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This Ksm la filiMd at th* raduetion ratio ehaelnd below / Co docuHMirt ost fllmA au taux da rMuetlen indlquA oMaaaoua. lOx 14x 1»i 22x 26k 30x • 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x Th* eonv filmad li«r« has bmn raproduoad thanka to ttM ganaroaity of: Library L'aMamplaira fHm4 fut rapreduh grica i la 9*n*ro a lti da: AsrieuHura Canada Tha tanagaa appaaring haia ava tha baac 9uaNty peaaibla eonaMaring thm condMen and lagibiyty a# tha original eopy and in kaaping wMi tha Laa imagaa aulvantaa ant M raproduitaa avac la plua grand aoin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da raxamplaira film4. at an co nformUd avae laa eonditiona du eontrat da Original copiaa In printad papar covara ara fNmad baginning with tha front covar and andfng on tha laat paga with a printad or IHuatratad Impraa aion. or tha baeic eovar whan appropriata. All othor original eopiaa ara fHmad bagi nn ing on tha firat paga with a printad or IHuatratad impraa- aion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or IHuatratad Impraaaion. Ii«a aKampi a ira a originaux deiK la eouvartura an p apiar aat imprimda aont fNmdo an common^arK par la pramiar plat at an tarminant aoit par la da m itra paga qui eomporta una amprainta dimpraaaion ou dlNuatration. aoit par la aacond piat. aalon la eaa. Toua laa autraa •xamplairaa originaux aont fiimda an eomman^nt par la pramiAra paga qui eomporta una amprainta dimpraaaion ou dINuatradon at an tarminant par la damiAra paga qui eomporta una taila Tha laat ra c ordad frama on aaeh ahaN eontain tlM aymboi — » ( TINUIO"). or tha aymboi ▼ ( CON. "END"). Un daa aymboiaa auivanta apparaitra aur la dami*ra Imaga da eiiaqua microfieha, aaion la eaa: la aymboia — »> aignifia "A SUiVRE". la aymboia ▼ aignifia "RN". Mapa. piataa, eharta. ate., may ba fHmad at dif fa rant raduetion ratiea. Thoaa toe iarga to ba antiraiy Ineiudad In ana axpoaura ara fiimad baginning In ttia uppar laft hand eomar. laft to right and top to bottom, aa many f i a iiiaa aa required. Tha feUowing diagrama IHuatrata ttia method: 1.00 eartae, pianeiiae. tabiaaux. ate., pauvent Atra fRmda i dee taux da rMuetion diffirenta. Loraqua la doeumant aet trap grand pour Atra raproiduit an un aaui elieiid. 11 eet fUmd i partir da I'angia aupdriaur gaueiia. da gauelie A droito. et da iMut en baa. en prenaiK la nombra dimagae ndeeeeaira. Lee diagrammee auivanta Hkiatrent la mdtliodo. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKXOCOn mOlUTION TBT CNAIT (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) I.I Hi u I7a 112 IM 125 lu I nni] 1.8 1.6 ji APPLIED IM/GE Inc IAS3 Eatt Main strMt "KjMI"' >»• Torti I460« USA (716) «2 - OMO - Phor» ('•6) 2a8-59a9-Fo» DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF THE DAIRY AND COLD STORAGE COMMISSIONER OTTAWA. MARCH. 1911 Some Notes Gleaned from the Work of the Dairy Record Centres in 1912 rThc Substance of an Address delivered by Chas. F. Whitley, of the Dairy Division, at the Dairymen's Conventions in Ontario in January. 1913). CIRCULAR D. 'S C. S.. No. 7 CIRCULAR D. ft C. S. No. 7. DKPARIMEM ()!• AGRICULTURE. OrriCE OF THE DaI«Y and ColD StoEAOK COMIIISSIONKII, Ottawa, .March, 1913. SOME NOTES GLEANED FROM THE WORK OF THE DAIRY RECORD CENTRES IN 1912. (Th« Subatanc* of an AddrcM dellvMed by Chat. F. Whitley, of i!ic Dairy DlvUlon, at tha Dairymen'* Convantlons In Ontario In January, 191J). Note. — The ligurci which Mr. Whitley hai compiled from the actual records are lo striking and at the same time »o instructive, that it would nocm to he desirable to place them in the hands of as many as possible of the farmers of Canada who .ire engaged in milk production. With that end in view, a large edition of this circular is being printed for general distribution. J. A. RIODICK, Commiuioner. It is beginning to be recognized more generally that a cow is kept not simply lo consume roughage and concentrates but to produce milk and fat in abundance. Further, not only is a large It.'oduction necessary from each, but a good profit must be made. That is the essence of modern business-like dairying. The profit made depends largely on the cow's inherent ability to c .ivert feed into those products economically. It is evident that if the production is sixty dollars' worth of milk or fat at a feed cost of fifty-five dollars, the net profit is only a bare five dollar bill, and is not a good return for her year's work. But fifty dollars' worth of product at a feed cost of thirty dollars makes another cow with her twenty dollars profit just four times as profitable. Such study of dairy economics is only possible when dairy records are kept, and it is to this laudable end, a large profit from each cow, that the Dairy Division at Ottawa works through the recommendation rf systematic cow testing, the bed-rock principle of dairy herd improvement. Our wide awake and ^ssive men appreciate it. .^nless the figures are actually before one, the variations in production found in the same herd almost incredible. For instance, in three Ontario herds, the difference in yield between the - and the poorest cow, runs actually at 8, 1(H), 9,100 and 10,900 pounds of milk; the two extremes ^re 3,0C0 and 17,616 pounds. This proves immediately that neither an occasional sample tested or pailful weighed, nor a hasty figuring of the herd's average yield can possibly give any measure of justice either to the abundant or to the econr.nical producer, so that the knowledge requisite to building up a good herd has still to be sough .. That knowledge can be found in dairy records. The more the question of net profit per cow is looked into, the more singular are the discoveries. A common showing in many districts is that one-third of the total net profit in a herd of eight or ten cows is made by only one, the best cow. That one good cow, earning J43 profit over a feed cost of $37, sometimes makes as much profit as to combine the profit and loss of the six poorest cows. Such a heavy burden is not fair play to her. A cow giving $41 worth of milk at a feed cost of $37 makes only $4 profit ; the cow with $43 profit, noted above, makes as much profit as ten cows of that kind. Such comparisons abundantly prove the necessity of studying each individual. Let us cease this unsatisfactory, uncnlightening talking of the herd "average." It is rabid Socialism, steamrolling to one dead level, independent of strong individuality and ability. TtM foltowiiif chart UlutlnitM the tttrtllng dlffrrenrr between •veragc and individual profit or loea. WHAT pRorrr nn cow do you maki) Herd No. Numtier o( Cowt. AVBRAOK YlBLD. Lb. MUli. Lb. Fat. Feed Com. AVBIAUB PaoriT. 1 a 3 10 « 8 6.2U8 3,665 10,123 231 139 3«1 I4U 83 50 •23.SS 3.65 61.33 Poorest Cow. Beit Cow. Herd Lb. Mitlc. Lb. Fat. Profit. Lb. Millc. I b. Fat. Profit. 1 2 3 4,34fi 2,176 7,672 167 78 2V2 •3.4S 11.24LOH 26.72 7,665 5,360 17,615 275 191 61« 136.65 20.60 126.15 The upper half faurtetn Units as great. That is despite the feed costing $17 per cow more. Note the difference in the average yields of milk, from thirty-six hundred to ten thousand pounds per cow. It would be just as sensible, perhaps more so, to say that the three herds average 6,700 pounds ol milk, as to say that your own herd averages so and so. We must study individual performance. It is just a suicidal policy to average good and poor rows, blinding ourselves to the deadening influence of low yields and invisible profits. The average profit in Herd 2 is just one cent for each day in the year: but the 'ividufl returns vary between $11.24 hss and S20.60 profit. A consideration of averages without » ection on records simply means stagnation. The poorest cow in Herd 2 is a four-vear-old, type of a kind we ought to be without : the search- light of record-keeping reveals them as dangerous to dairy navigation. The poorest cow in Herd 1 is a long way below par, or the average profit of the herd: how frightfully unfair it is, therefore, to the best cow in this herd with 136.65 profit to havt the poor one hauled up to the same level in a grossly misleading "average." Among the best cows note the excellent record of 17,615 pounds of milk from a seven-year-old grade. Even at a feed cost of $50 her profit is $126.15; or, compared with the $3.45 profit from the poorest in Herd 1, actually 3» times as much. The great economy of the really good cow is here manifest. Investigation at five Centres last year showed 3,188 cows giving an average profit of only $13.28, no princely return for twelve months' work. It is such figures as these that the work of the Dairy Record Centres aims to thrust upon the attention of our dairymen, so that intelligent and rapid herd improvement may result. The Recorders, these consulting dairy specialists, are within the daily beck and call of the inquiring dairyman in their respective districts, despite distance or WMlhcr, and abmlule ly (re« ol rhargr. Not n. ich wonder, lurely, that thefr wwe M •uch Rrcordert last year in place ol 6 the year brforp, an«l that nwire are being appi>inl«l. They bring to the (arm in their capacity of liairy adviaer* a wraith n( real encouragement, uneful ■iiggntion ami practical help: each Recorder |.>.>ve« the value o< adding figuring to (arming •<> that » limple record may aiaiit materially in th^ dairyman't main cmlcavor to HMk* tath cow pay. That i» the keyitott thought in the Dominion-wide chorut of cow tctting. Hence it ii dawning on the indifferent patron and the iceptic that A.'i i* the reaponiibility more than the cow'», kit brain mutt make deductiimi from hi* record of figurei, hit intellec* mu»t plan and guide the building and development of the ptoliialilf dairy herd. '! I, ' natural right, •ince the beaitt of the field were awigned to mans control .it crcaii.m'* dawn »houi • .dm to-day. The Recorder, the inun with a miuiun, thow* that each iii.lividual cow ha* a mi**ion: not *imply exi»fence at the rxpcnae of hir untuspectjng owner, but Ihf making of a hamliume profit. Thu», (arm* and district* are now in the tranaition *tagc (rom giniral to «|H-ciitl purpose animal*. Record (hctt* and *ample bottle* are giving each cow a aquart- deal whi-re lH-(ore *imply reigned mere gue** work, palpubly unju*t to the ari»tocratic producer a* well a* to the habitual loa(er. Frc*h energy and determination are mani(e«t a* the benefit* of a »imple hu*ine** propiiaition are taken to heart. Out of chao* ami confusion of i.lea*. evolve order, lystem, »ati»factiim an.l profit. The unmaiking ol Kimc poor cow*, *hirfc hi» 1 homn vtK-ation; but, on the contrary. *uch kno»'l«lgc ha* fired a spirit '»( hiip<(ulni'»i ami di ttrmination to improve. Really good cow*, aome where lca*t *uspectcd, have been (ound, and their di»tovcry ha* provjil an incen- tive to even bigger thing* accompli*he')ur farm doc* it take to feed one cow? The profit might be incrca*ed immen*ely if the pro- ductive cafHicity of the land were ao improved a* to aupport more cow*. On tome farm* vi»ite«l only ISO pound* of milk were being prixlucwl per acre; while on other* the prixluction wa« a* high a« I 7fiO poi id* per acre. The average co*t of feed ptr hundred pound* of milk wa* found by our Recorder* in *ome caico to be a* low a* 64 cent* for the average of the herd, while in other* the average co*t from un»elccte(l herob ' a* high as $1.37 per hundred. If individual cow* were considered of coune the*e price* wo y *till more. No *tronger proof could possibly be wanted for the aboolute neceasity of weeu...H out, after consulting their record*. tho*c cow* who*e milk costs too much to produce. In probably no other manufacturing industry would cost prices vary in such extraordinary degree. Nothing else but simple record keeping will detect these drone* in the hive of dairy industry. Records thu* prove them*elve» a valuable "fir*t aid" to farmer* injured by keepinr poor cow*; they assist to eradicate from the blood of the average man the poison of loose, indifferent ideas of dairy- ing. They inoculate with the microbe of progress, and become serviceable dairy cultures, improve- ment "starters." ('.lancing at all our records in Ontario for last year, the average yield of 3,387 cows was found to be tt.132 pounds of milk, 3.4 test, and „!! pounds of (at. To illuminate the difference in profit per cow, even with »uchanapparently satisfactory average yield, 1 separated carefully the yields of the 300 poorf cows and the 300 best cows. This chart shows one or two startling facts. Please observe these ..re not imaginary, theoretical or experimental results; they are actual dairy records given us by the men who milk and feed the contrasted cows. They an indicative of the severe handicap of the average armer vith only average cows, and prove what a perfect food, as well as tonic, records may be :o the average man whose ideas on cow testing remain half starved and undeveloped. CoMtnMt of IIm Posrvai «n4 AVRBAOB YlKLD. iMT ^'owi. Onurio. 6,133 ItM. Milk. 3.4 Tnt. 311 ItM. Fat. Cows. I'hr 300 PuoaitT Cow*. YkW •33.33 ftrti J.1.00 Prodi.. .33 centf. The tktt l-KHh, or the :«JU t««t C am*. Yiel MIO Puorvtt by 2, I3U, UOO Pounds. It took trarcrly oni'-third ot Ihr 3.:M7 cowi to give onr-half of thi- total yield of milk. That il, we are keeping 16 cowi to do the work of 10! It would nn'd a milk vat three time* a* long a* that required for the poor yield, to hold the aver.-ige yiclil ol the "bc*t" cow*. Note that the feed coat of the poor cow* ha* been placi-d at only $33.00, though our loweat average co*t at a Record Centre wai 133.31, which would cut evi-n thi* smalt profit (>f 33 cent* still lower. Then luck at this fact, that rvcn charging the good cokm with feed at 140, they made a profit of 164.33, or cumparrd with their poorer sisters, ItiS limn oi much. If these 300 poorest cows had given as much milk a^ the UOO best cows, there would have been an additional income from them of l'Jl,3OU.0O. In order to impress the relation between the profit of only 3,'i cents from the poorest cows and the profit of 164.33 iiom the best cows, I have translated that relative value into the following diagram. Dairy Division -> EACH ONH OF THE aOO REST COWS MADE AS MUCH NET PROFIT AS 19 THrSI. --) CENTS PROFIT POOR COWS !.«r ^ Ottawa T^ ^T ^^ ^^ '^ T^ T^ ^T ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^W ^^ ^W ^^ ^^^ ^W ^^ l^W ^^ ^T ^^ Thk knuwInlK'' •lw>ul'l '•»<<'» •• '»«lil«n oppnrliintlv »«»»m1. t'Ju.'h yr«r Mng* •»•* i-rncfiln, 111 'iwirr ihrni U lo ikprlvr ""«■'• w" "< ••>» •>«^» ••»"• litr nffi f • A iiMn pcovn hilpirK by hi» arrrplanrr or rrimUm «( ihr wurliln knii«rlrn ihr inrt iil cafh »4Vf irf dilvanrrmrnl. ih» k. l'wn ari|uir«l through a ntucly o( ilairy riii.r 2,:»I3 4:i KerwoucI 10 11,7711 2.fiWI tM) Bertie 4 tt.a-jo 3,000 tlH ilii '.icfory preiient yielil o( milk a* hat when onc" radical improve- iouii ideas. Contented he may Ix' but he is atilt in the running (or a An average increase easily ol>taine