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This Htm l> f HnMd at tha raduction ratio chackad balow / Ca documant aat (ilm4 au Uux da rMiictlon IndlqiM ci-daaaoua. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x V 12x 16x 20x 24x 9fly »9y Th« copy «lm«d h«r« h«» bMn raproduMd thanks to th« generosity of: Blacker-Wood Library of Biology McCin UMvoralty, Montreal Ths imogos spposrlng hora aro tfM bo«.Q«»«'i briefly and simply discussed. The importance of the honey-producing industry, while to a certain e.rtent recognised, is not yet really appreciated in Canada, and it is hoped that one effect of the wide distribution of this bulletin will be the still further populariiin,^ t this most interesting and most profitable business. In the beekeeping industry, ah in most others, there arc many diflBcultica. One of the most aerioua dangers in Canada as elsewhere at the present lime is the prevalence of Foul Brood Disease. Regulations enacted by the different pro- vinces with a view to the control and ultimate eradic -tion of this disease differ somewhat and it has been thought advisable to include the toxt ol the Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia Acts so that l)eekeeper8 in different parts of Canada might have an opportunity of becoming familiar with their own local laws on this subject. The including of these regulations, together with the full discussion of the disease and the methods of eiadication, should do much to help combat this, one of the most insidious a.s well as one of tlie most fatal diseases known. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your < lient servant, J. H. GRISDALE, Director, Dominion Experimental Farma. 12399— U CONTBNTt. Page. Introducti(i:i 7 Location of the Apiary 9 Equipment 9 The Bees, their Habits, Development and Products 12 The Managementof the Bees 16 Uniting 16 Transferiiiis 17 Re-- be learned from books, the real knowledge is gained only by finding things out f*^' oneself. HOW TO BEGIN. The best time of the year to commence bee-keeping is in tiie spring, during llie month of May. The prospective bee-keeper should carefully consider first the qui^tion of the location of the apiary, the equipmeut Uiicessary to begin with and should know something about the bees. All these subjects will shortly he dealt with. In procuring the bees there is an alternative. A single colony or several colonies complete in the hives may l)c purchased, or a sw.- vm may be obtained from a neighbouring bee-keeper to whom a new hive has be.>n supplied in which to hive the swarm. If it is desired to have much surplus honey in the first year, the former method is the better as it will not be wise to ta>"' much .surplus honey from the 8» arm unless it is an early one and the se \son ?ep- tionally good. Whichev ^r method of procu; ing the bees is adopted, the .test care must be taken tha' the apiary from which they arc obtained is fre., from eliscase. This is especially importan' in localities whc-e the diseases are pre- valent. It is sometimes convenient and cheap to buy a colony in a box hive. In sueh a c:isc they should be transferred to a new Tiova!)ie frame hive accord- ing to one of the methods described later. In no case should the bees be retained in box hives. LOCATION OF THE APIARY. In tilt "selection of a place to locate the bees, two points must be consideretl, first, whether the situation is suitable for the hives, and second, whether the locality is a good one for bees. The latter question is important, as it is useless to endeavour to keep bee;;, that is in a profitable manner, in a locality in which nectar-producing flowers are scarce. In most localities there is an abundance of bee-f(iragc but tho'e are some regions where the production of surplus honey will not be great. One to two miles is the range of a bee's flight and this fact should be rememb^rwl when choosing the pasturage. In most part.s of Canada ji northerly slope is rU-^irable if the ground is undulating. Low or swampy ground should be avci'nl. The hives should be protected from the prevailing win Is and especiallv from high winds. For this purpose, a slieltcr fence in.-.y be erected or preferably a shelter hedge planted. Often it may bs an ad van- tajrc to have the hives shaded buc too much sh.ide is a disadvantage and may cause the bees to become irritable. When the hives are painted white they may stand in the direct sun if there is no slight shade. If tall trees are near the apiary there will be a danger of the bees swarmuig on these, from which their recovery will be diflicult. It is not advisable to locate'the ai 'a'-y too near to a public highway if this can be avoided. The hives shouUl lie placed so that the t>un will strike them in the early morning and saould not be placed on the west side of a building. Where a number of hives are kept they may be arraTiged in rows, the hives being rbout six feet apart and the -ows about eight feet apart. This allows the bee-keeper room for the examination and manipulation of the hives without inconveniencing the adjacent ones. It also piermits him to cut the grass, a most important essential in the apiary, where the grass should be kept as short as possible. Many bee-keepers prefer to have no grass underneath and aroimd the hives and there is much to be said in favour of this plan: it frequently prevents the loss of the queen when the hive is being examined. It is not advisable to keep more than f)ne hundred hives in a single apiary. Where the number is greater there is a danger of overstocking the locality with bees. The professional bee-keeper usually starts 'out-apiaries' in localities which are in convenient communication with the home apiary and where the supply of nectar-producing flowers is good. Such a branch or out-apiary should not be within a radius of two miles of the home ajjiary, or of the next out-apiary if a large number of hives are kept in each. EQUIPMENT. Iii purchasing equipment and bee supplies the golden rule is simplicity with good V orkmanship. A large amount of equipment is not necessary to begin a small apiary and the additional requisites can be obtained as they are needed. It is advisable to have an outbuilding in which to store the apparatus and supplies, to extract and make up the honey and to cairy o\i the other operations connectetl with the production r f honey and wax. The windows of such a bee or honey house should be screened to prevent the entrance of the bees but pro- vision should bo made at the top of the windows or door, for the escape of any bees which may have entered inadvertently. This building may be titt.xl up Willi a work bench and shelves for storing supplies such as honey bottle* sec- tions, etc. 10 RIVK8. It has been stated already that bees si-ould not be kept in box hives and no .ce-keeper at the present time would think of keeping bees in straw sk. -)s Uoth of these old methods are wasteful, one might almost apply the word criminal o the method of obtaimng honey from these hives, namely the destruction of the bees by means of sulphur fumes. The object of the bee-keeper is to keen rhe bees in such a way as to be able to manipulate them in any manner he may If^I?;*, ■ °u^^^' *° * 1^«? «**«°*' " attained by persuading the bees to build their combs m movable frames which can be lifted out of the hives A hive containing frames of this nature is known as a movaWs frame hive There are many forni8 of frame hives, each with enthusiastic supporters, but there is only ono Inve which may be 8r..a to have a world-widr.^ reputation and to have been adoMod in all tcuntrio.. This hive, which is row most generally used IS known as the Langstroth h.ve, having been devised by Langstroth in 1857. The Langstroth Hiot. f«n Jk*!*'k^'"'^?1*' *l'u*' ■°n''»*8 o* a wooden box with a loose bottom and a top which constitutes the i jof of the hive. (Plate I. Fig. 2.) In this hive the frames containing the combs are suspended on rabbets so that they hang free in loft T'^^T'^ '•° ""* *^'il'' *^^ *°P'' '"'^^ »' •'""o™- ^ ^Pace, the bee space, is left for the passage of the bees round the sides and bases of the frames The Langstroth frames measure 9i inches deep and 17f inches lont This size is most commonly used but other sizes occur in other makes of hives. It is imnor- tant that a standard size of frame should be adopted and used throughout th« apiary, otherwise the frame of different hives will not be interchangeable. Thia ability to interchange the frames of the hives is essential as it is often n-cessarv to transfer the frames from one hive to another; this would be impossible if lifferent sizes were used Most ot the hives in common use contain eight or ten frames and it is not advisable for the boRJnner to adopt a size containing » greater number. Tb above constitutes he single storey hive and forma the brood chamber (B) in which the bees are .vared and honey for the^roi^Tse i! stored, l-or the production of surplus honey another storey is added above tha brood chamber. This is known as the super (D). If it is desired to obtSi hone^ n^n ^ ^T ' V'^ !"P*T !f u '•'*"''''' °"^ ""^ contains sections which will be des- cribed later; if extracted honey is requiral, the super is fitted with fram«i which may be cither shallow or of the same size a.s those used in the brood-cK often used'''^" chamber and the super, a "queen-excluder" (C)™8 The roof of the hive (E) should fit well and be absolutely watertight It is an advantage to have it slanting slightly and ventilated. Like the ?est of th" hive It should be painted white. Hives should not be painted a dark colour f lln.?l*/iT''''*° ^'T ^}i'}'t^T. '^""^ °^ **»« hive permanently cttachS' ill !^ ?n I "u" 'Tu-^' *'"** ,***^ ^'^'^ ™^y •«' ™'-'*^ ^™™ the bottom S Tvl^ U "k*" "^n^" ^^A "?y,^e .necessary, as is the case when wintering ?J« hives m the bee-cellar and in fdlowing one of the methods of preventing swarm! mg. The hive is always placed on a stand to elevate it a few inches from th« ground; if possible, each hive should be on a separate stand for convenrce of handhng both hive and bees. Various kinds of'stands are usedrthcy may be of wood (A), bncks or t.les, etc. ^ ^ "* QtTEEN EXCLUDER. This is a sheet of zinc with perforations of a definite size, large enouch to permit the passage of the workers but too small to allow the p2S4e Jf the 11 quoon, with the result that the queen is prevented from travelling; into the super to deposit her eggs from whicli brood would be produced. Where extracted honey is required, the presence of a queen excluder may be desirable. It should be mentioned, however, that there is great diversity of opinion among bee- keepers as to the use of the queen excluder. Those against its use maintain that it prevents the perfectly free passage of the bees irto the super and hinders the proper ventilation of the hive with the result that the activity of the bees is lessen^ and many bees are employed ventilating tiic hive when they might be gathering honey; there may be also a tendency for bees to store the honey in the frames of the brood chamber instead of in the super and in this manner fill cells which should be used for brood rearing. Until the beginner is adept in the manipulation of the bees and has a good knowiedgc <- . their habits it is advisable for him to use the queen excluder. He can discard it later if neces- sary. SMOKKR. To enable one to handle the bees, some method must be adopted to pacify them. This is effected by means of a few puffs of smoke sent in through the entrance and underneath the corner of the quilt covering the frames. For this purpose a smoker is required. It consists of a tin chamber attached to a pair of bellows. To use it, the top is taken off and dried wood, or lightly-rolled pieces of old sacking, are ignited at one end, this end is put into the smoker fir t and the lid is then fastened on. A few puffs with the bellows will start the smoker which, while in use, should always stand the right way up; when laid upon its side it usually goes out. vi,rLS. To create confidence in haridling the bees, a voil is especially useful to the novice. Various forms are made. It should be of a light and durable mat-' erial such as Bruxelles net. The upper end is fastened by means of elastic round the crown of a stia.v hat. The lower end should be loose to allow the veil to hang away from the face and may be lucked inside the ^'^at collar. Bee gloves may be used by the be^-inner. A most useful iixstrument is b hive tool. This tool is shaped at one end for prjring open the hive, moving the frames when they are stuck, etc., and at the other for scraping. A long screw-driver will answer the same purpoF*? very well. BEE ESCAPE. This is a small trap-like appar.itus which is fixed in the middle of a board large enough to completely cover the underside of the super. It enables the bees to leave the super and prevents their return. On this account, it is used for clearing the bees out of a super prior to its removal from the hive. FEEDERS. There are many kinds of feeders employed in feeding the bees, which is often necessary especially during the fall prior to wintering or in the spring. The description of the various types, many of which can be made by the bee-keeper himself, will be found in catalogues of bee-keeping supplies, and further reference will be made to them later. (See Feedinq.) la the J^Z? ?P?** ''""'d be required to dewribe ihe other equipment which ••uiicjr lo utaurea, an extractor will be necemary and a wax P«trn»«nr fn. ..^...t mg and melting down the wax fron. old combs, etc He wflf ah o ^oau'rfl'S; •r.KU. which he wUl note on consulting . catalogue of Kl-^'inR "upplir THE BEES, THElll HABITS, DEVELOPMENT AND PUODUCTS. RACBB. The common race of hive bee, usuallv known as t,hp nunir k«o — • * ISHn^'^Ti.l!*'"^ bets were introduced into the United States from Italv in 18bO. They arc readily distinguished by the golden yellow banXir of fh« •hdomen. On account of their excellent qualities thevarrrSeinAhe^^^^ THE BEES. lu II t^trong, healthy bee community there are three classes of m,livi,l..„i. . ' MSiTj'^r *° «., (luecn: e, drone; Iwioe natural aize I'hihipt, Fnrmtr$' Bull. Xv. 4^7. U.S. Depl. Agric.) The Workers (Fig. 'm.) arc really sexually undeveloped females. They carry on all the activity of the hive; the gathering in of supplies, the storing of these, the building of the comb, the care of the brood and of the queen; they take care of the hive, which involves cleaning, closing up the crevices, ventilating it in the summer and defending it. They are the stnailest of the three individuals and at thcsame time the most specialised structurally, to enable them to carry out their varied functions. The Drones (Fig. He.) are the males of the colony and usuallv appear at the beginning of May. Their only function is to ensure the ferti'lization of the queens. They lead an otherwise useless life and at the rnd of the summer are forcibly expelled by the workers from tlie hive, usually more dead than alive and not always entire. Fig. 6. — Edge of comb allowing two queen cells. The Stages in the development of the (Efferent individuals are the same although the periods occupied in development vary. The small, white egg is 14 ( i, fTTi*"* ^^**"' T"*. ■* **•* *~"o™ ^ *»»e cell , ;r H i« a drone cell it will orodui » drone, three A»y» Uter it hateheM »nd the i^nute, white Imv. or mTHfL of the future i»ee can bt» recoffnEied. When the Hevolc nnient bcomSrt? «S perfect hoe cuts the cap of the cell in which it ha. dovelo^^HUnd eiS^SS The take^'^i^hrSK.Sirintiil!:''' '-"""^""'"* "' *"" "'"'•'•™* '"^^''"'^ Que?" =*''»>•• Worker :j •« Drone ■> «< Ijtrvn 5) clayH 5 " 6 " I'upit 7 day» 13 " 15 " Whfilc t>Vp|apnieBt 15} dayit 21 " 24 " THKfH HABIT8. It is important that the bee-keeper should carefully ntudy the habits of the thn^;.!!r».*t " ''"«''«««^"« jnanagemont and manipulation de,i^nd cSy upon a thorough knowledge of them. It is a mistake to suppose a, many do that the chief characteristic of a bee is its sting. If manipuE ^iTh proper care and ^nmderation for the bees, the chance of being stung is reduc" toTmSum Hi ves should be examined during the day while the bL are working thw TouTd be disturbed as l.ttle as possible, especially on dull days or Aen ?ain KmS ex'am n^ at Teh^'aSr. n[v "''k '^ *" ^ "''^' *""»'•'«• ^hey should nSlK examined at night and only when necessary at ot i times- else the mcwt sweet-tempered bees will haye their characters changcnl. iSpid and ierk^.^ moyementsshould be ayoided. When examining hiyeJ^ do nKp ?hem oieJ too long and avoid examining, as much as possible, if the weatherTs cold or the broo^ '•°^«''^ remoyedVe qunl Should l>e raised at one end and a few more puffs directed down between fh« frames. This causes the bees to gorge themselves with hone^,^" whff stljj they are more ractable. The hive should not be jarred in mv way and all SEfT '*'°"i^ ^'- '""■^^ °" ^™'" *»»» "de or back of the WvS K the fr Ji flight of the workers is not prevented in the least. If a few inquisitive bees anii!? -old 's tiLt'"Ar"r*"°'^f ' ''^ "°* '^"•'^ ''' *'''-'"• ^t •« not always p3K Old stings. After being stung, remove the sting together with the do son p^and which IS usually left behind, taking care not to squeeze the latter ff "f the wound is not rubbed the irritation will be less.* HONEY. Honey is the nectar obtained from flowers, which has been modified hv storage in the honey stomach of the bee and is stored in cell^of t^ c"mb aTfood for the colony When itJs collected from the flowers, the hon^ is a t"in swS so ution. In the body of the bee, it undergoes concentration a^d thickens aS fomncacid, secreted intemally by the bee, is added as a preservativeSre the 15 honey is storml in the celU of the comb, wiun it i« Msled after ripeninc. Honejr may vary iit flavour and ftroma and alw) m colour, arcording to the flower from which the nectar is obtained. The amotn t of water and of the sugar compoundi*. properties of the sugar are due, also iken as the standard light-eoloured ained from other clovers, basswood, etc. Amber honey is obtained from Dark-coloured honey is obtained !«uch as dextrose and levulose to which t vary. White rlover honey is generally honey. Similar light-coloured honey is t Canada thistle, wiilowherb, wild raspberry Mters, goldenrod, sumac, milkweed, eti from buckwheat, and, although this hone^ is inferior in quality to clover honey, it is produced late in the neason and is readily nold on the commercial market. Honey is an ccellent food and being 'partially digested, as it were, is most readily ami eaitily «. »imilatrd by the system. Confectioners and bakers use it ic prefereiice to nugar to give cakes, etc. their iceeping qualities. In the sweeten- ing of cakes and bread it is superior in many ways to sugar. Next to honey, wax is th^ bee. The wax is secreted by of the bee, in the form of ntt project from beneath the ab< bees only produce wax and It is elaborated by complex pi that about fifteen pounds "' The value, therefore, of pr* for honey storage will be rea. WAX. mr>»t important of the natural products of the 'hich, as ihey increase in sise, iiMgm4>nt8Mu he ventral side. The worker temiKrature ■ required for its production. «ical p«fooes!«' Him honey anc it is estimated are r luired t produce one pound of wax. ihe \n" with f< inflation and empty combs o' • ll> The combs are the crsiii - and at community. In the cells whii a make i and the honey is stored. The ceH-^ . are regular and hexanona! an shapt- twenty-nine of these to tL. iquarf im' are made for the drones; of tb.sp tlcTt square inch, already. X' HMue tiuM! the ^ torehouses of the bee mb, the bf •< I is reared to maturitj' iR «he rm ii vary in siie. They It" B.ajonty arc worker cells; there are ui ft e to the linear inch. Larger cells at*- UnttT t < the linear and eighteen to the The charaH r ot thf m^. <»rr*«iii ,r queen cell has been described Fro(|uently, bees ma be seen i masses in their hind legs. These *r bees and constitutes, with hone* the flowers and is the toll which pollen from flower to flower in lu visits to flowers, the body of the licf»h*^H» I of pollen which is the bread of the itiul. It is the fertilizing product o^ takes for carrying a portion of the t>le r6le as a cross-fertiliser. In its •> du^cd with pollen wliich is removed by most beautifully-constructed romK^ in -ale the enlarged joints of the hind legs and collected in small pollen baskr formed by large curled hairs on the leg- joints. Many other peculiar strata ares go to aukc up the pollcn-gathcring apparatus in the hind legs of the bee, but lack of sjiace forbids their description here. The pollen is carried to the hive and rmioved from the legs of the bee into one of the cells in which it is stored as food i ■, the growing larva. PROPOLIS. This is a dark, resinous material collected by the bees from the luds and other portions of various trees. It is carried in the pollen baskets on the bee's legs and is used as a cement or glue to fasten loose portions of the hive and to fill mvieM. Itii rtlcky ch»r»rlor m»kM its pratmee • tfUMnee in the hivt. It cMbt removed from the hw»d« by moana of aloohol, gMoline or beniine. ete. Clothes Mid equipment may be cleaned by boiling in lye. I THE MANAGEMENT OP THE BEES. Reference hu already been made, in diaeuming the habits of the bees, to the necessity of a thorough knowledge of their behaviour and in this connection certain principle of conduct were laid down. These principles should b' caro- fully borne m mind in handling the bees. In opening the Jiive, the Minoker should lie used accorcUng to the dir.ctions already jiivnu When the quilt which covers the tops of the frames is carefully removed, a f.-w puffs of smoke are directwl on to the tops of the frames. The frames should be looHcncnl gently at both ends by means of the hive tool or » screw-i.rver. The division board which acts as a movable side aud is used in contracfng the space within the hive i. now removed, or, if there is a space, it is moved away from the frames, thus permitting the side movement of the frames If the frames occupy the whole hive space and there is no division board, one of the end frames is removed and gently placed in an upright position against the side of the hive. Beforo a frame is removed it is advisublo to move the adjoin- ing frame a little to one side; this prevents any crushing or brushing of the bees The frame uiwn which the queen is working should not be plac««d on the ground or the queen may wander away. In examining tho frames, great care must be taken that tiie queen is not dislodged from the frame upon which she happens to be, as the loss of the queen will seriou-'ly affect tho welfare of the hive To examine n frame, lift it directly out of the hive, holding the upper bar in a horizontal jvosition. It should be hold over the hive if possible in order that any bees or lioney falling off the co:.»b may fall directly into the hive To examine the reverse side of the comb, do not swing the frame round or the strain caused by the weight of the comb may result in its breaking, especially if tho connb is not wired. Ix)wer one end of ne upper bar until it is perpendicular and revolve the frame on this axis until the other side is seen, when tho other end of the upper bar is lowered bringing the upper bar into a horiiontal position and beneath the comb. "^ In replacing the frames, care should be taken that they are properly spaced • they must not be placed too wide apart or the Wm will fill the space with comb' or too near, else the bees will not hv able to v t i\n- cells. Many frames are provided with self-spacing devices; when these are not provided, the frames Khould be placed so that they are 1 1 inches from centre to centre. UMTINO. Colonies soinctiim -. become very reduced in numliers or queonless and in order to save them it is .cessary to unite them to strong colonies. It is espe- cially important in tlio fall to examine all the colonies to ascertain if any are %ia3i. bucli weak ones should be unitinl and fed in order that they may winter in a strciiK condition witli plenty of young bees. Different colonies of bees have characteristic odours which the bees recognize and under ordinary condi- tions two w-eak colonies cannot simply be placed together. If two colonies are to be uniteti, the weaker colony should be gradually move 5 PI > 6 k 12399-p. 16 Oital. |tw 17 uniting, both colonies should be strongly smoked. The frames from the weak hive are then placed in the stronger hive and the old hive of the weaker colony IS removed. It is advisable to put a large slanting board leading to the alight- ing board which will enable the new bees to recognize their new hive more readily at first; it may be removed later. About half an hour after uniting, the 1)003 should be examined and, should they seem to be very quarrelsome, another vigorous smoking should be administered. When bees are united during a succession of cold days, that is, when they are not flying, they can usually be put together at once, and it is not necessary to move up the weak colony gradually. It is preferable to unite during the honey flow ; uniting in the spring is not usually recommended. New swarms may be united without any difficulty by simply throwing them together in front of a new hive as if a single swarm were being hived. Often a colony which has been queenless for a sliort time may be united to a stronger colony by treating it like a swarm and simply shaking it out in front of the strong hive after having strongly smoked both the colonies previously. TRANSFEISRINQ. The prospective bee-keeper may have obtained his first colonies of bees in box hives or a bee-keeper may wish to increase the number of his colonies l,y purchasing colonies in box hives. In both these casea, the first step to be taken is to transfer them to a movable frame hive. There are several methods of doing this, but perhaps the best method from the point of view of the future is the following, as it ensures the bees starting with everything in good condition: A new hive containing frames fitted with full sheets of foundation is placed on the stand previously occupied by the box hive which is moved a little to one side. After smoking the bees, the box hive is turned bottom side upwards and an empty box is inverted over it. By drumming vigorously on the sides of the box hive by means of two sticks or the palms of one's hands, the bees are driven out of the box hive up into the box, where they will cluster. \Yhen they have all left the old hive they are shaken out on to a board covered with a wliite cloth, or newspaper, placed in front of and reaching up to the entrance of the new hive into which they will immediately run. A careful watch should be kept to see that the queen enters the hive, otherwise the transfer will be a complete failure. The old box hive is now placed on a new staiul and left for tbree weeks, at the end of which time all the brood will have hatched out, and those bees may now be united to the colony in the new hive. A number of quofii cells may have formed in the interim and in case any young queens should ha\o been reared, a queen and drone trap is placed over the entrance of the new hive or a piece of queen-excluding zinc to prevent the entrance of the young queens when the young bees in the old box hive are shaken out in front of the new hive and united to the original colony. In another method of transferring, the combs are also transferred. A now hive is set on the old stand and the bees are drummed out of the box hive into a box as already described. The frames of the new hive are not fitted with wax foundation, as the old combs containing the brood and also some honey are to be transferred. After the bees have been drummed into the empty box take off one of the sides of the old box hive and cut out the combs one by one By cutting them to the necessary size they are fitted wiih the now frames in which they are held in position by tying two bands of string round the frame with the comb in position Great i^ari- must he exercised that the brood is not injured by pressure of any kind during the process of cutting out and fixing the combs, and that the combs are the same way up in the new hive as in the box 12399—2 18 •>>ve. The frames containing tiie old conilis are now placed on the new hive and the bees are thrown out in front of the hive as described already and allowed to run in and take possession of their old furniture in a new house. In the case of bees which have been found in a tree they may be transferred often by drumming into a box and hi\nng in the usual way after cutting out the coKibs and fixing tliom into frames. Bee*i may be transfcrreil at any time of the year when the honey flow is on; the best season in most parts of Canada is in the spring when the fruit trees arc m bloom and this will enable the colony to get into good condition during the summer. When it is possible, the transfer should be made on a warm, fine day, preferable befoie noon. RE-QUEENINO. The success of the hive depends upon the character of the queen, therefore the bee-keeper must keep a careful record of the age of the queens and their history, which is as important to him as the records of cattle or of horses are to tlie farmer. A queen should not be retained after the tliird season; many bee- keepers replace them after the second season. A young and prolific queen insures a strong colony. There are also other reasons than that of old ajre which may make the bee-keeper desirous of re-queening. He may wish to replace a Black queen by an Italian, which is always advisable; or the colony may have lost their queen for some reason or other. The loss of the queen is indicated by the extreme restlessness of the bees, especially during the evening when the other colonies are quiet; the queenless bees being found running in and out of their hive in an excited manner and buzzing with a peculiar note. Queens may either be reared or purchased. If they are purchased they should be obtained from a reliable person and from an apiary free from bee disease; in any case it is advisable to destroy the workers which accompany the queen. Queens that are purchased are either "tested" or "untested." An "untested" queen is a young queen which has mated but has not been kept long enough to enable the producer to determine whether her offspring are pure bees tiiat is, whether she lias mated with a pure ilrone. A "tested" queen is one tlie appearance of whose offspring has proved that she has mated with a pure drone Queens may be sent long distances by mail. They are sent with a supply of candy and a few workers in small cages, the common form being the Benton cage which is so constructed that it can be used in introducing the queen. It is advisable, however, to transfer the queen into a new cage before introduciiiu Before a queen is introduced into a c lot y having a queen which it is desired to replace, the colony must be made queei.N ss bv removing the old queen. This should be done about forty-eiglit hours before the new queen is introduced If a colony has been queenless for about twelve to sixteen davs it is extremely probable that there will be one or more virgin queens in the hive, if the colony IS a strong one. These young queens must be destroyed, and the queen cells should be cut out. It is not advisable to allow the bees to bo queenless for more than five days. Full instructions for' the introduction of the queens, etc usually accompany them when they are purchased. The introducing cage i.s placed on the top of the frames with the wire facing downwards. The entrance to the introducing cage is blocked with candy and covered with a piece of paste- board when It IS received. By gnawing away the card, the bees can eat the caiuiy and thus release the queen, which should take place within twenty-four hours. Sometimes the bees will " ball " the queen when she enters the hive, in which case the ball of bees must be well smoked and the queen, which will be found in the centre, should be put into Uh; cage and introduced again. VV here a colony ha.s one or more young queens, for example in the case of tlie old queen having left with a swarm, they are more ready to accept a new 10 qucon. After the queen has been intrixliiced. the colony should be disturbed a<» little as possible, and only to see whether the hees have accepted the queen with- out balling her. SWAKMINO AND INCREASE. Perhaps no problem has occupied the attention of beu-kecper.H so much as that of the control and prevention of swarming. Swarming is a natural method of increase and is due chiefly to the overcrowded state of the hive and to the inability of the queen to lay, through lack of room. Other causes are also respon- : ible. It is the object of the modern bee-keeper to prevent swarming as far as possible, or at least to keep it under control. The bees must be occupied in I nthering honey rather than in raising undesirably large quantities of brood. If <"'.reful watch is kept, it usually can be a.'icertained when the swarm will issue. The swarm is composed of a iaigo proportion of the workers of the colony led by t!io old queen. Before the swarm issues it will bo found usually that the brood chiimber is crowded and that there are a number of queen cells. The bees are (luiet and remain noticeably inside the hive while the other colonies are working. When the swarm issues, it generally settles on the bough of a bush or tree near to the apiary, but in some cases it may fly across the country. If the Umb of the tree is a small one and can be spared, the swarm is readily hived by cutting off the limb and shaking the swarm on to a white sheet or paper spread before the entrance of the new hive. In the new hive the frames may be supplied with full sheets of foundation and a single comb containing brood may be placed in the middle to make the bees feel at home. After the first swarm has issued from a hive, it is not unusual for secondary swarms or casts to come off. These should be prevented by carefully cutting out all the queen cells except one in the old hive after the emergence of the first swarm. If it is desired, a new queen may be introduced at this stage, as previously described. The greatest trouble which is encountered in permitting bees to swarm as a means of natural increase is the frequent difficulty of capturing the swarm. It may travel some distance or it may collect in an inaccessible situation. A large number of bee-keepers prevent this by clipping the wings of the queen early in the season and this practice is to be recommended. In the spring the hives are carefully examined and, when the queei? is found, the fore-wing of one side is carefully clipped by means of fine, sharp-pointed scissors. With practice, the operation can be performed without removing the queen from the comb. The result of this precaution is that, when the swarm issues, the queen cannot fly and consequently the swarm does not leave the neighbourhood of the hive, where the queen may be found, usually making ineffectual attempts to fly. She should lie caged. The hive from which the swarm issued may now be removed to one side and a new hive containing a comb of brood set on the old stand. The swarm is hived in the new hive into which bees out in the field enter on their return; the queen is also released in the new hive with the swarm. The parent colony should then have all the queen cells, except one, removed as previously described, and the reduction in numbers caused by the bees entering the new hive on their return will usually prevent a second swarm or cast issuing. Another method of preventing the swarm leaving the neighbourhood of the hive is to catch the queen, if she has not been clipped, by means of a queen trap placed in front of the entrance and proceed as in the case of the clipped queen. PREVENTION OF SWARUINO. The principle adopted in the prevention of swarming is the removal of the causes which are responsible for the impulse to swarm. As ah '>ady stated, the chief of these is the overcrowded state of tlio hive. Lack of vemllation is also 12390—21 if I* ao H:.r*^°** u*"".®- ^° ""S'" method may be said to be univewallv effective. different bee-keepem advocate different one.. The foUowinTarJ So/ he Ka^r doei'^L* been proven succeerful, but no one ^"fl bTeffXal i overcrowded with brood, or if the frame/in the bro^dchamberTe filled with rooT * AH Jr '^' ,* k" r """ *''l ^' ""'*^'« ^"« ^^y and she must bS given more Si Additional bodies may be placed over the brood chamber a£d ft is T visable to separate them from the latter by means of the queenT cK athmS r^Jd'olfnlT^'^^'il '''T ^^^^^P^^ Fresh combs^may b^v dod i he Sn of th'/.''?? *''°'' ^'if™T containing brood and honev wi h a S « • ,r ,- Kr L '^"^'" ™''y.be placed in one of the hive bodies above- the ex- cluder. Frequent extraction will give more storage room. By t e nrovLion honey is d.«ired, swarming may often be prevented ^tracted Thi« n1^ I '""' *"";? u^'S^u*^ ^® P"^ *° *•>« ventilation of th.- hive in summer the b, Horn hn'^Tl?'''''"** ^y P™PP]°K "P *'"^ f'°"* °^ the hrool chambrf?om the bottom board by means of wooden wedges one inch in t !mkiu-s This 3 only :.ss,sts in the prevention of swarming but also in gr.^ or lonov oroduc Rhe'":e^Tvent'!lat?thl h-" '%r" °°' ^e compell^, us UherwU wSd DO ine < ase, to ventilate the hive. There are other methods piiinloved for nro c±' 's: sr "" '"°°'' ""■""" " ' ">""• »' v™tii«,!',;r;re.ffi INCIiK.^SB. h^nJ^^A ^ti^'^'^'Tu'"' .'^ *** *'^''^' ™*y forestall the natural swarrainL' of tl.P withrt th.**'° '^^ '"r^" '" *»?" ""'"'^'^^ '^^ ««>«"'«' which he m\^£ « thout the worries and inconveniences which natural swarming often cX's I he simplest manner to ncreasp, that is to make tun p,;iI^ ll . J ca^^*"- .liyide equally between the two hive's il' w! c^ntSnTthe bl^^d U. Kive a young queen or a frame rontaining a queen cell to the queenloss nnrtl '.':tt'^%tS!;ir '^ "^'^ ' ^**^ ^^'"^^ -"^^^--^ erprytmbir'fui, r^ir;;^l!iis aS M^::conSj f^iiieslt;;;?^^ r'^^^T^ rlation one and a half or two inch* S is^rinks nE.^ ^^^ "^ '"''' ^''""■ ing unsealed brood should be placed in the middl ^'''" ^ .^1 ^orTe ^1"".; the bees m the new hive. The hoes are now shatU nW ti.kr ^^'^"'1*" "^^ P P»,.„, colon, i„.„ the now hhc .n,l ur™,Z.'th',rM^^.:r^^^^^^^ 21 THE PRODUCTION OF HONEY. As the production of honey is the bee-keeper's object, everj't)nni; must be done which will assist in obtaining the largest amount. The greatest" essentiiii is to have the dive full of bees whon ihe first honey flow arrives, wh'ch is usually at the time of the fruit bloom. I' is iinpoi iant to remember tlat the bees must be produced beiore tiie honey flow arrives in order that when the flow is on they may he gathering honey rather than consuming it, which would be the case if brood roaring were left until the first honey flow arrived. Early in the season, the bees are busy gat.iering nectar and pollen from the early flowers; the ptllon is cliiefly from the "aiioup kinds of willows; this is food for the young bees and should be sui'plemei tod, if necessary, by feeding. When the beea are strong in the spring thry are able to make full use of these early plants which u.-e essential to the production of brooil and the building up of a strong colony. The honey is obtained Irom the bees either in the form of extracted honey or as coiiiL honey, and the methods employed in the production of these two forms vurv. In both cases, supers are put on iop of the brood chamber with or without a queen excluder between the brooH chamber and the first super. Th- supers are put on a.s soon as the ives are filled with bros and thf frames with brood and honey. In some cases, in order to obtain a specially -trong colony, a second brood chanii)( r is placed on top of the original and the qu"eii excluder is plaeed above the second tier. At the end of tlie season the que en is placed in the lower brood clianiber with the queen excluder abov^ this. EXTRACTED HONEY. For the prr-'uction of extracted hon^y, the super is usually the same size as the broud daniber and contains an equal numLer of standard frames. Some bee-keepers use >l.a!low frames for extracting, but the standard size is prefer- able and commonly us(>d. Wlien it is possible, these frames should be filled witii empty comb as this enables the bees to immediately begin .storing honey. In the case of the 'i'(>t;itmer, iiowever, with a growing apiary, it will not be possible to s't-)ply empty combs in the supers and full sheets of foundation should lie used. The foundation used in extracting frames must be wired, other- wise the combs will break under the strain of extracting. The wax foundation is fixeu in the frames, either in grooves which arc cut in the underside of the to]) bar in which :t is heltl by means of a wedge, or by a wax foundation roller, a small wheel (a knife handle, wiiich must be moistened, will accomplish the same end) which presses the wax firmly on to the wood of the ui)per frame wticrc it is made still firmer by means of melted wax poured alons the other side. In fixing the foundation, care must be taken that it is perfectly .straight, otherwise the combs will be built in a crooked manner and the chief end for which frames and foundations are used will be defeated. By wiring the foundation it is not only kept straight but it is strengthened. In' wiring, three or four horizontal strands of tinned wire (No. :50) are stretched across the inside of the frame. This can be done by piercing foiir holes through the end bars of the frame, the top hole being about an inch below the upper bar. The wire, when it has been threaded through these holes and across the frame, should be flac on the sheet of wax foundation into which it is now embedded by means of » spur embedder; t!iis is a small wheel with grooved teeth. When most of the frames in the extracting super contain capped cells, another super should be placed below the first one. The capping of tlie cells iudicates that the honey is "ripe" Honey which is extracted from unci.pfud ccdls is "unripe" and should be ripened by artificial means In the proces-^ of ri'iMMiing, a percentage of the vvaier is evaporated and certain chemical ch-.iijies take place in the sugar coiapounds. Where it is possible, it is preferaiile to 22 ripen the honey in the hive and extract only from capped combs. Tlie bee- keeper may citltcr remove the extracting super as soon as the honey in the frames is capped ur lie may tier up the supers and remove them at the end of the honey season. Where it is desired to keep the different classes of honey ctvrefully separated, the removal of the supers as soon'os they are filled is advisa- ble. When a super is full and ready for removal, a bee escape should be placed underneath the super iiliout twenty-four hours before its removal. The full extracting supers are carried to the bee house, the windows of which are fitted with screens. Here the frames are taken out of the super and the cappings from one side are removed by means of the sharp uncapping knife which is warmed by being kept in hot water. The cappings fall into a tin or special strainer and the frame is placed in the cage of the extractor with the uncapped cells outside. The turning of the handle of the extractor causes the honey to be thrown out of the eunib by centrifugal force and as soon as it is all removed from one side, the otlier side is uncapped ond extracted in a similar manner. The empty combs are then re:ieriods for the opening of the chief honey-producing flowers, in order that the bees may be made as strong as possible with a view to their making full use of tlir opportunities for honey gathering. This will result in a reduction of the nunil)er of partially filled sections. When most of the sections are capped over, the super should be raised and another placed beneath it, and when it is finished it can be removed, after clearing it of bees by means of a Porter bee- eseapt". A good section of honey should have practically all the cells filled and capjied over to t'le outside adjoining the wood, the cappings white and the wood clean and free from propolis. THE PRODUCTION OF WAX. Notwithstanding the fact that wax is a more valuable article than honey, it pays the bee-keeper of to-day to produce honey in preference to making the bees expend their energies in the production of wax. With modern methods of ! t ■ ! 23 extraction, the honey »« rctiovod from the cunilM and these are again given to the been, or carefully atpred away for use in the next season. The wax which the t)(>i>-ke(-per now obtains, resultii rom the melting up of cappings, old combs, ('<)mi>H which have been in dixeaHod hives, and pieces of drone comb which have Ix'on cut out of worker combs, etc. All spare wax should be saved. There are three main methods of rendering wax, that is, of obtaining the rt'ire wax from the various waste products, such as crnpings, comb, etc., namely, oy the use of the Solar wax extractor, the unhesitert wax press and the heated wax press. The Solar wiix extractor, whicli usuttliy consists of a long, shallow tray cover- ed with glass, can only be used during the warm months as the wax is melt'-d by the heat of the ^un, and it ia suitable only for new comb and pieces of newly- made wax. Old eonibs will not melt in the Solar wax extractor and for tlierof his colonies, in wliicli case it nught be advisable. An excellent hot-water extractor devisod by Mr. Sibbah'. may ba purchased for about eight dollars (see Fig. 3). When the amount of wax is small, it may be melted up in water in a tin or copper vessel whicti is heated by placing it in a large pan of boiling water. Wax should not be melteil i an iron vessel or in water eoutaiiiiiig iron. Wiien the amount of wax justifies tlie use of more up ♦o-ilute niethtxls of extraction, a wa:: press such as the Sibl)al(l, wliicb may l)e heated by iiiciin-^ of hot water or steam, is recom- mende • • • • , . » . " le resulting wax may either l>e iiiinie \tp into toundation or sold. In the latter case, it will be necessaryto reniett it to purify it further. FKHDIXC. There are two chief reasons for feeiliiiji l>ii-s. .-5()iue1iuies it is desired to stimulate brood raising when the supplies in the hive and outside are slmrt; this may be either in the sprinp or during a spell of drought previous to a honey flow. The second reasim is for the purpo.se of enabling the bees to make up the requisite stores for their own use during the winter. .Mthough it is often advis- able to resort to stimulative feeding in the sining, it cannot be said that feeding in the fall for winter stores after tlu? close of the honey season, tmless the latter lart of the season has been an exceptionally dry one. is good bee-keeping. It indicates that the bees have been rol)be(l of surplus whieli sliould li:i\ e l)eeu left for their own use during the winter. Spring feeding is often neiessury but fall feeding can usually be avoided. One of the chief objections to feeding is that it may induce rol)l)ing. , , , ,. t* . Either lu/uev or syrup made from sugar may used for feedmg. If honey is used, the boe-keeper must assure himself that there is no disease in the apiary frou' which it originates, otherwise he will run a very great risk of having disease introduced into the apiary. The safest plan is Jiercr to buy honey for feeding. Wlu-n honey is used it should be thinned a little by the addition of warm water. If tlie liee-keeper has no honey which has been produced in his own apiary, sugar ■should be bought for feeding in preference to honey. Only tie best granulated cane sugar should ' Cheap grades of sugar an(i molasses should be avoid- ed, as they usuall .ove harmful. For spring stimulative feeding, the syrup is made of equal [iurts by weight or volume of the granulated sugar and water. The mixture should be boiled gently and stirred until all the sugar is dissolved. The greatest care must be taken to a%'oid burning it as the slightest burning will prove injurious to the bees. , , , For winter feeding the syrup must be thicker and two parts of sugar should be dissolved in one part of water. The hives should be carefully examined from 4 4 2i about the middle of September to the bcRinning of October to fve what rintcr 8tor«, they have At this time, a good colony Thould have tTomtwentlf ,e S winf ^r'^'^rff."!?'^ K^ "^PPtf ''""^y- depending upon the average H of thS ™nf ♦! f"*" ^? T^^y eBtimated from the fact that the standard-siied framea of the Langstroth hive will hold about five pounds of honey when filS 1 here should be. therefore, about six frame, of capM honey. It i. a gid nile Ihl^^tZl ^"'•'^Ji^ ^^^ ""'r^^' ">"'P ^"' ''""y P°»"d of honey if theTes^e short of the required amount. For example, if the bees have altogether onlv th?^ fift^^l.n'!f'''V ^"""'y '\^'" ^' "^/•^""'y *° ^«"'' »•'-'" wih about tweltct^ fifteen pound, of syrup. A teaspoonful of tartaric acid added to ever7twentv holes m the mo al cap of a glass fniit jar. If the ja^ is then fille,l with svruoS the cap screwed on tightly it may be inverts over a hole in the qui t on t" e too ^1h ll T**- •.^"°i!''*r «™P'e "'''thod is to half fill a shallow tin^p"n Shsy^C and fill .t up with shavmgs or excelsior, or lay a piece of canvas, ceese cloth or sacking previously wetted on top of the syrup. In both thrsrcas 7 th^n.n^I p aced on top of the frame., the roof having been raSl^ moanTof a sYallow Teing 7owS' " The' mU Tr^tv '^'f'*'. '" f'*"" *''? ^'^'^"'' wilhoura^^ii.rof^tt rS^eP^l^^L '^^Jnn^efcSt;;^?|=^ ^£ is placed over the brood ch.mber. It du2 Sntseia e\hU t^ "^^"'^ direct access to it £rom the brood chaniber wX xvl, . h it i! „ * ''^ '•''''^ IS the Ui\ ision-boaid feethr (Fi^. S) c ov spd bv Mr nn,,littu iV .""'«'r an oniin...y broo.l fran.e .hi.]. L the n.id.lletJJion'irih^'top barr"m II rh ^ L*D C a D J F"i(.. -Section of tl,e .Miller feeder, showing Its ron.Htruriion: A. B •^vrui, rosiTvoir- r K~.. . to feeder over fra„ie«; D, .trip of perforated 2i„c or wire! A. removil,!"^vir """* an.l wooden sides, thus making a thin box open at the top. It is divided bv a r* r^'^^^'^'K ^ ^'r^ advantage of this feeder is 1 hat^t can be i^^e te nL* a In most parts of Canada it is odviHabio to complete the feeding in the fall by the end of September; in Britinh Columbia it may be poHtponed for a month, otherwise there might bo a tendency for the bees to devote to the raising of brood too much of the honey which tdiould be stored for winter supplien. To a limitcni extent, brood raising should be encouraged in the fall in order to have plenty of young bees in the hive for the winter, but it must not be overdone, otherwise the bees will deprive themselves of stores. Fio. 8.— Uivwiun-buura Icctltr to tianu 'n the liivc in plaic of a frame. WINTERING. The care of bees during the winter is a problem of special importance in many parts of Canada wherever prolonged spells of verj- low temperature t\n^ experienced. The climatic conditions of the various pnjvincis necessitate the adoption of different methods of wintering the bees. Witii the exception of certain parts of Rritisli Columbia, such as the dry belt, where the winter is mild, and in soutliwestem Ontario, it is usually advisable to winter the bees indoors, that is, under cover. If the temperature does not fall below zero (Fahrenheit) they may be wintered generally outside. Below 4,5 degrees F. they are usually inactive but, as the temperature rises to 50 degrees F., they become active and may start to rear brood. The most satisfactory metliod of wintering tlicm, therefore, is to maintain the hives at a constant temperature of 4") degrees F.; this can be accomplished by indo( r wintering if the winter is mild. JSeing in a constant state of inactivity during the winter they consume less storos than if tiiey are subject to a variable winter temperature, as is usually the case when ti:ey are wintered out of doors. In order to ensure, so far as is i)ossil)ie, the successful wintering of tlie bees, tlie bee-keeper m^ust pay careful attention to the following requirements. The hive should be well filled with young bees. If there is a large proportion of old ixes, they will die of old age during the winter with the result that the colony will he weak in the spring. If brood rearing continues up to about the middle or end of October, there will be a good supply of young bees and the hive will come out of the winter quarters in a strong condition in the spring. When the bees are crowded together on the approach of cooler weather at the end of October or the beginning of November, they should occupy not less than six spaces lii-tween the brood bs. It is preferable to have seven or eight spaces filled with bees when possibio. The bees should go into winter quarters with a good supply of stores; as has already been stated, they sliould have from twenty- live to thirty-five pounds of capped honey at this time of the year. If the Iof;ility i one in which the winters are unusually long it will be advisable to winter tliem 26 on a Iw^w nipply of hojify. The qiirat ihould b« « voung one, preferablv not ■i, ' OUTIMH)K WINTKUINd. In tho«e localiti*-) in which the wiiitiT in inild cough to Dermit outdoor wiiitermg. 8ome protection will be n.-.Ts^ary. If tho hivw arnZuw»ll«, ns ,H usually the case, the be«t method in to pack the hive Tn Zff«rS; M.lM ance in a large b(,x. Obtain a packing case or make a cJe luonizJftZ At the »H)ttom of thw, pack dry IcavcH. straw, niwduHt. wood-shaving" or cx^ «•.. s,or to a depth of about ^ix inches and ntand ihe hive on top of tS aver An ., ranee hole must be made in the si.le of th.- outside box op^K^ie the entrance lo [Zu\l" ""'.' " '"""'' "^ *■"*** '""^* ^'^ P'"'-"*' '>«"•« th" box Sh ve he e™ ranee S. ,uL M •'"^"■""^ "P*"" »!"• n communication. When this has be^n done he V 1. ole o tiie space between the hive and the outside cas,- is filled with the pick mt nuterml. The roof of the hive should be removed and two thirSri™ K d miCo "th"^/" V'r, ^'?- "^•*'"' ^"""♦'« underneath the quilt to fSJm a bee passage The top of the hive is now covered with the packing material and the top of '. he wo,Hlen cane i. naile.l or screwed on. The top should brwier-iglt Ufoll'/l'r"" "r- '^"''"'1''' '•« '""^"'''^ *^i'»> tarrell building pIi^wMch A number of forms of doubl.-walled hives have been devi.sed and where these are uscl. n.mjely, in the mild r.-gions near the coa.st, no furtluV proTeition will be necessary beyond the fill ng „f the space between the outer and Srwa l" over' hoten""" -n' •'""' V". P''""'"" °^ " '^''^ '•"■•'*''«" °" t''^' top oUhc hive ul n if ^.^""'T- • ' "■ ,*"■'■"* ?'""?«" ♦" «"*"• ««'»'"«» in outside wintering and also who. wintering m.l..ors, is dampness. Every precaution must be taken ^o k..,.p the h.ve dry. otherwise the colony may be iJst When tl e ea hor is cold tt beer'"' '^ ^" '^on^ract.A but not sufficiently to pr.-v.nt the pas!4ge of INOOUU WIMKKIXli. Ill most parts of Canada it will l^e advisable to winter the b».es j.ul.H.rs which has already been shown to be the most salisfactorv me hod i .arSv curried out. It may be mentioned, however, that bees have been sueecsl v w,nten;d out o doors in Northern Ontario (n..Hr Liskeard) in boxe^vK a 1 " r of ten inches of sawdust pH.king. There is „„ .joubt that, with care c^scCm r;.o!lonHvf?[ Ty''"^ out of doors in many localities where the t;n^^^ era ' frequently falls b.low zero Fahn-nheit. Although each be.-keeper must ' cces- sar ly bo guided by the accommodation which he has available, t nmy act a . guide If a short d..scription ,s given of the be,.-,-ellar in which tlu- colon! sb,- longing to the apiary of the Division of Entomologv ar.. wintered 1 „ , ^*^' 1?"''^''' boarded off from the cellar of "a privat.- house, which cellar ha.s stone walls and a concrete floor. The chamb.T m.asur..s 1 ' 6'' wide 1 V long and 7' high. It is boarded off from the cellar of the hon.se by a Srtition whirl. form.s a wall around the whole of the chamber and is .epara Wby ai dr Tilu r 'u '\T ''*"■. Jbe cem..nt floor is well drained below and d" !L If • ifi • 'I''*' l^"^'"' T ^1''^'' t'^-'^ "f ••*'"''^'«' an^l two passages. The owe -t she ,s 18 in.hes from the floor, the second shelf is 20 inches above the lowe shelf and an eqnal distance separates the second and third shelves Nehher the uprights .supporting the shelves nor the third shelf touches the roof oh. 27 rhamlM'r. with the rw»ult that no vihrationa can reach the hives from aljova. ShihuK ventilators in the wooden wall* of the chamber and aluo in the cellar an urnuiKed to ^nwinta-n an even temperature. Sudden ehancea of temperature mxut he »voidrd and the ventilation of the chamber murtbe attended to moet .■arefiilly. The temperature of the bee cellar should be kept between 40 degrees K and 45 degri** h. from the time the bees arc put in until they are removed m the »pring. If the temperature riws the bees will lieeomc re8th>MH and «.l.| air Hhould be carefully admitted at ni^ht by openlnR the ventilator.* which may l.e cl(w.d m the mornmg. In extremely cold weather it may be necessary to ^lI^*e the tenaperature of the larRe cellar by means of a Miiall Htoveand by adjust- mg the ventilat<«;K the t.miMrature of the bee chamber may Ik. maintained alwve to (lenrees F. The cellar must be rat and mouse proof. lOxpernients carried on for a numbor of years in t he Apiary of » l,e Division i.iive Hhown that the followmg ts one of the most satisfactory methods of preDar. iii« the bee^s for wmtermR m the cellar. Tlie hives are placed on the shelves and .•;.(h hive has a l.ree inch block under the back end so that the rear is hitther limn the front; this ensures a better ventilated and a hive. H ^"mlhr amount, -timulative f ;.! L /^Vr^H^^ ' '.''^^ "'r^ *« »'•''• Im.m .|,„uI,1 be fed at niifht L |«v l?,..i?^ ^ ■*) ''''°" ' .'**' ••'"Pt««. The tl... >..ur wben foo.n,h<.M ofthe lil^tX wi i 5 ?«"<•"»>«'">« obtained from the virion" jyrup they will be enoiSraSTdelorthK^^^^ Hon.. tuia-H, when the old queen is not renlJeeH »f TkI ? V"^. """"'Ri'ment. .oh.ny be.on.e« queenl^ss ^urnVthe winter and thl.:^.?''- " ^ '-^ ""T"' "'" r.stle.s«n.v^s and buKJ of tlVe U ,"m nn l ♦!,« . ' "V**.^ '" '"''"'at*"*! hy the is w..ak in the .pring i "ild^'^Vn; 1 Va'^at ot^e'co^^^^^^^^ iiL^'^ 7'*'"^ are actively Hying. anSn^anl,;' of" hf .lill/ry^rm^^ wUh "a" *"•'' 'T finding out the Btute of the colonv lu r..»or i>, i!, i*^ oe maac with a view to the brood is seattere,! over s 've dTran^t Lv^i "iTtlT^^ '^ '\ '" '"""^^ t^*"* of the hive. When an unusual Iwo' hom^^t^u"^^^ combs are frequent y filkd ud with »>««»„ o\,^ *i V "> .^^e season, the inK faeilities: o remedy thi" win lueh^.nn r/- * ''"'*" " ^l>^^^ of lay- worker comb should W;:'.! neL? t^ ceX'onhVcXny' 'iMhe^L*""^'^ a young one of the previous vear otw ..f f h» Z\^l coiony. if the queen m of the year. «. prc-viotr^ll re.C/uSed! "'^'' ""^ ''" '''"PP*^ "* *»>'« «">« R0I5BINC,. Although the b«'( w.i.k.r communities. Roi)i)inK is uanallv ^t..^^^ k ■ * .* ***''"^ of serve as SnTnc^ntT;: -^^^^w^^ ", dVVwVk'^oKnv X^l^M >"h •'^"' «^*- weak colonie.s do n(.t usually off rmuTreS?/.n ./?'''"'«> '?'«™- ^he more i.ol.1 an.l then fierce are the enc.^ZerJ 1^ T' ^"* ^'''^ ,™^'^^" ''"■"'"e i^ .sometimes thorougldy disorganized \vT' rf-'''T '''r ^''^ *^°'« ^P^'^'-y ..f the hive, .shoul.l bo con racted to e\. ,1 , "* >'f begun, the entrances c.a.sily; the hives ^houldZt be Inip^Tat Vc c^^^^^^ VT "^'^^^ sary m which case it .should be carried o nv i?t hi "riv! ''''««'"t^'y "^■^'es- tiu. ,lay when few bees are flying It is occ^lin ?„ Iv ^ "'"niing cr late in hives under small tents of Jno^ui!^ n^tS^'^vtotTKnl? \^'l^^ ia biing robbed, • bunch of damp gntm, h»y or brunh may b« tliruwn in fr<. • uf the rntraBM; thia will (requi-ntly serve to prcvrnt thi« robben entering tlic Jiivt-. KobbiM mo«t frequently takrit place in tiu» spring and fall when honey ia acarce, and ita pn>vcntion it* an add. tionalreatton for having the eolooieaatrontf at thoae aeaaona of the year. BEE DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. The diaraaea to which been an- subject may »)e divided into two claaa.* namely, diacasea afferting tiie adult beea and diccaMes afferting the brood Of all the dim'aw'a, the two affecting the brood, which are known aa Ameriean loul Brood and Eurpix-an Foul Brood re!iiralWli'.'t.yai8<.iwo. . Iirtc tin. aturiil»u'u .-Ai/,i;js, /■arm.T* Hull. Xo. Ut- U.S. utpl. Agric.)' '"in- (low.. lar\ aiiuiiaily. llns does not take into account the loss of the ci ps enfiiird by tlif (1( struction of the bew nor tliu severe setback which isKivea to the industry III tlie ioeahties wlicro the diseases occur, resuhinK frequcnlly in the totui jthit - (!«;iu!icnt of bec-kcepiiif;. These diseuscs are si)readiiiK in Canada and ".re piiiticularly serious m tlie Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. As in otter c(Mi!!lne« .and st:,te<4 whrre bee-keeping i^ .■nri;uniK; <1, those pruvin. ,>, : 'lA !il-o Hritish Columljia, have passed hgisiation deaiiiiK with t!ie control of 1i . <• l>rood diseases and the reader is referred t siicceediun section where tin c laws arc given in full. In this connection, .lowcver, it sh(jiild l.c |»ii)itr(' ,.-, ; tl:at in tlicso diseases, as in human diseases, vigilance and pn vciition >l..,;iM t 30 Fin. 10. A>,„Ti< „„ f„ul l.ro^Kl r„,„l, ,(„.« ipK irn-gular r .pping, ,.„d scale, in.lirate. f hn l.-M «ay to view the sraff (Phillipt, Farmrrs Bull. So. Ut. The positiiin of the comS oc/\io'ntra^?^..,!'';,:!'::irt.^r;'-;;:!SJ^:ri-^' European Fou Brood do not attack the •idnlt I.Vw.«"k„VY" i^iV" ""-i"". '"'" European Fou tho colonies to so grot ^u o^t tfmt thL ""f f *'^,' .^•■""^' "'->• ^^^uce to the ahsenno of young h.K.?to tak t£ J^lf "''"f ?k''^^ 'J'''^ ^'^"J'' ^^''^g .lisoases ar,. distin,-t and c n I, • readilv inWol f ^^'^ "''^ ""^•''- Tho two t.Tiological examinatif)n TlVo ,iiff«. / separated by appearance and by bac J.rocdin the S ofttetw,! Hsle 7.. T'^'i^.r^.^^ "'^ affected and^dead Ixo-keepcr a means o i, en iea o"'- * f , '"'" '7) "^f f.vmptoms, affords the local inspector of apiaries orf™ ^nT" ''""'i*' "* '''""''' ™n«"'t the .xamination. Boti. tSro7fonl Tl i^ ''"™'/ .*'''^ <"^''«'^'^*J ''omb for ...ganisms although tl.ee slll^rlJSs a^irttlJ ° ^' .''^^^^'^^ »'>' bacterial and American authorities as to tlTiientitv the .r"""" ^'"''"^ ''^"'""P'^'^" the respective diseases Dr Wh e V Ih n OTgmi^ms responsible for States Department «rAgricultte haf made aTd" U '^ •.?"'°'"?'"«-^'' ^^"'^^^^ thorough investigation of the bll'tt'dologv „^ Zl li' ' f"""^'!"" °"' '^ ^'"'y in.cro-organism constantly present iTdiVasedin^' • ^ 'j"' '''"'^ **"** ^^"^ American Foul Brood is BfJlu^lZ which fs protwv the'e^ .'**'"'l''*^ ^>' 111 fins disease. In Euronean Fnnl Rr««J r is probably the etiological factor to be present in ditaseff samnles Thl^ ""' "''*'' "^'^^ constantly found ^tu.lietl in England irTsV^urther St ^H^?'"^ "'•'' ^.^* discovered and statement can'^be mad'e'^rlo tStuLtl'^e' la^reLe:''"''' '''' ^^«"'*« 31 AMKKIIAX FOUL BROOD. At present this is the more common and widely spread of tlie two diseases and is often referred to as dimply "Foul Brood". The larvse are attacked usuallv wlicn they are full-grown and fill the cell. At first, a brownish discolouration may be observed and the larva .sinks down into the cell, gradually becoming darker in colour. At this stage a characteristic typical of the disease mav be (ihserved by the bee-keeper. If a small wooden match, stick or wooden tooth- pick be inserted into one of these brownish and diseased larva and gently with- drawn, the contents of the larva will string out in a ropy manner. This "ropiness" will often serve as a means of first detecting the disease. Later the larva gradually dries up. forming a brown scale on the lower side of the cell to which it adheres. If the diseased comb is held in a slanting manner so that a bright light falls upon the lower sides of the cells, the scale-like remains of the dried up larv» can be seen. Most of the larva; appear to succumb to the disi'ase after the cell has been capped. If the caps are not removed by the disease, they become sunken and in otl\er cases they are merely perforated The presence therefore of sunken and j)crforated cappings serves" as a further means of diagnosing the trouble. When tlie pup.T die of the di.seasc, it is not unusual to find their tongues attaciud to the upper side of the cell. Diseased combs have a chara<{"ri' agaii^t the base of the cell. haX by this tLe comJlSy tt ^X u'^uS Kr.-°''i>"i-'"r T"' •* ^"^'l' ^^''y ^'°™ *»>« base of the cell. Te colour becomes a distmct yellow, which is characteristic of the disease, or t mav be payish. Fmally, it forms a dirty-brown scale at the base of thTceH or a sha„e! less mass on its lower side. When a small piece of wood is inserted iSto the dh^ e^ed larva very httle ' ropiness" is shown. A sickly odouTis usuXnresent wh.ci, to many people IS very offensive. Italian bLs appear to be Eio resist the attack of the disease which is most destructive to Black colonies PREVENTIVE MEA817REB. In order to prevent the disea>^e entering the apiary or spreading shouhl it Tt?r*f "'^ a'^"^^' * ^r 'r'8f.«^ **»^ •"^'^'^^ by which it is spreSnecZarv The chief medium in which the disease germs are carried is honey Sbdn.; the case, the different methods of infection will be realized. ^ Feedinor.— Bees should never be fed with honev obtainpH fp«m «.,♦ ■ i sources, unless the bee-keeper knows the apiary frorwhichitlobtWH«nT"" certain that it is free from Foul Brood. Thly sCid c^Sfnly nevS Sll w t h honey bought m the open market. »'"«> "ever oe lea with «o66tn(7.-A diseased colony in a ncighl,ouriiig apiary may be weak and in consequence will be robbed with the result that infected honev will ho intmT.i j into hea thy hives. This should be prevented so far asT Jo" We Cl^m SZ'?'' '\*^" premises of bakers and confectioners who , nay be uSng an often d(, eap honey obtained from localities where disease occurs This IS a cous. rce of danger When a diseased hive is being treS or maS . pulated, II . _ je robbed by bees from a healthy hive. "nicu or mam- . Supplies and Queens. -VnleBs the bee-keeper is certain that second-hind supplies which he may purchase come from hedthy apiarieVthore Ts a ln.,;r o infection. .Workers whicii acjoinpany queens when the iSer have been purchased for introduc ion are liable to be infected and unless it is known that the apiary from which they come is free from disease, the worked should be destroyed and the queen transferred to a clean cage. "'"'^"ers snouia be REMF.OIAL TREATME.VT. It is known that the cause of American Foul Brood is the bacterial oreanism Bacillus larvce and European Foul Brood will no doubt be shown to be due t^ a like, name y, bac erial cause. The treatment, therefore, may be directed towards the elimination of the cause of the disease and source of Stbn So.ne rt^commend and insist upon the total destruction of the bees and hive etc bv burning and while, no doubt in the case of bacterial .ii'-ease such ex?rem7meMures are certain m their effect, it has been shown that by careful treatmenTaJd SI' quent observation the disease can be controlled. This treatment consS in the PlatiII. il>l)iiM fiot-water Wax Extnutor. Fio. 4.-R..quirrmPnts for shakine Irrntmrnt of Fnul Brood- 1 Hive L -'""-.i" O" ""«''"'' ,^':in'l: ' ... <'tiipty l.iv.. to rontain frai containitid diRrascd colonv; foriiiinKrunwa\'>Vovrr.>f''ri;".n"h'ivn'''k-' '"",'" """»'" 'ramrs aftor shaking: /5. hoard ^\quo?n™Sddronctrap; ft- smoker '^'' '' '"^^*- ''"">«" '^"^"^ ^^^cr. of wax-foundation; 12399— p. 32 ss removal of the bees from the mfected hive, combs and brood, into a clean hive where they are compelled to use up any honey they may be carrying in the production of wax, thus removing aU means of infection if the proper care is talcen in manipulating. TheSKaking Treatment.— The method of procedure in this treatment is as follows: The bees should be treated, if possible, when a honey flow is on. If manv colonies are to be treated, the operation should begin in the middle of a fine day. If there are oijjr a few colonies they may be treated preferably, in ths evening, as the opportunities for robbing are thereby decreased. Everything which will be necessary durmg the operations should be ready before beginning. A clean hive will be required, fitted with frames having starters of foundation not more than one inch wide, a hive body with cover to contain the diseased combs, an extra hive cover or flat square board, a queen and drone trap, lighted smoker and hive tool Fio. 12.-Three frames conUming: rtarter, half sheet and full sheet of wax foondation respectively. All is now ready (Plate II, Fig. 4). Remove the hive containing the colony from Its stand to one side and place the clean hive on the original stand with the flat board or hive cover resting on the alighting board and forming a run-way One or wo of the frames should be removed and the others, if they are not self-spacine frames, should be pushed to one side to provide a space in the centre of the new hive and to prevent the bees running over the sides of the hive bodv The frames are now removed one at a time from the old hive and each frame is lowered partially into the space in the middle of the new hive into which, by a sharp down- ward jerk, the bees are shaken. If it is found that this meth^ is shaking new honey into the hive, which honey in all probability will be infected, the bees must either be brushed into the hive instead of being shaken or, as is prefci able news- papers may be spread over the run-way in front of the hive and the bees then shaken on to the paper m such a manner as to enable them to run up . io tiie hive. These papers can afterwards be burnt and the infected honey will then be destroyed instead of being shaken into the clean hive and thereby transmitting the infection in spite of all the precautions taken. When the bees have been transferred, the frames may be correctly spaced and the cover put on It is advisable to cover the entrance of the hive with the queen and drone trap as this will prevent the colony having, otherwise such a desertion may take olace 12399—3 IfT- »1 \ second shake into a hive containing frames provided witli full sheets of foun- dation is frequently recommended but experience has shown that this is not necessary. Sometimes the disease will reappear in a hive, in which case the shaking treatment should be repeated. The bee-keeper will naturally desire to save what he can from the infected hives after treatment. The saving of the healthy brood is attended by some risk, owing to the fact that the combs xtill contain infection and it is not to be recommended. Infected honey, that is the honey from the diseased combs, may bo extracted and is perfectly suitable for human consumption, but the greatest care must be exercised lest any bees should have access to it. After extraction the combs should be carefully prol "cted from bees, pending the rendering of the wax. Combs of wax from infected hives may he melted down and the wax may be safelv used for comb foundation. Infected coml)s and wax should not be put into t e Solar wax extractor. The hive;-, which have contained diseased colonies must be cleaned and scraped and afterwards thoroughly disinfected by burning in the following manner : The hive bodies are tiered one above the other to form a chimney down the inside of which kerosene or gasoline is poured. Some straw or excelsior is now lighted at t»-e bottom of the chimney so formed and after it has been allowed to bum for a few seconds a hive cover is put on the top to extinguish the flames. Infected frames should be burnt, hut division boards, and such other equipment used in the hive as queen exfluders, etc may be disinfected by boiling in water for half an hour tu an hour. Treatment by meam of the hee-escape.—M&uy bee-keepers prefer this method of treatment as it involves less disturbance in the apiary. The method of pro- cedure is simple. The diseased hive is removed from its stand and is replaced by a clean hive with new frames and foundation. The queen of the diseased colony must be found and placed in the clean hive. The di-scased hive is now placed beside the new hive to which the bees out in the field fly on their return or'it may be placed above the new hive but separated from it, and a bee escape placed over the entrance of the diseased hive which allows the bees to leave the hive but not to return and they will enter the new hive in which the queen is to be found. When all the bees have left the old hive, the honev and wax may be extracted in the usual manner. Other methods of treating these diseases have been recommended and in some cases have apparently been successful. A treatment for European Foul Brood known as the Alexander treatment, consists in the removal of the queen and the maintenance of tiie colony in a queenless state for a certain period. The treatment of European Foul Brood by means of feeding the colonies with syrup containing chemicals is practised in Europe, but to what extent any resulting cure is due to the action of the chemicals or to other causes is a matter of conjecture: such treatment is useless in the case of American Foul Brood and cannot be recommended. An important step in preventing and combating European Foul Brood is the re-queening of the colonies with healthy young Italian queens. Italian bees appear to be able to resist the disease more strongly than other races. DYSE.VTKRY. On opening the hive in the spring, the presence of this disease is often indi- cated by the fact that the hive and combs are spotted with brownish-yeUow excrement. Sometimes it may result in the loss of the colony. It is an intes- tinal disease of the adult bees and a distended condition of the abdomen is caused by the accumulaticn of f»cal matter. The disease occurs only in the winter and appears to be due to the bees having consumed honey of a poor 8ft *•"!?"*/ j^** to their close confinement during the winter. Where bees have collected honey^iew it invariably causes dysentery and 8y^p mS" i^sS of poor quality will oft; be responsible for its appearance. Whenthe be^ are able to leave t^.e hive and to have a cleansing fligh? the 2a^ will fre- quently disappear. As a preventive measure, the bL should alwayH^e fed on honey or sugar syrup of the best grade when fall feeding is necSy. PICKLE BROOD. -,K ♦'^♦K **™ "'''"'''^ ^^°°'^" a° '*""''* includes several diseases having some- what the same appearance Brood may also have been killed byThSr The chief drawback about this brood disease is that it may be mistaken for om of the infectious and serious brood diseases previously mentioned. It appears S be neither mfectious nor serious in its effects. The diseased larv» mav be di^ nX'^l-h™;^ "^"^ ^^'i?'* *"'\^ ^"^ '''"«d ^y American orEuro^aTFoS S^." I^l ^^ '\"«"f"y swollen and the contents do not show an^'S £r^ yelbwlrbrown"*"'' *''^ "^ "^"''"^' ^"'^'^ '" °''*-«' '"^^ -'«- vaS ENEMIES. In addition to the aforementioned diseases the bees have numerous nth..* enemies of which the following arc the chief. numerous other THE WAX MOTHS. There are two species of these insects which are also known, amonit other ??P."J'^^°?.™^^' *'^ '^^ '""♦•"*" an'' " ^a ' worms ". They are the Larefr Wal Moth (GaUerta meUonellaL.) and the Lesser Wax Moth (icC^lrS tS fni t^« !f YJ? °^«'at^'T'»'"•« of both species are the destructive stages of the insects hfe-histories, as they eat through and destroy the combs. The name strictly speaking, is somewhat of a misnomer, as the caterpillars do not app™; to feed on pure wax but on the combs which contain pollen, the cast-off K" of the developmg brood and other debri.s, and they buUw long turnielMhroug^ the wax which are lined with a strong protective web of silk tnrougn It should be pointed out that all evidence points to the fact that dauiago s inflicted only to tho.se colonics which are weak, either on account of qS- essness lack of stores or neglect. Strong colonies do not suffer and even though the pest obtains entrance the caterpillars are quickly removed, especially if the stock IS Italian In weak colonies and in stored combs, however, they may cause very great damage. ' ' •' hi ♦ '^^^^"a^^'. ^'^\ ^°**' '^**i<' more common and destructive. Its liie- Th*'*4L^{?^^^J '" *" ^°"?*tv ^^'"'^ ^'^ "«»''»y *^o b'ood« during the sla«)n The first brood appears m May and the second brood in August The moth measures about threeKjuarters of an inch in length; it is most commoidv of a dull grey colour. When they are at rest on a weathered board or the iide of the hive It IS sometimes difficult to detect them. They either demTsitthe^r egg.s inside the hiye, entering at dusk, or in the crevices of the hive. The larvL nfl?'" ^t IkT* **'"'„rV,'*T8l? *•»« <'°™b8 soon after hatching. The cater* pillar of the Lesser Wax Moth often feeds on the debris in the bottom of tL hive. When full-grown, the caterpillar is of a dirty-white or grey colour and !!!frTr!^^"*r '°^\!» '!°«?th- It spins a silken cocoon in ^ichH changes The cl^ryX stlgT '^' '""**' '"''«''• '^^' ^'"*" '« "^^^''^ P*^^"'*" 12399- . S6 .^1 T''*,™®^ important means of oontrolling thew two pwrts Ih to keen th. colonies rtronK. The eaterpillarn will make little headway Ta atronir cobnv If a colony w weak some method Hhould be adopted of makii H strona S; by givmg It more brood or by uniting it to another cc™S When the' rSr pillars are seen they should be cut out with a knif' Stored rnmK. „„ /V^ seriously damaged by them. When the^Sn^ i» found Sckrijch com'? the latter should be put into a box or chamber which cm £ cffi tXlv MICE. BEES IN RELATION TO FLOWERS AND FRUIT Why^i^certlrsK^tS^.^^^ sSt^d^ TheTirt? f^''"^'^"' •^"'-^^'^^ sometimes puzzled by these nuestS k J r!.«„ "'^V^^Lp^'"" '' "" 'l""'''^ - A Fio. 13.-Scction of Aokit lapplc): a, antl.crs; „r, ovule.- * utiBina tho pollen p„i,„ which .,0 iv'oMTJh^.Xr, b„n,7™ T^ f' '"' Before the „ed e.n develop, Iheretofe, the ovule mu't be r^ilf.^t .'t'"™,"' 37 In view of thene iacts, which are neocwarily very briefly stated, it will be seen that, in the case of the majority of flowering plants, the perpetuation of the BDccieB 18 dependent upon the transference of the pollen to the stigma. It is to this end that plant*, have developed their great variety of colour, form and per- fume. It may be a«kod in what way does all this am^t in the propagation of the rr'^'Tu 7'u''''^\ '" ^Jt"'" spet'ies, the flowers cannot fertilize themwlvea even though both male an