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THE ETYMOLOGY 
 
 OF 
 
 MISSISQUOI 
 
 ADDENDA 
 
 i 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 George Mcaleer, m. d., 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 
 19 10. 
 

 1,4 -j^ ^ 
 
 Copyright 1910 
 BY 
 CeORCB McALEER, A. 
 Wo»Ci»Tiij, Mam. 
 
 1 
 
 0092429U 
 
ETYMOLodY OF MISSISQUOI. 
 
 I' NOA. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 To uscertuiu and record trutli is, ns it should be, 
 the one great obieet of the Historian wortliy the 
 name, and of him who aUmg more liumble line 
 v\'oukl investigate and record historical data fo. 
 coming generations and make deductions tliere- 
 from. These were my guiding stars and limita- 
 tion in the prei)aration of my Etymology of Miss- 
 is<jiioi, which was undertaken as a lai)or of love to 
 asc ain the Etymology of the name of my native 
 cou. , and to aia in the praiseworthy work of the 
 Mis.-iisquoi Historical Society. I prosecuted my 
 research, which extended over a period of years, 
 with diligence and without sparing elTort or ex- 
 pense. 
 
 The result of ray investigation and resear<'h is 
 succinctly summed up at the end of my i)ul)lica- 
 ti(m, and my sustained and eai-nest efforts durinjj 
 the time that has since elapsed have but strensrtii- 
 ened and confirmed the result therein i-ecorde I. 
 No one would have more gladly welcomed evidence 
 that would have overthrown or weakened my con 
 elusion or made it untenable. Hut when an Honor 
 
4 ExvMoLociv OK Mmsisguoi 
 
 aiy President of an Historical Soeietv ignores the 
 liin.'tion and scope of such societies and goes out 
 ot Ins way and uses the pages of the society's pub- 
 iK-ation of winch he is managing Editor, to dis- 
 parage historical investigation and to assail and 
 l)elittle historical work without offering a shred of 
 evidence to weaken or controvert— merest bald 
 ipse (init—om] then to have exposure, explana- 
 tion, or leply .lenied admission to the columns of 
 tlie same publication, suggests the incpiirv: What 
 are Historu-al Societies for? and what ^istifica- 
 tion is there for the expenditure of the limited 
 funds of the struggling Society for the publication 
 ot such matter ? 
 
 Lest the letter in question of the Honorarv Pres- 
 ident may come under the observation of some 
 who may not know that the assertions and claims 
 therein are without foundation in fact and whollv 
 gratuitous and n.Meading, and that in conse 
 quence the true Etymology of the Indian place- 
 Maine Missisqnoi has not been ascertained and re- 
 corded m my Etymology- of Missisquoi, and that 
 this work which was done for the Society is vague 
 .--nd inconclusive, f feel called upon to add to mv 
 publication on the subject my rejoinder to the let- 
 ter m question, which was denied place in the An- 
 nual Keport of the Society, as an Addenda thereto 
 i^or the large number who may not have access 
 to mj- sources of information, or who might not 
 eare to spend the time necessary to investigate 1 
 will suppement this with fuller citations from 
 
 miXf T T'-' ^^"^''«''iti^« that have been and 
 nnght be further quoted in amplification and sui.- 
 port of ray work, and which prove the verv re- 
 verse of what my captions critic alleges, under the 
 following general headings: 
 
Addenda 
 
 J 
 
 a. That riulians for tlieii- greater protection 
 and security settled hack from the frontiers, heing 
 too astute and cunning to wantonly expose them- 
 selves to their enemies hy settling on the impro- 
 tected shores of lakes. 
 
 '>. That the teiritory now known as Vermont, 
 including .Missis(|uoi bay and environs, was in 
 caily times under the domination of the iroipiois. 
 
 «'. That they were supj)lanted hv the Ahena- 
 qiiis. 
 
 -I. That the Abena(iuis had, for the times, a 
 large settlement at Swanton Falls that was in ex- 
 istence some seventy-five years or longer. 
 
 in (>i<ler to preserve the continuitv and se- 
 <iuence of the evidence of the different authorities 
 quoted in support of the foregoing, and to save 
 space an.l needless repetition, 1 shall not separ- 
 ate then' testunony under the ahove headings- 
 even a cursory reading will he sullicient to con- 
 vin<e all open minded and candid i)eople that they 
 are hoth cogent and conclusive. 
 
 All who are poss'-ssed of rudimentarv know- 
 ledge of geology know that flint docs not' abound 
 in the geological formation about Missisijuoi bay. 
 In siippo-t of this, abundant testiuKmv of the 
 I'admg (Jcologists of the United States can i)e 
 a'dnced, l)ut I shall rest content with that suj) 
 I>lie<l by I'lof. Frank (). Adams. I'h. I)., 1). Sc., 
 1'. K. S., Dean of the Faculty of Applied' SciencJ 
 nf V.riUU University, and of R. W. Uroek, Direct- 
 or of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, the testi- 
 mony of both of whom is reproduced and here- 
 with appcn.led, and which will be {U'cei)ted as con- 
 clusive in geological matters, and as provin'^ the 
 absence of flint in the region under consideration 
 l)y all who are not recalcitrant and irreconcilable. 
 
6 Etymolody 1)1- MissiHvuoi 
 
 Prepared for the Missisquoi Historical Society 
 and submitted for its consideration and action at 
 its tiiird Annual meeting at Bedford, Missisquoi 
 County, P. Q., August 23, 1907: 
 
 ETYMOLOGY OF MISSISQUOI. 
 
 It may matter much or little whether or not the 
 Etymology of the Indian place-name Missis(iuoi be 
 ever correctly determined, but the old and very 
 generally accepted saying that "nothing is ever 
 settK-d until it is settled right," is sufficient rea- 
 ^■ou, ii none other existed, for a return to the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 It is not pleasant to disagree with friends, but 
 when acquiescence or silence would be wrong, mis- 
 leading, or subject to misconstruction, it becomes 
 a duty. Had not the letter of the learned and 
 highly esteemed Honorary President of the Miss- 
 isquoi Historical Society to Hon. Desire Girouard, 
 Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, upon the 
 Etymologj' of Missisquoi, been given place in the 
 Second Report of the Society I should not deem 
 It necessary to make reply thereto; but as this let- 
 ter is a skillful but thinly disguised attempt to as- 
 sail and weaken, if not to overthrow, the evidence 
 offered and the conclusion following therefrom 
 upon the same subject that is given in my Ety- 
 mology^ of Missisquoi, a publication which but few 
 of the readers of the Report have seen or are like- 
 ly to see, and who are not, therefore, aware of 
 the extent of my investigations or the evidence on 
 which my conclusion is based, and which diflfers 
 from that of the gentleman in question, I feel it 
 incumbent upon me. in justice to the subject, to 
 
Addenda 
 
 f 
 
 inyst-lf, and to tlie Society to very briefly review 
 the matter in the interest of Historical iiuth. 
 
 In the letter in question to the learned Judge the 
 writer confesses to a change of opinion i)reyiously 
 held l)y him which he admits was based upoii 
 superficial investigation and insuflicient data. It 
 is Diiich to '.e regretted that he did not, before go- 
 hvr into print again, push his investigations fur- 
 IlK-r, assuming nothing and taking nothiug for 
 granted, that he did not refuse to accept every- 
 lliing that did not stand the test of the rigid rules 
 of logic with which his trained legal mind is so 
 familiar. Had he done so he might, on deeper in- 
 vestigation and study, have saved himself another 
 «'hange of opinion, the trouble of vrriting for publi- 
 cation so-called historical matter not sustained by 
 fact, and the writer the uni)Ieasant task of point- 
 ing out some of his most important and glaring 
 ei-rors. 
 
 At the outset he admits that his dimcultv "was 
 to find the Tudian tribe most likely to have used 
 the name at that particular i)Iace?'" And yet the 
 learned Attorney and valuable and liighlv appre- 
 ciated member of the Society is on rec-ord as hav- 
 ing fuinished an explanation of the origin and 
 signification of this Indian place-name, and the 
 reason for its bestowal upon this i)articular part 
 of the country, without possessing even this rud- 
 imentary and easily acquired, albeit this very 
 necessary and important, data. 
 
 This is mentioned in this connection onlv to sug- 
 gest that having erred unwittingly, although ser- 
 iously, once the possibility of his "having done so 
 again.— and that he has, T shall attempt to [)rove. 
 
 He is on record as follows: "I was and am 
 
8 Ktvmoluuy of Missisvroi 
 
 sure tlie Inlians never used that river for anv 
 purpose whatever "-the Missisquoi River. 
 Inis IS not so. 
 
 It is a fact well known to all well informed per- 
 sons, and It should be known to all who attempt to 
 write history, or upon historical and ethnological 
 matters pertaining to tlie section of country under 
 consKleration, that Abenaouis Indians made ..uite 
 a arge settlement .luring the early part of the 
 IHth century, if not earlier, on the Missiscn.oi 
 river at Swanton Falls, and which was there miin- 
 ained during more than half a century. Here 
 'toy built a stone church, the first church ever 
 l)mlt for f hnstian worship of the living God in 
 what IS no^y the state of Vermont, and in its stee- 
 p e sounded the first bell that ever summoned peo- 
 P e to assemble for His adoration and praise in 
 hat part of the country. This church aid settle- 
 ?pwl.?'' ^";"*«'"^d ""til after the American 
 Uevolution. These people and their kinsmen, the 
 Abena.iuis then settled in Canada, were loval to 
 the l^ench, who in turn were loyal to the Brit 
 .sh during the Revolutionary war, and upon its 
 termination they found it very nec^ssarv Ld <le- 
 sirable to flee to Canada. 
 
 Having effectively participated in the conflict 
 and liistory tells of their loyalty, hardships, and 
 tl^ destruction of their property, the rc^ons do 
 not show that they ever set up or profited bv the 
 claims so clamorously and persistently put forth 
 lit ^'*'^ fT''' ^^°^'""^ts and manv others 
 «ho masqueraded under this title-while thev suf- 
 fered as much and more then many in that cause 
 vho recen^d generous government benefactions 
 preferment in public station, social recogniti m 
 and praise at the expense of their betters,-lwhicl 
 
Addenda 
 
 I 
 
 has also been claimed and received l)v their de- 
 scendants and successors even down to the pre- 
 sent time. 
 
 The fact of this settlement is affirmed in my 
 "hookiet," as the learned Koutlemen dignifies it, 
 <••> pages L>.>G, a copy of which was in his pos- 
 session when he wrote the foregoing ipiotation- 
 Jind [ am at a loss to find an exphuiation for its 
 denial save on the ground that he, for reasons 
 known best to himself, put off the garl) of the 
 student and historian and put on that of the ad- 
 vocate and special pleader. 
 
 Evidence in support of his contention he offers 
 none, and none can he furnish. 
 
 Again he states: "I was also under the impres- 
 sion that the Abenatiuis Indians never halted anv 
 length of time at or around the hav, hut were only 
 .•asual visitors. I also find that imi.ression 
 wrong." It has been said that "language is to 
 <'onccal thought." If this be not the purpose in 
 the })resent instance, of the learned attornev it 
 means, if the English language be used to con- 
 vey instead of to conceal meaning, that the Abena- 
 <|iiis Indians had a permanent settlement for a 
 tmie. be it for a longer or a shorter period, at 
 .\lissisf|uoi bay. 
 "^I'liis is not so. 
 
 Evidence in support of an Abenafjuis or other 
 Indian settlement at Missisquoi Jiav he furnishes 
 none, and none can he furni"''. 
 
 Again he writes: "They ' e there apparenllv 
 wh.'u the niap-nuikers had i . -ed Lake Champlain 
 on their map, but left the bay nameless"— refer- 
 ing to the Abena((uis at Missisquoi Bay. 
 This is not so. 
 
10 
 
 Kn MOLOOY OK Mlssisgroi 
 
 Kvi.lencc in support thereof he olTers none, and 
 n«»jie i-Mi he fiiiiiisli. 
 
 Wlien the earlier inai.s of f.ake ChanipUiin weie 
 made, on wliid: nre shown tlie iJay witliout a 
 name, the coiintiy of the fierce and \variil<e Iro- 
 • inois e.\tende<l eastward to the Connecticut river, 
 and it remained under their jurisdiction uniil 
 ah(Mit the hegiiniinjj: of the IStli centnrv, wiieti 
 tlieir numbers were so ' idly decimated hy a 
 I'hij?ue, said hy some writers to have l»een the 
 smallpox, that for safety the survivinj? remnant 
 witluhew to the larger settlements of their coun- 
 trymen to the westward beyond the I.ake where 
 they afterwards made their Iiome, 
 
 This was Ions yea is after maps were made that 
 showed Missis(|uoi I5ay on Lake Champlain with- 
 out a name to <lesif.nate it, and it was many years 
 after befoie it ajjpeared on maps beaiiui? its pre- 
 sent name. 
 
 dust a few words of explanation in reference to 
 the Etymologies of the word furnislied to me !)y 
 Chief Laurent and to the assertion of my critic 
 that "the Doctor seems to lead up to and invite the 
 tall ifrass name, and while too courteous to dis- 
 eoura^e him the Chief seems after all to i)refer 
 the tlint stone name." 
 
 At the outset I wish to exi)ress mv admiration 
 for the attainments of the Chief, who I consider a 
 very remarkai)le man for his oi)portunities and 
 enx •ronment, and to thns publicly thank him for 
 his hndly mterest and aid in my researches. Xev- 
 ertheless for reasons tliat T give in abundance in 
 my "l)ooklet," to which reference lias alreadv 
 been made, no one knows better than the Chief 
 himself, for he has so expressed himself in his 
 letters to me, wherein he explains how didicnlt it 
 
Addr.vda 
 
 11 
 
 IS after the lapse of eenturies to jriv«. tlie correct 
 • lenvation and signification of the words of an un- 
 lettered i)eo|)le aud of au unwritten language of 
 ii veiy limited vocabulary, and especially when 
 many dialects al)oun<led, aud the nianv transfonn- 
 .•'tions and .-lianges tiiat were engrafted thereon 
 troiii the tiMie when the Indians came in c<.ntact 
 \M!!i the whites. This phase of the suhje.-t is too 
 f\!.nsi\e to enter upon now at length, and it must 
 siHiice to say that in my correspondence with Chief 
 Lament the transformation of his language was 
 tlie first thing that he touched upon and his lack 
 of familiarity with its earlier forms. The changes 
 have l.-cn so great tiiat an English speaking child 
 <.t to ilay would have infinitelv less diilicuitv to iin- 
 <Ierstand the P^nglish language of Chaucer's time, 
 and pliilogists know that this w<mld ho impossible 
 Jiian would an Indian child now understand th'' 
 laiiiiiiage of his tribe of a few hundred vears ago 
 This the Chief emi)liasized bv comparing his lan- 
 Kiiage of the present time with old manuscripts 
 written m the same language bii; whi.di |,c did 
 not understand. 
 
 Furthermore the first meaning that he gave to 
 the word Missis.pioi was a big smike,- '"not a 
 <ommon big snake," wrote he, "but (me of the 
 boa kind." This bein- objected to because (hcM.. 
 were no "big serpent- of the boa kind" in that 
 part of the country, and that there never could have 
 been any of that descrii)tion for climati.- reasoiis 
 lie changed to "great rocks, big boulders." 
 
 This having been explained to him as verv im- 
 luobable and not in harmony with Indian custmu 
 as great rocks and big boulders abounded in great 
 abnndance elsewhere, and that this name was no< 
 duplicated elsewhere as was the custom of the 
 
12 
 
 I'.TVMoi.ocfv in- .Mrssisgioi 
 
 '«''<•^«'•• fo.uHl, IH. rl.anKHl aKain ,n,.i sni.l that 
 
 . u,,.ulo.|^,n..iaMtl.ontytl.omn,amltl...iM,th.M-. • 
 
 c^ « h, so .U-r.vat.on an<l .signification of tl.o 
 "oKl-n place of ,„sl,es. a smit sriassv nl-i<J . 
 ^.-.'at n,arshy ,.lnco-coiuci/[os l:^^? ^m %! 
 P .ys...U ...ntions a1.owt Ma,„an, S,^;i:i 
 
 .L r I •^''"7'^:i"'" K'vtM-, wl.eie it empties in(„ 
 '^"ke (lmn,pla.n,-..n,l yan.ing ti.e pla-'in , 
 
 liit 's ''"7"' -"'"-'-.^.tiia;;.:; 
 
 " nil Indian eustoni. 
 "•■■iting 10 (■hk.c La„,e,„ ,„>. „|,|„ ^ 
 
 I e ( |„ef, Im t to show that his knowle.ljfe of hi's 
 
 • placed upon h.s exphuiation of the .hwivat on 
 ..";! .s.^nuficat.on of ohi Ahena„nis words. 
 J lie lionoiabe Judee (;irm-.i,.J' i • 
 
 <'l>ased wholly upon those of Chief F a ent " 
 
 Phli;;;" '"V""^^ ^"^""''-'^'"^ foundation ' 
 
 I I Mlolojry hears no immaterial or even sul.or 
 
 M.le.at.on. an<l this must be recognize,! and reck- 
 
Adue.vda 
 
 13 
 
 oned with if we would do more than jump at and 
 ajM^p,.ed.lec.t.ons and ha-sty and untenable Z- 
 
 My investigations, and they luue exten.led over 
 . " ..her of years and hav.. heen sonunvhat ex- 
 ha, s .ve. have not enahled n.e to n.etan.orphose 
 Ahss,-,.houff or Miehi-choug, the earlier for ns of 
 tl"; woni, the last syllable being uttere.l in tie 
 "ell known and re<.ogni.ed Indian dee, gu e';^ 
 sound, the tern.inal of many of their wonl mo 
 
 ti n'r '^r'-''^' ^•■""' ^^''•*''' "■-•<' -• -'"''ina- 
 u t that the meanmg "plaee where fhnt is found" 
 s <lenve<l or to reconcile the d.rivation of the lat- 
 ter trom the former Mesep-ski-ko-wik, seems to 
 b n/ '"" ^"^"•^'y.^^Jff^^'-^nt word, and tnat onlv 
 b p.efe.nng preddect.on or metamorphosis to 
 to rif •'' ""^"'^^tantial basis for historical data 
 
 ec[l ?''""' """'-r "^""* '^ ^'^ " f'"-^">'- i" the sub 
 .iwt under consideration. 
 
 It is claimed that flint exists along the sho.e of 
 M,ss.s.,uo, Bay, and that defctive arrow Ic^.. 
 
 n"ti es w f'"'' '''^'■" '^ '^ '•'"'■'"'-••> tl.at these 
 aitu'les u ere formerly made by the Indians In 
 
 ;-".e.genc.es In.lians improvised and n.ade Vse 
 I>ones and nuuiy kin.ls of stone fron. which to nmn 
 ufa<-ture unplements for warfare and for '^ 
 <• .ase and samples of such handicraft are fre- 
 quently found along the waterwavs, their hi.h 
 
 S'\r *•""''• '"'! *'" ''''''' of Miosis. ; oi lav 
 : nd M.ss.squo, and Pike Rivers, which flow into 
 It, are no exception. But an examination of the 
 samples o such implements, now in abundance i, 
 tie cabmets of many museum., iu different par s 
 of America, wdl show that they were not general 
 
14 
 
 Ktvmolooy Of Mi!4<«i!«gri)i 
 
 ly III ide of iiiatoiial of such geolofjfii'al apexing ns 
 exists at Vt'iiue or elsewliere about the bay and 
 rivers nameil, ami that su<'h outcropping of bast- 
 ard chert is wholly unsuited to the manufacture of 
 the implements under consideration, and the In- 
 dians were too practical to atteni])t it unless in 
 eniergf ncies, or to g've such a misfit name to the 
 place. 
 
 To cover the whole ground it would be neces- 
 sary to inroiporate much that appears in further 
 i'vidence in my Monograph on this subject, but 
 this, inclination does not warrant nor space [)er- 
 mit. Hut for the benefit of those interested in the 
 subject whose knowledge is largely derived from 
 the Society's Report for 1907, I desire to place be- 
 fore them the sinnming up of my efforts in the 
 nuitter under consideratiou in my Etymology of 
 Missis(|uoi. and to say that I think I offer alumd- 
 and evidence to sustain my conclusion: 
 
 IJriefly sununing up the work in h^nd, it seems 
 fair to conclude from the evidence adduced and 
 that derived fiom publications during my investi- 
 gations: 
 
 That the Indians were very literal in the be- 
 stowal of names, and thai it is along the line of 
 some natural advantage, striking peculiarly, or 
 physical condition that the reason for the bestowal 
 of this name must be sought; 
 
 That the Indian place-name that has come down 
 to us as Alissisquoi was first bestowed upon the 
 river of this name in northern Vermont, because of 
 some peculiar condition existing along its course 
 or at its mouth, or striking characteristic of the 
 people in the settlement upon its banks ; 
 
 That is was long years afterwards before it 
 was bestowed upon the bay and county now known 
 
Addknim 
 
 15 
 
 by this name, and tliat in ('onse(|iu»n<'p tiiese niuHt 
 he excluded from consiileration when seeking the 
 reaHon for the bestowal of this luihie; 
 
 That the Crees were remote froii the Al>emi- 
 «inis, and that several tribes \vhos«' languaKes were 
 very difFerent, lived in the lounhy that separat- 
 ed them ; 
 
 That tliiM-e is no oviden»«' whatever to prove the 
 adoption of the words of one tribe by another in 
 primitive times, and it is ajrainst probability; 
 
 That the woid for great, big or many women in 
 .Abcnacpiis is entirely nnlike the word of similar 
 meaning in the Cree language; 
 
 That Indian women wen- nev* • honored in the 
 way iiiiplied by "big woman." "great woman." 
 and the like; 
 
 That no flint existed or was to be obtained in 
 the conntry beside or near the river; 
 
 That while rocks, bonldeis and clitTs abound on 
 the shore of the bay they are not in striking evi- 
 «lence along the river; 
 
 That while a few small rattlesnakes existed in 
 early times in the territory now known as Ver- 
 mont, they were neither so large nor so abundant 
 as to justify the use of the adjectives "great" or 
 "many"— and their habitat was in the rocky 
 ledges of the hills and mountains and not in the 
 lowlands, valleys and marshes ; 
 
 That the Indians had no woni to signifiy the 
 grouping or aggregation of difVerent varieties of 
 the same species, as. for instance, a single word 
 for the species Cm-ifhr—the deer, caribou, elk 
 and moose; nor for tht A ii>ififlfr^the ducks, geese, 
 brant and swan as is implied in the term "water- 
 fowl," nor was it their custom so to do; and 
 That very extensive iruiishes covered with a 
 
Iti 
 
 r.rVMDI.UIiV t,y Ml^siMylui 
 
 '•.".k Kn.uU, of willows, whortlelMMTv l.nshos (now 
 ;;;•! -I Imk.Iu.sI. l.|„.|,.,,ios). ,.a,.iai| ,I»K. - 
 
 > o the ,no„th ot tlu. river. an.J extensive Leaver 
 '••."l";vs wer,. fornuMly in al.nn.lant evi.ien-e 
 tliroMjfli.Mit Its wliole ..oiirse. >■«"»(« 
 
 Looking at the .|Ue.stion from tl.is stan.Ip..iMt 
 • oes not tl.e evnlen-e sulm.itte.| warrant the .• -' 
 HuH.on hat the word Missis,..oi is of Allans 
 « riffin. that it was hestowe<l in a.vonlHn.-e with In 
 
 ;|.nn.M.ton..an.lsi^ifies'.,,reatKrassy t;;^ 
 a stu.k> place. "^ a great marshy place.' 
 I liiH stn. ly was nn.lertaken with a receptive an.l 
 an,.n|.a...ln.imlan<litisendedwithont\;;;^;^^^^ 
 
 fo.lIrnewf./r'7 *'^''»"^^'^'^' investigation luini, 
 nth neu fa.- s o warrant a different conclusion 
 the writer w.ll g.ve then, gla.l welcome. 
 
 n conclns.on it is a gre. ,,leasure for me to he 
 »Mc. to reconl that n.y Etymology of Mi"^is , , 
 "t -ome ami al.road has eliHte.! weirds of o^m^^ 
 'at on an< praise from critics and reviewers n 
 
 S7;;i;ri'"'>f^"-''"''^^''^-^^'''-^ '''i'- 
 cS s. . 1 1 ?^''';' • ""•' "''•"'• -''"''ational puhli- 
 
 Iha^;^" "' """^""^'-^ 'ing'-tic ahility Z 
 
 Summed up in a few sentences the ,uotMtion l.e- 
 
 1^. ( hamherlan.. Ph. D Assnci-ito P.. e ^'""T' 
 (M-irlr T^»:,,„. -4. T^i-/"' ^**"^<^<^'ate I^rofessor m 
 
 n- • of FhL r •' ^;''^^'' ^^ *''^ American .Jour- 
 na. of Folk Lore, and the author of manv public-^ 
 
 nes ot .North America, m the "University of To 
 ronto Studies: Review of Historical Pub ications 
 relating to Canada," Vol. vni. p. 12^ may be 
 
AnnRNDA 
 
 17 
 
 taken generally as the expreHHion nml approval of 
 
 all: 
 
 "The unHatirtfaotory ohararter of the dJjM-us- 
 sions of the Ktyniology of the name MiHsisqiioi, 
 applied to a bay and county in the province of 
 (^iiehec and to a river in northern Vermont, jus- 
 tiHed Dr. McAleer, who was Itorn and hrought up 
 in Missisquoi Tounty, in attempting to nolve the 
 problem of its dian origin. In his little volume 
 will be found all that is known on the history of 
 the word, with the opinions and discussions of all 
 authorities from the earliest to the most recent, 
 practically every Ktyniolog>- that has been sug- 
 f,tstc(l is recorded, and the list of them is an ob 
 Jj'ct lesson in the difficulties as well as the "ease" 
 of Ktymologixing. The derivations suggested vary 
 all the way from "much water fowl" to "big 
 V t.num" and "place of great stones." The author 
 is, however, right in favorini? the Etymology, 
 agreed to by W. \V. Tookcr. the Algonkinist, 
 which derives the word from Abenaki (or scmie 
 related dialect), and makes it signify "a great 
 grassy place," or "a great marshy jilace." The 
 ^^ssis(!Uoi Historical Society has done well in en- 
 coura* ig the i)roduction of this interesting aion- 
 u^rraph." 
 
^^ KrvMolcxiV OF Missisyrol 
 
 I:MI-:\I)AT1()XS AXD AMf'LIFICATlOXS 
 
 Tlio territory now known as Wrniont, as also 
 liat lyinjr l.otweeu the States of New York an.l 
 \ ern.ont on tlie soutli an.l the St. Lawrence river 
 on tlie nortli, m early times was under tlie .lon.ina- 
 tion ol tlie iro.|iiois as the roilowins,^ testinionv 
 shows: 
 
 From llie Vnmont Jlisforiral (l<i~rlfn'r;-~Uem- 
 meiiway, niiriin<,4on, \'t., 1S71 : 
 
 "l)onaacona. an Als-onkin Chief, eonduete.l 
 him (.Jae(,ues ( artier) "to the summit of Mount 
 iH.yai. whi<-h towered al.ove the settlement ami 
 showed him in that hrijyht October sun the countrv 
 lor many miles South and East, and told him oV 
 great rivers and inland seas and smaller rivers 
 and lakes penetratins? a heautiful territory helon-'- 
 iny- to the wailike lro.,uois. These ImHans ha"l 
 settlements in the interior of the State now .-ailed 
 \ ermont hut whose earlier name was Iroquoisia." 
 \ ol. 11, Pasje S!). 
 
 "The Eastern shore had then helom^ed to the 
 Iro.iuois,"— Ihidp. Kis. 
 
 (■hamplain's .leseription of Lake Champlain in 
 
 ^hO. ilhuumrntan, Hi.fonj nf \nr )'o//.- : Alhaiiv. 
 1 iSr)( I, • 
 
 "We left next day, continuinir our route along 
 tlie river as far as the mouth of the Lake. Here 
 are a numher of heautiful, hut low Fslands filled 
 witli very fine woods and prai.-ies, a .,uanlitv of 
 game and wild animals, such as stags, .leer fawns 
 
Addenda 
 
 19 
 
 roebucks, bears and other sorts of animals that 
 come from the main land to the said ishmds. We 
 ♦•aught a (luantity of them. There is also <iuite a 
 number of Beavers, as well in the river as in sev- 
 eral other streams which fall into it. These parts, 
 lliouiih aKreeable,are not inhabited by any Indians', 
 a c()ii.se(|ueuce of their wars. 
 
 'I'hey retire from the i-ivers as far as possible, 
 <leep into the country, in ordei- not to be so soon 
 discovered. 
 
 N'ext day we entered the Lake, which is of con- 
 siderable extent; some 50 or (iO lea<?nes. where [ 
 saw 4 beautiful islands, 10, ]•_> and 15 leas?ues in 
 I<'iiytli, luimerly inhabited, as well as the fro.iuois 
 river, by Indians, but abandoned since they have 
 been at war the one with the other 
 
 Continuin,!,' our route along the west side of the 
 Lake, contemplating the country, I saw on the 
 Kast Side very high mountains cai)ped with snow 
 I asked the Indians if those j.a. ts were inhabited. 
 Ihey answeredmeVes,and that they were Irorpiois, 
 and that there were in those parts beautiful val- 
 bes, and fields fei-tile in corn as good as f had ever 
 eaten in the coimtry, with infinitude of other 
 fruits, and that the lake extended close to tiie 
 nu)untains, which were, according to mv iudgment 
 h) leagues from us. I saw others to" the south 
 not less high than the former; onlv that tliev were 
 without snow. The Indians told me it was there 
 wc were to go to meet their enci„ies and that thev 
 were thickly inhabited." Vol. III. pp 4 .-, 
 
20 
 
 K'rYMOLOCiV OK MlsSISVL'UI 
 
 HISTOHV OF THE NEW YORK IROQUOIS; 
 Albany 1905: 
 
 "In l')'M) .Jacfiiies t'artier ascended the St. Law- 
 rence to Quebec and Montreal, finding Iro(|U()is 
 spoken more or less all the way, and preservin;^ 
 many words and names. At Montreal he visited 
 and described the Iro(|nois town of Ilochelaga," 
 page 149. 
 
 "Though there were Iro<|Uois all along the St. 
 Lawrence when Cartier ascended it, C'liamplai!i 
 found only Algompiins when he went uj) that 
 stream in 160:?, p. 150. 
 
 A war having meanwhile occurre(l Mie Iro(|uois 
 were driven to the southward. "l..e story has 
 been told by De la Potherie, Charlevoix, ("olden 
 and others, and has mu' ' to confirm it incidental- 
 ly," p. 150. 
 
 "That this war was recent when ('hami)hiiTi 
 came is evident. Though this had caused them to 
 abandon the Islands of Lake Champlain, the Jn 
 dians with the great explorer in 1()09 told him 
 tliat the Vermont shore belongerl to the Iro(|Uois, 
 and that there were beautiful valleys and fertile 
 cornfields there," p. 15L 
 
 There is reference to the beginning of this war 
 in ('hami)lain's account of the proposed peace be- 
 tween the Irocpiois and Algoncpiins in KiJi'. The 
 Indians said "they wei'e tired and weary of wars 
 which they had had for more than fifty yeais; and 
 that their fathers had never wished to entei- into 
 treaty, on account of the desire for vengeiincc 
 which they wished to obtain for the nuirdcr of 
 their friends, who had been killed; but, haviniv 
 considered the good which might i-esult. they re- 
 solved, as has been said, to make i)eace." p. 157. 
 
Addenda 
 
 21 
 
 f 
 
 U 
 
 "Nicholas Perrot, the French interpreter, an 
 early iind jyood authority, said, the country of the 
 Iroijuois was formerly Montreal and Three Kiv- 
 <''*^ .... Tlieir removal was in consecjuence 
 of a (|uarrel unexjjectedly occuring between them 
 and the Alj;on(|uins .... This explains why 
 tliese also claim the island of Montreal as the 
 land of tlieii- ancestors,." p, i;]3. 
 
 Lafitu, Poucliot and other authorities furnish 
 <-oncHi ring- testimony. P.ut to make extended ex- 
 iiacts from the works named, and others that fur- 
 nish similai- evidence, would unduly overtax our 
 space and the scope proimsetl; we shall, therefore, 
 lie content to briefly summarize, indicating publi- 
 cation an<l page from which the extract is taken 
 foi- the benefit of those who may desire greater 
 ami)lification. 
 
 "The Mohawks came from the North by way of 
 Lake C'Im.'Mplain," Tbid, ]). 1:55. 
 
 "In (*anada. New England and southern New 
 York were the Algoncpiins," j). 13(5. 
 
 "fiearing in mind the numbers of the Tiocpiois 
 and their fietpient lemovals, any experienced per- 
 son can see that their coming into New York can- 
 not bo plai-ed veiy far back," p. ]'y.i. 
 
 Mohawk is not an Irocpiois word, nor could a 
 Ai .iiawk once pronounce it," j). ]')9. 
 
 The Indians were a very nonuidic peo])le, mov- 
 ing fiejuently from place to ]»lace to avoid their 
 enemies, to places of greater natural advantage, 
 where fish, game, ancl peltry were moi-e plenti- 
 ful, etc. This has been in abundant evidence from 
 earliest times. Champlain recorded in KiKi: 
 "Sometimes they change their Village of ten, of 
 twenty, or thirty years, and transport it from one, 
 two. three leagues from the preceding place, un- 
 
22 
 
 KtyMOLOOV of MlSSHgUOI 
 
 less they are conslraiiUMl In- their enemies to dis- 
 loil.i^e and to go far away, as the Antouhonorons 
 liad done s<nie 40 to oO leagues," p. 161. 
 
 ("haniplam in HJO.'? found tiie Indians "rejoicing 
 for the victory obtained l)y them over tlie Ir<" 
 i|Uois,"p)». l()7-8. 
 
 "Tile Richelieu river was tlien called the river 
 of the [locjiiois," p. ](}A, 
 
 "The -Mgonquins and frotpiois had been at war 
 over 50 yeais when they began to talk of peace 
 in U)2L>,"p. 174. 
 
 After the Dutch had supi)lied the Iro(piois with 
 fire arms, "they have now achieved manv piofit- 
 al)le forays wheie before thev had but littk' ad- 
 vantage," p. 178. 
 
 "The Ii-ocjuois l)eing w-'i sui)plied with firearms 
 by the Dutch, became foi uiidable to all other In- 
 <lians,"p. 18.1 
 
 "The Iroquois now carried their arms far and 
 wide and in 1659 began to approach Hudson bav " 
 p. 210. 
 
 ^^ "Passed through the Dutch town," (Albany) 
 "to attack thp Eastern Indians hv whom they were 
 defeated," p. 215, "but small-pox had wejikened 
 their towns, "p. 216. 
 
 "That year (1664) Mohawk Anbassadors weie 
 kdled by the Aitenaquois or Kenebecs, and the 
 Mahicans attacked the Mohawks" j.. 216. 
 
 "M de Tracy came to Canada in 1665 and at 
 once built three forts on the river Iro(|Uois,"i) 217. 
 
 "Mission for the Iroquois who had been con- 
 verted to Christianity founded neai- Montreal in 
 1669," p. 220. 
 
 "In 1686 the Iroquois were seeking an alliance 
 with the Ottawas as agents for English traders " 
 p. 231. 
 
AllDKNriA 
 
 23 
 
 For more tlian one limitlred years, to supply 
 the (leinands of foreign eountiies, tlie streams and 
 forests of the Eastern eountry had heen despoil- 
 ed of tlieir fish, jjame. and fins, ami now the at- 
 tention of tile Iro(inois and otlier Eastern Indians 
 was more direeted to tlie nortli and more distant 
 country where jyame and peltries were more 
 ahundant and more easily obtained. Chailevoix 
 has leeorded of tliis ten(h>ncy and movement: 
 "Xothing was fraugiit with greatei- danger tlian 
 this opening of trade l)etween Xew York and tlie 
 Iro(piois and nations whom we had till now re- 
 garded as our most faithful allies." Ihid, j). L';n. 
 
 "In KiSJ) the small-pox restrained the Iroquois 
 from invading Canada," p. 23(5. 
 
 During the same year there was held in All)any 
 
 a council in which the Eive Xa<' -ii»'Mred with 
 
 • lelegates from Xew England \ ..^ .>lied their 
 aid against the Eastern Indians. The ludians re- 
 plied to their solicitation and overtures: " We 
 cannot declare war against the Eastern Indians 
 for they have done us no harm." p. L'iUi. 
 ^ "During ICfX) the English i.iade an attempt on 
 Canada via Lake Champlain. hut the small pox 
 again broke out and the expedition was nhandou 
 ed,")). 2;W. 
 
 " In KiiK! a party of (ii'o men left Mont! eal to at- 
 tack the Mohawks effecting a complete smi.risc 
 and bringing away 200 j.risoners," p. 241. 
 
 "Stragaling bands of Indians from all the dilVer- 
 ent nations might be encountered everywhere. In 
 KiMC two .Mohawks were sent back from Eniilanl 
 who had been taken at the surrender of Fort 
 York at Hudson Bay," p. 248. 
 
 "In 1700 two-thirds of the Mohawks were in 
 
24 
 
 Ktymoi.o«v of Mi8si8guoi 
 
 C'uiiada and kindly cared for by the French," 
 
 "The lieaver trade had sunk to notlung there 
 (New York) "and the Iroquois hunts led to con- 
 stant war. ' p. 25:5. 
 
 An Hgreenient was made by the Iroquois at Mon- 
 treal, August 4, 1701, to remain neutral between 
 the English and French. Should the Iroquois re- 
 volt from the English and unite with tlie French 
 "they would in a short time drive us out of this 
 Continent," p. '254. 
 
 "The New England people thought that the 
 Five Nations should help them against the French 
 Indians," p. 259. 
 
 "Schuyler suborned the Iroquois and won them 
 over from the French," p. 259. 
 
 "The continued wrangling, desultory warfare 
 and bloodshed between the English and French 
 came to an end, temporarily at least, by the peace 
 of rtrecht,inl713,"p. 263. 
 
 "The traders then eared more for private profit 
 than public good," p. 265. 
 
 "In 1718 the Iroquois were at peace with the 
 French," p. 265. 
 
 "Some chiefs of the Six Nations and Schagti- 
 cokes" (River Indians, afterwards known as Ma- 
 hikans and later as Loups, a remnant of the Pe 
 quots who, after the death of Philip and the dis- 
 persion of the tribe, settled along the Hudson 
 River near Albany) "went to Boston in 172:1 
 where they were well received and ])romiRpd $100 
 each for scalps," p. 269. 
 
 "The English captured 40 Abenaquis and plac- 
 ed them among the Irocjuois," p. 270, 
 
 "Father Rasle was soon after (1724) killed," 
 p. 270. 
 
TKl'MBULL'S HISTOKY OF THE IXDIAX 
 
 WARS; Phila.lelpliia, 1S47. 
 
 '/I'^'^e tnl.es of Indians who inhaMt the l.ar.ks 
 ;l lakes (haniplain, (Jeorge. ami Ontario, were 
 onnerly l.o.,„o.s hut liave since he.n knosvn hv 
 
 -Mohawks ot Canada," j). 107. 
 
 'Jl.roe years hefore the arrival of the P!v- 
 
 ".. ith ( oh.ny, a very mortal sickness, supposed 
 
 »" .ave heen the ph,gue or yel.'ow fever, Le<l 
 
 |v.h great viok-m-e among those in the eastern 
 
 . te 1. J he hv.ng were not ahle to hury the .lead; 
 . I he.r hones were found lying ahove the groun, 
 nanx years atter. The -Massachusetts Indians 
 
 aml o three hundred fighting men. In miV.l the 
 husetts, -pp llM2.-al| the territorv now em- 
 hire ..ri m" '•'" ''"^'-^ "^ ^^"■•"""^' '^'^^^- W«'»P- 
 
 M.a.ter from the Crown, heing then under the 
 .inrisdiction of Massachusetts. 
 
 AISKXAQIIS IXDIAX SRTTLE.MEXT 
 AT SWAXTOX FALLS 
 OX THE MISSlSf^Foi lUVFAi. 
 
 lli^forf, aftl.r CathnUc Cluurh h, thr AV.r E,n- 
 laiifl Stutrs; Boston, 1899: 
 
 "It is ahout this time (1090) that the Abena.,uis 
 Iml.au. appeared m.un Lake Chanipiain. having 
 
26 
 
 Etymology of Mimibvi'oi 
 
 ht't'ii «liiven from Maine hv the Rnglish in 1080." 
 p. 581. 
 
 "Having l)een driven from Maine by the Eng- 
 lish, in KiSO, the (lovernor of Canada gave them 
 tiie coiiiiti y, which extemls from the River C'liaii- 
 diere on the St. Laurent, to the River Richelieu 
 and Lake Champlain," p. 581. 
 
 "Catholicity flourished among the Ahenaquis 
 for lengthened jjeriods on the shores of the Mis- 
 sis(|Uoi and Winoski rivers, Otter Creek, and 
 other jtlaces." p. 582. 
 
 "They had a permanent chapel on the Missis- 
 <|Uoi river, near Swanton, on the Highgate side, 
 for a good many years," p. 582. 
 
 "Tliis chapel was in existence in 1775," p. 5(52. 
 
 Ira Allen, brother of Ethan Allen, and author of 
 "Allen's Natural and Political History of Ver- 
 mont," i^ on record as confirming the settlement 
 of the Abenaquis Indians on Missisco river as be- 
 ing "a large Indian town," p. 15. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE NEW YORK IROQl'OLS: 
 Albany, 1905; 
 
 "The Vermont shore belonged to the Iro(|uois," 
 p. 151. 
 
 ' ' The eastern shore of Lake Champlain had then 
 belonged to the Iroquois," p. 168. 
 
AnUEMlA 
 
 THE .lESriT RELATIONS. 
 
 27 
 
 At a meeting held at (^uelu'c, ()«'t«>l)er 10. KJS'J. 
 at tlie house of the Keveieiid Jesuit Fathers at 
 which were present the Intendant, Monseur de 
 \'arrannes,(i()veruor of Three Hiveis. Messeurs De 
 lirussy, |)aiil)oust. Duciuet. lA'uioine. La Duvantis. 
 I^izai'd, Chailly, V^ieuxpont, Duhith, de Sorel, De 
 Hepentingy, Herthier, Boucher, several of tiie 
 Ifierarcliy, and .Jesuit Fatliers, to counsel al>out 
 tnkins? action against the secret niacliinations of 
 llie lro(|Uois and to protect outlying Indian set- 
 tlements mention is made of the Mission at Missis- 
 <|oui. as follows: 
 
 "('onse(piently, the utmost etTorts must he nunle 
 to prevent them from ruining the nations, as they 
 have iieretofore ruined the Algomjuins, Andastaz, 
 Loups, Ahenaquis, and others, wiiose remnants we 
 have at the settlements of Silloiy, Laurette, Lake 
 ('hami)lain, and others scattereti among us." The 
 Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Cleve- 
 land; The Burrows Brothers Company. 1!M)0. \'ol. 
 L.XII, p. MU. 
 
 That fuller and more detailed information in 
 refiMencc to the Ahenaquis settlements in Ver- 
 mont does not occur in the Jesuit Relations may 
 easily he accounted for hy the general disturh- 
 ances in this section of the country anterior, dur- 
 ing, and suhsequent to the Seven yea is war 
 and cai)ture of Canachi. to the dissolution of the 
 Jesuit order in 177;?. and consecpient destruction 
 and confiscation of their records, and to the gre:it 
 ujtheaval and overthrow wrought hy the war of 
 the F?evolution a little later. 
 
28 
 
 Ktymulouv or Midnisvuoi 
 
 Further piocd" of the AhenacjuiH Mission at 
 Missiskuoi is toiiii<l in "Despatches and Orders of 
 tile KinjT," under date of Mart-h 24, 1744, in part 
 as follows: 
 
 "Tile estaitlislinient of the Mission at Missis- 
 l<oui may, als-o, conduce to this end," (tlie furtlier 
 settlement and develoiiment of this part of the 
 country) "l»y means of tlie spiritual aids whicii 
 the new settlers may derive from the said Mis- 
 si<..i. The other advantages offered by tliis settle 
 menl, however, most of all. the possibility it may 
 alford of detaching the Loups and Abenaki In- 
 dians dwelling in that region, from the lOnglisli, 
 will prove of no less importance, nor nujst the 
 Sieurs de Beauliainois and lioccjuart fail, in any 
 way, to further the efforts of Father Lauverjat 
 towards this end. ' ' 
 
 And again in "Instructions from the King to 
 the Marquis of Heauharnois, Governor and Lieu- 
 tenant General of France, and Intendant Hoc- 
 (|uart," under date April 28, 1745, among other 
 things occurs this reference to the subject-matter 
 under consideration: 
 
 "It is true that war will likely prevent the 
 rapid development of thtse settlements in keep- 
 ing back those who might wish to take up lands in 
 tliis region, but consitiering that they will be [)ro- 
 tected by the Fort St. Frederic, and that the Mis- 
 sion of Missiskoui will be very advantageous to 
 them in case the English should attemi)t any en- 
 croachment, they might be easily encouraged." 
 
 "Ilis Majesty was pleased to hear of the pro- 
 gress made by the village of Missiskoui and the 
 disposition displayed by the Indians composing it 
 on the occasion of the war." 
 
.\l>lJK\riA 
 
 :;9 
 
 MS. Caiuidiun Anliivcs, Scries (J. \'(i|. .'I, p. :{JS. 
 
 Spofcli of tilt' >iissis(|()ui iiiiliiiiis at tin- Xoitli 
 Knd of Lake Cliamplain to the (lovt-rijoi- of (^uc 
 Im'c. Si'|itt'iiili»'i- S, 17(1(1. 
 Mrotlit'r: 
 
 \V«', tin- Missiskoiii liifli.'iiH of St. Francis or 
 Alu'naki Trilu- have inlialiitatcd that part of Lake 
 ( 'liaiiii)laiji known In the name of Missisqoni. 
 Time nnknown to any of us here present, without 
 heinj? molested or any one' .•hiiminn: ITmiit to it, 
 to our Knowledi^e. except aliont Kiirhteen Years 
 a'.i(>, the Freni'ii (iovernor Mr. Namlreuil and In 
 lemlant came there, and view'd a spot convenient 
 for a saw mill to fai-ijitate the huiidini? of Vessells 
 an;! liatteaus at St. .Iohn>. as well as for the use 
 <»f the navy at (Juehee; and on the occasion conven- 
 ed our People to ask their approltati(»n when they 
 coiisented and marked out a spot lary:e enou«rh 
 for that puii'.ose as w»'ll as for the cuttii!<:; of the 
 saw tinihei- alumt half a ieai^ue sipiare with the 
 • •ondition to have what P.oards they wanted for 
 their use (iratis. Hut at the Conmiencenienl of 
 last wai said )iiill was deserted and the liou 
 Work liuiied after which we exj'ected everythin,:^ 
 of the kind would subside, Itut soon after peace 
 was made, some FiUsrlish jteoph' came there to re- 
 huiid the mill, and now claim three leagues in 
 IJreadth and six in Depth, which taics in 'iiir \'il- 
 laye and Plantation liy f;ir. We therefoic re 
 quest of you. Hrotlier, to einjiiie into this a'Tair, 
 that We (»htain dustice as it i> of u^reat <'oiicerii 
 to us. 
 
 We also hea: you will not allow ai)\- Tialers to 
 eonie and lirinu si.iritous liipiors anions^- us. he 
 in^ near enou,s,di to l»rin,<>: Peltries and Skins to 
 Montreal market. A Belt an.l Strimrs. 
 
30 
 
 K.TVMOLCKIV OK MiMNHurol 
 
 Answer. 
 
 r.rotlu'is of tlic Missiskinii Iiulians. I will «'n 
 <liiii«' into tilt' pill tu-uljirs ot' your Ut'inicst; in llu' 
 nii-aiuvliiic you may rest assured of .lustice an! 
 Protection. ^^lUl• continuance in the same Dulifu' 
 Comlnct, you liave ol)serve<l since under tiie Mri- 
 tisli (ioveinment wiil pHM-ure you marks of favor. 
 
 TIlo.MI'SOX'S (iAZETTKEH OF VKUMO.VT, 
 
 Burlinjfton, \H4'2: 
 
 " Hefore the <'iini|Mest of Canada hy the Knjf 
 lish the !''ri'Ucli jitid Indians had a settlement at 
 Swanton Falls consisting of fifty huts, and luul 
 cleared some land on which tliey raised corn and 
 ve^etahles. They ha*l also huilt a church and a 
 saw mill, and the channell cut through the rocks 
 to supply water to the latter, still renuiins. This 
 place was occnpi»'<l hy the Indians till the com 
 mencement of the revolution." — Part III, p. 170. 
 
 inSTOlJV or THF CATHOLIC CHl'HCH IN' 
 THE XP]\V I«]X(JLA\!) STATES; P,(.st(m. 1S}«>: 
 
 It is related that the .Fesuits estal)lished a mis- 
 sion and huilt a chajx-l on the hank of the Missis 
 <|Uoi near where SwaJitnn now stands. This chapel 
 was in existence in 177.")." Vol. 11, p. ijfii'. 
 
 "Another chapel luiilt of stone and containing 
 H hell, existed near Feirishurg, and doul)tless 
 thei-e were nuiny otlieis througliout the state. 
 Peter Kalm, the Swedish natnralist, who jiassed 
 
Addenda 
 
 31 
 
 tlirniiu:)) Luke ('liaini liiin to ('jwiihIii in I74I» mivs: 
 'Nfar < very town an . villagr, |)(>o|>l<'cl by convertoil 
 Imiinns, art' oiU' or two .lesnits. TIutj' are like 
 wIm' .It'suits with tliosc who ar«' not convt'itcil, so 
 that tiicre is eoniinonly a .Icsiiit in cvi'iy viliagt* 
 lu'hmminiu: to the Indians,' " p. 4(i<i. 
 
 "I^oit Sic Theresa ( IsU' An\ Xoi\) was al»an- 
 ihint'<l in ll)!*(l. It is altout this time tiiat the 
 .\l'enai|nis IndiMiis appealed on tiie Missis<|n()i 
 liver, on tiie W'inoski, and on <Mter eieek, having 
 lii'eii driven from Maine l)y the Knirlish in 1(1*^0." 
 p. .")S1 
 
 •'I'loiii I'isT t(» iTfio we find tlieni on the Miss- 
 isipioi river, on the WinosKi and on iMler ('rr"k." 
 
 p. .'iSj. 
 
 VKIi.MONT IIISTORK'AI, (iAZKTTKHR; 
 
 Ilemnieiuvay. Montpelier. \'t., issj; \'ol. IV.: 
 
 "Tiiis wouM leave tiie nortliein jiait of the hike 
 ifi the vieinity of the Missisqiioi river and l»ay, 
 as well as tlie lands on tlie Soielle. tlio' claimed 
 liy the Iroipiois, yet for the most part, if not en- 
 tirely unoccupied when (liamplaiii iiiaile his ex- 
 jilorations. Much of Vermont, piolialily all its 
 western slope, lieloiiifed to tiie same nation." 
 \k'M-2. 
 
 "It should thus seem jilain tliat a fair iiiterpre 
 tation must concede that the iMxpiois not only oc 
 ciipied parts of western X'eini.uit. Iml had some 
 rights to the soil in this neijj;hl)orhood (Swanton) 
 at the perioil in (Hiestion" — when visitel hy 
 Champlain), p. !*4;i. 
 
 "In records of a more recent <late. rndians 
 sjioken of as the Abena<|uis settled in a villaife 
 
 ii:«Ai 
 
Sd 
 
 IvrvMoLoov OF .Missisvr<ii 
 
 liillf 1 .Mis,sis()iit)i. Tlie latter name the tribe proh- 
 alily i^ave to tlic river on the hanks of which their 
 settlement was situated." ]>. 9415. 
 
 Accord in<i- to one authority, tiie name Missis- 
 <|Uoi was apjtlicd only to the lower part of the 
 stream, and n(»t to the whole of it until a nmcli lat- 
 er day." )). !»4:!. 
 
 "A poition of this tribe (Abena(|uis) finally 
 settled in the Coos country, on the upper waters 
 of the Connecticut. It also appears that some of 
 them afterwai-d, and at a still later day. establish- 
 ed themselves on the Missisquoi river. Those 
 on the liver last mentioned, in records of a more 
 recent date, are often spoken of as the AbernKpiis 
 at .Missis(|Uoi. 'i'hey were thus designated from 
 the fact that they were a portion of the Abena(|uis 
 settled in a village called ^^lissiscpioi. The latter 
 name the tribe piobably gave to the river on the 
 banks of which their settlement was situated. 
 According to one authority, the name Missisciuoi 
 was oiiginally applied only to the lower part of 
 the stream, and not to the whole of it until a later 
 day. In either case the term is distinctive of that 
 l»ortion of the tribe, which was located on the wat- 
 ers in question. At last, however, the Abenatpiis 
 on the Connecticut, on the Missisfpioi, and in Can- 
 ada were known l)y a new name. As they sustain- 
 ed relations one to anothei-. they came to be alike 
 called the St. Francis Indians." pj). i»4;)-4. 
 
 "Two miles below the \owtn- falls of the ^lissis- 
 (pioi rivei- was an Indian settlement of fifty or 
 more wigwams called .Missis(|Uoi," p. i»45. 
 
 "Abena(p)'> Indians at ^lissis(|uoi in Hi.jO," pp. 
 f)44!)4!). 
 
 After the war of the devolution, the Abenaquis 
 Indians still claimed the ownership of the lands 
 
Ai 
 
 33 
 
 l)or(lering upon the Missistjuoi Kiver. upon which 
 they and their ancestors had lived (hiring several 
 generations, as will appear hy the accompanying 
 <lecIaration and petition for protection and indem- 
 nity made through Ira Allen to (Jeneral Ilaldi- 
 niand and later to (luy (arleton, tluu Lord Dor- 
 chester. 
 
 "John Wagoner ami William Tichout Imth of 
 hiwful age. Testify ami say that in the niontii of 
 Oct. hist an Indian l)y the name of ("apt. Louis 
 and about twenty more supposed to he of the St. 
 l''rancanay Tribe, came to the town of Swantcm 
 and llighgate on tiie Hiver Masisquc in theState of 
 \'t. and Hoisted a Mag on a pole drew their knives 
 lhrealene<l several of the inhal)itants in a Hostile 
 manner obliged the inhabitants to j>rovide a din- 
 ner for them, claimed a right to the lands, and 
 took, in a hostile manner Ten l»ushels of Indian 
 Corn from John Wagoner and about fifteen bush- 
 els of potatoes from Wm. Ticliout. The Indians 
 also burnt and destroyed some fei'ces in sd. town. 
 That in the month of April last the same Indians 
 came to said town again and threatened to dis- 
 jtossess the subscril)er John Wagoner unless he 
 would pay them for a fourth of all he raised on 
 said lands as Kent to them. State of Vt. Co. 
 Chittenden. June 21st, I7SS", Ibid pj). 9!)S-!>. 
 
 "On the reduction of Canada, after the seizure 
 of Lake ClKuni)lain by the English, in 17(i(), numy 
 of the Indians began gradually to retire from 
 those parts of N'ormont which they had occupied. 
 This departure from Missiwpioi, howevei', was 
 slower than from otiiei- (piaiters. They still lin 
 gered in considerable numbers at this place for 
 many years, though they were all the while in dose 
 connection with those of their kindred whose 
 
34 
 
 IvrvMoi.dfiv OF Missisguoi 
 
 .•ili()i|,. \v;is on tin* snuthcrn hank of the St. Law- 
 rence-, and flsewlicre in Canada." Ibid p. 9(59. 
 
 "It should thus appear that John Ililliker, Sr. 
 settled on the .Missis(|Uoi River about 1779, thus 
 as early as the Jiiiddle, or possible sometime dur- 
 inii: the last hair of the Ke-olutionary war * * * * 
 At the pel iod of his settlement, the'.'- suit Chapel 
 and the In<Iian villa,a;e were still in exi.vteuce. The 
 bell used to he runi? daily, morning and evening, 
 for pi-ayers." p. 79l'. 
 
 _"In the survey of William Brasier, made in 
 17(;l', Ma<|uam Creek is ealled Missisquoi rivulet, 
 and the portion of the Delta to the west, which was 
 then an island, was designated as Missistiuoi is- 
 land," p. 991. 
 
 "The waters of Matpiam bay was the southerlv 
 shore of West Swanton. On Claude .Josepii 
 Souther's map of 1779 it was ealled East Bav." 
 p. 99l'. "Xorth-easterly of this bay is a la'rge 
 marsh. This marsh is said to have been i)roduced 
 by an earthcputke in 1755, an account of which may 
 be found in the nanative of Jemima Howe. It is 
 (•ailed the Pitch Pine marsh, as it is, or has been, 
 mostly covered with that kind of timber. It af- 
 fords also a great abun.lance of Imckle-berries or 
 blue-beriies which aie gathered almost every 
 year and taken away by wagon loads," ]>. 992. 
 
 "The wigwams of tlie Indians were located on 
 the east side of the river at Swanton -Falls,"—!) 
 994. ■ 
 
 "Tt accordingly haj)pened not long after the 
 (dose of the War of the Revolution that the In- 
 dians, like many others who had favored the Eng 
 lisli cause, began to remove to Canada, for their 
 sympathies were with the British rathei- than 
 with the American Government. Thev also had a 
 
Addenua 
 
 35 
 
 .strong attachment to the religion they had receiv- 
 ed from the Jesuits, an<l doubtless regarded the 
 Protestant settlers who were surrounding them 
 as heretics and infidels. It is not, tlierefore, sur- 
 prising, under such conditions, they sliould wish to 
 reinove and carry with tliom every relic of their re- 
 ligious faith and worshij); consequently, on re- 
 moving, they took down the edifice which had for 
 many years served them as their sanctuary. The 
 stones of which it was built, and probably the bell, 
 weie removed to Moscow, a village known as St. 
 Hyacinth, on the Yamaska river in Canada. The 
 write- was informed by .John Pratt, who was 
 among the first settlers, that all those stones were 
 transported by the Indians in their bark canoes, 
 and were again used in the construction of a house 
 of worshii>. Thus the Indians began to disappear. 
 They were, however, slow in withdrawing. * * • 
 The large majoiity of them, however, retired prob- 
 ably at the time the church was i-emoved, leaving 
 the lands which the tribe had had possession of 
 for more than a century," p. 1000. "there were 
 about 70 Indians here in 179n,'' p. 1001. 
 
 "About the year 1825, there came some four or 
 five families and put as many wigwams on the land 
 owned by the late Rufus L. fiarney, about 1-L' mile 
 below the village. They remained a year or two 
 obtaining their livelihood by hunting, Vishing and 
 basket-making. They claimed the lands, as the 
 Indians have done from the first." j). 1001. 
 
•Jtj 
 
 I'.IYMOLOGY OK ,MlSSl!;gl'OI 
 
 CLAIMS iW TIIK UFA) MF.X DENIED 
 
 lllSTOifV ()!-' VEIfMOXT. TllOMPSOX; 
 
 iJiirlington, 1S42: 
 
 •'It was dnriiij^' this session" — of the Logisla- 
 liire of \'(Miii()iit lor the year 1798— "that ai)|)li<'a- 
 tion was niadt- liy some Indian chiefs in Canada, 
 for ('oni])ensation for lands wliich they chiiiiied in 
 V^erniont. 
 
 "Their chiiiii enil»raeed nearly the whole of the 
 l)resent counties (»f Addison, Chittenden, Frank- 
 lin, and ( I rand Isle. The subject was referred to 
 a coniniittee, who repoi'ted that the lands claimed 
 had, in their oi»iTiioii, formerly belonjjed to said 
 Indians, hut whether their title had ever heen ex- 
 tinguished hy purchase, Contjuest, derilection of 
 occupancy, or in any other way they co ild not as- 
 certain. The 't'gislMture supported the Indian 
 agents dui'ing their attendance, gave them a hun- 
 dred dollars in token of friendship, and they re- 
 tuined to their tiihes well pleased with their suc- 
 cess, and still hoping to succeed still hetter an- 
 other season. 
 
 "In October, ISOO, the legislature met at Mid- 
 dlebury. The Indians having been so well s,.p- 
 ported and i)ai(l at their former attendance ujton 
 the legislature, again ;^t- mled and urged their 
 claims to land in Vernumt. The Governor inform- 
 ed them that the assembly had voted to give them 
 $50 to defray their expenses on their return to 
 their own nati(ms — but that no more money wouhl 
 be given them either to ])ui'chase tlieir claims or 
 to defray their exjienses. These decided measui-es 
 bnuight the afifair with the Indians to a close," 
 —Vol. 11, ))p. 89-90. 
 
AlillKNDA 
 
 37 
 
 McQILL UNIVERSITY 
 
 ricuLTv or ap^liio tciiNct 
 
 Vnn't Offitt : 
 
 mttK 3 ADArtt M. e , D ic. rut »oi«i*. 
 
 e *i M^LtOD Mil, m.tC— V«( Ota*. 
 
 MOHTHKi.. 
 
 £6th Uay, 1909. 
 
 Oeorge MoAlear Esq., U. D., 
 
 "Voroeeter, Uaea, 
 Dear Dr. UoAleer:- 
 
 I have just received your letter 
 of May 22ad with regard to the occurrence of 
 flints on the shores of la'Ke Chacplala. 
 
 True flJnta always occur in chalk and there 
 is no chalk in the region to which you refer. 
 There are, however, occurrences of chert, which 
 resemhles flint, in rooks other than chalk, and 
 It may be that there are occurrences of this 
 material on that portion of the Jake shore to 
 which y"u refer. I, however, an not personally 
 acquainted with this precise region. 
 
 I should advise you to write to the Director 
 of the Geological Survey, Ottavra, who will place 
 •your letter in the hands of one of his staff who 
 has geologically examined this part of the lomin- 
 ioa. 
 
 I remain. 
 
 Yours very einc<=rely. 
 
 ^\^v^a^^^^^-cU^ 
 
DEPARTMENT OF MINES 
 OtOLOCICAL •URVEV 
 
 R. W. KNOCK, OimCTOII^ 
 
 OTTAWA. 
 
 May 31st, 1909* 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your 
 letter of the 25th inst,, with reference to flint 
 deposits on the shores of Missisquoi Bay. I am 
 enclosing a map which will show you the geological 
 forrcations ahout the hay. We have.no knowledge of 
 true flint occuring in that locality. Perhaps yotf 
 refer to the chert of the Georgia (Cambrian) shown 
 on the map as Potsdam. This formation has a great 
 thickness of sandy dolomite holding a great amount 
 of black and grey chert in angul&r fragments up to 
 a foot in length and six inches in width. The 
 chert occasionally forms layers of a fev/ inches in 
 thickness. In some beds the chert makes up the 
 chief part of the rock. In the Trenton sometimes 
 some beds become hard and cherty. 
 
 I should be obliged if you could give me 
 any further information regarding your flint. 
 
 Yours respect;fully. 
 
 Dr. G. McAleer, (1^ , (O , (f^uu<r<K 
 
 Worcester, Mass., 
 U. S. A. 
 
Addenda 
 
 CIOLOSICAI SURVEY 
 K.#.C!;OeK,DiiieTO». 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Ottawa, Deo. 13th, '09, 
 
 Sear Slr:- 
 
 Replyicg to your enquiry conoerning the 
 MlBsiBqnoi region as a possible source of flint, 
 I beg to say that no snob material is known to 
 occur there although long and well known geolog- 
 ically. Some chert occurs In the Cambrian rooks 
 in this neighbourhood and some beds of the Trenton 
 become somewhat cherty in places, but this mater- 
 ial is very distinct from flint and V7culd not bo 
 ©xpeoted to give rise to such a name as the place 
 "where flint is," 
 
 Yours very truly. 
 
 /Sc<rr3o.r^ 
 
 George McAleer Esq., M, D., 
 
 T/oroester, Mass,, 
 
 U. S. A. 
 
 i