some distance down the current. Then all 
 three paddleil ashore, fell down as if dead, and were (-arried 
 with clamour into a sheltering thicket. I'hence presently 
 issued Cartier's two savage interpreters, who explained that the 
 god Coudouagny had sent three messengers to warn the rash 
 white men from their puri)ose. Dreadful calamities of storm 
 and frost were i)redicted for them ; hut Cartier <lerided the 
 ,..„,,(,,, mummery ami went on u]) the river. He took the 
 
 i.Mvii.istiirSt. .,,|oiitst of his ships, two IhxUs, and a numerous 
 iin,;ii.-iMj,M. following. 'i'he further he advanced the hiu-er 
 grew the prospect, the more feitile seemed the soil ; and the 
 natives were everywhere friendly. In the shallow evpanse of 
 Lake St. I'eter he ran his vessel aground, but with his boats he 
 jnished on undaunted. On the second of October he reached 
 the lovely island with its guardian mount, deep in whose green 
 recesses hiii the tc^vn of Hochelaga. 
 
 'llie voyagers were welcomed to the shore by throngs ol 
 dancing Indians, who overwhelmed them with gifts of fish anil 
 fruit and corn. On the folU)wing morning, led by their delighted 
 liosts, they mari-hed through the woods by a well-travelled path, 
 till they came out upon an expanse of mai/e-fields, in the midst 
 of which, against the foot of the mountain, rose the triple pali- 
 saeles of' Hochelaga. These palisades were built with galleries 
 along the inside, where heaps of stonc-s were stored for purposes 
 of defence. Hochelaga was a good specimen of the Huron 
 lro(iuois town. It consistetl of half-a-hundreil large 
 "'"'''"'""■ dwellings, one hundred and fifty feet long by forty 
 or forty-live feet wide, built of poles and covered with sheets of 
 bark. Down the long, unpartitioned centre ran a row of fires, 
 and around each smoky hearth gathered a family. In the middle 
 of the townwas an open scjuare, wherein the tribe held its councils. 
 Here the Frenchmen wore received with joyous reverence, as if 
 
 
'.3 
 
 they had been half tlivinc. 'I'hc adoring excitement grew as 
 ( 'artier scattered on all sides his presents, knives, heads, ring;-, 
 and little sacred images of [)e\vter. 'i'he head chief of the tribe, 
 a paralytic and helple!?s old man, was brought before (\irtier on 
 a mat to be cured of his sickness. C'artier was somewhat em- 
 barrassed by such faith ; but he treated his unexj)ected patient 
 as best he could with a prayer for his soul as well as for his bod)', 
 touched him, and sent him away h.ippy if not healed. Then 
 came all the sick and infirm of the tribe to be treated in like 
 manner. This done, Cartier withdrew himself and his little 
 i)and from the grateful attentions of their hosts, and set out f(jr 
 the niountain. I'he Indians guided them to its summit : and 
 with exulting eyes Cartier looked out acr^)ss the luxuriant forest, 
 already flaming in scarlet and amber untler the touch of the 
 early frosts, 'i'he mountain lie called Mount Royal ; and where 
 his eyes then rested so well content sits now the (jueenly city 
 of Montreal. 
 
 From Hochelaga ('artier hastened back to Stadacona, built 
 a fort on the shore l)y the shi|)s, and made ready for the 
 winter. He knew not what to make ready for, however ; and 
 before the little colony was half prepared the violence of the 
 season broke upon them, such cold and such storms as they had 
 little dreamed of. It seemed to them as if the world could 
 never more emerge from the snows which overwhelmed it. 
 Soon a malignant scurvy broke out among them, and they knew 
 not how to combat it by diet or medicine. Out of their com- 
 panv of one hundred and ten men tweiitv-five died, 
 and all the rest but three or four tottered on the "inters iit 
 brmk of the grave. I'o hide the weakness of the 
 garrison, Cartier made those who were strong enough po'uid on 
 the walls with hannners, that the savages might think there 
 were vigour and ai'livity within. Hut the savages themselves 
 were sore beset with the same plague, and could give little heed 
 to the strangers. At last Cartier learned from an Intlian that 
 the disease might be cured by a decoction of a certain ever- 
 green which he called timeJa, (probably a spruce or arbor-vitie), 
 
 ..V'f' 
 
 i -.ji 
 
 
 1^: 
 
 '*i ' 'f, 
 
 S ii 
 
 ik.fi 
 
 %^ 
 
'! 
 
 14 
 
 ami this remedy the Krenehnien tried at once. They tried it 
 with such desperate eagerness that in six days they consumed a 
 good-sized tree ; and it proved so efficacious that the disease 
 was stayed, and the invahtls rose swiftly back to heaUh. 
 
 When spring released the ships and brought cheer again 
 to the exiles, Cartier made ready for the return to France. 
 First, having heard from the Indians glowing tales of gold, 
 silver, red copper, rubies, and a race of one-legged men to be 
 found in the interior country, he resolved that he would havt- 
 witnesses to corroborate his story. l.uring the 
 !,';,'|',s t'l,.'^ i':s- hospitable I )onnacona and four lesser chiefs into an 
 ''""''''■""'""■ ambush, he imprisoned them in the shii)s. The 
 Indians were told that ^heir chiefs were going away of their own 
 free will, being eager to meet the French King and view all the 
 wonders beyond^sea. Then, having erected on the shore a 
 cross thirty feet high with the fleur-de-lis- affixed to it, Cartier on 
 the i6th day of May turnetl his prows toward I'Y.mce. On the 
 1 6th of lune, 1536, he furled his storm-rent sails once more 
 beneath the ramparts of St. Male. 
 
 In this same spring, while Cartier was yet ice-bound under 
 Stadacona, the light of history flashes for a moment u[)on the 
 coast of Newfoundland. Two siiips were sent out from i ,ondon 
 to America on a fishing venture, .\fler cruising about the Culf 
 of St. Lawrence they .fell short of provisions, and entered « 
 harbour on the west shore of the island. Finiling the natives 
 too timorous to traffic with them tiiey were soon 
 I?: ullMinuli in peril of starvation ; but fi-om this strait they were 
 St. i.:nv,vM.v. ^.^.jj^.^.^.^j ,,^, j,^^, ^j^^^.i^ .^rrival of a French trading- 
 ship well laden with stores. Though France and iCngland were 
 then at peace, the Fiencii ship was prom|)tly seized. It was 
 a time and place not conducive to ceremony. i'he injured 
 Frenchmen made complaint to the Knglish King, our eighth 
 Henry. That robust monarch decided that the piracy of his 
 subjects was justified by the pressing nature of their needs ; but 
 he repaiil the unfortunate I'renchmen's losses out of his own 
 pocket. 
 
«5 
 
 7. Cartier's Last Voyage ; and Roberval. l*or tho 
 
 next few years the Krencli kinj^, the inconstnnt Trancis, was too 
 iiuu-h occupied in defendinjj; his domains at home to tliink 
 much of extending them at)r()ad. His great rival, Charles \' 
 of Spain, was pressing him with fierce hostility. At length 
 came i)eace ; and as Francis recovered breath and looked 
 about him, his e\es were once more turned upon Canada. 
 I'he Sieur de Roberval, a nobleman of I'icardy. was made 
 (lovernor of Canada and all the surrounding regions ; and 
 ( "artier, under him, was appointed (Japtain-Cietieral. 1 )onnacona 
 and his fellow-captives had died meanwhile; and ("artier 
 showed a natural reluctance to revisit the spot where he had 
 so cruelly returned the kindness of his hosts. Hut at length he 
 consented. With five ships, a great company of followers, and 
 stock and implements for founding a colony, he left St. Malo 
 on the 23rd of May. De Roberval stayed behind, intending 
 to follow close upon his heels with additional ships and supplies. 
 'i'he vovage proved a stormv one. At Newfound- 
 land, where de Roberval was to overtake hmi. a iiiini tiimii 
 Cartier Imgered till his patience was outworn. 
 'I'hen, resuming his journey, he crossed the gulf, and on the 
 23rd of August he came under the stern front of Stadacona's 
 Cape. In great numbers, but not with their old joyous wel- 
 come, the Indians crowded about him. Cartier confessed to 
 them that Donnacona was dead, but he declared that the other 
 chiefs had married in France, and wene living in such s[)lendour 
 that they could not be [)ersuaded to return. This tale the 
 Indians pretended to believe ; but Cartier felt that they were 
 merely covering up a fire of hate which would flame out at the 
 first opportunity of revenge. He forsook uneasily his old 
 anchorage in the St. C'harles, (then called the St. Croix), and 
 moved further up the St. Lawrence to (!ap Rouge. Here he 
 watched in vain for de Roberval's expected sails. Sending 
 back two of his shijjs with tidings to France, he established his 
 colony in a fortified post which he called Charlesbourg Royal. 
 Here he passed an anxious, though not a disastrous winter. In 
 
 
 
 »ia 
 

 Il'l' 
 
 !| 
 
 1 6 
 
 the si)ring, discoiini^a-d apparently by dc RolK-rvars contiiuicd 
 al)sciKC and by the sullen enmity of the Indians, he gathered 
 the colony back into his shii)s, bade an ungrateful farewell to 
 the frowning height of Stadaeona, and Hed away tor 
 n;;;i:"l«;n;;^ l-Vanee. Kntering the harbour of St. John's, New 
 ,'l;::n'!:i;''s'M,. foundland, in the early part of June, lie found there 
 i,is .ntn pris,.. ^^^^ [.^.i^ifd Roberval with his fleet, a year behind his 
 engagement. 'I'he fiery Viceroy ordered his t'aptain-C.eiieral 
 back to his post ; but ("artier slipped out of the harbor in the . 
 night and made his best haste homeward. In his native- St. 
 Malo, or in his neighbouring manor-house of l.imoilou, C'arlur 
 settled down to a life of civil ease, content with the patent of 
 nobility which his voyages had won for him. 
 
 In no gentle humour de Roberval i)ressed on to Canada. 
 He took po.ssession of the deserted structures of Charlesbourg 
 Royal, cleared fields, sowed croi)s. cut paths, raised new build- 
 ings. His company seems to have been an unruly one, l>ut he 
 governed with a rod of iron, and his harshness kept the peace. 
 He seems, however, to have lacked prudence and foresight : and 
 when winter came upon the lonely colony it was found that the 
 store of provisions was not enough to last till spring. I'.very 
 one was put on short allowance, l-'ish and roots, 
 auISV:;''^ in meagre supply, were puri'hased from the Indians. 
 e,.i.,„i/Mtin„. j^^^ ^j^^ j^^.^^^ piague of the scurvy broke out, and 
 
 there was no one to teach them Cartier's remedy. Fifty of the 
 settlers died, and by spring de Roberval's enthusiasm was at an 
 end. That summer he carried back to France the pitiful rem- 
 nants of his colony. In 1549, with his brother .\chille, he or- 
 ganized another expedition to Canada, the fate of which is one 
 of the romantic secrets of history. A dim tradition would have 
 us believe that the adventurers sailed up the Saguenay, seeking 
 a kingdom of jewels and strange enchantments: and that no 
 man of the company ever returned through the bleak portals ol 
 
»7 
 
 ihat wizard* stream. Another and more credible story tells us, 
 however, that Robervalt eventually returned to France, and 
 died l)y violence one night in the streets of I'aris. 
 
 It is interesting to consider that while ("artier and Roherval 
 were thus exploring the St. Lawrence and piercing the continent 
 by its eastern portals, the S|)aniard de Soto was entering tlu- 
 southern gateway and threading the channels of the Mississippi. 
 
 [XOTE TO THE EXAMINERS: The Question, ck.. 
 'ivliich folltnv^ are intended not only to aid the teacher in eonduct- 
 ini^ a reeitaticn, hut a/so to help the pupil in making; preparation 
 l>y i::^uidini:; hi/n in an analysis of the facts. The Topics are in- 
 tended to assist the teacher in rc7'ie7i>inx, and in train/n^t; the p/r 
 pil to synthesize the facts. Questions and Topics are ^ii^en in full 
 for et^ery section of Chapter J. Skeleton Alstracts are i^^iven for 
 Sections 2 and f. These may he used in 7'ari<>us jcays. They 
 may he copied on the blackboard, or ivith slate and pencil, and the 
 blanks filed in by the pupil : or they may be read aloud, and the 
 omitted portions supplied orally. Blackboard Sui;;i;estions are 
 Xic'cn for Sections J and y. The author be^s that these aids to 
 teacher and pupil appended to Chapter / may be taken as a fair 
 sample of those which he 7vould wish to append to each (f the re- 
 mainiui^- chapters., in the case of his work proi'iui:^ acceptable to the 
 Exainiiwrs. He 7Vould s//_i^j^est that, while Quest i(>ns and I'opics 
 are ra/uired for every section if every chapter. Skeleton Abstracts 
 and Blackboard Su^i^[i^vstions should be xii't'^' Jar selected sections 
 only, (one section or nu>re from each chapter,) in order to avoid 
 restricting^ the teacher's individuality. \ 
 
 (ii) (^H'KSTIOXS. Skctkin 1. (Thi opt m mi jtririKjrd/ih of I hi 
 iiiliiiihii/<ii\l/ ■iirfidii l< iiOi ii(/i (I /'or f/o tthhf juifiils iiii/l/, (iiitl tin ijiu ■•^Iidh- 
 iipiiii if iir( till n /'on iiiinli lOiiijittriiliri lij tlijllr/ilt. J Wliy luis the fouisc 
 iif piist events in Canatla lieeii of iiiipoi'tance lo tlie woild at lar^e'.' Ami 
 
 * A tribe of Indians fte(|iieiiting thi^ head wafers of tlit^ Saj;iu'iia\' 
 i;oes l»y tlie name of tlie Wizards. Si'c \V. H. H. Mnrray's story of 
 " Manulons." 
 
 I Tile adventures of Ilolierval are \ i\ idly presented in a drama of 
 that name 1)V Ifnnler Dnvar. 
 
 11 
 
 VI 
 
T 
 
 i8 
 
 wliy may wi; fxpt'iH the world to l)c ooiK-fiiicd almul our fiUur(t ? -On 
 what far tields and waters were buttles fought wherein Canadian inter- 
 ests were at Mtuke ? What thrones weie shaken in these i-trii;.'glfs ? 
 And wlu;re was tiie j,'ieat i|iifstion finally decided? -Who se<'ur('d the 
 triumph of the IJritishV Wiiat are the two great races which eoud)ine 
 to form the ( '.inadian people? What vast prohleni will this people pei- 
 
 h 
 
 laiis he ea 
 
 lied 
 
 upon to ( 
 
 lei'idt 
 
 ■What is the derivation of th 
 
 ('A\A1)A ': To wliat region did it afiply in Cartier's time? To wliut 
 region did Lesearltot apply it? Into how many main divisions does 
 Canadian History fall? What is the first of them? And what is its 
 distinguisliing feature ? What tended to hide this feature from the 
 eyes of those engaged in the strife?— What is the second division ?-- 
 
 W 
 
 len iloes i 
 
 t 1. 
 
 n? What is its distinmiisiiiii'' feature ? —What was 
 
 ai'complislieil during this jx'riod ? What was the name given to self- 
 government? — How was this right at length secured and enlarged ?- 
 What is tli(^ third division of Canadian History ? When docs it hegin ? 
 Wh'it are its distinguishing features? liow far iloes the name of 
 Canada now extend ? 
 
 W 
 
 lere lias 
 li.- 
 
 ol'se (liscov 
 
 Skction '2. — Where lie the true sources of history ?- 
 Canadian History its ju-oper heginning ? Why iue 'liiese N 
 cries interesting? -And why are they significant? Who under'ook to 
 impose feudalism on Norway ? — And when ? — What did the \'ikings do ? 
 — Why ili<l they not rest content in Iceland ?--\Vho disi-overecl (ireen 
 land ? An 1 when? -Wiiat (Iri'cnlaud colonist first sighted New W'orhl 
 shores?— Who set out to explore these shores? — When 
 
 Wl 
 
 ier<! ( 
 
 lid 
 
 he Krst touch? — Where nt!Xt?- And where last' 
 
 W 
 
 lat nanus did he 
 
 give to these three i)laces ? — What tlid he call tlu^ village widcli he 
 liuilt ?--What tlid his hrotlier Thoiwalddo? -Why did (ireenland ships 
 conu! yearly to Vinelaml ? -Wiio tried to cstai)lish a larger colony tiian 
 Leif's? -What was the result ? -For how long, then, was the New World 
 forgotten ?- And why?- -What became of the (ireeiiland colony ? \Vhat 
 remains to us of the Norse discoveries in Anierii-'a ? 
 
 Skction .S.— Whose 
 
 name brings ui^ 
 
 ito the liuht of modem his- 
 
 tory? — How is Columbus connected with C'anadiiin History ?-- How may 
 we regard the achievement of Columbus ?- What did Columbus suffer 
 
 or years 
 
 -Where did he at last sail from ?-What forces urL'ed him 
 
 westward ?— In his dii 
 
 rhat 
 
 ay, wliat was tlie only roai 
 
 th 
 
 d\ 
 
 d to tl 
 
 le riclies o 
 
 .f th 
 
 Kast ? — And who controlled the Kastern trade? -Who was Columbus? 
 — What did he know, and how was he prepared for his task ? — To whom 
 first did he otl'er his services ?— Why were they refused? — To whoni 
 next?- Why again refused? — To what countries then did he turn? — 
 A nil with what result ? -To whom did he make his most jtersistent ap- 
 peal ?— And with what success at last ?— Under w hose patronage did 
 
I') 
 
 (ilniiiliiis (sail (III \\\> tii>'t \(iyii;,'t' 
 
 II 
 
 i>\\ IllilllV •■* 
 
 l.i| 
 
 11. 
 
 \vu.- 
 
 llu' \i)Viinc ? W'liiit guidt's liiiil lie '.' -Wlu'ti ilid 111' leu li laliil 
 
 Ami wlu'io ? W'licif iliil 111' iin.ijiiiic liiiiiM'lf to li' 
 
 W 
 
 iit iiaiiK' ilii 
 
 le giv. 
 
 tl 
 
 ir nut iv<'(<, all) 
 
 ll< 
 
 i)\\ was 111' iKx'IM'il (III Ills ret 111 II to 
 
 Aiiii;ru 'I 
 
 Si;iTi((N 4. 
 
 What liiiil ( oiiiniliii.s ilisi'OM'i'ci 
 
 iiiaiiilaiid '.' In wliat vcar 
 
 \VI 
 
 icri' (lie 
 
 I li 
 
 ' W 
 
 t'lolll 
 
 1(1 iliscox ( red the 
 
 I 
 
 lulf.' \\ hose 
 
 L'iiarter 
 
 And wlici'i; did lie first toiicli tlit- iiiainlai 
 
 Wliat I'la 
 
 nil ilKl 
 
 I'liigland liasc ii|ion ('altot's acliii'venii'iit V - Wlial was N'asco di (iaiii.i 
 doiiij^ aliont till' s.iiiie tiiiio'' And for wliat powtT ? -Who clainit'd tn 
 
 have i'i'iii'IiimI till' inainland in tlii' saint' vi'i 
 
 Wlu'ii (lid 111' actiialls 
 
 reach the mainland V And then at w Imt point? What was the onj. 
 
 .f the iiiuiu' AMKHICA 
 
 \nd to what portion of the New World did 
 
 it first ajiply '! -Who weie the I'ahots ? U'iiat forces weie iieliind them 
 
 What did they do in I4!W 
 
 Wl 
 
 lo are claiiiie 
 
 d to have kno«n the 
 
 I'laiiks Kisheries liefore the discoveries of the Caliots ? -Where did tli( 
 ('al)ots <^i) ill their next expedition ? What did they seek "' What did 
 they do for l';iiij;laiid '.' (low are their deeds coiiimenioratt'd V Win 
 
 followed in their waki 
 
 II M liat veal 
 
 What wickedness did he com 
 
 nut 
 
 W 
 
 lit were 
 
 Lai 
 
 ii'iiii'ir a 
 
 lid \e\\f 
 
 oiim 
 
 Man 
 
 ift( 
 
 ittci'wards lalled, mi 
 
 I'ortii'nicse 
 
 lis? Who visited tiie (lulf of St. Lawrence in l.'idO 
 
 What did liaron de i.,('rv do in lolSV What was the result 
 
 W 
 
 «as till' iie\t visitor to Canadian siiores 
 
 II whose service was 
 
 W 
 
 lat di 
 
 I I 
 
 le accomplish 
 
 II what year 
 
 ll( 
 
 did 
 
 le treat the In 
 
 itaM 
 
 e iiatn es '! 
 
 
 V 'i 
 
 SKcrioN .'>. -What did France now do 
 
 navigators o cupied meaiiwliilc? 
 
 W 
 
 (lid. 
 
 World ? Kron 
 
 what port 
 
 W 
 
 ai'ijues 
 lo was Cartiel 
 
 Aii'l how w 
 (artier 
 
 ci'e 
 
 Knglish 
 sail for till- 
 
 Wl 
 
 lo was hi- 
 
 ]iatroii 
 api 
 
 Wl 
 
 tl 
 
 f !■' 
 
 tearaiice aiK 
 
 lo was tlien Kiny ol I' rami 
 1 cl 
 
 What was ( 'ai t iei li 
 
 laracter ? How many men and ships went with hi 
 How long was their voyage, and where did they make hind V - Wl 
 was then their course V Where did he touch \ew IJninswick soil 
 
 How did New Hriinswick jilease him 
 
 H( 
 
 1> 
 
 What did lie do at (!asp 
 
 W 
 
 lat liav (lid he iiaim 
 
 d tl 
 
 le natives ti'i 
 
 at I 
 
 H( 
 
 ow (Inl he repay their f riemlliness 
 
 th 
 
 fr 
 
 dli 
 
 What island did he 
 
 nil 
 
 sight ■;- 
 
 What Wii,s the cause of his sudden roturn to Kiaiicc 
 
 W 
 
 li'l'l^ (Iocs 
 
 (•hief hiaiiie rest for the liloodshed whicii in after generations mar 
 the intercourse hetween Indians and Kuropcaiis '.' 
 
 the 
 
 k.d 
 
 '3'J 
 
 Ski'TIon (). — When did (,'arlier reach Fran 
 
 What 
 
 (IISCON Cl \ 
 
 had iie just missed? —What did he think he had found '.' Ilow was his 
 story received in France".' -When did his second expedition leave St. 
 
 Male 
 
 -Of what did it consist V— What was his course on this occasion 
 
! 
 
 10 
 
 
 f ' 
 
 Wliiit riMT 1 1 ill Ih' iiNcciicI '.' W'liiit ili<l tiu' liiili.ins ti'.nli liim to r.ill it 
 Wliut gri'iit t i'il)iitiii'y iliil he oIimciac '.' W'liiit ir<lanil, ami wliiit ('a|i<' 
 
 W 
 
 H'lC (III 
 
 I ll 
 
 i.st iiiicliiir '.' W'liat waM the cliaiai tcr nf river' iiihI 
 
 loli'S iiiiMieiliately alntvt^ Is « 
 
 .I'Orl. 
 
 W'liat town lii'l lie liiiil 
 
 Who was its ehief? Iluw were the \i)yai.'eis received ? - What |iui'|)iise 
 of ('artiisr's diil the imlians o|i|)use V llow iliit they try to work ii|ioii 
 his tears? With what force did ( 'arlier aseeiid tiie ri\ ei' from Staila- 
 eona ?~ -Where did he run his ship aj,'roiiiid ? What was the ohjeet of 
 his j 
 
 oiiriK^V 
 
 Wh 
 
 did ll 
 
 (! arrive there 
 
 How 
 
 \Nas he recent'i 
 
 What Wiis the general I'liaraiter of the town'.' To what division of the 
 Indian riieo did it lielong ?- Deserilc its deteiiees. — l)esei'ilie its dwell- 
 ings. — What gifts did ('artier distriluite V What was ( 'aitier asked to 
 <li) ? -How did \\v. meet the re(|nest V What followed'.' Whither ilid 
 tin; Indians then guide him 'f On what scene did he lest his eyes'.' 
 
 What did he do on his return to Stadii 
 
 la '/-- How w.iH the eolonv 
 
 alllicted during the winter ';'- How did ('artier strive to impress the 
 
 Indi 
 
 What was the condition of the Indians t hemst'lves ' 
 
 Hi 
 
 svere Cartiers followi'rs eured of their disease'/ In the spring, what 
 step did C'aitier decide upon ': - What wonderful stories had he heard '! 
 
 What did he want '' What trea'.'iieiy was he guilty of '.' What lie 
 did he tell the Indians '/ -What was his final act Ik ton; leaving '.' - Wlien 
 did he again reach St. Malo'/--On what other spot does the light of 
 Canadian history nov. gleam for a moment '/ Where did the Knglisli 
 ships anchor ? — What peril were they in'.' How were they relie\ed '; 
 To whom did the French complain'.' -And with what result '/ 
 
 Ski'TIiin 7. W'hy did the l'"rencli king neglei't Canada for the next 
 few years ■/ —Who wa.s his great rival'/ Who was now ajipointcd (!o\-- 
 
 ernor of ( 'aiiada '! — What otiice did ( 'artier liolil under hi 
 
 W 
 
 (.'artier reluctant to revisit Canada'/ W'luiii did he st i sail on iii 
 
 ly was 
 > tiiird 
 
 voyage? -What did he take with him? Where did he linger? And 
 why■^-And with what result? When did he again reach Stada- 
 cona ? — What did he tell the Indians? How was the story received ? 
 What change of anchorage did Cartier make ? -Wliom did he expect in 
 vain ?--What did he call his foi't? -W'liat sort of a winter did he pass'/ 
 -What did he do in the spring ? - And why ? — Stopping at St. .John's, 
 
 whom did he meet? How did he treat his Vicero\ 's coiimiand 
 
 Hi 
 
 did he end his days, and where? — -What dicl Roherval do after Cartier's 
 desertion? — What was his chaiacti ; ? What sort of a winter did he 
 pass? — And what was tlie result in the .-(» ng? — When, and with whom, 
 did he undertake a second expetlitinn ? -- What mystery surrounds this 
 expedition ?— What is the ])rol)iJU, 'Lory of Roberval's end? — What 
 was going on in the south of the continent while Cartier and Koberval 
 were exploring the St. Lawrence? 
 
 'i S<;! 
 
2T 
 
 'rol'K'S. Skitiun 1. K\i>liiiii ilic rii 
 
 in wliirh ( aiiiKliiiM 
 
 Hi^tiiiy is rdiiiii'itt'd with lliiil of llic WDiliI in ^.'cnt'rul. 'I'fll uii.if ymi 
 know of tlif thri't' ^'i'«Mt ilivi.HioiiH of ('.mailian IliHtuiy. 'rincc the 
 origin and "\|iiinsiiin of the n.inic " CiMnnlii." 
 
 Ski'tion '_'. -I'!\|)liiin tlic west ward niovcnnnt of tlic \<ii tliincn. 
 I'l'll wiiiit yon know of llir discoxciirs of tin' N'oitlmicn anil tlu'ir iit ■ 
 IfniptN at coloni/ution in tlic Xcw W'oild. 
 
 Si;<rroN '.i. 'VrW liow ('ohiniliiiN wax spcrinlly titled for lii.s task. 
 Kxplain tlic foi'i'cs w'liii'li ninveil liini. Ivxplain liow Uv caniu to sail 
 
 ii'vt'nHMit of .loiiii ('allot. '!'(■ 
 
 how 
 
 unijcr till' liaiinri' of Spain. 
 
 Skction 4. Ti'il alioiit tin' 
 .Anicrit'a conifs to hear tlif name it docs. Piscnss tlic part played liy 
 these N'cnctiiin inarinei's. thet'aliots, in the ^;ro\\l li of Kn^dancl's power. 
 —Tell what yon know of ( 'orteiisil. Of de L 'ly. Of \'erazzano. 
 
 Skction ."». 'I'ell what you know of Cartier's eliaraetcr, appearance, 
 and ailvantages. I'esi'riltc his tirsl voyaj^e. 
 
 Skci'Ion <). -Kxplain till' iinniediate ctlect of ( 'artier's voyai,'e njioii 
 France.- Descrilie his second voyai,'e, up to his arrival at Stadacona. 
 |)csciil)e his visit to Hochele;,'a. I>esciilie his liist winter in Canada, 
 ainl his departure from .Stadacona in the spring. -Doscrihe the collision 
 of Knglish anil Ftencli in a NewfoiiniUand haihonr. 
 
 .•^Ki'TluN 7. -Fxplaiii tlit^ eirciinistances under which ('artier niade 
 his third voyage. -Descrihe his voyage to .Stadacona. His return to 
 France, and tin; close of his caretM". — Tell what von know of l!oln:ival. 
 
 
 SKKLI'VPOX .XHSTRACT.S. Skction •_>. Canadian History may 
 
 lie said to have its remote origin in the discoveries of . 
 
 The.su men were driven westward l>y in the ecnturv. 
 
 'i'liey .settled first in and . (ift'enlaiid was discovered hy 
 
 ill the year . A (ireenluiid colonist, liy name, was 
 
 driviui out of his course liy storms, and sighted . His discov- 
 ery was followed uj) liy , in • , who touched nt tliret; points 
 
 in the Xew World, viz., , , and . He estab- 
 lished in the latter country a village called — , near whii'li his 
 
 hrother liiiilt him a ship. Litif's expedition was followed hy a 
 
 larger one under . I>ut the' settlements were destioyed hy 
 
 . Then came a silcnee of •. The Xoithnieii turned their 
 
 attention toward richer fields in 
 
 , and even the great colony of 
 
 was neglected. In its decay it was devastati'il hy the . 
 
 And of the ex|)loits of the Xorsemen in the western world nothing re- 
 mained but , telling the adventures of , iiiid — , and 
 

 „, llVfl . 
 
 riu.'iicf lie i<ailc'il 
 
 Si;<Tln\ .".. On till' sticll.Ulll of 's ilix-.ivciifS, lllil.lf 
 
 iciidy to .laiiii lici ^liaif nf tlic NfW W.nld. In tlic s|)i m.i,' cf Car 
 
 tier M't sail tVnni . II is palruii was . 'I'lu' nanir ..I' tlir 
 
 '•"ri'tuli Uiiif.' w;is . Caitiff took witli liini sliips and ahoni 
 
 nu>n. On May Kttli lio ifaohnl . Sailinj^ tliinu-li In- 
 
 .Ivs.rn.li'.l the gulf, tan tliinn.u'h tlie an.l raiia. uimn llu- 
 
 ninth slimc uf , piolialilx al tlif nioutli nf tl 
 
 Ho fonnil the counti y anil tlu' natives 
 
 north int.. the • , and aftci wards visit.d the shoics, whcr.- 
 
 hciMVctnl lu'aring -. Takiti.i: advanlaj^c nf thr ,-..ntidfM. .■ 
 
 ..f the sava^'fs. ho , iilid th.Mi ivturnt'd In Kiaii..'. 
 
 UL.\CK15().\UI> Sl'(i(;KSrii)NS. Sirnnss ;{ \m> t. Make a 
 tal.h' i>f cviMits, as tnllnws, frnni infninialinn supplied liy the pupds : 
 
 Cnlund.ns The liahanias I «""-^ 
 
 Caliot 'riic niaildand at Lalnadnf ni- Nnva Srut ia I t'.'i 
 
 AniiTi^o Wspuc.i I'.ia/il '♦'•'" 
 
 (•,,iti.,,.;il I^al'iudnr and Ni'wfn\indlanil. I"'"*' 
 
 Atlantic Coast fmni Nm I h Carolina tn |-.,| 
 
 ^'''■'••>^^'""' (iulf of St. l.awrcnco, 
 
 l)|-a\v an nntline n;a|t of tlic worhl iis ki>nwn hcfoli' the discnverifs 
 nf Coliindins. and tiacc^ lluMcnu the caravan rc.ntcs litlwci'li Murnpe and 
 
 the Kast. 
 
 Draw an nutlin.' map nf t he I'astern and western shores nf the Xn! I ii 
 Atlantie ; and traee therenn the vnya.^es nf cO the Nnitlunen. [Ii} Coluin 
 lius. ('•) theCahnts, [il] VeriM//ano. 
 
 Draw ail nutliiie map slinwinu' the direelinn in uhieh the Cahnls 
 and other explorers sniiirht a North West I assa^e lo Cathay. 
 
 (These iiiajis may well he drawn on paper or slates.) 
 
 MttoKs I.IK Ki;ii;i;i;n< i; wn Sii'Im.kmintakv Uioadink : KiskeV 
 ■•The \nrthmeii in Ameiieu." Wasliin^dnii lrvin>;"s " Life of Cnlum 
 bus." Tarkiiian's "The Pioneers of Kraiiee in .he New World. 
 
 Sf.a:i;sTn>Ns I'olt CoMl'osrnnNs : (ii) A letter fmiii one of the f(d 
 Inwers nf l.eif Krieson or Tlmrtiiin in Viiudand to a friend at home in 
 (Moeiiland. [I') A letter from Cnhiinhns to a frii'iid at (ienna, deserili 
 iii«i lis vain attempts to ,t;et patrona,i;e for his eiiterpii/e. (.) On the 
 name " Ameriea '■ {<h On Cartier's a.seent of the St. I awreiue to Hoeli 
 eliii'a. (' 1 A letter from one of Knl.ervars followers deseriliiiig the win 
 tor ut ("harlesliDurg lloyal. 
 
 [ 1 
 
 ' 
 
 '"i ■ 
 
 ii 
 
 J: . 
 
 \ 
 
 lit 
 

 [A(y/7' TO THE i:\.\M I M:RS: IW tin- <ak( of 
 tcniionix in the txp'C setting, in this iinJ the ■iUii-Ciu/in,:^ ihii/^ters. 
 the (i//(i/\sis i>J each Seeticn is pliuwi at the iiead of the Sietian, 
 insteiiif (>/ heini^' set, as it /*■ /// ( luipter /, i ntn the niar:^in oj the 
 /'arai^raphs. ] 
 
 ('H,\r'!i;R II, 
 
 SECTIONS: 8, Fr.ince forgets Canada for a time. The English 
 in Newfoundland. 9, the Expedition of de la Roche. 10, 
 Champlain and de Monts at St. Croix II, Champlain, 
 Poutrincourt, and Lescarbot al Port Royal. 12, Biencourt, 
 and the Jesuits in Acadie. 13, Newfoundland. Henry 
 Hudson. 
 
 W i). 
 
 (Si'i riiiv s; KniiiC'S Jitlnitiiiii (•ii;;iif;i'i| n\ Imiiii'. M.'issiicir cif i'icii<-|i llii;,'iic>niit 
 cnliiliy ill rintiil.i liy llir S|i:iiii;iii|s. Till' vi'ii;,'i';iii(V ..I' ili' (i.iiir;,'iii~. In iKr views in 
 till' ilislMiiiT till- iiiiiiiiit.'iliis (if Itrilisli ('iiliiiiiliiii. Sir lluiii|ilirrv llilli. rt \:\V<-< |i...,,r«. 
 sioli lit' Np» r.'iiiiclliiiMl. DfiMli c'lSii' Iliiiii|iliii> .) 
 
 8. Canada forgotten by France. The English in 
 Newfoundland. I''<>r tin' li;il('(fimii\ mk (■.■riiinL; Kdlurs.irs 
 
 I'ailuro. Canada was l'i)i;L;(>tUii liv I'imikc. '-a\i' that I'lciu h fi^licr 
 iiicii in i'\i'f-i;r()\\ inj; muhiIkts tlir(<ni;r(l to tlu- i'.aiiks ol Nrw- 
 foundlaiid. 'I'oiii liv hrr irliL^ious wars. I'laiicr (niild imt allurd 
 to look Ik'VoiuI her own iiordeis, and h I'l no intrnsi to spare 
 for tlu- New World. .\ i-'rcncli colonv. indeed, was estalilisl)e<l 
 in l''lorida, 1362 (tz, : hut it was the iVuit of private ( !)ter|iri/e. 
 and heinj; a colon v ol IliiL;uenots, on terrilor\' i laniicd li\ Spain. 
 it invited the most li.aii^nant iioslilit^' ol the Spaii'anN. The 
 i)iileher .Menende/ was sent out to renio\e it. wIih h hr did In 
 hanuinj; or euilini; to pieces men. women, and cjnl Tn ,i|ikr. 
 I'his hidi'ous atrocil\ was a\i.'n;j;eii Ky tiie patriot dt ' .■ ur;;urs. 
 who, descending on the Sjianiards like a whirlwind, captur(d 
 the defeiues, aiul hanged the prisoners on the \ery scent- of 
 
 % 
 
 :i 
 
1 lif' 
 
 ' HI 
 
 \^ ': 
 
 il 
 
 24 
 
 tlu'ir crimes. I )l' (iuiirgues accomplishcil his vengeance in 
 1568. 
 
 I'Vench enterprize was now completely diverted from this 
 continent. I^ngtand, hitherto absorbed in adventurous voyag 
 ings, in sailing arounc! the globe or pushing into the Arctic ice, 
 was beginning to meditate some serious attempts at colo' i/.atioi". 
 In 1576 Martin l'rol)isher set l">ngli;;!i et on Labrador: but 
 this was like the heedless alighting of a b.'rd of passage, for 
 Frobisher went on at once to seek a way to India In the next 
 year Sir !*"rancis Drake, on his voyage around the world, sailed 
 northward along the I'acitk: coast to the 4.Sth parallel, and saw 
 the snowy peaks of iIkj mountains that keep watch over liritish 
 Columbia. 'I'iiis is the fu-st appearance in history of our Pacific 
 Province. Six vears later the I^nglish [)ur|)ose of coloni/ation 
 began to show active life. This time our scene is Newfound 
 land, which justly claims the title of " iCngland's oldest Colony." 
 An e\|)i'dilion wms orga.ni/ed, in which Sir Walter Raleigh had 
 large interest. Its leader was Raleigh's half-brother, Sir Hum 
 |)hri'y Ciilbert. whose name sheib ujion the page of Canadian 
 history a fair light of bravery, faith, and gentleness. The expe- 
 dition was wi'll ei|ui|)]H(l. It consisted of two hundred and 
 sixty men, among whom wire all such skilled mechanics as a 
 t'olom should reiiuire. lUit I'ortune had set her face against 
 the enterpri/e. When but two ila\s out a contagious disease 
 began to spread in oiU' of the ships, and slu' was compelled to 
 turn back. The rest of the licet, after a rough passage, entered 
 the safe harbour of St. John's. This was in August, of the year 
 1583. Sir num|)hrey, in his rich, ICIizabelhan dress of lace 
 and Nilvet, was a commanding hgure among the rough fisher 
 men and sailors. I-'ieiich, Spanish, Portuguese, and I-aigliNh, 
 whose >hips throngetl the port. After the fiudal custom ,1 
 branch and a sod were presented to him, and he l(.>ok possession 
 in the name of his (Jiieen, the great lOli/.abeth. He enacted 
 many laws, and fori-ecl the foreign trading-vessels to acknow 
 ledgi' his authority. His charter gave him no less than mx 
 hundreil miles in every tlireclion from St. John's; anil his 
 
 
» 
 
 turrilorv llK-iftort.' included \c\v liiunswick, Nova Sco'.ui. 
 I'rincL' iMlward Island, and |)arts of Labrador and (Jiieijcc. 
 Much iMKTi^y was spent in exploring;, and in searching' lor 
 silver. liul in one ot llu-sc explorations Sir HuMi|)hrey's 
 largest ship was lost. I'rovisions grew scarce ; and hnding 
 his jieople alarmed at the apjjroach of winter, the gillant 
 Admiral decided on returnir.g to I'jigland. His flagship was 
 the little " S(iuirrel," of ten tons burden, by far the smallest of 
 the fleet. On the homeward voyage a great storm arose. Sir 
 Humphrey refused to go on board a larcrer ship ; r.nd in the 
 loud darkness of the hurricane the "Stjuirrel" went down. Il 
 is a heroic pic:ture that flashes upon us out of the terror of that 
 far-off night. We see Sir Humphre\, his Hible in his la[), sit- 
 ting unmoved in the stern of his puny and foundering vessil ; 
 and we hear his words of con\fort to his men- "("heer up, 
 lads, we are as near heaven at sea as on land !" 
 
 (Sk<ti(iN !i :—!)(' la l<ncln' s ccilivict (•olinjsls. Tlir (••■iivict> :ili:iriilHiiril i.ti SiiliU- 
 l>liiinl. Cli.'iin ill Mini I'liiil^riinrs (■(limiy lit TmiIhiishc.) 
 
 9. The Expedition of de la Roche. As the (entury 
 
 closed, dreams of colonization again began to stir the hearts of 
 adventurous Frenchmen. In i5<i.S the titles and |)rivileges of 
 the ill-fated Roberval were transferred to a nobleman of llrit 
 lany, the Manpiis ile la Roche. He, unable to find enough 
 vokiiiteers I'or his |)ur|iose, made a selection of sturdy coinicts 
 from the |)risons of the land. Shunning the unlu<k\ track of 
 Roberval, de la Roche steered much further to the south ; and 
 at length the solitary little ship came in -light of the ominous, 
 sandy horns of Sable Island. This long crescent of shifting 
 sand, built up by meeting currents off the coast of Nova Scotia, 
 .•^nd spreading its di'adly shallows far abroad beneath the surf tn 
 de'.'iu; unwary shi|)s, seemed to de la Roche an excellent spot 
 in '.vliich t(. c;ige his jail-birds while he went to tAjiloie the 
 mainland. 'The eoin icts were put ashore, ifsuih iileak saiid- 
 s|)its could be called shore, and de la Roche sailed awa\ to 
 find a site for his colony. I'or a litlK' while the convicts were 
 4 
 
If 
 
 26 
 
 lit :■ 
 if ; 
 
 \^r' 
 
 ij 'i 
 
 (L'li;j;lnL'(l witli thoir freedom. The iiuerior of the island was 
 oc<'ii|)ied l)y a long, narrow lagoon of sweet water, about whose 
 low shf)res the grass and shriihs grew abundantly. There was 
 nothing like a tree on the island : there were no eminences e.\- 
 (•ei)t the himiniocks of sand. Hut wild ducks thronged the shal- 
 low pools; wild cattle, sprung from de l.ery's herds, trooped in 
 tlie long grasses ; various kinds of wild bi'rries were everywhere 
 ripening to their lips ; and they forgot the scourge and chain. 
 .Meanwhile, hov^ever, a fierce storm had come down on de la 
 Roche and swept him back to France ; where, being cast upon 
 the shores of lirittany, he was seized by a [lowerful foe, the 
 Duke de Mercaair, and consigned to prison. The ccjnvicts on 
 the island, when they realized that they had been abandoned to 
 their fate, ■ i 'd out in despair for jven the very jails of their 
 own land. 1 uight and slew each other like beasts, over 
 
 the too scant) i • • till at last awe and fear drew the remiKuit 
 together, when their refuge grew black with the autumn hurri- 
 canes, and shook horribly beneath the thunder of the waves. 
 They lived on the raw flesh of the cattle, clothed their bodies in 
 hides, and heaped themselves a rude shelter of timbers from 
 the wrecks that strewed the shore. At length from his captivity 
 de la Roche got word to the king, and a ship was sent out to 
 rescue the unhappy convicts. Like wild creatures, in their 
 shaggy hides and matted hair, tiiey were brought before the 
 king, who pitied them and granted them full jjardon. I )e la 
 Roche, broken in health and fortunes, died soon after their 
 rescue; and thus was recorded another failure in the attem|)t 
 to colonize Canada. 
 
 While de la Roche was languishing behind the Duke de 
 Mercccur's walls, while the convicts grovelled and despaired on 
 Sable Island, an effor. was made to fix a settlement in the St. 
 Lawrence \'alley. A naval officer of Rouen, by the name of 
 (,'hauvin, entered into partnership with an enterprising trader of 
 St. Milo, named Pontgrave ; and the partners procured a mon- 
 opoly of the fur-trade of the St. Lawrence region on the 
 condition of establishing a colony. In the fur-trade they suc- 
 
 an( 
 
 of 
 
 Hi. 
 
 tJoi 
 mai 
 lb 
 
27 
 
 (■(.'(.(led hravil) inoui^li ; l)Ut llicir colonizing /ui\\ (.'Xpcndcd 
 Itself in leaving sixteen men, ill housed, ill clothed, ill victualled, 
 to endure the as>,aults of a Sagiienay winter at \vin(l-s\ve|it 
 'I'adousac. This was in i5(;(). On the return of the trading 
 siiip from I'Yance in the following spring, it was foimd that of 
 the sixteen unhappy settlers most had died, and the rest 
 were scattered among the wigwams of the Indians. '{"he 
 'I'adousac exjjeriment was not repeated, hut the fur trade was 
 continued with great profit. In the following year Chauvin 
 made a third voyage, and di(.'d in Canada. His enterprise at 
 once fell to i)ieces. The name of I'ontgrave, however, re- 
 appears later in our story, shining with reflected lustre hy 
 association with the immortal name of Champlain. 
 
 (Si:i-[i(iN 1(1- S:niilirl ill- Cliilliipliiili. lie \ l>lts t In- .St. I.iiw iviicc. Ili'^ctsniit I"! 
 Ai'inlic Willi cli' .M'.iits. Aciiiliiiii cnast. Tin' St. JiOili iiii<l llii' St. Croix iU-.;'"M1iiI. 
 ScltlciiifMt ell St. Cii.ix Islatiil. Col. my ifMii.v.d to I',. it Ko.Viil.) 
 
 10. Champlain and de Monts at St. Croix. No 
 
 name is home upon the annals of ( anadian History more 
 worthy of reverence than that of Champlain. Samuel de 
 Champlain, horn at l>rouage in 1567, was a captain in the 
 I'Vench navy and high in the favour of that manly nionatdi, 
 Henry I\' of I'ranct'. Champlain's was a restless and romantic 
 s[)irit, intrei)i(l. de\()Ut, humane. Hi' was imaginatiw in con 
 ceiving his plans, practical in carrying them out. On a secret 
 mission, di.screetly executed, he had explored a i)art of Mexico 
 and visited the S|)ani^h settlements in the West Indies. 
 
 When, on the threshold of the new century the veteran 
 Aymar de (."hastes, (lovernorof l)iep|)e, resolveil to t.ike up 
 the somewhat discredited mantles of Roherval and de la i\o( he, 
 and to coloni/e for King and ("hiirch the reluctant wildenu-^s 
 of Canada, he saw in Champlain the man his work rei|iiired. 
 His hrst step was to send ("hamplain on an (.xijloring ( \p(.(li 
 tion to the St. Lawrence. In the tivu k of the great St. .Malo 
 mariner Champlain pressed forward, till he reached the site of 
 llochelaga and fouiul tlu' site a Molituik'. Sav.ige war> had 
 
 
 «H^ 
 
iir"- 
 
 2.S 
 
 l)lottL'(i Diit iliL'Corii fiL'lds aii(J the liospital)!^ lodges. Retuni- 
 ing to l-'raiKX' with Iiis information, he found that his patron, de 
 Ciiastes, had (Hed in liis al)sence. 
 
 Chaniplain had l)een accompanied on this journey by Pont- 
 grave. Hut he had had, also, a mt/re im|)ortant comrade, an 
 adventure-loMng nobleman of the court, Pierre du (aiast, the 
 Sieur iU' Monts. The latter resolved to continue the work 
 which had drojiped from the dead hand of de Chastes. Dread- 
 ing, however, the harsh winters of the lower St. Lawrence, de 
 Monts turned his eyes further south. .And now the name of 
 .\cadie ajjpears upon our jiage. In the ])atent of de Monts the 
 Acadian land is a huge territory of very cloudy limits, wide 
 enough to take in Philadelphia on the tmc hand and Montreal 
 on the other. With two ships, and a company of mingled 
 thieves aiui gentlemen, de Monts went forth in 1604 to colo- 
 nize this Acadie. Along with him sailed Champlain and the 
 Paron d: "outrincourt ; and two other ships acconii)anied the 
 expi'dition, the one to trade in furs at Tadousac, tiie other to 
 ilrive off p ichers from the new \'iceroy"s fishing-grounds. 
 
 i'"air wiiuls followed the sails of de Monts. The voyage was 
 preserved from monotony by the fretjuent bickerings between 
 his Catholic and his Calvinist fi)llowers. The first land sighted 
 was ("ape I, a Heve, not far from the present town of Lunen- 
 burg, Nova Scotia. Sailing westward, de Monts entered a fair 
 and spacious harbour, which he named Port Rossignol. The 
 name was given in honour of the ca!)tain of a vessel which he 
 found trading in the harbour and ])romptly confiscated for vio- 
 lation of his charter. In another harbour a sheep jumped over- 
 board ; and as sheep were rare and precious just then in Acadie, 
 de Monts commemorated the event by calling the place Port 
 Mouton. De Monts seems to have had a vein of humour. 
 His taste in names certainly differed from that of Champlain, 
 whose nomenclature was wholly derived from a few favourite 
 saints and the members of h' ; own fiimily. From Port Mouton 
 the voyagers sailed to St. Mary's Pay, whose coasts ihey ex- 
 plored ; and then, rounding a long, narrow promontory, they 
 
29 
 
 floated on tin- tossing tides of tlie l>ay of I'liiidy. I'resently 
 tliey discerned on their riylit a majesli<' defile between fir- 
 crowned stee|ts of rock ; and sailing in swiftly on the crest of 
 the flood tide, they found themselves on the lovely expanse of 
 what is now called Annajiolis Hasin. A wide wal'-r steeped in 
 sunshine, fenced from fogs and winds h, a deep rim of wooded 
 hills, it was a scene of enchantment to the wan ierers. The 
 delighted I'outrincourt, asking and receiving from i )e Monts a 
 grant of the surrounding shores, named the place Port Royal 
 and resolved to make his home there. 
 
 I'rom Tort Royal the explorers sailed around the IJay of 
 Kundy, and entered, on its northern shore, the mouth of a 
 grt.'at river called by the Indians the Oolastook. In honour of 
 the saint on whose day it was discovered, ("hamplain renamed 
 it the St. John. Thence still westward coasting, they entered a 
 spacious bay set thick with islands as with innumerable jewels. 
 At the head of this green and restless archipelago, to which has 
 clung its Indian name of I'assaiiKuiuoddy, em[)tied a large river 
 with an island guarding its mouth. This island tliey named St. 
 Croix; and here, strange to say, overlookint: the bleakness of 
 the site, they resolved to fix their settlement. 
 
 St. (Iroix Island became a scene of busy life. The ragged 
 cedars whicli '"loUied it were (juickly chopped away, leaving but 
 a fringe of them to fence off the north-east winds. Buildings 
 were erected about an open scpiare, -storehouses, work-shops, 
 lodgings, barracks, with separate dwellings for de Monts and for 
 ("hamjjlain. For defence the whole was surrounded with i)ali- 
 sades, and a small battery was mounted at one end. On the 
 niggardly soil of the island Cham[)lain strove, but in vain, to 
 make a garden. As soon as the colony was under roof, I'out- 
 rincourt sailed back to France, and the lonely little settlement 
 was left to face the winter. Soon the criiison and gold of 
 autumn died out on the surrounding shores, and the cheer of 
 the sunshine paled. Storms .shrK'ked down the frozen river, 
 piercing the walls of their hasty shelters and chilling their 
 hearts beneath their too scant garments. The whirling snow 
 
 '^' CI 
 
 |i! 
 
3° 
 
 drift Minded tlicm ; the ominous grindiiii; of llie it c hcfori' the 
 changing tides filled them with gloom. IJeing on an island 
 where river and tide contended daily for the mastery, they uert' 
 often (lit off from th'j su])i)lies of fuel and water whieh only thi- 
 mainland could afford. And then, when they were ent'eehled 
 by depression, the scurvy broke out. 'I'he okl, heart-rending 
 scenes of Stadacona and Charlesbourg Royal were reenacted. 
 Out of the seventy-nine colonists but forty-four sur\ived to 
 greet the spring, — and these survivors were often too weak 
 for the sad task of serving the dying and burying the dead. 
 Oniy Chaniplain's indomitable courage kejjt alive the spark of 
 hope in unha[)j)y St. Ooix. 
 
 I -ate 
 
 in the spring came I'outrmcourt s ship from I' ranee 
 
 fro I 
 
 and the long anguish was at an end. During the summer 
 Ghamplain and de Monts explored the coast as far south as 
 C!ape Cod, but found no site for their settlement as favorable 
 as I'ort Royal. In August, therefore, the shrunken colony fletl 
 over the bay to that kindlier and more sheltered haven. 'I'hey 
 took with them the greater part of the materials uf their buikl- 
 ings. When they were gone the Indians soon completed the- 
 work of demolition. There remains upon the island no re- 
 minder of their story, exce[)t, beneath sand and drift aiul mat- 
 ted grass-roots, some traces of cruml)k'd foumlations, which ha\e 
 served to guide the antitiuary and to settle vexed (juestions of 
 frontier. 
 
 H 
 
 'SKiTri.v 1 1.— DcMdiifs rctiiiiis tii l''ranci'. Tlic :iniv;il nf Lcscinlidt. ('liMiii|iliiiii 
 anil I'liiitriiici.iiit ^ii.fxploiin^-. Tlir ( MiIim- dC k (Ick.iI Time. Toil Uojal iiliiiiiclniicil.) 
 
 II. Champlain, Lescarbot and Poutrincourt at 
 
 Port Royal. 'I'he colony at I'ort Royal was soon fairh 
 housed ; but de Monts had enemies at court, and to thwart 
 their intrigues he hastened back to France with Poutrincourt. 
 leaving Pontgrave and (!ham[)lain to guide the settlement 
 through the perils of anothtr winter. Thanks partly to the 
 friendship and support of Membertou, the old sagamore of the 
 Micmacs, partly to the wiser foresight of its leaders and the bet- 
 
31 
 
 k-r slu'llcr of its situation, tlic colony iinckTwcnl no siit.h tfrrii)ic 
 experience as had l)efallen it at St. ("roix. 
 
 In the s|)ring the colonists grew anxious over tlie delay of 
 de Monts and I'outrincourt. As summer wore on, and sup- 
 plies dwindled, and no sails appeared from ''ranee, they built 
 themselves two little craft, -the pioneers, these, of Nova Scotia 
 shi|)-l;)uilding, if we except the dragon-ship l)uilt by Thor- 
 wald on Keelness. Leaving I'ort Roval in charge of two of 
 their number, they set out for the fishing resorts on the east 
 coast, hoping to meet and get aid from some of their fellow- 
 I'ountrymen. They had been gone but twelve days, however, 
 when I'outrincourt arrived, bringing supplies and more colon- 
 ists. De Monts, finding his enemies in the ascendant, had re- 
 mained in France ; but he more than comi-ensated for his ab- 
 sence by sending out the wise and witty Lescarbot. This 
 lawyer of Paris, with his s(>holarship, his shrewdness, his merry 
 humour, and his courage, is one of the pleasantest figures on 
 the page t)f Canadian history. He became not only the life of 
 the settlement, but also its best historian. 
 
 A boat sent out by I'outrincourt overtook the little ships of 
 the |)arty that had gone for aid ; and lively were the rejoicings 
 at I'ort Royal. J'onlgrave presently returned to France, while 
 Champlain and I'outrinccnirt set forth on a voyage of explora- 
 tion. Fescarbot, left in charge of the settlement, sowed crops 
 of wheat, rye and barley in the rich meadows bordering the 
 tiile. He planted gardens, too, and kept the settlers hap[)ily 
 employed. In November the explorers returned to I'ort Royal, 
 with nothing but disappointment to show for their simimer's 
 effort ; but Fescarbot welcomed them back with a gay mas- 
 (luerade, and the scene of prosperity and comfort revived their 
 cheer. 
 
 'Fhe winter that followed, (that of 1606 1607) was warm and 
 ojien, so that in January the colonists amused themselves with 
 boating on the river, and with picnicking on their wheat-fields 
 in the sun. This was the memorable winter when Champlain's 
 " Order of a (iood 'Fime ' held its beneficent sway. 'Fhe mem- 
 
 l-'l 
 
 y^ 
 
 s?;;,^ 
 *?■'*« 
 
 pil 
 
 ■S .11 
 
m 
 
 32 
 
 Ikts of the order were the fifteen leading men of the colony : 
 its temple was I'outrincourt's dark-ceilinged dining-hall ; its riik' 
 was good-fellowship antl mirth. luich memlier was adorned in 
 turn with the elaborate collar of (Irand Master, which he w(.,w 
 for one day. During that day it was his duty to cater for the 
 tai)le ; and so well was the duty performed, says Lescarbot, that 
 the order dined much more cheaply and not less sumptuously 
 than they might have done in the restaurants of Paris. .Su|) 
 j)lies from France were abundant ; and with the help of the 
 Indians, who camped in the shadow of the walls, appetizing 
 additions of fish and game were made to their bill of fare, 'i'he 
 dinner, a feast of much cereuKjny, held at midday, was ruled 
 by the (Irand Master, with napkin on shoulder and staff of office 
 in hand. .As guest of honour at the table sat the Sagamore 
 Membertou, deep-wrinkled with his hundred years, but still a 
 warrior. On the floor around sat other Intlian guests, with 
 s(iuaws and children, waiting for biscuits, and watching the 
 great log fire roar up the capacious chimney. 
 
 Thus well fed, well housed, well cheered they |>assed the 
 winter in health. In the spring a water-mill was built, fishing 
 and farming were followed up with zeal, and the success of the 
 venture seemed assured. Hut sudilenly came disaster, like a 
 bolt from a clear sky. A ship from St. Malo arrived with word 
 that de Monts' enemies had triumphed o\er him, and had got 
 his charter taken away. Thus dejirived of their sup[)ort, there 
 was nothing for the colonists to do but give up INjrt Royal. 
 With deep discouragement, and amid the bitter lamentation^ 
 of the Indians, they sailed for l''rance. lUit I'outrincourt. 
 as he forsook the lovely haven framed in its hills, resolved that 
 he would return at a later day with his whole household, and 
 strike deep into Acadian soil the roots of his home. 
 
 (Seituin 1l'. — |)e Mimts n'sijiiis Ai-mlii' tn rmilriijccpijit. Tlir .Icsiiits. .Miiilaiui- 
 ill' Oiirrclicvillf. Strife iit Port Hoyal. Tlic .Irsiiit sfltlciiiiiit iit Mninit Dcsiit. It- 
 (It'stiuctiMii l(y Arp'ill. Ai>:iill ili'stioys I'mt Rnyal.) 
 
 12. The Jesuits and Biencourt in Acadie. 
 
 I)e Monts now lost interest in Acadie, and set himself to the 
 
33 
 
 (]UL'St of tlu- North West I'assagc. Cluimplain wuiil north to 
 found (Jiifht'c and to writo his namt- in charactLTs of heroic 
 achievement all over the St. Lawrence valley. I'hither we 
 shall presently follow him. lUit I'outrincoiirt remained faithful 
 to Port Royal. In i()io he set out once more for the place of 
 his desire. 'I'his time he took with him a zealous priest, l-ather 
 I -a Kleche. Memhertou and all his tribe were speedily con- 
 verted. So ardent a proselyte was the old Sagamore that he 
 was for. instant war against all the tribes who had not a ready 
 ear for the good [)riest's teachings. In the followmg year ( i6i i ) 
 I'outrincourt's eighteen-year-old son, best known to our history 
 as Hiencourt. set sail for France with the official list of baptisms 
 in proof of his father's zeal for the conversion of the heathen. 
 When he reached France he found calamity. The strong king, 
 Henry IV, had died under the knife of the assassin Ravaillac ; 
 and the government was in the hand^ f)f the corrupt (lueeii, 
 Marie de Medicis. It was a dark hour for the lovers of l''rance. 
 whether Catholic or Huguenot. 
 
 Hut when patriotism flagged, religious zeal was to take up 
 the work in Acadie. Xow appeared on the scene the mysteri- 
 ous, black-robed, indomitafjle figures (jf the Jesuits, destined 
 to leave so dee[) a mark on CJanada. Magnificent in peril, 
 meddlesome in peace, often dreaded by their friends, but ex- 
 torting the admiration of their enemies, their record in tiie 
 councils of Old Canada is one of ceaseless (luarrels with the 
 civil power ; but their record among the savages is one of im- 
 perishable glory. Their faith was a white and living tlame. that 
 [>urged out all thought of self. Alone, fearless, not \o be turned 
 aside, they pierced to the inmost recesses of the wildernos. 
 They thrust themselves u[)on the savages, they endured filth 
 and ignominy, they shrank not from the anguish of torture, 
 they rejoiced in the crudest forms of death, if thereby they 
 might hope to save a soul. Whatever blame mav rightly or 
 wrongly attach to the institution of the Jesuits, it has shown 
 itself able to breed saints and heroes. 
 
 When young IJiencourt sailed back to I'orl Royal wuri 
 
 la 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 'i;'*ia 
 
 .! R 
 
 
 I 
 
:v')i\ 
 
 34 
 
 siucor. till' jt'suits, ri-|)rtsi'iUc(l liy l';UlK'r liuird and latluT 
 l'"tiL'mi)H(l Masse, wnit with him as |)arliKi>. in [he iTitci|)ri/c'. 
 'I'hf (|Ui'cMi and inany ladies of the court had opened llieir pursi.'s 
 to help oti the pions work. Hut tlic chief patron of tlie luider 
 taking was Madame <le ( iuercheville, a lady-in-waiting famed 
 no K'ss for her virtue than for her beauty. She houj^ht out all 
 the interests in the venture that were held hy the Huguenot 
 mercliants of St. .Malo ; and she transferred these interests to 
 tl.e Jesuits. Difficidties soon arose in I'ort Koyal between the 
 priests and I'outrincourt, who is said to have cried to them 
 once in exasperation " Show me my path to Heaven. I will 
 show you yours on earth." I'lesently he returned to I-rance, 
 leaving Hiencourt in charge. 'This sagacious and energetic 
 youth, who had been made vice-admiral in the waters of New 
 Krancc, spent the summer in enforcing his authority and taking 
 tribute from the ships that traded on his coast. I'ather Hiard 
 toiled earnestly to learn the s[)eech of the Indians. He lived 
 much of the summer in their huts, striving to win their sympathies 
 and understand their hearts. The winter was one of depression, 
 intensified by the death of Membertou. i'oward the end of Jan- 
 uary came a ship from I'outrincourt. Besides supplies, which 
 by this time were sorely needed, it brought a lay-brother of the 
 Jesuit order, sent out as Madame de (lUercheville's agent. The 
 power of the Jesuits had mightily expanded since Hiencourt's 
 departure from France, for Madame de (uiercheville had ob 
 tained from Louis XIII a grant of nothing less than the whole 
 territory of North .Xmerica, from Florida to the St. Lawrence. 
 The little English settlement of Jamestown, in \'irginia (estal)- 
 lished in 1607), and the Dutch trading jiost on the Hudson, 
 were of course included, — a fact of which they remained in 
 happy ignorance. The only spot not embraced in Madame de 
 (luercheville's grant was Poutrincourt's little domain at Port 
 Royal, secured to him by the charter of Henry IV. A fierce 
 ([uarrel broke out at once between liiencourt and the Jesuits, 
 in which the victory rested with the young vice-admiral. After 
 three months, however, a reconciliation was effected ; and 
 
35 
 
 I'';UIkt Iti.ird \\u>w home lo FraiKv a k'tlci filled with llitii- 
 coiiit's praises. 
 
 Ill March of llie folInwiiiL; sjirin^ ( \(>i i,) the Jesuits sent out 
 a new e\|)ecliti<)ii under a ( ourtier naiiud Sau>sa\c. The ships 
 touched at I. a Heve. and erected tluTe a cross hearing the 
 scutcheon of Madame ik- ( liiiTcheville. Slo|)pinL; at I'ort 
 Royal to take ii|) Hiard and Masse, they coniiiuied down the 
 Atlantic coast till thev readied Mount Desert. Hire the\ set 
 themselves, amid much hiekering, to [ilant a new coloin under 
 the name of St. Sauveur. 
 
 Hut the colony was not destined to take root, 'i'he liolt 
 which was to destroy it was already speediiij^ to its mark. 'I'iie 
 event whicli shattered Madame de (aiercheville's enterprise was 
 in itself hut the lawK'ss raid of a freehooler : hut it is. neverthe- 
 less, an event of historic nia^nitude. heeause it marks tlie 
 hetiinning of the struggle i)etween I'Vance and Mni^land for the 
 |)o>session of the continent. It chanced that one Samuel 
 Argnll, from the I'^nglish colony in X'irginia, was cruising off 
 the Maine coast with a well armed shi|). W'iieii he heard of 
 the arrival of the I'riiK h his wrath was greatly kindled. Such 
 an infringement on the rights of his sovereign Knig James, who 
 claimed even more of the continent than did .Madame de (luer 
 cheville, was not to he endured. He swept down on St. Sauveur. 
 seized the stores, turned some of the Frenchmen adrift in an 
 open hoat, and carried off all the rest, i'iard among them, to 
 a mild ca[)tivity in \'irginia. The unfortunates whom Argall 
 turned adrift would surely have perished hut for the faithful aid 
 of the Indians. They worked their way northward sk)wly along 
 the coast till at last they met a trailing vessel and were carried 
 hack to France. F'rom their comrades who were taken to \ir- 
 ginia (from Biard himself, men say), the (iovernorof Janustown 
 heard of the Port Royal settlenu'iit. Just as l-'rance claimed .ill 
 North .Xmerica hy virtue of \'erragano's discoverii's, l^ngland 
 claimed the same territory hy virtue of the prior -iliscoveries ol 
 C'ahot. I'ort Royal and X'irginia, each was in the other's eyes 
 a trespasser. Argall, therefore, was sent northward to eject the 
 
 
 t"n 
 
 
^m 
 
 'fi 
 
 I . 
 
 36 
 
 Krciv ii intrmlLTs. He foiiinl I'ort Roy.ii (lofLMiCL'less. Hicn- 
 coiirt and his men were citlicr a\v;iy ainoiiL,' the Indians, or 
 at work in the fields uj) river. 'I'lie l)uildings were pillaged and 
 luirned, and even the slandinL; eiops were barbarously trodden 
 down. Alter tiiis exploit Argall returned to Nirginia to win 
 laiue by his daring and wealth b\ his knavery, becoming 'n the 
 <Mid Sir Sanuiel .\rgall : and the unhappy colonists at Port 
 Royal were left to supjiort themselves through the winter on 
 wild roots and the hospitality of starving Indians. 'I'he brave 
 but unlucky i'outrin'-ouri soon afterwards died a soldiei^'s death 
 in the assault on .Mery, a small town in his native l-'rance. Hut 
 liis indomital)le son., the young vice-admiral, clung to his Aca- 
 dian domain, where he huntetl, fished, traded, and eventually 
 in part rebuilt Port Royal. .vmong his companions in this 
 adventurous life was a Huguenot gentleman, Charles la Tour, 
 destined to play a notable part in our story. 
 
 (.Skitidn l:i. Till' Ciiiici'|itiii|i itay Cnlniiy. The Kisliin^; Aitiiiiiiils. I.nnl lialli- 
 iMori' s si'ltlciiic'iit lit .V^iilnii. Ilrtiry llnilsnn.) 
 
 13. English Colonization. Newfoundland and 
 
 Hudson Bay. During the period just described the I'lnglish 
 were gaining firm foothold in X'irginia ;* but for more than a 
 tjuarter of a century after tlv.' failure of Sir Humphrey Oilberts 
 e.\i)edition their eyes were turned away from the stormier north. 
 Their fishermen tlocked to the cod-waters of NewfoundlantI, 
 but not '".ore diligently than the fishermen of France, Spain, 
 and Portugal, over whom they domineered in the harbours and 
 on the curing-grounds. In i6io, however, the "("ompany of 
 London and Bristol Adventurers and Planters'' was organized, 
 with the illustrious Paeon on its roll of meml)ership. This 
 comjiany undertook to plaiit a settlement at Comx-ption Pay, in 
 Newfoundland. One John (luy was at the head of the enter- 
 prize, which, though promising imuh and [)erforming little, 
 nevertheless was not utterly a failure, (luy and most of his 
 
 * Hiilcij^'li"!' att('in|iti'(l I'olniiy <>ii IxoMiioko Isliiiul, X'ir^iiiua, was 
 l)<'j,'iiii ill l.VH."). It fiiilfil iitliMJy. 'I'lif first pcriniinuitt Kii^'lish Hcttlu- 
 iiiciil ill .\iii«'iii'ii WiiM tliiit >)f till' N'ir^'iiiiii CoiMpiiiiy, Ui wliicli <'a|)tiiiii 
 .lolm Sinitli w'lH i\w luliiis.; s|iiiit and PdralunitaM tliu ruinantic tigiue. 
 
 Ik 
 
 re I 
 
 wer 
 Ht 
 
 asci 
 
 ihi 
 
 re| 
 
 regi 
 
 T\u 
 
 ling 
 
■4 
 
 37 
 
 followers wont homo, hut a haiulful roinaincd aiid lu'cniiH' a 
 fixed nucleus for the flourisliiiig fisheries. 
 
 Then began the rule of the " Pishing .\(hnirals " who. utuler 
 eoinniission from the Admiralty, governed the island fr )m their 
 vessels' decks in a rough-and-ready fashion, and wieliie<l sharj) 
 sway over the turbulent spirits who fre(iuentt.(l those turbulent 
 seas. '1 ht." most noteworthy of the I'ishing Admirals was ("at- 
 tain Richard Whitbourne, sailor, fighter, and writer, with a 
 record for heroism in the wars against Spain. l'"i)r forty years, 
 off and on, he traded to the Newfoundland coast, and on his 
 retirement he wrote a book in i)raise of the island he loved. 
 'I'! is work, "A Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundlatul."' 
 stirred up a warm interest in dreat Hritain. and was distributed 
 throughout the kingdom by the order of King James. 
 
 In 162^^ the settlement of Newfoundland was undertaken 
 by Lord Haltiniore, on a larger scaK' and with fiiu-r foresight 
 than l)efore. He settled on the southern peninsula, which he 
 named .Xvalon, spent a gri-at sum of nionev on the venture, 
 built himself a stately house at his village of X'erulam, and 
 dwelt there with his family, a true settler, for inanv years. .\t 
 length, discouraged by the harsh soil of that district and by the 
 fretjuent attacks of the French, l-oixl I'altimore forsook New- 
 foundland for a more southern skv, aiul fouiuled on ("lu'sapeake 
 Hay the great city which bears his name. lUit his inlluence 
 remained on the island, in the shape o\' an increased |)()pulatioii ; 
 and his village of Verulam, surviving through many vicissitudes, 
 confronts us to-day under the corrupted name of Kerrylaiul. 
 
 To the time when the "London and Ihistol adventurers " 
 were trying to coloni/e Newfoundland belong the exploits of 
 Henry Hudson. This brave and ill tated navigator in 1610 
 ascended the great river which biar> his name. He w.is 
 then in the emplov of the Dutch, who. stirred up bv his 
 reports, began presently to occtipy, by trade and settlcimnt, the 
 region which they called New Netherlands, now New N'ork. 
 The picturestiue name of Hudson's ship, the "llalfMoon," 
 lingers in one's fancy. Reentering the service ol ijtgland. 
 
 1-;^ 
 
 i«!' 
 
 » 
 
■;!; 
 
 
 3R 
 
 Hudson pushed northward, and found his way tlirough a stormy 
 strait into a vast scnii arctic inland sea. In tlie rock-hound 
 dcs(jIation of these waters he wintered, hoping in the o|)enin- 
 up of spring to find a westward passage, liut his crew, terrified 
 out of their manhood by the cole: and solitude, rose uj) m 
 mutiny. With the unsjjeakahle baseness of cowards they turned 
 their commander adrift in an open boat on those pitiless water?-. 
 His son, and two of his faithful comrades, shared his fate. 
 On their return to England the mutineers were seized for their 
 crime ; and as soon as possible three shijjs were sent out to the 
 rescue. But their errand proved fruitl. s. Hudson had 
 four.d a grave in the great waters which he had discovered and 
 whose name perpetuates his fame. 
 
 -cc=D^r 
 
 4 
 

 ^h 
 
 CHAP IK R I IT. 
 
 SECTIONS:— 14, Champlain at Quebec. 15, Champlain Explores 
 the Ottawa. 16, the Expedition to the Huron Country. 17, 
 the Lordship of Canada passes from hand to hand. 18, 
 First Capture of Quebec by the English. Char. (plain's last 
 days. 
 
 (JSEcrms 1-1.— Till' riiiiiiliiin nf (jiicliri'. f'liiiiiiplaiii takes up th,' (|iiani'l nf tiii' 
 Al^mniMiMs iiihl lliiioiis auaiii-^t \\\r lr.i.|iiois. lie cliaslizcs tlir Iruqiiois.) 
 
 14. Champlain at Quebec— Wi; must now go l)a(:k a 
 few years, in order to follow the fortunes of (Champlain. As w; 
 have seen, he had left Port Royal to I'outrincoiirt. In 1608 a 
 new settl'-mciit was planned on the St. Lawrence, under the 
 patronage ot the much harassed de Monts, who had so far tri- 
 umphed over his enemies as to secure a renewal of his charter. 
 It was now proposed to make the profits of the fur-trade pay 
 the expenses of colonization ; and along with Champlain, the 
 explorer and colonizer, went I'ontgrave the experienced trader. 
 Stadacona had vanished : hut at the foot of the towering rock 
 whereon it had stood Champlain laid the foundations of ()uv 
 l)ec. These consisted of a few rude buildings in the form of 
 M-[ open s([uare. In the middle of tiie ^.(luare njse a dove-cote 
 on the top of a pole, fitly symbolizing Champlain's peaceful 
 pur[)()se. A Wooden wall and a ditch, with bastions and guns, 
 surrounded the group of dwellings. Hardly was the work of 
 building done when a dangerous c-onspiracy was discovered. 
 Champlain was t(j be murdered ; and the infant colony was to 
 be haiuled over to the uiilicensi'd fur tr.iders, who hatt'd his re- 
 strictions on their traffic, 'i'he j)lol he handled with rude vigour. 
 The chief cons[)iralor was hung ; four of his fellows sent in 
 chains to France, were condemned to the g.illeys ; and the rot 
 learned a wholesome lesson. 
 
 
 I -■', 
 
5!l' 
 
 ll' 
 
 
 40 
 
 During the winter Champlain met some Indians from the 
 Ottawa country, who implored "the man with the iron breast," 
 as they called him, to help them against the dreaded Iroquois. 
 Eager to explore the country, and anxious to strengthen his in- 
 fluence with his wild allies, ("hamplain lent a ready ear to their 
 request. It is common to condemn his course in this, and to 
 charge him with all the bloodshed which Iroquois hate was 
 afterwards to inflict upon New France. But we must bear in 
 mind that the devastated sites of Stadacona and Hochelaga 
 i)ore elocjuent witness to the feud, long-standing and implacable, 
 which divided the Iroquois on the one side from the .Algoncjums 
 and their kindred on the other. The Hurons, indeed, who oc- 
 cupied Hochelaga, were related to the Iroquois ; but the des- 
 tiny of the wilderness had '.inked their interests and their fate 
 with the Algontjuins. As the French dwelt among these latter 
 as friends, they would sooner or later have found themselves in 
 the eye of Irocjuois vengeance. Had they tried to remain neu- 
 tral, their neutrality would never have turned aside the Mohawk 
 hatchets. It would have forfeited the trust of their friends 
 without conciliating their inevital>le foes. Hut the policy ado])t- 
 ed by Chuiiplain was one which re(iuired a strong hand to 
 carry it out. If the strong hand had not so often in later days 
 been lacking, what blood and tears New France might have 
 been spared I 
 
 The Iro(|uois country lay southwestward from (Quebec, in 
 what is now northern New York ; but the circle of their 
 influence was far wider than their own domain, while the terror 
 of their name touched savage hearts from the prairies of the 
 Mississippi to the fringes of the arctic barrens. In the spring 
 of i6oy Champlain took a handful of his Frenchmen, and ac- 
 companied a band of Hurons and Algonquins up the Richelieu.* 
 He traversed the richly-islanded lake which now bears his name, 
 and fell suddenly upon a war party of the Mohawks. The 
 Mohawks numbered about 200, while in Champlain's band 
 
 "Then known as the livuf of tl»e Iroquoi.s, it lieihg their hiyhwiix 
 tu the north. 
 
4' 
 
 ihcrc \V(.tl' hut 60. 'I"he scorn of tlu' Ini(|u<)is for tlnir ()tt- 
 (•()ii(|U(.Te(l foes dissolved in terror before a volley from the 
 l'"renchnien"s nniskeis. 'I'heii this hauuhty peojjle lasted the 
 ignominy of a |)anir which long afterwards rankled in their 
 hreasts. Their town was l)lotted out : and their elated victors 
 iiastily fell hack across the St. Lawrence. 
 
 le 
 
 ilV 
 
 ( Skcikin l.'i,- ('lKiiii|pl.iiii li-tiis llif striiy 111' Ihi' iiij|i">t.ii Vimi.iii. Ilr sit^ "lit 
 Willi Vij;ii;iii tu liml lln' ii;iss,i;;i' tn Ciitlia.v, ami ilNcnVfis thai hv lias lii'rn iIiuhmI. TIic 
 lirCDllrts c.irii' tn Caliiid.i.) 
 
 15. Champlain Explores the Ottawa. In explora 
 
 tions, in attacks upon the Iro(|iiois. and in the ceaseless struggle 
 to protect his colonv against the encr(jachmenls of the fiu'-trad- 
 ers, (]ham[)lain found the next three years well occupied. The 
 control of the colonial |)urse-strings rested in h'rance : and >is 
 this contrt)l passed rapidly from one distinguished hand to an- 
 other, Champlain was often called home. During one of these 
 visits he took to himself a wife, whose name survives in 
 " Helen's Island," in the St. Lawrence ()|)posite Montreal. In 
 1613 Champlain's fancv was inflamed hy the ingenious lies of a 
 certain Nicolas X'ignan, who had s])eiit a wiiuer among ihi' 
 tribes of the upper Ottawa. X'ignan narrated to admiring ear>^ 
 a tale of how he had traced the Ottawa to its source m a great 
 lake, had discovered another river (lowing northward from the 
 lake, and had come out at length upon an unknown sea. 
 '"Surely," crieil the willing believeis. "the passage to Cathay i" 
 discovered '." and great renown tor a little while was N'igiian'-. 
 With X'ig'ian and three followers, in two canoes of birch 
 bark, Champlain set forth to verify the tale. lie jtaddli'd out 
 of the clear water of the St. Lawrence into the dark current of 
 the Ottawa, deep-dyed with the juices of its fir and hemlock 
 forests, 'i'he voyagers carried their canoes aromid the fierci' 
 rapids that barred their wa\-. 'I'hev siari'd wuh awe into llu- 
 tlumdering caKlron of f'hauiliere, wlure now the >aw-milK nf 
 
 ( )ttawa s 
 
 hriek 
 
 and 
 
 niss. 
 
 '1 his strangi' cataract was regarded 
 with awe by the Imlians. who would cast into its gulf lobacin 
 or other offerings to appease the angr\ manitou ol the waters. 
 
 - ^i 
 
 N '? 
 
 .■ifl 
 
m 
 
 ,!u 
 
 
 42 
 
 Al last, coiiiiiiij; to Alluniclti! Island, tlu'v were welcomed hy a 
 tribe ot friendly Al^omiLiiiis ; and there the iiiii)ostor \'ignaii 
 was coinicled of his lie.* ('hamplain was for a time over- 
 wlu'lmed l)y the shock of his ra^e and chat^rin ; Inil with the 
 i;enei(jsity of a great soul he finally let the liar go unpunished, 
 and returned to (^)uel)ec with his hitter tlisappointment. W'hiK- 
 (!hamplain was thus cutting his trail into the very heart of the 
 
 jiitinent, and resting fearlesslv in the red n 
 
 R'li s wiuwanis. 
 
 lOngland had but a few settlers clinging to tlie X'irginia coast, 
 with the tomahawk and scalping-knife awaiting them if they 
 stirred beycjnd the shallow of their walls. 
 
 Hitherto the (Quebec seltleinent had <lone nothing for the 
 spread of the faith ; but now ( !haniplain brought out to (Canada 
 four |)riests of tlie Order of theRecolIets, devout men |)ledged to 
 povertv and inured to self-denial. (1615). To them was com- 
 mitted the conversion of the savages, and the spiritual care of 
 the colony. Their record, though less brilliant than that of the 
 Jesuits, shows great work ([uietly done. They were the first of 
 Euro[)eans to pierce the wilderness lying between tiie St. Law- 
 rence and the Bay of Fundy. Within five years of their com- 
 ing we find their sandaled feet on the Xe|)isi(iuit and on the St. 
 John, at Cape Sable and at Port Royal. When Champiain 
 made his expedition to the Huron country, the Recollet Father 
 le (!aron went ahead of him in his /eal, and was thus the first 
 to carry the cross to the tribes of the (Ireat Fakes. 
 
 ( S KITH IN |r,. Cli;iiN|ilMiii f;ni-, lu tlir II 11 II III CI unit ly. 'I'ln' Irmiimis kiinl iiiMnliil. 
 Hi'|iiilsi and ri'trcal mI'IIh' lliirniis. ('Iiaiii|>liiiii wiiilrrs aiiinii;,' tin' lliiioiis.) 
 
 16. The Expedition to the Huron Country. 
 
 (!hamplain"s path into the Huron country was somewhat round- 
 about. With a handful of followers, among them the bold 
 pioneer, ICtienne Hrule, he ascended the Ottawa, crossed over 
 t(> Fake Xipissing, followed the course of I'Yench River to 
 (leorgian Hay, coasted al(jng the rugged and myriad-islandeil 
 
 * It is I'oiicfiviililo tliiit Vigium may liavt' iuvird of tin; route to 
 .liiiiu's Hay, liy portagu o\ei' the lieiglit of laml and pailille down the 
 .Moo.so River, '^hi^^ woidd serve an a l>asis for lii.s iiiveiilions. 
 
4, 
 
 i^horcs to MalclK'dasli liav, and ivaclii'tl at last a rniiifiil. lollin 
 
 coiintrv. A Uroad trail Ird liiiii to tl 
 
 K' st,'Vi'ral 
 
 II 
 
 uron town->. 
 
 and rmally to the Huron niftro|M)lis. Carhagouha, with its >\variii 
 of Ioiil; lodtiL's and its loftv palisades. ilvrv r'atlier k- Caron 
 
 awai 
 
 ted h 
 
 nil 
 
 and here, on the I2tli of .\u''iist, was held a <j,\. 
 
 serviee of thanksL^iving. 'I'lie misiion to the Hurons was Ik'^iui. 
 The travelliTs were enchanted with the land which they iiad 
 reached through so nianv olistacles. 'I'iie I'lelds were ;j;ay with 
 the harvest of sun flowers, niai/e, and |)Uiii|)kins ; the thickets 
 
 were prodij^al 
 
 .ith fruits and nuts; the air wa> hlled with 
 
 grateful warmth and had a tonic vigour. 
 
 ("hani|)lain was pledt^ed to aid his allies in an invasion ot 
 the lro(iuois land. In September tlu' war |»arty set out hoiii 
 Carhagoiiha. I>y way of the channel of the Trent they di'scind- 
 ed to Lake Ontario, which thev crcjssed not far from its outlet. 
 Hiding their canoes thev filed noiselessly through the dre|) 
 woods, aglow with the splendours of autumn. .\t length 
 they saw before them a well fenced town of the ( )nondagas. In 
 s|)ite of ("hami)lain's angrx |)rotests the rabble of young bra\is 
 rushed \ellinn to the attack, onlv to Ik biMteii back with loss. 
 
 Much 
 
 restfallen thev returned to ("hamplain 
 
 he town was 
 
 defended bv a tourlbld palisade, with brimming gutters along 
 the top to iiuench the firebrands of the enemy, ('hamplain 
 taught his allies to build a movable covered lower from which 
 hv and his musketeers might slioot over the wall ; and he taught 
 them also to ijfotect themselves from the Iro(|uois arrows b\ 
 
 mantelets, wide shields of wicker-work an 
 
 (1 skin> 
 
 On tlu' f< 
 
 lowing day the tower was pushed in place and the attack began. 
 The I'Veiuh muskets wrou.ght havoc within the walls : but the 
 
 nortles o 
 
 f UIIL 
 
 overnable savages, cas 
 
 tiiiL; ( 'liamplain's iea( hii 
 
 to th 
 
 e winds, 
 
 thm:^ 
 
 ;iwav their mantelets and shot tlu'ir arrows 
 
 wildly in the open. .Xmid the huleous veiling ol the warrior^ 
 ("hamplain could not make himself heud. He was wounded 
 
 in the thi^h and in the knet 
 
 lie 
 
 H 
 
 urons, swarminii in ooldK 
 
 under a shower of missiles, succeeded in setting fire to the pal- 
 
 is.ides, hu 
 
 t a flood from the gutters above e\tini;uished it 
 
 .\t 
 
 v< fj 
 
 i^'f 
 
m 
 
 '.mM 
 
 Ml' 
 
 
 ' ii.' 
 
 : I!' 
 
 44 
 
 Icnj^tli, al'lir lliria' hours of great noise and litllo .11 coniijlislv 
 nu-nl. llu'v drew olTnuitc (lislieartuncd. 'I'lvy du( idi-d to wait 
 
 tor tlu' arrival 
 
 ,fi 
 
 ivc nundrci 
 
 I !■ 
 
 rics, who iiad promised to aii 
 
 ihiin in their enterpri/e. IJut after five days of vain \vaitin14 
 ihey grew tired ; and all at onee they stole off like shadows, 
 carrying with them in a pannier the wounded and humiliated 
 ("hamplain. They had lost faith in their " man with the iron 
 breast." Reaching the shores of the great lake they found their 
 canoes untouched, and made undignified haste to cr(jss to tln'ir 
 own shore. 
 
 Hie llurons had sworn solemnly to ("hamplain that after 
 the attack on the Iroquois they would carry him down the St. 
 i.awri'uceto Mount Koyal ; but now they shamelessly broke 
 
 faith with him. Their excuses were numerous 
 
 Tht 
 
 ateness 
 
 of the season, the approach of the autumn hunting, and above 
 .dl the awakened watchfulness of the Irofjuois, who ranged the 
 southern shore, all these served well enough. (Ihamplain was 
 i'om|)elled to go back with them and winter among the Huron 
 lodges, where lie was hospitably cared for by a chief named 
 Durantal. With I-'ather le C'aron he visited the allied tribes 
 
 i.irther wt-st, an 
 
 d th 
 
 us occuuie 
 
 d hi 
 
 stl 
 
 IS restless spin 
 
 t. In tl 
 
 le 
 
 spring, after patching u[) a ([uarrel which had arisen between 
 tile Huroiis and Algomiuins, (a tribe of wIkjui, frcjin the upper 
 Ottawa, had camped by the palisades of Carhagouha,) he re- 
 traced his steps b) (leorgian Hay and the Ottawa U> (Quebec, 
 where he was wekonied as one risen from the dead. 
 
 (Shcticjn 17. -The liicich.'ilits lidstili' li> (.'liiiiiipl:iiii. Aliiisi's m|' tlii' I'm -ti:!'!!'. 
 (.jiiMiii'ls lictsM'i'ii (Jalliolic aiiil ilii.uni-iint. Ii'im|U(iI.s iiiviisiim ami Al^>iiii|Miii trcachri v. 
 riir .loiiils Cdiirr til yiiilii'C. Qiuli|i<' ji,,,! ^^■,.^v Kiijilaml. Tlii' i'vr»\ IlichrlifU takrs 
 up llir (MiiM' 111' Caiiaila.) 
 
 17. The Lordship of Canada passes from hand to 
 
 hand. The purse-strings of (!anada were ikjw controlled by 
 the .Associated Merchants of St. Malo and Rouen, under the 
 patronage of the I'rince de Conde. This nobleman cared for 
 his Canadian power and privilege so far only as they could be 
 made to serve his pocket. 'Ihe Associated .Merchants grew 
 
45 
 
 cajirr t(» ronovL' ("haiii|)l;iiii from liis coihiikukI. 'I'hc i^ood 
 traders found liini very tr()iil)les()iiu'. 'I'luir milv desire was 
 to trade ; l)iil (,'haiiiplain would not sutler tlu-m to torm-t that 
 ilicy were jjlcdgcd to cstal)lish a colony and cliristiani/c the 
 savages. 'I'hey harassed iiini with their intrigues, even as he 
 harassed them with his unlirin^^ reminders of their duty. In 
 1617 a certain a|)othe(:ary named Louis IIei)ert, who had heen 
 with the dauntless l')iencourt at Port Royal, took his wife and 
 two children to (^)uel)ec, and won for his family the memovahle 
 distinction of heinj^ the pioneer household f)f ('anada. 'I'wo 
 vears later (lham|)lain got a hody of eighty colonists sent out 
 from I'Vance. In 1620 he brought his own family to (^)ue- 
 bec, where his wife, a womai. f beauty and enthusiasm, tlirew 
 herself ardently into the task of converting the w(Mnen and 
 children of the savages. 
 
 (J>uebec was just now at a rather low ebb morally, thanks to 
 the greed and recklessness of the fur-traders, who corrupted the 
 savages body and soul with brandy. The savages appeared to 
 have an inborn craving for alcohol ; and once having tasted it 
 they would barter the most costly skins for a few moulhfuls of 
 the delirious fluitl. Against such iniipiities ("hamplain set his 
 face like flint ; and fiercely did the fur-traders hate him when 
 they found him in the path of their evil trat'tic. 
 
 In a short time the Associated .\lerchants lost their i)rivileges 
 for failure to fulfil their pledges. Their monopoly was handed 
 over to (iuillaume and l^mery de ('aen, two Huguenot gentle- 
 men, on c:ondition that they should settle none but Roman 
 Catholics in the colony. ihe peace of the little settlement was 
 not promoted by this change, and noisy were the disputes be- 
 tween (Catholic settler and Huguenot sailor, as well as between 
 the old and new monopolists. t"ham|)lain had ni'ed of all his 
 vigour and all his fortitude. He was sorely tempted at times 
 to throw u]) his high ambitions, and leave his rapa( ious charges 
 to [)rey upon the savages and each other. 
 
 To his perplexities was [)resently atlded a new |)eril. A 
 band of Iroijuuis crept down upon (Quebec, vowing to blot 
 
 m 
 
'i'i! 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 4fi 
 
 it iiiit ill l)l(inil . lull (l.iiinlcd li\ the I'lnii liiiun s imiinIscIs 
 ificv llxtiiL;!)! Iirtlci ol lliiM |iiii|ic)sc, ;iii(l uiiIkIk w. llu'V lluii 
 sw.miii'd like Ikhiu'Is ii|i(iii tlic stoix' r(in\<iit ol llic Kci ullcis, 
 
 on the St, ( 'li;iili's ; lint luTc too tluir (onr.i^f soon l.iiird llicin, 
 lor the sjniiciciis Lithcrs wtH' well .iiinrd ;ind siilrlv rorlit'u'd. 
 Tlif invaders fontciiti'il tluinsclvcs wiili iMirniiiLi two Iluron 
 piisoncrs In lore the eves ol the lioriitird priests, ,ind then v.in 
 islied to their own land. The lioailil\ ol the Iroijiiois wasoiiK 
 what ( 'hamplain had looked lor. Ihit a short tune alterwards he 
 was <'iit to the i|iiiek liv treaeher\ ainoiiL; the Montagu. lis ol the 
 St. I.awreiitc. an .\ljion(|iiin trilu' whom lie had helriended. 
 and loiicht lor. and fed lioin Ins own too seaiit\ stores, ,\ hand 
 ol tliese liekle siiva^es (on-^|iiied to sri/e (^)iiel n'e anil iniiidei 
 their heiulaelors, ( 'hamitlain enished the leehle plot with ease ; 
 ami the ahasheil conspirators wen' soon suiiii; piteoiisly lor his 
 I'avonr and his jiil'ts. These pi rils happilv Jiast, ("hainplaiii 
 took his voiinn wile hat k to I'lanee. She had had live yi'ai-- 
 ol (,)iU'he<'. and her lasti' lor loloni/inj; was somewhat mori' 
 than satisfu'd. 
 
 The patronairi' ol Canada now a^ain ehant;i'd hands. It 
 was piM( hasi'd hv a reliL;ions enthiisiast, the I )uke de N'eiita 
 dour. ('ham|)lain remaineil a vear or two in P'ranee, leasing 
 l'"nier\ de ( 'aeii in eomm.nid of tiie eoloin. I)e N'entadonr 
 eared neitlur lor iradi' nor settUiiuail. I lis oiu' eoneirn was 
 to sa\e souls. I'o this end he sent out three Jesuit priest->. 
 leathers l.alemant. Masse, .md Itrehieiil. Masse we h.ive seen 
 in .Xe.idit.'. lourti'en \ia helore. Their eoinin,L; was little to 
 the taste of the hardv lluL;uenot, de ( 'aen : lull the Reeollits 
 made them welcome in their convi-nl on the St. ( 'harles. .\ 
 year Liter <ame T'.ithers N'oirot and I )e la None: and helore 
 liMi.n the Jesuits had a I'onvent ol tiieir own. I'.ilher l!reli(eiil 
 
 . set out lor the Iluron eountrv ; hut hearinj; tli.it the lluroiis 
 had just |)ut their KecolK-t priest to death,* his heart failed him 
 and he turned hack. The heroic zeal which was afterwards to 
 
 •'I'liis was Katlicr XiciiulM.s X'it'l. wlimii tlif snxiij^rs liiowiicd in the 
 rapid Itt'liiiiil Montrtitl. tiit'iiii.' known .i.i tlio Siinlt ,iii Ki'nilK't. 
 
47 
 
 i\'T lii< 11,11111' \\illi L'luiA li.nl mil \ii lii'i'ii l.miicd mid fl.ii 
 
 111: 
 
 W 
 
 nil ( 'll,llll|i|.ll 
 
 II ,il li'n''lli K'liiiiii il III ( liH'l 
 
 Ml, I 111' I IlldllV 
 
 II.HI 
 
 In I'll iH'.irU t\\i'iii\ vi 
 
 ,lls 111 r\l->lrmT 
 
 Il 11 iiisis|i'(| 1 1| iim 
 
 liiimlfi'il ,iml I'lvr iiiiMiii^ ill IJir iii.iiii Mlllrim iil, Iiil;i 'lur willi 
 
 ,111 ()iit|>i>sl ill ( !,i|n' 
 r,iili)iis,'ii' ,'iml Tl 
 
 Iniir 
 I 
 
 llU'lltC, llllll •<ni,lll IIMlIm^ st.ltlnlls ill 
 
 iirr 
 
 \IVi|->. 
 
 Ill' Ir.n 
 
 lllllml|>"l^ >>i 
 
 llu' 
 
 (Ic '( ';ii'n-> |irii\r(l im iimiH' lii'mlii i.il Id llir iiili)ii\ lli.iii 
 tliat III till' .\s-,iir|,itr(| Mill ll.inls ; liiil II I1-.I1II11I 111 ;i llllj;c 
 si.ui^^lilrr III liiM\ii>. Ill mil' \i';ii l\\riil\ Iwu tliuii .jihI ln';i\rr 
 
 .k 
 
 skills UlTf 
 
 llic imMiitiiiii', mil 
 
 Milt iivi'i tniiii llic Si. I .:iwn'ii( r In li.im 
 
 III 
 
 vrl 
 
 iliHrrrnt imsjiiir 
 
 .1111 
 
 I III \i'l\' (111 
 
 Irniit iii.itni.il 
 
 ;in 
 
 ,iiUlisii nijDiu \\;is 
 
 l.ik 
 
 lilt 
 
 iiol on llir lilr;il 
 
 slldlcs III M.lss;ir|ll|scHs. Wllilr ( 'll,llll| il,l 111, ,ls We ll,l\t' siill, 
 w.is tt'iidiiii; ;iiiil wjlrniij; willi ;iii\iiiiis r;irr tlir ;;i(i\\lli nl his 
 
 'llir (itlnlU, till' riL'lilll I'Jtilfls weir 
 
 iiinlmu 
 
 liiil 
 
 II III- 
 
 M;iylliiwrr, (ifu^^). I'Vuiii the sJiiviTiii^ K'""]' "' '^lim I'srij 
 o\ilcs on tlif rocks of riyiiioiitli I'.mv was to j^rou tlio (iestiiii'd 
 rival of (^)iiclii r. Rivals tin v wrrc. (,)ii('lic( and Massac liiisitts, 
 ,is dirfcrriit in tlicir ^rowtli as in tluir ori;;in. 'I'lir one llir 1 liild 
 of Alisolulisni, till' otlirr ol Kivoll : llir onr sli,i|ird liv tlir 
 I'rirst, tlir oilier hy the riirit.in : tlir onr noiirislird on iniirtrr- 
 rnrr, the otlirr on l)r^k:rl. 
 
 And 
 
 now 
 
 kirl 
 
 irlirii, the cr.iriy and mastrrtiil, having iiiadr 
 
 thr nionanliv sii|irrinr in rramc and hinisi'H thr rrsistkss 
 power hrliind tlir ihronr, tiiriird his krrii ryes on ('aii,nl,i and 
 saw the evils whirh ( 'l)am|ilaii) w.is wn stlin^ with. I Ir slnni^th- 
 cned ('haiiiiilaiii's li,inds. lii' aliolishrd the- inono|ioly of thr 
 
 (\v ("aens. 
 
 oi";^aiii/rd what is known as tin 
 
 New ( 'om 
 
 jiaiiv oi the Uiindrrd Associates," with hiinsrlf at its head. 
 'I'he vice-re;;al authority of de \'entadoiir ranie to an end, and 
 a^ain a lu w jiowcr was fill sliajiinii the destiiu' of ('aii.ida. 
 The charter ot Richelieu's conipaiu f,'ave it |)ossession ot all 
 New I'Vance, ((ianad.i, Acadie, N'ewroiiiidland, and Morida^on 
 
 the simple tenure ol lealty and honia^i 
 
 Religious discord 
 
 .'■: ^ • 
 
 Til 
 
 IS cniisis 
 
 tf.l 
 
 111 swciiiiil; .iMi'L'iiiiii'i' 
 
 to liic kin;:, 
 
 iiiililiiry sfr\ iuc w lirii ri'ijinri 
 
 il. Till 
 
 iml )ii'iiiiiiMiii;.' 
 
 iiti\ ill till' ti)iiii of il ii'iiwii (.f 
 
 Tl 
 
 W:iM 
 iriiiie o 
 
 to II 
 
 f Fi 
 
 IC j^ivt'ii liy tliu I'liloiiy to lii'j 
 
 sIIitcssIm; iiciii|)alit of tin 
 
48 
 
 w.is aliolislu'd l)\ llic (Iccicc tli;il New ii.iiwc ^hniild he ;ill 
 KollKili ( ';illi()li( . Nil llumitliot \v;is to set loot im its Noil. 
 The <()in|iaii\ \va>> ImhukI iindir |K'nally tn >tH(l out lluit luin 
 ilrc'd colonists in its liisl viar. (ifuS), and to in( nasi' the nuni 
 hiT to sis thousand within the niAt t'lt'tccn \tar>. It v.as ^ivm 
 a piipt'tiial nionopoK ol' th<' lur tr.idr. will) a monopoly lot 
 I'ltti't-'n M^aisofall other Hade Imt that ol tlic wiialc and rod 
 li^hriii's. I'uithtr. as a pi'isoiia! ^itt front tlir kinj;, it ri'ciivfd 
 two wtil arnird liatlic siiips. ("iiamplain was made one of tiif 
 Associatis. and (dnlirnird in hi^ coniinand of (^)ui Itrc 
 
 ' : n ' 
 
 ' i'i 
 
 (Sic liiis 1^ KiiKr --iiiMiiiiiii^ (^iirliiM' |ii ^iiilirnlii. Ml' iilirr^ 1.11 ClMiiiiil.'iin - 
 ilrliniM rc'l'iis;!!, Mr c'<iiiir> iiv'.iiii in rnr{'i' ; ,'iiii| (^iii'lirc jiMiMr^ ililn Mn' IiiiIi<Im>I Kri>.'l;iiiil. 
 I'i'iic'i' |ii>>i'Imiiiii'<4, <'iiii;i<hi mill Ai'ikIii ri'^l<>i'c'<l In I'linitT. ('Ii.'iiii|ilaiii ili<'s (Iumi iim 
 i.riincliic.) 
 
 i8. First Capture of Quebec by the English. 
 Champlain's Last Days. W liilc su( h 'j,wm maitiTs were 
 
 lK'inj4 arranged in I'rame, (^)in Ik( . liie caiisf of argiinu'nt, was 
 starving;. Chainplain iiad put the (olony on short allowance, 
 and was slraininu his i-\es lor tlu' sails ol ixpeeti'd succour. 
 D,' Ro(|iieinonl. sent out l)\ the W'w ( "onipany, had left 1 )ieppe 
 for {^)uelK'c with a lleet of eighl'cn vcs-^els, heavilv laden. Hut 
 war. nuanwhili'. had heen declared lietwi'in I'lance and I'ain 
 land : and an I'aiglish lliet, under .\diniral Kirke, was steering; 
 for the saini' destination. Kirke was the lirst to arrive. .\n 
 chorini; at Tadoiisac, he sent a hoal u|i to f^)uel)ec and made 
 roiirtcous demand lor snrnnder. With elismay the hi,L;h-hearte<I 
 " l-'athi-r of Canada " siirvewd his star\ing garrison, his em|)t\ 
 ammunilion room, his ill-l>uilt ram|)arls crimihling under the 
 weatlu'r. ISiit to the enemy he turned a fearkss front. Send 
 ing wiird that he would aliide the issue of comliat, he assuifd 
 the l-ngiish ailmiral that (jiu'hec would not pro\e an ea>\ 
 [Hi'y. 
 
 Deceived by tiiis show of conluk'nce Kirke witlulrew. liul 
 fate was in his favour. Off (laspe he nut i\c Rociuemont's 
 tleet, which he cai)tured after a h(;t struggle. He gained ri< ' 
 l)ooly. and the hope of (Juehec was shattered. 
 
»<) 
 
 i* 
 
 'I'lu iiiisfiy ol the coldMy gruvv (U-ciur ;i-> ihc iiHintli^ tliii^md 
 nil. ( 'li;iiii|il:iiii set tiis |H'(i|)|r (lij^L;ii)^ w ild mols in tlu' Woods. 
 1 \i sent out ;i l)o;it to Moiir the ( 'liisjio ro.isi lor A fritiidly tnnlii . 
 Ill llif lollou mil; \f,ir lie i\rn tliotij^lit ot the drs|i(r.iti' lApt diiiil 
 ot ;ili;iiidonin,L; (^>iK'luc. iii.in hiii^ into t lie 1 vn'|iiois ( oiiiitrv . ;ind 
 seizing one ol tliosc |i;ilis;i(|( d towns, wiurtin, ;is \\v well km \\. 
 Ik- iiiif^lit (oiiiit on I'mdiii^ ;in ;il)iin(l,iiU stoif ol (inn. I'.iit I'H' 
 lu' foiild ni;iki' up his mind to sucii a step, Kirkr nturiifd. Tlu' 
 lort wliicli had last war ddU'd him now haikd him as a di-liviTrr. 
 |o\- ri'i^iu'd in tht.' starvini; colom ; and ( liainplain at oik c ca- 
 (■a|>itulat«.d, ohtainiiiL; honorahk' terms Iroin the i ourtt oils 
 admiral. The srttlcrs were invited to remain on theii little 
 holdings ; and the llai; of i'aiiilaiid. lor the first lime. Iloated 
 o\i'r (^)ucl)e< . 
 
 NK'ainvhile peaei- had heen proclaimed at tlu ( onvintion 
 of Susa, and Kirki's a< tion was therelori' unlawful. 'I lure was 
 litlk' desire III I'Vanee, however, to press for tlu' rt siitutioii <>! 
 ("anada, whir!i had fallen under the shadow of royal disfavour, 
 liut ('hamplain was not to Ik.' frowned down, lie ur^ed upon 
 the (ourt the vast importance of tlu' St. l.awniKi', and the lie 
 eessity of eurliiii:; the growth ol l"ai;^lish power. We nia\ rea-on- 
 al)lv su|ipose' tliat he foresaw the nature, thouuh not the issue, 
 oi' the stru!j,L;le which had already liei^iin on the < ontiiK nt of 
 North .America. At leiij^th. in r 6 ^j, the I'reaty of St. ( iermain 
 eii-l.aye was siL^iied ; .iiul one of its conditions was the restora- 
 tion of ("anada and Acadie to I'Vance 'This condition was in 
 sisled ii|ion. not hecause Canada was thought to lie of value in 
 Itself, hut hecausi' the honour of h'-ance seemed .it st.ike ; ami 
 it was ai'cepted liv lai^laiul most iinwillinj;ly. 
 
 .\s soon as the treaty was si^mi'd. ICmery de ( "aeii was sent 
 out to (Juehec to receive the fort fr(<m Kirke. Jle was j^ranted 
 the monopoly of the fur-trade for one year, that he mi^ht rec om- 
 jRaise himsi'lf for the losses which the war had hroughl uiioii 
 him. In the following \ear the Hundred .Associates ai^ain took 
 control, and ("hamplam liecame (lovernor of (Jueliec. And 
 now iieace reii^ned at the fool of the uri^al |)roinonlor\ . The 
 
 e,;,*l 
 
 
 
 »? H 
 
!h' 
 
 11 
 
 mr 
 
 
 !lu,uurn..K w-iv (AprlKd. llir UL'(()llr;> had iviiu.v.d to -uIk c 
 tk'lcN. aiK. lilr ill Caiiada took on a hiir of inonasti'iMii, aii->trr>- 
 l,ui not uii-ra. iou>. ( UuIkm- .mMi.!, aN it Mvnu<l. lor l.ul oiu' 
 |,mposr. tlu' coinnsioh oftlu sava-i'N \vlio u.iv now lured to 
 ( hirl.rr liv kiiulms^ instead of by l.randv. I "hr M'ttlrrs, soiiir 
 n\ wli.ym had 1. It a i-ist m I'laiicr \vhi( li would n.«l hear look 
 iiiL', into, vial with each otii'/r in iK'nitencr and /ral. Tlu- two 
 wars that h)liowed wriv the l)rii;htr>t which Canada liad vOt 
 seen. Chaniplain was now si\tv ci.i^hl wars of a.uc. IK was 
 i.cginninj; to led tiial his lahours had not Imtii m vain. lie 
 wa^ hc'Liiniiini; to sre th.d the tree winch he had planted w itli 
 zeal was i;oin- to hear -ood Irnit. .\inid all this Messc.i 
 ;m-urv he lei 1 si<k : a.nd. e.,^ Cha-istnias I )av. tUy^. the colony ot 
 which lie is well (ailed lather was orpliaiied ol hi-^ wise and 
 faithtul tare. 
 
 
 ^/" 
 
 !% 
 
 
CIlAI'I'l.k i\-. 
 
 SECTIONS: 19, the Scotch in Acadie. 20, the la Tours, father 
 and son. 21, the Struggle between la Tour and Charnisay. 
 22, the latter days and death of Charnisay. Changes in 
 ownership of Acadie. 
 
 (SK(I|i'N 1'.'. Sir WilliaiH .\lr\MrHlci .iii^l \i'\:i S(..ti:i. I'lir cl.in.i^ ■■! |lii'iii'..iir' 
 III. I ('h.iili'^ l;i r.iiii. Till' KiiilMiN li.iiMiiil- ..I N,,\:i <.,s-ii:i. l'..it H..\.il >,i/.,| !.\ 
 Kll:,'llllhl. 'I'll.' Iir~l I I liit«.>,li I'iMlliT :ih,i Kli-I:lll.| Ml :'.,|.i' lll.|..|i.) 
 
 19. The Scotch in Acadie. rminn^ .i-.mi m .\< .alir. 
 
 svr I'iikI lliat till' >.tiiiuuk' hrlwctii liancc .iml I'.n^lind. I.iii 1\ 
 licmm l>\ .Xvl;;;!! at St. Saiiwur .ird I'di! I\(i\.,I. miuimHil 
 almost witluiut ccssatidii. itu- (oiUrsi took (in .11 nnus, 
 llioiinh alas. ii(»l (iftii), the inMcihil asinri ot a iiu i\ ri\,ili\ 
 III t'lHliiranii' anil coliini/in;.; skill. .\ littir ( ( leu oT ."-^c dtilinuii 
 was planlid on tlu' ^hoI■(■s ot Toil l\o\al I'lasui ; .nul tui\Mcn 
 llusf (oloii'sts and llir l'icn<li ot Tort Roval iImIi tlui< si . in-> 
 to liavi' \k:v\\ good will. rill' .S(()i( h scttlrin'-iit rainr .dxuii ni 
 I ills wav. Waking up to the iai t thai thr ilrirvh i rou n. li\ \ 11 tin 
 ol' ( "al lot's discoveries, hail a claim u ) ion the \\ hole 1 it the Norih 
 .Xnu'iiean ( ontinenl. King J.nnes I tf-nKrd to.isMtt ihisil.inn. 
 In iCii 4 he gr.nUed to the '" .Xssuciation ni the ( ii.ind ( 'mini il 
 of I'lymoiith " all the lands nl .\metiea King lutwii n the j^th 
 ,md 4iSih |)arallels ; and he called the grant .New l.ngl.ind. 
 riuis .Vnu'iiea had now a N\w l'",ngland. a N'l w .<|i.iin. ,1 N'l w 
 I'lance ; and to a |iatrioti>' Sidlthinan. Sir William .\le\,mdii, 
 it si'eined wi'll that ilure should he aKo a New >. (iil.nid. Sir 
 William was a iiiandtletlirs and a courtier lli^ nimliji mi 
 agination soon supjilied him with 1 si luiiie ; ,ind hi- inllueM 1 
 at I ourt enahled him to push tin scheme lorw.nd. I ie olitaim d 
 Irom tlu' king a grant ol the peniiisul.i ul Acidu. with t'.ipc 
 llreloii Island, and that rooms cornel ol tin- iii.imland imw oc- 
 
 ill 
 
 ■ .'r 
 
 ■f I 
 
 J. 
 
 ■i ' 
 
 u 
 
'■{ 
 
 52 
 
 • 
 
 ciipiid l)y N'cw liriinswick aiul ('ias|)(.'. 'I'o the wliolc of this 
 legion Sir W'illiain gave llu- name of Nova Scotia, a nanii; 
 which time has narrowed clown to tlie peninsula antl the island, 
 i'he name and charter of N'ova Scotia were given in i6?i. 
 
 Sir William i)egan in a very moderate way the jjeopling ot 
 his great dominion, lint he did not attempt to dis()ossess the 
 I'rtnch ^.ettlers. .Vcadie was in the strong hands of IJiencourt 
 and the la 'I'oiirs ; and after sending out one small detachment 
 of Scotch settlers Sir William decided to wait for a more favour 
 
 able o|>portunuy. 
 
 i'.ieiicourt, indeed, held from the I'Vench 
 
 king a title hy no means agreeable to Sir William's claims, 
 namely that of Commandant of Acadie. Soon after the com- 
 ing of the Scotch the in.Iomitable Iliencourt diixl, leaving his 
 title and responsibilities to his tried comrade \r arms, the )oung 
 er la Tour Charles la Tour occupied a .strong post called 
 l-'orl Louis, near (!ape Sable ;■*■ while his father, Claude, helil a 
 trading post on the Penobscot river, in Maine. Sir NVilliam 
 Ale.xander contented himself, for some years, with sending a 
 shi|> each season to trade and ex])Iore in his domains. I, a Tour 
 refrained from precipitating a contest, perhaps thinking that 
 i^'hiMi the thrifty Scotchmen had once got well established they 
 would grow to be a jirize worth seizing. When, in 1625, the 
 pedant James died. Sir William's grant was ratit'ied by King 
 ( "harles. l''orthwith the ingenious courtier ilevised a scheme 
 which, had it been carried out with the backing of a patrioti<' 
 sovereign, would have resulted in a solid Scotch Acatlia, and 
 would ha\(.' forced back the edge of battle between I'rance and 
 ICngland to the very banks of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 This M'heme of Sir William's, which, for all the derision 
 so liberally showtTcd upon it, was much in harmony with tin- 
 spirit of that age, was no less than the establishment of an Order 
 of Knights IJaronets of Nova Sccjtia. (1625). In return for 
 CI rtain substantial 'ontributions to the treasury of the colony, 
 and on condition of planting actual settlements on tlu'ir re 
 spective grants, there was given to each of these new Knights 
 
 'On ii liiir 
 
 now kiKiwii ii.s i'oit La Tmii 
 
 m 
 
53 
 
 Iiiiroiiets an estate of eighteen s(]uare miles. Piirini^the next 
 ten years were issued no fewer than one hundretl and seveii 
 patents of tliis new order of n()i)ility. 'I'heir estates were seat- 
 lered over the peninsula, ("ape IJreton, N'esv Urunswick, and 
 i-ven the sterile solitudes of Anticosti. 
 
 While the scheme was ripening merrily, war broke out be- 
 tween l'"rance and I'jigland ; and Sir William judged the time 
 was rome for him to enter into his kingdf)m. Hy a strange co- 
 incidence, Richelieu was at the very moment organizing his 
 company of the Hundred Associates. Kirke's expedition, which 
 we have already seen at Tadousac vainly sunuuoning ("ham- 
 |)lain to suriender, was the visible })ower of Sir William Alex- 
 ander put forth to grasp his domains. When the l^nglish ad- 
 miral shattered de RocjUemont's fleet in the St. Lawrence 
 mouth, he destroyed the hope not of (!haiui)lain only, but also 
 of Charles la Tour in Acailie. l-'or with the ill-starred ships of de 
 Roiiuemont was Clauile la Tour, carrying arms and su|)plies to 
 put I'ort Ko\al in a state of defence. I, a 'I'our was sent with 
 other prisoners to I'^ngland ; and Kirke, bearing down upon 
 I'ort Royal, found it in no condition to op|)ose him. He took 
 possession in tin- name of Sir William Alexander, and presentlv 
 sailed awav, leaving a small garrison in charge to make ready 
 for the coiuing of colonists, ("harles la 'I'our, meanwhile, de- 
 fiant but circumspect, shut himself up in his fort at St. I.ouis, 
 and waited to see what would ha|.|)en. 
 
 .\ vear later, about the lime of ("ham|>lain's surrender of 
 (Quebec, an I'jiglish captain, 1-ord James Stuart, suildenly real- 
 ized the strategic importance of Cape Mreton as the guardian of 
 the Ciulf. He straightway built a fort at the eastern corner of 
 the island. Hut of short life was his venture. .\ l-'reiK h war- 
 ship, under one Captain haniel, swept down upon the tledgling 
 stronghold, captund the garri>on, and demolished the fortifica- 
 tions. .\t the mouth of the llig llras d( )r 1 ).iniel erected, under 
 the Lilies of Frame, a fort of stronger r, imparts and heavii r 
 guns. The star of i'rancr in the New World now si'cmed Hear- 
 ing eclipse; but from these Kjiiels defences in Cuj'e Breton, as 
 
 i -J 
 
 
 
 I I 
 
i! 
 
 
 Hi, 
 
 V 
 
 ir 
 
 54 
 
 from la Tour's unclaiintL'd haltkMiicnts at ("ajif Sable, it shed 
 an utilrL'inhlinL; ray of lio|)e and tbrtitiidc. 
 
 ( Sf.:i iiMV -.'ii. -riiiiiili' iiikI ('li;irli-s ilc la Tniii. Cliiinlr la Tmir U'H'S cucr In tin- 
 Kii^jli^li. llr lails 111 lircak i\"\\i, Ms suns liilrlily |.i Kiaiicc,) 
 
 20. The la Tours, Father and Son. I'lic two la 
 
 'I'ours, Claude and his niorr illustrious son ("harks, are pictur- 
 cscjue and important fi.mires in our history. Their family name 
 was St. l'".tienne. Claude de St. I'ltiennewas lord of the manor 
 of la Tour, in I'rance ; hut. hein^ a HuiiUeiiot, his fortunes 
 were ruined in the civil war which tint the heart of his country. 
 With his stripling son he had betaken himself to I'oulrincour 's 
 i-olony at I'ort Royal. I'our years later fell the thunderbolt of 
 .Xrgall's raid, and the la I'ours were once nujre homeless. 
 Claude then estabiished a tr.idingpost at the mouth of the Pen- 
 obscot river ; while Charles, as we have seen, threw himself into 
 the wild life of the woods .ind bei ame the brother-in-arms of 
 IJiencourt. In such a life his shrewdness, darini;, self-reliance, 
 and patience under reverses, wrrv trained to the hij;hesl devel 
 opmeiit. \\ hen he fell heir to liiencourt's |)owers and possess 
 ions, he was able to j^ive a refuge to his father, wIkjiu adversitx 
 had aj-Miii over! 'ken. The jialou>\ of the I'lyiuouth colonists 
 had driven ( 'laude la 'i'our from his jiost on the Penobscot. 
 Soon after liiencourt's (.leath ('harles had removed his head- 
 ([uarters from I'ort Royal to Cape Sable, where he had i)uilt 
 that l-'ort St. Louis, already sp(>kt,n of. .\l)()Ut this time, from 
 among the daughters ot his Huguenot countrvuien he took to 
 himself a wife, a woman who, by hi'r beaut\ ami her gentle 
 breeding, her heroism and her misfortunis, was destined to win 
 the most romantic im'mortality in our annals. 
 
 When the war broke out between l''rance and Ilugland la 
 Tour strove to strengthen his position, lie sent his father 
 home to bi'g the king for aid. i'he mission was successful ; 
 and Clauile de la i'our was on Ins way back to .\( adie w itii 
 shi|)s, men, and munitions of war enough to have made her im- 
 pregnable, when, as we have seen, the heavy ham! of Rirke inter 
 veiled. While the son, shut u[) with his hardy colonists at i'orl 
 
55 
 
 ur 
 il : 
 
 1111- 
 
 St. I.oiiis, uplu'ld througli those dark lioiirs liis rountrv's flai;, liis 
 I'atluT was l)cing flatliMvd and feasted at llie Court of I-aiglaiid. 
 I'o Claude la Tour, as to many of lier Ilu;4iie;ioi .sons, his own 
 country hail proved a harsh ste|)-mother ; and tlv.ct astute ob- 
 server f>r ineri. Sir William Alexander, saw in him a fit instru- 
 iin'iit for the working out of his plans, l.a 'I'our was heaped 
 with favours. Me married a lady of the court. l!oth he and 
 his son were made Knights-IJaronets of Xova Scotia, with a 
 more than princely endowment of 4500 sipiare miles aloni,^ the 
 .Vtl.intic coast. In return he [iromised that i.e woulil win his 
 son to the ICnglish cause, and hand over the whole of .\cadie 
 to Sir William. 
 
 Hut the ever unfortunate noMeman had promised more 
 than he could perform. With two ships full of colonists he 
 sailed for Nova Scotia in the summer of 1630 ; and within the 
 walls of Fort St. I,ouis he unfolded his designs to his son. 
 'I'he sturdy defender of Acadie would not hear him. ("hailes la 
 'I'our was holding his pest for France, and he was neither to he 
 purchased nor persuaded. I'inding his threats and his (Mitreat- 
 ies alike vain, the father in despair attempted force ; hut his 
 assault was beaten off. The picture is a strange and |)ainful 
 one. In dei'p humiliation ('laude de la 'i'our withilrew to I'ort 
 Koval. and landetl his settlers among the Scotch already estab- 
 lished there. In his distress he begged the lady whom he had 
 marrieil, and to whom he had promised luxury and jiowcr in his 
 new possession.s, that she would forsake him and return to ICng- 
 land : but she refused, vowing to share his evil fortunes not 
 less than his jirosperity. When two years later, by the Treaty of 
 St. Ciermain-en-I,aye, Xova Scotia and (.'anada were ceded back 
 to l-'raiK-e bv .that short-sighted mon;"-'h who could not see be- 
 yoiul his (}iieen's dowry,* ( !laude la 'i'our was forced to take 
 refuge with his son at I'ort St. I.ouis He wa^ soon afterwards 
 sent by Charles to build a fort at the mouth of the St. John : 
 and from this period he fades out of ijromiiu'iice on the ])agi.s 
 
 ' Cliiiiit s 1 yuvi' U)) tlit'Sf ten itnt ii's imdcr the tliiciit iif lliilii'li 
 
 I'll 
 
 tliiit ollioiwi.se C^iu^i'ii Hfiiiiftta Mai ins ilowi y, lOU.tMM) crdwiis, would 
 
 )t h 
 
 [Kll 
 
 I. 
 
 
 < '.' 
 
 I-'^I 
 
 k^ 
 
i 
 
 m 
 
 56 
 
 of Acadian storv. 'I'd his i-on and to liis son's wife Itt-longs all 
 the lustri.' which shines ahoul the name of la Tour. In recoj^ 
 nition of Charles la 'i'our's r.iiihful zeal for I'rance, he wasconi- 
 niissioiuxl in 103! as the kinj^'s lieutenant-general in Acadie. 
 Stores, men, anil nnuiition of war were sent out U) him, that 
 there might be soliti power behind his honour. 
 
 ( Si,ri Kis -Jl,- (imwiiij,' iiilrii'sl in Cmii.iiIii aiiil .Vfiiilif. Isjuic 'If F^nzilly. Cliiir- 
 liisiiy (li iMs liiicU till' Niw Kii)_'l;iiiilris. I.a Toiii' ;it St. .Jciliii. Cluiriii.siiy (.'els milcrs In 
 lake la Tiiiir to Ki-aiu-c Cliaiiiisay's liist allacU. His srcniiil attack. I.aily l.i Ti'iir -i 
 ili'lcli-ic (if till' I'lirl. Ctiariii-.ay'.s trrai'lii runs vii'tmy ; ami lii.< ciiiiir.) 
 
 21. The Struggle between la Tour and Charnisay. 
 
 When I'rance fouiul lurself once more in possession of Can 
 ada and Aiadie, she api)arently awoke to the imi)ortance of her 
 New World empire. Her indifference was at an end : and from 
 
 th 
 
 is point on 
 
 ward the I'reat strnuiile between the Lilies and the 
 
 * I, ions wears a nifire definite shape. The acute vision ol 
 Richelieu saw into it ; and though Charles of ICngl.md. neither 
 patriot nor statesman, ignoreil it, the eyes of the keen Puritans 
 on Massachusetts Hay were not long blind to its drift. 
 
 The task of dis|)ossessing the Scotch md making Acadie 
 once more a l-'rench colony was committed to I.>^aac de Ka/ill\. 
 a relative of the great Cardinal, and a distinguished captain in 
 the royal na\y. In the spring of 1632 he came to Acadie with 
 a shi[)load of colonists, received tlu' submissioi 
 
 1 ot 
 
 the Scotch 
 settlers at I'ort Ro\al, iiid then fixed his headouarlirs ai I .a 
 
 H 
 
 eve. 
 
 Ills 
 
 ari)( 
 
 )ur was ureferred to Port Ro\al 
 
 as a more 
 
 convenient centre from which to work the rich fisheries of the 
 
 .\tlantic coast. With de Ra/illv c 
 
 uiie two |)ersons of import 
 
 ance : Nicholas I )enys, destined to succeed I.escarbot as the 
 picturesipie historian of .\cadie, and the Seigneur d"Aulna\, 
 doomed to an unenviable fame as the traitorous coii(|ueror of a 
 noble foe. 
 
 While de Ra/illv, at I. a IIe\e, busied his colonials with i'doiI 
 
 roni ii viTv oiirlv <lii\ tlu' unimImiI o 
 
 f I' 
 
 t'lllll |il\illtV, 
 
 .1 til 
 
 liiigiii«liiii,i: tViitiir*' of tlu' Kifiicli royiil .staiiiliinl. wii.s tin- Lily <ir Fli'iii 
 
 (le-Lvf 
 
 'I'Ik' biou.s iif tlif r.i iti.sli .stiiiiiliiid iiir lUiivi'il t'loiii tlif Hiiii.s 
 
 .if Plillltil^uilt.'t. 
 
 ^li! 
 
Ii-.hiiu 
 
 Min: 
 
 li:u 
 
 k tllr N 
 
 57 
 
 I>'ii)r tannine;, his liciiifiKiiit ("hainisa) was thrusting 
 I'lu' in(k'tatiij,al)lL I'hmoiitli ("nl- 
 'I'dur from his post on thr I'rnoh- 
 
 r\v 
 
 .lU 
 
 anilci>. 
 
 on\-, after oustiiin ("laiiilr 1, 
 sot, had ihcmsrlvcs cstahhshcd there a traihii^; depot. This 
 |)()st Charnisay took [)()sscssioii of; and he sent curt warning to 
 ihf New ICnglanders. saying that, as they were trespassers on 
 the territorx' of I'rame, lie would come |)resentls' and reino\f 
 them all to the south ol ('a|)e Cod. HighK' incensed at thi> 
 confident insolence of the I'rench, the urim Puritans made 
 
 readv to chastise it ; l)Ut jealousy l)etween IMyn 
 
 lOU 
 
 th 
 
 an( 
 
 I i; 
 
 ton prevented them working together. 
 
 Not! 
 
 inig hut joHit actioi 
 
 could have preva'led against a vigorous foe like Charnisay. A 
 feehle e\i)edition sent out from I'lvmouth against the I'enohscot 
 
 1 f 
 
 or some vears alterwarc 
 
 Is ll 
 
 mother tradmu 
 
 fort was sharply punished ; an( 
 
 I'lvncii were left in undisturbed |)ossession 
 
 post had been set uj) by the Puritans at .Machias, far east of the 
 
 I'enobscot. '\'h\< wa> <lestroved b\ la Tour, who shii)|)ed the 
 
 Test-fallen trader^ 
 
 i)a( 
 
 k to i'lvmouth iSav. In spite of llu': 
 
 rounh measures, which carried the friniie of con 
 
 tlicl f 
 
 ir south ot 
 
 .\ca(l 
 
 ian soil, there was as vet no maliunite of hale in the rival- 
 
 rv between New ICnuland Awd New l''ranci'. In their contests 
 
 all the courtesies ot battle were observed 
 
 and in liie interval 
 
 )f peace their colonists traded amicabl\. Neitlur had \et re 
 
 aii/.ec 
 
 1 that this duel was to tl 
 
 le death. 
 
 tut Acadie was now 
 
 to be t 
 
 orn Itv 
 
 an'js of civil stril 
 
 In 1 6 ^6 the e\i client de Ka/illv died ; ind .\cadie was left 
 under the divided headship of la lour and Charnisa\ . I .a I our 
 
 was 
 
 Ih 
 
 e lieutenant of tin 
 
 ;inL 
 
 ("harnisav h:id been the lieuien 
 
 ant of de Ka/illv. Itoth were ambitious, masterfiii, untiriiu 
 
 )nf]ict 
 
 was inevitable. 
 
 I, a I 
 
 our 
 
 Kiel received 
 
 ;rant o 
 
 some lour hundred and lillv sciuare miles around the mouth ol 
 
 St. I 
 
 ohn. Compk'tinn and enlarL;inu the fort which, hi 
 
 the 
 
 father had begun, he removed his headcjuarters thither, kaxinu 
 his father in charge of l''ort St. I.ouis. The new fort at the St. 
 John's mouth was a strcmgb iKilisaded structure one hundred 
 and eights feet sipiare. with four bastions ; .md lu re. witii his 
 
 8 
 
 m 
 
 li 
 
 \i 
 
 ' '* 
 
 
m\. 
 
 ■ r.:)i 
 
 ) 
 
 ill 
 
 i 
 
 S8 
 
 will' and his cliildnMi. Iiis solduTs, his lahorrrs, and his devoted 
 TL-d allies, lie lived in a roii^li hut real sovereij^nty. Directly 
 across tlie water, at Port Royal, hehind a line of hliie heights vis- 
 ihle in clear weather from I'ort I, a Tour, dwelt Charnisay, who 
 had fallen lieir to no small pijrtion of Razillys estates and priv- 
 ileges, ("harnisay had rebuilt and refortified I'ort Royal, re- 
 moving thither most of the I-a Heve colonists and settling them 
 on the ft-rtile meadows along his threshold river. His aim was to 
 make money by the fur-trade ; and the abounding pros|)erity of 
 his rival over the bay, whose position on the St. John enabled 
 him to intercept the trade of the inland tribes, filled him with 
 wrath. 
 
 ( Iharnisay set himself to the task of undermining la 'l\)ur's in- 
 lluence at court. At first he met with little success ; but after 
 several years of persistent intrigue, (jf which his rival was all un- 
 conscious, he got what he sought. This was an ortler from the 
 ungrateful and forgetful king, sunuiioning la 'I'our back to 
 I'Vance to stand trial on a number of trumi)ed-up charges. In 
 case of la I'our refusing to obey the king's order, (.'harnisay was 
 authorized to carrv him to France by force. When la lour 
 learned, with natural astonishment, that not only was he de- 
 |>riveil of his ratik as the king's lieutenant-general, of his possess 
 ions, and of his means of livelihood, but that he was to be car- 
 ried a prisoner to I'rani'e, he was niA long in deciding what to 
 do. He refused obedience, and dared his foe to arrest hini. 
 Seeing his strong walls and his veteran ranks, Charnisay was 
 afraid to fight. He withdrew to Tort Royal, and sent home a 
 formal report of la 'I'our's disobedience, lioth antagi^nists now 
 braced themselves for the struggle. Charnisay, strong in the 
 great (.'ardinal's friendship, sought and found assistance in Paris. 
 La Tour's only supporters were the Huguenot merchants in his 
 wife's city of Rcn.-helle : and Roc-helle was still c-rii)[)led from 
 the lash of Richelieu's hate. 
 
 I'.arly in the spring of 164,? (."harnisay was ready to attac-k. 
 ( )ne morning as the fog slowly lifted in front of Fort la 'I'our, 
 three ships, with several smaller craft, were seen gliding into the 
 
59 
 
 harbour. Cliarnisay iliscn>l)arkf(l ;\ Wnrr of t'lvr luimlrrd nu'ii, 
 ami k'd them swiftly to the assault. I5ut la 'Tour was not caught 
 sleeping. I'or an hour the storm raged in \ain on palisade and 
 hastion. 'I'hen in baffled fury Charnisay ordered off his iiu-n. 
 Drawing a'striet blockade about fort and harbour, he waitt'd for 
 hunger to achieve what his arms could not. iUit la 'I'our was a 
 hard prist)ner to hold. \\'hen the long-expected ship from 
 Rochelle, with siii)|)lies and reinfonements, ai)|teaved cautious- 
 ly off the coast, la Tour and his wife slipped througa the block- 
 ade by night with muffled oars, were receivetl on the friendly 
 deck, and made all sail to Moston for aiil. They got it, though 
 the prudent men of lioston made them i)ay well for it. Then, 
 while his rival was doubtless dreaming of a spei-dy trium|)h. 1 1 
 
 'our swept down u| 
 
 on his rear with five shi|)s reativ for baltli 
 
 .\ma/.ed antl overwhelmed, Charnisay fled back to I'ort Royal, 
 la 'I'our close at his heels and chastising him on his own thresh- 
 hokl. 'I"he (piarrel might well have been ended then and tlu're. 
 by the capture of Charnisav, and the seizure of I'ort Royal : 
 
 but the scruples of la Tour 
 
 s allies now stepped in. 
 
 thri 
 
 ftv 
 
 'uritans were well satisfied with the rich bootv of furs 
 
 which thev had secured. I'hev insisted, therefore, on the 
 
 virtues of moderation, and fonx't 
 his work was but half done. 
 
 1 la \ 
 
 our to Slav his li.ind wluii 
 
 .nowing that now it must bi' all fought o\i'r again. 
 
 iiur 
 
 set himself to streiiLithen his defences, while his wile went to 
 
 ■ranee to gather hel]) 
 
 Imher. Iiio, 
 
 had 
 
 Mine ( 'harnisa\ on 
 
 the same errand, and there he tried to get Madai 
 
 ne 
 
 our ar 
 
 vested for trea.son. 
 
 ■l'\K 
 
 adv, 
 
 lowever, outwitted inm. 
 
 and 
 
 mai 
 
 le good her escape to ICngland. .After 
 
 a wiidie \far> ao 
 
 sence, s 
 la Tour. 
 
 he f( 
 
 ound her wav. throuiih a ho>t of perils, back to I 
 
 orl 
 
 H 
 
 er mission 
 
 ■en parlK sih i esshii 
 
 .111(1 
 
 Char- 
 
 nisay. knowing this, |)ostponed his lust mo\e. .\ few nmnti 
 our was forced to make .mother \isil to I'xi- 
 
 Ih 
 
 1-. 
 
 ater, however, 
 
 la T 
 
 ton. 
 
 V 
 
 romptly on the news of his going ( .iinc ln> h 
 
 watchers on the lonely ramparts b\ tlu' tide could ^ee ( luirnisav 
 cruisers tlitting to and fro ju^t be_\ond the harbour inoutl 
 
 S^': 
 
6o 
 
 m 
 
 ifl 
 
 w.iitin^i to tMlf h 1.1 Tniii nii liis iitiiiii. Wiiliin lln' loit siiii 
 
 |ilu-s 1.111 low, lull (lucre 
 
 li\ llu' daiinlii' 
 
 >s (■(iill;i';t' ( ) 
 
 I llicii t.iir 
 
 Icidrr tlu' n.irrisdii lv(|it ;^u()(| hcirt. I'rc>,fiiilv tr.iildiM w 
 
 I'll 
 
 (Ii^( DMii'd in their iiiuNt, luo spiis nl ( 'li.iiiiis;i\. 
 
 11 
 
 le\ would 
 
 li.i\e 
 
 •II liiiii:; ioiihwiih lioiii ilie i.imp.iils. Iml iIlA l,;idv \\ 
 
 Tour w.iN loo eoiii|);issioii.ite. She ((inteiiud heiscll with dii\ 
 iiiL; ihem lioiu ihe ,L;.iles ; ,iiid ihes slunk oil' to their iiiiisler 
 willi news th.it the food w,is low. ihe |)oW(ier lUMilv ,\\\ ^one, 
 .iikI the ''.iriison too we.ik to withstand ;iss;iiill. ( 'h.iinis;iv s 
 
 l),itlleshi|t .It oiiee moved ii|) lieiie.ith the w.ills. 
 
 .IIK 
 
 hie 
 
 lint then li'.idei s ex.nnple h,id niiide her men ;i 
 
 I o|ien 
 
 II lui 
 
 ed 
 
 oes. 
 
 ,ind the enemv met so hot ;i lire th.il he drew oil" with ;i sinkiiii; 
 shi|) i\\u\ sh.itteieii lorees. 'I'his w.is in l'"eltrii;irv. Not till 
 April tlid he reimn lo the .itt.iek ; hiil he ki'pt ;\ blockade so 
 
 ntiid th.it no 
 
 hell 
 
 ) eoiild reaeh the ilooiiut 
 
 iorl. 
 
 .a lour .s ship 
 
 huiiLi dt'sit.iirini; in the ot'tiiu 
 
 ( )ne still s|)rin,L; nii;hl came the lu'ninninu; ot' the end 
 
 he 
 
 sintrv on the r.imp.irts eaui;hl llu' sound of rattliiii; cables, tlu' 
 
 spl.ish ol" lowi'ring boats. Willi dawn the sirui;i;lc bi'Li,an. 
 
 ("harnisav h.id disembarked under cover of nij^ht. Ili-ledhis 
 
 att.ick au.niist tlu' landward and vviakt.'r side of llu' Iorl. 'I'lu' 
 
 i'ourage ol' the derenders was a coura,m' without hope, for tlu-v, 
 
 as well as their le.ider, knew that late had decided a.yainst them. 
 
 \'et from 'I"hursd.iv till Saturday the indomitable woman Ironted 
 
 every char!;e. .md the enemy gave wav betori' her. .\t last a 
 
 Swiss mercenarv in the uarrison lurned trailor, boui^ht bv ("liar- 
 
 nis.iv's lioKl. and threw o|Kn tlu' great gales {\\' llu' fort. I>ut 
 
 even then, .ilthough within the walls, ('harnisay was not yet vie 
 
 torious. lie w.is met so desperately that a mean tear seized 
 
 him. lest he shouKl again endure defeat by a woman. I'rofess- 
 
 iiig atlmir.ilion for such splemlid et)uiage, he c.illed for a truce, 
 
 and offereil honorable terms. Wishing to save her faithful fol 
 
 • 
 lowers, i,.idv l.i Tour vielded. and set lier name to the arti<les 
 
 of surrender, rhen came tlu' .ict which has brought t'harnesay's 
 
 name down in a bla/e of infimv. 1 lis rm\ once gained, and the 
 
 fort in his haiuls. he mocked the wonum whom he could not 
 
n)ni)iu'i in Liir lii^lil. iiml t"ii' ii|' ilir ( ,i|iiliil,ilii)ii liclurr In r 
 t,ii !■. I'lii' \iv,[\<- j^airisDi) lif Inok 111, in li\ Mi.in. ;ui(l hnn^ llnni 
 in llif iipcn \;n(l of the tori ; while ilicir mh^His^, ^inkin^; with 
 liKrnir, \v;i> lulil to wihli iluir sli ii,l;l;Ii's. u nh a li.illrr .ilioiit 
 Ik r m < k. ('Ii.ninsav (.iriitd lnr ti> I'mi Kns.il: ,inil tlicii'. 
 wiihin llucr \\<'(k-^ nl the ruin <>l her liiislp.inil, \\\r iIoImk tiun 
 <A her lionu', llic Inili liiT\' of Iht liivid .nui lu\al IiiIImwits, the 
 licKinic III Ai'ailii' was ih ad n| ;i liinkrn liiarl. ( I'l 15). 
 
 
 >:% 
 
 'i M 
 
 F'f*B 
 
 m 
 
 ( M i:i Ins JJ. 
 
 IliMlli ..| CliMiiil'-.iv. I,:i I'liil liiMni'-. Clici lils:i\ -i hpIhw. 1. 
 
 II. H;^!!!' Sfl/I-. !l |lllll '<l Aci'llr. Tllr Kiiu'IhIi 'IU,in»<l'SS l.'l llulKIII' illlll -.v;/!' tin' wlll.ll 
 
 ciiiinliv. Acmlic i.'r:iiili<l I" Triiiiil'', <'iih\im\ iiikI In 'I'mIii. Aim'Hi' I'njia li.n'k tr 
 
 .) 
 
 22. 
 
 Latter days and death of Charnisay. 
 in the Ownership of Acadie. I lif nr\t i. w 
 
 Changes 
 
 \rai-. saw la 
 
 our a waiKlinr 
 
 wlnlr ( liarnisjv, sii|irriiic in Aiadic ami 
 SIM lire in court favour, rt'a|n(l tin- uoldcn liaiM'st ol tin' lur 
 iradi' and made a Ircily ol aniiu widi Niw laiLjIand. I'lu' 
 only lliorn nniainin^' in his sidr was the indf|u'ndcnt hold- 
 ing: ol Nicholas l)rnys, in ('ape ilri ion. I iirri- |)cnys, under 
 |)ri\iK'^rs L'rantfd l)v tin- kin^', was urouinn wiallliv on the ri( h 
 
 iislK-rii's of the LTiil 
 
 I). 
 
 n\s and ('hariiisav had Ihtii school 
 
 hovcoinradcs ; hut in ( !harnisa\''s cvc.s such matters were ot 
 
 siiiall accoiin 
 
 I. lie attacki 
 
 ed his old Iriend's forts, sei/ed his 
 
 L^oods, broke up his sculriucnl, and drove hiin to take reluue i:i 
 
 ( )uei)ee 
 
 his done. In- could look with o 
 
 iride on his achuvi 
 
 men 
 
 Is. At Port 
 
 koval he ruled a fair and flourislimL' (ommun 
 
 ilv. l.irmiiiLi till' rich a<r;s which his dike-. ha( 
 
 I reclaimed Iron 
 
 the tide. 1 lis own ships, huill at I'ort Rii\al, llirove in trade. 
 Oil .\cadian land or in .Vcadian w, iters no one < oiild si II a cod- 
 fish or barter a lii-.iver skin without paying Irihiite to his ( ullers. 
 .\lthou;j;h a roMn-r, a i'abe accuser, a traitor, and a murderer, 
 we h ive no record to show that his cons( ieiice Irouliled him. 
 IVrhaps lu' lell that the-.e tailiiij^s minht he o\erlooked, in 
 
 con- 
 
 sideration of the fact that he had heeii zealous to christiani/e 
 the Indians. 'I'he I'lilure looked ver\' fair lielove him ; hut just 
 at the lieiulu of his u"*"! loilune he chanced to fall intcj his 
 
 It- 
 
 "Mi 
 
 i 
 
 ;liil 
 
 I-'" 
 
 ¥. 
 
6a 
 
 jii- 
 
 tiirhid little river of I'ort Royal, and was drowned m its deep 
 eddies. 
 
 Miiriti}; his five \ears of honiek'ss wandernig, chiefly in New 
 I'lngland and the St l.awren( e \alley. la Tour had been treated 
 every where, in spite of his ruined fortunes, with a consideration 
 which is the best witness to his great (|ualities. InHUeiliatt'K 
 on Charnisay's death he hastened to I'rance, wlu'ri' lie speediK 
 confuted the slanders of his enemy. The king made him the 
 fullest restitution in his jiower, giving him hack his estates, and 
 appointing him governor of all .Vcadie. The fur-trade was his. 
 and his fortunes mended rajiidly. I'lUl at I'ort Royal there re- 
 mained an obstacle to his triumjth, the widcnv and c hildren of 
 Charnisay, who were heirs at law to all their father's possessions. 
 'I he probleni here presented la I'our soon solved, not with the 
 sword, but with a i:eremony. lie married the widow ot iiis foe, 
 and took her children under his protection. 
 
 but f.ite was preparing yet other surprises for him. Char- 
 nisay had got himself overwhelmingly in debt to one Kmmanuel 
 le Uorgne, a rich merchant of Rochelle. (^)ming to .\cadie to 
 collec-t his claim, le Horgne conceived the idea of seizing the 
 whole country. He overthri'w the indefatigable I )enys, who 
 had reestablished his fisheries in Cape hreton, took I'ort Royal, 
 and was meditating the capture of la Tour's fort by strategem ; 
 when the kaleidoscope of fortune ga\e another turn, and things 
 fell into yet another pattern. The sur|)rise was now le Morgue's, 
 
 ICngland, under the vigonjus rule of Cromwell, had been at 
 war with lioUand, .\n exi)e(lition was organized to capture the 
 Dutch settlements of New Amsterdam, at the mouth of the 
 Hudson river. The ships reachetl Uoston, where 500 colonists 
 enlisted in the enterprise. Just then came the unwelcome 
 news of peace between I'aigland and Holland. Here was a 
 strong force organized, ready to act:omplish anything that might 
 be found for it t(j lio. There was Acadie, a ripe iilum waiting 
 to be plucked. Uoslon was never long in making up her mind ; 
 and the ICnglish ships were steered for l"ort la Tour. 
 
 (^)uite unjirepared for such an attack, la Tour surrendered. 
 Port Royal soon followed, after a leeble defence by le Horgne : 
 
and all Aradic was aj^ain in I'-nj^lish IkukK, (165}). An l',n^li>h 
 ^(»\t■rn()r was [tlaccd in diir^'i' (if I'oii K<iyal ; l)iit the scttliis 
 wiTt.' left undisliirl)i.'d in tlu-ir possession^, with liht-rty of con- 
 SI iuiicf and (if jHTson. 'I'lu- I'VlmicIi ''ourt itrcsscd an,L;rily fur 
 disall()wani'<-" of this act of tin- New l'',nL;landiTs. and for tin- in- 
 stant restoration of Acadic ; hut Cromwell wonld listen to any- 
 thing' rather than that. He understood the nature of the New 
 World problem. 
 
 l,a 'I'our was aj^ain, to all appearance, ruined. I'ut hr, like 
 L'lvsses, was no less sa^^Kions than hrave. He went at once to 
 i'jigland. So skillfully and piTsuasively did he lay his case be- 
 fore the Iron Protector, pleadin;,' the grant made by Charles I 
 to himself and his father, that Cromwell, loving a man of ca- 
 pacity and resource, ;^ave him back his own with interest. .\ 
 vast region on the |)eninsu!a and mainland extending far into 
 what is now .Maine, was granted to a company consisting of la 
 
 I'our, a colonel of Cromwell's nameil I'homas 'I'einple, and an 
 ambitious divine l)y the name of William Crowne. ■* 'I'o this 
 triumvirate was allowed the fullest trade monopoly ; and 'I"em|)le 
 was made governor. I. a Tour, having by this time had enough 
 of vicissitudes, and foreseeing further trouble between France 
 and iMigiand. sold out his vast interests to his two partners and 
 sank into the well-earned ease of private lite. 'I'emple spent 
 great sums in developing his colony : but tlie death of Crom- 
 well, and the Kestoration of the Stuarts in 1660, brought him 
 grave enibarrassments. He hurried back to iMigland to look 
 after his interests. Hy his wit and knowledge of men he won 
 the favour of Charles H, and returned to .\cadie with the royal 
 eonfirmation of his privileges. All went well for some years : 
 till at length war broke out between I""ranceand ICngland, a war 
 which no ICnglishman remembers without shame. When the 
 
 Treaty of Hreda was signed, in 1667, Acadie was ignominiously 
 handed back to i'Vance in return for a little sugar-island in the 
 West Indies. Thus blind was Charles to the i)ointing finger i)\ 
 destiny. 
 
 * "Crowne was the fatlier of .loiiii L'rowiie llie Driiiniiti.st, who 
 liorn ill Xovii Scotia." — ll'initay. 
 
 k' 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 ^\ 'H 
 
■i 
 
 SECTIONS : - 23, the Work of the Jesuits. 24, the Founding of 
 Montreal. 25, the Destruction of the Huron Mission. 26, 
 New France and New England. The Jesuits and the Iro- 
 quois. 27, Laval. Doliard. 28, Dissensions in Quebec. 
 The Great Earthquakes. 
 
 'I': 
 
 I! 
 
 hH: 
 
 (Si:rTiiiN •_':!. - Till' .IrMiil .\iin:il iui,s. Ui'li,i;ii'(W iiisliliitii>iis ri.iMiilcil. I'll.' .I.^iiit 
 Mi>siii|i 1(1 llir lllllo|i> lir;,'lin. Its slici'i'>s, .M:ll';4lii'l ii'. .lllil lllf ll>i|li"i« :il Tlin^ 
 
 23. The Work of the Jesuits, w hiU tin .\( hImh 
 
 coriuT .)! Nru I'laiici.- w.i^ lliiis ^crviiiL; a^> thr |)l.i\ lliin;^ ol I'or 
 tiiiK', alTair-^ lia<l iiiovid iikhi' i|iiit.tlv in ihr sallrv ot'iln St. 
 I .awri'iicr. Kiclirlirii's ( )iu lluiultrd .Xssociatrs li.id lirjilin 
 tluir noils with /ral, vrt (JiirliL'i' i;ii.'u- hut nIowIv. Tht,' central 
 fi^iiit^ (il this pciidd aif thr h>iiit->. wIid-m' missions to tin 
 Iluroiis of tlu' ("iiiat l.aki'^ aii- an iii)|iiTi^hahk' ornammt to 
 tiu-ir rrcord. 'i'luir inlliiciicr w.is now su|>ri'mL' in (Jiii'hrc. thr 
 Kccollrts Ikiviml; hcin iccaltrd. I'lu' nv\\ ^ovrino:. dr .\h)ni 
 maj;n\. smt out within a lew months ot ( 'llaIn|ll,iin'■^ ikatli. was 
 an aidriii s.ijtnoitcr ot thr ji'suils. ( 'huii'h and statr a|>|>rarrd 
 insr|iafahli.-. I.ikin (Juchrc liccinu' rloistr.d m ii'^ sivnilN. 
 AtlcndancL' at chun h was a-> ^iricth ii.i|uiiiil. and ali'-cncc a-- 
 slcrnlv punislu'd. a-> in tlu' iu>i'.ii' lloston of thr I'uiil ins. 
 
 l''rom this tiinr d.itr the !\,-l.;ti<in\ i/ts /isinds, or "' |rsiul 
 Narration^," so iin|iorianl to the iarl\ historv oi ( anada, -^o il 
 luniinalrd with l>ra\i di'rd> and inaitx rdonis. '\'\\v ^lowin:; 
 acfounts >cnt hoiin' to I'lain r li\ ImiIut Ir Ji'Uik' stiirod iijithc 
 /cal of thr drvout. and it was now th.it thr rhirf <'ollr,L'i.-- 
 and hiopitals of (Ji'.rhrc well' loundrd. A Jisuit colU^r .\a> 
 I'lKlowid liy thr .Maniuis ^\v ( laniarhr. in I'v^i. .XnoiJu r nohlc 
 man, Norl dr Sillcri. ist.ihlishrtl a sort of homr lor Indi.;n ron 
 
 Wm_ 
 
fi.s 
 
 1(1 
 
 III 
 
 il 
 
 \'i'rts. alii)Vi' (^)iul)i'c. at a spot wliosr nanu' now < omiiiriiioratis 
 liis pious action. Tiu' Hotel I )iiu was rndowcd l)\ tin- I )ii( lu'ss 
 d'Aiiiiiillon. and tlu- task of cariiiLi t"r ils inmates wa^ undii 
 taken liv tlifi'e divoted lios|)ital nuns of hicppr. A siuiinarv 
 lor tlu' instruction of nouiil; i^irls was the ne\t tliini; call<il for 1)V 
 tlie spiritual directors of the colon) ; and this was |ircsenlK 
 rouii(k'(l l)v a wealths vonnii widow. Madame de la l';lir:e. who 
 liroui^ht her lortuiii- and her serviies to ('anada. 
 
 W'hilo the [(suits worked in e\erv direction, enduring; i.'.re,it 
 li,irdshi|)s ot" hunger, cold, and filth amonu the Moiita;4nais a\\i\ 
 other trihes ofthehnNli northeast, their i;r(.'atest work was done 
 in the Huron coiintrv. The lliirons were l>v tar the mo>t pro 
 mi'ssive of the Canadian Indians. '! ir. • Inst elTorls ol l''.ilher 
 l)r(.'liieut to re.ich the Unrolls were not succe--srul ; l>iit his /cal 
 i^rew til! no oli^tacle could restrain it. .\l length, wiili l''.ithei>. 
 |)ani(.'land I )a\(tiist, he accomplished his ohject. .\ mi^-^ion 
 was estahlished at Thonatiria on Cicornian li.iv. near i'eiiet 
 anyuishene. The position of these mi^sionai ie-^, thoiiuh less 
 paiiifiil than tint ol' their feliow w(irker> amoni; the .Moniauiiai^. 
 was I'ar more perilous. I'liere wa-> a strong; par!\ in the trilie 
 which liitterh opposed them. a>' liliiii.; to llieir mlluence e\erv 
 misl'ortuiu' ol the Hiiidii lod.;e->. This |),,rt\. i linuin^ to tluir 
 aiK ient taith, professed toieuard the ^acr.'.meiits an(Ker\ k cs ■)i 
 the I'athers as evil incantations. The K .iders ol' th; . p,iri\ w re 
 thecraltiesl of their trilie, the powerliil medicine im n. uho'-.iw 
 m the ■■ lllat k Kolies." a-^ ihev c.illed the mi^^ion.irie^. the siip- 
 pi. I liters of their inllucnce. \\ hen a liapli/ed ( hililli II >ick, u In n 
 a strange disease a|)peai"e(l, wlun .1 hunt turiu d out li.idU, when 
 a crop was l)itt( ,, ' \' llu' frost, their murmminus L^nw loud ,iiid 
 indignities were heaped upon the priests. .\l -ucli lime> tiic\ 
 dwelt in horu!\ p( ril of the ( riiele-I deiih. In tin' iiikNi ol ,i!l 
 tins the\ Wi r, vexed l)\ scand.iN ,it (^iuelie> , where, i'hon.iti: i.i 
 Itein;.^ well situati.'d lor the fur tr.idc, tin \ wric .ici ii'^eil o| 
 ille^allv followini; this trai'lic. I'lUl L;ra(iii,ill\ llie iallv.r--. Ia 
 tlieir palionee, tluar coura,m'. their tender and miliriiiL; ( ,ire ol 
 the sick, won the affections ol the irilie, I'liei; eiu luies wi re 
 
 mv 
 
 9 
 
1 
 
 66 
 
 (liscriiiilnril, ( )lhrl' IMIi'^;^ I ,11111' !■: llir Illi^si'H. a;iil llic ulir.lr 
 lIuiDii ii.ilion |>ii s'.'iuK l)t)\M'il Id ilirir l;iiiiI.iii( r. I'lus is 
 l.ilili .iM'il llii'if iciHr.il stall. Ill, iilinl Sic. M.i.ric, mi .i liillr 
 I i\fr l.illiii.U mill \l,itrliiil,isli l'>,i\. ( )lhfv si.itioiis. Si. I.uuis, 
 ."^l. Ii;ii,iir, S|. jiaii. Si. \liilnl. Si. Josciili, wrii' scMltrrcl 
 <i\(i the riiiiiitiA l'(|\\<( II !'h(iii,ilii 1.1 .iiid die i.ikc imw cilird 
 Siincdc. Ili'diii lied, 11(1111 tile '•iiiilli .111(1 cast, Tk iiiIiIiiil; nin 
 
 II, tills (il .\lL;()!li|llill .111(1 dlllil llllics, ■icatti !( (1 Ik Idlc the 1(1111,1 
 h.iwks III tile I.iKiiiois like slu'i|i liildic woivi"-. The li(is|iii,il 
 \[\ III (lie laliuTs w.i^ |iriiii(h, tluii .iiithin il\' sii|ii(iiic ; Imt 
 
 iiiidfi llu'ir ( .Uf tiu' I ! iiiiiii warn 
 
 (lis ''WW s 
 
 Idlliliil. .111(1 Idiiidt 
 
 ill'' sl('( [ilcsv nil n. ICC luikiiiL; sdiilli ol llic (ih.il l\i\ci. 
 
 Mc.iin'.hilc ihc I 
 
 i( M lUdis Were 
 
 ai'.iin scdumiiiu the Idwcr Si. 
 
 I.awrcn((. l"nc\ li.id Idst tlicir dread dt the IrciK li iiiiiskiis, 
 ,\\u\ tlu'\ ( .lined ill, i:' dcli.iiii c ap Id the w.ills d| (^)iiel)ee and 
 I luce l'!!\(';- 111 the siiiiniu i dl I'l.p llic l.illci pusi was ,i|i 
 |)r(i.'clic(l I)', ,1 Lii'm li(M|ii(iis u,ii- |i.iit'\ . Sdiiie iiidiillis Ik Idle, 
 llie\ liad e.i|Uili('d twd I' iciielillien (il the sell leiiicill, diie ( idde 
 
 lidN. ,111(1 .11) mtci iirctc;' ii. lined liaiKdi- 
 
 M.iruuerie. i his in.in 
 
 \v.is iidu x'lii. imder iLii; dl tun c Id llu i diiiiii.iiidi i dl the loit. 
 td iiiL;e disur.iccrii! (criiis ii|i(iii the IreiKh. I'he deiiMiid ol 
 the inv.idcis w.is ih.it the li( ik h sluuild :ii,ikc |u ,iee with llu in. 
 .111(1 .ili.iiiddii till II .XiudiHiiiin .illiis to the IhKHKiis hali het. 
 The luidie .M.iiL,uei le. .1 iiidih in Kcuiihi-. ( (lUiisellcd his |i( djilc 
 td ii'jii I the (lishdiidiiiiL; dUer : .iiid llu n. Id keeji his word and 
 s.ue his lelldw i,i|iti\e, nlniiml Id l.u e the tditiires whiih he 
 kiicu Wdiild lie his late. Iliil while llic ncLidl Ml idiis were uiidi i 
 \\.i\ the ^dxciiiiir .irrivid Inun (JiicIki willi .i sin. ill Idii c : and 
 the IiiMiiiois. seeiiiL; th,;I lhe\ h,id lost tin ii .id\.iiil.iL;( , ( (Hisent 
 ed Id the r.msdiii ol llu ir [irisdiurs. The lii.uc inlerpri ler was 
 s.ived Irdin the t.ii« u hdse au'>iii/iniJ hdrrois id jailed Id turn 
 
 him Ird' > his dntv. S.ived. t 
 
 (Id. w.is Ilk' I'leiii h honour ; aiu 
 
 ih( lrd.|iidis. .liter a Liiuldiii •>kirini-h. (l('|iarlei 
 
(Si.IImS 'I. M..|,l|.ll l-l,li.| Tlir >.,ri. t\ ■.( \..l|r |l'll |i- \|. .|, ll r!l I. I'lll' 
 
 llllll.lili'- "I \llli\l. I. \lMlltlt ll, ll> .itl.ccl. I.\ till llu,|ll. I-, .lllil \l.ll-..lllirll\r ■ 
 
 l|.| ' I^MI. 
 
 I I. :iImI I'.iIIh I .1. 
 
 24. The Founding of Montreal. Wliili < 
 
 111, HI, I w;is 
 
 llllls liuliiw U III) K'llUM It! 
 ll 
 
 ll lAOIII, ,111(1 |ilc)i|s luMIt^ 111 I'laiu 
 
 Monli 
 
 were ciili liiii'; tlaiiif Iniin lu 1 < iilliiisi.isin. Moiiln .il was t(,,i 
 
 This I II Ml 1(1 ( il\ . llic iiiiccii (ll ( 'a IKK 1 1,1 11 
 
 1 iiiiiucK c, was lli( ( Inld 
 
 ll an nil' al( iilat Jul; (h soIkhi. I'lic (il)j(( I dl its Idiindi i^ wa^ Id 
 
 ^laiilisli .\\\ diil|i(isi a^aiiisl the 
 
 (IK 
 
 niicv dl the I, mil. Till' Mil 
 
 ili.il ( (iniiiii'ii(l((| il self Id llicii ia|il \ IsKHi u.is iIk- ii.iIiii.iI \ (HU \ 
 
 Idi llif ureal ( miiiils ol liadc ->d(in 
 
 Id I II' ■>(■! 
 
 du Jul; in < aiiad 
 
 I'lic |ii(i|ili(li( i\c dl < 'liaiii|il.iiii s.iw lliiN, as caiK as i^i i. 
 
 'I'!ic srillcincnl ( .iiiic .ilidiil III tills l.isiiidii. ( 1 il.iiii d( \diil 
 11 tell in I'laiK r. ( hid .1 Midi 14 tliciii I'.iliii I ( )lii I dtilii' .Snl|ii( laiis. 
 and Moiisiiiir (U- la I )an\( r-iirc \m ic liicd \\ illi /( .il Id Idiind a 
 ((i|Ii'l;(', a lidspii.il. and a sciniii.ii \ in ('.iii.ida. I'ln is|,;nd dl 
 Moiilii-.il, alli I iiiiK ll IK udli.ilidii, llicN si!(( icdcd III iiiiK Ikisihl: 
 
 lioin Its ()\\ IK I. diic dl llif liiindr 
 
 ( 1 1 assi K lai I s 
 
 < i.ili 
 
 N'dtlC 1 ),IIIK' (ll \ldltll 
 
 cal was diL;aiii/((l 
 
 I'll 
 
 lie Sd( i(t\ 1 ll 
 
 hciiii s idi a 
 
 sfiiiinaiA aiK 
 
 I ( dllc'^c lirillLJ set aside Idi a tune, the sdi |et\ l( 
 
 sdKed td de\(ile Its elielLiies td IIk llds|)||,il. Ilii liailK dl 
 \ ille .\l.irie de Mdiilical u IS L;i\en td the |ird|ids. (1 eil\. wliK li 
 
 was 
 
 dedicated td the I Idl\ haiiiih . Ill I Ik ■ s, |,( t idii (if a leader 
 
 dl tluir eiiteiiiii/e the sdCK l\ made a uisi < lion c 
 
 Ih 
 
 i|' 
 
 iiited lidve'lior ( ll \"ille Marie tl 
 
 le liia\e an 
 
 I ( Ins ilriiiis (|( 
 
 Mai 
 
 sdnilell\e. IK h in e\|iellelK (■ dl ( (Mill .IIKJ ( ,llll|i. I d s|||ie| 
 
 iiileiid the hds|iital \\as ( hdseii .11 ardi lit \diinj; leliL'idiiist, 
 Mad( I'ldiselle jcinne M.iik c ; and .1 we.illln vviddw naiiiid 
 M.idanie de llnlhdii. lieediniiiL; inteiestid m the s( Ik iiic sii|) 
 |iiie(l liinds whi reuith Id Imild it a halnt.ilidii. 
 
 Ill i'i(i Maisdnneii\c sailed rioin Km Ik IK . w itli three slii|is, 
 and hall .1 hundred s,ti|,.is lor his neu ( it\. \\ Ik n tlie e\|iedi 
 tidiiairixed at (^)iielie(. the |iiii(lent ^dveiiidi. di Mdiitinauin . 
 sdlliilU to ( ll.in^e till It |illl|ids 
 
 threatened ( '.iiiada lidiii the li 
 
 Keah/iiii: ilie juril th.it 
 
 iwHIdls, IK U.ls dp 
 
 |i<is((l td an 
 
 seatleiiiiL; dl her !( cliK Inn cs. .Mreadv he u (> liiidiiiL; it h,ir( 
 
 elldll^h td |irdt(,'et his Ileal dlll|ids|s. I ll wished the li'-w |il,m 
 
 I 
 
It,' 
 
 ( 
 
 r.s 
 
 luarl ol tin hostile \vil(irnu^>. to 
 
 t;ition. instc.id of si'ckini; t 
 take u|> r.illui tin- Ul.md ol ( )rk';uis, uhtiiii' il iiii,L;ht joiji li:m(ls 
 of lirotluiliood with (Jiicluc across the chaiiiul. I>iit tlu' ( oloii 
 isis of \'ilK' Marie wie not to lie held I)a( k. Maisoiiiieii\e 
 vowed that to Montreal he would ^o thoiij^h e\ery tree on the 
 
 isl 
 
 MUl were an 
 
 Iro(|llOl^. That s.iine aiitiiinn (()(tol)er 14th, 
 
 \()^\ ) the site ot \ ijle A'arie was tornialh dedi< ated ; out it was 
 
 too 
 
 lat 
 
 e HI tile season to luiild, and the eNpedition wintered m 
 
 ( »iiei)e 
 
 In the sprin:; work o|k ned with vigour. I )e .Montniaj;n\ 
 wi'iit with the re;,rliss enthusiasts, aided them in thiir hej^in 
 nings, and Imal's haiKkd nwr to Maisoniuuve this jiateli ol 
 
 soil destined to MK h saerihee and such triumph. 
 
 Ill' site ot 
 
 \'ille .Marie was (iui<kl) eiielosed with palisades, defeiuKd \)y 
 small cannon. ihi- hospital, hunt witli Madame de I'lullion's 
 inone\, was set oulsidi' tlu' w.ills, .\ massivi' stone strueturi', 
 it was a little fortress in itself. .Si strong was it, indeid, that it 
 withstood all the ass.uilts of tin- IrcxjUois .iiul tin- steallhier 
 depredations of time, and only 
 the iiiesoraliK' jirtssure of tr.idi', 
 
 ave wav. 
 
 tew years ano, to 
 
 •or a tune the intant ( iiloin was undistiuhed, the Iro(iuoi- 
 
 110 
 
 t k 
 
 now iiu 
 
 it Its evislt'iiee 
 
 lut m the lollouinii vear an 
 
 .Mgonquin. tleeing lielore tlu'm lor his scilji. loiiiid reluge with- 
 
 in the shelti'ring palisades. .1 
 
 lul \ille .Marie w.is n \ialed ti 
 
 I her 
 
 mortal loe. '\'\\v lro(|iiois were tmioiis ,it this hold .id\ai!ie 
 ol the I'lvneh into a territory whi( h the tirror ot their name had 
 
 made a desert : aiK 
 
 lit 
 
 w.is their settled iioliev tliat iieitlier I' reiieh 
 
 nor liHhaiis should lie allouevi so near 
 
 tl 
 
 uir -(iwn iiordias. 
 
 |)arties large and small the\ theiieelorth patrolled the wdods 
 about the town, and onl\ m w<ll armed h.mds < niild the set 
 
 tiers \cnture oiitsKJe. 
 
 I 
 
 H' 
 
 ^toi kade w, 
 
 Is now reuardeu 
 
 as 
 
 II t< 
 
 and 
 
 solid walls 
 
 a (letenie ,1 
 replaced il. 
 w.is ,it an end ; ami the 1 ultiiiL; ot tuel in tl 
 
 frail 
 .\l 
 
 irie was madi' a prison 
 
 and b.istions s|)ee(hlv 
 II husl)andr\- 
 
 U' woods 1k( .line a 
 
 the spring of 1644 the lro(|i 
 
 lOls 
 
 military o|)eration. r.arly 111 
 
 attacked in forci', vowing that tin \ would w ipe out the settle 
 
69 
 
 t and laitv off thr " w hitr ;;iils," ,is tlirv calltd the niin^. to 
 
 III. n 
 
 (initluc Inr iIk'Iii in their lodi^r^. 
 
 MaisoiUK'iivi', Nuldiiiji to iht 
 |i(i>uasion ol liis too liot hiadftl loliowi-rs, wnit out and j^avi 
 
 attir hfVoiK 
 
 1 tl 
 
 If walK. 
 
 Ir' snow \vai dtci), and Miitiiiini' 
 
 ia|iiiliv ni till' spiMi^f sun. 
 
 No I 
 
 OL- was M^ililr at liist, 
 
 hut 
 
 ,ranc!\ had tiR' daring littlr liaiul iniutratcd the loirst, when, 
 !■> il in answer to MaiM.'iUK'UXf's hi^li |ii"otistalion, i\irv tree 
 Mi/UK'tl to liL'( onir an !id(jiiois. Iluddkd tomthLi" in ania/.e 
 t. unusi'd to forest warfare, tlie I'reiH hnien uave their foes 
 asv mark. I akin al sueli hoiiiless disadvantage the\ were 
 
 men 
 
 ail I 
 
 11 s 
 
 re, 
 I il 
 
 Miiiipeliid to retr'/al, earr\ini; their dead and wounditl 
 
 Aiilt ml sawij^es luiii'; on tlieir ri'ar, liarassin^ them 
 
 hk 
 
 e (Iol;s 
 
 hill not (Lirinii to laee a liand to-iiand eonlliet. .\lai>oiiiKii\e, 
 
 III 
 
 w ilh > 
 
 lower- 
 
 mokinj; pistols, (o\eriil the n-treat of liis (Hseomrited 
 
 fol 
 
 II 
 
 e ua 
 
 s the last man to enter the i^ati 
 
 .\s hi- liaeked 
 
 re liM lantly to the threshold a tall i hh I sprang upon him to <lraj^ 
 him a\\a\ lor torture : Imt the waruisi- hand ol .\laisonneu\e 
 uas loo suilt lor his sav.i^e anta^ohisl.* who tc II ^aspiiiL; in ihe 
 snow, while the iounder ol \'ille. Marie sprann hack into salety. 
 In the--e invasions the IroijUois tollowi-d ijic current of the 
 Ki< helieu Riser, whii h iK-e.inu- known a-> the Iro'iuois track. 
 
 lu-\ thus (lit ( aiiada in two. 
 
 l,\inL! in anihu^h alioiil lakt 
 
 Si. I'eter. the\ iniereep;ed the liir li 
 
 .llld meliaerd ( lueliec 
 
 . Ill the one ^ide as 
 
 Nh 
 
 intreal on ihe (jMkt. 
 
 \Iontmauny in I'ljj hiiill a tort, known a^ ^i 
 
 elui k them 
 ai tin- kii he 
 
 hell mouth. >eem,u what a thorn m liu ii sidi- it would he, liie 
 ->lireud s.i\a_L;e-> lell upon it at once, hiil were repuUed. In llu ir 
 runai the\ iiKiirmed lo ( arr\ olf a |(suil llli-^^iolKn•\, 
 
 ather 
 
 jollies, whom, alter a course (»! merciless tortuu. ihe\ ke|it ,ili\e 
 
 111 their loil^e 
 
 hroimh hull c.iiiie ( '.iiiad.i liisi in ((iiit.ii t 
 
 w I 
 
 ill New \(»rk, then New NetlurlaiKh 
 
 [ro(iiii a- 
 
 on 
 
 (iiie ol their tr.ulinn visits 'o the hutch ol .\lh.iii\, look l-.iil 
 
 |oiiiie>, with 
 
 lit 111. 
 
 r 
 
 ioveriior o 
 
 I .Ml 
 
 laiu a! that tune was 
 
 \ an ('orl.iei .ind .ill liilure ,i;overiiors ol N. w N ork reieui-d 
 
 'I'll 
 
 /'/', 
 
 ./■.I, 
 
 III I III' Ileal 
 
 I ol M, 
 
 DU;' i-,il. Ill riuiics Ulc sii-lli 
 
 III 
 
 lit I Ills ml \ flit III r. ami riiiiiiiiriiiiiiatis il . 
 
70 
 
 ; 
 
 iVoiii tlir Iiidi.ms the sainr iiiiinr. ('(nl.iti lirl|ii(l llir ln.iVf 
 Icsiiit In (ludr his i .i|'t()is. and st lit liitii liomc tn Irain ( ; 
 wlicncr. .Ilcr dinllinu Paris wiih liis st(ii\ aiul his wumtds. he 
 liasiiiicd lia< U to ("aiiada lo (omt (nxc nunc llic MiailMdnni 
 whnli lu' had just rscapi'd. and whu li his /lal wa- ahtiw.nds 
 tn win. 
 
 (Si:.i I.. \ ■..'.,. I'.illiii li.iiih I slam, :iimI SI, .l.i>.i I'll MissI Ii^l i,,\r,|. |li'alli~..| 
 
 I'alli.is Hi.liMiir .'Mm! I,.ilriii.iiil. Mr. Mai ii sjx i il li\ II ii CLiiia;;!'. Tin- lliiK'i, 
 
 lilllliallls 11 ll|ii\ nl !■. S.iH'l.) 
 
 25. The Destruction -f the Huron Missions. 
 
 \\ liiK' llu' Ii(i(|niiis Will' ihi'i atcnin^ (^hulur and attackinj; 
 \ illc Mane, thr lluron Missinns. ;is we ha\f scrii, were ciiidv 
 iiiLi ;i suctrss which liiilrd ihiin into lalsc sr( iiiil\ . I'.aiK in 
 the smnint'i nt 10 jS a pailv nl llnion luavrs tidin tlic Mission 
 (if Si. |osi'|ili dfst ended the ( )ltaw,i and llu' Si. lawnini' with 
 'du' tnis (il tlitir winter's liiinl. .\t Three Ri\i rs lhe\ were at 
 laeked In llu' liixiuois ami won a \iititr\. Meanwhile aimllii 1 
 hand nl Iroipiois h.id lallen on the all hnl deleiutless \ill,ii;i 
 W hiK' seiviee w.is iieini; held m the litlle eh.i|iel the painted 
 Initeliers hrnke ihrnii^h the palisades and jell with their hati hits 
 upon the einldien and old nun. The pri( s| in 1 haiL'e was 
 I'.itlu'r I >aniel. a resohiti' and leailess man. w ho siro\c to oilman 
 i/i' suine res|s|,niee on the part ol his terror striekin llot k 
 T>ut he jell, riildled with .iiri'Ws, e.iiK in tin tiuht. Sevin hiin 
 dred |iiisoners were taken, .\ leu ot ihe \illaL;ers iKd to ihe 
 woods ; aiiil 1>\ sunset tlie Station o| St, |oseph was a waste dI 
 smokin.u ashes. 
 
 The lollowini; spring wiliu'ssid the luiish ol the liloodv 
 woik. Ihe decree o| the Iro(|uois s.k hiins w.is that ilu 
 llurons should l>e wiped out. .\ w.ir |iart\ ol 1 joo nun 
 entered the Huron region. lirst St. Ii;iiace was surprist d. 
 .md the inhaliit.inls. save those reserviil lor tortiire, hiaiiud 
 m their sleep. Thirtien other \illa,nes were lunnt, either like n 
 li\ stoi in o' .diandoiK'd l)\ the horror stricken people. Then, 
 m the L;ia\ ot d.iwn. St. I.ouis lell ; and the de\(iti(l priests 
 ItrclxLiil .nul 1 aleiii.int were made |iiisoiiers. l'!maj;e(l li\ 
 
ihiii iiidomil.ilili' ((iiirii^r, the s;iv;i)^t's cxliiiilslrd tlic List rr 
 soiili r> 111 .illiii ll\' III liillimiij; tliclll. Iili'liullt w.is M.iljiid, 
 .mil IliMlin^'. WilliT |l<lll|i (I nil 'lis held m IIKM kcl\ nl llir llli' nl 
 
 Im|i|imii ; liiil im I i>iii|)|,iml (■■,( ,i|iii| hmi. Alln utlici .iiid iiii 
 
 s|M ,ik,llili' llnllDls, liiitll \l< tlliis \\( If lillllird ,il llic sl.ikc. 
 
 riir cininy uric ikiu williiii ,i lew iiiiKs ot tin lit. id Mis 
 ■-inn, the lull III Sif. M.llic nil lllr \\\i'. .\ li.ilid nl dr->| irliltf 
 lllllnlls lIlMW lIlilllscKrs lirlnrr tlir tide nl drillll. .111(1 lnll;^lll 
 .ill d.l\ Willi .1 li \i\.ll nl till II ,1111 it'll! \,ilnlll. '\\\r Ili><|linis 
 hid .1 cril.iiii dir.id nl llif lilllr i .iiiiiniis ,it .Sir. Miiiic, ;iiid uilr 
 
 lint ( i\ rl ;in\lnl|s In l.icr tin 111. 
 
 N 
 
 < i\\, ,l>tn 
 
 iiishcd III till- resist 
 
 imr III till' I I iiniiis, |Ih'\ I niiri'i\i'd .11) idc.i tli.it ;ill thr ii iii 
 i,inl'> nl thciiniird iLilmn wiic i^aihiiinj; tm \ciiL:r;iin r ; ;ind 
 
 ^ll||d^nl\ thr\ lilllt'd Imiil the cnllli 
 
 ili\ , t.ikiii); v\ ilh t 
 
 Ili'MI SIK 
 
 |>l Isiiiiiis ;is ui li' slMini^ I llnii^li In ( ;iir\ I (llfdflis, ;il)(| liiniMIV^ 
 
 till' ir 
 
 >\. I III' Missinii ;it Sir. M 
 
 lllr u;is s;i\r(i ; lull ll.rrr 
 
 \\,ls nil InllLtfl -'lllln irllt MMsnll Inr Its r\istrll( r. lllr lii h .Hid 
 |in|illlnils rnlinllA nl thr I I til nils W ;is ;i drsri | . Thr tt;iL;lllriils 
 III llu ll.ltinii llril III Ininl tn thr lillirs nl west ,ilid Morlll, s;i\r 
 ,1 li'W hill idled s wild tnok K'lii;^!' nil thr iskinds nl ( lfnr^i;iii l>;i\. 
 I'll (lllr nl thrsr isl.inds thr Mlssinli 1 1| Sir. M.illi Uiis ninnsi d : 
 lillt thr Ilni|llnis InlinVid r\i'll tllrl-', ;||)(| (.iiiniir .iidrd ihrir 
 .iss.llllls. .\t 1,1st ll U.ls IrsnKi'd tn ^i\r |||i llir |„lkr (iilllltrv ; 
 
 .Hid thr dishi'.nlnird iiiissinii.irirs, L!,.ilhriiii:; tlirif dwindjrd 
 llnrk .iImUII thrill, lird tn\\;il(l < )lirlir( . .\t Snrrl. Illldi I tl 
 
 ir \rr 
 
 Mills n 
 
 I thr Init, thrsr 1 1 ill il iIiIIl; s1II\I\iiIs (it ;| Ulr,!! |irn|ilr .it 
 
 lr||,L;tll Inllltd frsl .lllil s;|lrt\. 'I ||r nlli | irllll.i I ir nl Irslllt nl ihr 
 lltirnll .Misslnll, iivrr Jlld .llinvr lllr s|ilrlidniil wlliill it shciis 
 U|in|l the ;illll.lls III thr jrsinis, W.is ,| klmwirdi^r nl |„lki' Si! 
 |irlinl'. I.ilkt' .\Il(hiL;all ll.ld linll dls( nsrli'd siiiiir \r;ils litl'nri' 
 ii\ llu- hold iiilrl|)tilrr Jr;m Nitolkt. 
 
 (Si:riiiis ■'I; I'li'Mly |iiii|Hisi.i| III t\v, I'll raiiMilii iiimI Ni-h Kii'.;Imiii|. I''.illiiri' nf 
 IH'Ui'll.lll.ill^. ('Ill' l|iii|lliiis sciillivi'. llir I l|l"I|i|.'l).Ms Mcli |« :nT. llir .li-^iul lii|s>iii|| 
 
 Im III.' (lM..ll.|.l-:l^. 
 
 ■Ill,- li;ll..ll^\ ■■! tl,,- \l..|,.,ul,.. !•• 
 
 I| I I ll'- I l||M|,,l,i-:, ll,l^~|..|,.) 
 
 26. New France and New England. The Jesuits 
 and the Iroquois. Wlnlr ('.in.id.i w.is wnilnn- hikKi ihr 
 
 f-' -'11 
 
 
w 
 
 
 t9 
 
 sfourjic of tilt' Iro(]uois the New I'j\i;l;in(l colonics IkhI thriven 
 with a \i^oroiis i^rowtli : and ahoiit the lime of the founding of 
 \'ille-Marie tliey had formed tliemsel\cs, for piuposes of 
 
 def 
 
 (letense. 
 
 into a confederation called "I'he United Coloniis of 
 New Mni;land." This done thev turned their evi's upon the St. 
 Laurence valley, and iirojiosed to d'Aillehoust (who had sue 
 ceedeil Montmagny as governor in 164S) a treaty of perpetiia' 
 amity and trade between Canada and New I'ngland. The |)ro 
 posal was received with joy, and leather Dniiiettt-s was sent to 
 IJoston to negotiate. lUit just at this time Canada was luing 
 deluged with the blood of the Huroiis and her faitliful priests. 
 She therefore made it a condition of the treaty that New lln^ 
 land should join her in a war of extermination against the 
 Irfiipiois. To this the New Mnglanders would not listen. Thev 
 were at peace with the Iroi|uois ; and they minded the adage 
 
 to K't slei'i 
 
 ling dog 
 
 s lie. 
 
 "he result of I )ruilettes's emhassv 
 
 was 
 
 not peace hut war. for the Irocjuois wiTe stirred up to a \v\ 
 lierc er llame of hate. At the same time the sagacious |)riest won 
 o\er the strong tribe of the .Xbenakis. who wire tluMueforth un- 
 swerving in their devotion to the i'Vench. and a bitter torment 
 to the I'uritan settlements. 
 
 I'Or the next lew wars the French witc |»racticallv shut up 
 
 in ()uebec and 
 
 Ih 
 
 ree Kivers, no 
 
 ban in .\lontrea 
 
 woods about their lonely settlements were ni'ver fri'c from the 
 tomahawk : and many a I'Vench scalj) was borne in triumph to 
 the lodges by the side of Lake Champlain. These were vear-^ 
 of anguish for Canada. .\l. length, in iC)5^ and 1654, the iro 
 ([uois turned the tiiK' of their fury against the tribes along the 
 south of the (Ireat Lakes, and for a time relaxeil their hostility 
 to the I'Vench. They were busy in extir|)ating the strong tribe 
 of the lories. This task they accom|)lished with their usual 
 thoroughness, but not without heavy loss to themselves. One 
 of their cantons, that of the Onondogas,* became so reduced 
 
 tiil 
 
 .•\h sliiiwii ill till' Appi'iidix, the bi»| 
 
 Ucils Wt'll' il roi 
 
 tVdi 
 
 .1 liv. 
 
 It's, or i'aiiti>ii.><, — tilt' .Mnliawks, Onridus. ( tiioiiilaiiii.s. ('ayi 
 
 d 
 
 Si'iiffiiw, - wlii'iiri' tlicy well' lalli'd tin' Five Natiiiiis. At a latir date 
 tlii'\' took ill tilt' 'I'lisi'aruias, and lit'caint kiiiiw II a.s llif Six Xatiini.s. 
 
n 
 
 
 ill, It tlu'V \v;intt.(l to ->lrriiL;tliri) tluin^rlvi'-. 1)\ iidoptin:; tin- niii 
 
 iiiints ol tin 
 
 II 
 
 iirons. 
 
 Uiidii^ uiic tfDiililid l() know 
 
 how 
 
 Willi 
 
 Ik'^I to r.'cc-t tlii'si' ( 
 
 lanu 
 
 (.•mils iidsaiii i'>. 
 
 lUV Wile nil 
 
 iig to forsake tlif I'lcm li, and at tlic same tinif they t'land 
 to nbnlT tlu'ir tcrrihk' suitors. Tlitv coiiMiltid witii tlu' ^ovir 
 nor. wlio advised tlu'ni to (on^nt on (ondilion that llu- ()non- 
 dauas sliouid at the >anie time a(hnit a |esuil Mission to ihiir 
 
 To tliis the ( )nondaL;as aureed. 
 
 he 
 
 Jesuits liad lon^ heen anxious to ohtam a hiotlioid 
 inon^ the Iro<iuois. liopinu tluis to release Canada trom liei 
 
 iniscrv. 
 
 Aftir 
 
 some nei^otiations, and a |)rehminar\ vi'^il ( 
 
 .r 
 
 l-'ather le Moyiie. an expidilion was at leii.u'lh sent out to jilant 
 a station in tin- ( )nond;iga country, liesides the Huroiis who 
 were i.;oini; to l)e adopti'd. tliere were thi' jt'suit lathers ("haii 
 moiiat and |)alilon. witli luarl) filty iTenelmu n uiuler .i liia\e 
 ol'l'ieer named l)ii|)ii\. The nndi-rtakinj^ was a mad one: hut 
 the governorsliip of ( 'anad.i w.is then in the ineom|Htent hamU 
 of de l.auson. 'I'lu' expeihtion excited the ji'alou^ wratli ollhe 
 Mohawks, who attacked it soon alter it had Icfi (^IucIik . 'IlieN 
 Wire l)e.iten olT, however, and h.id to make lyrohiM' apoloiiies 
 ,nid excuses to tht' indi;j;n.int ( )nondagas. ThiMi. to ^how. dial 
 It was only aj^ainst tlu'ir ancient I'liemies. the Huron-', th.it tl)c\ 
 had aimed their attack. tiie\ dcMi'iided u|)on the l->le ol ( )rlean--. 
 and slew or ca|nured all tlu' llurons whom they lound workiiiL; 
 in the fields. With their |)risoiiers in lull view, .ind in hroad 
 daylight, the\ padtlled i)ast tlu' w.ills of (Jiiehec, slioulini; their 
 songs of victory, and daring the I'reiK h to the rex lU'. This 
 insult lie l.auson weakly pocketed: and I'reiu h jirestigc ^ank 
 in shame. 
 
 For a little while all went smoothly in tlu' Onondaga country, 
 luit soon signs of danger began to thi( ken. The handful of 
 I'lenchinen, ;ilone amid the hordes of lluir liert e and fickle eii 
 teriaihers, knew that a thou^-and knives were |ierpetu,ill\ itching 
 for their scal|)s. .\l length tluv got wind of a i)lot to d( stro\ 
 tlu'in, after which the whole l"i\e nations of the lr(ii|uoi^ were 
 to rise together and >.taiiip out the Imcik h ii.inie from the St. 
 
 1:=^ 
 
 lu 
 
m 
 
 H 
 
 I ..ivMiiK I' vmIIi'v. Tlun ;i|>|Knii(l \\\v i ouriiyf .iiid ;il)ilil\ ol' 
 |)ii|tiiv. whose rt.'s( III' III liis link' ciiininaiul loinis inu- of llu- 
 most hrilliaiit m liiuMimiils ol llio-f sliriin^; days. Iiisidf tin- 
 loll, wiili till' utmost sccrtiv, soiik' very liglit, tiat liottoiiKd 
 hoats ssi'if hiiilt. Tliiii all tlii' ( )tiond.iL:as wcu' ituitid to a 
 i^rcat I'tast. So la\ish ol' their hospitality won- the J'reiK hmeii 
 that heloie the I'lid of the l)ain|iii't the i;orj;ed and drunken 
 Hiii'sts wi're slink in sleeji. At the a|i|)roarh of dawn, the 
 
 •renelunen s 
 
 toll 
 
 away, earryuij,' their boats. It was 
 
 Alan h. 
 
 and the ice was thin. They wen- aide to force a passaije down 
 the Oswi'^o river; hut the frail hark canoes of their enemies 
 could not follow them. The voyagi- from the mouth of the 
 ()swego down the St. Lawrence to (^)ueliec was one of |)i( uliar 
 peril, at that season and in those ll.it skiffs, hut it was trimnph 
 antly accomi)lished. In a short time leather le .\Ioyne, who, 
 with his life in his hands, had hetn workini; amon|4 the .Mo 
 hawks, returned in despair to (,^)uehec ; and the Iro(|Uois, scat 
 terinj^ to tlic winds their brief |)rftt'n( e of peace, sjjrcad again 
 like ravening (lame through the settlements. 
 
 (Si. iids j: 
 
 aii.'iii^li 
 
 \illr-M,nri.' IiiumIi'.I 
 
 1m llii' Siiliii 
 
 IMI'I.'UIS. 
 
 l.iiMil i'mmii'-' III Caiiaihi 
 
 Caii.'iilM 
 
 rijr lp 
 
 >r ii'.ihii.i.) 
 
 27. Laval. Dollard. \'ilk'- Marie was not flourishing 
 mider its |),irenl company, so in lA^S the Society of Notre 
 Dame de Montreal handed it over to the lare of a powi-rful 
 
 .md wealthy orgaiii/ation, the .Si'nmiary ol St. .SuipK lus. 
 
 .\n 
 
 energetic Suljiician I'ather, the .\l)l)e ile (^)uc\lus, was sent out 
 rt- he est.ihlished the loni! inti'uded seininarv. 
 
 wni 
 
 to \'ille-Marie, 
 
 It w.is now j)roposed to raise ( 'anada into a I!ish()|)ric ; and it 
 had doubtless been the intention when de <,^>ueylus was sent out 
 th.at this honour should fall upon him. lint the independent 
 and somewhat lilx-ral .\l)l)e |iro\ed by no means acci'ptable to 
 the Jesuits, who succei'ded in preventing his a|)pointment. The 
 glorious record which they had made in ("anada entitled their 
 
 higl 
 
 1 an( 
 
 wishes to respi'ct, and when they nominati'd to the 
 
 ilitfK uli oftice a priest of their own views, the nomination was 
 
 acct'iJted. Hut (Juebec w.i.s not made an episcopal see. After 
 
/ .1 
 
 iml; (lisputf I' liiiK^dis (Ir I ..IS; 
 
 M 
 
 (illIUIlS ■ S\.l^ ( (Ulsf 
 
 ( liltl'd lii^^ll()|) <»r IV'tlilM ,111(1 siMlt iilit •I'l the \'i>\ 
 .\|H)>liilic to l.iki' (■(iiilriil ol the ( IniK li in ('.iiiad.i 
 ,m iron ;iMi-tic. ^iiH fir, pa^ion.itrU drNotiil to lii^ uoil 
 n.iriow and tloininicriiij^. 
 
 \ 
 
 n .11 
 
 Ir \v;i> 
 
 litil 
 
 And now tlir 
 
 holdl 
 
 U's>. ot ihf Iro(|iioi> incri'aM'd. I'o ^ho 
 
 iliiir s<-orn ot tlif I'ri'iuli iIra ^(.ilptcl and Nlaii^litt'ii d luiicilli 
 the MTV ramparts ol" (julIki. 
 Innm.'r rnough prol( i lion, the I 
 
 'iiidiiiii tiR'ir >>toiU' (dn\iiil«. no 
 
 rsnlnu's and tin- 
 
 losiiital nuns 
 
 ll, 
 
 into tl)f ritv. 
 
 )(striirtion sfriiird to liaiiu low o\ir uii- 
 
 ! i|ipy (".iiiada. TIiom- who (ould rituriud to I'laiu f. di^pan- 
 inj; ol IjiTlL-r da\>. Aiiioni; tliosc wlio nniaiiud a nialij^nanl 
 tV'Vcr l)rokc ont. Mrn inuii^iiifd tluy saw in tlu- skii's stranyr 
 porttiits, ominous ut doom ; lil.i/ini; ( anois, .ind nun wrest 
 Imii witli scrpi'dts. 'I'lu'ir rars liL-ard si 
 dmu the ( liroiiiclcs of that 
 
 iru' 
 
 ind 
 
 inuntation* 
 
 ind m rcadmu the ( liroiiicJL's o 
 
 d.iv It sii'iiis to lis as il tin 
 
 ionn anguish h.id warprd the fiiirc of nuMi's minds. I )'Ar^i'iisoii. 
 the j;oviTnor, iin,i!)l(.- to look upon the miserv whicii hv had no 
 power to relie\(.', demanded his recall. 
 
 In this j^rifNoiis time took |)I.i< e one ot the most s|)lendid 
 
 eiiisodi's 111 our hi>torv. 
 
 .\monu tile n, lines ol the heroes ot 
 
 ('anada aliid 
 
 I's lmperl^hal)l\ tii.it ol 
 
 haiil.K des ()riiie.ui\. 
 
 imiliarlv known as hollard. I' 
 
 suffered a st.iin in I'rance 
 
 lis Noiiii^ nolileinan s name li.id 
 lie came to .MontriMl in sear< li ol 
 
 an opportunitN for some tlad th.it would wipe out tlu reproa( h. 
 At len,L;th word ri.iehed the settlement that a ;^reat w.ir jiarty 
 was on its way down the ()ttawa to exterminate N'llle M.irii-. 
 holl.ird, with sixteen comrades, vowed to shatter the wav^' vw 
 it liroke on the citv, anil to restore resju'ct for I'ltiieh 
 valour. 'I'hey took the sacrament toj^ether, and wiiit torth to 
 the fate of I'hermopvke. Xor was this new 'I'herniopyhe less 
 1,'lorioiis than that immortal one of old. With a handlul ol 
 Huron and Algoii(|uin allies they as( ended the Ottawa, .ind ( n 
 treiicheil thenisi'lves in the ruins of an old stoek:ide at the p.iss 
 of the Long Saull raiiids. Seven hundred yellinj,' Iroifuois 
 swooped upon them, ami were he.iteii i).u k. .\p[)alled at the 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 ^^ 11^ 
 
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 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 1.4 iiiii/s 
 = = 111= — 
 
 
 M 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /2 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. H580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
i 
 
 
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if 
 
 
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 hi 
 
 i ,i 
 
 1 
 
 , ,i. 
 
 
 
 
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 76 
 
 terrific odds, most of Dolhird's Indians forsook hiin. F)Ut one 
 Algon(]uin ciiief, and a lialfscorc of the more warlike Hurons, 
 stood faithful. Men were these savages, of the old, heroic pat- 
 tern. I'or three days, hurniiiii with thirst, for there was no 
 sprin}^ in the fort — fainting' witli hunger, for there was no time 
 to eat, gas])ing with exhaustion, for the foe allowed them no 
 respite, these heroes held the pass ; and the bodies of the 
 Iroquois were [)iled so deep before them that the |)alisades 
 eeased to be a shelter. N'cjt till all were slain but five, and 
 these five helpless witf, wounds, tlid the enemy win their way 
 in. Of tile five, four died at once ; and the last, having life 
 enough left to make it worth while, was tortured. Ikit the 
 Inxjuois had been taught a lesson. They slunk back to their 
 lodges ; and Montreal drew breath awhile in i)eact. 
 
 ( Ski riDN -js. - IliHimli's ln'twcin tlir lil>li.p|i mmcI iIh' (Jcvcnmi-. Laval gucs Imck 
 In I'raiicr. liciiK'lici's ri'iMUt to (Jdllicrt. Tlic .Vc'W (Jnnipaiiy's Cli.irti'r i(>\ okcil. Thi- 
 j;ri'at Karllii|iiakt's.) 
 
 28. Dissensions in Quebec. The Great Earth- 
 quakes. In the year that followed this deed of chivalry, the 
 new governor, d'Avaugour, made a lour of Canada. D'Avau- 
 gour was full of energy, hot-teinpered and obstinate. Laval and 
 he, both dictatorial, socjn ([uarreled. Laval claimed precedence 
 and authority in ail things, as representing the supreme power 
 of the (Church. Such extravagant claims dAvaugour was not 
 the 'nan to grant. At length, over the abuse of the liquor traf- 
 fic, came an open rupture, l-'or some years this traffic, so dead- 
 ly to the Indians, had been allowed umler severe limitations. 
 Laval, alive to its ini(|uity, resolved to stamp it out. He got a 
 law passed making it death to sell brandy to the Indians. As 
 in ( !hamplain's day, the traders were enraged at the interference. 
 Tliey could get more furs for their brandy than for the .same 
 value in any other article of tnuie. D'Avaugour enforced the 
 law with military strii:lness. 'Two men were shot for transgress- 
 ing it. At length a woman was caught in the same offence; 
 and she, too, was to suffer the same penalty. But the Jesuits 
 demanded her pardon, and i>ersisted till the governor lost all 
 
/ / 
 
 l)atiLMi('e. He |)ar(l()nc'cl the woman ; hut vowed at the same 
 time that he would punisli no more breaches of that law. At 
 once the settlement ran riot, llrandy flowed everywhere. 'I'he 
 lieople, feelinii themselves at last set free from the hard super- 
 vision of the ('hurch, laughed at the Hishop's thunders. ()ue- 
 hei- was divided into two camps ; and I. aval, no longer able to 
 make his influence felt, carried home his complaint to the king. 
 
 About this time Pierre iJoucher was sent to Trance (Octo 
 ber, 1661) to make known the (les|)erate condition of the colony, 
 and to api)eal for aid. In the following year he addressed to 
 ("olbert a letter describing the resources, population, and needs 
 of Canada. The I'Vench in all Canada numbered a little over 
 two thousand souls, a third of whom were in (^)uel)ec itself. 
 The climate and products of the country were extolled. It was 
 sliowii how many had amassed wealth in the colony, afterwards 
 going home to i'Vance to s[)end it. The one thing needed, in 
 Boucher's view, was a regiment of skilled soldiers to bring the 
 Iroquois under subjection. This letter bore fruit. It turned 
 the eyes of l'"rance seriously u[)on Canadian affairs. It was 
 seen that the ('ompany of the Hundred Associates had neglect- 
 ed its duty shamefully, had concerned itself altogether with the 
 |)rofits of the fui-trade, and had utterly failed to fulfil the terms 
 of its charter. 'I'he charter was therefore revoked by royal 
 edict. (1663). A certain Monsieur I )umont was sent to ("ana 
 da to examine into affairs ; and with him went a hundred sol- 
 diers and some two hundred colonists. 
 
 The year that saw the revocation of the charter, saw Canada 
 shaken by a series of earthquakes. The disturbances began in 
 I'ebruary. Their centre seemed to be the Laurentide hill 
 region north of the St. Lawrence, and the shocks were iiujst 
 frequent and violent about the weird .Saguenay district ; l)Ut 
 they extended all the way south into New l^ngland. The ice in 
 the rivers, at that time three or four feet thick, was crumbled into 
 fragments. .\t Tadousac fell an inch of volcanic ash ; and 
 smoke-clouds belclied fVom the river before (^)uebec. (lusts of 
 hot air melted the midwinter snow. The earth uttered monstrous 
 
 
 -"ii 
 
 '' i] 
 
 *»! 
 
 
 I 
 
1 
 
 7 8 
 
 noises, now boonnnu like ;irtilk-rv, now cr.K 
 
 kc 
 
 •kl 
 
 iiu 
 
 and r.itlhnij: 
 
 like phitoons of nuiskct fire, now roarini; like an incoming; tidr. 
 
 rile soil undulated, l)ells rang, cl.nnneNs fell, walls wt-re nnt 
 
 aj)art, and strange meteors shot -'.ross the sk\'. In the vallrv 
 
 of the St. Maurice, above 'I'hree Rivers, nioimtains fell into thr 
 
 annel and the courses of streams wire chaiiLced. 
 
 tie snore 
 
 of the St. I,awren(e itself, from ('a|)e 'I'ourniente down t( 
 
 Tadou-sac, was much altereil. .\ 
 
 I a s|)ot ever smce called I .e: 
 
 Kboidements, near Hay St. I'aiil, a high |)romontory nearh- a 
 mile in extent was hinled tVom its base, t(j f(>rm a new island in 
 the river. Men sickened with superstitious fear. All through 
 that summer exhalations of [loisonous gas reeked from the 
 groimd. And it was not till autunm that the \exed earth re- 
 
 coverec 
 
 1 h 
 
 er calm. 
 
 : 
 
 ii *■ * 
 
 =r--^ 
 
CIIAI'I'KR \I. 
 
 SECTIONS : 29, the Sovereign Council ; and land-holding In 
 Canada. 30, Talon comes to Canada. The English seize 
 New York. 31, de Tracy comes to Canada, and the Iroquois 
 are Chastised. 32, Discovery of the Mississippi by Mar- 
 quette and Jolliet. 
 
 (Si;'-]|iiN ■.".•. 'I'lir Sini'iri^n Cniiiicil. Till' 'livi .lull "f .■mill. iiity in (^iii-lii'C. l-'i'ii- 
 il.il Tenure 'if ImiiiIs in CaiiMila. Sei^rneiirs iiinl Ceii^il.-iiri's. l./nv nf hiliei-iliiiu'e.) 
 
 29. The Sovereign Council ; and land-holding in 
 
 Canada. ('aii;ula was now made a royal Province under llu' 
 direct rule of the kin<i, wl-,,; K'.eputeil his authority to a 'oniniiltee 
 oftiiree known as the Sovereiyn Council. A Royal Coniniission 
 was sent out to receive the oath (;f allegiance for the king, and 
 to make new regulations for the administration of justice. With 
 him, besides a hundred families of settlers, came de Mesy, the 
 new ("iOvernor-( ieneral, and Laval, the I'Lcclesiastical .Su[)erior. 
 
 The Sovereign Council was com|)osed of the Ciovernor-( lentTal, 
 the Ecclesiastical Su[)eri()r or liishop,* and the Inlendant, who 
 had [)ower to add to their number by apjjointing four Council- 
 lors, a C'hief Clerk, and ;.n Att<)rney-( Ieneral. 'The number of 
 these additional Councillors was afterwards increased to twelve. 
 
 The Intendant came to (hiebec on the return 01 the Royal 
 Commissioner to i'raiice. 'I'he tlrst to hold this office was the 
 sagacious and patriotic Talon. 
 
 'I'o the governor, as the king's representative, belonged the 
 charge of all military matters, the power of war and jieace. 
 'The Hisho|) was su]»reuie in matters belonging purelv to the 
 church. 'I'he Intendant, though ranking below the other two. 
 
 *(^)uel)ec wiiH made 11 l!isli(i|iri<' in 1(174, ;ui.l Laval a|)|)nint('il to tlic 
 See. It was as 'I itiilar liisiio]) of i'ftraa. anil \'iear Apostdlic of tho 
 I'opu, that he lunl uoinu to l^iit'l/ec in 1(m!(. 
 
 
 3 '-. 
 i . 
 
 T ■•lA 
 
 
 ''f *« 
 
IP 
 
 ; 
 
 1'^^ 
 
 i 
 
 .: J 
 
 
 t, 
 
 w 
 
 1't 
 
 It 
 
 ■I !i M : ■■ 
 
 m 
 
 So 
 
 h;id in soiir' ivs|)i.'(ts a jiiR'atcr powfr and icsponsiliility. As 
 |)rL'si(lcnt of the ('ouncil Ik- lu-ld tlu' li^^lu to a caslini; vott' : 
 and in his direct control were ail civil affairs, such as jxilicc, 
 tradi', antl adnn'nistration of justice. 'I'he Sovereinn ("ouncil 
 itself constituted the Su|)renie Court of the colony ; an<l infer 
 ior courts were established at (Juehec, Three Rivers, and Mon- 
 treal. 
 
 The lands of ( "anada weri' held in I'Vudal Tenure, which 
 means that tlu- kini; is rigarded as the owner, and that rent is 
 jjaitl to him not in moni'V l>ut in military services. I,arj;e es- 
 tates were granted on this "temue o fealty and homaj^<''' to ofti 
 cers and noMes, or to organizations like the Seminar\' of St. 
 Sulpicius. An iini)ortant and imposing ceremony was that at 
 which the lords of manors annually did homage to the king's 
 representative at (^)uelK'c. 'I'hese si'igneurs, as thev were called, 
 hatl great powers within their own domains. Ihev wi're af 
 lowed to try and | unish all misdenuanours less grave than mur- 
 der or treason. The seigiu'urs suhdividcd their vast estates into 
 small holdings, which they let to cultivators of the soil for a 
 small annual rental. These small holders, called censitaires, 
 became the retainers of their siigneur, de|)endenl on him lor 
 l)rotection, and compelled to do him military service. The\ 
 had to grind their grain at the seigneur's mill, and i)ay him a 
 fourteenth of the product. if lands were sold from one censi 
 taire to anotluT, the si'igneur was t.'iititled to a twelfth of the 
 |)riee : just as the king was entitled to a filth of the pur( hase 
 money if tlie seigneur sold any i)oriion of his seigneurie. 'I'hese 
 laws in later days leil to troublesome conse(iuences. 
 
 The results of the laws of inheritance at this lime established 
 may even now be seen along the St. Lawrence valley. In some 
 districts the farms are but narrow ribbons of territory, a few 
 yards wide on the ri\er front, and running back perhaps a mile. 
 'I'he law re(|uired both seigneius anil censitaires to leave their 
 estates fairly divided among their children, a somewhat larger 
 share, with the title and manor-house, going to the eldest son. 
 As large families soon came to be the rule in Canada, estates 
 
Si 
 
 -Vi'w siiKill l)y ((.'iiscK's^ sulxlivisioM. Tlu' dividiiit; liiU's, iiatlir- 
 illy, wore rim at right anglrs to the river, in order tliat all miglit 
 ha\e an e(|iial sliare in the advantages of a water-front. A few 
 -.mall jjroperties were held direct from the king, oi fruuc nllcu 
 a^ the term went. Hut these wiTe inconsiderable in niimlier, 
 and tiieir |)r()|)rietors had not llu' privileges or rank of the 
 
 (Sk.itiiiN :10. .('iilliiTt, Tallin. iiihI tin' West IikII.'i f'iiii.|iiiiiy. New Aiii.-.lfiiliiiii 
 liiiMiiiics New Vnik. 'I'lic liiiltaiis anil tlie lii"|iMiis, Hlviiliy nvcr tlii' V\w liailc. 
 Iiix'iiiil ill QiK liri'.) 
 
 30. Talon conies to Canada. The English seize 
 
 New York. I'orlunately for ("anada, the large minded ("ol- 
 hert was now in charge of financial affairs in l'"rance. The king, 
 I.oiiis XI\', had made him (lomptroller-deneral of the finances, 
 al the re<:ommen(lation of Richelieu's |)owerful successor, Car- 
 dinal Ma/arin. Colbert realized tiiat a new order of things 
 would soon prevail, under which the power a?id pri.'stige of 
 l'',uro|)ean states woukl come to de|)end more largely on their 
 cokjiiial possessions, lie saw that colonization and commerce 
 went hand-in-hand. I'or the post of Intendanl at (Quebec he 
 chose .Monsieur Talon, a man niu<ii like himself for breadth ot 
 view, (.liligent |)atri(,tism, and freedom from dogmatic prejudice. 
 .\t the same time ( i')64) the West India Company was formed, 
 with all the tradir.g privileges of Canaila and Acadie, of the 
 l-rench colonies iii Morida, .\frica. South America, and of the 
 West Indies. This com|)any was under the same pledges in 
 regartl to colonizing the l.uuland converting the natives as those 
 which its predecessor, the New Company of the Hundred .\s- 
 sociates, had so lamentably failed to perform. The mono|)oly 
 of the fur-trade thus granted to the West India Company excit- 
 ed vehement protest in Canada, where all the c(jlonists were- 
 more or less interested in that profitable |)ursuit. .\ few years 
 later, on Talon's urgent plea to Colbert, these restrictions were 
 removed as far as Canada was (oncerned, the company being 
 com|)ensated by a fourth of all the beaver skins and a twelfth 
 of all the buffalo skins e.\[)ortetl. The West India Com])any 
 1 1 
 
 '»is' 
 
 m 
 
w 
 
 Ml.' 
 
 
 J '■ ,' 
 
 itVr 
 
 
 \r 
 
 
 
 ■:' i . i ■ 
 
 f: .: !.■ 
 
 
 Si 
 
 l)r()\L'(l, liowcviT, of IK) morr hL'tift'il to the colonics than the 
 New ("ompany liad hecii, and in K)74 its cliartcr was revoked, 
 
 ( )\\v year after the esial)lisliment of tlie Soven-i^n ("oiineil an 
 event took place far to the south, on Manhattan Island at the 
 mouth (jf the Hudson river, which was destined to influence the 
 destinies of Canada. Charles II, claiming all the Atlantic 
 coast southward to Florida, grant-.'d the I )ulch settlements of 
 the New Netherlands to his brother James, Duke of N'ork. 
 Though laigland and Holland were then at peace, four English 
 shi|)s presently appeared at New Amsterdam, and demanded its 
 ^urrender. The doughty old Dutch governor, Stuyvt*sant, was 
 for fight ; hut the less warlike citizens persuaded him to accept 
 the mild terms of the I^nglish captain and New Amsterdam 
 became New York. The Dutch settlers were secured in the 
 possession of their own property, their own worship, their own 
 laws ; and they became full English citizens. 
 
 The luiglish government of New York at once entered into 
 treaty with the Irocjuois, and all the cantons of the Five Nations 
 placed themselves under the protection of I'lngland's king. 
 This alliance was a boon to the English colonies, and in later 
 days a sleepless menace to the French. The shrewd savages 
 saw the strength of their own position between the two great 
 rival races ; and skilfully they maintained it. Though they 
 kept their treaty faithfully, in the main, yet on several occasions, 
 by withholding their help from the iMiglish, they saved F'rench 
 powe- from being crushed. They realized that their importance 
 to the iMiglish depended on the existence of a French Canada. 
 
 With the presence of the new power on the Hudson there 
 grew up a bitter rivalry Ixitween F'rench and English over the 
 fur-trade. The great duel for New World empire took the ig- 
 noble disguise of a (|uarrel about l)eaver-skins. The iMiglisb 
 sought to divert the fur-trade from t!ie St. l^wrence route to 
 the Hudson ; and the Irocjuois mightily seconded their efforts. 
 To all the northern and western tribes who would consent to 
 i)ring their furs down the Hudson, the Irocjuois turned friendly 
 and buried their hatchets deep. Against the tribes who per- 
 

 
 ki 
 
 sifted ill tiailiiig with tlir I'li'iich, on the otliur liand. thrso 
 shicwd, red scluMiK-rs made relentless war. The iMiglish, more- 
 over, offered hii^dier prices than the I-'rench, and ^ave hetti'r 
 Uoods in e\chang ', til! rven those' half wild I-'renchmen. the 
 *('(Hireurs lies IJois, at times soiiLjht the more |)rofital)le l^ni;- 
 lish markets. I'y these means Canadian trade was much dam- 
 aged : and a hatred arose between the rival colonies whii h was 
 later to bring ruin ii|)on many a border settlement. 
 
 'I'o add to the vexation of these outside (iiiarrels. there was 
 discord within the walls of (^)uebec itself. I, aval and the gov- 
 ernor, de Mesy, were at strife over iiiiestions of authority 
 and |)recedence. It was not long before Laval was |U'tition- 
 iiig for de Mesy's recall, as he had for the recall of tlu- two 
 former governors. It was clear that nothing short of the 
 completest subserviency could satisfy the demands of this de- 
 voted'but domineering bishop. Hefore l.aval could bring about 
 the recall of his opponent, however, de Me'sy tlied ; and the 
 Seigneur de Courcelles was ajjpoinled in his stead. 
 
 (SKiTins .'U. -I)i' Tiiicv. iiiid till' i(';;iiiii'iit of Ciiii^iiaiiSiiliiTcs. 'I'l liasli.-r- 
 
 ini'iit iiT tlir MuhiiwUs. Tlif .li'siiits s|it('ail their iiilliiciK'r. Tali in 's wise maiui;;ciiiriil. 
 1 1 II pi lit alii 111 III' Wi\i's tiir IliiMNiliMiists.) 
 
 31. De Tracy comes to Canada, and the Iroquois 
 
 are Chastised. While the cpiarrel between dc Mesy and 
 I, aval was at its height, the Marijuis de Tracy was sent out as 
 the king's viceroy. His mission was to settle all troubles in 
 Canada and the West Indies, and to subdue the Irocpiois. In 
 1665 de Tracy landed at (^)uebec, bringing with him not only a 
 number of new colonists, but also the famous regiment of 
 Carignan-Salieres. (^)uebec was ga\' with military pomp. I )e 
 Tracy lost no time. Three forts, St. Ther^se, Sorel,+ and 
 
 * Tlie Cimri'iirs (lo.s Uois, oi- l^umuTs of tlic W'nod.s, were Frciiilmicn 
 wlio. lireakiiij,' away from tlie lestiaint of civilized lifo, had gone to live 
 with the Indians, to .share their freedom, to explore the wilderiie.-<.-<. 
 and to follow the fiir-trade witiiout reistriction. 'I'hi.s lawle.ss life [)roved 
 so attractive; that mnch of the vigorou.s yonlii of Canada was led int<i it, 
 seriously interfering with the solid growth of the colony. 
 
 t 'i'iiis was th(! fort hiiilt in l()4"2, and afteiwaids aliaiidoned. Now 
 .M. de Sorel reconstnicleil it : and froni iiim it took its name. 
 
 
 i i'l'" 
 
 1 m 
 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 
 i- : '.i 
 
 :i 
 
 '?* :> 
 
m 
 
 
 
 
 MV, 
 
 I i 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 ( 'hanihly, intended to hold hack the lro(|uois, were hiiilt at 
 strate;j;ic points on the Rirhelieu. When rejjort went ahroad 
 of the power and invincible courage of the l-'rench troops the 
 Iroquois were deeply ini])resse(l. l''oiir of the Iwve Nations at 
 once sent deputies to sue for |)eace. l]ut the Mohawks, fiercest 
 of the confederacy, remained defiant. A comjjany sent out tf) 
 s('atter one of their war-parties fell into an ambuscade, and was 
 cut to pieces. 
 
 In September of the following year de Tracy moved against 
 the Moliawks. With him went the new governor, de C!ourcelles. 
 a l)rave and capable leader, a prudent administrator, to whose 
 memory New France owes much reverence. De 'I'racy's force, 
 consisting of thirteen hundred men, with their aged but ener- 
 getic commander borne on a litter in their midst, (for he was 
 sorely afflicted with gout), marched as if in an open country, 
 with the pomp of drum and trumpet. This was not Inilian 
 warfare, and in later days would have brought certain destruc- 
 tion. The Mohawks, however, were daunted by the martial 
 display, and fled from their towns at de Tracy's approach. 
 'I'heir lodges were burned to the ground ; their stores of corn, 
 laid up in pits for the winter, were destroyed or carried away ; 
 and the Mohawk country long remembered the visit of de Tracy. 
 The lesson was not lost upon the other tribes of the Iroquois ; 
 and Canada for more than twenty years had peace. 
 
 'i'he French missionaries now went freely among the Iro- 
 cjuois, made many converts, and gradually gained no small 
 hold upon this haughty people. More daring than soldier or 
 trader, other priests penetrated the wild regions north of I .ake 
 Sui)erior, and made French influence felt from the Illinois to 
 I -ake Winnipeg. A permanent mission was established at Sault 
 .Ste. .Marie, and another at Michillimackinac, on the northern 
 point of the peninsula between Lakes Huron and Michigan. 
 The regiment of ('arignan-Salieres was now disbanded, its ofifi- 
 cers becoming seigneurs with large estates, and the privates 
 censitaires on their seigneuries. The regiment was planted 
 along the Richelieu and the south shore of the St. Lawrence, 
 
 -1 
 
85 
 
 iiiilit in the track of the Irrxiuois raids, to l)c the bulwark of 
 ( 'aiiada. 
 
 L'luler the wise supervision of Talon, whose memory should 
 he honoured from Ontario to the dulf, tlie condition of the 
 (H)lony swiftly improved. The farms yielded abundantly, and 
 settlers lived in much material comfort. Talon set those colon- 
 ists who were safely established to the work of clearing lots and 
 building cottages adjoining their own. These he held ready for 
 the occupation of newer immigrants. He looked carefully into 
 the mineral resources of the country, and discovered the rich 
 iron de[)Osits of the Three Rivers district. Against the IJishop 
 and the Jesuits he had some complaints to make, because they 
 obstructed his efforts to civilize the Christian Indians. Believ- 
 ing that the colony siiould not be wholly dependent on the 
 Jesuits for its religious guidance, he procured from the king 
 permission to bring back the Recollets ; and in 1670 he ree.s- 
 lablished four of the gray-gowned Fathers in their old monastery 
 on the St. Charles. 
 
 All through his administration Talon exerted himself to 
 procure in France suitable wives for his colonists, and as many 
 as twelve hundred girls were shii)ped to Canada between 1665 
 and 1670. These girls, as a rule, were selected with great care, 
 and usually from the country rather than the city, country girls 
 being found best adapted to the rough life of a new land. 
 Each girl on her marriage, — and the weddings 'took place in 
 batches of thirties as soon as possible after the coming of each 
 ship-load,— received a generous dowry from the king, with which 
 to begin her housekeeping. Young men refusing to marry were 
 made to feel the royal displeasure, and were not allowed to 
 hunt, fish, or trade. Under these conditions bachelorhood be- 
 came inconvenient in Canada, and presently uncommon. In 
 the year 1667 an event took place which showed that the long- 
 harassed land was passing into a humour of content. The first 
 ball on record in Canada was given in the city of (Quebec, on 
 the night of the 4th of February. 
 
 
 1^*1 
 
 I-' 
 
' 
 
 ;'''i 
 
 
 
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 ; ''• i 
 
 |. 
 
 
 H 
 
 iMi 
 
 86 
 
 (SHrlMiN- :VJ. Niclmlll-, I'lTl-ol ;i||,l ||l,. Wl'Htrlll llilic*. 'I'll,' VmV,!;,'!' "f \Im|-.|I1iI|i' 
 
 rili'l .Inllii.t. I'll'li ii'li.l-. :iliil l:ikf^ pi.jiscs-iMii ,,( IliiiU'ifi lt;i\. lie ( ■..liir.-lli'^ ,,t 
 ('al:ir.'iC'iiii,) 
 
 32. Discovery of the Mississippi by Marquette 
 
 and Jolliet. In llu- vlmt of tin- n.'c;ill of tin- Rccollcts, the 
 ijovcriior sl'iU out one Xicholas I'lTrot, a daring cxplorLT miicli 
 skilled in the Indian dialects, to gather the westt'n' *i.ii)es to a 
 I'onterence. IVrrot went throii;^h the Lake Superior region, 
 
 and down 
 
 1. 
 
 ixe 
 
 Mich 
 
 igan to the spot where now stands Chi 
 
 cago. 'I'his was the centre of the strong Miami trihe. ICarly 
 in the next year a throng of delegati's met at Saiilt Ste. Marie, 
 wliere the king's commissioner explained to them that tliey were 
 all taken under the royal protection, 'i'he whole lake region 
 was then formally annexed to I'Vance. On this expedition 
 IVrrot was told by the Indians of a vast river flowing sout! 
 ward, which they called Mechasehe or Mississipjii, ''The Father 
 of Waters." The tidings impressed Talon. The untiring and 
 unterrified priest, l-'ather Mar(|uette. and a merchant explorii 
 named Jolliet, were promptly tle^patched to seek the might\ 
 stream. Visions of Cathay still dazzled the imaginations ot 
 men ; anil they thought this new river might pro\e the path 
 thereto. 
 
 The explorers, with a handful of followers, made 
 
 their 
 
 wa\ 
 
 to the north-west siiores of Lake .Michiijai 
 
 In t 
 
 thev ascended the Vo\ River to its s( 
 
 )urce, iiKule a portage or a 
 
 wo canoes 
 f 
 
 mile and a half to the head waters of the Wisconsin, |>addle(l 
 down that stream, and on June 17th. 1673, came out on the 
 ample breast of the Mississi|)pi. I'or a month they descended 
 the current, |)assing the mouths of the Illinois, the Missouri, 
 the ()hi(j, and were hospitably received by the tribes along the 
 shore. At the mouth uf the Ohio they met Indians armed with 
 muskets and wearing garments of cloth, which showed that the\ 
 had l)een trading with the ICnglish s^. dements of the coast. .\l 
 the mouth of the .\rkansas the savages were hostile, and our 
 little band of explorers had a half hour of peril ; but the tact of 
 .Marcjuette ami J(jliiet U'.elted this fierce mood into one of 
 cordial welcome, and instead of slaughter came feastings and 
 
4ll 
 
 rir 
 
 1^4 
 
 87 
 
 rhc i>i|>(-' ol pcMtx'. At this point, liowi'vcr. ilu- (.•\|>l()rc'rs di'- 
 1 idcd to turn l)ai'l<. licarinj; that the trila-s hi'low wcro danj^cr- 
 Diis. 'I'hfV had fiathcrc'd fnougli to convinrc tlu'ni tliat tlic 
 iivfi- emptied into the (iiilf of Mi'xico instead of thi' I'atiric ; 
 and llu'v did not luini;er to visit the Spanisli settlements. 'I'he 
 iiturn voyage was inade by ascenchnj; the Uhnois river and 
 I nis^ini; over to tlie waters of Lake Nticliigan ; and ai)()iit tlie 
 !ii(l of Septenil»er tlu'y regained the (Ireen Hay Mission wiienee 
 ihi'V liad made tlieir start. I ,ess than two years later Mar(|iiette 
 dit'd in the wilderness, worn out hy his self-sacrificiiig toil. 
 
 While Talon was extending Ids power westward, he was 
 not unmindful of the north with its wealth of fish and furs. In 
 1(171 he sent a party under I'atiier .Mhanel to seek Hudson Day 
 l)y the way of the .Saguenav. Ihe party wintered in the Sague- 
 nay district, and then desceniled the River Nepiscaw from the 
 mvsti<: Lake .\Jistassinni, till they came out upon the vast 
 northern sea. Here they conveneil rej)resentatives of m.my 
 Hudson Hay tribes ; and Father Albanel, erecting a ( ti.s.s with 
 the royal arms upon it, took formal pos.'ssion of the tjuntry. 
 
 While 'ralor, was at tliis time the good genius of (jana-'a, 
 the colony was also fortunate in having de (,'ourcelles for g(n- 
 ernoi. Dc Courcelles cared little for the mternal progress of 
 Canada, but he cared greatly for her military prestige. Hy his 
 justice and his fearlessness lie kept his Indians under control, and 
 the Irocjuois themselves were unwilling to join issue with him. 
 Hut these warlike tribes were growing restless under the restraints 
 of the unaccustomed peace. De ("ourcelles decided on a step 
 which would give them something to think about, while at the 
 same time making his grip upon them firmer. He invited the 
 chiefs of all the cantons to smoke the [lipe of peace with him at 
 a place called Cataracoui, near the foot of Lake Ontario. There 
 lie flattered the envoys with his gifts and his gracious comjjli- 
 ments, while impressing them with a sense of his invincible 
 resolution. At length he announced to them his intention of 
 building a fort at the place of conference, that the western 
 members of their confederacy might the more easily trade with 
 
 ■ >l 
 
 i 
 
 

 I 
 
 
 1. 
 
 H: 
 
 1 1- 
 
 |,i|' 
 
 k 1 ' 
 
 88 
 
 his people. I'rc'scntcil in this hght tlit- ])Iaii was liighly pleasiiiu 
 to the sachems ; hut later, when war again broke out, they real 
 i/ed the siynificanee and purpose of the fort at Cataracoui. 
 
 CHAl'TKR VH. 
 
 SECTIONS: -33, Frontenac comes to Canada. La Salle. 34, 
 Frontenac's Recall ; and La Barre's Folly. 35, Denonville, 
 Dongan, and the Iroquois. 36, Kondiaronk, "the Rat," 
 kills the Peace. The Lachine Massacre. 
 
 (Skciihn :tH. - l.iiiiis ilr liii;i(lr, ecitiiit nl I'l mmIi'iiiic. Siciir <\r la S:illf slrriij^lli- 
 ••IIS l-'ci|t Kiniili'iiac aijil tmiliN ^liips mi llic l.aki'^. Ilr ilcscriiiU llif Mississi|i|ij in ii> 
 iriinitl\. Ml' Irails an i^xiicditiiin \n iln- ,\lj^Ms<ill|li iikmiIIi liy sia. his clcalli.) 
 
 33. Frontenac comes to Canada. La Salle. De 
 
 Courielles having asked for release from his roniinand, on ac- 
 count of broken health, he was succeeded by one whose strong 
 figure stands large and splendid in our storv. I.ouis de Ikiade, 
 t!ount of Frontenac. was a man of the highest couraue, deter- 
 miiiation, and energv. To Canada he gave a whole-souled di'- 
 votion. The Indians dreaded him profoundly ; while the cour- 
 tesy of his bearing won their friendship. During his rule even 
 the Iroquois were afraid to lift the hatchet. In matters of civil 
 government l-Vontenac showed some serious defects ; but thist.' 
 cannot lessen the reverence due to his memory. He had thai 
 rash imperiousness which s<j often mars a forceful character. 
 He could endure no ()])position, no (piestioning of his judg- 
 ment and authority. Soon after his arrival the sagacious Talon 
 asked to be recalleil. Doubtless he discerned this fault in 
 Frontenac, and dreaded a conllict. With the new Intendant. 
 Duchesni'au, the (iery governor was soon at swords' points ; and 
 
89 
 
 with l.aval, no kss dictatorial lliaii liimsfll'. lii?> iiuairils i;r('\v t<» 
 111- an open scandal. 
 
 riu- proposed l)iiildinL,' of a tort at ( "atarai oui met with 
 Iniiilfiiacs liillL'st apjtroval ; and as soon as po^Mhlc after his 
 ciiininn ho went in person to siipt'rinten<' tlie work. Iligl> in 
 his favour stood one wlio sheds the rose li^ht of romance 
 ui)un (nir |>a}.!;es. \hv gallant and ativentnrous I ,a Salle. He 
 had come to Canada some years i)efore, filled with the old, 
 allnring dream of a i)assage to C-'athay. I'artl\ to liratify his 
 restlessness, |)arlly to familiarize liimself with thi' hahits and 
 speech of the tribes whose help he would need, partly to gain 
 \)\ the fur-trade means to carry on his enter|)ri/e, he had disap 
 peared from eivili/ation for a time and dwell among the Indians. 
 Had he been, indeed, a personage less distinguished, he would 
 undoubtedly have been called a Conretir des /h>is. Soon after 
 his arrival he discovered the Ohio river. I'Vom the Sulpicians, 
 with whom he had strong infUii-nee, he obtained an estate at 
 the west end of Montreal Island, where he planted a settlement. 
 This settlement, probably in allusion to or in derision of his 
 search for a i)as.sage to China, presently came to be known as 
 I, a ('hint!. 
 
 'i'he fort at Cataracoui, henceforth known as l'"ort I'"rontenac, 
 was granted to I, a Salle soon after its construction, he refunding 
 to the governor its full ( ost. The grant conveyed al.->o a large 
 tract of land, with the usual responsibilitii'S and |)rivileges. 
 i,a Salle tore down the fort and raised a stronger oik' of stone. 
 Then he busied himself with clearing lands and building small 
 ships for the lake trade. In 1679 he built a ship on Lake lOrie, 
 called the "Ciriftin," in which he sailed to the (Ireen l'>ay Mis- 
 sion on Lake .Michigan, l-'rom that p(iint he sent the shif) back 
 richly laden with furs. IJut she came not to her destination. 
 The fate of the ill-starred craft and all her wi'alth remain> a 
 mystery. 
 
 Wra|)i)ed up with that of La Salle is the name n\ hi^ loval 
 
 I 2 
 
 m 
 
 
 t- '•' 
 
 ir > 
 
 i ' ' 
 
v:,i 
 
 m 
 
 '1-'' 
 
 4 i 
 
 ■ "i '. / ■ 
 
 't{ 
 
 ' \: ' 
 
 1:' 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 IP, J. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 > 
 
 •^ 
 
 l' I 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 
 
 i! !(■ 
 
 C)0 
 
 coniradf and fi'llow -lAploirr, Huirv dr I'oiiti,* who was his 
 \tiv riylit anil in all his greatest achifvc'iiiLMUs. It was not lill 
 16H2 tliat I .a Salle was able lo carrv out his main ])ur|)osc'. 
 ( 'rossiiiji over from tlu' loot of Lake Michigan he descended 
 
 the current of the llliiu 
 
 )1S. 
 
 I'larlv in I'ebruarv his canoes cann 
 
 out on the Mississippi, and turned their yellow prows to thi' 
 south, 'i'he tribes along the banks were sometimes friendly, 
 sometimes hostik' ; but in the latter case the broad stream gave 
 him plenty of room to escajie tlu'ir arrows and their bullets. 
 As the e\|)lorers slipped swiftly down the tide they emerged 
 from winter into spring, then into the glow and luxuriance of 
 summer. On the 19th of March tliev reached the Mis.'>issii)|)i 
 mouth. The country they had traversed was annexetl to France' 
 indue form, undi'r thi' musical name of Louisiana. The return 
 voyage, against the stream, was difficult, and many delays were 
 encountered ; so that it was not till the s[)ring of 16H5 that l,a 
 Salle got back to (^)uel)ec; 'I'hence, in the flush of his triumph, 
 he went home to France, where the favours of the court wen- 
 heaped upon him. Under his leadership a strong expedition 
 was sent out, sailing from Rochelle, to reach the Mississijijii 
 mouth by way of the sea and there establish a colony. Hut I, a 
 Salle had miscalculated the position of the river, and he sailed 
 his |)arty s(jme hundreds of miles beyond it. l)eei)ly chagrined, 
 he led a little band ashore, and started ea.stward to seek by land 
 the object of his (juest. Before long he got involved in that 
 pathless tangle of rank forest, and swamp, and reptile-haunted 
 pool, which de Soto in an earlier day had found so fatal. In 
 the heart of this dread wilderness I^t Salle"s followers mutinied, 
 hating him for his stern discipline : and the great explorer died 
 miserably under their vindictive hands. 
 
 * 'I'oiiti, ln't'oro ciiiiiiiiy ti) ('iinaiia. IiikI lost a liaiid in l)attle. Tlic 
 pliice of tiu' miissiiig nu'inluT was .snppiii'd l)y fnie of steol, wiiicli wa.'* 
 always kept I'oxorud witii a glovf. Tilt' hlows wliieh Toiiti, in time ot 
 noeil, fonltl duliver witii this iron iiantl, wvn' a sourcu of wondering awe 
 to tile Indians. 
 
 ii 
 
 t;- • 1 
 
 li 
 
 ■l\' , ' 
 
91 
 
 (Sf.itiiiS :M. I> 'ii;.'iiii stirs lip till' Iriiiiuiiis. Kruiitrii^ic i|iirlls tli"iii .■i.'iiiii. I .;i 
 li.iili' tiirs t'M-ci|iiM|ii,ti' llii'iii. W'.ir witli tlir Si'Mcims. An iu'iirilpli' |ii'iicc.) 
 
 34. Frontenac's Recall ; and La Barre's Folly. 
 
 Wliik" I,a Salic was exjjloring the Mis.sissi|)|)i, tlicold mcnat'L- of 
 I he Irociiiois onci' iiioic raisi'd its head. 'The j^ovuriior of Xcw 
 \nrk was now our ( "olonel Dongan, an ainhitioiis and restless 
 spirit, who strove to i)reak up the |)eace between Xew I'Vance 
 and the Five Naticjns. His immediate aim was to overreach 
 Ins rivals in the fur-trade ; but he must be credited with taking 
 wise alarm at the activity of I'Vench explorers and I'rench mis- 
 sionaries in the west. All the tribes of the Illinois were now in 
 close alliance with the l-'rench. 'I'rouble arose through the 
 murder of a Seneca chief l)y an Illinois warrior. To avenge 
 the wrong all the Iro(iuois rose as one tribe, swearing tf) exter- 
 minate the ' hole Illinois j)eople. .At their first blow the valley 
 
 if the 
 
 III 
 
 inois 
 
 R 
 
 iver wa 
 
 s laid waste, and its dwellers scattered to 
 
 their remoter villages. Krontenac called for delegates of the Five 
 Nations to mtx't him at Cataracoui, promising to secure them 
 full restitution and a peaceable settlement of the (luarrel. .Act- 
 ing under Dongan's advice the Irotjiiois told I'Vontenac that if 
 he wanted to see them he must come to them in their lodges. 
 liut this defiant attitude was one which they could not keep up 
 
 rith I'Vontt 
 
 force their fierce hearts 
 
 witn l-rontenac, Detore wnose imperious force tneir Uerce nea 
 (|uailed. He said no more of restitution. He spoke no longer 
 of a settlement. iUit he sent them a curt command to keep 
 their hands off the Illinois and all the other western tribes. 
 I'urther, he toKl them that if they had anything to say to him 
 they would have to come to Montreal. The lro(|uois weakened 
 at onc'e, not wanting I'ronteiiac's heavy hand brought down 
 
 upon their villages. They held back the feet 
 
 th 
 
 e warriors 
 
 that wi 
 
 have gone against the Illinois; and soon they sent 
 
 an embassy to Montreal. A little later, in the same year, 
 I'rontenac's (juarrels with the Hisho|) and the Jesuits led to h 
 
 IS 
 
 recall ; and an old officer named I. a Harre, who had outlived his 
 military vigour, was sent out to govern (!aii.ida. It was send- 
 
 iiiL' a cliild to do a strony; man s 
 
 task. 
 
 
U :,".■ 
 
 !■: 
 
 , !"■ •- 
 
 mi 
 
 
 l:M * 
 
 
 i:f 
 
 I Ji- 
 lt: ■ 
 
 r 1 
 
 11; • 
 
 92 
 
 I. a Iiiirrc had itisisilit cnoii'-li to si'c that (h 
 
 )Vi'rii()r 
 
 Dm 
 
 igat» 
 
 was hacking tlic Irocjiiois : and in asking the king for n'inforcc- 
 nionts he urged that the I'Jiglisli court should he called ujion to 
 check N'ew \'ork"s intrigues. I )ongan got a re|)rimand from 
 London: and I, a I'arre got two hundft'd soldiers from Paris. 
 lUit the Inxjuois, and in jjarticular their most powerful tribe, 
 the St'ueeas, were growing daih' more insolent. It was as 
 if they alreaily felt the withdrawal of l''ronlenac's frown. I, a 
 Harre anxiously noted their temper, and lietrayed his weakness 
 l)y overt uri's of peace 
 
 He invited them ayain to Montreal, 
 
 where he loaded their deputies with |)resents. and endured their 
 arrogant avowal that they were going to blot out the Illinois. 
 I'.y persuasion, instead of Hrm command, he got their |)romise 
 tiiat they would not attack the Hurons, Otlawas, and other 
 northern tribes, or ])lunder the canoi's of I'Vench traders. 
 
 ^\'e can hardly credit La I'arre with special loyalty to the 
 Hurons and Ottawas ; but these tribes were neeessary to the 
 illicit fur-trade by which he was greedily enriching himself. 
 At length he sent a trading party, with valuable merchandise, 
 into the Illinois coimtry, not only to buy furs of the Mississippi 
 tribes but also to .seize I, a Salle's fort of St. Louis. The Senecas 
 at this same moment were again i)ursuing their bloody ven- 
 geance. Being in a warlike mood they were not particular as 
 to whom they struck. They promptly fell upon la Harre's trad- 
 ers anil captured his merchandise, i^ul the rash Senecas by 
 this act had assailed the governor's pocket, which was more sen- 
 sitive than his honour. La iJarre swore that they should feel 
 the weight of his wrath. He rai.sed a force of nine hundred 
 men and led them t(j the land of the Senecas. On the south shore 
 of Lake Ontario he encaniped, and the little army, ill led and 
 ill fell, shrank rapidly under the pangs of fever and famine.* 
 
 In thus attacking theSenecas, La Harre had attacked the whole 
 confederacy ; and now from every village, even to the utmost 
 borders of the Mohawk land, the Inxpiois swarmed about him. 
 
 riie place of tin.** luiliiippy eia-iuiipiiu'iil was known thereafter as 
 
 tlie l>av of Kainint 
 
')3 
 
 riu- wIioIl' military force of Cannda was reprfsontod by this 
 wrctthcd l)an(l on tlic l»ay of l''aniiiie ; and it huifan to look as 
 if at Icnj^tli tlic lro(|uois would make good tlicir old hoast and 
 •,ui'L'|) the I'Vench into the sea. lUit their policy said no. 'I'he 
 ^hiewd savages had Itegun to feel a s|)irit of encroachment in 
 the ['".nglish. 'I'hey felt that the luigiish would grow too |)ow- 
 ctiul if the l''rench were out of the way. I'heir forest states- 
 men understood the balance of power, and withheld their hat- 
 chets from I -a Harre's eml)arrassed followers. Hut their de|)uties 
 went before him and talked to him with lordly scorn. 'I'hev 
 laughed at his threats and his demands, swore that they would 
 not spare the Illinois while a man of them remained alive, and 
 only agreed to a treaty with the I'Vench themselves on the con- 
 dition that I,a Harre should at once withdraw his troops. Ai;er 
 concluding this wretched treaty I -a liarre was summoned back 
 to France, and the Marquis de Denonville succeeded to his 
 |)lace. 
 
 li 
 
 im 
 
 m 
 
 (Ski'Iion ;!'i.- Itiiiciiivilli' |il;iiis In ciiisli llii' Sciii'cas. ndiinaii's iiitl-i^;iir.s with 
 till' IihUiiiii. The I'nlii'V nl Nrw Kniiict', nml tlic I'cplicy nf tlir Kn;,'li.sli (Jiilniiics. Tlif 
 .\i;iHMiii rcfjinii. Ki'Ikhh illc'.sTlcaclu'i'.v. Tlir .Sriicciis chastised. Irniiiinis rctaliatidii. 
 .N,'-Mljatiniis fur I'cai'i'.) 
 
 35. Denonville, Dongan, and the Iroquois. De- 
 nonville found (Canada in a fever of indignation over I, a l^arres 
 folly, and in a fever of fear over the grim as[)ect of the Indian 
 tribes. The northern allies of the I'Vench were beginning to 
 long not only for peace with the Iro(|uois but for trade with the 
 English. With I )enonville came a new governor for Montreal, 
 a brave soldier and politic ruler called de Callieres. In internal 
 affairs Canada now enjoyed unwonted peace, for the ("lovernor, 
 the Intjndant, the Bishop, and the Jesuits all were of one minfl. 
 Soon after his coming Denonville concluded that before all 
 things the Senecas must be humbled. He made urgent a[)peal 
 to I'rance for more soldiers. These he got, but slowly ; and 
 slowly his scheme ri[)ened. Meanwhile, however, he kejjt his 
 ])urpose a secret even from his intimates at (^)uebec ; and toward 
 the Iroiiuois he used a mixture of flattery and firmness, plan- 
 
 
 
 A; 
 
i 
 
 ■i.'V. 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 
 ^■' ■■ 
 
 . . ■!■' 
 
 
 
 if: 
 
 i ^ 
 
 T'" 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 :..',\ ■ : 
 
 94 
 
 Ming lo ward off their attack until he slioiild be in readiness for 
 
 it. 
 
 Between Denonvilie in (Quebec and Dongan in New \'ork 
 
 now ensued a duel of intrigue, tliough their royal masters, Louis 
 XIV of France and James II of I'Lngland, were on terms of ex- 
 cellent goodwill. Hlind to the prcjhlems of fate in the New- 
 World, the two monarchs had made treaty of neutrality, fixing 
 perpetual peace between their North American possessions. 
 Hut other eyes had a clearer view than theirs. The strife was 
 f>)r the mastery of the west. 'The far-seeing Dongan used his 
 utmost art, -flattering chiefs, bribing Coureurs des /iois, paymg 
 high prices, and bartering with good merchandise, to turn the 
 trade of the northern and western Indians from the .St. I,aw 
 rence to the Hudson. The rivalry between these two trade 
 routes is active and undecided to this day. Dongan sent his 
 traders into the land beyond the lakes, where hitherto had gone 
 no white men but the French. They won a cordial welcome 
 from the Indians ; and to counteract their influence, to kee]) 
 the fur-trade from turning its full stream toward New York, re- 
 ([uired the utmost efforts of men like Du Futh and Ferrot, whom 
 the tribes loved much and feared more. 
 
 Dongan's [jolicy was to coop the French hard and fast in thi- 
 valley of the St. Lawrence ; a jjolicy which was being well sec- 
 onded by the raids of the New Englanders on .Acadie, and by 
 the planting of English posts on Hudson's Hay. The policy of 
 the French, - which de C!ourcelles, 'Falon, Frontenac, la Salle, 
 Denonville, all more or less consciously strove to follow, -was 
 to enclose the English settleuKMits in a vast sphere of French 
 influence, leaving them none of the continent but that stri|) of 
 Atlantic coast on which they hail already taken root. Denon- 
 ville, in spite of tMe treaty, sent a force up suddenly to Hud- 
 son's Hay, and suri)rised three English forts* in that region. 
 This expedition was commanded by the Chevalier de Troyes, 
 
 * Forts Alhany, Hiix es, mid Ruijeit. This attack was in tlie iiiti r- 
 ests of the "C'iiiii|)an\' of liie North," established to rival tlie "{'oiii- 
 pany of Hudson's Bay." 
 
95 
 
 of Montreal, iindL-r whom went one wlio afterwards made liis 
 mark in ('anadian history, the intrejiid (I'lberville. 
 
 To both Denonville and Dongan now occurred the idea 
 that a fort at Niagara would give an immense ativantage to 
 whicliever side should succeed in placing it there. Hoth began 
 scheming to that end. .Xs the desired site was in the land of 
 the Senecas, the o|)inion of that unbending people had to be 
 considered. While New Vork and (Quebec were thus pitted 
 against each other in the continental duel, the jiowerful New 
 I'aigland colonies looked on with small concern. ICven so early 
 as 1680 did IJoston lack interest in New Vork. 
 
 In i6(S7 I )enonville deemed the time rii)e for bringing the 
 Senecas to their knees. He mustered swiftly a strong force and 
 moved up the St. Lawrence. Then he committed a treachery 
 only to be matched by that of (Iharnisay, - an act so base that 
 we cease to be astonished at the later l)arbarities of the Iroquois. 
 He invited a number of chiefs to a conference at Fort Frontenac. 
 As soon as he g(Jt them within his walls he seized them, and 
 sent them to i'Vance as slaves to be worked to death in the 
 king's galleys. 'I'o swell the number of these unfortunates he 
 went on to ravage two villages of neutral Irotjuois, who had long 
 been thriving peacefully in the neighbourhood of I'ort Fron- 
 tenac. This act, in its brutality, was much like the raids of the 
 African slave-hunter, save that the women and children thus 
 captured, —at least such of them as did not die of fear and 
 |)esti]ence in their crowded cjuarters, — were christianized, and 
 distributed among the mission villages. 
 
 This memorable deed achieved, Denonville darted across 
 the lake to surprise the Senecas. He was une\[)ectedly rein- 
 forced by a large body of Courcurs des Bois, Hurons, Ottawas 
 and < iher northern Indians, gathered by I)u I,uth and Duran- 
 taye and brought down in haste from Michillimacinac. The 
 Senecas made a brief but fierce resistance in front of their chief 
 town, and then scattered to the forests. All their towns were 
 laid in ashes, their stores of corn and droves of swine destroyed, 
 and a blow was dealt them from which the tribe never quite 
 
 '¥'\ 
 
 m 
 
 1;::^ 
 
 •ili 
 
1 
 
 r 
 
 III 
 
 rt' 
 
 (,6 
 
 fccovficd. Tlicii I >rii(>n\ illc iiKin lied ((» \i;ifi;irii, Itiiill tin 
 1(111^ pioposrd tiiit, ;m(l Icll lluniii ;i f^iiirisdii ol one luindiid 
 
 iiicn. 
 
 I )iMi()ii\ illc li;id srorcd ;i tiiiim|)li ; Imt now (Mine upon tin 
 
 I'dloin ;i siMsoii (il iiMj^iiisl). 
 
 I ill 
 
 1/iH)^ 
 
 \vi 
 
 [\\ III}; 
 
 (' iind I), lie III 
 
 I )iMi()iuilli"s ticiulurv, .\\u\ i;it;«'i In ii\(i),i;c llw di'liMt ol tlit- 
 SiMU'< ;is, till' wliolc (oiilrdiMacN ol llic lro(|iiois disrU-d likr 
 wolves ;il till- liuo.il ol ( ';m;idii. Tlicv iiiiidr no imitcd move 
 iiifiit. suci) as liu' dis(i|iliiu(l loni' ol tlir I'lfiu li niiulit iiasc 
 
 JK-attn hark ; lull tlu'v Iniiilrd ill sii 
 
 lal 
 
 hands, swill and noise 
 
 less as siiadows. 
 
 I'l 
 
 lev li'll lii'hind Ihein smokini; nuns, and 
 
 the eliarred liodies of llieir vi<iinis hound to stakes ol toiliiie. 
 I'lverv settlemenl was in a state ol sie^e ; and men could move 
 al)ont onlv in slronj; Itands aimed to ihe leelli. I'.veiv sei^n 
 eiirial mansion was inadi' a lorlress. in which the retainers iiii^hl 
 taki' ri'hi^e with their I'amilies and possessions. 'I'o add to the 
 iiiiserv ol the time a |>lap,ue ol small pox ran throuj^h the settle 
 menls. latal as the Iro(|nois hatchet. 
 
 I'n.ihU' to protect the eoKiiIrs aj^ainsl .m eni'inv whom he 
 
 could not oriiiL; 
 
 to I 
 
 )av, 
 
 )enon\ille now desirtc 
 
 *1 I 
 
 )eaee 
 
 and 
 
 (leputit's were invited to meet him in Montreal. liiil iliev had 
 
 heeii well lamilil h\ hoiiLian. TlieN 
 
 Nvotild lia\(' no 
 
 talk 
 
 peace 
 
 savt' on <'oiidilioii that llien stolen eliiels should he 
 
 hrou^ht hack aii<l the I'ort al Niagara desiroNcd, I )oiii;airs in 
 terleieiice was now open. lie iiistilied it on the uroiind that 
 all the Inxiuois were under I'-iiglisli prote(tioii, and that I >e 
 
 noiu ilk's atta<k on the Sinecas 
 
 was an nnasion ol raijilish tta 
 
 rilors 
 
 I) 
 
 eiionville sent awav the delenales, relusiiig to treat 
 
 with them >iii account ol tlu'ir arr» 
 
 '^ 
 
 in 
 
 I I 
 
 learmu 
 
 11 
 
 UMi, in a 
 
 short time, tiu' iro(|iiois p,rew tired ol tlu' war, prohalih learing 
 anotluM I'lench ariiu amoiij; the lodges, or considering that il 
 was time lor them to discourage the pretensions ol New \'ork. 
 They si'iit lu-w delegates to Monlit'al, to treat with henonville 
 on his own terms. Pending a lormal treaty a truce was agreed 
 upon : and tlu" di'k'gali's, leaving hostages, returiie<l to the 
 ^■ouncil lire oltiie live trihes. 
 
97 
 
 I Si I I |i>\ 11 i. Till' I'liil'l mI KoiMliduiik. 'I'lir Ky|<iihiMiMpr llii' i''lii.'li->li |iliiiiliri| li\ 
 
 II,' ;i|mI ('llllrli's. Till' M^M-iHi'K' Ml 1,11 CI '. I'lii' KrlhlM '>|' |''|i.lili'l 
 
 I MU 
 
 l.iii ' ill Si'W I'MiinlhiiHl. ) 
 
 36. Kondiaronk, 
 La Chine Massacre. 
 
 A I 
 
 'the Rat, " kills the Peace. The 
 
 I lie |ll()|)()sc(| |ir;|(c, tluillj^h ,1 liodll 
 Id tilt' I'tt'iirli, me. ml riiiii Id llic lliiroiis uC Mii hilliiii.n iii;i( , 
 wild li;i(l ;illi('(l lIuiiiM'lvcs uilli I )rn(>n\ illc onlv on liis jilcdi;!- 
 lliil llicn slidiild lie 11(1 |i<;i((' till ihc lioijiinis weir < riishcd. 
 rill' lliinins knew lli;il I )(iii)iu illc loiilil nut |ii(itc( t lliciii Iroiii 
 llic tii.nc ol llic li()(|ii(iis, 'I'hcv were lo he s;i( riln cil. Ilnl 
 (iiie (iflhcir clnels, known ;is Kondi.ironk. or "llic K.it," w;is a 
 iii;ni of ^rc.tl c.i|)acilv and resoiin c lie resolved lo make 
 licaic ini|iossilile. I,\iii^; in \\ail lor llic ciivov^, who were on 
 llieir wav lo Monlri'al lo si^n llic Ircatv, he Cell ii|ion lliein wilh 
 his Unrolls, killed one, and laplnrcd llic rest, i lainiiii^ liiat he 
 
 w.i-, a( lin)4 on I )ciioii\ illc's own orders. 
 
 I'll 
 
 envoys protested 
 
 ollv a'lainst the oiilra;jc, dc( lariii" that Ihcv were accredited 
 
 amhassadors on the wav to ( oncludc peace wi 
 
 ih the I'ri n 
 
 I'liis tale Kodiaroiik ln'ard with assiinicd aina/ciiieiil ; and then, 
 ( iirsin;; |)ciionvillc lor having led him into an ail ot sik h 
 treachery, he loaditl his prisoners with ^itls and set theiii Inc. 
 retaining; one of ihcni !o he adopted, as he said, in place ot a 
 Huron slain in the attack, 'riicn he hastened home to Mii h 
 illiinacinac, only pausing al I'orl l''ronteiiac to |iii//lc the i oni 
 
 m.inder with lliesc mvsterioiis words 
 
 tia\f kille( 
 
 the |i 
 
 \\\''ll see how the L^oMTiior is ^oing to ;;ct out of this aflan. " 
 .\t Micliillitna( inac no one knew of Inn c or proposi'd treaty, 
 and to the I'reiich coiiimander ot the fort Kondiaronk handed 
 over his lioijiiois pri-^oiur as a sp\. The iiiihap|iv <apti\f 
 sliouud his story Itut it was not iielicscd ; aii<l as a sjiv he wa> 
 hiirni'd. 'I'lieii Kondiaronk set hce another Iroijiiois iirisoiur, 
 hidding liiin go and show his people the treat her\ ol the I'rcnch. 
 I'liiis die peace was well kilK'd. In vain did I )eiioiivillc c\ 
 plain and |)rotcst, lor the villainy now laid to his chait;c \\;is no 
 more tiiaii that olwhich he had lielorc heeii giiiltv. i'lie Iroquois 
 would not l)c duped again. Sileiitl\ tlie\ limoded a hideous 
 
 VellLleani c. 
 
SJV 
 
 i! I 
 
 i ' 
 
 Mt'iiiiwliilc |)niig;iii had l)i.'i'ii rr( ailed : Itiii his siicci'ssor, 
 Major Aiuhos, thoii^ii Ik- soiij^ht t(» restrain tin- Ircxniois from 
 attacking ('anada, was not k'ss firm in his assertion ol English 
 sovereignty, and in his demand for tin- destruction of l-'ort Ni 
 agara. To Denonville and to Callicres it now appeared that the 
 only hope of peace lav in the expulsion of the I'aiglish from the 
 continent. 'I'hey laid l)el'ori; tlu' king a plan for the capture ol 
 New York and Alhany. 
 
 At last, aftiT months of siis|»ense, lell the stroki' ol Iro(|uois 
 vengeance. This was the massacre of I ,a ('hine, the most a|)|)al 
 ling event in Canadian annals. On the night of .\ugiist 4tli, 
 if)<S9, imder cover of storm .uid darkness, lifteen hundred Iro 
 ijuois stole noiselessly into the village (jf I ,a ("hine, at the up|)er 
 end of Montreal Island. Noiselessly they scattered among the 
 
 (IweMinus. 
 
 I'hen, 
 
 with sudden wild screeches, 
 
 they 
 
 beat ni door 
 
 anc 
 
 wnidow, and pounced upon the sleepers ni their 
 
 beds 
 
 Hlessed were tiiey who died thus in the iirst rage of the attack. 
 Others men, women, and children alike were dragged forth, 
 tied to stakes, and tortured with uns|)eakal)le ( ruelties by the 
 red glare ol their hia/ing homes. The pen shrinks from relat 
 ing the horrors of that night. .Montreal was paralyzed with 
 fear, and the hearts of men became like water. A body of two 
 hundretl troops, uiuler an officer named Siibercase, was en 
 camped some miles from La (Miine ; and as soon as the hor- 
 rible tidings came this gallant leader marched against the but- 
 chers. Hut Denonville ordered him back within the walls of a 
 strong outpost named I'ort Roland. Fiercely protesting, he was 
 forced to obey and leave the captives to their fate. Then the 
 little garrison of l-'ort Remy, attempting to reach l"ort Roland, 
 was cut to pieces. In Montreal and Kort Roland there were 
 troops enough to have crushed the enemy, but manhood seems 
 to have fled from their leaders, the brave Sul)ercase excepted. 
 The IrcKjuois stayed upon the island just as long as it pleased 
 them, and then marched off with their |)risoners : and from the 
 walls of Montreal men watched their friends and kinsfolk 
 borne away to a death of namele.ss agonies. 
 
•J'J 
 
 (';m;ul;i I;iy stricki'n I'liint with panic : and t'loiii lirr terror 
 went ii|> a prayer lor tin- .>>troii^' liaiid of I'roiitcn.K . Mi-aiuvhiU' 
 laiiu'S II had Ik-l'H driviMi iVoiii tlic throne of I'aij^land, and in 
 his stead reigned W illiani of ()ranue, tlie mortal eiiemv ol 
 
 I' ran 
 
 (W 
 
 War had 
 
 lieen derlared 
 
 lietween him an( 
 
 d I 
 
 ,oms. 
 
 )enoinilk' was ri( ailed 
 
 And I'VonteiKK'. his taults i'or^'otten 
 
 m the lace of tlv nval th.it summoned him. was already on lii-> 
 wa\' b.iek to ( 'anada. ( |68().) 
 
 Meanwhile what of Aeadie, and what of Newfoundland ? 
 I'lom the Treaty of lired;; in 1667 to the time when l-'rontenae 
 came hack to savt' ('anada, nt'arly a (juarter of a eeiitiirv. was a 
 period of little event in Acadian story. ( lovernor sueeeedi'd 
 
 'overnor, and each in turn strove to ma 
 
 ke tl 
 
 le most of his little 
 
 hour by illicit sale of hrandv to the Indians and hy a smuggling 
 ir.ule with the I-aiglish. lUit |)opulalion grew steadily though 
 slowly, and s|)rea(l to the fertile regions about the head of the 
 May of I'lindy. In 1671 .\cadie had white inhabitants to tin- 
 vast nmnber of four hundred and forty one, including the sol 
 diers on the I'laiobscot. It must be remembered that if .Acadie's 
 |)opulati()n was small then, her territory was large, anil took in 
 a goodly extent of Maine. Iiv i'')<^5, however, the population 
 had doubled, partly by immigration and partly liy natural in- 
 crease ; and thenceforth the settlements at ("hignecto and (Irand 
 Pre grew steadily, remote from the troubles of i'ort Royal, till 
 the great ruin of a later century overlook them. The pictur 
 es(|Ue figure of this |)eriod is the brave but lawless wood-ranger 
 baron, lord of scjiiaws. seigneur of savages. St ('astin. who 
 dwelt in his strong post on the Penobscot and kejit the gates of 
 Aeadie against the encroachments of New I'jigland. St. ("astin 
 had married a daughter of the great chief Matakando ; and h 
 inlluence, backed by fear and sweetened by gifts, was felt in all 
 the tribes of Aeadie. 
 
 IS 
 
 .\s far as Newfoundland is concerned. 
 
 the half centurv 
 
 |)receding the accession of William of Orange to the English 
 throne ( 1689) is little more than a blank in her stor\. The 
 great fish-merchants of the west of Paiyland held her in their 
 
 /t-..ri 
 
 :m^ 
 
it-: 
 
 Joo 
 
 m ll'ish !;l.t'.|> , iiiil li .1 llii n Ir-lii ili • hmilil m nnn \\;l\ In 
 |\n\cli n il, \.\\\ . \\i It pii'.'.t il (i It liiililmi'. i illi n\i iil np tin i I iinl 
 \ Il .iilini |<i ipiilil 11 m nl mil tlinii. iin I in ill. in. I itiiiii|i|i In 
 li'nK \tti 1 '>iMi'. ,n\il I'l ,11 m \miiit, \\,i. tin nlnn'.l (li:il tin 
 li .hni!' lotil'. w milil ,illii\\ iinl nn mii i milil lnnlil m i \ i it ii 
 p. til .1 lii'it'.i vxiihiitit I 111 I ii'.i ItMtn I iii'litid II I, nni ;li.in|'.i 
 ihil i'i>|Mil iliiMi I'liw '.liiwlv I 111 wi'inlii I- llvil :in\ \m li 
 
 Il 111 Mil '.i> I >i >li I 1 'I M ' 111 V.I mil 1 I . ii 1 11 It 1 1 I hi III .1 iv 1 ■; til ;i|;:iiir.t 
 '-Il Mil 1\ ,1 1 1 I 1 |i| ii>n I 111 m:iiii I mm I nl mil 1 1 .1 m iln ; jn lii nl 
 n- ihi III uinniii)^ kI iIu In in li ri.ln in ■. ipn ,111111 \'. 1 ;iil\ .r. 
 
 \l\\\ ihr I'lrllih unl li.lVi li' i|l\ li'-ll nil llli \ r« Inlim ll:ini I 
 
 shiMi'.. iin ,\ |i;i\inrni iil li\r |ii 1 11 nl nl iln pinilin 1 I'lr-li 
 inu till'- pi n ill pr 111 thr I It I 111 1-1. llli \ pl.lllli il I .It 1 111)1, ;ltlil Will 
 (iMnlii (I 1 I'lniU .11 ri.liillll.l (KKin^ I till in Milts l;l|it ll|i\ 
 
 niiilli I il ( ll.lil' - I I In II mil llli tlM pi I I I 111 p.l\ nil til III! II 
 
 llli \ ir,u 111 il mil •'linnijx in i\i'iv iliuilinii. nil ,1 I;iI)M' p.iil nl 
 ihi i^liind \\;is whiillv m tin 11 IimikI'- Winn .it IriiLilli Kin;' 
 \N illi.iin ni.itlr v\,ii on I mn^ \ I N . tin rm tn.ii liiiiml nl l'i;iiit i 
 m \( wtiMimil.uni w.i^ i;u 1 n ,!■- nin nl lin. it .I'-nii^, 
 
 ^ivrriJ^c: 
 
 i ■; 
 
 if ' 1^ 
 
II 
 
 « II M'l I I' \ III 
 
 SmiONS ;W. rtiinfotKif Rlnkoq tlip Fiip,li«ili (;(ilf.ni..s 3M, 
 fMti|ts nl r«u I noy;il ;i»i»l nl (^iiohfi . M.'irlr<l'<in«> fl>> In V't- 
 (lifMt's Ijp.-tlli of Tt iititCM.K ,'in, D'Mifr villc Ifl Mll'UfMt 
 n.iy, A( lulu', .'11111 Nfwfdimdl.uid 40, W.ir of Kif Sjitnish 
 Rill t f'sqidM. Fln.'il ( :Miii|iit>sl nf A(:;i(lir<. 41, nnpdtio, f'r fi- 
 f;M><5q, riiul WpqffMii F xpiiimififi. 
 
 iMi I I liil Mr. I'mIiiIiIiii i| iilliirl; ■III V'c« Vml; iilifiii'tMiiifl rinhtMiMC km.iIvi") I', 
 iiili' III!' C.iiitll-^li riil.ihlin. Ilii' IImI'I •■II SflHiiii'liiily. Ill" lliiliN nli ■'^nliin.ii FhIIm 
 
 ■ iimI I'll'WI \\<\ ) 
 
 _\y. Froiitmar Btrikrs thr F.iijrlish (olnnirs I lif 
 
 !',|r;ll l.iilll^ WIS '"i\v III l||c '.llllllllll 111 Ills s|i|( iKJdlll , ,ili(| il 
 
 .1 I nil ij lli.il III ' ' N'( w \\iiil(| (lilts' \\;t< lii'^ 'Adrij ii'it l,i ' 
 Mil Ir llir lllijr l',M);lh.li I llW .1 1 1( ( I llh; |i|,ili-,, lliric tlic [.re 
 .iim|il mills Imii|ii'i|'; sl.iii^liliiril lir. |ii (i|i|i ||i icsnKi <| tt, 
 |iiil Mild I III I I iIh- si Ihiih' III I II ii'iin illr ,iriil ( ijlirn s II' 
 WMiilil I Id Mill limn less 1 1 I.I 1 1 ii|iiiiiil 1 1 II \i w S'liik I oil III V I I IS 
 
 |iUI|iiiSC \\;ls ;l wlliilts.ilr IN | Ml I l;il |( ill (il llii (>',/ | lull h ;iiir| 
 
 ImuJisIi srilliis. Ill ( (iiii|i.ii isiiM with wliK II till l.iti r i \|i iiii iliori 
 I il I III' ,\i :lili HIS I IV 1 1 II' Imi|',IisIi will I III ;i|i|i( ,11 i|iiiti in .liMilli' ;ihl. 
 I 111' s( liciiii' \v;l'- (lillllij; , lull llir liii silis uliii li l.iiiii-, |i||)Vh|( 'I 
 111! I'M! Illlllf, Il wrir l,lll|^li;ilil\' llisllllli Hill I WM slii|is, Ik ,iriii^ 
 .iliuiil si\l('('M liiimlird suldicis, wi ir (iidi'ii (| to ( IiciI-iIhk to 
 II.hImmii, in A< sidic, ihric to ;iw,iil instni' Iimii-,. !■ r'lnii k.m , 
 iiiiiiit'<li;il«'lv im Ills jitiusil ;il (,liii'lic( , w;is to or^.iiii/'' ;i I, m'l 
 liiK r, mill iinsidc New \'otk l»v w.iy 'il lli'- Ri' IhIhii, -.'iidintr 
 uiiiil In tlic sliijis ;il ( 'ln'diil iiH lo when his army was ready to 
 stall, iintrdcr lli;il ihe two tones iiii^lil ror")|iet;ite. j'.iit endless 
 dri.ns ensued in llir lining ol the ships, and liirther del.iys from 
 head winds in crossing the oeean ; ;ind when the ships re,'i( herl 
 
 I ., 
 
 5 , 
 
 r 
 

 
 19$':: 
 
 It**' 
 
 i ?t 
 
 f! ■\ 
 
 t:'l; 
 
 Chcdahucto the season was so far gone that I'"r()iit(,'ila(' saw 
 himself forced to give up the enterprise. 
 
 Though lacking l)otli troops and money, Frontenac put new 
 
 hfe into (Canadian hearts, and the Indians felt the firmness ot 
 
 his hand. He had brought back the Irotjuois chiefs so basely 
 
 kidnapped by Denonville ; and these, after winning by his kind 
 
 ness tiieir fast friendship, he sent home loaded with gifts. Hut 
 
 by this time so low had sunk the French prestige, and so dili 
 
 gent were the intrigues of the ICnglish traders, that all the 
 
 northern and western tribes were on the point of making peace 
 
 with the Inxiuois, and going over in a body to the English. 
 
 Frontenac saw that he must strike the English at once, and 
 
 strike hard enough to revive in Indian breasts the old terror 
 
 of his name. In silent haste he organized three war-parties. 
 
 made up of the fierce and hardy ('anadian bush-rangers, and ol 
 
 ('hristian Indians from the missions. These he launched 
 
 through the wilderness in the dead of winter, against the l'>ng 
 
 lish borders. One band started from (^)uebec, one from 'i'hree 
 
 Rivers, and one from Montreal. That from Montreal, after a 
 
 march of terrible hardship under which less mighty sinews must 
 
 have failed, drew near the village of Schenectady on the Hud 
 
 son. Its palisades were buried in snow-drifts, the gates stood 
 
 0[)en and unguarded, the villagers slept in what they deemed 
 
 security. On a sudden the still and piercing cold of the nrd 
 
 night air was loud with war whoops : and the bewildered villagers 
 
 awoke to find the knives of their enemies at their throats. I'he 
 
 massacre was indescribable, .md for a time the (Christian Indians 
 
 of the party lommitted their atrocities unchecked. Then lln' 
 
 French interfered to save the ])()()r lemnant of the captives. .\ 
 
 Mr. (ilen, who in former days h;ul treated with kindness such 
 
 French prisoners as came in his way. was living across the rivei 
 
 from Schenectady. He |)Ut his house in a state of defence and 
 
 prepared to sell his life dearly ; but the French declared they were 
 
 not his enemies, but his debtors. They not only protected his 
 
 family and his pro|)erty, but gave uj) to him such of the cajjtives. 
 
 with their possessions, as he claimed to be his kin. The Indi 
 
 !! 
 
 ^ 
 
 mkmUJm 
 
lo.^ 
 
 
 'ninit)lc(l that Cilcn's kinsfolk were nstoiiishin''lv minioroiis 
 
 ■re IK 
 
 ■h 
 
 made no Ioiilt stav at Selienectaciv, hut hastened 
 
 iiai 
 
 k to Montreal with the tidint^s of their feat. Of the otiier two 
 
 parties, that from 'I'hree Rivers stole upon the slee])ing village 
 of Salmon l-'alls, in New Ham])shire. The terrible scenes of 
 S( henertady were repeated. Men and women, old and youni;, 
 were hutchered : the settlement was laid in ashes ; and many 
 |)()or wretches wiio escaped the hatchet were starved or frozen 
 in the woods. Such ])risoners as were taken here, however, wert- 
 Liuarded from the Indians, and sent in .safety to Quebec. Then 
 the third jjarty arrived, and the combined force moved down 
 
 ( "asco Hav. 
 
 Ih 
 
 ere they met a shar|) resistance. 
 
 •or several 
 
 (lavs tlie New ICnglanders held out. When at last they surren- 
 dered the fort, it was upon honourable terms, and on solemn 
 pledge of jirotection from the Indians. Hut with shameless 
 brutality the pledge was broken. 'I"he captives were lianded 
 over to the scalping-knife and the stake ; while fort and village 
 were levelled to the ground. 'I'he stain of this vile treachery 
 must rest upon Portneuf, the chief in command of the united 
 force. The Three Rivers party, under leadershij) of Hertel, 
 had shown itself bloody in as.sault, indeed, but honourable in 
 triumph. (1690.) 
 
 Throughout Canada the effect of these blows was visible at 
 once. The north west tribes ni.icle haste to |)ropitiate Frontenac, 
 trembling to see that his hand was heavy as of old. Success 
 seemed all at once to fill the air. A bant! of C'anadian rangers, 
 after meeting and I'utting to |)ieces a war-party of the Iro- 
 quois, brought down to .Montreal a vast store of furs which had 
 for three years been at cumulating at Michillimacinac. Tln'v 
 IkuI been kept back liy fear of the Iro(]uois. This arrival set 
 llowing once more in Canada the long stagnant cmrents of 
 trade: and the people praised heaven for their strong-handed 
 
 'overnor. 
 
 H 
 
 u. me 
 
 anwhile the stricken colonie.-. of New N'ork 
 
 an 
 
 d New England were atlame. The 
 
 l)l(jws which thev had 
 
 le atrocities 
 
 suffered were not those of civilized w.'rfare. 
 
 ;'ommitted at Casco, Samon I-'alls, Schenectady, lighted it 
 
 #■'1 
 

 < '': 
 
 w 
 
 lil':. f II' 
 
 lit 
 
 • 
 
 «;'■( 
 
 > _ .. 1 
 
 
 ■,l- i j ■ 
 
 ■5 Vi • 
 
 r i'v : 
 
 « VI. i 
 
 
 ■ 5;;: ' 
 
 
 r-: 
 
 .; , * 
 
 1 rf ; 1 
 
 104 
 
 hearts ot (lie I'jiglish ((ilonisis a thirst lor vriim'aiirc iicxcr l<( 
 he (|uciicIr'«I as loiin as till' I'lan ol llic Lilies Moated in New 
 I'lanei'. The fiL^lit lor New World I'jnpire now l)eean)e, not a 
 eor.test of poliev nierelv, hut a death grapple ol' iniitiial hale. 
 
 ( Si:i I ION :)s. sji Wjlliiiii riii|'-i iMi'l iiir^ I'm I Uiiyiil. I'Miliiir nT Win! Iiim|i -i \<]\ 
 pi'ililii'ii iiji.iiii'.l MniiliTiil. riiipi In'riiir (,liii'liiT. riiips llrlmliil .umI I^ihImc pillv 
 ricil. rill llrlniMf 111 111 Vi'iclicli's. Ilrillll 111 I'lMlllrlllH'.) 
 
 38. Sir William Phips at Port Royal and at Que- 
 bec. Madeleine de la Vercheres. Death of Fronten- 
 
 ac. I he l'"nglish colonies now ap|)oint».'(l delegates to meet in 
 eoinention at New N'ork and discuss thi' ( oininon peril. I'ind 
 ing that tlu'ie was no lu'lj) just then to he got Ironi (Ireat Brit 
 ain, New I'aigland and New N'ork together resolved upon the 
 coiKiui'st ol ('anada. I'irst the New I'aiglanders sent out a 
 
 torce to (K'stroN llu- hornets' nest 
 
 Acadit', which had stun 
 
 tht'in so often. The expedition consisted of seven small vessels 
 under Sir William I'hips. (ifxjo). I'ort Royal was in no con 
 dition for defence, its ram|tarts were ruinous, its guns half (lis 
 
 mounted 
 
 I HI 
 
 t M< 
 
 enneval, llu- govi-rnor, put on so ho 
 
 Id 
 
 a la( 
 
 that 1 hips gave hun honorahle tiaius. 
 
 W 
 
 hen lu' saw, howi've 
 
 the weakness of tlu- place, which he might have had for the 
 tak'iig, the \crv commercial New I'lngland ea|)taiii felt tin* he 
 had heen cheated. On a llimsv piiti'Xt he pillaged fort and 
 church, and carried off Nhameval and his garrison as |)risoner> 
 of war. Such of the private citi/cns as would take the oath ol 
 aliegianci' to I'Jigland weri' left undisturhed. 'I'he rist wire 
 
 sliame 
 
 Icssly plundere 
 
 Kut justice bids ("anadians •onfcs^ 
 
 that thert- wi're no hrutal atrocities, su<'h as had sta'iied the 
 l'"reiu'h attacks of ihe previous winter. On the return of I'hijis 
 to Boston with his hootv, a combined assault on Canada was 
 organized. Tlu' great colonv of Mass.ichusetts was to send a 
 igainst ( >uebec, while New Wnk despalclu'd an arinv to 
 
 Ik 
 
 Montreal. I'hips was |>ut in charge of the lli'et ; while tlu- land 
 force was led bv Colonel \\ inthio|). 
 
 The e\i)edition against Mcjiitreal ( I O90) was unlucky from 
 the beginning. Sickness 1 roke out among the troiips ; the sup 
 
lo; 
 
 [il\ (il ciiiofs ;iihI food \v;is iiisiillii ii ill ; llic li(i'|ii()is CiiKd to 
 kic|i llii'ir |ir(inii>Ls of ;ii(l ; ;iih1 iIic in.iin IhkK nt the (nnc ^oi 
 no tiirlluT tli;iii I ,;ikc ( 'l);mi|)l;iiii. A litili li.irul ol \()liinl(( is. 
 li(i\vi\(r, w.is ;ill((\vc(l Id )4(i l(ir\\;ii(l : .iiid lli(L;i(,it inl(r|ii isc 
 III l.ist ri//lc<l oil! in .1 1mii(I( r laitl on t!ir vill;i.L;i' ol l.;i rr.iiiic. 
 !■ loiilciKir \v;is tlicM ,it Monlicil, (l;in( iii}^ lie w;ii <l;in( ( willi 
 llir Indiansol Mirlulljniacinac While he w.is |)laiinin^4 a sharp 
 Kpiisal lor tliis tliihst, he ^ot news wliidi sent him (Kin;^ Itark 
 III (^)ii('Ih'c. I)(' ("alhrrcs, Monlrcal's hravc ^ovcinoi, was liid 
 dell to (oilow uilh all his tido|ts, and lo iiiiislci thi' militia ol 
 the sciniH'iirics on his \va\. 'Ihc New lainland llcrt was ain ad\ 
 at ladoiisaf. 
 
 ( )urlicc, since I'rontenae's retiiin, had had its deieiiees iniK h 
 stnai^thened, partieiilarh on the landward and weaker side. 
 \ow tlu'V were InstiK reinioreed with hii^e heams and tasks 
 lull of stone. The Itatleries o( the Ipper I'ou n and aloiiL; the 
 ii\('r"s t'd^e were l;o| ready foi' ailion. Ahoiit 2700 re^iular 
 troops and niihtia were leathered wilhin tiie wails. 'The Iteaii 
 port and r>eau|ire shores helow thi' ( it\, wheie the ( niuu nii^^hl 
 seek to land, were ^Mar<led l)\' Canadian woodsmen. .\t dawn 
 of an ( )etol)er mornini;, wlu'ii all was m rea(hness, die lioslile 
 ships apjieared, slowK roimdiiiL; the tureen shores ol ()rleans 
 Island. 
 
 Sir William I'hips had thirt\ two vess( Is, lar!.:e and small. 
 and a force of ahout twiiih two hundred nun. W Inn he found 
 liimsi'lf fice to lace with his heaw la^k. the slupeiidoiis ro( k 
 of (JiH'hee with ils ramp.irls and ils halUries ma\ well lia\e 
 dauntt'd his roii^h spirit, 'j'hert' was stir of milit;,r\ pomp m 
 llu' iit\, and llu' Meur de i.ys (lapjied defianlK on the ( le ir au 
 tumnal air. liiil il t!ie Ni'W hai^laiider fell any hesiiation. il 
 did not now a|»pt.'ar. I h' sent a herald into the (il\ lo (k'lnand 
 capitulation " ithin an hour. lilindfoldt <l, and l)\ desious wa\s. 
 the messenger was led up lo l''ronteiiae's ( hateau, where, in iIk 
 midst of an imposing' eompaii)', he deli\ered his ( iiri message 
 and laid his watcli upon the talde. Hut (^)iiel)i( was not Toil 
 ko\al. 'The l''rench oflieers nildeiud .inuriU at the wtads (j| 
 
 m 
 
 
 '■ )i 
 
 .1 il 
 
 14 
 
 
 ■)." 
 
I! 
 
 ir;j 
 
 
 1 ( 
 
 ^"1M 
 
 io6 
 
 I'lii|).s, ixnd firry sliort was I'VontLMiac "s rtply tliat his guns would 
 give his answer. 
 
 After some delav the attack began. Major W'alley, tlie sec- 
 ond in command, with thirteen hundred men and some small 
 tield-pieces, coiirageonslv forced a landing on the livuuport 
 shore, while the ships o|)ene(l fire on the town. 'I'he plan was 
 that this land force should assail the city in the reai under cover 
 of the bombardment. Hut the raw New England troops, har- 
 assed ceaselessly by the nimble Indian skirmishers and opposed 
 by a battalion of hardy Canadian veterans, were foiled in everv 
 attempt to cross the Charles. After three days of battle, half 
 starved and half-frb/en they sullenly retreated to their ships. 
 They left five of their cannon stuck in the Heauport mud ; but 
 they had accjuittetl themselves, as their enemies said,- like men. 
 .\s for the bombardment, it had |)r()ved innocent enough 
 against the strong walls of the city : while the ships, on the 
 other hand, had been riddled by the guns of the batteries 
 Phips realized, at last, the magnitude of his undertaking. He 
 withdrew behind Isle d'( Vleans to repair his battered hulls ; and 
 then sailed back with his chagrin to Boston. Hy this defeat 
 Massachusetts was overwhelmed in mortification and in debt ; 
 but Canada held services of praise in all her churches, and ded- 
 icated a chapel to " Notre Dame de la X'ictoire."' At the king's 
 command a medal was struck, bearing, this inscription :• 
 I'K.wtiA IN Nova Okiii. \kirix; Kkhkxa I.iiikkata A. |). 
 MDCXC. 
 
 For the next few years the history of C!anada presents but a 
 series of raids and counter raids, together with bitter internal 
 strife between I'Yontenac and his followers on the one side, the 
 Hishop and the Jesuits on the other. In this ([uarrel the king 
 was comi)elled to interfere ; and I-'rontenac a|)pears to have had 
 the best of it. Among the disasters of the time stands out the 
 massacre of l,a (!hesnaye, wherein the inhabitants of a whole 
 village were slain f)r taken ca|)tive. Amcjng the heroic deeds 
 of the time shines that of Madeleine de la \'ercheres. Thi'^ 
 girl of fourteen, daughter of the Seigneur de la \'ercheres, dwelt 
 
 I ) 
 
lO 
 
 in wliat li;is ht-en cnlled tlic "Castle I );uijit'i()us " of ("anad.i. -o 
 lAposrd uas it to Inxiiiois assault. One morning, when Iut 
 lather was away at (^)iic'l)t'c, her i)c'0])lf out at labour in the 
 lirlds. and slic left in the fort with only two soUliers, her two 
 vounger l)rc)thers. and an old man of eighty for garrison, the 
 lidiiuois came. The men gave up in instant despair : hut tlu' 
 heroic girl sliamed and threatened them hack to manhood. 
 l>v a siiow of confidence she helil the savages at hay till a few 
 women from the fields gained the fort : and she conducti'd the 
 (li'fense so tirelessly and shrewdly that for a week the enem\ 
 were foiled. She found no mean assistants in her two small 
 brothers, twelve and ten years old. ,vho handled their guns with 
 wondrous skill and hardihood. Thus the exigtncies of the 
 lime made heroes of our women and our children. When helj) 
 arrivefl from Montreal, instead of nameless horrors and smoking 
 ruins they found the garrison safe and a girl of fourteen in 
 command. 
 
 In 1696 I'"rontenac led a strong force into the heart of the 
 Irocjuois country. These proudest of savages durst not face him 
 ill hattU', hut fled at his coming. He hurned the chief towns 
 of the Onondagas, including the great council-house of the 
 whole confederacy ; and also devastated the land of the Oneidas. 
 
 This energetic action steadied once more the ever-wavering 
 tnhes of north and west ; and it brought the Iroquois envoys to 
 (^)uel)ec with ])rayers and wampum belts. While negotiations 
 of peace were dragging on, there came word that England and 
 
 h'rance had settled their dititiculties by the treaty of Ryswick. 
 (1697). In November of the following \ear. dauntless and a 
 ruler of men to the last, the old lion of Canada died. (1698). 
 
 (Ski THIN :iii. -'I'liii'c iilii's n( strife ill Ni>i'tli Aiiiriic.i. D'lliriA illi' ill lluilsoii Itiiy. 
 
 |iis|'itiil liiiiiinliii'lrs nf Acailir. Ilnnlri wiiifiirc lirtui'iii .\r:iilii Mini Nrw KiijjI.'iihI. 
 Ii Mill villc ilc'stinys Kurt Williiiin liiMiry ;it l'i'iii!ii|iiiil. Ii llin \ illr - \ iclni ir.-- iii Ni'« ■ 
 I'lniillainl. Tlif I'li'iilv ol' UysHick. i 
 
 39. D'lberville in Hudson Bay, Acadie, and New- 
 foundland, liefore pursuing (.'xeiits across the threshold <i( 
 the century, we must go back a few \ears and see what was 
 
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 heing doiK- in tlic Acadian land. Ilosidcs the j^roat struggle over 
 the posst'ssion of the lakes and the Mississijjpi, in which Canada 
 and Nesv N'ork engaged with so much heat, there were three 
 other lentres of strife in North America. Amid the icy desola- 
 tion of Hudson IJay, and about the austere coasts of Newfound- 
 land, I'Vance and Ijigland were at each other's throats ; while 
 along between New ICngland and Acadie was a line of blood 
 and fire. 
 
 On Huilson I'ay, after the cajHure of the three forts, Hayes, 
 Albany, and Rui)ert, as described in an earlier chapter, only the 
 post of i'"()rt Nelson remained to ICngland. I.ate in the war the 
 valiant I )'Iberville, fresh from trium|)lis in Acadie and New- 
 foundland, entered Hudson l>ay and met three armed English 
 merchantmen. These, after a hot fight, were captured ; and 
 soon afterwards Fort Nelson shared their fate. 'I'hus all the 
 Hudson's P>ay region was brought under the flag of the !>our- 
 bons,— but only to be handed l)ack U) l^igland by the 'I'reaty 
 of Ryswick. (1697.) 
 
 As for Acadie, she liad long been neglected in favour of the 
 St. Lawrence valley. Though desirable in herself, she was not 
 considered so vital a part of the edifice of French {)ower in 
 America. Her borders were continually changing hands. The 
 I'lench claimed the line of the Kennel)ec as the western limit 
 of Acadie ; and mvir the mouth of this river stood the fort of 
 l\'maquid, a bone of contention from its birth, 'i'he New Eng- 
 landers claimed that Acadie's western border was the river St. 
 (,'roix, which now divides New Brunswick from Maine. If, 
 however, Acadie was somewhat neglected by the (iovernment, 
 she was by no means forgotten by the Church. Among the 
 Abenakis of the Kennebec and I'enobscot, the Melicites of the 
 St. John, and the Micmacs of the peninsula, the influence of 
 the missionaries dwelling among them was all but supreme. 
 
 We have seen I'hips ca[)turing Fort Royal in 1690, before 
 his great repulse at (^)uel)ec. F)Ut though he took it, he couki 
 not hold it ; and soon after he left the French resumed possess- 
 ion. 'I'he new governor, Villebon, to be safer from Massa- 
 
I09 
 
 ( luiSL'tts visitors,* ronioved his hcadquarlcrs to the mouth of 
 ihr Nashwaak stream, opjjositc the point now occupied by 
 I'Vedericton. (1692). Here he l)uilt a pahsaded fort, wlience 
 he directed liie l)loody raids of the Indians against the border 
 ^clllement of New 1-Jigland. On these raids Baron St. (!astin 
 'l"he (.lefenceless villai^es of V'ork and Oys- 
 
 did deadly service. 
 
 ter Hay were laid waste, tiieir ruins reeking with the l)lood of 
 men and children ; but at Wells the raiders were beaten off 
 
 un 
 
 by a handful of settlers in a block house. These barbarities 
 were regarded by l-'rontenac as a uecessity, in order to hearten 
 his Indian allies and i)revent them going over to the English. 
 It must be remembered, in explanaticjn rather than excuse, that 
 a vein of cruelty had been tem])()rarily excited in the Canadians 
 by the fiendish cruelties which they had themselves suffered 
 from the Iro(}Uois. To their laptives, however, they were by 
 no means cruel, 'i'hey treated their prisoners so kindly that 
 many of these were most reluctant to be ransomed or exchanged. 
 In 1692 the New ICnglanders rebuilt l""ort William Henry, 
 at Pemacjuid, which had been destroyed by the Indians. This 
 time they made it a strong stone structure. It jutted out into 
 the sea, and was a ceaseless threat to the Abenakis, cutting off 
 their expeditions along the coast. A few years later the I'Vench 
 sent D'Iberville with two ships of war to reduce it. D'Iberviile 
 sailed into the Bay of I'undy to take on i)(xu"d \illebon and his 
 Indians. There he fell in with two I-jiglish frigates and a Bos- 
 ton sloop, and a fierce but unetiual Ijattle took |)lace. One of 
 the English frigates was captured, when on the ])oint of sinking 
 under the enem\"s heavy broadsides ; and tiie other two vessels 
 escaped in the thick fog which had closed about the struggle. 
 The victor then sailed on to Bemacjuiil, a swarm of St. Castin's 
 .Abenakis following in their canoes to aid in the destruclioii of 
 the hated fort. When summoned to surrender, the comm. nd- 
 
 * The loiiutteiiess of the XiisliwaaU Koit, liowover, ilid not 
 from attack. In the autuiiiii of Ki'.tlJ it received a visit from . 
 chiisett.s force under t'olonel Hawthotiie ami old Hen Chni 
 scourge of the (.'aiiadian settlements. The New Kni_danders, I 
 wereheaten oil' by Villelton and his Indian allies ; and theii' sloo 
 all haste out of the river. 
 
 
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 ant of l-'nrt William Henry replied with fine defiance ; hut on St. 
 t'astin's hint that if his Indians should be enraj^ed by a stub- 
 born resistance he would not be able to restrain theni, the \e\v 
 ICnglander's vabur weakened. On tasting the effect of a few 
 shells from I)'Iberville"s big guns, the remnant of it (|uite faded 
 out, and the fort capitulated. D'Iberville sent the prisoners 
 away under guard, to |)rotect them from the Indians, who hated 
 the commandant, Chubl), for some past treacheries. The fort 
 was levelled to the ground. 
 
 After this triumjih a daring scheme for the capture of Bos 
 ton was elaborated, but it fell to |)ieces through various delay 
 and accident. D'Iberville, however, continued his exploits. 
 He sailed with his little force to Newfoundland, where at this 
 time, (1696) the French had but one settlement, the strong. 
 fortified colony of IMacentia I5ay. The English had a fort and 
 settlement at St. John's, with undefended fishing hamlets along 
 the shores, besides a fortified post at Honavista. Acting with the 
 govern(ir of Placentia, one iJrouillan by name, D'Iberville took 
 St. John's and laid it in ashes. Then, separating from Brouil- 
 lan, he led his little band with great sufferings through the win- 
 ter wilderness, and ravaged all the English settlements but Bon- 
 avista and Carbonear. He was making ready to complete the 
 conquest, when with sjjring came orders for him to go to 
 Hudson Bay. How he fared there we have seen in a former 
 paragraph. Having achieved all these successes in the north. 
 D'Iberville* turned his invincible energies toward the south 
 and founded for France the great colony of Louisiana. 
 
 By the treaty of Ryswick, in whit-h William III gained the 
 formal recogniti'on of F^urope and the hopes of James II were 
 forever crushed, I'Yance and England restored to each other all 
 places taken in the war. As far as the colonies were i^oncerned. 
 these eight years of bloodshed had brought the question of New 
 
 * l)"Ibei'ville was a native Canailiiui. und of a true Caiiailiaii tyju'. 
 He was a son of (.Iliarlcs le Moyiie of Montreal, a man ilistinguislied for 
 his Itravery and for his services to Canada. Tlie gi'eatest of these sei- 
 vioe.s may be co\inted the gift of his eleven sons, of whom D'Ibeivillf 
 was tlie gi'eatei?t, hut all were i» '>\\ned. D'Iberville was l)oin in Mon- 
 treal in KMil, and died in Cuba, 170(). 
 
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 Wdrld cmpiro no nearer a solution. They had well opened 
 iiii'n's eyes, however, especially the eyes of the colonists them- 
 selves, to the real nature of the struj^'j^le and the real points at 
 i>' lie. There could now be no lasting peace till one side or 
 I he other should he acknowledged master of the continent. 
 Soon after J'Yontenac's death his jjolicy was seen triumphant. 
 Callieres, his successor, concluded a lasting peace with the 
 Inxjuois, who never again gave any serious trouble. 'I"he 
 iiibes of north and south grew steady in their allegiance to 
 I raiice. All this was Frontenac's work, which C'allieres but 
 1 ()nii)leted for him. 
 
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 (Skitihn 40,- Tlir Wiir nf till' S|iiiiii>li Siicci'ssicin. Petty '.viiiriirc in .Xinciic.i. 
 Sc)iriiics iiiiil ciiiHitiT scliriiit's. .NicliiilsiHi tiikcN INmI Kcviil iiiiil iiiiil rriiiiiiii's it .An- 
 ri:i|inli.s liiiyiil. Till' l-';iiliiic (if .sii Hnvcilcii Wulkri-. Tlir 'Prciity nf irticcht.) 
 
 40. War of the Spanish Succession. Final Con- 
 quest of Acadie. Ihe peace sealed by the Treaty of Rys- 
 wick lasted but five years. Then, in 1702, broke out the war 
 known to history as the War of the Spanish Succession. France 
 and S[)ain fought against England, Austria, and Holland, to 
 decide what j)rince should sit on the Spanish throne. As far 
 as France and England were concerned, this was really a colon- 
 ial war. 'I"he (juestion of supremacy in the New World was at 
 issue. Eouis Xl\' wished to put his grandson, Philip of Anjou, 
 on the throne of Sixain, in order that France might share in the. 
 huge trade monopoly of Sjjanish America, anfi that the two 
 powers together might crush out the conmiercial life of the 
 English colonies, as well as the ocean trade of England herself. 
 The war, therefore, was not a war of kings but a war of com- 
 merce. The (juestion of the S[)anish crown was a tpiestion of 
 the luiglish pocket. lingland and her allies resolved that not 
 I'hilip, but the Austrian Archduke (!harles, a {)rince hostile to 
 Louis, should rule the destinies of Spain. 'I'he great battles 
 which ICngland's general, Marlborough, fcnight and won in 
 Furope, — Blenheim, Ramilies, Oudeiiarde, Malplaquet, -were 
 battles for New World empire, just as much as if they had been 
 fought on the St. Lawrence, the St. John, or the Hudson. 
 
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 In Aiiuri'ii, howiAtr. the slni^glc took ihv lonii of \vli;il 
 tlu' I'Vi'Mcli called /(•//'/(• x//crn\ a war of petty riuls and sur 
 |>riscs. I'Vi'iich |)rivati'frs scourged the ICnulisli coast settle 
 iiieiits, while the blustering old I'liritan, lien ('lunch, with hi^ 
 lleet of Massaclnisetts whale-boats, harried the Acadian villaj^e^ 
 around the head of the May of l''undy. The lMi}i;lish colonies 
 were ra|)i(llv growing in wealth and population, but ("or lack ol 
 luiiled action tlu'V were feeble in war. A sclu'iiie of union was 
 |)ro|)osed, and heartily a|)proved by King W'illiain ; but the 
 colonies, jealous and suspicious of each otlu'r from tlu' bi'gin- 
 ning, turni'd a deaf ear to it. In Acadii' the fort on the 
 Naslnvaak lost its importance, and I'ort Royal again became 
 tiu' capital. Isarly in this war I'.oston sent another fleet to 
 capture I'ort Royal, hating it as the lair of the I'Vench privateers 
 who marred her commerce ; but the attack was ignominiousK 
 beaten off. Meanwhile tiie Mar(|uis de \'audrcuil, who had sue 
 ceeded ("allierc;s as Ciovcrnor of Canada, despatched a war-party 
 of l''rench and Indians under llertel, who crept laboriousK 
 through the wilderness and fell upon the defenceless village ol 
 Haverhill on the Merrimac. The old story of ruthless massacri' 
 was repeated, women and children falling under the hatchet. 
 Prisone's and bootv in abundance were carried off to (^)uebe( . 
 
 This outrage stirred up the colonies to a fury which n((thing 
 less than the conquest of Canada would appease. As in former 
 schemes, this was to be accom|)lishe(l by two invasions at onct. 
 (Quebec was to be assailed by water, and Montreal by land. 
 When rumour of the scheme reached Canada, \'audreuil set 
 himself to checkmate it by an invasion of New N'ork. Scheme 
 and counter-scheme alike came to nothing. The shi|)s wiiicli 
 wert' to have sailinl from I'aigland for (Quebec were turned at 
 the last moment against the Spaniards. 'i"he army which should 
 have taken Montreal got no furtiier than Lake Chan'plain. 
 where the Irocpiois, pursuing their old policy, withdrew their 
 support. An epidemic, also, weakened the troops, and robbed 
 them of all heart. Waudreuil's expedition fared no better, bul 
 melted away by desertion and disobedience before it came in 
 sight of the English borders. 
 
 f 
 
liiil llu' colonii's wi'iv now will aroiist^l. In 170c) nn i'\- 
 |iitliti(iii liiidtT ("oloiiL'l Nicholson, iniidi' up ot ICnglisli sliips 
 ,111(1 colonial soldiiTs, was or^'ani/cd for the captiin.- of (^)iicln.'c. 
 lis the tinu.' it was ri'ady winter was close at hand. It was too 
 Kile to tliink of (.)iU'licc, with the risk ol hein^ entra|)pt'(l by the 
 K e ; hut Acadie lay within reach. I'ort Royal was now com- 
 inanded by the hrave Suherca.se ; hut it was ill rorlified, ill pro- 
 visioned, and almost without aniuuniition. W'hi'n Nicholson's 
 swarui of ships a|)poared in the harbour, Subercase knew his 
 jilight was hopeless. Hut he put on a bold front, and resisted 
 Ml hotly for a time that he got honourable terms for his half- 
 starved .garrison. With ll\ing colours and the |iom|) of ilriuns 
 ;ind bugles he marched his tattered troops out of the fort ; and 
 I'ort Royal passed, this time fmally, into the ki-eping of ICng- 
 land. Nicholson changed its name to .\nna|)olis Royal, m 
 honour of (^)ueen Anne, lie repaired its defences, and left it 
 with a strong garrison. On the heels of his departure came the 
 fierce old woodsman, St. Castin, with the hordes of his Indians, 
 and laid close siege to Annai)olis Royal ; but the New I'Jig- 
 landers came safely through this peril and at last the wearied 
 Indians stole away. 
 
 Having secured Acadie, Nicholson set his heart upon (^)ue- 
 liec. I'Jigland had scored such triumphs in ICuro|)e that she 
 could now si)are troops for America. Seven of Marlborough's 
 best regiments, victors at Oudenarde and Ramilies, were sent 
 out under (leneral Sir John Hill; and the trans|)orts contain- 
 ing them were convoyed by a fleet of fifteen warships uiukr 
 .Xdmiral Sir Hoveden Walker. This great force gathered at 
 lioston to perfect the plan of attack. As usual, an army for the 
 capture of Montreal was organized on the Hudson. It looked 
 as if the inevitable hour had at last come for New France : but 
 (Ic X'audreuil strengthened the defences of (Quebec, posted his 
 veteran troo|)s at ('hambly to cover Montreal, and awaited the 
 blow. The blow never fell. Admiral Walker was both obstin- 
 ate and incompetent. The elements, moreover, fought against 
 him. When at length he entered the St. Lawrence he laughed 
 
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 at the warnin};-^ of his pilot and led his licet too near the north- 
 ern shore. Among the fatal reefs and shoals of the Kgg Islands, 
 eight of his tall hattle-shijjs were shattered ; and that desolate 
 coast was sown thick with wreckage and with the bodies of the 
 drowned. Stunned by the calamity, NN'alker Hed away to l')ng- 
 land with the fragments of his ill-starred force ; and every stee|)le 
 in Canada rang with the joy of the great deliverance. (1710). 
 'I'he land-force, under Nicholson, had li ft .Mbany some 
 weeks after the sailing of Walker from Boston. 'l"he fatal news 
 overtook it on Lake ('hamplain. 'I'here was nothing left for 
 Nicholson to do but march ingloriously home again. Three 
 years later (1713) the Treaty of Utrecht brought peace, a 
 |)eaee whic:h marked an enormous ex|)ansion of the ])ower and 
 glory of tvngland. l-'rom Spain she wrested the Asiento Con- 
 trat^t, which gave her a share in the vast traffic* of Spanish 
 America. I'Vom I'" ranee she forced the cession of Acadie, New- 
 foundland Hudson Bay Territory, and the rich island of St. 
 Christopher in the West Indies. 1*" ranee retained in Acadie 
 the island of Cape Breton, (at that time called He Royale), the 
 islands in the (lulf of St. Lawrence, (including what is now- 
 known as I'rince lOdward Island), and certain fishery rights 
 along a part of the Newfoundland coast. At last l'"atc was be- 
 ginning to show which rival she would favour. 
 
 (Sr.nioN 41.— Till' position ol'tlii' iiiitat;onists at lln- Tiraty of I'ticdit. Dftinit. 
 Till' l''oiirjcliiiK of Lcniislnini';;. Tlir Acailiaiis. (friiwtli of Caiiaila. Tlii' Kifiiuli lieliiii'l 
 tlir AlU'HJianics. Vcrernlryt' aiul tlif jjicat Noilh Wc-t.) 
 
 41. Repose, Progress, and Westward Expansion. 
 
 -Cireat Britain, never before so powerful, was now overtopping 
 all her rivals in Kurope, while in Ameri-.-n she had made vast 
 inroads upon the territory of New France, liven yet, however, 
 one might have argued with show of reason that the future of 
 the continent would lie rather in the hands of France than of 
 Fngland. Cape ]ireton, the gate of the (iulf, was French. 
 
 *'l'lie tnost luoiative portion of tliis v.is the slave trade. In enter- 
 ing upon lliis ini(piit(»us trade, Kn;„d,and, it must ho renienibered, was 
 no worse than her neigldmrs. Th*' . y .s of the civilized worhl were not 
 tiien opened to tiie wiukednesM vi ihv.i crime againat humanity. 
 
"5 
 
 I'Vcnch were the two vast watriways, the St. I.awrc'iici' and tin- 
 Mississippi. I'VlmkIi were those island oceans, thi' ( Ireat Lakes : 
 and to I'Vance hiy open ail honndless possiltilities of tlu' west, 
 i'he prospect was a fair one, and it is iu)t stranye if slic stro\c 
 Ity secret niean.s to keep her hold on the hearts of tiie .\cadians, 
 trusting some day to win hack their treasured |>eninsiila. 
 
 Marly in the war a noted (Canadian fighter and fur trader. 
 La Motte (Cadillac, had established a fort at hetroit, on the 
 waterway i)etween Lakes ICrie .ind Huron, thus conipleling the 
 ciiain of Krench supremacy in fhe lake region and securing the 
 connection between the St. Lawrence and Mississipj)! routes. 
 .About this fort, an ol)ject of hatred to the I'Jiglish and to the 
 tribes in alliance with thein, surged for years an almost ceaseless 
 >trife ; but the Lrencii held their own, and kept the highway 
 open between Canada and Louisiana. For the rest of Canada, 
 however, the Treaty of Utrecht bega?i a long period of |)eaci'fiil 
 growth. QiJ*-''"-'*^- ^^ 'his date had 7,000 inhabitants, Montreal 
 ^,000, and all the rest of Canada about 16,000. 
 
 The I'Yench now set themselves to guard the entrance to 
 the (lulf and secure their grip on Cape |{ret(jn. Thitlu'r were 
 taken the inhabitants of the IMacentia May settlement. On a 
 safe and roomy haven, then known as ICnglish Harbour, they 
 built the town of Louisbourg. The story of Louisbourg is a 
 romance. In its fortifications, which were of vast extent and 
 designed by Vauban, the most celebrated engineer of the day, 
 neither money nor toil was spared. So mighty a stronghold 
 was it made, that men knew it as the " Dunkirk* of America." 
 Ueing the head(|uarters for French privateers in the AUantic, 
 it was a ceaseless threat to the Knglish colonies ; and its effc't 
 on Acadie was dangerous., for it sujjplied a market to the 
 .Vcadians and ke[)t them from peaceful acceptance of Knglish 
 rule. Seeing this great stronghold close at hand, they could 
 not but think that all Acadie would be brought once more be- 
 neath the flag of France. 
 
 * Dunkirk was a fortitied seaport of iiimu^iisc .'<tirnj,'t!i on tiic iiortli 
 civ.st const of Kiunce. After Louis .\IV Imd iiiipioVfil its fortiticiitions 
 it was legarded as iiiipreguublc. 
 
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 fir, 
 
 l)Lirin;4 lliis |)t.'ri(Kl ICiinlisli coloni/ation niadi- no progress 
 in Aradii', which rcniaiiu-d i)racti<ally a I'Vunch province. The 
 I'lnt^lish hckl Annapohs, rornicrly Port Royal, where, as in 
 French days, the successivi' jj;overnors resided. Tliey had also 
 .' fishing post at ("anso. on the eastern extremity of tin," ])enin 
 sula. 'I'he Acadians dwelt on thi- rich lands which they had 
 diked in from the sea, having ])opiil()iis settlements on the An- 
 na|)olis river, on the Hasin of .Minas, and on the isthmus con 
 necting Nova Scotia with the mainland. 'I'hese |)eople, with 
 the might of Louisbourg in their view, steadily refused to take 
 the oath of allegiance to the Knglish cro'vn, unless with a res- 
 ervation that they should never he called upon to fight against 
 I'rance. 'I'hey professed to he strictly neutral ; hut in reality, 
 stirred up by emissaries from (^)uel)ec who strove to keep them 
 faithful to I'Yench interests, they aided the hostile Indians and 
 their countrymen at Louishourg. About this time the fertile 
 island of St. John, (now the Province of Prince ICdward Island), 
 began to be taken up by Acadian families who were unwilling to 
 live beneath the iMiglish sway. 
 
 In Canatla there svas steady i)rogress under the long rule oi' 
 de Vaudreuil. 'i'he inhabitants cultivated flax and hem[), and 
 were at length permitted to manufacture their own clothes of 
 the coarser kind. 'I'hough the fur-trade was, as of old, the main 
 support of the colony, yet greater attention began to be paid to 
 the rich shore fisheries. Ship-building flourished, and a con- 
 siderable traffi(" in lumber, fish-oil, and pork was opened ii[) 
 with the West Indies. Hut there was practically no immigra- 
 tion to (Canada, such as was filling up the Knglish colonies : 
 and the population grew very sluggishly. The old rivalry be- 
 tween French and Knglish remained as keen as ever, but it took 
 forms of stratagem and policy rather than of bloodshed. Oain 
 ing through their missionaries the good-will of the Senecas, the 
 French again planted a fortified post at Niagara, on land which 
 was Claimed by New V'ork as Knglish territory. 'I'he governor 
 of New York retorted by the erei tion of a fort at Oswegcj, 
 which undid the advantages of the French post. 
 
117 
 
 On the (L'lith of N'audrciiil in 1725 the Mai-(Hiis do Heauhar- 
 iiois was a])|)()iiitcd governor. He turned his attention detinite- 
 Iv to the i)ur|)()se of fencing in the English colonies. F-R.- pro- 
 ]i(i>e(l that no ICngiisli settler shcnild he allowed to ])lant his 
 cihin l)cyond the Alleghanies. 'I'o [)revent the spread of those 
 tenacious pioneers further northward, IJeauharnois built a strong 
 Tort at the head of the narrows of l,ake ('haniplain. This be- 
 came the famous stronghold of (!rown Point. 
 
 Hut the most memorable achie\ement of this long |)eace in 
 Canada was the opening of the far north west by thi' Sieur de 
 la N'erendrye. In 1731 X'erendrye started westward from Mich- 
 illiiiiaekinac- with a party made up of his three sons, a bold 
 lesuit missionary, and a few picked coitn'urs dt's /n>is. The In- 
 dians had told him stories of the great Lake Ouinipon ;* and 
 this watei was the immeihate object of his (|uest. By altirnate 
 paddling and portaging through that stern wilderness north west 
 of bake Superior he reached in the following summer a large 
 lake which he called the Lake of the Woods. On its shores he 
 established the stockaded trading post of I''ort St. Charles, and 
 here they had a skirmish with those Iroquois of the North-\\'e>>t, 
 the Sioux, in which one of Verendrye's sons was killed. I'Vom 
 the Lake of the Woods they descended the wild current of the 
 Winnipeg river till they reached the lake they sought. Cross- 
 ing its turbulent waters, X'erentlrye ascended Red River, anil at 
 its junction with the Assinaboiin; he built I'ort Rouge, where 
 now stands our western metro])olis, the t'ity of Winnipi'g. Ls- 
 tablishing their headi|uarters in these new regions, XC-etidrye 
 am! his sons explored and built trading-posts in every direction, 
 viMting Lakes Manitoba and Winnipegoosis, and asceiuling the 
 Saskatchewan to its Forks. In their footsteps foUoweil other 
 Canadian traders ; and great was the increase in the stream of 
 furs that flowed through the tradiiiu-houses of Montreal anil 
 (^)uebec. At length in 1742, one of the' youtiger X'erenuryes 
 crossed over to the Missouri, ])ushed up its broad and turbid 
 flood, and on New Wear's Day, 1743, had sight of the f.. '.i^, 
 
 'Winnipeg. 
 
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 slvy-picn-ing .summits of the Rocky MounUiins. OiIilt Cana- 
 dian explorers, ])ushing eagerly northward, discoveretl the Atha- 
 bascatmd then the Peace river, and at their junction built Fort 
 Chippewyan. In the meanwhile, however, the unwonted peace 
 had come to an end. l-'rance and England had again |)lunged 
 into the struggle. 
 
 CHAl'TER IX. 
 
 SECTIONS : -42, The War of the Austrian Succession. Pep- 
 perell's Capture of Louisbourg. 43, Louisbourg Restored 
 to France. Boundary Disputes. 44, The English Hold 
 Tightens on Nova Scotia. 45, Fall of Beausejour, and Ex- 
 pulsion of the Acadians. 46, The Struggle in the West. 
 
 (SSKcrriiiN l-J. — Ciiiisi's of till' Will'. l)iiVi\i('i' iittiicks AllIllll"lli^. Xrw Kii^laii'l 
 plans tlir CaptiU'L' nf Ldiii.sliniirj.'. rrpipi-rcll I'tfccts ii liiiiiliii>; at. (iabaiiis Hay. I.uiii^- 
 biiur^t. Till' Sii'ni'. Till' (.'aptiiii'.) 
 
 42. The War of the Austrian Succession. Pep- 
 perell's Capture of Louisbourg. This long peace, as far 
 
 as Europe was concerned, had been the mere re[)ose of exhaust- 
 ion. When the nations had recovered, France and ICngland 
 only awaited an excu.se for flying again at each other's throats. 
 Their rivalry in the New World had been intensifying through 
 the twenty-seven years of peace : and a new jealousy was 
 growing uj) between them on the thronged plains of India. 
 The excuse for war was given by the death of the Emperor 
 Charles \'I, who left the throne of Austria to his daughtir. 
 -Maria There.sa. The Salic Law, excluding women from the 
 throne, governed in Austria ; but Charles had set it aside and 
 obtained, by what is known to history as the Tragmatic .Sanc- 
 
 ^^ 
 
119 
 
 timi, the assent of most of the European powers. Inimechately 
 after his death, however, I'Vanee, S[)ain and liavaria si.irang for- 
 ward to drag down the new emi)ress, and to |)lare ("harles Al- 
 Icrt of Bavaria on the throne. England tlirew herself into the 
 hattle, as the i-hanipion of the young enijjress. This was chiv- 
 alrous ; but it had a v,;ry praetieal basis, too, for I'Vanee and 
 Spain were planning to crush En{.'land"s colonies and to sweep 
 jjiglish commerce off the sea. 
 
 Presently the war broke out in Xo^a Scotia. 'Ihe governor 
 of Louisbourg, judging the tinie ripe for the recapture of the 
 peninsula, sent a force of nearly a thousand men under Du 
 \ivier against Annapolis Royal. Canso was ciL-stroyed on the 
 wav, and its people sent prisoners to Eouisbourg. Annajjolis 
 was weal.'ly garrisoned, weakly fortified ; but its governor, Paul 
 Mascarene, was indomitable. Harassed night and day he held 
 the feeble post, not to be concjuered by violence, n<)t to be de- 
 ceived by stratagem. At length Du Vivier told him that a 
 strong fleet was on its way from Eouisbourg, whose heavy guns 
 would knock .\nnapolis down about his ears. If he would ca- 
 ])itulate at once, before the fleet's arrival, Du \'ivier offered hon- 
 ourable terms. Upon this the ICnglish officers wished to yield, 
 but .Mascarene would not hear of it. On his refusal the baffled 
 1 )u \'ivier marched his tr()o[)s off silently in the night. 
 
 .\s a retort to this attack on Annapolis the Xew ICnglanders 
 boldly resolved on capturing Eouisbourg. Ciovernor Shirley of 
 .Nhissachusetts, who planned the audacious stroke, was a lawyer. 
 Ill his ignorance of military matters he little realized the gigantic 
 task which he was undertaking. His ignorance was in this case 
 an atlvantage, since fortune smiled on his auihu-ity. Shirley's 
 plan '.ested upon swiftness of action. Eouisbourg must be taken 
 Ik lore \l cinild be reinforced. The lawyer governor showed fmc 
 powers of military organization. In haste a force of four thoii- 
 s.ukI ,:ien was gathered, chiefly mechanics and farmers, with 
 little lisiipli.K, but with vast enthusiasm and courage. A small 
 fleet was raised, and in an incredibly short time the expedition 
 was under way. In cuiiciiand of it was William I'cpperell, a 
 
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 nuiii of excellent capacity and reputation, but with no exjjeri 
 ence as a soldier. He began his military life, indeed, as leader 
 of this jrreat and perilous enterprise. 
 
 'I'he e\|)e(lition landed at Canso, and waited tor the ice to 
 clear away from the front of Louisbourg. Here l'ei)perell was 
 joined by Coniniodore Warren with four British battle-ships, 
 who had been ordered to cooperate with the New Rngland 
 army. After consultation with IV'|)perell, Warren sailed off to 
 blockade Louisbou.g harbour. On April 29th, the ice having 
 moved off the coast, I'epperell got his transports under way; 
 and a hundred sail, l)ending before a fair wind, s|)ed along tlu- 
 (',a|)e lireton coast. Ivirly next morning the astonished sentries 
 on the ramparts of Louisbourg saw the strange 'fleet entering 
 dabarus Hay, only five miles distant. 'I'here had been a ball 
 the night before : and people had barely got to sleep ere the 
 startling t''.ngs aroused them, '^ells pealed loud alarm; the 
 booming i.. >n from the walls called in all hunting parties 
 
 and stragg'jr;- >■ •! I )uch.r.nbon, the governor, rushed out with 
 a hundred and luiy men to dispute the enemy's landing. Hut 
 the New Englanders went ashore with a dash that was irresist 
 ible, the handful of French were driven back upon the town, 
 and before night the disembarkation of two thousand troops 
 had been triumj)hantly accomplished. l*epj)ereirs army was in 
 i:amji before Louisbourg. 
 
 It must be remembered that Louisbourg was so stronglv 
 fortified thai a French officer hail said it might be held by ati 
 army of women against any as.sault. It was built at the ex- 
 tremity of a low, rocky ridge jutting out into the Atlantic be- 
 tween the harl)our and (labarus Hay. Behind it, on the land 
 side, the ground was chiefly morass, most unfriendly to tlu' 
 passage of troops and artillery. Strong batteries of heavy metal 
 crowned both landward and seaward bastions. In the mouth 
 of the harb(,ur stood a powerful work known as the Island 
 Battery ; and at the back of the inner basin frowned the guns 
 oftheCirand Battery. Within the city, under the brave and 
 experienced Duchambon, stood at arms some thirteen hundred 
 
 li 
 
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 I 21 
 
 tr()()|)s ; ami oiil^iidc lurked a strong; |)arly of l-'icnch and Indians, 
 iicalk'd from a raid on Annapolis, and threatening llu' hcsiigcrs 
 iVdin the rear. 
 
 The work of reducing this mighty stronghold, of coiKiuering 
 !t~> veteran defenders, fell entirely u|)on the raw Ni'W I'.ngland 
 troops with their liti/en captains. The fleet under Warren 
 ihrew never a shell into the town. Hut Warren did indis|)ens- 
 ;il)le service hy keeping the harbour blockaded, and by captur- 
 ing a strong supply ship, (the \'igilant, of 60 gims,) whi( h caiiie 
 to the relief of the city. The glory of the ;ichieveiuent, how- 
 ever, must rest with New I'>nglaud. 
 
 As soon as his troojjs were landed, I'epperill began forcing 
 his way across the morasses between Ciabarus Hay and the 
 walls, erecting batteries to jjoimd ceaselessly on the ramparts 
 and to drop a hail of shells into the streets. One of the har- 
 bour defences, the e.xposed (Irand Battery, was ca.jtured at the 
 very beginning, by a combination of daring and good luck ; and 
 its heavy guns were turned upon the city with disastrous effect, 
 rile New Englanders built their batteries in such exposid posi- 
 tions that the work had to be done at night, in order to escajK' 
 tlu' point-blank volleys from the walls. 'l"o silence the Island 
 Battery and let the fleet enter the harbour, an outwork was raised 
 on Lighthouse Point, on the other side of the passage. .\t 
 length, on the landward side of the doomed fortress, the New 
 I'jigland guns had been pushed up to within 250 yards of the 
 west gate. 'I"he ilesperate sallies of the besii.gcd had been 
 again and again hurled back. 'i"he walls began to crumble 
 under the ceasele.ss cannonading. 'i"he heaviest bastions went 
 to pieces. And the Island Battery was |)ut to silence b\ the 
 storm of shot from Lighthouse Point. 
 
 Duchambon had defieil the first summons to surrendir. 
 Hut when he learned of the capture of tlu' \'igilant ; when he 
 looked on his decimated garrison and his shattered ramparts : 
 when he saw the fleet with its fixe hundred guns making reach 
 U) sail in, and the tireless New Lnglanders forming colunui 
 for assault, — then he raised the white flag and asked for terms. 
 
 
 
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 111 acknowlcdf^fiiicnt of his brave defence he was allowetl to 
 march out his troops with the honours of war. 
 
 On taking over the city I'ei)|)erell gave a dinner to his own 
 and the French officers and certain of the leading citizens. In- 
 chiding the garrison, he found nearly 5,000 j)eo|)le in the cap- 
 tured stronghold. 'I'hese were .sent to France. I'e])perell and 
 Warren wercj both rewarded, the one with a baronetcy, the other 
 with the rank of admiral. New ICngland rang with martial 
 triumph ; but (Canada staggered under the unlooked-for and 
 deadly blow. ( i 745.) 
 
 (Skcthi.-* 4.'i, Till' (fitc iirir,\tivillc s Kx)H'<litinii. Kale of .Iciiii|iii('i'r's Kxpcilitii'ti. 
 TiPiity cjf Aix-lii-Cliii|ip(lli'. Hiiiiniliiiy |)is|iiit<'s. Cclnrnn ilc IJiciivillc's line. LaJmi- 
 nuicrc, ami tlic liij/iiiniiiK iircniuptinH in C.-inadii.) 
 
 43. Louisburg Restored to France. Boundary 
 
 Disputes. I'o Fran<v the loss of Louisburg was intoleral)le. 
 A great force, under the Duke d'Anviile, was s|)eedily gathered 
 at Rochelle thirty-nine ships of war, with a swarm of traris- 
 j)orts carrying some of the choicest regiments of France. 
 Louisbi'^^' and Nova Scotia were to be retaken, Boston ravaged, 
 and all New England snatched from I^nglish hands. New 
 I'viigland '"embled at the tidings; and Canada sent a strong 
 band of hui wocjd-rangers down into Nova .Scotia to cooperate 
 with d'Anviile on his coming. But Fortune had no favours for 
 tlie unhappy d'Anviile. Before he was clear of the l-rench 
 coast two of his shi])s were taken by English cruisers. A suc- 
 cession of storms scattered the fleet, so that when, after ruinous 
 delays, he sailed into the rendezvous at ("hebucto Bay with two 
 ships, he found but one other awaiting him. His mortification 
 brought on a stroke of a[)oplc.\y, which soon proved fatal ; and 
 fevers thinned the ranks of the troops. Presently Admiral 
 d'Estournelle arrived with other ships, and took command. 
 But on him, too. Fate turned an angry face. He was stricken 
 with insanity, and stabbed himself with his sword, 'i'he leader- 
 ship now fell upon I)e la Jon(iuiere, a naval officer of distinction 
 who was on his way to (Quebec to relieve the Governor (leneral. 
 Meanwhile a few more of 'he wandering vessels had come 
 

 123 
 
 strajij^Iing in to lliu iciulc/voiis, and JonfiuiL-rt- |)ri'SL'ntly set out 
 It) take Annapolis. ICrc he rcachctl his ck'Stination a L,'rcat 
 ■.lorm blew ii[) against him, once more scattcrinii tlie fleet ; and 
 ihe discouraged remnant sailed away to I'Yance. The Cana- 
 dian land e.\|)edition, in the meantime, had aciiieved a victory , 
 liut it was a victory after the old bloody fashion of the Indian 
 wars. A com|)any of New Englanders under ( 'olonel No'ole wi-re 
 in peaceful occupation of (Irand I're settlement, when tie Cana- 
 dians burst upon them under cover of night and killes.! eighty 
 (,)f their number in their beds. 
 
 After the ignominious collapse of d'Anville's ex|)edition, the 
 most fornu'dable that had ever sailed for America, France gath- 
 ired her strength for another effort to recapture l-ouisburg. 
 She sent out yet another armament, under La Joiuiuiere. Hut 
 l'\ite was on its track at once. Off (!!ape l'"inisterre, in the Hay 
 of Hiscay, it was met by an English fleet under the famous 
 Anson, and utterly annihilated. (1747.) Among the prisoners 
 was I, a Jonciuiere himself, once more balked in his effort to 
 reach the governor's throne at (^)ucbec. 
 
 .Soon after the battle of Finisterre peace was concluded by 
 the Treaty of Ai.\-la-Chai)pelle. (1748.) The other l'Airoj)ean 
 jjowers which had been fighting were by this tim • tired of war ; 
 hut for France and I'^ngland, both of whom no\. realized that 
 the struggle was for nothing less than colonial empire and the 
 commerce of ci'e world, this peace was but a breathing s|)ell. 
 Tile key to the peace was Louisburg. 'I'hat stronghold formed 
 the chief jujint at issue between France and England. I'raine 
 was victorious in Europe, and in India she had snatched from 
 iMiglish gras|) the rich i)rovince of Madras : but in America she 
 had suffered a loss which ccninterbalanced all these gains. 
 England, on the other hand, was embarrassed by civil war. 
 Her energies were recjuired at home to crush the rising of the 
 NOung Pretender.'"' To regain Lcjuisburg France was readv 
 
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 * I'liiu'f Charles Kduiiid Stiiarf. w'm was .stiiviii.; to oxci tin nw 
 tlu' (Jiit'lpli ilviiastv anil rcj^ain llif Kti;,'lisli tliicnic foi ilic Hini>f nf 
 Stuart. 
 
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 124 
 
 to .nive u|) not only Madras, hut all that she had gained in 
 I'Uirope. Thus the remote Cape Mreton stronghold hoiight lor 
 i'lngland an advantageous i)eaee ; i)iit the New Mnglanders, 
 whose hlood and treasure had won the prize, were filled with 
 indignation. Their treasure, indeed, the Mother Country handed 
 hack to them ; hut their other losses she eould not restore. 
 
 Kor eight years following the 'I'reaty of Ai\-la-("hap])elle, 
 (1748 1756), there was nominal peace between I'"rance and 
 iMigland IJut in America the (juarrel over boundaries went 
 on as bitterly as ever, and there was scarcely even the pretence 
 of peace along the disputinl borders of Canatla and Acadie. 
 In India, too, the so-called i)eace had small effect ; for Clive 
 and Duplei.x, the opposing leaders, fought their wild battles just 
 as heartily as if the governments employing them were at open 
 war. In America the two chief centres of conflict were Nova 
 Scotia and the Ohio valley. Acadie had, indeed, been ceded 
 to England, but what Acatlie meant had been left unsettled. 
 That active soldier and acute statesman, de la (lalissonniere. 
 who served as (lovernor Cieneral of Canada during the captiv 
 ity of La Jonciuiere, maintained that in the act of cession Acadie 
 meant oidy the peninsula of Nova Scotia ; and he strenuously 
 asserted the claim of France to all that tract which now forms 
 New r>runswick and Kastern Maine. He ke|)t up, in sjjite of 
 English |)rotest, his posts on the isthmus of (liignecto and on 
 the St. John river. Along the line of the Alleghanies he pro 
 posed to setde ten thousand sturdy colonists from France, to 
 stop the westward flow of the English ; but in this scheme King 
 Louis would not suppoit him, thinking that the late wars had 
 sufficiently depopulated his kingdom, l-biled in his prudent pur 
 [)o.se, he sent out one ('eloron de liienville to mark a boundary 
 line. 'I'his marking was done by means of metal plates bearing 
 the arms of I'Vance, affixed to trees at certain intervals. At the 
 foot of each of these trees was buried a leaden plate inscribed 
 with a proclamation of ownership. The line was drawn all around 
 the valley of the Ohio till it reached the Alleghanies. The first 
 to feel its restrictions were the colonists of Pennsylvania, who 
 
12! 
 
 i 
 
 were filled with \vr;itli wIkmi the French notified tiiem that west 
 III the mountains they would not he jJernHtted to tradi-. 'I'he 
 ( )hi() valley at this time was a threat resort of the I'lnj^lish traders, 
 ,111(1 to expel them l''()rt \'enango on the Alleghany River was 
 liuiit, soon after de Bienville's expedition, 'i'lic whole ([uestion 
 (if the hoimdary was now referred to a hoard of I'leneh and 
 Ijiglish commissioners meetin<f at Paris. I'or thrii,' years. 
 froiH 1750 to 1753, the prohlem was del)ated, and then the 
 ljiji;lish uienihers of the hoard withdrew from the vain dispute, 
 (louhtless considering that the sword would most speetlily settle 
 it. 
 
 On the release of J.onquiere from his captivity in Fn^land 
 he took his place as (lovernor of (Canada, displacing the 
 l)rave (lalissoniere. With him hegan that reign of corrup- 
 tion which brought such shame on Canada and contributed so 
 mightily to the final overthrow of l-'rench power on this conlin- 
 ciil. Avarice was Jonquiere's ruling passit)n, and by every kind 
 of official corruption he sought to enrich himself He defraud- 
 ed (."anada. He defrauded the king. The revenues from li(|uor 
 licenses ho ai)propriated, and sold these licenses to all who 
 would pay for them, till drunkenness ran riot in the colony. 
 He got funds to carry on explorations in the west, and used 
 them, with huge profit, on mere fur-trading ventures. When 
 at length the complaints of Canada won tardy attention in 
 I'Vance, and he was called to account, the old miser died in 
 time to escajje the ex|)enscs of a trial. 'I'he Marciuis du (^)uesne 
 was made governor in his stead. Hut the example which he 
 had set found able imitators, and (Canada ; as we shall see in a 
 later chai)ter, fell prey to a shameless band of official robbers 
 who managed to hide their thievery from the governor's eye. 
 
 m 
 
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 (SKciniN -H,--lI,ililiix KiiMMili'il. I,c I.uiitrc. Foit Hciiisrjtuir iiijil l'"nlt l.awi'ciicr. 
 Tlir Mimlcr 1)1' C;ipt:iiii lloiir. Tlie liaril iKisition of tliu Acinli.iiis. Tliu C'iiiiliiif of 
 lifausfjiiiii'.) 
 
 44. The English Hold Tightens on Nova Scotia. 
 
 From the valley of the Ohio let us turn now to the fir east 
 and observe the struggle in Nova Scotia. Here the English 
 
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 took two vital steps toward siTiiring llu'ir liold on tlu' ( oimtry. 
 'I'he first of tlifso was tin- ("oiiiitling of Halifax. (i74»j). Tlic 
 SL'cond was what is known as the (.xpulsion of the Acadians, 
 ahont which liistorians and romancers have so liitti-riv disputed. 
 
 (>755)- 
 
 Annapolis Royal was not held a fit ])lace for the capital 
 of Nova Scotia, and immediately after the Treaty of Aix-la- 
 ("happelle it was resoh\d to build a city on the splendid har 
 l)()urof("hel)iicto. The imi)ortance of this site had lonj^ been re 
 cogni/i-d, asis shown by the tact that it was usually chosen for the 
 Atlantic rendezvous of great naval expeditions to the New World. 
 
 I'he scheme was anncjunced in London, and liberal offers wert' 
 made to desirable settlers, such as retired officers, disbanded sol- 
 diers and sailors, mechanics, and cultivatois of the soil. To all 
 were offered free grants of land, arms, tools, and a year's provis- 
 ions, with re])resentative institutions such as they had at home. 
 
 The |)roposed city was named Halifax,* and the Honorable l-d 
 ward ( 'ornwallis was made governor. 'I'he generous inducements 
 offered by the king brought forward many willing emigrants. 
 and on June 21st, (1749), the war-ship Sphinx, with Cornwallis 
 on board, sailed into (ihebucto harbour. She was followed by 
 a fleet of thirteen transports; and a p(jpulation of two thousand 
 live hundred s(nils set about the building of the city. All sum 
 mer rang the astonished wilderness with the din of hammer an<l 
 axe, while the Indians looked on with hostile eyes; and by autumn 
 the infant city had three hundred houses to show, defended by 
 a palisade and two forts. Meanwhile a jiarty of soldiers had been 
 sent to drive the Trench from the north shore of the Hay ol 
 Fundy ; and the Acadians had been called to a conference witli 
 Ciovernor ('f)rnwallis. At this conference they were pressed Id 
 take the oath of allegiance. When they repeated their old 
 refusal they were warned very [ilainly that unless they changed 
 their minds they would not be left much longer in possession 
 of their lands. If they would not become loyal subjects of their 
 
 * XaiiR-d after tlio Karl of Halifax, IVe.sidi'ut of tliu l^oaid of Trailc 
 and I'lantatiou.s, a Ixidy wliiuli liad the supervision of eolonial atl'air.s. 
 
127 
 
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 iK\v sovLTi'ign, King (icorgo, they witc told th.U thfv would 
 h,i\c to l)t.' iR'ati'd as liis cncinics. Stul)l)orn and unconvinced 
 ilu' Acadians turned hack nuitteriiig to their homes, and ihi' 
 :;r(iwtii of Halifax went on rapidly. Other settler> came, and 
 liiijlt i)artniouth on the opposite sid<; of the harhour ; and the 
 zealous efforts of the Home (lovernment, now thoroughly alive 
 lo till' im|)ortance of the colony, brought out a large band of 
 ihrifty (ierman farmers. These pi(jneers of another speech 
 went apart, and formed the settlement of l-unenburg on a fme 
 harbour westward from Halifax. 
 
 'i'he building of Halifax was a proclamation to France that 
 Nova .Scotia had jjassed out of her hands for ever. Its effect 
 was to make her the more eager for its recovery. I'Vom (^)uel)e(; 
 and from I-ouisburg every effort was now put forth to keep the 
 .\cadiati farmers true to France. .Many of the Acadian parish 
 priests, refusing to lend themselves to [xjlitical intrigue, coun- 
 selled their flocks to be loyal to the government under which 
 they were living. Hut others were less scrupulous, or else more 
 zealous for France. C'hief among these was the famous Abbe 
 Le I, outre, head of the Micmac mission at Shubenacadie. Le 
 I, outre was a fierce ])artizan and a tireless political agent. In 
 comparison with the corrupt officials who were now sapping the 
 life-blood of Canada, he shines by the sincerity of his self-sacri- 
 licing zeal. Hut he was ready to sacrific-e others as mercilessly 
 as himself in the cause of Frencli dominion. His itleas of war 
 were those which Canada and New I'jigland had learned from 
 their struggles with the Indian.s, - they were those of ambuscade 
 and midnight murder. Against the settlements of Halifax, 
 Dartmouth, Lunenburg, the fierce Abbe sent out his painted 
 followers by stealth, and the old barbarisms* of border war 
 were repeated. The Acadians feared him with good cause. 
 
 * Most e<)ns[)i(;u()us of these was wliat is known as tiie Dartmouth 
 Ma.s.saoi'e. One niyht, in the early spi-ing of 17")i. tlie Imlians, -a(:coni- 
 |)anie(l, it is .said, hy certain Ac-adian woodraiigeis in ilisgiiise, huist 
 upon the infant village, scalped and slaugiiterc(l many .settlers in their 
 iieds, and carried otf others to captivity, 'i'he as.sailants escaped before 
 tile garrison of Halifax, aroused hy tiie flames and cries, could come to 
 the rescue. 
 
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 hi'. Ill, 1.1 " 
 
 I lie liiir I I. mill il li\ li.ii'.i I' ;is tin' I u iiiin l,ii \ In twi i ii ( ',iii 
 ,lil,i .nil' \ii\.i Siiiti.i w.is llir Mii;ill liil:il sliiMiii nl tin Mis.i 
 i;il;l'-ll. Ill ,11 till' Mintlnill riul nl llir I'-tlilllll'. nl < 'lll^;iH( In. ( tii 
 .1 spill 111 iipliiiiil just iinitli nl tins '.tii'iilil llir I'lriiill l.iisrd ,i 
 I'lll. ;i| llic luiildiii); nt wlllih llir lliili;t|»|>V \i;idi;ins nl ||ii 
 islhinus li;id In l;diniit hall slaiMtl while (he iiiniuv iiilciidid In 
 \y.\\ thi 111 Inlllld lis V\,l\ lllln ihr pnikrls nt nitli la! |nlilii|s. 
 This |ins| \\,is I alli d I'railsi'inin ; and nl\ llir ntlli I sidr nl tin 
 Missimiash, ;is a i mmti i « Ini K. ihr j'.iijjish liiiill Inil law 
 icnrc. I'nil I awninr sinnd nil the sitr nl ihc nin i |iin.|i( imi 
 Acadian \ illaur n| I'naiiliassin. wliii h I ,c I .niilir and his Indian- 
 liad Iniriird in nirvrnl the villaiicis talliivu iindci Ihilish iiillii 
 I'll! i\ Ihc Indians tnuf;hl sava^ilv In |ii('\nil the 1, Hiding nl 
 till- I'lndish Inirc wht-n it i anic In tniiinl I'ml lawiriiri'. Ihii 
 as the landiiu; was smith nl the Mr. .uMiasli. mi arknnwK'd^i d 
 laiL;hsh tiiiilnn. the Iirinh snldnisnl Id nisrjmii Innkcd mi 
 wilhniil inlnliimL;. I his Imln aiain r. hnwcvcr. was nnl Im 
 Inn;;, Hnlh sid(-s slinvc In cininaili. and the tniltid hill' 
 sliiani diMihnu then ihirshnlds laii iiddci tli.in cvn with lln 
 hlnnd nt I'cisclcss sknmishrs, 
 
 dill- di'i-d nl all thai the slum's nl' llu- Missi^iiash luhclil 
 stands nut Int its neat hit \. rht'cninniandcf nl |''ntt l.awicini 
 uas a ccilain ("aiHain llnwr, who was winnin,L; i^rcal inlliii'in i 
 aninnu the .Xridians and was ihc'crnit' csin-cialU nliiin\iniis in 
 1 .1' iniitrr. ()\\c ninrmnj; tlu' smtn on Init lawirnrc saw 
 what he tnnk !n In- a I'n-mh nl'licci liniii l'>c\liis(.''jniir. waMii.iL; i 
 tlau nl' trurr nn the lintlu'r hank nl the stream. 1 Inwc. with a 
 
 \\ ovo 
 
 Oihiiil; tills pcnnd ut sii|i)icisril ]u':u'(', lintli l'"r('tnli .'iiul I'IiiiljIi^Ii 
 paving a liuniitv on tlnai rncinics" .scaliis. a.s if <m t lie Mioiits nt 
 
u lull ll,i:', ,iMiI I liii I I ii |i iiii III! n. 1 1 I nil I I ,11111 (|( pv, II I' I lilt' 
 III III III .1 I \\ liil u I ■ \v ,iiili 1 1 I III .1 iiiinui I il(ii I I . Ill i\\ I \ I I, 
 
 U I . Mill III llll ( llll I . Ill llll --lllllll MM I'lll Mil II. .11 ., l||i --( (I ill 
 I I II III ll ntfli I I ' . Illllli illll . iml lili|i|i II I II llllii I I III (llkr l,l\ III 
 
 ,111111 i| ll mil III III , liilliiwi I . W III n till l.iii'liili I iiiir unliiii 
 
 (.,|',\ !, 111(1,1 llif '„|\,l^rs '.|il,lll).i, ll|i, IIm 11 Illll .ki I - III I/I ij ,M III -■ 
 
 I III lull , ,11 II I I |i i\M |i II nil iil.ills w( iiiiii ll i| \l I 111 . V lllllll', I 111' 
 
 I ll III ll I ii|lllll.llll|;llll, llll Ili'K r liMl lllllll ll\ I ,1 ' iillli, U,l> 
 Illll i| \Mlll linll(;il, llll '.ImI'H' I |( I Illll" ll I.' I lllllll Ullli III 
 
 .lii',.iliiiL', ll ; Illll ll" .\lil"' 'It' I. II' 'I ili.il 111 • ImiIi.iii^ Ii.hI lllllll 
 |il,iiiiii'il H .mil I, lllllll ll mil \Mlliiiiil I nil iilliiiL' liiiii 
 
 I ,>| V I. I III lull liiliiil ..I 111.' \|.|.|i:lll-v (■.■i|itllli 1.1 ll.'.iii .'|..IH |.l'ilil..il liv 
 
 S, >« |.;ii.;liii.| I, ill ..I II. Ill . |. .Ill l|.iii..>il ..I 111. Ai'lIiiii- .|.i|.|..| i||...|,. II,.' 
 
 I II llli.lll I 1 
 
 45. Fall of Bcausejour and Expulsion of the Aca- 
 
 (liatlS. Aii'l "iiw lite (l.iys i^rcw dirk Inr llir iiiili.i|i|i\ \i ,i(li,iii> 
 \ ll \\, \ H Idiii;; III llir I'lli^ll^li (ji iiiiiinl ., Ii.id lii.i'li n.illi nl .il 
 
 lr|.i|,llli I III l\lll)4 (imr^r (Mlii I-. Il.iil sliuili I'l lir liilltl il 
 \i| (itlii Is. IiihIiiij^ i.ii III 1,1' l/diilM', Ii.mI ;ii(I((1 llir 111,11 iikIiii:; 
 .,i\,if^i'.. :in'l iM'ii |iiiiM(| llirii) 111 linn tiid. I In In mil 
 
 ;'(i\riniil ;ll <,Mlilir( linw |irM(|;iiliH 'I lliil .ill IIh \r,i(|l;ili-. 
 
 Iliilsl ,','r,il It.illV In I'l.liwr ;ili(| ( lilnll I In ill M Ivrs in llii- ( ,111,1 
 
 ill, III lllllllM, (III |Mlll ol lire ,111(1 
 iiiiMMinl nl \(iV;i S( (illll, IS'.Ui(| 
 
 i\\(il(l \I,I jiil I „l\\ KM' I , t 111 11 
 
 I ( niliilii jiii I' l,iin,il inn, dn l.ii 
 
 111^ lliiil .inv ,\(';i(li,iii ulio, .liter t;ikiii;.' tin n,illi nl .iIIc^^i.mh '• I' 
 Km;; ( Ic()It;(', shdiild In Iniind (i^lilinn in iIk' i mks nf It.iiki 
 
 slidt iis ,1 dis( ilcr. In siicli |iiMlnii^ dilciiiiii.i did ll 
 
 1 111 
 
 |C-,r 
 
 \Milll(| I II 
 
 iiiili,i|i|i\' |iiii|i|c t'liid llicinsrKcs, win n .ill lli(\ w.iiiti d w.is I 
 lie Irtt ;il(inr. I'.ilt ilK lin;it inn, ll .ir nl llll- Indl.ili-., .nid ,1 Inn 
 ,;;ic;il < (inridclK c 111 I'Ji^lisli tnlci.itinn iiilslid iIm' ,\i ,idi;ms In 
 tlii'ii ruin. Thcx listritrd In (_)iiili(( i.iiIki ihni tn ll;ilil,,\: 
 ,111(1 lotind llir crrnr l;il,il. 
 
 ToUiird the (lose nl l7St the I icin li jil. 
 
 iniK (| ,111 in\,isinn 
 
 nl Nn\;i S( ()ti;i, Irnin lic,nis(.'')(iin ;is ,1 h.isc nl npir.il iniis. kr 
 jinrl nl lliis rr;n'hin,L; the I'-ii.l'IisIi, l,;iv\irnir tnnk 1 (iiiiisrl v. ilii 
 .Sliirli'v, llir rii('i|;rtir L^ovcinnr nl M.iT>,i'l|i|>rtt > ; ,in(l it \s,i-, 
 
 \- 'll 
 
 r 
 
 Mil, 
 
 7 
 

 
 it 
 
 ■;'■! 
 
 
 
 .. < 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 
 I ; 
 
 
 
 l!J 
 
 .1 • 
 
 ri'SolvL'd to tort'stal the attack hy rapturing IJcausejcnir and 
 (Irivinjf the French out of the i^ilhimis. lioth Shirley and Law 
 renee felt the need of swift a<tion, for they knew that wlien the 
 I'liiich troops entered Nova Scotia ten thousand Acadian^ 
 would rise and flock to their banner. Their plans were per 
 tected with secrecy a?Kl haste. .\ force of two thousand New 
 I'^nglanders, of the same raw hut sturdy material as the con- 
 querors of Louishurg, was gathered in l{ost(jn. An Fnglish 
 
 4 
 
 officer, Colonel Monckton, was placed in eommanti, with the 
 New linglaiul <'olonei, \''inslow, under him. On the first ofjuni', 
 (1755) the fleet conveying the little army dropped anchor at the 
 head of Chignecto F.ay, before the bastions of IJeausejour. 
 Ihe fort was then he'd by no such redoubtable commander as 
 the brave l,a Come. It was governed by the corrupt and in- 
 competent \ergor, placed there not to defend the honour of 
 ( "aiiada but to defraud the king. On his cowardice the intrepid 
 I.e 1, outre, whom he feared, was able to exercise some cheek ; 
 but his dishonesty was beyond the .Abbe's reach. He was a 
 mere creature of Higot, the Intendant, of whose inicjuities we 
 shall read in a later paragraph. 
 
 On news of the approach of the Knglish ships, Vergor had 
 summoned the Acadians of the surrounding country to the de 
 fenc ; of lieausejour. 'I'here were nearly fifteen hundred of 
 them in all. Three hundred he took into the fort to strength 
 en his garrison. The rest were sent into the woods, to harass 
 the invaders with skirmishing and night attack. 'J"he New 
 Fnglanders landed without op|)osition, on the southern side 
 of the Mis«iguash, and were joined by the garrison of Fori 
 ', -awrence. After a shar|) engagement they forced the pas 
 sage of the Missiguash. A strong position was occupied on 
 tile ridge about a miie and a half to the rear of BeausǤjoiu-. 
 After a few days of entrenching and reconnoitring the lines 
 were pushed closer in, and some mortars were goL into positi(jn. 
 Thes(; hurled shell iiito tlie fort, and the French cannon an 
 swered hotly. .\s Heausejour was attacked on but one side. 
 there was free communication between the fort and the sur 
 
 
 l 
 
 M 
 
 KEOI 
 
».?! 
 
 \'i 
 
 iciiiiding coiiniry : and on the ;uii\;il of news that no help 
 ((Piild he expected from Louishiir};, tliat city heinn strictly 
 hlockaded, many (jf tlie disheartened Acadians walked (]uietlv 
 out of the fort and off into the woods to rejoin their families. 
 I'n sently, while the English were yet toiling to get their sii'ge 
 uuns into position, the game was di-cided. A shell fron'. an 
 Jlngiish m(>rtar crashed through the vaulted ceiling of a case- 
 mate in Ik'ausejour, and in its explosion killed a numherof the 
 ot'ticers who were sitting there at breakfast. The result was in- 
 stantaneous. When he was not safe even in his casemates, 
 what could the valiant V'ergor do l)Ut capitulate? In s])ite of 
 the fierce protests of I,e I -outre and some of the officers, he 
 hoisted the flag of truce and gave up the fort. 'I'he garrison 
 was all..'seil to iiif;rch out with the honours of war, and was sent 
 lo i.ouishuig, under pledge that not for six months would thev 
 hear arms against the English. The Acadian prisoners were 
 pardoned on the plea tiiat they had fougiit under compulsion. 
 Heausejour, becoming an English stronghold, was renamed i'ort 
 ( !umi)erland. 
 
 After the fal! of Heauscjour came tiiat pathetic tragedv 
 kiio.vn as the expulsion of the Acaflians. L'p to the time of 
 the attack on Heausejour lhf)se Acadians who had deserted 
 •heir homes in Nova Scotia had been free to ri'turn and resume 
 possession of all their jiroperty, on the sole condition of allegi- 
 an<e. 'I'he English policy toward these peo])le had been one 
 of persistent forliearance and geiu'rosity. It was hoped that 
 under su( h treatment they might becouu' good subjects of the 
 r.ritish crown and bring their excellent \irtues of industry and 
 frugality to the building up of the i'ro\ince. They had bei'ti 
 repeatedly invited to take the oath with the jiromise that they 
 should nfjt for the time be recpiired to do military service. L'nder 
 the long years fif iMiglish r; ''c tliey had prospered and multi- 
 jtlied, and unlike their brethren in Canada they tvdd boriu' nn 
 burden of taxes. Doutitless if left to tluniselves they wouM 
 have heartily accepted their new rulers, but the policy of I'lancc 
 forbade that thev should be left to tlu'inselves. In their ^ww 
 
 m 
 
? i'!;- 
 
 ill 
 
 plicity lliey were l^oocI sul>jc('ts for political iiurigue to work 
 with. Moved l)y persuasions, fervid appeals, terrifying threats, 
 they t)eranie a menace to the I'^nglish power, all the more dan- 
 gerous l)ecause concealer!. Ihey were the enemy within the 
 gates. While i)rofessing neutrality they lent ceaseless aid to 
 l.ouishurg and Heausejour ; and they hopefully awaited the day 
 when tliey might once more serve ;.heir old Hag. 'The Hnglish, 
 after gaii.'ing lleausejour, cinild not spare enough troops to hold 
 it if it was U) remain girdled by a hostile population. Their 
 long |)atience was by this time exhausted; and if the step now 
 ilecided upon seems-' to us a cruel one, we must rememl)er to 
 judge it 1)V the standards of that day rather than of this. The 
 whole sjjirit i)( border warfare was mercil- s. It must be re 
 me.nbered, t(jo, that the argument of necessity is a strong one. 
 [he ICnglish had been slowly forced tQ the cos " ion that 
 Nova Si-()tia could not be made an English c-olon^ except by 
 ridding it of its French population. When two foes like France 
 ;;nd England were lighting f(jr a continent, it was hardly to be 
 supposed that either would forego a vast advantage on grounds 
 of pure humanity. 
 
 During the siege of IJeausejour (Governor Lawrence sum- 
 moned deputies from all the great .\cadian settlements at Minas, 
 (Irand i're, and Annapolis, and once more urgetl them to take 
 the oath. 'Ihey obstinately refused. He warned them that the 
 lime was come when their decision must be luial. They 
 would have to choose, and at once, between allegianiie and 
 exile. With a few exceptions, they turned a deaf ear to even 
 this plain speaking. Thereupon they were dismissed, and went 
 hf)me in a blind faith that I'Vance would succour them. The 
 few who had taken the oath were secured in their possessions ; 
 and the stern decree of exile went forth against the rest. 
 
 The preparations for carrying tliis decree mto effect went on 
 swiftly and secretly. Monckton, at Heausejour, seized about 
 four hundred men ; but the other inhabitants of that region 
 escaped into the wilds. (Colonel \Vinslow, marching in haste 
 to drand I're, summoned the villagers to meet him in the 
 
133 
 
 '^n 
 
 cliapt-'l, read them the decree of Ijanislmient. sluit the doors 
 upon them, and held them all close rajitives. (.".iptain Murray 
 ill like manner seized the men of I'iziciuid ; and ^hljor Hand- 
 field captured those of the Annapolis district. A few active 
 spirits, attentive to the first mutterings of the storm, got away in 
 time, and sought refuge in the forests or across the Bay. Then 
 followed a long . .1 J trying season, for the transports were not 
 ready. As the ships came in which were to hear them into ex- 
 ile, the men were marched down to the shore in stpiads, and their 
 t.imilies and movable possessions were then distributed to them. 
 The provision ships were long in coming ; and the grievous 
 work dragged on, amid daily prayers and lamentations, lill far 
 into December. The greatest care was taken to avoid the sej)- 
 aration of fiimilies, and as f;ir as could be managed the inhabi- 
 tants of each village were sent off togetlier. Down to the flat 
 ifd shore rumbled and creaked the rude Acadian carts, heaped 
 with household treasures ; and beside the carts moved the weep- 
 ing peasant women, their bewildered children clinging to their 
 skirts. Ship after ship sailed from Minas, Chignecto, and An- 
 na[)olis, and tlistributed their sorrowful burdens among the 
 JMiglish colonies of the coast. The numbers of the exiled 
 amounted to more than six thousand.* One ship-load over- 
 came its crew, ran the vessel ashore at St. John, and escaped 
 lo (Quebec, whither they were followed l)y hundreds of those 
 who had in the beginning evaded capture. Some found their 
 way to Louisiana, where they formed a separate colony, and 
 where their sons retain to this day their ])icturesciue and 
 quaint peculiarities. .\huiy, with an uncon([uerable thirst 
 for home, forced their way back to Acadie, where, being no 
 longer dangerous, they were suffered to settle down again in 
 peace. Their descendants, and those of the few who had ac- 
 cepted Knglish sway, now form a large and influential part of 
 the population of New Brunswick and Xova Scotia. IJy this 
 
 1 i<i 
 
 •^ .n 
 
 * It was .■ioiiu'tiiini^ ovi'i' IS,(MK) tlmt Louis .\l\' liml ])ri>|ic'M'il to 
 ri'iiinve fioni Nt-w Vork, witiiout a tciitli of tlii' provocation tint tin- 
 .\i'ailiaiiH had given. 
 
ri I ! 
 
 <i<i 
 
 iJ 
 
 i> 
 
 
 134 
 
 great l)ani.shment the best lands of Nova Scotia were left empty, 
 and the governor strove to fill them up with an English [)opiiln 
 tion ; but it was five years before life began to stir anew on the 
 bosom of those desolated meadows. 
 
 (SKi-rroN 41'..— Till' Olii" Viillcy. Fort ilii yucsne. Wiisliin^tiPii at Koit Xt'ccssilv 
 Tlie Kriirlisli plan of Aetiuii. Iiiaili<iick'.s ExpiMlitidii iiK'iiinst Kurt ilii yiifsni'. IIi- 
 Dcfrat. .IiiliiisDii's viftciiy at Fort Ornij;!'.) 
 
 46. The Struggle in the West.-'i'uming back from 
 Acadie to the West, we find the struggle no less fierce on the 
 great river Ohio than on the little muddy stream of the Missi 
 guash. On the death of the avaricious Jonfjuiere the Mar(]ui> 
 du Quesne, as we have seen, had been made governor. 1 )u 
 Quesne pushed sharply the claims of France to the whole Ohio 
 valley. As soon as the boundary commission at Paris broke u]i 
 he got the militia of Canada into fighting trim, foreseeing war. 
 The habitavs, as the censlhiire farmers of Canada were called, 
 were a more military race than the Acadians. They had been 
 trained in the fur-trade and in the Indian wars. 1 )u Quesne sent 
 an exi)edition down the Alleghany river to the Ohio, to build new 
 forts and strengthen those already established. This expedi 
 tion produced a great effect on the western tribes, and many 
 chiefs who had been cocjuetting with the English hastened to 
 vow fidelity to France. The expedition was marked by Din 
 widdie, the watchful Oovernor of Virginia, who at once sent 
 messengers to warn it away from what he claimed as English 
 territory. The leader of this difficult and delicate mission was 
 a youth of twenty-one. His name was Oeorge Washington. 
 He accomplished his task with that dauntless energy and 
 courage which he was afterwards to display in a wider si)here. 
 He was courteously received by St. Pierre, the French leader, 
 whom he found established in Fort le B(ouf on the Alleghany ; 
 but his errand, needless to say, proved vain. 
 
 Seeing the French determined to make good their hold on 
 the .Mleghanies, the English organized a strong trading com 
 pany, called the Ohio Company, which purchascl a large arta 
 of land in the region under dispute. 'I'he shrewd ( yeof \'irginia's 
 
 I 
 
 
'35 
 
 L^overnor saw that the key to the Ohio valley was the junction 
 i)f the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers, where now stands 
 I'iltsbiirg. Here the Ohio Company began a fort. When it 
 was nearly built the French arrived. 'I'hey drove out the gar- 
 rison, tore down the unfinished structure, and on the founda- 
 tions raised a more imposing stronghold which they called Fort 
 1 )u (^uesne. They were doubtless grateful to their rivals for 
 pointing out the value of the site. 
 
 Though there was still the fiction of a peace between France 
 and luigland, Dinwiddie not unnaturally regarded this act as a 
 declaration of war. Washington was sent out again, this time 
 with a force of regulars and backwoodsmen, to repel all further 
 Lii(rt)achment, and to take Fort I)u (^uesne. Hearing of Wash- 
 ington's approach, the commander of the fort des[)atched a small 
 party to reconnoitre and to warn the trespassers away from 
 French soil. The two parties met. F^ach suspected the other 
 of treachery. In those great solitudes it was like men fighting 
 in the dark, shocked by strange terrors. The English began 
 the battle ; but how far their action was justifiable it is now 
 liard to decide. The French were cut to pieces ; and French 
 accounts called the affair an as.sassination. However the case 
 may be, this small but de.sperate skirmish between two handfuls 
 of men in the wilderness was the spark from which soon sprang 
 a conflagration. 
 
 Washington's main camp was on what was called the great 
 meadows : and there, expectmg immediate assault in force from 
 I'ort du Quesne, he made haste to entrench himself. To the 
 slight defences which he was able to throw up he gave the name 
 of Fort Necessity ; and hither came reinforcements of militia 
 and Indians, till he had about 350 men inside the feeble lines, 
 lo the attack came Villiers from Fort du Quesne, with an over- 
 whelming array. After a nine hours' fight in drenching storm, 
 the trenches a slough of blood and mire, Fort Necessity surren- 
 dered ; and Washington, marching out with honours of war, led 
 his despondent little army back across the mountains. When 
 X'illiers returned in triumph to Fort du Quesne he left not a 
 
 *. 
 
 '•'- 4 
 
 

 ; «;i 
 
 nv 
 
 ii !!! 
 
 mH 
 
 \l>^ \ 
 
 136 
 
 vcstigo of I'lnglish control in nil the Ohio valley. 'I'hc Indian^ 
 01.. did each other in their devotion to the victors ; and in the 
 war which immediately followed their tomahawks antl tacti( - 
 brought disaster on the iMiglish more than once. 
 
 In the following year the English government ordered twn 
 regiments to America, under the command of deneral Urad 
 dock. France promptly prepared a mu 'h larger force for 
 Canada, under the leailership of liaron Dieskau. At the same 
 time she sent out the Maniuis de \'audreuil as governor, to n 
 lieve du (^)uesne whose health had broken down. I )e \'au 
 dreuil, a son of a former governor of that name, was a nati\r 
 Canadian, and his appointment pleased the people. I'oth 
 France and Kngland now protested that nothing was further 
 from their thoughts than war ; but both made every effort to 
 get in the first blow. On jJraddock's arrival a meeting of tlu 
 colonial governors was held, and the reduction of Fort du 
 Q)uesne, Niagara, and Crown Point was decided upon. The 
 ex|)edition against Heausejour, already described, was at tlii> 
 time well under way, thanks to the tireless energy of Shirley. 
 'I'he attack on Fort du Quesne Hraddock took upon himself: 
 that on Niagara was entrusted to Shirley : and that on Crown 
 Point to Colonel William Johnson.* 
 
 While IJeausejour was crumbling before the New F^nghuul 
 guns, P.raddock was forcing his way through the difficult wilder 
 ness between the X'irginian settlements and Fort du (^)uesiu 
 His army consisted of one thousand British regulars and twelvi 
 hundred of the \'irginia militia, ('(iiitrecoeur, liie commanihr 
 of Fort du (^)uesne, felt that there was little ho|)e of withstanding 
 such a force ; but he resolved to throw down the gage of battit 
 ere the eni'my could reach his threshold. He threw out 
 into the forest a party of two hundred Frenchmen and fnv 
 hundred Indians, under the conmiand of a daring offi( tr 
 
 *.J()lmsoii was a settler on llie L'ppi'r Hixlsoii. Hi' was not :i 
 trainuil soidii-f, luit was lirave aii<l saj,'aci()iis. His iiiliiu'iu'e with tlir 
 eastern cantons of the IiiM)tiois was enormous, ami kept tlieni tVoni yoin;^ 
 over, like tlieSeneuas, to tlie French alliance. He was married to Nloll\ 
 Hrant, sister of the famous Chief llrant of the Mohawks. 
 
 ^7:^11' 
 
137 
 
 iiainc'd Heaujcii. TIil'sc skirmishers, trained woodsmen all, 
 plaicd themselves in aml)iish on both sides of the trail along 
 which Hraddock was moving. 
 
 The English army had just crossed the Monongahela, and 
 i'.raddock was expecting the grey walls of the fort to rise upon 
 liis view. It was a clear day in July, and the sun beat fiercely 
 down upon the long line of scarlet antl blue which filled the 
 |iath between the dee|) green forest walls. Suddenly a I'Vench 
 cit'ticer, wearing the war-paint and head dress of an Indian, aj)- 
 [nared in the middle of the road ; and the vanguard halted in 
 wonder. .At a signal from this a{)parition there shrilled the 
 (lauiiting war-cry of unseen savages ; and out of the sunny leaf- 
 aiic on eitiier hand streamed a murderous storm of lead. The 
 laiglish at first fired steadily at their invisible foes ; but know- 
 ing nothing of forest warfixre they held solidly to their ranks, and 
 >o offered a helpless target. When the main body came up it 
 caught the confusion of the vanguard ; and the whole army, 
 bewildered and cowed by the murderous converging fire and 
 by a sense of utter powerlessness, huddled together in a tremb- 
 ling mass. The Virginian militia, who knew how to fight in the 
 woods, scattered out in skirmish lines behind rock and tree, 
 and would probably have saved the day but for Braddock's 
 folly. He thought it looked cowardly to fight behind trees, 
 and beating them with the flat of his sword he ordered them 
 back into line. Appalling were the heat and tumult. The stu- 
 pefied soldiery, too stubborn to run, too panic-stricken to see what 
 they were doing, fired at friend anil fijc alike, or sh.ot their use- 
 less weapons into the air. All through the afternoon went on the 
 carnage. Hraddock stormed about the melee, fearless and furi- 
 ous. He had four horses shot beneath him. At length he 
 ordered a retreat ; and even as he did so his fate overtook him, 
 and he fell, shot through the lungs. Indomitalile to the last, he 
 ordered that he was to be left on the field ; but the militia dis- 
 regarded his words and carried him to the rear. 'I"he retreat 
 was covered by Washington with a small part) of his Virginians, 
 who. fighting like their foes, were able to hold them in check. 
 18 
 
 
 ft 
 
IfS ■ ''■ 
 
 !«!: 
 
 1\ 
 
 •M^.': 
 
 .'■■• 
 
 m'' -} 
 
 '38 • 
 
 Washington had two horses killed under him, and his unifonii 
 was riddled with bullets. Of the whole force scarcx' six hun 
 •dred left the field, and these poor remnants fled trembling bac k 
 to Fort Cumberland, with their wounded and their shame, and 
 left the frontier settlements naked to ravage. 
 
 The mistake made by Hraddock was in refusing to adapt hi> 
 tactics to the situation. He was sujjerbly brave, energetic, vig 
 ilant, and tenacious. He did not, as he has been accused ot 
 doing, lead his men into an ambuscade. His line of march wa> 
 well arranged, and he had scouting parties out on both sides to 
 guard against surprise. But he scorned the militia, on whosi 
 experience in Indian warfare he should have depended ; and he 
 thought it unworthy of men to dodge behind cover. His regu 
 lars, excellent troops for fighting in the open, might have dom 
 good service here also had the Virginians been in front to show 
 them how. The unhap[)y general, as he lay dying, murnmred 
 gratefu' praise to the militia, and almost his last words were 
 "We shall better know how to deal with them another time." 
 
 There was rejoicing in Canada, lamentation in the colonies. 
 The expedition of Shirley against Niagara was at once aban 
 doned. But Johnson, with his undisciplined backwoodsmen* 
 and his Mohawks, was not to be diverted from his attack on 
 (Jrown Point. Of this plan, however, the French had got timel\ 
 warning from papers of Braddock's found on the bloody field ot 
 Monongalv'la. Baron Dieskau and his veterans, who were ju>-i 
 .setting out for the capture of Oswego, were sent instead to I-akr 
 Cham{)lain. Johnson built, as his base, a fort on the Hudson, 
 known thereaftt:r as Fort Edward. Thence he marched to thr 
 foot of Fake Cn.'orge, fourteen n)illes distant, and there erectt-d 
 Fort (leorge. While he was thus occupied the i'Vench general. 
 with a portion of his force, moved upon Fort Fdward. John 
 son sent out a thousand men to check him, but this detachment 
 was utterly routed. It saved Fort Edward, however ; tor 1 )ies 
 kau, thinking to follow up his advantage, turned swiftly upon 
 
 * Vithiiitcorsof Massachusetts, Coimectieut, New Hainpsliire, UIiuili 
 Islaiitl and New Vf)ik. 
 
 1 i 
 
ir^ 
 
 '39 
 
 1 (irt (icorgc. I'liL- ICnylisli hastily threw up breastworks of 
 lii^->. Their position was a strong one, and they outnumbered 
 1 heir assailants. Hut Dieskau was inii)etuous ; and he burned, 
 moreover, to emulate the victory at Monongahela. He hurled 
 his troops, — regulars, Canadian militia, Indians, against the 
 ijiglish front and flank. Hut vain was his valour. Six hun- 
 dred of his men were cut down amid the underbrush. The 
 ilsI were driven back in wild rout ; and he himself, desperately 
 uouiuled, was carried a prisoner into the English camp. (i755). 
 The Mohawks, furious at the loss of some great chiefs, howled 
 for Vengeance upon him. Hut Johnson held them with a stern 
 iiand, and treated his illustrious captive with all courtesy. I'or 
 this success Johnson was made a baronet ; and on the scene of it 
 was built Fort William Henry. When the year closed it left 
 the French overwhelmingly triu; ." 'uant in the west ; but checked 
 on Lake (leorge, and beaten in N^va Scotia. 
 
 m 
 
 vl 
 
 
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 m 
 
 m 
 
p^ 
 
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 ill 
 
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 hif. 
 
 CHAP'I'KR X. 
 
 SECTIONS: 47, The Seven Years' War. Fall of Fort William 
 Henry. 48, The Combatants Compared. Louisburg once 
 more. 49, Ticonderoga. 50, The Beginning of the End. 
 
 (SkiTIiiv it.— Tlic Srvi'ii Vrars' War lic^'iiis. I'l-iilisylMiliia lii.iilcrs i!iva;;i'l 
 AlnlilcaliM ('i.iiics tij Caiiaila. I.niiiliiiiu at llalil'ux. Tlir .Mas-iacir at Kni't William 
 lliiiiy.) 
 
 >:7. The Seven Years' War. Fall of Fort William 
 Henry. -.Xnd now, after fierce l)altles in America, in India, and 
 Oh the sea, 'England formally declared war. (1756). Trance fol 
 lowed at once, and other luiropean powers rushed in. With 
 France were allied Austria, Russia, and numerous lesser states 
 By the side of ICngland stood Prussia, a small kingdom, hut 
 terrible in war, because ruled by one of the most wonderful ot 
 leaders, King I'Vederick the (Ireat. 'I'hough England came 
 out triumphant from this grim struggle of the Seven Years' War, 
 It must be borne in mind that the glory does not all belong to 
 her. She was able to win victories at l-ouisburg, at (Juebe( . 
 and on the plains of Hindostan, because her enemies' hands 
 were kept busy in Europe by her tireless and indomitable ally. 
 If the weak Louis X\'I had not been dragged by the intrigues 
 of favorites into attack, g Frederick, all the immense military 
 l)ower of I'Vance might have been put forth in America and 
 India. The great duel for (Colonial empire might have had 
 far other ending, and the current of history might have been 
 turned into so different a channel that imagination fails to pic- 
 ture it. 
 
 At the first of the war the English suffered heavily. 'I'lif 
 line of the AUeghanies, left open by Hraddock's defeat, ran red 
 
I }l 
 
 uiih lilixid. 'I'Ik' limdrr .sc'ttk'iiR-iiis of I Vnii^\lvani;i witc 
 i.iidcd liv Indian war-partiL-s, till all the lod^rs of the Ohio val- 
 K \ WL-rc I'lllt'd with I'liinlish prisoners and I-ji^lish scalps. 'I"hc 
 (^)uakL'r assL'nil)ly at Philadelphia covered itself with shame hy 
 fusini' to defend the frontiiT. It cared onl\ to extort eonces- 
 
 rc 
 
 >i(ins troni 
 
 the "overnor. All the old auonies of liorder hattl 
 
 in 
 
 \ere rejieated, hut now along a i)order that had never he 
 .iiiuht to protect itself a border naked of forts, hlock-houses, 
 
 (Md wa 
 
 rlik 
 
 e (leie 
 
 nd 
 
 ers. 
 
 I'rani'e now sent out to Canada, with some veteran reL;i 
 
 ments, one 
 Montcalm.'* 
 
 of her ablest 
 
 commanders 
 
 the h 
 
 eroic and valiant 
 
 With him were de Levi, de I'.ougaiiiville, and de 
 lldurlamaiiue, worthy lieuteiiai.S to such a chief. '!'() oppose 
 Montcalm the Enjj;lish j^o\ernment, then Kil by the incom- 
 petent Duke of Newcastle, sent out the ICarl of I.oudoun 
 and (leneral Abercromby. Thus I'Vance scoreil the first ad- 
 vantage, in setting skilletl ca])tains to confront the feeble lead- 
 ers of her f(K*. Montcalm, full of energy and resource, lost no 
 lime. He captured and destroyed Oswego, taking fourteen 
 and an immense quantity of stores. This 
 
 aiulish were about to attack Niagara. The west was thus 
 
 hundred prisoners 
 
 was an im|)ortant success, for Oswego was the base fro n which 
 
 Ihe 
 
 made secure. Then the -tireless connnander ascended Lake 
 Champlain, and took up his |)osition at Ticonderoga, a few 
 iniles beyond Crown Point. Here, on the thoroughfare be- 
 tween Lake Cham|)lain and Lake Ceorge. he entrenched himself 
 
 sec u re I \-, 
 
 Th 
 
 e position, I 
 
 aturall 
 
 y strong, ins engineers made 
 
 Hv this move he ( losed and barri'd tl 
 
 all but impregnable, 
 inland gates of Canaila. 
 
 .Meanwhile the Karl of Loudoun did nothing l)ut hold con- 
 sultations and reviews. In the following year he sailed for Hal 
 ifax, svith fourteen ships of w'ar and the greater portion of his 
 tr()()[)s. His purpose was an attack on Louisburg. 
 
 H. 
 
 spent 
 
 .f II- 
 
 Loui.s do St. Veniii, Maniiiiis de Miiiitcaliii, at that time 44 yfar-s 
 
 H».' had distinijiiishcd him.si'lf in lta,lv and in IJolicniia, am 
 
 Ihad 
 
 ivoii hi.s proniotion hy Ids vahtiir. Hv was liurii at ( 'andiac. in thi- siiut h 
 it Fiance, in 1 712. 
 
 
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 P-i 
 
 ■y i 
 
 I 
 
i, ■ 
 
 ll t ^ 
 
 m 
 
 S. '''i 
 
 !JS 
 
 !i 
 
 » I 
 
 b; 
 
 If 
 
 < I' 
 
 llir MiiDiiirl III iilK lliM .iIciiiml; lli.it sliniigliiilil, in (liillini^ lii^ 
 .iIic.hIv Will (liillrd mill, .md m ^lowini; ^ianltii sltill' tn kn p 
 till' suldiii,' Mood III iNiod I oiidilioii. At Iciij^lli lit' liiMid lh;ii 
 I .tiiisliiirj; li.id liciii ^lioii^h irinloiccd, ;iiid iImI Iwnitv I v\<> 
 Ircmli slii|i'> o| ilic line wnr Kini^ iiiidci its nuns. In disroin 
 litin*' 111" siiiird li.irk to New Noik. .\diiiii;il llnlliurnr, Imu 
 cvii, who roiniii. Hilled the l.li^lisli tli'cl. w.is of lullii indtlr 
 He ( iiiiscd to .111(1 till licloir tlic IkiiIioi of I uiiislHiri,', lr\iii)4 
 to |ciii|it till' I'triii ll liips out to li.itllr : till ;it kist j storm 
 .iioM' .ind so ^-li.ittriid Ills llrcl lli.it lie li;id to s;iil iiwiiy |ui 
 ir|i.iir-i. 
 
 MiMiiwliilr Monti .dm. st'rin^ l.ondoim's misl;ikc in «'ini\ 
 mu his troops oil' to I l;ilil,i\. cimc out ol' his lines ill Tieonde 
 ioi;,i. moved down I,.ike (leoi^e, ;nid with six thotisinid men 
 I. lid siem' to I'orl William lleiiiy. Tlie lort was well lniill,;iiid 
 ^.niisoiieil liv two tlioiisand two lnmdred men under a liiave 
 Seoleh soldier, Colonel Munro. I'ourteen miles away, at I'oii 
 I'.dward. la\ deneral Welili, with i loree ol thirty six hundird 
 Monteahu, renKiiiheriiif; the late ot !)ii-skau, attempted no as 
 saiilt ; lint helore settliiij; down to a regular siege he asked the 
 tort to surreiuK-r, saving that his victory was sure, Inii that it 
 there was stuhliorn resislanee he leare*! he might he unalile to 
 eheek the Uroi itv ol the Indians, who made up a third of his 
 lone. Munro .inswered that he would delend his post to tin 
 end ; aiul his gnus o|ieiied lire iVom tlu-ir bastions. Soon the 
 I'reneh field jiieees wire in position, and under tlu'ir batteriii;; 
 the wooden ramparts of the tort tiew rapidly t<i splinters. Muii 
 ro had sent urgent petition to Wi-hli for reinforeements ; hut 
 that olViei-r <li'elared he eould not sjiare a man. As the position 
 ol l'"ort William Henry grew more and more desperate, Munro 
 npeated his .ippeal with vehemence. Three thousand si.\ huii 
 died men were lying idle at I'ort I'kUvard. Had thi.s force 
 moved upon Montcalm's rear while the garrison assailed his 
 front, the I'reneh would have found themselves in |)eriIoiis 
 straits. lUit Weill) was a toward. He had no heart to eome 
 out from his ramparts while Indian scalping knives were in tin- 
 
am 
 
 I.I. 
 
 At List. Ins Init ill iiiii 
 
 IIS, ,iiiil ;i ^iiii i;il ,iss;iiil| will) 
 
 Ikiiums iiii|i('|)(Iiii)4, Miinni < ,i|iiiiil,iii i| MnnlriiJin 
 
 |,,\vri| ilir j;,mis(»ii tit iiKinli out wilh lln liKiioiir-. nl w,ii, 
 .mil |il('(l^i'<l liiiiiscH ti) |iini('( t tlinii linm tin Indians. lint 
 
 niiw 
 
 IdIIiiwimI ;i (|( I'll lliiil JMdii^lit (lislinniii mi tin lirni li .irtii 
 
 jiM Mmilriilin hiiil iiruiiiiscil inuri' tli,iii lir i inilil iirrliinii. Tlic 
 Inili.iiis wrri- ill ;m ll^^lv mhhi 
 
 litTiiiisi tin jort ii;iil \i(l(lr(| 
 
 miN lili'liilcr. As tlir iMi^lisli ti(Mi|i-,, will) .ill tliiir wnim ii 
 (I ( luldirii, wcif liliiij^ tliKni^li till' smmkI-, |() I'oii I'',(|w,-ii(|. 
 
 tin s,iv;i|;«'s hiirsi lipoii llit'iii 
 
 H'V wrir li(l|>li's-,, li;ivili^ ^ivi ii 
 
 ii{i tlii'ii ;imis to till' Ml tors. Womrii uric sn;it< Iwd out ol tin 
 Links ;iii(l s( ;il|tr(l. ( 'lllldnil Ufic d.lshcd to pirrcs ;i^iimst lilt 
 iiio. Till' lu'iids III turn were s|tlit Djirn willi li;iti licts. And 
 .1 liidnnis rl;iiiii)iir iiriisi' III shrieks mid n.iilis and yells. Tlir 
 uildcini'ss lier.iMie ii reeking sli.mililes. I'k side hiinseH willi 
 s|i;niie, M(iiile;ili>i r.in hitliei ;ind tliillier sword in li.ind, ;ind 
 -.Iriise to elieek the shiiigliler. i le threatened ; he iin|»lor( d ; 
 ,111(1 several ol his offieers, |)assionalel\ seidiidinn his enort^. 
 were wounded in the struggle wilh their luiti hering allies, r.m 
 ivery I'reneli liayonel should have l»een ordered to the i harge 
 ere the slain ol sneh a tnaihery was allowed on Monti aim -^ 
 lidiioiir. To him had the lort surrendered, and he was respon 
 Millie lor the prisoners. When al last the Imtehery w;,s slojiped 
 the savages made oH, in lear lest their e.iptives and 'hi'ir phin 
 (lir should he taken Ironi them. I'oit William ileiirv was tin n 
 
 le spirit ol ('anada, hv this vi(tor\. 
 
 h'M'iri 
 
 I to t1 
 
 le uroiini 
 
 1. \ 
 
 was hraeed anew 
 
 for tl 
 
 le great struggle in whieli sh 
 
 e was now 
 
 liiially loekeil ; hut Monteahn's heart was heavy lor the sham 
 uliieh his allies had put upon him. 
 
 .' U 
 
 
 " '1 
 
 m 
 
 (Sl( flON IN. I'ill I'Mliiis jlilci [iiiWl'l. rill I'm lirli .111.1 Kli-!isli ('.ill 
 
 111.'- l'.lN|i.ll 
 
 .1. 
 
 Ilii;..l'.s r.iii ii|iliiiii. eiiiiiiicli.i Isllcs iir Wi.jli iiimI M..iilc iliii. I.i.iii^liui;:. Tli. ~ic..i..| 
 -ii':;r. Till' Kiinl |.'iill ..r l...iiisliiiii;.) 
 
 48. The Combatants Compared. Louisburg once 
 
 more. At this hour of exultation lor Iramc, olgloom lor I'aig 
 1. 111(1, theieeame a sudden ehangi'. The iiie(»mpeteiit N'ewc astlc 
 ministry was east down, and the "(Ireat ('oiiimoiier." William 
 
 
M4 
 
 »:»li*tv<! 
 
 i' i/' 
 
 ;il' 
 
 i'iit, was calkd to powrr. His (lauiulfss will and swifl ciiiri^v 
 made thrmsL'lvL's kit in every ])ulse of the eninire, and I'^nglis!' 
 he;irts ri'vived ; wb.ile in Canada the sagacious eyes of Mont 
 caini watched anxiously to mark in what direction the ni'W fm 
 \'\' his adversaries would strlhe. 
 
 The end of the great duel for colonial emjjire wasnowclosi 
 at hand. The English colonies were far richer and ten times 
 more populous than Canada. In more or less com|)act settle 
 ments they could i)oast a population of about 1,300,000 souls ; 
 while Canada had s( arcely more than 60,000 inhabitants, and 
 tiiese trailed thinlv along the St. Lawrence, with denser cluster> 
 at (Quebec, Montreal and I'hree Rivers. Her vast western ter 
 ritory was held only by a frail chain of forts, the capture ol 
 almost any oc.e of •.bich would put an end to her connection 
 with Louisiana. Her in'abitants were im])overished, ground 
 helplessly beneath the rapacious hands of l'>igot and his crew 
 while the l-^nglisli cokmists, lightly ta.xed aiid cheaply governed, 
 were rapidly growing in wealtii. On the other h.nnd, the ICng 
 lish colonies were unwieldy in war, oecause of their unwilling 
 ness to act together, their extreme economy in military expendi 
 ture, their jealousy of each other as well as of the Home (io\ 
 ernment. The (Canadians were unckjr one control. The habi 
 tans were all bound in military service to their seigneurs, and 
 the seigneurs to the king, 'i'hus the commander-in-chief, as the 
 king's military representative, could wield the whole body as oin 
 man. And this whole body was inured to war. Canada was 
 like a bright, light weapon, ready drawn, and brandished in :iil 
 directions ; while the I'^nglish colonists were like a huge blade, 
 strong and terrible indeed, but hard to wield and rusted in tin 
 sheath. 
 
 .\s the struggle was not, at the last, decided wholly by tin 
 sword, a word is needed here to show how the military geniii- 
 and tried vaU)ur of men like Montcalm and his lieutenants wevv 
 made vain by civil rottemuss at the h.-art of Canada. The ci\il 
 affairs of tlu' colony were in the hands of a creature of the kingV 
 mistresses, tin- brilliant and infamous IJigot. As Intendant, lu 
 
 C^ 
 
 ■» 
 
 i I 
 
 lif' ! 
 
'45 
 
 Ik 1(1 the pursc-striniis. Ot'ticfs of |)i(>fit untKr him he fillrd 
 wiih Miili iiifii :is would follow his (.Xiimpk' iiiui act as tiis tooK. 
 I liiold scigneiirial faniilirs. iinahk' to stem the tidi' of cor 
 iiijition, held aloof oil tiieir estates ; though a few yielded to the 
 iMiiil'ul exr.i'iiljle. 'The masses sufficed in helpless siKiice. 
 MiiMtcali)!, the military chief, had small means of knowing the 
 iv.il state of affairs, aiui still less means of interfering had he 
 known. '!"he governor aioni-, di- Wuidreiiil, might haw changed 
 ii ; hut lie was either hlindi'd by liigols cleverness or in svm- 
 |),iih\ with his ( rimes. I'ather dinctly or th.rough his confed 
 1 i;iies, of whom tlie most notorious was a contractor named 
 ('.idet. I'.igots thievt-ries rose to a colossal figure. 'The king's 
 iiiillious sent out for war, the people's millions sijuee/ed from 
 ilii ni in crushing ta.xes, alike found their way into these ra- 
 |i,i(ious pocke's. 'The enemies of Niw j'"r:,nci' within the 
 walls were as deadly as those without. As outsitje perils 
 iliickeiied I'igot's thefts grew more daring. I'oris li'll like ripe 
 liuit into the hands of the I'.nglish, because they were com 
 ip.anded hy weak favorites of the Intendant, ( i iRcause the In- 
 leiidant had k(.|)t tlu' money which should have supi)lied fluni 
 uilli arms and food. ISravi' soldiers were left haif-star\ id, half 
 I Idllied. half armed, that I'igot and his followiis might rt\el in 
 pmlligate excess. It is claiuu-d that in two \rirs alone, I7:,7 
 .md 175S, the intendant clu'ati'd his king am! suffering coimtr\ 
 niit of nearly fiw million dollars. .\ few years later, when New 
 liiince had passed into English hands and the Hag of tlu' lilies 
 li.iil iieeii lowered (Ml all ln'r strongholds, IJigot was thrown into 
 il'.f llasiille. He was hroiiglit to trial and condeiiUKd. He 
 u.is lianished from I'laiv e for life, his estates wrre ( onfisCiUed, 
 .ind a (riishing hue was laid upon him. His confederates, in 
 \.ir\ing degrees, received like pimishment. 
 
 I'o i\turn to tlu' conllicl. The first Mow of I'itl's luaw 
 li.iiid ti'll on l,ouisl)urg. 'I'o rediicr this diradi'd stronghold he 
 -111 lut a force uiKkr Cieiieral .\mhir-.i. " with James Wdllc as 
 
 * .\tl»'iw .iiil.s niailt' Lend .\iiilirist. If was ,1 lii.oc ,mhI (Aiicri 
 
 iiiif(l i'iiiiiii'uikIi'I'. skilful lull siciw . II. ilnl i; I xi \ ire in I lli^ 1 iiiii 
 
 |iii;.'ii. lint lia.s liccii tliiiiwn in n t'i'li|iM' li_\ I lie IiiiIIimihv ut WkJIi'm 
 mIiicv ciiicnts. 
 
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 146 
 
 st'coiid in «()inm;in(l. I'lioii^h h'.:t thirty-two yi;irs old, and nl 
 dilicatc lu-altli, W'olt'i' had won distniction for sa^Mcity and linx 
 cDiiiagi' on si'Vi'ial haltK'Iklds of lun()|)t'. Hi' was chosiii over 
 tlu' heads of many si'niois, hrcaiisr in tht- anUnt yount^ soldier 
 I'ill's keen t'Vt' had discerned tlu' i|ualities dear to his own heart 
 and necessary to the execution of his darnig |)iir|)ose. W'oltr 
 was loved 1)V his followers and his fellows, trusted implicitly li\ 
 his superiors. In a warlike generation his bravery was con 
 sptcuoiis. I lis eharacti-r was a rare comhitiation of wisdom, 
 manhood, gentleness, though marri'd slightly by ;in irritaliK 
 temju'r. It is a somewhat strange i oincidi'nce that his gre; t 
 o|)])onent should have bei'H a man distinguished by liki 
 (|ualities ; for .Montcalm was warm-hearted and humane, and 
 the Indian alliance was hateful to him. In appearance the 
 noble antagonists weie most imlike. Montcalm, with ere( t. 
 strong, soldierly figure, S(iiiare, resolute fa. .-, full forehead and 
 dominant chin, looked his |)art. Of Wolfe's face the nut^i 
 |)rominent featuri- was the somewhat tilted nose, from whicji 
 forehead and chin receded shar|)ly. His upper lip was loni; 
 and full, so that the lower part of his mouth looked weak b\ 
 contrast. I lis chest was narrow ; his frail limbs wen- ill-fitted 
 for warlike exercise : his long, red hair w.is gathered in a (lui-iie. 
 I'lUt in his eyes, masterful and |)enetrating, buined the light ol 
 his indomitable spirit.* 
 
 With the army under .\mherst and Wolfe went a stroiiL: 
 tleet led b\ .\dmiral lioscawen. I'.arly in Juiu', i75<^, tlu 
 wholi' force reached ( labarus i'.ay. 
 
 I.Duisburg, since its capture by I'epperell thirteen year> 
 befori', had been vastly slrengtlu nod, especially on that land 
 ward side wIutc it had proved so vulnerable. Within it- 
 mighty ramparts dwelt and tracK'd a population of about foui 
 thousand souls. Its co'.nmandant was a brave and prudeiii 
 
 • Wolf*' wiis ;it tlii.s time '.\\1 yL'iU'H nld. 'I'lu' smi of rii Kiigli^ili nlli 
 ccr, 111' liiiil ln'fii in tlif iuiiiy fniin tin- a^c tit 1.'). .Aiijiitiiiit nf his rcj^i 
 iiu'iit lit 1(>. lie WHS lii'iitcnMiiti'iilonc! at '2'A. tliinc^li his own infiil>- 
 lit! hiiii scrvril witii lii;.'ii ilistinctinii at l><'ltinj.M'M, ( 'uilitili-ii, aniiitthii 
 taiiioiiK liat tlt's. 
 
 ^4 
 
 
'47 
 
 I, It'll tr. tlif ( 'luviilicr cU' I )ni(<>iir. Its yiiiiison consisted ofthn c 
 ;li(iiis;iiul U'l^iilar tr()(i|)s. vclcniiis of Miiropc-Mii wars, In-sidi'S a 
 liudv ol ariiU'd citi/ciis. Lndi-r [hv lu'avy l)astions of the watrr 
 iKHil rodf at anchor twelve war ships, carrvinu alioiit three thou- 
 >,iii(l men and five luindred and fort \ four ^uiis. 'Tlie hattiriis 
 lit thi' fortress mounted in all two hundntl and ninettiii hea\y 
 (. union and seventeen luortars. 
 
 It is a hi,iih triltute to IV pperells jiidj;iiient that iiis pl.m of 
 itiai k was followed hy the experienced Amherst. I>ut Am 
 Inlet's landing, on the shore of (laharus Hay, was a more dit'fi- 
 ( ult task tiian I'eppeiell had found it. It was done throu-h a 
 lu-.iw surf, and in the face of an enemy well jirepared to rejjulse 
 11. Wolfe, armed only with a cani", led the niovtiiunt. Tlie 
 ti^lit was deadly fierce, hut hrii'f IJoats wire shattered on the 
 rocks, or swamped hy cannon shot, hut the red (oated liuhter^^ 
 uould not he checked. They swarmed ashore with cluers. .\ 
 liatlery was ca|)lured ; and the I'Vi-m h at length weri' routed 
 with heavy loss. The Iviglish chased them through the thi( k 
 els of young fir trees till they (ame out upon the morass, in hill 
 \iev\ of the great ramparts. Then the cannon thuiuKrrd 
 .igainst them and drove llu'm hack. .Meanwhile the whole force 
 had made a laiuling. The result o*' this succi'ss was a jjiumpt 
 .ihandoument of the (irand Mattery, as well as tlu' hatterx on 
 Lighthouse I'oint. which were thus (aittlanked. TheN were ;it 
 uiice occupied hy the ICnglish and their lire turned against the 
 Uland Mattery. Night and day this duel ol giants was kejit up. 
 ilic luavv guns roaring di'fiaiK e hack .nid I'orth a( ross the har 
 liuur. Steadily and (juietly the invaders, hurrowing like moK s. 
 i.ui their /.ig/ag trenches closer to the walls, planting tluir 
 h.itteries neari'r and nearer, hurling hai k tlu- liirx sorties ollhi 
 uarrison, and holding like bulldogs to e\er\ aihaiitage gained. 
 Soon the Island Mattery was silenced, .nid the gate of the h.ir 
 hour lay open to the English lleet. Mnt 1 )rucour sank Imir 
 l.irge ships in the jaws of tlu- passage, hanmg it anew. 1 1 is 
 other ships wiTe set on fire hv sheIN and hiiriied. except one 
 wlii( h was daringly cut out !)\ a p.irtv ol I'liglish sailors. The 
 jiosition of the garrison grew de-peiali. 
 
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 lillin!', in iliti 111 •-. --Ii.illii mi; llll w.ill- nl '.liiiif wilh pick .m.l 
 , i.wv Nil. nil 1 iini'-lini;: vv.i'- ni' ni.ur Mill llu \.r.| Inn. .1 
 ih. .Ml ilixx I'l K'- .n.' '^iiil l«> 111" li.i' 111 I iivriiii Willi .1 in mill ul 
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 ihiv til ,1. IK --iLik. ,11 1 iMii--lini.:. ilii \ tinimphnl dii I ,iki 
 I h.nupl.un N.u \<l li.ul llu i lurl ,mi,\;;iini^^ls loinc I.h i 
 lo l.uw \\ lull' W I'lli' Nv,!-- -^I'l \ ill;.; \niliri--l ,il I uni'-iiiir);, Mmii 
 . ,ilin l.u m ilu~ lmr-> o\ riroiiiit'iiic.i At ilir ulliri iiul ol I .ik. 
 I il iHCi . pii p.nini: to 111,11. li ,il;,iiiim liim. \\,i-^ rin .niiptil ( inn i.il 
 
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 , . . , I |> II i| llii' llii III III "I I il' I II I iii| il nil r.ilitinl II till I 
 
 I ,ii. Il \ illi \ . mil ill' ' I' I "I ill' ii'li" III '.'iIkI u I . I'lilili' i| 
 1 , 1 I II;' I I I I I' I l|'. I|' llll :i -I vv "I I . I 'Mill 1 i| Il mil . r il : n I ■/ Il II 
 I, 11 I H III 1 1 I il Mil II I " 'Mil li'l' "111 ^^ .11 1 1 . I il ' I III (iiiH . ' i| I III II 
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 mil 1 1 Mil I III III Mil I III' M, I' 1 I 1 1. 1 I' I I I III hill I II I I ml . ,1 
 
 \l,. mli\ I In I I 11' ', \M I' I' 'I 11, \l"Ml' ilm. ■' illi 'I' I < \ i-. 
 
 111. I I II HI;' Min ill' I" .ii|i|i'iil liiiii \ I " 1 1 1 1 mil I. ' I I mm nl 
 
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 Mill 111 1111 III lull I'l l.l\lll|l 'ill .|l"llj' Will III, illi ml lliM 
 
 1 \ 1 II I 'll I , W III I i.lW III . \\< ll III . ,, ill' I I I "I ' M 1 'I I" II III' I'. ' III II I 
 
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 III 1 1 ,1111111, I ll .1 1 1 ' I , \ I I 1 1' Mill' III •,-.1 V ,im I I' I' ill , Ml till III nil III 
 11' I I ! I 1 ,11 1 In 1 1', 1 ' I, I 111 ,1' ll , ' ll I I' ' III' I' (' i;' I mij'lii ll 1 1, 1 I ii < II 
 III 1 1 1 II I 1 1 1 1 1 I 'i 1 1 1 III ,1 ' 1 1 I m ' , ', M 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 ' " I , I ' I 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 In III ,1 lillllil .Inn I liliii i|".\ii. ,iml li'iin lliil imiiu'iil l'' 
 \\ In ill ,11 III \ Vi ,r. Ill I I mill n 111 \ 1 1' m i ■ mil i',' m i' h mi ,il m in' ii 
 
 III I Illi ll,mk M Mill' ,1 Illi , 1 1' I ,il ii III, Ml I'l ' Ml ' illl ll ,ii|ij (In , ll'.' 
 ' II I i||i\ 111)', lln 111'.' ,lniii , li'','iml liiiiin.' ,i ,vli'iii I'ln;', 
 ilii 11 lliil 1 l,i\ In lull |i i| III . i!iiii;',i 'I ,' il'ln i , i;',im .1 lli,ii im;ir' ;» 
 
 11,1 I ill ;/,!, I\, W lull III lln ', \M |i III",', M 'I' I-,', tl 111 ' I'M , , l| , tli<- 
 
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 .l.il.i'. Willi lln II I l,i\iii'iii , 111 Ml' ll lln liMin I'll I'' 'il.irs 
 Mill iiiililM Miil'liil I ii ll iilln 1 Ml |i ,ii , III liililiMrii 'I irm.;, '»! 
 w llH ll lln I' 1 1 111 ll '.| II 1 1,1 ,illi I ',\ ,111 1 , ■,', ll ll jinn I [iMI .' I'l f h' 
 
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 150 
 \\.\\r l.'Ki H 111- IIH(i|<s .IMil IiMiIimI IIk 111 mid lllf hki Willi. 
 
 niijil Icll Iwii lliiMi'-.nnl I mlJI'Ii ^l.iiii l.i\ in;iiu;l(il .iiiml \\\' 
 '-li.ii |i Iniin 'us III till' !,/,/, /^. ( )| llii lninli llicic li.iil tulli n 
 I'll lliiir him lird I'lu \ li;nl 111, iilr ;i f^liM ions (li'ltinf. ,\l' 
 ti(iiinil)\, wiih r,iiiiliii^ Ik, III. Ii II Imi k ii|iiiii lull Willi. im 
 Ihnn . Ill w.is |ins(nll\ k In \ cil nl Ins 1 umiiumd. 
 
 riir jit\ 111 (',111.1(1,1 iiM I llir- \|ili'l\ \\;is Minn i|;l|ll|iri| li\ 
 
 news <i| (lis,is|i I \\ liilr Alien miiiliN l,i\ luiiililm^ nl Imii 
 W illi;ini lliPix, niiMil li\ .ill his nu n. lii.iilsiinl willi ,1 limh 
 111 11 lion 1,1 1 nil 111 1,1 li,ul I iiisscil I .;iki' ( 'iil.iiiii 111 \\liiili' liniils mill 
 I ,i|i|inril I ml lioniiiiu Willi (he Imi lir ((inK mli s|nn .. 
 ami .ill ihr I It 111 h shi|is th.ii s.nlcd tin like. Tins sm « i s, i ni 
 ( ',in,iii,i 111 Iwii. Inil (III (^'iicsiic, s)\(ii(| finm lis s(im(( nl 
 sn|>p!i(s, Idis.ikrn ti\ llir In kic lulus wlm had .inlcd m iln 
 nvcithrdw ol lli.idstii I I. md linlK atl.n kcd In a Ihkc iiiidi i 
 ('■rncMl i'dilu's, w.is ali.mdoiu'd m Ndxi iiilnt. (i;^'^). I In 
 ii'lri'itiii!: uamsdii Mew ii|i ihcii Iditil'ii .iliniis Near ihc simi, 
 siif iht' |',iit;lisli iidw i.iisi'd .1 new siidiii;lidld wiih a iiaiiici'l 
 Liddd diiun. riicv ( .illi (I il l(iil I'm ; and lo llic 1 Insjci oi 
 ti.idtis' (.ilniis ili;U i;,iili(i(d .ilidiil II was )4i\in llic iiaiiir nl 
 i'lllslnnu. 
 
 I >iiiin«; (Ills s.imr vr.ii. while lulls weic l.illiii): and liallli 
 i.iUinu e,isi .111(1 W( st, m eviiil Inok |il,i( e wliiih w.is lull <a 
 |H',i('eliil simiilii .nil c. Iheriisi lemsl.iine .issemlilv e\(i lielii 
 mwh.il iidw Idiiiis ( ',111,1(1,1 w, is e.illed |dL;elliei al llali!,i\. I'lu 
 pidiii^ Is wild h.id liiiill llie ( il\ li.id cdiiie diit. as we haxc seen 
 nndev jirdmise ol Ua' ii iiiesenl,ili\e iiislilntidns. Now llii. 
 pvomise 1(11111(1 its Inst nieasinc dl rnllihiient. I'lie |ied|il( el 
 \d\,i Scdti.i W(a(' e.ill("d iipdii Id eleel siK h nun as |lie\ d. 
 siii'd Id re|iresent llu 111 ,in(l lo IcL^isl.ite Idi llu in. Hiil aliiin-i 
 ,ill the real pdwii w.is kept in the hands nl the cmeiiidi .ind 
 (Hher eidw n dl'lu i.ils. I'.i ni.ike these repieseiitativc insliliilidii ■ 
 ri\ill\ \\w cdsl ,1 eenlniv dl ( e.iseless stiiiggU'. deslined sddn !'• 
 lie^m, and to (dldiir a wluile periiul in our story. 
 
 \ 1 
 
 W "i 
 
I '^l 
 
 , ,,, iiMV -.11, M.'iitr ilipi ■Mill. |ii|iti,n., IIk l',iii'Ii-.|i I'Iiii m| ( 
 I ,1 \i!ii:ini. III. Ill hMiri'|i|'> I'll! il,-. \iiiIm i-t nil In),. I'll i in |>l iin. ) 
 
 I'll! 
 
 !' il h .i(|i ■. iidw 
 
 50. Thr Brv^iniiiti^ of the Eiul. 
 
 iiiril III K ,ili/i lli.il (In (Il ,illi ii|,)|i|ili w.i, |,iiil\ III L'.iin \ 
 
 liiiHii h 
 
 linr (i\rl (',111,1(1,1 III llir ur-,1 .In |i.ii| |<i,| ||ii |„ikt 
 
 lll\, ,lllll suMir 111 111! -ilKilli'i 
 
 .1 ,lll 
 
 l( , ,111)1 ilil' I lie I n(l!;ill>- 
 
 In ilii- < I Mill, will II Mmili .iliii u,r.. .In li,ii| .ii|ii iMy In l(| lii 1 
 ,,\\ii I'llll mllli 1,1-1 III I 1,1.1 luiikiil iiiiMiiil'. r|i'il|).;li ||ir 
 
 wiillil llllliiUs '.tinll^linlil III I I'MI .luiti' .li,ili lii'il Innil lli'l, ^lll• 
 Il III I 11 I H \|ii|i|ltl\ llMlli'il li.li k ll|iiill lln -i| I ;|\Mi in i\ ,\l 
 li, I In Mil, ii'i ,lli« lull. >;il,iuri| I'.ljV'l ■■ ^',li ' 'l\' I'll' k, 'li-,il to cm i v 
 i|i|ii ,il III 1 1 II'. SI 1 1 II. nil- In nil III lln II I iniiili \ ■> I II III jo I' i.iin <■ 
 llii liiMi nil); I iiiiilU III i| lul ,lli| , lull I 1,1111 r W,l-. Iii'llli; ll.llij 
 |ii, ..111 III lMllii|ir, Slic iDillij .|i,iir III! limn irj'iiiniits lur 
 ( ,111,1(1,1, III! I in lie j;i)l I till r.iL^'il ■> |i(ii ki I ^ Mmiti ,iliii u,i^ lril(| 
 
 III 
 
 ,t,iinl nil llic (!.|( iisivc ,iinl w.iil Im liiiliiin Id ( Ii,ii 
 
 I'lclwi (11 Mdiilf ,iliii ,iinl llir ( idvciinii ( i( in i,il, llic \,iiii .iinl 
 |, iliiih. \ ,ii|(liiiiil. llnti' w.is .!i,ii|i iiil,i);(iiii .111 , l»iil llicy ,m led 
 Iii;m lln I III llii'^ ( IKI'.. \',iii(lii nil I ,illi i| oiil ill lln' II III lining 
 iiiililM ii'.iiM >, ;mil < (iin iiilMli <l tin in ,ili'iiil <_»iiili((, win tc 
 \|nnl( ,ilm iinw iiMijr Ills liciil (|ii:ii|( I-,, in tin (Iilnnr ol 
 \l,l;;,ll,l Wile (,lll('(| III till' L',;nrisnlls (il tin n lli.lllllllj; W( ,t(tli 
 lulls, linlll jlclloit Id \ (IMIliMt, ld;.'i||n I witli tin lidllli 
 \\(-,|rl II II litis wild llwcil .llidlll ,\ll' Illillllt.K klll.K , Id I'.dlirki 
 
 lie, diic dl Mdiili .iliii s l)i,i\i I In iiliiMiil ,, w.is ill ili( liiird 
 
 I Imliliii); l„ikr ( 'li,iiii|il,iiii ,iiiil till' Isi' In In II ,ii.',iiii^l lli 
 
 1,1 ,k d 
 
 .imlisli a(lv;iin (■ nii 
 
 Mdiit 
 
 ICll 
 
 III the '-[ilillj; dl 1751; tin l',lij,'ll ill d|ii'li 
 
 I ,iiii|i.ii^n. 
 
 Tlnii |il;iii w,is ,1 swir|iiii;', uni' (iiini.il rinji.iiix ,iinl Sir 
 W iIImiii jnliiisdii were sciil ,it;,iiii,l \i,i^,ii,i. ,\iiilnr^I, in tlir 
 I I'lilic w.is Id IdK (• llic ml, Mill ;,;,ili'W,i\ , (ji-^i end llic Ism Inliiu, 
 .md i;i|tliir(' MdiilrcjI. I In 11 lie nid lln Ni,i;^,ii,i e\|)i(|iiidii 
 
 ■le Id iimlf, I (line down lln Si, l.iwnii 
 
 < ( . ,iinl IkIi) W dll( 
 
 l,ik( < )iii-lie( . r.eldic till 
 
 nil', dill lAi-N niidii \\ dlje ■, ;.'i:^.inli( 
 
 l.isk, 1(1 lis see lidW the \('iilnie^ dl I 'i id( 1 1 1 's ,1 lid .\ iiilnr .1 1,1 H'd. 
 
 ■\u 
 
 U- l-\|l('(|illdll ;i^;lillsl \l,i;4 ll;i ,11 I l\e(| Ik Idle tlie ninldr' 1; 
 
 ',4M 
 
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 u 
 
ifl> 
 
 i4.i 
 
 '5-' 
 
 nients wliic li were to succour ihu dooincil post. 'I'lu- lort w.i- 
 regularly hesicgccl ; and its defences soon gave way hcfor. 
 the I'Jiglish guns. Prideaux was killed, and |t)hnson tocik 
 command. Presently came the Prench reinforcements. John 
 soi\ faced them with a portion of his force, struck them heavih. 
 antl drove them hack in fragments. Thus deprived of its last 
 hope, the garrison at once laid down its arms. Proken wa^ 
 the last hold of I'Vance on the great west. 
 
 In the centre Amherst cautiously pushed his way down I.aki 
 (leorge. When he drew near, Pourlama(iue Mew up the dread 
 eil walls of Ticonderoga and fell back u|)on ("row?i Point 
 Thence he again retired to a much stronger and more strategi( 
 ally important position on Isle aux Noix, at the narrow outlet 
 of Lake Champlain. Here he gathered all his forces to maki 
 a final stand. He held control of the Lake by means of foni 
 well-armed sloops. In the fiice of their guns it was impossible 
 for .\mherst to advance in his open boats; so he spent tin 
 summer in building vessels to co[)e with those of the I'Vench. 
 When this was done the weather turned stormy, so he concha! 
 ed to winter at Crown Point. He was a brave leader, but ni 
 his own deliberate way ; too painfully nu;thodical for an en 
 ter|)rise like this, which called for dash and risks. At all 
 <'osts he should have forced his way forward and created a di 
 version in Wolfe's favour. Hut he preferred to build forts and 
 secure his advance by strictly regular process. Hourlemaciue .it 
 Isle aux Noix and Montcalm at (^)uebec were gratified by hi- 
 forbearance, but not imi)ressed by his brilliancy. 
 
 m\ 
 
CllAI'ri'.R \I. 
 
 'f 
 
 SECTIONS : 51, Wolfe and Montcalm Face to Face. '32, The 
 Plains of Abraham. 53, Quebec in English Hands. 
 
 (>!• llciN ■.!.- Tlif fnicrs ..f M..iilc:i1iM aii.l WmH'c. M.iiiIc;iIiii ^ pliin i.f I Irtrricr. 
 
 W.lli llpirS llr c| llrlr.-III.S. V.llMllfllirs l-'ir.'-sluiK. WnU'c lll I'MIIlt l.c\i. WuHc ,Mt 
 
 \|. ii!iu"ii-liri. 'I'lir KiiL'li-li lli'ft ;;'ii's up tlu' liMT. KiiHmit nl' \Vi>iri''.s uttiick nn tljr 
 i;. iiipuil liiii-.) 
 
 51. Wolfe and Montcalm Face to Face. TodtfLnd 
 
 (Jurl)t'C, to make his last stand for I'lance in Canada, Mont- 
 < aim had ahoiit fittccn thousand rcj^ulars and Canadian militia. 
 with perhaps a thousand Indians. 'I'hc regulars were his onlv 
 reliance ibr haltle in the o|)en ; while in husii-tlghting, on the 
 ndier iiand, one Canadian was considend e<|ual to threi; regu- 
 hirs. All the trooj)s alike were good heliind entrenchments : 
 wherefore Montcalm resolved to take the defensive, and force 
 liis foe to hreak himself to i)ieces on his lines. He would make 
 (Jiuhec another 'I'iconderoga. To hring against the i6,ooode- 
 fiiulers of this almost imi)rcgnal)le position, Wolfe had hut nine 
 '.housand men; hut these were all tried ^tuff, and e(iual to an\- 
 ^er\ ice. 
 
 Leaving a garrison of two th<nisaiid in the city itself, under 
 lie Kamesay. Montcalm ranged his army along the shore below. 
 itom the city walls to the Montmorenci river eight miles down, 
 rile mouth of the St. Charles was closed with a massive hooii 
 of chained timhers, and both its banks were covered by hea\ \ 
 batteries. A little higher uj), the river was crossed by a bridge 
 of btjats, forming the avenue oi lonununicatiun between camp 
 20 
 
 m 
 
 I'm 
 
 ,,t ft 
 
 ■ if: 
 
'51 
 
 m 
 
 \m 
 
 and city. Trom the Si. Chailts down to \\\v liltli- lUiiiipoii 
 strt'.iin, It'll mill's Itrlow, tlu' l);ink of llu' St. I-awrciici' coiisisi 
 of low meadow land, witli wide shoals spreading; ht'lore it. .\\ 
 tlu' month of the IJeanport stream was anchored a lloatini; iiat 
 tiTV. l''rom this point down to the .Monlmori'nei the shore i- 
 a steep and r()ek\' rid^e, with a narrow skirt of Hats along it- 
 Itase. 'i'he whole front of the I'leneli position was faced with 
 earthworks, crossing the lU'aiiport nu'adows, and crowning tin 
 crest of the ridgt'. ( )n tlu' Hats hetween ridge and water, also, 
 weri' huilt advance works, strong in repi'lling attack, hut iisele-- 
 to till' enemy if ca|)tmed, hecaiise open to tlii' fire from tht 
 ridge ahove. The floating Itattery at the I'eaiiport mouth car 
 rit'd twelve heavy guns. 'I'lie colossal walls of the city itsill 
 moimti'd one hundred and six cannon, undi'r whose mu//les, ai 
 •till' I'dge of the l.owir Town, clung a Hei't of gunhoal- 
 
 e< I 
 
 and f\w ships. 'I'he most important ships of the I'rench II 
 had heen sent for safety far ii|) the St. Lawrence, that tluii 
 crews might he used in the defense, l-or eight miles ahove tlu 
 city, to the strong defenses of Cap Rouge, the north hank of tin 
 St. i-awreiiee was a precipice 200 feet in height, impassahle ia 
 cept at a few |)oint>, and even at these jiasses so ditticult thai , 
 handful of resolute men could hold them against an armv. () 
 
 II 
 
 thi 
 
 s .-i(le no attack was dreaded, \et U was watciied with viLii! 
 
 Jougamv Ilk'. 
 
 ince hy a force under I 
 
 WOlfes armv. as we havi' seen, consisted of about nine 
 thousand picked troops. L'nder him were three energetic and 
 ciHiragi'ous !>rigade-gi'nerals, Monckton, (the eoni|ueror of 
 lieausejour.) rowiisheiid. and Murrav. Theri' was also a stron- 
 fleet under Admiral Saunders to cooperate in the enterprise. 
 Toward the end of June the throng of hattle shi|)s. frigates ami 
 transports arrived safi'h under thi' green and peopled shores nt 
 lie (TOrleans. Hen- Wolfe disembarked his armv, led a strong 
 force up the island, and entieiK lii'd hiiiisi If on the extreiin 
 
 kestern point, about four miles below (^)uel)ec. lielbre WO 
 nt'olded the magnitude of his task. () 
 
 eves was now ui 
 
 11 Hi- 
 
 ri 
 
 ght was the s|)len<li(l white cataract of .Montmorenci lea| 
 
 nil. 
 
^.■» 
 
 iter, also, 
 
 iVom till 
 OUtll i';ii 
 ■itv itsrit 
 ll/./lfS, ;il 
 liimlxtal^ 
 ■iicli lln I 
 [liat lluii 
 abovt' tin 
 ink ot tin 
 ssal)U' i\ 
 lilt that ,1 
 rniy. ()ii 
 ith \'y^\'- 
 
 )iit iiiiu 
 L;L'lic and 
 
 IKTor el 
 
 ) a slroiiu 
 iUt,T|)tisf. 
 ^atcs ami 
 slion'N til 
 [1 a stroll:: 
 cxtrc'iii' 
 V Woll.s 
 On In 
 I Icapiiu 
 
 li 
 
 1 .3 
 
 .Kit uf tlif (lark llr proves on the ■^inninil nf the rid^c. I'.cNund 
 l,i\ till' li>n|4, serried lines ot iiitren(luiKiit>, swarMiin;^ willi the 
 uhile iinitnriMs of Iranei'. I lien, the ( mwded. -^Irep rotil^ and 
 
 til the ^iiii liDJts aiicl fire >lii|is on 
 
 iPlle^ I 
 
 )l iIk 
 
 ower I own, \vi 
 
 H-, water Iront. 
 
 A 
 
 nd then, suarin^ overall, llie iiiajtsii( prom 
 
 ,111(1 
 
 pi\ ol'C'ajie hiainoiid ; il^ ^riiii late se.nned with lultirii's, 
 stairs, and eliiiiljiii}.; rihhons ol street ; its siiniiiiit crowned 
 portentous Itastioiis and with the ( hivalroiis l»,inners of 
 
 Ultll 
 
 i ranee. 
 
 A lew da\s alter WOIIcm .irriv.il de \ amlreiiil iindi riook, at 
 miiieiidous cNpeiise. to destroy the laijilish lleet with lire ships. 
 The ,i;re it hulls were I'llled with pii( h, firiwoiks, hoiiilis. and 
 ,ill manner ot old ginis loaded to the iiiii//le. One lilai k ninlu 
 ihese pi'riloiis erafl were towed into thr current ol the inath 
 1 iKiiinel, at t!u' loot ot which la\ the I'ai^lish lieet at am hor. 
 There thcv were set on fire. '\'\\r roar and Ma/e were lerrifh . 
 The red lines of the l'aijj;lish on the island, the wliiti' masses 
 ul the r'reiich hehind their earthworks, were luriilly revealed. 
 .\roiiiul each llaniiii}^ sliajie rained a showc-r of death from the 
 (■\pl()(ling engines in its grasp ; hiil the English sailors swarnuil 
 iiiit in hoats, hooked the monsters with grajipling irons, and toued 
 them close in shore, where lliey stranded and loarid themselves 
 out harmlessly. 
 
 'i'lu' next dav Wolfe sei/ed the heights of Point Le'vi, oppo- 
 site the citv, and began to erect his batteries. In the villag' 
 (luirehes round about Levi he jiosted a pro( lamatioii asking the 
 ( aiiadian habitans to stand neutral. Hi' promised them pro 
 lection of life, property and religion il they did so, but fire and 
 pillage if they refused. While the batteries on Levi were stead 
 ilv growing, in defiance of a ( e useless hail of shells from tie 
 I ity ramparis, a baiul of fifteen luindred (^)utbei' volunteer--. 
 (Tossing the river some iiiibjs above the city, descended in the 
 night tu rout the fue. i'hey set out with martial /eal. lUiI 
 a panic seized them ere thev rea( lied the hostile lines. 'IIk \ 
 lletl back madly to their boats, and returned U) (Quebec to la( e 
 the jeers of their fellows. 
 
'i I 
 
 V % 
 
 Mir 
 
 ) I 
 
 Ih 
 
 V 
 
 m 
 
 J ! 
 
 r > 
 
 Ji :l 
 
 t 
 
 
 y^ 
 
 llj 
 
 '5^> 
 
 U'olfr's lU'Xt move w.is to i.nV( I a lamlin^ IhIdw tlic Moni 
 moreivi. 'I'liis was doiu' alUT a shar|) skirmi-^li with ilu' ('aii.i 
 (liaii raii|4trs. IIitc. on tin- rast side of tlu' cataract, W'olii 
 tortificd liiiiisclf with care, plaiiti'd a Itattcry. and opened a liii 
 which proved ver\ naHin:; to tlie I'Viik h line^ over tlu' stream 
 Some oi' tlie l''rtMich ollicers were eaj^er to attack this new po^i 
 lion, hut Montcalms judicious pohc\ t'orhade. "Let hin, 
 amuse liims( ir wliere he is," said Mont<'ahn. " If we (hi\c liiiii 
 away from tiiere lie may uo to some pl.uv wliere lie can do u- 
 Miori' harm." 
 
 W'oHe's position w.is now dangerous, lor his conunand \\,i 
 cut into three parl>. either orwhi<'h migiit he attacked in lore > 
 hefore the otluMs i ould come' to its defense. lUit he longi'd ti' 
 lure the I'rench out of their lines, an<l lilt that the occasion 
 \\as one for taking gnat risks, lie knew that success in tin 
 instanci' was not to lie earned hv caution or ri'ached hy reguLi: 
 p.uhs ; hut onlv, if at all, hy some daring and une\|)ecteil 
 stroke. He now still further divided his forces. His hatterir- 
 on I'oinl l,c\i were fast demolishing the Lower Town. L'ndi ; 
 cover of their fire he ran a |)orlion of the ilei't u\) the river In 
 neath the very mouths of the citadel's guns, and laiil them ovi i 
 against ("ap Kouge to threaten ISougainville. 'This division ni 
 the lleet was commanded hy .\dmiral Holmes. It now hegan 
 to harass the l-'rencli sorely hy drifting hack and forth with tin 
 tide over the eight miles hetweeii (^)uehec and ("ap Rougt 
 Uougainville found himself <-ompelled to follow lahoriously aloii^ 
 the shori' so as alwa\> to oi,,;;>se a strong front ag.iinsl an\ ai 
 tempt at landing. Meanwhile the summer wa> wearing awa\ 
 and tiiough the Lower Town was knocked to pieces (^)ui'liri 
 was not weakening. Sui)i)lies weii' still ahmidant in the cit\. 
 and the waiting game |)layed hy .Montcalm was driving WollV- 
 eager temper to di'speralion. He rcsohed that if .Montcalin 
 would not come out ami fight he must e\en he attackeil in lih 
 trenches. 
 
 The attack was made on the extriuu' left. .\t low tuK 
 there was a ford ai ros>, the mouth of the Montmonnci. Th' 
 
 I 
 
'57 
 
 I 1' m li lr;iii(iii ^ ;it tln> |i()iiit wric i iiui;-;*"! I'S .1 Ihmw I'm- I'mhii 
 ;!m lltfl, wliilf ;i li<)(l\ lit liiinadiii-'. Knv.il .\iiiriiran-» ,iih1 
 I Ii_1i1.iihUm>. {1.i->Iki1 ^hort'W.iiil in liuai^. IH aid tliuii 1 aim- 1 
 , nliiMin fnim llu' MoiiiiiHUi IK i utldiilii. lonhiiu tlif tiiiliuKni 
 ( li.miifl. and lollowing tlic •'liiii ot uii Hal-- il< mv^ Ik I(i\\ tlic 
 iid^r. Iiiipatitiit altiT tluir loni; rl••^llalnl. tin- :;ii iiadit i> 
 lliiiw till iumIms on till' ad\an<c icdoulii and lanird it wiili 
 , In ri>. riu'ii tllL- |)lacc hrcanu' a -^laiiulitri- pen, under tin- 
 ( (iMi mtratfd liir from tlio lRi,ylit>. Suarniinu wiili tliinntd 
 ranks out i>|' tlif di-atli trap, tlu' red ((iati<l idinpanii > stniii^li d 
 liiriiK to ■>( air tlic stffp luion lluni. I'ln- tail. Iran I'liiurc 
 m| Wdllr was t M'ryw lu-ii' at nm f. \\a\ni,L: lii^ ^ii( k, cm iiurauiiiL.'. 
 jiiaisin;;, mj^inu on. I!ut llir toiiol tlir nd^r wa-> a riasdcs, 
 -III el ot' lirt'. and llu' red masses rolk'd lia' k sliatten d. Anain 
 ilii \ returned to the charLji' ; Itiit soon iipim the s(xn( dt lurv 
 l.rnke a Mai k and dremhin^ storni. Tln' stee|>^ iiecanie Idh shp 
 |Fi r\ tiK linil). The aiiimunition ottielendeisaiid assailants ahke 
 v\as sd.iked and useless. The I'-iinlish drew haik liallled in!d 
 die redoubt uhith they had taken ; and WHlle led tlu in dll 
 i|iiietl\ in sullen arra\. Mach side claimed that the other had 
 hecii saved from ruin li\ the storm.' Ihit the result ol tli( Imi 
 lie was rijdicin;^ in (Jiielicc, and in the lai,L;lish c.imp deep dc- 
 [((tidii. .Moii;.^ those (K'adK slopi's had l.iilcn luc hiindn-d d| 
 \\ dlle's ln'st troops. 
 
 ( si.i I iiiN ij. Kii.;li-ii (■ iiiciiai;ai' "|i|io,ai c.i|. H'l'i^c. WmU, > ihkiI |ii.iii. il- 
 il.;iN ili'Uii 111'' ihiT li.v iii^'lil. I'lii- Ki'iioin ||..|ir. rii' Kir.'li-li ■■ii lli' I'liih^ ..r 
 
 .MmiIi.-iiii. .Moiacul 'rlvi'>. Dii' lialtli' ; .iihI W.'llr-. (iiaUi. Itr.-itli u| .MuhIimIih. 
 
 (,1'ii 1 ■r.ikdi. ) 
 
 52. The Plains of Abraham. In (hulMi. ,i. the m 
 
 tuiun wore on, liope rose hi^'h. WHlIc had >d lar accomplished 
 little heyond the devastation ol some \illai;e-. lie uas ill with 
 a p,iint'i|,l rliseasi', wliich now, ag.uravatcd 1)\ loil. an\ict\. and 
 dt jeclion of spirit, yiew swiftlv worse. With il cone a tc\cr ; 
 and lor nianx wear\' da\s he wa-^ tu Id lo hi-, hcil in a lariiilidu^c 
 il Mdntiiidrciici, while L;looin Kll on ilu- tiddp-, rhm c.nnc 
 ncW-~ th, It lid hel|) could he e\pei ted tidin Aniliiisl. .\ lii!lc 
 
 ' '1 
 
 > '1 
 
 I' A 
 
 
 ;> ^3 
 
 i !] 
 

 y 
 
 ft 
 
 W:,;- 
 
 rif'' 
 
 later die raplain^^ ot the licet hej^an to talk ot.niving iij) tlie eii 
 ter|)ri.se, k'st the sliips slioiild j^et eauglit by an e.irly fro.^t 
 l>ut Wolfe, thoii,ub he wrote tlespotidcntly to I'itt, had not ;;iven 
 U[) his jJiirpoM'. He now turned his attention to the height^ 
 al)o\'e the riiy. With his brigadiers he arranged a new plan ot 
 attack ; and he promised tin- admiral that if this plan laileil lit 
 would then consent to withdraw. Rapidly and secretly the 
 main body of the troops was marched overland from i'oint Levi 
 bv night, and concentrated opposite (!ap Kouge. The position 
 at Monlmitn.'iK i was aiiandoned ; and Montcalm, thinking th;ii 
 the foe was at Point Levi, was perplexed to know what move 
 inent was afoot. Ditl it mean llight, or did it mean attack ^-^ 
 llo|)eful as lu' naturally felt, after the simimer's success, lii- 
 po^^;tion was growing difficult from scarcity of food, 'i'lie ICng 
 lish ships aliove the 'ily patrcjjled the river so well that tlii 
 supply boats from Montri'al found it hard to steal through tli' 
 blockade, and niany were -aptured ere they reached the wharve- 
 of (^)uebec. The land route, of course, was open ; but wheii 
 were horses .md transport waggons for the work of provisioning: 
 a city ? 
 
 Wolfe's plan was a forlorn hojje. L'p the face of the cliff. 
 at a point about three miles above (Quebec, his glass hail shown 
 him a narrow thread of a path with the tents of a small guard 
 grouped about its top. This was the .hue du Finil(»i, whert .1 
 rivulet had cut Uself a gully down the slee|). Up this path 1)\ 
 night he would sent! a desperate handful of men, to hold the po>i 
 lion to tlu' death while the aruiy followed behind them. I'll' 
 |)lan was known onlv to the generals and admiral ; but tlu 
 whole camj) knew that some great game was to be playid 
 Demand was made for iwenty-foui volunteers. They came toi 
 ward eagerly, for a desperate venture and a goal they could nn' 
 guess. At last there fell a starless night, and the army was 01 
 dered to the Ixjats. 'I'he lleet, as usual, drifted up stream with 
 the title Then, Vihen the ebb iK'gan, the boats cast off, and 
 were carried swiftly down toward the Aiise du Fouloii, from tii.i' 
 mj.'lu called Wolfe's Cove, 'i'he boat containing the galiaii' 
 
159 
 
 tv-foiir \v;is in u\v Iimi!. Wdlt'c iMllowrd i lo^r lifhiml. In 
 (laiknc'ss of tli;it ^ilriit jdiiriuy. to ci^r tin >iinjh'11^(.-, 
 |iii)ti'(l softly t(i the orCicc'is nliout liini ihr ciiu) lines of 
 (',i;i\ >. '■ l'"-k'L;\," rcuiaikinii as he i-ntUd " ( initli nun. I wonM 
 
 lArll 
 
 III. 
 
 Iir I 
 
 l.llhcr 
 
 have written those lines th.ni take < )i 
 
 iiiii ( 
 
 An.!, illn 
 
 Uiiiu^ as his niemory. who shall say :hat hr wa-- not riuht ? 
 
 I'he venture was a desperate one indeed ; lor (\( ii if all hi^ 
 tiir( e should i^ain the heij^hls. they would even tluii have an 
 ariiiv to n.uht of luarly twice tlu'ir ninnher. lUit nK'anwlale 
 tiie liuik of the I'ri'neh troo|)s lav in their old position litldw 
 the St.('harles, 'hinkiny, from the hiriou> lioniliardnunl wliirh 
 Ailnural Saunders had ojiened upon iheui, that tluv were to in- 
 alta( ked in front. 'I'hey never dreamed of dan!.:i i in the lear. 
 knowinu that the iMiiilish had not wmus. 
 
 i'hat ni^lit a number of |)rovision lio.u wire e\pei |.(| 
 
 In 
 
 |ia>^ down 
 
 to (.)uel)c'e, a faet which the laiuli'-li li.id Icaniid 
 
 hoiii a deserter, IVescntIv \\'olt"c"s forcnio 
 
 >I I lo.ils wiae c irnrd 
 
 a current close in lo the shore. .\ Miitinel i lialKiiui'd iheiu 
 arplv out of the darkni'ss. I'ortuna'.elv 
 
 in iMlr III ihi 
 
 al' 
 
 a IliLihland ottict'r to whom I'reni h v\,is a^ liisnun toiiuui 
 epiv to the sentry's (juestioninL; he said "■lliisli. its tin 
 provision boats. I)oirt make a noise (ir tin- lamhsh will In 
 
 M r 
 
 111 ion Us. 
 
 The hrenchman wa^ 
 
 aljslit 
 
 lew miinilcs Lilt r 
 
 lie boats wen- in the cove : and tlu nitii laii<lrd iKUsilrssU mi 
 
 llir narrow beacli hetwi-eii clitt and w.i'.crsKJi 
 
 rh( late of ( 'anada had ordained thai this p,i>> ol i!ie . 'n/u- 
 t//,' I'oiiltiu should be guarded bv that inw.irdK \\iL;iir wIkiIi.hI 
 ^i\iii up beasiiejoiir. He had been iru il it tin- liinr loi < ow 
 .ii'.licr, but acijuitted through the iiilliiciii i- ol \ niiliiuil ,iiid 
 biL'.oi. Now, when W'olft's lorlorr hopt 
 
 \sa- ( lei-piii- up lliv 
 
 -Il rp, N'erL'or was i 
 
 ,li lus 
 
 ti'iit. W Inn llii IX IvMiit 
 
 \ liMir 
 
 lianiiL; (liiiilHas re.ichc! the summit tl 
 
 nil ■ w a-- 111 I 1 1'H P 1 I ipposi' 
 
 ilii Ml. 1 lie\ .w lose b\ a ulin.meriir.: -imip nl i' nb 
 
 inv 
 
 ilasluil on the- sli'i-pinu miard. slmi soiin . luiiP il ihr ntlii i -. ain 
 I aptured Xer^or as he spran;.; Iinmhis bed iii paim . Ar 'In 
 -iiund ol llieir clu-ers the rest of liu iroup^. v.iiim:; iii ilu i ovi 
 
•I!,, ' 
 
 
 %l ■ '■■^^ 
 
 
 1 'lO 
 
 lii'Iciw. sw.imU'iI np ilu j.iic 1 1| ilir i lill. WHIIr, ucik tinn 
 
 '-li InIIc'S'-. Iillt ,lll his ^-lUll ii>; lilr, IiIIIIkI slliU'^lll to ICII ll ill. 
 
 |ii|i .iiHunu ilif lull inn 
 
 i\ limk. ll s,i\\ \\(ii 
 
 .iMiu in III in .11 i,i\ .ilnii; 
 |W( ' M Miiiili .ilni ,il I 
 
 .1. \\U, n .1, 
 
 iIh l.llllk (ll lllr ll'.'iL'llI^. I ll' sluiiii ll 
 
 'llclMT .iml |.iill;;.im\ 1 
 
 'll ;ll ( ,111 I 
 
 \iiim. 
 
 •w I 
 
 t!i no ( I 
 I 
 
 loll r lull \ ll lol \ o| mill. 
 
 o SI ■( K ,1 
 
 l.i\i -i.ilili- li.iillr ^loiiiiil Woilr nio\iil loiu;iril I 
 w 1 1.1 1 .111 1 illi i! I hi I'l.iins 111 \lii.ili.iiti. ,1 L r> >-'\ .Mill liiisin l(\i 
 .ilioiii li.ill ,1 mill' 111 vviillli, loiininL; llic wi sinn riul ol the uiiii 
 
 •«\M pi Miiinni 
 
 I oM '.ipr I > 
 
 pr I ii.i'nniiil 
 
 1 ,1 '.s ill. Ill .1 mill- ,i\\,i\ . liiii 
 
 liidiirn li\ .1 low li.in iuIl;!'. 1.i\ (Jiii 1 1. i . ( )ii this lollv pl.ili p 
 W illi' (lii'w lip Ills iinr. I.ii m- low.iKJ, ihc iii\. Iioin ili 
 I'm kiis ■.;ii>iMiniliiiL; iiis posilioii llir ( '.iii.Kli.in i.iiiuris .mil In 
 ill. Ill-- ki pi IIP .1 sli.iip skii ihisIiiiil;, \\ olli' iii;iilr Ins nicn li. 
 ilow n lo 1 SI ,ipi ilhii Illi. wliili lie (ii:;.iL:ril lluin in llir liiisli 
 w nil Ills li'^ii! ml. mil \ . 
 
 I'l's; nll\ ilic 11 !:;.' liiloir liiiii sw.iiinrd uilli ulnir iiniriiiin 
 MoniiMlm. ihIiiil; nilo ilu iil\ .ilioiit d.iv Im ,ik, li.ul r,iiiL;li; 
 Mi;iil of the SI, n 111 lull s on llir liriL;lil. in lioi li;isir In- l),ii| 
 oidriid np Ills n l;iiiiiii|s liom llir ruMiipoil linii lirs. j h, 
 r,iirison 111 ihc ril\ n hisnl lo K',i\c lli. n r;iiiip,iris, .nid som. 
 
 ii^niu'ils I 
 
 mdi I \ ,iiiilri mi's iiilliiiiii 
 
 \\vi\ \\ nil llir ll si o| hi' 
 
 r Wilr lli\ slriiollsh d 
 ,ilioiii loin ilious,nid In 
 
 himdii d nirii. In h >i inrd his 'inr ol li,inl 
 
 Us lollowcis wii 
 
 lull ol 10111,1^1'. Moiinli d on Ins ^rcii liknk Imisr In kd 
 
 liiiin ,il oiu I lo 
 
 ihi .iil,;i k. rin'\ .idv.iinid null shoiii 
 liiiiiL; hiill\ .Is llir\ 1 .mu'. ll w.is ilu-n ini oi lork m llif inoin 
 mil;. < >n lllr Issue o| i!ns li^hl w.is h.m^niL; llir l.ilc nl ( '.m.i 
 
 (1.1 
 
 lip 
 
 rilr siMllil i'.llullsli linrs ,nid lllr klllnl 11 l^llkl lldci s li 
 
 11 
 
 IrV slood 
 
 W hill' I o.lird I olnilllls Wrlr W 
 
 11. oiinnoiis silmi'i'. SiiddriiK. wlim ll 
 illim liirl\ p;iirs ol llicii lion 
 
 ihi'ir r.inu .i sh.np i oiniii.md ( )nl Ikiii'i .' thr .mswriin. 
 \olli'\. I shrrt ol firr I !ir I'nili ll lillrs sl,lL;!;cr(d, itllt rilslii ll 
 
 tin mlri|iidl\. Ximlhri sh.iiuiiiii; volirs, .md when itssiiiok' 
 rulli'd up till liiinh wi'ii' s^i n lnokm .md iDiiriiscd. so icrrihl 
 
hill I III 
 
 II tlir -l,lllL;llt(l. \\ lull- lln \ JliAi' (li >|ii r.itcK In tr- 
 I liiiiiMlinii. \\ fdic j;;i\r llic (iidii Id <1i;i|vi, lillii^ill If.ni 
 
 ,it till In. 1(1 (il lii> < iitn.M 
 
 iins r 
 
 I) in^r llir i lii iT < nl llif 
 
 iMiL^lisli. I III' \ill "I llt< I li;;liliiii(tn->, ;iiiil till' wiM skuliiiu ol tie 
 
 Tin I'IrIM 1). lliull''ll I III 111 lih I IS. Wrir II' il I" lltl II. 
 
 |.l|> 
 
 riii\ tin (I ritiiil\ III (lis|Mr;ilr l;M)ii|i^ .\ luillct sli.iiii |. d 
 Wiilli \ Ull^t. \llM|lirl sliiil |i|rl(i<l In- l)iiil\, lull lir |ili v.iil 
 
 ■ HI Nil .1 lliinl striK k linn in llic linist. .\\\:\ In till. Iwumi 
 till, I- III ill! iiirii nr.nrsl i .itriifl liiin Inu.ird lln' hmi Ai In- 
 , iiiiiilN llit\ I, ml linn (jnwn ,\> llir\ In nl hmi Iniii oiir 
 
 I'll up .IIHl I I nil 
 
 III \ nin I lii'\ I III! 
 
 Ill 
 
 W 
 
 ( llll ( llMllI I I 
 
 lll> l\C 
 
 ik 
 
 ikr mil 
 
 li.ill .iw.ikniril liiiiii I lln, lln, .in'l .i--kii| 
 ■•Willi inn-'" "lln cniiiiN, sii'' w,i , lln imiIi.iiiI I(|iI\. 
 
 rili\ ;;l\r \\,l\ cVIVaIiiI" ' TliC (jvin^ ^I'lnl.ll UMtlnlrd Ills 
 
 -liiii^lli willi .111 I'lliiit, .mil Inld Iniiisill Ii.h k Imin ilic lirmk. 
 
 |n| |1);|| insl.inl 111 ,,|\S ( Ir.llh . " ( in. I ill ( ninin I llllllnil. I if 
 h \\ I lilt\ Ir^nili III In lln ( li.iili Kivn, In Mil 
 
 In III, III 
 
 ill llll II nllr.ll llnlii llll lilidj^f." rill II In vs I ils| Kl ' d ■"<.' 
 1 ,1- |ii.iiM(l, I llll III |ii .III- ' ' .111(1 Willi .1 ^il;Ii lln llll I .1 .1 1 II 1 1 11 
 
 III' Inll 
 
 I nl lln I* Il III II \\.is nili'i . 
 
 I 
 
 Id iinl in.iki' lln II nidi I - In .iid . Inil i 
 
 tin II-, li\ llii- 
 
 lin(|\ nl 1 ,111.1- 
 
 I lllir I nil 
 
 ill. Ill- dlsllllUIII-lird llnlll^cKr'. Ii\ lii.ikllli; ,1 dc^|icr;ilc si nid 
 ,lliiim die s|n|ir I .llll d ( nil- ."^Ir. ( 'h'iii S l('\ I , w In ir llli'N lnn^.'lit 
 -n ^IlllilininU lli;i; \\ rlih's ;i(U;il|( c ,i;^illll-^l llic lilldnc w.is lolled. 
 MniiliiiliM. (li>|iii,ilf ;iiid rniiniis, \\,is (,iirii-d iilon;^ vvilh ll'i- 
 lli.iss tdwaid lllr I ll\ ■^■\\r-^. .\ lillll<l |i,l^ id llllnii^ll hi-, hndv 
 .nnl In- s;ink Ini^rllici in lln- --.iddli . Inii lun .nldntN li.id ^fcii 
 liiiii slunk ;niil tlir\ --ii|i|inili d iln n InMij li idi i in In- >r;il, 
 I luis llr Clllrli-d lln- ;^,llrs wlm II In liid --n InllL' ,ilid Aril di- 
 
 Il iidcd. W In II lln\ --.iw liiin sn -,liii 
 
 kin t 
 
 ir |i;ilr Ihrnirj ' rnd 
 
 .ilntid in ;;iiil and li-iinr. .Mmili iiliii mnsi d liiiii-.rll Ini ,i nm 
 llll 111. " Il is nnilnim,' s;iii| In-, " dn nnl In- L'tnMd nn iii\ ,i'- 
 
 I 
 
 I nllllt. i;()ni I 
 
 llirilijs. ' Tin Ir lir w.l-' ' .ill nd In ll 
 
 inlisc nl I 
 
 ^lir''l-nl|. In dir. I.lil III hi- .ili;'lll-li \\r Imlinl Mini' In -,rild :i 
 
 ^ ij 
 
 initi' In ihr |-,rinli--h i nn l lll.l in lit , liri^^inu llllu In I 
 
 III )l( I I th' 
 
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 ;''ii 
 
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 162 
 
 pt'ople lie t;:ul <\)iu|n'.R(l. On the irr)rning (jf tin- fbllowinij 
 ilay, Sc|)tciiil)tT 1411% a little before dayhrenk, he died, and \v;is 
 buried in a ruu^'h liox under the flcxjr dI" the L'rsuHne convent. 
 His grave was a c; vity hollowed by tiie explosion of an ICnjf|i>.ii 
 shell. 'I'he body of his ureal rival had a different fate. It w;i- 
 embalmed and carried to iCnglantl, where the public rejoicini;^ 
 over \\'olf(;'s victory were (|uenched in sorrow for his death. .\^ 
 a Tit en)bleni of the union of the two races who fought that d.i\ 
 together for tlu' mastery of Canada, stands now in (Juebi'c .1 
 iiol)le shaft of store, inscribed to the memories of Montcalm 
 and Wolfe. 
 
 \'y Montca'm's fall the I'rench were left leaderless. 'jh. 
 gallant l,e\is, Montcalm's not unworthy successor, was in Mon 
 treal. Ihe fteble de X'audreuil, bold only when danger wa^ 
 far distant, wa-; in supreme conmiand. .After a few hours ot 
 wild uncertainty he foi^onl- f.Hiebec. 'nid with a force still out 
 inimbering the I'.nglish retreated up the St. I-awrence to tlu 
 impregnable stronghold of Jaccpies ("artier. The I'aiglisii, 
 meanwhile, expecting prompt attack, were entrenching thei 
 selves on their victorious field. 'I'he con)manil had fallen upt 
 Townshend, .\b)ncklon being disabled by his wounds. Whei 
 'I'ownshend saw that the I'rench army had fled he was no Ks 
 relieved than astonished. Mut he knew there were generals left, 
 somewhere in Canada; and hi- thought they would soon b. 
 back. The safest place for him then would be inside the walK 
 of (Juet)ec, and he made up his mind to get tlu're without dela\ 
 'I'o theconunandant, the sturdy Ramesay, he .sent a summons tn 
 immediate surrender, (lei:laring that he would otherwise carry th. 
 place by storm. Ramesay hesitated, still hoping for the return n\ 
 the vanished army. Townsheml, with unresting energy, pushed 
 his mines and his trenches ever closer to the walls. Then, o!i 
 the 17th, the l'-ngli>h ships drew in. A strong attacking col 
 umn marched towaril the city gates. The citizens, in terror .it 
 the threat of an assault, with all its pillage, flame, and bulchcr\. 
 demandi'd instant capitulation. Ramesay yielded to then 
 prayers. Tln' flag of truce was raised : but scjuje (A' the oftici'i- 
 
t!! 
 
 piillid it tl<t\vii. It was raised again, and stayed. 'I'ownshcnd 
 u,i-< ^c-iuTMUs, and granted honorahlc terms. 'I'Ik- inliahitants 
 hr agreed to protect as if they were ICnglisli citi/ens. 'I'lie gar- 
 Mxin inarched out with full honours of war, and were sent away 
 III I ranee at the Knglish cost. Down sank the lilied flag which 
 1ki(1 so long waved ovei* New France ; and the red hanner of 
 l.ngland rose in its stead. 
 
 (Ski IKiS 'i.'i. \>f l.l'lis liniVl-i |..ii lull'. I'lir liilllli III SI,'. I-'mV. liUilicC !..■• 
 
 -1,-id ii> 'li' l.rii.s. lie l.r\i>i tails iKick oil Mniit I i-,il. Mniiliial giiiil all Caliaila caiiil- 
 '.iilr. I'raci' ill Caniula, wliilr tlii' wiir (Viiililiins alimail. Plu' SiVrii Vi'ai>' Wai 
 ,i„lr.| h\ till' Tiiaty III' l'aris.1 
 
 53. Quebec in English Hands. s<ar(ely was the 
 
 ( apitulation settled when messengers came to Kamesay. with 
 word that de Levis and succour were close at hand. lUil it was 
 
 1m(i late. 
 
 )estinv had made her decision. 
 
 'I'he ICnglish now gave tiiemselves diligently to the work of 
 making their position secure. This doiu-. and stores for the 
 winter gathered in. Townshend and the tleit sailed awa\, leav- 
 ing ( leneral Murra\ in command. 
 
 In Murray the Canadians found a warm friind ; aiul ICng- 
 h>h officers were loud in praise of the devotion with which ttu- 
 111 iich nuns attended to the sick and Wdimded of both nations. 
 I he ( iti/ens look the oatli of aliegiam e, and soon were on cor- 
 dial terms with the ICnglish soldiers, wlio shared rations with 
 
 tluiii and volimtarii 
 
 ielpe( 
 
 I tl 
 
 lem with their worl 
 
 M 
 
 urrav 
 
 planted strong outposts around the cit\, to guaril every a|i 
 pmach ; and as the winter won- on tluir \\ere sharp skiriiii>he- 
 
 It I'oint i,e\ i and l.orett 
 
 he garnMiii was (lail\ tApecting 
 
 ,ui attack in force, as de Levis was known to Ir' pi. inning the 
 recapture of (Juehec ; and while the\ wailed, si( kness was de- 
 cimating their ranks. 
 
 lUit it was not till spring reo|)eiie(l the navigatiim of tin St. 
 
 aw re nee 
 
 ihal 
 
 (le 
 
 ,evis was read\ to move auaiiist ( MkIht 
 
 All winter, at Montreal, he had heeii g.ithering his forces. 'I'o- 
 ward the end of .\|iril he si't out. with an .nnn of cuht thousaml 
 
 mill, besides liKhans, swdiii to rerovn 
 
 -1 irwel I 
 
 if N 
 
 ,', :ll 
 1; il 
 
 f 
 
 U 
 
 M 
 
 ew 
 

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 f. : ' 
 
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 i: 
 
 J , 
 
 i 
 
 [•'r;iM."i'. 'I'lir I'.n^lisli niit|M)sts Icll Ii.k k r.qiidlv lit lore Inn , 
 (lcsti()vm|4 llic^c sidles ilhv < itiiltl iKil Sine, .md reunited wiili 
 Murray in (Jueltee. I )e l,i'\is lulled .it the \ ilhi^e of Sle. I'm. 
 tivi' or si\ Mules Ironi lln' eit\. to ,irr;in,i;e his jil.in <>! ;itta< k. 
 Murr.n, dirini; to raslir.t'ss m\{\ liurninn lor renown, scorned i>: 
 await tliis attack. I le led out his little ariiiv. tlir-ce oiitiiuiiilnri d 
 l»y that ol his skilful antagonist, and liiirle(| hiniselC on tli. 
 I"'rcneh cohiinns as they adv.iiici'd from Sic. io\. The strii- 
 glc was .1 mad one. 1 )eeds ol emulous luToisin were matiy on 
 the lield ol Ste. l'"oy. ilul the l'atj;lisli had undertaken to<i 
 much. Theii losses wtie tn'iiiendotis ; and seeing his ermi 
 Miirrav L;a\f ilu' order to lall hack. They olieyed, hut with 
 ayiirv reluctance. ^runiMin;; "What is lallin;; hack hut retre.ii 
 iiij^? 1 U' I.evis. sei'in^ their leui|ter, w.is content to acce|i| In- 
 victor\ ; .ind the Isnulish coluiiiiis, .i thousand weaker tli.m 
 when they starteil out. withdrew into tlu' < ity. 
 
 And now (Jiiehec w.is (lose hesiej^ed. ihe garrison u.i 
 weak with sickness, .\nd worn with ciMseless toil ; itul its spiiii 
 W.IS excellent. <)tt"iciis worked like |)rivates, harnessing them 
 selves to the '^un carri.igi's. wieldiim sinide and pickaxe, sharin_ 
 every hardship with their men. I )e Levis' army was iMitreiiclud 
 on the ridge to eastward ol'the I'laiiis ol .\hraham. under a hot Inc 
 Irom the ramparts. Presently he got his siege guns in position, 
 antl a sieadv l)oml>arduunl was kept up. Both sides wen- e\ 
 peeling aid l)v se.i. The (|uestion was which would first arri\i . 
 the I'rench ships or the I'.nglish. One day a sail ap|)eari'd, uii'i 
 no 1 olors ,u the peak. The suspense was hiealhless. .\t la^t 
 the tlig of i'aigl.ind llnttered to the masi he.id, and theg.i, 
 rison went wild with joy. She was hut the vanguard tjf a stronj 
 lleet, on whose arrival de l,e\is hastily withdrew. The l'"ren( !i 
 ships in llu- river were destroyed : hut not till one small visst i 
 had m.ide so supt-rl) a defenee that her captain, a daring offKi i 
 by the ii.ime of \'aui|Ueline, w.is feasted .uid toasted as a hero 
 hv his .ulnuring coiiiiut'rors. 
 
 'Ihe tailure of de I .e\ is rohlied New I'rance of her last hope 
 Her kevs well' in hi r enemv's hands. Nothing remaiiud h'.: 
 
1^.; 
 
 illllr 
 
 )r I ,('\ is. liowivir. |il;ivinj; 
 
 i,i\ ii]i 
 
 l.mtiy Ills liojifli'ss 
 ^ii;ir<lr<l ;ill tla' ;i|>|>if)ii( lies. .\,i;;iiiisl Itiin iiioNrd Mtir- 
 ilii- St. L.'iwrcmi- (rum (,)iicIk'c and Ainlwrst douii tlic 
 |„i\M<i\((' Iniiii Lake ()iitari(i, whilr m the » cDtre ( Oldiul 
 
 ,i\ il.iMd 
 
 -.inn k hard at tin' liiir ol llic Kn liclicii 
 
 11 
 
 ine 
 
 KiM rs with Its garrison was not (hstiirlicd, as its late hung on 
 iliai of Montreal. A lew inilis liclow Monlrcal Island Mnrrav 
 iii|K'd, thicati'iifd l)y I'rt'iK li arinirs on both sidis of the 
 'here he anxioiisK waited lor Amherst and llaviland. 
 
 I Ml a 
 
 ri\ I't. 
 
 Tlie laltiT came first, having eiit I'oiigainville's lines and lore td 
 
 haltle. At last ( aiiie Amherst, and 
 
 to r. 
 
 I)a( k without a 
 
 iiHlid 
 
 at 
 
 aeliuie 
 
 le mai' lied down the island and en 
 
 I .iin 
 
 imiied under thi' <itvs western walls. 
 
 .\l 
 
 iirrav at cm c mad 
 
 ,in< 
 
 I i ml; on the lower end ol tlie island, while lla\ iland pitehed lii>- 
 
 ,nii|i Ol' the shore jilst o|)|iosit( 
 
 I he ( anadian mililia, tinder 
 
 |iiMiiiise ol .\mherst's prolet tion, now deserted and went to then 
 Immes, N'aiidreiiil and de Levis were iell to deteiid .Monin.il 
 uith ahout two thousand dispirited regulars. 'i'lu'se wire 
 lieiiimed in Its three aniiii-s, amoimting in all to seveiUetai 
 
 thousand men. Resistance was, ol course, im|iossil)le ; and on 
 ihc Sth of Se|)tcml)cr, 1760, N'aiidreiiil capitulated, including 
 in the surrender not .Montreal alone, Imt the wlwde ti.rritor\ ot 
 ('.inada. The I'rench troops, save those who chose to sta\, 
 wc re sent home to hraine on jtaroK', pledged not to serv-' 
 .igaiiist I'aigland during the war. To the inhahitants .Nmlu rsi 
 
 issued a I 
 
 )ro( 
 
 malion, telling ihein that thev were now al 
 
 • ril- 
 
 ish sulijecls, and as su< h tt» he |)r<»te'< tiil in all their rights ot 
 pi rsoii. pr(»pertv and religion, (ieiieral \lurr.i\ was ap|)ointr(l 
 (iiivirnor of the new province. 
 
 ( anada 
 
 ivmi, 
 
 hecome a Ihitish coloiiv, larye niiml 
 
 III the old sei;;iiorial 
 
 amines, unwillnm to li\f under 
 
 ll 
 
 le 
 
 11 rs 
 
 • '^ 
 
 which they and their fathers had spi-nl their lives in fighting 
 against, went away to I' 
 
 ranee, rohhinu < anada of her oest \> 
 
 1001 1 
 
 he .St. 
 
 .awreiice valley was now at |»eace, and striving to r< 
 
 pair its losses. 
 
 liut t 
 
 le Seven N'ears 
 
 W 
 
 ir still ra;;i(l 
 
 ttroad 
 
 in l-lurojH', in India, and among the islands of the West Indies. 
 
ir/. 
 
 tt 
 
 Still tile l'"ii;;Iish tiiiimphs wi'iit om in fatoff sr;is, ;\ii(l still lli 
 griMt I'lt'diiick in;i(K' liciid indniiiit.iiily ;i;^;iinst his s\v;iriiiiii 
 
 f(K'S. 
 
 In Ni'w 101111(11,111(1 the sittlciiuiit ;iii(i loit of St. lolin's \\ii. 
 taken iiy a I'Vcnch siiiiadron, hut (Hilv to hi- ncaiiturcd hy lln^ilisli 
 s!ii|(s a lew iiioiillis later. Not till iK-arly thrcf ytars after tli. 
 (•a|)itiilati(tn ol Montreal did the Treaty of I'aris hriiit; |tea(i 
 (I'el). loth. iT'i?)' ''V 'lii'^ notable doeiiliieiit half ol North 
 
 Aiiienea changed hands. .Spam yielded up llonda. rrann, 
 hi-sides j^real coik i-ssions in other (]iMrters of the gl(the, inadi 
 over to I'aigl.ind all lur claiiiis and possessions in .\iiieriea. « \ 
 cepting onl\ the teiritorv of Louisiana, at the Mississippi moiitl 
 .She also retained, on tlu' condition that they should not Im 
 garrisoned or fortified, the two little islands of St. Titrrt' ami 
 Mi(luelon, off the coast of Newfoundland. 'I'lu se were to In 
 used as lishinj; stations ; and she was granted at the sanii' tiiiK 
 rortain fishing privileges in the ( Iiilf and on Newfoundland's wesi 
 em shore, out of which have since "lowii iiinunierable difficultic -, 
 
 known as the I'reiK h Shore I )is|)Utis. Russia and .\ust 
 
 ria. KM 
 
 to light their Itattk's alone, caliie speedily to terms. ( )n the d 
 
 when the lreat\ was signed. I'lance secn-tly gave over to. Spam tin 
 remnant saved iVoin the wii'ck of her North .\ineriean posses- 
 ions : and Louisiana passed under the Spanish crow n. 'I'liii 
 ended the Seven N'lars' War. leaving Lngland int(»Nicated will 
 glory, mistress of the North .\merican continent, victor in du 
 tremendous duel lor the empiii' of tlu' New Workl. 
 
 :r 
 
 .:f. 
 
rii\i'|i:K XII. 
 
 SECTIONS: 54, Population and Dwellings at the Close of the 
 French Period. 55, Dress, Arms, Social Customs, Food, 
 etc., during the French Period. 
 
 nte 
 
 , v> 
 
 I, ■ ft 
 
 'I'lui^ ! 
 
 ! f 
 
 I 
 if. 
 
 i 
 
 (V,, ||ii\ M. I 111' |ii' ilili' rif t':ili:iil:i Mllif ill'' ( '. i|ii|Ui'-.l , r..|illl:il l' ili. t^ili'ln'C. 
 111'. UlM !■- illl'l MiOillral. 'Ill'- ll'.i|«i , .iT Sii;,'lMlll-< :ilii| MilKll.'llit-J 
 
 54. Population and Dwellings at the Close of the 
 
 French Period. W'licn the II. ij; ol I'mmc (k|);irlt(l lioiii 
 ( .mail.i, it \vh ;i |)C()|i1l' dcitmid to fmd under the luw rule a 
 tiillcr fri'i'dom, an ampler political drvdopnu'nt, a far moic 
 aliiindaiU prosprrity. It It-ft a pi-oplc (lr-,tinfd to honour tlu ir 
 mw all(f;ian( c by lovalty and licroii- scrviii- in tlw lioiir of trial. 
 Ihr spirit in \vlii( h the I' rcn( h ( Canadian /tn/'/cssr mk h ol tliiiii 
 IS rcinaincd in ( 'anada, n/icivi'd the niw nili;, is well cxenipli- 
 iifd in the words wliirli a I'Veinh (,'anadian novelist* puts in the 
 mouth of one ollhe old sei^'neurs. i'luseij^neur, omt; an oIVk 11 
 
 uni 
 
 I'-r the licnch kini;, is on his (Kalh lied. To his son, wh 
 
 o 
 
 lias li It the i'Veneli ariiiy and t.iken the oath to the ICn^^lish eroun. 
 hi- says ••SiTvelhy new sovireii^n as laithhilly as I have servid 
 tlic kin^ of I'raiKe ; and may ( loil hiess thee, my dear son !" 
 
 I'his people, which thus heiame- itritish hy a campaign and 
 .1 treaty, was distined to form the solid (ore around whi< h 
 -hould grow the vast Confederation oit'anada. iJut tor theiu 
 there would now, in all likelihood, he no ( 'anada. I»y their re- 
 jiitiiin (jf the prcjposals of the revolted colonii's tin- northern 
 hall of this continent was preserxcd to ( Ireat ISritain. I'he <lel)t 
 
 * i'iiili|i|)e Autw-'it ilo (Iii"!!)!', uiilliur of /,«> Amiiiis Cniimin ik. 
 
1 
 
 Sri'.' 
 
 '■■I 
 
 ■ MCir i 
 
 I 1], 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Ik.!; 
 
 Hi 
 
 I 
 
 if 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 I r,s 
 
 \vhi( h the ICinpiri' owes to tlu' I'iciicli Canadians is imnirasui 
 al)l\ j^natcr than \vc at present rcaUze. I.ct ns examine tlu 
 ( lKira< teristies of the small and isolated people who were to i \ 
 enise sucli a deep iniiiienee on tlie future of this ( ontiiun; 
 Let lis consider their niiinhiTs, the peculiarities of tlu-ir lih . 
 their food, their dress, and the houses in which they dwilt. 
 
 The whole population of Canada when she came under tin 
 Ikitish flaj^ was, as we have seen, about sixty thousand. 'I'lii- 
 hardy handful was leathered chiefly at (Juehec, Three Ki\ 
 ers, and Montreal. 'I"he rest trailed thinly alonj; the shores nt 
 the .Si. Lawrence and the Richelieu. 'I"he lands about tin 
 (Ireat Lakes, and the western country, were held only by a fi u 
 scattered forts, buried here and there in the green wildernes- 
 .\t Detroit had sprung up a scanty settlement of perha|)s on. 
 thousand souls. In these remote posts the all importani 
 (juestion was still that f)f the fur-trade with the Indians. Tin 
 traders and the soldiers, cut off from civili/ation, fre(|uenll\ 
 took wives from the Indian tribes about them, and settKil 
 down to a life half barbarous. These men soon grew as lau 
 less as their adopted kinsfolk. They were a weakness and i 
 discredit to the country in time of peace, but in war their skill 
 and daring were the frontier's best defence. 
 
 (^)uebec had seven thou.sand inhabitants. Most of tluin 
 dwelt between the water's -edge and the foot of the great clilT 
 whose top was crowned by the citadel. Where the shoulder 't 
 the promontory swept around toward the St. Charles the slo]!' 
 became more gentle, and there the houses and streets began i" 
 clamber towarti the summit. Streets that found themseh'- 
 growing too prec'ipitous, had a w;iy, then as now, of changing sud 
 denlv into flights of stairs. Thec-ity walls, grimly bastioned, ran 
 in bold /.ig/.ags across the face of the stei'p, in a way to daunt 
 assailants. Down the hillside. |)ast the cathedral and the (u\ 
 lege, through the heart of the citv, clattered a noisy bronk, 
 which in lime of freshet flooded the neighboring streets. I'.ii; 
 of the city was within walls, part without. Most of the hou'-i - 
 were low, one-slory buildings, with large exjianse of steep rm.!. 
 
l(<> 
 
 m 
 
 i' 
 
 ,11 
 
 1(1 liiiili (litriiKT wiiuloWM. Aloiin llic imliiu' If.ulm.n d 
 
 i>\\ n 
 
 lii-h 
 
 !(p tlu St. ('liarlfs stntclu'd |iit|iiil(iiis siilniih-,. ( )n tlir 
 iilitr.iii wlurr now lit's llu- >t;Uily New Town, tlii-ic w,i>. tluti 
 lull ,1 l)k;ik |);isturc-laii(l wilder ^I•as^l■^ u.Ufd .lu.iiii^l tlir < itv 
 
 ■..111' 
 
 riiri'f RiviTs, sitiinti'd at l\\v inoiilli of tlu' St. MaunVc. •;() 
 niilr«. alK)Vi' (^)ui.'l)tjc, was a small town, ilwarl'c-d iiolitically and 
 M)( iaily l)y (Jiichcc on thu one side and Montreal on the other, 
 lion mines in the neinhhoihood gave it a nirasure of iniiiort- 
 ;iii(( ■; and it was tlu' slo|)|)inj;-|)la(e tor travrllers journc\ iiiu 
 itctwcLn its higher rivals. .Montreal, alter its childhood ot awlnl 
 II' '. had fjireatly prosjiered. Its population had risen to aliout 
 nmr thousand. I he fur trade of the mysterious Norihwot. 
 (lrV(lo|ted hy a succession of darinu and tireless wood rangers, 
 had poured its wealth into the laj) of tlu' city of" Mai-ioniieiivc. 
 I'lie houses, some of which were iiuilt of the liiiht u'rev >t 
 which now nives dignity to the city, wi 
 >torv. 
 
 one 
 
 re usuallv ot hut on 
 
 I'hey were arranged in three or tour long liius par; 
 
 nie 
 
 to the river. The towers o" llie Sulpitian Seminary and the 
 s|>ires of diree churches, staniMng out against the gri'iii ot the 
 stately mountain, were conspicuous t'rom atar to voyagers ( (lin- 
 ing Uji the river iVom (Juehec. 
 
 he citv wa- 
 
 ■iicji 
 
 l>\ a 
 
 -tone wal 
 
 and a shallow tlitch. onct.' usetul as a deleiice aLi.nnst 
 
 lans, hut no |)roteclion m the lace ot serious assault. 
 
 the Ind 
 
 .\l the lower i-nd ot" the cit\', coverin;.^ the landing pi, He. rose a 
 
 high e.utli-worls crowneil with cannon. Tl 
 
 \v re. II (IclelK IS (It 
 
 Montreal were 
 
 thi 
 
 itadel ot" (.(ueliec .iiid the t'ort- 
 
 !,al<. 
 
 ( hamiilam. .Save for its thresh 
 
 tl. 
 
 and Its L;uarilian 
 
 II 
 
 lount. the Montreal ot" that dav liore little likeness to the 
 
 solell- 
 
 did citv which now wears its name and lioasts of its tr.idition- 
 
 The houses ot" the hahitaiits 
 ill 
 
 were siiiall cal)ins, luimole l)Ut warm, with wuli-. o\erliani:m 
 
 or dwt.llers iii tin.' country, 
 h 
 
 eaves, anil consisting 
 
 at most of two rooms. 
 
 lu iiarlitHin. 
 
 when there was one, was ot" ho.ir. 
 
 I ..ilh and plaster were un- 
 
 known. The walls within, to the height of a man s shoulders, 
 Were worn smooth hy the hacks ih.u le.med ag.iiiisl them. 
 
 
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 Solid wooden Ijoxcs and hc-nches usually look the place 01 
 chairs. A clumsy loom, on which the women wove their coarse 
 hoinespuMs of wool or flax, occupied one corner of the main 
 room : and a deep, box-like cradie, always rocking, stood beside 
 the ample fire i)lace. Over the lire stood the lonj,' black arni.s 
 of a crane, on which was done most of the cooking ; though 
 the •' bake kettle ■" sometimes relieved its labours, and the brii k 
 oven was a stand-by in houses of the rich halntaiits, as well 
 .is of the gentry. The crane was built so as to swing out from 
 the fire when the contents of pot or kettle hanging from 
 it needed attention. I""or the roasting of meats the spit w;is 
 much in use ; and there was a gridiron with legs, to stand 
 on the hearth, with a heaj) of hot coals raked under it. 'I'h. 
 houses even of the U[)[)er classes were seldom two storio 
 in height. ikit they were generally furnished with a good 
 deal of luxury ; and in the cities they were stjmetimes buih 
 of stone. .\ ty|)ical country mansion, the dwelling of ,1 
 seigneur on his own domain, was usually of the following; 
 fashion. 'I'he main building, one story in height but perhafi- 
 a hundred feet long, was surmounted by lofty gables and a vev\ 
 steep roof, built thus to shed the snow and to give a roomy atti( 
 for bed chambers. The attic was lighted by numerous, high 
 pt'aked dormer windows, piercing the expanse of the rool. 
 i'his main building was flanked by one or more wings. Around 
 it clustered the wash-house (adjoining the kitchen), coach-house. 
 barns, stable, and wood-sheds. This homelike cluster of walK 
 and roofs was sheltered from the winter storm by groves nt 
 evi'i-green, and girdled cheerily by orchard and kitchen-garden. 
 ( )n one side, and not far off, was usually a village with a churcl. 
 si)ire gleaming over it ; on the other a circular stone mill, n 
 sembling a little fortress rather than a i)eaceful aid to industr\. 
 'I'his structure, where all the tenants of the seigneur (the ceiisi 
 fdircs) were obliged to grind their grain, had indeed been built 
 in the first place to serve not only as a mill but as a place ni 
 refuge from the Iroquois. It was furnished with loop-holo. 
 and was impregnable to the attacks of an enemy lacking can 
 non. 
 
 i: 
 
 fU: 
 
171 
 
 'SiN'Tiiis '•''. I>ii-^v, riiir.irTii- ;iiii| Ariii^. S 'ci.il Lid' aii'l Ainn^rini'iit^. l" I 
 
 55. Dress, Arms, Social Customs, Food, etc., dur- 
 ing the French Period. 'I'hc divss of the iipi>LT classes 
 
 u,^^ like that prcvaihng among the same classes in l*"iance, 
 thniiu'li iiui.'h less extravagant. 'I'he hair was worn powderc! 
 ,.11(1 in high, elaborate coiffures. Men's fashions weri- more 
 |ii(tures(]iie than those of the present daw Their hair, curled, 
 ptiwdered, and sometimes tied in a (pieue. was surmounted liv 
 a graceful, low-crowned hat with caught up hrim. i'liis head- 
 (liv>s was superceded on occasions of ceremonv hy the stateh'. 
 three-cornered rocked hat. The long, widi' t'rocked coats were 
 nl gay-coloured and costly material, with laci,- at neck and 
 wii-,t -hands. Thi' waistcoat might he richh emt roi(Kred with 
 udld or silver. Knee-hreeches took the place of our unshapely 
 tniiisers, and were fastened with bright bui kles at the knee, 
 ^lockings were of white or coloured silk, and shoes were set olf 
 hy hroail buckles at the instep. 'I'hese. of course, were the 
 dresses of ceremony, the dresses seen at balls and grand recej)- 
 tinii^. Out of doors, and in the winter especiallv. the costuiiKs 
 of the nobility were more distinctly Canadian. ( )vercoats of 
 native cloth were worn, with large, |)ointe(l hoods. Their i)at- 
 lerii is jjreserved to the present dav in the i)lanket coats of our 
 Muiw-shoers. Voung men might be seen going about in colours 
 that brightened the desolate winter landscapi'. day belts of 
 green, blue, red, or yellow enriched the waists of their thick 
 overcoats. Scarlet leggings were laced up with green ribbons. 
 I'he moccasins were gorgeously embroiilered with dyiil [xjrcu- 
 piiie ([uills. 'I'heir cai)s of beaver or marten were sometinns 
 tied down over their ears with vivid handkerchiefs of silk. The 
 hi}l>ili\iits Were rougher and more sombre m their dress. .\ 
 black homes[)un coat, gray legginiis, grav woolen cap. heaw 
 moccasins of cowhide, — this grave costume was usually bright- 
 ened by a belt or sash of the liveliest colours. I'he country- 
 woivien hail to content themselves with tlu' same coarse hoine- 
 --puiis, which they wore in short, full skirts. but the\ got the 
 u'ay coloiu-s they loved in kerchiefs for their lui k'- and >houl- 
 di-r-i. 
 
nmr 
 
 i>-.i 
 
 172 
 
 In war thu retiiilars were sharply distinguished from those of 
 the British ariny l)y the'r unit'ornis. 'I'he white of the House of 
 Bourbon was the eokuir that marked their regiments, as scarlet 
 marked those of the lirilish. The militia and wood-rangers 
 fought in their ordinary dress,— or, occasionally, with the ob- 
 ject of terrifying their enemies, put on the war-[)aint and eagle- 
 (luills of the Indians. The muskets of the day were the heavy 
 weapons known as flint-locks. When the trigger was pulled 
 the Hint came down sharply on a i)iece of steel, and the spark, 
 falling into a shallow " [)an " of powder called the "priming,'' 
 ignited the charge. 'I'he regulars carried bayonets on the ends 
 of their muskets, but the militia and rangers had little use for 
 these wea[)ons. 'I'hey depended on their marksmanship, which 
 was deadly. The regulars fired breast high in the direction of 
 their enemy, trusting to the steadiness and closeness of their fire ; 
 but the colonials did not waste their precious bullets and pow- 
 der in this way. 'I'hey had learned from the Indians, whom 
 they could beat at their own game, to fight from behind trees, 
 rocks, or hillocks, to load and fire lying down, and to sur[)rise 
 their enemies by stealrng noiselessly through the underbrush. 
 At close (juarters they fought, like the Indians, with knife and 
 hatchet, both of which were carried in their belts. From the 
 ranger's belt, too, when on the march, liung the leathern bag of 
 bullets, and the inevitable tobacco-pouch ; while from his neck 
 swung a powder horn, often richly carved, together witii his 
 <'herished pijjc enclosed m its case of skin. \'ery often, how- 
 ever, the ranger spared himself the trouble of a pipe by scoop- 
 ing a bowl in the back of his tomahawk and fitting it with a 
 hollow handle. 'I'hus the same implement i)ecame both the 
 cf)mfort of his leisure and the torment of his enemies. In win- 
 ter, when the Canadians, exi)ert in the use of the snow-shoe 
 and fearless of the cold, did much of their fighting, they wore 
 thick peaked hoods over their heads, and looked like a proces- 
 sion of friars wending through the silent forest on some errand 
 of [)iety or mercy. Their hands were covered by thick mittens 
 of woolen yarn, and they dragged their provisions and blankets 
 
 

 )n sleds or toljoggans. 
 ■hoes and sliovcl a wide, t 
 
 173 
 At iiJLrht thev would use their snow- 
 
 ircular |)it in 
 
 the snow, clearinti it 
 
 av to the hare earth. In the centre of tl 
 
 le pit they would 
 build their caniij-fire, and slee[) aroutul it on piles of spruce 
 
 lugh.'' 
 
 s, secure from the winter wind 
 
 he 
 
 •ad 
 
 ers, usua 
 
 lly 
 
 members of the n|)l)ility, fared on these expeditions as rudely 
 as their men, and outdid them in courage and endurance. 
 Some of the most noted chiefs of the wood-rangers were scions 
 of the noblest families ; and, though living most of the year the 
 life of savages, were able to shine by their graces and refine- 
 ment in the courtliest societv of the day. 
 
 he J'renc 
 
 ■h ( 
 
 anadians o 
 
 fall 
 
 classes were a social people. 
 
 Wolf 
 
 e's cannon were start- 
 
 (Juebec and Montreal, even when 
 ling the hills of the St. Lawrence, found l)eart for the delights 
 of dance and dinner-party. The governor and the high officials 
 Were retjuired by eti(|uette to entertain with lavish generosity, 
 r.alls were kept up till six or seven in the morning. Conversa- 
 ti(jn was a fine art with these sprightly and witty people. The 
 country homes of the seigneurs, such as we have described, 
 were the scene of many gaieties. Driving parties, i)icking up 
 guests from each manor-house as they passed it, wcjuld gather 
 
 at some hospitable a 
 
 bodi 
 
 \Vhen tired of the statelv dances 
 
 then in fashion, the guests would amuse themselves with games 
 such as now, when men seem less light-heartetl or more self- 
 conscious, aie mostly left to children. Society was so limited 
 in numbers that all the members of it knew each other inti- 
 mately, and the merriest freedom was ])()ssible. " Hide the 
 
 Handkerchief. 
 
 I 
 
 ox an( 
 
 1 C 
 
 Mv Ladv's Toilet," ant 
 
 various games of forfeit, were am()ng those that made lite 
 cheerful for the Canadians of old. 'I'hen there was riding in 
 the summer ; and in winter sledging over the cris[), glitti'ring 
 snow. Ha|)tisms, betrothals, and weddings were made occa- 
 sions of feast ; and on May-Day the hoisting of the may-pole in 
 front of the seigneur's house was accompanied by much merry- 
 making, — eating, drinking, bonfires, and the firing of guns. 
 This feast was the affair of the habitants^ who were for that day 
 
 
 
 Vlfi 
 
 •"III 
 
 
wm 
 
 >'■ '!• 
 
 •■■«^- 
 
 / . .t 
 
 M'-i':- 
 
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 1 'i' 
 
 iCJj.i ■, 
 
 '74 
 
 p;uL'Sts of the sci<fneur. 'I'lic nuiy-polc, presented and erected 
 by tliein, was a tall, peeled fir-tree, with a tuft of green left on 
 its toj), and surrnounted by a red and green weather-coek. 
 The whiteness of the peeled trunk was speedily blackened i)\ 
 the salutes of blank powder fired against it. 
 
 During most of the year the halntant fared very i)lainly. A 
 feast, therefore, was something to make the most of. On such 
 oeeasions he drank a good deal of brandy. Among the upjur 
 classes drunkenness was a disgrace, and all but unknown. 
 During the early days of che colony the habitants had lived 
 chiefly on bread and eels. Throughout the early part of tin- 
 XNTlIth century they lived on salt meat, milk, and Ijread foi 
 the greater part of the year. 15ut in winter fresh meat wa> 
 abundant. Travelling was pleasant, and from Christmas t<i 
 Ash Wednesdny there was a ceaseless round of visits. Half .1 
 do/en sleighs would drive u[) to a hahitant^s cottage. A dozen 
 of his friends would jump out, stable their horse.s, and flock 
 chattering into the warm kitchen. The house-wife at this sea- 
 son was always prci)ared for guests. She had meats of various 
 kinds roasted and put away cokl. All she had to do was thrust 
 them into the hot oven, and in a few minutes the dinner wa> 
 ready. At such limes bread was despisLcl by everybody, and 
 sweet cakes took its place. When the ha/'itaii/s, as on Mas- 
 Day, were feasted by their .seigneur, the table was loaded with 
 a profusion of delicac-ies. Legs of veal and mutton, roasts and 
 cutlets of fresh pork, huge bowls of savory stew, pies of many 
 kinds shaped like a half-moon, large tarts of jam, with dough 
 nuts fried in lard and rolled in maple sugar, were among the 
 favoured dishes. 'i"he Jiabitant cared little for the seigneur^ 
 wines, because they did not, to use his own expression, " scratch 
 the throat enough." Among the up[)er classes breakfast was a 
 light meal, with white wine and coffee, usually taken at eight 
 o'clock. Dinner was at midtlay, and supper at seven. Souji 
 was always served at botii tliese meals. On the great sideboard, 
 filled with silver and china, which usually occupied one end of 
 the dining-room and reached to the ceiling, stood cordials to 
 
 v.'.i 
 
 : ■ !rf ■, 
 
 
/ 3 
 
 , ii'ouragc the appi-'titi'. In one coriiLT stood a water jar of 
 I line and white i)orcelain, at which guests might rinse tiieir 
 hands l)efore going to tal)le. The table was served with a great 
 .iliundance of choice fish and game. ICach person's place was 
 Mipplied witii na|)kin, plate, silver goblet, spoon, and fork : but 
 , wiv one carried and used his cnvn knife. Some of these 
 rlosed with a s|)ring, and were t-arried in the pocket. Otlers 
 were worn in a sheath of morocco, of silk, or of birch-bark 
 i|iiaiiitly wrought with Indian designs in beads and porcu|)ine 
 (liiiils. 'Ihis sheath was generally worn hanging from the neck 
 1)V an ornamental cord. 'I'he hahitants often used a clasp-knife 
 with no spring, which hatl to be kej)t open when in use by 
 means of the thumb. To use such a knife was a feat re([uiring 
 some practice. Among the dishes s])ecially favored by the up- 
 per classes was one of great si/e and richness, and of very elab- 
 (irale construction, called the luister Pasty. This pasty was 
 t alen cold. Lest it should break in the cooking, and so lose 
 its flavour, the lower crust was an inch in thickness. 'I'he con- 
 tents were nothing less than a turkey, two chickens, partridges, 
 |)igeons, and the thighs of rabbits, larded with slices of |)ork. 
 (.nibedded in balls of force-meat and onions, and seasoned with 
 almost all the spices of the j)antry. With such a dish to set be- 
 fore them, it is no wonder that the Canadians of old enjoyed 
 their banfjuets. To keej) w\) the cheer of hearts that aids di- 
 gestion, all the c(Miipany sang in turn about the table, the ladies 
 bearing their full share wiih the men. It was a ha|)|)y and in- 
 nocent life which was led in the manor-houses of the St. Law- 
 rence, where the influence of Bigot and his crew was not al- 
 lowed to reach. Though many of the seigneuis were ruined 
 at the con(|uest, and many others left the country, thcjse who 
 remained kept uj) their ancient customs long after the flag of 
 j-'rance ceased to wave above Quebec', and some of these ven- 
 erated usages survive in the province to this day. 
 
 ■'%h ^'\ 
 
 
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 F. • ■* 
 
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 V 
 
 
 
 
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 [ ■,! '■■'■'. 
 
 
 SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 EXCJLISII DOMIXIOX. 
 
 CHAI'TKR XIII. 
 
 SECTIONS : -56, The Conspiracy of Pontiac. 57, The Quebec 
 Act. 58, Affairs in Nova Scotia. 
 
 (Skction f)!!. — rniitiac plans l" cxiii'l tlic Kiij-'lisli. Tin' Indian I{i>iiiu'. Tlir Hisiiu 
 qiii'llfil.) 
 
 56. The Conspiracy of Pontiac- licfore the Treaty 
 
 of Paris was signed, a new trouble, arisinj^^ from the siuUlen 
 change of masters, l)egan to hrew in the west. With tlie fall i if 
 Montreal had fallen too the chain x)\' western forts, — Miehilli- 
 mackinac, Detroit, Pres([irile. and all the rest. The western 
 Indians at that lime were largely under the influence of a great 
 chieftain of the Ottawas named I'ontiac. In force of character, 
 subtlety, elo(iuence, and daring he was ])erhai)s the most lirilliant 
 man the Indians of North America have produced. Though chief- 
 tain of the Ottawas alone, he stretched his personal influence 
 nt)t only over the Ottigamies, Hurons, Sacs, Pottawattamies. 
 Ojibways, and Wyandots, but even over the fierce Delawares 
 and Shawanoes on the far frontiers of X'irginia. ( )f the Inxjuois. 
 however, only the Senecas yielded to his spell. At first he at 
 cepted, reluctantly, the sovereignty of the English, Hut speed 
 ily he saw that with the end of French dominion had come the 
 end of his people's importance. No longer was there need of 
 the Indian alliance. No longer were the tribes to be propiti 
 
 
i;!;l 
 
 177 
 
 ,itt-cl with gifts and flattered witli L'Ial)orate courtesy. The Eng- 
 lish. rememi)ering their barbarities along liie frontier, and no 
 i'lnger ol)l!ged to think of |)oliey, treated them with contempt- 
 iious indifference. Their mightiest chiefs received little more 
 attention than the old women or naked children. 'I'o I'on- 
 ii,i("s haughty spirit this treatment was intolerable. He 'saw 
 ;!'.at the Indians must either be swamped in the westward flow- 
 ing torrent of the i)ale-faces, or else give up their ancient in- 
 luritance and flee deeper into the wilderness. Neither of these 
 tilings could he accept. Utterly mistaking the Knglish power, 
 lu' conceived the design of uniting all the Indians against them, 
 and scourging them out of the country. In this audacious 
 s( lin.ie he was encouraged by certain of the French fur-trailers, 
 who told him that the king of France was now stirred u|) to 
 vengeance, and was sending out a host to annihilate his foes. 
 .\nd the merchants of New Orleans secretly urged him on. 
 
 The conspiracy was well- and secretly organized. The out- 
 break was timed for the 7th day of May, 1763, three months 
 after the Treaty of Paris was signed. Pontiac himself was to 
 surprise Detroit, the strongest of the western forts. But the 
 plot was revealed liy a young squaw to Major (lladwyn, the 
 commandant. On the morning of the 7th Pontiac, with a band 
 of chiefs, came to the f(Kt on the pretence of seeking a confer- 
 ence. Each conspirator carried under his blanket a rifle with 
 the barrel cut short. They were received by the English troops 
 drawn up in battle array. Showing no sign of his discomfiture 
 Pontiac dispatched some business ami withdrew. Next morn- 
 ing he came again, but was ordered away from the gates. Then 
 he knew that his plot was discovered. At once the flame of 
 Indian war blaz'id all along the west. Detroit was vigilantly 
 besieged ; and a detachment of troo[)s from Niagara, sent out 
 to relieve it, was surprised and cut to pieces. Sandusky, Pres- 
 (ju'Ile, du Boeuf, Venango, were taken and destroyed. The 
 frontiers of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia ran with the 
 blood of the .settlers. From Detroit the garrison made a fierce 
 sortie against Pontiac's entrenchments. To reach the enemy's 
 
 23 
 
 m 
 
 IB' 
 
 If 
 
 Ik' 
 
 II 
 
 il 
 
I: Ml'? 
 
 .:i 
 
 'W. 
 
 
 178 
 
 positicjii, which was wisely placed, llic sokhcrs had to cross a 
 narrow bridge spanninif a watercourse. Once over, tliey were 
 met by a fire so deadly and an attack so intrepid that they were 
 driven l)ack in confusion. So great was the slaughter that 
 the bridge was known as " Hloody IJridge" from that day. 
 Further to the north, I'ontiac's followers got |)ossession of 
 Michillimackinac by a stratagem. All unsuspicious of danger, 
 the officers wc»-c invited out of the fort to watch the Ojibway 
 braves play a game of lacrosse. It was the 4th of June, King 
 George's birthday ; and the game, with shrewd irony, was de 
 clared to be in his honour. .Skilfully it was played for hours, 
 the amused officers betting on the result. Meanwhile the gates 
 were open. A number of scjuaws, with weapons under their 
 blankets, wandered in. At last, apparently in the course of the 
 game, the ball was driven against the palisades. Down rushed 
 the players in a body. Then, with a yell, they dashed through 
 the open gates, and seized their wea[)ons. Before the aston- 
 ished garrison could awake from their amazement fifteen of 
 them had fallen under the hatchet, and the rest lay helpless in 
 their bonds. 
 
 In the middle of the summer Colonel Henry Bouquet, an 
 officer of high sagacity and courage, was sent out from Phila- 
 delphia to relieve the western frontier and reinforce Fort Pitt. 
 After a hard fight he defeated the Delawares and Shawanoes in 
 the Battle of Bushy Run, or, as it is sometimes called, Edge 
 Hill. After this reverse some of Pontiac's allies, growing dis- 
 couraged, began to desert him. In the next year, (1764), 
 Colonel Bradstreet, the victor of Fort Frontenac, was sent to re 
 lieve Detroit and chastise Pontiac. He accomplished his first 
 object, and received the submission of some of the hostile 
 tribes. But his expedition was ill conducted and his treatment 
 of the Indians ill-advi.sed throughout. He let himself befooled 
 by idle promises ; and Pontiac, falling back before a superior 
 force, kept up his depredations further west. Not until 1766. 
 when the vigorous presence of Sir William Johnson had undone 
 the effects of Bradstreet's folly, did Pontiac finally submit. His 
 
 i'^hri''' 
 
 ■'Ir!' 
 
 ■ iH..- 
 
 m^i 
 
179 
 
 -i!l)nii->sion (Mrricd with it lluit of every hostile tribe, and 
 liroii.^Iit instant peace to the frontiers. A year later, at the 
 tradin;^'-|)Ost ofCaiiokia on the Mississippi, this truly great lead- 
 er of his race was killed by an Illinois brave in some private 
 iiuarrei. 
 
 (^KiTiDN ')T. — Kli;.'li>.li Si'flliTs lldfk iicln (':iii:iil.-i. Kii^,'li-ili Srttln-s oliJiTt, tn 
 l-'rilK'li I.iiw. nilllciillic'S ill rr;,Miil tn iiiiii'li;isc ami siilr nf lainl. In rr>;:i|-4 tn iimi't- 
 L'.-i^'i'. TIlc (iiiihi'C' Act piisscl.) 
 
 57. The Quebec Act.— 1 Hiring the period from the 
 capiure of Canada in 1760 to its fnial cession in 1763, the 
 (ountry was luider military government,- a despotism indeed, 
 liiit exercised with such forbearance on the part of the con- 
 (juerors that the con(iuered found little to complain of. 
 After the Treaty of Paris was signed the people were told that 
 as soon as the affairs of the country could be arranged they 
 should have representative institutions like tlK)se in the Eng- 
 lish colonies. With this prospect in view ICnglish settlers 
 Hocked into Canada. They received liberal grants of land, 
 on the easy tenure of what is known as "free soccage." Of 
 this tenure the only conditions are allegiance to the crown 
 and obedience to the laws. It was uiulerstood, however, that 
 after a pericjd of ten years the hoklers of these easy grants 
 were to be subject to small "ciuit rents," — so-called because 
 by the payment of such rents the grantees were acquitted 
 from the duty of rendering feudal service to the crown. The 
 government was placed in the hands of a governor and council ; 
 and English law, with its essential principle of trial by jury, 
 took the place of French law. 
 
 Over this change of the law there arose at once a difficulty 
 between the " old subjects," as the ICnglish settlers who had 
 just moved into the province were called, and the "new sub- 
 jects," or French Canadians. The I'Jiglish settlers were in- 
 clined to be arrogant toward their neighbors, as toward a con- 
 ([uered people. In their eyes, too, English law was the only 
 righteous law, and the principle of trial by jury the sui)reme 
 safeguard of their liberties. To this principle, when applied to 
 
^H 
 
 iiiiii 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 V§:t 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 ]km 
 
 r-:!':.r, 
 
 ■»'»tH? I' 
 
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 i.So 
 
 • 
 
 rriininal cases, tlu' I'Vciicli did nut object : and tlicy valued 
 their new security from l)eini; iniprisoiU'd without trial ; l)Ut to 
 bringing mere civil cases hi.fore a jury they had strong ol.jection. 
 'I'hey comi'ilained tliat the process was tedious and expensivi.', — 
 a serious drawback in the eyes of a |)eo|)le who loved to go to 
 law over every disi)ute. They urged, toe,, not without reason, 
 that they wished their tlifferences settled by men whose business 
 it was to know the law and inter|)ret it, rather than by men 
 called in suddenly from the desk, the counter, or the [)lough. 
 and impatient to get back to business. To the l'>nglish inimi 
 grants, on the other hand, certain sections of the I'Vench law 
 were excessively distasteful. These were the sections governing 
 sale and purchase of land, mortgage, and marriage. 
 
 By the seigneurial tenure the purchaser of land in a seign 
 eury was compelled to i»ay to the seigneur the /tx/s et vents, al 
 ready referred to, which were an amount etjual to a twelfth of 
 the purchase-money, besides the full sum paid to the seller. 
 As this tax was c-hargeable not only on the value of the land, 
 but also on all buildings and improvements, which, while cost 
 ing the seigneur nothing, were often far more valuable than the 
 land itself, it was considered by the ICnglish settlers an intoler 
 able handicap. 
 
 The iMeni'h law of mortgage exposed the new-comer to still 
 greater hardshi|)s. By this law, when a man mortgaged his 
 land in security for a loan t.ie transaction was a se ;ret one. 
 Thus a man might mortgage his farm many times over, and 
 then (juietly sell it. The unhappy purchaser would presently 
 sec his property taken from him and sold to satisfy the claims 
 of thcj.se holding the mortgages. Instances of this sort were not 
 nunierous, indeed ; but very few were needed to make the "old 
 subjects" cry out, and demand a public registration of all mort 
 gages. 
 
 In regard to the pro|)erty-rights conferred on the wife at 
 marriage there were provisions in the French law which English 
 settlers, marrying in ignorance of them, found peculiarly exas 
 perating. The wife, by French law, had two claims upon her 
 
 i;iii:: 
 
iSi 
 
 liii-hand's i)ro|)Lrty. the oiif of " dourr " and ihr otiur ot' " part- 
 I . i-,lii|)." 'I'lie former ,yavc licr, in case of lur luisltanrl'^ diMtli, 
 lulf of all his real estate : tlie latter ga\e iier. evi'n during his 
 li;,liiiu', half of all his ])er^oiial prop'-rtv. It was in regard to 
 iii;-> claim of partnershiji that the ilifricutly r.;i>se, for if the wife 
 died before the husband, this share of hers went at once to her 
 ( liildren, or, children failitig, to her nearest relatives. 'I'liiis a 
 in, 111 might find half of his personal projjerty suddenly taken 
 fi. nil him and handed over to strangers. Such a contingeiicv 
 could be guarded against only by a formal contract made be- 
 fiiiT the marriage. 
 
 ( )ver these differences, and others of like nature, there was 
 more or less dispute in Canada during the ten years following 
 the conquest ; but the country increased in wealth anil popula- 
 liiiii more rapidly than it had ever done before, aiitl ihe ''new 
 subjects" were for the most part well content. iU (leneral 
 Murray, their first governor, ihev were held in hitfh esteem ; and 
 his succe.ssor, Sir (luy ("arleton, greatly pref( .,iig them to the 
 more turbulent Hritish settlers, favored theiii in every .vuy that 
 the ia\. would permit. It was mainly owing to hi-^ <'ulhusiasm 
 for the I'"rench Canadian pojjulation diat the famous " (^)uebec 
 Act " of 1774 was |>assed bv the I>ritish Parliament. This ;ict 
 extended the limits of the province southward to the Ohio and 
 westward to the Mississi|jpi. .And iiisteatl of giving Canada a 
 representative legislature, as the " old su I Meets '' eagerly diMiiand 
 ed. it placed the government whollv in the hands of the govern- 
 or and council. The most important and far-reaching pr(jvision 
 of the (^)uebec Act, however, was that l.)y which the I'rench 
 Ci\il l,aw was restored, and the Roman (]ath<jlic religion es- 
 tal)lished, thus making Canada in all but name a French colony, 
 though under the English crown. This settled the ([uestion as 
 lu whether the French Canadians should be swallowed up by 
 their English fellow-countrymen, or, retaining their language 
 and individuality, should develop side by side with them. 
 Th(! (juestion was debated hotly on the lloor of the I'ritish 
 House of Commons ; and the decision, so gratifying to the sen 
 
 *:•.':'>. 
 
 ''"5J 
 
 ;^)-ii 
 
 
i»:y. )- 
 
 timents and as|»irati()ns of a proud race like the French Cana 
 dians, was influenced jjerhaps more by policy than by any con 
 sideralions of abstract justice. 'I'he English colonies, freed ai 
 i.ist from the menace of the French power on their borders, 
 were banding themselves together against the Motherland. 
 F'.nglish statesmen turned their eyes with ever increasing esteem 
 U|)on their new subjects in the north, — an obedient people, 
 trained in loyalty, and with church and king su[)reme in all their 
 traditions. 
 
 K-'a < !■ 
 
 li^fij 
 
 *i: 
 
 ,;|-il.-,; 
 
 -'r. 
 
 (Si:(-|ii)\ .'iS,- First I'lii-liiiiiii-iit ii( N'uva Sculin, New Kliiil.ilicli'rs settle on the Si. 
 .Iiilili Hivef. 'Die Isliiiiil iifSt, .InliM, linw I'liiioe liilw.iiil Nkiinl, iiiiiile !l sepiiriiti' I'l" 
 viijee.) 
 
 58. Affairs in Nova Scotia. -While events were ma 
 taring and changing so rapidly along the St. Lawrence valley. 
 Nova Scotia was slowly healing her scars and settling down to 
 steady progress. Nova Scotia was now a vast territory, includ 
 ing all of what are now New Brunswick and Prince Edward 
 Island. Along the (Julf coast, about the mouths of the Mira 
 michi, Nepisiguit, and Restigouche rivers, the scenes of CartierV 
 first visit to the mainland, stood thriving Acadian settlement.v 
 which had escaped the decree of exile. These settlements, 
 during the latter years of the war, suffered terribly from fam 
 ine, pestilence, and the attacks of English shi|)s. Alter tlu 
 fall of Montreal they promptly sent their representatives to 
 I''ort Howe, at the mouth of the St. John, to take the oath ot 
 allegiance to George III. Meanwhile upon all the loyal in 
 habitants of the great Acadian province had been conferred 
 that badge of Anglo-Saxon freedom, representative govern 
 ment. In October, 1758, the Parliament of Nova Scotia 
 met at Halifax. This was the first representative assembly ever 
 convened on Canadian .soil. It consisted of twenty-two mem 
 bers, representing the districts of Halifax, Annapolis, Dartmouth, 
 Lunenburg, and Cumberland. Lender the stimulus of this 
 change settlers began to cf)me in from the hill districts of New 
 F^ngland, exchanging their rocky farms for the rich meadow 
 lands of the Cornwallis, Anna{)olis, Avon and Shubenacadie 
 
iS 
 
 \,illcvs. Pioneers from IVnnsylvanin, and nftcrwards from [he 
 Iliulilancis of Scotland, fornii'd a sfUkiiicnt which they called 
 I'll loll, on the shores of Northiimherland Strait. 
 
 Ahout the same time a hand of New l^ni^landers from Mas- 
 sirluisetts took up a track of fertile land on the St. John river 
 iiliout the mouth of the Oroniocto, and railed their settlement 
 M,ui.;erville. Soon afterwartls what is now New lirunswick 
 w.is made the County of Sunhury in the Province of Ncna Sco- 
 ti.i. These pioneers at Pictou and at Maugerville enilured 
 -n at hardships, from the failure of cro[)s and from the severe 
 weather that came upon them before they were ready to meet 
 il. There was then an Acadian settlement at St. Anne's Point. 
 where iiow stands Fredericton. This little I'rench village 
 fi Mined a reminder of the days when the capital of all Acadie 
 
 was 
 
 Villel 
 
 )on s 
 
 rude fort at the mouth of the Nashwaak river 
 
 i)p|)osite. These Acadians were now removed from St. .Anne's 
 Point, and given new lands in the Madawaska valle\', at the ex- 
 treme north-west corner of the province. 
 
 Prince Edward Island, then called by the old name which 
 its illustrious di.scoveter, John Cabot, had given it, - the Island 
 of St. John, — had but a scanty poj)ulation, in spite of its fertile 
 soil and inexhaustible fisheries. At the time of the final ca|ituie 
 ol l.ouisburg in 1758, when the island came into English hands, 
 il had but four or five thousand inhabitants, many of whom were 
 .\cailians of IJeausejour and Minas who had fled at the time of 
 the Creat l-^xile. After the Treaty of Paris a careful survey was 
 made of the island, not only showing its area and resources but 
 submitting plans for its settlement and (leveIo|)me!it. 'I'he old 
 
 was selected as the cai)ital 
 
 and 
 
 I'rench station of Port la Joie 
 
 received the name of ('harlotletown. In i-jh-j the whole of the 
 
 islaiul was granted to I'^nglish othcers and others, at small iiuit 
 rents, on condition that each grantee should within the next 
 lour years bring in one actual settler for evei \ two hundred 
 
 ,ii'r 
 
 es ol his grant. 
 
 Th 
 
 e vast estates thus 
 
 li!;htlv 
 
 ainetl were as 
 
 li-:hllv valued. Sometimes they were sold for a song, soi 
 
 ne 
 
 times they were gambled away, till almost all ihi> 
 
 Ciarden of 
 
 1 
 
 : i 
 
 ;i 
 

 
 
 
 
 f84 
 
 the dulf" was in tho hands of a few indifferent proprietor^, 
 many of whom dwelt in England and disregarded the terms on 
 whieh they had received their great possessions. This state of 
 affiiirs was a grievous drawback to the growth of the island ; ami 
 later on, as we shall see, ii led to serious evils. At the recjuest 
 of the new proprietors, the island, with its little handful of col 
 onists, was separated from Nova Scotia and erected into a sep 
 arate province. This took place in 1770 ; and Colonel Walter 
 Patterson was made first governor, with a small salary and such 
 variety of duties as few governors have been asked to i)erforni. 
 He came with a full staff of ofificials, whose stipends may !)<• 
 judged from that of his attorney-general, which was fixed at one 
 hundred pounds a year. Small as it was, it proved for some 
 time more than he could collect. Undaunted by lack of popu 
 lation, and of many other things usually considered refjuisite to 
 a full-fledged province, provision was quickly made for an elec t 
 ive assembly, which was duly convened and held its first sessi(jn 
 in 1773- 
 
 -^c=^ 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 SECTIONS : 59, Trouble Brewing between England and the 
 Thirteen Colonies. 60, The War Begun, and Canada In- 
 vaded by the Revolutionists. 61, The Revolting Colon es 
 Achieve their Independence. 
 
 (rK(TK)S .'ill.— Tlic (Jiiiwtli lit' DisjiU'icI'mi in tlic ('ninnies. Ciiliiiii:il (li ii'Mimis, 
 rill' St;iiii|i Act iitnl till' 'I'c.'i TiiN. Tlir Tii'i; iiml Sffninl (>ili;,'icssi's.) 
 
 59. Trouble Brewing between England and the 
 Thirteen Colonies. Hardlv hnd t 
 
 i)()nlircs that iiailc 
 
 d tl 
 
 ir 
 
 (■(III 
 
 ([iicst of Canada died out in the market places of lioston. 
 rhiladel|)hia and Xew \'ork, liardly were the p;eans of loxal re- 
 joieing hushed iti colonial throats, ere began that unhappy dis- 
 pute which ended in the ru|)ture of our race. When the Treaty 
 
 .f I' 
 
 ins was 
 
 signed there were shrewd observers in l'Airo|)e 
 
 Willi 
 
 saiil 
 
 that 
 
 in tins ing rraiK 
 
 e out of Xorlh .America I'Jij'land had 
 
 thrown away her strongest hold upon her colonies. In fact, no 
 
 s;inne 
 
 r did the colonies cease to \m:v^\ the stronu arm of tl 
 
 mother country, than thev alsoceased to remember that theyowtd 
 her anything. When tlie bugtiear of I'Vench invasion no more 
 terrified them, they clung no more to the mother's skirt. Xo 
 lunger occui)ied in fighting the enemy at theirgates, they turned 
 their turbulent energies to fighting the officers of the king, the 
 regulations of parliament. 'I'hat they had grievances the most 
 hostile historian must allow. Hut that these grievances were suf- 
 ficient to justify them in setting their swords to the throat of the 
 
 motherland, —this is what no fair critic can grant. 
 
 'I'hat mo 
 
 th- 
 
 erland had just been fighting their battles. |iouringout her blond 
 and treasure lavishly to rid them of their fins. I'he .Se\en 
 Years' War, as far as England was concerned, was pureh a war 
 24 
 
 
 
 "'Mm 
 
 -■■.SMt.j 
 
ti 
 
 mm 
 
 
 4^^l 
 
 w 
 
 
 m 
 
 ■:f! 
 
 i^fe 
 
 ^1: 
 
 '!: 
 
 186 
 
 for the colonics. In this imperial cause she burdened herself 
 with a debt that was in those days held a|)[)alling. It was not to 
 be wondered at that she should expect the colonies to contrib 
 ute something toward the payment of this debt. The only way 
 in which they could be called on to contribute seemed to br 
 through the medium of taxes. On the other hand, the colonies 
 were without representation in the imperial parliament, and one 
 of the dearest prin<-i[)les of IJritish liberty was that there should 
 be no taxation without representation. The position was plain 
 ly one that recjuired tact and tenderness on both sides ; Init 
 alas, neither tact nor tenderness was shown. The British gov- 
 ernment was bitterly aggrieved at the ingratitude of the colon- 
 ists in seeking to evade their share of the war-debt. The coUjii- 
 ists grew to believe that their most sacred rights were being 
 trampled, their manhood contemptuously ignored. Their 
 smouldering wrath, fanned by the agitators and demagogues 
 who now strut as patriots across the page of history, flamed out 
 at last in open rebellion. True patriots indeed there were in 
 the American colonies ; and in both the loyalist and revolution- 
 ary [)arties they were to l;e found. Among them towers [)re. 
 eminent the figure of Washington, whose clear sincerity, daunt 
 less courage, and self-sacrificing devotion to his country com- 
 mand the reverence of friend and foe alike. But Washinuton, 
 and those like Washington, did not go about to stir up the con- 
 flagration, while at the same time professing unquenchable loy- 
 alty to England ! They, on the contrary, sought a common 
 ground of reconciliation, in a removal of just grievances on 
 both sides. But on both sides, alas, prevailed the counsels of 
 the rash and blind. 
 
 To glance hastily at some of the grievances which the colon- 
 ies complained of. These were chiefly connected with cus- 
 toms duties and interference with trade. For the benefit of 
 British merchants, British manufacturers, and British ship- 
 l)uilders, colonial ship()ing was kept down by severe navigation 
 laws, colonial manufactures were strangled by ingenious prohi 
 bitions, and colonial commerce was allowed to flow into noni- 
 
■8- 
 
 '".'.'•^3 
 -'■H 
 
 liut British ports. The great products of tlie couiitry furs, 
 hides, (cotton, indigo, tohi.cco, '-ugnr, could he sold onlv to 
 (Ireat IJritain ; and none hut British sh.ips were allowed in tlie 
 ( DJonial harhours. Of course, as a result of such regulations, 
 111 immense (leal of smuggling went on. This proved very 
 nrofitahle to the colonists. When England undertook to su|)- 
 pri'ss it there was resistance at once. In a foolish hour the 
 ISritish government determined to emijloy the king's army and 
 the king's navy in the work of revenue collecting. 'I'he royal 
 uniforms thus became associated in the popular mind with all 
 that was most hateful to them, with the collection of taxes 
 deemed unjust, and with the execution of laws held tyrannical. 
 The British troops had already made themselves very unpopu- 
 lar with the colonists hy their overhearing attitude, and hy the 
 supercilious contempt which they displayed toward the colonial 
 militia, who were man for man their ccpials. In fact it has 
 lu'en said that the seeds of the revolution were sown hy ihi' ill- 
 hred arrogance of I5ritish officers, which made them hateful to 
 all the colonial troops. 
 
 But among the events which stand out as direct causes of the 
 revolution, none loom darker than the Stamp Act and the Tea 
 'i'a\. The Stamp Act (1763) recjuired that all contracts, deeds, 
 wills, and such like written agreements between man and man 
 should carry government stamps in order to be legal. 'l"he tax 
 was a light one, but it reached into every con( ern of life. It 
 forced itself u|)on the attention of every colonist. It was a 
 frank assertion of the claim of the Imperial parliament to tax 
 Ilritish subjects not represented in that parliament. The act 
 was both impro[)er and impolitic. Wise statesmen, like I'itt. 
 spoke fervently against it, but in vain. Then from end to (.'i-nl 
 of the Atlantic seaboard rose fierce protests. Mobs gadiered 
 to resist, and collectors were so roughly handled that they re- 
 signed their offices in terror, 'i'he storm tleepened so ominous- 
 ly that, at the eleventh hour, the ministry bowei; before it, and 
 re|iealed the tax (1766). Thereu|)on the colonies sank back 
 into an uneasy (juiet. It was the (|uiet of a slumbering vol- 
 
 Mi 
 
 i.Jr 
 
 ■M 
 
i 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 I \:- ,( 
 
 W^f, 
 
 I S' 
 
 
 •; •■»'! 
 
 's^iitiil : 
 
 ^ii[ 
 
 iS8 
 
 I'ano. The next false move of parliaiiK'nt was a bill to tax all 
 tea brought into colonial [)orts. Again blazed forth the anger 
 of the colonists. Boston was the centre of the popular indig- 
 nation. \ revenue cutter was attacked and burned. A 
 merchant caught selling ICnglish goods was stoned in the streets. 
 The very preachers from their pulpits stirred up the people to 
 insurrection. 'I'hen came the childish farce of the " Boston 
 Tea I'arty," (1773), when a band of Boston citizens, disguiseil 
 as savages, boarded an British ship and emptied her cargo of 
 lea into the waters. This, of course, was a deliberate felony, 
 none the less criminal because ridiculous ; but it is sometimes 
 held up to admiration as a dignified and patriotic protest against 
 unjust taxation I The angry home government replied by 
 closing the port of Boston and withdrawing the charter of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 War seemed by this time very near. \ continental con- 
 gress, to devise means of mutual sup[)ort, was therefore sum- 
 moned. It met at Philadelphia (1774). An address of heated 
 protest was forwarded to the king. One of the grievances of 
 the colonies was alleged to be the passing of the Quebec Act. 
 This establishment of a Roman Catholic province in the north 
 was declared to be an intolerable menace to the Protestant 
 colonies. In the following year the Congress met again at 
 Philadelphia. (May, 1775). An urgent appeal was now made 
 to Nova Scotia and Quebec, calling on them to join their sister 
 j)rovinces in withstanding iiritish tyranny. But the message 
 fell on deaf ears. In the address to Canada the Roman Cath- 
 olic population was flattered and caressed in a way strangely at 
 variance with the words of the previous year. The sagacious 
 ecclesiastic;; of Quebec must have smiled at the contrast. 
 
 ^Skctkix liO. — I,cxii]f,'tnii :iii'l liuiiki'i's Hill. Ciiiiaila IiivihIimI liy tlii' Rclii'ls. Sir 
 (iuy Ciiiietciii at QiU'licu. Anmld lii'l'mv QiR'licc. The ilniible assault (Hi Quclpec. I)i ■■ 
 IVat iif till' fiM'iiiy ami dcatli of Mnnti^nnn'i'y. The Ainerieaus driven nut of Canada.) 
 
 60. The War Begun, and Canada Invaded by the 
 
 Revolutionists. — Meanwhile, some weeks before the meeting 
 of the second congress, swords had been crossed and the war 
 
i8g 
 
 'M 
 
 u.is l)egun. Blind intolerance had had its way on both sides. 
 ( i. ncral («age, military governor at Boston, had sent out a de- 
 t;i( hment to seize some rebel stores at the village of Lexington. 
 (April 19, 1775). This force had been surrounded by a swarm 
 111 •• Minute Men," — ^as the militia al)0ut Boston were called 
 from the fact that they were ready for duty at a minute's notice. 
 The English soldiers were driven back to the city with heavy 
 Io>s. but not till they had accomplished their errand and de- 
 hiroycd the stores. Then, two months later, came the IJattle of 
 iUinker's Hill. Tiiis, contrary to the general notion, was a 
 llritish victory, — but a costly one. 'I'wice were the royal troops 
 rL[)ulsed with loss, before they succeeded in carrying the enemy's 
 pdsition. I'he rebels made a brave stand, but in the end were 
 utterly defeated ; and their defeat is commemorated In' a tro[)hy 
 which stands on the citadel at (Jiuebec. It is one of the can- 
 non which the British columns captured at Bunker's Hill. 
 
 In the name of the United Colonies a continental army was 
 now enrolled. Its jjrofessed aim was not to seek independence, 
 liut to secure redress of grievances. 'I'he (Continental Congress, 
 then in session at Philadelphia, decided that if Canada d'd not 
 thirst for the blessings of liberty these blessings must be thrust 
 upon her. It was resolved to ca})ture Canada before reinforce- 
 ments from England could be poured in. That redoubtable rebel, 
 (.'olonel Ethan Allen, with a band of his Vermont Rangers, or 
 "C.reen Alountain Boys," had surprised the forts of Ticonderoga 
 and Crown Point. The old war-path into Canada lay open. An 
 army of three thousand men under (General Montgomery was 
 sent against Montreal by way of the Richelieu ; while Colonel 
 Benedict Arnold, with a force of twelve hundred, made his way 
 up the Kennebec and down the Chaudiere toward Quebec. 
 I'o defend (iianada against these two invasions the governor. Sir 
 ("luy Carleton, had only about four hundred regulars, and some 
 five hundred and fifty French Canadian volunteers. The 
 habitans, for the most part, were determined to remain neutral. 
 They had had enough of fighting to last then) for a generation. 
 In s[)itc of the appeals of their clergy, the persuasions and com- 
 
 m 
 
iqo 
 
 SWrt! 
 
 ml 
 
 m 
 
 s 
 
 niaiuls of the sri^m'tiis, llicy irfiisi-d to respond tothi' f^owriioi'^ 
 call lor aid. Ncvcrtlu'lrss wc may sav tliat to tluiii \vr o\V( 
 tliis CaiKKla; lor without the Irw hundred I'Vcmh Canadian^ 
 who (hd rally tothc IJritish (lai;. and without the Cirin ncutralilv 
 of thoir countrvmri), ()ut'l)i'c ii 
 
 lust I 
 
 iav« 
 
 f; 
 
 iMcn. 
 
 I>v rc'fusiiiL: {i> 
 
 join the relK'ls the Itixhiliiua fouj^ht I'aigland's hattle. 
 
 To Sir (luy ( 'ark'loii, also, we owe a debt that is never l( 
 he forgotten. lUit for his nMeon(|ueral)le emrgv the invadci' 
 
 ichi 
 
 111 
 
 ust have iriiiniphi'd. Tlu'y forced the passage of the R 
 
 lieu, captured the forts of St, John's and ('hainhly, and took 
 possession of Montreal. Carleton lied in ilisguise to (juel)e( . 
 nariowly escaping capture, and tlu're made ready for his last 
 stand. In (^)iiel)ec he weeded out all those citi/iTis who syni 
 |)athi/.ed with the rebels, expelling them from the city. (''rom 
 among the loyal remnant he wasal)le to t'urol some hundreds ot 
 hardy volunteers. With si\tei'n hundred uuii at his hack a 
 small force indeed, luit to he trusted, he awaited the struggle. 
 When Arnold, after a daring and terrible journey through 
 the winter wilds, arrived at (^)uebec, he came tmder the walls 
 and called upon the city to surrender. He was atiswered from 
 the mouth of a cannon. Thereupon he withdrew, and formed 
 his camp on the Plains of Abraham. A little later he wa-- 
 joineil by Montgomery from Montreal. (Quebec was then close- 
 ly besieged; but the |)osiiion of tlie besiegers, as the rigoin- ol 
 winter settled in, bet-ame bitterly trying. They were chagrimd 
 at their failure to seduce the I'Veiich ( "anadians. Thev knew 
 
 nt 
 
 1 .1 
 
 that if the siegt' dragged on till spring they might expect a I! 
 ish ileet to relieve Quebec. In this strait they resolved oi 
 desperate venture. 
 
 It was the last night of the \'ear i 775. In thick dark and a 
 driving storm they crep* up to lake the city by assault. While 
 a feiuned attack was made on the walls over auainst the Plain- 
 of Abraham, two assaulting columns moved secri'tly upon tin 
 Lower Town. Once let the streets be gained, and they trusted 
 to scale the walls to the Upper Town. One column, led 1)\ 
 Arnold, approached from the side of the St. Charles, through 
 
 ii«*|ij.* 
 
 
101 
 
 t'lii' sul)iirl) f)f St. Rocli's. Al'trr ;i hot t"i,i;lit, in whit li Arnold 
 ',',.1-. wounded, the assailinits curried the two ^nn l);ittt'ry wliirli 
 Lii.irdcd tlic iMitrnncf, nnd forci'd tlicir w.iy into tin- city. With 
 ll.inu', iind stCL'l, and yells, ra^ed the battle through the streets ; 
 III! there eaine a l)ody of tr(io|)s fr6ni the l,'|)|)er 'Town. Tall- 
 in:; upon the rear of the invaders, they eaptured about four 
 luindred, and drove the rest in iK.'aillong flinht. 
 
 I'he second assaulting column, led l)y Montgomery himself, 
 (line down the St. I,;iwrenci' shore from Wolfe's f'ove, and 
 sdUght t(} enter the city by a narrow path where now runs 
 ( h;unplain strei't. At the head of this patli stood guard a 
 (iiir.pany of ( "anadians. They hid a small cannon, loiided 
 uiih grape, pointing directly u|) the path. The enemy stole 
 loiward in the darkness, till they thouglu themselves near 
 enough, and then made a rush to overpower the guard. 15ut 
 in their faces belched a roaring flame, and a close volley of 
 ur.ipe iiKMVed down the head of tlu;ir colunm, .Among the slain 
 were .\If)ntg<)nu'ry himself and his two aides. Leaving their 
 sudden dead on the field, where the falling snow soon covered 
 th.ni, the assailants fled in a |)anic. In the morning the bodies 
 Were brought into the city, 'i'hat of Montgomery was cared for 
 with special consideration ; and the jilace of his burial, in the 
 Si. i.ouis bastion, was markt.'(l with a cut stone. 'I'he dead 
 leader, slain so |)iteously in <larkness and defeat, was a brave 
 and humane otlicer whoso nuMuory is respected by his foes. 
 His death was in striking contrast to that of his adored master, 
 the heroic Wolfe. It is a strange coincidence that both Mont- 
 gomery, the invader of (Janada, and (larleton, her defender, had 
 fought under Wolfe in his last campaign, and made him their 
 e\em[)lar as a soldier and as a man. 
 
 After this disastrous repulse the enemy contented themselves 
 with keeping the city under strict blockade. Toward s])ring 
 reinforcements arrived, and they pressed the siege. Hut before 
 tli.iy could accomplish anything the garrison was cheered by 
 the sight of British shii)s in the St. Lawrence. The invaders 
 hastily retired, ('arleton sallied out upon their rear, captured 
 
 ■'% 
 
 I 
 
 ■^1 
 
 ■.rl 
 
 m 
 
192 
 
 their artillery, and turned their retreat into a headlonj; rout. A 
 few weeks later a little hand of regulars and Indians, descend 
 ing from the western forts to help in the defence of Canada, 
 attacked and captured a body of four hundred Americans at tin 
 rajjids of " The C!edars " on the St. Lawrence. 'I'his was in 
 May of 1776. In June the Americans sent a force to attack 
 Three Rivers. They were met by an equal force of Canadians 
 and regulars. The battle was sharp, but the invaders werr 
 routed. Reinforcements were now flowing into Canada ; and 
 the American troo[)s, giving wav at all points, abandoned Mon 
 treal. They fell back on Lake Chami)!ain. There, for a tinu, 
 a small fleet gave them control of the situation. Jkit tlurinu 
 the summer the Hritish built an opposing s(juadron. 1>\ 
 autumn it was afloat ; and then was fought a hot battle for the 
 mastery of the lake. 'i"he fleet of the revolutionists was de 
 stroyed. Thereupon they blew up the grim ramparts of Crown 
 Point, and left the lake in English hands. Carleton drew his 
 entrenchments at Isle au Noi,\ ; and once more the inland gates 
 of Canada were barred against the enemy. 
 
 W- 
 
 \U.h 
 
 ♦>' 
 
 ( Sei'tion (il.— Tlic Ciilniiics (Ifcliirc tliriiisrlvcs inilciiciiilfiit. 15iirK"yiH''s ilisastii 
 iit Siiiat";;.'!. Eiiu'l.'iiiil alliictkcil Ipy Kiiiiici' iiijil otluT Kiiro|ir,iii pinvcrs, Cornwiilli- 
 caiiit.iiliitc.s at Vdrktiiwi]. Kn^tlaiiil iic1<Mn\vlc(|i,'i's tlii' iiiilciifiKlciiei' nf tlir I'niti.l 
 .States, Eclmt's iil'tlii' .sirilc in tlic .Maritime rinvinc'i's. Tlic 'I'lcaty nf Vcisaillcs.) 
 
 61. The Revolting Colonies Achieve their Inde- 
 pendence. --'I'he invaders having been beaten back from tht 
 bounds of Canada, the rest of the war is not a part of Canadian 
 history ; but its results were of such vital importance to us th;it 
 the struggle must be briefly outlined here. In 1776 the con- 
 gress at Philadelphia issued what is known as the " Declaration 
 of Independence." So many of the colonists remained loyal 
 that the struggle now became a civil war. Brother fought 
 against brother, father against son. Conspicuous among the 
 loyalists were the Iroquois, who were held faithful to the Ro)nl 
 cause by the influence of Sir William Johnson. Washington 
 displayed great judgment in avoiding pitched battles between 
 his untrained militia and the disciplined forces of the crown. 
 
"),■ 
 
 I;v his persistency and iialicncf he gradual!) drove llie I'"jiL;ii>li 
 I nk from point to point, without e\er det'eatinL; tlieiii in thi' 
 In Id. On Long Island tiie ICnghsli in lair liglit drove tiie revo 
 liitionists before them, and niiniu iiave deslro\ed the whole (on- 
 liiieiital army hut for the im-rtness of the conHnander-in-chief, 
 
 (irti 
 
 HoWi 
 
 wlu) has heeii ai'ciiseu o 
 
 f ink 
 
 c warniness. 
 
 H 
 
 owe 
 
 advanced from New \'ork, defeated Washington at the I'a'ttle 
 (il liie IJrandywine, ami occupied IMiiladelphia, where In 
 wintered, and amused himself. 
 
 In this same year a force of ahout 8,000 regulars, with a 
 thousand Indian allies, was gathered in (,'anada under (len 
 cial Hurgoyne, for the purpose of ast;ending I,ake Clhamplain, 
 ( apturing Albany, descending the Hudson to New N'ork, and 
 thus cutting the revolted colonies in two. The expedition 
 failed disastrously. 'i"he colonial militia swarmed like lujrnet-i 
 a!)i)Ut the line of march, shutting off supjilies, and harassing 
 ilie JMiglish at every point. IJurgoyne's little army dwindlei] 
 (lay by day, -disease, desertion, and the bullets of the sharp- 
 sh(K)ters eating away his ranks, till he had but 3,500 men left 
 
 ni his commam 
 
 He fell back in desoaii on Saratoga. Her 
 
 ere 
 
 he was surrounded by (leneral dates with ati army of ten 
 thousand colonials, and was forced to surrender. 
 
 This was an overwhelming triumph for the revolutioni^^ts. 
 And now came the hour for l''iance. She hungered to avenge 
 the defeats of the last war. She recognized the revolted colon- 
 ies as an independent and sovereign state, and took up arms in 
 their sup|)ort. I^ngland straightway found herself involved in 
 a I'Airopean war. Holland thought the hour was i (jiiie to hu- 
 miliate her ancient rival. Spain joined in, ho[)ing to win bac k 
 (libraltar. It was the hour for l"]ngland's enemies, of whatever 
 race or clime. French leaders and l'"rench sym[)ath\ were a 
 tower of strength to the revolutionists, while yet their fate hung 
 in the balance. \Vhen I'^ngland's hands were thus fettered by 
 her entanglements in I'^uro[)e, it was clear that she coukl not 
 subdue the colonies. Though almost always beaten in tair liekl. 
 defeat only made the revolutionists more formidable. In ijig- 
 
 25 
 
 ■m 
 
'94 
 
 w. 
 
 ii: 
 
 I Inf- 
 
 ill' 
 
 m 
 
 land, too, thiTc w.is a ^tronj^ party which hittrily opposed tlii 
 war. There were statrsineii of power and wisdom who ihoiij^lu 
 th.,' rL'lMl [irovinees not wliolly in tlic wronj^, and who wished 
 to let them i^o in peace. lUit the kin^' was ohstinate. 'I'he 
 war dra^'LCed on, with the j,Tcatcst vindictiveiiess on both sides, 
 l)iit with MO ^riMt actions. Lord Howe resii^ned, and was sik • 
 ceeded hy Sir Henry ("linton, who pushed the war with more 
 
 alacntv. 
 
 He seized ('harleston : and his lieutenant, I 
 
 ,or(l 
 
 (!ornwallis, gaining several victories in (piick succession, forceij 
 the rehellion in the .South to hide its head. ( t 7.S i ). Soon alter 
 wards, however, the colonials won a pitched hattle, defeatinu 
 the famous Loyalist leader, 'larleton, at "the ("owpens."' 
 
 At length there fell upon the i'jiglish the overwhelming disas 
 tcr of Yorktown. \ew \'ork was menaced hy a combined atta( k 
 of French and revcjiulionists. Cornwallis evacuated Charleston 
 and hastened northward to help ('linton. Threatened by over 
 whelmingly superi(jr numbers, lie halted and entrenched hinisell 
 at Yorktown, on a neck of land jutting out into Chesapeake l>ay. 
 Here, expecting the arrival of a IJrilish tleet, he felt himself se 
 cure. Hut the fleet that came was that of ]•' ranee, and he found 
 himself hopelessly entra|)ped. I'our times outnumi)ering hi- 
 own force, the French and American armies under Rocham 
 beau and Washington shut him in to landward. The l-rench 
 broadsides commanded his waler-front. He could either starve 
 or capitidale. He ca|)itulated. 'I'his was the end (jf the strug 
 gle, because the British people would light no longer, nor suffer 
 the king to prolong a war in which their hearts were not en- 
 gaged. 
 
 Any clear observer could see that ICngland was not beat- 
 en by the revolutionists. Ikit little of her vast power had 
 been put forth in .America. That she was not exhausted was 
 promptly shown by the vigour with which she now turned on 
 her foreign foes, humbling them swiftly by land and sea. .\ 
 tithe of this obstinate energy, dis[)layed on American fields, must 
 have crushed even Washington'; tireless courage. In the fol- 
 lowing year (1782) England acknowledged the independence 
 
 tB ^ 
 
 'm 
 
>0; 
 
 llic 
 
 AnK'ficaiis. She iikhIi' (i\ir to lur liiiiinnluiiilK irl> 
 
 Ills cliildrL'ii 
 
 lliusr vast ri'niims strrtcliiiiL; liom tlir wi.sti'in 
 
 iiind.iriL's to tlu- I'arilic 
 
 .it.ililt-' 
 
 to 
 
 •ranee aii< 
 
 I Si 
 
 a 
 
 )ain. 
 
 ,'i'iuro>il\ wliii h was tar Irom pal 
 
 I'rai 
 
 ice Had 
 
 it I'or the love she I ore thein, liiil hee 
 
 )ed the eoloilles 
 
 :iusi.' slir hoiird 
 
 ilir( 
 
 1 II ii 
 
 )U^]\ tluiii to eri|)i)le lier great adversary and win lia( k some 
 tion of lu-r New World (.•nipire. Miit all she j;ot in the I'nd 
 was humiliation and delit. I'Veneh Canada, prospi'roiis and 
 favored under I'lnj^lish rule, remained laithtul to I'-iij^lish allrgi 
 aiice : and the realm of the fertile west was placed torever In 
 Mind I'VetK'h gras|). The claws of the lion's cuh were now 
 ed upon that pri/e more jealously than those of the old lion 
 
 ClOSi 
 
 had ever been. 
 
 Canada, after the repulse of the invasion, had heard hut the 
 distant mutterinj^s of the dread storm in the south. The hrave 
 
 an 
 
 d politic- govern(jr, Sir (uiy Carleton, had resigned in i 
 
 / / /' 
 
 .'king 
 
 /e service, and feeliii'r confident the wave of war 
 
 would not again break over the Canadian frontier. He was 
 succeeded by (leneral Haldimand, whose harshness made him 
 somewhat unpopular. This severit)', however, was not wiliiout 
 wholesome effect on the rebel emissaries who sought to seduce 
 the (!anadians from their allegiance. in Nova Scotia such 
 issaries met at first with a measure of success. The |)eople 
 
 .•111 
 
 M 
 
 UIgi 
 
 ■rville, on the St. |(jhn River, foolishlv lent ear to 
 
 them, and organized an attack on i'ort Cumberland.* 'I his 
 enterprire fiiiled ignominiously : but the Maugervillians tried to 
 console themselvLS by seizing a brig that lay in the .Missi(|uash. 
 'I'lie prize was sold in an American port. 'I'lieir exploit, however, 
 brought them neither glory nor gain : for the government made 
 them pay the owners of the brig its full value, and then forgave 
 them, with a warning to indulge in no more such esca|)ades. 
 
 The Indians, too, of the St. |olin river and the g 
 
 on war- 
 
 pan 
 
 t under persuasion from Host 
 
 ulf shore. i)Ut 
 
 on. liut a mixture ol 
 
 ness, gifts, and flattery, converted them into loyal subjects. 
 
 der the i)rotection of I'ort l'"rederick. 
 
 lirm 
 
 At the St. John mouth, 
 
 , * Formerly IJuaust-jour. 
 
 un 
 
 i 
 
i 
 
 
 i;'" 
 
 v^^$-} ■ '.il 
 
 1 -1 
 
 :'.'; 
 
 
 i; I ; 
 
 ■"^m: 
 
 196 
 
 stood a small fishing settlement. A hand of marauders from 
 the port of Ma(~hias in Maine, deseemlinj.; suddenly on the ill- 
 j^arrisoned fort, wiped out l)oth fort and settlement. The inHint 
 settlement of Charlottetown, also, was ravaged by American 
 privateers, liut beyond these slight jars the wide region non 
 forming the Maritime Provinces of ("anada was little troubled 
 by the conflict. 
 
 I'eace was at length secured by a treaty signed at Versaille- 
 on Sept. 3rd, 17S5. IJy this treaty ('anada suffered. iMigland 
 was in a mood to be generous, -a generosity for which she has 
 since received small thanks, and this mood she chose to in 
 dulge at some expense to Canada. 'The rith Ohio valley, all 
 the fertile region, indeed, to the south of the great lakes, wa- 
 taken from (Canada and given to the new-born republic, l-rom 
 the point where the St. Lawrence is crossed by the 45th parallel, 
 the southern b(nuidary of Canada was deilared to lie along the 
 mid-channel of the river, and through the middle of I-akes On 
 tario, l'>rie, Huron, Superior, and I>iike of the Woods. On the 
 east the boundary between Nova Scotia and Main;,> was defined 
 to be the St. Croix river, with a "line drawn from its source to 
 the highlands dividing the waters falling into the Atlantic from 
 those em])tying themselves into the St. Lawrence.'' This ilefi- 
 nition was an irretrievable blunder, permitting Maine to thrust 
 a great elbow of alien territory far up between Canada and Nova 
 Scotia. It was a blunder from the effects of which we suffer to 
 this day. The wording, too, was ignorantly vague ; and frou) 
 its vagueness afterwards came disputes which almost needed a 
 new war for their settlement. 
 
 
CHAPTI'R XV. 
 
 SECTIONS: -62, The Loyalists. 63, Experiences of the Loyal- 
 ists during the War. 64, The Loyalists in Nova Scotia, 
 New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. 65, The Loy- 
 ists in Western Canada. 66, Conditions of Life among the 
 Loyalists. 
 
 (SccriiiS r.-J, -Tlir l.nyiilists ('■ir:.''ilti'ii In tin' TUNily ■■f Vri>,'ill!i's. Tlic cliiiniri'V 
 -I llii l..yiilisls.1 
 
 62. The Loyalists. -Wild-. ICnijlaiul signed the Treaty 
 u( \'crsailles, (1783), slic was so heiit on hcinii; generous to lier 
 triumphant enemies, that she failed in roinmon justice to the 
 frientls who had staked all upon her fidelity and jirowess. The 
 war, made jMissihle by the selfish stupidity of |)arlianient in de- 
 nying to the colonists the rights of free British subjects, was a 
 stinging humiliation to the motlierland l)efore the eyes of all 
 l)eo|)les. Mut more humiliating beyond measure was the jjeai'e 
 which al)andont¥.l the Loyalists to their fate. The treaty made 
 no i)rovision for them, except that it |)le(lged congress to com- 
 mend them to the kind consideration of the various states I 
 riiis clause of the treaty called forth indignant protest l)oth in 
 the !4ouse of Conniions and in the House of l-orils. W'ilber- 
 force said ''When I consider the case of the Loyalists I confess 
 1 there feel myself concjuered ; 1 there see my country humili- 
 ated ; 1 see her at the feet of Amerita." Lord Sackville said 
 "A pea-jc founded on the sacrifice of these unhappy subjects 
 must be accursed in the sight of (lot! and man." 'I'he worried 
 ministry, however, pleaded harsh .lecessity. In piteous tones 
 they [)rotested — " We had but the alternative either to accept 
 the terms proposed, or continue the war."' Hut tiie honour (.4 
 
 ■'i 
 
 n 
 
 iff 
 
 *u 
 
WW 
 
 liliN! 
 
 
 iv 
 
 it 
 
 '&.'<i 
 
 wMW':^ 
 
 i.r^^'' 
 
 9 
 
 l-'nghuul (ii'iiinndi'd iIkU licr I;i.st penny slioiild he spent. Ik i 
 l;ist sword sh;Ulered in \v;n\ he'toR' slu' toisook those wlioin si). 
 \v;is hound hy every tie to delend. I'lie coniijensations which. 
 ;is we sh;ill presently see. slie iiftevwMrds prnnted to the Lo\;il 
 ists. were only thi' late rencU'rini; ot" a partial justice. 
 
 Hut tliedestiny thatgoverns nations was working to great I'lidv 
 It was decreed that oi" stern and well-tried stuff should l)e huilt a 
 nation to inherit the northern half of this (-ontinent. 'I'iie niigra 
 tion of till' Loyalists will some day come to he recognized as one 
 of those moNt'inents which li.ne changed the course of histor\. 
 Il will l)e acknowledged as not less significant and far-reaching 
 in its results than the landing of the Pilgrim I''athers. l-'or. 
 without detracting from the achievement of our I'Vench fellow 
 citizens, who have moukled a great pro\ince, it is hut trutli to 
 sav that tlu' United I'aiipire Loyalists were the makers of ("an 
 ada. They brought to our making about ,^o,ooo people, of the 
 choicest stock the colonies could boast. 'I'lu'y were an arm\ 
 of leaders, for it was the loftiest heads which attracted the hate 
 of the revolutionists. The most inlluential judges, the mo>>l 
 distinguished lawvers. the most ca|)al)le and prominent phvsi 
 cians. the most liighlv educateil of the clergy, the members ot 
 council of the various colonies, the <Town officials, people d 
 culture and social ilistinction. th.se, with the faithful few 
 whose fortunes followed theirs, were the Loyalists. Many ot 
 them wouKl never have consented to dwell under the flag of the 
 new Republic. .\hni\ others, acce])ting the de. ision of the wai, 
 wouKl have forced themselves to accept also the new go\erii 
 ment : but lV)r having remained true to their allegiance tlu \ 
 were hounded to the death as traitors. Canada owes deep 
 gratitude indeed to her soutlu'rn kinsmen, who thus, from Maiiii 
 to Cicorgia, picked out their choicest spirits, and sent tluin 
 t'orth to people our northern wilds. 
 
 ( Si'ci iii\ I'lH.-Tlii' |ii'ii]ili. .liv iiliii;,' licfiirc till' \V:ii-. Tlic l.nynlisls in Nrw KH^;l.iini 
 Tlic l.nyiiUsI-; ill till' SiiMtli. Kli.nlaiiil (■(■iiics :it liisl (ii lln' rcscili'.) 
 
 63. Experiences of the Loyalists during the War. 
 
 — For those of the Lovalists who were lo\al because of the ol 
 
109 
 
 which ihfv held iiinlcr thr ( 'rnwii, tr 
 
 Olllllc ol course hf^MP 
 
 Tliis was csiKciallv the 
 
 IMIIH 
 
 l)etore the ()iitl)reak ot the war. 
 
 in Massachusetts, where indignant |)atri(its proved their 
 
 )lisiii l)y Iturning (lovernor I lu'cliinsoii's mansion, niolj- 
 
 \]'' slierills an( 
 
 ffs 
 
 jud.L; 
 
 jml 
 
 es, (hivuig K-ehk' old men uito the woods, 
 heai)ini' loul insults ui)on the wives and daimhters otOtfi- 
 
 ( l.MS. 
 
 Where till' violence 
 tl 
 
 as dir(;cti'd merely aj^amst crown 
 lliccrs in the act of inlorcin;.; ohnoxious statutes, of course 
 
 iimi h allowance iiuist lie made 
 
 W 
 
 len collectors ol the tea- 
 
 (liil\, or oCficers e\t.'cutin^f the Stamp Act, were tarred and 
 !( alhered, such ebullitions may he re^anlfd as merely an ener- 
 udic torm of i)r()test. ISut the violi'nce of protest soon deep- 
 iiird into the \iolcnce of pt'rs(;cution. ( )n the approach of war 
 
 ihr line between the I 
 
 ,ov; 
 
 lists and Kevolutionists widened to a 
 
 MIU Ol 
 
 hatt 
 
 M, 
 
 inv of the l.ovalists could not hawbeeii othe 
 
 lian loyal bicause thiir si'nse of duty forbade them to rebel, 
 ilthough they were ready enough to seek redress of grievances 
 
 m a 
 
 constitutional way. Net (jthers again, divided in their syi 
 
 n- 
 
 pathies, not certain as to the right course, or merely averse to 
 llie miseries of war, hesitated. lUit all tlKsc' alike, in the eves 
 
 (it tlu' revolutionarv i)art\', were traitors. 
 
 hi' word traitor was 
 
 )Ut to a novel use when it was a|)plied to the Loyalists. 
 
 I'he l.ovalists, in turn, were not backward in retortiii!' the 
 
 same vigorous e 
 
 pithet 
 
 upon the- revoiuliomsls. 
 
 In those dis- 
 
 tnits where thev were heavilv oiitmniii)ered, thev were coin- 
 
 lev were 
 
 beat 
 
 en 
 
 pelled to seek safety with the king's troops. 'I' 
 and |)iun(lered, their estates conliscated, and themselves ban- 
 ished under penalty of death. When ( lage evacuated lioston, 
 (UH geiieralled by Washington at the \erv beginning of the war, 
 he took with him hundreds of loyal citizens, who dared not 
 
 trust their lives to the men of .\I, 
 
 issactuist 
 
 Its. A little later, 
 
 after the capture of ISurgoyne's army at Saratoga, the ladies be- 
 longing to that army were grossly insulted during their captivity 
 ill lioston. 'i'hese ladies were not loy.dists, but the wives of 
 i'',iiglisli or Cicrman officers. With lo\alist women it was f.ir 
 nurse. The wife and daughter (jf an absent Loyalist, ("aptaiii 
 
 1 
 
;.s 
 
 
 
 
 ti 
 
 >■ 
 
 Br!> 
 
 n 
 
 .? 
 
 f*. ♦ 
 
 :?oo 
 
 luMitoii, wciv sli"i|)|K'(l naked, taiird and (I'allniL'd, and ImI 
 al)(>iil tlu' cily l)y tlir cliivalroiis cilj/cns ol IJoston. Il lias Ikch 
 well asked by a distiiiu,nislu'(l writer " Were not the Loyalist- 
 Americans, and did not their wronLis I'Mced am of those doiii 
 to Aimrieans hv the kinj,'?'' 
 
 Wlu're, as was the easi' in jiarts of tlu' south, the popiilatinn 
 was fairly divided hetwicn Loyalist and Revolutionist, tiie lij;hi 
 was washed with intense leroeity. and drcadhil Itarharisins wei. 
 praitieed on hoth sides. In some dislricis tlu' two faction, 
 thri-atencd to cMerminal*' tach other. Noted parti/an lead* r- 
 arose, like Tarleton on liic loyal side. Marion on what was nou 
 called tlu' " continental " side, .\dventuroiis chiefs like tlu'sc 
 gathered troops of followers who smarted to avenge either |)iili 
 lie or |)rivate, real or fancied, wrongs ; and a vindictive gncrilfi 
 w.nlare was w.iged. I'",acli side did crnel outrage in tlu; naim 
 of llie cause which il held sacred. 
 
 W 
 
 UM1 at length pea<'e 
 
 as deciari'd, ter'ihle was the case ol 
 
 the vanqmsln-i 
 
 'eace should sheath the sword and orii 
 
 Ig loi 
 
 getlulness of vengeance ; hut this |)eace meant the op|)orlnnii^ 
 
 o 
 
 f ih 
 
 e victors. 
 
 it 
 
 was lollowec 
 
 11 V 
 
 harliarities which iiut an 
 
 mcfficeahle stain on tlu' shield ol the young Kepul>lic 
 
 At 11 
 
 tinu' ot liie evacuation o 
 
 f N 
 
 ew 
 
 orl 
 
 Sir ( liiv ( 'arlt"lon con 
 
 maiided the I'-nglisli forcis in .\nieriea ; and feeling bilteily iIk 
 desertion of the loyalists, he sv\\\ sever.il thousands of them 
 awav in the king's ships. Hut {)( the great numbers lying Ih 
 vond reach of ( 'arlelon's c.iri.' many wen.' put to ignominious 
 tieath. .Scourging, (lucking, tarring and feathering, proscrip 
 tion. and baiiishinent, weri' the fall' that fi'U to the remaindi i 
 I'he state governmeiUs deliberately plundered, and drove out in 
 abject poverty, men guilty of nothing but fair light in a lawful 
 AfCharleston, wlu-n the king's troops sailed awav, the 
 
 cause. 
 
 lis! 
 
 lo\ 
 
 spectacle that greeted their b.ickward ga/i' was one that Lnj. 
 cheeks must blush to think of. The bodies of twenty-four 
 alists. abandonetl to their foes by the country they had fouglii 
 tor, swung from a row of gibbets on the wharf. It is not ci\ii 
 i/.ation, but blind barbarism, thai lakes such vengeance upon 
 
 4 I 
 
;;oi 
 
 lli( v;in(|iiislii(l. M( n like \\';isl)in^tiin, ll.imil'on, |,iv. ( 'irtciii', 
 ii.iliiii^ liii llic lionoiir ol tlicjr ciiisc. pro!! '^trd, Iml in \aiii. 
 At Iriii^tii till' 'IN ihiil went ii|) Iriiiii llir siilCi rin:; I .ii\.ill->ts l^icw 
 s,i liilirr tli;it ICiiL!,!, 111(1 t.iKJilv ^.nc (mt. 
 
 Sir ( liiy ( ';iiicti)n \v;is the chirt mover in the woi k of rcs<uc ; 
 iiiit (losrrnor I !,il(lini;in<l in (,)ii('l)('' ;in(l (iovcrnor I'lirr in 
 Nnva Scotia Itnt cUfilivc aid. It was (Iccidcd that the nlimics 
 slioiild l)c scttlid in \\ rstcrn ( 'aiiada, in Nova Scotia, and on 
 
 IlK 
 
 Island ol St. |olin ; that tlicv should lie nivcn i;rant' 
 
 l.ind according to their rank and standin.L,', in txlenl Iroin on( 
 
 liiindred aeri's up to several thousand ; and that tluy sliouM 
 lid liv the "overnineiit, till their lands should heiiin to niak 
 
 e re 
 
 lini 
 
 >(iii 
 
 1. The I .ovalists of till' Atlantic coast ;.;allured in the sea 
 I towns, where hips wert' speedily pro\iiled. ( )thers, dwell 
 111^ inland, were directed to uiaki- their rende/\i)us at Niaj^ara, 
 Siikett's ilarliour, ( )swego, and the foot of Lake ( "hainplain. 
 In the year i/S^ the gUMl exodus took place, and the Lovalists 
 ll(i( ke<l across the horder into the land which tliev and their 
 (lesci'iidants ha\c made ,greal. Thev divided into two main 
 
 sin 'a I 
 
 us, oni' moviiiLi eastward to the Maritime Provinces, th 
 
 olli 
 
 •r llowmij westwjird to the rcLjion north ol the ial 
 
 (Si. I I Piiv 111. Till' l-'iuiiiclili'.; nT SI. .Ir.lm ninl Slirlh 
 
 N.u Ki m.-H icii ,'iikI ( ■ 
 
 I'll. Inn iii.mIi' sr|i:n.ili' I'lm iiii'i-s. I''i nli'i icM "li iii.nli' I In e,i |,||,.|1 ,,| ,\iu liiiii.su id;.) 
 
 64. The Loyalists in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
 and Prince Edward Island. In St. John, N' w r.iunswu k, 
 
 the iStl. vlav of May is celehrated as the natal da\ of 'he 1 ii\. 
 On that day, i/S,-;, took pi. ice the Landing ol the Loyalists. 
 The mouth of the St. John river is a sei tui' haven, Imt leiu ed 
 ahoul will) grim and sterile hills which lielie the lirtile ( (»iiiitr\- 
 King inland. Hither came the sliijis of the rel'iigees from New 
 \'ork, and all through the summer they conlimud to arrive. 
 At tlu' harbour mouth they liuill a < itv which tlie\ i ailed I'arr 
 
 town. 
 
 in honour ol Nova Scotia's go\ernor. .Main wci 
 
 It on 
 
 through the rocky defile of the Narrows, and spread up the 
 heauliful siiores of the great river a distanci' of t'iglit\ lour miles, 
 to St. Ami's Point. l''ive thou.saiul Loyalists came to the St. 
 26 
 
 v»:| 
 
 
 
 
 • .■v'jj 
 
302 
 
 II 
 
 
 If!" 
 
 i-?' 
 
 
 H' 
 
 iV^if 
 
 Joliii (luring lliis mciuorahlc siimnur. These; were, for tin 
 most part, ofticers and men of dishatuled regiments who had 
 loiiglit l)ravely for tlie king, -among them the famous i04tli 
 and tlie yet more famous (^)ueen's Rangers, and their tem|)tr 
 towartl the Maugerville settlers who were known to iiave sym 
 pathized with tlie rebels was hy no means friendly. The Mau 
 gerville settlers were known as the "old inhabitants." Where 
 these "old inhabitants '' eould show titles to their lands, thc\ 
 were secure ; but in other eases, where titles were not forth 
 eoming, the Loyalists were very ready to seize the f;xrms of the 
 sijuatters in revenge for what they had themselves been forced 
 to endure. 
 
 While the St. John river valley was thus filling up with 
 strong settlers, and a busy city rising at the river's mouth, other 
 loyalist banils went to Xova Scotia, and to the fertile gulf prov- 
 ince which still bore the name of St. John's Island. On the 
 tidal meadows of the l^ay of l'"untly waters they settled, and at 
 Digby, and along the Atlantic coast to eastward of Halifax ; but 
 their great settlement was made at Port Razoir, near the south 
 west corner of the peninsula. Here was a su|)erb and land 
 locked harbour which laptivated the exilt;s. As it were in a 
 night there sprang up on its shores a city of 12,000 inhal)itants. 
 which took the name of Shelburne. liut the site had been ill- 
 chosen. Shelburne had nothing but its harbour. The country 
 about it was not fertile. There was nothing to nourish a town 
 of such size and pretension. So the city which had sj)rung np 
 like a gourd in a single night, withered as it were in a day. Its 
 peoi)le scattered to Halifax and other parts of the province, 
 some even going up the St. Lawrence and westward to the lake 
 region. .And in three years from its sanguine foundation Shel 
 burne had shrunk to a small village. In .some cases the very 
 houses of this fleeting city were taken down and carried away, 
 to be set uj) agani at Yarmouth or Weymouth. 
 
 The Loyalists of the St. John river were no sooner settled 
 than they demanded representation at Halifax. When this was 
 refused by (lovcrnor Parr they at once agitated for a division ot 
 
t'lr provincL'. In s|)itt.' of tlic tiovcrnor's opposition tliis was 
 Li.intL'd, for llicy had stroi^n friends in lunula n( 1 : and in i 7S4 
 Xiiva Sfolia was shorn of hur ijrcat territory to the nortli of thr 
 ll.iy of l''iindy. This region was erucu'd into the province ot 
 New IJrunswiek, with Colonel 'I'honias Carleton, Sir (Im's hro- 
 ilur, as its governor. He was assisted by a council of twelve 
 niiinhers, and an elective assembly of twenty-six re|>resentatives. 
 (ape llreton, at the same time, was made a se|)arale province, 
 iiiuler Major |)es!)arres as j;overnor ; and its ra|)ital was re- 
 moved from I.OLiisliurg to the new town of Sychiey. About 
 ei.nht hundred Loyalists moved into (,"a[)e Hreton, settling at 
 Svdney, I.ouisburg, St. I'eter's, and Haddeck, Vhere during 
 lluir first winter they suffered terribly from storm and famine. 
 
 The existence of ('ape IJreton as a separate province was i)rief. 
 
 In 1S20, as we shall see, it was reabsorbed in \ova Scotia. 
 
 Soon after the establishment o( New Urunswick, I'arrtown 
 was incorporated as a city, and its name was changed to St. 
 
 (ohn. 
 
 'I'wo years later the capital was removed to St. Anne" 
 
 I'oint, eiglity-four miles up the river, where the city of I'reiler- 
 icton was built. 'I'he main object of this removal was greater 
 security from attack, the object which \'illebon, too, had sought 
 when he removed thither from Port Royal. It was also the 
 governor's pur|)ose to escape from the distractions of a stirring 
 commercial centre, which St. John vt r\ ra|)idly became. 'I'he 
 
 )f Xew IJrunswick, like its miyhlier sister Ontario, 
 
 was 
 
 province ( 
 
 thus |)eculiarly a child of the loyalists. It is estimated that the 
 
 ss than 20,000 people into 
 
 lov 
 
 alist niiuration brou 
 
 :ht 
 
 not 
 
 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince ICdward Island. In 
 New Brunswick the new comers so overwhelmingly outnum- 
 bered the old inhabitants thai they gave their own character 
 
 and type to the 
 
 lole province. 
 
 (SKCnilX I'l.'i. — I'llllis \!lkr\] mill illslllCis nccllliiccl liy tlir Wotrlll l.i lyjllist,-. Till' 
 Kasliiii Tnwri.slii|is. Nuriiliris iiiiil iiilliiciii'r ..f tin- l.oyuli.^l>.) 
 
 65. The Loyalists in Western Canada. Into the 
 
 work of finding western homes for the Loyalists ('•(jvernor lial- 
 
204 
 
 
 (limanrl of Canada tlircw liimsL-it with fervour. As \vc have 
 seen, most of tlie I-oyalists of the sea-boaril went to Nova Sco 
 tia ; l)iit a portion of this eastern stream flowed on into tlir 
 gulf and turned uj) the St. Lawrence. Some of these wide 
 wandering immigrants stayed tlieir course at Sorel, a few miles 
 below Montreal. The greater number, however, wejit on to the 
 vast un|)eo[)led spaces about Fort I'Yontenac. These pioneers 
 of what is now our j^renuer province, the great conniionwealth 
 of Ontario, were led by a sturdy 1 oyalist of the Hudson, named 
 drass, whose father, having once been prisoner among the 
 French at l-ort Frontenac, had reported the country good. To 
 this same region followed the greater number of the inland Loy- 
 alists, making their escape from the hcistile republic by way of 
 Oswego, Sackett's Harbour, and Ogdensburgh. The chief 
 movement took place in 1784, and occupied all the northern 
 shore of Fake Ontario. 'I'he western fringe of the migration 
 consisted of families from the Sus(|uehannah valley, many of 
 whom worked their way along Fake I'Lrie as far as the banks of 
 the St. Clair. The refugees who had gathered at Niagara were 
 wise enough not to go far. 'Fhey established themselves on 
 the sunny and fruitful lands along the Niagara river and around 
 the head of Lake Ontario, whence they spread westward 
 through the [)eninsula that lies between Erie and Huron, the 
 very garden of Canaila. On the east of this inland migration lay 
 invitingly o[)en the i)athway of Fake Champlain and the Riche- 
 lieu, so oft the track of armies. By this most accessible [Kjrlal 
 entered many of the Hudson river Foyalists, — Oermans of the 
 old Palatinate settlements, Sir Johnson's disbanded " Royal 
 Oreens," and the Mohawks who had so faithfully adhered to the 
 fortunes of the crown, under their great chief, Joseph Brant. 
 
 Many of these went on to the west and north, settling 
 the St. Lawrence shore between Fort Frontenac and Montreal ; 
 but others, dreading the long journey and the hardships of 
 the remoter wilderness, paused in their flight as soon as they 
 found themselves w.I! beyond the border. The pleasant 
 country between the American frontier and the old St. 
 
 
20 = 
 
 I iwrenrc settkiiicnts was thus I'iIIlhI uji with a stron}^ popiila- 
 
 n. It now forms what is kn 
 
 own as 
 
 'I'lic I\astcrn 'I'ow 
 
 n- 
 
 -hijjs,"' a (listiiK'tivL'ly l-Jigh'sh section of the Freneli j)rovince 
 111 (^)iiehec. That ail tlie inland loyalists did not sta\ in the 
 1. astern Townships is due to two facts. In the first ])lace, the 
 Loyalists had hecn trained to self governient, and doubtless 
 looked to the erection of a new pro\ince with a constitution 
 and laws very different from those established in Canada by the 
 (Quebec Act. In the second ])lace, (lovernor llaldimand dis- 
 couraged settlement along the frontier, dreading a contii'.uance 
 of the American intrigues which had already caused hiui so 
 much trouble. 
 
 It is estimated that not fewer than ten thousand Loyalists 
 rauie into the St. Lawrence and lake districts during the great 
 migration. This number includes what are known as the Later 
 Loyalists, who came in after the j'ioneers had opened the way. 
 These Later Loyalists were peojile who, through prudence or 
 kness, had made themselves less obnoxious to the Kevolu- 
 ists and had therefore been allowed to stav in the new re- 
 
 wca 
 lion 
 
 puhhc 
 
 Their hearts, however, had chuiL; to the old 11; 
 
 lie 
 
 first comers were of the sturdier stock, and m( 
 
 )re uncoin|)rom- 
 
 isi 
 
 m 
 
 nsi in their views. To them bel 
 
 ongs tile greater glorv, 
 
 LI 
 
 le 
 
 njority of them were members of loyal colonial regiments 
 which had fought with tireless tenacity through the war : 
 aiul when, nearly a generation later, war broke out between 
 England and the American States, they antl their sons proved 
 that thi; warlike fire had not been suffered to die out. W) this, 
 as we shall see, the records of the war of 1812-14 'j<-''i'' 
 witness. As the history of our country unfolds, we shall mark 
 henceforth the mighty influence of the 30,000 exiles who crossed 
 our borders in those eventful years. As we watch our destiny 
 taking shape, we shall be forced to realize that the hands most 
 potent in shaping it are the hands of the sons of the Loyalists. 
 
 (.Skctiox Hi;.— The L'liltcil Eiii|iir.' List. Mills iiml rnml. Hdiisps. Kiirriitiin-. 
 Tlif Iluiigry Vciir. " Ik'os " ami " Knilics." Clniliin^, etc. Siii;ct'ss at last.) 
 
 66. Conditions of Life among the Loyalists.—From 
 
 W 
 
 mt 
 
l-l .1 
 
 ' ■: ■Y''.'i: 
 
 '%■' . 
 
 Wh 
 
 *t. 
 
 '■■)... 
 
 lyS^ (() i7<)o till' Hiilish ^oxcniiinnl l\('|tt nniiiiiis>>ii)iicrs ,il 
 work in(|iiirmf; inin ilic cliiims <it tlir I ,(i\;ilists. .iiid ^iimtiiiL' 
 lluni |);irti;il imit iiuiilx (or tlu' lussts \\lii( li llic\ lijil siistitiind 
 ill tlu' w.u. riic Idl.il iiinoiiMl |i;ii(l (Hil l)v ( iicil ItrilMii) in tin . 
 \v;iv was iic.iilv $15,000,000. wliicli docs imt iiK Indc tlir wiliii 
 of iIkhcih Till land grants, iinpltnit'iils. and sii|)|ilirs iil Innd 
 which wi'H" issiR'd. In mam scitions du' I .ovalisis wnr It'd on 
 govi-rnmcnt rations tor tliitc years attri tlu'ir aiiival. 'Iht'soii. 
 ol the I ,u\alists, on t'oininn oi a^c. wrrc cnlitli'd to cert a in ^lani'. 
 and privileges. In 1 ySi). theretore. was eoiii|)iled that roll ol 
 honoiM' known as the I nite<l l''an|tire l.isl. consist ini,' of tlii 
 nanu's ol all the I .oyalists who had lied out oT the repiihlii' dm 
 in|^ the |)revious live \ears. These were to he known thcne( 
 forward as the I'nited l',in|>iie l,o\alisls. After tlu'ir names 
 they were enlitled to placi' the letters l'. IC. I,. 
 
 Among the supplies granted to the faithful immigr.mts, weii 
 tools for huilding their houses and im|ilements for ck'ariiij; and 
 tilling their lands. To cat h jiionecr lamily wi're given a |)lougli 
 and a cow. ,\ few of the settlements were so fortunate' as to 
 ri'Ct'ive portable mills for tlu- grinding of their grain. Tin 
 grcati'r numher of die i)ioiu'ers. howivcr. in L'p])er ( "anada il 
 least, had no such luxuries as mills. Their grain was chii ll\ 
 Indian corn and wild rice. These tlu'\- crushed ht'lwetn stones, 
 or with a.i a\e ; and with the hrokeii stulV they made a rough 
 hreatl. IWit this clunisv process was soon su|)erseded i>y the 
 " Hominv T>lock," a hardwood stiiini), with a large hollow 
 liurned in thi.' ttip of it. In this liollow the grain was |)ounded 
 with a great wooden rammer or "plumper." Sometimes ,1 
 "hominy block " was large enough to hold a bushel or two ol 
 grain at a time : and in such a case the grinding was done bv a 
 stone with a heavily weighted "swoe|)," or long pole, altaclnd 
 to it. Of course, as prosperity advanced tiiesc primitive con 
 irivances were soon set asidi', ami grist mills took their placi'. 
 
 As the settlers felled the great trees whicli covered theii 
 dcmiains. tlicy used the logs to l)uild tlu'ir cabins and then 
 barns. Sucli sawed lumber as they absolutely required lhe\ 
 
2o: 
 
 nrls .\l 
 limliiiL; 
 stiiinttl 
 I in tin • 
 
 I' Villlh 
 
 111 1(1(11 1 
 • led (ii> 
 lie ^oii ■ 
 n j^rant'^ 
 roll (il 
 
 4 of tilt 
 
 tile (lin 
 
 tlu'lK ( 
 
 r nanics 
 
 lltS, WCK 
 
 riii^ and 
 a plough 
 itc as to 
 111. 'I'll' 
 nada at 
 chiclU 
 sloiu ^. 
 a rouL;li 
 by thr 
 hollow 
 
 )()Ulullil 
 
 •linu's I 
 two ot 
 one by a 
 attaclKtl 
 tivf con 
 placf. 
 vd lliiii 
 lul thin 
 red i1k\ 
 
 ■ Mil out lahorioiislv wilh the " w hip s,i\v " and " cross (lit." 
 M.iMV of these men were '|llile III w |o the Use ol a\c and saw. 
 \iil a lew had lieeii a( ( iisloiiied to lite in so( lal ( ciitres ; Imt 
 iHiW iluv made their Iioiiks in harshest isohtion. ( )lten miles 
 111 s.uaj^c loresl severed them Irom their ne.irest nei;.;hl)oiirs, 
 rhc\ had heeii used to sini^ collates, well stored rooinv larm 
 liniises. or perhaps to those slatelv old coloni.il mansions where- 
 in reigned a hospit.ilitv all Imt priiu ilv. Now ihey lietook 
 till iiiselvcs to a lo^ dwelliiiL;, otteii witli luit one room ;ind one 
 window. Its root would he mere sheets ol hark strel( lied on a 
 l.ucr of |)oles ; its chinks would he stuffed with moss and < lay 
 to keep out the wind. 'I'lu ir ( liimnevs at Inst were perilous 
 -.iMieiiins ol sti( ks and (lay. .\s soon as |)ossihle, how- 
 ( \ir, they reproduced the ample cliimness of their former 
 (Iwellinj^s, hnilt of rou^h stone or ( oarse and ill sli.iped hrii k ; 
 and thousands of such chimneys stand to this dav, occupyinj; 
 a liu^^ely dispro|)ortionati' space in the hous(;s which they holh 
 serve nnd dominate. 
 
 Into these rude Inst dw(.'lliiiL;s of ihe Loyalists ( aiiie some 
 articKs of luxury, hrouj^ht from rich homes on the Susipu'han 
 nail, the Hudson, or the ( !oniiecticut. 'Today the sons of the 
 j.ovalists point with pride to tall, old clinks, to time-stained 
 chairs and "secretaries," that have shared the changed fortunes 
 of their ancient owners and withstood the rouj^li journey from the 
 world into the wilderness. In most cases, however, little was 
 saved from the aii^'rv revolutionists, and that littk' could not hi.' 
 taken over the forest trails. Some of the loyalist cahiiis had no 
 hirniture hut a hed, made of four poles with stri|»s of hass wood 
 hark woven hekween them. The toil of clearing and |»lanting 
 sometimes left no time for the construction of luxuries like (hairs 
 and tables. To stave off actual famine look all the settlers" en- 
 eri^ies. In parts of N'ova Scotia and .New linmswick, of course, 
 where the way was already opened up by older settlers, the new 
 colliers iiad le.ss hardshi|) to endure ; but by far the greater por- 
 tion of the country allotted to the l>(;yalists was remote and un- 
 broken wilderness. 
 
i 
 
 
 il? 
 
 r i;,; 
 
 ■m 
 
 ;i:'l' 
 
 »!,';• ^5 
 
 
 iiii;'^^: 
 
 30S 
 
 III tlu' siilxluiiig <jf this wilderiirss the I-oyalisls wcrc not ai 
 first coininciiigly succfssriil. Many of thi-m. as \vi: have SL'tn. 
 wcro l)y MO iiifans fitted for tlie hfi' into which thiy ii;;(l Ikih 
 so harshly thrust. In ijiSy, just whin they were i»eing thrown 
 upon tlieir own resources l>y tlie governinent, tlie stuhhorn soil 
 relnlled against its new masters and the crops on all sides 
 failed. 'I'his was in all the Lake rej^ion. Though the govern 
 inent had only undertaken to feed the ininii^rants for three 
 years, some of the more shiftless among them had made no])r(i 
 visi(jn for the time when this hel[) would cease. Oditrs, wlio 
 had d(jne their best, had yet been unfortunate in the battle with 
 frost and wild beasts. 'I'lie following year, 17S.S, was one of thi 
 bitterest privation, till a g(jod harvest ended the anguish, li- 
 memory comes down to us under the name ot the "' Hungr\ 
 Year." 'I'he people had to dig those wild, tuberous roots whii h 
 children know as "grnund-nuts." llutternuts and beech-nuts 
 were sought with eager jjains. .Men sold their farms for a 
 little tlour or even the coarsest bran. The early buds of the 
 bass-wood were gathered and boiled, with the weed called 
 " lambs-fiuarters," and pig weed, and the wild "Indian cabbage.' 
 (lame of all sorts was fairly abundant,- deer, rabbits, turkeys, 
 pigeons; l)Ut | owder and shot were scarce. daunt men cre[)t 
 about with poles, .■)triving to knock down the wild [)igeons ; 01 
 they angled all day with awkward, home-made hooks for a feu 
 chub or perch to keej) their familit's from starvation. In oiu 
 settlement a beef-bone was i)assed from house to house, thai 
 each household might boil it a little while and so get a flavour 
 in the [)Ot of unsalted bran sou|). A few of the weak and aged 
 actually died of star\ation during these famiiK^ months ; and 
 others were poisoned by eating noxious roots which the\ 
 grubbed up in the wood-. As the summer wore on, however, 
 the heads of wheat, oats, .;nd barley began to grow [)luni|' 
 People gathered hungrily '.o the fields, to pluck and devcnir tin 
 green heads. Boiled, lliese were a luxury ; and hope stole back 
 to the starving settlements. 
 
 But this year had marked the clima.x of their trials; ami 
 
till nrffi)r\var 
 
 tlic I 
 
 i)\;il|>l^ (I 
 
 ;o() 
 
 r f 
 
 ( 
 
 .Iliad 
 
 in. Kir 
 
 >uift |p|() 
 
 ;ri>s. At thr vltv Itcjiinnin^ thi\ h.nl rcali/rd the value n\ 
 ii("t|RTati()n ; and instead ot caili man |iaintiill\ Icvrlliiij^ his 
 
 (I'AI 
 
 1 patch of fort'st, haul 
 
 IIU 
 
 his own lo^s. 
 
 hiiiuiinii hi> own 
 
 nil' 
 
 lUii' <al)in. a ^\st^■lll ol " Irohrs ' or 
 
 I K (.•> 
 
 llUlllllllL 
 
 wa-- in^lilutcd. 
 Iiii.^." I.atrr. 
 
 I litiT wciL' "choiiiiini,' lroli( s," and 
 uIu'H tiir clcaivd l"iild> !» ^an to yiclil i^tiu rou> crops, and the 
 haiiiL' Ikuisc little hy little took the place of tlu' Iol; cahin or 
 chanty, tlien caine " husking bees" and ''iVamin,u hee-.. " W'lu n 
 a new homestead was to he raised, along the raw road^ and 
 "hla/ed" trails the men of the towiishiiis (aiiu' llockinu to the 
 
 lumhoorlv last 
 
 () 
 
 n such occasions, (wlun once the 
 
 ir^t nan I 
 
 ars were oNcr), tiure was 
 
 free mirth ano rough hut wholexmie 
 
 ahiiiKlance. I'he daring of wolves and hears made pork, iniit 
 lull, and beef all loo scarce ; hut venison and wild turkeys wwr 
 And ; with pies of wild fruit, and pyramids of smoking corn 
 
 nil II 
 
 A delicacy n.uch favoure<l 
 ki 
 
 at these 
 
 hiead or jolinnv-cake. 
 
 festivities was known as " pumpkm-cake,' whu li coiiMstcd o| a 
 
 nil 
 
 \tiire ol hoiletl pumpkin and corn-nnal, sweetened 
 
 with 
 
 maple sugar, s|)ice(l, ami baked. Or it was made with(ail 
 
 swee 
 
 tening, and eaten with buttei 
 
 At such festivals, as at 
 
 onlmary limes, the spoons and ilishes used were geiur 
 
 .f 
 
 ill\ ol wood 
 
 the white I'ine grained wood of the |io|)lar being 
 [ireferred for the purpose. Little bv little ih.ese wooden iileii 
 sils were lejilaced by pewter, whi<h came to the |>ioneer"s door 
 in the packs of occasional N'ankee |)eddkrs. 'I'liis pewter, un 
 der much scouring, was made to shine like silver. 
 
 Long after our l.ovalisl fathers had learned to satisfv their 
 
 robust appetites wi 
 
 ;h ueiierous and varied backwoods f.ue. their 
 
 dress kejit its primitive simjilicity. At first, ofcour.se, they had 
 the ordinarv costumes of the pre-Kevolutioii time, which they 
 hrcnight with them. These, in the case of the wealthier classes, 
 were (|uite tf)0 gorgeous and elaborate lor wear in the woods. 
 
 n.m 
 
 iii 
 
 m\ 
 
 m: 
 
 *TlieW()i'(l " froUc '" sl-ciikmI tlit iikhc in t^ivmu thnmuli'iiil 'Ik' 
 [iroviiiijes by the sea, wliilc aiimml tlic lakes "oce" wa.- iho aciji'icl 
 
 tlTlU. 
 
 mi 
 
 im 
 
 27 
 
i t',' 
 
 m'i 
 
 '1,13 
 
 ',42; «= 
 
 Si V,i 
 
 I*', 
 
 ' lO 
 
 I'liL- MK'ii would outshine the most da/./linn licllo of our inori 
 
 sohcr (lav 
 
 niauino a Rohiiison, a XanAlstiiK', a I )ila 
 
 nccx. 
 
 dressed in a wide t1a|)i)in_n iVock-i-oat of blue ilainask lined with 
 velvet, whiti' satin waistcoat, M.uk satin tight knee-!)ree< lies, 
 white silk stockings, and reil niorot'co slippt-rs with huge silver 
 
 diol 
 
 )uckles covering the whole instep ; or in a |)ea-green coat. 
 
 whiti' silk vest, and vellow nankeen kiu'e-hreeches, wi 
 
 th 
 
 arter 
 
 hows dangling to the ankk's. Perhaps lor intbrnial (M-casioi!- 
 the Loyalist gentry would he cotneiit with stockings of soiui 
 
 dark 
 
 hue 
 
 atui w 
 
 ide-skirted coat ^)( 
 
 iff 
 
 snullcolour, 
 
 )ltl 
 
 e-green, or 
 
 claret. Certain it is, however, that most of the Loyalists had 
 small choice in the matter of clothes, after they had been a \ear 
 or two in the new land. As sjjeedily as |)ossil)le (lax and heni]> 
 were grown, and the clacking loom hecanu' an institution in 
 every siltler's cahin. Coarse linen was wovt'ti ; and blankets 
 of hem[) mixed with hair from hides. lUit wool was long .1 
 scarce article, owing to the fondness of Canadian wolvi's for 
 Loyalist shee[). Many of the poorer men, ami women too. 
 wore n 
 
 olhing but dressed di'erskins, which i)roveil clurabl 
 
 deed, but soon got lamcntablv ureasv. 
 
 e 111 
 In the scarcitv of soao. 
 
 the s(-ant linen of the household was often washed with stron- 
 lye. In the records of tin- time wi' read of a girl who ignoranlU 
 tried to clean her one tleer-skin gown in the same |)olenl liquid, 
 and saw the leather shrivel awav to almost nothing before lui 
 starlK'd I'yes. As for finery, a liltle of that could be got. b\ 
 those able to affoitl it, from the N'ankee petldlers alreadv re 
 ferred to. It usually took the form of poorly-jiriiUed calicoes 
 at a fabulous number of shillings per yard. Wo reail of such 
 calicoes at eight and ten shillings, with book muslin at eight 
 ei'i) shillings. Many a bride of the Loyalists had nothing but 
 ikerskin for her wedding garment. 
 
 lUit 'he stubborn eiiergv of tlu'se pioiu'ers, whicli had m.idc 
 them so hated by their adve;saries, in due course carved sue 
 
 cess (Jill of misfortune, 
 but to look aroi'.nd him t( 
 
 I'hc greatness of that success one ha- 
 ) see. 'The I-o\alists were Ciod-fearin:j 
 
 men, an»l thev heM sacred the education of their childrei 
 
 .L.H 
 
Mx (•'^■^ 
 
 I lurrlorc as soon as the wildnno^ licuaii to xiild hLlon- tluir 
 ,i\rs, liu'V iiKulc liaslr to huild llii' s( liocil-luiusr a'ul ihr (iuirch'^ 
 in i\rry district. A jraioiis cair for tlvx.' two ^i\at rssi'iitiaK 
 m! ri\ ili/atioii marks tlu' ('aiuuiian siiiril to tiiis da\. 
 
 * 'I'lif lirsl l^uyalist cliiinli crtcttd in w lial is now Oiitiii in « a.s t li.il 
 lit the lii\;il Miijiawks oil (♦land liivcr. 
 
 cnAi'i'Kk w I. 
 
 SECTIONS: 67, Lord Dorchester Governor-General. 68, The 
 Constitutional Act. 69, The Two Ca'iadas Upper and 
 Lower. 70, The Maritime Provinces. 71, Threats of War 
 between England and the United States. 
 
 (Sri'l fnN I'.r. -t';ill;i.li,ili, l''rilil-ll .-llnl Kliu'isll .■lll'i>r. ■IrlMMlpl 1. |'lisc hl.il jvi '.'"M I li 
 
 llllhl. I,.i|i| llillclll'sliT i~ lll.-nlr (inM'l IU'r-liillll'll. Tllrlir--I ..II - .|^| i. II i.| lUlii'll h< 
 
 1 un 11 I hr |,ii'\ iiici s. I. Mill |i.iiclir..|ii s,.,.i |ir^ I In m^iI il n 'ii. ) 
 
 67. Lord Dorchester Governor-General. l:\t r 
 
 since tlu' iiassing of the (^)iklicc Act in 177.}. the i'.iiu'isli in 
 li.iliitaiUs of ("aiiada had liccn dissatislicd. As wc iia\c sii 11, 
 the provisions of Ireiich l.,i\^ \v<. re deepU (h'sListelul to them. 
 Still more struiiulv did tlu \ oliject to luin:; deprived of re|)re- 
 seiitalivc go\einiiii nt. .\s soon .is t'u' l,o\alists v -e lairU es 
 tahlislied ill Caiiad.i. the clamor lor KnL.l'sh Law i.! popul.n 
 ,'ssemlilies increased a lunulred lold. The new inhaliit.mts 
 Were not of a slock or a temper to lonL; endure the loss ol iht n 
 political [)rivileL;es ; and liein-; hi^h in lav-'iir with the I Ionic 
 
 ''fmt 
 
m 
 
 
 ^■^. 
 
 Mi^ 
 
 i'iPU 
 
 [ •■ .-k' 
 
 i;s;ipw 
 
 fh' 
 
 I 
 
 (lOVL-rnnicnt, their ap|)c'als uciv heard attentively in the halls oi 
 Westminster. In tlieir (leiuand for self-government, they were 
 warmly siiijported hy the leaders of the l''re!ich Canadians, whu 
 foresaw the power to he wielded hy the votes of their couiUr\ 
 men. They prtUested, very naturally, agains hein^ counted 
 less fit for representative !.;o\e; ment than then- fe!i(>>v siihjects 
 of Xf)va Seoiia and Xew ISriinswic k. In this deMiaiid for re|)re 
 sentative mstitiilions we catch aijain, a.id this time sharpK 
 soundeil.the key-note of the Second Pericjd of Canadian Hisiorv. 
 We dis(~ern the first stroiiL; movemiMits of that stniLjgle whirh 
 was to end in full Responsible ("loverriment fc^r all the Pro\iii 
 ces. 
 
 (iovernor Haldimand, who had been somewhat arbitrary in 
 his methods of enforcing the very arbitrary form of L^overnnient 
 |)rovided by the (Quebec Act, now resigned. Though a warm 
 and untiririg triend to the Loyalists, his stt;rnness hail made 
 him unpo[)ular. In 17.S7 that well-tried friend ofC.inida. 
 Sir Ciuy ("arleton, returneil to the country which he had saved 
 twelve years before. I'or his services he had been made Lord 
 Dorcliestei. He came now as (ioverncjr-Cleneral of all the 
 provinces and Commander-in-Chief of all the forces in Urii'sli 
 Xorth America. His inimeiliate authority was exercised in th^ 
 Lake country and the valley of the St. Lawrence: while th,' 
 governors of X(jva Scotia, Xew Jirunswick, St. J(jhn"s Island. 
 and Cape ISreton were made subordiiiate to him, with the title 
 of !,ieutenant-(lovernor. ICven at that day we find germs ol 
 the policy and sentiment which were destined to ripen, slowK 
 and through many vicissitudes, into this great Confederation ol 
 ( 'anaila. Wo see the first governor of Xew Hrunswick, Thomas 
 Carleton, unfolding to the provincial Assembly his dreams of 
 the e\[)ansioii which was to follow as the sister provinces dren 
 more I'losely together in their interests and their sympathii.'s. 
 
 Ol. Lord Dorchester's arrival in (,'anada he made haste to 
 relieve the general discontent. His measures were but teiii 
 porary, however. They were intended to serve only till the 
 British I'arliament could |)ass such an act as would remove the 
 
 
It; .in gricvaiicfs of the iK-oplc. I Iv restored t!ir Ad of I l;il)eas 
 (' iijius. as well as the ])rinci|)le of trial hy jury in civil cases. 
 At the same time, to aid the liritish Parliament in the leyisla- 
 11 m which he demaiuled, he ilrew ii]) a careful and masterly re- 
 |ioit on the conditions of [)olitics, education, commerce, and 
 iiie administration of justice in Canada. F(jr the belter order- 
 ing of its affairs. Lord Dorchester divided the newly settleil 
 lake region into four districts, each with rcLjidarly constiiuI(.'(l 
 (Murts of l*]nL;lish Law. As a complinie n to the lar^e (lerman 
 ilement in their poi)ulation,- -so many of the inland Loyalists 
 liiinu' of (lerman stock, - he named these districts Lunenburg, 
 Mecklenburg, Xassau, and Hesse. 'I'liey were afterwards re- 
 named I'Lastern (that adjoining the Ottawa.) .Midland, Home 
 (or Niagara), anti Western (or l)etroil). 
 
 ; Si.i riiiN ilv. 'rill' l>ivi>iniis III' ('mii;ii|,i. Dilliivnccs in llir iii,tiliitiniis ..f t hr i wn 
 |i' .\ iiii'r-.. Till' I IiiU'i lin|- ;iiiil K\i'ciilivi' C.iiiiicil. 'rill' !,i".;i-|,iliM' C.iiiiii'il. Tin .\s- 
 -•itilily.) 
 
 68. The Constitutional Act. -Ihe remedy i)roposed 
 l)v Lord Dorchester for the difficulties in Canada was a division 
 (if the territory into two provinces, each to have that f(jrm ut 
 constitution best suited lO the wants of its inhabitants. In ac- 
 cordance with this plan Karl (Iranville introducetl in the Ihitish 
 Parliament a Hill, known to ('anadian History as the " C'onsti- 
 lulional Act," for dividing the dissatisfied |)rovince into L'pper 
 I'an.ida and Lower (Canada. 'I'he .\ct stirred up a fierce debate 
 in the Lnperial I'arliameiU. The laiglish po|)ulation of the 
 Lower Provinces were violentiv against it, fearing that they 
 wculd be swamped by the French majority, .\hiny were for 
 treating !''rench Canada in all respects as a coiKpiered Province, 
 ind imposing upon it the ICnglish language, iaiglish laws, and 
 I, i, ;jli. h institutions, -a course which would have found ample 
 P ' ' edent In the practice of civili/ed states; Put both polity 
 and justice seeni.;d to point to other measures. Lord Dorches- 
 ter's advice, backed l)y the tremendous support (>( the younger 
 I'itt, carried the day. 'l"he l-'rench Canadians luul proved them- 
 '^elves loyal subjects of Croat 15ritain at a lime when the s(jns ul 
 
 SI #; • 
 
 -if 
 
 
 ?J'!; 
 
\.V?] 
 
 
 :l A[: ' '~- 
 
 W\ 
 
 U 
 
 I ■r> 
 
 !'; *"' 
 
 214 
 
 her own loins wciv (lying at her throat. Tlicy liad turned ,1 
 deaf car to the Ijribes of the rebel colonies. Now, at a tim.' 
 when l''ran(-e was i,'iven up, in the name of I.iherty, to all tlii 
 wild horrors of the Revolution, the i^'rench Canadians wxiv 
 faithful to their church and obedient to their priests. This 
 steadiness and conservatism found great favour in English eye-. 
 I'^nglish statesmen were not inclined to force upon so excellem 
 a people any laws and customs which they did not like. Mort 
 over, the revolt of the thirteen colonies had rubbed smartly intn 
 the English mind a lesson which was not yet fully understood. 
 IMtt fancied that the new colonies would be more secureK 
 held to iMigland if they could be held somewhat apart from 
 each other. He favoured the perpetuation of l-Vench ideas, in 
 stauions, and speech in !,ower Canada, as a barrier betwet n 
 th. " h provinces of Upper Canada on the one hand, and 
 N A'; : ;'a and New IJrunswick on the otlier. His dread wa> 
 lest these [)rovinces shoukl some day roll together into one, and 
 rei)eat the deeds of '76. He remembered the cynical saying of 
 'I'urgot that "colonies are like fruits which only cling till tlK\ 
 ri|)en.'" He wished by justice and generosity to strengthen 
 every tie of l')ve between the colonies and England; but by nw 
 means did he wish that the colonies should love each other. 
 
 Ui)per Canada, therefore, was made in all respects a British 
 pro* iiiev', with luiglish l.aw.s, and with all lands helil on ll.r 
 freehold tenure. Lower (Canada, while receiving the benefit 
 of representative institutions, along with the Habeas Corpu- 
 Act and the (himinal Law of luiglanti, remained in otlur 
 respects a Irench province. Eanils were held on that feud.il 
 tenure whiidi has l)een already eN[)lained. In the case of new 
 grants, however, the freehold tenure was })ermitted on speci il 
 reipiest. In C'.vil Law, the I'Vench practice was established. 
 i'Vench sentiment was determined that the i-'rench language and 
 French customs shoukl not gtj down before the swarming in 
 roads of English settlement. The Act secured to the I'Yem li 
 all the privileges of their religion and the maintenance of tlnir 
 church system ; but at the same time, to protect the Protestant 
 
 
 vim ' 
 
2 I 
 
 llllMI) 
 
 ritv, a lan'r nortioii of the wild I 
 
 Mill 
 
 was set ajjart in 
 
 aT ('anatla, as in the other provinces, tor the support oftlie 
 
 Protestant clergy. I'hese lands, known as the "Clergy K 
 
 •!'\es, 
 
 )ecanie in after vears a source 
 
 hitter 
 
 strife 
 
 m 
 
 tl 
 
 ie 
 
 ivincial assemhlies. 
 
 At the time of the division Lower Canada had a population 
 (if perhaps 125,000, L'|)|)er Canada of less than 20,000. To 
 each was given a Legislature of three branches, as in the other 
 provinces. 'I'hese three branches, -Ciovernor, Legislati\e Coun- 
 cil, and House of Assembly, corresijonded in a vague way to 
 tile ■' three estates " in ICngland, King, Lords, and Commons. 
 There was also a strong but anomalous bodv called the l'<\ecu- 
 
 live Council, who acted as the ( lovernor's ,dvi.■^er^ 
 
 Its pow- 
 
 ers were very vaguely laid down ; and the ])osition of its meui- 
 licrs enabled them to defy [)ul)lic o[)ini()n. 'I'hey were the occu- 
 pants of the highest official posts in each colony, and as a rule, 
 though n(Jt of necessitv, thev held seats in the Legislative Coun- 
 
 cil 
 
 The Ciovernor, appointed by the Crown, a 
 
 ml usua 
 
 lly 
 
 sent 
 
 <iut from 
 
 aiLNand with small knowiedue ol the iieculiar condi- 
 
 tions of life in a new country, was apt to be swayed unduly by 
 these official advisers. If the governor matle himself obnoxious 
 to the people, the peo[)le could, in course of time, get riil of him 
 
 petitioning 
 
 for h 
 
 IS recai 
 
 l)Ut the members of the ]\\ 
 
 ecu- 
 
 live CouikmI. once they were a])pointed, held oltice without re- 
 sponsibility either to the governor or the people, '{"lie ( 'rowii. 
 of course, I'ould remove them : but they were hardly im|)ortant 
 enough to attract the Oown's attention. Therefore their seats 
 were iin[)regnable, and they gradually acquired a lofty contempt 
 for the classes whom they considered their inferiors. .Much of 
 the bitterness of the struggle for Rt'sponsible (iovrmment, des- 
 tined so soon to commence, was directly traceable to the arro- 
 gance of the Lsecutive (\)uncil. 
 
 i'he Legislative Council was mixed up with the ICxecutive 
 in a most ccjiifusing way ; its membership in jjart, and its inter- 
 ests altogether were the same. The members of the Legislative 
 Council were ap[)ointed by the Crown, and for life. They were 
 
 ''■^^h W" 
 
 ^'1 
 
 . im-i 
 
 I- 
 
*, 
 
 »' 'rfl 
 
 
 
 ai^l^r^: 
 
 Sfli'ctc'd iVoin aiuoiiL,' the iiKlL^is. l)ir^h()|)s, and hiylicst ollicijU 
 of the |H()viii((S. 'I'lu'v luld llu'iiisclvi's ii'S|i()iisil)K' to no on, 
 l)iil a kiu'j. ulio was too far off to oI)slt\c tliein ; and tlir\ 
 strove to si'curc to tlK'nisrUvs tlu- i)ii\ ilrncs of a luTi'ditar) an-. 
 tocnuy. In tlu- hes^inninn tliey were tlie most vehement pen 
 lioners for tree re])n'sentative government. W'lien they had 
 gained a measure oi" il, and that measure entirely in their own 
 hands, they set tht'iiiselvi's to l)lo(k the wiieels of |)rogre^s. 
 Themselves at first the leaders in the advance, they became al 
 last its most obstinate opponents. 'I'he fmal triumph of thi 
 l)rincii)les of l\.es[)onsible (lovernment was only won l)y their 
 o\erthrow. 
 
 The membt'rs of the Assembly were the re[)resentatives ol 
 the people, resjjonsible to the people, and elected by the people 
 to serve for a fixt'd term of years. 'I'hey did not always serve 
 the hill term, however, as the Ciovernor had power to "dissoh( 
 the House" at any time, and call upon the people to ek'ct a iieu 
 Assembly. Under these circumstances the people were ver\ 
 likely to reelect llu'ir old ixpreseiitatives. In the hands of llu 
 As eniMy rested the power of raising revenues for the public 
 services, by taxation and the im]H)sition of customs duties. Thr 
 making of laws rested with the .Assembly and I .egislative ( "ouik il. 
 but no law became ojieratixe till il rei'eived the assent of llu 
 (lovernor. As we ha\e said, the raising of re\enue was in iIk 
 hanils of tile .Vsseinblv : but there was a large re'Venue coiiiinu 
 in from the sale or lease of Crown Lands, as well as from tin 
 lease of mines and timber limits, which was known as tlu 
 " C'asual and 'I'erritorial Revenue." The control of this revenue 
 was in the verv beginning sei/i'd by the ICxecutivi', with tin 
 Legislative ("oumMTs consent. It became a bone of tierce con 
 tention between Ivxecutive and .\ssemblv. 
 
 (Si:iTiriN r.'.l. — I''ii'.>t I 'liii:,' 111 l.cjiisl.ilurc nf i.dwn' <';niiiilii. Tirsl iiicci iir,- ■ i 
 
 l.i'.^'islatuii' iif L'|ipiT C.':iii;iiIm. ti.ivciinii' Siiiiciics zciil liir tlic pri'v inci'. The ('.-iiiii:,! 
 
 movcil III TnKiiil.i. UiciiU c'T 'iiivoriinr Siiiii'm' iiml l.in-il l)iiieln'.-.tt'i-. Trcaly nfAiui'.v 
 iiiiil Ciiiiiim'ici'.) 
 
 69. The Two Canadas, Upper and Lower. Ih 
 
 , y' 
 
 ^'li^'j 
 
21 ■ 
 
 of tin 
 
 ; in thi 
 
 coiniiit: 
 
 roni llu 
 
 as ilu' 
 rcvniiir 
 ivilli tilt 
 rvc row 
 
 lli'i'lilr-' ■! 
 
 riic ('iipii ■! 
 
 ly nfAlh'v 
 
 r.-- 'I'll'.' 
 
 ( nn-,iiiiitii)nal 
 
 Act, I 
 
 la'- 
 
 sxd in r 7(jr, came into c 
 
 iTcct 
 
 111 171^: 
 
 In lliat year llu- Ic^islalurcs of the two proxinces were called t 
 
 ()- 
 
 ■tlier. 
 
 'I'lial of Lower Canada met at Oucliec 
 
 It 
 
 con^i^ted ot 
 
 lilteen iriemhers for the I .CLiislative- Councl, and fiftv for tlit 
 
 liilix: o 
 
 f A 
 
 ssemolv. 
 
 k.^semljiv 
 
 ted a I'VencImian a- 
 
 S|ic.iker of the House, and pass^'d at once a sii' lificant n'soju- 
 lion, reiiiiirin^ the use of lioth tlie I'YeiK h and l"n;^lish lan.^u- 
 a^es in dehate and in the Reports of the House. An ;uldre;^s 
 
 \\.\- 
 
 (resented to the Ciow 
 
 rnor, e\|)ressinL; the grateful loyalty 
 
 nf the Assembly toward their j^enerous sovereiji;n, ('ieori;e HI. 
 An overwhelming majority in the AssemMy was l*'rench : and 
 this element, though entirely untrained in political life, iiro\'ed 
 "' adapted to |)arliamentar\- jiroci'ihire antl <iin'( k to e\er- 
 
 lt->e 
 
 we 
 
 cise the new pow(.'rs tlius placed withm its grasp 
 
 teuiliel 
 
 'The Legislature of L'pper ("anada was summoned in Sep- 
 r, 1702, to meet at Niagara, then the capital of the infant 
 
 I'rovinre. It was a miniature ])arliament, with a l.cgi-lative 
 ( 'ouncil of seven members, an Assemhiv of sixteen. 'I'he fir^t 
 Ciovernor of U!)per ♦( "anada was Colonel lohn (Iraves Simcoe, 
 who may well he called the father of (!ana< a's |)remier i)rovince. 
 (lovernor Simcoe liad fought with distinction in the late war. 
 coimnanding the famous (^)ueen's Rangers of Niryinia. I lis 
 
 whole heart was in the Lovalist 
 
 cause 
 
 and 
 
 he s|)ared no i 
 
 ffort 
 
 )roin 
 
 ted 
 
 ote the growth of the new l.ovali^t l'ro\ince' now conunU- 
 
 tol 
 
 us care. 
 
 H 
 
 IS lirst parliament, 
 
 houi 
 
 ;h it 
 
 sat hut for a 
 
 month, got gooc 
 
 1 work done, liesides c 
 
 juipleting Its organiza- 
 
 tion and making rules for its procedure, it passed eight import- 
 ant acts, .\mong these was one which established Lngli^h 
 
 rile four di\ isions of the province were 
 
 ,aw m Its entirety. 
 
 renamed, as we have seen : and m this |)erio(l 01 swiltly chang- 
 
 inii names the little 
 
 capi 
 
 tal, at first \iaga*-a, became Lennox, 
 
 then Nassau, then Newark, -only to return at last to its original 
 sonorfius and stately title. 
 
 Travelling afoot over ihe rough, forest trails, or threading 
 lake and river in his birch-bark canoe, the sturdy governor e.x- 
 plored his province, laying out r(xids where he thought them 
 28 
 
 imii 
 
 ti'^i 
 
 yah ^ 
 
ir 
 
 
 ! "1 
 
 1 
 
 If 
 
 mi 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 
 iniisl iirLiciitIv iicidctl. The L;rr;it .iilirics d ti.ittir known ,i , 
 ( ioxcvnoi's l\ii;i(l, N oiii',*' "^lii't'l, ;iii(l I )Mn(l;is Stnct, ;itc iniiiin 
 the inoniiniciil'- lh;it itin, nn to us ol Simnu's /cil as a hi.hI 
 Innldcr. Ilic uist ol liis |i(ili(\ \v,is lo diaw inti) the |>i(i\in( > 
 those Xini'iirans who. though lovalisl at heart, liail shiinil 
 iVoni the hai(lslii|)s ot the wilderness and aeeepled the new llau 
 I le issued a luoelaniation olVeiin^ iVee grants ol land lo all w \\n 
 would i;n,uantee to Ihmil; it |)idMi|itl\ under tillaj^e. and who 
 would at the sanu' tune suliserihe (o the lollowiuL; oath: "I 
 A. r>.. do promise and declare that I will maintain and deleml 
 to the utmost ot m\ ]>owir tlu' authority of the kini^ in his pai 
 li;;ment'as the su|Heme le,uislaturi' of this pnuinee." Tln- 
 proelamation lirous^ht in a throng ol seltKas Irom the adjoinin;: 
 states, together with immi^r.nits Irom l',ni;Ian(i and (lerni.nu 
 Within the tour veais alter Simeoe's eomin^; the population ol 
 TppiM' ( ".uiada rosi' to _^o.ooo. 
 
 Simeoe was not .satisfied with \i,iL;ara as a capital. It w,i- 
 too near tlu' .\meriean border. The little town had j^rowu 
 witii i;re.it r.ipidit\ su\ce the di\ision. t'lllint; up with .\merie,iii 
 iuuni.ur.uits. and c.ii>luiin,u .i l.u^ie portion ol the tradi' of l.akt ^ 
 I'aie and 1 luron. lis he ises were almost all huill ol' wdod. hut 
 manv ol ihost' occupied In the pro\ incial ollicials were Lu-i 
 and imposiiiL; structures. Simeoe wished to plant his new i.ip 
 
 Simeoe wished to plant his new (.ip 
 where the l>us\ eiiv ol London now 
 
 ital on the river rii.nnes. where tlu- l>us\ eiiv ol London now 
 st.uuls. i'.ut Lord I >or( hesler r.uoured the <'l,iiins of Kinusion. 
 as old I'lirl I'ronten.ie was now ( .illcd, Kinuston had uiow ;i 
 to he a prospeious town, with a hundred houses, a cluin h. ,i 
 tort and h.uracks. and a thnvniL; tr.ide. Ii had imporlanl ship 
 building iiuiustriis. and w.is the he.id (|uarters ol" the little lie. i 
 which guarded Lake ( )nlario. This siiuadron, soon tobewnli 
 ilr.iwn becausi' it w.is reg.triled as a menace to the .Xiueric.in-.. 
 w.is under the comm.ind ol ,i i-'rench ( ".iiiadian commodore .md 
 was ott'ieereil almost wholK b\ I'rench (anadians.* In Siin 
 coes view Kingston was not sultieieiitlv ceiitnd. Tlu' coin li: 
 
 * The iiliici'is w lire a lihic aiulw liilv unitoini w i( li laruc i;jlt Imi 
 Ions. (Ill wliiih wi'ii' sliuiiiK'il llu' wonl I'tiirii/d aiul tlic ligiiii' ii| i 
 KaMT. 
 
2 10 
 
 ,i(iii iif till' matter \v;is ;i i i iiiiiiri)inis<'. |ii>t ;i( m-^^ tli;' L.ikf 
 
 IM'III 
 .1 II. H 
 
 \i,i;;;ir;i, <m ii little U i 
 
 V wineli Inn I led ,1 
 
 IkiiI 
 
 I' lilt, was 
 
 llll^ I ins I Inn^ knnw n In the I iHli.ms ;i> 'l'nrnii|( i. In fj<)\ 
 t!ie iiaiiie (il tills |)i)-.t, uliiel) had lieeii alre.nK made the ( entrc 
 i>\ a ln\\nshi|), was changed to \'nik. in hnnniir oi the nid kind's 
 ,.in. I Mike r lederiek nl \'nl k. I lefe was the |)lae( jnl the new 
 
 ipl 
 
 tal. \. 
 
 > sooner was the ( hoier inaile than Simeoc 
 
 ■t( II ik 
 
 liiiii-.eir thither, and liej^an the ImildiiiL; of the lown. iieeoiild 
 liiook no delav. Tiie ^iiliernatorial hea(l'|iiarters shnneij them- 
 
 seUes m a tent, with the red I 
 ( mild lie raised to shelter ihi in. 
 
 flapiiin^ atiove, till a roof 
 he new eaiiilal uas nii k 
 
 named at first " lattle" \ ork. and later, as it i^rew larger. Mud- 
 il\ \'nrk. Iiiit at last, in iH^j, it re-,iiined its lo\cly aneient 
 nime, and wiped nut all reproaehes liv its |irnLire-,s and it-. 
 
 aiiiv. 
 
 r.etoie Siiiiene eniild see his lalioiirs rewarded hv the ses->inn 
 el Parliament in his new eajiital, he was recalled Irnin Ijiper 
 ( iiiada and sent to unscrn the island of St. l)nmin,L;o. (i7</>). 
 lie had made some daniieioiis cneniies. I'\- his strietnl■-^s in 
 
 nlnniii.L; the tirms nl Ins land-j^fants he ha 
 
 d stood in the 
 
 wav 
 
 'eiilat<irs ; liy his vi''oiir and fearless lionest\, as well as li\ 
 
 the loiiservatism of his sneial \iews. 
 
 he hail stirred up ill wm 
 
 111 
 
 maiiv ipiarters ; and thou;j,li he descrv 
 
 e(| anil hell! the lo\; 
 
 (le\otion of the pro\inee as a whole, the intrigues of his loes 
 hrniiL^ht aliout his removal. Ihit he had stamped himsell in 
 ilelililv on the itrnviiK'e. The iirosiieritN of ( )iitario is his momi- 
 
 nieiit. 
 
 In the saini' vear that (!anada lost Siiiieoe, she lost another 
 til hi.r truest friends, Lord I )or(hester. hiirinti; his term -it 
 iiltiee I'-tirope had been convulsed 1)\' the ItciicIi Kevolution 
 and the upheavals that followed in its tram. I-n^land had 
 liein drawn into war, and repulilican I'rance had sent her em- 
 issaries to the St. i.awrenee valley to seduce the (Canadians trom 
 their alK\niance. Uiit the spirit of the j\e\-olulion was ahhor- 
 reiil to the I'reneh of (lanada. 'i'he generous rule of ICngland 
 had secured itself in tiieir affections, largely through the efforts 
 
 m 
 
^.'O 
 
 k{: 
 
 h* 
 
 1 ■'1 
 
 ru:: 
 
 III l.iiiil I >iin hciii. rile K.iin.m ( '.illidlir ( 'hint li w.is sHikIi 
 
 1\ l(i\,ll, And llic sii(l'> whlili I'.iils \\;is sr.iltci iiij; ulnnn! 
 (ivii \\\r wdild Innml III ( ',111, nil iiii 1 iii)i_;i ni.il --oil. .\ son mI 
 (iroiL;t' III, l,(l\\,ii(l I'nkcnl ki III. \\,r. iinw i iiiinn.imjri i, 
 the iiUics ;it (^liii In ( , ,111(1 111- \\,r- iii.kIc ;i i i nth nl ln\ ,il cntliii . 
 i.isin tin the p.iil nl llic liiiuli ( '.iiMili.nis. 
 
 l>iinnL', tills mnnil niitiihci ,niil j;i,i\( r |uiil \\,i'. avt'iltij, li\ 
 ihf itim liismn dl i " I'li'.ilv nl .\niil\ ,niti ( tininitit c " iiciwi i n 
 l'',Mi;l.inti .niii ihf I 'inn il St.iUs. I'h,' Anui hiiis, s| ill hot In mi 
 the l.ilf sliiiuuli' ,in«l III It 1 1 Willi ,1 \ till I 111 111 ;u til til I Ini It I mill II ,111 
 in ■lunlitnis. wi'it' twi^n Im ,i \\,ii willi l'',n};l;u\(l inul ;in ;illi;iiiri 
 with ii|nil>li( .111 liMiiit'. 1)111 tlir v.ist wfi^lil ol' \\ ,isliiiiL',|tin' • 
 iiilliunir \v,is ihrnwn iiitt> the tilhcr sr.ilf. ami Mtiiird llii- r.iii 
 liiMlion i>l the tir,it\ . Nut \v't w,is the t)\( r wtcniiii; priilr nl 
 llu" mmiiil; ir|nililii' ii'.idv Im thf Itsstin whuli it was ttt uttivi 
 in iSi J. 
 
 'Kt 
 
 .i^ .. 
 
 i^i; 
 
 I 
 
 V . 'it* 
 
 ( S|-, 1 1,.\ ril. rii";H"-- ill N '\.i Si>,,| i:i. I'l ii'.n ss III \, u 111 iiiiswii'K, 'riii'^lin. ', 
 l'.<iH.'si'"ii'-il'Ir li"M iiniinil l'ri;iii~ iii Nr\\ llni'i .nifU. liiiiMij.'iiMii'ii .i| ,Sr,i|i'li lli li 
 l.'ivai 1^ !■' t'.ll'r Itli l"ll ,'lll'l I'lllii'i I'Mw.lliI I -,1:1 11, 11 
 
 70. The Maritime Provinces. In Nt>\a Smtia ml 
 
 Nt'w liruiiswirk ptticnss w,is lapid .ilti r tlu' itniiiiii; nT llif I uv 
 alists. Tin- introdiictiiiii nl thf sUkm:; luw sidtk. linwrMi, 
 pviHluft'd snnu- distiirli.int't' in llu' |ii'litif,il atiiit)s|iluir. .Mmiii 
 the liiuc llu- ( ■nnslitiHii)ii,il Art w.is passfd. ('loxtiiiiir I'.ni in 
 Ni)\.i Sioti.i w.i> MUitttU'd In Sir jnhn W (iilwnrlh. ,\ stiiiih 
 Itu.dist I'U'ruNiiian tinm Nrw Ntuk. hnctor jtilin Ini^lis. w.i-- 
 made I'list r.ishi>p o\ No\,i .Scotia ; ant! with the w,iiin sii|ipiiii 
 of ( 'lovrinor W't'iitworth lu' t'sl.d>li>lu'd the I'liivi rsiiv ot Kiiiu-- 
 (\ilU\m.\ at \\ indstir. This rnixciNitv. which soon .irtcrwariN 
 rcccivcil ■> Kox.il ("hartcr Iroin ( 'hoiuc III. is llu; oltlcst uiiivt 1 
 sitv in the coli>nial empire of t 'ire.it Untain. The uscriihicss ni 
 the et^lU'ge w.is somewhat iinhapi>ily lestncted l)v ihe I'acl lli.ii 
 all bill nu'inlui's of the (hnrch ^^\ r!ni;land were at fust est liiil 
 ed from it bv veliL;itnis tests. Sir John Wi'iilworth w.is .1 steail 
 fast uphoKler o\ the union between ( "luireh and Stale. I le wa-- 
 fairly lypie.\l of ihose well-nuaninj; but over-eonservalive gnx 
 
 t I '. 
 
221 
 
 • iiiipi^ with whiiin llii' lr,i(|ii , ul tin |i( ii|ili' wcir .(ion In liiiil 
 ill, lllM Krs 111 rnliMli I |i H I In I li'jil > ( il ll ci i it l/i ll-.lii| i. I he w.ir 
 Ullll I'l.llll r linillljll I'.llvll .ll ll(( I, ,111(1 I,ML;I|->Ii llnM|r, In ||.||| 
 |l\, 111(1 l'Ji;^li^ll IIK'IK \ Id ( IK III, lie llll(l|l^;ll llic |H(I\1I1(C, pill 
 
 Iim;; lilc ill ;ill llic ( li.iiiiK Is <>l ilsliKJc, 'I'lic ((lists siirCircd 
 ,(i|l|( ull;lt lldlll tll( ;ill.l( ks (.1 I' IcIK ll |il l\;it( els. Iilil tills (i||l\ 
 '.( iM (I 1(1 slii ii|> ;i iii.iiti.il sjiiiil 111 tlic mil, lint lilts. 'I'lu mil 
 
 III, I li,ltl,lll(tllS wen 
 
 ( Kiwdcd. .111(1 the K(i\.il \'(i\;i S((iti,i I 
 
 IIK II 
 ll I- 
 
 t w.is cnKillid. llic Ihikcdl Kent slnltid 
 
 \ ( '^ I 
 
 llis lic,l(|(|l|,|| 
 
 JKim (,)iicli(c to ll.ilil,i\ in I7(;|, ;iii(l the littl(( ilv lp((,iiii( 
 llic cciitii' (>r :i liiilli.iiil s(i( i ll lire. 'I'lic I'liiK c intcic ,|('(| lum 
 sill lie iitilv ill |ir(>\ iiK i.il ;iir;iirs. lie nude liiiii.ilj so widch 
 |Mi|iiil,ir tli;it ill I7()(; llic isliind pidviiKc ol St, loliii \\,is k 
 niiiicd ill llis lioiiom I'liiKc l.dw.iid IsLukI, 
 
 Tlic |iro\iiict' ol N'cw r.iiiiiswK k, well .idniinistcicd in its 
 l.incy 1)\ ( io\t'riior TIkiiiiiis ( ',iilct(in, \\,is liiiildiiiL; its pro^^rcss 
 1 liiiiilici-. I'',n,i;l;iii(l nci'dcd its u.\a:\[ jiiiic trees ;is in;ists (or 
 
 III 
 
 (ll 
 
 llie Meets wliK ll were so ^lorioiislv iiplioldiiii; her honour on 
 ( \ci\' se;i. 'I'd losler the lr,i(le ol this l,i\(iiired ( oloi 
 
 i\', lie;i\\ 
 
 (III 
 
 lies wi'rc imposed on the timliei (omini; into I'.iiLdiuid I 
 
 1 1 iiii 
 
 |(iieij;ii ports. This ehccked the I'.iiltie li;ide, while it stiiiiiil.it 
 (ll the ship liiiildin^; ;nid hiinlicrinu ol \i w I 
 
 riiiisu i< k to ,1 
 
 iii,ii;ic growth. I .iiinliermi; lowii, with sin iikin^; s;iw imlN 
 spr;iii,u up ;it -wery ii\cr month, i he popiil.ition urew r.ipidh 
 
 lion IVom r'/iiLikind. I' 
 
 ii\ iiiimii;r;nion irom i',n,L;i,in(i. i me pi.iiiK :in(i sprm e (ie,ii 
 hec;iiiK' the liulw.nks ol New llriiiiswieks jirosperilv, ;iiid her 
 very veins seemed lo nm siiwdnst. 
 
 ll w;is in New l!riiii-.wi( k tli.it the stni;.',L;le lietwcen l! e .\> 
 sciulily on the one hand and the rAe(iiti\e ( diiiK il on the 
 other was lirsl lairlv and opeiils In ;^iiii. It lie^an ;ilmo>t iiii 
 mediately alter the oif^ani/alioii ol the province, and the 'iin-, 
 tion al issue was dial ol ihe .appropriation ol re\eniies. The 
 .\ssemlily demanded the ri[;hl ol raisin;^' .and ( (iiilrollinu the re\- 
 eniies. 'Ihe iiu'iiihers voted tlu iiisihcs the sum ol 7s. '■<]. 
 e.ich p(.'r day (hiring tile sission ,is reriuneralion lor tlnir ser 
 
 \ices. 'i'iiis hill was thrown out 
 
 li\ ihc 
 
 Liiiier 1 1 
 
 \i 
 
 a 
 
 ? C'H«' 
 
 Ollse, .Is t III 
 
 ^i*. 
 
llT'ltr'if. 
 
 '? i' 
 
 iiH'i 
 
 ^.^'m 
 
 ;!>■* 
 
 t "! 
 
 lift 4.:*!r;!i T '- 
 
 l.rfiisl:iti\L' ( 'oiiiK'i! WIS callid. 'I'lu' Assciii'hlv tlici) iiicoriKii 
 .ilril ii in the hill fur ilu' yc,iil\ r\|)iiulitiirf on schools, hridj^i s, 
 roads, inul oilier |>iil)lif srrvici'. In lliis new iorni it wliU Ii.k I 
 to tlic ('(Hincil. I'lu' ( 'ounril Ii:hI thr ri^lit to .irrtpi (tr ri'jt'< i, 
 liiit not to cliMnj^e, the .\|>|)ro|iriatioii iSill.* 'I'liis hroii^^lit K^is 
 lalion to a standstill. Xcitlicr side would yii'ld. \\ k'n^th lli' 
 ('olonia! Sc 'ri'taiy tluindrrL-d out of howniiiLj Sticrt, pni 
 noinicin^ against llif .\sst'ml)Iy ; lint the Assrinhly w 
 (launlL'd even hy this. I 'or three years, (1796 i7<j<;), ii-- i>\ 
 emu- or a|)|iroi)riati()ii hills were passed. Then the (|narrel w,e 
 settled hy a eoniproniise. 'I'lu' asseinhly eonseiited to inak'' 
 two separate approjiriation hills, the one eonlaininn items ol 
 which the ("oiincil a]t[)rove(l, the other containing those \n 
 which it ohjected. The resuh, thoiij;h a|)parently a coinpro 
 niise, was in reality a triiiiii|)h for the lower House, who^ 
 nienihi'rs continued to receive their jiay. 
 
 While the |)o|)ulation of New lirunswiek was hein^ swelled 
 hy I'jiglish immigrants, Scotch Highlanders were pouring into 
 ( "a|)e liri'ton and i'rince iCdward Island. This Highland lui 
 migration, heginning with the arrival of the ship Hector .11 
 I'ielou in lyj^^wiih joo si'ttlers from Ross, continued li 
 some steadiness till i82iS, hy which date not fewer than . 
 Scijich settlers hatl entered ("ape IJreton alone. On the tnu..n- 
 hold of the new centm'v hegan the work of an illustrious colon- 
 izer, the I'larl of Selkirk, wliose heart was moved hy the suffer 
 ings of evicted tenants in Scotland and Ireland. He conceived 
 the plan of settling these imhapiiy peo|)le imder the Old I'lag 
 in the New World. He hegan his work hy leatling three ship 
 loads of Highlanders into I'rince ICdward Island, where thi\ 
 settled the county of (^)ueens in 1803. From I'rince liilwanl 
 Island Selkirk next turned to Ui)])er Canada, and founded a 
 settlement at Haldoon in the extreme west of the province. 
 Thence hi.s attention wandered to the far west ; and a few years 
 later we shall find him on the hanks of the Red River of the 
 north, laying the foundations of our Prairie Province. 
 
 *Thi.s was the name given to the Hill providing for the payment ot 
 the Civil List and otiier items of the public service. 
 
 mi: 
 
^Si;i I (iiN 71. 'Ill '111 ill- ).it«ri'ii (Hfiit III jiniii II Ml till riiiti ■! M .ii'. Ml, till •■ |;i.lii 
 
 I ».:i|i'll.' 'I'lir " lirl llll hrrli I-.,' " Mnlrl - i|i-< '• i il.ri;, ' ' Kinl'.il .'" Arl , alMl'Ni'li- 
 
 111. 11 l^c .\rl. ■ I'.illlirill Ml 111' ill l.i'Ui 1 Ciilia.i;!. Ml .liilin's Cl'il.' ;ilii| IMi' .\--. Mil'- 
 
 ]\. Tlir 1 1 mill r I ("i'^"lli-ii "II ii|.|'i";irli "T \V;ii, I'l .-ir^- in 111'- ( ■;ihii'lii-.. ) 
 
 71. Threats of War between England and the 
 
 United States. 
 
 lU' OllClllIlL 
 
 Miirs 
 
 f 111. 
 
 ITlUlllV [\\>- 
 
 will of llir L'nilrd Si;it(s toward Cinat I'ritaiii aj^ain ^icu 
 W'lial ( liictU' aroiNid it was Cinal liiilain'i sit tn 
 
 iiimacin^ 
 
 iiisistiiH (• upon luf " Ri^lil ol Si arcli." 'I'lu' Ko\al 
 
 N 
 
 ivv was 
 
 suiriiing SL-rious loss hy its sailors (Icscrtiii^' to Aiufritan slii|)s. 
 American captains had a hahit of seducing the I'rilish tnan-of- 
 war'sMifn from llair duty liy the offer of iii^lur wages and 
 Vnuired l)\- this dishonorable conduet, the 
 
 i\ir (hsci|)line. 
 
 ::(i\e 
 
 rnnu'iit ordered its capt'iins t 
 
 o seize any deserters found on 
 
 Aiiieriean ships, and to sear( h all ships sus|)e(ted of harhouring 
 ill serters. 'This (jrder, needless t() say, was not always carriid 
 nut in the gentlest fashion, the temper of the lime nol being 
 gentle. A climax came in 1.S07, when the United Slates frigate 
 ClitsnpC(t/;i\ ( halleiiged hy Her Majesty's ship f.cof'tini, re- 
 
 used to give up 
 
 the d 
 
 eserters amonii her crew 
 
 SI 
 
 le was lorth- 
 
 d 
 
 dsid 
 
 ith tlisal)led l)y several l)roailsicles, Innnded \>\ the Leopards 
 
 crew. 
 
 and the deserters taken 1)\ f 
 
 orce. 
 
 Thi 
 
 s outrage was 
 
 |)rnniptly disavowed hy (Ileal IJritain ; hut it gave the Aiiieri 
 cans righteous grounds U)X wrath, and war was with dilVn ult) 
 
 a\e 
 
 rted. 
 
 Ml 
 
 eanwhile, in the pri'vious year, (1.S06) Xajioleon had 
 
 ■-Uuck fiercely at !■ 
 
 niilaiK 
 
 I's trade h\- his f; 
 
 iinous 
 
 i;erliii 
 
 I)i 
 
 crees. 
 
 Hv tl 
 
 lese decrees ( Ireat liritain was declared to he in a 
 stale of hlockade. Neutral shi|)s were forhiddeii l(» enter her 
 iiorts. and all use of her manufaci 
 
 ures was jjrohihited on liie 
 
 continent. 
 
 he overwhi.'lnimg stn.'iiL 
 
 )f lh( 
 
 r.rit 
 
 isii naw 
 
 made this decree of small effect : hut I'Jigland retaliat.d hy hi r 
 '■ Orders-in-Council," which forhade all nations lo tra(K' with 
 I'rance. 'I'his was no idle mandatt 
 
 l)Ul one which lier 
 
 ■t 
 
 was well ahle to enforce ; and under it the commerce of hoth 
 
 .America and I'Vance suffered 
 
 ruinousi\. 
 
 .\metica. if she had 
 
 felt herself strong enough, would perhaps liaxi drclared war on 
 
 ■ -> 
 
 ;;i 
 
 
 
il 
 
 mm 
 
 Mm'-- 
 
 il 
 
 fy,My 
 
 l)()lli l''r.incL' and I'2ni,'hiii(l, both of whom were lapturing lur 
 sliips. Her wrath, however, burned far niore hcjtiy ai^ainst 
 ICni;land than a^^ainsl I-"rance. Not ready for war. she passed 
 the famous I'aiibargo Aet. (1S07) forl)id(hng American ships lo 
 trade at any forei.^n |)ort whatever. This curious proceediiii^ 
 ahiiost completed the ruin which lOn^iand and I'Vance had bc- 
 liun. The Xew ICnglaiid States, the chief ship-owners, tlireal 
 ene<l to secede; whereu|)on a new act was passed, foriiiddin^ 
 trade with l-'rance and Ia\i,'Iand but ptrmitting it with tlie rest 
 of llie world. After several years of tiiis, Napoleon told Amei 
 ica that lie !v;d revoked his Berlin Decrees in her favour : while 
 at the same time he gave secret instructions to the tleets that 
 thev were to eiifoice the decrees as l)efore. ("ontfress was de 
 li};hted. The Non Intercourse Act was re[)eaied as far a> 
 I'Vance was concerned : and .America began to dream wild 
 dreams (jf a I'Vench alliance. 
 
 I'or a time, however, wise counsels prevailed in the New 
 World re;)iibl;c. 'I"he influence of Washington was yet mighty. 
 'I'he hori/on seemed to clear ; and as the war-cloutl lifted alonu 
 our borders, it was (juickly forgotten in the excitement of a loud 
 political (|iiarrel in Lower Canada. l)is[)ute had arisen between 
 (he .Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Assembly wa> 
 pressing for fulkr self-government, and for fuller control of the 
 revenues. i'"or this the Coimcil accused it of disloyalty. The 
 members of the Council, in turn, were assailed by the .\ssem 
 biy with galling invective. They were taunted as greedy and 
 tyrannous intruders. Lach |)art\ hail a vigorous press to t'lghl 
 its battles ; raid each party, when abuse seemed too mild ,i 
 wea|>on, was apt to relieve its feelings by the imprisoiiment ol 
 opposing editors or the suppression of onposing sheets. In the 
 midst of this contention came the threat of war, — and the strife 
 was hushed, lloth parties vied with each other in warlike loyalty : 
 the militia companies were rapidly filled up ; and the I'"ren( h 
 i5isho|), .M. I'lessis, issued a strongly British pastoral to be read 
 in all the churches. 
 
 In 1S08 Sir James (Jraig came to Quebec as (jovernor 
 
•3i 
 
 ;in'r.i 
 
 A few niontlis iatiT tlio wMi-scare 
 
 sunMclc'd 
 
 M 
 
 c'.in- 
 
 wliilc the CiovLTiior, a hraw but f)l)>tiiiatc Scotchinan. aiuhiuilc 
 uiKKMiuaintt'd with Canadian affairs, had Ik-vu lisic-iinj; to tin- 
 lalcs of the Council. He had hjcn i)ersiiaded tliat the I-'rencli 
 Canadians were danL'erous and disloyal. He soon found hi-M- 
 
 at strife with the .\sseniblv, 
 
 wlio svL're at tliat tnm 
 
 hcnt on prohibiting judges from holding scats in the i.eg- 
 i^lature. The Ciovernor insisted that the .Assembly should 
 give its attention to providing for the defence of tin- pro- 
 vince ; but the Assembly declined to do so until the ([ues- 
 'ion of tile judges' seats was settled. The Ciovernor, with a 
 
 tnu' 
 
 ai)solutism 
 
 that 
 
 woiuc 
 
 1 h 
 
 ave 
 
 lone ere 
 
 dit to a C 
 
 ;esar, 
 
 dissolved the House on the plea that the members wasted 
 their time. New elections were held ; and the l-"rench party 
 came back stronger than ever. More bitterly than ever the 
 .'luarrel was renewed, not only over the judges but over e\- 
 l)en(litu>-c of revenues as well. The Assembly declared vacant 
 the seats of the judges. The Covernor again dissolved ihv 
 house. Secret meetings were held all over the provinci'. 
 .\ngry proclamations were issued. The ot'fice of the Cainuh'tn 
 newspai)er, the organ of t!ie French |)arty, was strippi'd by a 
 s(iuad of the Ciovernor's soldiers; and the edilcir was thrown 
 into prison. Six of the most prominent and turbuKnt .\~>si;m- 
 
 nprisoned ; ami tlu' peojile. 
 
 I)1V 
 
 -men were also arrested and ii 
 
 wi 
 
 th 
 
 |)ictures(iue extravagance, described the time as a ("ana 
 dial) "Reign of 'I'error." (1809-10). The new elections again 
 sent back the old members to ilu'ir ;.ats: but uieanwhiK' the 
 autociatic Ciovernor-Ceneral hail got a rebuke from \\'estnmi>ter. 
 lie was ordered to |)ursue a more conciliator}- couise. and to 
 assent to the Hill for the 1 )isi|',ialiiicati()n of the Indue: 
 
 Tl 
 
 le 
 
 ( 'oimcil was obliued to \ 
 
 leld. and the strite died down 
 
 Meanwhile the lonu' threatened storm 
 
 \\M\ 
 
 lursl on ( an: 
 
 ill 
 
 ealleil down m so 
 
 me d 
 
 cL'ree l)v an a( 1 ol tlie dovernor- whu li 
 
 ."^ir .lilies retired 
 
 .iml 
 
 we shall consider in the next section. 
 
 Sir Cieorue I'revost came in haste from No\.i Siotia to fill iIk 
 
 vacant office. 
 
 H 
 
 e soothed llu' excited I'reiit h ( '.in.idiaii'-. 
 
 
 
 ,;^J 
 
 I 5 , k \^\m 
 
 2y 
 

 
 .. '! 
 
 226 
 
 .summoned leading men of their party to seats in tiie Council, 
 and did special honour to others whom Craig had treated with 
 harshness. In L'pi)er Canada, meanwhile, like scenes, though 
 less violent, had occurred, .\fter Simcoe's departun the rein:, 
 of power had hcen (juickly gathered into the hands of a few in 
 iluential families, who made successive governors the tools ol 
 their ambition and j)ride, 'I'he Assembly were not long in 
 girding themselves to the struggle for j)opular liberty. i>ut 
 when the war-cloud burst on the frontier it stilled the silrife nt 
 jvarty. The whole force of the province was at once arrayed 
 under the command of a Militar lovernor, the illustrious Sir 
 Isaac Brock. 
 
 During these opening years of the (. ury the provinco 
 which now form Canada had been growing in population an 1 
 trade. Political strife had been a part of the ferment of growth. 
 Lower Canada now contained no fewer than 220,000 souls. 
 while Upper Canada could boast about 80,000. 'I'here were 
 [)rosperous newspapers in both provinces ; there were iron 
 works at 'I'hree Rivers ; there were manufactures of paper, 
 leather, and hats. The chief exports, besides the ancient trade 
 in lumber and the yet more ancient trafific in furs and fish, con 
 sisted of wheat and potash. Ship[)ing had become a powerful 
 interest, and the foundations of Canada's vast mercantile marine 
 were already laid. In 1809 the steamboat Accommodation, 
 the first steamer ever seen on the St. Lawrence, made the tri|> 
 from Montreal to Quebec, greatly to the excitement and admi 
 ration of the people. 
 
 
CHAPTER XV n. 
 
 SECTIONS :-72, War Declared by Congress. 73, 1812. The 
 American Plan of Campaign. 74, The Campaign of 1813. 
 75, The Campaign of 1814. 
 
 (Ski'tkiS 7'_'.~Cuii;;rrss (li'Cliircs W.ir. Tlu' iiiiil)iliiMi nf tin' AirnTicaiis. (Juiinila'^ 
 iia'liiii'ss. Till' liiyal huliaiis, ami Ti'i'iiiiisi-li.) 
 
 72. War Declared by Congress. -I'hc war averted in 
 1S07 by England's reparation and apoloj^y for the violence ol 
 the snip Leopard, was finally l)rought on by a very little mat- 
 ter. In 1809 Sir James Craig sent a (^laptain John Henry to 
 PiostoM, to sound the sentiments of the peo[)le. There was a cer- 
 tain wikl hope in (!anada tiiat the New jjiglanders miglil he per- 
 suaded to leave the Union. It was well knf)wii that the war feel- 
 ing of Congress was hateful to tlie men of New I'^nglanc', whose in- 
 trrests Were wrapped up in Ilrilish trade. Needless to say, how- 
 r\er, ('aptain Henry's mission bore no fruit; but between him 
 and Sir James Oaig there passed some (■orres])oiidenc:e on th<' 
 subject. Meanwhile the temper of the United Stales Covern- 
 ment was growing more dangerous. This was manifested bv 
 the attack of the United States frigate President, of 44 guns, 
 upon the Ivnglish sloop of war lAllle Belt, of iS guns, resulting, 
 of course, in the capture of the sloop. In the following year. 
 (iSi 1), Congress i)assed a bill to treble the United .States arm\ 
 and to liorrow eleven million (.lollars. A pretext was eagerls 
 awaited for open war. It came in the action of (iaptain Henr\. 
 who, not receivitig from Sir James Craig what he considered 
 sutticient reward for his services, sold his correspondem e to 
 Tresident Madison f(jr fift\ thousand iloll.i.s. It was a large 
 
 
ii^ 
 
 m,> 
 
 k 
 
 r.'i-^ 
 
 I 11 
 
 L* ^ 
 
 p )> • !•' |\i\ (iM ilo, iinii m . whii h i imH imi il niiihin;^ "I ii :il im 
 
 linl 
 
 nsr.l 
 
 
 111 I . Will 1 t ,Hlil\ il'^i'i 
 
 I I 
 
 || • ( t \ w I 
 
 I li.il ( iti ,11 Hi nun 111 
 
 il I. 
 
 • 1 llli lull 111 \ ol \i vv I 
 
 Iniil. ,liiil ihi'. spiiK w .1 . iiiiMi:;l\ |i> liii llii 1 \|i|n .i\ 1 li.ni 
 On ill, loili i\| Inn,. i'<i'. ('i>ni;ii .-. i|iil,iiiil "u II "i 
 
 ill\ 1 
 
 MHi 1 .)^,lnl•-l whivu Ihl^ ill 1 l;ll llliMl ^limilil h:IVi In 
 
 ni.iiii , iiii \.ipi>!i <i\\, il'ii 1 Ininiii minii n .i piiml>i i . nl Niiu iii m 
 ■ hi|v, mill ]\\^ li.n liii\n ■.. h.iii il\ii>\\n iil'l ilii nm^li :inil -i i ■ ■! 
 ilii 111 ,)11 1 111'. iiiili.iiM', 1.11 WKi ■• ill. in iniiliuin 111 wini li I iiij, 
 l.niil w ,is ,ii , n .1 il, 
 '.mil - 1 111 iii\ 
 
 w ,1 ■ 
 
 1 11 1.1 \\ 1 i< I ii 1 m .1 It w .Is ilmii ' 1 1\ 111 
 
 M 
 
 r~.,)i hn ,1 II',. ( omii 1 t ii 111 , .nil 
 
 \l W |l I M \ 111' 
 
 ."ij;.!!!!',! \h\\ ',rn>>i li -.s w .u , ,mil ni\,iim ll.ii;', wiii Inmi; .ii li ill 
 ni,l>-l p.nl llii ni.i>>',i -,. llii iji.lt ili mm i \i \ nl \llli 111 ;l. w i !■ 
 
 mill il 1 l.ili'il II w 1 , piopo.i il 111 hiu.iili n ill- liiiiili I ; 111 ill. 
 
 \ 
 
 ni.»n ,11 iiiii 1 li\ .inni'Mii!' « '.in.iil.i.'' lii llii Nniiiii .in 
 
 .11'- ihr I 
 
 111, h .illi.ini 1 '-1 1 nil li 111 nil .in iilmn^l il lini'-imi I'l 
 
 llv WiMJ.i l^^|^\^,n li.iiiii .iiiil Nniiiii.i « ';in;iil;i wmilil ilmp 
 
 tn 
 
 |i> ilir llnl^^n IiIm ,i iijii jilimi l'Uiii|ii Im I i.iiui, llir Ni 
 
 \\ iMJii 1,11 \ll 
 
 Il n, .1. Ihr- w 
 
 .1 - till I, llii, ml piii^pi I I lli.ll i|;l//li il 
 
 ihi' ih'i'.mis ,\\ p,\!ni, i,m'- 
 
 'I ill, >-i 111 
 
 )i I'll iMiii. Mill il 
 
 \.v\ 1 
 
 nsj.iiiilii s w, 1, nm il.i. 
 
 li I 
 
 ii \ jiiiinli li 111 111! 
 
 I.li I lll.li I'll!,]. 111,1 ll.hl .llli ,1il\ 
 
 up 
 
 t iHlllv ll 
 
 l^nl I 
 
 ll \ piiMi '-till in \ .111 
 
 li llli (ll ll '.|i li " ( )|l|, I , M 
 
 1 \,i| 
 
 loli (111 w ;l'- ;li l\ ;ini 
 
 uic .ipiviriiuh 1,1 snli,ln, ih, \ .i ,i i,.ilm'. nl Kiis',i,i. Ili 
 
 1--1 iiw .11 i!ir lii'.nl ll 
 
 im his \\,i\ \o \\, 
 
 K, jiuMi. I,>nf:,',l i,> , nml.u, m 
 
 it ^.Si 
 
 \o,iii mrn. 
 
 ll' \llim; 
 
 111 ilrli Xnilli \iiu 111 ,1 till ill 1 
 ,i| ll, 1 ,1, sp,M 111,1,1,1 rni:l;in,ls lunds w, ii will lirii li\ I 
 w.ii m l",iir,ijii\ \\ , liini;i,Mi \\,i'- sli.iimii|; .ill Ins irsnni 
 
 I I '. Ill 
 
 Sp.iin, ,Ti;.iinsi N.ipiil.-iin s in,irsli;)is. Ihr iiin<' sn iintl \ii\ 
 
 iipr 
 
 U 
 
 It.t 
 
 'iflii* 
 
 ' Tin- osloiiMlilr i>l>|<', I if tlir Will wn-* In .'Hliilihuli (lir |iiiiiii|i' 
 tli.'tt till' ll.'it; I'lix <'i'<>ii lilt' mor. Iiiiiiiliyt". .'iii,! lliit (lio liulil nl 'jimu'Ii I" 
 si'.'lllli'll \\ lio li.>\ o ilcsoi toil IS 1ll.iillU|s'<:lMo ; I Iv t ral nlijri'l WMwIiiWir- 
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 I'Mintinsli its Mmiuiiiu' ,ii 
 
 i) (■ 
 
 >lll.ll iMfiilll' 
 
 Ml 
 
 lli'-i' 
 
 11/ 
 
 IC 
 
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2 21, 
 
 1 1 ■•''!■ pliill Im 'ill I , 1 ■; I li;il ( iM.irl I iiii| ,1 In 'ir t)i( lirnfil 'if 
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 I Ml I |i II 'll I III . ' I' 'i IM ( W I , ti I (ill (III I 1m ' 
 
 ll ■ ■III l< I • I ' ll I ', II Mill » r. I I -,M|||' I 7' 
 
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 M ;'li ii'l ll -.ll' 
 
 ill'l liMl mill' 111 I'l In ( III! 
 
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 \'. I'll tin lli'll. III-. . li'il 'llll', ill'..' A' II III' 'I I 'i.iIinI ,, ll' 
 Ml ililW 1: ., lull ;il-,<i llv llllii . 'if til' ii'iilli ;iii(| •■' ,1 |ii'r,'i 
 I mIIiImI ;nii| I Mil |i III iillli .. I ll' V '>V( I' iii'iv 'I ll',' I'.'i'i'l .', ill t' 
 
 'I ( ;iii:i(l;i. 
 
 \'. Ii'i li.i'l 1 1' ;il' 'I llll III |i|.,l 1 
 
 I' ',' \KI II IDIiVi (\ 
 
 ,1! .'I li\ 
 
 li.'lll' 'I 'if III' li'il'ji I \ 
 
 111' I I' II I ., Il'llll W ll»l.,( IT' ' 'I 
 
 llll', ll.ul I'lll).', Il'lll sllff' llllii \lll'illl' llll .' lli'll, 111, ■.'.,|., 'Ill' 
 
 \\liii.i' III' lll'il\' ' :m,'l(l;i li'il'j. Ill lilj'li' I li'iii'iiii, ill' liM'.' ,ihf| 
 
 liillli;im I 'I lllM',1 h, * I III' I 'll llir '-^Ili^'.-i (I'll -., '(hi-, 'lilift.iiri. 
 
 ^llli I I III iji ll :ll I if III , |ii I i|i|( 1 1',' ill' \ III' 1 1' .III .ll I l| i(i' ' .1 li'i- , 
 
 III lli<|l,ili;i, li;ii| I'd IIm lull' ii'ii l|i'>'>,ii'| ihl'i ( ,111, I'l I I'lfJl'.', 
 "I M , ;iimI I:ii|IiIiiI, lil^. Iii.i|' -tl' ll(_'.i|i' It.' ' I . I lii'iiij'li' lUt I li' < < lU 
 
 III' I will) I \('i (Miiuiiii; (|| .III)' ti'iii, till It l.ill . Ill ill' f^iiii .l,iiii.'h 
 III 111 Mollis mil I iiu II. 
 
 im. 
 
 '4' 
 
 f 
 
 m 
 
 Till' ni'ii \ I if I lii^ iilili' 'liic fill i'l it w II I'll' I 111 111' '1 1 .1111 1 '.f ' ' 'I'l' 
 
 Mil I';!' 1 1," liy I III' ( iiiiii.iliiiii I II 11' I , ( lull l< H .Mil 1 1 
 
 Q '<; 
 

 I 
 
 XiHl&n 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 gHi 
 
 1 
 
 iHb 
 
 IT 
 
 ■ Snit 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 i,m\ 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 ■:td : 'f 
 
 
 mi ; 
 
 
 K.^ 
 
 
 (Siin..\7:t. rill AiiHiMMii I'l II m| lii|ilr iill.irK. ImIU'ImI ltii.rl<. (';i|itllii .' 
 Miii'l.iii.iw . ('.•i|iliiir ■'( I'llnil, Till Vnni.lii'r, I'li, Xiii.'iirMii :it lMrl> mi (^nini .(. i 
 llrl::lil-. ,111.1 ili.illi .'I It K. Cciii'i::! Sli..illi iIiIi.mI-. Ilir Ann i iniii,. ill (;iiiiii,l i 
 
 Hl'iullls. rilr -I'll { S.nl.nr. ( iiMll'l III Sill \ lllr .|r li;ll ii I M I I 'hi li|.r\\ M. N .1 \ ;ll . I II. ' 
 
 liit\M...ll (;i.';il lllllilh Mli.l III. I'liilr.l Si:il,.v, I...XMI :ili.l l':illi..1ir S..ilrl\ ..I l'|.|. i 
 r,lllllil;l.) 
 
 73. 1812. The American Plan of Campaign. I li 
 
 \m(iii;in ]il,in nl .ill.nk wjs tluiilold. An " Aiiiu ol tin 
 Nmlh, " nntlii ( iriii r.il 1 )r;niiiMn. w.is to mI oiil Irom Alli.nu 
 iiinl luovc ;ii;,iinst Montri.il. An " Ainu nl' the ( 'culic."' iiiitli i 
 (u'liii;)! \'.in Kcnns( liiiT. w.is lo 'strike tli<' \iii,L;;ir;i Ironlii i 
 And :in " Arin\ ol the WCsi." under ( icnciiil I lull, tiic ( losi m 
 or (it Mirliiu;in I'rnitoiv. w.is tn (>|Hi;i|t' lioin I)i'li(iil iindoMi 
 run the wi-stiiM MTlions ol' rppir ( "lUMd;!. It is a notii caMi 
 lad thai our c.istctii iVontirf, all ii\)r\\ mid hard to drfnid, \\,i. 
 Irlt untluiMtenrd. though Kin.u luvt to thoM' populous and 
 wavliko (-onnuunitirs ol New I'ait^land which had so ottrii ii .1 
 h/cd lliciv inowoss m\ tlu-sc sanu' liordcrs, |''or (his wo li.id 
 th(.' K-sohitr rorliiMranoc of lIU'Nrw lln^laiidcis to thank. 'I'lu 11 
 .^tatc lioxoinincnts would take no part in the war. .\s wrsh.ill 
 sir latcf. tluTc w.is plenty ol |)iivatei'iin_u IVom tiu" New lai- 
 land ports, (as tluie was iVom \o\a Seoti.i,) hut with such im 
 olVuial vi-ntures the sl.ite governments had nothin;; to do. 
 
 The soul ol the ("anadian di lenee was (leiur.il r.id(k.' 
 Hel'ore he eaiue the l.ox.ilisls h.ul watched the a|tpro,ichin- 
 stoim hnnU. indt'cd. iml with little ho|H' orainlhini; less ih.in 
 ruin. iWo«k, who had Keen ten \(-.ns in ('.inad.i, was thoi 
 oui^hlv ("anadi.ni in sentinu'iit. and tiiouuh accusloine<l to tlu 
 coininand of Ihilish iei;ulars he undeistootl and a|)pieeialeil 
 the niilili.i. I'he niiliti.i. in relmn. adored him. I loiusl. Ihmvi . 
 kiiul, untiring .nul s.ii;,ieious, he w.is worthy ol the intluisMsui 
 which his n.une evoked. I'anad.i does well to honour him ,i- 
 otic of her national heroes. As soon as he took charge. ;! new 
 
 * ls;(;u' UiiH'k w.'is liori\ in (iiU'iiisi'v ill ITii'.'. lie >M>s t lit'iffm i 
 forty 1 lu'<'i\v«'ius (ilil when lliis \\ ar "lirnkc out. lie iiail si'oii si'iviii 
 iuul won honour in lloli:niil. tiu' West liidii-s. ;nnl lunU'r Nt'lson .11 
 ro|H'uhi»i;on. He I'.iuu' to ('aiiinki. in l,S()_', und iilcni ilied liimsi'lf licuO 
 itinl soul will) CaiKiiliiin iiitt'r»'sts. 
 
.jiiiil .piJiiL; lip ill the sr , ml li;itt;iliiin-, ol I '|ip( r ( ',iii;iil,i, now 
 I.M r [ii (,H !• uilli Ml L^r.iv ;i tii.il. 
 
 Tlir \v,ir liij^im III llir wr-.i, I lull, with ,in ;iriiiy of 2500, 
 I instil I (ivi 1 Itdin l>(|i((ii to S.imiwif li, .itid Idnml liiiii-.ilt 
 iiiKiii^ ,1 'inict l;ii iiiiiij^ pcMjilr (iT I'iciu li (lr^( (lit. I lire he i> 
 uf i| ;i liiiiiil.;i .In piiii l,iiii;itiiiii, pn iini-^iii;^ " |ir:irr. Iilirrlv, ;iihI 
 .( 1 'iiit\' " to iill will) would ,1' ' I -pi A'liiii' ,111 nilr, In it (l< 1101 nun in 
 ilii' liuiiois (i| w.n i!ii"ii llio^c who •should hr so ini^L'iiidid as 
 
 III oppose Ills irnsisiililc a( 
 
 IvaiKi'. llriK k issued a < oiintcr 
 
 piiM laiiialioii, assuring tlir jiroplc thit (licat Uritain would de- 
 |. lid her siilijicts, and thai < anada, knowing; her (hity towatd 
 l;i ist'll and toward Ini so\i|iiL;n, would iinllit r he liiillird nor 
 ■1 iln'i'd. In the inlir\,il lielwcen the two |iroe|;iiiiatioiis ' lell 
 till' liiil strokr ol till' war, and it was one of ^ood oimn lor 
 ( 111. Ilia. 'Ihe Aiiieriean I'ort ol Mi< hilliinaekinaf, or Maek 
 maw, ( oiiiinandiii^, as in old da\s, |,ake .Miehiqan and the 
 Miiitliwest trilies, was tak( n hv ('aptaiii Koherts with a handliil 
 III 7'<>V(i incurs and le^iilars. 'I'his little fo'r c, less than two liim- 
 dii'dt in all, mareheil siiddciiK' (roiii I'ort St. Joseph, lorty 
 iiiilis to the north, < ro-^sed to Mai kinaw Island, and eapltired 
 wiilioiit a striij;^le the Aiiieriean lorl with its j.;arrison ')t seventy 
 livi- refill irs. This was an iiiiportanl aihieveineiit, as it tilled 
 ilie Indians with lervoiir, and exposed 1 1 nil to an alia' k Ironi 
 llie rear. 
 
 Ilard on the iu;ws of this siieeess e.nne that of Fliill'^ n;- 
 tnat upon l)etroit. lie had lieeii eheeked hy ("olonel I'roetor 
 with a coriioral's guard ol ,^50 men, and liy 'I eeuiiiseli with his 
 Shawanoc hands, 'recutiiseh had inlereepted and s( altered a 
 di'taehment of .NiiRaieans with proMsions and lellcrs for iiiill : 
 and this slight reverse', together with the refusal of tfie' ('an,i- 
 dians to hail him as their deliverer, had diseoiiraged the doughty 
 general. As so(;ii as the (Canadian side of the- river was thus 
 
 M 
 
 If nil's |(i'<M:fuiiiit inn wiiM JHsiit'il on .Inly I'Jl li, r>ni('k'.s on ■Inly •JJii'l/ 
 
 I1UIII..W Wi 
 
 IS (:ii|>tiilt'il on .Inly 17l li. 
 
 I I'olicrt.M wiiH iiiili'cl in lii.s chlcriiris'' liy n Kjdiiiiil Kii'iirli Ciininliiin, 
 ss.iinl I'otliicr, ii^'unt of till' N'oilli Wist, Co., wliowii.s in Koit St. 
 
 • iosijlll ill tlic tilllt'. 
 
Ni "'UK 
 
 liciil tiotw il\i ( ncnn, I'll*! ii>i Mill ,1 |Mil\ ,ii 111-', tn I 
 I'l 1 iinv>i 1( > -iioIm , l<nl l\(' Milli ti il .) '.h.iip ii 
 
 ii|liM\ n 
 
 |>;il .1 .11 I'liiw n 
 
 l«n\n. whiir ll\< \n\i in .\Ms Wii.' Ii.l li\ .i iipiMi nKnii 
 ( \>loni 1 Mtllii. Hi liM, ih. (|il,\ii>i\ .\ni| nmoiKii. Ihill i imiK 
 
 >>(-> y'i\\i\ till- "-111 1 1 
 
 >•-. lUoi k w.i. \ipi<i\ hull ri\i ( '.Mi.iili.m 
 
 i.il ]\\A li li Noik with h\ . hull .\im\ nn Vimmi-I mh. .mil. n 
 
 \ I I -111!; I \\<- li'iii; 
 
 ih ol I ,iIm' 1 Hi m i>|ii n l<i>.il-, uirlnd \i 
 
 hiiM' 
 
 Mil;; on 
 
 (hi- I ith \^ \M h.nr Ml n, llii li li 
 
 1 I h.li;'. Ill Ih. 
 
 t I 
 
 i( nw l\\il Ixrn (.iplmni. ;\ntl Ikmw ihr innlriil'- el (I 
 
 Hioi K liMinr.l th.il lluli'- Imri >\.i'. ihmnniJiK (li-|>nili il lli 
 ownliMir." nil liiilni;', ihr (>i'i' In<li,iit'. iniili i In imr-i li. \\,i 
 ■-< .\n'i l\ li,\lt ll\,\l I'l ln> .(il\ii-.n\ : \n\\ \\r \> -kIm il In .liiL ii 
 i>.ivi'. lU loir tl.iw n ol Vuun^l i(ttl\ lir i hv-miI |hr n\ii inil 
 
 ni.it> 
 
 111 li I'll 1 V lii'it riu A 
 
 ilrili •111''. (|i '-( ilim; tin 11 nnlj'ii'.l 
 
 tiliu-il into till' 111. nil loK . Miiil wlii'ii lUoi k >\;i^ on the |ioini ni 
 ^loiiiuiiu tlir woiks. to his Msloni'-linii'iil tin \ « .ipitiil.ili d. |!\ 
 tlu' ;iUii 1( s ot t;i|iil\iI;itioii ;; < uniioii. •^oo lioo|i'-. ;nni tin 
 wholi' ot Mil 111:;. in I'ciiiloi \. [M^'snl into ( '.in;iili;\ii liiinj. 
 riio nioi.il ((111 t w.is tirmiiiilou'- i'lio wildr^l ciillniM.i -in 
 tl,iiiir>l .irro'-s tlir |iio\ iiici . ;\iiil llir n.inii' ol lliork lliiilliil 
 *'\ ri V ( '.ui.iili.in Im( .i>-l. 
 
 Mr.uiw hill ('.iii.iii,! w.i^ ihnnliiii-il li\ llir :iiini(s ol ihi 
 ("i-inir .111(1 tli(~ Noilli. Uio. k w.i-- liillMiiiL', l';li k to I, ill ii|iMn 
 \ ,in Krnnsil.hi, w licii 111- w.is iiiri on I ,,ikr I'lirl'v llio iirw ■ oi 
 
 .m unii'-tirr 
 
 Sii ( iroi; 
 
 rr\osl. the (onim.iiiilri in i liii I ,i! 
 
 (^^Ui'orr. Ii.iil loi hi.liliM ,ill Initliii liostiliiH-s on tlir |'.nl "l 
 ('.in.iil.i. I'licl.iiiil loiiilK liop.'il ili.i! Ill r ii-pr.il oT tin- " ( )nli 1 
 \\\ ( 'ou'iiil " won 
 
 li'.iii ( *on,;i\'--'- to ii 
 
 ,\II 11'' (Icrl.ii.ition I I 
 
 w.ii. \\\\\ I oncii-"-'- In.! no -mii li lliouulit. 
 
 Ill' .11 inislirr \\,i 
 
 bii^kK um-v1 lo --lii'nullun tlio .Viiu ririin position ; while I! 
 
 W.iS 
 
 K-ll >h,il"iiic in Toil i-ii iilli-nr----. .iiiil I'.iii.iii.i lost ;i r.oMi 
 
 pi-ioiianilx . rill- .nitunin woiron till tlu- Ann ricin ;iiii 
 
 i\ .11 
 
 \i.\u.ii.i li.id --wi-lU-ii Us i.niks to ,1 io;,il ot' (looo. i<-,mil,iis .niij 
 iniluia. Uioik. wiih his lu-.iti qiMilrrs ,\[ \\n\ (U-iin^o, h.nl Ir •. 
 
 ' UoMiios dio'U' (>()0 li\ili:iMs. liii'ik h.i'l .'i.'SO ii-uiiLns .nul KKl ( '.ni:i 
 ih^iU nuht i.>. 
 
 •f ^'^1; 
 
li Ml ;l lIlMll .:ill(| nil II ( '.llMi|l;ili InlllllJ. V :'I| ;l li \\ i iir!i|i,lMli S 
 
 I n I'.iihis. :iiiil .1 li.iiiil III MiiImuI, ;i In . \l tin . |ini' Ini' i 
 
 I' nl\ 
 
 I \ III I nil liniii III 1 1 \ nil I II ,111 Mil 
 
 inn 1 1' t li iMiM 1 1 I 'I II III.; 
 
 Ii it. in I III' I i|i| III I ■ 1 1| I u 1 1 .11 nil 1 1 ( I n.ii li.ii I I n i;' . w Iim li \m 1 1 
 ill .iiiiilni^ L.iki Imii l.iilin willi .|iiiil. ul un Ikiiii l>>lt(iil 
 I In I, mil lli.il |u<ll\ :ii I Mil (I Id till ,1 |ilni 1; \ \ ,inl;i - nMiiin m 
 
 liii i| iIh II I iiiiii 
 
 li \ nil n ;l( \ I; 
 
 i);,ii,i Willi /I ,il 
 
 II 
 
 n ', I 1,1 II n III 1 1 
 
 111 ill- ji 'I MM ;il inn i- In lln < iiin|ni -I ul ( ni.i'l i I In n j',' in I 
 
 I I \ n Ml 1 1, ,1111 1 li i| lln III III! mil |i i i i iln{lli .1, In i\M'\ i i , liiil In lln 
 iinj'inj; di Icil nl (_ini i nsli m 1 1< i(',lil',. 
 
 lln ,\ini III an ill.n I. mi (inn n .li in lunl |il,ii i on ( )i ImIm i 
 I ;lli, ( I M I • I Tlic I |i fill - an a |i,iil ul lln lull y ,iinl In iiili 
 |iil |il,ilr,ni lliiiMi|;li wlini (In- Nia};,iia iimi Ii.i. i !• II iI.|i,i||i 
 limn I'lir In ( liilaitu. Till' | laiii M aiiia Innn lln miinniil v. mn- 
 III li,ini|nil liiMliiir.s, a lirin|',ii and (inillnl i v,|i,in .r vvlm h lia • 
 
 III I n I ,illrii till' j;,iiiImi III ( '.iiiaila. Itiil iimI nl |h ai i' an iln 
 nil niiiins nj <_Mii riislmi. 
 
 I'll (iiir ila\ III! ,il< \',ni ki iiiiM lai I lid lln \ani',n,iid nf liis 
 ,nni\ anil'.'.. I lif n|i|iu',itr slnnr wa-. di li ndi d li\ \\k<i i mn 
 |i,inii '. Ill thr |i)lli ii|nnii III, willi Iwn Inindird iinii nl lln \'mk 
 \ nliinliii'.. \ '.mind ul maiis' nai'. in tlir ^Ikkiii atmi ,i d tin 
 
 Imdi r.. riir ( 
 
 nn 
 
 anadian liallri s, nl nni- iK|iniiiidii l.ilimnd 
 a >|iiii III llir Ik i^lil',, n|Hind liii l!nl nndi i (n\ir nl ,i 
 hi,i\iii liii' Imni lln ii nwn '.idr lln inv.idi i . jm ,.id nn, iill 
 llnv li,id i,;<>n nnn in liin' nl iiillli- mi lln ( an.idian .hmi . 
 I In \' da'.Ind Imwaid < niiia^inii .|\' ; Inil tlir ( an.idiaii-., iinl tn 
 Im daiinli'd liv mmiliiis, Inld tin it i^nniind with '.liiMimn \,il 
 mil. ,\l llir '.ainc liiiir a liia\r ,\ini in an nlln i i, ( apLini W'nnl. 
 Ir.idiii)^', Ills drl,irlninnl iiji an ainin ,| inai re .siMi' |i,illi, (.'aim d 
 llii' cirsl ul the Ini^hts, and Innifd lii-. lin mi lln n ;n ul ili,- 
 li.illiiN. I'lini I ti ()(!<, Kiiisi (I liv III'' iiui-,i (il lln (him;:, r'\<\r 
 uji liiiin r'ml (lrui|;c. ()lliii .Nnninan lialLilinn-. had liv llns 
 tiiiii' iiiiiiriltlirii ( (111 II ad s nn llir 1 1( i^lil. Tin !!■ \sa^ till' kr\ 
 
 III' siliiatiuii. Stiaif^lit up tlir '.trr| 
 
 I lilUI 
 
 li'd 1 
 
 1^ ' iMiuinL 
 
 \\v, in llir Lire ul ,\ si .ilhiliL' lin 
 
 .inu 
 
 \^ III!'. W.iviiil; Ills -.wnrd tnw.ird 
 tlici illiaiti:r ul ihc licld, \\r slimilcd " I'lisli nn tin ();a\f 
 
 fflj 
 
 m • 
 
 m 
 
\(>lk X'ol'.inlfcls," TIk' uoitU well' s(,lt((l\ olll of his llin|||!i 
 whi'll lif tili. shot ihi<)ii};h ihi- hrcisi. I lis iiun nurd Idiw.ii.l 
 to .ivt'iiL;!' him, lull tlifir lanks withcird imdir ihc liir \\ir,\\ ih> 
 rii'sl ; iind thi' n.dhuil Mrhoncil, ,il l\\r \h.u\ oI diiisc "lir;i\. 
 Niiik \ ohinlfris," sl\:iicd tlic l.ilr i >| his \\(iislii|i|H(| chii I. 
 
 Tlii'i) the (';in;i(H;iMs p.iiisi'd, l\(»l(hng tlic ii|)|tni;i(hcs lo thi 
 height, ;iiid Iviiii; in rnvrrt hi'hiiid thr lnuists ol thr \ ilLi.^c . 
 wliil;' ihr Aiiu'iiiMiis, who luid siiU'vIimI srsticiv rcslrd on ll\iii 
 |)o->t of s-,int;i:;i'. I'hrir ( icmral, X'.iii Kcniiscl.H r, was dis;iiilrd . 
 .I'ld now. tlioUj;h thc\ iiad luavfly cani ■(! and liravrly In Id lh< 
 luii;ius, tlu'ir position was a |U'riloiis oni'. Altout lillccn liuii 
 died men wi-rr coopfd up on tiir narrow sunnnil ; lichind lluni 
 du' diT|) Hood oftlu' Niagara washin;^ llio l)a.si' of two liiindnd 
 t'rrt of prccipici', Ik fori- thcin thr an_nry Canadian l)attalions 
 l)iirnni^ to awn^i' tlirir chiri'. On the other sidi' of tlu' ri\rr. 
 Id Ik' sure, wfri' some lour thousand Ameriean militia ; hut 
 these, per<-i'i\ ing tlie kind of r(.'ee|)ti()n their companions in arni> 
 liad met, Iiad i^rown careless al)()ut the con(|uest of Canada. 
 
 I'hey reiiKMuhered only that their duty as New York militia re 
 (luirod them to remain on the soil of their own state. 
 
 On the death of iJrock the chief eonmiand fell on (leneral 
 
 Roger Sheaffi', who was at I'ort (leorge. About noon he ar 
 rived at (^)ueenston, hrinifing with him 300 regulars of the 41 si 
 and 49th regiments, two companies of Lincoln militia, 200 
 Chippewa volunteers, anil a small hand of Six Nation Indians. 
 
 These additions "'elled the Canadian force to nearly 1000 nun, 
 
 —a motley throng, hut full of vengeful and eager mettle. King 
 ing the American position with a circle of converging lire. 
 Sheiiffe led his men forward. The .Vmericatis fell fast. Their 
 hravo cajjtain, Wool, was killed, and his ])lace was taken by 
 Winfield Scott, afterwards lo gain fame in the annals of Ameri 
 can warfiire. The American.s lay down and reserved their lire 
 till iho fatal Imes were within forty yards of their niu//les. 
 Then they fired as one man, a deadly and shattering volley, 
 hut it was powerless as the wind to stop the Canadian onset. 
 In that grim charge the Americans were swept from the sum 
 
lil. Cliii^iiiiL;, s( raiiililiii;;, slidiii;^. t'.illiiiL.', ilif •.ni\i\i)ii mi.kI- 
 pir \v;iy over llir liiou ol ilic prciipic c, ;iii(l on the iiiirrow 
 (l^cs lu'twicii clirfiiinl lluod liny stirrriKlricd nm iiidilioiKilh , 
 
 •veil lUIMC 
 
 Ircd I 
 
 )ris()iicrs ()l w;ir. 
 
 fiii 
 
 III 
 
 (■ \\;i- 
 
 (iiif 
 
 ,it 
 
 W III ISC 
 
 stdtv ('aii;idijii luiiils 
 
 hh 
 
 1) ; liiit 111 ill' diMlli (il 
 
 l;i(p( k it>i lriiiin|ili was d' irly Ikhi^IiI. 
 
 I) 
 
 iiriii'f llif riiiicral ol tin; slain Icidcr tlic iiiimitc mins of 
 
 I'ort Cicor^r wiTc .-mswcrcd mm lor ^uii from tlic Anicrican 
 liattiTii's of l''(iit Nia''ara, whih; the AtniTiran Ha'' flew at halt' 
 
 llllSl 
 
 a <hivalr()iis l.iliiilt- to an illustrious loi 
 
 On tllr 
 
 1 Iri^^hts of (^)iU'fnstoii now rises a tall shall of stone in IJroi k's 
 iiiiiiiory, which serves also as a far seen reiheniliranec of ('ana 
 dian palriotisin. 'I'iu; si^lit of it should lirinjf a liliish to the 
 elu'eks of tiiose (!anadians whose a|i|tarent dortrinc is that jii- 
 triotisni is a matter of (hillars and cents. 'I'he n.mie of 'Jiieiiis- 
 lon and the name of lirock are hiended in our hearts. Never 
 ihiiless it must not lu' forgotten that the battle was finally won 
 iiy Shcaffe, who got a baronetcy for his reward. 
 
 Meanwhile, at the lower end of Lake Ontario, the ,\iiu,'ricai 
 
 is 
 
 •re strengthening their |i()sition and arming a fleet at .Sackett's 
 
 ariiour. 
 
 his s(|uadroii attacked Kingston, 
 
 I Hit I 
 
 lemg worsted 
 
 by the (!anadian guns, drew off. .\s they cleared Kingston 
 liarl)Our there was enacted a thrilling episode of (Canadian dar- 
 ing. Tlu; sciuKincr Siiiicoc, C!aptain Richardson commanding, 
 bound for Kingston from Niagara, sailed into the midst of the 
 enemy, never dreaming of a hostile sail so near her destiiiati( 
 
 in. 
 
 he 
 
 .SV 
 
 iiicoc was t(jtaliy unarmed, the only wea]ion on doard 
 being a solitary musket. She was completely headed off by the 
 American flet.'t. Ikit, hopeless as the case seemed, tin: gallant 
 Richardson would not surrender. Oowding on all sail, and 
 with the wind behind her, the mad little craft dashed straight 
 upon the fleet. She look the broadside of every ship as she 
 Hew past. l''()r four miles she ran the terrible gauntlet, her sails 
 and bulwarks ridtUcd with round-shot, till .it last, in shoaling 
 water just outside the ['ort, slie sank with a big shot-hole below 
 her water line. .Vs she went down the crew che-ered n-ckU ssK, 
 
 1 ,s am C^HW'! ' 1 
 
 '"i ;s 
 
jri. 1 
 
 .iiiil liiid il)i II iMii' iiui-ImI in :;,i\ (li li.mic ; .iinl llnii i lini . 
 w.ic ii' (■( litii (I li\ till II ( iiiinli \ iiu n III! shnir. Itn.iis i|.nl<(| 
 
 mil in h.lsic III \t,t lie 111. hiinii I lew 
 
 luiil Ihi' 
 
 •S'/ /// 
 
 l,ll^( <l 
 
 Ihiin 111 |- trin|)iii.ii\ iAM\''. ^v,is Minn .in:iin iiIiiiilJiiii^ llir lilni 
 u.llrl'. Ill ( )nl,lllii. 
 
 \ .m KcniiM I. HI, WiiiinilrtI ,tt (,>nrrn',|iiii. Ii.hI limi sun rcdi i| 
 li\ ( icnri.il Snu ih. .1 nnliMi- WMiiim m wonls mid pKii hin.i 
 linns. Snu ill m| mil ii|'iiii the [m ,||iiini i| i mii|ii( s|. | |r (Jul imi 
 Ir.lil Ills 111(11 .niiiss. Iinwivi'i ; hr llimi).',lll ll s.ilii In *,7/,/|lii ni 
 
 lir\ wcu' j.i^<Hi sirmm, '"" Ixlviirn ( 'lii|i|ir\\ 
 
 1 ;i 
 
 11(1 I' 
 
 (III 
 
 ilir\ were met iiiid miiL'Jilv li.indlcil liv ( 'nimicl |!isl)n|i|i, wiili 
 nf (100 refill, lis .111(1 iiiilili.i. Siii|)ris('(| jnd vexed In si 
 
 Inn 
 
 lli.il Ins n|ipnn(Mils wiie iml linwneu dnuii lt\ his iiiimiIhi 
 nl IriKc In I'mt Ijie K 1 inestin^ llie siinciid 
 
 Sim ill seiil a 
 
 .11 
 
 I 1 
 
 nl ili.il slinn^liiil 
 
 ( nlene 
 
 I'.lsl 
 
 inii|). the ( ()niin;ind.inl. uilh 
 
 the ulinnsl |inliteiiess deeliiu'd the re(Hiesl. \\'liereii|i()n SinMli 
 wiilidii'w linih his intn|is and his fe(|iiesi. and went into winti 1 
 iiu.uleis ! 1 lis men were so dismisied and indignant al his |nll\ 
 that a wiiisjier nl' tar and leathers lie^an to ( ireiilate in the e,ini|i 
 rile ( leneral disereeth threw up liis enmniand and retired In 
 safer neighliDiirhonds. 
 
 Thus rnded, most glnrioiislv lor ( "anada. llu' land o|terati(>iis 
 nl" tht> eainpait;!! of iSij. lUit these suecesses were nver 
 shadowed hv .1 series of Hritish n-verses on thi!si'a, wliieh filled 
 .\n»eriea with such e\ultant pride th.it she forgot her Iminiha 
 Pons in Can.id.i. In five na\al duels, tour of which took pl.K c 
 in tlu> latter p.ut of iSij. the filth in fehruarv of iSi_^, I'lngland 
 was deleati^l on tlu'0(-(-an, ol which she claimed to he soven-ign. 
 l-'nglish hearts were stunned at ihe disgrace; and ICngland's 
 enemies everywhere rejoiced, dreaming that her maritime sii 
 prem.icy was at an end. Hut the explanation was not far In 
 siH'k. Mngland had a thousand ships of war alloat, .serving on 
 every sea. most of them scarce half mamu-d, many of liiem In" 
 in need of repair. The American navy, speaking l>v ( iipai 
 son. can hardly be said to have existed at th;i' ll was 
 
 represented by hut tour frigates, so-called, an .1 sloops ol 
 
 m- 
 
2;. 7 
 
 VII. 'Mil'-.!', hii'Ar\'i|, \\,\r ;i|| ||i\v .||l|i., of ,1 I ( il |I|,|;.'( ' ,'||||| 
 ■'K'jlt ()| IIP l,ll (.11 Iii\iiImI Hull Mini;.', I|i;ivilv lll.lllll'il Willi 
 |i|i k« (I ( I( U >. I Ih'V uiir s\4ltt, ,|||(| Ml ( Oil III (•--( ;i|tf I III 'I (III II 
 
 Ii.iiImiuis wIhii lliir;itini(| liy sii|pi(|(ii lorM'. 'liny ' 'iiild 
 ( liMii.f iImii iiwii liiiM' till ri;'lilin;^. WImm tlii'\ |(iii;.;lii, lli'-rc is 
 MM i|i|i'-,i idiiiii^ ill" j,ii I iliii |||( \- loiii^'lii \V(||, ,1, to li'iili (run 
 
 ,l^r ;mi| >iMlll.inslll|i, lull III I \i I \' (ilir (il tlir ,i- llVr ( nnli -,1 , |lic 
 
 II >iill w,is ,1 I'lri;'!"!'' I HiK in ,1(111, ,(i lii;i\il\ ui If ilir r.nti^li 
 MSiiiii,itiln<l. Ilir Ann IK III slii|p-> {'iin\liliilii>ii .iinl (iiifni 
 S'A^Av, lliitii^li < ,il|(f| I I ^lm Irij^Mlr,, i jrricd tlir our 5H ;^iiiis, 
 
 ill' (itlirr - |. I lir\' wrir t'Vo Irrt |(ili;.'rr ill, 111 llir l.ir;^rst j6 
 
 :i|ll ^lll|l ill llir jllltl.ll ll,l\\'. ( '.iMlilL' llirni-,rUrs lll^.ltc. liny 
 WrIr Idll^^lll ll\' lllillsli \CNSr|s wIlKJl .llOIlM lirVrr ll.lsr [irr- 
 Jjlliril III jitlli li.illlr willi tliriil. 'IIk (jllrK UCfr ;is tollou-, : 
 
 III Allf^llsl tlir f Vv/*////////'// (|r|r;iti(| ;il|(| s.irik tlir IWiti-ll In;^ 
 ilr ( ild'trihr. In ()(|oiiri tlir Allirrir;iii sIm()|) H'l/^/t (,i|) 
 lllird llir llllli^ll slnoji I'lnlii. in llir s.ilnr ni'ililll llir (lli/r,/ 
 S/ii/r<< ( ;i|ttiiir(| llir lii^iitc Miurdiuiiiiii. in I)r(cinl)rr llir ('dii 
 \liliili<>n w.xnV. llir Irii^Mlr /iitii. And in i'riirii.iry, iXi^ the 
 Ainriii;iii sl(»ii| //urnc/ w,\\\V llic iCii^li-.li ^>I(mi|) I'liicoch. 'I hr 
 liisl ul tlirsr contr'-t-i w,r, ,1 lv|ir mImII llir res'. ilir ( niiji/it 
 lii'ii Irrsli Ikhii poll, llir < imrriiic \\\-^\ rrinrnin^ from ;i lon^ 
 (iiiisr, with lorriii.ist ;iiid l)ows|irit s|iniii!j; ; thr ('i)ii\ti/i//iiiii 
 willi 3(S };iins, llirowin;^ '5.?'^' !''■•■ of inrl.il, thr (infmrrr wiih 
 |.S guns, tlirowiii^ only 10^. | IIh. oI inrl.il ; llir i'lUistitiitiitii 
 uilli ;i crew of .jOo, and a toniia^r ol 1 5,v^i l'"' (incrfnrc witli 
 a crrw of 240, and a tonnage of (0'>2. i he hattlr wa-. loii;^lit 
 fur two hours at close ()iiarters ; and when the (iiicn-irrf struck 
 she had lost a third of her men, and was sinking;. The Amrri- 
 caiis did iheinsrlves and their Itritish lineage ercfht in the hat- 
 tie ; hut the victory, under the < ircumstances, was hardly one 
 III hoasl of". And the other vii tories were similar, as may he 
 seen by the note."* A litlh; later, as we shall se(; in the next 
 section, a sea fight was to he fought on more (■veil term-,, and 
 with a widely different result. 
 
 *S(;(; foot of fiiigo iJ.'JS. 
 
 ■^':m. 
 
 1 !| 
 
 m 
 
 (♦*i 
 
 
 
238 
 
 * ' 
 
 I). 
 
 <rmh>i- ol tins s 
 
 f tl 
 
 aim' WAY, 1 Si 
 
 saw tlu' iiciiinnmi: ol ;in 
 
 f; 
 
 MiiiHiilaiit ( )i''.i Hi/at It' M. 
 
 ! 
 
 ,oval and 
 
 atriotic Socu'tv di 
 
 ppiT ("aiiada" was roriiicd. tii ptf'VKK' li'Ijt lor tlu' (Icslitiiti 
 fainilii's of ( 'anadian soldins, sia cour for tlir woiiiuk'd, and 
 comroils for tlu' troops. I his socii'tv rais( d laim- sums, lioih 
 in ttiL- coloiiii's and in Ciiiat llritain. It was instriimcntal imi 
 only in rtlicvini: innch distress, luil also in hindiny to^ftlui 
 will) sympatliy tlir widely sraltiml parts ol llic I'.nipirt.'. 
 
 (Sp< litis- 
 
 I I. 'I'ln- 'ipi'liili^' mI' I lie »':ilii|i;ii;.'lp. I'l 
 
 11' i':i|i1 IMI 
 
 'f 0.'.I,ii>liii 
 
 l.i;i! 
 
 Y"i'k. Till' AiiiiiriMii-i >ai'k Vnik. 'I'iir Caii.nli.'iiis i!inrii li.irK fn'iii Niii^'iii.'i uimI 
 
 ('lii|>|«\vii. Slmii", CiciU. I,;iii 
 It.icU. H.llllc .il Ihr llirl- 
 
 ipni. lira 
 
 \<] jl.llll. 
 
 Knit Si'liloin :iihI Itl.ick 
 
 l,:il<i' Oiil.'ii'in, Ciiiiaillaii ili'l'i'.'il <iii l.iiK,' ]•', 
 
 |lis:i, !.•!•.. I 
 
 i i.iii 'I't'Wii I'hi' i\ii'ili' aii'l (.' 
 
 !•/.• 
 
 Cliali'Mili^ii.iV. ClilA^li' 
 
 Hi'lHisals I'll till' Nla'.;:ii:i 
 «ar ill I lie Mai iliiiir I'lov im 
 
 ''H'IiIiii. I'Iii' t III 
 
 >/,. an. I 111. 
 
 lCcli...'> ..r III 
 
 74. The Campaign of 1813. In the oiK'nin.n wfuks oi 
 i.Si ^ new battalions wnv ennilled in Lower .'anada, and larui 
 eri-dits vo'.ed I )y the loyal P'reneh A-.seinl)lv. Prominent anioiiL: 
 the lU'W troops weri' a teginu'iit of ( Ikn^arry Iliiihlanders, a 
 reLjiment of Canadian I'Vncihles, and a I'Veiich (!anadian re_L;i 
 ment of N'cltiLrenrs, iiiuler Colonel de Salaherrv. Fn Marc 
 
 1 a 
 
 .\mi;uii'as. 
 
 ir. 
 
 -7' 
 
 ( imis IS 
 
 Wi'i.iilit of iiirtal .">.•{(> 
 
 To 
 Ci. 
 
 I.Ti 
 
 Uii.'ltil Stdi, 
 
 (inns 
 
 WfiLllil of inctii! . 
 
 , IT-JS 11 IS. 
 
 1. -.;<;{ 
 
 Hinrisii. 
 
 Frii/ir. 
 
 (iiins Is 
 
 W'fL'liI of niflal ■V_»4 lli> 
 
 T. 
 
 •AH-i 
 
 Cri'W \\2 
 
 Mini llltuillll. 
 
 (uins 41 
 
 Toiinaj,'!' 
 
 Clew 47-t 
 
 \Vci.,'li( of metal. 
 Toiinaiif 
 
 ('iills/i/llfiltll. 
 
 (Jims .. 
 
 Wfiylit of metal, 
 
 'i'omiagc 
 
 ( 'ri'w 
 
 Clew 
 
 Ht.Vi 
 
 IO.SI 
 
 •J.Vl 
 
 .,^1 
 
 < hllis 44 
 
 ir).{(i Ills, i Weiirlit of mellll. 
 
 iDlli 
 
 4lii( 
 
 l/orii't. 
 
 (iiins. 
 
 \N'ei.'lit of metal. 
 
 •21) 
 
 .r>!M 111 
 
 •!"( 
 
 iiige 
 
 .41 ill 
 
 Crew U»- 
 
 (Ciew and 'I 
 
 onna;'e iioi 
 
 known to writer. ) 
 
 (inns 
 
 Weiirlit of iiu'ial 
 
 Toimaj^e .'i.Sti 
 
 Crew Ill) 
 
 IS 
 
 ;{S4 11. 
 
 il 
 
 
 i 
 
t\ 
 
 ii(it;il)Ii" ft-at was afToiiipIi^lu'd hy a rfninii'iU of New r.riiii>\vi(k 
 riL;i!l;:r><, llic famous io4tli, wlio man lu'd on siiow^lioi^ iIukul;!) 
 ihc wildcriKss that lay Nctwuii r'it.'(I('ii(toii .iwA (^)iitl)ii'. In 
 liuir footsti'ps foilowrd a sin. ill |i.irtv lioni llaliLix, ortirciN ;m(l 
 men of the Rosal Navy, who in.nli' liable to Kiiif^^ion Id?- tin- 
 piiipose of slrcnj;lhem'),4 and eiiiii|i|iin;4 the lleel ol l.aki()n- 
 ':irio. 'I'htro wiTe now alioiit i_^,ooo Anieriean troops at 
 l'Litt!il)ur,L;, under (lenera! l)earl»orn, dircalcnini; the a|i|iroaeh- 
 (•-. of Montreal. To o|i|i(ch' [h\^ arniv Sir ( icori^'r I'rcvo-i ha^l 
 li'it ,?ooo ineji. At Sai|<et:"-> Ilulionr la\ j.;oo Aiiiiviian^. 
 with 5000 more, on Lake ('hamplain, io i)a( k them : while thi' 
 (anaihan frontier o|)|lo^>ite, from KinL;M<.n to I'reseott, IkhI but 
 1300 defendi'rs in all. I'he Nia,i;ara tronlit r, difrnded l)\ -',^00 
 of our troojjs, was mi'iiaecd hy 5000 of the eiieniv. In th'- 
 wi'st, helroitand .Xmht/rsihurg witi.' !uld hv ('olomi i'rortor 
 with a lorec of about 2200. i'metor was oppo^'d b\ an .\ni- 
 eriean force sli^'luly smaller, but of hi,L;h ([ualily, 'on^i^tin:.; 
 largely of Kentuiky rillenien. It was leu iiy (ieneral llarri>on. 
 die victor of Tippecanoe. Here, where thev were afterwards to 
 win their chief success of the war, the .\merieans seemed at 
 iMst dof.'iued only to disaster. Harrison had ad'.aneed half ol 
 his army, under ( ieneral Winchester, to Ireiiclitown on the 
 River Raisin, when l'r(»ctor, si'eini,' the enemy divided, at- 
 taiked in force. (Jan. 22, I'^i,?). The battle was a fkr( e one. 
 'I'hese KentU( ky Americans, thoujih fiirh outnumbered, were 
 well led and knew how to l'i,L;ht. Not till nearlv li.di tin ir lunn- 
 ber were tlead or disabled did thev la\ down their arms, and 
 surrender 500 prisoners of war, with stores and auumition. into 
 the hands of our little army. I'or this viitory j'roi tor w.is 
 made a IJrigadier (Ieneral. 
 
 i'he next important e\ents of the campaign look pl.u c fur- 
 dur east. The .Xnuricans. cro-sin^ the .^t. I.awreiicc on the 
 ice, made a rait! on Hrockville, sai keil the house--, wounded a 
 sentry, and carried off llfly-lwo of the pea( eful inhabitants as 
 prisoners. 'I his act was of no importance in itself, but it led to 
 a brilliant re|)risal. ()|)|)osilc the C.'anadi.ni \illaye of Trescutt 
 
 Hit 
 it 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 ■^ n 
 
 w 
 
 
?4o 
 
 m 
 
 lay the AiiiL-rican fortified town of C)ml(,nsl)iirg, well ariiicc] and 
 garrisoned, with ii j^iiiis and 500 tr(i(»|)s. The St. I.awrenci 
 between Ogdenslnir^ anil I'rescott was IVo/en over, and on thr 
 level surface, near their own shore, the Canai^ian companies 
 were wont to drill. On the morning of the 22nd Fehriiarx 
 Colonel Macdonell led a force of 4S0 men, with two field 
 pieces, out onto the ice, and began the customary evolutiens. 
 Some of the Americans on the Ogdensburg ramparts thought 
 this play locjked unusually .ike serious work , but their com 
 mander, laughing at the idev of an attack on his strong position 
 with so weak a force, went on with his breakfast. Suddenly 
 the Canadians, having worked their way to mid-river, made a 
 fierce rush u[)on the town. The Americans, keenly on tin 
 alert, met them with withering volleys <>(" cannon and musketr\ . 
 but could not stop their advance. At the |)oint of the bayonet 
 they carried the town, the garrison retreating into the woods 
 behind, with a loss of 75 in killed and wounderl, 1 1 cannon. 
 large military stores, and four armed ships which were burnt as 
 they lay in the harbour. In the honour of this brilliant exploit 
 many parts of the em[)ire had share ; for the victorious band 
 was made up of 120 English regulars, 40 men of the Royal 
 Newfoundland regiment, ami 300 ('anadian militia, of whom 
 some were Clengarry Highlanders and some I'Vench of the St. 
 l,awn-nce. New Hrunswick, too, was represented. 'I'he right 
 wing of the attack, which charged straight in the teeth of the 
 main battery, was led by a brave son of New Hrunswick, Cap 
 tain Jenkins of the (Uengarries. 'I'he honour of this deed wa> 
 not tarnished liy any robbery or violence, in s|)ite of the f;ut 
 that the Americans had ruthlessly [)lundered Hrockville. Ma( 
 donell would not let his followers help themselves to so uuk h 
 as a twist of tobacco ; and he even jiaid the American team 
 sters $4.00 a tlay for their labour in hauling the military store-- 
 across to l'resci)tt. 
 
 The American fleet, e(|uipped in haste by Commodore 
 (^hauncey, now controlled Lake Ontario, and the few ships at 
 Kingston dared not stir outsiile the harbour. 'I'he cai)ital <ii 
 
 ****(' 
 
141 
 
 r|)l'*-'i" Canada, the little town <jf N'ork, though important as 
 I icing the scat of govern mciit, was not in any sense a niilitarv 
 post. It liad no defences hut an old French earthwork once 
 liuilt to resist the Indians, and three old French guns, without 
 ( arriages, commanding the entrance to the harbour. It was 
 wholly without strategic importance ; and no one dreamed that 
 U would he regarded 1)\ the Americans as an object of attack. 
 It was a mere residence village of about a thousand inhabitants, 
 ()l)en at all [joints, and im|)ortant only as being the seat of legis- 
 lature, — which, in case of need, could be carried on just as will 
 from any other point. 
 
 'I'lie Americans, however, with all their fleet and a land force 
 of 2,500 men, attacked the defenceless village. (leneral Sheaffe 
 was passing th'"ough York at the time, with two companies of 
 the King's Own; and the civilians of the town, f)ld men and 
 boys, invalid'- and wounded, whoever could for a brief space 
 shoulder a musket, rallied to the defence, till Sheaffe found him- 
 self with a force of nearly 600 to ()[)pose the onslaught. 'The 
 une(iual contest was soon over, however; and .Sheaffe withdrew 
 toward Kingston while the volunteers covered his retreat. The 
 .\niericans then took possession of the town. Numbers f)f them 
 swarnjed into the so-(;alled fort, where a hatidful of militia were 
 vet attempting a vain defence. .\t this juncture, and for cause 
 iKver explained, the powder magazine blew u[), involving assail- 
 ant and defender in a common ruin. After this catastrophe 
 \();k surrendered, the militia laid down their arms, and all mili- 
 tary stores were given up to the concpierors. iJy the terms of 
 the surrender the town was to be [)rotected ; but the enemy, 
 professing to bi-lieve that the exphjsion was a deliberate act of 
 treachery on the part of the Canadians, brcjke the agreement, 
 burned the i)ul)lic l)uildings* with all their records, pillaged the 
 ( 'luirch, and sacked the public library. They showed their taste 
 for things intellectual 'by carrying off ever\ book. They also 
 looted and destroyed a number of private houses. .\ few days 
 
 * It i.s Miiid tlifil 11 |)t;ri«iu, \vlii<'li tlicy fmnicl luiiij^iiiLT to the Spciikoi s 
 <li!iir ill the I'cii'Iiiunciit Kciimi', was iiiistakiii fm u Imiiian scal|», .iiid 
 > .iniiMl (itJ'to serve as proof of Caiiailiaii liiirliaiism. 
 
 3' 
 
 i>n\ 
 
 n 
 
 ''■■-. i-p\ 
 
i! 
 <, 
 
 1^ 
 
 :H i:;i 
 
 \A 
 
 •; I 
 
 242 
 
 later the iiiwuljrs withdrow. DiirinL; their ;il)-.L'ni:L' Sir (Icor^i' 
 I'rc'vost had attacked their headquarters at Sackett's Harhour. 
 W'lien apparently on the |)()int of .yaining this important jiost, h- 
 had suddenly withdrawn, to the hcwihlcred indignation of hi> 
 followers. 
 
 The Ainericans now turned their arms with fresh viiioui 
 against the Niagara frontier. The victorious tk-et and army 
 under (Ihauncey sailed from devastated Vork to attack I'on 
 (leorge, and the little town of Newark that lay beneath its gun>. 
 This |)ost was held by Colonel N'incent with 1,300 men, while 
 an army of some 6,000 threatened it from the other side of the 
 river. 'I"he .\mericans, swarn^uig to shore under cover of a 
 terrific fire from the ships, were this time ably led, and 
 fought with spirit, .\gain anil again they were repulsed ; but at 
 length \'incent was driven back with overwhelming loss so 
 deadly was the fire from Chauncey's ships. 'I'he (Canadian 
 general called in the troops that held ('hip[)ewa and I'ort ICrie, 
 blew up the ramparts of iMjrt (ieorge, and retreated to a new 
 position at Heaver Dam, about twelve miles from Niagara. 
 'I'he garrisons of ('hippewa and Fort I*>rie had now swelled 
 Vincent's force to 1,600. The Americans pursuing him with a 
 force of i',300 men and eight field pieces, he coninued his re- 
 treat all the way to IJurlington Heights. The enemy atlvanced 
 to a stream known as Stoney Creek, where they encam|)ed for 
 the night. 
 
 Relieved from immediate [)ressure, \'incent sent out a recoii 
 noitering party of seven hundred and fifty regulars, under ( 'olont I 
 Harvey,* to examine the enemy's position. I''inding the en 
 trenchments carelessly guarded, Harvey made a daring att;.' k 
 in the darkiK-ss. I'he American soldiers, rudely awakened, 
 sprang u\) about their glimmering camp-fires and stood their 
 ground bravely for a time. Hut they were bewildered and with 
 out discipline. After a blind, wild struggle they were routed at 
 the point of the bayonet ; and their two generals. Winder and 
 
 * .\ftt'nvar(l.>4 Sii' .lohn Harvey, (iovernor of Ni'W Itrunswick, iiii<l 
 uuv of till! bravest ami most skilful ottiuers) iii the stirvicu. 
 
■is 
 
 fhandlur, with too other i)risoiifrs and four field |)ic(L'S, ffll 
 into Harvey's hands. (June 5th, iNi.v) 
 
 \'in('cnt at once followed up the retreat of the invaders, and 
 sent a small advance jjarty to reoccupy the position of Meaver 
 I )ani. I'liis dangerous duty was entrusted to ' .ieutenant Jaines 
 l'"il/,gibl)on, with hut 30 IJritish regulars and 30 Mfjhawk Indians. 
 A few miles in the rear, where now stands St. (Catherine's, lay 
 Major de Haren with 200 men. The Americans, smartinij 
 
 un( 
 
 ler their defeat, planned to surprise this out|)ost. () 
 
 lie 
 
 Colonel lioerstler, with 550 men and two field guns f)f the 14th 
 L'nited States Regiment, was despatched with great secrecy on 
 the enterprise. 
 
 In spite of all precautions, however, news of the plan got 
 
 out. It readied the ears of fames Secord, a wouiu 
 
 ledC 
 
 :ina- 
 
 dian m 
 
 ilitiaman of (^)ueenston. Unable himself to carry tl 
 
 he 
 
 word to I''itzgil)l)on, his wife undertook the perilous and diffi- 
 cult errand. She succeeded : and the name of Laura Secord 
 
 ras written high among those of Canada's heroines 
 
 At 
 
 (lawn 
 
 she set forth, eluding the hostile sentry hy pretiMiding to milk a 
 cow, which she gradually drove before her into the woods. 
 Once out of sight, she ran. Through twenty miles of wild forest 
 she forced her way, now startled by the rattlesnake, now tremb- 
 ling at the cry of the wolf, till late in the day she was 'topjied 
 liv the sentinel Mohawks who carried her before I'itzgibbon 
 with her tidings. Heaped with praise and gratitude, she was 
 
 taki'ii to a farm-house near \)\ and tenilerb' (;are( 
 
 1 for. 
 
 I'itzgibbon at once sent word back to de Haren. Th'"i he 
 llirew out his Indians along the line of the foes a|)|)roach, and 
 awaited the attack. .About dawn the American column vn- 
 countered the Indians, who bv firing irregularly, yelling terrific- 
 ally, and keeping wi'll out of sight, managed to <on\ey the im 
 pression that their tuimbiTs were formidable. Hearing the 
 noise of the fight, three young Canadian niilitiaiiu 11 named 
 Kelly, at work on their farm near by, ran for their guns and 
 h.istened to the scene. Thev were joined bv sr\in or eight 
 
 more muskets, summoned from other fariih 
 
 ih. 
 
 ^ounil 
 
244 
 
 Hiding hcliind trees tlic Canadiiins ()[)ciicd fire, from a direr- 
 ti(jii in wliidi no attack was looked fur. The enemy threw (nil 
 skirniishers anil pressed on, l)Ut in growing confusion. 'I'hf 
 front of their colunin became disorganized. Their commander 
 quite lost his wits. Sudilenly tiiey were met l)y l^'it/gibhon at 
 the head of liis Ixjid 30, advancing with a flag of truce. The 
 suggestion (jf a truce was now much to fjoerstler's fancy. He 
 was told 1)/ Fit/gil)l)on that de Haren, with reinforcements, 
 was cluse by. He saw before him a resolute array of red coat>. 
 The Indians, in the wooils on both Hanks, yelled fearscjiiiely. 
 with scalping-knives and horrors in their cry. 'I'hose eleven 
 ("anadian militiamen kept up their rude assault upon the rear. 
 Hoerstler felt himself entrapped. .Much worried, he hurriedly 
 surrendered his whole force. Kit/gibbon was embarrassed, 
 however, by this haste. What could 30 regulars, 30 Indians, 
 and I I ('anndian n^litiami'n do with five hundred ,\mericaii 
 soldiers of the line, two field guns, and the colours of the 14th 
 United States regiment ? Our gallant Fitzgibbon took refuge 
 in politeness. He kept the American ofificers a long while 
 busy in drawing up with punctilious courtesy the articles of ca 
 pitulation ; till at last de Haren arrived with his two hundred 
 bayonets and released him from the awkward situation. (Jiinr 
 24, 1813.) 
 
 After this .stroke (leneral Dearborn resigned his command, 
 to be succeeded by (General IJoyd. .\bout the same time the 
 governorship of Upi)er Canada was given to (leneral de Rot 
 tenburg, who thus superseded both Sheaffe and \'incent. For 
 a time there was inaction ahmg the Niagara frontier, broken 
 only by the successful raid of Colonel Clark, of the Lincoln 
 militia, against the American post of I'"ort Schlo.sser, and C(;I- 
 oiiel Hishopp's attack on the American naval depot at I'.lai k 
 Rock. 'I'his attack was entirely successful, resulting in the de 
 struction of valuable stores; but it cost Canada the life nt 
 Colonel IJishopp, a brave and judicious officer to whom both 
 the regulars and the militia were attached. 
 
 About this time Commodore Chauncey with his fleet nuRk 
 
245 
 
 illO 
 
 lliLT descent on tht 
 
 ifort 
 
 e unlortunatf proviiicuil (iijmii 
 
 I.itll 
 
 \()rk,'" burned the bainicks, carried off public and prisate stores, 
 ,111(1 ileslroyed some small boats, lint meanwhile his siiprem- 
 nv on Lake Ontario had been brought into question. The 
 ( anadian lleet in Kingston Harbour had been reinforied by 
 
 I he 
 
 arrival of Sir James Veo with 4^0 ISritish seamei 
 
 .Sir 
 
 lames had only six .ships to the American fourteen, but he 
 -ailed from Kingston, ca|)tured some dejiots on the south shore 
 'if the ! ake, and then challenged Cliauncey to come out of Ni- 
 ;i:;ara and ("igiu. Nothing loth, the American commodore ac- 
 I rpted the challenge. Xf)r was the contest so uneven as might 
 n|)[)ear from the numbers on each, side, for the Canadian ships 
 Wire somewha.t larger and nujre heavily armed than their ad- 
 
 versaries 
 
 The America 
 
 ns. 
 
 lowever, were nuu 
 
 h th 
 
 c sui)erior 
 
 in speed and in the range of their guns, and they foiled all Sir 
 James's efforts to bring them to close quarters. During the 
 liattle two of the American vessels were captured, 'i'wo more 
 
 wer 
 
 (■ upset in a s(]uall, and all on board lost save si.xteen wIk 
 
 )m 
 
 he liritish boats j)icked up. After tliese losses Chauncey de- 
 
 lim 
 
 ed to fight it out, and retired under the guns of l''ort Ni; 
 
 ara. 
 
 On Lake I- 
 
 ne, 
 
 however, the strife ft 
 
 )r naval supremacy 
 
 had 
 
 a different ending. On the 10th day of Sejjtember the ("anadian 
 fleet of six ships, under (Ja|)tain llarclav, fought the .\merican 
 tleet often ships, under Commodore l'err\', ;nd suffered a mtjst 
 disastrous defeat. 'I'he battle was a desperate one, and llarclay 
 fought with stubborn valour; but in the end every one of h 
 
 IS 
 
 shii)s was 
 
 tak 
 
 en or destroved 
 
 This disaster brought anot'.ier on its heels. Proctor, at 
 
 Detroit, was cut off fr(jm hi 
 
 s sujiphes. 
 
 \i 
 
 e determined to lmvc 
 
 u|) Detroit, evacuate the western <ountiy, and fall back on liur- 
 lington Heights. Dismantling his fortifications and taking the 
 i^uns with him, he retreated U[» the valley of the 'I'hames. His 
 foice, including Tecumseh's 500 warriors, numbered between 
 thirteen and fourteen luindreil. He was followed with great 
 energy by (ieneral Harrison, at the head of an army which had 
 l>v this time swelled to over three thcnisand. 
 
 a^a 
 
 '.f? 
 
 1; 
 
 '"IIP 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 ;. 
 
2^0 
 
 SI 
 
 f 
 
 <^^ 
 
 And now came tliu Ininiiliating and ruinous diTfal ol 
 Moravian 'I'own. I'roctor haltud his army huforc Moravian 
 Town, in a strong position, witli thu current of the 'I'hanies on 
 his left, a dense cedar swamp on his rigiit, and a frf)nt of oiil\ 
 about tiiree hundred yards to defend. 'I'he swamp was securiK 
 held by Tecumseh and his Indians, l-'or this position his fon e 
 should have been ample, even if ten times outnuml)ered. liut 
 he seems to have neglected the most ordinary precautions in ihi 
 matter of scouts and skir misher s. IJy felling trees in his front 
 ,7 he might have protected himself with an impenetrable abatis ; 
 bu* this obvious duty he neglected. Harrison's Kentucky ritK- 
 men were upon him befcjre he realized their nearness. 'I'lic 
 (Canadian front was shattered almost at the first rush. 'The 
 battle was over ere it was well begun, and I'roctor with his staff 
 was in full flight for lUirlington. 'I'he troops seem to have lia<l 
 no confidence in their leader, for they had not lost a score in 
 killed and wounded before their courage gave way. The Indians 
 alone were men that shameful day. 'I'hey held their ground 
 and fought heroically when their white allies had fled. 'I'herr 
 in the wild melee the brave Tecumseh fell, a stroke more grie\ 
 ous than the defeat itself. The victors in their triumphant 
 hatred disgraced themselves by mutilating the body of the dea<l 
 hero, who, savage though he was called, had ever set them an 
 example of humanity, moderation and justice. I'roctor, for hi> 
 conduct on this sorry occasion, was court-martialed, and di> 
 missed from the service. 
 
 .Some slight compensation for the disaster of Lake Krie and 
 the humiliation of .Moravian Town was granteil by Fate, mean 
 while, on Lake Chan'plain. The .\mericans, with their heavii\ 
 armed sloops-of-war, E>v::k' and Groivkr, commanded the 
 Lake. The gate of Lower ('anada was barred, as of old, at 
 Isle aux Noix. Here, expecting attack, the (lanadian com 
 mander. Colonel Taylor, ef|uipped three small gun-boats; and 
 having no sailors, manned them with soldiers from his regiment 
 When the American ships attacked, they met with a surprising!} 
 hot reception. After a four hours' battle they were both ca|i 
 
24" 
 
 I'.irt'd. Soon afterwards, under the Red Cross l)atiner oLI'llii,'- 
 1.1 nd's marine, they swej)! the American Hag off the waters of 
 Lake (.'lianiplain. 
 
 A little later the Army of the North, the most numerous and 
 hitherto least active division of tlie enemv's forces, made a 
 douMe movement on Montreal. One section, consisting of 
 7000 men under Cieneral Wade Hampton, advanced from Lake 
 ( liamplain to the ('hateau^uay River, with the intention of de- 
 --cending that stream to its mouth and crossinii tliencc to the 
 liead of Montreal Island. The other section, of Sooo men un- 
 der (leneral Wilkinson, was to operate from Sackett's Harbour, 
 and descend the St. Lawrence in boats to join Hampton at La 
 ("hine. 'I'o hold the frontier against Hampton's advance was a 
 scattered force of about 1600 men, of whom 350, chietlv I'reiK'h 
 Canadian N'oltigeurs with a handful of Cleng.-.rry [•■encil)les, 
 formed a cor[)S of observation far to the front. This bodv of 
 lroo[)S was inider the commaml of the brave de Salaberry, a 
 inend)er of the old French (Janadian noblesse who had won 
 distinction lighting ICngland's battles in foreign lands. His is 
 one of the shining names on the roll of our country's heroes. 
 He had already repulsed an attack of Ham|)ton's on the little 
 forest oul[)ost of Odelltown. Now he hastened to throw hin.- 
 self in the path of the march on Chateauguay. In a tract of 
 difficult forest, intersected by four parallel ravines, with the 
 river on the left and a swamp on his right, de Salaberry threw 
 up his defenses. Half a mile to the rear was a ford of the 
 river, whereat he [)osted a siuall party of Heauharnois militia, 
 supi)orted by a band of (llengarries under Macdonel, the victor 
 of Ogdensburg. The Americans came on in two divisions, one, 
 under (len. Izzard, attacking in front, the other, led by C!(jloneI 
 I'urdy, moving down the further bank of the river to force the 
 ford. The front attack was hurled back in confusion, not an 
 .Vmerican bayonet once gaining the inside of the breastworks. 
 -Ml through the fight the Canadian buglers ke[)t blowing, and the 
 wadike brass resounded at such widely separate [)oints that the 
 nvaders thought the whole Canadian army wa.s before them. 
 
 ;. J fp] 
 
 U^ 
 
 ' "In' 
 
ir^'ii 
 
 llv llu- .Ul.u'k ill tVont 
 
 wfaki'iu'd 
 
 im';inwliili.', was pn.N-M.'i 
 
 I wil 
 
 1 DNrrwiuliiiiiiLr InK 
 
 hit (Ml (ho lull I 
 Thr iK'Irnd 
 
 I'l^ Irll li.ii k >l()\\ly, I III' Liiciny lnllowrd. till all at oik t . 
 uwiiiLi to a h.Miil in thr ri\^T, thi'\ toiiiul ihciiinUrs r\|ii)'M.'il in 
 a ck'ailly Hank I'm.' iVom di Salal>iii\ s hiu's. 'I'hr\ hroki', and 
 lli'd l)ack into tlic liii.Nhis, and wriv fiiid upon hy advam 111- 
 l)artirs of thiir own men who mistook thi'in for tin.' vii'toiioii- 
 
 (lanachans. 
 
 Tl 
 
 K'li Wild |>anu' sii/t(i n|)on liir invading anm 
 
 and thi- path of its lliuiit was stirwn with knajtsacks, dniiiis. 
 niuskc'ls. and caiiii) t.(|iiipa};(.;. 'I'Ik' di'tVat of tlu' tlirt'i' thou 
 sanil live luindii'd by the thii't' hundred and fifty was ovii 
 wlii'lniin}^ in its coniijle'tiiK'ss. 
 
 K- victorv of ( ■halcaiiLiU 
 
 i\. 
 
 k'l it 1)1' i\nicnil»i.'rt.(l, w.is a victory i»f the I'lciuh Canadian 
 niililia, K'll hy tiioir own offu\Ts ; and it was jn'riiaps thr iiio>t 
 j^lorious in the whole course of a war which won iinperishaliK 
 glory for our arms.* 
 
 (loneral Wilkinson, in the meanwhile, was lingering; at 
 Sackett's llarl)«)ur. Not till tlie 3rd of Xovemher did he '^i\ 
 his army under way. In a llolilla of 300 halteaux, escorted li\ 
 gun-hoats, he l)eL;an the ilesceiU t)f the St. Lawrence; and 1200 
 of his troops marciieil abreast of him, ilown the south shore ol 
 the river. When well beyond the batteries of I'rescott thi> 
 force crossed to the Canadian side, and was reinforceil till ii'- 
 ranks numbered little less than three thousand, Cl«)se (.)n tiu 
 heels of the invaders followed a force of Soo I'nitish rej,iilai> 
 and C'anadian militia from Kingston, ceaselessly harassing thrii 
 march. 'I'his little army, a mere corps of observation, was cum 
 manded by C^olonel .Morrison, and accompanied by the dariim 
 Harvey, vi<'tor t)f Stoney Civek. A little beyond WilliamsburL:. 
 at a spot whose name is one of the unforgettable names of oiii 
 history, the attacks of the Canadian skirmishers on the Ameri 
 can rear became too galling to be i>()rne. 'I'he invader> 
 turned, to " brush awav the annovance." It was in the field- 
 
 * Tlu! victcii's of (Miiitt'anjj;ua\' wore s|)c(;iull_>' Iionoured liy Kiigliuiil. 
 Kvcry soldier t'ligayud was di'corated with a iiRMlid. Dt- tSalaberry liiiiv 
 »olf was kuiglitc'il, lieing made a Cominander f)f the liath. 
 
,(■ '•('hnsln' 
 
 24') 
 
 iii'iii III, It lli('\ 
 
 lok iiti llii ir |Mi>iI|i(ii. iiiid 
 
 ,111! 
 
 ;rilv {\\irt] tliL'ii haiiiilnl (it tm iii(i)l(jr>. I he Ip.iltlr luck 
 
 |il;i(«.' Ill lllr Jillrliuioli n 
 
 I Nnv. 
 
 I Jill. 
 
 Ill vpltl- 
 
 llitir <i\ii 
 
 ululiiiin^i inmil)ri>. ihc ,\iik ik aiis \\^\r utii rl\ Kniud, ami 
 ill iMii ti) llnir li(ial>. 
 
 Sii k and diji'ctid lioiii ^ik ii a i( \(i>c, Wilkiiivdn |ii( smcj on 
 rj^iwn llif river, 'XiKclmi,' Id join I laiii|)t<>n\ lurii >. ,\l Ki'i:!^ lie 
 111 .ml (if the rout at ( "liatiau,mi.iy. 'riic aH,n k <i\\ Moiitrcil 
 \\ II at oiicf aWaiidoiicd, and tin .Viiicrii an ar 
 
 li r iHiartrrs. 
 
 in\ wi-ni mid um 
 )siii:i ;i(is ol tlir <-,iiiiiiai;:ii of i ,S i ? wire 
 
 iinl war, lull reprisal. In I )((iiiii)ir. ( uiural Sir ( Icur^c |)niiii- 
 iiHind was I lilt in loiiini.iiid nt the Inrccs in r|p|ii r ( '.in.ida. I li' 
 ordered an attack on I'orl ( ieori^e, rallur uscKssK, a- I'ul 
 
 ( 'irori.;t' w.is <()iiiniaii(le(l li\ I'ort Ni.iL;ara 
 
 )|)o-lli 
 
 iiiil \\;i^ 
 
 therefore of no L^real use to citlur sidr. ( )n tin- appro, ili nt 
 tlir ('anadian <()lumn ("niicral .\li( 'hiri.' aliaiidoiu:d tin place 
 and retired to the .Niinricaii side, lint hclore di parliiiL; In lilt 
 
 ,i leiia< 
 
 of iiale l)V liiirnini^ the town ol Newark, and c,i>iin'.^ all 
 
 nhaliitanls, old and \ouiin, sick and well, .idnit in ll 
 
 the I 
 
 •ritv of a wild 
 
 iC S(\ 
 
 ■(eiiihcr 11 
 
 iuht. 'IT.i 
 
 s senseless o.irhansiii 
 
 iroimiit swift nlrilmlion. 
 
 aiiurs ( '.inadiaii 
 
 s crossed the 
 
 n 
 
 ver, stoniied I'ort N'i.iiiara, Imriied l.iwi^ion. Iiiiriied i'.nlTalo, 
 and wasted the whole NiaL;ara front 
 
 ler. 
 
 'I'o turn onc:e inort' from the Lakes to 
 
 he -•i.'.'i, wi' Imd tliat 
 
 the Slimmer of this ye.ir hroiit^iit compeiis.itioii to lai;.^lanil lor 
 the maritime disasters of 1X12. l^.irly in June, while the Am 
 erican frig.ite ('//■. Sd/'tii/'Ji was rellttiiiL; in the port of I'.ost 
 the Ihilish frij,Mtes Sliatnunt and 'IViirdns ,ip|ie,ired off the t 
 
 on. 
 
 lar 
 
 hour. 'I"he S/iniiiinii, a line shi|) carr\in,L; 52 ^iins. manned 
 wilii a full and well drilled crew, was comm.inded by ("aptam 
 llroke, who hiirned to wipe out the humiliations whi< h the 
 liritish fla^f had suffered on the sea. .Seiidin.i^ away the '/'rucdos, 
 1k' despalchetl a formal challeii.ue to ('a|it,iin Lawrence of the 
 C//(S(i/>C(i /■:(•, askini; for "the honour of a meeting to try the lor 
 tunes of our flags." I,awrence, a nallaiU ofticer. acce|)ted wiih 
 enthusiasm. On June i ith he sailed out of jiort. all reads for 
 
 tt 
 
 ':!*» 
 
 m 
 
 ■:-m 
 
 iM, 
 
 i: <■! 
 
11 1 
 
 
 S't^Si 
 
 m\ 
 
 l).illlf ; and in hi> wakr su.irnicd .^aily llu' plfasurc l)()ats and 
 yai'lus of l>ust()(i, iM^'iT ti) witnt'ss anottuT Aniiriran triiMiipli 
 (tviT die Miistros of ilu' seas, 'I'lic tsvii >ilii|i^ wiTL- well niatc lud. 
 v:nh carrying 52 j^iins. I'm the Cfu's<i/>etikt- had a small advan 
 laiic in \v'ij:;l)t nf l)niadsidf, in t()nnat;r, and in ihc niinihrrs ot 
 hur rrvw* 'I'Ih- battle was desperate hut brief. L'lidiT a t( r 
 rifle eanni)na<le from all the f^iiiis which they conld hrin;; tn 
 hear, th(.' ea^er antai^unists elosed. The moment they came to 
 ^'ether and urappK'd. the S/iiiniin/i's crew hoarded their foe. 
 s\varminj4 "^'t''' die hiilwarks cutlass in hand, swinging' air()>> 
 from yard arm and ri;^^ing. At the head of his men, liyluini^ 
 fiercely, Lawrence fell mortally \V(nmded. In fifteen ininute> 
 from the first broadside the C/h\uf/>ca/ii''s tlaj^ came down ; and 
 the S/i(Viiii>>i had won back the old |)restigc of I'-ngland's shijjs. 
 I'lie victorious IJroke sailed away with his prize to Halifax : 
 and there, with military honours, the slain captain was buried. 
 At the tidiniis of this triumph a chorus of joy went up from 
 I'jiglish tonj^iies. 
 
 'I'o the provinces of Nova Scotia and ,cw IJrunswick tin 
 cam[)aign of iSi 5 brought no great actions, though the stir nl 
 military preparati(jn kept Halifax excited and made traffic brisk 
 throughout the neighboring counties. Halifax further profited 
 from the fact that prizes captured off the American coast were 
 brought thither to be S(,id. American privateers, now aiul 
 again, swof)ped ilown upon the coast, doing some damage. 
 Annapolis in particular, so surely does history repeat itself, felt 
 the Weight of this scourge. (Chester, too, was harried more 
 than once: and the fertile vale (jf the Cornwallis was raitled. 
 I»ut all the damage inflicted by {)rivateerst was far more than 
 
 Ami;kic\n. 
 
 Ch, 
 
 I ■■'(Ulfdli'l 
 
 (Inns. 
 
 /•- 
 
 Wcigiit <if int^tal IIH(» lbs. 
 
 (iiiii 
 
 'I 
 
 I'rew 
 
 igf. 
 
 1 1X1 
 
 .S70 
 
 Hkitihii, 
 
 Shnitiioii. 
 
 ( illll.S ."l2 
 
 Weii'lit of iiuHiil 1070 Hi 
 
 'r<)iiiuigi.'. 
 
 L'rew . . . 
 
 KMUi 
 
 M 
 
 tin Maiionc Hay t<»()k piiit'c the atlair (if tlie Yoiiinf Tki'-h'. Tliis 
 iiDteil American j>i-ivateer wais chaHcil np the liay hy two I'i'itisli ve.s^sel.<. 
 Overtaken at last, the crew t'miglit desperately ; lint a!< she was on the 
 
ill 
 
 i 
 
 -5' 
 
 inadc up Ity llic itrufits of the coiitiMli.iiKl tr.ulr uliitli niir nl';> 
 lio.ird coimtiyinL'n ciirrifd on wiili ^iirrwd diliuom t', lii in^ 
 till' l)()l<iist and rradit'st of Nail. ir^, iiion'ostr, llu NOsa S((itiaiis 
 and New I5riiiis\vi( ki-i^ look pattern from lluir lor: and ni se- 
 cluded ports of the Atlantic and liindy siiovc wcri' rut< d oul 
 some swift privateers, whose siicci'ssful cruisers l.iid iln; foun- 
 dations of many a provinc ial fortune. 
 
 ( SKcllDS T'l. --('iiii:i'li,fii \ ii'l'.|> III l.:i C.illr Mill, iiii'l Aii. ;ili Nifli'iv iil riii|.- 
 
 luH.i. Thr It.ittli- III I.iiimIv'- l.iiiH'. Till' .l.li.it ..I l'i,.\..«t ,il I'l.ill-I.iii-. N.,\:i Sc,,|i,, 
 t ikr^ lM.«-r>-i'iii 1,1 Kii-ti-ni Mdiiir. Tlic Hill i^li ili !( ili . I 1 1 Ni » I'lU.iii--, lii-nlK.'l 
 
 \V;li I'll- Allirlil':!. Hi'slllN n\ \V,ll t.. Clllllilll.) 
 
 75. The Campaign of 1814. Durin- the next winter 
 reinforcenieiits were hroiight into ('anada. in pre|)aration for the 
 sharp work that seemed to threaten on the openiii;.' of spring. 
 In I'ebruary a portion of the <Sth ri^i^inunl ac( omplislud the 
 painful inarch from l-redericton to tlu- St. I.awniKH', o\tr the 
 route already marked out liy the io4lh. i>y the sanie route 
 came 250 llritish seamen for service on thi' Lakes. 
 
 Thoui-di the autumn ud\ance on Montreal had lieeii so 
 rudi'ly checked, the Americans h;i(l not L;iveii u|i llu- phm ot 
 attack in that ipiarter. About the end of .Man h ihey mo\cd 
 from IMattsi)uru with qooo mi'ii, crossed the liorder. and attacked 
 
 tlie Canadian position at I, a ( "olle mil 
 stronif one, and was held hv .M; 
 
 IS j)osition was 
 
 a 
 
 nor 
 
 Hand 
 
 cock Will) about hve 
 
 lundred men. The mill was a massive stone structure o 
 
 f tW( 
 
 stories, further strengtluned by heavy beams, and well fitted for 
 defence. .X^ainst this small outpost Wilkinson threw his whole 
 
 (jrce m vain. 
 
 Aft 
 
 er .several nours ol M: 
 
 ;ht 
 
 iiv. 
 
 m the course ol 
 
 which the intre|)id little garrison showed its spirit by a fienc 
 sortie, the Americans retired. Alter this Wilkinson resiLiind 
 his command, and the (Ihamplain frontier was left at [leaie lor 
 a time, while the centre of war shifted liai k to L'pjier ('anada. 
 In May an e\[)edition from Kingston captured Oswcuo ;md 
 
 IMiint of surreiitk-r siii^ Wiis lilown ii]>, ami only ciiilit nf 
 
 il-l nii'li csriiliiil 
 
 Tl 
 
 \\li<il(.'sii!t' ilcst niutiiin Wii.s tlic wmk nf ii iJritisli ilcscrlfi, wlm 
 
 kiU'W tiiiit fill- liiiii ciiptiirc nifiiiil li:ini;ini.'. anil wlm tlu'ictun' clin.si 
 ratiier to tire tlio itowdur iiui^ii/.iiic. 
 
 . :' »'u'l 
 
 - 'I '^^m 
 
!'* 'i 
 
 Tjt 
 
 (Ii">ti()\ril the foit. ( )n tlu' Ni;i,uar:i rroniur llu' Anurican- 
 t'liik I'ml \'.v\r. thus ((iiiiiK'HsalinLi ihciii'M.'Ut.'s for tlu' loss ol 
 I'orl Niagara. ( )iir little aniu in this district, (oiisisiiiii; ot 
 2000 iiii'ii with a \\w iu'ld ^iins, was ddw uiuIit coininaiul <it 
 ('n'lK'ial Riall. ( )ii July 5th. iSi.}, Kiall attackinl the .\inrri( an 
 army, ofthriir his stri'iii,'th, mar ( 'hi})|H'wa, am! was hcateii nil 
 altiM- a hani i'luhl. 
 
 Some Weeks later, (leiieral hrimmKiinl arri\t'(! with rt 111 
 rorceiiieiits : and on Jiilv joth was loiiuhl the llaltleol" laind\'^ 
 l.ane, or, as tlu: Aiuerie.m liist<,triaiis lall it, I )nimm()nd\ ille 
 I.lindy'.s l.ane was tlie most holK eoiUested hattle of the war. 
 ( )n the ('anadiaii sMe were some two thousand ei^lit hunthed 
 reL^ulars and militia, under (leiural hrunmiond; while tin 
 AnuMieans, under ( leneral Ilrown, numhered ahout ("i\e thou 
 sand. The road called lamdy's Lane, ri'.iinin^ within eirshm 
 ol the mant I'ataraet. was si'i/cd hy I'rmnmond at thi' lie-in 
 nin^ of llu' hattle, and fornu'd the kev of the position. The 
 fiLiht heuan at \'\\c in the al'ternoon. It was a conl'used and 
 desper.'iti' struL:,L;le, so close that more than once the opposinu 
 cannon were tlumdering mu/zlt.' to nHi//.le. 'I'he ^rttii lane 
 was heaped with dead and dyin^. Onci' the foe gained jiossess 
 ion, liiit held it not for lon:^. liackwards and forw.nds swayi d 
 the deadly urapjtle, through the twilii;ht, then throui;h the dark 
 'The sky was thick with clouds, hut at tiuus a white ("m^ei ol 
 moonlight jiierced the ^loom, Ii_L;hlinL; the sciiie ol carn.im.'. 
 Tow.ird nine o'clock there was a |)ause, md the roar ol Ni.iL;ara 
 sounded heavily over the sudden hush, 'I'lK'n with stren,;;lh 
 and rajj,e renewed, the antagonists spraiij; at viuh other's 
 ihro.its, 'Till nearly midnii;ht, with varvini; hut well niuh hal 
 anced I'orHines, the i;rnii stru^,i;li' went on. At last the .\nuri 
 cuis retired and lell haik on their camp at Chippew.i, leavni;^ 
 many hundreds of dead .md wotruli-d on the field. ( )n tlie lol 
 lowinu tl.iv tlu-y threw their heavy l)a;j:L;at];c into the river, and 
 fled* to I'orl I'jie, (.Icslroying the (!hippewa hridge behind 
 them. 
 
 * Sitiiii' Aiiieriian liisturi.m.s, wlm .jiiiti' i^'iiore Cliiilt'iiuyiiiiy ami 
 
 w 
 
■Mi 
 
 I >riiliiii)(iii(l lolldurd ihr .\miri<;in iiMit.i!. ;iii(l l,ii(Nic-L;r tn 
 loll |-',rif ; lint tluTc he \va> ,->(> rnui:lil\ iKindlrd li\ the iiitinv 
 iM two (l,i->liini; aortic-, tli.il !ir i;ii--i(l [\}r s', -r and K 11 Ilk k to 
 ( Ti'|i|ii-\\a. Ill thi> |i(»>ilinri llir two aniiii-> wati lud <■ h li otiu-r 
 lor wnlsN, widi no i;n|ionant ino\inii iit on citluT ^idr. Tli.' 
 
 • ■di;!' ol haltlt ^liilU'd to other and widdv ■^iparatc po'nl--. in 
 August an Aniciii an ('\|n(h!ion went noithwaid ami altai kcd 
 the loit at Maikinaw, |!iit the iMitii |iri--i' cnd^d di^ l^I^ou->l\ 
 lor ihcin. the [ilm k\' uai'ri>on not onK' licatuiL; hack it"- a>->ail 
 ants liul caiiiurinL; two oj tlnir ve^^ls. |n S'|it ■inUi.'r Sir 
 ( irorL^e rr(\o>t inidurtook the rrdtict'MM ,,\ I'ialt^hiirL'. llu Am- 
 erican luMd(|iiattrrs on Lake ( 'hainiiiawi. and failed i^ii-mnni- 
 ousI\'. 
 
 TliiN (li-.a>ttT <'aMie ju^t when i^real thin^N wi-re i Apei it-d o| 
 l're\ost. i'ai;.',l.nid had tnuin|ihi(l in the ( )ld World. Water- 
 loo had Iteen tonight. Napolron was ( rushed. Th'' pow, r ot 
 lai^land \va^ tree to aei in Anuiiea. The whole < o i-,|. iVom 
 the ( lull' of Mexieo to Nova Seotia. wa^ d'-land under lilcx k- 
 adi-. and llriti>h Heets nienaecd e\er\ port. .\i tin .,mie time 
 ^iroiiL^ reinforcements were Miit to l.owir ("anail.i. and I'ri'so^t 
 was diri'cti'd to sirikt' a ('ii i>i\e lilow on lake (haniplain. 
 With I •^,000 choice troop-.. man\ of them the vetcm^ o| Wel- 
 lington's cam|iai.nns, I'reMijt mo\eil U|i till' sllori s ol 'he lak'.'. 
 .\lireast of iiis march sailed a lleet of sloops and unn hoaS. 
 with oiH' small frigate, under Captain hownii-. The Aim lie, m 
 lleei lay under the L;Kns of ri.iitsWurL;. I'reNost's |ilaii of Nattle 
 pro\ide(l that tln' Ian<l fori e should storm the iiilrenchiueiits 
 while I )ow ni ■ v,a- destroMiiL; the .\meiieaii ship-,. j'.ul the 
 American ships proved too tou^h a mois,l. The hattle was a 
 >tiil)!)urM "11 The lira\i- hownie was killed, his ileei (.ip- 
 lured or seattered. h.iunltd 1)\ tin' si-lu of this disa-ter. Sir 
 ( ieor^e \\ithdrew jirecipilati l\ , lea\iium.ui\ ol his wounded on 
 the field. 'I'his asli/nisliinu rein- it he . \plained li\ s,i\ui;4 ih.it 
 
 • liiyslcr's Fiiiiii. ciiiiiii l.uiplv's I, MM' ;is all .\liiili ni vhtniy. It is 
 
 iinpiis.-iililf III til III III It the iri Miiinls ler -" !. ,1 . l,,;;:'. or Imw I lii\ r 11 • 
 
 'licit with tlii.s liiiniiii;.' i>t ill iilgi's ,eiil ;lii' c isl 111;.' ni ha-na;/! intii ilw 
 ruor. 
 
 i '^-JL: 
 
 f*f 
 
 .!♦ 
 
 :l 
 
 \.m 
 
 iu* 
 
 iW 
 

 I'l.itlshiii- wdiild l)f i>r no iiM- 1(1 hill) iwiw ih.it ilic niin ut' tin 
 il.''t li;iii l(i--t him liir coiuin.inil u| ihr laki'. Iltit hi^. arm\ \\a^ 
 rilled with nim'. Main ol the nl'tici r- Inuki' tlu'ir swords in 
 liiiv at till' ilisL;ia(c. A \<\\ nionlhs lati'i' i'lcMist ua^ Miin 
 iiiDncd liDiiit' Id I'.n^land to In iiiiti lur iii(('iiiinlt.Mi(V ; luit h' 
 Irll Ml k nil the juiiiiKN, and dird lit tuic the trial took pkui 
 It is said that win ii ai tiialK imdcr lire this iinrorlimatr i^cnciai 
 dis|)la\iil the j^natcst pcisdnal roiiia^r : lnit it is certain thai 
 he lai'ked resolution in iin(iL;ene\. and that hi' had not tin 
 coiiraue oi his lesjionsihilitii's, 
 
 In the Manliine l'ro\iiires tln' suiniiu-r ol iSi | nasmarki'd 
 l)\ some aetivit\. Sir John Sherlndokf was L;o\einor ol Nova 
 ."'(dlia. lie eoiK luded that ihi-tiine was ii|ie loi lAtendiiiL' 
 r.ritisji elaims ..\er the old dispiiled teriitor\ ol M.iine. In 
 jiiK he s^ait an e\|i((liiion against l',ast|iort, (a|iliiied it, and 
 nia<le the lati/eiis take the oath o| alle^i.MK c to the llritish 
 ( rowi). In Se|iteinliei he stretihed his hand wi'siward to tin 
 i'eiioliscoi, sei/iiiu the towns ol (isiine and I'laii^or, and [Ho 
 I'laimini', IWitish aiithorilx o\er the sinioimdinL; rcLjion. whieh 
 had onee lietai a pail ol Aeadie. lie aeeom|ilished tiieliojd 
 eiiter|ii i/e w ith littlt o|i|iosi|ioii and no Moodshed, the peopli 
 at I eptiiiL; the new i ule \\ ith L;ood i;ra( i'. Muring the rest ol tl> 
 war all this disiri(t was under Siierlirooke's administration 
 rile I Ustoiiis rei<-i|its wele eaitied to \o\a S(otia. and eoiisti 
 tilled what was know n as the ( 'astme ImiikI. Itainoimted h 
 iiearK $40,000. most ol whiih. a lew \ears later, went to iIk 
 (.lundiiiL; i>r h.illioiisie ( 'olIeL^e III lialilaN. 
 
 Meanwhile, lai to ilu' snuth. I nyl.ind w.is (lUshmu hard 
 .iLi.iiiist her adw rsars . A lleet. under Atlmiral ('oehraii. s.iihd 
 into ( 'lies.ijieake I'laN. and lioinlianled in, I Mi lieiii \ . the de 
 leiii • ol Ikiltiiiiore. The Meet 1 airied a land loree under (leu 
 rral Koss, w hieii took Waslimmon. In retaliation lor tin 
 destruction ol NUrk, the ( apitol and other |tuMic huildiiiu- 
 wcre lull lied. Me.in while the ( 'oimiiissioneis ol' ( Inat ['.ritam 
 .'ilid the I'liiled .St.iti's Were siltiliu ill eouiH il at (Ihiiit. ill tin 
 NetlKilaiids : .iiid at last ttu'\ manaL;ed to ai.;rei' ii|ioii term ol 
 
 ['it I fe* 
 
 l:il;il\.| 
 
I". !'■<■. On tile (l,i\ ImIiiit ( 'hii>tm;i>, iXi.j, ilic 'l'rc;it\- of 
 ( iliciil w.is siniinl. 11', lU |irn\ i^ioii-^ i-.k h niliuii ic^lDtcil ;i!l 
 I. ukU lalo'H limine; tln' u.ir. Tin- llllinL;^ ol |m-,i( c. l-(iuc\(r, 
 wi-rc ^IdW i,i tXMi liiii:; lln- >.'(\\ WOrM. .ind in |,niu,n\ w.ii 
 I'Pii^lu ;i ricr( c and IiIdkiIv li.illli'. I'lic ( il\ uf Niw ( )il( ,ni^ 
 \\ IS atlai Iscd 1)\ (irniial r.ikcnliani witli a >Ii(in^ Inr'c 'I'lii.- 
 ill |rndfr> ol the 'ily wnr uiuslK raw inililia, and iIha uiti' 
 li'Mvily oiitniMnliriiil l)\ tlu' iJiHisli: lint tins' iiad inurniuuslv 
 ^irm^tlirncd tlii'ir li|i:ist\\urk> uitli luttun ImIi^ ,in<l l»aL's nt 
 ^,{\]t\, anil inidiT tin- rDininind nl l lnir \ i^urnns and waiiiki' 
 li-adcr, ( Icnrral .\ndn\^ jark^nn. tins loii^lit with adniitaM'- 
 •'itiragr. In \ain tin.' Ilriii^l) Iniili-d tlniiivUr, a.LiainsI tiii- 
 iHiM'I lircasIWDrk-i. 'I iir lnnj^' liin > nl luitnn lialrs ^in-ainid 
 with a iniirdiiDiis liii-. and Jo'.o l!iiti>li ■>iililiii> till IhIdi^- 
 tlnan. 'I'lir ri>iih w.is tlir di liai and diatli ul I'.ikinliain, and 
 iiif jarkMin, ,1 tliiud 1)1 |M)j)iilai' ad'iiatuin \\\\\' \\ \>\ and li\ i.ir 
 I nil liiiii to till' W'lntr I loiisf. 
 
 Tin; war was now donr. To ilu' Anirrii an^ it had hroui^lit 
 little l)iit dJNastrr. rin'\' had L;onr into it in a spirit ol dclihrrat"' 
 and wanton a^^rcssion. and with so liltli: r\i ii-f tliat on; oC 
 liu'ir litcatrst stati'siinn, (^Miiin y, i ould sa\ on the- lluor^ ol 
 • oniirL'ss "Sin'T lIu- in\asion of tlu; l!in laiuirs. tin re i^ 
 nolhinj; in histors' mon- dis;;rai itul than this war. I hi'\ had in 
 sailed llic lands ol an nnorfciidniL; |)i'o|i|r, whom ihrv lii^i \ain 
 l\ tried to scdiHi' riHtin thiir allrLiiann-. and lluii M^itcd with 
 lire and iiilla^c TheN rami' out ol the war with hw vii lories 
 lo their I'ledit, hut sinaitin,^ imdir ih.iiu and hnimhatin^ di,'- 
 liais. They laine out ol it with thiii uri.it men aiitili- in, nine 
 destroyed ( i'Jiglaiid took 3000 of their ships), tin ir Ion i_;n 1 oin- 
 merce ruined, two-thirds of tinir men haiils li.inkrii|it. I In ir 
 export trade had fallen from $ 100,000, oou to less than $.S,ooo, 
 000: their imports from $140,000,000 to .$15,000,000. lor 
 .til llu'ir eNpciidituri' of hloud and tre.isiire, the\' eonld show no 
 ^n'.it wroni; riLihted. no loot ni .idded lirritmN. nothing, in 
 ^\ii:t\. Itiil sui h ,1 reeord as a proud people |ii\'s not to dwell 
 upon. 
 
 ;<?;vi!^ 
 
 f'\. 
 
1 , • ( ',m (ill, 1-M |l\. 1 ilhi ' 1 1.1 111 I, ill. \v II w I . Ii niiliil 1 1| I'll i| \ 
 1 1 . I, -nils .111 |>i 'ii III 111 <•'!' Ml" 'il 111 ilii . il.i\ '-^iHiii (il I'h. 
 lUii>l Nj ill I 111 111 .Mill ill 1 r.i\ 1 \ Il li'i 11 . Ill I 111 W.I I Will wi HI l.\ 
 l!\i ( '.iii.iili.m iiinili.i I I'l \ I, 111, 111 M. (Hii iliililv 11' c|. Iiii.l 
 ,Mii vxiili liiMUii I .i",.ini-l i'\> iwlii liiiin : iiiiiiil'i I . I 111 \ I iii;lii 
 II'-. ii'n. i!i,ii m .1 r.i;ii.iiiil\ niijir.i w ii. ,i v* ii nl nil. iiii. ili. 
 j;i( ,11 kniiliiil 11 I'liMii nil mil Imiili I • i niiKl imI |miI tmlli .ill ii 
 •-lifns^lli. l>i 111!', h.imi'i I. (1 1 .\ till ii.ilinn il 1 nil .1 11 111 1 |ii'.| .i 
 l'n:;l.ir,<l w.r \\i .iK in llu w u nl \iii. in .in inli |'i 'iil. in < . I.. 
 1 .i;i',i li, I p. iipli iliMili'i . il till I li'.lili nil .111 '-■• 1 1| 111 I < .III -1 , .11 I 11. 
 I ml. il Sl.lli ■- pin\ 1 .1 w. llv III I 111 w.ll nl I .S I '. Ill 1 ,111 .1 llii p 
 wi.i-l -.nil-, llii II inn-l I llll:'.lll< 111 il ■ niiillilllill li •, lilir.iil !.• 
 
 Iippnil lllr .1'.;;'.1 1'-~>,- <n >' llir 
 
 I mill III 
 
 II 
 
 II 11 I I . II. 
 
 ,iinii il ih.il li.uli hi^ ijii nil 1 jH'-l " ( '.iii.ul i ■•.inn il. Ii\ llii • I'.ip 
 
 li'-in nl liii . .1 ni.iin.i 
 
 I M II 11 1 
 
 1,1111 1 , llli ;;i I in . nl .1 111 W .|i|l 11 
 
 |Mlnn!r-in Slir l«,iiiuil ih.il, wlnlli. i nl I i. in li m I ii:'li li 
 Mnml. >. nl. 11. Iii-h. .'i (mIULiii. In i .hi. w.i. .mi. in ln\.il 
 \ .'l.Mii. w h. n ill. . n. iii\ 1 .111'.. .i;..nn..| 111 I :\ili . j li i ilr\ .i .| ii 
 
 . .1 h.'MI. '., ill. M.'.'.l .'I II. I -.'11'-. ill. .. w.ll tin! Inn i;ii.n i 
 pin .■ I.' p,i\ t.'i ihi' linii.l .'I lii.illi. ilmn.l I'. Iw. . n lli. .. .ill. i. .1 
 pi.i\ in. fs I'll. Iinii.l lli.il I In II lii'-l 111. 1.1. 1 1 .. Il 11 11. limn < ip. 
 r>i. l.Mi In ih. Sii.iil'- .i| \l.i. kiM.iw, ".I. w ■.. I I. ll\ I'lil .III. I\ in 
 l\.n\i 1 nil II pt.i. 1,11111. .1 II ..Il 1.' llii wml.l in ( '. ml. .1. i .ii r mi, 
 ,in.i II .1. lu il mil I.' I'-l.iinl'- .'I llm IVn iln I" ' muii il'. wmk 
 
 lllrii- l-" w, 1111111'., II. >w .uiU tliU " \n. n nl « '.ilniu win. li .i|-. in 
 
 till' P.>1 
 
 \.\\- 
 
 h. t iiill ,111.1 ^^ i.i| 
 
 1 . in I ,ni'-i I I . '.1" Mill III '. Ill III 
 
 i'l.\,ik I't l.'i;^ .uul --ii-^pi. i.'ii 
 
 »?f». 
 
( II M' I I, I' WIN 
 
 StCTIONS 70. Thn North West, 1700 1035. 77, Slnf.- in 
 PolilH:s, Growth io F'opiil.itioii. 70, Politicil Sirilr in Low- 
 or C.1M.-|)I.'«. 
 
 ( >^ s ,•'. Iliv lIlN .'I II.' Mihl.' I. II M :.M'I \ llli W I I 
 
 \| ,. I . 
 
 . III. |.;v|.i..i I. \.ihi'..iivi 111. fiiciMr 1 .,1. I ..i.j -..Hill II. I iiiwi r..|..i,\. 
 
 I I.. I' 'I I .'I Vi'.li.iU'.iii. \irlii l'A|.|..i'iliMi. . >.| I I mil I i: .. I .1 
 
 76. The North West ; 1789 i8j5 In il .1,1 imn, ii,, 
 
 |>i>;.i|i .mil ' III iiiir.j.iiii i nl w.ii nl wliii h \m Ii,i\i In I II II mIiii).', 
 lUiid 'illlmlr .mil < r;isili'ss li.i M I .lll| i, Ui lit '>\\ lln i \ | i|i il ,il l' il i 
 
 ll I 
 
 mil III j^'liiiillij''. II 
 
 ll mIIIiimiiiI III uii.il I 
 
 llliW nil 
 
 I ;'ii ,il N'lii ill 
 
 \\ I .1 Ihc iii<i\ 111^ lull I' III 1 1 1. 1 1 \.i .1 ll f'liiii W.I - till hit ii.iili 
 III! II I II I .1111 1 1. IN ( 'i)lll|i.m\, '.villi ll . Inlli Is |Mi .1 , .ll tin 1 1 101 III r 
 ' i| I l\i I ., I III till ,liiiii . Ill till iiii;'lil \ I ,1 ll' lln u lili ll ll ll PI ik ll . 
 
 II iiiii , w .1 1 li III I I II i\ ll . ,11 1 1 M M I lilt n ll 1 1\ ll till \i ll I ll W I si 
 ( I iiii|i.m\ , III |iii .ll It 
 
 III lln .\ii 111 I 111 
 
 ill 1 1\ I I I 111 mil I ii ll \' .i I ll w ,iii I 
 
 ll , w 1 Iw.inl III ill. kill III ., ,mil .ll 1,1 I 111 ill 
 
 .11 lln . .|i|r,li 
 
 I lln iiii k.iili ll iiii.l . Ill ll 
 
 iiiinlmii s I I'.iiii' .1 
 
 n in.il 1 iiiii|i.iiiii 
 . I \ . Willi Inn 
 
 III 1 III 
 
 liiiii'l Mill li\ nil , lull .\\\\. 
 j. iluiisii . lli.il lull iilli II liiiiki mil III IiImihII 
 I'liiM'-. iillln I! ml 'IIII |'..i\ ( 'uiii|i.m\ win i Im ll\ im n Imin i In 
 <hkiii\ I-. I. Hills, iliiisi 111 ihr Nmlli \\ 1 t ( iiiii|i.iii\ 111 mil 
 t ,111. nil, Ills. riirsr li.mh ,iil\i iiluH I . tiiiik tin in-i Ki . wi.i- 
 Imin .iiiiuii'.', llic Inlii s u| |ln l.iinl : .iiiil tli. u <|ii.iir.' ii{i iii 
 lllllr ,1 1,11 I III li.ill liiri'ils, illlilu'l .1 - Willi I lln ll l\.i_'i liiulli 
 1 Is, lull I .l|i.liilr III .ill, 1 1 Is, ,1111 1 SUM r| ill III ■ . . <lin ,ilnill. I lli'\ 
 1 .iipr III III ,1 iiiil;IiI\ I. II III! Ill tin m.ik • il lln 'jii ,ii Xmili 
 
 W.sl. 
 
 hr iiiusi l,iiiii<i|s n;mir in 
 
 Nultli \\ • si I \|l|l ll.ll lull is ill it 
 
 'ill. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,>.) 
 
 
25^ 
 
 of AliA.uiiiri" .Ma«ki'ii/i<.', a Scotdi HinhlaiidiT, wIik in tlu- lat- 
 I ;r (luaitui nl the riulitccntli rLiUinv <aiiu' lo llic W-w World 
 as a stTvant oI'Mlir Nor' WcsIits," as *hv Norlli \\':->l Com 
 pany was callifl. His Itoltliuss. ciKliiraiici', and aptitudf tor 
 ii'adfrsln|) among tin' iinl)ulrnl spirits who siirrounik'd him. 
 
 prosciuly l)roii 
 
 gilt 
 
 him to lliL' front. 
 
 th 
 
 f suniiitLr o 
 
 f itS( 
 
 Matkcn/ic si't out from l''((rl ( 'hippi'wyan, on Lake .\thal)as( .1. 
 
 and with four l)irch-l)atk canoc-s went north by tlic Slaw rivrr 
 
 the nnghty riwr 
 hf came out ujion 
 
 to (irrat .Slave 
 
 Lake 
 
 hence he uescendi'd 
 
 that hears his name, till near the end o 
 
 fjuly 
 
 the 
 
 Arct 
 
 IC OCt 
 
 .111. .\fter this fiat he returned to ICnuland for 
 
 year of stu iy, in order that he mi,nht he ahle to determine morr 
 accurately tlu' positions and characteristics of his future di- 
 coveries, and so give his records more scientific valiu-. II:-- 
 next great aiiiievemeiil was the a^^ceiU of the Peace River from 
 I'ort ("hipi ewyan, through the gap in the Rockies, to its soun c 
 ill what is now our splendid Pacific |)rovince of Uritish ( 'oliimhi;'. 
 Thence, through tremendous <lilticiilties and eiulless perils, lie 
 made his way lo the Pacific coast. 'To commemorate this tri 
 iimpii the exultant exjilorer took a (juantity of vermilion, su< li 
 as the liulians used, mixeil it with grease, and on the face of ,1 
 cliff overlo(.king the waves inscribetl the following words 
 " .Mixander Mackenzie from ( \mada hy land, the iwi-ntv second 
 
 >f julv, 
 
 one 
 
 th 
 
 ousaiul seven huiuirec 
 
 I and 
 
 ninety-thiee. 
 
 About this time ("a[)lain (leorge \'an<'oiiver, following the 
 path which Captain Cook had already ( 1 77S I77i>) made me 
 morable, w.is exploring the Ilritish (!olum!)ian coast, and di^ 
 |mting with the Spaniards ilie possession of the great island 
 which now be.us his name. Captain Cook had made his land 
 ing at Nootka, on what afterwards came to be called N'ancou 
 ver's Island. Nootka l)e»amo a centre of trade with the lndian> 
 of the coast. In 1 7SS Captain John Meares hatl foimued a 
 settlement there, which the Si)aniards, claiming all the coast. 
 had destroyed with great barbarity. It was to look into this 
 matter that N'ancouver was sent to the Paiific shows. The 
 year of his arrival was i'y)2. He foumi the S[)aniartl.'. at Ni)ot 
 
 
 ■ii-i 
 
 »' 
 
 
 : I. 
 
 - ■ *m ■ 
 
'5'^ 
 
 kn. Itiit tiny witlulriw ;it lii^ ImldiiiL; : -.im] ihr di^putf wa>. ri- 
 
 Icrifd to avliittatioii. 
 
 in- (li'cisioiis (if ilu- aihittators ^a\<- al 
 
 till- Pacific to Circat liri'.aiii, from Calirornia in tlic south to 
 Kiissiaii Anuiica in the north. In i 79:?, al>o, the nioiitli ol tliat 
 Hii'at river called In the Spaniards the ( )re^on, wa.seiitt-retl li\ an 
 American slii|), and renamed hy its caiitain the Cohnnhia. Ily a 
 I urious exchaniii', the patriotism of the American ca|)tan) after- 
 wards furnished a name for a Canadian provin<-e, whili the dis- 
 carded S|)anish title of the river served to desinn.ite an Aimri- 
 < an State. 
 
 'I'he next name illii>lri<nis in the annals of the ^reat North 
 West is that ol Lord Selkirk, whose colonizing laliotirs in I'riiK c 
 lUlwaril Island and l'|)per ( Canada have been already discrihed. 
 In iSi I the noble coloni/iT Itecame interested in the Hudson 
 i'.ay ("ompauN, and |)urchased from the Company a vast trad 
 ol lan<l on Rvd River. This district In- named Assinihoia. and 
 thillu'r he sent, hy way of Hudson IJay. a hand of .Sccjtih and 
 Irish immigrants. In i.Si' these iiioneirs, heidlcss ol the war 
 ^lorms fu-lher east, settled on the fertile l);.nks '-f tin- Red 
 River's muddy cmrent, where they weie joined from yiar to 
 Near 1))' other inuiiigrants till the colonv Itecauie important 
 enouiih to excite tlu' jealousy of the N'fjrth West ('ompany'> 
 half liri'eds. A ninnhir of the c(iloni>ts were presently |i r- 
 ^uaded l)\ a north wi'stern trader to leavx- Red River and lie 
 take themselves to I'enetanguisheni' on (leorgian l!a\ ; hut 
 their place was soon filled hy anotluT hand sent (Hit 1>\ tin in 
 (K ratigaltli- Selkirk. In iSif) the hostility of the hall hrn ds. 
 who claimed the whole north west as their liirthriglu and \aiii- 
 uloriouslv st\ led themselves " llu' N'lW Nation. " Ma/ed out in 
 open war. I'ort I )oiii4las. the leiitie ol die .Selkirk settKnn, nt, 
 
 ras assaulted, and Seiniile, the governor of the (olonx, 
 
 W.is 
 
 ;illed in the struggle. 
 
 Lord Selkirk, who was on the wax from 
 
 lis 
 
 .Montreal with a small party of troojis for the defeiK e of 1 
 colony, was mot hy the news of SiMiiple's death, wheriupon he 
 retorted hy seizing I'ort William, an imoort.uit Nor' Wester 
 j'ost on Lake .Superior. After wiiuciin.: there he puslu-d on to 
 
 i 
 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 

 it 
 
 
 if', ' . 
 
 260 
 tlu' Ri'd KiviT valley and proinjitly hroii^ht llie half Ixvtds ti 
 
 siil»'nissi()ii. 
 
 'liuis troiihkd was ilu- birth of tlic Red River 
 SttllciiRiit, \vhi<h half a cciUiiry latrr was to hccoiiic the 
 " IVairic Proviini- ' of Manitoba. 
 
 In iS;!i the dan.nirs which still nifMaccd the settleiv-nts 
 were removed hy the miioti of the North West and Hudson i'ay 
 ( 'oni|)anies, both eouipanit's having found the rivalry ruinous. 
 About this time a niunber of Swiss settlers rame to Red Rivtr. 
 and the (olony entered upon a period of peaceful growth. In 
 tS55 the \\i:{\ River colony was brought un<ler a regular govern- 
 ment, called the Council of .\ssiniboia, which ruled its affair.^ 
 till the purchase of the North West by the Canadian Confeder 
 ation. 'The Coimcil of Assiniboia held its sessions at l-'ori 
 Carry, the capital of the colony, and was presided over by the 
 Hudson liay (!oiupany's governor. Its first jjresident was the 
 energetic and masterful .Sir Ceorge Simpson. 
 
 To the history of the North \\'est belong the exploits of Sir 
 John I'ranklin, and the explorations of Ceorge Mack. Thest' 
 were fruitful of heroism, if not of desirable new lands. \'ork 
 I'actory, at the mouth of the Nelson, and afterwards I-'ort Chip 
 pewyan, were the points of de|)arture for these expeditions. 
 I'ranklin on his first journey (1S19-1S22) reached the .\rcli( 
 Sea by way of the Copitermine River, at the mouth of which he 
 i)uilt a post. On his second expeilition ( 1.S25 1827) he descend 
 ed the .Mackenzie River and explored the Polar coast to the 
 westward. Mack's ex[)edition (iH^^ 1835) descended the (ireai 
 I'ish River, (soiuetimes called Mack's River,) at the head ol 
 which he built I'ort Reliance. The fmal expedition of I-'rank 
 lin, that on which he and his followers perished, did not set out 
 till 1S45. 
 
 ( Si, 1 -111 IN 
 
 - Iiiiiiii;,'iali"ii t'l C:mi.ii1;i. 'I'lii' Cidiailii Oiin|i,iiiy. Tlir (.'liolriii 
 
 yiMit. |tis|iuti's liil vv.'cii Kxrciitivi' mill I'cipli'. Tin' raiiiily (,!iiiii|i!irl.) 
 
 77. Strife in Politics, Growth in Population.— For 
 
 the provinces of the St. Lawrence and the I-akes, the period im 
 mediately succeeding the war was one of growth in [)opulalion, ot 
 strife in politics. Creut Mritain being now at peace, she found 
 
on lnT lijind' a tliroiiL' of dishjindcd --(ildit rs, and (iflii ir^ ri' 
 iiifd on lialf |);iy. Itcsidus ihis fai t, the l.il)<)rinj4 clasxs in [hi- 
 lliitish Isli.'s had \ivcn incrtasing ol late niiicli more rapidly 
 
 til, in work conld lie found for tht-n 
 
 'I'Ik' ( iovcrninrni tiMin d 
 
 ii-> allcntion to promoting cniigration. lU'ginning with ihr 
 •■ I'rrth Si'ttU'niL'nt '" of di^i)andfd >oldiirs and ihi-u' oIVk crs, in 
 |S|6, sfttk-rs kept Hocking into hoth Ipjicrand Lower (anada 
 m yearly increasing nimihrrs. These new cuniers weri' at first 
 mainly Scotch and Irish : hut soon the movement e\ten<led to 
 die Knglish and Welsh as well. It was hv no nutans a |iau|ier 
 
 immigration. 
 
 Ill aimo> 
 
 tall 
 
 cases It was under strn t uovcrnmciit 
 
 supervision, and the immigrants were of a stm(l\, independent. 
 >elf-ri'specling class. This fact cannot he too much dwelt ii|)on, 
 lor on it depi-nds the high average, intellectual, moral, and 
 |)hysical, of the ( 'anadian slock. Landing usuallv at (Juel)e<-, 
 
 some of the immigrants, unwilhng to |)rolong liieir journey, 
 settled in the surrounding districts. Others went southwes!- 
 ward to tlie Lastern Townships and the valley of the St. I'rancis. 
 \'et others establislu'd themselves ahout .Montreal, lint the 
 greater nuniher kej)! on into Upjier ('anada, jtreferring the luig- 
 iish laws and institutions in which they had been hrought u\). 
 They spread in band.s to all parts of the pro\ince, jieopling new 
 lownshiiis, opening in the wilderness new centres of prosjierous 
 life, 'i'othe beginning of this period belongs the construe lion of 
 the Rideau (.lanal,* from Kingston t(j the ( )tlawa river at Chan- 
 <liere I'ails. .Many of the newly arriving selllers look U|) lands 
 about ihe canal and on the ( )tlawa, and al the I'ails arose a 
 busy little lunibering village, (1S25) called liylown in honourof 
 Colonel IJy, the engineer who had built the canal. This remote 
 setllenieiil of shantynien and lumbermen was destined to be- 
 eoine our national capital, the beautiful city of Ottawa. 
 
 .•\ powerful facKjr in this work of peo|)ling the ("anadian 
 wilderness was the great "Canada Coni|)any," incor|)orated b\ 
 
 * 'I'lii.s work was jiliiniicil liy tin' ilrilish ( iiivciiiiiii'iit for niiiitiiiy 
 imiiMisfM, l(» Meciii'f coiniininir.tt iiiii lictwccii Mi>iiti'i'iil nuA tlif Lukes in 
 'iisf of tilt' e.\j)o«tMl St. Liiwrencu route falling into lui (.■nt-iny's li.iinls. 
 
 i< 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 \: 
 
 bills' 
 
It ' 
 
 . i'a 
 
 
 Imperial I'arliamcnt, iS^^), wiili a (ajiital of one million ijouikK 
 ^tcrlinj,'. I'hc company |)iir(haM(I. in the two provinces, \;i>i 
 tracts of land amounting in all to nearly thrive million acres, on 
 terms re(iuirin^ the c(jnstnirtion of roads and other measiin - 
 of improvenii.nt. 'Ihe sei ntar) of the com|)any, very /ealou- 
 in its affairs, was a vigorous Scotch man-of-letters, John (iail o| 
 Ayrshire. 'I'o tlu' Canada Company we owe a l<»njf roll of 
 tloiirishinj,' settlements, with such enteiprising towns as (lalt and 
 (loderieji, and the fine city of (liielph, with its souhri()ikt ol 
 "The Royal City." 'I'he year of heaviest increa.se was iS^i. 
 when no fiwer than 54,000 immigrants canu' to ( 'anada. It i> 
 estimated that in the four years heginninL with 1829 the settlers 
 seeking a home within our borders nmnhered no less than 160. 
 000. This period of our history, is well named by a Canadian 
 historian* the period of the "(Ireat Immigration." 
 
 Hand in hand with this immigration came a plague of 
 ciiolera which scourged i>oth L'pptT and Lower Canada 
 (1832 34). In June of 1832 came a shi|) from Dublin to tin 
 St. Lawrence with .Asiatic cholera on board. She was stopped 
 at the (|uarantine station down the river, but on the day t'ollow 
 ing her arrival the plague was in (^)uebec, where it swiftly seized 
 its thousands of victinis. It spread hungrily up the St. Law 
 reiKe, ravaged Montreal, and swooped down upon the infant 
 towns and villages of the Lake provim i-. The frosts of autumn 
 stayed its fatal march, and the terrified iteo|)le hail time to 
 mourn their ilead. The\ thought themselves safe, and again 
 bre.ithed freely ; but two years later the destroyer awoke to luu 
 life, and ravaged the settKnients through the whole of a grie\ 
 ous summer ( 18:54). 
 
 Sidt- by side with the peaceful growth in population went on 
 a stormy growth in political life. Political struggles constitute, 
 for the half centary succeeding the war. almost the whole ol 
 
 ( '.uiadian history. 
 
 he eontestants are, on the one Mde, tlu 
 
 |)euple as represented b\ the Assembly, on the other side tin 
 
 * |)i)cti>i' (iuiii-gi' l!r\cc, iiullior lit "A Slunl History of tlic Caiiu 
 iliiiii l'i'ii|ilc." 
 
 \M: 
 
 \h-i 
 
i!\('('Utivc ;\n(l Lcj^islalivL' Councils, usually in alliance with llic 
 ^iivcrnor. 'I'Ik- strife went on in Lpiar ("anatla, Lower ( "ana- 
 (la. Nova Scotia, New Uriinswick, with such variations as (hancc 
 mil 1o<mI differences niij^lu he expected to |>rodiice : hut, at the 
 ^.iine time, with sui'h similarities that we are forced to seek 
 some one general cause as the base of all the <|uarrels. In one 
 ; province, religious differences may seem, at first ulanii-, to ex- 
 plain the troulde ; in another the root of iIk- difficulty mav ap- 
 pear to lie in antagonisms of race and language. I!ut the>e, 
 when looked at fairly, prove to he mere accidents. 'Ihe strug- 
 gle is in fact a constituli(jnal one. It is for the reality of repre 
 
 tativc institutions, — for what is knowi 
 
 sen 
 ernment. 
 
 Th 
 
 n as Responsible (lov- 
 li ffe 
 
 e constitutions given to llie dilferent provinces i;i 
 the latter part of the preceding ci;ntury had put the government 
 nominally in the hands of the |)eople, hut hy no means actually 
 s(j. In reality, it was usurjted hy the I'Aecutive ( 'ouncil, whose 
 members, as we have seen, held office for life and were respon- 
 sible to no one. They represented the views and wishes c»f a 
 small and exclusive class, and maintained a show of constitu- 
 lional authority l)y their connection with the Legislative (.'oun- 
 ( il, wherein most of them held seats. They were in name the 
 (lovernor's advisers ; but circumstances, anti the support of the 
 Legislative Council, and their own importance, and tco often 
 the goveriKjr's ignorance of [)rovincial affairs, comljined to make 
 ihem his directors. Their rule, whether wise or unwise, was 
 the rule of a strict oligarchy. It was coiui^ary to the whole 
 spirit of Anglo-.Saxon freedom. 
 
 Whatever shape the struggle against this oligarchy took on 
 t'rom time to time —"Judges' I)isal)ilities," ''Civil List Hills," 
 ''Clergy Reserves"' — the ultimate object aimed at by the people 
 was the control of the (lovernor's advisers. The people de- 
 manded that the Kxecutive should be directly resjionsible to 
 them : in other words, that the Lxecutive should be chosen 
 frtjm among the representatives elected by the people, and 
 should retire from office on refusal of the i)eo|)le to reelect 
 them. This claim is now admitted as an inalienable right ; but 
 
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 (716) 873-4503 
 
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 in watching the stress and turmoil of the conflict hy which r\'j,\][ 
 was won, we must not forget that tiie ([Uestion had two sides. 
 The men who strove with voice and pen in the cause of Cana- 
 dian freedom deserve our grateful remembrance : hut we must 
 not forget that some of them |)ut themselves much in the wrong 
 by violence and folly, and even, in one or two cases, were so 
 far misled by fanaticism or personal ambition as to be guilt\ of 
 treason in the sacred name of patriotism. Their opponents, on 
 the other hand, were not without weighty argimients in su])p()n 
 of their position, and they includetl in their number many con 
 scientious, patriotic and able men whose memories stantl far 
 above any charge of greed or self-seeking. 'I"he oligarchy in 
 Upper Canada, on account of the close relationship between its 
 members and the je-alous exclusiveness with which their circle 
 was guarded, came to be known as the " l'"amily Compat t.' 
 'I'his title was gradually extended to the like classes existing in 
 each of the other [)rovinces. In Xew Brunswick, indeed, it 
 seemed hardly less appro[)riate than it wrs in the province ol 
 the Lakes. 
 
 :t. 
 
 {.Sllci'liiN "S. — Till' Assiiiilily lit Qilrlicc iiiiniii ai-nilst'd. Cliicf .liislicc Scvvcll miu 
 iji'Sis (JiiMlV(li'r:i',.;iiii. DispiUcs iiviT till' Civil List. I'ii|iiiirini. Sclii'iiic Tur rcniiitii].' 
 till' (.'iiiinclii;i. Till' (JaiiM'lii CiiiMMiittc ■. Ilnwiiiiij; .Stlcrt syinpiitliizcs with tlici Kclunn. 
 I'is. I'Mliinciiu ;,'i'iiws iMsli. Till' Nilicty-Kuiir Utsnliitiipiis ot l.nwcr ('iiiiiiilii.l 
 
 78. Political Strife in Lower Canada. In (Quebec 
 
 the parliamentary conflict, stilled on the approach of war, broke 
 out again in 1S14 during the lull before the o[)ening of the tlnal 
 campaign. 'I'he Assembly, exultant over the French (lanadiaii 
 triumph at C"hateaugua\, voted all the war credits that Sir 
 lleorge Pre vost asked. 'I'hen their minds reverted to the old 
 (juarrel. !'"e)r all that they had suffered under .Sir 'aines Craig 
 they laid the blame upon Chief Justice Sewell, wlio had been 
 his chief adviser. 'I'hey imi)eached the Chief Justice on a 
 charge of having changed the rules of procedure in his Court 
 without legislative authority. Judge Monk, of Montreal, w[io 
 had also made himself obnoxious to the Assembly, was iiii 
 [jcached at the same time on charges of official corruption 
 
■■tA 
 
 265 
 
 The Assemhly dcniamled that tin; (iovcriidr sliould suspend 
 tliL'so men from office. 'I'his the (lovetiior lefusrd to do, ^mle^s 
 the Legislative Council should concur in the impeacrhiiient. 
 The Legislative Council would have nothing to do with the 
 impeachment. 
 
 Secure in such sujjport, Judge Monk [)aid no attention to 
 the wrath of the Assemhly. (.!hief Justice Sewell, however, 
 went to ICngland, desiring that the charges preferred against 
 him should he looked into ; hut his accusers failed to a[)pear. 
 Sewell was warmly received in ICngland, and he made liis visit 
 memoral)le. He laid iiefore the (Colonial Secretary, as a remedv 
 for grievances and a safeguard a.^ainst future diffuulties, a schenu- 
 for the I'ederal L'nion of the Colonies of llritish North .\merica. 
 'I'hus, in iiSi4. the germs of the great idea of ("onfederation be- 
 gan to stir. 'I'he proposal awakened some interest at Court ; 
 hut the time was not yet ripe for it by half a century. ICvetUs, 
 however, and chief among them the war just ending, were 
 slowly but surely paving the wav for the consununation of 
 Sewell's splendid dream. 
 
 The (juarrei between Assembly and Executive in (^)uei)ec 
 was so much the more bitter i)ecausc the Executive was almost 
 exclusively linglish. I'he I'>nglish elenfent in Lower Canada 
 was not only a small minority of the population, but it was so 
 foolish as to assume an air of sui»eriority over its fellow-citizens. 
 Members of this minority held ahnost all the offices. Having 
 made good their grasp on power they clung to it stubbornly, 
 and professed to regard their fellow-subjects of i'Vench birth as 
 an inferior race. The race clis[)ute, however, was not a vital 
 one, for we fiml the English members of the .Assembly siding 
 vigorously with their i'Vench colleagues in opposition to the 
 (lovernor and Council. It will be remembered lliat in i.Soc; 
 the Assembly had offered to |)av the ex|)enses of the Civil List, 
 that is, the salaries of the officials, and that the (Council hud 
 indignantly rejected the offer, as a scheme to make them de- 
 pendent on the .Assembly. Now the (iovernor was ordered by 
 the Home Covernment to acce[)t this offer (iiSi6). Tlu' .\s 
 
 m 
 
 
 34 
 
266 
 
 JO 
 
 soinhly paid the hill, which had hy this time nuich increased : 
 but refused to make peruianent provision for it. The mem- 
 hers tleciared that they would vote the required amount each 
 year, and would retain the right of examining the items 
 of the List. This caused no collision, h(nvever, till 1819. 
 when it was found that the List had increased from 60,000 
 poutid.s to 76,000. 'i"he Assemi)ly protested, examined the 
 items, and made some reductions before passing the A[)propri- 
 ation iJill. 'I'he }]\\\ thus amended was rejected by the Legis- 
 lative Council ; and thus affairs once more came to a dead-lock. 
 In the following year the old King, (leorge III, died, and 
 (leorge I\' came to the throne. New Assemblies were elected 
 iii all the i)rovinces, and to (Quebec, as (lovernor-deneral, came 
 the I'^arl of Dalhousie, who had been serving as Lieutenant- 
 ( lovernor (jf Nova Scotia. 
 
 'I'he S|)eaker of the Now Assembly was a brilliant French 
 ("anadian orator, who was afterwards to win a wide but unfortu 
 nate fame. 'I'his was Louis I'apineau. the hero of the French 
 Canadian democracy. In s[)ite of ([uarrels and jealousies, 
 I'apineau could say in his o{)ening speech of welcome to the 
 new (lovernor —"On the day on which Canada came under the 
 dominion of Creat Hrftain, the reign of law succeeded that' of 
 violence. From that day its treasures were freely sfjcnt, its 
 navy and its army were mustered to afford her an invincible 
 protection. From that day the better [)art of British laws be- 
 came hers, while her religion, her i)roi)erty, and tlie laws by 
 which they are i)reserved, remained unaltered." But this loyal 
 tem[)er was soon to change. Lord Dalhousie forced on a 
 conflict. He demanded that the .Assembly should provide 
 for the Civil List by a jjermanent appropriation. When th.e 
 .Assembly refused, he himself appropriated the funds in the 
 treasury, and i)aid the Civil List exi)enses. It will be re- 
 membered that the province had three sources of revenue, — (i) 
 that derived from the Permanent Revenue Act of 1774, in the 
 form of a tax iiDposed by the Crown on spirits and molasses ; 
 (2) that derived from the leases of mines and sales of land. 
 
2r,7 
 
 callud the "C.isual and 'l"eriitorial Ruvliuk' ;" and (,5) thai dt- 
 rived from the customs duties ini])()sc(l \>\ the Assi-mhly on 
 goods coming into tlic iJiovincc. ( )f all these revenues the .\>- 
 send)ly claimed control ; hut the first two were wlure the dov- 
 ernor and Council could lay hands on them. When the ("i(n- 
 ernor drew these funds and used them to ])ay the e\|tenses of 
 { lovernment, the Assembly denounced his act as a breach of the 
 constitution. To make matters worse, a nf)isy section of the 
 ICnglish inhabitants began to argue for the abolition of i'Vi'nch 
 laws and the banishment of the I'Veiich language from the Leg- 
 islature. These extremists claimed that unless Lower Canada 
 ceased to be a l-'rencli, province she would soon cease to be an 
 I'Lnglish possession. 
 
 A scheme for a union of L'pper and Lower Canada was now 
 proposed by the Hritish Ciovernment (1S22); but it |)rovi(led 
 for the use of no language but lOnglish in the parliameiitar\- re- 
 ports, and for the abolition of French from the det)ates aftiT 
 fifteen years. The French j)rotested so vehemently that the 
 ])lan was dropped. P)Ut the Im])erial Parliament, still arrogat- 
 ing to itself the right to tax the colonies, passed the Canada 
 Trade .\ct, for raising a revenue and regulating comaierce. 
 More and more bitter then grew the (.lis])utes in Lower Canada 
 between Assembly and Legislative Coimcil. The Assemblv 
 amended the (xumciTs bills ; the Council threw out the amend- 
 ed bills ; the governor went on appropriati!\g the jjermanent 
 revenues to pay the Civil List. At length the position of the 
 Council received a severe blow in the failure of the KeC(.i\ir- 
 (leneral, Sir John Caldwell. He had bi'eii appointed by the 
 Ciovernor : and no security had been exacted of him that he 
 would prove faithful to his trust. The Crown not ha\ing tak- 
 en security, was thus morally responsible to the |)rovince. 
 Caldwell could not account for sonu- 96,000 jjounds of the 
 funds of the province, which had passid into his hands. In 
 spite of this notorious defalcatit)n, lu; retained his seat in the 
 ICxecutive ; and the peoi)le found a new and nio>t just 
 grievance. As the public wrath lH)iled higher and higher. 
 
 i '}. r 
 
 \JL 
 
 fell 
 
 .* i 
 
 
268 
 
 ill: 
 
 I.oril l)alh()u.sic' was (liscrcct cnoiigh tf) go away on Icaw 
 of ahsuiicc, and Iiis place was tcnij-orarily filled by a more 
 wise and politic leader, Sir Francis Burton. He at once ac- 
 knowledged the claim of the Assemi)ly to control the i'erman- 
 ent Revenue; and indignation died down. On l)alhousie"s 
 return, however, the storm blew up again with increasing men- 
 ace. Tile oi)stinate nobleman denied the claims of the Assem- 
 bly, and displayed active hostility toward its leaders, who were 
 I'apineau for th'.. Trench secti,)n, and Doctor W'olfred Nelson 
 for the smaller but not less dissatisfied I'^nglish section. 'I'he 
 next ste[) in the struggle was reached in 1827, when, after 
 a general election, the ("overnor-denei'al refused to acce])t 
 I'apineau as speaker of tlie new House. Then the province 
 Went ablaze with excitement, and all legislation came to a/i end. 
 The ])eoi)le gathered in angry knots. Mass meetings were held 
 in the cities ; and huge petitions, stating grievances and asking 
 for the recall of the (iovernor-Cieneral, were posted in haste to 
 ICngland. 
 
 As Upper Canada was at the same time besieging the Home 
 (lOvernment with like petitions, the state of affairs attracted 
 anxious attention. Parliament ajipointed a Canada Committee 
 to examine into the points at issue. 'I"he report of this (^'0111 
 mittee (1828) was hailed in Lower Canada with grateful re- 
 j<;icing. It urged that the Crown duties (of the Act of 1774) 
 should be put under the control of the Assembly on conditicjn 
 that permanent provision should be made for the payment of 
 the Oown officials : that the judges should give up their seats 
 in the Legislative Council ; that bishops should not be allowed 
 to interfere in matters of government ; — that Receivers-Ceneral 
 should give security ; — ^that accounts should be examined by 
 the Assembly's auditors ; — and that the Executive and Legisla 
 tive (!ouncils should be enlarged and made more independent 
 by the addition of members representing different classes and 
 interests, and not holding government offices. These recom- 
 mendations applied to both Upper and Lower Canada ; and in 
 regard to the latter province, i*^ was particularly urged that the 
 
2f)q 
 
 French Canadian majority sliould have a fair representation. 
 'l"he un|)o|)ular i )alhoiisie was recalled. The new (lovernor- 
 (leneral, Sir James Kemjit, recognized I'apineau as S[)eaker of 
 the Assembly : and once more the excitement died away. 
 
 'I"he management of dreat liritain's colonial affairs was in 
 the hands of the ('olf)nial office, which was ])reside(l over by the 
 ('olonial Secretary. l'"rom the fact that the (Colonial Secretary 
 had his official headijiiarters in Downing Street, the name of 
 that old London street came to he accepteil in the colonies as 
 synonymous with the (!olonial otifice. All through the struggles 
 whose course we are now observing, the Colonial office was 
 somewhat inclined to favour the popular party in Canada, 
 which called itself the Reform l*arty. This was due to the fact 
 that, whether British Whig or British 'I'ory ruled at Westminst- 
 er and filled the great office of Colonial Secretary, the Under- 
 Secretary was a permanent official. This Under-Secretary, for 
 a long term of years, vas Mr. Stephens, who combined a vast 
 knowledge of colonial affairs with very broad views on the sub- 
 subject of colonial self-government. His attitude was much re- 
 sented by the Official Party in Canada, — or, as their opponents 
 called them, the Family Compact Tories. 
 
 'l"he Colonial office tried to carry out the recommendations 
 of the Canada Committee ; and Sir James Kempt at once in- 
 stituted a number of imj)ortant reforms in Lower ("anada. He 
 also called prominent FVench Canadians to seats in the Ex- 
 ecutive. But, acting on his instructions from Downing Street, 
 he reserved to the Crown the control of the Casual and Terri- 
 torial Revenues. Over this reservation the strife soon broke 
 out anew, for the demands of the Assembly grew with each suc- 
 ce.ss. By 1830, when Kempt was succeeded by Lord Aylmer, 
 the A.S8embly was once more as clamorous as ever. Lord 
 Aylmer strove to conciliate them, but they would accept noth- 
 ing less than the full surrender of the disj)uted revenue ; and 
 this the Crown would not yield. The Assembly further began 
 to demand that the Legislative Council should be made elect- 
 ive. And now, seeing that the French were aiming to get full 
 
 Stei.: 
 
 ^^1 
 
 Mm 
 
 
 
c-onlrol of all clcpartmcnts of the govcrnniuiit, most of the I>rit- 
 iih inciiil)jrs of the Assembly went over to the Offirial I'ait\. 
 alarmed for tiie safety of their institutions. Durinj; the ne\l 
 three years the fires of party hale waxed hotter and hotter. 
 The Assembly refused to vote su])plies. 'I'he Casual and 'l"ei- 
 ritorial Revenue was insufficient for the expenses of the (!ivil 
 List ; and the salaries of officials were left un|)aid. Practical 
 L'^Mslation ceased ; ami the Assembly, havin<j; fallen a prey to 
 fanaticism and the elo(iueiice of an ambitious visionary, spent 
 its time in passing votes of censure on the government. 
 
 'I'herc can be no doubt that I'apineau was ntnv fast being 
 carried off his feet by the adoring flattery of his countrymen. 
 In inflaming their hearts he inflameil himself; and he began to 
 dream of a French Canadian republic, to the head of which he 
 himself would, of course, l)e raised by an enthusiastic and 
 grateful people. He was doubtless in love with the example of 
 (leorge Washington, but the great American's sagacity was 
 something which Papineau, for ail iiis genius, coukl by no 
 means emulate. He forgot his ancient professions of loyalt). 
 his elocjuent admiration for IJritish institutions. He so far for- 
 got his obligations as a constitutional legislator under oath, that 
 he spoke loud treason from the chair of the House. He de- 
 nounced monarchy, thundered in prai.se of republicanism, de 
 nounced the British as tyrannous usurpers, and held up the 
 United States as an e\anii)le for his countrymen to follow. It 
 was not strange that th%; Ih-itish should retort with the e|>ithet^ 
 "rebel" and "traitor," -which I'apineau, blinded b\ vanity and 
 ambition, was soon to make only too fitting. 
 
 At length the Assembly drew up a statement of its grievan 
 ces in what are known to history as the Xinety-Four Resolu 
 tions. These famous resolutions were passed in the. House 
 with most violent harangues, and then forwarded to Fjigland 
 as an address to King and Parliament. They spoke for the 
 FVench Canadians only, 'I'hey reiterated every charge of 
 tyranny, fraud, and corruption against the ofificial party in tht.' 
 province ; demanded absolute control of all the lands and rev 
 
271 
 
 nnlcs, and a siirrciukT of all authority to the I'lvnch Canadian 
 |)o|)iilation. 'I'hcsu duniands wltc fouplcd with an implied 
 threat of rehelli )ii in case of refusal. In reply the liritisli partv 
 in Lower ("anada passed another address to the Throne, stating 
 their side of the story. 'I'he Home C.overnment, (juietly ignor- 
 ing I'apineau's threats, adopted a policy of conciliation. Lord 
 (iosford was sent to Canada as Covernor-Oeneral, and as Chair- 
 man of a Commission of In(|uiry. (1835). While this com- 
 mission was at work the pojjular excitement went on growing. 
 fed hy the knowledge that Lord Cosffjrd's instructions positi\e- 
 ly f(jrbade him to grant an elective Upper House or an llxecu- 
 tive responsible to the people. The train was now well laid tor 
 an exi)l(jsion, and the spark to light it was near at hand. 
 
 ,f' 1 
 
 3^<::_^, 
 
 I' * 
 
 
 ' . M 
 
m 
 
 CHAI'TKR XrX. 
 
 SECTIONS: -79, Political Strife in Upper Canada. 80, The 
 Struggle in Nova Scotia. 81, Political Strife, and other 
 matters in New Brunswick. 82, Affairs in Cape Breton, 
 Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland! 
 
 (Si:(Tl(i\ 7!'.— Till' txciiscs nf ||ii. Cdiiiimcl fur their iitlitiicic tnwiiril tlic iiiii|.|i. 
 Till' (Mrr^'y Kcsrrvcs. Tlic ciim' nf ll.ilint Ocjiiiliiy. Two Niinlcis ol' llic Odiiiinici . 
 WilliiiMi I.ynii Maekcnzic. Ailiilniiy ii(!ts ol' tlic (invcnini- iiml Kxi'ciilivf. A split in 
 till' KcI'miiii I'arty. Tlii' (Juli'iiial Ollicc tUvms llir KflniiricMs, Sir Kraiicis HoimI llciul.) 
 
 79. Political Strife in Upper Canada. -In Uppti 
 
 (Canada, nicanwhilL', there had been ahiiost continual wranglinj^. 
 kindred to that in the French province tiiough somewhat less 
 hitter. All power was in the hands of the strictest form of 
 Family Compact, 'i'his small oligarchy controlled not only all 
 the government otifices, hut the real estate and nearly all the 
 business of the province. I5y the amount of [)atronage at their 
 disposal they were able to get their followers elected to the As 
 sembly, and so, for a long time, to keep that troublesome body 
 subservient. They kept the press mu/zled, they repelled peti 
 tions or statements of pojjular grievances, they frowned down 
 public political meetings, they discouraged the education of the 
 lower classes, — and all l)ecause they had before their eyes the 
 dread of '76. The tendency of these things, they said, was to 
 ward republicanism. 'I'heir fixed purpose was to keep the re 
 l)ublican s{)irit out of this province which had grown from 1 .o\ 
 alist seed. Doubtless selfishness and arrogance, in many cases, 
 had much to do with this attitude. Hut there was a good deal 
 to urge in excuse. In the first [)lace, the world was at that time 
 only beginning to acknowledge tiie claims of popular liberty. 
 
273 
 
 and the views huM \>y the (";iiia(han oHuMfchy wciv not iiiucli 
 hchiiid the aj^e. In the iK'Xt |)lace the ot'ticial party was made 
 up of Loyalists or the sons of Lo\alists. Having suffered and 
 tiled for the Crown, they were rigid to u|)liold the prerogatives 
 of the (!rowii ; and not unnaturally they thought that they 
 themselves were best entitled to exercise the prerogatives of the 
 Crown, as well as to reap the rich rewards of that exercise. 
 Their strongest excuse, however, was to he found in the fact 
 that the liberal land 'grants of Upper Canada had attracted a 
 large nuiiiber of American immigrants into the province. These 
 immigrants had brought with them re|)ulilican [)rinciples, a 
 fondness for noisy agitati(jn, and an active sentiment for union 
 with the States. They had formed the chief menace iluring 
 the fiery trial of i8i 2-14, and after the war was over they came 
 in growing numbers. 'I'o the men whose devotion, whose trea- 
 sure, and whose blood had saved Canada, that kind of govern- 
 ment seemed the right kind which best kept the disloyal and 
 the alien out of power. They must not be blamed too severely 
 if they imagined that they alone were capable of governing their 
 country aright. 
 
 Little by little dissatisfaction gathered strength. Men re 
 membered that they were British subjects. The\ saw their 
 fellow-subjects in Creat Britain enjoying free rcs[)onsible gov- 
 ernment. And soon they began to assail the outworks of the 
 Official Farty. Some of the men who thus |)Ut themselves for- 
 ward as champions of e(|ual rights and representative govern- 
 ment, were themselves of Loyalist stock, and in no way inferior 
 to the comi)act in intellect and culture. They formed the solid 
 core of the reform i)arty, and strove to hold in check its more 
 flighty and fanatical adherents. 
 
 Among the grievances which early began to vex the jieople 
 of Ui)per Canada was that of the C'lergy Reserves. In both 
 provinces vast tracts of land had been set a[)art for the support, 
 as the Act said, of "the Protestant religion in Canada.'" 'i'o 
 Lower Canada this was distasteful, being taken as an unjust 
 discrimination against the Roman Catholic Church : but other 
 
 35 
 
 •■♦< 
 
 • m 
 
 
 ,,r' 
 
 m%^i- 
 
 
 ''mi 
 
274 
 
 I S 
 
 ' 
 
 m 
 
 (['iL'>.lii)iis ()V(.T>h:i!lo'.\i'(l it. In L'pix-''' ('anad.i thf roniplain: 
 it raised was a \vr\ dilTLTiiit oiir. In tlu' I'li^l \)]iu\-, it \\.i> 
 considfrcd cNfi-ssiw, ainoinilinn as it did in lliat |)iiiviiuf ti> 
 two aixl a lialf millions of atrc-i. In the .•.(.•cond plarc. llir 
 inana,L;L'nK'm of tlio hmds was in llif hands of the l''aniil\- Com 
 pact, who chose to interjitet the words " I'roiestanl Reh^ion ' 
 as rclcrrini; solely to the ( 'Inircli of Mn^land. with some possible 
 exception in favour of the (.'luirch of Scotland. 'I'his inierpre 
 tatioii excited the reasonable an^er of Methodists and llaplists. 
 In the third place, the Reserves ditl not lie in one block, but 
 were made up of every seventh lot in the surveyed townshi|)s. 
 'I'hese lins remaineil unimproved while the land about them 
 was cleared and tilled. The people objected to such wild 
 s[)aces in the midst of their cultivated settlements. 'l"he cUffer- 
 ences thus arisin^:^ were not settled till toward the close of the 
 whole constitutional struggle; and as late as 1836 the control 
 of the Clergy Reserves enabled tlie Council to make an estab 
 lisiied church in Upper Canada by the endowment of forty-four 
 rectories. 
 
 'I'he strife between Reformer and Official was begun by one 
 Robert (lourlay, a livel)' and erratic SctJtchman who I'anie to 
 ('anada in 1817 and began work as a land-agent. The state of 
 affiiir.s in Upper ('anada at once aroused hi.s wrath. I'o every 
 township he sent a list of thirty-one ([uestions, which went dee[> 
 into local abuses. The sting was in the last tjuestion, which 
 in(iuired - -" What, in your opinion, retards the improvement of 
 your township in particular, or the province in general, and 
 what would most contribute to the .same?" The (juestions 
 brought public dissatislaction to a crisis. Meetings were held 
 U) discuss tiiem, and Courlay's advice to the people was that 
 they shcjuld complain to the CV'-'iial office. The Family Com- 
 pact took alarm. They passed an act in the Legislature which 
 strikes us now as tyrannous beyond belief, — an act forbidding 
 all conventions. It is hard for us to realize that three-quarters 
 of a centu.-y ago such an act could be passed in Canada, and 
 Canadians endure it. Then the Compact determined to expel 
 
275 
 
 Jliis tr.)ul)!L-i();n ■ (1 iiirlay. for hi-, u:iiiKM>:iiit lialu! olaskniL; 
 'liicstions. Hu was arit->tr(l. irii'd for lilicl at Kiii.^-ilon, and 
 K'lluittL'd. Ilr wa-) ar^Mtcd airain and tried at lirockvilk', uitli 
 tlu' saiiu" result, lli-wis arrested yet a^ain, tliis time on a 
 cliar^'e of sedition, tlirowii into prison, an(i in defianrL' of every 
 principle of liritisii justieL'. was kept there seven months with- 
 out trial. At leUL^th ( iSu/) he was tried, and tliis lime in Niag- 
 ,ira, where the people were all supporters of the ( "oiiipaet. 'I'he 
 unha|)py Scotchman, broken clown in mind and Imdv l»v his 
 unjust im|)risonment. was hrouj^ht before a p.irtial jud^e and a 
 prejudiced jury. I'he trial was a mockery of justici', and (iour 
 lay, declared guilty of sedition, was driven out of Up|)er Cana- 
 da, liut his fate opemd men's eyes ; and fr(tm that dav the 
 power of the (."omi»act was doomed. 'I'hcagita'ion for reform 
 never afterwards eeaseil till the fulness of its triuviij ! in com- 
 |)lete Responsible (lovernment. 
 
 Among the leaders of the (official |)arty the t>\() strongest 
 personalities were those of a l,oy;'!ist lawyer af . Scoii h l''-|)i- 
 copalian r'ivine. John l>everley Robinson, made .\ttor,u'^ den- 
 eral oi Uic province at the age cf twenty-one, and alterwnrds 
 Chief Justice and a baronet, was a typical Tory of the best 
 type. He was fearless, whether before the guns of a hostile 
 army or the clamours of an angry mob. He was eajiable, un- 
 yielding, dogmatic, arrogant, honest, and con\ineed of the di 
 vine right f)f the ('ompact to rule the i)roviiice. Doctor John 
 Strachan, afterwards first bishop of Toronto, was made a niem- 
 l)er of the Ivxecutive (Council in 1.S15, when he was rectoi of 
 York. He was not only an uncompromising member of the 
 (!]ompact, hating denK)cratic |)rincij)les as tliL- w(jrst form of 
 heresy, but he was also a subtle and skilled politician. His 
 was the guiding intellect of the Official I'artv. His hand made 
 the moves which so often seemed to checkmate the Refc^rmers. 
 
 So much slower was the growth of the jjopular party in Up- 
 per than in Lower Canada, that it was n>)t till 1SJ4 that the 
 Assembly showed a Reform majority and came into conflict 
 with the (lovernor and Council. In this year William Lyon 
 
 
 ■if Ppl 
 
1 
 
 11 
 
 h 
 
 ■f, 
 
 i. 
 I 
 
 ■«- 
 
 276 
 
 Mackciv.ic, a fiery yount^ Scotchman wlio liad come to Canada 
 lour y- ars hcfore, started a paper called the Colonial Advocat: 
 in tiie intert'sts of the reform movement. 'The new journal 
 pul)lishe(l scathing criticisms of the (>)n^|)act, and threw a dan 
 gerous ligiit ujjon ce'rtain grave abuses. 'I'he hostility of the 
 ("lovernor antl i)()th ('ouncils was at once turned upon llie dar 
 ing journalist. The Colouuil Advocntf prcn'ed uni)rof)tal)le. 
 and before it was two years old Mackenzie was in trouble. 
 lUit just at this juncture the folly of tiie offiL-ials gave it a new 
 lease of life. (i<S26). .\ gang of young men, sons of the ( "(jm- 
 pact, broke into Mackenzie's office, destroyed the presses, and 
 emptied the ty|)es into the lake. 'I'iie rowdies, however, were 
 s[)eedily brought to trial, and condemned to pay Mackenzie 
 about three thousan<l dollars damages, — a sum which greath 
 relieved the needy editor. 
 
 Other things happened to stir up the |)eo[)le"s indigna' 
 tion. Mem!)ers of the opposition in the Assembly were 
 s[)ie(l ujion and persecuted. A iJritish half-j)ay oftii-er. Cap- 
 tain .Matthews, for having, in an after-dinner mood, called 
 upon some strolling .\merican players to give two or three 
 .\m(;rican national airs, was reported to the Home dovern 
 mcnt for disloyalty, and lost his pension. A certain Judge 
 Willis, sent out from ICngland, incurretl the wrath of the Com- 
 pact by his strictures upon their modes of administering justice, 
 and was removed from his position. 'I'hen a gras|)ing inn-keei)er 
 nameil Forsyth, at Niagara Kails, built a high fence along the 
 front of his place, to shut out the view and force visitors to pass 
 through his grounds it they wished to sec the great cataract. 
 Ciovernor Maitland ordered him to take away the obstruction, 
 but l''orsyth refused. Thus far, Forsyth was in the wrong. Hut 
 the arbitrary governor made haste to put himself in the wrong ; 
 and at once the avaricious I>onitace appeared a victim of Tory 
 persecution. A sijuad of soldiers ap|)eared, tore down the 
 fence, destroyed a house of I'orsyth's which stood on his own 
 land, and threw the wreck into the l-'alls. 'I'he Assembly un 
 dertook to investigate the outrage. Certain government officials 
 
Were siiiiiiiioiiL'd Ijcturc the House U) L;ive evidence; hut on 
 Maitlaml's rash advice they refused to ohev tlie suninions. The 
 .\sseinl)ly had theiii arrested and put in ])rison ; \\hereu|)on the 
 Uoveriior (h'ssolved the House. This led to sueii a storm ot 
 anger tliat Mailland was promptly recalled hy the Colonial ()t- 
 licc. (182S). He was succeeded l»y Sir John ("olhorne. lUit 
 the change brought no more temperate counsels, no cessation 
 of the contlict. I'.ditors of Reform journals fiercely ( ritici/ed 
 the officials, and were answered l)v fines and imi)risonniciit. 
 Solicitor-deneral lioulton. one of the leading members of the 
 Compact, refused to give evidence when summoned to do so 
 liy a committee of the House. I'or this flagrant disobedience 
 he was called before the bar of the House, and sternly re|)ri- 
 manded by the Speaker, Mr. Marshall IJidwell. 
 
 l)Ut now the party of the Reformers liegan to split into two 
 sections. Men of dignity, sagacity, and loyalty, like Speaker 
 lliilwell, Robert liaklwin, and the great .Methodist Loyalist, 
 lOgerton Ryerson, would not tolerate the extremes and violence 
 of the Mackenzie faction. This split, in 1S50, enabled the 
 Compact to gain a majority in the Assemi;l\. I'he occasion 
 was seized to pass what was known as the " liverlasting Salary 
 i!ill."' 'I'his made a permanent grant for the salaries of judges 
 and officials, thus rendering diem still further independent of 
 the .\ssembly. The Ih'll was attacked with great fon c by 
 Mackenzie, who had been ek'cted member for \'ork ; an<l the 
 angry majority expelled him, since they could not beat him in 
 argument. Again and again he was returned by his <.'ntluisias- 
 tic constituents, only to be as promptly turned out for disagree- 
 ing with the majority. He then went 10 Mnglaiul to lay the 
 complaints of the people before the Throne ; and the ("olonial 
 Secrc'tar\- declared his ex|uilsion ilk'gal. Still the .\ssend)ly, 
 blindly obstinate, and scorning even the authority for which the 
 Com])act professed such veneration, refused to aihuit him. He 
 became then a sort of popular idol, almost as frantically adored 
 by certain classes as Papineau in the sister province : and 
 in i<S34, when Vork was incorporattd and took again its old- 
 
 -a'm 
 
278 
 
 I 
 
 time iininc of 'I'oronlo, he was elected first ninyor of tlie ni\. 
 In tiiis year the breach l>et\veeii the nuKlerale Reformer^ 
 and the extremists grew wider. The cause of tiiis was a letli r 
 received by Mackenzie from Hume, the ICnghsh radical, in 
 wliich he said that the course of events in Canada must ''ter- 
 minate in independence and freedom from the baneful domina- 
 tion of the Mother Country." As these sentiments were not 
 repudiated l)y Mackenzie, Mackenzie was angrily repudiated b\ 
 Ryerson and other loyal Reformers. In s|)ite of this split. 
 however, the Com|)act was beaten in the next election, and Re- 
 form had a majority in the new Mouse. Hidwell was once 
 more made Speaker, and Mackenzie was made chairman of a 
 "Special C'ommittee on Crievances." (1835), The report ol 
 this (-ommittee opened the eyes of the Colonial otiUce to the 
 state of affairs in the |)rovince, and Sir John f!olborne was re- 
 called. His last act was a deliberate defiance of the people. 
 He established and endowed, from the ("lergy Reserves, the 
 forty-four rectories already referred t(j. 'I'he number was in 
 tended to be fifty-six, but before all the |)atents were made out 
 the matter came to the ears of the .Assembly, and the S[)eaker 
 put a sto|) to it. 
 
 The Colonial office was now sincerely bent upon limiting 
 the tyranny of the C'ompact, securing the rights of the people. 
 ■And conciliating the Reformers, as far as all tliese things could 
 be done without weakening the authority of the Crown. Tlu' 
 point on which the Home Ciovernment was most unwilling to 
 yield was that of making the ICxecutive res[)onsible to tlu 
 j)coplc. It was still held in i'^ngbnd that colonists were dc- 
 [)endents, and therefore in a sense inferior to the IJritish voter 
 at home. The liritish Ivxecutive was, of course, resjjonsible to 
 the Uritish [)eople ; Init to give colonial voters a like control ol 
 their own I'Aecutive, would, it was thought, do away with a 
 righteous distini'tion between colonists and full citizens. It was 
 further held that with com[)lete self-government the colonists 
 would grow too inde[)endent, and bye-and-bye throw off their 
 allegiance after the example of their southern kin. The Houu 
 
2 79 
 
 Ciovcrnnicnt was hampered, lIuTcforc. Its good-will toward 
 tin; colonics was sincere ; l)Ut it did not yet understand the sit- 
 uation. Upper (.'anadu now needed a [governor of special ta( t 
 ;ind |)rudence, wlio would l)e able to exact concessions frtjni 
 hoth the (;|)|)osing parties. Instead of such a one, Downini; 
 Street ser,t out the self-confident and hlunderinii Sir I'rancis 
 llond Head. 
 
 The new governor at once called three prominent Reform- 
 ers to the IvXecutive. At the same time, however, he assured 
 them that they were in no way resp(;nsil)le to the peoi)le, hut 
 to him only ; and that he did not consider it necessary to a>k 
 their advice exce[)t when he should feel that he needed it. 
 L'pon r ceiving this statement of extreme absolutism the three 
 Reformers resigned their seats,-- and the indignant Sir I'rancis 
 at once allied himself wilii the Compact. A new Council was 
 formed, exclusively Tory. The Assembly passed an address 
 censuring Sir I'Vancis ; and for the first time in Up|)er Canada 
 happened that which in Lower Canada had become ijuite the 
 I'ustom ; the Assembly refused to vole supplies. The Re- 
 formers of the two provinces, meanwhile, had been drawing 
 together ftjr sympathy, and now from I'apineau came a let- 
 ter to S[)eaker Hidwell, urging that the Reformers of all 
 the IJritish North American jjrovinces should join in the 
 fight for self-government. Sir I'Vancis cried out that this 
 was republicanism, and dissohed the Mouse. A new election 
 was held, the governor himself taking the stump and haranguing 
 as a violent parti/an. He declared that the fight was for mon- 
 archv and liritish connection and this crv. falling on I.ovalist 
 ear. , .-arried the day. Men who hated the tyranny of the Com- 
 pact bitterly enough were nevertheless willing to endure it 
 rather than side with disloyalty and treason. The new House 
 showed a majority in sup[)ort of the Comi)act, and Mackenzie, 
 liidwell, Rolph, and other leading Reformers were left out. 
 l--nraged at this, and puffed up by the flattery of his followers, 
 the excitable Mackenzie stretched out both hands to I'apineau 
 and planned open rebellion. 
 
 :M 
 
 W\ 
 
 i;; 
 
 
 Tit ■.-■''* ^' I 
 
 :/ '■':,■''! 
 
 m 
 
28o 
 
 (Sk<tiiiS s(1. — Di.prrs.sidi; in N'uvii Scotiii, ><lriiii:.' pnsitinii (rCllir (,'oni|i!i(;l ill Xnvii 
 Sci'tiii. Disimlc iiviT tlic Uiiiiiily Duty, llnwi's l.ilid (,'iisi-. Ilnwc's TwrlM' Uimijii. 
 til Ills.) 
 
 80. The Struggle in Nova Scotia.— In Nova Scoti i 
 
 and New IJrunswick tlic struggle for representative institutions 
 went on more temjjerately, and came to a climax later, tlian in 
 the U|)i)er I'rovinces. The (juestions at issue between Officials 
 and Retbrmers were more simple. They were not coni])licated 
 by (luestions of race, and the line (jf division between the difftT- 
 ent classes of society was not drawn with such arrogance. In 
 Nova Scotia the close of the war brought a departure of ships, a 
 diminution of troops, and therefore a speedy collapse of trade. 
 This was felt most of all in Halifa.x. The chief naval station 
 was removed from Halifax to liermuda. The population shrank, 
 and hundreds of workmen were fed i)y the I'oor Man's Society. 
 For five years the people were fully occupied and patrioticalK 
 united in the effort to improve their ])rovince. Men's thouglits 
 were kept away from politics. AN'hat rather interested the peo- 
 ple were such things as letters in the newspapers on the slate of 
 provincial agriculture ; and a series of such letters by an an(jny- 
 mous "Agricola" led to the establishment of an Agricultural 
 Society, with Lord Dalhousie as I'resident and the [)ul)Iic-s[)irited 
 unknown* as Secretary. ICducation, too, was a (piestion of 
 general interest. .\ systeui of parish schools was begun ; and 
 in 1821 Dalhousie College was founded, chielly with the inonevs 
 of the Castine Fund already referred to. Lord 1 );Jhousi(.'. 
 doomed later to win himself such an ill renown in Lower Can- 
 ada, was fairly po|)ular in Nova Scotia. The first symptoms of 
 the approaching struggle made themselves felt, however, during 
 his administration. 'I'he Assembly advanced certain charges 
 against the Collector of ("ustoms, who was a member of thi 
 Ivxecutive (.'ouncil. At such presumption Lord Dalhousie grew 
 indignant. 
 
 In s[)ite of the fact tiiat the Family Compact in Nova Scotia 
 
 * "Agricola"' revealed luiuself a.s ii Seotoiunuii iianicil John Voiiiiu. 
 He enteieil tlie Assemltly, and liecaiiie i)roiniiieut in tlie politics of Novn 
 Scotia. 
 
let ill N'lV.'i 
 Ivf Iti-Milu. 
 
 28 1 
 
 formed nil iiTLSponsilik- (jliL;;inli\. liukliii:;- all ()t"fi( cs, jxawis, 
 and privilt.'gLS in ihcir gms|(, tlu' people wcrr slow to nio\r 
 a,gainst tiiuir rulers. The otihcials, indeed, were very strongly 
 eiitrenclied. 'I'lie Ivxccutive ("ouncil and tile I .e^islative ( "oim- 
 
 ei 
 
 I formed one hods : and tiu-v sat witli closed doo 
 
 rs. careless ot 
 
 l)ul)iic opinion, careless even of the Assenihly. (Irievances tiure 
 
 Were; hut tlie ('i()VeriK)r, Sir James Kempl (iSjo iSjiS) was 
 
 devoted to the development of the [irovince. Me imi)roved the 
 roads. He opened u|) communications.* In 1.S27 he heuaii 
 
 the Shuhenacadie Canal, to connect Halifax Harbour with the 
 head waters of tiie Hay of l-tmdy, 
 to develop the internal i^rowth of the 
 
 I work which was e\pecte<l 
 
 iirovux'e, as weli as 
 
 the conunerce of Halifax. The jjeople neeiled some hurninu 
 ([Uestion, or else a powerful leader, to make them attack the 
 strong supremacN of the ('omjtact. 
 
 In 1830 came up a (piestion of taxation, and it seemed as i 
 
 if 
 
 some vt'ars he- 
 
 the fight was fairlv heuun. The Assemhh had 
 
 fore put a duty of one shilling antl four|)ence |)er gallon on 
 
 tirandv : and now thev discovered that the dutv actuallv eolle 
 
 ct- 
 
 ed was only one shilling per gallon. They protested, and lalled 
 for the exaction of the full tax. The Coimcil refused to agree, 
 so high a tax heing unpopular with their friends, who seem to 
 
 have 
 
 been the chief consumers of the artic 
 
 e m ([uestion. 
 
 leither body would yield, there were no colK'ctions U 
 
 or a vear 
 
 an 
 
 d th 
 
 e province lost nearly 25.000 poun 
 
 (Is. while Halifax 
 
 eii)oyeil cheap brandy. 
 
 here 1 ame a general election, lirmi. 
 
 uil; in a lu 
 
 w .\ 
 
 sseiiiblv whicli proven even more unviehhnLi than 
 
 its ])reilecessor : and at last the ('ouncil with much grumblin;. 
 
 ;reed to tlu' tax. 
 
 rouble next arose on the manaLieiiieiu ot attair.s in 
 
 lalif 
 
 IX, 
 
 which, not being incorporated, was governed by magistrates in 
 the interest of the Compact. 'There were i rying abuse 
 rui)t mismanagement, and neglect of the public peeds. 
 
 came forwaril as cham])ion of the popular cause one of tin 
 
 now 
 
 cor 
 .\nd 
 fthe 
 
 ivost illustrious of the sons of Xova Scotia. Io> 
 born of Loyalist parents, near Halifax, in 1.S04, 
 
 I owe, 
 
 was at this time 
 
 3^' 
 
 fc t 
 
 ' ^'^ J 
 
1 
 
 i 
 
 'i 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 1st 
 
 s; 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i! 
 
 :! 
 
 L'litor f)r a Halifax iicwspajjcr called ihc Xnr'ii Scdliaii. In tin- 
 coluniiis (jf his journal (1.S35) he (K'nouiiccil the magistrates, 
 and cliarged iheiii widi defrauding the city to the amount u\ 
 $4000 a year. 'I"he immediate result of tliis hold step was that. 
 Howe found himself attacked with the favorite wea|)on of the 
 ("onipact, namely, an action for lihel. (."onfideiil in his elo 
 ijuenceand in his case, Howe made his own defence, and spoke 
 before the jury for six hours. His prosecutor was one of the 
 most elo(|uent of his fellow-countrymen, the Hon. S. (1. W. 
 Archihald, then Attorney-deneral of the province. iUit in 
 s[)ite of the (act that the judge charged flatly against him, Howc 
 was acquitted ; and the enthusiastic citizens ke[)t holiday in 
 honour of his triumph. 
 
 Howe became the poj)ular idol, as ra[)ineau was in Lower 
 Canada, as Mackenzie was with a noisy secticMi in U|)|)er 
 ("anada. But the contrast was great between Howe and 
 these other tribunes f)f the people. 'l"he Nova Scotian Reform- 
 er, while impetuous, fearles.s, and uncom[)romising, was unim 
 peacliably loyal. He wanted nothing but what was to be got 
 by constitutional means. " Red fool fury " was hateful to him. 
 and ridiculous. 'I'hough his elocjuence and his magnetism 
 could sway an audience as the wind sways a field of wheat, he 
 had a fund of humour that held him workls apart from the 
 vain-glorious rashness of .\Fackeiizie and I'apineau. He ilid not 
 think that, because the peo|)le cheered him, he could therefore 
 iL'fy the old lion (jf l^igland and .set u|) a little republic between 
 ('ape Sable and (Jape North. He led the peo[)le, but he wa- 
 not misled by them. 
 
 When Howe was elected to the Assembly he set his hand 
 at once t() reform. He had able assistants in Voung, Himting 
 ton, and Lawrence O'Connor Doyle- His first step was an at- 
 tack on the ('ouncil for .sitting with closed doors, as if its busi 
 ness were a priv;..e affiiir. 'I'his vote of censure from the As 
 sembly was scornfully ignored by the Council ; whereupon the 
 Assembly passed a series of T^vclve Resolutions, condemning 
 both the constitution and procedure of the Council, and ac 
 
283 
 
 rusint^ that Ixxly of setting its own iiitLi-Lsls hct'orL' the puKKc 
 good. 'I'his called forth nn uproar, which Howe (|uiete(l hy 
 shrewdly rescinding the resolutions, saying that they had doin' 
 their work in opening the eyes of the public. The gist of 
 them, however, was embodied in a petition to the Throne, pra\- 
 ing for redress of grie\anci'S. 'I'he result was a victory, but bv 
 no means a compl'jte one. The accession of (^)ueen X'ictoria 
 (1837) brought on general elections everywhere, and with the 
 g.ilhering of the new Assembly at Haliiax came new instructions 
 to the Ciovernor from I )(jwning Strict. The doors of the C'our.- 
 cil room were openctl to the public, the Legislative and Mm.'cu- 
 tive Councils were separated, the Chief Justice was forbidden 
 to sit on either Council, the control of the revenues (except the 
 (!asual and Territorial,) was put in the hands of the Assembh, 
 and the Ivxecutive was made to include members of both 
 Houses. IJut these c(jncessions were in great part made use- 
 less by the manner in whicl". they were carried out. 'I'he (lov- 
 ernor of Ntna .Sc(Jtia at Uiis time was the veteran general Sir 
 C'olin Cam[)bell, respecteil for his sincerit)' by friend and foe 
 alike, but obstinately ()])posed to any gr(jwih of |)opuhir power. 
 He appointed, indeed, members of the Assembly to ser.ts in the 
 IvXecutive Ccnmcil : but the members so a|)pointe(l were all ad- 
 herents of the ('om|)act. 'I'he .Assembly, now controlling the 
 customs revenues, refused to make permanent provision for the 
 ("ivil List, i)referring to pass an .Approjiriation Hill each year, 
 .and declaring that the salaries then paid were much too high 
 for a province in such needy circumstances. |)elegations were 
 sent to London by both parties, to carry theii ([uarrel and argue 
 their case before the Home (lovernment. liut this time the 
 Reformers gained little. Th(.'ir urgent demand for an Llei li\e 
 Upper House, and for an lOxecutive responsible to the people, 
 was not listened to at Howning Street. .\nil for a linn- 
 such princii)les became unpopular in Xova St otia itself. The 
 insane rebellions in U])per and Lower (!anada, though sternly 
 discountenanced by Howe ami his followers, were used by tlu' 
 OtVicial Party as an excuse for taimling the Reformers with re 
 
 1 it 
 
 ,if 
 
 FT' I't 
 
284 
 
 p'lMii'anism and triMsoM. 'I'lu'V railed fordi, however, a vigor 
 oiH loyally all throuL;li the .Mariliii;c Provinces, a loyalty in 
 uhi< ii reformer and ofticial strove to outdo each other ; and 
 then came a lull in the noise ot" jiarty strife. Ten years more 
 of aLiilali(jn and dispute were vet to he endinxii hefore the 
 final triumph of Responsible (lovernment. 
 
 (Si:("iiiiV --I.- Sii' llnw.'iirl |i..i|.;lii- III \i'A lirnii'W ick. I li^ Miiinnii'lii Vif. 
 tliv.'il liiil^iiii iirn|,.i^rs tn H'IicmI tli.' hiilii'^ ..rj liiillic TiinlMM. I.. A. Wilin'.l. IM- 
 |iiit. s witli till' K\iM'iiii\,.. sir .lull 1 1 ll.ii\.'\- imcilirs tin- ..nil.-.) 
 
 8i. Political Strife, and other matters in New 
 
 Brunswick. In New IJrimswick, as we have already seen, 
 the quarrel between Assembly and JAeciuive began early. We 
 noted, as early as the close of the preceding century, the strug- 
 gle for control of the revenues, and the consequent dead-lock. 
 'I'he same struggle, [jersistenl rather than fierce, was renewed 
 from time to lime; till in 1818 the (lovernor, .\[r. 'I'raeey 
 Smythe, indignantly dissolved the House. The rccoid of quar- 
 rels and reconciliations in all the restless |)rovinces grows most 
 wearisome to tell cjr consider. On the coming of Sir Howard 
 Douglas as (lovernor (1824) a more amiable spirit prevailed. 
 Both |)arlies united with the |)atriotic governor in efforts f(jr the 
 advanctMiKMit of the [)rovince. The po[)ulation was now some- 
 thing less than 75.000. It was so c(jni|)letely dependent upon 
 the lumber interest and ship- building that agriculture was sadly 
 behindhand. The Ciovernor, seeing that the lumber-trade was 
 !>ound sooner or later to decay, sought to turn the attention of 
 the people toward the soimder l)usine.ss of farming. To open 
 up the |)roviiice he ran new roatls and laboured for the improve- 
 nuMit of the old ones. 'I'his was, in those da\s, a prime duty of 
 faithful governors. Education, too, came in for his diligeiit 
 care, and through his efforts was presently founded at Frederic- 
 ton a college called, like the similar establishment in Nova Sco- 
 tia, Kings College, afterwards to bectjme the University of New 
 IJrunswick. 
 
 In the year after Sir Howard's coming the province was 
 visited by a disaster whose effects may even yet be traced in the 
 
V;ist, cluiiTt'd irat'ls nf tlic iiU 
 
 Liior. 
 
 r 
 
 ii> liilaiintv \\,i> tin 
 
 lii'al 
 
 Miraiiiichi l''iiv. 'I'hc siinuiKr u\ \^:-^ li.nl Ijirii onr nt 
 and clr()iij,'lit owr tlic iiortlKrn half <)!' the ( omimnt. I'or 
 moiiths tlicrc was no rain. All ihrou^li Sr|)t(inl)i'r tliu inhahi 
 lants of tliL' New linmswick tow 
 casv l)V tlic threat iA' loifsi Iul's. 
 
 ^^ aiul villa;:t.'s wi re krpt uii 
 
 111,' air ahont Iri'dfrnloii 
 
 as thick with smoki 
 
 At tl 
 
 ic close o 
 
 t tile iiioiitli a l)la/e ran 
 
 in through the t'lr tlii^'kets to the \erv outskirts ot' the town, and 
 ( ioverniiient Ihnisewas hurned. !n()riol)er the lire lirokeoi;t 
 in the vast forest region aliout the upiaa' waters of the N'a^hwaak. 
 
 'I"he woods wiTc like so nuieli tinder. 
 
 lurleu lorwartl ov 
 
 I I) 
 
 jrcat wnid tlu' luu'rieane o 
 
 f flat 
 
 lie swept out the whole heart ot 
 
 till! province, from the waters of the Miraniichi to the shores of 
 Hay ( 'haleiir. 'Die hea\iesl sufferers were the iniiahitants of 
 Newcastle and I )oiiglastown, on the northern hank of the Mir; 
 Miichi. All through the day of that nieniorahle ( )ctol)er jtli, tl 
 
 i- 
 
 le 
 
 townsfolk had been weighed down by the sultry, poi.-ioned air, 
 and by a dread of coming woe. The cattle, warned by a like 
 
 instint't, liudtlleil touether in frinhtened iiroui 
 
 and wi 
 
 Id 
 
 am- 
 
 uia 
 
 !s, lamed by fear, crept out of the woods to >eek refuge in 
 
 th 
 
 e clearings. 
 
 bout sundcjwn came the fir^t liu:;e briatlis of a 
 
 ourning wind, and 
 
 tl 
 
 irough tile sudden ( 
 
 lark 
 
 ness 'Oil 
 
 Id 
 
 \)c seen 
 
 the red flashings and cree|)ings of the tire along the woterii sk\ . 
 Soon the wind grew to a wild gale, anti up from the horizon's 
 edge the llames lea[)ed o 
 
 iiimou>iv. 
 
 lien came an anijallm. 
 
 roar, 
 
 that 
 
 Do wet 
 
 1 m 
 
 ens souls with terror: tiie 
 
 ;\' rained hot 
 
 tinders and tlaming bramhe^ 
 
 and tile iieaveiis grew sudden 
 
 ly 
 
 ime. 'riirough the horror men rushed madly to 
 seek shelter in the streams, carrving their sick and helpless with 
 
 on 
 
 e sheet of 11; 
 
 ihem. 
 
 home pus 
 
 hed 
 
 out 111 lioats or scows, on ralt^ or siiu 
 
 logs, into the wide and wind-lashed current of the Miramichi. 
 Others crouched down in the water along shore, where they 
 Were crowded and trampled by the throng of frantic animals — 
 wolves, bears, deer, horses, cattle, all in strange and >lniddering 
 confusion. Ships were burned at their moorings before they 
 could get clear. All the houses of the Miramichi settlements 
 
 '.VAl 
 
 '\'K:\ 
 
 •I'.'aKit'l 
 
2<sr, 
 
 were wiped oiil of uMstciiCLr in ;in liour, XcwcastK,', ;il tli;U 
 lime, l)ciiij4 a pro^pcious littli' town of sfvenil luiiidrcd l)iiil<l- 
 iiiLjs. In the Miramirhi rej^ion alone there died that niglit onr 
 hinuhc'd and sixty ptTsons, some slain hy the tire, some drowned 
 by the waves in whii'li they iiad souj;lit shelter. Hut scattered 
 over tiu' interior were lonely pioneer families, solitary lumher- 
 meii, for many of whom there was no |)ossii)le refuge from 
 this ocean (*f flame that raided over nearly 6000 sipiare miles. 
 Those who escaped only did so hy wallowinif in the lakes and 
 wider streams. 'I"he heat was so terrific that in shallow waters 
 the fish were struck dead hy thousands, and afterwartls, washed 
 11]) alon)^ the shores, infected the air. The intense flame in 
 places licked all vet^etahle matter out of the soil, so that to this 
 dav there are wide tracts in the hurnt rcLiion whore nothing: 
 
 was 
 
 i)r()- 
 
 grows hut stunted shruhhery. 'i"he loss to the province 
 estimated at ahout 22^,000 |)ounds sterling in goods and 
 perty, and in standing timher at something like 500,000 pounds. 
 The total number of buildings burnt at Miramichi was 595 ; of 
 cattle and horses S75. Subscriptions l\)r the sufterers were 
 
 tak 
 
 en up in all the proxinces, as well as in (Ireat Hritain and 
 the United States ; and nearly 40,000 pounds were collected. 
 At the same time that this great ruin was tailing on the eastern 
 [)art of the province, a tire broke out also in I'redericton, burn 
 ing eighty-nine buildings; while another at ( )r(jmocto village 
 destroyed lwent\ buildings. 
 
 Two days after this calaiuity the old (luarrel between Maine 
 
 aiK 
 
 I \ 
 
 ew nrunswK 
 
 k al 
 
 )OUt 
 
 thi 
 
 l)(nuKiaries once \i)orc 
 
 ;rew 
 
 threatenins. 
 
 l)Ut for the time the danger was averted. It wil 
 
 be referred to more fully al a later |)oint in the narrative, when 
 the whole ([uestion of the Disputed 'i'erritory comes up for set 
 tlemeiit. 'I'he etTect of sulTering anil peril was to draw classes 
 more closely together and (juiet the bitterness of |)arty strifi'. 
 In 1830 the province recei\ed a rude blow. The IJritish West 
 India trade was made free to the world, and .\meri<-an compe- 
 tition cut down the profits of N'ew lirunswick's fish and lumber. 
 The stroke was felt in Xova Scotia as well as in New IJrunswick. 
 
287 
 
 TluM) (^uiif news which caused a ]ianic, and ahnost stirnd the 
 Very Loyahsls to rclKlh'oii. (Ircat liritain ] in tposcd to repeal 
 llie duties on llaltic tiniher. As the duties tlu-n stood, llic 
 hnnlier of ihc colonies was protected in the I'lnj^lish market by 
 a heavy duty on the product of foreign forests. 'I'he withdraw- 
 al of this protection meant ruin to the trade on wliich New 
 l'irunswi( k had pinned all her faith. .\n,L;ry and piti'ous were 
 the petitions that went ai'ross to the Home (lovernnient. I'or- 
 tunately .Sir Howar<l 1 )onglas. in so many ways the ;^ood genius 
 of the province, was in l'.nL;land at the time reporlin,u on the 
 ([uarrel with Maine. He issued a strong address aL;ainst the 
 repeal of the duty, which carried such wei.uhl that the IJill was 
 killed in Parliament. In grateful enthusiasm New llrunswick 
 presented Sir Howard with a service of plate; l)Ut the ("iinern- 
 or did not return to the post he had so adorned. In cham[ii()n- 
 ing his province as he did he had brought a reverse ujion the 
 ("lovernment which had appointed him, and he therefore felt 
 hoimd to resign. His successor was deneral Sir Archibald 
 Campbell, a stiff-necked old soldier, with high ideas of the royal, 
 antl his own, i)rerogative. It recjuired tio keen observer to 
 guess that the political calm of the last few years was doomed 
 to a speedy end. 
 
 In the Assembly now arose a leader who was destined to do 
 for his parly in New I'runswick what Howe was doing in Xova 
 Scotia. Lemuel Allan W'ilmot, a lawyer of Loyalist slock and 
 commanding eloquence, became a figure almost as conspicuous 
 as that of Howe, though he lacked the magnetism and robust 
 
 humour of the Nova Scotian stalesmai 
 
 In 
 
 parliamentary tac- 
 
 tics and in debate he was a master. The Reform party in the 
 House soon began pressing its demamls. Its first success was 
 the separation of the Executive from the Legislative (ountil. 
 'This was done with the object of having members of the Low- 
 er as well as the Ui)[)er House on the Council board ; but the 
 manayed to make the cc^ncession vain bv refusing to 
 
 ( 
 
 a 
 
 -•rnor 
 ppoint 
 
 ny new members whatever to the Council, which thus 
 remained in the hands of the Compact. The Reformers then 
 
 ,f, 1 
 
 ' a 
 
liinii (1 i!i. ii .iiiciitinn to till' ( idwn l,;iii(l (K|Mrtimiit, itir mis 
 iiKin.iLiiiiHiil 111 ulii( h w;i^ onr nl their i\uv\' L;iic\,m< i>. 'I'lii^ 
 (U|);iitiiii lit w.i-^ in;iii;iL;i'il li\ ;i < liiil ( "(imiiii^iNiinu'r, wliosr sal;ii\ 
 \v;is (.Atl.i^.iu^.iiitlv l.iiuc. Ill' iiM(l lii> pDsitiiin Id f';i\(>iir llir 
 rill) liiinluTiiuii ;m<l othrr iiiciiiliris ot the ('()m|Mrt. ;inil wn^ 
 iiKJirti'ifiit t(i the (•(■n>iiii' lit' till' .\>sc!iilil\ 
 
 ■n 
 
 lii> (IclMitliiriit WiTr thnsr ( 'iiMUil iilK 
 
 rllltiiniil 
 
 ir irxrlllU'^ nt 
 Kivrllius ol 
 
 whirl) \M li,i\t' lifaiil M) iiiiich. I lii\ wrfc Iii'MukI tlu' tdtitfcil 
 (if the A^Miiilih. iiiul wcir Usrd tn |);i\ tiir r\|)i'iisi'S ot tlu' 
 ( 'ivil l.i^l. tliii'^ iiiakinu llu' |iiililir (il'ticials iiidciifiKlcnt of tlir 
 |)r()|)lf uhiiiii ilii\ wnv siippiisi'd. I)\' a polite I'lctioii, to ser\e. 
 The A^'-eiiiliU a-ked I'or an aceoimt ot' the i'\penditiiie of llii- 
 Reveiuie : luit Sir An liiliald. who had Miiall lo\e lor the Re 
 l'(iitiui> AU{\ tiieir docliims. refused to uivi' it. 
 
 The answer of the Asseiiihly to this reinil'f was the despat 
 
 eii 
 
 of delegates to IhiwuiiiL; Street, to |)rny that the control of tile 
 
 L;iveii to llu' |K'ople's representative^. 
 
 disputed ri'veiuie siiould 
 Thoe delei;ati's wiMe well received : iiut rheir mission failed. 
 ()ii thi-. t'ailure the .\sseiiilil\ urew oiiK- tlu' iiiori' detiTinined : 
 he aliusi's in the ( "rown Land department urew vearl\- the 
 shaiiu'les>. Returning to tlie attack, the .AssemliK 
 ill iS?f) a resolution callinu for a detailed statement of 
 
 while 
 
 more 
 
 ia>>e(l 
 
 die >ale> of uoveriiment lands for the jnecedinu vear. The 
 oli^tinatf ( iosernor. i;j,iiori!ig his orders from I )owiiiiig Streit. 
 refused to ui\e thi.' I louse aiiv such stateiuciU. Mr. W ilmot 
 
 and Mr. (Vane were sent to I'] 
 
 and with a new petition. 
 
 the Kiiiii. the sa,L:,aii(ius William i\'. and to his ('<iloiiial Secre 
 tar\. the claim of the Assemlih' to control all monies seeiiud 
 
 liut 
 
 iwisiinaDle. 
 
 T 
 
 le petition was granted 
 
 .Xssemlilv 
 
 wa-^ allowed full charL;e of the disputed ri'veiuics ; and was re- 
 (juirid in return to make permanent provision for the salaries 
 of i^overiior and officials. The a|)poiiitinii of iiu'iiihers of the 
 Asseml)l\ to seats on the l'Aecuti\c was recommended. .And 
 the ("io\eriior and Council were ordered to snlniiit detailed 
 accounts of the ( 'rown l.aiul dejiMtment to the .Vssemlilv .u 
 everv session. 
 
2St 
 
 The \ i(t(>r\ u;i^ ;in nMTwIiclininu one \u\ llic A^'mihIiU ; 
 lull iIk- (ioviinor strove to ineveiit the carrNiiiL; nut of these 
 
 (oiicessions. 
 
 H 
 
 e sent the I inn. ( ienii^e !• . Stiiit, one (il thi 
 
 most inlUieiitial iiu'iiilteis of the ( XTk ial party, to London, to 
 |)Kni(l against tlie cliange. (!ranc and W'ihnot (oiled Street's 
 ifforts. 'I'he im|)la<;ai)ie (lovernor then resigned, ratiur than 
 
 yield to tiic Kelorniers. He was siieeeedet 
 
 1 I 
 
 )\ tin 
 
 hiro 
 
 of Stoncy Creek, Sir John Harvey. (if^37). 'The Civil List liill 
 was passed ; and peace, under the judicious rule ol Sir (ohn 
 Harvey, (K-scendid n|)on the politics of Niw Urunswick. 'I'he 
 grateful Assembly had a full length portrait painted of the Co- 
 lonial Secretary, Lord (lleiielg, to hang over the Speaker's 
 chair. The intention of (llenelg in procuring the passage of 
 the (!ivil List liill, was that its provisions should he extiiided to 
 all the provinces. He wished it to form the basis of a new con- 
 stitution, which should bring harmony out of the prevailing 
 chaos. li' : L'pper (Canada jealously protested against having 
 her constitu.ion thus cut and dricil for her bv the New IJruiis- 
 
 K'l- 
 
 •IllM- 
 
 wick Assembly ; and the plan was thrust aside. 
 
 (Si:i riuN s-j. -('ii|ir DrrtDii. Ciipr Hri't(rii riimiti'il i.. N .mi Si'Mii.'i. I'liiM 
 w:inl Isliilnl. 'I'lir Liili'l i|iii'stiiin. (iiTiit |iri>;;rcss iij Nvwlwiiiiillainl. A \{>\ni 
 ti\r .V^MMiihlv' '/rillltnl to Ni'WlnlllKlliiMil.) 
 
 82. Affairs in Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, 
 
 and Newfoundland. The little province ol Cape Hreton. 
 meanwhile, was growing at a snail's pace in population. It 
 never (|uite rose lo the dignity of political |)rol)lems, till it ceased 
 to 1)0 a province. The region about Sidney, and the l-'rench 
 district of .Arichat, long continued to hold the bulk of the ])opu- 
 lation. (If)vernment was carried im b\' a (knernor and Coun- 
 cil, and Sidney was in great part peopled by officials. There 
 was no clamour, as in the other provinces, for free representa- 
 tive institutions. Lar from it. I!ul the numerous officials, having 
 nuich leisure to dispo.se of, managed to gel up among themselves 
 almost as much disturbance as the other [)rovinces could boast. 
 .Attention was rery early directed to the rich coal mines of 
 the province, which soun, in the form of "royalties," began to 
 
 37 
 
 !• t 
 
 ^K 
 
 • m 
 
290 
 
 yield a rcvfiuio to llic liovoriiiiicnt. The 'nnalty" was a cer^ 
 tain fixed tax on every ton or chaldron takt/n from the mini's. 
 lUit a novel kind of tliievery tloiuished. W'liere the seams ol 
 jetty mineral broke out on the seaward cliffs, shijjs were wont 
 to come in anil without fee or license do their own coal niinini^. 
 
 In 1S07 tlie whole population of Cape Breton was little 
 more than five thousand souls. 'I'he revenue was swai 
 lowed up in payini^ tiie salaries of too-aliiuidant officials. 'I'he 
 wat of 1812 produced hut a mild ripple in the island. When 
 its echt)es had ceased, a ditticulty arose over the coal-royalties. 
 C'ertain lessees refused to |)ay them, on the ground that, hy its 
 original constitution, no duties could he levied in the province. 
 This plea was upheld in the courts of law ; ;ind all jjrocesses ol 
 government were brought to a standstill, 'i'here was nothing to 
 do but call an Assembly, or re-annex the island to Nova Scotia, 
 (leneral Ainslie, who had been (lovernor since 1816, resigned 
 his post in 1820. In ileparting he spoke very bitterly of the 
 people. In view of the fact that ever since the foundation of 
 the |)rovince it had been a hot-bed of rancour, the Home (iov 
 ernment decided not to call an .\ssembly. In the teeth of in- 
 dignant protests from the people, ("ape Breton in 1S20 was 
 reunited to Nova Scotia ; and two representatives, R. j. Uni- 
 acke and Lawrence Kavanagh, were elected to the Nova Scotian 
 Assembly. But, though the union was an accomplisheil fact, 
 the people strove agamst it. In 1823 a second petition was 
 addressed to Downing Street, praying for repeal of the union, 
 'i'his was peremjjtorily refused. Twenty years later the agita 
 tion was revived at Sidney, and resulted in a new i)etition to the 
 Home Ciovernment. It was answered by Mr. (lladstone. then 
 Under Secretary of State, with a very decided refusal, which 
 put an end to the (juestion. (1846.) 
 
 In the (larden of the (lulf, after its change of name from St. 
 John's to Brince Kdward Island, no great political events took 
 place. The immigration of I.ord Selkirk's Highlanders, in 1803, 
 has been already mentioned. Amid their fertile farms, their 
 genial climate, the people prospered (juietly ; and the isolating 
 
 i 
 
291 
 
 waters kL'pt ilicm apart from the stir and tumult of ilic war of 
 1812. Nor (lid tlu: strilV of partirs Lrcatly vi'\ tin- praccful 
 i.-iland. '\'hv j^rcat constitutional (jurstions Ih'Iwl'lmi Asscnihly 
 and I'Acrutivc wrrr fought out slowly and souicwhat niildlv in 
 llu' legislative halls of Charlottitown. ( )nc of the Ciovcrnors, 
 Charles 1 )ouglas Smith, when in difficulties with the Assemhlv. 
 took the simple plan of not calling that hody together, and so 
 pursued in peace his arbitrary course. Hut succeeding gover- 
 nors were less autocratic ; and when tlu' violent courses of 
 Papineau and Mackenzie lulminated in rebellion, the militia of 
 Trince ICdward Island promptly volunteered for service in re- 
 pressing it. 
 
 In 1S22 a harsh and sudden attempt of ( lovernor Smith to 
 collect the old arrears of the ([uit-rents caused much suffering 
 and wide-spread indignation. 'I'he one evil, indeed, which in 
 the eyes of the Islanders obscured all others, was the crying one 
 of absentee proprietorship. This arose from the light way in 
 which the lands of the Island had been granted when it came 
 into English hands. .Most of the inhabitants lu'ltl their firms 
 as tenants of landlords who dwelt in I-aigland and knew nothing 
 of ciri'umstances in a young colony. After i)utting the best of 
 their lives on improving a piece of wiUl land these tenants were 
 liable to be turned out f(jr inability to pay arrears of rent. 
 Many a man thus found all his life's work wasted. The (jues- 
 tion was one that touched the peo|)le ceaselessly and deeply. 
 l>ut it was not to be settleil till after three-tiuarters of a century 
 of st.ife ; and its full discussion belongs to a later chapter. 
 
 To Newfoundland the wars which opened the century and 
 shook the thrones of l'".urope jiroved an uni)aralleled blessing. 
 Her I'Airojjean rivals in the cod-fiNlieries were swept tVoni off 
 her sea ^ by ihc fleets of Mngland, and lor a lime she luled the 
 fish-markets of the world. The |)rogress of the ishuul advanct'd 
 by miglity strides. Population ll ,weil in in spite of the old re 
 strictions on settlement. In the years when the Loyalists were 
 flocking into Canada (178^^ S3), the population of Newfound- 
 land was about io,ooo. In the year 1 Soo the Koyal Newfound- 
 
 m 
 
 il'i 
 
292 
 
 land RcL;iincnt, stationed at St. John's, conspired to mutiny, 
 [jlundcr the town, and escape to the United States. 'I'he plot 
 was discovered by Dishop O'Donnell, and crushed out with 
 a firm hand. 'I'he regiment was sent to another station. 
 In the year which saw the close of our War of Defence, 
 (1S14) came 7000 immigrants to the .\ncient Colony, whose 
 po[)ulation now reached the very respectable figure of 70,- 
 000. 'I'hese settlers were gathered most thickly on the 
 peninsula of Avalon, aliout the secure harbours which mark 
 that deei)ly-indented coast on either side from St. John's. Hut 
 all the inhabitants were sea-farers, dwelling within reach of the 
 salt-spray and rich harvests of the tide. Far more exclusively 
 than New I)runswick devoted herself to lumber, Newfoundland 
 devoted herself to fish. Farming was all but unknown. In 
 1816, when the wars had ceased in Europe and America, anil 
 Newfoundland could no longer mono[)olize the fisheries, the 
 ])rosperity of the island all at once collapsed, and sudden ruin 
 fell. Then, and in the year following, St. John's was all but 
 wiped out in three great conflagiations ; and the island be- 
 came a scene of misery. But the price of fish went up, and 
 ])r()sperity came again. 
 
 'l"he merchants of St. John's, making great fortunes out of 
 the fisheries, and desirous of ki^eping all the people in a state 
 of dependence upon them, diligently reported that there wer.' 
 no farm lands in the province. Neither climate i:or soil, the\ 
 said, was fit for husbandry. Ikit in spite of them po[)ulation 
 went on growing, though all [)olitical life in this population was 
 so successfully choked down that not till 1732 did the island 
 receive the first rudiments of representative government, in the 
 form of a poi)ular Assembly. The agitation for this benefit was 
 begun in 1821, but was successfully opposed for eleven years by 
 the merchants of St. J(jhn's, whose great object was n(jt only to 
 l)revent increase of |)0[)ulation but to procure the removal of 
 the inhabitants already occupying the island. Their one con- 
 sideration was their pockets ; but for long they were able to 
 blind the Home (lovernment to the selfish greed of the- p(jlicy. 
 
-93 
 
 When the cijlony did at lent^th arrive at tin- diunitv o( full Le::- 
 islatiire, strife l)et\veen Executive and Assembly soon began. 
 Ikit it had not the clear and consistent form which it took in 
 the Canadas, Xova Scotia, and New I'.runswick. Nor were 
 the people of Xewfoundland destined to win a full measure of 
 Res[)onsible (lovernment till long after this goal had been 
 reached by the sister provinces. 
 
 cnAP'ri:R XX. 
 
 SECTIONS : -83, The Rebellion in Lower Canada. 84, The 
 Rebellion in Upper Canada. 85, Lord Durham and his 
 Report. 86, The Canadas United. 87, Responsible Gov- 
 ernment gained in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 
 
 (.ScirroN s:i.-l...i-,l liiissi'll's linn iK'ti.ui. I'apiiKiiui .nii.l N'rl-nn mnve r.-ipiiUy to- 
 WMi-il npiMi l!i'l.,.lliuii. Thi' Cliuirli sti-ivi's I.) (.'ln'ck I'liiiiiioaii's iiimliirss. Thr Hil.rl. 
 linn lii-i'iiks nut. Till! iiiMnlcr nf l.iiMitciiaiit W.'Ir. Dcri'iit "( i;.iic at Si. Ilcni^. 
 Wctliciiill's vict.iiy iit ist. Cliarli's. The (.'liiii.rl nt St. K\istaclic. Tli.' attitii.lc i.f iln- 
 l-'iriic'li Caiiii.liiiris tnwanl tl'e KcbiOlinii. .Vnival and d.partMir ..f l.ni-,| |)iiiliaiii. 
 l-"inal null, ivali nil li,. Krliclllnii in l.nwri' C';iiiada.) 
 
 83. The Rebellion in Lower Canada. And now we 
 
 turn back to Lower Canada, which wc left a scclliing caldron of 
 popular discontent. 'J"he Koyal Commission of In([uiry, which 
 Iiad been ap[)ointed to investigate tlie troul)les, made its refiort 
 to the British Parliament in I''el)ruary of 18^7. The report 
 showed that the Reformers of Lower Canada had [)ut them- 
 selves in a position which the most liljeral of their friends were 
 
 .#■ 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 t n 
 
 294 
 
 hound to coiKlciiin. Lord John Russell hrouL^lU in a i'iil wliich 
 dealt with the wliolr ui.ittc-v liruily. As the .\ssriul)ly had (01 
 I'lvi' veais R'l'iised to vote supplies, leavin,^^ the Ju.Il^i's and otlu r 
 olVuials in distress. I,ord Russi-li's liill authori eil the ( lovernor 
 (uMieral to take 142.000 jiounds out of the provincial trcasurs 
 and pa\ all the arrears ol the Civil List. He was wi-rned that 
 this step would cause rei)ellion. He said justici' should he 
 done at wiiatever cost. The pi.'ople had got all they aski'd lor. 
 e\eei>t an elective Ijiper House and an L\ecutiv(.' ri'S|)oiisihli. 
 to theni. These were refused to every other colony as well. 
 'I'he refusal could hardly lie held to justify rehellion. 
 
 hy tlie hanks of the St. Lawrence, however, Lord Russell's 
 Hill made the cuj) of wrath run over. Wild meetings weie lu'ld. 
 and treason walki-d openly. l'a|)ine:ni moved in a hla/e of en 
 thusiasm. Second only to him in seditious eminence was a 
 man of perhai)s tcpial ahility hul less magnetism, a (Hiltured 
 physician of I'aiglish hirth, Doctor WOlfred Nelson, already re- 
 ferred to as l'ai)iiu;urs ally in the .\ssemhly. Nelson exerted a 
 witle inlUk'nce, holh hy his character aiKJ hy his eloquence. 
 He imagined thai the strife helween Ruformers and (lovern 
 ment was a duel helween tyraiuiy and freedom ; anil he threw 
 all his weight into the scale for Pajiineau. In the early summer 
 Lord ("losforil warned the jteople of the peril of their counse, and 
 forhade the hoKling of seditious meetings. His proclamation, 
 posted in places of [)ul)lic resort, was torn down with yells ol 
 derision and shouts of " I-ong live I'apineau our Deliverer!' 
 The people organized themselves into societies called the "Sons 
 of Liherty."' To cut off the revenues, they vowed to use no 
 articles that paid duty. When the .\ssemhly met in .\ugust 
 the memhers were for the most part clad in homespun garments 
 of the rudest fashion. The demands of this Assemhly were for 
 nothing less than the withdrawal of all Im[)erial authority from 
 the affairs of Lower Canada. The Covernor-Ceneral promptK 
 dissolved the Houst'. 
 
 I'apineau now threw all wisdom to the winds, and madi 
 frantic a[ipeal to the judgment of the sword. His will was law 
 
295 
 
 with (■(.■rlnin youii.L,' ;in<l csiitrd srctions of tlu: ])(()i)lc. I'.iilli- 
 liil in Ik.t citi/A'tishii), llu- Cluiicli slrovr lo stem tlir tide ol 
 
 lollv 
 
 hut vain witc tlio a|)|)L';ils of" the hrsl-lovcd pr'cst, va 
 
 in 
 
 li 
 
 ircats, connnanfls, 
 
 IlK 
 
 1 rxcoiiiinunications ot llu 
 
 loval 
 
 liisliops. 'I'lu.' I'.ritish minoritv or^ani/rd \aii{)us clubs, ti» '!<:- 
 Irnd the law and ronslitutioii. All tlic iliitisli troops in the 
 province; wen; i^athcrcil at Montreal, and the loyal ( 'ilcnuarry 
 militia mustered lo their aid. I'rom L'|)pcr ("anaila, in spite ol 
 the fact that there, too, was rehellion nalherinL 
 
 head, came a 
 
 the regulars of the |)rovince. 'I'he governor had taken the hoKl 
 ste|) of sending away his English troo|)s, to show his confidence 
 i'l the I'pper ('anadian militia. The militia, said he, wereahle 
 and ready to delcnd iheir province against all rel 
 
 ■I 
 
 In October the liritish settl(;rs of tlu' rebellious districts, 
 ab.indoning their farms and harvt'sted crops to the rebels, lied 
 into Montreal. 'I'he centre of disaffection was the country 
 along the Richelieu. At St. Charles, on that stream, the 
 luxhitans massed in force, and a Liberty (!olumn was raised in 
 I'apineau's honour. Around this column the rebel for( es were 
 enrolled, and arms and amunition wiTe distributed. Near by 
 stood an old seigneurial mansion of -.toni', which was presently 
 occupied and fortified by a strong detachment of rebels under 
 one Stowell Ihown, an American, who took to himself the title 
 
 jf " ( 
 
 leneral 
 
 Not far off, at St. Den 
 
 IS, was anotlier rehe 
 
 th 
 
 post, commanded by Wolfred Nelson, 'i'he centre of Nelson's 
 position was a large stone distillerv, well barri<ailed 
 
 and 
 
 for defence. The first ( 
 
 ollision, a mere scrimm; 
 
 tted 
 
 took place 
 
 in .Vlontreal, early in November, wh<;n a meeting of the " Scjns 
 of Liberty " was attacked and broken U[) by a loyal club < ailed 
 the 
 
 Doric." 
 Soon afterwards two e\i)editioiis were sent bv 
 
 th 
 
 e com- 
 
 mander-in-chief, Sir John Colborne, to seize the rebel lead- 
 ers and scatter the insurgents at St. Denis and St. Charles. 
 The movement against St. Denis was led by ('olonel Core, with 
 one field [)iece and five hundred men. (>)lonel Wetherall, with 
 a stronger force, marched upon St. ( Charles. I'efore any gener- 
 
 •'■fsl 
 
 k ' : ^fi- 
 
 ' ,1 
 
^ 
 
 i\\ cniiiv^umcin took placu a small body of loyal cavalry cotninii 
 up from St. John's, on the Rithcliuii, was attacked by the 
 rebels. Then took place a l)arbaroiis act which roiisi'd the furv 
 of the loyal troops. An intrepid young ot'ficer, Lieutenant 
 ^Veir, carrying despatches from (Colonel (lore, was captured by 
 the rebels. He made a bokl dash for liberty, but was shot 
 down by his captors and hacked to pieces with their swords. 
 'I'his atrocity was condemned by Nelson ; but from the unhai)p\ 
 lieutenant's despatches the rebel leader learned of (lore's ad 
 vance. and made ready to receive him. 
 
 On the 2^rd of November Clolonel (lore attacked St. De 
 
 nis, 
 
 He marched sixteen miles through the darkness of a storm\ 
 night, over roads deep with mire, and at ten o'clock ojjcned fire. 
 Nelson's jiosition provetl loo strong for the force at (lore's com- 
 mand. The one gvm of the besiegers made no impression on 
 the stone walls of the distillery, and the /tn/>iftiiis, though a mere 
 handful in numbers, kept up a deadly fire. 'I'he attack was 
 maintained for some hours, an<l then, carrying his dead and 
 wounded with him, t)ut leavitig his one gun ignominiously st 
 
 uv 
 
 m 
 
 th 
 
 e mu 
 
 d, (lore led off his mei 
 
 At this the rebels were 
 
 lunhlv elaiec 
 
 Two days later, however, their elation was dismally quenched. 
 Colonel Wetherali's march had been delayed by miry roads and 
 i)roken bridges. On the 25th he brought his guns to bear 
 the rebel position at St. Charles, 'I'he make-believe gene 
 1] 
 
 en 
 
 ral 
 
 rown, w 
 
 as no sui'h leader as W'olfred Nelson. He lied wit'l 
 
 •discreet alacritv at the first rattle of the 
 
 nms. 
 
 'he ltal'ita)is 
 
 thus left leaderles.s, stood their ground bravely, till a hot chaigi 
 ilro\e them from their breastworks and .scattered them in blind 
 night. At a very early stage in the outbreak Papineau, more 
 warlike with his tongue than with his swortl, hail yieldeil to tlu 
 advice of his disciples and prudently placeil himself on the safe 
 side of the American border. 'I'hither the other leaders 
 made haste to follow him. .\t news of the defeat Ne 
 
 now 
 
 son 
 
 force at St. Denis melted like a flurry of .April snow ; and it- 
 tli.sappointed leader, forced to follow the steps of his less valiant 
 fellows in folly, was i-aptured us he fled. 
 
'I'roops were now arriving from New IJrunswick, hut llierc 
 was small nceil of them. 'I'hc hack of the revolt was hroken hv 
 the victory at St. C'harles. Only in the 'I'wo Mountains tlistric-t, 
 north of Montreal, did disaffection still lift an armed front, 
 '["hither marched Sir John Colhorne with a strong force of regu- 
 lars and militia. 'l"he rebels were gathered at the villages of St. 
 luistache and St. IJenoit. l""rom the former |)osition most of 
 its defenders fled on Colhorne's approach, hut a resolute few 
 under one Doctor Chenier threw themselves into the stone 
 church of the parish and made a mad hut magnificent resist- 
 ance. Not till the roof was blazing, the walls falling in, and 
 most of their comrades slain, did these deluded heroes seek 
 escape. Nearly every man of them sought it in vain. The 
 courage displayed at St. Denis and in the church of St. Eus- 
 tache was of a (juality not to be ignored, though it was exercised 
 in an evil cause, — a cause condemned by the vast majority of 
 the French Canadian peoi)le. From the embers of St. Fustache 
 Colhorne led his force to St. IJenoit. The leaders of the rebels 
 fled before him, and the ill-armed mob, suildenly seeing its folly, 
 begged and obtained peace. That night, however, a part of the 
 village was burned down by angry Ihitish settlers, seeking to 
 avenge the destruction of their own homes and harvests. 
 
 When the new year opened the rel)ellion in Lower Canada 
 was practically at an end, though the year 1S3S was to see some 
 border troul)les, the work chiefly of turbulent .\mericans. C)ne's 
 first feeling is apt to be sur[)rise, that the rebellion in Lower 
 Canada should turn out so small an affair, after all the windy 
 threats of its ring-leadeis. Hut the reason is easy to find. It 
 lies in the fact that the real weight of l'"rench Canada was not 
 behind the rebellion. The rising was, indeed, no more the 
 work of the Lower Canadians, as a whole, than the revolt going 
 on at the same time in the sister province was the work of the 
 L'i)per Canadians as a whole. In Upper Canada, when the ex- 
 treme Reformers drifted toward rebellion, tlu' wiser and more 
 moderate of their party turned against them. It was the same 
 in Lower Canada. These men saw that constitutional agitation 
 
 38 
 
 :■■'■ J 
 
 '' •^'il 
 
 
 •-V IJi 
 
 '' '-i' 
 
 Sm 
 
 
 m 
 
 ' ' 1. ', . 
 
 ilf^ 
 
 rr 
 
 m^ 
 
 ', , i: 
 
 1': .■}■ 
 
 ■ .(^ 
 
 
 
 vmm 
 
 .1' I 
 
 'Sil! 
 
298 
 
 
 was one thing, rebellion ([uite another. In the natural deter- 
 mination to preserve their language and national character, this 
 spirited people, with a noble history to look ba :k upon, stood 
 together as one man. But when the c|uestion of fidelity to their 
 allegiance came up, the face of affairs changed. Papineau and 
 his fellows thought that they carried French Canada in their 
 hands. But the event taught them otherwise. 'I'he French 
 Canadian Church, as we have seen, threw all its weight into the 
 oi)l)osite scale. The old seigneurial families, also, stood by the 
 constitution. The farming communities over the greater part 
 of the province turned a cold, if not actively hostile, shoulder 
 toward the rebels. They thought themselves tolerably governed. 
 'I'hey wanted no civil war. Significant is the fact that many of 
 the French Canadian militia were actively loyal, and tendered 
 their services to the government for the curbing of their mis- 
 guided countrymen. Colonel de Hcrtel, commanding 1500 
 militia in one of the most rebellious districts, reported to the 
 commander-in-chief that his troops were ready for any service 
 and stanch in their allegiance. With the first collision on the 
 Richelieu loyal addresses came pouring in from nearly all the 
 French counties. It is a crying injustice to a gallant and hon- 
 ourable people to say, as is so often said, that the Papineau out- 
 break was a rebellion of the French Canadians. It was the 
 rebellion of a few ambitious hot-heads among the French Cana 
 dians. By the majority of their fellow-countrymen it was repu- 
 diated with anger and alarm. 
 
 But the whole province had to suffer for the fault of the few. 
 Along the frontier, where gathered the fugitive rebels, there were 
 threats of armed American support. Ford (losford was recalled, 
 and Sir John Colborne was made military governor. The con- 
 stitution of 179 1 was suspended. (1838.) Lower (Canada found 
 herself once more beneath an absolute government. But this 
 was not intended to last. In May arrived Lord Durham, as 
 (lovernor-deneral, and also Special Commissioner, with power 
 to settle disputes and to arrange for the effective working of 
 representative government in the Canadas. His work, which 
 
29(; 
 
 was of dc'L']) and lasting imj)ortance, will hu cxplaint'tl in a later 
 suction. Suffice to say licrc that in the autumn he threw u|) his 
 task in anger and returned to ICngland. 
 
 On his departure the smouldering embers of revolt leaped 
 again into fitful blaze. In the American towns along the Ixjrder 
 secret societies had been formed, called "Hunters' Lodges," 
 whose members were sworn to the sui)port of C'anadian Inde- 
 pendence, and to the spreatling of re})ublican institutions over 
 all the American continent. These "Hunters' Lodges" now 
 grew threateningly active ; and the American authorities winked 
 at their schemes. In October the rash hahiUxns of the rebellious 
 townships again prowled in armed mobs, and the I'Jiglish set- 
 tlers once more fled into the city for safety. In Ikauharnois 
 County the rebels were especially daring. It was Sunday, Nov. 
 5th, when a body of them drew near Caughnawaga, a village of 
 Loyalist Irotpiois. The Indians rushed out of church, seized 
 their arms, routed the bragging rebels, and took a number of 
 ])risoners. At Napierville was the headtjuarters of the rising, 
 '["here Robert Nelson, a brother of Doctor \\'olfred, [)roclaimed 
 the republic of Canada. On the a[)proach of a loyal force 
 Nelson retired with his mob toward the border, seeking to 
 unite with a band of American allies. On the march a party 
 of the rebels encountered a party of militia, and a sharp skir- 
 mish took place in which the rebels were beaten. The main 
 body of Nelson's force then came up, whereupon the militia 
 threw themselves into a church at Odelltown, and defended 
 themselves with such vigour that tiie insurgents drew off atross 
 the line. The militia were now hot with the vindictiveness 
 which civil war is cjuick to l)reed, and the rebellion was stam[)ed 
 out with small gentleness in Beauharnois County. Villages 
 were burned, and the gaols filled with rebels and suspects, liut 
 this was the last flicker of the blaze in Lower Canada. Further 
 west, however, the criminal aid of American filibusterers was 
 yet to make sore trouble, was yet to be chastised. The rebel- 
 lious districts being under martial law, a number of the prisoners 
 were tried at once, and thirteen, convicted of treason, were put 
 
 ?! 
 
 ?3' A ^ 
 
 ^ Aj. 
 
 li''; ' 
 
 t^S^i 
 
 . '. ! "" 
 
 riisSi 
 
 ■v!.i 
 
 H^alHsl 
 
 
 wini 
 
 4|.' 
 
 MH^f! 
 
 
 Ih 
 
300 
 
 to (iL-ath, while others were banished tf) penal settlements. 
 Some of those executed had been pardoned for taking part in 
 the rebellion of the year before, and well deserved their punish- 
 ment. In other cases, however, it was but the deluded tools of 
 thj conspirators who suffered, while the leaders, escaping in 
 time, lived to win pardon, and even at last to share the rewards 
 of office in the land which their madness had convulsed. 
 
 if;^ 
 
 ( Ski iMiN ^l.— Miicki'iizii' prn(-limiis ii'licllinn, Ci'iitre nC I'liivisiniiiil ficurriJiiii'ii' 
 III! Xiivy Islniiil. TniMiild tliii'iitrunl. Tln' l''i;,'lit at Miiiit>{ciiMi'iy's Tiivtn'li. Tln' ilf- 
 stl'UCtliili cif .SIc.'iliicr I'll inline. Ki^lit lit I'rlic l.sliiMil. ViliUclHl sjiiiit nf tlii' l.iyal 
 party. Till' iiivasiuii nl' Van Si;liiiU/,. Tlii' Kijilit at Saiiihvirli.) 
 
 84. The Rebellion in Upper Canada.— During the 
 early months of 1837 events in Upper Canada were keeping 
 pace with those in the sister province. As in the sister province, 
 those who contemplated violence were the very small but noisy 
 minority. Between the two provinces, however, there was this 
 difference. 'I'he majority in Up[)er Canada were actively loyal ; 
 the majority in Lower (Canada were indifferent. 
 
 Early in August Mackenzie gave rein to his folly. He and 
 his disciples issued what tliey presumptuously called a " Decla- 
 ration of the Reformers," a blatant document which the real 
 bone and brain of the Reform party laughed at. Men like Ry- 
 erson, Baldwin, Bidwell, fiercely condemned it. This document 
 set forth the grievances of the malcontents, renounced Imperial 
 allegiance, and declared for the rebel cause in Lower Canada. 
 A " Vigilance Committee " was established to spread the 
 principles of the Declaration, and Mackenzie travelled about 
 the province with sedition and delusion on his tongue, seeking 
 to inflame the people. In some districts he found sympathy, 
 in others he was rudely silenced by the loyalist farmers. The 
 government let him go to the full length of his tether. By this 
 masterly inactivity Sir Francis Head, the governor, displayed 
 more wisdom than he had shown in an earlier stage of the 
 excitement. He thought it better that Mackenzie's followers 
 should declare themselves unmistakably before force should be 
 used for their correction. It was a shrewd and wholesome pol- 
 
3° I 
 
 icy, too, which sent tiic rcLiukirs away to LowiT Canada at such 
 a moment. It tlircw tlie whole defence upon the |)rovincial mil- 
 itia, and cleared the Imperial troops oC responsibility for any 
 hlood that might he shed. 
 
 The centre of cons|>iracy was in Toronto. The subtle 
 Rol|)h, whose name ap|)eared on no rel)el manifestoes, and 
 whose loyalty was relied u|)on by the governor, \Vas nevertheless 
 deep in the confidence of Mackt'n/.ie, and destined by the rebi'ls 
 to i)resiile over the new government. .Styling themselves " Pa- 
 triots," like their fellow rioters in Lower Canada, the rebels es- 
 tablished what they called a "I'rovisional Covernment" on Navy 
 Island, in the middle of the Niagara River. The flag of the 
 l)roposed Republic carried two stars, one for each of the Cana- 
 das. To us at this day the action of the rebels seems much 
 like that of schoolboys i)laying war. On tiie 25th of Novem- 
 ber, wlien the insurgent hahitaus were being routed at St. 
 Charles, William Lyon Mackenzie was issuing a proclamation 
 calling on the Canadians lo rise as one man. This screed was 
 issued l)y him as "Chairman pro tein of the Provisional Clovern- 
 ment of the State of Upper Canada." 
 
 On Yonge street, a few miles out of Toronto, stood .Mont- 
 gomery's Tavern, the rendezvous of the rebel forces. Toronto 
 was unguarded. On December 4th came news that the rebels 
 were marching on the city. The governor, officials and leading 
 citizens threw themselves into the City Hall, determined to de- 
 fend to the last the arms and ammunition there in store. At 
 the same time messengers were sent flying to Hamilton, to sum- 
 mon Colonel MacNab with his fighting militia of the (lore. 
 Mackenzie's object in attacking Toronto was to ca[)ture the 
 military stores in the City Hall, for the equipment of his ill- 
 armed followers. But the occasion slipped by him. Halfway 
 to the city the rebels turned about and gave up the enterprise. 
 Their numbers went on steadily incieasing at Montgomery's 
 Tavern ; but meanwhile MacNib arrived with the men of (lore, 
 and Toronto was saved. 
 
 Blood flowed immediately. The mob at Montgomery's 
 
 • J:^ 
 
 ;ai 
 
 i V, 
 
 E 
 
 iSJi 
 
 
 
 \^ 
 
 ■!<■• 
 
30 2 
 
 m 
 
 Tavurii was hi-in^ drilk'd vinr)r()iisly by one \'aii I'l^iiioiul, an 
 old otrictr of Naijoleon's. 'Ilu; rclR'I fomniander-in-chiuf was 
 Samuel l-oiiiU, a hlacksmith. A l(>\alist captain, naineil I'owell, 
 taken prisoiuT l)y I.ounl's nifii, escaped hy shooting his guard. 
 'I'hen Colonel Moodie, a loyalist ot'ticer, endeavouring wiili 
 scornful daring to ride through the rebel lines, was shot Iroui 
 his horse. Hut not long was the revolt to go unbridled. On 
 DecenibiT 7th the ( iovernor and Colonel MacNab, with fivi 
 hundred rnilitia behind them, marched out to the attack. Near 
 ly a thousand men held the lines at Montgomery's 'I'avern, but 
 they were scarce half armed. Some carried scythes, some axes, 
 some i)itchforks. Anxious to avoid bloodshed, the (Iovernor 
 called upon them to lay down their arms ; but Mackenzie's scjjf 
 reply was a demand for the redress of grievances. "I'he militia, 
 dressed only in rough homespuns, but no less dauntless than if 
 scarlet had covered their ardour, advanced on the rebel lines. 
 The exchange of volleys was hot, but tlie skirmish was soon 
 over. In all directions scattered the rebels ; and Mackenzie 
 fled over the l)order. The victors burnt Montgomery's Tavern, 
 and the house of a ret)(jl leader in the neighbourhood ; but the 
 few prisoners taken were pardoned by Sir Francis. For some 
 days after this event the militia of the country districts ke|)t 
 flocking into the city, till the CJovernor had more troo|)s on 
 hand than he knew what to do with, and had to send most ol 
 them home. 
 
 The rebel flag still flew on Navy Island, where Mackenzie, 
 with a handful of his followers and some American allies, ke|)t 
 up the childish fiction of a Provisional Ciovernment. The 
 American border cities were eager in Mackenzie's cause ; and 
 the State arsenals were made to supply arms for the rebels. 
 This was a shameless breach of the Law of Nations, but little 
 cared the good citizens fcir 'liat. Not till the following year 
 were proclamations issued by 'l-.e President and by the (lover- 
 nors of border States, war'iipj; American citizens against attack- 
 ing a friendly power; atiu these warnings, as a rule, were loftil) 
 disregarded. 
 
303 
 
 Mackenzie, in his ridiculous L'stai)iisliMK'nl on Navy Island, 
 was generously issuing grants of land to all who would lake up 
 arms in the rebel cause. He was watched tty MacNah's militia, 
 on the Canadian shore just opposite : and tlie rival lines kfjit 
 firing across the current. In .Mackenzie's hands was a steam- 
 boat ealied the Cnroiine, used f(jr carrying stores U) the rebel 
 camp. On the night of the 27th ("olonel MacXab sent over a 
 band of marines and volunteers, in row-boats, to cnjjture the 
 vessel. The daring venture was led by Lieutenant Drew, ui 
 the Royal Navy. The Caroline was lying under the guns of 
 I""ort Schlo.sser ; but the intrepiil assailants cut her out, bundlcil 
 her crew ashore, set her on fire, and sent her tlaming over the 
 l-'alls. The Americans, ignoring their own breaches of the laws 
 of neutrality, cried out against this action, because, forsooth, the 
 Caroline was an American vessel. The Ikitish (lOvernment 
 therefore politely apologized ; but C^olonel MacXab was reward- 
 ed with knighthood. 
 
 Mackenzie at length took down his two-starred flag, and 
 Navy Island was deserted. Xot long afterwards he was arrest- 
 ed by the New York State authorities, tried at Albany for 
 attacking a friendly nation, and sentenced to an imprisonment 
 (;f eighteen months. Hut American cons[)iracies against Cana- 
 da went on none the less. A great threefold attack was planned, 
 from the cities of Ogdeiisburg, Huffalo, and Detroit; but in the 
 over-abundance of would-be leaders lay our safety. The leaders 
 ([uarreled, for all could not command at once ; and the central 
 invasion fell through. On the east, however, a party of 1500 
 Americans and rebels crossed to Hickory Island, on the Cana- 
 dian side,— and then crossed back again. (Feb. 22, 1838.) 
 The only serious o|)eration of the raiders was in the west. 
 l-'our hundred of them, under one Sutherland, crossed from 
 Michigan to Pelee Island, off .\mherstburg, where they encoun- 
 tered a small force of regulars. The river was frozen, and amid 
 the blocks of ice a shar[) fight took place. The invaders were 
 routed with loss, and their leader cai)tured. While in prison he 
 made a formal statement, declaring that these attempted inva- 
 
 
 mm 
 
 I (f 
 
 *'■ •!■ 
 
 . \ ■ r 
 
 
?^4 
 
 m 
 
 sions wriv riicouninfd l)y tlic AimTJcan (lovcrniiK'Ht, in tlu 
 lii)|)i' tli.it Canada nii^lil hr i^aiiud l)y tlic iiifthods wliich had 
 l)rou};lit 'IV'sas into tlu' Union. 
 
 Sir l''ian(is I loud liad now ri'si^ncd tin' novornorsliip, ratlur 
 than oliry the Colonial Otiicc and a|)|)oiiit Ki-'fornicrs on thr 
 I'AiM'ntivc Council. His place was tilled hy the harsli and in 
 llexihle Sir lieoiL^i' Arthur, lately governor of \'an Dieiiien's 
 Land, wlio spurned tlu' Retorniers, ami identiCu'd himself with 
 the C()iii|)acl. The spirit of reveii|^L now ran liiph in tiie pro 
 vince, the jails were lull of prisoners, and there was much per- 
 secution of suspects. 'I'he reiie' leaders, Matthews and l.ouiit. 
 were hangetl ; and more executions would have followed hut for 
 the sharp interference of Downini.; Street. The effect of the re 
 hellion was to discredit the Reformers for a time ; hut it so 
 increased the arrot;ance of the (!om])act that their rule hi'cauii 
 more and more intolerahk'. The most loyal grew determined 
 on the overthrow of such a tyranny. And the loyal Reformers 
 were nuuh strengtheneil in their pur[)ose hy the rccommenda 
 tions {){ Lord I )iirham. 
 
 As we have seen, the ilejiarture of Lord Durham, in llu 
 fall of 1S31S, was followed hy fresh outlireaks in Lower Canada. 
 In I'pper Canada it was followed hy new attacks on the fron 
 tier. 'I'lie iniquitous "Hunters' Lodges"' collected a forct.' at 
 Ogdenshurg, and the citizens turned out joyously to watch the 
 attack on Canada. On Novemher i ith a hody of refugees and 
 American adventurers, to the numher of ahout two lumdred, 
 .sallied across to I'rescolt and entrenched themselves on a iiill. 
 Thev were letl hv a hrave hut misguided Polish exile, named 
 \'an Schult/, who fancied that, hecause his own country was a 
 victim iA' tyrants, therefore Canada must lie in a like unha|)p\ 
 c.ise. On the 15th a party from Kingston attacked the invad 
 ers, and t.rove them into one of those stt )ng, circular stone 
 mills of v.hich we have so often spoken. There they defeiuled 
 themselves hravely, whilt; seiuling vain appeals across the river 
 for a help which the applauding crowds were nuu:h too prudent 
 to give. .\t this juncture, seeing failure certain, the American 
 
.>o5 
 
 authorilirs iiUfWi'iu'd, taking jjossfsiion of tin- aiKfiitunis' 
 Itoats. On tilt.' (lay following a Wnvc of t\j;iilais arrived, with 
 ailillcry, and thr insaiir luidcrtaisin^ of \'an Schult/ fill slraii;lit 
 to ruin. 'I'hr walls of tlic mill wtiv hattin-d down, and tlu' 
 n'Minants of the invaders were made caiJtivi,-. \'an Scluilt/ and 
 eleven of his lellows were tried, condenined, and hung. 
 
 In spite of a tardy proclamation from I'residi'nt \ an Duren. 
 forbidding American citizens to siip|)ort attacks on ("an.ida, tlu' 
 jieople of l)etroit now helped on a hand of raiders who aimi<l 
 at the capture of Amhersthiirg. In |)e<eml)er, 1S39, about 
 .4.50 of the rebels and their American allies crosstd over to 
 Windsor, burned a vessel and some houses, captured a small 
 guard of militia, and murdered a peaceful citi/i'U who refused 
 to join their cause, 'i'tien they marched to Sandwi( h, on the 
 road to Amherstburg. Their captives somi'liow managed to 
 escai)e, which so cilragetl them that the)' killed die next man 
 ihev met, a surgeon named Hume. At Sandwich they wen- 
 confronted by (Jolonel l'rin( e with two lunulreo militia, and a 
 fierce struggle ensued. It ended in a complete victory for the 
 militia. The invaders, what were left of them, fled back to 
 Windsor, and then across to their efuge on .American soil. 
 The militia, furicjus at the murders whi( h had been done, shot 
 four of till- |)risoners at on-c. This was answering barbarism 
 with l)arbarism, and fortiuiately \\vu\ no further. The other 
 ca|)tivi'S were in due time brought to trial. Three were execut- 
 ed ; others were transported. Many, made prisoners here and 
 at I'rescolt, were pardoned on account of their youth. This 
 raid against Sandwich was the last splutter of llie rebellion. 
 
 (Si;iin>N >!>. I.nid Ciirlii'iiii. Hi- ilialiii;.' «lll' lli. HiIkN. Ci'iilicli'iiilinn sir.-- 
 
 85. Lord Dui'ham, and his Report. C.riat as was tl 
 
 ie 
 
 misery which it had caused in ("anada, the rebi.r -n was not 
 vvilhoi.'t its compi. nsations. It aroused the best Mi. - s in f",iig- 
 land, and the colonies came in tnr a (lose attention wlii'h led 
 to the correction of many gia\e abuser. Tht- brief ruk' of Lord 
 
 39 
 
m 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 306 
 
 Diirliain, in the suinmer nioiiths of 183S, marked tlic end of the 
 old order in ('anada. 
 
 Lord Durham was an eminent Enghsh statesman of the 
 Liberal school. He was sent to Canada not only as Covernor- 
 (ieneral, but as High Commissioner, and was armed with a viTy 
 wide but vague authority. He see" vs to have been som-.what 
 self-important, fond of imposing ceremonv, and over-sensitive to 
 criticisH) ; but he was a keen and honest observer, a tuin but 
 humane administrator ; and his report showed a breadth of 
 view, a sagacity and insight, such as no British statesman before 
 him had brought to bear on Colonial (juestions. He arrived at 
 ( )uebec in Mav. Six months later he resigned in a huff and 
 went back to England. IJut that briefest of administrations 
 was long enough' to build an imperishable monument to his 
 fame. 
 
 While studying the situation in all the provinces, Lord Dur- 
 ham found himself comi)elled to deal with a number of politic il 
 prisoners. Many of the ring-leaders had escaped into the Staler. 
 Most of the [)risoners he pardoned ; but from this indulgence he 
 left out eight of the most conspicuous offenders, including Wol- 
 fred Nelson. 'I'here was now no trial by jury in the province, 
 the constitution having been sus[)ended. Lord Durham pre- 
 sumed u[)on his vague authority, took ujjon himself the office of 
 both judge and jury, and banished the cul[)rits to Bermuda, on 
 pain of being executed for treason if they should return, 'I'his 
 action of the Ciovernor-denerars was irregular, and his enemie-. 
 made great ca[)ital out of it. The (lovernor of Bermuda com- 
 plained that there was no authority by which he could hold the 
 exiles. The British Ciovernmenl disallowed the decree ; and in 
 parliament J)urham was criticized so harshly that he threw uji 
 his office in anger. But before leaving he proclaimed that as 
 the government had refused to uphold him in his punishment 
 of notorious rebels, he now extended full amnesty to all who had 
 been concerned in the insurrection. So sweeping an indulgence, 
 which included Bapineau himself, was regarded as an encourage- 
 ment to treason ; nevertheless the angry governor would not 
 withdraw it. 
 
But during the sunimcr, ltu the storm brewed in IjLrniiida 
 and London liad iiad time to break on the ( lovernor's castle in 
 Quebec, Lord Durham got done the work that lie had come to 
 do. He despatched responsible agents to each province, to in- 
 ([uire exactly into the conditions of government and the griev- 
 ances of the peo[)le. He also invited the governors (jf Nova 
 Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince I'khvard 
 Island, with delegates from their Legislatures, to meet and con 
 fer with him at Quebec. This conference was a most memor- 
 able event. It talked over a plan for nothing less than the 
 (Confederation of all the Provinces of British North America. 
 But for this it was felt that the time was not yet ripe ; and to 
 the idea of a lesser union between U[)per ar.d Lower Canada, 
 Lord Durnam turned his more immediate care. 
 
 The report which he submitted to Parliament is one of the 
 most masterly papers ever written on Colonial affairs. Its 
 o[)mions and suggestions were supjiorted by a wealth of facts. 
 It pointed out that the state of government in all the provinces 
 was one of ceaseless strife Ijetween the executive and rei)rjsen- 
 tative bodies; and it reminded parliament that since 1688 the 
 stability of Britain had fle|)ended on the responsibility oC the 
 j'overnment to the legislature. It called attention to the fact 
 that the same g.ievances prevailed in all the [)rovinces ; and it 
 fearlessly declared that "while the [)resent state of things is 
 allowed to last, the actual inhabitants of these provinces have 
 no security for person or [)roperty, no enjoyment of what they 
 possess, no stimulus to industry." This was a crushing arraign- 
 ment of the colonial system as it stood. .\s a cun- for race 
 jcaiouKies in Lower Canada, Lord Durham proposed a legis- 
 lative union of the C!anadas, which would cause i)arties to divide 
 "1 new lines of local or sectional interest rather than on those 
 of rice ar.d language. I'or the cure of the deeper, constitutional 
 ill that was gn.^wing at the vitals of the country, he urged that 
 the Ivxecutive should be made responsible to the -Vssembh. 
 To draw the jiroviiices closer together, both in sentiment and 
 in trade, he recommended the building of an Intercolonial Kail- 
 
 ' 'Vl 
 
 it:: 
 
 
 Ij.-'; 'M^l\ 
 
 
 (1-^ 
 
3o8 
 
 way. And to secure the [)rotecti()n of local interests, he urged 
 that *munici[)al institutions should he established without delay. 
 
 ( SKCHHS Ml.— Tltr A<,'t lit' L'llinll. The Cnlnpilft liows tn tllf will >>f till llnliM' 
 
 Ciivii iiiiicnt. TiiiuniilMir till' iiKiilrratc Ki'loiiiMTs. Tlif now Coiistitiitinn, Kcspuii- 
 sjlili' (iiivi'iiiinciit meets a L-lieek. Hi^tiiiMJiit; nt' ImMlile nver Heliellinii Lii.sses legislii- 
 linri. I,. nil Kluin, aiel the liiial triiliiipli nt' I{es|MiUsilile Cuveriiii.eiit.) 
 
 86. The Canadas United.— On the basis of Lord Dur- 
 ham's repoit a Hill was brought into parliament by Lord Rus- 
 sell ; but ')efore its passage it was submitted to the govern- 
 ment of Upper and Lower Canada. This was done with ad- 
 mirable judgment by Mr. Charles Foulett Thompson, who was 
 now sent out to (Canada as Covernor (ieneral. Li Lower Can- 
 ada i" ■! scheme of union was accepted at once. It had 
 to go ' .'"-'' the Council only, for, the Constitution of ijijf 
 being ,u 'ed, there was no .\sseml)ly to consult. Had the 
 
 I'Vench bee;, ^-^nsulted they would have rejected ihe scheme 
 with scorn, as they imagined it to be a mere cloak for the 
 blotting out of their language and nationality. In this fear, as 
 events will show, they were very much mistaken. 'J\) get 
 the bill of union accepted in Upper Canada was a task far 
 harder. It tried all Mr. Thompson's tact, lioth branches of 
 the Legislature were at this time in the hands of the Compact, 
 which fi'lt loftily virtuous because it had crushed the rebellion 
 without helj) from the Home (lovernr^ent. The idea of an 
 Kxecutive responsible to the peojile was hateful to the Compact. 
 P>ut such an Executive was intended by the Act of Union, as 
 was shown by a despatch from Lord Russell on the tenure of 
 office, ( I S39) which the Ciovernor-CJeneral read to the Up[)er 
 Canadian Legislature. He stated that he had "received Her 
 Majesty's commands to administer the government of these 
 provinces in accordance with the well-understood wishes and 
 interests of the peo[)le." In Lord Russell's despatches he was 
 retjuired to call to his counsels and employ in the public ser- 
 vice those persons who "have obtained the general confidence 
 
 * Municipal institutions provide timt I'licii niunicipiility or township 
 mIuiII elect [lersons to nianage its local att'airs. 
 
 BS 
 
309 
 
 and esteem of the province ;" and it was declared that tliereafter 
 certain heads of departments, such as Attorney-Cieneral, Siir- 
 voyor-Cieneral, Receiver-Cieneral, and other members of the V.\- 
 eciitive, would be called upon to retire from the [)ul)lic service 
 when motives of public policy should refjuire it. 
 
 The principles jiroclaimed by Mr. 'rhomi)son, and laid down 
 in Lord Russell's despatch, were welcomed with joy by the Ke- 
 formers ; but t(j the OtKicial party they meant nothing less than 
 defeat. Nevertheless, to the lasting honour (jf their loyalty be 
 it saitl, they bowed to tliem. The Executive Council of Upper 
 (Canada, the very core of the Compact, forced to the conviction 
 tliat this wa.i the fixed desire of Westminster, brought in the 
 hateful Hill as a government measure and carried it through the 
 Upper House. In the .\ssemi)ly it was debated with great bit- 
 terness, but the public good and the wish of the Crown |)re 
 vailed, and the measure passed. With sf)me changes it was 
 again I)rought up at Westminster, and passed in July, i(S40. 
 
 It was not put into effect, however, till I'V'bruary of the f(jl- 
 lowing year, when Upper and I^ower Canada again became one 
 province. For just half a century had they dwelt apart. The 
 proclamation of reunion was accf)mpanied by ancjther des- 
 patch from Lord Russell, in which it was laid down that "the 
 Ciovernor must only oppose the wishes of the Assemblv when 
 the honour of the Crown or the interests of the i\mpire are 
 deeply concerned."' The act was a triumph of moderati(jn. 
 The moderate Reformers were vict(jrious. The extremists of 
 both parties were dissatisfied, the one side regarding it as a 
 half-measure, the other as the entering wedge of upublicanism. 
 Poulett 'l'lu)mi)son, who had so judiciously accomi)lislu(l his 
 task, was made Lord Sydenham of Kent and Toronto. 
 
 By the new constitution the Legislature of the United Can- 
 adas consisted of a (lovernor; an U|)|)er House, or Legislative 
 Council, of twenty members, afipointed by the ( "rown ; and a 
 Lower House, or Assembly, of eighty lour numbers, eKcteil by 
 the peo])le. The representation in both Houses was divided 
 ctjually between the two provinces. 'I'lie llxecutive Coum il 
 
 f Wv 
 
,ro 
 
 was composfd of cij;ht niemhcrs, selected \>y the (loveiiujr from 
 t)()tli Houses. Those chosen froiu the Asseml)ly went hack to 
 tlie |)eo|)le for reelection hefore they could perform the duties 
 f)f offict.', thus assuring themselves that they had the jjcople's 
 confidi'nce. Arrangement was made for a permanent Civil 
 List of ^75,000 a year ; hut, this provided for, the Assemhly 
 had full control of the rest of the revenues. Hills for the ex- 
 penditure of puhlic monies had to originate with the govern 
 ment, a measure wisely planned to check e\tra\agance. 'i"he 
 first Parliament under the Union was held at Kingston (June. 
 1.S41); and in his address from the throne the (iovernor-Oen 
 eral declared himself hound h) the principles of Responsihle 
 Ciovernment. It was not till some years later, however, that 
 these principles came to he regarded as firmly estahlished and 
 in full working order. The first session saw many important 
 measures introduced, - for regulation of the currency and the 
 customs, for the extejision of canals and other puhlic works, for 
 the spread of common school education, and for the estahlish 
 mei t f n~ ni< ipal institutions. This last was a great hoon to 
 the country. Hy giving each township control of its local and 
 internal affairs, sectional jealousies wer(i! reduced, the French 
 Canadians were reassured, and the people generally were put in 
 the way of learning the lesson of self-government. The old 
 hitterness between [)arties and between races was not to be 
 wii)ed out in a moment by the magic of an .\ct of Parliament : 
 but the widening of the arena made it less ]>ersonal. New in- 
 fluences springing up soon began to blur the old lines by draw- 
 ing new ones over them. The parties dividing the people be- 
 gan to be known as (Conservatives* and Reformers. 'l"he 
 names had then a meaning which was later to become hope- 
 lessly confused. 
 
 In the autumn Lord Sydenham was thrown from his horse : 
 and he died some time later from the effects of the accident. 
 
 * In tlie origiiiiil ineiuiiii^ of tlio tiMiii Coiisi'i'viitivc iiiul Refiniiii 1 . 
 these ri'prf.senteil two iliUorciit iiu'tlioil.s of seiviiiy the Stale. 'I'lie Con 
 .seivativi's tiioiii,'lit inainly of pi eHerviiit,' what was good in institution.-, 
 the Hefoiinei.-s of getting rid of what was liud. 
 
3" 
 
 He was su("ct't,''lc(l liv Sir Cliarlus lU^uot. 'I'lic ("onscrvalivcs 
 in i'Jigland had now taken the reins of government ; Sir Robert 
 I'eel was Prime Minister; tliere was a ( 'onsi.Mvalive Colonial 
 Secretary, Lord Stanley, in DowninL; Street; and the new 
 (lovernor-deneral was an old-schoul Tory. 'I'he I'aniily Com- 
 paet party in (,!anada now looked tor a return to tb.eir views, a 
 reversal of the reforms which they had found .-o hitter to 
 swallow. Hut they were tlisappointed. The Colonial Secre- 
 tary would make no change; and tiie new Ciovernor-Cieneral 
 walked firmly in the footsteps of his Liberal |)re(lecessor. He 
 called to the I'^xecutive Messrs. Lafontaine, Baldwin, llincks, 
 and Daly, who were the leaders of the Ref(jrm majority in llie 
 Lower Hcjuse. In the foilowins^ \ear Sir Charles Uagot rt.- 
 siL,Mied his post on account of ill-health, and was succeetled by 
 Sir (."harles Metcalfe. The new (iovernor-( leneral was no be- 
 liever in Responsible Ciovernment for the colonies ; but he was 
 a very firm believer in the need of u|)holdin,L,f the prerogative of 
 the Crown. The only res|)onsibility he cared to recogni/c 
 was his own responsibility to the (^)ueen in Council. With these 
 views, he made several official appoinlmenl' without the advice 
 of his Kxecutive. In vain did Ualdwin aiu. Lafontaine remon- 
 strate. The (loverntjr insisted that the right of patronage was 
 in his haruls. He would not yield it u]), said he, for the i)ur- 
 pose of enabling certain of his ministers to buy fav(;ur with the 
 Assembly. Baldwin and Lafontaine resigned office. In all the 
 provinces the (juarrels was eagerly watched. A general election 
 look place in Canada. The CiO\ernor was sustained. The 
 Refiirmers were defeated. The Conservatives had a majority 
 in the new House, and Mr. I )ra|)er. the Ccjnscrvative leadr, 
 formed a ministry. Responsible (iovernnient was set back 
 three years. 
 
 In 1844 the seat of government was niosed from Kingston 
 to Montreal. The Colonial Sei retary had by this time pardoned 
 all the rebels but Mackenzie, who ditl not get his amnesty till 
 five years later. In the new |)arliament which met at Montreal 
 in Xovember of 1S45 several of the pardonetl reljels sal as 
 
 m 
 
 l::%Wi 
 
 ■'. ^. 
 
incmhcrs. Lord Metcalfe having resigned, his place was filled 
 hy I.ortl C!atlicart. And now came up a new and burning (pies- 
 tion in (!anadian politics. Sir Allan McXal), the loyal hero ol 
 the rebellion, was a leading meniher of the Assembly under 
 Draper's administration. He brought in a bill for the con)[)en 
 sation of those persons in Upper Canada on whom the rebellion 
 had brought loss. 'I'his became famous as the Rebellion l,osse> 
 Jiill. About ^"40.000 was voted to satisfy these claims. On 
 this the representatives from Lower Canada came down upon 
 the ministry with a like demand. 'I'he Loyalists of the upper 
 province, who professed to believe that all the French Canadi- 
 ans had been rebels, protested angrily. A commission appoint 
 ed to intjuire into the matter re[)orted that, though the claims 
 amounted to a (juarter of a million, ;^i 00,000 would cover the 
 real losses, '['he Draper government thereupon awarded ^lo.- 
 000. At this both i)rovinces got excited, -Lower (Canada be- 
 cause the small amount was a mockery of her claims, L'pper 
 Canada because she considered the grant a comjjensation to 
 rel)els. During the excitement came a cliange of government 
 in I'jigland. A new Ciovernor-Ceneral, one of the most firm, 
 judicious, and capable thai England ever sent out, arrived in 
 Canada. This was Lord Elgin, a son-in-law of Lord Durham. 
 (1847.) The year after his arrival elections were held. 'I'he 
 Conservatives were defeated, and the Reformers found them 
 selves with a majority in the new House. Mr. Draper, acce[)t 
 ing the princi[)le of responsibility, handed in his resignation. 
 Lord Elgin, proclaiming the same principle, accepted the resig 
 nation, and called the Reform leaders, Lafontaine and Baldwin, 
 to form a new government. This, in 1848, was the final and 
 com|)lete vict.ory in that long struggle for Res{)onsible dovern 
 ment, which we saw foreshadowed on the coming of the Loyal 
 ists, and which fills the whole horizon of Canadian History from 
 the war of 181 2 to 1848. The same year .saw the same victor} 
 achieved in New Brunswick and in Nova Scotia, by steps which 
 we shall trace in a succeeding sec-tion. In Prince Edward Island 
 it was not to be won till 1852, and in Newfoundland not till 
 

 (Skitmiv s7. — Attitinlr nr.Mnriliiiir U'l'.'niicr> fwJir.U tli.' HrlMlli,.M. Tlir MaiM' 
 mill NfW liiiiiis\vi(!k Uniiiiiliiiy. Mmmm' iiivinlcs tlir Pisimtcil 'I'mitniy. War tliirut- 
 fiicil. Till' Asliliiirt'ii Tiialy. Wrii-ti'i '.^ |in|i|icity. N. I!. A^siinlily njicls Ursjiciii- 
 siiilr (iiiveriMiit'iit. Tlic iiiiari'd cuiiliniiril in N'nv.i Sculia. Triiiiii|ili il Hr-|"'nsiMr 
 Giivci'iiiiJt'Mt ill Xiiva Scntia, Tlii' ilispiitf irciiirnnl in Nrw l!rnii^uicl<. CMiilili<Mi ami 
 triunipli <il' I{('s[i(iiisililt' (invcrnmi'iit in Niw fiiiinswicU.) 
 
 87. Responsible Government gained in New 
 
 Brunswick and Nova Scotia. -In il 
 
 L' prcniiux-s l)y 
 
 tin 
 
 sea Official and RcfcirniL-r alike had watched with loyal iiidii;na- 
 tion the rebellions in the sister provinces. The friction that 
 kept the borders of Upper and Lower Canada aflame reached 
 eastward to the Disputed Territory between Maine and New 
 
 Jlrunswick, and nearlv irave rise to war. 
 
 his was in iS 
 
 V) 
 
 but to understand the (juarrel it will be necessary to go back to 
 the Trc^aty of 1783, which professed to dLf:ne the boundary be- 
 tween the IJritish possessions and those of the new republic. 
 
 When (Ireat liritain recoi;ni/ed her revolted colonies as an 
 independent nation, their eastern boundary, as has l)een said, 
 was defined to be the St. ("roix River, with a line drawn from 
 its source to the hii^hlands dividing tlie waters falling into the 
 Atlantic from those emptying themselves into the St. Lawrence. 
 Immediately dispute arose as to which was the St. (>oi\ river, 
 the Americans cl'iiming it to be a stream now knoun as the 
 .Magaguadavic, far to the east of the true St. Croix. This ciues- 
 lion was set at rest by discovery of the remains of Champlain's 
 ill-fated settlement on the island at the river's mouth, liul the 
 Si. Croix had branches; and disinite arose as to wliicji branch 
 
 was 
 
 the true St. Croix. The c(jmmissioner> 
 
 ai)i)<. 
 
 inted to (k 
 
 cide this point agreed upon the most westerly branch : and at 
 its source they erected a stone monument as a per|ietual land- 
 mark. (1798.) The next difficulty was in regard to the "high- 
 
 ands 
 
 The liritish claimed that thev were a line of heights of 
 
 which Mars Hill, about 40 miles north of the monument, was 
 the chief; and this claim was justifietl by the fact that the spirit, 
 if not the letter, of the treatv of 178; int( iideil that all the 
 
 le 
 
 tributaries of the St. John sluniid lie in liritish territory. i 
 Americans claimed that the Highlands refernjd to in the treaty 
 were those runniny a hundred miles further north, skirting the 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 liiiil 
 
 ite 
 
 40 
 
3 '4 
 
 id 
 m 
 
 St. LawTLMicc \'allcy, -a claim which, if allowed, would give 
 thc-m a niiiiihcr of the largest tributaries of the St. John. 'I'his 
 difference, and the great extent of territory involved, will he un- 
 derstood by reference to the wap. It was a difference which 
 the commissioners could not settle. Therefore it remained 
 open, and in time, as pioneers began to cast their eyes on those 
 fertile tracts and rich timber areas, it gave rise to such wrang- 
 ling that the district in debate became known as the Disputed 
 Territory. 
 
 The (juarrel waxed hot in the governorship of Sir Howard 
 Douglas, when Maine militia gathered on the border and 
 threatened to seize the prize. A party of adventurers, under a 
 man named Uaker, sallied in, and hoisted tlie stars and stripes 
 on the Madawaska. Sir Howard sent his troo[)s to confront 
 the Maine militia ; but he left the civil authorities to deal with 
 Baker's raid. A constable with his posse hastened up to Mada- 
 waska, cut down the flag-staff, seized Baker, rolled the Ameri- 
 can flag under his arm, and carried them both to Fredericton. 
 Baker was brought to trial, and fined. 'I'he men of Maine 
 stormed, but did not attack. In the hope of a settlement the 
 matter was then, in 1829, referred to the King of the Nether- 
 lands, who, after careful investigation, declared that the rights 
 of the case were beyond his [nnver to determine. He proposed 
 a division of the territory, giving the larger share to the Ameri- 
 cans ; but as each claimant believed he ought to have the 
 whole, this plan was acceptable to neither. The bone of con- 
 tention remained, and both parties eyed each other angrily 
 across it. At length, in 1839, while Ogdensl>urg, Buffalo, and 
 Detroit were breathing threatenings and slaughter against their 
 neighbours over the line, (Governor l-'airfield of Maine con- 
 cluded that the time was ripe for taking in the coveted area.s. 
 In January a band of lumber thieves, in defiance of the laws of 
 both Maine and New Brunswick, invaded the territory and cut 
 a lot of valuable timber. The (iovernor of Maine sent a sheriff 
 and posse to drive them out and seize their logs. At news of 
 this a band of New Brunswick lumbermen gathered to repel 
 
3'5 
 
 tlicin, the gunrclian-ihip of the tLiiilory IfLii^:; in iIk liaiul> of 
 tliL' N\'W IJrunswick (iovc-rnmcnt. A t'lj^M took placu in the 
 wintry forest. The Americans were chiven hack ; and (jne of 
 tiieir leaders, a land-agent named Mclntyre, was made prisoner, 
 carried off to I'Vedericton on a liorse-sled. 'I'o compensate for 
 this rehiiff, tlie Maine men seized Mcl.aiighhn, tiie regularU 
 appointed Warden of the disputed territory, and carried iiim 
 captive to Augusta. 
 
 Hoth Maine and New Krunswick now wanted to fight it out. 
 Maine .sent 1800 mihtiamen to the Aroostook. Sir John Har- 
 vey, then (iovernor of New llrunswick, issued a |)roclaniation. 
 calHng on (Iovernor l-'airfield to withdraw his tro(jps, and reas- 
 serting the acknowledged right and duty of (Ireat Britain to 
 guard the territory till the (juestion of ownership should he set- 
 tled. I'airfield vehemently denied this right, and issued a call 
 for ten thousand state troops in order that he might go in and 
 take possession. Sir John Harvey then sent up two regiments 
 of the line, with artillery, and some companies of eiilhusiasti( 
 volunteers from along the St. John River valley. 'I"he whole 
 province was full of fight, and the governor had hard work 
 to hold the troop.s in check. Nor was the excitement confined 
 to Maine and New Brunswick. Oil the one side the haters of 
 Kngland thrcrjghout the Union, led by Daniel Webster, ( 1;;- 
 moured for war. On the other side the Canadas sent sympathy 
 aiiLl offers of aid ; and Nova Scotia, in loyal ardour, voted all 
 her militia aiul ^,"100,000 in money to aiil New l)runswK:k in 
 her cpiarrjl. 'I'his patriotic vote was carried with a r(»ar ot 
 cheers from the floor of the House and from the close throngec 
 galleries. In Kngland, however, no less a journal th.m the 
 Ti/ui's, with that ignorant C(jntempt for colonial interests which 
 has more than once cost us dear, [)roposed that the .Americans 
 should be given all they asked ; nay, even that they should 
 have all New Brunswick lying west of the St. John River, 
 fortunately President \'an Buren was calm and just in the 
 matter, and was not to be clamoured into war as Madison b •' 
 been in 181 2. He sent (leneral W'infu-ld Scott to the scei;> 'f 
 
,i6 
 
 action. Scott, whom \vc h,\\v met hclorc in these |>nj^cs, was a 
 Itrave ^eni'ial, Itut temperate and jiidifious. lie st()|)|)e(l the 
 warHke stir of Maine's hot licaded governor, and lie^ ui solur 
 negotiations with Sii John llarvcy. The two generals had 
 toiinht against each otluT, and learned to respect each otlur, at 
 i.nndy's Lane .md Sloney ( "reij<. They soon came to an agri'c- 
 inenl. A temporary joint ociiip.ition was decided on ; and what 
 is sometimes jocosely termed the "Aroostook War " wa?> hroiigh' 
 to a bloodless end, 
 
 lint the difficulty remained. The Maine settliTs went on 
 encroaching ; anil a fresh survey threw no new light upon the 
 subject. At last, in 1S42 the Honorable Mr. haring and Mr. 
 Daniel Webster were a|)[)()inted Commissioners to settle the 
 ilispute. 'i'hey met ; and IJaring, as was to have been e\i)ecte('., 
 was overniati'hed by his strong and keen opponent. ( >f the 
 twelve thousand square miles under dispute five thousand were 
 given to Xew lirunswick, and seven thousand, by far the most 
 valuable region, went to Maine. The line due ntjrth from the 
 monument was continued till it struck the St. John just beyond 
 the mouth of the .Aroostook. Thence the St. lohn was the 
 
 boundary as far as the St. Francis, which strea 
 
 m was m 
 
 kIl 
 
 lie 
 
 north-east lioundary of .Maine. New Urunswick swallowed tlv 
 decision as best she could ; and indeed, witli Webster as In 
 foe antl England eager only for a settlement, she was fortunate 
 to get what she did. Mr. iiaring was made Lord Ashburto:i. 
 and the Treaty based on his labours was named for him. 
 
 In the Senate of the United States, however, this division 
 was bitterly o[)posed. The .Senate wanted all. It was on the 
 [)()int of rejecting the Treaty, when it was suddenly brought to 
 terms by .Mr. Webster. Uehind closed doors Webster unfolded 
 a map which he had had all through the conference, but which 
 he had kept carefully from the eyes of Mr. Haring. '['he ma[> 
 was a copy of one made by l<"ranklin, containing the boundaries 
 as actually agreed on l)y the Treaty of 1783. The eastern 
 boundary, marked with a red line, was exactly what the British 
 claimed. With tliis evidence before them to show how the 
 
3' 7 
 
 IJriti-'li li;i<l It.'cn (lii|i((l, the SriKitc mkhIc haste to accrpt so 
 ;4()c)(l a iKiruain, and the A^hhiirton 'IVcaty was ralirutl. ( iS.jj.) 
 To ri'tiini to tlic (lUistion of Ri's|)oiisil)lc ( lovcrmiuiit in 
 Nova Scotia and New linin^uick, wl- nuist j^o hack to iS^()an(l 
 the dc^patcli on the Tcniirc of ( )rtiri;. h was luld l)y the \<v 
 lornirrs of N'ova Scotia and New llrunswick tliat thii dc^iiatcli 
 a|)i)!ied to all the jirovinccs. 
 
 The (iovernorol' New iinniswick. 
 Sir John Harvey, read the despatch to his lei.;islatiire when it 
 
 I declared for its acceptance. Hut so well had he 
 
 II strife that the AsMinlily no longer seemed anxious 
 A nii'asure to adopt kcspoUNihle ( ioveriunent 
 
 came, aiK 
 soothed a 
 
 lor Its riLrhts. 
 
 was defeated after full ilehat 
 
 e by just one vote, the ca^tm,^ vote 
 thi' Speaker. 
 In Nova Scotia the case was verv different. Sir ("olin 
 
 Canii)l)ell was hv no nutans Sir 
 
 oUn 
 
 II. 
 
 n\iv, 
 
 W 
 
 H'li thi.' 
 
 IK 
 
 si)atcii came to his hands he said nothing about it, but cdii- 
 
 tinued HI his old course. 
 
 He 
 
 Lssenil)l\' liaMiiL 
 
 |)asse(l liv a 
 
 sweepinj^ majority a vote ol want ol confidence m the Iaci'u 
 
 live, 
 
 th 
 
 e Keformers expected the Ivxecutive tn resign 
 
 r 
 
 (lovernor, however, said that his a<lvisers suitci! him, wlutlur 
 they suited the Assembly or not. In vain llie .\sseinbly ap 
 peaL'd to the despatt'h, and to Sir John IIar\ey's iiUerprttation 
 of it. Sir Colin (Jam|)l)ell said he could inter|)ret the dispatch 
 for himself. I'artv feelini; a,i:;iiii ;4rew hot. .\ memorial to tlic 
 
 thr 
 
 one was 
 
 talk 
 
 ed of, asking for the removal oi Sir ('ohn. 
 
 Angry meetings were held all over the pro\iiice. and vilunieiu 
 was the flow of party ehxiuence. The times had called forth 
 brilliant men in a province which has ever been fruitful of that 
 line product. The Reformers were led by such champions as 
 Howe, Uiiiacko, and Voung ; hut the {j)nservati\es had a leader 
 
 A-ho was not second to Howe himse 
 
 If 
 
 in e 
 
 lo(|Uence and author- 
 
 it v. 
 
 Th 
 
 is was lames W. Johnstone, a man who won the (le\o- 
 
 tion of his friends, and the respect of his most obstinate rivals. 
 
 When .Mr. Poulett Thompson visited the .Maritime l'ro\in- 
 
 ces he had an interview with Howe, and found reason to suj)- 
 
 port the claims of the Reformers. Sir Colin Campbell was re- 
 
 
3'S 
 
 ''ailed ; and Lord Falkland, who succeeded him, tried a policy 
 of compromise. Certain members of the Ivxecutive were re 
 tired, and three of the Reform leaders, Messrs. Howe, Uniacke. 
 and McNal), were called to take their place. 'I'his formeil a 
 coalition governnu-nt, the members of which mingleil like oil 
 and water. An oft-debated bill for the incorporation of Mali 
 fa\ was passed ; bat harmony was not to !)e expected, with 
 Howe anil Johnstone in harness together. On almost every 
 (juestion they pulled oj)[)()sitc ways. On the subject of educa- 
 tion they came into ojjen conflict. Howe favoured free com- 
 mon schools, and. one [irovincial university. Johnstone favoured 
 denominational schools and colleges, with provincial grants. 
 It was soon seen that the coalition must fall. Lord Falkland, 
 having gone over to the Conservatives, dissolved the House 
 without consulting the Reform members of the (lovernment. 
 Then, a vacancy occurring on the Council, he tbilowed the e\ 
 am[»le of Metcalfe in the Upper i)rovince, and appointed a new 
 member without consulting any one. L'|)on this Howe, U?ii- 
 acki.', and Mi'Nab resigned their offices. (1844). Once mori' 
 was the battle joined between (iovernor and Assembly. He- 
 tween Howe and I'alkland it grew violently j)ersonal. Falkland 
 tried, but in vain, to lead awa\- the Reformers from their chief. 
 Howe, not content witli til.- we i|)ons of argument and eloijuence. 
 lampooned his foe with scurrilous verse. .Tiie (!o|onia! oftux', 
 seeiiiji that l-'alkland's usefulness was done, recalleil him, an<l 
 put the great pjace-miker, .sir Jolm Harvey, in lus place. 
 
 Sir John at once invited the Reform leaders back into the 
 Coun( il ; but they refused on two grounds, first because then' 
 was a (Conservative majority in the House, and second becausi' 
 they h.ad had enough of coalition. They said they would wail 
 till the approaching elections should show whom the people 
 wanted. l«Ue in 1H47 the elections took place ; and when tin 
 House met, in January, it sliowed a majority of Reformers, 
 lohnstone retired, and Howe was called upon to form a govern- 
 ment. 'I'i.is, in 1S4S, was the triumi)h of Responsible Ci(.)vern- 
 ment in Nova Scotia. 
 
, a policy 
 were- rc- 
 Uniarku. 
 forniccl a 
 d like oil 
 of Mali- 
 ted, with 
 ost every 
 of ediua- 
 Vee com- 
 • favoured 
 il grants. 
 Falkland, 
 ie Housi' 
 /ernnient. 
 ■d the e\ 
 ted a new 
 owe, Uni- 
 nce more 
 ihly. He- 
 Falkland 
 leir chiet". 
 loquence. 
 ial offuT, 
 him, and 
 arj. 
 
 into tlie 
 uise theri' 
 1 because 
 ould wait 
 ie people 
 
 when the 
 
 Leformers. 
 
 a govern- 
 
 c (iovern- 
 
 3 '9 
 
 In New l^runswick the end of the Houndary Dispute and 
 the departure of Sir Jolm Harvey were followed by a dro|) in 
 the luml)er trade, which brougiit all the province into trouble. 
 At the sanie tiiue St. John was scourged by fue, which added 
 to the general depression. A few years before this the province 
 had had a large balance to its credit, but now it found itself in 
 debt, and this state of affairs was charged to the Reformers and 
 their extravagant meddling with the revenue. In 1842 an elec- 
 tion was held. The Conservatives were victorious, and when 
 Sir Charles Metcalfe in Canada was quarrelling with his minis- 
 try over the right of appointing to office, the Xew IJrunswick 
 As, jmbly passed resolutions thanking the autocratic Ciovernor- 
 (leneral for his firm stand against republicanism. Hut the sin- 
 cerity of these professions was soon tested. The Ciovernor ot 
 Xew Brunswick, Sir John (^olebnxA, trusting to the docile 
 spirit of the Assembly, appointed his son-in-law, an iMiglishman, 
 to the office of Provincial Secretar). 'I'here was angry protest 
 at once, and four members of the Council resigned. 'I"he Con- 
 servatives said that Sir John liad no right U) appoint an outsider ; 
 th.e Reformers said he had no right to ajipoint any one. 'i'he 
 appointment was presently cancelled by Downing Street, and 
 the |)osition was given to a New lirunswicker. 
 
 With the coming of Ford Flgin to Canaila as dovernor- 
 Ceneral the principles of Reform went abroad on the air, even 
 to Conservative Xew Hrunswick. In fact, the Conservative 
 ministry itself brought in a measure for Res|)onsible Covern- 
 ment, whence it might have been said of them as it was said 
 of Sir Roi)ert I'eel, that they caught the Reformers in swimming 
 and st(ile their clothes. The measure was ])assed by an over- 
 whelming majority, Covernment and Opposition, Conservative 
 and Reformer voting side by side. (1840.) A new ministry 
 was formed, including the two Reform leaders, Wilmot and 
 Fisher. This was a sensil)le and workable coalition, for the tw(j 
 parties had agreed on one policy. Respt)nsible Ciovernnuiit 
 was now established beyond the reach of cpiestion, in Xew 
 Hrunswick, Nova Scotia, and the united Canadas. 
 
 J', 
 
 ■ ■ ■ •> i 
 
CHAITER XXI. 
 
 SECTIONS :- 88, The Rebellion Losses Bill. Confederation 
 Proposed. 89, The Reciprocity Treaty. 90, Prince Ed- 
 ward Island, Newfoundland, th ■■ 4orth West, and British 
 Columbia. 
 
 (Skctidn SS.— Tlif Itclii-ltMiti 1,'issis ii;,';iiii. Uritisli Xditli . n'liciii l.i'ii.i:ii<'. l.ni.i 
 El^iii assi'iits til lii'licllinii l.nssi's Hill. Tlic I'arliiiiiKMit |{iiililiii<j:s liiinicil. 'I'lic C'lipi- 
 till iviiiiivccl til OltiiwH. (iiv.it Hiitiiiii rt'iH'iils the Cnrii l^aws ami Navij^'atinii Laws, 
 Ii terciildnial Hnilway Ni'ttntiatiims.) 
 
 88. The Rebellion Losses Bill. Confederation 
 
 Proposed." Let us turn again to thu Ui)[)cr Provinces. Lord 
 I'^lgin had called upon the Kcforni leaders, I,afontaine and Bald- 
 win, to form a government in Canada. Responsible (lovern 
 menl. now in the very hour of its triuinjjh, was to meet a crucial 
 test. In 1846, as we have seen, those citizens of L'lijjer Canada 
 who had suffered in the rebellion got con!pensalit)n from tin- 
 public funds, while citizens of Lower Canaila who had suffereil 
 in the same way were denied it. W'e have noticed, too, the 
 cause of this distinction. Hut as scjon as the Reformers came 
 to power, a l)ill was brought in to authorize the |)a\iiient of 
 ^,"100,000 in satisfaction of claims in Lower Canada. 'I'he bill 
 carefully ()rovideti that no compensation should be made to any 
 one who had taken part in the rebellion. The Hritish party, 
 however, raised a loud cry of "Xo pay to rebels." British [jarty 
 feelings, race jealousies yet more bitter, again flamed out. 
 
 •The object of tin; Conservatives was to break u|) the imion. 
 For this purpose a "British North American League" was 
 formed, with headciuarters at Montreal. And now, out of the 
 political darkness arose the first true dawn of the splendid idea 
 
321 
 
 of Confedciation. (1849.) Sewcll had suggested it in 1S16, 
 hut this had been no more than the flash of a meteor, l)right for 
 a moiiieiit and then forgotten. Durham liad dreamed of it in 
 1838; i)ut the dream had faded. It had been jeered into ob- 
 Hvion by tlese very Conservatives who now began to reah/c its 
 s[)lendou'. and its i)o\ver. Not till after twt-nty years of turbu- 
 lent growth was the scheme to reach fulfilment, —but never 
 again was it to pass out of men's minds. The charm of the 
 idea just now, in the eyes of the British party, was the fact that 
 it offered a way out of the union, as well as a belter contr<jl of 
 the French Canadian vote. In a union of the British North 
 American i)rovinces, Canada, of course, would make two [)ro- 
 vinces ; and Upper Canada would again be free to manage her 
 own affairs. The Conservatives made urgent appeal to Nova 
 Scotia and New Brunswick for support ; but Nova Scotia and 
 New Brunswick listened coldly. And now the wheel of circum- 
 stance *'^' K an astonishing turn. The party of loyalty was to 
 be seen threatening treason in their righteous wrath at seeing 
 treason go unpunished. The British party began to talk annex- 
 ation. A few unbalanced s|)irits tlireatcned to call in the aid of 
 the United States, in case the French claiuis were granted, and 
 a union of all the provinces refused. 'I'he Reformers, once all 
 too friendly with sedition and violence, n<jw stood fast ft>r Con- 
 stitutional (iovernment. 
 
 In the Parliament House at Montreal the Bill was fought 
 furiously step by ste]), the opposition being led by the soldier- 
 |)olitician Sir Allan MacNab. When it was finally jjassed by a 
 determined majority, the opposition strained every nerve to |)er- 
 suade Ford Elgin to veto it. Responsible (lovernmeiit trembled 
 in the balance. But Ford Elgin had the courage of his con- 
 victions. He saw that the measure, whether a wise one or not. 
 was that of a ministry which had the confidence of the ])eople. 
 He saw that the money to be spent was money which the Pro- 
 vincial Fegislature had a r'ght to spend. Fie saw that no 
 Imperial prerogative was in danger. Ignoring the threats of the 
 minority, on April 25th he signed the bill. Responsible (liA- 
 ernment had triumphed. 
 41 
 
 
322 
 
 As Lord Elgin left the Parliament Buildings the news of his 
 resolute action preceded him. A swiftly gathering mob, re- 
 presenting much of the wealth and respectability of the city, 
 jjursued his carriage with jeers, and stones, and rotten eggs. 
 The news spread like wildfire, 'i'he moi) swelled in numbers 
 and in wrath. The Assembly was holding a night session. 
 I'resentl) the crowd, armed with muskets, stones, and flaring 
 torches, surged against tiie I'ariiament House. Through the 
 gleaming windows crashed a shower of stones that drove the 
 members from their seats. 'I'he mob rushed in, and cleared 
 the House. One rioter carried off the mace. AiK)ther seated 
 himself in the Speaker's chair, placed the ofificial hat upon his 
 head, and roared " 'I'he French Parliament is dissolved.'" 
 Others applied the torch, and suddenly the great building was 
 in flames. The timbers were dry, and the conflagration was 
 swift. By midnight the l)uilding, with all the state records and 
 a valuable library, was a heap of glowing ruins. 
 
 For the next two days the city seethed with wrath, while 
 Parliament held its sessions in Bonsecour's Ahirket. Ford 
 Elgin was formally thanked by the Legislature, while the minor- 
 ity drew u[) bitter resolutions demanding tliat the FIon:e ("io\- 
 ernment should recall liim and disallow tlie l!ill. 'I'hie Homi' 
 (lovernment, however, sustained him ; and for months the 
 stanch old Loyalists and Tories growled out their ill te;i:per in 
 rebellious and annexationist threats. Put Montreal's brief 
 career as a ca[)ital was over. She; had forfeited all claim to it. 
 Parliament met no more beneath the shadow of Mount Royal. 
 For a time it borrowed the fashion of our eaa"!y educators, and 
 "boarded round." It sat alternately at Toronto and Quebec, 
 four years in each city. Then, growing tired of the ex[)ensc 
 and inconvenience of this peripatetic plan, it called upon the 
 Queen to choose it a permanent home. In 1858 Her Majesty's 
 choice was made. It fell upon the little lumbering village of 
 Bytown, on the Ottawa, remote from the rivalries of cities and 
 the perils of the border. The name was changed to Ottawa : 
 and Parliament met amid the shriek of sl-cpless saws and the 
 thunder of the Chaudierc cataract. 
 
323 
 
 In the year following these events, the British North Ameri- 
 can Provinces entered upon a periotl of trade depression which 
 sorely tried then- manhood. The " Corn Laws" had been re- 
 pealed by I'^ni^land, which forced Canadian grain to compete 
 with foreign grain on even terms. In 1849 the provinces suf- 
 fered a cruel blow in the repeal of the Navigation Laws. These 
 laws had shut out American ships from the carrying trade of 
 England, and created the great shipping industries of the Mari- 
 time Provinces. When this [)rotection was torn away, a cry of 
 distress went up from every colonial seaport. Everywhere, for 
 a time, was panic. But left to their own resources, the pluck 
 and enterprise of this northern peo|)le quickly asserted them- 
 selves. New channels of trade were opened, new business, new 
 undertakings, absorbed our young energy ; and "good times" 
 came again. The [leriod between the final triumph of Respon- 
 sible Ciovernment and the active movement for Confederation, a 
 j)eriod of about fifteen years, saw a s[)lendid advance in wealth, 
 poi)ulation, and public entcqirise. Education was spread aijroad, 
 railways and canals were built, telegraph and steamship lines 
 were established, common roads began to enlace the wilderness 
 with their civilizing network. Most significant, from a national 
 point of view, was the effort made in this [)eriod to unite the 
 provinces by the iron bands of an Intercolonial Railway. 
 
 The idea of an Intercolonial Railway originated in that fruit- 
 ful source of good, the brain of Lord Durham, It lay unheeded 
 for a time ; but a few years 1 iter began an era of railway build- 
 ing in Creat Britain and the United States, and the impulse 
 s[)read to the colonies. A railway was built between Montreal 
 and Portland, Maine; and in 1846 a survey was undertaken 
 with a view to a railway between (Quebec and the Maritime 
 Provinces. This was just Lord Durham's scheme revived. 
 The re[)ort of the engineers who conducted the survey was 
 favorable. It spoke highly of the country that would thus be 
 opened up. And of the various routes proposed, it gave the 
 preference to that following the gulf coast of New 15runswick, 
 familiarly known as the " North Shore." As the railway was 
 
 =fi 
 
324 
 
 designed to be no less a military than a commercial line, it was 
 expected that (Ireat llritain should help to hiiild it ; hut Down- 
 ing Street threw cold water on the scheme. 'I'hus discouraged 
 in their hopes of a trade with the St. Lawrence, the .Maritime 
 Provinces turned their eyes toward New ICngland. Sentiment 
 grew in favour of a railway from Halifax to St. John, and thence 
 westward to the American seaboard cities. In 1850 a Railwa\ 
 Convention was held at Portland, Maine, where delegates from 
 the Xew I'jigland States fraternized with those from New Hruns- 
 wick and Nova Scotia. The outcome of this gathering was the 
 scheme of the luwopean and North American Railway. Hut 
 this movement toward a purely American trade found a strong 
 opponent in Howe, who went to ICngland, and so elocjucntly 
 advocated the Intercolonial project that the government grew 
 interested. In 185 1 a meeting of i)rovincial delegates was held 
 at Toronto to discuss the scheme and arrange for a division of 
 the cost. I'^verything looked toward success. Put suddenly 
 the Home (lovernment announced that it would not help that 
 p.ut of the proposed line \vhich would connect St. John with 
 the main line between Halifax and (Juebec, -the so-called 
 iCuropean and North .American section. 'I'his upset the whole 
 project. There were new meetings, and discussions, and dele- 
 gations to ICnghmd, till at last each pro\ince sullenly went its 
 own way. The ("anadas l)egan to build the (irand Trunk, with 
 a line down the St. Lawrence from (juebec. New Prunswic:k 
 pushed ahead with the Kuro[)ean and North American, connect- 
 ing St. John with Shediac. Not till after Confetleralion had 
 been made a fact was the great uniting railway to be built. 
 
 (Skctiiin .v.». — Cli'i';;y Kcsitvis ami S<M;;ticiiiial Ti'iiiire ahi.lislH'd. Tin- U(('i|.incjt> 
 Ti'raty. KIIV(Ms of tlir (^riiiicaii War mi Camilla. 'I'lic Caiiada.s ilcciilc Inr an KU^'tivi- 
 U|i|'ii' llniisi'. Diilt tciwanl Cniil'cili'iatiiiii tic^:iiis.) 
 
 89. The Reciprocity Treaty.— In 1854, while ICngland 
 
 and France were fighting side by side in the Crimea against the 
 great Hear of the North, P'rench-Canadians and I'>nglish-Cana- 
 dians were working together in the develo[)ment of our country. 
 To this period belongs the peaceful conclusion of the Clerg\ 
 
Reserves dispute. 'I'lie Canadian Legislature passed an Act 
 fornuilly declaring the sei)arati()n of (lliurch and State. Rec- 
 tories already eniiowed were not interfered with, and certain 
 l)rovisions were made for the widows and orphans of the clerg\ . 
 The balance of the Reserves, both funds and lands, were dis- 
 tributed among the different townships in proportion to their 
 l)opulation, for purposes of education and local imi)r()vement. 
 In the following year steps were taken to free the small farmers 
 of I>ower Canada from the bondage and inconvenience of the 
 I'eudal or Seigneurial 'lenure, by buying out the claims of the 
 
 Seigneurs. This reform. tlicMitih set 
 
 on 
 
 foot 
 
 in 1855, was not 
 
 completed till four years later. The liahitans themselves paid 
 a small {>ortion of the Seigneurial claims, but the bulk (^f ex- 
 pense, to the sum of ^650,000, was i)orne by the province at 
 
 lariiie. 
 
 Besides this ([uieting of vexed questions and salving of old 
 wounds, the summer of 1854 saw the signing of an important 
 treaty between the Provinces and the United Slates. This was 
 the Reciprocity 'I'reaty, which introduced a season of frieiulh 
 i itercourse and busy commerce between (Canadians and their 
 s;)uthern kinsmen. The 'I'reaty provided for a free exchange of 
 the products of the sea, the fields, the forest, and the mine. It 
 admitted Americans to the rich (Canadian fisheries, and to the 
 advantaLies of Canadian river and canal na\igalion. To Cana- 
 
 dian f 
 
 armers, 
 
 luml 
 
 )ermen and mmers, it was benehcial 
 
 but to 
 
 the Maritime Provinces it refused the only boon worth being 
 considered in exchange for the fisheries, namely, the atlmi^sion 
 (jf [)rovincial shiiis to the .American coasting trade. On the 
 whole the Treaty was a good thing for ('anada, though [)erhaps 
 
 more advantaLjeous to the .America! 
 
 IS, 
 
 It 
 
 s |)rovisions were to 
 
 remain in force for ten years, after which either [)arty to the 
 agreement was left free to end it by giving one year's notice. 
 As will be seen later on, it was at length ended by the Ameri- 
 cans, who thought that by tlepriving Canada of their markets 
 they would force her into the Union. 
 
 The effect of the Cri 
 
 mean war on 
 
 Canada was to stir ui) a 
 
 
 W ' 
 
 
326 
 
 new and eager loyalty. The Royal Canadian looth, one of the 
 most effective reniments of the British n.-giilar army, was alto- 
 gether recruited in (Canada. The battle of the Alma called 
 forth congratulatory addresses from the Canadian Legislature, 
 with a gift of ^20,000 for the relief of widows and orphans of 
 those who fell in the war. Among the heroes of the struggle 
 were three sons of Nova Scotia. Major Welsford and Captain 
 Parker fell at the head of the storming party that carried the 
 Redan. In Halifax stands a monument to their heroic mem- 
 ory. Cieneral Fenwick Williams covered himself and his native 
 land with glory by his magnificent defence of Kars, a fortress in 
 Asia Minor. The exploit won him a baronetcy from the (^ueen 
 and a pension from the British Parliament. Sir Fenwick Wil- 
 liams was afterwards made (iovernor of his native province. 
 From New Brunswick, too, went men of Loyalist breeding and 
 tradition, who brought back to their quiet colonial homes on 
 the St. John the most coveted of English, French and 'I'urkish 
 mfedals, awarded them for valour on the battle-field. Such 
 deeds of Canadians gave an impulse to our military spirit, and 
 in 1855 a Volunteer Force was organized for home defence. 
 'I'his force has been steadily maintained and developed to the 
 preH^:nt day. 
 
 At thla time the principle of an elective Upper ('hamber w.is 
 accepted in the Canadas. In i§56 it was decided that as fast 
 as seats becan e vacant by death or by the retirement of the life 
 members appointed by the crown, new members were to be 
 elected by the people to serve for a term of eight years. But 
 vacancies occurred seldom in the peaceful Upi)er House, and 
 long before it became an elective body all was changed by 
 Confederation. 
 
 In the political field events tending toward Confederation 
 began to tread hard on one another's heels. The great idea 
 was soon brought into the sphere of practical politics. How 
 this came about will be told in the succeeding chapter. Let us 
 now turn our attention to the affairs of other sections of our 
 country, where the great problems which troubled the Canadas, 
 
32/ 
 
 Nova Scotia, and New IJriinswick, had not licgiin to press for 
 solution, or had pressed hut lightly. 
 
 (Skciiiin iiO.-TiiiMiipli iif Hrspniisitilc OiiviTimiciit in P. E. IsIuihI. Tlu' l.ainl 
 yiicsti<iti. (J(iliiliiissii)iirrs ii|ipnLiitiMl tn settle it. Itepurt iif tlie Ci>liiliiissiniH is. Sii 
 .Idlin lliii-vi'y ill Xewti.iiiiilliiiiil. Tlie liiiriiiiii,' nf St. .Inliiis. |{esi'uiisil>le (inveiimielit 
 111 .N'ewlDiiiiillaiiil. C<ilireileriitiiiii ilisciisseil in .Newlniinilliiliil. Tlie Xi.illi West. Sii 
 (ieuvjie Siiiipsiiii. Viincoiiver Isliiiiil. Onlil in liiitisli ('Mliiiiil'i:i. The C^iiestinii d 
 IJoiniilaries. Tlie (^ii.Tnvl iiml liniil JSettleiiielit. .Sepiiiatinii unil Heiiiuuli of Vancninei 
 isliiiid ami lii'ltisli Ci<liiiiiliin.) 
 
 90. Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland,, the 
 North West, and British Columbia.— In I'rince i:(l\\ar(i 
 
 Island a cx-nsus was taken in 1S48, showing a population of U2,- 
 634. Seeing responsible (lovernnient an accomplished fact in 
 the neighbouring province- ''le Island asked for the same [)rivi- 
 lege. Hut l)owning Street .lid no. The province, declared 
 Lord drey, was as yet too small for such a dignity. lUit it was 
 not too small, thought Lord (Irey, to i)ay the ex|)enses of its 
 own Civil List, with the exception of the (i(nernor's salary. 
 This the Assembly agreed to do, on all revenues being surren- 
 dered to its hand.s, and ow the granting of Res[)onsible (lovern 
 ment. Address and despatches jjassed to and fro across the 
 water, and with the examples of the sister provinces before their 
 eyes the Island Assembly had somewhat the best of the argu- 
 ment. Downing Street yielded the point; and the session of 
 F851 saw I'rince Ldward Island under full Kes[)onsil)le (lo\- 
 ernmeiit. 
 
 After, this, and up to the tlate of the memorable Charlotte- 
 town Conference, the history of the Island chiefly centres about 
 the land (juestion. In 1854 the provincial government i)ur- 
 chased, for resale to settlers on freehold tenure, the great Wor- 
 rell Lstate of some eighty-one thousand acres. '{"he Land 
 Purchase Bill under which this was done was warmly apjjroved 
 by the Home Clovernment. The (Jolonial Office was much 
 troubled over the land dis[)ute. It felt the reality of the griev- 
 ance, and was yet i)ound in all justice to defend the rights of 
 the landlords, who had come by their estates in a Ug;ii 
 manner. The Assembly then proposed that the Home (lov- 
 
 , \' 
 
urniiK'nt should j^aiaranlec for tlic province a loan of ^100,000, 
 to be used in pureliasiny the estates of tliese al)seiitee 
 proprietors. 'This proposal was at first looked on favourably, 
 but a little lati-r it was met by a refusal. 'I'lien, in 1H5H, a 
 koy.il CJoniiiiission was demanded, to lijok into the whole mat- 
 ter and arran^fe for its early settlement. This was agreed te, 
 and iti i860 three Commissioners were appointed, one by the 
 Home (lovernment, one by the proprietors, and one by the 
 Provincial Assembly on behalf of the tenants. 'I"h Commis- 
 sioner chosen to act for the tenants was the Nova Scotian 
 leader, Mr. Howe. In this same year the estates of the Iv\rl of 
 Selkirk were purchased by the province — no less than sixty-two 
 thousand acres being magnanimously given up by the heirs fcjr 
 the small sum of six thousand five hundred and eighty-six 
 pounds s'^erling. 
 
 The ('ommissioners spared no pains over their task. They 
 traversed the island from corner to corner, held courts of incjuiry 
 in the villages, and brought landlords and tenants face to face. 
 'I'heir report, given in 1861, is a masterly document. It strongly 
 condemned the careless method in which the lands of the i)ro- 
 vince had been originally granted away ; and it therefore held 
 the Home ( lovernment mainly responsible for the evils of the 
 case. It recommended, as the only just and satisfactory solu- 
 tion, the application of the I-and Purchase Act, (under which the 
 Worrell and Selkirk estates had been already accjuired,) to all 
 the great absentee holdings. And it further recommended that 
 the Home (lovernnK , whose carelessness was to blame, should 
 guarantee the loan of ^100,000 which the province had :>sked 
 for. It was further recommended that ])ro|)rietors holding more 
 than fifteen thousand acres should be obliged to sell, down to 
 that amount, when called upon to do so by their tenants ; and 
 that the terms of sale should be tho'e laid down by the com- 
 missioners, or else such as should be determined by arbitrators. 
 It was urged, also, that arrears of rent beyond the three years 
 immediately preceding the Commission should be cancelled. 
 This report was loyally and promptly accepted by the Assembly ; 
 
hut tlic Home ( lOvcniimMit riTiisccJ lo miaiatikc ihf loan, and 
 tlic proprietors proposed another mode of settlement. This had 
 faith caused deep indignation in the jiroNince: and the queslion 
 was left an open sore, helegations were sent to l-'n^'land to 
 argue the matter, hut all in vain. It was not till after she en- 
 tered (!onfederation, and, as part of this (ireat I)ominion. lie- 
 came strong enough to demand justice at the cost of much 
 sacrifice of red ta[)e, that, the Island l'rf)vince saw her aiK ieni 
 grievance settled. (i''^75). 
 
 In Newfoundland the year i<S4i brought a boon, in the 
 coming of Sir John Marvcy to take the office of (lovernor. 'i'o 
 every ])r()vince which he was sent to govern Sir John's term nf 
 office meant |)eace and advancement. Under his rule roads 
 improved, bridges were built, land increased in value, settle- 
 ment si)rea(l swiftly. The sharj) disputes between the L'pperand 
 Lower H(juse were stopped by a union of the two ChamberN. 
 in 1842. This ".\malgamated Asscnibly" lasted till 1S49. 
 when her Constitution was restored to the province. In 1S40 
 a sailing pai;ket had been subsidized to carry on a fortnightly 
 mail service between St. John's and Halifax. In 1S44 this was 
 (hanged to a steam packet, lianks and commercial houses 
 pros|)ered greatly, and the harvests of the sea increased no los 
 than those of the field. 
 
 15ul in 1.S46, as Sir John Harvey was about leaving, canu' 
 one of those great c(jntlagrations which lune so cruelly smitten 
 tlu' Island capital. St. John's was built chietls of woo;l, and it> 
 houses much huddled together. When, on t!ie 9th June, during 
 a high wind, the fire broke out amttng these buildings, it licked 
 up everything before it. The great brick and stone warrhouses 
 of the merchants crumbled into dust, 'i'he huge oil-vats at the 
 water's edge poured their blazing contents into the harbdur. and 
 a number of ships were burned. l>y the close of that grievous 
 day three-fourths of the town had vanished, and twelve thou 
 sand people were homeless. Help fiowed in generousb from 
 iMigland and the sister colonies, and the people set lhem>elves 
 l)ravely to the work of rebuilding their ( ily. I'hnl same lU 
 
 42 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 
 
 
33° 
 
 tumn came another stroke of ill-fortune. In Septeml)er the 
 island was visited by a frightful storm, whieh overwhelmed 
 ships, fish-stn;^es, fences, bridges, and houses alf)ng the shr)re. 
 'I'hese two calamities in such swift succession left lasting marks 
 on the province. 
 
 About this time Newfoimdland began to feel that she, too, 
 wanted that Responsible Government which the other provinces 
 seemed to consider so uns])eakal)ly precious. Hut Downing 
 Street declared she was not ri|)e for it. The excitability of her 
 |)eople was looked upon with distrust. The Colonial office 
 wished her to serve a longer apprenticeship, so to sjjeak. In 
 1854, however, the refusal was withdrawn, and Newfoundland 
 took ujx)!! herself the full management of her affairs, with an 
 •executive responsible to the electors. 
 
 After this great step followed several years of pros])erity. 
 A telegraph line was run across the island, and then a submarine 
 cable to the mainland, the success of which led to the laying 
 down of the first Atlantic ('able from Newfoundland to Ireland, 
 in 1858. After this the chief historic events, up to the year 
 when the other provinces confederated, were the bloody riots 
 which disgraced the provincial elections. In one of these riots, 
 which took place in St. John's in May of 1861, a number of 
 persons were killed. Then came another period of deep de- 
 pression. An unwise sy.stem of poor-relief had been growing 
 up since 1855, and had now become so prevalent that a third 
 of the revenues was thus wasted, and pauperism spread alarm- 
 ingly. At last, about the time of the Charlottetown conference, 
 the (lovernment began to talk of Confederation as the only way 
 out of their difficulties. But while the great subject was under 
 discussion there came a change. The fisheries once more 
 yielded abur.dantly, and rich copper mines were discovered. 
 At once the curious, insular jealousy of the ancient i)rovince 
 spoke out, (1869) and Confederation was rudely spurned. 
 
 From the furthest eastward cliffs and vast green seas of 
 Newfoundland we turn to the blossoming grass-plains of ihc 
 
 North West. In the peace which had followed '' 
 
 of 
 
vV^I 
 
 the rival fiir-conipaiiics, popiihuiun iitl-w, tlioii^'h slowly. Ini- 
 iiii};rati()n was dis(:c)iiraL;(.tl. 'I'Ir' lialf-hrL'tds. as wc have seen, 
 considered the land all theirs. 'l"he policy of rulers and people 
 alike was to keep the country one Lireat hunlii\n-i;round. The I'ur- 
 trade was still sole kin,L'. The world was tauj^ht to believe that 
 half a continent of wheat-lands and rich pasturage was an arctic 
 barren, fit only for beavers and foxes. It was the same selfish 
 and lyin<; policy as that which so Iohl; stranj^led the jj;rowlh of 
 Newfoundland. I''ish-trader.-. would keep the island a desert, 
 fur-traders woukl kiej) the Xorth-W'est a wilderness, lest popu- 
 lation should interfere with their profits. Around the trailinj^- 
 posts, however, which the company's tireless governor, Sir 
 deorge Simpson, established on every river, lake and bay, arose 
 |)rospcrous little settlements ; and slowly there went abroad ,i 
 report of the fairness of the land. In 1835, as we have seen, 
 the River Settlement was.organized as the I )istrict of Assiniboia. 
 under control of a President and Council. Sir ("ieoiL;e Sim|)son 
 chose his council, fifteen in number, from among the Selkirk 
 settlers and half-breeds. The population was ncjw about 5000. 
 
 Among Simpson's feats of tra\el and exploration was a jour 
 ney westward to Vani'ou\er Island, northward through .Alaska, 
 and thence through Siberia and norlhern lairope to i.oiulon. 
 Most im|)ortant to us at this stage in our story was his estab- 
 lishment of trading posts in Vanc:ouver Inland a:id on tlie we.-.t- 
 ern slope of ihe Kockies. 'i'hese were the beginnings of the 
 youngest member of our Confederacy, the giant Province of 
 Ihitish Columbia. Sir Cieorge Simpson won knighthooJ by liiN 
 achievements in the North West. Me retired on a pension ; and 
 died in i860, ten years before the community whose growth he 
 had watched and fostered came to full manhood as the self- 
 governing province of Manitoba. 
 
 The history of the Pacific Province may be said to have be- 
 gun in 1S49, when the Hudson ISay Company madi' \'icloiia. 
 on Vancouver Island, the capital (jf the Western departnunt ot 
 its territories. The first Cioverno; was Mr. Richard IManch.ird. 
 Beyond the employes of the Company. ('i(neriior lllanchard hail 
 
 ill TITif 
 
 >;•! 
 
 ■r. . 
 
I)iil tiiirty sctllot ; under liini. After two years he gave up his 
 otti'-e in disgust, and was siiciX'etleil by Mr. James Douglas. 
 'I'iie (/onii)any was expected to colonize the island, and the 
 governor was armed with power to start full legislative machin- 
 ery as soon as needed. 
 
 The mainland, a sea of mountains, was at this time called 
 New C'aledonia. Hitlierto its history had been little more than 
 the record of \ isiting mariners, .S|)anish and l-Jiglish : the over- 
 land trips of .Mackenzie antl Simpson ; and the establishment 
 of some lonely tradiiig-i)Osts. Hut in 1S56 and '57 theie came 
 a startling change. Ciold,* in great (juantity and easy of access 
 had been discovered in t'.ie sands of the Fraser and Thompson 
 Kivers. 'i"he news sjjrcad on the four winds, and the wild 
 canons and wooded steei)s grew alive with adventurers and 
 gold-scelcers fiocking in from every land. .Many came froni 
 the diggings of California, where tliey had well learned the 
 lesscjn of lasviessness. A strong hand was found needful on the 
 reins of (lovernment. 
 
 It was about this time that the l?oundary Dispute between 
 Hritish North America and the United States, long ago settled 
 in the east, grew acute here in the west. To understand it we 
 must go back a few years Ihe vast region out of which the 
 Province of liritish (!olumbia and the States of Oregon and 
 Washington have been carved was once called the Teiritory oi 
 Oregon. In 1826 the United States Conunissiontrs had agreed 
 to a division of this territory ; and the Columbia River, whose 
 navigation was to be free to both countries, was by them ac- 
 knowledged as the boundary, from its mouth to the 49th paral- 
 lel. This 49th parallel was the accepted boundary line across 
 the interior of the continent. Hut the matter was left <jpen : 
 and the people of the repu'olic, about 1S45, began to demand 
 (»// the territory in ([ue.stion. 'I'hey claimed the whole coast up 
 to the southern boundary of Ru. sian America, (now Alaska,) at 
 latitude 54 40'. 'I'he American cry was " l-'ifty-four Forty, or 
 
 * Tho Imivest jjioveil so rioli thai during the lU'Xt twenty yt'.us not 
 IcsB tlitm .S:Ui,(KH>,U<HI was exported from liritisli Coluinliici. 
 
Fi_L;lit I" They h.ul learned the wisdom of makinjj; extravagant 
 demands wliere ( olonial possessions were concerned. 'I'liev did 
 not ti;et all they asked ; hut they L;ot much more tiian they were 
 entitled to, namely, the maj^nilicent region of I'uLtet Sound and 
 the lower ( 'ohimbia X'al'ey. 'I'his was yielded up l)V the llrit- 
 ish Commissioner in i<S46, when the < )reLjon 'Treat, was con- 
 cluded. I>y this treaty the boundary line, instead of sweeping 
 away south with the Colimihia, was continued due west along 
 the 49th parallel "to the middle of the channel which separates 
 the contineiK from \'ancouver"s Islanil, and thence southerly 
 through the middle of the said channel, and of tlie I'uca Straits, 
 to the Pacific Ocean." 
 
 Unfortunately, however, this definition still left uncertainty. 
 Through Inica Straits there ran three important channels, 
 divided by large islands. The liritish claimed that the most 
 southerly of these, called Rosario ('h.mnel, was the one in- 
 tended by the treaty. 'I'iie Americans claimei! that the mcjst 
 northerly, or de Ilaro (,'hannel, was meant. 'I'he IJritish 
 were willing to comj)romise on the middle, or 1 )ouglas Channel. 
 But the Americans would not listen to this. 'I'he adjoining 
 territory of Washington tried to extend its laws ami cni''orce its 
 authority over the Island of San juan, \* nich lay bttween de 
 Haro and Douglas Channels, and was resolutely I'laimed b\- tne 
 British. In 1S54 56 a few Aiiu'rican s(|uatters settled on the 
 island. Then the situation grew critical. These people called 
 for the protection of Ameri( an laws. In "55 an .\merican tax 
 collector seized and sold a number (»f sheej) belonging to the 
 Hudson Bay Company. The province of British (Columbia was 
 now independent of the com|ianv, but the company's intliieiice 
 was great ; and it took all Ciovernor I )ougl,is's |)rudenceto hold 
 his peo|)Ie back from re|)risals which must have led to war. 
 But the little island of San juan now lay under two Hags, tin 
 British colours floating from the Hudson Bay po>t, and the 
 United States colours frcjin the llag->taff of the .Vnu'rican t.i\ 
 collector. In 1859 the dis|)Ute suddenly grew so bitter tliit 
 (ireat Britain and the United States hung on the very verge oi 
 
 
 ■ I 
 
334 
 
 war. And all tliis owr a jii'l; ! It cliaiici'il that a pij; Ik'Ioml;- 
 ing to the Hudson Mav ("oni|iany trL's|)assi.'d on soini' unrn 
 closi'il j^roiMuls of oni.' Lyman ("iitirr, a s(|iiattir wlio claiuK-d to 
 l)c' an Anu'vifan citi/i'n. Mr. Ciitlor shot tlu' piij;. And scorn 
 fully rt lu>.(.'d lo pay for it. Tliis dcniand for pavnu'iit was in 
 
 t(.'rprcti.^l as ai 
 
 outram' on .Xinorican citi/iiis : and straiirhtwaN 
 
 {iS5()) a Cfrlain wry warlike and ambitious (li'ni'ral llarnry. 
 commandinL; tiie L'nitcd States troops in Washington 'rirriiory, 
 
 •nl a force to occui)v the island and administer Unite<l Siati 
 
 iws. 
 
 I" 
 
 lis fore 
 
 as commanded 1)V another hellicose ot'ticer. 
 
 (\i|)tain I'iikett. The ])eople of \'irtoria were eager for a 
 prompt att.ick on the invaders. (Governor houglas had ah 
 
 mi- 
 
 d.mt force at his command for the pu';.()se; and there wert. 
 
 several liriti^h warships on the spot. 
 
 i>ul the Ihitish conti-'nted 
 
 themsi'lves with a torliearing policv. I'hey warneil the .Ameri- 
 cans of their trespassin;,', and awaited the ilcLision of the gov- 
 crnnu'nt ; w'lile Harney ami i'ii-kett proudly held on to their 
 roiKjui'st. On k'arning of this unwarrantable action, however, 
 the .American governnuiU ivpressed its ri'gret, anil remo\ed 
 Ciener.d Harmx from his command. Cn'iieral Winfield Scott, 
 who was not new to llu' offu c of pacilu'r, was sent to .^an Juan 
 Islantl. .\s in the New liruiiswick and .Maine dil'licull\, Cicn 
 eral Sent .\greeil to a joint ociaipation till the uiatler (duld be 
 Ihus. in iSCio, the trouble w.is |)atched i 
 
 settled bv iri'atv. 
 
 '1' 
 
 It was not I'mallv dispoj^ed of, however, till twelve years later ; 
 when the I'.mperor of tierm.mv, acting as arbitr.itor, deciiled in 
 lavour of the .Nmeric.m claim, and de llaro Channel was iixed 
 upon as the boundary. 
 
 Hut this dispute has carried us ahead o( our story. In 1S5S, 
 for eonvi'nience in controlling the lawless mining element which 
 had just l.iken possession of the mainland. N'ancouver's Island 
 ami Hritish ('olumi)ia were maile separa'e governments ; and 
 the little mining town of \ew Westminster, on the I'Vaser. be 
 came the ca|)ital of the new i)ro\ince. This ilivision proved 
 unsatisfactory. Owing to the large inllux of Americans fioivi 
 San I'lanciseo and elsewhere, a feeling in favour of annexation 
 
.>.V) 
 
 to tin- United States l)c,i,';m to sliow itself on X'ancoiivcr Island. 
 I'.ut now, in the older i)roviiu-es, the dri'aiii of one iiniter! Ca- 
 nada from Atlantic to Pacific was drawini,' near its sijjendid re- 
 alization, liritisli sympathies, and loyal sentiments, an<l some 
 siihtic inlluences froni the movement in the last, made them- 
 selves felt on the west.Tn shore, and the idea of annexation 
 dropped from view. The loss of \'ancf)iiver Island would ha\e 
 heen an irreparal.le l(*ss to the Canada that was now to spriim 
 lip. It would liave^'iven ourwstern -ales into the hands of tln' 
 stran;,UT. 'I'he immediate result of the dissatisfaction w.is the 
 reunion of Vancouver Island with tiie mainland in 1X66; 
 and the two became the province of Itrilish Columhia, with 
 Victoria once more the capital. 'I'his was just when the east- 
 ern provinci's were i)reparin- for that i,'reatiT consolidati.)n 
 which made memorable the year 1.S67. I'or live \ears mon 
 was I'.rilish Columbia to stand alone amid her m(nmtains, be- 
 fore joining; the Creat Dominion whose birth we are to watch 
 in the coming chapter. 
 
 'Jf 
 
CIIAI'TKR XXII. 
 
 ; .- 1- 
 
 ,'^''' \i 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 r-. 
 
 ' 'V 
 
 
 
 ^;i- 
 
 'i'. 
 
 t.' 
 
 
 f • 
 
 
 '■ ; 
 
 » . ■ 
 
 ^' ■ 
 
 , f 
 
 --' ir . . 
 
 ^r 
 
 •V , 
 
 
 SECTIONS: 91, Growth of Confederation Sentiments in the 
 Canad<is. 92, The Charlottetown Conference, Quebec 
 Conference, and Quebec Resolutions. 93. How the Que- 
 bec Resolutions were Received. 94, Confederation Ac- 
 complished. 
 
 :m'' 
 
 (Skitihn 111. riic ui'iil <•( ('•■nrciliriiliiiii. Die Miiiiliinc rr..viiii'(s iiiiliU'iiiiil. 
 Tin- Katlicrs <if ('(Hidcli riitinii. Siicccssiun of Miiiistiics in llic rinliiiiiiciit nf tin 
 Caiiuilas. Tlic Vii'tniia Hinljic ii|hiiim1 liv the I'lincc i>l' Wales. The Aiiitrifaii War i<\ 
 Si'LTSsiciii. Till' riciit atlaii-. ('oalilinn In tlii' Camillas.) 
 
 91. Growth of Confederation Sentiment in the 
 
 Canadas. A gixMl idra may gn. dually iin[)icss itsulf on nicn'> 
 minds antl charm ihfir imai^inations, hut ihi'y will, as a riik'. 
 make small effort to rcali/c it, so loii_n as tla-ir mattiial ncL-ds 
 arc satisfied. W'lun it sclmiis to offer a way out oi some incon- 
 venience ami annoyame, then it is said to come within " tin- 
 sphere of practical politics." and men stir themselves to attain 
 it. i'lie idea of Canadian Conlederation apjiealed to l)iH)ad 
 statesmanship and commanded a vaj,aie poi)ular respect, for 
 some time before it actually touched the ])eople in the liuise ol 
 a remedy for existing troubles. As soon as its twptuiiiihv wa> 
 shown, it descended into the sphere of practical politics. Men 
 grasped it eagerly. It suddenly became an accomplished fact. 
 The practical need of Confederation Inst and most plainh 
 made itself felt in the Canadas. Canatla consisted of two pro 
 vinces each with differing local interests and traditions, but so 
 united that each was compelled to interfere in the other's lo- 
 cal affairs. Out of this uncomfortable intimacy Confederation 
 would open a way. At the time of the union the parliamentar\ 
 
337 
 
 representation of the two [)rovin(:es had been fixed at 42 mem- 
 bers for each ; but in a few years immigration beg'an to flow 
 into the upper province in such a volume that "ii po|)ulation it 
 far out-stripped its elder sister. In less than fifteen years after 
 the union, Upper Canada had 250,000 more p( ople than Lower 
 Canada ; and loud became her cry for a larger representation. 
 'I'his the French province would not hear of. The French re- 
 garded equality in representation as the safe-guard of their 
 speech and institutions. In 1H53 the representation was in- 
 creased for both sections, giving 62 members to each. Hut im- 
 migration continued to favour the Lake province, and the dis- 
 parity in population grew more and more serious. " Represen- 
 tation by Population," familiarly known as Rei). by Pop., 
 became the rallying cry of Upper Canada; but the Lower 
 province set its face obstinately against a change which would 
 be sure to weaken her i)ower. Parties were now so eagerly di- 
 vided, both in the House and in the country, that a strong 
 gov(;rnment was hard to maintain. Conservatives and Reform- 
 ers, or, as they were nicknamed, Tories and (Irits, were so 
 evenly balanced that some small local issue would prove suf- 
 ficient to turn the scale, defeat the government, change the 
 hands on the helm of state, and disturb the country with new 
 elections. 'I'he cry of Representation l)y Population was taken 
 up by the Reformers of the Ui)per Province, whose ranks then 
 grew ajjace ; whereu[)on the French party threw themselves into 
 the arms of the Conservatives, and the balance of power was again 
 made ecjual. Ministries succeeded each other in undignified 
 and ineffectual haste ; and while the general prosperity of the 
 country made great i)rogress, needful legislation was often 
 brought to a standstill. 
 
 The idea of a Confederation of all the Provinces now crept 
 down into the lobbies, and politicians began to think there 
 might be something in it. While talked of as a broad measure 
 of statesmanship, merely, it left the electors cold. Imagination 
 is a plant of sUjw growth in the constituencies. I'Lven now, for 
 a time, the seedling of our greatness was overshadowetl 1>\ a 
 
 43 
 
 i: -■* 
 
 ai 
 
 fij'.iri' 
 
338 
 
 smaller .iiul tln'iitou' inoii' easily coinpnlu'iidrd |)n>ji'(t, nanu'- 
 ly ihaJ ol' a /viZ-vv// union to he siihstitiilrd tor the /.r^isAi/n'r 
 union luivvtcn I'jiper and Lower (.'anada. This i)lan, it it had 
 heen <arriid out, would have left each ot the two proviuees 
 with a parliament of its own to eondu<l its local and internal 
 affairs, while a central government would have iiecn l'orme<l to 
 deal with such al't'airs as would alTect both provinci-s in com 
 mon. MeanwhiK' the Marilinu' l'ro\inces, hajipy in the sue 
 cessl'ul api>lication of Responsihle (lovernmeiu and making 
 rapid progress in wealth and population, wt-re content, and 
 iheret'ore inclined to look askance at any change, however hril 
 liant its prospects. Hut events wi-rt- to occur heyontl their 
 borders which wouUI break down I'ven the indillV'rence ot con 
 lent. 
 
 !)iiring this forn.ation period, so big with the future of our 
 coinitry, great men wi're thrown to the front in all the provin- 
 ces. In the ("anadas arose such men as (u'orge llrown, John 
 .•\. Macilonald, (leorge ICtii-nne ("artier, Alexander '!". (lalt, 
 Francis Hincks. In order to realize that the ("onfcdiration of 
 ('anada was no mere party measure, but an act based on the 
 broad fouiuhition of the ju-ople's sentiment and the pi-ople's 
 will, we have but to remember tliat tin- men who stand out 
 most prominently among the " I'atluTs of ( 'ontederalion " were 
 the opposing party chieftains, IJrown and Macdonald. lor the 
 a«'eomplishment of this project the great Reformer and the 
 great Conservative workeil together. In New ISrunswick the 
 chief mover to the same noble end was the Reform leadir, Mr. 
 S. I,. 'I'illey. In Nova Scotia the strong hand which brought 
 the piovincc into the union was that of the Conservative cinet, 
 Doctor Charles rupi)er. The superb etiifice thus raised anu'd 
 the harmony of once jarring factions is committed to the jea- 
 lous keeping of all Canadians, without regaril to race or creed 
 or party. The reason now for the existence of opposing |)arties 
 in Canada is but the natinal difference of o[)inion as to how 
 this Confederation may l)est be served, secured, adorned, and 
 upheld among the nations. 
 
^V) 
 
 )(• i^ovcriHiuiit 
 
 Id w;is ill i,S57 lli;il ilic iiarliaiiicnt of llic Caiiadas was first 
 Itroii^ht face to face with Coiit.drialion. Mr. A. 'I', (lalt, 
 iiiciiiIkt for Slii-rhrookc in tiic ICastirii 'I'dwnsliips. moved the 
 <(Hisi(lcratioii of the siilijrct in an al)l(; s|ici'(h wliidi, thouuli at 
 the tiiiu- it scciiu'd to },'ain slii^lu attinlion, ncvirtliclcss striK k 
 root in the minds of liis licaicrs. At this time tl 
 was carried on under a syslcin of double l(adcrshi(i. \\'hi( h- 
 I'vcr parly was in power, each province insisted on eontrihiiliiiL; 
 a premi'T, so that the ministry had to lie a sort of two luaded 
 monster. ( )(.vi'rniiieiits were named from the two chiefs.— as 
 llie McNal)-Morin government, tlie IJaUlwin-l.afontaine. the 
 ( 'artier M.icdonild, the iJrown I )orion admiiiis(ratioi). In tiie 
 year folIowin<.i; ilaU's trumpet hlast, came up tiie strife of local 
 interest'^ over tlie removal of the (ajiilal to Ottawa. (1.S5.S). 
 'I'lu' ( !artierMaedoiiald government, \vhi(h siijiported the 
 <Jueen's recoimiu'ndatioii in regard to Ottawa, was deieated. 
 A new election brought the Kt-foimers into power by a scant 
 majority, and the Itrown-I )orion ministry took thi' niiis of gov- 
 ernment. Hut majorities at this time were as shifting as the 
 sands of the sea, and the kelorn.ers met defeat without dela\'. 
 The Conservatives again took otiice, but with a majority so 
 slender and uiui'liable that there was nothiii'' to be seen ahead 
 
 but speedv wreck. It 
 
 was ck'ar that a new and 
 
 needed 
 
 Oalt w 
 
 IS taken into the imnisirv, 
 
 and 
 
 as amiounced as the govermni'iil plallon 
 
 hold poiic\- wa-> 
 
 ( dnle<letatioli 
 
 he streimth ot 
 
 tl 
 
 ie |)lalforiii was seen at oik 
 
 the { 
 
 oionial otiK e was at 
 
 this time not alive to the Imperial spirit, and turned a (old 
 shoulder to the scluuu'. 'I'he Maritime provinces were (o 
 (jlictting with the idea of a M.iritime union among lluiiiselve--. 
 
 and w 
 
 ould 
 
 not give tiie sui)ject even a hearin 
 
 The Oartier 
 
 iMa( 
 
 donald government was forced to seek another |ilatform. 
 
 Hut 
 
 now these ten years 01 al)undant prosperity were draw- 
 
 inu to a close. 
 
 Jad 
 
 larve'sts, joined with agricultural fle|)ress 
 
 ion, made all the |)rovinces restless and readv for a change. 
 At the same lime stirring events turmd tin currents of prcnin 
 cial feeling toward loyalty an(.l union. I he ( omplelion of a 
 
 i! 
 
340 
 
 great national enterprise, the Victoria Hridge of the (Irand 
 'I'runk Railway at Montreal, which was hailed then as one of 
 the world's wonders, excited a family pride in the sister provin- 
 ces. 'I'o celebrate with due ceremony the opening of this great 
 work, and to lay the corner-stone of the new Parliament Huild- 
 ings at Ottawa, the Prince of Wales came out to the provinces 
 and was everywhere received with an outburst of loyal affection. 
 His coming was most timely. It served as tangible evidence 
 to the colonies of their importance to the Crown. In the fol- 
 lowing year events across the border spoke yet more loudly for 
 union. There had been unstable spirits in the colonies, whose 
 leanings were toward annexation with the American Republic. 
 But when, in 1861, the War of Secession broke out, and North 
 and South took each other by the throat, then annexation 
 ceased to look enticing. 
 
 There had long been a tempest brewing in the Republic. 
 The northern cry for the abolition of slavery was^but one phase 
 of the trouble. The real point at issue was that between the 
 individual states and the central government. Did the sover- 
 eign power lie in the states or in the union ? In the South, the 
 group of slave-holding states, it was generally held to lie in the 
 states themselves. In the North it was held to lie in the union ; 
 and northern sentiment, favoring abolition, and proclaiming the 
 final supremacy of the Federal government, seemed to threaten 
 the constitutional rights of slave-holding states to control their 
 own affairs. When, in i860, the States-Rights doctrine was 
 defeated in the Presidential election, and Abraham Lincoln, a 
 pronounced abolitionist, was elected to the office of President, 
 then the storm broke out. The States-Rights party held that 
 any state had a right to quit the union when it would,— and in 
 December South Carolina, acting on this principle, seceded. 
 In the next few months her example was followed by other 
 southern members of the union, till the seceders numbered 
 eleven states, with a population of about nine millions. These 
 states formed a new Confederacy, with its capital at Richmond. 
 Virginia, and with Jefferson Davis as President. The war be- 
 
341 
 
 gan early in 1861 'I'hc Northern States were all I'ederalist. 
 They hent all their energies to the restoration of the union, the 
 overthrow of the doctrine of state sovereignty, and the estab- 
 lishment of the principle that the su|)renie |)ower rested in the 
 Central Ciovernment. (ireat Britain ordered all her subjects 
 to maintain a strict neutrality. This aroused fierce inilignatio.i 
 in the North. It was looked upon as a practical recognition 
 (jf the South as a belligerent power. In Northi'rn eyes the 
 Southern Confederacy was not an independent p(jwer, to be re- 
 cognized by other powers, but a mere banding together of 
 rebels. As such, said the North, it was to be chastised by the 
 Central (lOvernment, and ignored by outside powers. The 
 anger of the North was still further excited by the fact that 
 England seemed much in sympathy with the seceders. British 
 vessels were very active in running the blockade of Southern 
 ports ; and British harbours were much used by Southern cruis- 
 ers. The truth of the matter was that, while the British Ciov- 
 ernment and jjrobably the masses of the British [)eoi)le desired 
 the North to win, there were many who could not but see a 
 poetic justice in this rebellion. The South was but urging the 
 claim on which the Thirteen (,"olonies had so rudely insisted in 
 1776. The sons of loyalists were inclined to ask why, if the 
 Thirteen Colonies might secede from their motherland, might 
 not the eleven Southern States secede from the Union? In 
 some parts of British North America, ])arlicularly in Halifax, 
 the feeling of sympathy for the South was frank and strong. 
 But, on the other hand, frcjni the L'pfier Provinces went many 
 sons of Canada to fight in the Northern ranks. 
 
 In the first year of the war the colonies were awakened to 
 a sense of their own weakness. Trouble arose between (Ireat 
 Britain and America, and it looked as if they would at once ap- 
 peal to the sword. It came about in this way. The Confeiler- 
 acy was sending two commissioners, Messrs. Mason and Slid- 
 dell, to England, to pleatl the cause of the South, and to seek 
 recognition of their country as a i)elligerent |)()wer. They took 
 passage on the British mail-steamship Tnitt. (Jn November 
 
 m 
 
 f All 1:1, 
 
 P<' Ms '■ 
 
342 
 
 Stii tlic AiiU'rican iiinii of \v;ir Siui /nriiiti\ coiniiKUuK'il li\ C'.ip- 
 l;iin Uilki's, stojipid tlu' 'J'nii/ im tlir ()|h'I1 sims, lioiiidid lur, 
 and aiTi-ste'd iIk- two Soiillicin ( ■oniiii!s>i()iurs. OviT this y^v.xw 
 \^xvM•\\ (il tlic Law (»r Nations tlir N'oitli was nuich tlatfcl, and 
 ('a|)lain W'ilki's iKcanic a |)o|)ular hrro. lUit difat liritain was 
 indignant. Slu' dcniandi'd tliat the distinguishcil captives 
 should l>r instantly f^isrn up. She tlircattMud war if thcii' was 
 any delay. Slic began pouring troops into llaht"a\. lUit nicun- 
 while the American Ciowrmnent came to its senses ; and .Messrs. 
 Mason and Siidell were i|uiiliy given up. This was (hie to 
 l.incohi's tirm wisdom. The troops, lanchng in Canada, found 
 dances and lair dames instead of battles awaiting them. 'I'he 
 danger was passed ; hut it had opened the eyes of men to the 
 ni^iid of putting ('anada in a position of defence. 'Iho Ihitish 
 ('lOveruMuiit madi' large e\|)enditures on provincial fortifications, 
 and militia hills of im|)ortance were presseil through certain of 
 the Provincial Parliaments. .\t the same time the death of 
 i'rince Albert ami the mourning of the (^)ueen created a wave 
 of sympathetii' loyalty. (iS6i). P>ut in the two ("anatlas, though 
 the people were full of p.Uriolic zeal, tlie even balance and 
 eagiT strife of parties prevented tlie i)assing of the militia bills. 
 Reform governments and Conservative go\ernments suceeeded 
 each otlieron most trivial grounds of difference. I'arly passions 
 seiiiied to rule the hour, ."stable Cioverninetit was a thing for- 
 gotten. .\iul l-aiglaiul was righteously dis[ileased at the tlefeat 
 of the Militia P.ill. 
 
 .\t this crisis the great Reformer, Ceorge P>rown, came to 
 the rescue. He |)roposed a coalition l)etween the parlies, and 
 the formation of a new ministry. The offer was accepted, antl 
 the noise of ])olitical wrangling sank to peace. (1864). 'I'he 
 achninistration * set itself to prepare a scheme of Federation 
 which should provide for the admission of the other provinces 
 whenever it should suit them to come. A confederation of the 
 
 * In tills iihistrioiis miiiistiy we tiiid tlic iiiunesof John A. MiumIou- 
 alil. (ii'oi-gi- K. CiutiiT, (ii'tii'tfi! lirown, Oliver Mowiit, Sii' Kticnne 'I'liulii'. 
 A. T. (i;ill, l)'.\ii\ Mt(u'(', Williiiin McDougidl, Hector Luiigeviu, .). I... 
 L"ha[Kiis, . lames Coeklnun, antl Ale.vaiuler Caiii[»bell. 
 
ly r.ip- 
 
 luT, 
 
 whole \v;is in lluir luMrl>. .imllhrv wric diliiliii^ ;i>. In wlntlur 
 till' tinu' w;is ripe lor approiu Iuiil; tlir M.iriliiiic I'rosincrs wiili 
 tin: sclii'Mii', wlicii ;in i\riit which tuok |»i.i( f in I'rim i> r'dw.ud 
 Ishmd (li'cidcd ihcni. A I'rdcral L'ninii. not of the two ('.m.i- 
 (las alone hut of all the I'lovmces of Ihilish North Aiuetita, 
 hecanu' the ol)jeit of their patriotic efforts. 
 
 (Sll llllS ',1'J. Thr Si'llI'lJir nf M.llll i IIM' f II. rili- CIlMl I it I it ^ .U II C. .|| |, I r lil'i'. 
 
 '\'Ur (purine ( '.illlnr'liri .) 
 
 92. The Chai'lottetown Conference, Quebec Con- 
 ference, and Quebec Resolutions. I Ik event so ir ui;^ht 
 
 with destiny to ( !anad.i w.is the ( 'harlottetown Conferent e, 
 which met on the first day of Septeiiiher, 1SO4, 'Ihi . ( onl'er- 
 cm\:, curiously enou.^h, was the outcome of action taken tliree 
 years hcfore hy Ilowe, who was |)rcsciUly to <ontradict hiinsvif 
 by becoming the great opponent of ( "onfeder.iiion. .\s far hack 
 as 1S54, he had outdone the (lonservatiw leader, Johnston, in 
 eloquent supjjorl of the union ])roject. in iiSr)i, as leader of 
 the Nova Scotia (lovernmeiit, he h.id brought in and carrieil 
 unanimously a resolution favouring Confederation. This idea 
 changed soon to what seemed tin- nearer and more practical 
 f)ne of a /tx/s/d/iT'e union between Nova Scoiia, New IJrun^wick. 
 and Prince I'.dward Island. 'I"he Ncheme of welding the^e 
 three into one wide ami inthiential |)rovin( e proved attractive 
 to the people, and for a time ".Maritime L'nion,"asit was called. 
 ecli|)sed the more maguil'iceiU but remoter scheme of (Confeder- 
 ation. 
 
 Delegates from the three provinces W;ri.' appointed to meet 
 at ('harlottetown and discuss .Maritime Union, llach province 
 sent five delegates. Nova Scotia's deleg.ition was ( hiefly 
 (Conservative, a (!(jnservative ( io\erimient then being in pow- 
 er ; and it was led by Howe's indomitable rival. Doctor rup|)er : 
 but one of its members was a distinguished Reformer, .Xd.inis 
 Ci. Archibald. New i'runswick's w.ts a Kelorm delegation, it.' 
 chief being the Hon. S. !,. Tillev-, leader of the New Iiruii.iwi( k 
 government. The delegation from I'rince lulward Isl.md ( 011- 
 sisted of the leading members of the ])rovincial government, 
 
 ! i, 
 
 m\t 
 
 .m' 
 
 'Mi4 
 
 1'! t 
 
344 
 
 which had carried important reforms in tliu i^<land province. It 
 was led l»y the premier, Colonel (Iray. 'I'lius it will he seen 
 that this Conference was not an' affair of party, but of patrictt- 
 isin. Where the Island Capital sits secure at the head of her 
 sunny and windless haven, the delegates met. The wide streets, 
 pros|)eroiis dwellinjis, and green luxurious gardens of Charlotte- 
 town, perpetual reminder of her old name. Port La joie, formed 
 a fitting environment for the counsels of unity and peace which 
 were destined tlure to |)revail. 'I"he delegates met, as we have 
 seen, to discuss Maritime Union. I'.ut meanwhile the Coalition 
 Ciovi-rnment of the two (!anadas, standing (jn the high platform 
 of Confediration, had heard of the (Conference, and asked leave 
 to he present at it. Assureil of a welcome, six of the chief 
 ministers of Canada set out in the government steamer I'ictoria 
 for Charlottetown. These jMoneers of destiny were of diverse 
 party, creed, and race. 'I'here were the old rivals, now allied to 
 so great an end, (leorge Urown and John A. Macdonald. There 
 were (leorge ICtienne C'artier, the French (.Catholic ; A. T. (ialt. 
 the I'Jiglish Protestant of the ICastern 'I'ownships ; William Mc- 
 Dougall, the Scotch I'rotestant ; D'.Arcy McCee, the Irish Cath- 
 olic. When these delegates met the Conference, in the open- 
 ing days of that month which is loveliest in the (larden of thi' 
 Ciulf, (Septemher i, 1864) the enthusiasm and faith with which 
 they advocated their cause worked a s|)eeily n-sult. JJeiore the 
 l)lan of Confederation, now presented so nearly and clearly that 
 there was no shutting one's -ys to its brilliance, the lesser |)lan of 
 Maritime Union paletl into nothingness. I»ut the Maritime dele- 
 gates had been sent to discuss only Maritime Union. Xothiiig 
 couUl be done, therefore, but weigh interests, strengthen sym 
 pathies, cultivate mutual trust and esteenu It was resolved to 
 hold another conference at once, to consider terms of Confed- 
 eration. (^)uel)ec was a[)pointed the place of meeting, and the 
 (Charlottetown Conference dissolved. The Island capital, there 
 fore, may justly claim to be called the cradle of our union. 
 
 From Charlottetown the Canadian delegates made a ra[)id 
 tour of Nova .Scotia and New lirunswick, stirring i)ublic interest 
 
345 
 
 hy llu'ir s|)fcclics, warniinj,' |iiil)lic sentiment l>y their entluisi- 
 asni. l-verywiiere they were wehdnud. and feted, and eheired 
 forward in tlieir |iiir|»()se. On ihiir return to ( )ttaua arran^i- 
 ment was made for the new confi-rence. On (^ctohtr loth. 
 tin- men who were to ni\e form and siihstance to thi' aspira 
 lions of our |ieo|ili', wlio were to fasiiion a nation out of our 
 scattered colonies, c,ime to^ither in that anc ient capital whit Ii 
 has so lonn j^'uariled our ^ates. 
 
 'I"he (^)uel)ec Conference met on ()ctol)er lolh. It mu-<l In- 
 counted one of the chief events in our history. The date, the 
 far-reaching results, the nanus of those who took part in it. 
 should he written on (Canadian hearts in letters of ^old. Its 
 vast significance will impress us more and more as we recede 
 from it, and as its effect upon the history of the world begins to 
 show. The tlelegates numbered thirty-three ; and their names 
 cannot he written in a footnote. I'Vom the ("anadas came Sir 
 ICtiennc V lache, John A. Macdonald, (leorge I'lrown. William 
 McDougall, (leorge ]•]. ('artier, Alexandir T. (lalt. Oliver 
 Mowat, Hector i.angivin, T. |)"Arcy .McCiee, A (lamphell. J. 
 (\ Chapais, J. Cockhurn. I-'rom N'o\a Scotia came ('h;irles 
 Tupi)er, .XdamsCi. .Xrchihald, W. A. Ilemv. R. I!. !)ickie, ami 
 |. .McCully. N'ew IJrunswick sent Samuel la'onard Tille\. 
 John M. Johnston, I'eter Mitchell, l-alward Chandli-r, ClKirK s 
 Kislier, J. H. (iray, W. H. Sleeves. I'rince l^dward Island sent 
 Colonel John H. C.rey, K. Palmer, T. II. Ilaviland, W. H 
 I'ope, Ci. Coles, K. Whelan, and .\. A. Macdon.ild. I'roin 
 Newfoundland came K. I>. S. Carter and .Xmhrose Shea. 
 Though some of the [jrovinces wt^rethus more largely re|iresent- 
 ed than otiiers, this made no difference in the voting, which w.i-> 
 carried on hy provinces. l^ach delegation had one vote, ami 
 the provinces were thus on a footing of perfeit e(iuality. The 
 meetings of the Conference were held in the Parliament H(juse. 
 built over the ruins of the okl Chateau St. l.ouis. There 
 shone forth the broad sagacity and tireless tact of Macdonald. 
 the force of Tupper, the Scottish hre and pertinacity of l>rown. 
 the clofiuence of Cartier and McCae. The tleliberaiions lasted 
 
 44 
 
 1;; 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 
34<5 
 
 eighteen days, and resulted in the adoption of Skvkntv-'Two 
 Rksoi.utions. 'I'hesc famous Rcsohitions, witli some changes, 
 form the basis of the Mritish North American Act, which is 
 Canada's C.'oiistitution. 'I'heir great work done, the delegates 
 made a tour through U|)i)er and Lower Canada, meeting fer- 
 vent welcome ou all sides. 
 
 (Ski-iiun '.i;i.— 1'lic iitlitii.li' nf till' ililVc'iciit l'iii\imvs to tlii' Qiic'lire l{t'SiijiitinM>i. 
 Tln' Ui'si.liifi'iiis III N.w Uniiiswick ami .Xnvii Scotia. Ui'Jict.Ml in I'lincc KilwaiM 
 IsIiiikI ami Nrwroimilhiml.) 
 
 93. How the Quebec Resolutions were Received. 
 
 — A grave task now awaited the Fathers of Confederation. 
 'I'his was to secure thv' acce|)tance of the Quebec Resolutions, 
 by the provinces concerned and by the Home (iovernment. 
 'I'he Home Ciovernment met them with the warmest favour and 
 expressed its strong wish that the scheme should be accepted 
 l)y the provinces. Hut the provinces were much divided on 
 the subject. Newfoundland positively rejected the whole 
 scheme, and has not hitherto seen fit to reverse her decision. 
 Prince Hdwaid Island rejected it, only to accept it a few years 
 later when its success had been proved. Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick hesitated. I'he (lanadas accepted with instant zeal. 
 There w-re reasons fo*- this difference. Beside the great lakes 
 and along the St. Lawrence X'alley the subject had for some 
 time been in the mouths of the pe(»ple. It hatl been thorough- 
 ly threshed out. It was seen to be the simplest way out of 
 some pressing evils. In h'ebruary of 1865 the (Quebec Resolu- 
 tions were brought before th.e Legislature, and, after prolonged 
 debate, were carried by an overwhelming majority. At the 
 close of the session Messrs. Macdonald, Brown, Cartiei and 
 dalt went to ICngland to confer with the Im]Hrial (iovernment. 
 But in New Brunswick the scheme now met with a rude 
 set-back. In March of the sanie year was held a general elec- 
 tion, an ', the scheme of Confederation was |>ut l)eforc 'he 
 people at the polls It was so mixed up, however, with other 
 and local questions that the party supporting it was l)eaten. 
 An Anti-Confederate (Iovernment, under the leadership of 
 
347 
 
 AIIrtI J. Smith, canio into power. Xuw liruiiswick having thus 
 spoken at^uinst the si'hcnir, tlic N'(»va Scotia CiovcrnniLiit was 
 di>:i:oiiraiicci, and the ([iiestion was not !>roiight f(.rwartl in tlie 
 Legislature. IJut meanwhile the people .)f N'ew Mrunswick had 
 been reconsidering ; and the more tluv thought of it the more 
 friendly they i)ecame to it. 'I'he attitude of the Americans was 
 making plain the uvli.\ of strength and union in the colonies. 
 The urgent desire of the Home ( lovernujent, too, was not with- 
 out effect. Seeing this change in public leeling, the Legislative 
 Council of New lirunswick passed a resolution in favijur of (.'on- 
 federation. This resolution was accepted by (lovernor Ciordon 
 in a stiong address. I'he words of the ilovcrnor being direct- 
 ly contrary to the advice of his minister^, tiie ministers resigned. 
 Mr. 'I'illey and other Confetleration leaders were then called to 
 form a new government. Another general election was held, 
 and the Anli-( Confederate [)arty was overwhelmed. (1866). 
 'i'he change of fei.'ling in W-w lirunswick brought immediate 
 action in Nova Scotia. Doctor 'i'up|ier, leader of the Ciovern- 
 mcnt, brought up in the Legislature a resolution in su[)port of 
 (Confederation. It was carrieil bv a heavy majority, but only on 
 the mulerstanding that the plan should be changed to secure 
 better terms for the Mariijme Provinces. I'his aition of tht 
 ("lovernment, in committing the province to ( "onfei' ration widi- 
 out giving the |)eople a chance to vote u|)on it, made ihe people 
 indignant. It was felt that in a case of such vast importance' a 
 general election should have been held, to gi.e the ekctors a 
 chance to say what they wanted. Thus the seeds of future dis- 
 content we'e '■')\yn on good ground, where they afterwanU 
 sprang up aiRl Itoii fruit in agitations for Repeal. The anger 
 of the pe.i|)lv d'tected itself against thi' way in which (Confeder- 
 ation was (..rried. liut in the fierce heat of party contlict this 
 feeling becaiiie ilistc^'ted, till it look lor a '.line the sha|)e ot 
 liostility to the measiue ilsilf. 
 
 In the same year in which the Xova Scotia Ligislature ac- 
 cepted ("onfederation, the project was brought before the Legi> 
 lature of Newfoundland in the '. Covcinor's >[.eech. The .ddros 
 
 • ■ w 
 
 ■ >Cn 
 
 I 
 
348 
 
 
 of the House in rr^ply confessccl that the advantages of (^on- 
 f'edeMMon were " s(.< ()b\ ions as to l)e almost necessarily ai know- 
 ledgiid."' At the same lime it declared that as far as NewRnind- 
 land in particular was concerned the desirability of the measure 
 was doubtful. A little later the whole jjroje-cf was laid on the 
 shelf. I'riiue Ivlward Island, through her Legislature, was 
 more emphatic in her rejection of the scheme ; but not long 
 afterwards, as we shall see, she oi)ened her ears to the charming 
 (jf her confederate sisters and suffered herself to be led into the 
 union. 
 
 When these four provinces of Ujiper and Lower Canada, 
 Nova Sc()tia and Xew lirunswick had decided for Confeilera- 
 tion, they sent delegates to ICngland to get an Act of Union 
 throMgh the Imperia' Parliament. IJut the Opposition in Nova 
 Scoiia had found a leader, strange to say, in Howe, who went 
 to London to argue against the Act. 'I'he great orator put 
 forth his utmost eloquence, hi^ !i;ost appealing arguments ; but 
 his ancient antagonist, Tupper, got the best of him. The keen 
 weapons of his own logic and wit were used against him. The 
 Imperial Ciovernment was against him. The [)rotest of Xova 
 Scoiia was passetl over, and I'arliaiuent went on to frame the 
 .\c\ of ('onfederation. 
 
 (Skitkis ill. — Ilnstilily "lllir Aiiii'iicmis. Tin- ".l/'i'"'»ii( riaiins." Tlif l-'riiiiiM<. 
 
 Ui'imlsi' of till' Fi'iiiiiii lii\:i>>i"ii^. r;i-<-iii-' "! till' Itrilisli .V.irth A lica Art. ill'' 
 
 f'lii'lil ul'doviTlimiMit. Tlir OMViTliui'tli'lirnil. I'lu' CilliilU't. Tlif SriKilc. 'I'Im- Ih'iisr 
 • i|' CiilMlllnlls. KiH'i'ri'llCi' lirt vnll a hnli . ■'/ ami a lA''lUI'ili rr iimImm. |»i!l'rlflicr ImM With 
 llir C'liiailiaii Kc'liial luiiun iiml llii> .Via tiimii K'^IiliI iiiiinu. I)m|iijijj.,|i |la\.) 
 
 94. Confederation Accomplished. In these years of 
 destiny, 1864, '65, '66 and 07, while the honiinion wa^ strug- 
 gling to its birth, there were forces acting oul ^de to giw it un 
 willing -'d. The Northern .States grew more ai.tl more hostile, 
 'i'he Province's had remaiiieil strictly neutral : but Canada was 
 naturally a refuge for Southern sympaihi/ers who had Hed out 
 of the Northern States. \ lawless band of these' refugees, 
 gathering on the St. Lawrence frontier, made a raid across the 
 bortler into Vermont, and |)!uiulere(l the town of St. Albans. 
 
349 
 
 l-'icnx: was tlie iiuligiiation of tlic N'ortlicnicrs : ami tlicir own 
 cx|jlcjits of this kind were ijuitL' fornottrn. To i)ixvint a npe- 
 lion of siicli oiitrai^cs tlic (!anailiaii ( iiivuiiinriu called out a 
 force of militia to |)atroI the horders. Aimiu thi-^ time tli" Am- 
 erican ("lovernment L,'ave the I'roviiice>i notice of its intention to 
 terminate the Keciprocils Treaty. (1S64). SeeiiiL,' the hour .it 
 iiaiul of their triumph over the South, the Ainericr.ns t'elt ready 
 to vent their wrath aijainst ICngland. So lon^; as the colonies 
 chose to remain liritish, they ^hoi;l(l he made to feel the wii;4ht 
 of America's displeasure. .\l the same tinu-. it wa^ expected 
 that for the sake of America's tr.ide the\ would lon^ent to .\n- 
 nexation. The withdrawal of the Reciprocity 'I'reatv u.is in- 
 tended to show the provinces what tlie\ would lo^c tiv remain- 
 ini^ loyal, what they would .uain hy deserting their alKuiaiice. 
 In the hope (>f headin;^ off ( honied -ration. ( 'oulMc^s e\en pa-^ed 
 a iiill providing lor the admi■^^ion of the riii\inces, on mo^t 
 favourable term->. as four new States ol the .\mericaii L nion. 
 [•'oreign hrihes. however, proved no more effective than t'orei^n 
 threats. They only drew the provinces ( lo->er together. An 
 
 earnest effort, howev 
 
 er. w 
 
 ,1-1 m.ule to prevent the .ihro^.ition of 
 
 the I rer.ty. 
 
 .•1 
 
 To this tju(\ a Trade (Convention 
 
 neui ,il 
 
 )c- 
 
 troit, wliere deleiiates hom the ihiel i'rovnw i.il and 
 
 imcru ,in 
 
 cities met art! 
 
 talk 
 
 ed ove|" the >ituation. 
 
 II 
 
 owe > eloilUc'Ili'i' 
 
 took the 'Mtherinu li\ storm. .\\\i\ for ,1 time it looked as if Keci- 
 
 I)rocitv miiiht 
 
 ,nn a new 
 
 ht. 
 
 Iiut llowe's inliueiic 
 
 failed to reach the .\merii an ( iosernnii'nt. A coiitmuancr of 
 
 the 'T 
 
 reatv w.is ollered, mdeeil 
 
 hut on ^ui 
 
 ■h t 
 
 erm^ 
 
 a^ the pn 
 
 vinces coukl not accept without luiimliation. and in iS'i 
 
 came to an end 
 
 Tlu 
 
 iirov mi e- W( re tiui> drnen to 
 
 .k li 
 
 ward each other and toward Taiiope foi new avenue-^ ot traile 
 
 aiu 
 
 I tl 
 
 le ( 
 
 ause ot ( onledeiMtion wa^ uMeatIs ^treimlheiiei 
 
 As soon as the war !)et\vi en Nditli and >outh w,l^ ended. 
 
 mil 
 
 th 
 
 e seeedinii Slates were crushed, llii 
 
 '.illellc (II-, 
 
 .111 to ire>s 
 
 l-ai_nlaiid for damages on account of the injury done to Anien 
 l)V the .l/'i/'ii/Jiii and other Southern cim^er^ 
 
 ean commerc-e 
 
 'i'his claim was made on the ple.i th.il the ( rui>er^ h.id he 
 
 ell 
 
 \c 
 
fillrd 
 
 (Mit ill Hriiish pnits. ( )n ,i liki" pIiM (".iii.id.i ini^hi li.m 
 (1 
 
 il'iiiaiidod ilannui'"- lor Anicm mm l»rc;»rlirs nt nculi.ililv ilniinL 
 (lie tioiil)l'.'>> (>r ' I 
 
 ■> / 
 
 ^S. ("licit lUii.im (Icnu'd l\;i\ ini: •■(iimlcn 
 ;in>"i-<l the (itliiiL; .ind .inning ol Soiillu'in cniiscis. She then' 
 toir ivsisti'ii ih 
 
 I/.}/' 
 
 Ami rif.ui di'm.mds ; ^ind tor soin- Xf.ns tin- 
 t>'/,i ("l.uins. " ,b tlirv \vri\' cMlli'd, niniiincd n soic (|iics 
 
 tion. which inii;lu ;it ;inv tunc Ir.id to \\\\v. 
 
 his thuMt, .ilso. 
 
 \vork«\l stioiiLiiv liii ( "onrotlt-nilion. 
 
 Hut Cituid,] t(»iind vrt .niotlur cncinv to tluiist her on to 
 HiiMtncss. In '\in<ii(;\ tlicn' was .i strong oii;,uii/ation known 
 as tin- I'onian iintthnhood. It w.is stailnl in the tiisl \A.uv l>\ 
 liot liradid Irish patriots wlio drrainrd ol roNcniiini; nptin tin- 
 liatcd Sasscna* li llu- wrongs whu h ihiir i onnlrv had cndiuvd. 
 
 At 
 
 tlu' closi- ol ih( 
 
 V\ 
 
 \r .1 
 
 t S.; 
 
 sio'i a host ol di spt r;uhn's. too 
 l.lwK'ss to sitlli' down to tlic tasks ol pcari'. wt-rc let loose upon 
 tlu' rountr\. I'licsr llorkrd into tlu" ranks til ihc I'lniaii 
 Urothi-rhood. and projuiscd to coniiiu r ( 'anada as a first sti'p 
 
 toward trciini; Irtlaiu 
 
 1. I 
 
 o ronqncr s< ( 
 
 inrd 
 
 so t'as\. that tile 
 
 l-'enian Irailers. in anticipation, parrclU'd out the ( hoictst laiul- 
 
 anioni: thi'ins>ivis. 
 
 On St. r.ilnrk's I ).u ol i .S(i(> tlu' I'cman 
 invasion was looked tor. and tlie ( '.in.idi.m inihli.i stood in aims 
 alone the liorder. Ihit the wi.ither w.is It.id, .iml llu' iin.ision 
 
 lid not < onu' oil. 
 
 In the 
 
 loll 
 
 owinu month these nitti.in> ihre.ii 
 
 eiUH 
 th.' 
 
 1 the New liriinswiek bonl 
 
 ers. .md troops wi 
 
 w in.iiehed t< 
 
 •ten 
 
 ee o 
 
 I St. \\h\ 
 
 lews 
 
 .md Si, Stephens. \'\\v d.mmr 
 
 p.iss(-d ; Imt It me.mt in.iiu \otes lor ( 'oiiteder.ilion. 
 
 .\t the s.ime time, iin.ier the veiv nosi's ol the .\inern .m 
 authorities, and whiK- all .Xiuerie.i was in virtuous wrath tiver the 
 
 Alal 
 
 viiu.i ilispute. the li in.ins wirr dnlhiiL; and arininu liieir 
 
 reumunls in tlu 
 
 mierie.in holder towns. 
 
 ■rom S.IU 
 
 it St. 
 
 M.irie to the I'lult'. .i w.ive ol indignation .it such ineonsistene\ 
 
 swi'pt over the 
 
 Hrit 
 
 ish provuK'es. 
 
 .\l the end ot M.iv .i Imiu 
 
 ol nine luindre.l Fenians, under one ( 'oionel O'Ni'il, erossed 
 iVoni Ihirialo to l-'orl l'",rie and advanced lo liestniytlic Well.ind 
 C.m.il. .\t the \ill.im' of Ridi;i'w,iv thev wen- niel in a detach 
 
 meiu ol C .maduiM inihtia. 
 
 I'l 
 
 K' urouiul was owe where u 
 
 I old 
 
,"?=;' 
 
 llif inilili.i iif ( !;iii.i(|,t h.id in.inv limrs nislnd id vulniy ;i:;,iiiist 
 LJIClt txlds, Hill oil lliis (M'c,i>|()ii Dili solilicl^ ,l(|<lr(l sill, ill 
 liislic lo tlii'ir l.iimls, Alirr ;i two lnuiis' skii ini^li lli(\ tclicil- 
 I'll ini;l(»ili)iislv, Inivmi; the I'rni.ms iii.i>|,t. oI tin' tiild. I'hr 
 viitors, howrviT, Ikmiiii^ n\ llic ;i|i|irii,i( li ol sdiiir liritisli \r^\\ 
 
 I. IIS, llfd ill IlMsIc t(i the slultcl n\ ItulLlln. ( )tluM I'rlll.m I, lids, 
 illnlli; llic Si. I mIWICIIcc ImiiiIcI, were iMsilv I(|M|1sc(I. Inlir 
 veils l.ilcr, wluM ( (Milrdfi.ilion w,is well csl.iiilislifd, lliis s.mic 
 ("oliHicI ( J'Nnl ;i;;;iin Inl liis I'Viii.ms ;i^,iinst (iiii liordcr, liiis 
 tiiiif jittiickii)^ (Jufltcr. Mr w,is idiiti'd iL^iinmmidiislv. (iS^r)). 
 In ihc Inlluwiiit; yr;ir he made a siiiiilai allniipt (in Maiiiti)li,i, 
 IJiit the Aiin'iican otiircr in chaii;!' dI hurt l'<iiiliiiia, iumi ilir 
 liiu', knrw his diitv Inward a tiit'iidlv iiatictii. Willi a IkkU ol 
 I'liitcd Stall's tiiiii|is he tdllnwcd llir ardent < »'\(il .k m^^ die 
 liorder, and arrested liiiii. I'luis llie last leuiaii iiivasiuii ended 
 in laree. 
 
 And now our seeiie sliifts .ii^ain to l.oiidDti. 'I'lie provineial 
 deli'nales, meeting in the Wi-siniinsler lintel, reviewed minute 
 Iv llu" (.)tU'l)ei' Kesoliitions. I he i hiel ehanms made were in 
 tavoiir ol' the M.irilinie rrovim es. In lelMiiarv the ((ini|ilele 
 selieiiie ol ( 'onlederat loll was liroiii^hl helore the liii|Miial I'ar 
 liameiil. It was waniilv sii|t|)orled 1)\ the liadetsoj all parlie-. 
 it oassed without amendment, and was si^ik d lis the (.diet n 
 on March ^uth. iSdj. This Ai I is known ,i-> the liiitish Norlli 
 
 Ameriian \ei.* At the saiiii' liiiie a Hill \\a 
 
 |iasM(| ainhon/ 
 
 ing the Imperial I'lrhameiil to L^iiauiilee a ( anadian Inaii nl 
 $,?. 000,000, lor the ('MiisiriH lion ol whit was .111 essential lu 
 ( 'onlederation, (he 1oii,l; desin d Intenolonial Kailwav. 
 
 'I'lu' ( 'oust it III ion of ( ana da is lu^.-d mi that ol die Moil 
 
 ler 
 
 ("oimlrv, with some points liorrowid lidin that ol the liuli 1 
 
 States, and some new leatiin 
 
 arisiiii' IkiIII the llo\ell\ ol till 
 
 siliKition. riu' ( io\( riiment ol the hoinii 
 
 iioii is made lip ol 
 
 tour olemenls : (i) the ( loveriior ( ii ner il ; (.')llu' lAe(iiii\e 
 < "oiineil, or ( "ahini I ; (^) tlw .Senate : (|i lln- House of ( "oiu 
 mons. These a.re really i'i|uivaleiit lo -m\.\\ Kin^, Lords .nul 
 
 * St'c A|i|)tii(lix A. 
 
 
 •^k. 
 
11 
 
 352 
 
 foiiiinoiis: for llu- CidviTiutr-CiciKTal nnd liis C,";i!)iiR'l arc 
 couiiti.d as onu factor. 
 
 (i) 'i'lu- Crown is rL|)r(.siiiti.'il l>y the ("loviriior-dciural. 
 wliosc fuiu-tions arc as strictly limited as those ol tlic sovcn-it^n 
 in drcat iSrilain. lit- is a^ipoiMtcd liy the (Jiiecii, and hold.. 
 otVice for l"iv(.' years. He is the ( "oniinan(!irin-( hicf of the 
 naval and military forces in ("anaili ; he apiioints llu' l.ieiilcn- 
 ant-dovernors anil the judges ; he has aiidiorily to <'oimmitc 
 the sentences of the court. lie acts upon the advice of his 
 ministers, hut has power to withhold his assent to anv l»ill. 
 
 (2) His advisers, c;illed "the Caliinetor IC\c( utive." arc 
 thirteen nicmhcrs of l'arlian)cnt. rcsponsihli' to the people, hold- 
 iuLi office only so lonif as they hold the peojile's confidence. 
 
 (,^) The Senate is not elective, hut is made up of life mem- 
 bers nominated hy the' Ciovernor-in-Council. In the constitu- 
 tion of the Senate it was sought to make it correspond with the 
 House of Lords, as far as was possible in a purely democratic 
 country like Canada. 'The Senate, at the time of union, con- 
 sisted of -J 2 members, 24 eaih from Ontario and (Quebec. 12 
 each from Xova Scotia and N'ew IJrunswii k. I'lach Senator 
 must be a IJritish subji-cl, must Ii\c in the province he re|)re- 
 sents, and must own unencmubereil propert) to the \alue ol 
 at least .$4,000. 
 
 (4) The House of ("ommons is the direct represent:'tivi' of 
 the pt'ople. Its members are elected bv the people. Thes 
 serve for a term of five years, unless the House be dissolved b\ 
 the ("lOVernor-in-Council, in the mean time, as frecjuently hap- 
 l)eiis. If a nu'iiiber be appointed to the Cabinet, hi' resii^ns his 
 seat and ,U"^^ before the |K'o|)le for re-election. Mach membir 
 must be a Ihitish subject, and hold |)n)perty to the value of 
 $2500. .\t the time of union the House of Commons was 
 made u|) of 1 S 1 members, 65 fi^r (^)iiebec, .S2 for Ontario, K) 
 for Nova Scotia, 15 for New liriinswick. It was arranged that 
 the representation should be readjusted after each decennial 
 census, in order that the iirinciple of representation by popula- 
 tion should be clearly recognized. The number of members 
 
 
[\vi: (if 
 
 •riK-y 
 
 ,cd !•> 
 
 liap- 
 
 ;ns his 
 
 RiiilKr 
 
 IS was 
 
 .■( 
 
 U). it> 
 that 
 
 •^•nmal 
 joimla- 
 Liiilicrs 
 
 for (^)iiL'ltcc was lixud at 65 ; and it was anaiini'd that the mcni- 
 Ihis for the other provinces siiould var\ in such a way that 
 their represi-ntation should always liear the same ratio to their 
 populasion as 65 to the population of (^)uel)ec- After the ciii- 
 sus of i<S()i took |)la('i' a readjustment, hy which, on the next 
 j.'eni'ral elections, the House of Commons will consist of 2 1 _^ 
 incmhers ; 65 for (Juel)e<', 92 for <)ntario, 20 for No\a Scotia, 
 14 for New jlrunswick. 5 for I'rince I'.dward Island. 7 for Man- 
 itoba, 6 for liritisli Columliia, ami 4 for the North West Ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 'The tuiion accomplished hy the liritish North American 
 Act is a Federal, not a /.(\i:;isla(ive Union. .\ Legislative I'nion 
 lirinjis all the unilini^ provincis or stales under a single ^uovi'rn- 
 nient which manages all their affairs. It ohliterates the indi- 
 vidual j)rovin(es or states. .\ l-'eileral Union, on tin other 
 hand, leaves the unititiii provinces or states with tiovernuuntal 
 machinery of their own, to manaue their own local and intern. d 
 affairs, while establishing; one central i;o\erninent to manaL;e 
 such affairs as concern all the i)rovinces or sta'es in coiinnon. 
 Under th',' I'.ritish North .\mcrii an .\ct Ujiper ('r.nada and 
 Lower Canada became Ontario and (^)uel)ec : and these 
 jiroxinces. with Nova Scotia and New jlrunswick, retaiin(l 
 tin ir provincial lei^isl.itures under the t"ullc>t |iriiiiiples of ri - 
 s|ionsil)le i^overnment. These |)rovincial Ic^isl.iiures. with one 
 lAception. consisted of the usual three branches, Lieutenant- 
 (iuvernor, l.cf^islative Coum il. and Assembly. ( )ntario. alone 
 chose to do without the Leiiislati\e Council. 
 
 The great difference between tlu' l-'ederal Union of ('.mad. i 
 and that of the Uniteil States lies in the oiu- point of so\eni.nnt\ . 
 \\'hen the .American States feiKraled. so\( r< i^n power. ,is we 
 have seen, was supposed to ri-side in the states themsehes, .md 
 tlu' Central Ciovernnient j^aiiied only such powers ,is were 
 jealoiish yielded to it by the state s. W luii the llrilish North 
 American provinces federatid. the sovereign power, supposed 
 to reside in the (Irown, was deputed to the Central ( io\ern 
 nient, and the |)rovinces ri'lainetl onI\ sui h powers .is were por 
 
 45 
 
 
354 
 
 tioncd out to thcin by the ('cntral (lovcrnmi-nt. 'I'lic IVoviii- 
 ccs retain the nianagcmcnt o^ \\\Ki\r own public works, education, 
 primary and local administration of justice, licenses, municipal 
 institutions, ^ind direct taxation. To the ('untral ('lovernniciit 
 at Ottawa belong all such matters as Trade and Commerce, the 
 Postal Service, the Census, Military and Naval Defence, Fisher 
 ies, the Coina_i:;e, /iankint;, Indian Affairs, Criminal Law, Ap- 
 peals, and so forth. 
 
 The Hritish North America Act took effect on tiie First 
 Day of July, 1867. The day was observed with joyous festivi- 
 ties throughout the new Dominion, and its anniversary was or- 
 dained to be a public holiday perpetually, under the name of 
 Dominion Day. I'his is the liirthday of Canatla." 'I'o true 
 (Canadians it must be what July 4th is to patriotic Americans, a 
 day of proud rejoicing. On this day Canada became a nation 
 free within itself, and bound to the British Emj)ire by a bond 
 of authority so silken that in a (|uarter of a century it has not 
 been felt to gall. The real and binding tie between the Mother 
 ('ountry and her stalwart child, this Canada, is not a tie of au- 
 thority but of sympathy. It is such a tie as I'urke desired to 
 see between England and the 'i'hirteen Colonies, when with 
 anguished elocjuence he strove to avert the cruel and bloody 
 ru[)ture of '76. " My hold of the colonies," saitl the far-seeing 
 orator in his speech on Conciliation with .America, "is in the 
 close affection which grows from common names, from kindreil 
 blood, from similar privileges, and e(iual protection. 'I'hese are 
 ties which, though light as air, are strong as links of iron." 
 
1 
 
 m- 
 
 THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 EXPAXSIOX AXIJ COXSOLIDATIOX. 
 
 CHAriKR XX I II. 
 
 SECTIONS: - 95, The First Dominion Parliament. 96, Nova 
 Scotia Reconciled. 97, The Red River Settlement be- 
 comes the Province of Manitoba. 
 
 (SKiTlnS (l.-i.-Coiifcdriiiti'd rdtiinla. riiiii;iptfiistii;s nflln- Cniifclcl iilinii I'iiin,|. 
 (.'"SliliMiMiftlir I'liilics. Tin- I'iisl lioniiMlMM Kl.rliiMis. Tlir Kiist Duininion |>i„liii" 
 'li'lil. Till' Mllli'lit l.illlllirx IliC Ncltli Wi'sl.) 
 
 95- The First Dominion Parliament. I Ik (oimsils 
 
 of far-sc-fing statesmen had at last Ixjrnc fruit in fact. The 
 (h-eani of patriots hatl come true. Out of four weak pros intes.* 
 . parted hy reaches of wilderness and hy jealous distrust, had 
 l)een fashioned, as it were in a day, a stately ctjmmonwealth, 
 containing within itself all the elements of power and expansion, 
 lietween the parts of the new oi^anism hegan to flow, slowly 
 at first hut with sure motion, the red currents of national life. 
 'lo the eyes of hostile critics the Ixjiuls of Coniediration 
 .seemed hut temporary and slight. I'he 1 )ominion, they said, 
 
 *Tho ureas and populations of tiii-so, at tiio time of union, witc as 
 follows : — 
 
 (i»Ufl)et;:— area, - - iMS.dSS s(|. inilis ; Top., 1, 1 1 |„-,(i(i. 
 
 Ontario: area, • - l(l|,7;{;{ '• " I.;<!m;,0!I|. 
 
 Nova Scotia :— area, - '2U.'M)~ " •• ,S.'{U,s.'»7. 
 
 New Hiun.><wick: area, 2(»,17.S " " L'.VJ.OtT. 
 
 These Hgiues are tliose of l.S(il, on wlinii tin- Act of riiif,ii was 
 based. 
 
 t, i ■;(' 
 
was an idle cxprrimi'iit. Vavu they whose zeal liad raism! the 
 lair structiiie trenil)lecl lest it Jioiiltl go to pieces uiuler their 
 fingers like a house of cards. Too close they stood to take in 
 all at once its massive and enduring ])r() ortions. 'I'iiey could 
 not know the vital ([uality of the materials they worked with. 
 l''or all truly great work imagination is necessary, and inspira- 
 tion, and faith. The cm\, until it is reached, stands veiled in 
 some mystery. When the air of that first hominion I )ay was 
 loud with i)ells, and cheers, and cannons' thunder, which of the 
 most sanguine of tho.se wiio saw their work thus crowned could 
 have guessed that in twelve years more their Catiada would cover 
 lialf the continent ? In those twelve years the area of Canada 
 increased from 338,000 s(|uare miles to three and a half mil- 
 lions, an area greater than that of the United States before the 
 purciiase of Alaska. 
 
 Dominion Day, 1S67, ushered in the third j)eriod of Ca- 
 nadian history, that in which we live. The es.sential features 
 of this period are ex|)ans'()n and consolidation. In the last 
 twenty-five years of Canadian history there has been the vast 
 extension of territory alreaily referred to, with accompanying 
 growth in wealth and influence. This is the first essential fea- 
 ture, i'^xpansion. There has also been a steady knitting together 
 of the remotest i)arts of this vast territory in a union of increas- 
 ing strength. 'I'his is the second essential feature, Consolida- 
 tion. The event.s, then, which really count in our latter day 
 history, are those which touch our expansion or our consolida- 
 tion. The others are mere incidents, to be referred to in |)ass- 
 ing, but not to be confused with matters of dee|)er import. 
 
 The first Ciovernor-Cieneral of the Dominion of {'anada was 
 Lord Monck, whose tact, discretion and obedience to the prin- 
 cijjles of ResponsibK' (lovernment did much to help on the new- 
 order. The HonorabK' John A. Macdonald, who had done 
 more than ain other one man to bring about the union, was 
 knighted. Immediately afterwards he was called upon to form 
 a Ministry. Now came an ira in the history of Canadian parties, 
 and from Macdonald's action dates the breaking up of old party 
 
V 
 
 ^57 
 
 liiH's, the ^'radiinl L'st;il)li>liiiKnt of new oiii,s. With that sa},M- 
 city which so (listiii^iiishi.(l liim, thr luw I'rimr Minister ;m- 
 iioiiiicrd liis policy ill thi' tollowiii^ tiTnis : '* 1 di'sirc to Itrin;; 
 to my aid, without rcspci t to partic.-, in llii' pa»t, ncntlniuii 
 
 * * * * who wiTi' active ill lirin^inj^ about tlic new t'orm 
 of (l(jvcrmiunt, wlio used tlu'ir iiiMiirMcc to tlial end in tlie dil- 
 fercnt sections of the ("onleileiacy. 1 (Ksiri- to hring to m\ aid 
 in the new ('i<nerniiient those nun, irresjiective of pailv. who 
 represent the majorities in tlie dilTereiit I'rovinces of the Union. 
 
 * * * * And as lliere are now no issius to (hvide parties, 
 and as all that is re(|uire(l is U) have in the (lovernmeiU the men 
 who are best adapted to ])ut the ik;w machinery in mcjtion, 1 
 desire t(j ask those to join me who have the confidence and 
 represent the majorities in the various secti(»ns, of tliose vsiio 
 were in favour of the ado|)tion of this system of ( lovernmeiit 
 and who wish to see it satisfactorily carried out." Acting on 
 these principles Macdonald called six Reformers and six Con- 
 servatives to form with him a (abiiu't of thirteen Ministers. 
 They were divided as follows: I'rom Ontario, where the l\e- 
 foriii party had a majority, three Reforimrs Macdougall, Mow- 
 laml, Ulair, and two Conservatives, Macdonald and (,"ampbell. 
 From Quebec, where the Conservatives hail an overwhelmiiii; 
 majority, four Conservatives Cartier, I angevin, (!hapais and 
 (lalt. l-'rom Xew IJrunswit k two Reformers 'I'illev and 
 Mitchell. I'Yom Nova Scotia one Reformer and oiU' Conserva- 
 tive Archii)ald anil Kenny. In the appointments to tlu' 
 Senate a like rule was followed, the first Canadian Senate con- 
 sisting of thirty-six Reformers and thirty-six Conservatixis. 
 With this coalition a new phasi' came into ("anadian politiis. 
 'I'he new party, made by the amalgamation of Conservatives ami 
 Reformers uiuler Macdonald's leadership, look the name ot 
 Liberal-Conservative; while tho>e Reformers who would not 
 accept the ])rinciple of coalition formed themselves into a con 
 stitutional op])osition and took the name of Liberals, liut 
 I,iberal-C"onservative being a clumsy tirm, however interesting 
 historically, has largely been dropped in la\our of the nicknames 
 
 it*! 
 
 I'l 
 
 r-.. 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 & 
 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WRST ma:n street 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 (716) 872-4S03 
 
s# 
 
 %■ 
 
358 
 
 "'I'ory" or Lih.-Con. ; while tho Liberals have fallen heir to the 
 old nickname of "Clrit." 
 
 That autumn the first elections under the Act of Union took 
 place. They were fiercely contested. In Ontario (leorge Brown 
 and the Reformers attacked the principle of coalition. The Re- 
 formers who had joined hands with Macdonald in the new min- 
 istry were called political traitors. 'I'here was no Anti-Confeder- 
 ate party in Ontario. In New Ikunswick and Nova Scotia the 
 l)au!e was fought on the lines of (Confederation or Anti-Con 
 federation. In Ontario, (Quebec, and New Brunswick, the 
 Macdonald (lovernment was supported by a great majority, 
 and the principles of both Confederation and Coalition upheld 
 beyond dispute. lUit in Nova Scotia it was far otherwise. 
 The people were indignant because Confederation had not been 
 laid before them at the polls. 'I'hey listened, therefore, to the 
 eloquence of Howe, and an Anti-Confederate wave swept over 
 the province. Of all the Confederate candidates not one es- 
 caped defeat but the indomitable '["upper, who was left standing 
 like a tower in defiant solitude. 
 
 On the 7th November, 1H67, was opened at Ottawa the first 
 Parliament of the Dominion of Canada. Lord Monck, in his 
 Speech from the 'I'hrone, dwelt upon the splendid possibilities 
 of the union, and the sympathy extended to it by the Mother 
 Country. He foretold a lime, (less remote than he imagined) 
 when the young Confederation should reach from ocean to 
 ocean. In this session practical legislation left little time for 
 party strife. Measures were taken to begin the Intercolonial 
 Railway. Matters of customs, excise, [)ostal service, and the 
 like, |)ressed for attention. 'Hie (jiiestion came up of what was 
 called Dual Re|)resentation. By the new constitution there was 
 nothing to prevent members of the Dominion Parliament from 
 also holding seats in the Provincial Legislatures. A Bill to put 
 an enti to this was brought in, but afterwards withdrawn. Dual 
 Representation prevailed in Ontario and Quebec for some years. 
 In the Maritime Provinces it never existed, the Provincial Legis- 
 latures having passed bills to prevent it. 
 
359 
 
 Perhaps the greatest event in this nrst session was the move- 
 ment for annexing the North West. This showed the temper, 
 the vigorous self-reliance, the im[)erial ambition of the young 
 Confederacy. The chief mover was the Hon. \\'illiani Mac- 
 dougall, already known for his interest m North West matters. 
 An address to the Throne was passed, praying that jurisdiction 
 over the Hudson Hay Territories, comprising all the North West 
 and Rupert's Land, should be transferred from the Imperial to 
 the Dominion (Government. One of the various reasons urged 
 in support of this step was that the Hudson P.ay Company did 
 not govern its vast territories in a way to favour their develop- 
 ment. Another was that if Canada did not annex the territor- 
 ies, the United States, stHl land-hungry after swallowing up 
 Alaska, would make an effort to do so. This action of Mr. 
 McDougall's, as we shall see, was destined to bear great fruit. 
 
 (.-I.KCTJiis- '.111.— Assiissiiiiirinii iif .Mcfic,.. Hi'pi'.'il MfiiliitiMH in .\u\;i Sc.ti;!. Nova 
 Scotia Hfcnncilcd. Tln' Airnrican ■ poacli on tin' Caiwuliaii l-'i>li.i irs.) 
 
 96. Nova Scotia Reconciled. I he second year of 
 
 Confederation was marked by a deed which sent a thrill of 
 horror through all Canada. This was the assassination oi 
 Thomas D'An-y McC.ee, the patriotic statesman whose elo- 
 quence and whose influence with his fellow Irishmen in Canada 
 had done so much to bring about the union. McC.ee had 
 spoken late in the House, urging |)atience and conciliation 
 toward the anti-confederates of Nova Scotia wIkj were crying 
 for Repeal. It was t\vo f)"cl()ck in the morning, April 7th, 
 when the House adjourned. The streets of Ottawa were 
 silent with new snow. As .McCee stoojjcd to fit the latch-key 
 to his door, the murderer stepped up behind him and shot him 
 through the head. There were many members of the Fenian 
 Brotherhood scattered through ('anatla, i)articuLirly in Mon- 
 treal, and the deed was straightway laid to their charge. 
 McCee, once connected with the United Ireland movement, 
 had been fearless in his denunciation of the I'enians. He had 
 threatened them with the exposure of certain secrets whi(-h he 
 had in pos.session ; and he used all his intluence to [)revent his 
 
 tHth" ' 
 
 ti./ 
 
coimtrynicn from joinint; tlicni. Ominous were the Fenian 
 tlireats, hut he disregarded tlieni. His courage cost him his 
 life. No less than $20,000 was offereil in rewards for the ap- 
 jirehension of the murderer, and at length a I'enian by the 
 name of ^\'helan was arrested, convicted, and hanged for thr 
 crime. The name of McClee shines ujion our annals as that of 
 a [)atriot-niartyr. ISut the blood of martyrs is not shed in vain. 
 The death of McOee drew province, race, and party more 
 closely together in the bonds of a sympathy that now began to 
 call itself national. 
 
 Meanwhile Repeal was the word that filled the air in Nova 
 Scotia. Though Howe and his followers had spoken at Ottawa 
 with com[)arative moderation, not so did they speak on the 
 stump and before their own constituencies. The new Assem- 
 bly at Halifax passed resolutions demanding leave for Nova 
 Scotia to secede ; and Howe led a delegation to lay these reso- 
 lutions before the Throne. During their absence, however, the 
 feeling against the union began to cool. Soon the Hand that 
 guick's the destinies of nations intervened to make the heart of 
 Nova Scotia beat more kindly toward her sister |)rovinces. 
 The fishing-season of '67 had been one of tcrril)le failure in 
 Nova Scotia, and the winter of '68 found her fishing-jKJiiulation 
 all but starving. The rest of Canada hastened to the rescue. 
 From every town and city flowed the stream of succour. Mon- 
 ey and provisions i)oured into the suffering districts. And un- 
 der this generous warmth much of Nova Scotia's bitterness died 
 away. 
 
 In London Howe's arguments got scant favour from 
 Parliament. 'I'he demand for Repeal was perem[)torily dis 
 missed. On the return of the delegates to Halifa.x they felt 
 the necessity of accepting the union. Sir John Macdonald, 
 with other Confederation leaders, visited Halifax in the autumn 
 and tried, though in vain, to bring about a reconciliation. 
 But soon afterwards Howe publicly declared that it was no use 
 making any further demand for Repeal. He advised his prov- 
 ince to give up the idea of secession, and seek simply to gain 
 
36i 
 
 better terms. Then began the •' lietter Terms '" negotiations, 
 carried on by Howe and the Dominion Government. Some 
 of Nova Scotia's claims were shown to be just. Finally the 
 Domijiion (k)vernment agreed to become responsible for a 
 much larger portion of her debt than had been contemplated 
 in the Act of Union, and also to pay her a subsidy of $82,698 
 a year for ten years, to compensate for certain losses of revenue. 
 These terms being accepted by the province, Howe on his part 
 accepted Confederation, and also a seat in the Dominion ("ab- 
 inet. (1869). He was bitterly assailed for this ; but he carried 
 his province. Howe was essentially a leader of men, a swayer 
 of men's hearts. When he took the stump the people were for 
 him, however reason and logic might chance to be against him. 
 In this same year the Newfoundland I-egislature decideil for 
 Confederation, and sent Messrs. Shea and Carter to Ottawa tu 
 discuss terms, liut an election was held, and the measure was 
 buried under such a mass of unenlightened votes that it could 
 not lift its head again for years. 'Vhn i)eo[)le of the Ancient 
 Colony had heard that Confederation would mean more tax- 
 ation ; and hence their wrath. 
 
 About this time one Mr. Chandler, of the State of Michigan, 
 moved in the American Senate that England be asked to hand 
 over Canada in settlement of the '' A/a/nDini Claims." Canada 
 retorted by a large claim against the American (Government on 
 account of aid and encouragement given to the Fenians. Sena- 
 tor Chandler's proposal was but another of the ^ood offices 
 rendered by America in stirring up a national sentiment iti our 
 young Confederacy. American fishermen, too, helped to awaken 
 this needed sentiment in our breasts. They persisted in poach- 
 ing on the rich shore fisheries of the Maritime Provinces and 
 the Gulf. The Americans had forfeited the right to these fish- 
 eries when they abrogated the Reciprocity 'IVeaty. Canada, for 
 a time, was unwilling to assert her rights too roughly, and mer- 
 rily the poaching went on, to the grievous loss of Canadian 
 fishermen. It aroused a dee[) resentment. The few annexa- 
 tionists in Canada were quickly changing their minds. The 
 46 
 
 
 ttlHi! 
 
 t^'r. 
 
 ■k's.- 
 
362 
 
 Visit of Prince Arthur, in this same year, called forth such uni- 
 versal demonstrations of loyalty, as left no doubt as to the tem- 
 per of the people. 'I'his did much to correct the lingering idea 
 of the Americans, that Canada was ready to dro]) into the, lap of 
 the Ke[)ul)lic. On every hand events consi)ired to strengthen 
 the honds of (Confederation. 
 
 (Skction ii7.— C'c'iitiil.i ipiircliiisfs llic Nmtli West lii 111 tlic HikIkum Hay Cniiiimiiy, 
 Cliarartfiistic^ortlic Xmtli West. North West Imstilfy h< Caninla. Tlie KimI River 
 Hrlicllinii liicaks niit. Luiiis Kiel ami tilt' iiniiil<T<ifSc-i>*t. Manildia oif^aiiizcil. Tlii- 
 Hcliclliiiii iitit iliiwii. The liiipi'iial ti'<ii>|i.s witliilrawii IVoiii Caiiaila. ('atai:iitii':>.) 
 
 97. The Red River Settlement Becomes the Pro- 
 vince of Manitoba. —In 1870 the negotiations for taking in 
 the North West were crowned with success. The great obstacle 
 to overcome was the Hudson Hay Com|)any, which chimed the 
 whole region. 'I'his claim Canada jirotested against, on various 
 grounds which we need not enter into. Finally, however, it 
 was found simplest and fairest to buy out the Company's claims. 
 Under pressure from the Crown, the Comi)any gave u[) to Can- 
 ada its ancient pro|)rietorship of the North West Territories, its 
 ancient monopoly of the North West trade. It received in re- 
 turn a cash [)ayment of ^300,000, a twentieth of all lands sur- 
 veyed in the territory for future settlement, and certain guaran- 
 tees against excessive taxation. It retained its trading-posts, its 
 influence with the natives, its special facilities for the fur-trade. 
 The Hudson Hay Company, though no longer a sovereign power 
 in disguise, is still a iiotent fiictor in North West life, and the 
 greatest emporiums of commerce in the North West are marked 
 by the significant letters H. B, C. 
 
 The Imperial heritage to which Canada thus fell heir is one 
 so vast that nations might be carved from it and the loss scarcely 
 noticed. Its lakes are inland seas, its rivers mighty floods that 
 open up the inmost recesses of the land. The Mackenzie 
 River, traversing but an out-of-tlie-way corner of this region, yet 
 runs a course of 2,000 miles. The Saskatchewan rolls its spaci- 
 ous current 1,300 miles, not to find the ocean, but to lose itself 
 in Lake Winnipeg, in the very heart of the continent. In the 
 
ch uiii- 
 10 tem- 
 ng idea 
 -.lap of 
 ;ngtheii 
 
 Cciiiiiiaiiy. 
 Hi'il Uivii 
 
 1/..M). Till- 
 
 itit'i>.) 
 
 le Pro- 
 
 \king in 
 obstacle 
 imed the 
 11 various 
 wever, it 
 's claims. 
 ) to Can- 
 tories, its 
 vcd in re- 
 lands sur- 
 n guaran- 
 ^-posts, its 
 fur trade. 
 :ign power 
 i, and the 
 re marked 
 
 heir is one 
 ss scarcely 
 floods that 
 Mackenzie 
 region, yet 
 [Is its spaci- 
 lose itself 
 It. In the 
 
 363 
 
 valley of this river alone a [lopulation greater than that of the 
 British Isles might well sup[)ort itself, from Lake Winnipeg 
 westward to the Rocky Mountains stretch tiie most exhaustless- 
 ly fertile wheat fields of North America, with a summer tempera- 
 ture that ripens the choicest (luality of grain. These endless 
 plains of black soil seem destined to be the granary of the 
 world. Over them floats an atmos[)here bracing, electrical, full 
 of vigour. In the more easterly sections the c(jld of winter is 
 intense, but so dry and still is the air that the low temi)erature 
 cau.ses little discomfort. Men do not realize that the ther- 
 mometer is lower than in the wet and windy east. Sjjring 
 comes as it were in a night, and the interminaljle plains are 
 adorned with flowers. Summer flares swiftly through the wide 
 and gleaming sky, and the cro[)s rush to ri[)eness. Almost 
 fabulous are the harvests of hay and roots and grain. .\s the 
 plains unfold toward the foot of the Rocky Mountains they 
 grow less fitted for wheat, but unsurpassable for the grazing of 
 flocks. 'I'he climate is so tem[)ered in winter by the balmy 
 "Chinook" winds streaming in from the westward, that the 
 sweet and al)undant grasses keep green all winter, and cattle 
 need no housing. I'he isothermal lines sweep so far north that 
 the te.ni)erate climate of Nova Scotia is found in the valleys of 
 the Peace and the Athabasca ; and farming is bv no means un- 
 fruitful along the U[)per waters of the .Mackenzie itself. Rivers 
 and lakes abound with fish, ileneatli the surface of the soil are 
 vast coal deposits, petroleum fields stretching far beyond the 
 Arctic Circle, and many other treasures of the mine. High 
 plateaus of rock and torrent and stunted forest lying east and 
 north of the prairie regions are stored with gold and iron, i-opper 
 and nickel. Here are possibilities so boundless, resources so 
 various and vast, that the imagination is so dazzled in the effort 
 to foretell their future. 
 
 Such was the North West Territory, which for generations 
 had been re])resented to the world as an Arctic barren. Be- 
 yond the scattered posts of the great l''ur-trading Compaii) it 
 was occupied by roving Indians, and by the 12,000 inhabitants 
 
 
 'if I* 
 5f' 
 
 Si .41 
 
 I' I' 
 
 IF 
 
 » 'nl 
 
 1 4;,' 
 
 I '.' 1 
 
 I si 
 
 
 
 • lyh 
 
of the Red River Settlement, nearly 10,000 of whom were half- 
 hreeds. As soon as the Territory was handed over to Canada 
 by the Hudson I'ay Company, Canadian surveyors flocked in 
 to lay out roads, and lots, and townships. Hut now Canada 
 found that the great Fur Company was not the only factor to he 
 dealt with. The settlers of Red River were making themselves 
 heard in angry protest. There were several reasons for their 
 anger. They claimed that their interests had not been protect- 
 ed in the transfer. They objected that they were being thrust 
 into the ignoljle position of the colony of a colony. The half- 
 breeds resented the presence of the Canadian surveyors, who 
 regarded them as an inferior race. They foresaw heavy taxation 
 in all this surveying antl proposed road-building. The half- 
 l)reeds were themselves divided, some being of Scottish origin, 
 English speech, and I'rotestant creed, while others were in 
 speech and origin I'Yench, in creed Catholic. Each of these 
 two .sections was afraid lest union with Canada should give the 
 other some advantage. Hut these were not all the elements of 
 disturbance. Among the influential pure whites, two thousand 
 in number, there were many Canadians who did their utmost 
 for union. But there were also Fenians, who dreamed childish 
 dreams of a republic in the R<.'d River Valley. And there were 
 .American immigrants wliose hearts were set on annexation. 
 
 Hotter and hotter grew the excitement, and the Hud.son 
 Hay officials, not ill-pleased, took no steps to allay it. The 
 faction that came to the front was that of the Metis, or French 
 half-breeds, under their fanatical leader, Louis Riel. When 
 news came that Macdougall was on his way to Fort Carry, as 
 (jovernor, Riel and his followers rose in open rebellion. (1869). 
 They seized Fort Carry and established what they called a 
 " Provisional Ciovernment," with Riel as president. When 
 Governor McDougall, travelling to his new charge by way of 
 Minnesota, reached the boundary-line, he was stopped by the 
 Half-breeds and forbidden to enter the territory. The English- 
 speaking inhabitants now took alarm, and spoke for union ; but 
 Riel had grown too .strong for them. Macdougall, thundering 
 
3^'5 
 
 out of the Miniifsota wilderness, ordered the rebels to lay down 
 their arms. His order was laughed to scorn. 
 
 Louis Riel was the son of a full-blooded white father and a 
 half-breed mother. He was educated at Montreal for the priest 
 hood, but returned to Red River without taking orders. As a 
 l)oy he was noted for bodily vigour, and for his influence over 
 his fellowo. He was a fluent orator, a fair scholar, and skilled 
 in playing upon the hearts of his countrymen. His pretensions 
 were as boundless as his ambitions, and he seems to have been 
 in some degree the victim of self-delusion. Had he not been 
 so vainglorious as to think that he could set law and order and 
 the Canadian (Government at nought, he would probably now 
 be honoured as the champion of North West lilK."-ty ; for many 
 of rhe claims which he made for his countrymen were such as 
 justice could not refuse. But with insane impatience he 
 snatched up the sword. There was no one in the settlement 
 ready or strong enough to oppose him. This wild fanatic ar- 
 rested those Canadian settlers who would not bow to his sway. 
 Then came the climax of his madness. Among his prisoners 
 was a resolute young immigrant from Ontario, by the name of 
 Thomas Scott, who had faced Riel with contemptuous defiance. 
 Furious at this Riel determined to strike terror into the hearts 
 of the Canadian party. Young Scott was court-martialed for 
 treason against the provisional government, and condemned to 
 death. No argument, no a[)peal, no i)icture of the inevitable 
 consequences, could turn Riel from his purpose. On the 4th 
 of March, 1870, Scott was taken out and shot like a dog in the 
 snow, under the walls of Fort Carry. It was not an execution, 
 it was a murder, and a peculiarly brutal one. At news of it a 
 
 in from the East. The volunteers 
 
 cry of 
 
 vengeance wer 
 
 sprang to arms. Of the thousands offering themselves seven 
 hundred were accepted. : They formed, with five hundred regu- 
 lars, the Red River Expeditionary Force, which in hot haste 
 started for the scene. 
 
 Immediately after the murder of [unn Scott, .Xrchljishoj) 
 Tache, who was much beloved by the Metis, arrived at Fort 
 
 ■' r 
 
 h 
 
 
 i:^ 
 
 [IP 
 
 c^M\ 
 
 i.wm 
 
 :jI' 
 
366 
 
 darry, to act as an informal mediator hL-tween Ottawa and ihe 
 rebels. He brought an invitation for the half-breed delegates 
 to visit the capital, and also a pronn'se of pardon for those who 
 had taken part in the rising. This promise of pardon, however, 
 had been issued before the murder of Scott, and Canada held 
 that it could noc ajjply to '">is murderers. The good Hisho]), 
 seeking peace, was rather lavish of his pardons ; and out of it 
 came trouble bye-and-bye. Hut his presence, together with the 
 news that troops were coming, had an instant effect. Riel be- 
 came a model of loyalty. The Queen's Birthday, even, was 
 celebrated with zeal, and Riel began to look askance at his 
 Fenian Secretary, O'Donohue. Delegates from the Provisional 
 Ciovernment were sent in haste to Ottawa, to confer upon the 
 terms of union. 
 
 The Red River Expedition was commanded by Colonel 
 Oarnet Wolseley, who has since become renowned among 
 British Generals. Being a military force, the expedition could 
 not pass through United States territory. It took the tv^il.some 
 route of the old fur-traders, up l.ake Superior, and through five 
 hundred miles of difficult wilderness. While it was on the way,* 
 the Manitoba .\ct was passed, and Manitoba was received into 
 the (Confederation as a full-fledged province. (1870). By the 
 provisions of the Act no less than [,400,000 acres of land were 
 reserved for the settlement of half-breed claims, and many of 
 the demands for which Riel had rai.sed such out-cry were grant- 
 ed without dispute. 
 
 Soon afterwards, (August, 1870) the Red River Expedition, 
 emerging from the wilderness, arrived at Fort Carry. There 
 was nothing for it to do. At the first sound of its bugles, Riel 
 and his fellows had vanished. The Rebellion was at an end. 
 Riel fled into exile in the neighboring states, to return years 
 
 *It was in tiie spring of 1870, while Riel was still rampant at Fort 
 (tarry, tliat the Fenians made tiieir renewed attempts on our frontiers. 
 Tliese raids have heen (leseril)ed in an earlier paragraph. It is wortli 
 while to note, by the way, that the Fenians dishonoured that niuch- 
 loved emblem, tlie Shamroek of Ireland, by inscribing it on the rebel 
 flag whieh flew over the murderers of Sco;t. 
 
3^': 
 
 later and work further mischief. Many of Wolseley's volun- 
 teers settled in the new province, to he an t'leuient of sturdy 
 loyalty. Under land laws of the most liberal type iiiimi^^ants 
 flocked in by thousands. Like magic uprose our stately Prairie 
 I'rovince. The old Hudson Bay I'ost by the turbid stream of 
 Red River grew into the busy city of Winnipeg, with its thronged 
 and imposing streets, its hum of modern activity. The first 
 ("rovernor * of the new I'rovince was Adams (1. Archibald, of 
 Nova Scotia, who arrived close on the heels of Wolseley's ex- 
 pedition. 
 
 And novv, there being no hoi)e of a new Reciprocity Treaty. 
 Canada set about protecting her fisheries from American [)oach- 
 ers. She fell back on the provisions of the Treaty of iSi.S. .\ 
 patrol fleet was fitted out, and the poachers were warned. \'es- 
 sels disregarding the warning were seized, condemned in the 
 courts and sold. Fierce were the threats of the Americans be- 
 cause Canada would no longer be robbed. Under su<:h influ- 
 ences our Militia Bill was passed ; and seeing Canada fairly 
 ready to provide for her. own defence, (ireat Britain withdrew 
 her troops. During '68 and '69 there had been nearly 16,000 
 British regulars in Canada. These were reduced to less than 
 2000. The massive fortifications of Halifax remained in Im- 
 perial hands, and that city was made the British naval and mili- 
 tary station for the North Atlantic. All other fortifications, 
 with arms and military stores, were given up to Canada. The 
 ancient fortress of Quebec passed into the care of ('anadian 
 troops. Young Canada was thus made more self-reliant, and 
 taught to cling less closely to the maternal aj^ron-strings. 
 
 The year 1870 was made further notable by a succession of 
 local calamities. (Ireat fires ravaged the U[)per i)rovinces. 
 Quebec city lost four hundred houses in one visitation. Otta- 
 wa was so threatened by a hungry encircling horde of bush-fires, 
 that for protection the Rideau Canal was cut, and the low lands 
 all about laid under water. A strange blow fell on Nova Scotia, 
 
 ih' ■■ 
 
 'f> 
 
 * Mac<lougall lifid been made (Joveiiior 
 unorganized territory. 
 
 not of a I'rovince, hut an 
 
368 
 
 ill the loss of the great Inmaii Steamer City of Boston. Sailin}f 
 from New York on January 25th, she called at Halifax and 
 took on hoard a numher of Nova Scotian passengers. On the 
 2(Sth she steamed out of Halifax harbour, — and from that day 
 to this no tidings of her have come to the ears of men. Later 
 in the year the coasts were visited by a terrific tidal wave and 
 hurricane, which strewed the shore with wrecks and drowned 
 the marshes. As if war, conflagration, and ruin by sea were not 
 enough, on Ortober 20th the land was shaken by an earthcjuake. 
 This jarred men's nerves, but did no serious damage. And the 
 troubled year came to an end in quiet. 
 
 *T=^=:^ 
 
Sailing 
 ax ami 
 On the 
 iiat clay 
 I -attT 
 vc and 
 rownod 
 ere not 
 "Kjuake. 
 \nd the 
 
 ■mf. 
 
 
 '} -v 
 
 jn^aia 
 
fill" 
 
 M. 
 
 f^ 
 
 , if 
 
 
 'la* 
 

 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 SECTIONS: — 96, British Columbia joins the Dominion. 
 97, Provincial Affairs 98. Prince Edward Island joins the 
 Dominioi . Change of Government 99, The National 
 Policy. The Fisheries Commission. 
 
 iSKCTio.N 9rt.— Biiti-ih Coliinibia joins the Confederation. The Characcf-riBtics of the 
 new Province. \ Ili^h CoiiuniHsion meets at Watihinirton. Subjects discusised li> 
 the Couimissioners. The M'.iMhington Treaty Dissatisfaction of Canada.) 
 
 96 British Columbia joins the Domin- 
 ion.— The year 1871 brought another addition to the 
 Confederated Provinces of Canada, and fulfilled the dream ot 
 the Fathers of Confederation by extending ('anada from ocean 
 to ocean. British Columltia came into the Dominion. In 
 the previous year a resolution favoring union had been passed 
 by the British Columbia Legislature, under the influence of 
 the Provincial (invernor, Mr. Antony Mu.sgrave. This was 
 the same judicious statesman who, when Covernor of New- 
 foundland, had so nearly succeeded in bringing the Ancient 
 Colony into Confederation. Delegates were sent to Ottawa to 
 confer on urms of union. F)uring the session of 1871 the 
 Bill for the admission of British Ccjlumbia was hotly debated 
 in the Canadian Parliament, and finally carried. The chief 
 condition on which the Pacific Province came in was the 
 building of a railway to connect her with the Eastern 
 i'rovinces. 'I'his trans-continental line was to be begun within 
 two years, and completed within ten years, from the date oi 
 union. As we shall see, the.se conditions proved too hard, 
 
 .'•■11 
 
 L-5 >n 1 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 
and the railway was not finished till five years later than the 
 time agreed upon ; but the splendid faith which could under- 
 take, the splendid vigour which could achieve, so vast an 
 enterprise, are enough to justify the most boundless confidence 
 in our future. Canada does not know "the craven fear of 
 being great." The imperial dimensions which she attained on 
 the accession of British Columbia drew the eyes of the world 
 upon her, and men grew interested in the young giant thus 
 suddenly springing up in the s|)acious north. 
 
 The new member of the Dominion was a vast realm, of 
 greater arva than Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick a'! taken together, it has been already referred to 
 as a sea of mouritains. But the torrents that run down from 
 her snowy peaks bear sands of gold, her ledges and her cliffs 
 are veined with all the precious metals. There is coal, too. 
 of the highest quality and in lavish abundance. The steej) 
 slopes are clothed with magnificent forests, ahle to supply the 
 lumber-trade of the world. Bays and rivers swarm with fish. 
 The great resources, therefore, of British Columbia, are her 
 mines, her I'sherics, and her timber. But she is not poor in 
 cultivable land. The great delta of the F'raser river is a 
 garden, where flourish in profusion the choicest products of 
 the farm. 'I'here are valleys scattered over the mainland and 
 Vancover Island which afford millions of fertile acres, under a 
 climate of matchless mildness, with a wintei that is like 
 perpetual spring. And in the north of the i)rovince, about the 
 sources of the Peace River, unfolds a region which must soon 
 attract a great farming population. At the time of union the 
 province had about thirty-six thousand inhabitants, of whom 
 less than half were white. But the union brought a new era. 
 Wealth and population at once leaped forward. Towns and 
 cities s|)rang up as at the waving of an enchanter's wand. The 
 wand that wrought this magic is the great railroad whose 
 history we shall take up in later paragraphs. 
 
 With Canada's vast expansion came the need of prompt 
 settlement of her disputes with the neighboring republic. This 
 
1 
 
 lan the 
 undtr- 
 ^ast an 
 fidence 
 fear of 
 ined on 
 e world 
 int thus 
 
 ialm, of 
 id New- 
 erred to 
 vn from 
 ler cliffs 
 oal, too, 
 le steep 
 pply the 
 lith fish, 
 are her 
 poor in 
 ver is a 
 )ducts of 
 and and 
 , under a 
 t is like 
 ibout the 
 lUSt soon 
 jnion the 
 of whom 
 I new era. 
 owns and 
 nd. The 
 ad whose 
 
 )f prompt 
 lie. This 
 
 was gained by the Treaty of Washington. There were damages 
 for the Fenian raids to consider, -and the fisheries dispute,— and 
 the question of the navigation of the St. Lawrence,— and British 
 Columbia's uncertain southern boundary. Great Britain 
 seized the occasion for a settlement of the "Alabama claims." 
 A joint High Commission was agreed upon by Great Britain 
 and the United States. Canada was represented on the Board 
 by Sir John Macdonald. On Feb zylh., 1871, the Comis- 
 sioners opened their court at Washington. As might have 
 been forseen, Canada was the one whose interests had to 
 suffer most for |)eace sake. 
 
 The Washington Treaty settled four points of dispute : ( 1 ) 
 the ownership of the island of San Juan ; (2) the boundaries 
 between Canada and Alaska ; (3) the admission of Americans 
 to Canada's in-shore fisheries, and to the navigation of the St. 
 Lawrence system ; (4) the claims of America on account of 
 <iamage done to her trade by the southern cruiser ' Alabama " ; 
 and the counter-claims of Canada on account of the Fenian 
 raids. The San Juan question has been already explained. 
 The question of the boundary between British Columbia and 
 Alaska, particularly as to the width of that narrow strip which, 
 from latitude 54° 40' northward, fences British Columbia from 
 the sea, was referred to arbitration and presently settled. 
 But this settlement was not to prove final. In later years, 
 when the discovery of gold in Alaska brought the usual in- 
 rush of population, it was found that some of the mines were 
 on territory whose ownership was uncertain, and new surveys 
 became necessary. 
 
 In regard to the Fisheries Dispute, an agreement was come 
 to for a term of twelve years. It provided that fish and fish oil 
 from either country should be admitted duty free to the mar- 
 kets of the other. .■Xs the Canadian l-'isheries were vastly the 
 more valuable, it was agreed that for the i)rivilege of sha: ing 
 them the Americans should pay Canada a lump sum, the amount 
 of which should be determined by another commission. The 
 Americans were admitted on even terms to the navigation of 
 
 WmW- 
 
 ■'*i?; 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 ;:-->|l! 
 
the St. Lawrence, and of the canals of the St. Lawrence system ; 
 while Canadians were to share in the navigation of the St. 
 Clair canal, of the rivers Yukon, Porcupine, and Stikeen in 
 Alaska, and also, for twelve years, in the navigation of Lake 
 Michigan. The .Americans were allowed the privilege of float- 
 ing lumber from the Maine woods down the river St. John to 
 the sea Provision was made for the free transmissioi? of goods 
 in bond through either conntry In other words, it was agreed 
 thai goods intended for the .American market might pass 
 through Canadian territory without paying toll to the Canadian 
 Custom House, and similarly, goods intended for the Canadian 
 market might pass through .American territory without being 
 subject to .American duties. 
 
 The .Alabama claims were referred to arbitration. The 
 arbitrators met at (ieneva in the following year, 1872, and 
 decided that (Ireat Britain should |)ay the United States the 
 sum of $25,000,000. This heavy award Creat Britain at once 
 I)aid over. .As for Canada's Fenian claims. Great Britain in 
 sisted on their withdrawal, and they were therefore withdrawn. 
 But this aroused such indignation in Canada, that, to quiet the 
 storm, England agreed to guarantee a Canadian loan of 
 2.500,000 pounds sterling, in aid of the |)roi)()sed railway 
 across the continent, and for the extension of our canal 
 system. 
 
 Thereupon Canada reluctantly accepted the treaty. By this 
 treaty the Americans got practically all they demanded of 
 Canada, while Canada's demands were coolly thrust aside. 
 But, as a leading French Canadian journal remarked, " we 
 ought perhaps to be thankful that they asked no more.' 
 
 (.Skctios i)7.- I >i8putc between (»iitario and yueliec. The Kirst Dominion Census. 
 The Chicaj;o Kire, The New ISninswick School Law Dispute. Kirst steps toward the 
 huilding of the Transcontinental Railwoy. I. rd Dnfferin comes to Canada.) 
 
 97. Provincial Affairs. At this time arose a diffi 
 culty between Ontario and Quebec. When the two provinces 
 entered confederation they had a large debt which was common 
 to both. Part of this the Dominion (Jovernment agreed to 
 
assume, the bal.ince to be divided between the two provinces. 
 'I'he division was left to three arbitrators, one appointed by 
 Quebec, one by Ontario, and one by the Dominion Govern- 
 ment. But the two provinces differed so widely on the sub- 
 ject (a difference of several millions >, that the Quebec arbitrator 
 withdrew, and the Quebec I/igislature refused to be bound by 
 the award of the others. The question created an angry 
 debate in the Federal Parliament, and was finally referred for 
 settlement to the law-courts. 
 
 In 1871 was taken the first Dominion census. It gave 
 Canada, exclusive of Manitoba an<l British Columbia, a 
 poi:)ulation of *3, 486, 000. British Columbia added 36,000, 
 and Manitoba 18,000. 
 
 The Maritime Provinces at this time received a stimulus in 
 the opening of the European and North-American railway 
 between St. John and Bangor In October of this year the 
 neighboring republic was visited with the most terrible confla- 
 gration of modern days. The city of Chicago was all but 
 swallowed up in a vortex of flame One hundred and fifty 
 thousand people were left homeless. Canada came forward 
 with prompt sympathy. Old grievances were forgotten. Swift 
 relief trains, laden with provisions and clothing, sped forward 
 to the scene. 'Phe gift of Canada to Chicago amounted in 
 money value to over a million dollars. 
 
 In New Brunswick a question came up which tested the fair- 
 ness of the Dominion (lovernment. The Legislature of New 
 Brunswick passed a new school law, introducing a liberal 
 system of tree schools, but making all pul'lic education non 
 sectarian. The Roman Catholics urged that their contri- 
 butions to the school fund should go to the support of schools 
 in which the children should receive definite instruction in the 
 principles of their Church. They claimed that they should not 
 be taxed to support institutions which were of no use to them. 
 They said they would be put to the expense of supporting 
 
 •Ontario, l,(i20,851 ; Quebec, 11,3i)1.19; Nova Scotia, :<87,S00; New lirunswick, 
 25f.,594. 
 
 ah 
 
 1' f 
 
 
schools of their own, while paying at the same time for the 
 education of their neighbours. With most of the I'rotestant 
 Churches on the other hand, the Free School system was very 
 popular. They were willing that in the schools their children 
 should receive merely their secular education, and look for 
 religious instruction to their homes and their Sunday Schools 
 When the school law was passed in thi»«»Provincial L''gislature, 
 the minority appealed to the Dominion Government to disallow 
 the bill, on the ground that it violated certain provisions of the 
 British North America Act The government refused to 
 disallow it, holding that the matter lay entirely within the 
 powers of the Provincial Legislature. The question was 
 appealed to the courts, and finally to the Privy Council of 
 Great Britain, when the New Brunswick School Law of 1871 
 was declared constitutional. 
 
 As we have seen, British ('olumbia had joined the Dominion 
 oncondition that a transcontinental railway should be begun with- 
 in two years of the union. In 1872, therefore, Sir John Mac- 
 donald began to move in the matter. Capitalists were soon 
 interested in the scheme. Two great companies were formed, 
 bidding against each other for the right to build the railway. 
 One of these, with headquarters at Toronto, was called the 
 Inter-Oceanic ; the other, organized by Sir Hugh Allen, with 
 headquarters at Montreal, was called the Canada- Pacific. Both 
 companies weff" duly incor|)orated ; and Parliament empowered 
 the government to contract with either company, or with a new 
 one, for the construction of the road. The terms, as to cash 
 subsidy, land grants, privileges, and so forth, were laid down 
 by Parliament, but groat freedom of action was left to the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 In 1872 there came to Canada as governor-general one who 
 did much to awaken national sentiment and to endear his office 
 to the people. This was the Earl of Dufferin. The same year 
 that brought Lord Dufferin, brought news that our Canadian 
 riflemen at Wimbledon had defeated the crack shots of Great 
 Britain and captured that coveted trophy, the Kolapore Cup. 
 
 a6 
 
The new governor-general had no sooner entered on his 
 duties than he was called upon to dissolve the House. A gen- 
 eral election was held that autumn. Sir John Macdonald's 
 (iovernment was sustained, though with a reduced majority. It 
 met with reverses in Quebec, and defeat in Ontario ; but in the 
 Maritime Provinces its gains were so great as almost to counter 
 balance these losses. In Nova Scotia the change of feeling 
 was most significant, as showing how thoroughly the province 
 had accejned confederation. Whereas in 1867 she had elected 
 but one member favorable to union, now she elected but one 
 member in opposition to the union government. Manitoba 
 and British Columbia elected none but government candidates. 
 
 (Skction 08. — a motion in favor of Imperial Federation. Prince Edward Island 
 joins tlie Confederation. Meal hs of Cartier and Howe. The Pacific Scandal. The.Mac- 
 donald Oovernnient resigns. The Mackenzie Government supported by a ifreat 
 Majority. Difficulty with British Columliia.) 
 
 93. Prince Edward Island joins the 
 Dominion Change of Government— In the 
 session of 1873 it was enacted by parliament that the Domin- 
 ion elections should be carried on by secret ballot, for the 
 better jKevention of bribery and election riots. During 
 this session it was moved by Mr. Wallace, member for Albert, 
 that Canada should make an address to the Throne praying for 
 a Federation of the Empire. The motion called forth some 
 important expressions of sympathy, but was not pressed to a 
 vote. (Canada was not inclined to take up so tremendous a 
 project ; but she went on vigorously with the work of her own 
 expansion. The Island-province of the (iulf, repenting of her 
 reserve, now came into the Dominion. 
 
 As we have seen, the most pressing question in Prince 
 Edward Island, running like an angry nerve all through her 
 history, was the question of the ownership of the land. When 
 she entered Confederation, the Dominion appropriated $800,- 
 000 for the jjurpose of buying out the proprietors. Two years 
 later the long sore was finally healed. The land passed on 
 liberal terms into the hands ofthose who tilled it. This new 
 
 «7 
 
 ^"''m 
 
 m 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 "mm 
 
 '''i 
 * f 
 
 
member of the Dominion brought in an industrious and thriving 
 population of ninety-four thousand. Canada took over 
 the sinuous narrow-guage railway which forms a sort of spinal- 
 column to the province, and also undertook to maintain steam- 
 boat connection between the Island and the mainland. 
 
 The spring of 1873 was darkened by tlie loss of two of the 
 most eminent sons of Canada. Within a few days of each other 
 died the great French Canadian statesman, Sir (ieorge (Jartier, 
 (May 2u, 1873,) and the great Nova Scotian orator, Joseph 
 Howe, (June i, 1873.) Howe had been, for a month only, 
 lieutenant-governor of his native province, of whose history he 
 had made n<> small portion. 
 
 What is known as the Pacific Scandal (1873), is one of the 
 most striking incidents in the parliamentary history of Canada. 
 It is an event of party, rather than > f national significance. 
 The first mutterings of the storm were heard in .April. In the 
 beginning of the year the government, finding itself unable to 
 decide between the claims of the Inter-Oceanic Railway com- 
 pany and the Canada Pacific Railway Company, and also 
 unable to procure a satisfactory union between the two com- 
 panies, chartered a new one for the work. This was incor- 
 porated as the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. Its presi- 
 dent was Sir Hugh Allan, the most successful capitalist and 
 financier in Canada, the head of the great .Mian line of steam- 
 ships, and of many other institutions which aided the progress 
 of the Dominion. The stock of the company was divided so 
 that all sections of the country, from Halifax to Victoria, should 
 have an interest in it. .About five thirteenths were held in 
 Ontario, four thirteenths in Quebec, and one thirteenth each in 
 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba and British Columbia. 
 In .April Mr. Huntington, member for Shefford, arose in the 
 House and accused the government of having sold the charter 
 to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in return for large 
 sums of money received from Sir Hugh .Allan to aid in carrying 
 the late elections. Mr. Huntington stated that he had evidence 
 to substantiate this grave charge. He moved for a committee 
 
 (t8 
 
I 
 
 to investigate it. The motion was treated as one of want of 
 ronfidenre, and voted down. But the government could not 
 allow itself to rest under such an accusation. A few days later 
 Sir John Macdonald himself nioved for a committee of enquiry. 
 A Bill was passed to enable this committee to examine wit- 
 nesses under oath. But after it had sat for a time the Bill was 
 disallowed by the Imperial Parliament, as lying beyond the 
 powers of the Dominion I^egislature. Thereupon the committee 
 adjourned till it could receive new instructions from the House, 
 which had itself adjourned. 
 
 (ireat party bitterness was displayed in the debates which 
 this matter gave rise to. During the summer party teelings 
 ran high. Important private documents, telegrams and corres- 
 pondence, were published. The evidence was conflicting, and 
 therefore capable of being twisted either way to suit party ends. 
 But as the government failed to clear itself instantly of the 
 charge, it bore the stigma of the doubt ; and the opposition 
 rapidly gained strength. 
 
 P.irliament had adjourned at the end of May, to meet again 
 on August 13th, not for general business, but merely to receive 
 the report of the committee, which was then 10 be printed and 
 distributed before the next session. This plan had been accepted 
 on both sides of the House. But when August 13th came the 
 opposition, led by Alexander Mackenzie, demanded that theGov- 
 ernor-Cleneral should not prorogue, but dismiss his advisers and 
 summon a new ministry. Lord Dufferin, however, declared 
 that he could not disregard the advice of his ministers until 
 they were proved guilty of the charge alleged against them, or 
 until he was convinced that they no longer had the confidence 
 I'f the people. The committee having no report ready Parlia- 
 ment was therefore prorogued. It still remained open for the 
 one party to cry that the government was the victim of a con- 
 spiracy. It still remained o|)en for the other party to denounce 
 two or three leading members of the cabinet, the Prime Minis- 
 ter in particular, as guilty of shameless corruption. Both 
 parties found basis for their views in the evidence which had 
 
 <(9 
 
 ::il 
 
 
 t\^ 
 
 
in 
 
 r 
 h. 
 
 found itsway into print. The government, however, was weik- 
 ened l)y its continued delays, which caused a suspicion that Sir 
 John Macdonald was trying to postpone inquiry. Immediately 
 after proroguing, a Royal Commission was appointed by Lord 
 Duflforin to look into the whole matter. The commissioners 
 were three, — Judge Polette, Judge (lowan, and Ex-Judge Day, 
 Chancellor of McCiill University. Mr. Huntington refused to 
 appear before this tribunal. An immense quantity of evidence 
 was gathered, but the commissioners reported by merely citing 
 this evidence, without expressing any opinion as to the guilt or 
 innocence of the government. Parliament met again on Octo 
 ber 2;^, and the commissioner's report was at once laid before 
 ii by Macdonald. A furious debate followed. From the min- 
 isterial bench on the one side, the opposition benches on the 
 other, the great party champions crossed swords in flaming 
 controversy. Meanwhile the government majority daily grew 
 less. At length Macdonald saw that when the question came 
 to a vote the vote would be against him. To avoid this, which 
 would be equivalent to a verdict of "guilty," the Macdonald 
 Ministry resigned. Alexander Mackenzie, as leader of the 
 opi)osition, was at once summonded by Lord Dufferin to form 
 a government. When the new ministers went before their 
 constituents for re-election they were almost all returned 
 without a contest, so demoralized were their opponents. 
 Owing to the manner in which the Liberals had come into 
 power. Mackenzie was in haste to rect^ive the verdict of the 
 people. With the optining of the new year ( 1874) the House 
 was dissolved, and writs issued for a general election. This 
 resulted in an overwhelming victory for the Liberals, the 
 people thus declaring their belief in the charges brought against 
 the old ministry. 
 
 Mackenzie now found himself with a majority of over eighty at 
 his back. Among the new members was no less a personage than 
 Louis Riel, who had been elected for the district of Provencher 
 in .Manitoba. Riel was a fugitive from justice, with an indict- 
 ment for murder hanging over him. But secretly he came to 
 
 a 10 
 
if 
 
 Oitawa, secretly he took the oath and signed the roll, secretly 
 he withdrew to await the results. He had not long to wait. In 
 a very few days a motion to expel him from the House was 
 carried by a sweeping majority. In the following year, being 
 again elected for Provencher, he was again expelled. At this 
 time, however, it was decreed that after five years of banishment 
 the amnesty which had been extended to the rest of the rebels 
 should be extended also to Kiel and his so-called Adjutant, Le- 
 pine. 
 
 During the excitement of the previous year, the Canadian 
 Hacitic Railway Company had thrown up its charter, and the 
 unavoidable delay in commencing the road had caused deep 
 discontent in British Columbia. This discontent was changed 
 to anger and alarm at the accession of a ministry whose mem- 
 bers had opposed the scheme of a transcontinental Rail- 
 way. These feeling? were not allayed hy the first words 
 of the new Prime min. ter on the subject. He declared in a 
 speech at Sarnia that while the spirit of the argument with 
 British Columbia would be carried out, the letter of it would 
 not and could not be. He brought in a bill providing for the 
 early construction of parts of the road, leaving other parts to 
 be built as the finances of the country would admit. British 
 Columbia pressed firnily for her rights, and finally sent a dele- 
 gation tu England to lay the matter before the throne. 
 Lord ('arnarvon, th2 Colonial secretary, offered to act as 
 arbitrator between the Province and the Dominion, and both 
 agreed to abide by his decision. What were known as the 
 'Carnarvon Terms " provided among other things that a wag- 
 gon road and telegraph line should he constructed at once along 
 the route to be followed by the railway ; that a railway between 
 Equimault and Nanaimo or Vancouver Island, should be built 
 without delay ; and that by the last day of December, 1890, 
 the transcontinental Hue should be open for traffic from the 
 Pacific to the western end of Lake Superior, where it would 
 connect with American railways and Canadian steamship lines. 
 The remainder of the line, around the north of Lake Superior, 
 
 all 
 
 im 
 
 
 •:.r!:^ 
 
 1^-' 
 
 m 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 ■sM 
 
 i 
 
 i4 
 
was to he left for construction at some future date. Kven with 
 this reUef the Dominion government delayed the great work ; 
 and Briiish Columbia grew more and more wrathful. Mr. 
 Mackenzie attempted to evade the terms ; and threats of 
 secession grew loud by the shores of the western sea. In 1876 
 Lord Dufferin visited the province, and succeeded in soothing 
 the just anger of the people, assuring them that Cauada would 
 eventually fulfill her agreements, but that the government had 
 been checked by unforseen obstacles A little later contracts 
 were awarded for certain sections of the road, surveys were 
 pressed forward, and some supplies purchased. But the govern- 
 ment was in financial difficulties, and British Columbia had 
 yet some time to wait ere her eyes were gladdened by seeing 
 the railway fairly under way. 
 
 (Brition 9t».- -Canada at the Ontciinial. The growth of a Soiitiinent (or Protection 
 I'he Ht .John Fire. Th<- Halifax Fisheries Award. Letellier de St. .lust. Thu 
 Mackenzie Oovernnient defeated. Lord DiitTerin leaves Camda. The Natiunul 
 Policy Rsta'ilished. The Second Dominion Census.) 
 
 99. The National Policy. The Fisheries 
 Commission. -In 1876 the United States held at Phila 
 delphia a great World Exposition, known as " the Centennial,'" 
 to celebrate the centenary of their Declaration of Independence. 
 Mr. Mackenzie was keenly alive to the importance of the 
 occasion, and Canada was well represented. In educational 
 exhibits all states and nations were outdone by the Province 
 of Ontario, which carried off the International medal for this 
 department, and supplied examples to the civilized world. 
 This was an object lesson in the civilization and intellectual 
 progress of Canada. Our fruit exhibit, too, outstripped all 
 rivals, and astonished the many who had thought of Canada 
 as a land of semi-Arctic rigour. 
 
 The session of 1876 was made memorable by the introduction 
 of a policy which two years later was to take Canada by storm 
 and carry the Liberal-Conservatives back to i)ower. 'I'his was 
 what is known as the National Policy, or, more familiarly, the 
 N. P. It was voted down by Parliament, with its large 
 
 a 12 
 
ven with 
 iit work ; 
 ul. Mr. 
 ireats of 
 In 1876 
 soothing 
 da would 
 ment had 
 contracts 
 eys were 
 e govern- 
 mbia had 
 by seeing 
 
 r Protection 
 . Just. The 
 'ho Natiunul 
 
 sheries 
 
 at Phila 
 
 ntennial,'" 
 
 )endence. 
 
 e of the 
 
 ucational 
 
 Province 
 
 for this 
 
 world. 
 
 telleclual 
 
 pped all 
 
 " Canada 
 
 :d 
 
 roduclion 
 by storm 
 This was 
 iarly, the 
 its large 
 
 Liberal maj "rity ; but it caught the ear of the people. All 
 classes were growing restless under a prolonged depression in 
 trade. The revenues were shrinking ; there was a yearly in- 
 creasing deficit ; and men were just in the mood to hearken to 
 the policy now proposed by Sir John Macdonald. The watch- 
 word of this policy was " Canada for the Canadians." Its prin- 
 ciple was the fixing of such a tariff as would not only yield a 
 revenue but also afford protection to national industries. The 
 question which from that day to this has most agitated Cana- 
 dian politics has been the fiscal one. The tariff we must al- 
 ways have with us ; but whether it shall be a tariff for revenue 
 purposes only, or one for combined revenue and protection, is 
 a point on which the two great parties divide. The tendency 
 of the Liberals, allowing for certain restraints, is toward out-and 
 out Free Trade ; while that of the Liberal Conservatives is to- 
 ward Protection pure and simple. Dominion Day of this year 
 was fitly celebrated by the opening of that great bond be- 
 tween the Maritime and Upper Provinces, the Intercolonial 
 Railway. 
 
 This period which we have been considering was one of "hard 
 times " for almost all the civilized world, — a period of com- 
 mercial panics, lack of enterprise, scarcity of money, dullness of 
 trade. In Canada the depression was increased by the blow 
 which now fell on the busy city of St. John. On June 20th, 
 1877, the citv was almost wiped out of existence by a lire 
 second only to that of Chicago. In one night of horror, 
 while the red, bellying curtains of thick smoke enclosed the 
 doomed city and her blazirig ships, no less than 1600 buildings 
 were devoured, .200 acres of populous streets laid waste. 
 Some citizens died in the flames, and the loss of property 
 amounted to nearly '{>25,ooo,ooo. Kor the sufferers relief came 
 pouring in, from every city, town, and village of Canada ; and 
 generous aid was rendered by the Mother '^'ountry and the 
 Sister Republic. Four months later the adjoining town of 
 Portland, separated from St. John only by the width of a city 
 street, suffered a I'ke fate. But the people set bravely to the 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 a 13 
 
 1 ::l 
 
task of repairing their shattered fortunes; and St. John has 
 risen from her ruins more stately and beautiful than before. 
 
 The Treaty of Washington, as has been said, provided for 
 the appointment of a commission to settle the amount of 
 compensation due to Canada for the use of her fisheries The 
 matter had not been pressed by Canada, as long as there was 
 hope of a revival of the Reciprocity Treaty. The government 
 had sent (leorge Brown to Washington to seek such a treaty, on 
 the basis of Canada giving up her fisheries claim. But Reci- 
 procity the American government would not hear of. The 
 Americans feared that Canada would gain too much by it ; 
 and they hoped that without it a feeling for annexation would 
 spring up. 
 
 Mr. Mackenzie now determined to assert our rights. In 
 1877, at his urgent demand, a commission of three mem- 
 bers were appointed, — one for Great Britain, one for the 
 United States, and a third agreed upon by the other two. 
 This impartial arbitrator was Monsieur Delfosse, Belgian 
 Minister to Washington. The American Commissioner was 
 the Honorable E. H. Kellog. In view of the manner in 
 which British Commissioners had so often sacrificed Canadian 
 interests in order to favor America, Mr. Mackenzie insisted 
 that the British Commissioner in this case should be a Cana- 
 dian ; and Sir Alexander (ialt was appointed to the office. 
 The Canadian claim was $14,500,000 for the use of the fisheries 
 for the whole twelve years designated in the Treaty of Washing- 
 ton, six of which had already passed. 7 he American claim 
 was that Canada had gained so many privileges by the Treaty 
 of Washington that she was entitled to nothing in return for 
 her fisheries. Finally, after the examination of many docu- 
 ments and statistics, it was decided by two of the Commissioners 
 that the United States should pay $5,500,000. The American 
 Commissioner protested, and Congress for a time refused to 
 abide by the decision. .At length, however, the Americans 
 grew ashamed Reluctantly, and with much grumbling, the 
 Halifax award was paid over. 
 
 a 14 
 
At this time a troublesome question arose in Quebec. The 
 Provincial Government was conservative with a strong majority 
 behind it ; while the Provincial (iovernor was l^etellier de St. 
 Just, a prominent Liberal. There soon came war between the 
 governor and his ministry. At last the governor went so far 
 as tu dismiss the ministry, declaring that they had slighted his 
 authority, and that they no longer had the confidence of the 
 people. He summond the leader of the opposition to form a 
 new government. The assembly, supporting the old govern- 
 ment, passed votes of censure on the new, and refused to vote 
 supplies. The governor thereupon dissolved the House, and 
 called for a new election ; and the people supported his 
 arbitrary act by giving a large majority to the new government. 
 In the Dominion Parliament the opposition, led by Sir John 
 Macdonald loudly demanded the removal of St. Just. But 
 Mr. Mackenzie went warily in the matter. He was by no 
 means ready to approve of St. Just's action, but he concluded 
 that it was unnecessary to take any notice of it. In this deci- 
 sion he was supported by Parliament. In the following year, 
 however, when Sir John Macdonald had returned to power, 
 (iovernor St. Just was removed from office, — but not before 
 the Colonial Secretary had been consulted on this delicate 
 question. 
 
 The great political event of 1878 was a general election. 
 The cry of " Canada for the Canadians'' proved one to conjure 
 with. The idea of a " National Policy," with protection to 
 national industries, was alluring to a people just beginning to 
 realize their national existence. The Liberal Party was amazed 
 to meet with just such an utter overthrow as that which they had 
 brought upon their opponents Hve years before. Mackenize 
 and his cabinet resigned, and Macdonald led his triumphant 
 party back to the government benches. 
 
 That .Autumn Lord Dufferin left ('anada, venerated and re- 
 gretted by every one. He had visited every quarter of the 
 Dominion ; had conciliated every interest ; had taught the 
 remotest provinces to realize and glory in their union. The 
 
 «15 
 
 
 ■W' 
 
 -M 
 
 '.f 
 
 !l« 
 
 :ip ■ 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 km* 
 
difficult task of filling his place was confided to Lord Lome 
 and his wife, the Princess Louise, a daughter of the Queen. 
 
 Soon after the accession of the Macdonald government the 
 National Policy was put in force and the duties on imports greo.t- 
 ly increased. Up to the present day the principle of protection 
 to native industries has kept its hold upon the people and been 
 supported at the polls. That great enterprise which had proved 
 so disastrous to the Liberal-Conservatives in 1873, again en- 
 gaged their concern. The Mackenzie ministry had determined 
 to build the Canadian Pacific Railway as a government work. 
 At the time of their resignation the Penibina branch, and some 
 other sections of the road, were under construction. 'I'he new 
 ministry reverted to their old policy, and in 1880 handed the 
 work over to a company. This company was chief.y made up 
 of Montreal capitalists, and was known as the Canadian Pari- 
 fic Railway Syndicate. Of the terms on which the syndicate 
 undertook the work, and of the vigour with which they carried 
 it to an unparalleled succes*:, we shall read in another chapter. 
 
 The second Dominion Census was held in 188 r. It sh«>wed 
 a population of *4,324,8io. A portion of the gain was due 
 to the admission of Prince Edward Island. 'I'he most remark- 
 able increase was in Manitoba and the North-West, where 
 immigration had brought up the total population to 122,400. 
 An increase for the whole Dominion of over 800,000 in ten 
 yearh was not rapid, but it represented substantial giowth. It 
 was entirely made up of choice material, and was accom- 
 panied by an immensely greater increase in wealth. It owed 
 nothing to pauper immigration, and contained none of the 
 refuse of older countries. 
 
 • Quebec l,8.')»,027 ; Ontario, 1,924,228 ; Nova Scotia, 440,572, ; New Brunswick, 
 821,23:i ; Prince Kdward Island, 1US,8U1 ; Manitoba, 6.'>,954 ; britioli ColuRibia, 4y,4i'9 ; 
 N ortii West Territory, ft«f,44rt. 
 
 Mitt 
 
m 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 SECTIONS :— 100, Causes Leading to the Saskatchewan Re- 
 belhon. 101 The Saskatchewan Rebell 
 Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 
 lion. 102, The 
 
 (8KCT.0N lOC-Growth of the North-Wert. The Saakatc-hewan District The 
 Haf.breedHand .ndmns averse to settle.ner.t. DeU>- in trra„tin>f title-deedsto the 
 Half-breeds. Kiel returns to lead the Half-breeds.) ''e aeeas to the 
 
 100. Causes Leading to the Saskatch- 
 eNvan Rebellion -As we have seen, the suppression of 
 Kiel s rebellion and the organization of Manitoba were the 
 signal for an influx of immigration. The new province re- 
 ceived an Assembly of twenty-four members, and a Legislative 
 Council of seven members. This latter body was soon 
 abolished, and one House now serves the legislative needs of 
 Manitoba. In this .l.e follows the example of Ontario. 
 
 When the rebellion was put down, many of the half breeds were 
 unwilling to submit to the new authority. Sullenly they with- 
 drew to the further West, seeking a fuller freedom along the 
 shores of the Saskatchewan. In their place came the Ontario 
 and other eastern pioneers, journeying around by the south 
 otthe lakes and through Minne:otaas far as American rail- 
 ways could carry them. Then their long canvas-covertd 
 emigrant waggons had four hundred miles to crawl through 
 the black mud of the prairie trails, ere they found themselves 
 on those exh.-.ustless wheat-lands which their industry was 
 soon to make famous. The land was granted on the most 
 
 rtl7 
 
 ■'' .&■"' 
 
 '•"., 
 
 m 
 
 'iM 
 
 
 li'1^!! 
 
 I ^ , ; II 
 
liberal terms, i6o acres free to every homesteader, and as many 
 more at a merely nominal price. The immigration from 
 Europe was chiefly of the northern stock, Scandinavian, 
 British, German and Icelandic. These latter began to come 
 in 1875, and have found in our Northwest a more con- 
 genial soil and clime than those of their Arctic island. In the 
 previous year came an interesting band of pioneers, the Menno- 
 nites of Southern Russia. These people were originally Ger- 
 mans. They formed a sect akin in religious views to the 
 Quakers, and distinguished by the practice of communism. Kor 
 their peace principles they had left Germany and fled to Russia. 
 When military service was there demanded of them, they took 
 refuge in our Northwest, where their doctrines are not interfered 
 with. They numbered nearly six thousand when they came ; 
 and their thrift and industry have made their settlement one of 
 the most prosperous in the province. In their footsteps, as to a 
 land of promise whose rumour has gone abroad, have flocked 
 Scotch " Crofters '' from their loved but barren highlands, and 
 found on the prairies Highland names and Highland faces 
 lo welcome them. A few refugees from Poland, a few 
 adventurous Hungarians have also found their way into the 
 North-west ; and many French Canadians, having left their 
 native Quebec for the factory towns of New England, have 
 sought again the Maple Leaf I -and and made themselves new 
 homes in Manitoba. 
 
 .All this immigration was by no means confintd to the new 
 province. It spread westward and north-westward. It 
 sought the valley of the Saskatchewan, whither the angry 
 whites had already shown the way. It sought Bow and Belly 
 Rivers, even to the foot-hills of the Rockies ; it sought 
 .Athabaska and the Peace, and wondered at the mild skies 
 overhanging these northern floods. For the governing of these 
 vast domains, the region was divided into two districts. The 
 western district retained the name of the North-West Territory, 
 and was given a governor and council of its own. The 
 eastern section was called Keewatin, and was attached to the 
 
 a IS 
 
 ^ 
 
s many 
 n from 
 navian, 
 3 come 
 re con- 
 In the 
 Menno- 
 lly Ger- 
 to the 
 sm. For 
 • Russia, 
 ley took 
 iterfered 
 y came ; 
 It one ot 
 s, as to a 
 flocked 
 nds, and 
 nd faces 
 i, a few 
 into the 
 left their 
 nd, have 
 ves new 
 
 the new 
 ird. It 
 he angry 
 and Belly 
 sought 
 lild skies 
 e. of these 
 
 ts. The 
 Territory, 
 wn. The 
 led to the 
 
 jurisdiction of Manitoba. This is still the country of the fur- 
 trader, harsh of climate, meagre of soil, but rich in fish and 
 game. To protect the settlers, enforce the laws, prevent 
 the selling of whiskey to the Indians, and keep them in order, 
 a body known as the North- West Mounted Police was estab- 
 lished. It constitutes a little standing army in the North-West, 
 and has earned a splendid reputation. 
 
 A few years later the growth of the North- West Territory 
 seemed to call for a further division. In 1882 it was cut up 
 into the districts of Assiniboia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and 
 Athabaska, These districts, however, remained under one 
 Territorial government, as before. This government hr.s its 
 head-quaiters at Regina, in the district of Assiniboia. 
 
 But the peaceful growth of the North- West was doomed to a 
 rude interruption. Tho turbulence which had convulsed Mani- 
 toba in the hour of birth, was to break out with two-fold 
 violence on the Saskatchewan, and to give Canada that 
 most binding of baptisms, a baptism in the blood of her 
 sons. The causes which led t.> the Saskatchewan Rebellion, 
 sometimes known as Riel's Second Rising, are not far to 
 seek. Both Indians and Half-breeds were growing yearly 
 more discontented, as the herds of hison, on which they 
 had so long relied for support, vanished before the rising wave 
 of settlement. Of old the bison had traversed the plains in 
 such myriads that the land would be blackened to the horizon 
 with their furry and rolling forms. Indians and Half-breeds, 
 mounted on their active ponies, unterritied by the tossing horns 
 and savage eyes, would hang like wasps to the skirts of the 
 herd, shooting down their victims till night stayed the 
 slaughter. The beef thus secured so abundantly was dried and 
 pounded into " pemmican." The hides were sold to traders 
 and whiskey smugglers, and purchased the means for many a 
 wild revel. It was not to be expected that the primitive people 
 of the plains should view with love the civilization which thus 
 checked their license, or the name of Canada, which represen- 
 ted that civilization, 
 
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But there were other influences at work. The half-breeds 
 who had stayed in Manitoba had received patents securing to 
 thetn their grants of land. To the half breeds on the Saskatch- 
 ewan these patents had not been issued, though they had more 
 than once petitioned for them. As long as they were without 
 their patents, or title-deeds, they dreaded lest their lands should 
 be snatched from them by speculators, of whom the North- 
 west was full. The land question has always been one in 
 which men were quick to draw sword ; and the excitement of 
 the Metis gradually rose to the boiling point as the Dominion 
 government, too busy or too indifferent, continued to hold back 
 the ])atents. Further, there was a general dissatisfaction, 
 in some degree shared by the new settlers, over the absence of 
 representation and the autocratic powers of the governor. 
 
 .As the anger grew, all unheeded, at Ottawa, the half-breeds 
 turned their eyes toward Riel, who dwelt in exile in Montana. 
 That he was powerful they were convinced, for had not his re- 
 bellion gained the Manitoba half breeds thu land-titles which 
 they wanted ; and had not the government been afraid to pun- 
 ish him for the execution of Scott? They |)rayed him to come 
 over and help them. His time of banishment having passed, 
 the old agitator lent an ear to the appeal. At first his counsels 
 were moderate. 'I'he memory of his ancient failure and its 
 consequences stood grimly before his eyes. He organized 
 petitions from the inhabitants of the North-west. He went to 
 work in a constitutional way ; agitating indeed, but only, it 
 seemed, as might any loyal politician. At the same time, as 
 his influence over the half-breeds deepened, as his power spread 
 abroad over the Indians on their scattered reserves, a mutter- 
 ing of secession was heard. Once more the fanatic was let- 
 ling himself be carried away by his vanity. Once more the 
 dreams of a madman were inflaming his brain. He began to 
 call himself the Liberator. He clainier .^ divine mission ; and 
 spoke confidently of bringing the whole of the Northwest under 
 his sway. The priests, when they saw that Riel meant violence, 
 threw all their influence against him, but he retorted by de- 
 
 a20 
 

 daring his authority in spiritual matters higher than theirs ; 
 and so enslaved were the half-breeds by his eloquence that 
 they listened to him, and turned a deaf ear to their Church. 
 People who knew the territories took alarm ; but to the older 
 provinces all suggestion of danger seemed like an idle tale or 
 party clap-trap. As the spring of 1885 drew near, anxiety 
 deepened on the Saskatchewan. The Indians began to leave 
 their reserves. The half-breeds were gathering at Batoche, 
 where Riel had his headquarters. In March the citizens of 
 Prince .\P»ert organized a volunteer battalion, and jjut their 
 town in a position of defence. Then came the fight at Duck 
 l/ake. Over Canada flashed the news that Canadian troops 
 had been attacked by rebels in the North-west, and beaten 
 back with loss. The Saskatchewan Rebellion had begun. 
 
 (Suction 101.— The Indians and Riel. Riel in Open Rebellion. The Ki),'ht at Duck 
 Lake. Canadian Troops start (or the scene. The chief points threatened. The Frog 
 Lake Mai<8acre. Fort Pitt. The Canadian Troops advance in three columns. Middle 
 ton's column. Battle at Fish Creek. Cut Knife Creek. Batoche's Ferry, Genera 
 Htranire at Kdnioiidton. The troops engaged. Execution of Riel. Results of the 
 Rebellion.) 
 
 lOl The Saskatchewan Rebellion. — Had 
 the rebellion been a rising of the Half-breeds only, there would 
 have been no great cause for alarm. Brave and skilful fighters 
 as these men were to prove themselves, they were comparatively 
 few in number. But the real peril of the crisis lay in the 
 Indians. Of these there were perhaps 35,000 scattered over 
 Manitoba and the Northwest. Most of these, notably the great 
 tribes of the Crees and the Ojibeways, were disposed to be 
 friendly to the white men. But they were under a lot of petty 
 chiefs, some true, some treacherous ; and all were more or less 
 restless owing to the scarcity of food. Further west, towards 
 the Rockies, were the warlike Blackfeet tribes, under a re- 
 doubtable old chief named Crow-foot. With all these tribes 
 Riel had been tamjjering. He told them he would drive the 
 Canadians out of the country and set up a new rule, under 
 which, if they would help him, the Indians should see a re- 
 turn of their old prosperity Some of the chiefs turned a deaf 
 
 a 21 
 
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ear to these blandishments, because they realized that the 
 (lovernment at Ottawa could reach out a long and terrible arm. 
 Others, however, were inclined to go on the war-path, ai>d only 
 awaited the encouragement of a rebel success. Among these, 
 the most prominent was a turbulent chief named Big Bear, 
 who later became infamous for the Frog Lake massacre. He 
 had but lately and reluctantly signed the treaty with the 
 Government, and betaken himself, with his band, to the 
 reserves of the North Saskatchewan. He acted as Kiel's agent 
 among the tribes; and on the first outbreak of hostilities he 
 hastened to draw the knife. Another Indian prominent in the 
 rising was Poundmaker, a Cree chieftain of great ability, and 
 more humane than his fellows, who had always been regarded 
 as friendly to the whites. It is by no means certain, however, 
 that Poundmaker would have taken any part had he not been 
 first attacked. The threat that hung over the North-West was 
 that of fire and the scalping-knife in every little defenceless 
 settlement, in every solitary cabin, — it was all the nameless 
 horrors of an Indian war. 
 
 Throughout March events ripened swiftly. In scattered 
 posts the stores were seized, and lonely settlers were robbed 
 of arms and ammunition. On March i8th Kiel, who had 
 heard a rumour that Great Britain was on the verge of a war 
 with Russia, boldly threw oflT the mask. In the village of 
 Batoche, the centre of extensive Motis settlements, he assumed 
 authority and proclaimed his mission. There were a few- 
 loyal Canadians settled in the village, and these he at once 
 arrested. Having superseded the priests, he took the village 
 Church for a storehouse, and afterwards for a prison. He 
 organized a council, sent out scouting |)arties to capture 
 supplies, and consigned his military affairs to one Gabriel 
 Dumont, a brave and skilful buffalo hunter whom he made 
 his Adjutant General. The first object of Dumont's attention 
 was the little viilage of Duck Lake, or Stobart. 
 
 The two great rivers known as the North Branch and South 
 Branch of the Saskatchewan flow together at the Forks, and 
 
i 
 
 •^lif!' 
 
 then roll their united current to Lake Winnipeg. For more 
 than a hundred miles above the Forks the two streams run 
 nearly parallel to each other, at a distance of twenty or thirty 
 miles. On the North Branch, some thirty miles west of the 
 Forks, stood the thriving little town of Prince Albert, the 
 centre of the white population. Fifty miles above Prince Albert 
 stood ('arleton, a fortified post of the Mounted Police, with 
 half-a-dozen houses grouped about it. On the South Branch, 
 twenty miles straight across country from Carleton, lay 
 Bat(j(:he, and between them the settlement of Duck Lake, a 
 handful of small log houses. Here were stored provisions, 
 arms and ammunition, which the half-breeds went out to 
 seize. It happened about the same time that Major Crozier, 
 the officer in command at Carleton, sent a small party in 
 sleighs on the same errand. He had heard of Kiel's doings at 
 Batoche and hoped to prevent the supplies from falling into 
 rebel hands. As this party approached Duck Lake they found 
 the half-breeds already in possession. They were turned back 
 by Dumont with threats and indignities. This was on the 
 26th March. They hastened back to Carleton ; and at once a 
 stronger force, consisting of eighty Mounted Police and Prince 
 Albert Volunteers, was despatched to avenge the insult. .^ 
 little way from the village they were stopped by Dumont. 
 During the parley that followed, the half-breeds began occupy- 
 ing the bushes on both sides of the road. Our troops at once 
 spread out to keep themselves from being surrounded, and in 
 a moment the firing had begun. It was sharp bush-fighting, 
 and was maintained for nearly an hour. Our men, however, 
 were ill-placed being on lower ground, and they were heavily 
 outnumbered by the foe. Seeing himself at such a dis- 
 advantage, Crozier ordered a retreat. The men flung 
 themselves onto their horses or into their sleighs, pausing 
 only to snatch up their wounded, and fled from that cul-de-sac 
 where every bush blazed death. The Canadian loss was 
 twelve killed and seven wounded. The skirmish had the 
 effect of awakening the white settlers to their peril, and con- 
 
 
 
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vincing them of the powers of the half-breeds. It hiought 
 many Indians out upon the war-path, and exalted the fame of 
 Riel. But at the same time it seahd the arch-rebels doom ; 
 for it lighted a fire in the older provinces which only his blood 
 could quench. 
 
 At the first news of Kiel's rising, a small force had been sent 
 from Winnipeg to help the mounted police. This detachment 
 consisted of the 90th Rifles, and a |)ortion of the Winnipeg 
 Field Battery. When the grim tidings of Duck Lake thrilled 
 over the wires, the call of the government for troops met an 
 instant response. .Ml over Canada the Volunteers s|)rang to 
 arms. Within three days of the news. Canadian troops from 
 Quebec, Montreal, Kingston, Toronto, and the martial '* .Mid- 
 lands " of Ontario, were on their way to the front. The 
 leadership of the Northwest campaign was put in the 
 hands of Cieneral Middleton, Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Cfinadian forces. The troops were carried to within two 
 or three hundred miles of the scene of revolt by the Canadian 
 Pacilic Railway, then apj^roaching completion. There werr 
 long gaps in the road, over which our raw battalions marched 
 with an indifference to hardship which won the praise of their 
 veteran leader. By April 9th the Toronto troops, consisting of 
 " C " Company C.'inadian Regulars, the Queen's Own Rifles, 
 the Royal Cirenaditrs, the (jovernor-Cienerrl's Foot *>uards, 
 and the company of cavalry known as the {lOvernor-General's 
 Body Cuard, had marched to Qu'Appelle where the Winnipeg 
 contingent was awaiting them. Here, as the nearest point on 
 the railway to the rebel centre at Batoche, Middleton estab- 
 lished his base of operations. 
 
 Meanwhile the rebellion was spreading all up the North 
 Saskatchewan valley. It threatened three main points, — 
 Prince Albert, the town of Battleford at ihc nouth of Battle 
 River, and the settlement about Fort Pitt; b'aween Battleford 
 and Edmonton. Prince Albert, in hourly dread of a Half- 
 breed advance from Batoche, had a garrison of Mounted Police 
 and Volunteers behind its im|)rovised ramparts of cordwood. 
 
 ; 24 
 
Hattloford vv.is threatened by hungry bands of Stoney and 
 Crei- wuri'trs, whose nominal chief, however, the famous 
 Poundmaker, ke|)t strictly to his Reserve, some thirty miles 
 distant, and i)rofessed to lend no aid or countenance to the 
 marauders. 'I'he town was in two divisions, the Old Town on 
 a low flat lying south of Battle River, and the New Town on a 
 shoulder of elevated prairie between this ruin and the Saskatch- 
 ewan. In the New Town, within and around the fort, clusteied 
 the terrified townsfolk while the savages looted and burned at 
 will on the other side of the river. Closer to the fort they 
 dared not come, having a wholesome awe of its one little can- 
 non. The position of the settlers was desperate. The tele- 
 graph wires being cut they were shut off utterly from the world, 
 and knew not how general was the Indian rising, or how soon 
 the savages might come down upon them in force. An Indian 
 instructor and a l"nely ranchman, far out on one of the trails, 
 were murdered in cold blood. 
 
 Hut the crudest tragedy of the whole rising took place near 
 Kort Pitt. Just beyond the fort was Big Ht^r'n reserve; and 
 beyond the reserve the little settlement of Frog i,ake, in a 
 recess of the Moose Hills. On Ai)ril 2nd a strong party of Big 
 Bear's braves, under a chief called Travelling Sjiirit, came to 
 Frog Lake. After parleying a while with Quinn, the Indian 
 Agent, they disarmed the little handful of settlers, on pretence 
 of avoiding a quarrel. Suddenly, and without warning, the now 
 helpless settlers were shot down wherever they stood. Two 
 heroic priests. Father Fafard and Father Marchand, were 
 butchered while striving to defend their flocks. A few Wood 
 Oees and Half-breeds who were |.>resent tried to prevent 
 the atrocity, but in vain. They succeeded in saving one 
 man, the Hudscjn Bay Com|)any's agent ; and the Half- 
 breeds gave Big Bear their horses in ransom for the 
 women who had been ca])tured. These women, with 
 some prisoners afterwards taken by Big Bear, owed 
 their lives to the Wood Crees and Half-breeds, who i)ro- 
 tected them and treated them with kindness After the 
 
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massacre the bodies of the victims were mutilateci, and then 
 thrown into the wrecked houses ; and the Indians feasted and 
 danced for three days on the scene of outraije. 
 
 I'rom broj; lake they moved against I'ort I'itt. 'Ihis post, 
 called [)y courtesy a fort, was hut a few log houses arranged \v 
 a hollow square. >vith no ramparts more formidable than an 
 old rail fence. It jtood on a plot of meadow c lose to the 
 river. 'F'o guard its valuable stores against liig Hear and his 
 three hundred braves, there stood but twenty-three red (('ated 
 troopers. Their leader was l-'rancis Dickens, a son of the 
 great novelist. In a stockaded fort this handful of men, 
 skilled Ml arms, disciplined, fearless, might have detied even 
 ihe odds that now confronted them. Hut their position was 
 untenable. Nevertheless, so great was the dread in which the 
 Mounted I'olice were held, that Hig Hear was unwilling to 
 attack. Mis warriors, though drunk with blooil, held off; and 
 he offered the garrison freedom and salety if they would give 
 uj) the stores and go. (he reply of Commander Dickens was 
 a curt relusal ; and the redskins rushed yelling to the assault. 
 .\fter a hot tight they were beaten back, and held at bay for a 
 lime. Hut at last Dickens saw the case was hopeless. After 
 destroying the arms, amnuniition, and food stored in the fort, 
 he led out his dauntless little company, and made good his 
 retreat down the river. 
 
 .As we have seen, there were three points to be reached by 
 
 th 
 
 e atmy of rescue. 
 
 .\liddleton divided his force into thrt 
 
 columns The western column, under (leneial .Strange, was 
 sent forward to Calgary, lhen<e to man h northward to Kd 
 monton and ojjerale against Hig liear. S' ranges force, 
 numbering between live ami si.\ hundred, was made \\\) of the 
 y5th ((Juel)ec) IxUtalion, the 92nd (W innipeg) with a company 
 (tl Rangers and some Mounted I'olice. The middle columii. 
 untler Colonel Otter, beg.ui its tiverland march from Swilt 
 Current on the .South Saskatchewan. It was nunle up of the 
 (Queens Own Rilk's, (Toronto), ha'l of "(' '" Company (Cana 
 dian Regulars), 1! Hattery 1 Canadian Regulars), the Ottawa 
 
m\ PTT. 
 
 , and then 
 easted and 
 
 This post, 
 Manned if 
 le than an 
 'se tf) the 
 ar and his 
 red ((lated 
 on of the 
 I (if men, 
 'tied even 
 sition was 
 which the 
 wiliinn to 
 off ; and 
 oil Id i:ive 
 kens was 
 le assault. 
 bay for a 
 IS. After 
 I the fort, 
 good his 
 
 ached l)y 
 ito three 
 inge. was 
 d to K(\ 
 "s force, 
 ip of the 
 L'onipany 
 cohniiti. 
 )ni Swift 
 ip of the 
 y (Cana 
 Ottawa 
 
 consisted „f ,h, ,o.h R . , , "> T "'""^■■'"'i »'"'"& ^nd 
 
 ^>^^n.rr^:,r;rj^^,fM;d;'T-'^^^ 
 
 ■over, ,„ ,!,, T -h,,, , , „ '''" f ""-'"^■' """"Sli .he woody 
 
 "' the «re„ S,l, 1 '''"■'■' ""■ '"''»"'"-■ '"°ra»es 
 
 -"" « ai Tr^.::- ""^■'- ■:"■""■'"-'-•<'■ Then, „,,„ 
 -.e. dHave „ „. , '^^"'•;'"'; '- 'l'^' heavil>-,ad,.„ Nor.h- 
 
 .deof ,.„,,'""" r^ '" •"■'• '"l""'n,,, one on oa. „ 
 
 --.-s..:,;:,;^--:--^,™.;-....he 
 
 ■'-^..^™,-:h::;::;t;;rt::;:-;",''r-"r'^- 
 
 I'lshCreek wis i sm.ii , . ^ ^'^ ''^^' '■'^•^*''- 
 
 .'ense„..d;:r:.:;;::r:,:r,-.:;,;"-"^''^^'^^«-,,,,a 
 
 ''^••t^'"i'^- Under the l.rinL ■ ' "' '''''^ " ■''^' ''"^ 
 
 ^---heh\:;':"'^''^^^''':^^^^--'^l-Hl rapid 
 '^^^"^ front. ( un.pany C was first in the fi^ht, 
 
 a a? 
 
 
and then the Winnipeg 90th, whose dark uniforms and dashing 
 
 courage were soon to make them knowi; as the " Black 
 
 Devils." The men, never before within sound of an enemy's 
 
 bullets, bore themselves admirably. Theyexjjosed themselves 
 
 with rash valour to their unseen enemies and their loss was 
 
 • 
 
 heavy. Middleton rode up and down his lines as if on parade, 
 a plain target to Kiel's shar|)shooters He got a hulltt through 
 his cap. About ten o'clock the rebels gathered their strength 
 and strove desperately to turn our right flank. Here the 
 ("anadian loss was heaviest, but after a sharp struggle the as- 
 sault was hurled back. At last our battery got the range of 
 some of the rifle-pits and covers, and silencud their fire. The 
 troops on the other side of the river, furious at being cut oft" 
 from the fight, were making frantic haste lo get across in the 
 one scow available as a ferry. As each sqad landed it rushed 
 forward into the struggle ; but while yet the greater number 
 were on the other side, Middleton ordered a general advance, 
 supported by the guns of Battery A. The half-breeds, after a 
 stubborn resistance, fell back to another ravine a mile distant. 
 They had held in check for five hours a greatly superior force, 
 and so impressed General Middleton with their fighting (jualities 
 that he encamped where he was, unwilling to advance upon 
 Batoche before the arrival of the Midlanders and the gatling. 
 The relief of Battleford had been accomplished by Colonel 
 Otter's column, after a remarkably rapid march across the 200 
 miles intervening between Swift Current and the North 
 Saskatchewan. But unhappily it was thought well that Pound- 
 maker should be ( hastized, though the depredations at Battle- 
 ford were almost certainly due to other Indians than his. 
 The sagacious Cree chieftain, with some three hundred 
 warriors, was on his own reserve about thirty five miles away, 
 when Colonel Otter led his expedition out of Battleford 'I'he 
 force amounted to about three hundred men, including a 
 strong body of Battleford Rifles who were hungry for vengeance 
 
 on 
 
 the redskins. I'he start 
 
 was made o 
 
 n the 
 
 afternoon of 
 
 May 1st. On the morning of the 2nd, as the sky reddened 
 
 ■>s 
 
with dawn, the column plunged into a deep gully, crossed the 
 icy current ol Cut Knife Creek, and began to climb the slope 
 of Cut Knife Hill. Just then the scouts who had reached the 
 crest of the hill were seen falling back and taking cover. 
 'I'he troops dashed forward. In a moment the Indians opened 
 fire in front and on both sides. In another moment they had 
 closed in on the rear. Cut Knife Hill was a traj), and the 
 Canadian trooi>s had walked into it. But there was no sign 
 of panic. Our men kejit their heads and fought steadily, 
 while the artillery knocked over the distant wigwams, and 
 drove the enemy from one cover to another. The Indian^ 
 rushed bravely on the guns, and were with difificulty repelled. 
 .Ml through the long morning the C^anadians fought under that 
 encircling fusillade, till Otter, seeing the uselessness o{ further 
 sacril'ce, decided on a retreat. The way was cleared by a 
 • haige of the Battleford Rifles, and under cover of the guns 
 'ht' column was withdrawn across the creik. The retreat on 
 Hattieford was not molested. The affair of Cut Knife Hill 
 was one in which our troops hore themselves like veterans in 
 the face of defeat. But the laurels of it were all for Pound- 
 maker, who had outgeneralled his oppt nents, fought a splendid 
 fight in defence ot his wigwams, and spared his foes in retreat 
 when he might have cut them to |)ieces. 
 
 One week after the defeat of Cut Knife Hill began the 
 three days battle of Raioche's Ferry, which practically ended 
 the rebellion. (May 9th.) Soon after the arrival of the 
 Xorthcote with her reinforcements Middleton broke camp at 
 Fish Creek and advanced warily on the rebel strtjnghold. 
 The Northrotc, i)ari leaded with timbers to pkiy the part of a 
 gunboat, wa sent down the river to attack the enemy 
 in the lu.u. i t-Iv on the morning o( the 9th the Northt ote's 
 whistle was l^ejrd <)|)posite Hatoche, and at the signal our 
 liatteries opened fire. Some en'pty houses were knocked 
 to splinters. Suddirtily the reb^'Is rose as it were out of the 
 Liround and poured in a withering volley. Our advance 
 had come unawares upon the first line of rifle-pits. The whole 
 
 
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face of the country before them was furrowed with ravines and 
 honey combed with trenches. The advance v\,i>, stagLicied, tin. 
 line wavered; but the plucky American (Japt.iir thrust (orward 
 with his gatling and played it with such deadly effect over the 
 |)its that the rebels dared not charge. The critical monieni 
 passed. Then the red lines settled down to steady fighting ; 
 but those few moments had made Howard the hero of the day. 
 and where the angry screech of his gatling rang out across the 
 din it stirred the tro.)i)s like a trumpet. .Ml day the fighting 
 went on among the bewildering ravines. It was painfully 
 in.mifest that the Half-breeds were not only good soldiers but 
 well captaineci By evening .Middleton had gained not one 
 rifle pit. 'Ihe Northc-.te, after signalling the fight to open, 
 had with difficulty sav' .! "ii-r; -If from capture, and with riddled 
 >ides and demolished s i^ .. ick had escaped cUjwu stream. 
 Our force encamped in hoiK juare on the battle-field, pro- 
 tect d by a rude zarcba of bushwood and waggons. All night 
 trie rebels kejjt u|) a harassing (ire and under the shrilling oi 
 lifie-balls the men slept little. .'\t dawn the\' opened out to the 
 attack, but the whole day's fighting lesulted in no advance 
 The artillery fire workt-d havoc in the enemy's more exposed 
 trenches, but not a foot did the resolute Half-breeds yield 
 Midiileton would not risk a chr.rge on the deadly rifle-pits ; 
 ,md when night fell the troops encamped where they had lain 
 I lie night before. But the men f)y this time were getting rest 
 'I'ss under the long restraint, and when fight began on the 
 iMorning of the i ith they were hard to hold in. They pressed 
 (lose to the pits, firing heavily, and toward noon the rebel fire 
 slackened. .\t last ('olonels \'an Straubenzie, Williams, and 
 drassett called the Cieneral's attention to the temper of the 
 men and in vain begged permission to charge. Middleton was 
 loth to sacrifice the men who would surely fall among the rifle 
 pits. Hut on Thursday, early in the afternoon, as the troops 
 pressed eagerly for\.ard, the ofificer's gave them their head. 
 With cheer on cheer the angry battalions broke into a run. The 
 ...lilant Midlanders, under Williams, were first among the rifle 
 
 <t»0 
 
t|>F! 
 
 pits ; hut (.r»,«etl ,, R„y.,| Crcn^uliors had the centre lo ,„„„, 
 and ,:,,r,-,ecl ,1 with a re>istles. rt,,,h. On the riXle t ' 
 mattered like rahhits ft„n, the trenches before edar 
 
 lean and the rebels streamed back through the villa™ Rv 
 our o clocK the battle „-as tvon. Batoche tva, taken r'i . h 
 Otiniont were fugitives ; the insurrection ■vas't'lhed t^ t 
 
 i:: headV::rte;r "- "'" "•""' ""'-" - '■'->" - >- 
 
 There remained little more to do but go on to Rntrl f i 
 
 -n contact with Hi, Bear till May'^^th On d. . < '"""^^ 
 
 attacked the warlike siv.,e in \ t'l'^ date Mran.^c 
 
 le «ariikt sava-e in a strong posit on near Fort P„, 
 
 ..-vent:: ,.'1 : "'z;':z:r' '"V-- '-"" 
 
 «l.oe tr,he ,vas disarmed. This n,ean. „eace ., „ ali 
 Northwest, and on July j.h the ,r.,o„s started for hon e 
 
 I l-Y"'":" actually in the field, besides those which h n- 
 t" ^"™''V"»^"--J. "-'■ "- Vork ... Snncoe H,.,.a „ , ' ;. 
 7.h London Fusiliers, the .Montreal (Harrison Artill ' he 
 Voltl,.eurs of Quehe,-, the Quebec Ca.ahv Scl, If' f 
 
 H...,W.c.na,Battal.^,and^:^:r^;;^^ 
 In.antr). lhe.se corps, though not brought unde fire di. 
 .amson duty at vari<,us threatened pou^s, whe Z[ f 
 t - presence rebellion would doubtles.s have bu^t It 
 New Brunswick and Prmce r:dward Island were n c "' , 
 on t.ll later HMhe struggle, but when the c.llcJh 
 sponded with pro.npt enthusiasm. Tl e i ! • "V 
 Battalion was on its wav r,> rh r\^ ■ '"^'nswi, k 
 
 ,1 M 
 
 Am 
 
 
That same siiinmer Kiel was tried for treason at Regina, 
 The trial created intense interest throughout the Dominion, 
 and on both sides were engaged some of the ablest lawyers 
 of Canada. A strong plea was made for lliel on the ground 
 (jf insanity, a plea which the prisoner himself repudiated 
 with scorn. He was found guilty and sentenced to death. 
 In .September the sentence was carried out, and the unha|)i)y 
 half-breed paid the penalty of his crimes. .Mong with 
 him were executed eight Indians who had been concerned 
 in the Frog Lake Massacre. A few others inost deeply im- 
 plicated in the rising were sentenced to varying terms of im- 
 prisonment. Hut (lahriel I )umont, pre-eminent for his braver) 
 is for his guilt, evaded punishment by escaping across the 
 border. To such a degree had the daring half-breed won the 
 respect of his opponents, that his escape was not greatly re 
 g retted. 
 
 The results that followed from the struggle were fLir-reaching. 
 While the rebellion was yet in progress, the Dominion govern 
 ment a|)pointed roii/rr.ssiuners to settle the claims of the 
 Half-breeds. It was not long before p.itents were issued, 
 and the aggrieved settlers secured in the possession of their 
 lands In the following year the districts of the Northwest 
 received the benefit of representation at Ottawa, -(jne member 
 for .Alberta, one for Saskatchewan, and two for the more popu 
 lous .Assiniboia. The rebellion turned men's eyes u|)on the 
 Northwest, and with the opening of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway came a swift increase of population. The numbers 
 of the mounted Police were increased from 300 to 1000. In 
 Parliament a storm was raised over the e.xecution of Riel. 
 which seemed for a time to threaten ruin to the Macdonald 
 government. The old race-cry, unhappily, was raised in Que- 
 bec, and many of the French conservative, or */>/eus, went over 
 to the other side, because the governmen' had refused to com- 
 mute the rebel's si.-ntence Their desertiijn was more 
 
 "In t^iiebec the liiheralsaru called liinji's or " Units," i\iii1 the Conservatives /</«»• 
 or " Blues." 
 
 (t82 
 
': >■'■ 
 
 Reginn. 
 minion, 
 lawyers 
 ground 
 (udiated 
 ) death, 
 inhappy 
 ig with 
 ncerned 
 eply im- 
 s of ini- 
 , bravery 
 TOSS the 
 won the 
 eatiy re- 
 each in.;. 
 I govern 
 s ot the 
 issued, 
 of their 
 orthwest 
 member 
 re po|)U 
 pon the 
 I'acifK 
 [numbers 
 oo. In 
 of Riel. 
 cdonald 
 in Que- 
 ent over 
 to com- 
 s more 
 
 ktives Hleii'^ 
 
 than made up by the unexpected support of a number or Eng- 
 lish Liberals. It must not be supposed, however, that the 
 French Canadians were at all united in condemning the exe- 
 cution of Riel. Out of the fifty-three French members who 
 voted on the question, twenty-five voted in support of the 
 government. Quebec was not so much at odds with her sisfjr 
 provinces in this matter as it has been made to appear. Per 
 haps, when all is said, the most permanent result of the rebel- 
 lion was the widening and deepening of our national sentiment. 
 In the fight for unity, Canadians from all corners of the 
 Dominion fought shoulder to shoulder, learned to honor each 
 other as brave men. learned to love each other as comrades. 
 In this quarrel flowed Canadian blood, and the members of 
 the Confederation were drawn together more indissolubly than 
 before. The cement which has been mixed with patriot 
 blood, time only makes moie strong. 
 
 (Skctio.n 10'2. -The Canadian Pacific Kailway. The building of the Railway. 
 Vancouver.) 
 
 102. — The Canadian Pacific Railway. I'he 
 Canadian Pacific Railway is an enterprise so essentially lational 
 and so imperial in its importance, thai its completion calls for 
 treatment in a section by itself. As we have seen, the vast 
 western expansion of Canada and her access to the riches of 
 the Orient were made to hinge upon the building of this rail 
 way. It constituted a (}uestion upon which governments arose 
 and fell. The needs which called it into existence were 
 national, not commercial ; but true to the maxim that trade 
 follows the flag, where it went it created a commerce to which 
 its services were necessary. The engine's whistle peoples 
 the wilderness. Of all material bonds holding Confederation 
 together it has jiroved the most tangible. It has interwoven 
 the life, trade, interests, and sentiments of the older provinces 
 with those of the new. It has brought the wheat fields of 
 Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the ranches of .Mberta, to the 
 niaikets of east and west. It has opened the resources and 
 needs of half a continent to the capital and the manufactures 
 
 m 
 
 
of those communities by the sea where Canadian life had birth. 
 Though it has grown to be an independent institution, it was 
 the creation of Canada herself; and it has stimulated a healthy 
 national pride by proving that Canada could carry to success 
 an enterprise more colossal than any other people so small 
 and poor had ever dared to dream of. It is no exaggeration to 
 say that the daring conception and swift execution of this scheme 
 astonished the world, and won Canada a fame that generations 
 of slow progress might not have earned. To the Empire our 
 great railway was a new strength, a new pledge of unity. To 
 the Imperial station at Halifax was added an Imperial station 
 at Esquimau ; and with the Intercolonial and the Canadian 
 Pacific forming a direct path between them, there opened a 
 shorter and safer route from Great Britain to Australia. Thus, 
 with the Suez Canal on one side and Canada's Highway on 
 the other, was com|)leted the Imperial girth around the world. 
 It is no longer possible for Imperial statesmen to question 
 superciliously, as they had done, the importance of Canada to 
 the Empire. 
 
 As we have seen, the Government in 1880 had handed over the 
 task of building the Canada Pacific Railway, together with 712 
 miles of road already completed, to a syndicate. The heads 
 of this syndicate were Mr. George Ste])hen, a merchant 
 of Montreal, who afterwards became Lord Mount Stephen, 
 and Mr. Donald Smith, a distinguished official of the Hudson 
 Bay Company, who has since been knighted for his services 
 to Canada. The terms on which the syndicate took up the 
 work were as follows : — The railway to be completed from 
 Montreal to Port Moody by 1891 ; the company to receive as 
 subsidies $25,000,000, and 25,000,000 acres of land in blocks 
 alternating with Government blocks along the railway ; the 
 company to receive all land required for stations and work- 
 shops, with all the sections of the railway built and being built 
 by the Government, valued at $30,000,000 ; the company to 
 have the privilege of importing duty-free the materials for the 
 road, and to be exempt from taxation for twenty years ; no 
 
 a 84 
 
competing lines to be built in the North-West, south of the 
 Canadian Pacific and connecting with American lines, for a 
 space of twenty years. Besides these grants and privileges, 
 Canada further aided the company from time to time with 
 liberal 1 'ans and guarantees while the line was under con- 
 struction. Burrard Inlet was presently substituted for Port 
 Moody as the Pacific terminus. The work was pushed with 
 such extraordinary vigor that it was completed in half the time 
 agreed upon. Construction went on from both ends at once. 
 In November of 1885 the two sections, which had been 
 crawling toward each other from the St. Lawrence and the 
 Pacific, came together at the little station of Craigellackie, 
 beside the Eagle River, in the Rockies ; and Sir Donald 
 Smith drove the last spike to unite them. And thus was 
 fulfilled the ancient dream of a North-West passage to Cathay. 
 The total length of the main line, from Montreal to the 
 Pacific, was 2,909 miles; and its extension to Quebec, where 
 it joined our other national highway, the Intercolonial, made 
 it 3,025 miles. It has since extended feeders in every direc 
 tion, tapping the northern centres of American trade, and reach 
 ing the Maritime Provinces at St. John by a direct line from 
 Montreal. It has also established lines of fast steamships on 
 the I'acific ocean, connecting Vancouver with Japan, Hong 
 Kong, and Australia, and vastly shortening the distance between 
 Europe and the east. At the terminus on Burrard Inlet has 
 sprung u|) as if l)y magic the busy city of Vancouver. In 
 1885 the site of Vancouver was an impenetrable forest of the 
 giant Douglas pines. In the spring of 1886 there grew up a 
 strange bustling little town of wooden houses amid a chaos ot 
 huge stumps. In July the place was literally blotted out of 
 existence by fire. But almost while the ashes were yet hot 
 began the rel)uilding of the irrepressible city. Saw mills were 
 set at work without a roof to cover them. Now this metro|)olis 
 of eight years has a population of i6,o(io, with all the dignity 
 and substance of a long established centre Its handsome 
 buildings and well paved streets cover a soil which has hardly 
 
yet forgotten the foot-|)rints of the grizzly. But Vancouver is 
 not the only town which the great railway has cieated in a 
 breath. All through the mountains, all along the prairies, are 
 strung little settlements growing into villages, villages blossom- 
 ing into towns, so filled with sanguine life that they sparkle 
 like jewels on their thread of steel. And so the roaring trains 
 of the great highway may be likened to gigantic shuttles darting 
 backwards and forwards across the continent, and weaving into 
 the warp of a glorious land the bright pattern of our national 
 life. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 SECTIONS: -103, The Fisheries Dispute again. 104, Third 
 Dominion Census. 105, Affairs in Newfoundland up to 
 the present day. 
 
 (Skction lOS.— Catiadiaii Boatmen on th; Nile, Repeal airitation in N'ova Seotia. 
 The Fisheries dispute asjain. Imperial Conference and Inter- Provincial Conference. 
 Canada trains the ri|;ht to make Treaties. The " K<|ual llit^hts " asritation. 
 
 103. — The Fisheries Dispute again.— The 
 
 two great events of the last decade of our history were those 
 which we have just been considering, namely the Saskatchewan 
 Rebellion and the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 Other events there have been of interest and importance, but 
 not filling so large a page in our history. Not without deep 
 meaning to the whole empire, however, is the fact that when 
 
General Sir Garnet Wolseley, in 1884, was dispatched up the 
 Nile with an army to relieve Khartoum and rescue (iordon from 
 the Soudan rebels, he took with him 500 Canadian boatmen t<i 
 help him through the storied barrier of the Cataracts. He had 
 not forgotten the skill and daring shown by the Canadian 
 troops when he was leading the Red River expedition through 
 the wilderness beyond Lake Superior. The head of this Cana- 
 dian contingent, which went to fight in the sands of K^ypt 
 the battles of the Kmpire, was Colonel F. C. Denison, of 
 Ontario. The idea of Imperial unity was now springing into 
 active life, as was plainly shown by the presence not only of 
 Canadian but also of Australian troops under the Imperial 
 banners in Egypt. 
 
 Those years of Canadian expansion, 1885 and 1886, snw, 
 however, what seemed like a backward movement in Nova 
 Scotia. That province had asked for a larger cash subsidy 
 from the Dominion, basi . ■ her demand on these grounds, 
 among others: — that she had not received terms as favorable 
 as those granted to certain other provinces ; that her financial 
 position was not as good as it had been before the union: 
 that her revenues were insufficient for the purposes of govprn- 
 ment and internal improvement ; that the Dominion Govern- 
 ment had taken over a large mileage of provincial railroad 
 without sufficient compensation to the province ; and that her 
 contributions to the Dominion treasury, through customs duties 
 collected in her ports by Dominion officials, were greatly out of 
 proportion to her receipts from the Dominion. The Dominion 
 Government having refused the demand, the Nova Scotia 
 Legislature passed a resolution favoring the secession of the 
 Maritime Provinces from Confederation and the establishment 
 of a Maritime Union. In case of New Brunswick and Prince 
 Edward Island proving unfriendly to this scheme, the resolution 
 proposed the secession of Nova Scotia alone, and her return 
 to the status which she had occupied before (Confederation. 
 A month later the provincial elections were h( id, and the 
 Secession Government was supported by a very large majority. 
 
 a 37 
 
 pi 
 
 •M 
 
 
The real foundation of this outburst, of course, was a revival 
 of the old wrath at the manner in which Nova Scotia had been 
 taken into the Dominion without being properly consulted in 
 regard to so vital a change in her constitution. New Bruns- 
 wick and Prince Edward Island, however, would have nothing 
 to do with this secession scheme ; and the Island of Cape 
 Breton, strongly confederate in sentiment, began a movement 
 to secede from Nova Scotia and set up as a separate province 
 of the Dominion. It is not to be supposed, however, that the 
 secession cry was expected to lead to any such extreme step 
 as separation. It was rather a most urgent form of protest 
 against the Dominion's refusal of better terms. When, in the- 
 very next year, the Dominion Elections were held. Nova Scotia 
 returned a large majority in support of the Confederation 
 party. A better understanding was presently brought about 
 between Ottawa and Halifax ; and the repeal cry was let slip 
 into oblivion. 
 
 As the reader will call to mind, the clauses of the Washing- 
 ton Treaty relating to the Fisheries had settled the matter 
 only for twelve years, after which either the United States or 
 Canada was to be free to terminate the agreement with two 
 years' notice. In 1883 the United States gave this notice, and 
 the agreement under which the two countries had got on so 
 harmoniously came to an end in the early summer of 1885. 
 The Americans did this because, said they, the |)rivilege of 
 fishing in Canadian waters was not worth the price they had 
 been made to ]>ay for it by the Halifax Fisheries Award. 
 Canadian fish were at once shut out by a high duty from 
 ,\merican markets. At the same time American fishing-vessels 
 began a system of deliberate trespassing on Canadian waters. 
 'l"he provisions of the Treaty of 1818, known as the (Jonvention 
 of London, now came again into force. These prohibited the 
 .'Xiiiericans from tp.king, drying or curing fish within three miles 
 of the British North American coast, certain very limited por- 
 tions of Newfoundland, Labrador and the Magdelen Islands 
 excepted. There were ether sharp restrictions imposed by the 
 
 <i as 
 
*.l 
 
 treaty of 1818. But Canada hesitated to assert her rights in 
 the matter ; and in the hope of reaching a new and fair agree- 
 ment with the United Slates, she gave the Americans freely, 
 for the rest of the season, the vahiable privileges which they 
 had refused to make any return for. But the Americans were 
 inexorable. Congress would not make a new Treaty or accept 
 an International Commission. There was nothing left for 
 Canada to do but enforce her lights. A fleet of armed cruisers 
 was fitted out to patrol the tisheries. A number of New 
 England vessels, caught poaching on Canadian waters, or 
 evading the Canadian Customs regulations, were seized, and 
 heavy fines inflicted upon them. The New England fishermen, 
 choosing to regard this action as one of war, were clamorous 
 in their wrath. Threats of reprisal were loudly uttered, and 
 even the government, forgetting that Canada was but doing 
 police duty on her own property, talked of cutting off all trade 
 intercourse with the Dominion. But wiser counsels prevailed; 
 and in the year of 1887 an International Commission was 
 appointed to clear up the dispute. The commission consi led 
 of Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, Sir Sackville West, and Sir 
 Charles Tupper for Creat Britain ; Secretary of State Bayard, 
 Mr. W. I„ Putnam, and Dr. James B. Angell for the United 
 States. They met at Washington towards the end of the year. 
 The agreement reached by the Commissioners was rejected by 
 Congress ; and the matter was allowed to lapse into its former 
 dangerous position. (1888.) 
 
 The year 1887 was made memorable by two important 
 Conferences. One, known as the Imperial Conference, 
 was held at London. Attended by delegates from Great 
 Britain and all lier self-governing colonies, and discussing 
 matters of concern to the whole empire, it marked a step 
 toward the conscious unity of ^^ireater Britain. Canada 
 was represented at this Conference by Sir Alexander 
 Campbell and Mr. Sanford Fleming. The other gathering, 
 generally known as the Interprovincial Conference, met at 
 Quebec. It was made up of the leaders of the governments 
 
 a 39 
 
 ,1. 'M 1 
 
 
 fi! 
 
of those provinces wherein the reins of power were held by 
 the Liberal ;arty. These provinces were Quebec, Ontario, 
 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Manitoba. Prince Edward 
 Island and British Columbia, being ruled by Conservative 
 (Governments, were not represented. The purpose of the 
 Conference was to seek a revision of the British North 
 American Act. It represented chiefly the views of those who 
 desire to increase the powers c*" the provinces and diminish 
 the powers of the Central Governr.ient. It was the old disjjute 
 of I'rovincial rrfsus Federal rights. The resolutions passed 
 by this Conference looked toward a number of radical changes 
 in the constitution of Canada. One of the most significant of 
 these was the jKoposed transfer of the power of disallowing Pro- 
 vincial Acts from the Dominion to the Imperial (iovernment. 
 No Dominion or Imperial action, however, has thus far grown 
 out of the resolutionsof the Conference. That there should arise 
 some friction, from time to time, between the central (jovern 
 ment and those of the various provinces, was inevitable. It has 
 arisen chiefly from the disallowance of Provincial .Acts by the 
 central (lovernnient. But Canada has reason to congratulate 
 herself that the differences have been so few, and have been 
 settled with so murh fc)rbearance on both sides. 
 
 In this year the right was conceded to Canada of negotiating 
 her own commercial treaties with foreign powers. It vvas 
 ]irovided that when such a treaty was to be made, negotiations 
 should he conducted to the British Minister and the (Canadian 
 Knvoy, acting together and with equal powers. The beginning 
 oi this year witnessed a general Dominion Election, in which 
 the Macdonald (iovernment was again sustained. 
 
 The year 1888 s:\w the rise of a new Party, calling them 
 selves the Etjual Riglits Party, which for a time seemed likely 
 to once more confuse the old party lines. It took its rise 
 in an Act of the Pr vincial Cicvornment of (Quebec, called the 
 Jesuits' Estates .\ct, reeir.iowing the Jesuit Oriler. This great 
 order had been sup|)res.i(d by the Pope in 1773, and their 
 estates had consecjuently fallen to the Crown. Now, in 
 
 a 40 
 
 Vt- 
 
(•omi)ensatic)n, the province granted to the Jesuits a sum of 
 $400,000. Hy its opponents this Act was regarded as an attack 
 on Protestantism. The Dominion Government was passion- 
 ately urged to disallow it. Hut Sir John Macdonald said the 
 matter was one which lay quite within the powers of the 
 Provincial Legislature, and could not therefore be vetoed. In 
 this judgment he was sujiported not only by his own party by 
 an overwhelming majority of the Liberals as well. 'I'he .Act 
 became law. Hut out of the E(iual Rights movement grew an 
 agitation in Manitoba, which hp.s resulted in the discontinuance 
 of French as an official language, and in an Act for the Abolition 
 of Separate vSchools. 
 
 (Skctiov 10«. Tliir.1 Moiniiiioii Census. Iioiith of Sir .rohii Mao.lDM.'il.l. Itoath of 
 Mom. Alex..ii<lfr Maikenzie. The lieihii; Sea Disp'ite The Meiinir Sea Arbitration. 
 Tlie I.ihcral Convention. Cana<la at the World's Fair. Floods in British Cohiiiiliia. 
 The Colonial Conference Heath of Sir John Thompson.) 
 
 104. Third Dominion Census- In 1891 was 
 
 taken the third Domii-.ion census. It showed a population ot 
 4.833,239 for the whole of Canada. The population in 1S81, 
 as already stated, was 4.324,810; and the smallness of the 
 increase, only about half a million in ten years, caused a 
 widesi)iead feeling of disappointment. It may be doubted, 
 however, if there was much real ground for disappointment. 
 Thr increase, though slow, had been of a desirable and endur 
 ing character ; and the increase in wealth, material comfort, 
 ;ind intellectual progress, as shown by statistics of bank deposits, 
 trade, and education, had been remarkably great. The 
 natural growth of the older provinces Lad l)een to some extent 
 drawn olTto people the fertile and e.\|)ectant wilderness of the 
 North-West. It has t)ecome the haliit to judge the progress cf 
 a country by its growth in population ; but possibly ;, sounder 
 measure of its development may be found in the growth of 
 means, morals, and culture. 
 
 In this year the government dissolved the Ibnise and 
 appealed again to the country. 'I'he result, after a party struggle 
 of unusual heat, was a victory for the Conservatives. The 
 
 a 41 
 
 'i^/;il 
 
 -".^'^ 
 
great statesmen who had so long guided the destinies of 
 Can;ida was nov; old and worn with effort. The arduous 
 struggle bore too heavily upon him, and in the hour of his 
 triumph, but a few weeks after the people had pledged their 
 confidence at the polls, he took his exit from the stage which 
 his genius had made consjiicuous. Memorable years for 
 Canada had been those of his rule, years in which she had 
 learned to lift her head among the nations. When Sir John 
 Macdonald died, on June 6th, 1891, parties and factions 
 hushed their strife to unite in honoring his memor* vho had 
 done so much for his country. As a party leader, it was said 
 of him that vhile always sure of the loyalty of his friends, Y 
 ( ould not be sure of the hostility of his enemies. It was har\. 
 for his fiercc'st |)olitical opponents to regard him with animosity. 
 
 One yer.'- later, (April 17th, 1892) died the Hon. .Alexander 
 Mackenzie, the great Liberal statesman who had jiroved him 
 self Mai;donald's strongest rival. He alone had been able to 
 wrest the reins of power from Macdnnald's hand, and for 
 five years to hold them against resolute party assault and the 
 unfriendliness of fate itself. I'he name of Mackenzie stands 
 tor fearless honesty of purpose in Canadian politics. No 
 statesman of Canada held more steadily than he the resi)e( t 
 alike of friend and adversary. Mackenzie had, some years 
 before his death, ceased to be the leader of the Liberal |>arty, 
 This |)osition was occupied for a time by Hon. Edward Hlake, 
 who has since exchanged Canadian for Imperial politics. Mr. 
 Hlake was succeeded by Hon. Wilfrid Laurier, who is now 
 leader of the Liberals. On the death of Sir John Macdonald. 
 Sir John .Xbbott succeeded to the Premiership. .After less 
 than a year of office he resigned on account of ill health, and 
 died a year later. He was succeeded in the same year, (iSgj), 
 by Sir John S. 1). Thompson. 
 
 .Ml this time a (juarrel with the .Americans over the seal 
 fisheries of Bering Sea was growing shar[)er with each season. 
 This trouble had begun in the west as far back as 1886, when 
 some Canadian sealers were seized by the .Americans. The 
 
 4-i 
 
s1 
 
 Americans made the astonishing claim that the whole of 
 Kerit.g Sea within sixty miles of the Alaska coast was a terri 
 lorial water of their own. As the phrase goes, they declared 
 this vast water a marr clausum, or " closed sea." A glance at 
 the map will show the colossal audacity of this pretension. 
 At the same time strife was waxing hot in the east, over the 
 cod, herring, and mackerel fisheries. As we have already seen, 
 the Atlantic coast-waters were acknowledged as the exclusive 
 |)ossession of the country which they washed, to a distance of 
 three marine miles from shore. 'I'his was a long-established 
 I)rinciple of international law. The Canadians claimed that in 
 the case of waters like the Bay of Kundy and Bay Chaleur, 
 whose coasts were exclusively Canadian, the line of the "three- 
 mile limit " should run from headland to headland across the 
 mouth The Americans, with striking inconsistency, resisted 
 this claim with vigor, .nd protested that tne "three mile limit " 
 should be taken to follow all the windings of the shore. A 
 decisive judgment in the Bering Sea controversy was not 
 obtained till 1893. Canadian sealing-vessels were seized and 
 confiscated in 1887 and 1889. Several times there was danger - 
 of armed collision. 
 
 At last the United States agreed to Great Britain's proposal 
 tha- the matter should he submitted to Arbitration. The 
 Bering .Sea Court of Arbitration met in I'aris on April 4th, 
 1893, and sat till the middle of August. 'I'he arbitrators were' 
 l.ord Hannen and Sir John Thompson, Prime AJinister of 
 Canada, on behalf of Great Britain ; Judge Harlan and Senator 
 Morgan on behalf of the United States ; Marquis Visconti 
 Venosta, of Italy ; Mr. Gregora W. (Jram, of Sweden ; and 
 Baron de Courcel, of Belgium, who presided. The agent 
 for (Jreat Britain ar,d Canada was Mr. Charles Hibbert 
 'l'ui)|)er, since knighted for his services in the arbitration. 
 The agent for the United States was (ieneral J. W 
 Foster, ex-Secretary-of-State, Both sides were supported by 
 the ablest legal coun.sel. The decision of the arbitrators was 
 favorable to Great Britain and Canada. The American claims 
 
 (1 43 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 ■1. k il :' 
 
to jurisdiction over Bering Sea, to property rights in the seals 
 visiting the coast and islands of Alaska, and to the right of 
 seizing vessels found trespassing on these alleged rights, were 
 all firmly rejected by the Court of Arbitration. At the same 
 time a series of regulations was drawn up for the better i)ro- 
 tection of the scal-fishf^rie? ; and both Oreat Britain and the 
 United States were required to join in enforcing them By 
 these regulations a close season was established, making it 
 unlawful to kill seals from May ist to July 21st. 'I'he use of 
 fire-arms in sealing was prohibited, and there were other 
 rea;ulations equally strict. In com])ensation for the unlawful 
 seizure of ('anadian sealing-vessels. the United States was 
 (ondemned to pay the owners a sum of $500,000. I'he 
 decree of the Court of Arbitration was accepted by the 
 United States with exceeding ill-grace, and Congress refused 
 to pay the damages which had been awarded to the injured 
 sealers. .At the time of writing, in 1895, the matter is still 
 unsettled. 
 
 In 1893 the Liberal Party held a great Convention at Ottawa. 
 Among the 1500 d'.legates were the Premiers of Ontario, 
 Xova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. 
 1'he Chairman, Sir Oliver Mowat laid stress on the loyalty and 
 national feehng of the i)arty, and explained that while better 
 trade relations with the United States were to be earnestly 
 sought, they were not to be sought at any sacrifice of our 
 national honor or any peril to our national existence. The 
 Convention jjassed a series of resolutions which formulated 
 the policy of the Liberal Party and expressed confidence in 
 the leadership of Mr. Laurier. 
 
 In P'ebruary of this year was signed a treaty with France, 
 under which France and Canada made each other certain 
 important concessions. These related to the tariff, and were 
 designed to encourage trade between the two countrifs. 
 .Another important event was the exploration of some th.ee 
 thousand miles of unknown regions in the North-Wes^, by 
 members of the (ieological Survey of Canada. The exploring 
 
 ,1 44 
 
■ 
 
 II 
 
 party was led by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, and broui^'ht back definite 
 knowledge of the country about I.ake Athabaska and Chester- 
 field Inlet. It gives one some concei)tion of the vast extent 
 of our country, when we read of the discovery of a river 900 
 miles long, the existence of which had never been guessed. 
 
 .\t the World's Fair, or Columbian Exposition, held at 
 Chiago in 1893, Canada made a showing of even more con- 
 spicuous brilliancy than at the Centennial, carrying off no fewer 
 than 2,347 awards. The departments in which she was most 
 successful were those of Agriculture, Live Stock, Transpor- 
 tation, and the I.iheral Arts. Among Educational Exhibits 
 Ontario kept uj) the splendid rei)utation which she had earned 
 in 76 ; hut she was closely followed by Quebec, Nova .Scotia, 
 and the Northwest Territories. 
 
 In the early summer of 1894 British Columbia was visited 
 by devastating floods. Swollen by unwonted rain in the moun- 
 tains, her rivers roared in terrific volume down their wild 
 canons, and covered the lower lands with ruin. In the settled 
 regions about the Frazer whole villages were swept away, and 
 railway communication was cut off by the wecking of the 
 bridges The loss of life and property was a serious blow to 
 so small a population. 
 
 For signili«ance to Canada and the ICmpire, the event of 
 (894 was perhaps the Colonial Conference, to which allusion 
 has been already made. This conference met at Ottawa in 
 July. It was presided over by the Earl of Jersey, who attended 
 as the representative of (Ireat Britain. There were delegates 
 from Canada, "New South Wales, Victoria, (Queensland, South 
 .Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and South .Africa. The 
 objects of the conference were the encouragement of intercourse, 
 the development of trade, and the promotion of sympathy be 
 tween the various members of the Em|)ire. In a word, the 
 unity of dreater Britain was the end in vie»v. .Among the results 
 of ihe conference will probably be closer trade relations, the 
 speedy construction of a submarine ca'>le system between 
 Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and the establishment of 
 
 
 ■■■,,'■; 'i 
 ^ilit'^i' I 
 
 W 
 
 a 4.'» 
 
a fast steamship service between Canada and Engfand. I'he 
 view obtained by Australasian delegates of the progress made 
 by Canada since Confederation cannot fail to hasten the day of 
 Australasian unity. 
 
 On the I ?th day of December, 1894, Canada was shocked by 
 the sudden death of her Premier, Sir John I'hompson. He 
 died while visiting Her Majesty at Windsor. He was at the 
 height of his fame, secure in the trust of his country, and the 
 approbation of the Empire. 'I'he high honor of membershi|> 
 in the Imperial Privy Council had just been conferred upon 
 him. One of the great war-ships of Her Majesty's fleet, the 
 " Blenheim,'" was commissioned to bear his body back to 
 Canada, and the embarkation was accompanied by a solemn 
 ceremonial of mourning. 'I'he Blenheim steamed across the 
 ocean to Halifax ; and there in his native city, from the 
 Cathedral of St. Mary, the magestic state funeral took place 
 on the 2nd day of January. 1895. 
 
 (SectkiN lOfi.-The French Shore Disviitos. Newfoundland and the United Stu'es. 
 The Ureatext of the Great Fires of St. .JohD'H. The Finaniial liisaHters of 18U5.) 
 
 105. Affairs in Newfoundland up to the 
 Present Day. — The most prominent feature of New- 
 foundland history during the last few years has been the Erench 
 Shore grievance. As we have seen, by the treaty of 1 783 
 Prance was secured in the rights of taking, curing, and drying 
 fish, and erecting huts and stages for such pur|)ose, along the 
 whole western coast of Newfoundland, from Cape Ray north- 
 ward, and down the eastern coast as far as Cape St. John. 
 There were other privilegt's, tix), such as exemption from 
 duties, which gave their fishermen overwhelming advantage 
 'I'he British (lovernment had undertaken that its subjects 
 should in no way interfere with the Prench fishermen in the 
 exercise of their rights. The Prench held that any settlement 
 along this portion of the coast, the establishment of any 
 industries, would be an interference. •'Xs a consequence, the 
 mildest and most fertile parts of the Island were left for nearly 
 a hundred years a desert. 'Ihe colonists had always fretted 
 
 ,1 46 
 
under ihe French restrictions. As population andenterprisegrew 
 in the colony, squatters settled on the forbidden shore where 
 tney lived without law, as no jurisdiction could be exerted by 
 he Provincial Government. Protest after protest went up 
 from the province, but (Jreat Britain would not suffer the 
 rights of France to be encroached u|K>n. 'I hese rights France 
 interpreted entirely to her own advantage, and asserted with 
 severity. At last, in 1877, the French shore was brought 
 withm the pale of civilization by the establishment of law- 
 courts ard custom houses; but the restrictions on industry 
 and settlement remained in full force. In 1878 a railway was 
 authorized by the Legislature to run across the Island, from 
 St. John's to St. Cleorgt^'s Hay opening up the rich valleys of 
 the Exploits and Gander rivers.* But St. George's Bay was a 
 l)art of the French shore, and therefore the British Govern- 
 ment refused its sanction to the railway. Railways and internal 
 development being a manifest necessity to the Island, a road 
 ^vas then planned from St. John's northward to Hall's Bay on 
 the east coast, the centre of the copper-mining district The 
 first soil of this first Newfoundland railway was turned in 
 August ,88,. At length, in ,882, through the efforts of Sir 
 Uilliam Whiteway, then Provincial Premier, the Imperial 
 (government consented to allow the issue of mining licenses 
 and land grants on the French shore, and the di.strict received 
 representation in the Provincial Legislature. But the hand of 
 !• ranee was felt everywhere and collision was frequent. In 
 1875 an agreement between England and France was signed 
 at Pans. The Provincial Government refu.sed to accept it 
 but their protests were not heeded, and the agreement was 
 enforced by British and French naval forces. The inhabi- 
 tants of the French shore live under fetters, as it were. Almost 
 any effort they may make, almost any enterprise they may 
 
 across the Island froM.ei^t to ve^f n ,Ti ^r *"'''' ""? o'-'-"""^«'l t" "n, a line 
 
 m 
 
 im^ 
 
 n 4; 
 
engage upon, is likely to be taken as an encroachment upon 
 French rights. 'I he growth of nearly half the Island is 
 strangled to suit the convenience of a foreign power. The 
 resentment of the Islanders grows yearly more bitter. In the 
 season of 1889 the attitude of the settlers grew so threatening, 
 the quarrels between the French and native fishermen so 
 angry, that the commander of a French cruiser in St. (letrge's 
 Bay declared he would bombard the settlement and massacre 
 the inhabitants if the blood of one Frenchman were spilt. In 
 1890 it was claimed that the authority of the Island officials 
 was superior on the Island to that of any British official. 
 
 The right of British naval officers to interfere with the native 
 fishermen in the interest of the French was denied. For such 
 interference, as an illegal tran.sgression of the rights of British 
 subjects, Admiral Walker was tried and condemned in the 
 Newfoundland courts. The Imperial (lovernment thereupon 
 asserted its authority sharply, and administered a severe rebuke 
 to the province. One of the most dangerous effects of all this 
 has been a weakening of the sentiment of loyalty toward 
 England. If Newfoundland were now to enter Confederation, 
 ('anada would find herself confronted with a grave problem 
 in the French siiore difficulty. It is a problem too perilous 
 and too pressing to be left much longer unsettled. 
 
 The course of the Imperial (iovernment in supporting French 
 ( laims, overriding the acts o' the Prt)vincial Legislatures, and 
 ordering navel officers to preform jjolice duties against New- 
 foundland citizens, stirred u,) a tierce resentment at St. John's. 
 The Local Clovernment turned toward ihn United States for 
 sympathy, and there arose an idle but noisy talk of annexation. 
 One of the members of the i'rovincial (Government, Hon. 
 Robert Bond, was sent to Washington to discuss, with the aid 
 of the British Minister, the question of trade relations between 
 Newfoundland and the United States. The astute Blaine was 
 then Secretary of State. He rejected the proposals of the 
 British Minister and the Newfoundland Envoy, but submitted 
 a counterproposal which Mr. Bond accepted. I'his trade-con- 
 
 .< 48 
 
vention, though far more advantageous to the Americans than 
 to Newfoundland, proved acceptable to the Newfoundland 
 (government in the temper in which it then found itself. (1890.) 
 But certain of its terms were extremly unjust to Canada, and 
 at the request of the Canadia n Covtrnment Great Britain te 
 fused her sanction to the so-called Blaine-Bond Treaty. The 
 indignation of the ancient colony against Great Britain was now 
 in part turned against Canada. It was intolerable, funied the 
 islanders, that Cana da should be allowed to interfere Valua- 
 ble fishing privileges, sec ured to Canada's fishermen by many 
 |)ledges, and in ret urn for generous concessions were suddenly 
 refused on any terms, while to An. cans they were granted 
 as a free gift. After vain protest, Canada imposed a duty on 
 Newfoundland fish, as a slight measure of retaliation. The ill- 
 feeling between the two countries, however, soon died away, 
 and hostile acts were recalled on both sides. Since that day 
 conferences have been held between the Canadian and New- 
 fcjundland (lovernments on the subject of confederation ; but 
 they have not as yet borne fruit. The masses still view the 
 idea of union with alarm, and as.sociate it with a threat of in 
 creased taxation. 
 
 An event which did much for peace between the Dom- 
 inion and the Ancient colony was the terrible fire which, 
 in the summer of 1892, overwhelmed the City of St. John's.' 
 This was the third, and most destructive, by which the city 
 has been scourged. 'Ihe conflagration began among the crowd 
 ed wooden buildings by the water, and before a favouring wind 
 it spread with appalling swiftness Men delaying to save their 
 Ijroperty barely escaped with their lives. Stone walls shrivelled 
 like a leaf in the intense heat. The main portion of the city 
 was swept out of e.\istence ; the greater portion of the popula 
 tion left homeless and penniless. In the hour of trouble, how- 
 ever, Canada came to the rescue, with ready 
 
 generous hands. Towns and cities vied with 
 the munificence of their gifts. 'I'he Americ 
 
 th 
 
 sympathy and 
 
 one another in 
 
 ans gave also ; tnu 
 
 leir contributions were small, their sympathies tardy. 
 
 com 
 
 11 
 
 
 a 49 
 
 , ■ ■ ' ' I 
 
 ,i'i"': 
 
 
|)ared with those of Canada. There followed a sudden growth 
 of good -will toward Canadians, a swift forgetfulness of small 
 enmities. 
 
 The development of Newfoundland's resources has gone on 
 but slowly during the past four or five years, owing to the 
 financial difficulties of the province. In 1893 were held the 
 Provincial Elections, in which Sir William Whiteway's (Jovern- 
 ment was sustained. But in the following year the Whiteway 
 Ministry lost the confidence of the House, and a new 
 administration was formed under Mr. Ooodridge. The life of 
 this administration was short. In 1895 the Island was swept 
 by a wave of financial ruin, which also swept the C.oodridge 
 Ministry from power. 'I'he banks fell with a crash which 
 i=hattered the proudest fortunes in the colony, (ireat mercan- 
 tile houses of St. John's chased each other into bankruptcy. 
 The Saving's Bank closed its doors. There was no money to 
 buy food. The people were starving. Again, as at the time 
 (jf the great fire, help flowed in from abroad; but financially 
 the i^rovince was prostrate. Proposals of Confederation were 
 made to Canada by the Whiteway Government, now returned 
 to power ; but the terms offered by Canada, though generous, 
 were rejected by the Island. At present the Whiteway 
 (lovernmenl is striving, by painful economy, and the aid of an 
 I'nglish loan, to lift the province out of its despair. 
 
 — Tr^7-' 
 
 a 50 
 
if 
 
 n 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 SECTION ; 106, Intellectual Progress. 
 
 106. Intellectual Progress. In a new country, 
 like Canada, material must precede intellectual progress. Thf 
 first makes possible the second. In the beginnings of settlr 
 tnent, and foi long afterwards, the energies of a pioneer people 
 are absorbed in the conquest of the wilderness. There arc 
 fields to be cleared ; houses to be built : roads, canals, rail 
 ways, dykes to be constructed. The labour of the mine the 
 toil of the fur trade and the fishery, these o( < upy the busy 
 year. The hand is called upon rather than the brain ; the axe 
 IS busier than the pen. There is little time to think of adorn- 
 ing the mind, while yet the bear and the wolf prowl nightly 
 about the cabin. Hut while the struggle for existence is^still 
 keen comes thr. desire for education, and school houses spring 
 U|) at many a lonely cross-road. .Swiftly civilization wins, the 
 wilderness is subdued, farm and village thrust back the forest, 
 the land lakes on a new face. But the thoughts and tastes ot 
 the people are still altogether practical. Science is the fir^ 
 of intellectual pairsuits to find favor in their eyes. It shows 
 new ways of making nature yield tri[)ute to man's needs. It 
 arms him for fresh conquests over earth. It teaches him to 
 tunnd mountains, open mines, cut canals, and spread his 
 shining rails like giant gossamers over the land. So comes 
 
 a 51 
 
wealth and, with wealth, leisure ; and with leisure the desire 
 for thinj^s and thoughts not altogether concerned with bread 
 and butter, but beautiful in themselves and ennobling to the 
 spirit. At this stage come literature and art, the choice fruits 
 of civilization. This stage Canada has reached but lately. 
 Her literature and her art, therefore, are only beginning. In 
 science she has done more and gone further. But in educa- 
 tion she has made the greatest progress. For this Canadians 
 have cared, while yet they had to brush the sweat from their 
 eyes in order to read ; and as a consetjuence Canada is one of 
 the foremost countries of the world in the matter of popular 
 education. Hand in hand with education, or sometimes, 
 rather, leading it by the hand, went religion ; for the makers 
 of Canada, whether of French or English speech, whether (^f 
 Catholic or Protestant creed, were Cod-fearinji men. In each 
 new settlement church and schoolroom usuall/ arose at the 
 same time. 
 
 In French Canada education may be said to have gone on 
 the very heels of colonization, for one object kept in view by 
 the founders of Quebec was the instruction and conversion of 
 the Indians. The first school in Canada was at Quebec, in 
 the early party of the seventeenth century. Its teachers were 
 devoted nuns. Its pupils were wild Indian children, liable to 
 run away at any moment if they got homesick for canoe and 
 wigwam. In the French province free-schools were established 
 in 1801. In the English settlement the population scattered 
 itself over wide areas, burying itself deeper in the wilds. 'I'he 
 first schoolhouse of these settlements were, as a rule, rude 
 cabins of logs "chinked " with moss and mud. The school 
 house stood in a lonely spot most often, and at the meeting- 
 place of one or more of the backwoods roads. The site was 
 chosen so as to accommodate the greatest number of pupils. 
 .'\s the district gained in wealth, and children became mort' 
 numerous, a rude frame building soon took the i)lace of the 
 log cabin. Rough desks were ranged around the wall, and 
 children sat painfully dangling their legs all day from hard, 
 
hij^h benches without backs. In summer there was generally 
 no school, for the bigger children wrre kept busy on the farms. 
 In winter the walk to school was a tramp of perhaps five or six 
 miles through the deep snow, in the stinging frost of early 
 morning. In mittened but aching fingers the pupils <arried 
 their bundle of worn school-books, and their well-hlled dinner- 
 basket. The open fire-place that at first warmed the school 
 house was soon supplanted by a sturdy box stove, around 
 which the benches were drawn close at recess and dinner 
 hour. The gaping cracks of the warped board floor swallowed 
 many a pen, slate-pencil, and treasured jack-knife, The hours 
 were i)ainfully long, but the discipline, though severe, was 
 irregular ; and the room was filled with a clamor of recitation, 
 studying "out loud," and surreptitious talk. The subjects 
 taught were reading, writing, elemento.ry rules of arithmetic, 
 and sometimes a little geography and grammar. The teachers, 
 as a rule, were wretchedly paid and worse prepared. Some- 
 times they knew little more than their pupils. To eke out 
 their subsistence they had to turn their hands to many an odd 
 job outside their profession. They received a portion of their 
 pay by " boarding around," as the process was called ; that is. 
 certain families of the district, instead of contributing money 
 to the teacher's salary, would take him to live with them for a 
 certain length of time, thus paying him in board and lodging. 
 .As it was the poorer families that chose to jiay in this way, the 
 arrangement possessed few charms for the teacher. The 
 contrast between the public schools of those days and our 
 present typical public schools is as sharp as the contract 
 between backwoods and boulevard. .-Ml the provinces of Canada 
 have now elaborate school systems, under which the minutest 
 details of public education are in the care of responsible officials. 
 Now-adays, in all but the poorest and remotest district;-, the 
 school-house is at least as comfortable as the home, and gener- 
 illy better ventilated, better lighted, better warmed. The path 
 of learning is made pleasant for young feet, and it is everywhere 
 recognized that education, to be thorough, must be interesting. 
 
 . I l;. 
 
 IS 
 
 ii .'.:i 
 
 ' ifci 
 
The hand that chiefly worked this change was that of Egerton 
 Ryerson, who may be called the father of the Canadian public 
 school. Ryerson gave Ontario a piibll- school system second 
 to none in the world, and the model thus afforded by Ontaiio 
 has been studied with effect by the sister provinces. Three 
 years after the union of Upi)er and Lower Canada, Ryerson 
 was made chief superintendent of education. He studied the 
 best educational systems of the world, and borrowed freely 
 ftoin luirupe and .\inerica to complete his scheme, which has 
 ripened gradually h* a perfection commanding everywhere the 
 applause of practical educators. The public school instructions 
 leads directly to the high schools and collegiate institutes, and 
 thence to the the university of I'o'-'^nto, which crowns the 
 system. The system of Ontario tnay be taken as fairly 
 typical, though the other provinces have made certain changes 
 to suit special needs. In all alike the public schools arr> 
 supjKirted by government and lo<al grants. All the peo|)le 
 are tuxed for school purj'oses. and to all the schools are 
 free. 1 wo of the provinces, (Quebec and Ontario, allow of 
 separate schools for Roman Catholics and I'rotestants. In the 
 others no distinction of creed is recogni/.ed. In Onttrio, Kdu 
 cational matters are in the care of a department of the Provin- 
 cial ("idvcnment, presided over by the Minister of Edui:ation. 
 In the other provmces these affairs ;ire managed by a Super- 
 intendent and Hoard of Kducation, attached to the department 
 of the Provincial Secretary. 
 
 Our most un|)ortant univeisities, in the order of seniority, 
 , ire as follows : King's College, N. S,, (17S9); the Univer- 
 sity of New Brunswick, Kredericton, N. H., (1800); .Mcfiill 
 College, .Montreal, ( 1813) ; I )allu)usie College, Halifax, { 182 1) ; 
 the University of Toronto. 'Toronto. (I827); .Xcadia College, 
 Wolfville, N. S., (18381; (Queen's (College, Kingston, Ontario, 
 (1841); Victoiia College, foruterly at Cobourg, Ont., now at 
 
 I'oronto in combination with the University of Toronto, 
 (1841); Bishop's College, I.ennoxville, (Quebec, (1843); 
 
 Trmity College, Toronto, ( 1852) ; Laval University, (Quebec, 
 
 ,1 .•.« 
 
(>852); St. Michael's College, Toronto, (,852) ; the Univer- 
 s.ty of Mount Allison, Sackville, N. B„ (,862): the Ontario 
 Agricultural College, (Juelph, Ont, (1874) : the University of 
 Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., (,877); McMaster University 
 loronco, (.888 ) There are other Colleges doing good work,' 
 i'es.des a number of theological and technical .schools, and 
 scnools for women only. Each province has well-equipped 
 Normal Schools for the training of its teachers, and there are 
 flourishing schools of Agriculture in Quebec and Nova Scotia. 
 Out of Canada's five million people, it is estimated that more 
 than one million arc \u .ittendance at her schools and colleges 
 If the civilization of a country is to be judged from the diffu- 
 -smn of kn<»wledge among its people, then Canada':, place must 
 be high upon the roll. < 
 
 Canada's contribution to Science is of two kinds. She has 
 produced several eminent scientists; and she has organized 
 under C.overnment direction, a thoroughly equipped geological 
 surv-y, which year by year adds richly to the world's store of 
 scientific knowledge. Though first of all occupiei in the 
 national task of discovering -^nd making known the resources 
 of our own country, the work of the Canadian Ceological Sur- 
 vey rcachi^s far beyond those limits. 'Ihe present Director of 
 the Survey is Doctor Selwyn. The first great name in (\nna- 
 dian science is that of Sir William Logan, who became the 
 head of the Ceological Survey in 1841. He was born in 
 Montreal in 1798, and in 1856 was knighted for his services in 
 the cause of science. Certain rock formations which enter 
 largely into the structure of earth's framework are known the 
 world over as the I.aurentian rocks, 'j'his was the name given 
 them by Logan, who studied the formation among the hills of 
 the lower St. Lawrence. Logan died in .875. A name per- 
 hr.ps even more illustrious than his is that of Sir William 
 Dawson. Horn in I'ictou, Nova Scotia, in 1820, educated at 
 I'lctou Academy and Kdinburgh University, Dawson was made 
 Superintendent of Kducation in his native province at the 
 early age of thirty. In th is post his energy and ability were so 
 
 />65 
 
 I* 
 
 t 
 
ronsi)i(Uous that in 1855 he was made Principal of McGill 
 University. His most important works are the " Acadian 
 Geology," " Fossil Men," " Origin of the Earth,'' and " The 
 ('hain of Life."' To him we owe the discovery of the earliest 
 form of animal life, and to his patriotism we owe the Jact that 
 this first of creatures is known to the scientific world as the 
 "■ Eozoon Canadense." Sir William Dawson in 1886 was 
 elected to the distinguished office of Preside.it of the British 
 -Association for the Advancement of Science. The late Sir 
 Daniel Wilson, though horn in Edinburgh and with his reputa- 
 tion won bcfcre coming to Canada, may be claimed by Cana- 
 dian science. Being made President of Toronto University, 
 he identified himself completely with Canadian interests, and 
 his most important contribution to science, the volume on 
 " Prehistoric Man," was written after he became a Canadian. 
 .\mong our contemporary men of science stands pre-eminent 
 the veteran worker, Sandford Flen»ming, Chancellor of Queen's 
 University, «hose patriotism and learning are ever pointing 
 the way to national achievements, and his energy pressing 
 them to fulfilment. He first showed the feasibility of the 
 Canadian Tacific Railway, finding for it a path through the 
 mountains. Ho has identified the name of Canada, and his 
 own name, with the system of Standard Time which now 
 prevails all over Canada and the United States, and which will 
 in all likelihood be adopted by the world. His steady advo- 
 cacy of a Pacific (Jable between Canada and .Australasia seems 
 now about to win the fruits of success. Other ('anadians 
 there are whose hands are carrying onward the torch of know 
 ledge ; but while they are shoulder to shoulder with us in 
 (onteniporary emulation, their names are not matter for history. 
 A later day will deiide their rank and fame. 
 
 I'or causes which we have already seen, literature has been 
 a plant of slow growth on Canadian soil. During the l.irger 
 |)()ttion of our history, moreover there has been wanting that 
 warmth of national sentiment without which, no matter how 
 favourable other conditions niay be, a great imaginative litera 
 

 ture does not spring up. In spite of obstacles, however 
 Canada has done enough to show the strong imaginative and 
 intellectual bent of her people. Her contrihution to the world's 
 literature is far greater than that of any other colony It is 
 immeasurably richer than anything that the the great kindred 
 Republic to the south of us could boast, till after more than 
 halt a century of national life had given her a population five 
 times as numerous as ours. It must be remenbered that the 
 need of literary expression, could not arise very early in a peo- 
 ple whose energies were absorbed in the struggle for life and 
 whose cravings for intellectual food had the literatures of 
 Prance and p:ngland to satisfy them. 
 
 The earliest Canadian writings are, as might be expected, in 
 the French language. The father of Canada, Champlain, was 
 his own historian, and his narrations may justify us in calling 
 him the father of Caradian literature. In the same way we 
 may claim the writings of .Marc Lescarbot, the immortalizer of 
 Port Royal, and of Charlevoix, whose histories of " La Nouvcllc 
 France " are Canadian in origin and subject. With them may 
 be mentioned the Jesuit Relations, and Father Lalitau's work 
 on the American Indians, which was published at Paris in 
 1724- All these, however, must be regarded as Canadian 
 literature merdy by courtesy. Those early days of Canada 
 produced not literature but the materials of literature, -the 
 inspiration for poets, historians, novelists, to come ' The 
 real beginnings of a literary .spirit in Canada may be said to date 
 from the triumph of responsible government. That struggle 
 had broadened men's minds and taught them to think for them- 
 selves. With the consciousness of power came the desire for 
 expression. C.ood work was done in the newspapers, chiefly 
 of course, on political questions, i'atriotic poems and essays 
 were written, like those of the accomi)lished orator and states- 
 man, Joiei)h Howe. In Nova .Scotia now arose the most dis- 
 tinguished of native Canadian writers, Fhunias Chandler 
 Hahburton. Haliburton was born at Annapolis in i 796 He 
 was educated at King's College, Windsor, prac:tised law, sat 
 
 «6T 
 
 I 
 
 ■!;i 
 
as a member of the Provincial Legislature, and was finally 
 called to the bench. He wrote " An Historical <\nd Statistical 
 Account of Nova Seotia," and a number of other books ; but 
 the work on which rests his fame is " The Clockmaker ; or 
 Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickville." The shrewd 
 and racy utterances of the Yankee clockmaker became popular 
 at once. First published by Joseph Howe, in his famous news- 
 paper the " Nova Scotian," they were reprinted in England and 
 America ; and Haliburton became the progenitoj of a brilliant 
 line of American humorists. In recognition of his genius the 
 University of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of D.C.L , 
 — after which his own Alma Mater, King's College, tardily 
 accorded him a like honour. Haliburton became generally 
 known by the name of his immortal creation ; and the dd 
 Haliburton house at Windsor is called popularly " Sam Slick's 
 |)lace." His humour was pointed with a pungent satire which 
 often touched his fellow countrymen on the raw. Behind it 
 lay the jiatriotic motive of arousing the provincialists to their 
 s])lendid opportunities, and shaming them into emulation of 
 the hharp and active Yankees. 'I'he effort has not been all in 
 vain. At length Haliburton's fame led to the offer of a seat 
 in the British House of Commons. The office was accepted, 
 and in 1859 Haliburton became member for Launceston. He 
 died in England in 1865. 
 
 Canadian literature, like Canadian life, may be said to flow m 
 two parallel streams, in closest connection but not intermingling. 
 .At first the greater fruitfulness was found in the French tongue, 
 but in later years this difference has vanished, and the work of 
 English Canadians is inferior neither in quality nor volume to 
 that of their French kindred. In History the great work of 
 Francois Xavier (iarneau, the first volume of which appeared 
 at Quebec in 1845, had long to wait ere English Canada could 
 produce its peer. Carneau's woik covers the history of Canada 
 down to the Union of 1841. \n English translation appeared 
 in i860. Other French Canadian historians of distinction are 
 Bibaud (who wrote before Oarneau), Ferland, and Turcotte. 
 
 «ft8 
 
The Abb/; Faillon, after a ten years residence in Canada, wrote 
 a valuable history of the French Province. Among contem- 
 pories whose reputation is secure must be mentioned the Abbt- 
 Casgrain and M. Benjamin Suite. Of historical value, though 
 in the form of a romance, is de Gasp(5s '* I.es Anciens Cana- 
 dens," in which the life of French Canada before the Conquest 
 is reproduced with a picturesque and loving touch. Amonsi 
 Canadian historians writing in English must be mentioned^ 
 besides Haliburton, another Nova Scotian who was educated 
 at Windsor, namely Robert Christie, whose History of Lower 
 Canada was contemporary with (Jaincau's work. Weighty and 
 authoritative is Alpheus Todd's "History of I'arliamentary 
 government in England." Among contemporaries must In- 
 mentioned Doctor Kingsford, of whose monumental History 
 six volumes have appeared. It is, as far as now completed, 
 the most full and accurate history of Canada in existence. The 
 volumes of Doctor J. C. Bourinot have won acceptance all 
 over the English-speaking world. Doctor Bourinot's most im 
 portar.t -.vork is entitled " Parliamentary Practice and Proceed 
 lue." The most conspicuous figure in Canadian literature at 
 the present day is that of Professor Goidwin Smith, whose work 
 is chiefly historical. Coldwin Smith's fame was established 
 before he came to Canada. He was born in England in 1823. 
 In 1871 he -ettled in Toronto. Some of his writings 
 are Canadian in subject, but they are far from Canadian 
 m sentiment. For incisive vigor and picturesque effect 
 his style is unexcelled. His most importr.nt work is " The 
 United States ; an OutI 
 
 lished in 1893. 
 
 ine of Political History," pub- 
 
 In fiction the Canadian output has not been large, until 
 within the past five years. Besides Haliburton and de ( 
 
 already mentioned, the chief na 
 
 iasp 
 
 mes are those of James de 
 Mille, author of "Cord and Creese," the "Dodge Club," iVc. ; 
 Joseph Marmette, auth .r of " Franrois de Bienville " and other 
 
 ;im Kirby, author of " The Ccjlden 
 
 hi?>t«>rical romances; Willi 
 
 Dog." The i rench Canadian poet, Pamphile le May, h 
 
 las 
 
 •I' I 
 
written several very interesting romances. In the present day 
 a strong srhooi of Canadian fiction is arising, the members of 
 which are already shedding lustre on our country. 
 
 The first Canadian poet of genuine gift was Octave Crc- 
 mazie, who wrote in French. His lyrics are full of patriotic 
 fervour. More famous than Crcmazie is Louis Honore 
 Fn''chette, whose poems in 1880 won for Canada the laurel 
 wreath of the French Academy. The volumes thus honored 
 by the highest literary tribunal in France were " Les Fleurs 
 Boreales" and " Fies Oiseaux de Neige." Frc'chette was born 
 at Lt'vis in 1839. Other names long established in French 
 Canadian pcietry are those of P. J. O. Chauveau and Pamp- 
 hile leMay. The earliest Canadian poet writing in English 
 was Charles Sangster,, whose metrical description of (Canadian 
 scenes were first published in 18^6. His verse is full of 
 genuine Canadian feeling. .Alexander McLachlan, as far back 
 as 1 86 1, sang of life in the back settlements. The most im- 
 portant poem of pre-Confederation days, and in some respects 
 perhaps the greatest piece of Canadian verse, was the drama 
 of " Saul," by Charles Heavysege, published at Montreal in 
 1857. This work received commendation in England and 
 Ami'ripa. Midway bctveen the older tnoii and the young 
 writers now known as the Canadian School stand John Reade, 
 Hunter Duvar, and Charles Mair. The former published in 
 1870 a book of scholarly verse, "The Pro|)hecy of Merlin, 
 and other Poems." Hunter I,>uvar's chief work is a vigorou.s 
 historical drama on the subject of Roberval. Charles Mair 
 i.'^sued a thin volume, called "Dreandand," in 1X68, and in 
 1886 a drama entitled " Tecumseh." This thoroughly Canadian 
 work, full of sturdy patriotism, brings the author into touch 
 with the eager band of young writers now winning their spur.s 
 in the literary arena of the world. The figures of our young 
 writer.", — poets, novelists, essayist.^, historians, — are still ob- 
 scured by the dust of struggle. They stand too near to let us 
 judge their proportions accurately. It is they who are giving 
 Canadian Fiiterature a recognized standing in the eyes of the 
 
world ; but it is not for a contemporary to say which heads of 
 them all tower the highest, which names should live on the 
 pages of our country's history, ijuffice to say that they are 
 upholding the credit of Canada, and giving effective form to 
 the growing national sentiment of our people. 
 
 In the Royal Society of Canada, science and literature meet 
 on common ground. French and English writers are drawn 
 together in sympathetic emulation. The Society was founded 
 Ity the Marquis of I.orne, acting with the most distinguished 
 leaders of thought in tlje Dominion. Its object was the 
 development of literaturt au<l science in Canada. Its first 
 meeting was held at Ottawa, iii 1882, with Sir Wm. Dawson aa 
 President, the Hon. 1». T. (). Chauvean as Vice-President. The 
 membership of the Society was limited to eighty, divided into 
 four sections of twenty each. Each section elects its own 
 members Section I. is devoted to French-Canadian Literature 
 and lIi.story ; Section II. to English-Canadian Literature and 
 History ; Section III. to Matlu-matical, Physical and Chemical 
 Science ; Seiition IV. to Geological and Biological Science 
 The Society holds its annunl meetings in May, usually at 
 Ottawa, aiul publishes every year a liirgc volume of Trans- 
 actions. These vohniK's contain an immen.se amount of 
 valuable matter, the result of original research in the fields of 
 History, Archaeology, and tin; various liranches of science. The 
 I'.vpense of their publication is covered by a Oovr-nment 
 grant. 
 
 What the Royal Society of Cana<la wouhl fain do for Litera 
 ture and Science, the Royal Canatlian Academy seeks to do for 
 Art. This institutieu wa-s founded by Lord I/n-ne and the 
 Princess Louise, in 1880. Its first president was L. R. O'Rrien, 
 one of the most distinguished of Canadian painters. Its meni- 
 )»ers are distinguished by the title Royal Canadian Academican, 
 but the title of As.sociate Aciidemicinn may lie conferred upon 
 otiiers not yet admitted to full membership Almost all Cana- 
 dian artists of any repute arc on tin- roll.s, cither as full 
 memb(!rs or a.ssociates. Exhiiiitions have Icen held in vaii.ais 
 
citit's of Cana<la, but tlic Acadomy languishes for lack of public 
 support. Canatlian art lias been very slow to devclope, but the 
 interest of Canada in her artists grows yet more slowly. In 
 Sculpture we have little of native origin to show except the 
 excellent work of Hebert, a French Canadian. But in painting 
 the product is richer, an«l the work of some Canadian painters 
 wins favor in the galleries and markets of the world. Paul 
 Kane, a depicter of Indian life, may be regarded as the pioneer 
 of Canadian Art. The names of Verner, Kraser, Sandham, 
 Forbes, Forster, Harris, Matthew.*, liell-Smith, Reid, Boura.ssa, 
 Walker, Homer Watson, emerge into prominence among a 
 large number who are doing creditable work. Which of them 
 will win permanent fame remains to be seen. They are con- 
 temporaries ; and therefore, though we may rightly take a 
 patrititic pride in their works, it is too .soon to hazard a judg- 
 ment on their relative importance. An artist of genuine gift 
 was the young Canadian, Paul Peel, who died as lu; stood on 
 the thre.shohl of fame, crowned with the highest approval of 
 the Paris 8alon. At the World's Fair at Chicagfi, in 1893, 
 ii number of Canadian artists were repre.sented, and sevend 
 prizes were won by Canadian pictures. Most c(tnspicuous 
 among these was a large and effective painting called " Tli»' 
 Foreclosure of the Mortgage," by tieorge Heid. 
 
 There is inspiring material for Canadian arti.'<ts in our laiul- 
 scapes and in the romantic pages of our history ; and when our 
 people supply a more stimulating sympathy, and our chief 
 cities awaken to the need of establishing art-galleries to advance! 
 the culture of their citizen.*!, then tiie struggling seedling of 
 Canatlian art will doubtless expand in swift antl vigorou.s 
 jrrowth. 
 
 a Hi 
 
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 laihv.MjH. (•|,i;.'n....t..H,i|,.|<;,ilui.y. CMn.iN. .sl,i|.|„„;.. A^'.icnl- 
 s timl Uiiiikih',' .sy.strifi. I',,^'-" 
 Irlei.linnr (Systems. Militaiy Sy,t,.„i. H,,y;,| Militaiy Cnll..;;,.. ) 
 
 tMte. MiM..s. Kisl,.Ti,.s. I,„l.,stn,.s hihI ll;„,kihu Sy.tr,,,. |>,„„1, -IVI,..,.,,,,),, „„| 
 
 107. Material Progress. The r.rsi Cana.lian railway 
 was hfgiin 111 IS,? J. It wa. ahoiit fourteen miKs in length, and 
 ran from I.a I'rairic on tin- St. I.awrtiKc to St. J,;hn's uii the 
 Richelieu, thus roniieclin^^ the St. Laurence with the navi-ahle 
 waters of Lake ( 'hamplain. In iS;,5 a raihvav wa.s projected 
 between (^)iiel)e(; and the winter port of St. Andrews. N\.\v 
 I'.riinswick. Work was under way on tliis hue when the \sli- 
 Inirton Treaty of ,.S4. gave t lie United .States a great portion 
 of the territory over wliich the road was to run ; and tlie enter- 
 prise was therefore given up. At the time of ( •onfederation 
 Canada ha<l 2258 miles of railway. Now, l,y the returns of 
 1893, she has 15,020 miles in oiteration. ( >f these 5,785 he- 
 I«)ng to the Canadian I'acific .system, 3,168 miles to the- Crand 
 I'runk system, and 1,384 to the Intercolonial system, all (,f 
 which have heen discussed in earlier chapters. ' Among the 
 other railways is a short one along the Niagara River, rim l.y 
 electricity instead of steam. In her railwavs Canada has nearly 
 nine hundred millions of paid-up capital invested. In railway 
 mileage Canada ranks seventh among the countries of the 
 world, the United States coming first with 165,000 mile.s, then 
 the British I-mpire, (lerman Empire, l'rance,'Ru>sian ICmi.ire. 
 and Austrian l-:mi)ire, in the order named. Canada has many 
 additional railways either under construction or projected. The 
 most interesting of these are the Hudson Hay Railwav and the 
 Chignecto Ship Railway. Of the Hu.lson Hav Railway some 
 forty or fifty miles are built. The line runs' northward from 
 ^^l^^epeg and is intended to reach Hudson Hay either at Port 
 
 Nelson or Port Churchill. Th 
 
 for the produce of the North West, hy 
 
 is would give a sumi 
 
 ner outlet 
 
 Hudson's Hav and Strait. O 
 
 water route through 
 'wing to the diminution of the 
 
 s circumference as it approaches the poles, the d 
 
 earth 
 
 between Liverpool and Port Nelson 
 
 tween Liverpool and Montreal or New York. With 
 
 istance 
 
 is much less than that be- 
 
 a se<:oiid 
 
 B 1 
 
 
t.anscontiiiental liiu' from Hudson IJiiy up tlic Xorlli SaskatilK- 
 w.in and throuj^li the IVacc Kivcr \"allcy to I'(jrt Simpson, the 
 distance hetwcen l,ivrr|io()l and japan would he re(Ui(ed hy 
 nearly 2000 miles. Tlu' great disadvantage of the Hudson Hay 
 route lies in the fact that the season of navigation in Hay and 
 Str lit is hrief, not more than three months at best, and the pas- 
 sage much obstructed hy fogs and ice floes. 
 
 The Chigneclo Ship Railway is an enterprise already near- 
 ing coMi|)lt.tion. It (Tosses the Isthmus of Chignccto, between 
 New Hrunswick and Nova Scotia, and connects the waters of 
 the (lulf of St. Lawrence with those of the IJay of I'undy. Its 
 total letigth is 17 miles. It is designed tf) carry ships, of all 
 si/.es up t(t a burdiii f)f 2000 tons, from water to water. .\t 
 either end of the road are docks, from which shi[)s are to be 
 raised on hydraulic lifts to the level of the rails. Secured in a 
 huge steel cradle, the ship will be drawn across the meadows and 
 through the hills by two giant locomotives, and lowered again 
 to her nati\e element at her strange journey's end. It is held 
 by the |<romoters that the ship railway will be cheaper t(j build 
 and maintain than a canal of etjual capacity. The need of 
 ship-way across the isthmus has been felt for nearly a century. 
 If the railway proves a success, the |)roblem of connection be- 
 tween Atlantic and Pacific waters may be solved by a ship rail- 
 way across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Another interesting 
 possibility is a ship-railway from (leorgian l»a\ to the lower 
 waters of Lake Ontario. 
 
 The ("higneclo Ship Railway su[)plants the long-ct)nsidered 
 project of a canal between the liay of Fundy and the (lulf of 
 St. Lawrence. The canal system of (Canada is one of great ex- 
 tent and importance. The first (!anadian canal was that at 
 Lachine, nine miles long, begun in 1821 and completed in three 
 years. Then came the great enterprise of vanquishing Niagara 
 Falls and opening connection between Fakes Frie and Ontario. 
 This was accomplished by the Welland Canal, inseparably con- 
 nected with which is the name of its dauntless promoter. W'm. 
 H. Merritt. The first Welland (!anal, a shallow way with but 
 
four feet of water in the locks, \v,,s o| eiied in 1S2,;. \ow the 
 canal admits vessels drawing 14 feet of water. Its lenKth is 
 twenty-seven miles. These canals are a part (.f the chief canal- 
 system of Canada, that of the .St. Lawrence, which rentiers 
 available 2260 n)iles .,f inland waterway. I'he most capacious 
 canal of the system is that which overcf)nHs the Kalis of Ste. 
 Marie, between LrJ<es Huron and .Superior. The volume of 
 freight passing between these lakes in one summer is greater 
 than that passing through the Suez Canal in the whole year. 
 The depth of water in the Canadian Canal (there is also an 
 American canal at Ste. Marie) is 22 feet. The vast lock is 900 
 feet m length, by 60 in width. Certain other canals of this .St. 
 Lawrence system have a depth of but nine feet. It is now pro- 
 loosed to deepen the whole system to twenty feet, thus admit- 
 ting large ocean ships to the head of Lake Superior. These 
 canals are open to Americans on the same terms as to Cana- 
 dians. Other important canal systems of Canada are the 
 Rideau and Ottawa, giving Ottawa free water conmumication 
 with Montreal and Kingston ; and the Richelieu and Lake 
 Cham|)lain systeiii, connecting .Montreal with New \ork by way 
 of the Hudson River. Of interest, too. is the St. iVter's ("anal, 
 giving access fr.mi the Atlantic to the Hras dOr Lakes which 
 open up the heart of Cape Hreton. As long ago as .837 it was 
 proposed to construct a canal between the IJay of (^)uinte and 
 (ieorgian Hay, utilizing the Trent River and' a nuinber of the 
 lakes which lie along the intended route. The whole distance 
 IS 235 miles, of which 150 are already available for small ves- 
 sels. In view of the great and rapidly growing traffic of the 
 upper lakes the project has lately been revived and may before 
 long be carried out. The effect of deep water canals either be- 
 tween Krie and Ontario or between Ontario and Huron, and 
 al.so around the various rapids of the St. Lawrence, would'be to 
 make the cities cjf the Lakes practically maritime ports. 
 
 Canada is a great maritime nation. After the fur-trade, the 
 first native Canadian industry was the building of ship's in 
 which to gather the rich harvest of our fisheries. The .sea- 
 
 u a 
 
hoard |iro\iii(is liavc n roast line stTiicd with l)ays, and cslll- 
 aiiis, and scciiiv little havens. Everywhere at hand stood the 
 tiinher, and the hire of the fisheries was ever |)resent. Ivich 
 little |)orl Tul rreik-iuoiitii eanie to have its shi|)-yard. 'The 
 men had in tluir hlood the seafaring instinct of their ancestors ; 
 and soon our kiels were furrowing every sea. In 1723 ship- 
 building was an estahlisheil industry with us, that year seeing 
 the construction of two men-of-war and six merchant ships. 
 'I'he device on New lirunswic k's shield is a ship. Our daring 
 sailors carried their lumher and their fish around the world, and 
 brought niany a snug fortune home to their native villages. 
 (,'anaila attained, not long after Confederation, the rank of the 
 fourth ship-owning country -^f the world, lier coasts are stud- 
 ded with light-houses, fog-horns, and like safe-guards to tht.' 
 mariner. In iS';^ the registered shijts of the world numbered 
 32,92."^'; of this number ' i \ t, were Canadian, or nearly one- 
 fourth of the whole. The first vessel successfully proi)elled by 
 steam was Robirt l''ultoii"s invention, the CAr/nim/, which ran 
 on the Ihnlson in 1.S07 ; and oiil)' two years iat(.'r a steamboat 
 
 was runninL! on the St. Lawrence, 
 
 lie first steam-shii) to cross 
 
 the .\tl:iiitic was a Canadian \essel, the A\'\ti/ //'////W///. built at 
 (Jiiebec in iSjji. and supplied witli machiiurv b\ Moiitieal. 
 ('anadian in its origin was the first successful line of ocean 
 stean (VS. the great Cunard Line, which was begun in 1 S.|o. 
 Its founder and head was Siimiel Cunard, of Halifax, afterwards 
 madi' a baronet. It started with a lleet of four steamers |'l.\ing 
 between Liverjiool. Ilalifaxand IJoston. 'I'he first distinctiwly 
 Canadian ocian steamers, howe\er, were those of the .\liaii 
 Line, founded by Hugh .Mian, i)l\ing i>etween Liverpool and 
 (Quebec m sumii'er, Liverpool aiul I lalifax in winter. The first 
 ship of this line was the C'ir//iJi//ii//, built in iJ^.t^. .Mian's 
 g'.nius and indomitable energy carried the enterprise to success 
 through myriail obstacles, and won him the honour of knight- 
 hood. Xow Canada has sti'amsl.ip lines on both oceans and 
 on all her great inland waters. She lias 1538 steamers on her 
 
 v)wn reL;istr\-, with mam more which have been transferred to 
 
 U I 
 
the- I'.riiish Kt-gistiy. 'I'lu' muni mnritinu- achitvciiuiit of Ca- 
 iKula's imnifdiatc future bids fair to he thr iiuuiiiuralioii of a 
 line of large and swift Atlantic steamers, ecjual to the hest of 
 those running out of \e\v ^•„^k, which will cut down the ocean 
 passage by way of the Canadian route to only four davs. Of 
 late years the conditions of shi|)|)ing and shi|)l)uildin;: iijve 
 grcvilly changed. All o\er the world the sail is giving wav to 
 the screw, wooden ships to those of iron and stiel ; hut Canada, 
 with her vast resources in iron, coil, and nickel, may (ouct 
 upon as great maritime progress under the new condition- as 
 under the old. 
 
 'I'he chief of ali the intlustries of Canad,- •- agriculture. 
 Our soil and climate enable us to produce the best food grains 
 ot the world, the best a|)ples, the bi-^t potatoes, with live-sto'k 
 and dairy produc-e inferior to none. Half ou*- |)opuiation di 
 pends upon agriculture for a livelihood, and our shipping de- 
 l)ends upon agriculture- for more than half its freights. Canada 
 is already one of the great wlu-at exporters of the world, thou-h 
 l)ut a small proportion of her wheal lands has yet been brought 
 luider cultivation. She may reasonabl) look to become th.' 
 thief of all wheat countries. 
 
 The wealth of our soil is not onlv m its food inoducis bin 
 i;i its mineral-;. ( )ur tremendous and \arird mineral wealih i> 
 as yet barely on the- threshold of its cU\i'lnp!i:,nt. In c(i;il, iron. 
 lime, petroleum, salt, copper, nickel, gold, aslicstos. our re 
 sources are inexhaustible. We have also lead, silver, philiimm. 
 phosphates, and almost all the other important minerals. ICai h 
 year reveals new riches awaiiinu; our capital and our eiuerprise. 
 i:ven now, when we n ay be .aid to have baivlv sc latcluel the 
 surlace in a few |ilaee>, the yearly product of our iiiuu'. is worth 
 from nineteen to . 'e ty millions. In the' l-arsh and desolate 
 regions about the .\rcti<' Circle lie livasurc s of lo.il. |ielroleum. 
 and other minerals, which are likely to gi\Y' those' dist.int terri 
 tories a value not posse-ssed by man\ more- f.ivored eliiiies. 
 'i'he i)lains through which the giant M.iek( n/ie rolls its north 
 
 ward way grow forbidding to hiisbaiuhv 
 
 .j;p'o,ii h till 
 
Cinle. i)iK do iiDt ccaMf to invite tlu- miiKTs toil. It is not 
 unlikely tiiat tlu-y will sorm- day l)c throni^cd wiUi a busy :ui(l 
 prosperous po|)ii!ai'or 
 
 Not from the soil only. I>iit also from the sea, does Cinada 
 gather in her harvi.'sts. Her fisheries are the most extensive in 
 thu world. Her deej) sea fisheries on the .Vtlantic anil I'acific 
 coasts, the fresh water fisheries of her ^reat lakes and rivers, 
 yielded in nSi;^ a revenue of $-' i,oco,ooo. 'i'hey are the object 
 of incessant care to the goxermneiit, which jirotects them with 
 armed cruisers and strict regulations. There are fourteen fish- 
 Iiiiedinj^ esla'olishnieiUs in Canada, tlevoted to the hatching f)f 
 lish-spawn and tiie slocking of waters with young fish. The 
 (|ue.>tions of c od. herring, inacken.-i, salmon, and lobster havi- 
 seemed impt rtaiit enough to lead into many (juarrels with our 
 neighbours. 
 
 j'lesides the<e pursuits, of late there has grown up a great 
 iiKuuifaituring interest. In 1891 ( 'anada had 75,741 industrial 
 establishments, with a capital of about $,^55,000,000, distribut- 
 ing in wages owr $100,000,000. I he business of ( an. ida is 
 carried on through the medium of thirty nine chartered banks, 
 uidi total ass(;is of omt $_^oo,ooo,ooo. 'I'he Dominion ( lov- 
 I'rmneiit iisues $j 1,000,000 of notes. The banking system is 
 boll) >afi' and elastic. We icay faiily claim it to l)e the mo>t 
 rfi'ecii\i' banking systiin in existence. The oldest Canadian 
 bank, as W( II as the richest, is the Hank oi .Montreal, i-stab- 
 lislu'd in 1S17. The currency* of Canada is in dollars and 
 cents. She issues copper and silver coin, Itut no gold. \\ hen 
 gold coins are used in Canada they ari' 'rom the Itritishor .\m- 
 erican mints. 
 
 I'he jiostal sxstem of ("anada is elaborate and comple'e. 
 The geiural K'tler rate is three cents per ounce, or under. Ii 
 
 * Till' toiMUT riini'iiiv iif < 'iuiikIh Wiis know n a.s " Dnhfiix ( 'iirifiicy. " 
 It iKi'il till- liiUlM'.s |iiiiiliiU, nIi'IIjii^'s, iihI I't'llci' ; liilt il |i(iUllil Wil.s just 
 t<Mii- cliilliirs, instciiil i)f S|.S(1«|. 'I'liis \M>s citllnl II " ji.iimil iiirri'iicy " 
 tip ilistin^'iiisli il from a " |MMiml stfi'lin^'." .\ sliillinj; ciirifm^y mum •_'(( 
 (•(■ni.s, mill Ni\|ifiicf riiirciiey Id rcntw. UmiM' rcnt.s in tin- .Sliuitiiiic 
 l'rn\ iiiccs arc si ill Moiiifl imcH rcikniii'il in " |)(iuii<Ih ciinc'iii'y," liy tlu' 
 oilier |H'i)|il('. 
 
 li (> 
 
>875 Canada made an agreement with the United States by 
 which a Canadian letter goes to any part of the United States 
 for the same postage as in Canada, and an American letter goes 
 to any part of Canada for the same postage as in Americ;'. 
 There is no account kept between the two post olifices, i)ut each 
 rouiitry carries the other's letters free. In 1885 Canada he- 
 came a member of the Universu! Postal Union, which now in- 
 cludes almost all the countries of the civili/ed world. In 1893 
 there were 8477 post olifices in Canada, and the total number 
 of letters and postcards carried was about 129,000,000. The 
 telegrai)h systems of Canada are in the hands of [)rivate com- 
 panies. There are in all about 32,000 miles of telegraph line 
 in Canada, in whicli respect we rank eighth among the countries 
 of the world. The first submarine cable of the world was laid 
 between Dover and Calais in 1851. In the following vear was 
 laid, between I'rince Edward Island and Xcw Mrunswii k, the 
 first cable of the New World ; and the second cal)le of the New 
 World was laid between C,i|)e Breton and Newfoundland in 
 1856. The great transatlantic cables from l':uro[)eall terminate 
 h^ Canada; and as a result of the Colonial Conference of 1894 
 there is to be a cable system from our shores to Australasia 
 and the Orient. So close are we Irawing to that Cathay whi<'h 
 our fathers dreamed jf linding and died in search of. 'j'lu' tele 
 ohone had its birth in Canada. 'I'he first telephoii.' ever ro; . 
 structed was put up in the town of lirantlnnl, ( )iU;ui(). It i (pd 
 nt'cted the house of the inventor, Crahaine liell, with that nf ;, 
 neighbour. In 1877, at Hamilton, the first business line w,is 
 established. 'I'here are now nearl\ 50,000 miles of telephone 
 lines in Canaila. 
 
 At Confederation Canada took upon hcrsi If ilu- ( harne cL 
 her own defences, and Creat Hritaiii, as we lia\c nci 11. withdr. w 
 her troops, except lho.se of the Halifax station. I'll, naval d. 
 fences of our sea-coast are tin- (an of i'.nglahd'^ >l!ips. The 
 heail-(|uarters of the \nnU .\tlanti. Si|ii;idr(in are undi-r thr 
 guns of Halifax, u\>n\\ whose miglu\ Idrtilii atinns (;ir;ii r.rii.iin" 
 h.is spent millions. Our militia system is under the (li;ngr n| .1 
 
 11 7 
 
Minister (if Militia. Siil)j(.'(t to his orders is tin- Cicnorai-in- 
 ( 'oMiinaiKl, wliosr a|)|)ointniiiit, ho'vivrr, rests with the Imperial 
 ( lovuriTiieiit. 'I'hc first Ministerol Militia was tlie great I'Vemh- 
 (Canadian, Sir Cioorge Cartit-r. 'I'he first Dominion Militia Act 
 was ])nsse(I in i<S6S, and iias heeii mich modified since. As it 
 now stands, tin- militia of Canada consists of all the male in- 
 habitant. ■; between the ages of i <S and 60, except clergymen, 
 judges, and cirtain other officials. One who is the onlv son 
 and sole support of a widow is al.^o exempt. 'I'he sons of Can- 
 ada who are lial)le lor military service are divided into four 
 classes;- (1) Unmarried men or childless widowi-rs between iS 
 and _^o : (2) Unmarried men ( r childless witKjwers between 30 
 and 45 ; (3) Men between iX and ^^ ^^'k' 'ire married, or 
 widowers with children : (4) .\l •n between 45 and (>o. 'i'hese 
 are called upon, in case of necessity, in the order of their classes. 
 There is a further division into Permanent, Acii\e, and Reserve 
 Militia. 'I"he jiermanent corps is limited to 1000 men, and 
 consists of Cavalry, Artillery and Infantry. These do garrison 
 duty, and also servt' as Schools* of Instruc-tion for members of 
 the .\ctive Militia. (here is also the |)ermanent corjjs of 1000 
 North West Mounted Police, already referred to. The Active 
 Militia is limited to 45,000, who ser\e for three years, and drill 
 
 roni el 
 
 ght t 
 
 o sixteen (lavs each \ear 
 
 ne Ki'serve 
 
 Milit 
 
 la con- 
 
 sists of all those who are not in the Permanent or .Active corps. 
 The Dominion is divided into twelve military districts, each un- 
 der the command of a De|)uty Adjutant (u-tU'ialand permanent 
 staff The militia expenditure lor each year is from one to two 
 millions. The number of men between iS and 45, now a\ail- 
 able for service in case of war, is something o\er a million. 
 
 .\t Kingston is our Royal Military Collegi;, of which Canada 
 is justly proud. It was founded in 1875, and its graduates have 
 
 * 'I'lu' I'crmiiiK'iit Coips ami ScIukiI.s nf liistnictioii ciuiMist cif "A"" 
 ami " IS'" '{'roups, KuViil ( 'ami'liiUi l>rii^'i)inis, at (.Mit'licc ami Wirmi'R'g ; 
 "A"' ami "If MatttM'ifs, h'(»yai Canadian Arlillcrv, at Kinjislmi ami 
 i^iielit'c ; XiiM, I ami '2 * '(»iii|)iitiii'.s of < iari isoii Aililli'ry at (,>m'lH'c ; Xox. 
 I, '2, .'{ami 4 Cdinpaniis l{(iyiil Canailian Kc^iniont nf Iiifaiitiy, at Lmi- 
 tl(in (Out.), 'i'oroiitn, St. .lolin'.s ((j»iie. ), ami Ficilfiicton. 
 
 II s 
 
(lone their (•(.untry crc-ilit. I'igluy-tivc of ilicm haw revived 
 (•ommiss.ons in the Imperial Army. Anumg these are two „r 
 (anada's heroes, her yoiniKest hut not least glorious. Captain 
 John Stairs, who.se bravery and skill were winning him splemlid 
 honour in Afriean exploration when one of the deadly fevers „f 
 that treacherous land struek him down, was horn in Halifax 
 graduated at Kingston, gazetted to the Royal l-ngineers, and' 
 followed Stanley into unknown Afri.a. where he met his death 
 Captain William Beverley Robinson was horn in St. |ohn in 
 r8r,4, and graduated at Kingston. He received a com'mission 
 in the Royal Army, and was employed on the African servi. e at 
 Sierra Leone. While on this service he was sent with a little 
 party to reduce the stockaded <apital of a hostile tribe in the 
 interior. The gates of the stockade re.|uired to be blown ^\o^yn 
 with gun-cf)tton, as the expedition had no artillery. The task 
 of applying the gun-cotton, in the face of the readv riHes and 
 thronging assegais of the enemy, when the lightest blow would 
 excite the ex|)losive and rend the bearer into fragments, was too 
 appalling for any of the rank and file to face. Captain Robin- 
 son volunteered, marched coolly up to the gate amid a shower 
 of missiles, and affixed the gun-cotton as deliberately as if he 
 had been on parade, just as his task was accomplished h,. was 
 shot down. l}ut his heroism had won the victf)rv. Innn the 
 earliest pages of our stcjrv to this its latest, is traced the inspir 
 ing record of Canadian fortitude and Canadian daring. Ilu' 
 contemplation may well stir us with |)atriotic pride, aiul make 
 steadfast our faith in the greatness of our future. 
 
 (SK,..n„MOs.- .„„ Il,.n,a^,.. 0,.r IV,,,,,,.. O,,,- , „■,...,„ C„l„„i:.l Sta.ns. Tl,,. 
 li'isMl.illtlrs ,,r,,iil- iMitiuv.) 
 
 io8. Present Conditions, and the Outlook. I'.ound 
 less indeed are the possibilities of that future upon whhh the 
 eyes of Canada are fixed with confident but (pi.^Hming hope. 
 We feel dimly the movement of great for. vs. .ur veins thrill 
 with the impulse of an eager national life, and the figure of our 
 destiny looms .splendid and mysteriuu.s before us. Rich almost 
 
hcNond calciilnlHiii i-, our In iil;i,L;r. inatctKil, mlilUctual, s|iiiit- 
 iial. 'I'hf ana of ('anada is 3,-l5'i.,^"'^,5 si|iiart.- iinlfs. It <'()ii- 
 stimics more than oiir tliinl of tlir uliolf liiitisli lunpirf. and 
 is only about joo.ooo s(|iiarc miles siikiIIlt than the continL-nt 
 ol l,nro|H'. In otlicr words, if ('anada were placed ujion 
 l-Jirope the whole ot' that continriit would he covered, with tin- 
 
 exception ol Iranii' 
 
 ir, 1f the L'nited Stall's, witiioul Alaska, 
 
 were placeil on ( 'an ida, IJrilish ( "olinnltia and half Alherta would 
 I>c left uncovered. Without its dependent territory of Alaska, 
 tile L'nited States is .|oo.ooo s(|uare miles smaller than ("anada. 
 The one Canadian l'rovin( i' of Itritish Columhia is larger than 
 l'ran< . , Italy. Switzerland and I'ortugal taken all togellier. 
 (^)uel>ec and Ontario are each larger than thederman Kmpire 
 and Switzerland coud)ined. N'o\a Scotia is larj^er than ( ireece, 
 or Swilzerlanil, or I )enmark, or I lolland, or ISelgium. \'et Xova 
 Scotia is the second smallest province ol' ( 'anaila. Trine e i",d- 
 ward Island is larger than .Montemgro. 'i'he inland water ways 
 of ("anada are the nif)st txteiisive in the world. In her lakes and 
 rivers might he sunk the whole of dreat liritain and Ireland, and 
 nj.ooo s(|uare miles of water would he left unfilled. ( )ur climate, 
 though it varies eiKjrmousiy over an area so vast, is sik h as has 
 always bred the strongest and most enterprising races of man- 
 kind. We have the largest and richest fisheries, coal areas and 
 timber regions of the world. Our wheal lands, grazing lands 
 and iron miius, when developed, will be among the most pro 
 ductive in the world. 
 
 'I'o develop these matcidess resources we have a |»eoi)K- 
 bleiidi'd of two dominant races, -a people tracing its origins to 
 tieedom. religion and loyalty, a i)eo[)le which li is kept ilsilf 
 (lean from the taint of criminal anil pauper iinniigration. 'i'c> 
 incite us to greatness we have all the glory of I-'ranceand linlaiii, 
 whose heirs we are, whose example is always before us, the seeds 
 <,)f whose virtues are sown in our bUjod. Thus peculiarly fav- 
 ored by the (lod of Nations, we stand with our feet on the 
 ihresholil of the future. In the wide prospect which opens be- 
 lore our eyes diere are several goals revealed. To which of 
 
 1) 10 
 
^vilh cuisck.s M,li,i,n.U.. I. is.Mn"MH,nor„vnM.Hi,ni. im- 
 
 I-rt. I'M.ust.|,i;>inCan:Hl,,a„uan,np;.al.o|.,ani,n,.„lsc. 
 ascnscot nuKluv ,..,^.il„li,i.... \\ , ,;.,| ,„„ thrsr a,v i^rcat 
 and siunn.ran, day., whiH, luun, laij;.. in the- iulm, ' W, 
 >'.(:iii to oufMivrs thr .hildrcii of D.siiny. 
 
 <)inptv,.ni ...Innial pu^iiion ran l.ardiv be a |.cTmanrnt 
 <"'..■. lavural.!,. a. it is t., cur L^n.wtl,, it is not th.. host thi.K- 
 tor our manhood that wc should too Ion,, continue to a.v..,,'; 
 "■Pn-tcnion of the Motherland withoot hearing our part in 
 llic respons.lHlities of Fanpire. Colonies are ehildren nf the 
 l'.>rent n ,„o.. When a ehild l.e-onies a n,an, he l.v and Ine 
 ceases to serve in his father's hous.'. H 
 
 fill 
 
 e IS e 
 
 itln 
 
 T tak 
 
 partnership, or he ^^oes out to face life independentl 
 work out his destiny with I 
 
 in« is a subordinate one, dis^ruise it as we may. 
 •IS permanent would stamp us .owards, and mve the lie t 
 
 en nit(< 
 
 V, and 
 
 lis own hands. The <:olonial stand- 
 
 1 
 
 () accept it 
 
 whole heroic past. Mut 
 
 () our 
 
 It UKl 
 
 ahli 
 
 other hand, it may scarce outi 
 
 y 
 
 nir us to !)ursue our course of peaceful 
 
 ive 
 
 th 
 
 last a generation yet, en- 
 expansion ; oti the 
 
 close amid many portents of change 
 
 IS century, which draws to a 
 
 I'he future presents to us th 
 
 ree possible alternat 
 
 sorption by the United States, Indepen.l 
 Union with the rest of the Hritisli |< 
 
 IVCS. 
 
 al)- 
 
 is the fate which. 
 
 as we know, has Icjntr I 
 
 pcMidence, or a l-ederal 
 |)ire. 'I'he first of these 
 
 our kinsfolk of the great republic. 'I'he M 
 ready referred to, 
 A met 
 
 ong been planned for us by 
 
 onroe doctrine, al- 
 
 seeins to anticipate it ; for in tl 
 
 lean statesmen and historians it is th 
 
 ic eyes of some 
 
 the United States to 
 
 c manifest destiny of 
 
 But to Canadian 
 
 occupy the North American coin 
 
 ■c. It is through no unl 
 
 s "manifest destiny" w 
 
 inent. 
 
 fa( 
 
 l)eople that we reject uncondit 
 
 ears a very different 
 
 e point with pride to th 
 
 cndliness toward a great kindred 
 ''•iially the idea of absorption. 
 
 c magmlicent achievements of that 
 
 nation, allied to us in language and in bl(K)d. Tj 
 energy, their intellectual force, their aid 
 up as an example to ourselves, i: 
 
 icir self reliant 
 cut patriotism, we hold 
 
 u a 
 
 lit our growth has been 
 
 on 
 
ilifTcreiit lilies from ihcirs, our aspirations and political ideas arc 
 not theirs, our very existence as a people has its root in a sharp 
 divergence from their priniiples. As the sentiment of Cana- 
 dian Nationalism deepens year by year, we reali/.e that to sink 
 life in another's, to have our <'ountry torn apart and swallowed 
 up as so many additional stales of the American union, would 
 he a hurninj^ ignominy. It would make vain all the sacrifices 
 of our fathers, all the hlood they shed in their country's cause. 
 We should he n(j longer worthy of the great nation into whose 
 l)osom we should he carrying our sortlid purposes and craven 
 hearts, 'i'he nr.me of Canada would cease to shine across the 
 continent : and in vanishing it would leave hut a humiliating 
 memory. It is safe to conclude that absorption by the United 
 States, conuironly known as Annexation, is not likely to be the 
 fate of ( Canada. 
 
 iJolh the other alternativts, Inde[)endence and Federation 
 with the Ivmpire, come within the range of the probable. Hither 
 would seem to be a goal toward which patriotism might con- 
 si.stently strive. To many ardent Canadians Independence 
 seems the nK)re attractive ideal. It is a manly ideal, easy to 
 gras|), antl thrilling to tlie young imagination. At the same 
 time it seems to stand fairly in llie line of our growth. It could 
 perha|)s be accomplished without any violent break in the course 
 of our history. Hut there can be little doubt that if untlertaken 
 now or soon it woukl but ojjen a door to annexation. It would 
 |Hit us to such an expense for di|)lomati!-, consular, military, and 
 alH)ve all na\al service, for the protection of our vast commer- 
 cial navy, that we might soon I'md ourselves borne to '.lie ground 
 with debt. N'o longer backed by Cinal liritain, we would be at 
 the mercy of every demand of the United States, who might 
 help herself to our fisheries, or, forcing us to defend them in a 
 ruinous war, dismember us when exhausted, even as she treated 
 Mexico. If Independenti: is to be our goal, we siould be rash 
 indeed to seek it now, while our population is so small and our 
 wide frontier so vulnerable. 
 
 Meanwhile there is rising into view a grander icK'a, which 
 
 I! IJ 
 
jurliiips appeals to a bightr and hioafki patri(jtism. TIil- i)r()- 
 jcct of Imperial l-Lxk-ration fits as lo-ically upon our career as 
 Independence. Indeed, it f^ives a fuller meaning to our whole 
 past, —to our birth from the disruiuion of 1776, to our almost 
 miraculous preservation frou) being swallowed up hy the United 
 Slates while we were hut a handfiil of scattered settlements, -to 
 our struggle for unity, — to our daring and splendi.l expansion, 
 —and to the cost at which we have secured it. Independence, 
 moreover, is selfish in its aim:;, while In)|)erial I'ederation con- 
 siders not our own interests only, luit those of the Mother 
 C:ountry, and the growing debt of loyalty which we owe hiT. 
 It is possible to conceive of a f(»rm of Imperial Federation which 
 would so guard the autonomy of each federating nati(jn and so 
 strictly limit the jjowers of the central government as to satisfy 
 even those who desire absolute independence. The practical 
 indei)endence enjoyed under such a federation would be secured 
 by the force of the whole Kmpire. It is urged that the ditficul 
 ties in the way are too great to be overconie, — but it is the 
 fashion of our race to overcome difficulties. It is urged ih.il 
 
 isia, .South 
 
 the distances between (;real Britain, Canada, Austral 
 
 Afri 
 
 the fast express, the cable and the telegrai)h 1 
 
 X, are loo vast to permit of unicjn, -but the swift steamship 
 
 ia\e so reduc(( 
 
 the effect of these dist; 
 
 uices that the most widel\ separated \ 
 
 )OI 
 
 tions of the I'.mpire are now less far apart than were ( )tla 
 \'ancouver Island when Hritish ( "oluml 
 
 and 
 
 Im 
 
 )ia jonu'd till 
 
 )oniiiii 
 
 on. 
 
 perial l-'ederation would admit us to full polii 
 
 ual manhood 
 
 annexation, or the ri^k and the inyrali 
 
 without the dishonour of 
 
 tude of Independence. It would 
 
 would secure the peace of the world. It would yain I 
 
 race a glory beside which the most da/./liuL 
 
 huikl up such a power a> 
 
 or our 
 
 .f 
 
 hist 
 
 ory would grow |)ale. It is a less d; 
 
 nun 
 
 )agcs ol eartli n 
 Jream than thai 
 
 thre 
 
 which C:anada brought to pass when she united the shores of 
 e oceans under the sway of one [xior and scattered colon) . 
 It is Canada who has taught feeble jir 
 and how to form a mighty commonwealth whil 
 in the ICmjiire. It may be her beneficent 
 
 how to federate, 
 e remaininu with 
 
 mission. aKo, to le.iil 
 
 11 i:i 
 
il)( \sa\ tiiw.inl llii- rr.ili/.ilhm ■> 
 
 f tin- vasteT and more i^lorioiis 
 
 <lri'am. '\'\\v iliily laiil upon us as a lu'oplc is to prove ourselves 
 worthy ol (iiir iiihrritaiKV. I.cl us rcinemlKT that I'lvidom, 
 ImiiIi, l.ovahv. Wire the nuigic words which brought us into l\- 
 
 lin our watchwords, there is no 
 
 isience 
 
 and while lliese rem 
 
 ^ieatncss so 
 
 hii;ii tli.it we may not hope to reach it. 
 
 II It 
 
 ngerDgpz^r* 
 
SPECIMEN PAGE OF APPENDIX E. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 
 
 Canadian Events. 
 
 I'iisl Knj,'lish Scttlt'is in New 
 
 liniiiswick. |7(j(} 
 
 Sir <iiiy Ciiilctiiii ( Iovciikh- nf 
 
 ( 'illliulil. j tl 
 
 HfVfiiiif Alt |)ns.s<'il tVir Coldii- I 
 
 '<■•'• I I7«i!( 
 
 Coloiiy. I 
 
 Events British and Foreign. 
 
 Ki'|iciil of llic Staliii. ■^'■'• 
 <li>|cl.smilir.s Vicar I.I \V(ik< licjil 
 |ml)li.siii'il. 
 
 liirtliN of Xiipolcoii, Wclliii.' 
 ton ami Hmiilinlilt. 
 
 (-'aptaiii ('ooi< (li.s(,'o\( IS Xiw 
 Soiitli Wales. liirtli ,,( 
 
 I77O ' W'oid.suuitii. 
 
 riic I'artitioii of I'olaml. 
 
 Kiist I'arliaiiiciit of |'. K. I. 
 Till" (^uflicf Act. 
 
 1772 
 177:1 
 
 4 k 
 
 1774 
 
 .Suj)pre.s.->ioii of tlic .k'.siiit.-. l.\ 
 
 I'opf (Iciiiclit \IV. 
 
 "Tiif Boston Ti'ii I'arty." 
 
 Loiiix XVI coim-j. to till' 'riiioiic 
 
 of Fiance. 
 
 (Joniiresstneet.sat Hiiladelpliia. 
 
 Wari'en Ha.stings tirst (;o\(|. 
 
 ... , . , , iiorUi'neral'of India. 
 
 •Montgomery ami Arnold in- 
 
 ''"'•■ ^'''''-I'l'i- , I77.T : Le.xinj,'ton, and l!iinkc,Uill. 
 
 ! i 
 
 Americans Kvacnate ( an .da. ) 1770 i _Kii;,di.s|. Kvacuate iJoslun. 
 
 Tile American |)e.larati(.n fi 
 lll<lu|)endeiiee. 
 
 Captain Cook \ isits l!rili.>,li Co- 
 liimliia. 
 
 American Imii'jicmlencc ren.;.'. 
 I77X ni/.ed l»y France. 
 
 War lielween Frances ami Kn"- 
 lan.l. 
 
 I ^Viii' lietueen Kiiiriand and 
 1770 j Spain. 
 
 I Spanish fleet defeated iiy Hoil 
 I7!S() I iiey otr Cape St. Vincent. 
 
 I _ French Fleet defeated l.y K,„l. 
 
 .,., <..„,. ' '"''^- iiey of!' Uominica. 
 
 Ihe ( ..mmj.' ot the Loyalists. 17.s;{ . The Treaty of I'aris. 
 
 Xew Ihiinsuick and Cape lire- \ 
 ton erected into separate 
 
 provinces. 
 
 Death of Doctor S imnel .John 
 
 I 17i'^4 SOI 
 
 Frederieloii made ( 'apital of X ! 
 
 '!■ I 17M.- 
 
 •lohn Adams first Amhassador 
 of l'nite(l States to Kng- 
 land.