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1 2 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
MICIOCOPY KfSOlUIION TtST CH*»T
ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2
A APPLIED irvMGE Inc
^I^^^'
DOMINION OK CANADA
DHPARTMENT Ol- A(;RICri.HKr
BIIANTH (IF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRHTLHRE AND HAIRVING
POULTRY DIVISION
JA8. W. HMBKH'l>0>l
tummlssloner of Agrliullure and Dalr)liis
F. r, liAHK
Chit'l ot fuullrit DlTlaloi
rilOFlTABLE IHlliim FAllMLXO
(RKVL^Kl) KDITIUX)
BULLKTIN No. ()
NKW SKUII-:s
I'Lllll-HEli r.V DlKK.noN OF TUB HON. STUXIT A. b'lSHKK, MlNISTKR Of A..KHlL11h«
(ITTAVVi, (^NT,
Murih. I'.'O:;.
SfVr^r'^ y^/"' :-:y:/^*ar
(>i I \WA. Maioli Ist, I'Mt'i.
To THK. UlNMl IIMU.E
Till; Misi-iTK.it <<y A..i[iri i.iiKK.
S1R.-I 1"-' totniMMi.it l„..vwitl. a U.-vi.e,l VAhum of the Bulletin ^ ProfiuM*
r..ulln, r.u;nn,.,: l,v Mr. V . C. M;uv, Chi.'f of tl..> Poultry Division, anil to recommend
tli;il it !>■ iiriiiti'il tor distriliution.
I have' til' lionour to U',
Sir.
Your .ilii'iiii'iit M'rv.mt,
.IAS. W, ROBEUTSON,
IJommiS!fijii-ir of Agriculture and Dainjing.
CoNTKN'!"
I
l''ll II in II..I N| ( ■,
v-<li:t 'iT'-v
Cm (riFi"
I. I,.M-:iii.,ii i.f til.- I|..!i„- ...
n. I'hiii, ..(■ I'ouhiv II. .II-..,
III. (".IhTill (.'.)l|.-tllli t; ll'..iillu II. .11-,..
IV. Til,. l>oiil,l,ll,.u„.
y. 'I'll,, siii-i,- II, ,11-,.
VI. (;,.ii(.ral lii-i.|i. l-'iiriii,', ,,t l',.iiltiv ||.,ii.,-,
VII. Til.. Viinl- .-.ii.i I--..1HI-
VIII. TIh: liii|ir.i\iiii,ii! ..t' K.iiin l'.)\ilti\- l|..u-.'-
r>.n.
II
U
U
l'i:..KnMU.K 'I'lLMii: Hi: \m iiKs.
I.\ The EijiT Tni,!..-
X. The Chieki'ii Tni.l.-, .
1.'.
16
TlIK Fl.iiCK UK l',,l
XI. Srlci'tiiin iif ti :?uitiilil,' ]?rri.i| . . .
XII. Tin- IiiipiinoniiTit .it' til,' Kl,Mk. .
XIII. Til," IVotits fnim th,. Ki...l<
17
19
10
Fhr lis AND FhKlilMl.
XIV. Ffeds for P.mltiA-
\N . Poultry Fc'iiiii:; .
•21
T' -. M\TrmN.. .\Mi Hkahiv,. UK Chickens.
XVI. Proliiniii.. >V,,|.li
XVII. Hatchiiii; irki'ii- liy Niitiiial Mraris .
XVIII. Rearins; t. ickcii- liv Nariiiul Menus...
XIX. Th.' Testini;.if Ku'--
XX. Hatrliiii.,' Chickfii- liv Artitiiiiil .Mean-
XXI. Kcarin"; C'hirkfii^ !.v .\rtitiiial .Mi'aiis..
24
L'5
■26
■27
■2S
29
TiiK Fmh.mm. am> Mm!Kkiin(, of CmcKENg.
XXII. Fat'iCliiii;.' Chicki'ii- in Ciati's . .
XXIII. PioiMiiiii; Chirk,^tis tnr Mai kit.
XXIV. Marki'tini,' Cliirk..ii-
34
.17
41
Thk !)isi:asks ami Pakashk.s uf Poli.ti
XXV. Tlio Disi'ases .,1 Pi.ultrv. . .
XXVI. The Parasite ut P.mitVv.
44
i-^^^^ur^m^:,:^-^ ^^ X]
PllVAWCK.
_ On farms thr.,„i;l,nut Cnmla tlinv arr , 1. .,.,-,|,t fn« U that nir a smaU ..Mrre . f
inroM,,-, ll„.v ir,..,N.. l,ttU.,a,v. In th.. >(.,,„,• ..t ,!<.■ v.„r • h.-v [.,^|„,, . ,[,„. ,.^,.
H'.hl iit.il low piKv. llicir chickfiH aiv rii.irk.i,.,i Hitli -tifi v
• I'n.litul,!,. l',„iltry Farminu- ' m u nll,..i to ,!,..«■ |„,v. .m-iviiM.,1 ,,,„lit .,.i. ••
r.--il,/.-,i |,„,M utility l.n.l, w..||.m,,,1 ,,„. ,-^,,11 , tiv, I'cnUuv fa.iui.ig -m a fu,n. ,.:,
bo ,irv,l.,|,r,. .n Citiaila will, „n.,-h ,.,„tit 'ri,,. t„u U sl.ouUi rfceivr the att.-nr;. ,,
atloni,.. t|„. liir;;,.|- .t.M-k ; they >h„„l,l 1,.. as «, II |,„iim.,| ; tVotn JOO to !,000 diuk- ,
Hlioiilii !«• iimiimI aiiiHially.
Th.iv i> a -ivat (Iniianil 1.1 Cana.la I'm- fattr.l rhii'kms ami fr.vh tahU- .u'c-
Itieinaikot nM|uiiviii.-iit.s slu.w a [.rnm.uiKc.l advamviiinit within the last few vcai-
the con.si,n.,.ti(,n „C rh.ekons an.l ei.-. lia.s innvase,! ; the [.rieeM ,,aul by tlie trari;. ha..
lUlfiroveil.
^ A innst vlnkiii- ,1, ■^,.|,,,.|,„„t ha. l.,-,.,, i|„. , ,af tatteii einrken t,a,le_a lumi..--,
intr<Mu,:e,l ,11 l.s:.,> l,y the C.nnii.. , ..i .\..,„ult uie aii.i I -airvint;. In that v;.,
crate-tatteil ehieken.s were lust tniuar.l,.! 1,, Ci.at Ihitain. Tlie lei.-rts re.-eiveii J- >-.■
that the chickens ai'nve,! mi Ihie c.ndition , ,,l,.a.e.| .!,.• tra,!,- well ,n every resi.eet ai.J
were .,, ,1 at ^-00, pnee.. Caimilian tatte.l .hi.kee, have l,,-,. reeeiv,.,rtav„unih'lv .|
tl's"... " i'":.- "":^;''"'-':' ll»'l'.-Ml.ry.|„pp,.,| ,„ Creat Itritam has in reas. ,1 f':. ■„
11.-.. M. >M 1,VM, ,„ .v:>.i>.u4, ,„ liHi,.. Th.. latter sun, r,.pr nt. nnlv -J percent of •• ,.
value .,1 the pcmltry iniporte,! mt.. I he r,nt...l Kin-.l-.m frem other ,"„untnes
Ihis Departm.-nt nf A^, p-ultuie was a.k.'.l hv ,.,„. .lealer in Man.-he.ster t., -ui , v
the names ot Canadian evp..rnii^' hrii.s v, I ,,ul,i .Inp him .i.iMKi ca^es „f eh,, k' .'s
.)^(M,(i,.liiekens)awe,.k. There is an ahn. ,r unliniite.i market ,n llnat Hnt^ur. •..,
( anaihan talti.(J chirkens.
When iiome consumers realized the impi.A,,i ,|ualiivof tatted ehirkens a r.iie
demand as ..rtatH This deman.l has ,nereaM,1 lapeliv: Tliei,. ,s ev, ry indira-.n
ot a siir .iitial yearly increase in the home eoi,Mimpt i,.n of fatted chi.ke-,s"
Aa important tra.le is the new-laid e;;^. ,i,.d,.. Tins is most prolital,h. durine •. ,.
w.titer months Deeemher Nt. 1!).).', ,i,i. hepaiMr.ent .as oU'end for str.etlv :.. ..
laid e-^'s III |.ents a do/en until the eml of hi^t month,
I'oiiltry farmin- on a farm will U. f.aind a piolital.le hraiah of a-rieulture i • e
business should U- n,ana:;e/ l,y those « ho |„n ,. ,|„eet e,,n,rol of the faim. IN, -y
tarmin;: can also U- comiueh.d in eonnertio,, mtl, an\ ot the minor branches of aL-i ■ < "
nire Iher.. will !«.. a greater profit re.-ili.ed from the business uhen the utilitv tv,.e of
brmJinj-towl ,s kept ; when ,|,e pulle,, are fed for «i,iter ej:K-pn.iuet.on ; Mi.,' :,,e
eock.-rels are s|,ecially tatted for market.
DBPAKT.MKVr OK Am; IC|. Lrfl.T,
Ori.\«.A, March l.-t, !!iu.3.
F. C. UAlli:.
C .',1'J vj I'viiltry J' ii.ifvti.
: ,-.*iaiii^j ji ii^^T.:^':^^^^^
PKOFITABLK PdlLTIIV FAltMlNG
(KKVisKr) Kdiiion,
ii\ I'. < . MAUi;.
POULTRY HOUSE CONSTRUCTION.
I LOv/ATION or THE HOUSfi
1. Concerning the Location m General.— Ttic poultrv Ii.hi-.> slmiilrl h.- a .!0[ irate
i, M<> aii.l .>..iiifwli;it iip.irt t'l'ini the uiiiiii farm liiiil, line's. It vlmnM fif >itu,it(><i where
r. • vi;i .-an sliiin' on it :i!l d iv ; it slioiihl fat'i' t\i>- sinilli ; it ^li.mld I .tivniifiit of
1 ■ '.s- iiH-iii:; tli.> wititiT. It the broMiiu:; fowls nrc to h.' k..|it In r.intlticil vani.s, the
y L/'is sii..iili| .•xt,.|i.i 7.' f..,'t in fmnt of the hou^.'
2. Site — A wcll-.lraiii.'cl siti' is ps-cniinl fur thi- h..ii-.- an^l \'ii-ils ; il.impticss and
t;:-;i ar.jun'i thr |M)iihiy hou-,' ;iir th<^ cansi^s of the must ..f \\„- [,'oiiltry ili'^cuscs.
3 Shade in Summer. — Sliaiic Is r^nuiri'ii during th'- siitnni>'r nionths. I'ouitrv at
.: I'-rty can >.'.ui-,. this around tlic farm liuililitii,'s. Tici'S an' ino-.t ^atisfartofv for Hl'i.ide
'p'lrDos.'x : til.' poultry lioiis,. .|,o,il.l \v locat.'ii 20 or Jo f.'ft noitli .if th-' lt..'i.".s.
4 Movable Houses -..M.niihl.. Iiouscs ari- poultry h.ni^rN ih.ii cm I... .Irawii by a
• - t.) any p'.rti.m .if tlie farm. A small, easily (■.in-liiict.Ml iii.ivahli. hoii^.-, .'apable
■ t ousing 15 h.'ns is (i..scril»'.l in i'.notlier para^jniph (76) ..f this liiill,.tin. Hvad.iiiting
III 'able h.)us..s till' p.(ultry i-an 1.,' hoii^tHJ in tln' li.-lijs ft.,iii M,i\ until (tctolHT. iliey
^. -vurf animal an. 1 v.>i;i>taM.' f.Mj.i from tln' n.'w :,'r.Min<l th.'-vwill ivn,i,.r th.' soil
I!. •:•:■ fertil.',
II PLANS OF POULTRY HOUSES
5. General Requirements. --Tli.> poultry hous.^ shouM pi.,\i.le a w.-ll h^hto.) and
' ■ ;-ven'ilal.Mi pt'ii for the f.iwls to p.xerciso in, an.l a waiiii roostin;; pen. This neee.s-
-.■ lies that the r.io-tin:; (niart«^rs (I) should Ix- in a warm j.en which is .s.'p.irate from
• ■ exereisiii;; pen, .ir (•-') arranged so that the fow]^ .mii be closed in at ni:,'lit. Th.Te
•(■ 'WO plans ,,f l|..i|.,.s ; (1 ) the doiil)le house, (J) th.' -iiigle Iioiis(>.
6. Double House.-- -The double house is built 1<! feet wi.|.' ami e.mtains sejiaraUj
-VTciMii.' an.l r.MiMin;,' p.-ns. Kaeh 8 feet in length of tlio (l,,iible lioiis,. \mII hoiisi- l'O
I MS pMiiiieing market e^'^'.s. or a breedini; pen of a mal.'and 10 females, l-'.ir exainpl.',
I .lo'ilil.' h.jus,. li; f,.,.t AJ.l.. and 16 feet long will house 40 laying.' hens or tw.i bret'iiing
I ■ -1- ,1 .i.iible house l' t U;-t lona; will house »!0 layin:: liciis or tliree bf.'edini; pens.
.1 /•■■i,,f.i;/<:- ..ft/,,- />.,.//,/« //oti,w.— The floor of th.' .■.tereising pen is well. lighted by
•A.ni.w- m fh.' ro.if; the-.' windows ar.' storm j.r. ..if u hen closed; they can ih- rai.sed
fir ■..•n'llatioti. Wlien th.. .l.wrs of the roosting,- p.'ns are closed at nigh"t, the f.)wls are
'.' .-iit .r-,ih!,' on th.' ro.i^t.
i..t iMMi; »,ll ,.,r,,„„M.„|„f ,,M„. i„.„, „r ,1,,,,. i,,,,,ii„^j ,,.„,
HI GENERAL CONSTRUCTION OF POULTRY HOUSES
"I
\ \ \
w
1,,;
"Xl
f'"- 1 T',. •, ,,(,,„
|".'iltr\ i,.
9 Frwne, Tho mII I'l^r. I ..i •!,.. i,,,„„. .i„„,|,n,, , , ,,„ ,,. ,,
»..i tt,.. ,.i,.t. .m. each •■ i.v J „„.|„.. ' "" '' ''''" '"-"'">"»i. Ti:.. .,„..,,
rvo
V'i.t |.r.. ! wi.ll.
10 Wall._.V ..•■.u,.„,ry .l,auuht-pn,„,- wall .an I.
Mu.,Mi„..... -n.. i.u.l.lm.. ,1, ,„;.■ tl„.k,n.>. „t roui.'!, inri.
tli>- ]..ii_li iiiinlH-r m,, tliii'kn.-M.. ,,t |„.,,vv ImlJin,- , ' "n ', ""imu. ..:
^- '"-'- i"i— "—-■>'. ' n^,l,;';„,;•L:;:::!'i;;:--^;^;,A- - ■
i^> ' „„ -tX-
11 Roof ri..' i;«,i l»uu.N
ll ti. [li.li cil 1 lii-i- t.';;i'ttH'l ,lPii| I ■■\CrP<) •» i'tl li. .i\
12. Windows - riic «lni|<i«« ilmuli) II, ,t !»■ ]iiitif in il/i'. Siiiii.' [.(.iiltiv hoUMa
oo'ilain IV liie,''' "iii'li'W iiicii, itml .i^ .i . ..Hm ,|ii.ii,i- mr tixi wjuiii 'luiiii.' tin' ifav time,
inil in M'MTf wiiilliir viry (..|i| nl m^-lii. i in.- «inil,,\v ii siillkit nt I'ur i\ii\ - r 10
ftft cf ll'tl^tll nf II li.illM- It) iir l'^ flct \Mi|. Til., luwir iili;!' lit' till' willili.W sllnuM lU't
tx- ovtT \^ iiirlit'M fi'iim till 'iiiunil, Ml flint IK iiiiii-li hiiiihIiiih' us [..wsilili/ Will full in the
rtiKir iif till- lioii^c. Iliii^i'il ur ~liiiiiii; winiliiw-, iin- inlw-ulili- at tlii-v mil In' i.|.<tiiil fur
Tiril iliiti.ii HI fur n iiioviii;; till' litt<:.
13. Floor. -.'I'lif li'M'l 111 ,lir .mill it.H.i ..f till- |...iiltiy liuii-.. -Iiuiil.j iH' ri i[ii'|ic«
hIhuc till' uutMiili' >{iuiiiiil 111 ..mIii \i< 111-111,. .1 .hv ll.'ur ,\ «uii.|.ri l|,Mir ih not
witi.^f.i,fury. An i-iiilli lluur i> mmiI,. ,i- I'..|I,.v>- :i inrlii.- ..f ,..,il u-l i ,-i,arso >.'iii\el
are ;,liiri'i| on tlie lairtli in-iili' I li,' Imhi-,', .iii,| ..^ ■ r tli.. ,|,|ii.- .; m.li,.-, uf liirht. ilrv Mind.
IV THE DOUBLE HOUSE
I'll,' duiililo plan uf I'uiiltiy li'iu-,. 1- jr. f, . I «ii|i. ,111.1 1, .|iM.|...l l,y .i,,-- [..iititiuns
iiitu -, paral.' [.itim ^ I'.-.-t niMiiiin; Limtli,
14 Sill riie sills sIkmiM Ik- pliu'iil m [..p-iiiim with tin' frunt nl:.'' t tli.r.ntrt'
ruu 'I fi-.t fii.iii the oiitKiilf vi till' Imck luw.
15 Studding. — The f runt kliiiin should !«■ inf t fict tj iiiiTii's lon^' ( I'ig, .',) ; tln'
.•.nn.' -tiiils .- tot't lull;,', and tlu' luick -.tiidi t'l fcrt luii^'. Tin' limk -tmls -huuld 1k' l'
fn-t h iiiihi'H apart ; the ci'iitri' -lud.-i S feet apart at hi>t, and a -.pai'O J fi'ft 4 inrlii's
wuir I. ft lit the wntiv for the diKir ; tlie frmit .studs S (it iipait at lirst, an. I a spac 1'
f.'i't III inches wide l.'ft at thi> ri'titrc fur the »indow. Tlie end -tmls ,liui,lii U. 'J feet ti
iiirli, - apart and a space allowed at earh end uf the liouse fur a diur. i'lii- dufirs open
iniu Tlie exprei-inj: pen near the centre of the liuu.se.
the
■en
e placed
16. Rafters. -Wlien the thire hpu.s of studs and platP.s are nailed in ["'sition, t
rafters rliuuld lio cut. The rufteis vlmuld 1h' 2 feet ti inches apart except betwe
exercising' pens N'os. 1 and -, .') and 1, .'i and tj, iVc, where the pnif winduws are plac
and where the rafters re<|iiii.- tu li.' .' fe.t '.i inches apart.
17. Walls. riie luiir w.ilK ui' til.. !iuu,|. ,liuuld c.jnsist uf the sUnidiriL' euvered on
•fie 'iiitntd' with t«o lliicknesM's of -idiiii; and iiavinj; two ply of he.i\v I'liildini.' ortnr-
piipor U»tween.
'I'liaii.l tu the comfort uf the f.iuls in the ruusting pens of the duuhle huuse during;
the winter iiionihs, a layer uf buildini,' piip.'r should \ie laid %'erticallv uver the studdini;
until.' inside uf the luusiiiij; pen^, and iliep.ipei- oovereil with J inch .Ircssed lumber.
This will in-ure an air ti<.'lit liulluw wall aruun.l the ruostini; quarters.
18. Long Partition. — The wuud.u parti'iun iiinningtlie length of tlic hou-e ami
separal iiii; the e.M'icisinn and .iKistiiij; pens shiniKI contain dinirs 2 feet G inches wide
opening' into each ro<istinp pen. Tlnr,- -liuiild also Ik' a I'i hy 14 inch pane of f;lass in
the pc.rlitiun lat the side uf caiOi duur and aliuiit .") feet from the tluuii to ;.'ive lii.'ht tu
the roustiiii.' pen when the dmir is clu-i',1, A chicken upeiiin^: 10 in, lies v,iuare is aUo
reipiired near the liuttuni uf th" paititwii lielueen each e.vercisini; and ruusting pen;
this upeiirij,' sliuiiicl 1m' ,l,is,'il u hen n.'.n—aiv iiy a sliding Iward 1 -' in.lics -.juure.
19. Windows. —The wimluw in th,. ti"nt uf ih.' exeroisin;,' pen should b.- 3 foot 2
incii.'- lun..' anil i' feet 10 inch..- '.M.lr i-i\ lii;lit> l'> by 10 inch); it should be hiniied
to the ]iiaie and upcii inwards.
1
8
For til.. 7-00/- window it is norossiiry to use a 3 l.v fi f.vt l,.,t Ix-d Rash. With U
inch board, a trarae should be made 4 inches hi.-l, and ..f the exaet outside dimension;
^l^«nr f ^ I' T^^J' t^"^' *'■'' '"'•'' "" "1""""'« ^"nvsponding t« the inside
dimensions of the frame should be sawed out in the eentre „f the rU of the «cratchin«
pen and ahoy., where the rafters are 2 feet a inches apart. Th. frame can then bl
nailed in i)oMti,,n on the roof.
C»0S5 5LCTIDN
PLAN.
«*;■ V
.mi^^^^S^L^r^lkUC.
1
J',) I'rirent l.enhiye. iif the Uo,/ Witidnw. —Before the nnif is -liiiiirlcd tin' foursiilcs
of fill- f-anic should b<> covcrciJ witli pieces of ^jalvaiiized iron exteiidiiiji on the roof.
Tlie front ed};e of the frame should lie i-overed first, and the pieces of jjalvauized iron
nailed alonj; tlie sides of tlie frame slinuld liave an inch lap (like shingles).
AIkivc the sides and the upper end and under the front of the -ttuih there should l»e
nailed four 1« rig angular pieces of galvanized iron (3 inches wide) to prevent leakage
belwi'cn the sash and the frame.
To liaise the Roof Window. — A piece of J inch hy ^ inch iron 24 inches long should
have a handle formed at one end ; \ inch from the other end a ,\ indi hole should be
drilled and a large screw eye o[K>ned and inserted. Several holes are also required in
the iron .' ir fastening the windQ-.v closed or at difterent heights. They should be drilled
in the iron of sufficient size to go over a .'J inch wire nail with the head removed. The
finished iron should be attached by the screw eye to the bottom of the sash. The 3 inch
wire nail over which the iron is placed is driven into the edge of the roof b«mrd.
20. Cross Partitions. — A board and wire partition extending 5 feet 6 inches in
height sliould U' between each scratching {«>n. Boards should be used for 2 feet
above the ground ; the rest of the partiticm is preferably 2 inch mesh wire netting.
There shoulrl Im' a door 2 feet 6 inches wide in each scratching pen partition near the
centre of the houge ; it should be hinged with screen door spring liinges and open in-
wards when entering the pen.
The partitions between the roosting pens of the double house shoukl be tight
iHi.irded to prevent draughts through the house and to add to the warmth of the fowls.
h..
-X
l-'i... 4. Th.' n.-ts mill i..<.-t ,.f th,- <l,,i,l.i.' licusc
21. Roosting Quarters. Tin' drnp l„,aid, n.nsts and nests sh.MildK.' |.hi..d ..t the
li-lrk lit' the liinstilli: pen.
'I'ht 'li-'ifi-lioiiiil should Im' .ilidut S fi^et lorii: and for mn
,.• t,,,. I VI., !!H!sts '.\ feet wide : it shi!;:!d !a- !:l::-:^!
M inches id)n\e the floor.
r .1111 i-,.,.st L' feet li iiii'lies «i,|,.,
-.iW r:f the .....stiu- |..i,
The /v.e.sV should he 11 •_' hy t inch s,-iiiilUriu "ith the cMrrieis r-omideil otr i.ii the 2
inch siije 1.11 uhich th.' fo»ls ro.isi : tin' rn'.sl sh.iuM !..■ pi;,. ..I 1(1 inches ,ih..M. the
10
drop-n.mrd ; ,t should not bo naiUvi tx. the side walls. When it ig nee
ban one roost, the roost« should be on the same level. The rlt "ea
Bhowld be 10 mches from the wall ; the roosts should be IfilnX "part
necejssarv to use more
same level. The roost neare.st the rear w.ill
fl
1-L
5»
11
The n^sts should be placed on the ground under the front edge of the drop-board ;
they should face the r. ir wall of the roosting pen ; tlicv should be made without a floor
and not fastened to the house. Five nests should be constructed together and placed in
fach f)en. There should be a door 10 inches wide in the front of the nests from which
to collect the eggs. The inside dimensions of the nest are 11 inches wide, 12 inches
deep and 19 inches high.
V. THE SINGLE HOUSE
The single plan of poultry house is 12 fi>et wide, and divided bv cross [mrtitions
iufo pons 10 feet running length.
22. Studding - -The front studs should U' cut S feet long and the b«,ck studs 4 feet
6 inches long. Wlioii the sill is in jiosition the front studs .should be set up 10 feet
apart, and a space of 2 feet 10 inches left at the centre for the window. The back and
end studs should b<! 2 fct 6 inches apart. There should be a door in each end of the
house. The door should bo near the front wall.
Flli. f..-llM- WH
ttll |-i"i^tHI/ I" h
23. Eaft«rs. — The rafters are about I4te»'t long and should !).> sp.ie,.H j f.p, g
inches apart.
24. Walls. -The four walls of the house should consist nt the studdini; covered on
the outside with two thicknesses of siding and having two ply of heavy buTldim' or tar
j.ipiT b(>twcen. " " " '
25. Windows. —The window in the front wall of ea, h pen measures 4 feet G inches
long by 2 feet 10 inclics wide (nine lii;|its 10 by I'l inch) ; it should be hinged at the
side. ■)pen inwards, and with the lu»i>r edge l.S 'inches al«)ve the sill.
26. Cross Part't. jns,— A win' and board partition .") feet : inches high shoul.l be
!.etweeii each pen. Hoards should Ik> used for .'! t'eet tVom the rear wall and\' feet above
the ground ; the r(>st of the partition should l>e 2 inch mesh wire neltiiii.'. Tfiere should
:,■ a .i.i.nr 2 iVr' b in. iie- oide m the ['.ti i li ion ne;irliie front wall ot the house; it
shoiilil be hin;;ed with screen d<Hir spring hin;.'es an<l open inwanis,
T/ir i/ni/i hoard. nuKsts and wfJ(^^ should be at the back of the pen. They are ot like
dimensions to tho roosting quarters and iiesis of the ilouble house, with tlie exception
tiiat the drop-board and roosts are alioul lU feet Ion".
:^^^<^rsF:v-^f o ^. ::m?i
hous,. ,lir..,.Mv alK.w. ,1... .„, . ;.! tC^lw^^T"" T". '"^"■'' .V; ^''" -"• •'>' tl-
fn..,,.. sl.nul.l ,.xt..,„i u,>„.s ,1„ , ;,: , ' , ,"',''"''":' < "'-• •''• ""^ l.u.l;.,, ,.,m.n.,|
t-use. Ti„s fta,.,,. «^.'u C , : ^t^;;;^?";;;:; ^":: ' 'r '"v':' - ""■ '•-'' ■' "'•■
for.,, tl,,. warm r.MKsti,,.- n,.,, ■ th f u. n ' ""'''" "* ''"' ••"""ti'';-' T'Tt.rs
.-.nfortabl,. .iuri,,. !",:.l,T,.i,h, ' """"'-™'" "'""■''■'" '"■"' '" '^-I' "'-' ■'>-
VI. GENERAL INSIDE FITTINGS OF POULTRY HOUSES
(.•<) a trough fur tV...],,,. tl,. ,na.|,' ' in ' ' '""'' '"" '■'■"^■'' ''""' ' ^""^
I'll.- %viit. I |..imi:,iii.
.1::' :,;;:',.. ;.!™:it;r;r;:":;;!!,;-;,;;;'r' '"- •■ <■ »'■■ '■■ '■ •■
':"' "1 ';;::;■■;;;:. ,:;:i::;:,;i:s;;"\^;;^::r:i''- ■■'-■ ,:,„
';r<'-' <"• 1- ti...h;,,;,,,,,,;,:,;: ;,';
til'- n|.|.. r ,..,11 ,^ ,..,|,|,t\.
iviiiaiii at tliis l.-\,.l iiiiiil
1
J
Ih. t..,,l 1,
29 Feed Trough .\„ Hli.,.,,, t,-, d ,,o„.l, ,. , |„ ,■,,„„ ,,„,„„ - .
^?a»n.'^-A
^SfS^i-^
13
30. Dust Box. - When tlip oarth HfKir of the Iioump is not suitable for tlie fowls to
dii.st in, shallow bo::es should U' filled with ilry dust, siftol coal ashes or iinlit sand and
plac<d under the front wimlows. The fowls enjoy diistinj; thpinselvcs ; dust Imths will
assist in suppressing the vermin.
A
\
'\
A^.
■>.
GROUND PL4N Of SINGLE HOUSE AND YARDS.
ELEVATiONi or rtMCC.
GROUND PLAN or OOUBLf H0U5C AND VJOOS ■
I'l I. W. -Thi .trrangfniiti' if the houo .in. I yariis.
^HX^^^"^
1 1
VII. THE YARDS AND FENCES
Yards Thr f„wls should have ouUlix.r pxcnis,. .iurin- tUr warmer monih- .f
II Ih.y cannot tn- allowod their lilx-rty. they should hau' .ir,-,.ss to a lar-o
31
ihf veai-.
gra«g yard If the housf contains a numhrr of pens of fowls, it will be foun ost
ec-..nom,cal to arran,,- .h,- yani.s mde l.y si.ie in front of ,t. The yanirshou U h.
a^ne w,, th .a« the .nsuk. pen. of the house (8 fee. wide for .he douWe house and 10
Z V uT" ''?"^^'»"";^ -'' ^'■"' •'""^'- T'"'" '-'T every three pens of thelou!
the e should hea,u.,her van M feet Ion,- and either L'4 or ,!0 feet wide (Fi^;. 9). Ti,,:
t:: dim!;:.:;' Xy^"^ ""'-''' '- '-- " ••"' '-^" ^-' - ''■"^-- ^---^ '•'« "-
•hnnlH'lT'J " "'""^^"f r";'' ''"' ■■"■'■'■*"«'''' '^'''' ^y ■^'''" '" '■■•""' °f ^he house. ,t„re
Jhould be lar... .uaivs in .he fences near the iu.use, so that a horse and wa,-„n <.t, ,] , '
U^ ..ugh the vards S,„aller ^ates a,,. aKo r..,,ui„.d open,,..- into the la^'e va 1 , i
Uironirh wliK'h a whrel!,:irrow can pass, ■
K^?^' -^""f^' ^'^ 1"''"''-"H'"' l''> tor l'ivn.n;,,h l:....ks, \Vvand,,ttesorth.. l„..,vv
bree-ls o, poultry .s constructed as_follows : M feet cedar posts a„. placed 2 feet .; , ,.• ..l
n the ground and I 2 teet apart ; j ,nch siding ,s nailed along the posts for 2 feet U e
the ground, and al,.,ve .he s.ding 2 inch mesh wire netting 4l! inches wide If wo e,!
^To feet ' " '" '''"■' °^ ''"' "■'•'' "'■"""-'• "'" '""-^-^ -■' '"• '*' •■'"■^ -part inX: ;
.)/,.n,W. If,,v /■>.,•... .-When it is nece-sarv to ..online a pen of I,, selected l,e, s
dcnng .he breedn.g seaM,n, or a .lock of growing ch.ckens. a n,oV,d,|e w.re iV ,' s , -
facUu^-. The w,re fencing can be> Ix.ught fro.n :! to .1 feet wide. It can l.c held in ,, a e
h. dnv.n, sharp stakes ,nto the groun.i and nailing .he fencing .o then.. Am ..be
ath en,.e can W hough, for contin.ng chickens. The la.hs are J fe..t Ion- and f,- ^t, , .i
togrtfer w„h w.re The movable fence can l>e taken down in the fall, a,; I r i '
rabHr/ael''"""' '"'''""■' '-'"' '"'-- -'■■"^"-"''^- •'—■''-''■
VIII THE IMPROVEMENT OF FARM POULTRY HOUSES
33 Inside Improvements. To make .he f.arn.er's poul.rv house bright and cheer
ul for the hens ,., exe,.c,se „, the ins.de of the house'shoulil be eovere.l u 1 I v
bu.ld.,.g paper ,.,,.' l,meu..hed>. The paper will p.-event draughts biow.n' , ■.' .
eh.ckcns : .be Inneuaslnng u,l bri,d„en .he ,«.n and w,ll abo suppress the ve m„ "
the hou.se .'US a wood.M, floor, the earth and chall shoulo U- remoled fr„m ■.H,./,
dry sand d,s,nnHe,.r,,,,nd, When the Hoor of the house .s earth, the eaV .hn.
1«. spa. led and leM-ll,..!. Ih..,, L' „r .; inches of coal ,ash,-s should U- place.l ..n e M, l'
ami well p:..k,.d an.l aU.ve th,. asl„> |,,d,t ,sar„i (13). Tins will ins, r,. a .ir ■ , r d
theaahes are a Ion, ran.v .., the entry of rat.s. Cl.n. r .-halV .,r short ^t.aw ... '.
<catt*.red .i inches .i.vp.nvr the.l •, .-.n.l .vn,.,ve.| ,.s ,s.,.,n as .l;.mp.
AW-/,,,., (,>u„rt^rs --The .•.uis.ruct.on n( r,«,s.,„g ,p,art..rs is given i„ para-rani, 21
The euarters are simply ma.le : ,h,. nes.s an.l n.osts an'r..n,ovable^o tha'\vr n, ' n i «
de8troye.i : the .p.ar.ers .-an lie b,nlt ..f a s,/.. suital.l,. .■.„■ a„v p..ult-v hou...
irar,.j A'o„.s.//„,, /',.,,. The f.,wls n.,|,,,re . n„..l..,.a,,.|v wane ,,lac,: ,o hh.s, in a. n,.-!.r
and a bngh., ,...,1, well v,.ntdate,| exer. s.n, pen ,5 ,. Tnless ,1, ,■ r,«,stin,- ma ,er - re
comtortabl,. a large au.ouni .,f b,.,.! ,. r,..,.„v.i „, s„sta,n ,1„. v„al heU ,f h, he''
b.Hiv. J„ this oa.se the pr.,du,-t,on .,f ...g, j. ,,.,,„,.„| -,-,,„ ,,„,,„ ,.,^^_^^.^l (Jngy ^ ,
l.e bu, It in the h..uso ; or the ro.,s,ing pen can 1... ,„a,l,. box shap... 5 o r^ fee s„
and .. feet high, w,t., a burh.p covere.i tVam.. .,r crta.n that ,a„ Slower,.! .„ . ,„■ .'e
The es,nnt,al p,„nt ,s ,o have a small r.,osting pen that w.ll Ix. par.iallv h.^a,,..! b v .1 e f, w^
when ,he..u,-.a,n ,. I.nve.v.] ., n,.l„. The ,l,.,ppin,. .l,..,!,' b. r.„^v,.,l ,.',:'- f;!;:"
■*■'"' -■■' ■■'•■■'■' -i -.-... .-.e.. vs, :„.,,,„, W j ..,,!„,, .||,,„;,i,„„ l„. „.„.j (,,, ,1,,, ,„:,.
pose.
''ri,.- i]iii.wa-h -ii,..j],l l>.. npiiii, .1 ,,,it
It» .I'L^tlily will 1... i,,,,„,,v,«j 1,1 ,.,|,i:i,^- I..
in iHiiiiii^' w.i'Hi .,,;„,., .n,.,i! ;, ,,,,,, ,
:<!-;. I.
It S..UI. j.r.
Pf*:. ■■ >:;^.< • 'IT "^"^i;^ '"Jrw-
T
34. Ventilation. — I'lmltry to thrivf well in idnllniment should bo supplitxi with
an abuiiiiancf of frtwh air. It is not meant by this, llmt the lien Ikju^c dciors and win
dows should te thrown open in inclement wejithcr, l)ut that they should !><• opened
whenever the outsidi- weather is moderate. The fju.shinK in of fre.sh air uiirinj; the
warmer parts of the day will prevent or overcome the dampmss that is common to a
numU'rof poultry housi^s. When the inclosed roosting pen is ukc<1 at nijrlit, thi' chukens
do not reipiirc to remain in the cool atmosphere thiiiUi;hout the nii.'ht, Init arc warm and
comfortahle on th.- roost.
PROFITABLE TRADE BRANCHES.
IX THE EOO TRADES
35. Fresb Eggs -Kr;;s to be palatable should be eaten in ,i -trictly fresh condi-
tion ; thori'fore they should reach the consumer witliout unneei'>sarv delav. Tins
re(|uires (1) that the eg^s he collected regularly every day and stored in a i oej ri..,in
(temp. W to oO" F ) until a sullicient numter are on hand to deliver to a dealer : ij^
that the dealer forward the eggs to the merchant at h'ast once a week; an<i (.'>) that
the merchant lihould protect the egL,'s from deterioration while in his posses.sifm.
.Some farmers are so situated that thev can establish a eitv trade in liesji c'j'js
througliout the year. Stiictly fresh eggs siiipped from the farm to the eitv mereha Tit
weekl\-, are usually bou<;ht at a premium of several cents a di«en.
For all farmers a most profitjible branch of tlie busine.ss is the trade in fit sli wintei
eggs. Every winter there is a great demand for new-laid eggs ; the supply of new laid
egu's is limited, and high prices per dozen are paid. Exporting (inns buv great i]uanti
ties of eggs during the spring and summer months.
.\fcirkfl Jieqiiirfmeiilji. 'Then' is a growing preference on the home niaike;, f,,r
brown-shelled egu's. The shells of the eggs sh<iuld l.e wiped clean if nccessarv. ,ind tie-
eggs graded in size. For shipment to the merchant the > _'i.'s should be paiked into
cases holding 1 2 dozens or 30 dozens each.
36. Egg Preservation. While no processor [neservat ion \mi1 letain the tine tlavour
of a newly laid egg, .so that later it can Iionestly be sold as sik'Ii. vet for culinary pur
posi's wlien tlie supply of new-laid egijs is limited, preserved eges uieei the demand.
The eggs are placed in the preserva'ive diiniig the spring aiKi summer. None but
frjsh eggs should 1k! packed' ; stale or iracked eifi^s are not onlv bail in themselves,
but they will affect those packel with them The eirgs niiis! l>e fairly clean as e%'s that
require washing are piMir 'packers.'
F'.L'i-'s can be preserved in lime wat.-r, <i\ |.l.ei I in cold vtora^e.
Lim-'-u-itti-r /VeiPi-ra^HJH. -The lime w.iiei' i-, prep.ired by adding one poumi nt new
lime to 4 gallons of water. The mixture should be well >tirrei| and the liiiuid p.iitior
which is 'saturated lime-water, ' poured in(o a crock or water ii;.'ht haiiel . the\(.~sel
con aining the lime-water should be placed in a cool room.
As exposure to th/ air tends to weaken the pieser%ati\e, the vessel siioiiiij be
. overed with a pien: ot hurlaji upon which .i paste of lime is spread.
The eggs can be placed in the preservative every day ; they should lie packed cioselv
in the ves-sol, but no part of any egg should 1«> abovi^ the surface of the liquid. After
wards the eggs should Ik- examined oecasionallv and if neees>;irv fresh liriie-waier added
to keep the e;;gs aiw.ivs covered.
i'i>ld Storaif ■ — Eggs should tK' held m eo
The air of the room should be drv and pure.
stoiage at a temperature ne.ir ;i2° F.
I'niess the es'Z ca...es have pn.jeefii;^.
' F(.'i.'H rhiit are purchaspd for prt'stTVutiun nhould be exaii-iiuci with the ei:e tester i64 ti\
cloudy < r --t.ilft epgs removed.
^^^issM
pi..r..s tl„.t imnvnt ..l„s.. >t,..■ki„,^ l,.,l,^ sl,„„l,l 1h> plao-,! U.tw.v,, ,|„. ...s.-s tn a||,.« ,1,..
n_v...Miry ..„v,.l,.„„„ „f ,,ij Tl». |.,„-..s .„■ ,1 «. Ul si, ,1 ,„.t lH> ,.,.., .,1 t , .
.^«hly ,l.y U.,.,.v u>,M,. H..y„n,| ,1,.. fill..,. „.. p.k,,,, „f a„v k„„l sl„.,.i;, L^lJltl
37. Export Eggs. --Tl„.fnll.,wi„^- i„f,„„,a.,„„ ,•„,„.,.,„,„., I,.. ,..,,„„...„„.„„ .„■ ,i,..
Hr,t,.|, ,.,.« r„a,k,., ,s „.,.„, ,1,„ ,.,.p„rt „f ,|,.. I),„ni.,i„„ Vnuu.n.., ,• 'f A«ri.„lt„,.. .
'TI,.'>.'ni<i..nf,-« which i, ,„ ,,„„„! ,1,,„„„„| i„ (;,,,.„ |{,i,„i„ i, ,„„. w,.i.'hiM., ll
wl?l 1 ',T I - ' """ '"'■■ r""' '""'•'""I- ^'"■ '■^-••■v half ,KH,n.l w|,i..| „
'Kwsshoul,! Ih ,M...,1,.,| as ,„ M,., A hiKh.T valu.. will U- ol.Uin,.,| f,,,- ,, „„,.„
s..nt w„h ,1,.. s,.,.. „„....l ,„.o„„..„,.„..,y. Kk^„ of a brown sh.„le of e.,lo.„ J\,r!ZZ
..■,.vrS!^l""fh'.?"' ^''""^ "--'•"-/"■• '^l-f i^a w.hk)..„ ..as..hol.linj;thi,.,v.l.,z,.,. ..«,.s,
1 1. -s ••«>..>, hol.l,,,. ,|„r,v ,1,,,..,, ea.h, ,„..as„ro aln-ut l.'S inches lo,,/-, IJJ inrh.' wide
a,, (I l.i ii,cl„.s hii;!,, ..iits„|,. iiiii,t.nsi,,T,s " ' I'Hn.s wide,
.. w.„'''l!T„""' "'*';;""''•'''-•• "' "'V^'-^' 'V^ ""P'Tt^int ll,at th.v should not, U, stor,.l in
. » a ,. o,,., ,„ I,.. ..a,.s, or on hoanl th.. st.-an,ship, in ,.,„xi,nity to any car«o from
«l,..-l,t'"y -'"I'l -•M".n.a tlavo.,,.. The .arryin,- of .,,«'s with a\.ar^^> :f a, p . h'«
'""'" '^"""" ' 'I«'" "• 'I' a tlno„rwhi,h im,.ain.d th-ir vahu-.
' Ihi'V .-hoiilil 1h' i-a,r,i-il 111, th.. cais a,iil ii!i tl... ^i...... i ;.
:^Y'-,^^; f- ;;•".... -as.. ...,n.a,n,n;'..«:;:!::' ,.:;:.^::r-i;:r,i: ::. ;;t:;::::,:;;,s:;:::
«ar,,,..,t. th.. t..n,...a.,,r.. of th.. ,.,:.,!,; ':';;...:\;!: ^;;:;7^; ';^
. con,i..nsat,.,n ot n,o,st..r,. t,-.,„, th- at„,.,sph..,.. will a,., r on th.. 'h.-ll, and J I 22
;E:,iTr;rl:;;::;;;":.J:^V;::;t:,;^::;;;;:,:;;;::; ;;;;,;:;;;-; '-•■J!'!:
^.,u?;:,;;;::w;r:::i7l;:c;",t;;:r's;\^:;;'-;:!-:--;-;-
liiiiiiliv.l .iii,,,ii: N'.v.'iiili.T and {•...■t.nih.-r. ' ^
lVki..,l..^::s>h,„,l,| U.,.x,„,r,..dt,..;,vat MHta,n so as to ,va,h .h,.r,. ,lun„. N,.,„,„
l-..n..| IV,..,,„b,.,.. 11,.. ..... ,hat .,.,-.. .,,1.1 in Nov,.,,,),,.,. a„.| i...,.,.,„l„,, K„ ' '
'■■^'''■■""' - '"i '"-^^ lM. p..r Ion. li„„,|n.d. ■" '"
A n.|...,l t-,..„, a L,v,.,.p,„,|, [.:„.h„„|. p,„visi„„ ,„..r,.h;,,||, s, ,„,..;...
- ' -^ ' '^- '- "M -." '; . •:-^i!:;;:^i!;,;':;:';i;'l;';,::;:::;:r;r:^^^ ;:;,;:;;;:::::■-■ '■-< ^
X THE CHICKEN TRADES
38 Crate-fatted Chickens Th.. i,,,-,,,,... ,,t .Tit.. fi,i,.„i„ , .i i
'- ■■-"■ -'-■ ^'' !■- ". <■ i^. •i'n,,,, ,h.::;::; ■;::" ;r: r :: i,":;,;"^'; :;
'■'" '"■•■"'"■■i .'N u.'ll,.,-.,,i, l,v :,!,„„-, :,,;v h.,„„.,-. Th,. Work ',• , nm- t ,1
fe.^.^^!^.^.
1
I
J
17
.-(ic-li 'liititi;; tlic fatteniiiir, ami lliev cnli ijf miIiJ hi Ciiiunlii or 'irfat Mr-,tiiiii fur ii much
hiu'li'T prici' tliaii li'iiii chii ki'ti'i.
It''ii!<"ii for /(/.vv,(,s,,/ l'rii-i>. — l''att"'il i-hirkfiis jiri' •iuld tor :iii iiiirH/iMpd firu t; [>pr
I'liuiui, Ixiiiiisc thi'V ^uppiy ^4cii;lii I'T wi-iL'tit iliii-i- tiim- as iniicli i-diMf iin'iit' ae i|i>
I'-iiii cliirki'iis ; rill till' tle«h ot ttif fiittcil rluckm is nf a supiTior (|imlnv to tlmt ut' thr
Nan c'hiiiki-n ; \'\ Ifuvinu' the hNnxl in the i-hii-kiTi 's neck, iiinl im' (Irinwiij; llit- chicki'ii
the fli-'Hh is fPtiiliTiHl iiLoic juicy, .111(1 i-a|i!il ■lcr.piii|Mi,iit ion pii'M'iitiii
Mtirkft /I'pijHir' iiiftilH. Flatted il, ■' "s when luaiki'ml irit'Miia'la ca tirtai ritiiain
«'iiiiilil ciinfiiriii to thf I'lpllmviiii.' market ■ '(]iiiremiiit>- ;
lirfiint. — The shape iit' the breast should \n- broad and full, so that wln-ji the ..hirkeii
1- die-seed 'he hieast « ill pi c'seiit a plump, meaty appearance. The liren-t rri>Mt i- flu
nio~f [lalatable part of the eliicken. I>Jiree trained ehlrkeii- with prominent hreast l«ans
'■aniHit lie satisfactorily fatted.
L'ys. — Thi' le^s of a fowl arc laru'ely composed of sin ws, of which t lie meat is
II ferior, and this of course should form as small a proportion of the wei^'ht a.s is practic
,il>le. Feathers on the lejjs are an ohjwtion, also black or dark-coloured vshank.s and aiiv
d' velopiijint of the spur in male chickens.
/•'/,.,/,. — The colour of I he llesh of the chicken should Ik? white, and the tlesli should
If of tine (juality. The colour of the tiesh is governed liv the nature of rlie fo<Kl con-
sumed. To se<'ure a white coloured Hesh, mashes should lie fed of which f^round o:iUs and
skim milk are tlie main [xirto ; if an excess of whole or ground Indian corn is fed, the
chickens will have a yellow tlesh. The tlesh of an oat- fed chicken i- of a superior i(iia lit v
to that of a corn fed chicken.
lUiiif iind 0/7a/. -Sniallness of Vioiie. and minimum i|Uaiititv .if olVal an- tuomi.
portant reipiirenients. 'I'h>' liea I and comh should lie i.f small -.\/a-.
W'iijUl. — The prefeM-e<l plucked uei::ht for f.iltcil chickeIl^ is 4 poiiiuK. I'luiiii.
chickens of any weight up to .') pounds >-,v\\ are more leadilv ilisjioseii ..f than lai-"..
fitted chickens.
With reference to the dressed weight of .-hickens a rei.ort from a British piodurc
merchant states : —
'Tim 3 ti> .-) |«iiin.l l.ini i.s the ri^-ht lliei^'. 1 liavt- ihpiicmI fiifaiiti..- chKlip-ii.-. 7 ,ind iSpouii.l- ui M.u-ht ;
•' -se bir.ls ;ippr..c !i nt'iirl\- t.' til. h. n tui k*-y iii \w.i^'iit. VK.- liM'Hcii.ii.lcr^ icii. !i jircf.-r the •.'••i \\f\
..^'le hfn turkeyi. wh. ii the i-nnihtinjiA n^ t,. wcitrht aii.i .-i/i .ii. cti .i [>.,t .'
39. Lean Chickens. -The market price receiMvi for a lemi i Imk.-ii lll|.A^- n ^uuiil
I'fotjt t<i the farmer. As fiom (jn to "^n per i-ent of the live wei:.»iif of the le.iii chicken
IS othil or w.iste matter, the |.-.in cl'.icken is u'enerallyan tinprotitahle chicken t<i piuvhase
even at a low price per pound.
40. Early Chickens. There is a limited deni.ind in Canada for early chickens for
iToiling or roa.stiiig. This demand is princi[ially in the larcer cities and at the suunr.er
resorts. The early chickens should he marketed eitliei ;i- hr-iilers or roasters. The
hroilers should weigh from 1 to lA pounds each, and the roaster from :i to 4 pojiids ejn li.
High prices are generally paid for early chickens, and at present these tr.ides will retuiri
a good inc'ome to farinei-s who siipplv them,
XI. SELECTION OF A SUITABLE BREED.
41. Pure Bred vs. Scrub Chickens, '.v'hen pure luvd and seruh chick,!,. «,.,.,.
reared under similar conditions at the Illustration I'oultrv Stations .otidui ted hv this
Deliartment, pure bred chickens of the utility tyjie mad.- a more lapl.l and economical
pain in live weight than did sciiih chicken-. In the crate fattening of chj. ken- the pure
bred chickens made a greater gain in live weight than th.- .-cruliv ; tl st of feed per
mmmmnwi^-.m^m^fmE^
p-und of^an, in liv. wciRb. w,.m |..,« «,,I, ,I„. ,,„„. I,n..i .iM.k..,,,, At .1,.. a<.. „f f„ur
m.mths tl,. pure bmj rhuk-n^ wr,. fat...,| ,.,,,1 rva.lv Co, ,„.,k... . th.-y «.■,.• o,' ,.M,f.,rm
M...l> bor meetw.,- t „• ,l..m«n,K „f ,|,.. |„^,|,..r ,la«s Lnal ,„ark.U, o. for rxi>orU,l to
«.ie4t Hnuui, scrub .-liirkms arc not sati.vf.ictorv. *l"'""o
I >.. in, IS.irre.1 l'lypn(i;ltll H,k|.>.
42. Breeds of Poultry. -Tl,e >ta„,lanl l.rcd, „r' ,,o„hrv am arran^ in diff-ront
'^^ accniu,. to the tvw^ or the ,.ri,.i,. of the fowl. . .f the.c oi^ssest h ' fowl, ,
iho Anii-ru-a,, dass are the b,..st a,lapt<-.i for pouLrv fa ni.n- Thl. ,^.. rowi,, ot
pnncpallv the Plyn^onth H,K.k and Wvan.lotle bre.i: T ?,, are foir.^ "'r.?
p:.rpo.se character, sui able for e.« pr.inct.on and crate-fatte.nni tW .Set tiev I •
lirownsheilwl egi.'S, and hatch and rear chickens. "'.irKei, . tn. \ l,i\
i3. Utility Type of Fowl, -Fo>- poultry farn.in^- the ut.litv tvpe of breeding. fo« <
.hoM . b.. .selected. Th,. type of fowl can !«■ had ,„ the ,„,,,ular bn; i Pu'Zu K k '
j.n.i ;• v.'..,lottes; or, if r,ref,.rred. ,n a n.cdimn size fanci'cr's hn.ed t Ys Is , I,
l.ny Plymouth Hocks,,- .VyandotteH that are not .satisfact,,rv t r pou rv^V n o
acco.„ of t^hcr ureat s.e. heavy .K,ne, length of le,. or narrow,!;::^'^ " "' 'f
tins ,c, son ,t i.^of prwnary in.rK.rtancc that the farmer ha. a .ietinite conception of 1 ,
[_%p. oi..,niii.' to«|, arc >ri,ct,.| IS (,t secondary imporl.in. ,..
ftihty ty,:,- |,,uU -l„,„!,i ,.,,., form to the follow, n_- standard :-
.\/;/:n:' »■,.„,/,/.-_(. rk. 7 to .Ni 11,,.: hen. r,i, to 7 lbs.
.S7,.7- (/ /;,.,/,/, Hr,,...i. bl.K'ky and ,,f medium leiiLTth,
/,■,>„,,/.., 'a, ncd w.ll foruard, full ,tnd broad, of medium depth Rr..— '.„, ■■
Ion:,', .straight, n.it d.-.-i. -, pointed at the front,
fcati^i'ui:; "'' "'■" ''■"■'■ ^'""''' '"""- "'""■ ■"■ ■■•■""" '" '^"'""■■- ^^'^'-"^ -'-^ ■" ' -
J/eui. -M
edium m .-i/e.
iiiibs and \v.itll
cji aic not
•^iralile.
and ({bhIi h ij>it iiii|»iii.iiit
■ t.'.ltll, f.-.| tMWl
[■ji-fri.il)l.' Till' iciloiir of [iliiiiiai;
^ , ^j-'S J,
r>..^-.-
K;... II NMiit.' Wyanil.HtHrt.
XII IMPROVEMENT OF THE FLOCK
44. Onding up a Flock. — il) Hy U,a,kinij I'lu- Itml K<jij^. In .i i.i- Mav
*.;v.T;iKittings of eK«s tViiiii pine iurd utiliu tv).: fowls shoultl Ix' Koii^'ln Jf) or Ijii
■ •liii-kiiH should be reared. Tlie (..Kkerels >hould ix.' f)itt<-d in the fall mihI dispo.sefl of,
and the pure bred pullets retained for the following yeur's hreeilin^' [k'h. Uv this means
a farmer can Ht<iek his farm witli pure bred poultrv in two vear^,
(2) liy lutrodnclnij Fun Hrejl ('■,rkereU. ~\\\n-n the llink of poultry is large and
liAs unlimited range, a utility ty|w rocki'i-el should Ix; secured for evi-ry U> hens. The
oth.r male birds of the llo<k should lie disposed of ; also th' hens over two and a-half
y.Mrs old and any fowls not in an active oi' healthy condition. It is preferable, how-
ever, to oVjtain the iggs for hatthim,' fi-oru a breeding pen of a pure breil male and lo.if
the t)est hens of the lluck (46), rather than from all the lavers indiscriminately.
(■'Sj Hfi Huyiifj /'urf lired Chirhn^. \ pure bn'd utility .oik.-iel and 10 pull. 'ts
Id Ix' Ixiiight in till' fall and should roii..tif iite the :i.\t veais breediiii: pen.
sh.
In buying e-^s t.ir hatching or pure bivd f.)wls for poultry farming, a prctVre nee
d be given to llocks of poultry that have U'en bred for «intier
lavi.M
w
XIII PROFITS FROM THE FLOCK
^5 P'Q"*" fr'^m *ha PKi/.t<.r.u , / 1 (■ ■ .../ l-l. 1. 11 II, ...
.J. iT.i — I -li., V, E... --[:.- r.';tx-:a o;u)u:ti xw ?,r,\a lli
til" early fall. Tnless they ay- ii..i:,ed in the li.lik ,inil require little attention ore.xtni
fi'.'d. the most prolitable age for m.irki-ting is four months. After this age the cost of
f."d jier pound of uaiti m live ui'i:;ht of the .■nik.'rejs rapidly increases. When cock^
'Mi'ls are kept on tin- farm until tlay are m\ .,r ..■,,-n luontli^ ..M the pmlits are mate-
ii.illv nsiuced.
" ' •■■ ' I I" !■ !-"iii'l ..nil n> In.- xv,.j-li> u.,.
.I,", .III. I
-:. -.1 ..I,
/•■''■■' III.- ui
M . ■• , ■""" I "■l""i"ii •■! •:,. 1. -!,.• ,11. .-I , ,;„,!, I, ,,.,, ,,, ,!
',"':. -'"'^ -]"•'■' '■'^'''-''■, '^'■' ■■"'t.-.in,., .i,„i ! ,„.„,:,„ „,,;:
-''■"■■'■'"'■■ ""■" "1 "ninll t,„„l. .i,„| V,.,. .,,1,1,, , I li„ , ,11 , I .,,
■ ■"■ '.-1-. ..n-,,. ,,'.,,1, ;^:;,:;v, ::;::: :;;■;'■;
';" '"'^ -iv.n.lun-v I- .|„ |;.„i.|.,!l,., I.,,.., 111,,-,,.,,,,,,, V.,., ■ .
.fe
> ■■
I"
I',.
', , .1
,''V ^''""V" • • ■.■■-,•../...„.,„ •!,,„„, ,|,„„i,i|„.,„, X,. .„,,,,,,,, ,i, ,j
.- l.iN ..„.-„„. ,,u.,v I , ..:,-, i„i, ,1., ,._, ,,.,,„ „,„,,!, ._^ ,„,, ,i,;„,„ |-,„, ,^
::::;:■; :'.^::::.:'i;.::'::^:^'L'^^■;;::^^';'';':.:■■:^^
I •:::,v;v:';::,,;:r::::;;;;::.. ;';::;,, i'V'''. l•''-''••'i-'^^■■■"^^:';'^^ .:.,:.;;;..,,',''•■
.11' i. I,. ., ,1,,. i,!i,l,i,,,^ 1
I"'"'"' '■'''"■'"'■• " '■■"■<■'- .'II. I ,....!■ ,,,...i'lhs. th.A- «.-|v ,1,.'
fii'Am
•:\
40 ProfltH from the Mature FowIh W h. ti ilir pu |. i- .n,- |..ico,| f,,i *irit,.r ,-n-i
|inM|ijiliMii. tlntp ^liiHii'l !«• in :i.lliti.'ii .iriolliit i>ri-<-' itii; |mii uf -•■In icil (.mis trim
»liii:li Ih.' ililiki nil- iiMiiil A lull ..I I'lillii iliiil <(,iM iiiiici'h to lav in ihf -'['ntiK will
(it ilmt tiiiii' |i|rp<|iiri' sii,,ni;.i i-i'tiiiifi i-n;,'^ tur liHtrliiiiy ''mil will (iiinili.r liin^ili' I (ml liax
lifi'l litT vjliihiv iin|.iiiM'.| l.y «iniir luyiii:; i:-.'- to Imt^hii.i.' iii. rc.|iiir."l fnini thf
in.iIuM- t..«N til.' winiri |.|.»liii |i.,ii .,(■ tiilp|>- .'i;i;- ,^ a m: iiitiii v [iMii>'i'itl mil
>-n,hi,„ ,,/ A',,../,,,,, ^i„ ,, III.- 1,11111.1 '.•.ul.l -.1.'. t tr..rii til.- lli»k .pt (.ull.-U
III.- llj Ik-kI «iiit.T iiiyii- A l.^lll.ll I.-- Iiiinij .,i ii|.ii-..- .i| win- ■,liiiiiM l«' [.liici'il
.11 .uii<l tli'> It'U ..f .in li ..I t!i. In |,iiI1.-|m I In- ii.-xl .% itit<T till- |i)piill.-t>. (whi.-li iii-.- ii..w
i.-;irlini,' Im-ii-) -ImhiM Ik- -i |.Mi.iti-<l tr ili. Iiiy.ni; In n- .in.l ki-|it 'ii k.mhI hnillli ;iiul
M.' -li'iiii t1. -Ii 'lli.'y iiri' ti..' t.il I'll vnni.-i- l;iyiii,' In l.-LnMiv .ii- .\hiivli tlicv an-
111, It. -.1 Willi 11 ,iiiiiilil.- ..,.-!<. -i.-l. tlii-ii I ill. .11- ;ir.. iii.-n ,^.-.|, 111. I ihcv ir.' hri)ii({ht' int..
I.iviri-.' .il ill.' iiiii.- lli..|i .-.'J ,ir.' i-.-.|. nil rl I'll Imi. Innj \|ii.- i.ii.U ii-.-<| f.ii liri^ciling
jjuip.».'- ■,li..ii|.l 11.. I Ik- iili.m.-.| with Hi.- I, 111,,!.-, .--^..-[,1 .Imiii^ ill.- l,i.-i:,Jiii- -,ca.-..iu.
„•-, k J^ '^ * - ^
1: . 1 ; 'I --.;••■■ .1, •■^ I- rin,.r- T' • : ■ 1 • !i II, t',. '■;,! , II- '-!, -• I ii, i,-,ti 1,. r -f . ?«■!
FEEDS AND FEEDING
XIV FEEDS FOR POULTRY
47 Food Composition Fi\-r .-..iiii...:i;i i- n.- i.. ,i. i m tin; f<...'i- ..i |,..i,i!i' vv..
■ ■■ - [ I'.f.Mii, t i", ■11" 'iv.inifo,- aii.i .1 li
ll-l/.r, -A.; t.H,.i-! mi-,, 111, Ilintl.-l i;..\v .||V tll-V ll|,lV -.-.111, ...Iltlill !I-M.-I,i i.-
.iiii ' I';' "t -',i'.-l. In ^'r:iili^ iin-l 'in."! iii.-.i! th.- -liit.-r .n.-i.i.'.- 1" |,. i ..-nt -it ' •
II. i'- rial, ill 1,1 -v iii'-,it- ,">' I [).-r •'.■nt, \v hi:.- iii -,.111.- •..-_'. 'iiiil.-^ u niii.iiint.-i t-. ',"1 p. 1 r.-nt
/'''■•'•'" III' |'i.ii.-ih .it r'....<i I- .-ti-ir,i.-t. ri/.- I i. ■.■■-. ml, iiiihil; ni'r..i.'<-ii. 'I'll, t.-iu:-
,,,'-,,,/.,,.,,/. iii'iii- ' Awi till' ■tlhiiti, ../- ,-ir" tr.'-|'i(>iriv II-.-. I t.i .ic-i-ii,-it.- till-. :.'t-,,>ii.
'l'.',.- Pill. I i-.ii ..t 'ii.- |.r.."'-in i- t:. i.iiii.l !.|: ;iii.i I .-|,,iii til.- -.i.-ikiiii; ..i-:.'iiii, and i-,ir'- -.t
;,.■ :.i.|y, an.l '-. -'ifip'y mi'.-na; t'.r II-.- )-i-.'i-i-'i..Ti -.t ■_.•-. t'<-a'.lii-r-, ,vr N.. .,!■!. -r
X- -.•! ■ ■■ri-tiru.-!;r .-:m .j,. 1 :,..
■.,..-,..„, I ,\rh.,!n,'l-ll--. .-^in.-.- tt|.- . ,11-Ii..!,v.|lat.- ,llrl tal ..■l\.- n.-ai-!-.- lli»- -.III.,-
(>,i',"-.- iii ill'- aiiiiii.il . .-..1I..IIIV. t h.-\- may U- .t- iii|-. - i l...'.-t!i.-i |-;x|..-i im.-iitji i,.r>i'
,' -.Wi'l.-it t'a' i^au-iiit _' ; t ,ti,.-- i,.,,|. .■rt'.-(-tiv.- 1- ,1 i.ni.j rliiii • la- . ,11 li..iivili .!.--
I .• -.ti ;ii-- r-..,-i III,, . .-iiiii-i 1..- -I..1. i| 111 r !i.- h...iy 1- tai , ..|- nni n.-.l i.. |.r...|iir.- heat ,iiiii
.-:.. .-.'-.- I 'ari»i'iyiia*--- l-..n-'l'^I. ,1 - i. ^'.- |..ui ..I --.-;..i-t.i 1.'.- t'.-.. i- In th.- ,-iiiiiiial !-.!>,
t!.'-y al'.' .-..in. ■!-.-. I ill-., t i» ..!■ !|..-.i - i. ,l'li--i , t.i ].!-. .liu.-.- h.-.i' iin.i .-ll.-l ;JV
;-.c.;'^!:!.i'tii;::,'''"';:,:,t:::'T'^''^ th.nun,.,.aln,a„.r of ,l„.anin,aib
liM- in- shell f,„.,.,a, „„. , ian,xn •,;;;' T,r"'" '"'"'T:'- ''" '"" "^ «'"»i'^"-'
an I \tia supply ,,t tins Miatrnal is ivMuimJ.
.n.roJ'n.tS,:!;::^,:!'':/;:;;;,;;^:''-';--' '%-•' - •'-- ...1,..,. ,, ,,.„„..
Toobtjlil, 111, l,,.sf l,.>ull> 1,1 ,.-..„,,„l,„
HOIlli' '' '• '
the
the eg
refuse niai
>the
l.e average e,„i,p,.s,„.,„ ,„■ ,,',„' l''' '"■ V"' '""""'"^ •■'''!'■' ^' "
lie eK«s aii.i .iU,i,i st-ak ,, - I ■ ^^^^ ;'r,'''r''' ''^ ■"™' The analysis ,.,
sfuse matter i„ ,1... .as. nf ,1,' ',:',,, "", ' "' ^'^ ^ ' "r •"'■ 1"-1'— W. Tl,..
ther iiiedihle inatt.r — -m|,| 1- -1» II inat.Tia I a,,,! f,.,- (I,,- M.ak, I,,,,,,- , „■
'-f"--- \V..!.,, !■, ,.,„
Ku. ,';;'rt-. ' ^,;,
Br,.,vn sl,..;i,,p , . ,
wi„t.^.i,,.!i,,j ,;,;.
■"Milium ~'. ;,k
—
—
I.I s
f.". t;
■1 II
11 i.i
11 s
n L' 1
Id s '
1'; 1
rienti' ';n:;';:,':!::rf:;"' ij::;::i:'t •■""■"■; '7'- '"••'■"■■'"- - "- '^^'--- --
value,,,,,, poun.i .,,,.,;;. A,.„')i'rta,., I„.„„'i, , |. ,1 1 1 " '■'l"-'^ '"""-.... ,.
»n.i n„at tl„.re :„■■ „„ ,-a, l.,,hy,i,ates. ' ''''''''' '^ ''''" "^ ''■^'-li • i;;;^
'^ '•"-•■ ■'iii'"i'ii ot animal t\..„l si,,, ul,l 1„. t,,l f ,„ 1 . ; ■ ,
for th. ivas,,,. ,„,r the „..,«-i„. f-atl, ,' ., .Z" ^ .j r,!;';'^ "'- "-""'^, — - .
suppli.s „„,.., •,.,,!, :y ami .■l„.,,p|y. ' ini, ,,.„.,„,„, matt, , n,,,, „.,,„
eith..,";':;; '^i^::^z::L;^^::,:''•''■^■ '::'■■ '■i-^-^- '"■ '■--■ -^ - >- ...i
.n the mash, .„„i ,|„. i, i, ,.!, m,,! :/;':',.'" ."'":''' ''"' '""^'"^ ^'^' h«^'l"'l ^''-.I<i 1.. n-.i
I-" 'l"ll of l)„. |,i, ,,! ,,,||„,
'■ '■'" "I' null ir.i t,, th,. h..„.. ,,
tied in the p,.,,,
<,'>■■ I 'uti/ /,•,,„ /;,
h^ae^s aiv ti,^,K , ,^1
riiished.
u- i-^-.';:::/,::,,;\:;:i:;:,v;^:::;::;;;';:^^^^^^^ " ;i--.viv.-...i .. ,i„. „.„.„
dev
the f::i,t (:.t. olTh'tisl:';:;. p::,:v;''7Vr"" ;"■ ' ' '■'■'^""- -i-''-'^
^'"- <■..:■ ,,u;i..ts,i,:„ «,,,, , i„:,,:„! :'r '■; '"•■••''"■^ -— ■• i^ii .',s,a,..,„,r
flrtv,.,,,- ,n f|„.,.^-i,s '" " "-"' '"■ ''".'""ii-v il,l i,.. .,,ua,,is th, (,::,
■">/•(/;, ,11, /k. pli-f..|i,i,K M,.,
vet I--,-., .!;.,;.„;..,...! ^..._. ,, ""\ ''"'-"' ''11' keils „,, .;j,|st,„. ,,„.,. ., J ,,,,,,,. _, ,
i^ 1. '■ '. ' '•^••'' III If. I'l ilUtHTUlllK -I|,,,|||| ill- , ,|.|,I,,,. , i 1 ' , ■' ''
^''^'^'"'••" ^" '' -'^ 'I'l- .■.:■.•. f „■ „„v„„ u.i, , .' ,,:'■,'■ V"""7 ""'^^ '^"'
- '"t II,., 1,1 s te,i <o iaviliK hitia.
■M, la*, 1. .s, , lA
!..!f;..|,t ,.J A.
mmissi^mm^^i^m^^i^m^smtt^^>^^4M^
49. Orains.- The cosl i.t' ili.' clillVirnt I'cif.ils in tlx' loiality should determine w)];il
vHiitlies of ;.'raiii are to 1>.> ft-d to tl.e fowN. When t'eedinj,' fowls that are confined oj
at liberty, aninial food sliould ^uiiply the ;,'reater part of the jirotein or nitrogenou^
)>ortion of the ratMii. In that caM'. the i.'iains aiT rc(|iiired more for maintjiining the
heat of tlie fowl's body, and it would not be [jrotltHl)lf to purchase expensive ;,'rains for
tills use. Poultry will thrive better on a variety of foodstufls than they will on a single
food of the .same nutritive value. It is preferaole tf> feed a numher of grains, both
ground for the mash and for feeding whole in the litter, rather than to limit the selec-
tion to one or two sorts. The palatability of tin' mash is another consideration ; ground
buckwfi.'at. L'round corn and iriound oats are the grams that are most preferred.
I II ih.' crate fattening of chickens the most .mportarit factor is that thi- food prtxluces
a wlntf, tine grained tlesh, so tliat in fattening <-luck>ns the suitable grains an- liinite*!
in number.
50. Vegetables. — The valui- of vegetabl.' foods such as c|i>\.i. mangel-wiirt/clH.
turnips or cabbages i.s attributed to their siicculcncy and also to their bulky nature. The
amount of digestible nutrients in them is coinparativclv small. The ronts niav be cut in
half and stuck on nails driven in the wall uejir i he er^und, Thi' . lo\ er js best used as
litter, (,'ut clover often causes crop-impaction.
51. Lime. Ijvyinir hci.s rei|Uiie hme for tlie formation of egg-shells ; it can lie feci
in tlie fiirm •>{ eggshells, broken oyster shells or broken plaster. If the egg-shells that
accumulate liuring the spring and summer are dried in the «.\enand stored, thev can l.e
ftMJ with advantage to the winter layers. Laying hens that are eating their egg's. Ihmmi:
picking at tlie shell to secure the lime. If a ll.jck of I'gg-eating fowls is given an ovei
Hiiutidanci' ..f fre.sh I'gg sh,'||s, this habil « ill lie discoiainucd.
.-'2. Qrit. .\11 classes of poultry mastieaie their fond by a grinding process in t'l.-
gi/.ard. The gi/y.ard is lined with a t<iugh niembrane or slim, and will not he iniui'ed
by a hard or sharp grinding material. In fact, the iiion^ hard and insoluble the ^'iit is,
the longer it will ipcrform wo'k. I.,ake shore or river gravel can hi ulilize<l, but small
shai'p broken stones or coarse coal aslies are pir.'terable ; bri>keii cnwkerv or granite are also
suitable. Sharp grits are ni.inufacturcd m dillei-eiii si/es for poultrv and chickens.
53. Water. Plenty ot w, iter is iiidis[.itis.il)le to the health of p,iullr\, and it should
lie pure and fre.sh. Tin' L'alvani/.e(l iixm drinking fountain (28). placed u|>on a small
shelf where it will not lie.-oiiie tilled with litter, is a most satisfactoi v w.itei ai ran^e
meat.
XV POULTRY FEEDING
54. Advantages of Good Treatment, .\ greater amount of food is rei|uired liv
poultry to sustain their \ilal force iii cold vveather than in «,iiiii weather. Eveiy
assistance that is gnen l.iying fowls in the winter niontlis, l.v m.iking them C(unfoii-
aiile at night, warming the mashes, oi the water, xJMiplv reiluces the amount of food
reijuinxi for sustenance, ami therefore, tin st of I'u"-' production,
55. Winter Feeding. In lln' morning eaeh fowl should reeene a small haiuifiil of
the smaller grains, such as wheat, buckwheat oi b.irlev. well chsti ibuted through tic
littei this feed of grain will compel e\,.n-ise. In the niMMIc of the d,iy a warm inasli
of erounil grain and -our skim-milk oi- -.s iter It is well to mix this m.ish 'to a crumbiy
Condition, and .illow the fowls what they will consume (|uicklv. If table scraps can be
addtxi to the ma-'i, i' will be improved. At night each fowl should re.'eive a large
:..;;i.:t;:: .: v,tio:r _:cin j.rrtr;;i:i;y , ■ rn. ..,o.- or i..(ri<y, -'.oteievi iiiu.u:^ii the il-M-r
liltir,
\'egetalile 'oo,| ,50 slioulil be befor.- tic fowls at all times. Animal foo<.l i48i is
feij;i:red d,iil\ .iiid e\rept the hi 1 iic-.o. e.iii be ted ill unlimited (juuntitie.s, also ;;ii:
'5'>- .itid bine rA .
.1
..' ■'^i:^^'}* \ fA.
56^ Summer Feedmg. W ,.,,. l,,,.,-,!,,,. r„»i. U..- unlu,n„.,i ,..,.g.. th. fee,i .-an
vMi. M !lif Mi|.|.|y ,il n;itur-il In.i.l I, liiiiitcl.
I'.i.-.-l.n.- I..^.ls, tl,;.t u,v o„Jin.-,l i„ ,„.n. dun,v^ il „,„.„■,•. slmuM b.- fed whnl,.
-M ,,,.M ,. 1|„. „ ,, ,„, 1,1 ,„„ 1^, ,.„, .,.,,,. ,. ^ i^^^^^ij ,^^^ ,.,„„i,..lle.l to
I \' !■ I-. . .mil I. .(It Hi ri]i-.lniiii M.'vli. '
THE HATCHING AND REARING OP CHICKENS
XVI PRELIMINARY WORK
The Time for Hatchmg Chickens. Tl„. „,.-s, n.,n.l .r„«,l, i. ,„,.,|, by ohi.-kens
'''•■■' •''>"■• !»• 'at,, .r «|,u-l, the rhi.kon. ,„•-> h^ifhod is not so im,,or,a„t
. -n^„i,..,il,..u that they u,Il niatiuv raj-idly after thev are hatched.
57
Ml ,11..
h.- M.I.I
■• 1- Ih,.
[!■
S.s Care ReMuiieu b> l:^'-^ t\«i Uat.h
I- II. t ■ __■- r.'i 'ill' 1 ^ ,
ti--'.ii. ;.' I- •! -,.ni.
r,- ii..i,..i !!..:,, '!,,. ,„... ■ . \ lu
I r
!•'-■ '"i. .;, ir 1 . i-i:~, .'iii.|.i:-. T. ...
I r
'^•■.'. {^--l ■■ .,;
^••:\i\ .i:.:-. ,.,.,
i'XA-' I •! '1 iii-f>:
■ It
'.',' :s
i''"'i' ■.;■■ .'i rr. ,. |.i' • , •;.! ■,.• |- . ._.
'"■■' '■'■'•' ' ■'■■■''> to fi-.v.'jit ;;;!■: ,o
ili*8*A*..:ii^
V-1. A.'.;
.•vaporati'.n, an'i n.-cd n..t l..- turncl. Th-- rn., riv~l, tfip .'jr:,'-! arf, llifr l.'iv;Uci- i> tin;
virality of tin- :,'firii, juhI the luon- diiik- tli.v will l.uirh ; it is not advisable to sit for
haUiliink! e«K> over t»^n daVH old. lu sclcDii- tin- >■■4^s, it Is well to avoid extra-Ion^,
ppucli-sli.'ll.'.i or sharj, piiiit.^l et'({s, and to r.-taiti fcr liatdiin;' only the well-shaped,
^llionth slll'lif'd i-jas.
59. Removal of Broodiness in Hens. -\i, .•il..n.>- way to overcome bro-Mlim-.-is in
h.-t.-, is to i>lar.- ih.' atiibitiou iitt.TM Hi .i •>wiri-iiiu' '<<"]> Fit,'- ■ * -^how), the eonstruc
fiMii. The (;o.j() i-) .simply a wixxlen frame 2 feet square and 2 feet hiyh, eovere<l -lU tlie
t .[,, liottom and four sides with laths •-' inelie-. apart. Four -trin^s froni the upper
. iriiers of the eiM.[i are tied U) a central cord fastened to a nail m the roof of the })oi:!try
h.use. The, p should Iw raiied 1 •< inches from the ground. The •■.xcifement of the
..iit^side .hiekens and the swin^'in',' of the coop quickly dispel the hatehins;
i.ieafroni the hens. The sitters should tx' fed ;in.i waten-<i ;it the .-.uw time a,s the
I ivin;^ hen-, but a liberal vei^.-tabl.. ;,.,.| ii,.-;it dj.'t will li,d: Mrlv l.ivirc.'.
. - :»'-'-
^^■
:^
J
; '..'.■- — N**>*tH for -"♦!'.!/ r;-ni
XVII HATCHING CHICKENS BY NATURAL MEANS
60. Separate Hatching Pen and Nest Boxes, N.uurai mrubati.Ti ls a -:itisfar;,,ry
ineth" 1 "f lia-. hiiiv' <hicken.- wlien si.'-,eral sitl'^r- .nn.MeieM- liati-hini.' at the -am" time,
aii'l ii, a sep.uu'e pen from rlie l.'iy.-r-
I'r,,. ;!.... r >i 'iif p.ii tor tti>' -i^'-r-- -t,"tiM i»- .Hrrh. i.'U-jU-ii, and f he iie-t lio.xea
sh'.ui'i I"- lii.ei-' wirh'.iit a w. ..,.(. -i, ;!■ -.r ati-l p. ie..d .ii ■ iHiid r iir -i. ir~ . .f tie' pen. .\ p^e k
n. ' Ixix ,iiM.:it .io ill, I,,-- l.,ii_'. I'i -i- 1' mill.'- ill 'b and i ."> lIll•lle^, wid.', r.in \f formed
into •••''" nest--. ,\ u...»ieri p.utiti.in i- p'ae.-d in lb.' r,-titr'' of the box, .iri<i .'if her ^i
-'-.diiii,' b.)ard or ,, tiin.-.-d d •■•v i- •ir!,inL''-d ;i. tr.,ir -o tba» ■■\\f -ittinL' b^Ti- c ui b- ron
til, .-I ?ci til'' ie--t-s at -.Mil 'r';.' 'op ot th.' bo.\ -i; "od I ov r.'l witb r,,t'ori, ;ind thir--
»!.■■ .id I p.-nil:^- in •!!•■ ■ .^ for v. ••:• :;,■•!■ ,i;
.^ ;,.\v -i|. .'..-il^i,,- of li.o;-r ••.ir"h -i.oi.;.] !):■ rhlo.vi, :r;'o ■■.e'li III-! b .X 'til- 'll'b IS
I 1. —.1 ;:l'o a -.1': ■•■'■ -'. '■■■■•• n.d • ..■.•■|,..i with >i !!'■' '' -Ti^v '('wo •,!■ t'li.-e ,'on,:Moi,
e_.- shouil ■•■ \--V I'l ■■.!' b !r--t.
61. Management of Sitting Hens. li:- ~\-v.'... i,.n- -ii .liid u 'raii-f-rrnl lo the
-•r:uii;e le^-"- i' M.'i.^- 1 bev -lioiid b.- •hofoi.;rbiV du-N-d A|tb iii-ect powd.-t or
-i.phur ilU2 . p.a. •■•i -n -i,- i- :,nu •■;o-.,.i ,n, i,;.- i,.--l .i -i .i".:, .;,-!,. - oi ..,,■■,■
. •:!,. 'rit 52 It. I A.r-r -boM.'i b- piae'-O .n 'b'- p'-ti and tn^- b, ii- r-inoi.'d trom tlio
Ii,.-'- 'o t.-.-,i Tb-v -b,''.i,i n,!- n.- •i:-'uro.-.| i_'.,o, 'ib nii.",'. out aUoJ-'-d '■•P'tiiin 'o
ttie I,,-'- a' ib-'ir |i!,'.'i-'ii" Wb'-n fb.,- !i,-'- n ■ ••\.iiiiin,-d .it lu.-b'. ib ' iie ii,'ii- 'b.it .ir,-
ijui." ,i;i,i ,,'nr' iit."l 'an i>'- .'iv''!! e...'-.
i -
UMC^i^.
-- s,,.„„, u. n.,L,v... The .ir , "^ ,,r;;:;^":;; ;-' ;"'y ti.. .,., „,„ , -,.';,::;;.
«r- l.roken tl„. m.st «h„ul,i I,.. ,„,,j,. . f;, "''',' n'" ^"■" ^--''i'^ ""■! 'f .-..u- ...,.;
'"'■ " n''-t. '••'"• '' - «^'il to s,v ,l,,.r „a,.h |,,„ r, t.M-Ms u,
M"ist, nini/ thr A'lirlh -^.\\\, , ,i i
it is a.lv,sabl,. ta „,ois;..„ tl,.. ear li,, 1 I !!" "'" "";"''^"""^ "' - «^n„, .i, v ati„„s,,h,.„.
XVIII REARINO CHICKENS BY NATURAL
MEANS.
"""• ' --1 s.,.,...,...,! ,n 1,„„, ,„,„„. , ,1'; ' '" 1' '"" /•'•'"•ko,! wh.ut, ,„„|,„a,i ,„„,;„„,, „.
-■IMtrl, .,,,,1 ,,ik,. ,.X,.,v,s,. r- is , ■, . ""•'''-'■'""•'^^'■'11 ""'",-, I,,.,. |,„.k,„. r
In '-lurk (■.-.■.iiri:; ,),,
i,ii,ir, . .111,1,1
f-r ,„.a,iv ,:! ,),.„■ t..,,.| (■l,„,,,:-^"'""'l"''l''''t"s.-i-^,t<;l,,,„.| „,,,,■.•.-
*"-^ "- 'i-^- .i.^-n V, .;,„. .,, ■;:/"• "•'■f'-" '52' a, al! tin,,-. I, .s a-iw-J". ',
""■' ' ii'^ -ii'. I',,.. \\,-i-l ,,|ii
f ; . *
Tlif . lu.ks vli,,u:,i i». ,■!,,,,.
.-,...,, I, i f„. . I.,U1.,|
i 111 tl..- i,|
' '- ."■,■.>.;., V t.. n„.,v.. ,)„.',.,' r'; ''[■ "'f' '""* -'"■" '''"'t^- •■'"■iv l„
v^y?'-'^ '^.'^
mask^^mimm
]
63 Brood coops. A Rfrviccahlc liro.«l .<...]. can \«- coiistiuctod from a pa.-kiiig b..x
.,t Ll,nut •' f.vt -Mrli ,i„i,.Tisi„n, Tlir ,,n>,'i>ial r,.v,.,- ..f th<. l).)x 1- ma.ii- int.. a do..r,
a,„l |;i, I to „n.' M.I.- ni tl,c 1.0X. Tl.i> floor .•(,v<.i-, ov.-r tlu- front ot t'u- ...>r at n,«l,t
an.l ,;..ralM, be parliallv ]..^^<■„■<i n. a |,rot.-('t.oi, .liiriiiL' rainv NVwilh.T. 1 lie ..-itsMle nt
,1,,. . •,.,.,, .honkl 1 .ven'.l will, tar ,.a}).T fast.',,.-.! ..„ witl. laths, latli^ -i inches
apart -houlil !>■■ riail.-ii n|. anil (inwn iti«iile tlir fmnt ..t the .■..,,i,.
XIX THE TESTING OF EGGS
64 A Home-made Egg Tester- All .-u- that in- un.lrr-oinL' in.'iilMn..n shoul.l
be exaMiu,.-.! tu.re aunn|.' the Imtehin.- per.u.i, Im- l'! >h— h-u ;„. .-c.' l.s.,TC-in
be M,a,l- that will une -.hkI reM.lts. On- end -houhl be remuv..,! tnM„ a u,,.h en box
of suiUible size Uj i.laee ov.T a laMll^ A lar-e n|.,.nin.i,' is nia.le ,„ tin- oth.T ei„i „t tl,e
box t.. allow the fiMues of the huni' to es,aiH. Th.^ o|,en|n^' e^'" '''"^ -■''■;' "'''' ^' I"f;-
of tin having' « bole ,,iin.-h..,l ,n it. < •., the front ot the b..x and on a evel «,th the
tlan.e of tlie Ian,!., a :) inrh Iml,. is rut. • )v..r this hule a piece of felt or heavy c,,,.., i.
t ,. krii A. small ..val hole i> cut in the felt a-ain-! xvhich the e-- 's p,.~.-o. >evcr ■
,,',„, „„h holes are i-e.,uiie.l at the bottom of the box f..r v,-ntilation.
In .iPlor to use th.- t<'Ster, it >houl.i !"■ ),laci-.l .oer a laini. in a dark rn..m. an i
ea.l, ..- pres.se,i nfrain-t the hole m the fell The content.. .f the ,..-;: can be rea.lii'.
seen. Incubator CL'i.'^ should lie tested in a uatin i..on ..ne Hay at a lime.
G5 First Testing. When t..st,n.' dark sh-lled eu. ■•u tic- ninth .i;.y. Mie lert,,e
c^^rs uith live p^rms in them will have a dark .[".t (tic n-vv>, in the U|.|.cn-a,t ef the
egL' with veins radiatiiif; from it iFif;. ITi. These ee-, * ■
11, be kejit in the lijachin
th- tir
I'!.. !S. All
i-llei'tiv lerca.'. ■■■ •■iri: U
'1 Ills .->:n ,> .li~, aid.a.
il-cs that are
net h itell ; als
hloo.l \.
•learslc
liav iiii' a
>e ix'tnosed liom the niacin
ivd riiii; ' I'iu' 1> II) ;
or etf-s « 1
are infertile and '.vill
th a clark sin.t wiiho .',
I r iL'. li" ' 1 1 ; or einndi-ii
66. Second Testing. 11
■ ■ of incubat
eee, a
re ayaiii tested ell the sixteenth dav.
ion a Inc chick iiai kens a
11 tic
pt till
:'l'i ; it tl.O
cliisclv waiilcd, a mioeMieiit lit the chick can ottcii be detected.
■'«*■.. '^^ -^i
>. I'l.^i
• ..m !.■."•', 1» >
XX HATCHING CHICKENS BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS
67 Advantage." of Artificial Means. -With i n.|,.,l.i .
.-'i- by „a..u,. ,„■ war,,,, f.v,!, an- ion,..! duuulu u'. .C '■"■"''•■'I;"- H.,u l,o.... .1,,,
- on,k,.nswill U. l,a,W,..cl than und.r „■ ' ' ,^7 '"""'"■'-' '--' I-n..Mt««,.
■liH'k.Mis as v.Wv as ,,„,. h,.,, ,••.!, t,.l.- .1 '>n,,M|,.r ran rv.ir ,n„„ ."O I,, 7.";
-'le. A sM.tahl,. ,,|a,.t for hafhi,,., a,„| ,.,,,,. „.0 h tk- '""'""''"'^ ■""' '""'''
'?i; incubators. I.", nmvahlo houses I,„,f s 1,, ' ~ '■""" bi,.k,.„s ,.„nsi.st,n- „t tw„ I'J,.
Hant -an bt- ns..,! for v-ars T .. a In r. ,"'" ""' """' ^''^^^ "' •^-"«»- Th.n
1
1 :■ I" \ -'V. . ,-,„, ;, I ,. .
tj!'. Opeiati'in. 11
'i-r-tn, ,i, ,,,,1 -h,^ !,
-- '■'■ I''" '■'' III It, .■[• II, It,; -j,,
I' :■ r
i'l-lMll.l,. ,,f fli,, ,._,^ ,.|, ^,
'■•"I l»- :n,-|irif.lii;.-,j I,
.n^.i I h,- |.,,,|t , ,| ... ■ , . " '■■■'■■•t ■ ..-I,
' ' " ' '"■ ■■liar.ili.'i ui!l i„. , ...I'lv .,■;,,, a..., i
M.> Mi.'iihii.ir -I
.r .h.,.n,h,ia "n''r-l,!';'.'? ''■■''''■'"''''■■';'' '''-•
''"■ i''nrh ,i,,v. ,,„.i
r1
i
':ffl";r:,x y, , :>.;, , "-^^'^,^^;^^^ff'^■>«^:^^^j^^■ -.j.*?^'?? JS'A JJeiT
J
,| „ ,-ln„.,l t,n .1,.- h... 1, :^ - n ..v..,., ,., „„.,l .1.- r\nrU^ that w.T,. u .. 1. 1.... .
', „„„., .,1,1 I, ,. ,.f th.M,t,u..-. i,„|".itanr.. ,hut ,!„■ ....nprratup. .,„! Inu.u.hlN . .t the
:^:;:H,'1L.,,.,, .■....!- a„.i .m.-.i ..>„ ,i .i.aua,.-... .■. i -nv
,.l,„.k. |„.. ,„,,,,r,| t„k r,, ll,.' ^h.ll .-.li.i .1. t liat.-l,.
V.,. ,,,.„,..„. WMt.lat,..-, i^ n'M""-'"l "• ~"l'Hy "■•■^'' ^"' ,"■ '!"• ''"'"^"^ "''''"Ir
,,,.,„,„,,i,, „, ,1,.. ...... .„ .1,.. ....,-i„„... :u,.i ,.. n- .1..- -.1..., x:. .■ ;;' 1"- ;•;
,...,„„ .1 M, a nam. ■ n Tla. M-nU.v „t air t,.n,.l .1 U.. th. na, ,w • , a ^ .
,,„„„ ,. „.,uilv ^u;r„.,..nt I., ,-M,..v,. ,1 arl l...,s„l.. t,.„n -1 .'. • ' 'i -"'
,.v,,a v.„t,latl.,n „ ,,.,|,nn-.i tlirou-h lla-..i.li>Miv NMiMlafa-.
:>,;::-l::;;:•;;::::;,;r;:;r^:.r,;:;;,;::■f.::r':7^.;:;;:.v:^^^
;;::::::t;:,:;::::;■^:;::;:;:::t;;r,:r",,::-.,.,'"^:::^,-
I';:",::;:- ;r,::r:.;;;;':;;:::;;:::.:.:i'™- :l" ::;"'""'i'i::.'' "■: ;;:';'::::.: :-'r ;v.
„,„ i.„. ' ,1 ,..:., .1 u.i.i I I ...,-,»".." .^f ii ■^■'- 1'"-""' '■> '"■■"-
!,,■■ !h,- iiiui-tur.- .it till' out'-ia.' an- alt ili<-iaily.
,,. |„..| ii--ulr ill lial.'Kr;^
r wa^ ili'V an
■|'lir aiw.i ,
",lav. aia'i tlir air .,f tl..' -li'M wa- ]>nn- an.l i..n.~t Tli.- t Im:'
\l ,J„. l;.,ii.ivili,'. gur., I'lu.tiatioi, Station la-t v.ait! i,„. ,„i
... ..,..„..l uitl,.- ti.h..f .Inn- l.nnn. tli,^ liat.li .1, ^.m.!. air .a. .1,> an,i
.anil. Th.. tn..ut. iv pla.'.-l -. ■> --l: 1 1--"^ -' '-"' l''.""' ,,!'":,.'.'r,.:!
•'-'''■'' ^^"^ ■■'■•■'' ''^;;:;; :::;;,;;;.,:,;; ;;i;:v,.nt,iati.,,/.a n-, mntntL,. ,-iu..u
wi !,■ •.'IM'II .,ll|ij'li'lllill'
I,,.. .an 'c. li.iIcOi. wl,.|i th.' in. I. hill.- «.Mv .-1. ,■;.•.!.
XXI REARING CHICKENS BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS
70. Brooders, -n,,- iiro,,.!.,- ,s ,t .vann, wntilat.,1 \,.,s ,„ ■■^\:<r\, rhukru.^-au h.
,,.ap.l ^^illlnnt a h-n. Tl,- l.r l-r iTl^ ..^ wanni.l l.v in-aMs u. a lain,. ; tl,- tnn,.^ .T
,1,.. i,in,,aP-n.,t ,,.inntt, .1 m ,nt.., thr -tiirk ,.„n,i.a,tni...,t . W arm tn-n an .■.,n-
, .H:' „,, .■ - ,„...'- 1,- i.r l..|-a„a w.nt.lat,.. It. Tl... inana...,n..n, M -la- l.r I.t h
„n„.l.. It ^l.a.l.i 1., |,la,...l in ti,.. ^a^,l.. iaaisc i7S 76. .an, a va.-an. r.,..n. ■ a- |...k
1 |ln,.t „,t..n.l,.,l f.a ;,u.,l u... Th,. U- Iw -an ,„..„.->,.,■..., nv ,,.nM n„-,,it
1,„„. : ,h,. l„..,r..ran.|la,n|. ..in 1- -aa,].. i.v aia t,n-in,tli; t -t . ■! .1. I'L ••
i,|,.,,.i.r i> ii.iininal
71 Brooder Constniction. /.•..•. Th.- i...s th.it t.ain^ ,|,,. I„...,,i.> ,. .".I in.i,. ,
r. an.l ~ ,M,.h-.-l..r. n.M.I- .n,.a,:nv,n..ni. I. i^ n:.,.l....t : n„- . luim-i ,.i.-u....i .,
hal -a!.''. .VM.v H i nali .-hi.-k .i .h.a.l.i !.■■ -a Un.- > tl... M.i,-. ..t th- K.,x;
th.' .hi.l. .i..."- --Ii.'nl.l h- hm.'.'.l at lh.> '•■] .
Ti,.. ,l,„,r IS I n..-h ,„at-h-.l hiiniM'. ■\' ■■•"!.■- "t 'I'" l!."'. :< '■"■'"l l";i" i'it^Mi-t-
,;i ,,„.|„.-, .h.a.l.i'i,,. -aw. ..I, n,.- h-.it-i I- I'la.-.i m '!.i- "|-nn.^ a, mi i-^i^ .-i a
.'.■Kaiii/.'.l If. .n 1 1111 . in-i'i'- .hai-.t. i' ■. . iiaii.-- '■
r..iir 1.--. ; l.V -J iii.'ii. -li..ii!.i !'■■ atia.-l
I,, la-- l..li.« il.
,i t., th.' h..\ . th.\ -;:..ilM |.l'..|.'.-l -^
.h..i.l.'l"Vit' m'^.h' th,."i...x !.•..■! ■•wlh ih.' t..|.. an.i 1..- ;;i|.|"
i.,.,t in is .-.l in. h... s,|,iar- an.l ...a- m-l. .i-l'. -^t-"'.- .Inn-i.-i..i -
At th.- .■• ,iti t tin- 1...I1.I a 2 iia li
1 .... ',,..ih -I. I.- v.ith h.-i- \- ...It. .11. !•
,,|„,it,,| ..n ' in.-h ri,;a^. 'Ita.
■ri,T..-.i, .i.ri...
a i ,1,,'h h,..ir.| a.i..- th- in.. Ml- ■■< th.' fiai
hi.].. 1- i...iiiir..i t'.r th.' iii'i'.'! -iiL.k.' i'4'.
.,t th.' h.at. 1'.
WK
>^?^,
tf^^ '^V!ryj^''m^f^^^w
w
Rj\
"OSS stcnoN
HEATER- VlEi* FRaMBF.LOl*
i''. 1'. =: i ^
'■ = '■ -' - Th,. „,i.,.„ .,„..i..r
/tMn.^I(ic run ].; ■_' f.r t I,, ■; ,■ , ,. ,
-' » l"vd with ,h,. f„.,„„i,,r „,„•, ■ ,'■ , " ■'^'"^"''i *» hinfjed t.Ml„Mr„„t of ,l„ 1 j
I i .1 ' • ""^ "I (ill- run T, ,,-,,. !»;„.. .!.„ .1- , ". '■'.'- "'■ 'i'-^ (lu'ii s),,,,il,)
!'"'"■ <'f t'le r.iji en tli,n'
^■'-.^^.'^■Tp^^S'f
4
4
of aiiv ^<i/.<■.
warnit'i
1 frpsl
p;iti is plut'i-ii Ix'nPJith
r>Mio\ed in the piiti.
31
Till- hcatiT is oompl.tc in itself and <an \w siiiTfssfMlly iipenitpd in a ix'X
No sopuratc hover is reijuiii'fJ, and tlie I'hicks are conlinually siipplie.1 wi' -i
•anina the brofxler it' the heater and lamp are lenioved, and t
hole in llie lloor of the hiDoder. the liltif ean lie eaiinht anil
The h.
ide of
•d
ie4it«r
^ should be <
;is follows ;-
Li<iwer smoke pijH' : diameter, .'! in<li<
)n with the exieplioii of thr heat-retleetor.
liiiien>.ions of the ditVereiit parts of the hetttt-r
eii:;lh, -ih inches.
I'leshait ehaniber; diameter, iiiehc^s ; lerii,'tli, ') inelies. The frevh air .hamh.r
i> ;aia(hed to the smoke pipe at the l..,ttom. In th.' tloor of the fre>li an rliamher j,
iieh holrs should lie punched for the in^'res> of fresh air. The fresh .iir cliamber i«
open at the top.
H.Mtins chandler : diameter, -JO inches ; dcj.th, :! inches. A heatrdlccloi (iiivert.d
,on.') is placed in the hcjitin}< chamber. The diameter of the r.,ne is 1^ luchej* ; depth,
1} inclies. The upjier i-dge of tlie cone is \ inch lielow the top of the heating chamber.
The apex of the cone is i^ incli alMive the Inittom i>f the heating chamlHT. The cone m
riveted to the heating chamU-r hv thr.'e clips at the top. The upi-er and lower surfaces
of the heating chamber should be rigid , they can be st ivcmI to tlie cnc, or held ny
two wire nails driven throii;,'h the chamber and soldered.
I'pper smoke pipe : diameter, one inch ; length, 4 inches The upper smoke pip.-
should U- soldered j indi inside the heating cliamber.
To comjilete the heater two strips of llannel should be placed around the outside of
the heating chandler and tied with a cord to it. The llannel strips should extend 4
inches below the heater. They ri-ach to within h ini'h of the tloor .f the brood.T, and
form a warm hover for the chicks. The strips should lie cue every 4 in<hes, and alter-
nately, so as to prevent the escape of heat.
/.<(».;,.— Dimensions : diameter of the oil fount, ~k inches; depth, :.' inches;
t.-ial iieighl uf lamp ;including chimney) 8 inches. There sh.cild lie a small handle on
the oil fount, and a screw cap for filling with oil. A large size burner'(U inch wick)
can in.' used, or a sj>ecial water-cooled burner ; the burner screws into an ordinary lamp
collar soldered to the oil fount. The iron chimney is about ,'i inches high ; the dia
meter of the top of the cliiiiiiiey is .i\ inches ; the Ixittom diameter is .'i inches. A 1^
inch h:ile should lie punch«'d in the chimiiev and covered inside with mica in order t.i
see the flame. The top of the chimney is placed over the lower smoke pipe.
//,,!/ i:ii;-iihUii,ii. — The luiMi's of tlu- hiinp enter the lower smoke pipe ard ascend
!,) the centre of the lower jiart of the hiMtiiiL; chanilier. The heat-retleetor compels
tiieir circulating; to the outer edge <if the h.-ating chamber. They then ascend to the
upper pa-t of the chandler, flow ba< k to the centre of the he.i.er, and are cirrir'd .>rt' by
tlie upiier .smoke pipe. Fuel is saved by this forced circulalioi of the lamp fumes : the
l,i ver is uariiier ai the outside tli.in towards tiie centre, so tli.-i crowding c)f the chicks
Is Ml.itel i.llly pie', eliled.
\V;ii-iiie(l fresh an- is supphed to ilie ii..\er liy iiie:iiis of liie fiesli ai." cl.amiK'r. Fresh
.111- .'liters ,it the liiittom of the I h;iiiibi'i. 1 1 is wai irieil hy -itict with the hot smoke
p;l e, ,iiid llows into the hover i,e|n\^ ilie heat i 11^' .'liam! lei a 1,1 ;ilio\e the h'.'ads of the
en'leks.
72 Situation of Brooder \\ hen the eliieivs r,.,iimeiice h.iteliini: 'he luooder sh.uiid
I.e ola.e,; in position, .iiid the lif lei lloor lovered with one inch ..t' cir; n .anil '.^ravi-l.
T!;.' hieoiler mil should lie r.iised .iiid the iini tloor eo\eied with ear; li and ;;i;ivel uKo.
Tiie l.iiiip slieiihl be lit. and the ijr l.-i w:iiined to ll") F. under the h.ee,-.
is^ iimmkmi^mmm^^M^jM^mM^Sim:. c^
.12
:"■ "^ -' ^ '---!; -"-I'liMi::!,::::;'^
73 Operation of Brooder I'l i,„ i > ii
:;fl "■;•>■ -• ;'■•>■ i -n,n.. .,.. :;:, 'v, • ^ ;:;• -, Tr' 'r'r " '"-'
■l"-k>^I,nul,l U. r.mv,.v,.i t„ tl,P l,r,.,„|,.r 1 b? '"' ^"■'- ■'" '"""■— l,i. T(„.
br..,„i,.,- ,nus, I,.. ,l„„.,„„.hlv war, (72 ,,,, ;'"'•'■•■'' ^-"' —' H.,,!,,. .
."^.T ami th.-, luck do..rW..s..,i, Thev si ou J » • m'"/"' '"• '''""■'' "'"'''r 'I,-
^l.oul, not lH3,ontine,l in tl,.. hovvr Ini n. ,'";, Vt^ " T"' ^"-""^ ""'1 l-^lv rh-A
''"^;;'"" •"" ' "^ '- '- ' -i 'h' '-;.'^ i:trt;::',i:;r;.7;,„.;;;;:" « ^- -■-
Hll- .;ll](k> should n-st MUi.'dv .n .1, 1 1
->n 1. found .,,1. ,1,,.,, uJu , ,, ,. o , f:;i"' ^^ ""'':'■ ''''"■" '-'-^-.hM.. ,|.ev
HH,.ks w,ll .e,.ure a suitable ...„,„..",:,,?": ''■'.'"' ^"'^- '^ -.rh,.,,,,..!. ,l„.
._JPS>-_'
'"■■ -- --^''"IT'-*;!. f..r,-iu,U.
74. Feeding Chickens.- First .M,»„h _Thr. ,h„.k i m , • ,
N.t n,a,.h... ..on.posed fn„u ground na,. ,t|.e -o ,■ n.ll "\ "'' ''^■" "■"■ ' '''v.
>'Tl.-,v,^'round buekwlK.a, wh,.at bran sn.f- ■'■"""■'^•"' «''"""'' '■">>, ..„.;„. i
^--ki..-.,,ilk should b.. f..d rhnl ™ ; ^'^ ""i 'ri'"'u ""^'V"'^'"' -f'" ti
l-ave b,.en .d,s,k.i : no f.,.„i should b.. !,.,> , tl , , ', /"'"'' '^ i""'^" '■'■''-'" "■■" all
■I..V, Annnai food ,48. 62. ,.. aU„ r,.,|„,:,Td uK -nstUut.. ,]„. ,„,:„,. ,„., ..aal., a
'fi '!i»
^:::l-::!}:!::':!.'''::tr ''^^ ^'"-^^ ^'""-I'l -.v,. thn. ...
llbe.iayand th.. tirnu, at ni'.dVf.
•■• '-;iy, :[„. ,i„.-ii
«■> I'T ttiu rii|iid -rowfli ,,f
1 ^m^^^^'md^iiimki^ i^^i^ji!^
3.1
4
I
cliicki-nn. Wlirri (lie cliicks mi' ft-d ii widi' riiliuri, or n rulum that cnnlHins h lar«f pri-
|M.iti(in of carlKihydnili's ami fat-- tJn-v (Innip iiti<l .lnv A :;r.iili latinti in imt Hntlirii'tit,
llieii' tiiiist bi' animal t'lMHl mcliidi'il.
(^^l^■r. — 'I'lic cliii'k- nIiiiiiUI liavciiri'fss to fn',li wiitiT iiftt'i llii'V nrr "W wi'^k iili|.
Al lir^l a iiip or till ran lie lilloil witli wjiliT.iiiii iiiMil'il iiMT a -.aiiciT. A .malt pii'd' cif
»i«kI should Ih- iii^.-it.-d iiiiiliT oi Iiif ot' the c up to ,illo» thi- «at.T to ,.Ma|i.- This
im|irovlHcd water fouiit^iin will pn-vclit tin- rhicki Ix'tumii.j; «i't. IjitiT the lar;.'!' «iitt'r
t'l'iiiilaiii'- should (»' used.
<:'il. t'hirk>4 at lihiTtv shouM fiinl ^iillicifiil i^rit to diL;is| i hnr t'<«"i. Chicks
r.Mi-i-d indoor.. ii.|inir Im luno .■nl viipplnd llnni
CCNCRAL View
rHkUZ AND rLQOR.
//.
!l; \.
i
t
A
R£4R viLW
rPDNT ViLW.
75. Housing Chickens. .I/./k'./. //r, »,..., H--id.-- li.riniiii; piarticval chickiii housofi
iii'iMililr hou,sc>i aro usrt'ul tor hou^iii^' otlirr -lock. 'I'lio liousr (li'.<i'rihcd i- in usr at
I !:<■ iiiii-l I'aiitm io-ai iitu SUilioii..' . oii.itu o-«i oy tio- i *« |'.o i in' iii . .uni i> (|Uiio .-ai I'-iju-iorv.
hi r.ii'h house one liroiwier (71 ) i^ placed, ,iiid mir men Ii.im- toiiiid that the ehickens
ri><luiiT little attention in inclement leather, thelioii-.- i^ hriu'lil and cheerful during;
tlic> day and ulun tlie chiek> ciinnot ho ;iJlo"i'd out-ide they .M'ratch tor j,'iuiii amon^tlie
litter on the tloor.
.14
•■ ""■ "-■' ''m ::;,7.':;l;z ':,,::■;■;;;;;;,,' •■ -'"■"' '■"•■
r.-., If. ""'t.fTliU'T'T.Jyil ' ■ '■-• '
"i;;:-;:::: r-j- 57;; 1 Hr =;'r:;i tt;i;;:-^
'111- Mhintltli,' H|,i,..S si i,,i,l,l 1„, ,
'"•■'■ '»"•■" .■■".." .TZ ,,;',''■ ; I ' ■'"--1 i »■■! „i, .- ,,, .
\V|„.n tl„. ,ir„s.s,.,i or ,„.it.-li..,i
►"-of th.. I„.UM. ,„.. l.,v,,||,,l ,h,.,.,„. ,'.'', "": "f'l- 'Wi. of tl„. K,anjH ,„ ,, ..
''lie irh'li riisiWr ,■„,[, ,.|i,l ,,f tl I
THE PATTENmo AND MAREETING OP CH.CKENS.
XXII. FATTENINO CHICKENS IN CRATES
'' The Fattening Crates n,. .■ ,,
_, ■ I""- U, „„.)„., »M,. ;,„./ •■n o„.l..,. 1,,..,. ._
A
I> f
, '' ';■•■' I""- U; w„.l„., „„i„ ^, , .,,, ""- '""- H, UM.a- ri„. niu-,,r,-.tion Station
»-^;k"f tlio ,.,.,, to ,,s .U i,„.,,., „,,./""" '^* ""•'■■■^^'P^-'-f. amlfl„.M,rn,■,r..•
i'l^he. from tl„. 1.., ' ,,■ .. """' •' ■""'■ f'v,. Tli,. iu„, , ,. "■'";"' ,'"■
'■;-l^- .M;!--i o,, „,., ,„„„„, ■:;:■;, ;;;,':,:;::j;r;;;;;;f-''-t i".,n, b, „.,:,:,;:;;;;;
"""■ llie toil s ,•l^Har.• .Mit ,i„,,, ; ' , . - "" 'i'"^ "parr iind i|„- i i- i . .■
""'^'■'- '"- '-'"^ "■■ ^^. ':..;:::,!::::.■;;;;:::,::;' - -^^^ ^ "J. .;r:t;':::,:.,^
I urrii r ['lore.
pml'^i^J&:^m. ^^i^^^.l^'
r
:t5
Tli<^ ormU-* nn- placcil on sUriiU Hi itn |i.-> (torn the Krounil
Thp (lr"ppinK« from
]
thf iliiiki-im »ri' ri-< iiv.ni on sanil nr nthi r tiUwirU n' niafrrml
i\ light ■ \ tioujjh 2^
inrliM umde. i" [.In. i-d in fnint of rnrh cnit.-, ami is <-Hrri«l on
t»o drarkii- nniU'd to
thi' i'n<l« of tJi«crat.- i lie l».tt.m of Up' Tonsil i- I im ln-t aliovi-
thu llooi, iinil ill'' ijpp<>r
ls^>l<ll■ «i_'i- m 'J iti' li'-f friitii ill.- .ruti".
78. Situation of Crates, In «■</■». wmili.T tlir ciat^H shoiilii It |rlM.-.-.| ..ut.
,n a »hfltrrpil ("•••ii i"ii
In UTI5. '"V./ "■•itli.r H 1- .nlu-.il.l.' to .-..ii-tiu.-t 11 roii^ih Wo.inl slii-llpr .'li-i^ ■
crat«-» w 11.S t" -^'"1 ''"■ i'"ii ■ "'■ ''"■ "'•■I'iii- -liould tw i .iriu'd on in.-,iili- ,. -h.
Iwrn.
'lie
. ? J .. . I, ... 1 1
Ki.. :'.'. 'n.. !.."■ li 11, . Lit.-
_.,»^.. . 1 i.i 1... ..1 1 .
.. <•.„,',,. I. nil,
»pntilatit»n is rri|iiir. d iil iili tiirit-*.
79. The Age to Commence Fattening. Tlio i'\i.. riinrut.- tlmt w.i
this r>f[iartni'-iit "itli liiru''' nuiiiln'r- oi ■.'lowirr^ ■ In, k
of ime wiLs the most piotitalili- tinie to j '
.'lart' rllli-kt'
iMlurfii by
tiiriiiiiid tli.i! tVmr moiitha
tlif niaikft (45).
II
80. Equipment for Fattenin<r l„ f. t.
- '~-^^"rKn::;;T;r,;;:rt
' "li : iri.i th.' ,n, .,•,•,•
In,. „,.,,,,,, ■,■, r' "■^' "" ""'<l ■■"Msiii,,,., „,,^ - .,- ■.>«-■- .>.. pounds
-i-;::;.^:'; --""-"^-<>r ^"'-".-r:;;:.:.^-/-^:;;:
..^?.^C!i,«--L,.;l:r^^^^^^^^ ....„...„.,
'"' •^■■-- «■!! ,v.ult inavf.ll„«-,.,,|„„p,,, ... , ' " . ": -™" "Mvt„r. v (;,,„„„, ,.
•r-''-^:'''o:i:'i;::;:s:'r;;;;:::;;;-;', ;-'■•--' "^w::,::r:;::;j:;::,, ^,,
-■-''"^--:^-t::i;::?::C;r^^^^^
, «4. Killing the Lice ll.-t,,,,. ,|,„,,| , ,
''"> "•■ kni.yj "'"I'l ''■a-a,„.s„|,,|,:,,,.,| 1 1,, ,-,. ,Javs,
85 The First Week It „ „.
'■'"' ■''■'"■'■^ V.., .1.,,. w. K „..„
^*
wi.iiM rciiMuri.'. 'II"'I"i"k1 ^IhhiIiI In- L.'iMii tlip-c liiiir-, ji flav, iiii'l a('li-[- tVi'diii:.' iln'
ti..iiu'li-- -li'^uM !»• rl. .'riiil .iml turiii'il .pmt. Tlic rlurkcii^ >i M iv,.n,. tV.-li ^aii-r
1 u irr ,1 (l;i\ , and '.'lil I 52 I t ^* " ' H' tlilfi t illii'^ illll-illu I 111- Wl'l'k.
86. The Second Week. '1 h.' . luckrns v|„,iilil !»■ ;,'ivi>n twnc a day il,^ inurli tu...l
a> thry \mII ral Halt an liuiii' atli-r tVfdiii;; tin- f'ci'd li"iiL'li^ hti'aild li.' I'iiaii. d anil
I III n. d cn.i . W ,it.i and ui it >li..iild aU.. Im- .sii|i|.lii d .1^ m tli. lii-,! urrk.
87. The Last Ten Days. .\t tlir (oinnii'iirtMnrnl nt' tin-- im-iIimI imi' piaiiid nt tall..u
a dav -liunld Ik- addid til tlir ina.shcs I'm' •■mtv TD cliii'k.'n^. 'I'ln' i|iiaiitLty i.f lalli.^i
slinii'lil Ih' 1,'iiuiiiaily ni.ivaM'd. -u tl -• lit tin-" li'ttrr y-ivl nt' tkii- \»-n«ii un.' |.i.und ot'
t allow i.s t'i'd tl) ."ilt"rlurkiTis. 'i''- '. ,;.ii> -liquid In- ini lied and « hi Ir Iml tinrki-nrd willi
ini-al. 'I'ln> pa^t.- ran In- nu i-d -t-lii '!!■ '■•■■: ii ^. 'I'Ih- i|ili-ki-n^ ^liniild i-i'ei-i\i' tin-
fat ti-nini; t'lmil t« ii-i- a day in i.-- I'li-d 'n.iiyi,-, ind aKi> wati-i- and L'lit a- pri-N iiiu>ly
-tati-d.
88. Cramming Chickens. Mi'- ^rai mni^ marhinr i^ rmt tn-i-r.^vuy ti.r t'attrnmn
rliiikrn^, and milv wln-ri «i-ll ti-d i-liirkin-. ai-i- plan-d in tin- t'atti-niriL' rrali- i> it a
pi.iHialpli- MirtliiHl lit ti'i-din;;. Wlini yniinj,' cliicki-ti-. an- |ilaii-d in tin- fatti-iiinL' riat.-
i;i a iniiili-iati-lv li-aii rnnilitinn and an- tVd a siiitalili- tat ti-iiin,' tiiml t'l mn tin- I'l-id tii'iii;li,
tlii-v will niaki- Mili.stantial liain-. tlii-iiiii;liiiiit tin- t'atti-iiini; jii-i-inil.
.\ liil nt' l.';l (-liirki-ns tl'.il ui-ii- t'alti-d at I lie Sinithv illi-, I >nt., Illii>li-at inn ( Ini-ki-n
I'alli-ninL: Statimi. i.'.-uni'd :; lli^. In. I l■/^. i-arli in t'mii- wt-i-ks t'alti-nin:;. Oni- . i.iii- nt' iL'
hirkriiN \n-i^'ln-d 'M lb>. «lii-ii Jn-y witc |ilai-i-d in tin- ciati-^.. .\l tin- i-nd nt' tin- four
«ii-k^ tiny w"i-iuhi'd ISj ll)s., :■ ;.'ain of .'ilt;; lli--., nr •'! Uis. ."> n/s. i-arh. 'I'ln- rn-t nf feHl
|ii-r- i.niiiid"nf ^.'ain in ]'\\r wi-i;;lit fnr tin' lot was t i» its.; tin- rnst nf fi-i-d fni- tlie 1 -J
rhirkrii^ «a-. 4 .'i it--, a jHiiitid ^'ain in wi-i;;lit. 'riii-.M- i-liiiki-ns wi-ri- utility ty(K' Uaiii'd
I'lv iilli Knik i-niki-n-K. and «i'n- fi-d fintn tin- ti-inn.'li llin,„;i/in,it tin- fatti'iiiii!.' |iiTind.
89. Feather-plucking. Clm-ki-ns that an- falti-nini; in nali-s snnii-tinn-- |.liirk the
tiallirr> fi-niii niii- aiintln-i 'i'lii^ lialjit is lau^id liy an inil.it imi at thii"nt^nf tin-
fiat In-rs, and uliirli n-sull^ linin ritln-r n\i-r In-alid IiIikkI nr ]iaiasiti-s.
Till- ri-nii-d\ i- In i.;iiinu- till- I lin-ki-n: ;liat an- airi-clid : tn fii-d tin- nttn-rs iiini,'
-k;in milk in tin-ir niasln-s. m I 1 add animal fmid and \ .--i-Ialil.- I-md to tin- fattrnni:;
lal mn.
If tin- ti'niilili- I- r.iii^i-d liv [.ara.sit<-.s, t III- niili-s ran In- fniiinl amnn;,'st tin- while
iin»dii V niatti-r at tin- ha-i- nf tin- iniijl. .\ Milphur .-uid lard nint iinnt shniiid In- a|i|.lii-d
tn I 111- allrili-d j.aii-.
XXIII PREPARING CHICKENS FOR MARKET.
90. Killing. Si, urn,'/. Thr rhirkrii> .sliniild he slai-M-d :'ili liiiuis In-fnri- killiii;;.
'i'liis will in-i-vi-nt fniKl ri-niainiii:: 111 tin- i-mp and intcstiiii's, wliirh would di-L-oiiil'nsi- and
■-pnil ihi- llavnur nf tin- liinls. .'<i-vunil hniirs afti-r the lust fi-i-d allow tin- i-hicki-ns what
wat<-r tiny w ish i.n drink. 'I'liry shniild tln-n ha\i- a (-oiniili-ti- fast until lln-y aii- killi-d.
J),r>i:lii'ii* I'vr Killimj. - Kill llii- chirki-ns hy liisloi-atiii;; tin- m-ik. \\ itii tin- lift
hand hold tin- rliicki-i.'s li-^'s and witiiis in oin- liiiii irnisl'. I'laci- tin- lirst tiiiiri-r "f tin-
ri-hl liand nii tin- i-ii;lit siili- of tin- ni-i-k. and tin- n-niaiiiiiiL.' lin^'i'i's mi tln-li-ft sidi-.
(dis]. tin- Ill-ad in tin- hollow of tin- li.ind, with tin- fork of tin- lin,i,'rfs U-hind tin- In-ad
whrii- it Joins Mil- link. Till- hark nt tin- rliirki-n In-iiij; uiiwards, hold tin- li-i;s a;.'aiiist,
lln- l.-fl hi|i, and tin- hi-ad in-ar lln- iiu'iit tliii;h or kiii-i-. jfi-iid tin- In-ad haikwards as
far a^ |.os~ilili-. and at tin- -.inn- I inn- st n-ti-li tin- iii-i-k, win-n it isilis|orati-il ininirdiatcly .
)iiill lln- In-ad .il.niil 1.', inrln-s fmni tin- m-rk. Hold tin- win^;- lirinly afl.i killing',
and allow tin- rhnki-n s In-ad to liaii:; down, so that thr blood i-.in i-olli-i i in tin- m-rk ;
tin.- In-ad is attailn-d to tin- ImkIv siini'ly liy tin- skin of tin- link.
M
''■"it"</'.i ,,/this .!/,,
I- 1- tt. ,. fn.iii 111'
»'li "■" k-o,, a- I,
■"(I ;,- wIr.,
''• ".f' Kill I
1 anv ntti
"■r 111, .tin
•■'■' II -rllt t.
"■>■ "'1' thr ,|m,.|.
I. .. .-lurk.
'iiirkfi ji
it an
" I- kil|.-,i ,„ ,i,,
"U' I- .■in|i|,,v. d
l.lil.iloM IH II
>-iy. III,. i„„(v
'■"!'■ in ;i fowl,
91 Plucking I
>rv
'■hi,')<.
■li" i.iil t,
'"'«ii. .ill.
,"■;'''' "•"•'/''T /'/„,./;•,
n s I,,., k
■Itll.T-^ .•iii,i t
^■-^y\n\v .fill |,,,,i,j
'<■ 'IH'II fVathers of fj
'"-■ tl"^ .•h„.kL-!
ui.i 1,
■'riiiiK.,,,.,. (,|,i,.k,ri- tl
^■n in tlip ],.,> ),,,„,j
!l|.' i.ii.i
•■'• («rt ,,1 1 1
II- II, ■,k.
If tV.-iM
/. -r. M,
»•'•'■ 'iij.iin. liriisl, ,|„. I,.,,.k ;„„i
tid n,,rk
"■■■- '": till' hack
'I,,' ct,
i.i.'k
.Ul.J
I'Ki'n s ii,.jiij
t.;.r|,.
1'^ iniiin,) ttit:
I'litii' rs ,„| f)
H- 11. -.k
'"r ;< iiiri
i"s ti.
"1 the h,-iv to tl
" 'III' hca,|. f^
*"'r- "i-n i.lurk
'^xtrai't
tM han,'
I '"
J"""~. iH„i tl„. .,,,,.11 ,„„,
av,.. ijl
ai 'ni, tjvi
/"''/•■/;■ tin
^"- a riri- ,,f
iiit>i,i,. i.,i:i(
.-■vt ,,(■ ,f„. ,.),,
9ii Shaping.
' ' "llll.l,!. [.|
'•i.'ri. K,,
"I |'hi,kii
■'11 I'lnt'.Mtii,
< in, k<tis tiift,.,| f,
"■'■ "'f' "lilt,' !hi,,„|.
ir ll
^^''<- U a t.-.i,
■'''''■ 'hill vOn'ii til
Th,' >\u
i|. ap,,..;
'V an- sh
I ,T (l-'l^r.
ipj.,.,|
'■k"l ^In.ul.i h,
I"' I'-tiiiii.. I,,,
a< t., t.
I ) 1- maii.
'"'"•""-'ll. .i/il.,,,.,,i,.,i
r'r..,»',lv .|„,„.,j .,.,,_^
'■"■ '-'l""i -hick,
iv,.,i
'II', a troii-h
l>V Il.'lli
'iiiiitiiin.
in-i,|,. „
l".iiii',i l,..,i,,i,
"■•■I. I, ■in,. 1,1 jj^
tr,,„.-|,
■y ,it ri_,|,
:»9
iiiide 6 iV'-t lull;,' an'l ri;iilo<i in a fraiiie (Fiu'- -"*). or iJ feet Ion;; witli ends oii it, 4od
pliceci on tlio top of two b.-uifLs , the trou^'h -hmilcl l''.ui ^li'^litly backwards.
Fig. 'JT — Th^ imsitir.n n: tht- rini k''n in tti'- ^l,:ii»-i. « I'l: :» brick on top Ui Bh»iM' it.
Dirpctiiin.< u/r .ihiipiity. -An mioii u.s the ehickeii i- plucked, place iln legs .Uoiigsidc
iU hreiv>t ; then with it.s breast downward, for. e tlie ehieken down into the angle of the
shap'T. Cover the chicken with paper and [ilaee a brick on top to shap.' it, also one
against it to hold it m po.sitioii. Continue thi< same pHx-ess its the other chickens ai^
Fm ■J8. — .V iniMiU-r <i| I liicki-iLs in ii -h.ipinK fraiiio.
plucked, placinL: each chicken m tin- sh;i|.ef >love to the last, and moving th.- lower bri. k
along to hold the row in position. Allow the oliicken< to remain in the sliaper for.it
iej*t 6 hours.
ID
93. PackiiKT Af...r K.i,,,, ,},..,..„„,, ,
-'" li-iir- ,itt,., l,,||,„,.
••'-^-^:-:7;::^::;:;;;t:;;';,;^:::;'--'-i-i|M.a.Ke.i,,,,,
In-hl.. M,
"It !„ |„. !„,
- ^ --'n ^ !'■- \ 1,',;,
''a--i' Nil. II iv t',,i I •> I I
•• No, 1
«i'l''>. K.„|s,
!»>
'■" '''-1 ; ^L' , s(,
I'll I"-!; .-17
r;^ L':i: 1;.; „
'"'•l<''il) t'n.i,, L'.I ,,
• i t.l .'iJ
■A t.. r
^■^;■ -"'. Ti. — hii.i.i,,;,,.-,,,, Ti,,. ,,,,, ,. ^, , i,^,,^^
<'>, ■„„.,.n.i ,,f ,)... .hi, ,,„„_. ,,,,,, ^
TP"-. tl." «..r,| r,„„„/,„„, tl„„,„„l„., ,,|
'■ii'i'; .iiMi a. I, I,,.., ,,, ,1^,,
„., ,,,■ ,.|,: , , " "■'""■ •■"I'l a.|,|,,.s-
11
l))i-^/inii., /',y /',i./ 1,17— The rhiikitiv •^liouM bt- .Tinlicl in si/c, and oai'h cliiikcii
jp;iil,.'cl into till' [>ro(>i'r -i/.c ■^l ippin;; r.'isi' Small ilncki'iis slmijl.l not. h<' jiacked in a \».rg»
.■.■i>. '"'lie ca.si' should !»■ hiioii with papiluTiont papor' Iwl'oir <]>•• rhi.'ki>n.s ap' plii<-<"<l
i;i 1'
Th'' rlii.ki'ns arr pink -il with th.-ir Ijii-a^ls up ( Kii; 2\h. Iiut tin' case i-i so made
til r it opoii- with the iliirki'iis' IkhK- up 1 I'm, .ii'i Thi- Imm'U of tin' tirst row (li) of
1 l.;ikens ;ii'- plai I'd stivii^'ht ont on tin- litit,,m nt thi' hox, and tlu' haik.s of thi' row of
ill, kenx paik''d last an- plar.-d airaiiivt 1 h.-iii. The h'-vd.s of tlu' row of cliiok'-n'i pai'kt'ji
la^' are arran>,'i!il in the i-i'iilii' of thf rasi'.
Tlic paiihmiTil paper should U" neatly tui-ked nronnd the i-aap, and Ix-fore th>- eover
in nailed down, the upper (1"* hv '_'G inchi ^heet of panhment paper should In; placed in
a -o p'T cent solution of forinaliti. This will present the dexelopnipnt of mould,
T\.'- tx)X of ehickens shoiiM h.- w.-i:.'lied and 'hi-;;r .^s. taret. d uet weighta st«nciil«d
c- |',ii!iiv marked. Fractions of a pou!id should not lie :;iven.
1, .;ii 1 1,. -::,|.|-i,,- t,.-.- I'iK- ..i.p. .ii.u,. '■ -t til'- . !.i. «■ I., .Mi.-u the cii^. .- ;- n.'-L
XXIV MARKETING CHICKENS
94 rhe Equivalent Market Prices of Chickens I'lic fo!l..\Miii.' table shows the
r- ilt> of in expcnmeni I'onducted iiv this 1 )c|iai t iii.Tit of A^'ncih uie ,11 the Cleii
f;,!ian, P.K.I. , Illustration Chukeii i'att.'ning Station to ascertain tiie loss in weight of
f r'*^l chickens (1 1 when sar^e 1 '■'•<'> h.iurs and ready to kill, (2^ when kilNd l>y di^loca
ti z or breaking th.' neck, drv plu.keci and cooled 20 iiours ; (3) when lirawii and pro
p n -d for roasting.
In nrd'T to secure an accurate live weight of thf chickens bi'fore tlie ex[»!rimeul
wH coniniencd, the cliick"n- were weiglied two liour.s after their l*at fetvl and thi*
"■•■ight is ui^cn m the first column : -
' Six ih"'is 'f !i^'!it-wpi(^ht [>^r'h!ii''nt or Inittir p:ippr am r^qairi^ : twn sh^^ts IS by 'Jfi mdi«. tn
'.^ 10 b\ J''i ;iicliHs, j.wl twu »li.-.u le by 18 luclma
■}-'
^'•"■"■♦■r-fhu l,Mi.
i.i»
I"
II
1
I:
1 1
■■
II
1j-
1
11/
1..
t
4
1
1
>
:i
l.t
4
.S
11
"■ '■■rr.;,„,„^..
I.I,.
'" "M'l-.vMbl,. !o,-
■'" '^ili-'l ari.l ,.x,„K,.,i ,<, J, „
'-^i- [ii "Tiier to (•nrnnl,-t,i .1,,
?'■■■ • h:rk,.„. «,.,,. .,,1,1 in ■, ,. "■'■'-''^' •""1 '■,.,-,li„, fl,,. ,,, ' "•"• '"■«! s^'M
!--^.n::.n.l |„„. , . '"f^^ '-'i l"-n .old ^o,0 1 ,,3 ^J'M-r,. ,,.,. ,„,„„; ,,^^^
'''■ •■^'iin.-ir I,
''■'- '•■■• ii '.niii!;,!,.,! : —
- •■'inn.,!,.„t \
■lii.-k,.,]~
""■- '■"■'l„.,i, ,!,.,,.„! „.,
!''^"-l '■" •!..• ::,nv
'"•' i"-' "-'..il-u,,,^ „,.„
4.t
K'i'i'ii /'nr-. III 'V,,/,- f,. r fimnd /■//■ >'ll,iiii t'.itl-.i */,,,,;,,,., ;,y /,,,■'• IT- 17//'. /'■'//■■^••.('
l.lVi- Wii;,'llt . r. 7 - '.' 1" 11 1- 1-1 liv l"! |,..llll'l.
I'lih'kctl w. 1-1,1 . 7 I >m; WW 11 ij I I.; >: u > n; .t-. j...' i.Muii.i.
Hi-iiwii «rii.'ii! 11 \-2.--< ;i-7 iti -"i i« 1 .'u .'■_' .':; — , -t- ).i 1 |M,iiii,i,
95. Home Marketing -(/. l'r>iri^i..>,i M' i-.kani'. In .1 numlwi-ut' m uk'i^ thnjii;;li
(Pill ( 'aiiailii t'iill<-i| 1 luikiTK, killini ami (ihirki'il ,1^ ,lr>,i iii..,l \\\ iliis I'.iillctin. im\ \k- •^•AA
I'df Hi lo 10 ciTit^j ii I'lMiiid. K)w .Ntoiitii'ii! |>i'm\ ivi,,|i ni'ivlianl wfnt.' llii^- I '.I'.ci t rmiH
la>t AllV'UMt IIIKJ ■_'U;ir.ltlt.'(Ml I.) Illiy .'lOd.OlMI |>,>lllli|^ 'it t.lttr.l rliicki-ns f"! I" .■■■nt~ .1
pcMiii'l. pliu'ki'd nrii,'lil In OrtdWi-i- iii^ im-n-.iM'd tin' pin.- t.i l^Jrciit-. I.,i-.l in. .nth
( Kfl). llitli, 1 '.>(>.'! I I lii-i l>i'[iiirtnifiil mjW to tliis .M..ntr.-iil pr..vi..i.iii tn.'i.-liant ln.'.'.ij
lbs. of t'uttfcl fiirin.iN' liickons fur U cents 11 puun.l. ..r sl.l-i' s,s _-._'^(;7ri tin,. iiii-..i
rliii kriis rwili/.lrij; nriiilv *1,500 — 11 siilwtaiiliiil ai-iimn.nl thai tli.' tatti'iiiiiL.' "t . Iii.k.-ii>
i^ a pii.titahlc luiMiic^s.
The wliiilc display ot' t'att.'d chickens at thi; Ka>t.-ni • >ntaii.> I'miltry Show, 1 lita.wi.
ia^-t in. .nth was lM.iii.'ht for H! cents a pound, pluck. 'd ».ii;lil. 'I'hii I.lcpai tni.iit ..I
AL'iiciilture ^iild t'atte.i chickens last year at <!...l.-ri. h. (Int., Toinn'"., <lnt.. .\I..iitr.ai.
l',(.,i.. Svdncy, C.['.., and t'hailot tt'town, I'.K.f., at pi i.-.--. ranuiiiu' U'.ini 10 .'.■iit^ ,1 p..iiii.i
tiicl upwards. The.sc .'hickens wiTc readils' ^ol'i an. I . r.alc.i a la\.)Ui'al)|.' iinpr.'^^i.iii
ain.-iii: the dealers ami .■..nsunii'i's.
. .'/. K.iifrtuui Fniiis. — Fatted .■hi.k.ns .'ati aU.. !..■ -..1.1 aliv.- to Cana.li 111 pr.i.i
si. .11 lu.Tchiitits ami •.. eK|)ortinj; linns tm- •; cts. a p.iiind .m.l ujiwanN. 'I h.-.' lirin.-
will -hip ci-at.'s I'.ir the chickens and willpav tr.iti-port.it i..n .•liai'i;. s t.. th.-ii ] ,1. kiiiL,'
h..u-.-,
96 Export Marketing. - 'I'lie il.i.k.-n-. .-an i..- -hipp..! t.. 'o.at I'.iilain ,1- - .•!' I-
rhev aiv t'attcd in th.' tall. .>r ih.y .-an !>.• h.'j.l it 1.1 -i..iau''' an.i t'..cu.ii.i.-. 1 i..i u. . n
V.i.i iiarv aid .Mav ..t the t'.>ll.iwiii^ v.'ar. I'll.' -hipni. nt -huuld ::.i t'..|waii| l'\ i. tVii." 1
at.'i .Ml- ..f .xi.r.'-- t.. th.' port, an. I -li..u|.| !.•■ pla.-.-l 111 tli.' .-..M -I..ia;.'.' .iLnni..] . .t 'ia'
-t.'.ini. I'. 1 1 is ,i.|\ i>ai)l.- for -.'ViTal ii.'iL'hh. iirii.L' faini.r-. to fatt.-n th.'ir .hi. k.-ti- ,1'
.ill.' t ini.-. ..r has .■ ..ii.' fariii'-r tatt.n f. .r all. -. ■ that .1 l.n ■.;.• ii;iinl..-r ..f .■lii.k.!.- . ..u ...■
-Mipl'.'.l t.'i;. 'h.r. I'll.' ].ri. . p. r p..iiii.l i.a'ii/.'.l in ' .1. at I'.ritain 1- fi..iii i.'t. h'. ,t-.
pl.l.h.-.i ^^.■lL;^t.
i'.ir --.■v.-ral v.ar- till- I ic|.artineiil ..f .\-i i.-iiii in.- h.i- I...11 -hippim . hi. k.ii- ■■•
.■.•ninii--ion in.-r.'hanl- in lir.'at Ihitain. Th.' tiani.'- an.i a. Mr.--. - . .f th.'-.- tia't .■lian' -
i.-ati hi' -.'.■ur.-il : al.-.i, iiif..i niali..ii in r.'u'ar.l t.. ,iii\ .itli.i in.itt.'i th.it .■..ii.'.'t ti- tiie
(•'.uht'\- fa'in.-r, pi...lii.'.' In. fih.iiit ..r .-xp. .il.'f.
The iM.I. 111-.' ..f l'r..|. .la-. W. 11. .I..1 1 -..n ..n ■ I'.i 1 1. tiiti^ ..f Cliuk.ti- l,.f..f.. r'..-
.■\i;ri.'ultural ( '01111 intt f t h.' 1 1..11-1. ..f 1. '. .iiini..ii- t."- ".ml . .jiiiam- a.l.|iti..iia[ itit. .iina-
li. .11 ali..ut the faltiniiiu' w..t 1-. an.i u ill l.,- n 1,11 '..I '• ii w h.. .l.-ir.- ;t.
THE DISEASES AND PARASITES OF POULTRY.
XXV THE DISEASES OF POULTRY
97. Concerning Treatment of Poultry Diseases. — Tii.- tr..it nt ..f |...ul;iy .li-.a-. -
si ii I'll. I -.1.1.1111 .■.'111 -I'm I 111- t'.irini'i. It i lie lieaithie-t .in. I ni.i-t '. iL'.ii.ni- lii'ie.iit|._ fi.u 1-
an kept, if till' chick. '11- ar. i.ai.il utid.'r sat i-taet..iy .'oti.lit 1. .11-, I. ■. I ..ii w h. ili'-oiiii' fi"" i
ahi! iiiit ii\ I'r.'i'. 'Wiled, tii.'i'.' will r.ir.'lv 1..' .Ii-e.-i-..' aiii.ni;:-! •Inn: W li.-ii . ii-.'a-.' .1. "■-
appi ,ir. It "ill li.. toll lid 1 1-1 1 ally in. ire -at i-fa. t.irv to kill .in.', inn \ the -H-k lur. i- than t..
ti. ..t till' .|i-.','i-e r. ni.'iiialU-. Two p.ndtfx- ili-.i-. - .in roup ai.il -.ip..-
98 Roup, .S/,/1,/. /..,„-'. ,li ]l,i,i f.ji.. ../ If,. /;,-.,,,,. ruli.'.l ..r -u.ijl. n .yelids ;
M.ii. IV di-chaii.'.' fioiii the I'Ve- and iiii-.'.
It
rr.-itl.T . ||,„-k ;,'chitiii.,ii^ ,lis,|iat-rc ti,,iii tli,- ,-\,-, ;,,„i i,..-,'
(-i, lh,,,l,.,:f.,r /:.„.,,. FrotllV M.urn,,. j„ ||„. ,„..ull, lltl,! ll t . |h|-,,Mt ,.,,^,-,..l
Wl'lp tlilck rl vy ,„;,ttr,
•/■,..,/„„.„, |„ ,h,. ,„,M ,,.j„. ,,,■ ,|„, ,1,^,..,,. ,1^,. i„|,„,„„,.„,„„ ,.,^„ i^,, r,,i,„.,„j I
l".H,,n.MlM;, ■>■..>.,,, I ,;.,.,.,,!■ ,1.,. fn«| w,il, a^.,lu,,„„ ..f ,..,,ml (rnrts of «w,.,.t oil .•u.;!
""' •■■"' -'' '' '"■ "iimv..,! (V„n, ll,.- tl.H k :uv\ f,-,! ,„, ,„ft CkxI and nnirnal
«,,;.k.
f...|
If ll,.. . I, ..■,-,-.■ I,:,. ,„„lH..i ll, l,.n,iv,> Kt,.-.. tl,.. f.,wl sl„,„l,l 1k> killoH ; llw l„.,is,>
.h~:nr,f.|«„l, M,l|,|„n tM,„... „. ,,„.UM,t tl... si„vH,l „f the ,1,,,-a.s.., u„d ,|„. j;,.„,.ral
li.'.iltli ..t Ihi- poullrv iiii|.i.,\..|. ^
l!..n,, p ,„o,v ,.,vv;,|,.,,t ,„ „v,.,r,„w,l,.,l and diriv [.nnltrv l,„„-..s. Th.- m.ide of
t!,.. Ijo,,-.. .|,„„ld 1„. «,.|| ,l,.:,„-,.d. ('....sl, ,.arth ,.l..-,.d ,m ,1„. 'm , ,„„| ,i„. v..,„il.,n.,n
and iiJ,t,r,.'an;.M-..d ...tl,;,t tl,.. h,„is.. can 1... nia.l.- p.Tf.vtlv dry an.l . l,.-.rf„l.
99 Gapes >.,»,,./.„„.. CI, „.k.-n ;:a,„n^'- .r">n.U' it. ,n.,„tl, at tV..,,,„.„t i„t,.,.vaU
t...,.t l,,..Lth A- tl,,., I, -..,...,„, „.....,!. ,h„ l,r,.,.tl,m:; l,..,„„,... v-.n- lal„.„n.d. <;,„,...
r.'M.t tr.w„ tl„. ,„■,..,.,„.. .,t u,„.„w iS.-l..n.s,,.,„a ..,„.j,„„n..j i„ ,1,,. ^vlnd,,i,„.^ ■ll,,.
w,n,1|„,,.. I,,., ,,„„.. ,„tl,„„. ,1 ;„„! t..-,.|lM...- w,tl, tli.> wcnw tl,.. chirkpn is n-virlv s.JtV,., n,.,i
J'l- iiitl;,M,i„.,t|.,i, .-M,.,,,!, i,,||„. 1,,,,^,, ,,,„i ,|,,,,i, ,.,,,,,1,^ ,.,,„^ -utV....ali,„i. ■
7''-""""'; ■'■'"• ""nMssI,,,,,!,! 1„. ,,.|„„v,.,| l,v tl„. f,„„..s „|- m,|,,|„„. „r ,.„al la,- \
f-,:ni.Ml,.,- .-a„ I,.. „,,„|,. t,.,„„ at, ,.1,1 appl,. l,a,-,-.-l Tl,.. .'n-is sl„,ul,| l„- ,-,.,„.,v,.,| f,,„,', | h„
lu-r-. ;,„.! ,,. Il;.-M.|.- „..ar..n,. ,>n,l a>, ..^.um^i, ,n,.|„.. ,|,.,.,, ,.„„) ],, ,n,.|„.. « „i,. .|„,„l,|
';■ ,T" '"" , ""- •■'"' "f "■•■ '■"■'■«'! ^'-I'i I- H-,.d u„ ,l„. ,„-,.u„,i . a lath ,M-at,„.-
;l,t,,...„.. „„l, a,,.,,,: ,. ,-..,|u,.-.,lt..tlt ,n.,d,. ll... l.arrel |!. „„.|„.s „l,„v,. th,- .-o.uwi
"•■ ■'"■i-"^ 'V '"■;'"■"•;; >'-'""i '- tl"' ;.Mat,„,^ ,nsi,i,. i!,.. i,,..n-,.i; ti„. i.,,;,„- ,),.;
'■■"■'■■•/- '■"^'■i-'l "'tl, ,„ ,,ld sa.-k. ..,,,.1 a i,!at.- .,i' l„i,-nii,; ■'
t;:-i-ii,.i 111-,,!,. !l,,- l,,,,.,,.k
n^ Mill.liiir is plai-t^d ,,i, tl,,.
'';■■",' ".', 'i':;-"l|'l "'■ !l" iiiM.I.. .,fa l,a,-,..! ,ai, l.,- paint..,! will, a inixt „ro „f ,.,,al
ar.. p.a....,l i„ tl„. l.,,-,,.! .,,„i ,1„. ,,,,, ,,f ,i,„ i,,,,,., ,, ,„„,,,, ,| ^.,-,|, ,|'„. ,.,,.,.
''''"■'■■'';'■'"•":- 'i•^"■••l"■|■l■^.■d «l„l,. 1..,- tr.-al „• , tl,..,- .l„,„i.| 1„. ,.,.„„,vt.d
"^ ,-;"■" \- "'■■-^" ■''■■" -'-"; '" '•""^' ■■^••r-.-..„„- l,y tl„- I„„„.s, Tl,,-..,. t,-..al„„.nN u.„a!l-
"'"■''■■■■ ""-.^ ■"■'• -•'*■" '--'" "'"i M,..rni„- Th.. «-,„„„ an- .l..st,,,v,-,i. Lis,. tl,.-i, li.,l,"l
"."'' ""■ ""■■", .li ...M.,. ,,f ,|„. «,„dp,p,. a„.l tl,.. ,.h„.k..„- .-.niL'h t|„-,„ „p.
Clu.-k.-i,- .-.,,„, a, t li„-,|,..-as,. wl,..nall„«,.,| t., ,-„„ .,„ .,-,„„„| „.i„,i, ,,,, |„.,.,„„„
ir-.t. .-•..,! u,.l, t„. u',p;."..fm; th,. «•„,.„,. a.-,. ,-.,„v..v,-.l t,..,,, .„..■ ,.hi,.k..n t., anotl,,,-
;l,....Ji tl„. n,...h.,,„,,t l,„.,l a,„i ,iri„k. Wh.-i, th,."u,,n„s hav.. h,.,.„ ,i,.,tn.v,.,l l,v
•:^"'-'"= '"■ " '; ."^-'-ll'l'' t" n-„„,v,. th.. ,.l,i,.k..„s u, ,iry, ,n„-,.„ta„„Mat...l u.viu,"d, ..r if
t!,;- I- i„,p...... ,1,.. t,, pl,„,^l, „r,i,j, up tl,.. ,.artl, ah.ait th,. p,.„s a,„l :.. -..ati-r air-skuk
.;.| ,111, ■• a,..,,,i.|, I his ,iiM.as.. is larolv prt-st.nt am.. Hi; i-hi|.k..ns thai a,., rcarod ,in «ell
.11.11,.., -.,,1. aii.l auay Iron, th.- dampness alxjut th.. farm l.aii.liim^.
'■/.;..^7i />....,....,. L..K w.^aknfss is f..-,n,| am..m,' <-hi,.k.s that ar,- hoi.c.pd in ha.ilv
. .I,-!-,:. :.-,i l,r,,.,d,.rs .,v,.ri,.d with nnsuitahl,- f,,.«i. ,,r not aih.Nv,.,! suHi,ii,.nt ,-x,.r,..se on
a:, ..aitl, l,„.i- thicks that an- aircctcd .shoiiM 1«. pla,-,'.] on -round that is covered with
c:, ,11, and ammal t I aii.i small grains mad., th.' principal part ,.f Ihcir ration.
XXVI. THE PARASITES OF POULTRY
100. Less from Parasites - Tl,.- pai-a.-u,.- inf....lation of p,„iltrv i- .,n, .,f tl,.. i.rimarv
c.a >...-. .t u„p,..f,i.ihlcnc,ss an.l dis.-a-,. Tla- fowls ar- ,-a.-,.!-, ..van.ii,..,! and the rea.soK
'Jt tii-ir p..,.>r ,.,u,liu.>n Ls not asc,., tain,,! ,_,r cv.-n ,.onsi.i..,v,i. Tli,.|-.- ar.- ihi,.,. ,i,.r,inct
»ft
\\
i|.s of p.
Ii.iiin I, aiK
/.hn,,.
ra.Mt»'> !•!
1 Mitrs ^.1.
.11 tl
i:,i;r..i,.
.f l!.a, tl,. tiii.i I
'.., /■" -x
,,Mc|. ii mill a >Imii. j.i' 1. ni- iiu^uti. it
101. Groups of Parasites /'■"-■ ""'v ..nj -.i., |.-
,,„//.m^' J. livs ui.-.n ih.' !'■« i. IIU- ll.M IM""^"'"' ^^ . , .,
a'tiKks till' luwl.i ul lUfiit ai:(l 'J !..'i^ii
III III h huriu.
i\ ; 1
r. : :n !-'■ 'vi :. i^..
;,,,/ -<'r \ i?r'
(ti V '11 tl'-
■I, ..t !l..- Il'
/ ■,-. ri,, iiiMuth ..I til.- I..U-. .iiti. I- ti"iii III- , , I ,
shaiT an.luM.atnr ,...•.■.. .1.. I.n, ,,-...1 Miiiplv f..,- ImIii,^, I.i- Li- -'■■"T^
ci.rwi'liiali'f iiiiiii.
1/,,.-,,,.- •n..-i,i..^t ,„iu, i..u- twin i~'ii.-iv.ii.i»i Hilt- '/'•""■'"•' ■■■;;
Tin- nill- I- Vrll,.VM-ll h!u'- '•■ 'l.H^ I-l >" '■■■'' ■ ■" ■■""''"-' '" ""■ 'i"'"'" ,^
,„i,t.m,s. Tl,..l.l i i-.lf..-i,t ili.-t.mU.i, ,11.1,1 .in.l.lunii-- III... i.iv . i
should be exaunnf.l al „..,hf. .ir,.l ,1 ni.t.-. an- Muml n-.,un. iil ^1 M
I' It 1- M.t
all. I '■■■ .^e
, I'li:. •••-■'.
..t blt'oii It
• mite li..ir3
hiattli ti >-J
..t.-.l t..
b'l,;. ,fj.
I,,;f ■/,. ^;, ,r,..l,-.l,< .iriM'.'l -lU'l n, -im \ crp.lt'.v
l.luri:.,!.
102 Prevention and Extermination. -If th- i."""'^ '"■>'-■ '^ ..i;! ^",1 cw,ta,iis
:: L ana iviiin. .■ov-n.a m-ii ,a,„.,- ami i,ini.ua.iM33K .""• ;-'!-;;;""'^' J;:;;,,;^;;
h„„-o sl,„..ia I-' lmrm..l. N-w r...i-tin^ 4uart,..s ^21 ) ana ms„l.. tiU. ,.- .28-30, -li..u,.l
U- (,|a.-|.a in 111.' liiKi-.. ami .in a.iaitmnal winaovv msiTU'd it iviuinMl.
,;..,•„,.. tlMtiisvl- r.t..un I., tin- ...■wli..UM.tl,.-y shmiia W tli u.'l.lv du-t.a mih
ins...., , l,.,-,.i->ul,.luii-, Hv,l,Mn,...a,-hU,wli.w.|- a U,x ,.,• V;'!'; ' ; ": I"-;';,' ' ""
h,. «..ll iul,U.a anuin.' th,. ,|,nlN ..f rlir fiatli.TS ami tli- ..xc|..^ «ill m.t l- «.t.^t.a.
.,.(„. ,,„, ,,,, ,,,.„, nir.ii f... II,.' .1. -t,u.ti..n ..f tl,,' ..-a]..' "<.nn (99) .an U- .«,■. t.^.-ly
n„,| . t I .. wninii. ri,.. r„. 1- ar.. ,,la,.,.,l in tli- lianvl ami tl... ...pot the
,. . ,! . ,,s,.,'.a ill.- I..-.- a,.. ..^. .■ m. l.v rl il Ml .uni..^ ami tall to th. U,tr.,ru
;,; h,. iMn..l. Tli,.l..,tl..n. ..t'h.'faiivl-l,..ui,l 1- .— ...i «.ll. a ,.a,.. r ^.. thai -ho
vf: 11)111 .an (.•■ ili-tr..y. il.
Vi
.! I
.H..,;';';/;;:;:"„!r:;;:,:;i:;:;; ::-:;-;■;.; -;.-^.- .,. ■,.
1|^.',.,.„ i„, ,v„„„;.,i I,, „;„,„„, , ,„ I L I ''? 'V"^'"' ''' ' "'^" " "'ii'l'" Tl,..
'i'-<-l- ■■' .VM • ,.|„. ,.,.i,ri„n,. l».!!;rJ,M„:| ^ '"■"' ^""' ^^"•^' ■ • ■"I - »tu,.|, a „.w
^""^'V .■™-.- .i :^.;r;;r;;:::;i:!:7.!::;;7;:,,,.:;i'' ■•' ■
/.'"»)../,, I'll.. .In,-,l..r.| I,..., .,, 1,1 ,•,.,,, ,. ,1 , ,
•....1!. .,i„ i„„,i„ .„ ,.., ■„„" '„ "V ■;:,'"": -'-;■'■' '■■ r" '■- ' "'"' '
";]:;;;:;;l:rv:r:;;,;£i;-, r'::;:- r,"v' 7 r^r" -'■•-■:■
and warm w,,!,.,-, '" '"■"''•I •*' I'l !..■ .[..ari,.-,! witli .,,a,,
; '.