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Altius omnem Expediam, prima repetens ab origine, famam.— rir^rf/. ADAPTED TO THE ,i^8^ OF SCHOOLS. V''' **, . !• " "^ MONTRI^AL: I PUBLISHED BY THoAtXs A. STARKE,.^* 1 "11 .*« NOTRE DAME l!?TREj!,Tt 1831. 'ow the Foundation of Rome y B.C. 15^, to the Establishment I of the Empire under Augustus, B.C. 27. I. The Kings of Rome ,.„, 5i . (II. Rome under the Consuls 33 III. The Decemvirate, B.C. 451 36 ilV. History of Carthage and Sicily 38 V. The Punic Wars ,„ 40 ^I. The Gracchi and Decline of the Commonwealth ... 42 Vll. The Civil Wars of Pompey and Caesar 44 — '-. -ttojja AiiUiMViiaif unu Aau oiine uommonwcaun 4« 'i^mSLJlH-i: ....T..'..; Vi-..-^i,'^,"'K JV CONTENTS, BOOK IV. I. The Twelve CcPsars page II. The five good Empero;ro7Romr.";"I* T, III. l^'e Decline ofthe Empire .... IV. Constantine the Great, A.DSOii ^^ V. Extinction of the Western Em,lrc:^'ZD:mZZ, 54 BOOK V. From the Fall of the Roman Empire in tke West, A D ,16 to the Rrjormation, AD. 1511. * ^ I. The Eastern Empire II. The Feudal System .....3.3.... ^'^ in. The Empire of the Saracens*.*.*.' ^^ IV. Charlemagne ^^ V. The Anglo-Saxon Monarchy ^^ ■ vTt * ^f ' "^ ^"'°P' ^'^''^ ^^^ Crusade's *.*.*.'".*;; Z vll. The Crusades ^ VIII. The Discovery of Americr*."!."!."*.'.*.*.'.'.'.".'.".' II BOOK VI. From the IteMmation, A.D. 1517, to the present Time. I. The Reformation 11. Charles the Fifth '^ III. The Spanish Armada ...*.*.'.'.'.'.**.".'*'. ''J IV. The Commonwealth of England'.*.'."'"* ^^ V. The Age of Louis XIV ^^ yi. Peter the Great and Charle's'Tll* ' ?? vll. George the Third ... ^^ VIII. The French Kevol'iluJ^**'.*.'".'.".*.*.*.***.'.* ^^ IX. Buonaparte ^^ X. The United States orAZ^ZZZZ] -.^ II" ^Icr Augustus^ ib. PACK 48 51 52 53 ^6 54 -^.D. 476, to '•'■ 57 59 GO 63 66 68 70 » 72 ntTime. 15 77 78 81 83 85 88 90 93 100 CxVTECllISM OF r^'lTEMSAIi HISTOMY. BOOK I. FROxM THE CREATION OF THE WORLD, ^OO-t YEARS B. C TO THE SIEGE OF TROY, B. C. 1193. T ^^ -^ // CHAPTER I The Creation and Deluge, Q. How was the world, in which we live created ? A. We are tauglit by the Sacred Scriptures, that the world was created by God, 4004 years before the coming of our Saviour. Q. How was the world first peopled ? A. The whole race of mankind are descend- ed from Adam and Eve, the first man and woman, who were created by God, in a state of happiness and innocence. A () r'ATEcin.s.\r of H P tl.e fi-„k iH,:'r' r^T' '"^ Maker, by eatin, A. Cain, tlie s„n of Adam, committed tlie «. What was tlio occasion of this murder? nftU •■ K "■ T' "tended, because his brother's A. The inliabitants of the world before the flood were very numerous, and were well skilled :"em:i;':i:i^'""'-- "-' '-^ »'-- - e.in^essT''''* ""^' *"'*' '^''"'^^l"^"'^'' «f their wick- A. To punish mankind for their iniquitv, God enta del„,^e, or universal flood, bv whi;h a ^^d wore destroyed except Noah and his Q. When vvas the deluge sent upon the earth ? h^f' ^,r.''*''»ge "'as sent upon the earth 2348 before Chnst, or 1656 years after the creation Of tJifi world. Q. How were they preserved? moll f,^^^^;J>fr^ajust man, had been com- ,. ^7.,,. lyj uuiiu an arK, largf* enough 1o c two Q the -sons whc des( Q scei] A lugt tlie hea^ (. A ima; tlie thei to d lire, A Afr Q m men LNIVEUSAI. HISTOKY, nmitted the AM. J murder? •is hrotiier's , while his inhabitants before the tvell skiJIed >ecome ex- heir vvick- quity,God whicli ali h and his to contain himself and his family, with at least ij^^inal state ? two of every species of animals. I', by eatini" Q. By whom was the earth repeopled after was, in eon- the flood ? n, and death. A. The earth was repeopled by the three f man's de- ^sons of Noah— Sheni, Ham, and Japbeth ; from |whom the present inhabitants of the earth are descended. Q. What memorable enterprise did the de- scendants of Noah undertake ? A. To protect themselves from a second de- luge, the descendants of Noah designed to build the Tower of Babel, whose top should reach lo heaven. Q. How were their designs frustrated ? A. To punish the presumption of those who imagined that they could sliield the aiselves from the divine power and justice, God confounded their language, which obliged them to separate f to different parts of the earth. Q. Whither did the three sons of Noah re- tire, after the confusion of languages ? A. Shem remained m Asia, Ham retired into Africa, and Japbeth repeopled Europe. the earth ? arth 2348 9 creation een com- i enough CHAPTER II. The first Monarchy, B. C. 2211. Q. What was the earliest kind of govern- mpiit. 'J A 2 If •f 8 CATECHISM OF A. Tlie most ancient government was tliena- ti larc lal, or that in which the fathers of families an, their fii-st-born after them, exercised an' authority over their children, relations, and de- pendents. Q. Who was the first that established tin. regal power .-' A. Nimrod, an expert hunter, having ren- ut^ii^, AT" • I 1 • c-uiope at this time ^ «0:Hvi„, ;:^c::;^'a J E :r '3 &--' .^^:^':«^acorns. ^' ^"" deeding on -- W^ ?' ?''''^ ^"'1 '!"' ciegeneracy taken place ^ y.^...^^^- Europe being thinly peopled had IIhI. ^ / -mtercoursp witli tl.^ • '^- v ^ ' ^" ^'^^'^ ^'-'''-'-wtJll ' • civilized nations of Asia ii} M"" A ?i: "^1.^^ ,^^^^'^ t'^^y eivih-. .>d ? 7i4^x^ -fu-ine Cjreeks were civilized hxr ';^.lfro,„ Phc;nicira„d Egypt-'I n eL*^"'""'':^ ^j^ated their k„owlpH.i'{rV...^„*''^y '=""'."'"'"- ^,^.ated their knowl^d^lo^VheXSrwrit 1 l»y( give Gre h to G and adva Q state A ber < war toge Q racy ^ A Beml: tnet inter C^d^nus introdnces" Letters into Grc:^c€ "' ' ^.C 1519. he c lire |t4 ^-* tvw. w^^'!« ^ . (.^ iff;^ -^ H^ i^ Jl V-i-v^,? ?-f/'^- /'I. ■^?: 4U ^f-t K^ H^ '■U^ *^<5<< ^ ♦ < ^ (3^:^ /»^>v- oWdj^ ^^ "'es in Spain/ y ; and Ina- ^la, founded B. C. 1856. this time ? ^ the other r barbarous, i feeding on X en place ? ? bad little is of Asia, formed, the y colonies communi- s, who af- J other na- Jg'dom of A. Tlie kin^om of Athens was established by Cecrops, an Egyptian, famous baOi'a&a laat. >^/^ i giver and politician, B.C. \bb^. rf'^/f^ /y'^'^\ Q. What tended the most to d^zjd, Greeks ? ^. /!^SJi^.^£^X^ , A. Cadmus brought the Phoenician letters in- to Greece, and founded the kingdom of Thebes A and from this period the Greeks made rapid advances in civilization. ' Q states ber ot petty mdependent states, continually at ^ %^^ war with each other, Amphictyon joined thenr;! J fr together m a general confederacy, B.C. 1522. |n1 | VSJ Q. How were the interests of this confede-r^^"^ >l^ racy supported ? 1% M A. Each state sent deputies to a general as- ^ (^ 5'^P sembly, called the Amphictyonic Council, which ^ ^ ^^ ^ met twice a year to deliberate on the commoiNvM ' interests of the confederacy. ^^^ , Q. What other circumstances tended to unites^ W' ;he Greeks ? ^ ^ ^ V i. ^: ^'^^e Greeks were united not onlv by ^ vv ^ liimdarity of language and manners, but also byv i ^ >^ the celebration of certain games, to which they vj 111) resorted. ^^ ^■ t Olympic, established by our of Jupiter Olympus. 'i/,. .^ V^x!^-^^.'- ^'cy-^i ^.^»v? ti^r^ 12 CA'rtKJllISM OF I! Q. Wliat else do you observe of them ? A. The Olympic games, after having been neglected, were revived by Conebus, B.C. 776, and being reguhirly celebrated every fifth year, form the computation of the Olympiads, the most certain in ancient history. t a. ^^^ CHAPTER IV. The Argonautic Expeditiony B. C. 1263. Q. What was the first great enterprise o^ the Greeks ? A. The first expedition undertaken by the Greeks, for the general benefit, was that of the Argonauts'; which is, however, so disguised by fable that, nothing certain can be said about it. Q, What waK the fabulous object of this ex- peditior ? A. According to the ancient fables, the Ar- gonautic expedition was undertaken to recover a celebrated golden fleece, from iEtes, king of Colchis, who had unjustly acquired it by the murder of his son-in-law Phryxus. Q. By whom was it undertaken ? A. Jason, assisted by Hercules, Theseus, Castor, Pollux, Orpheus, iEsculapius, and other heroes, undertook to obtain possession of the fleece. / / . . ^^y ^ ' tjon tern whii are \ ^ % -^ Jasc to ( grea Q to h Chri Q A to h Blat near A for tl two I f'^^.'p..<-a}.- (^ M *e ^ •y-it. A^.'i'k- ^~j^^- ^.. ^:t:6j^fiHr:j(jF^ y>^<^ c^'^ C /C ■^a*. y^t^T^ UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 13 them ? javing been ^, B.C. 776, y tifth year, mpiads, the a 1263. nterprise o^ ken by the that of the lisgiiised by d about it. t of this ex- Q. Why is it called the Argoriautic expedi- tion ? A. The expedition of the Grecian heroes if^f>^^^^.;>j termed Argonautic, from the ship ^Argo, uiAy^' which the adventurers sailed, who themselvel are called Argonauts. Q. What was their success ? A. After surmounting the greatest obstacles, iTasop accomplished his purpose, and returned jto Greece, where he was received with the greatest joy. Q. W^hen did this event take place ? A. The Agronautic expedition is computed to have happened about 1263 years before Christ. Q. What is the supposed meaning of t)ie fable? A. The real object of the expedition appears to have been to open a commerce with the Black Sea, and to settle colonies on the coasts near Colchis. les, the Ar- i to lecover tes, king of d it by the ? » s, Theseus, IS, and other sion of the CHAPTER V. The Way of T/iebes, B, (7. 1225. Q. What was the cause of this war ? A. The Theban war originated in a dispute for the divided sovereignty of Thebes, between two brothers, Eteocles and Polynices. /jU^^'fCi.y^ • u CATECHISM OF Q. What was the consequence of their rivalry ? A. The two hrothers engaged their neigh- bouring princes, to es})oiJse their interests, but in a battle which ensued, they both fell by mutual wounds. Q. Did this terminate the war? A. Ihe sons of the commanders slain in this war, renewed the quarrel of their fathers ; and, after laying waste the country, finally took pos- session of Tliebes. Q. What was the state of the military art at thirf period ? A. The science of military tactics was as yet unknown, and every battle was only a vast number of single combats. Q. vVhat weapons were used by the sol- diers ? A. The weapons of war, were the javelin, the bow, the sword, the hatchet, the club, and the sling ; tfieir dc'fensive armour consisted of a helmet of brass, a breastplate, and an enormous shield. Q. Wfiat do you observe oi their sie«*es ? A. As the ancients were ignorant of the art of attack and defence, the sieges differed little from blockades, and the military enterprises were carried on during the spring and summer only. TROM t: Q. ' " which \ ' J. » . ' exerted Troy, £ Q. > A. ' avenge whose Trov, 1 Q. \ lead ag A. 1 carry in < ^memnoi 1 ^- ^ Ipeditior I. A. J |iized til UNIVERSAL inSTORY. 15 of their r neigh. ^ ^^OOK II. JSts, but ,,^., fell hv l'^*^^^ '^"^ SIEGE OF TROY, B.C. 1193, TO THE TOyNDA- " y TION OF KOME, B. C. 152. - - / /- / 1 in this rs ; and, >ok pos- •V art at s as yet a vast he sol- javelin, lib, and ed of a ormous ^es : the ai t d little srprises ummer CHAPTER I. ^ The Siege of Trof/, B.C. 1193, Q. What was the next great enterpri)^e in Uvhich the Greeks enirajifed? A. The next enterprise in which the Greeks ' exerted tlieir united force, was the war against Troy, a powerful city of Asia. Q. What was the cause of this war ? A, The Trojan war was undertaken to avenge the cause of Menelaus, king of Sparta, whose wife Helen/ Paris. soiL,Qf Pmm,. kincr of . ^-/is Trov, had carried awav"^*^^^*^^'^^^ ^'jf'^^^ )(^-"'yf< Q. What number of forces dul the Greeks lead against Troy? A. The Grecian fleet consisted of 1,000 ships, carrying about 100,000 men, of whom Aga- . ii)emnon was the commander-in-chief.y/ty ^/<' <^^^ Q. Who distinguished themselves in ttus ex- '^ pedition ? ^ A. Among the Grecian heroes wlio signa- fl hzed themselves, were Aaamemnon, Menelaiw v&»^^^r!M -/ v*^ ^^-«t.^^ /L f?y '-^^- CATECH1S3I OF x^^i^ ■ii-<','- /^^Crv<: ^^ I 1 ^ * Nestor, Achilles, Ajax tlie son of Telamon, Ulysses, Ajax the son of Oileiis, and Diomedes; and, among the Trojans, Hector, zEneas, and 8arpedon. Q. What was the issue of the war ? i/i ^t^-^^-f;^. After a siege of ten years, Troy was taken vy-u^, 5*y ^ stratagem, and beinff set on fire in the nidit, ^ /^>^^^>^^^ burnt to the ground. C^^i.^^^^- Q. When did this event take place ? A. The taking of Troy, one of the most celebrated epochs in ancient history, happened B,C. 1184. Q. Did none escape the general ruin ? A. Two of the Trojan princes, Antenor^and /Eneas, escaped : the latter, after a long wan- dering, landed in Italy, where he became the /V/ gj;(^t progenitor of the Romans. ^ : iha]; ed ( He fatl by ( 1 fror led mac ( Pel exp Mi afte x9_ The Return of the Heraclidce, B.C. 1104. Q. What memorable event succeeded iIk siege of Troy ?* * The siege of Troy has furnished the subject of th two most perfect epic poems in the world— the Illia and the ^neid. The former written bv^Homer, detail the proceedings of the Trojan War ; and tht latter written by Viriril, gives an account of the travels an / a(lventures of iEneas. , ^ - > .^c< J^ ( 1 was ^<^ UNIVERSAL ' A. AholJt 80 years after the taking of Troy, ^happened the war of the Heraclidas usually call- ed thereturn of the Heraclidse into Peloponnesus.rJ $^ Q. Who were the Heraclida? vK A. The Heraclidse WTre the descendants of^)'' jHercules, king of My'^nse, who, after their \ '^ father's death, were deprived of their inheritance ^ ^ by Atreus, the son of Pelops. T S Q. By whose means, wjere tli^ reinstated ?.? i •/ 1 he Heradijd8eliay4jna^«htame(I assistan%U ^ irom the Dorians, mvadea Peloponnesus, expel- led the inhabitants, or put them to the sword, and made themselves masters of the whole countrj^ Q. What became of the exiled inhabitants of Peloponnesus? A. The inhabitants of Peloponnesus, when expelled by the Heraclidae, retired to Asi.* Minor, and possessed themselves of the country afterward called Ionia. . ,^,^ -y^ - ^ A/J:^7y ^t ^?^^. On the death of Aristodemus, Sparta If^*^^^! governed jointly hy his two sons"*^ and after IL,. their death, continued for many centuries sub- ject to kings of their desceiManW^/'^^^'^^-^. Q. What were the consequences of thi^ double monarchy ? A. The state was weakened by civil commo- tions, and the people, feeling the want of esta- blished laws, chose Lycurgus to be their legis- lator. Q, What were the institutions of Lycurgus? A. Lycurgus made an equal division of land among the citizens, abolished the use of gold and silver, and distinction of dress, and or- dained that all should take their meals in public. Q. What system of education did he esta- blish for the Spartan youth ? A. As Lycurgus wished to make a nation of warriors, he took the children from their pa- rents, at seven years of age, and placed them in public schools ; where, by a rigid discipline, they were inured to bear hardships, to scorn danger, to respect the aged, and to love their country. Q. How long did these institutions continue in force? A. The laws of Lycurgus remained in force about 500 years, during which time Sparta conquered many of the neighbouring states, and attained the chief power in Greece. 8, Sparta and after uries sub- \vk double 1 com mo- lt of esta- beir legis- ycurgus? nsion of le use of 8, and or- in public, he esta- nation of their pa- 3ed them liscipline, to scorn 3ve their continue I in force 3 Sparta ates, and f^-p ^ y<^>l^'^>«-^-A. — '^Yrer-O'ly*^ i^- ^^-^^ y-t^*f- '/iu> CHAPTER IV. Solon, the Athenian Legislator, B. C. 594. Q. What was Athens ? ^ , . • A. Athens was the capital of Attica in Greece, which afterward became very powerful and the nursery of learning and the arts. Q. Who was the last king of Athens f A. The last king of Athens was Codrus, who, in a war with the Heraclidae devoted himself to death for the good of his country, B.L. lU/u. Q. What government waj established in Athens, after his death ? .. . . *i, A. The sons of Codrus disputmg for the sovereignty, the Athenians abolished the regal power, and appointed a chief magistrate, with the title of archon. , , ^ Q. What changes did the form of government undergo? ^^ fry>^. je^.t^^^Z-viii^, A/ The office of archon was at first for lite, and hereditary ;)but afterward for 10 years only ; and, finally, became annually, and was divided among nine persons. Q. What was the condition of the people under all these changes? A. The state was agituied by discord, and the condition of the people being miserable, they . intrusted Draco with the care of forming a body^^^^i/j of laws for their future government. < ■ > ■ C^y^jtu'-k*^ u^ -»'*-v-**'*^ ^Llo- M ■f;^h 1. 1^ V^ 'Ot- -^-»* -#'<>'• *^»-. T.^^t . < , ' A. Diacovvas wfse and upright : hut his laws wen, H„ severe, that they puninhec eve ' enme w.th death ; from which circumsZce A. H J'isistral Athens, Q. V A. I I I new modelled? lie constitution was new modelled by Solon"^ n" ufr "•■ "' *''« ^--fhonship. ^ ' by Solon ? '""'™ "^ g»^«™ent '^'as institmed sent'elnnn"^ T''""' ^"'■'^ 'continued, and a senate ot 400 members wereappointed to preoare asembirrt^' "T '' »« ^-ided 'L7th: Q. What do you observe of Solon ? wa^;„S:heTevL^S ^^^7"' ^^^^ Q. Who were the otho; L^ f 7 '^ Utt' P • "^h^' "''"'' '"^" ^«'« Thales of Mi- t; lUo of Sparta, Pittacus of Mitylene, and Cleobulns of Rhodes. ^ ' Q. What took place after the death of Solon 3 A. Fisistratus, an artfui man, usurped the sovereignty of Athens, and transmitted it to his n '7,!.«^'«'" « »«'gn of 40 years. <=i. .j;. ml happened to his two sons, ?^ and pre ful arm Q. ^ Syrian ^ A. ' under who bi ^ his fa«] , Q. ; ^ death : A. '\ ihree r of the Q. : monar A. erful e t^'^-^ ^/^, iv. 4-t<.Z^ ^-f^^t^,^ ^A^ f LNIVEKSA ■ Mr-4^ Jmt his (I every instance fiot with ^titution ed, and Solon; stituted 1) and a prepare by the jpreme n, and ^e ; he ofMi- Viene, ?, and jolon ? d the to his isiToia. y. y, ' A. Hippias mul >qiipparchus; the sons of risistratuV, were expelled fronn the throne ot Athens, and the latter was put to death. Q. What became of Hippias ? ^ „ . A. Hippias fled to Darius, king of Persia, ^ho readily undertook to espouse his cause, \nd prepared to invade Greece, with a ful arniy. power- •I CHAPTER V. History of Persia. Q. Who was the last king of the first As- syrian monarchy ? * , * . i i A The first empire of the Assyrians ended under Sardanapalus, a very effeminate prmce, who brunt himself to death in his palace, with . his family and treasures. ,. . , , ., ,. Q. How was the empire divided after his death? . ' , A. Out of the Assyrian empire arose the i three monarchies, of Nineveh, Babylon, and that of the Medes. „ i i • Q. What do you observe of the Babylonian monarchy ? A. Babylon became the seat of a very pow- ; erful empire, and Nebuchadnezzar, the last king, * See Book I, Chapter II, page 8. B 3 22 CATECHISM OF I G Q inva A and gene Q A his cruel tyranny. Q. By whom was Cambyses succeeded ? A. After the death of Cambyses, Darius the the son of Hystapes was elected snerftign of >//^,Persia, and signalized himself by hi^ • . I ir and enterprising spirit. Q. What were the chief occurrences of Ids reign ? A, Darius was unsuccessful in a war with the St fihians, but he achieved the conquest of India; and, at the instigation of Hippias, the exiled king of Athens, projected an invasion into Greece. Q. What was, at this time, the extent of the Persian empire ? A. The Persian empire comprehended Asia Minor. PhoRnicia. Svria, Palestine. Eevnt, Fcibv- Ionia, Media, Persia, India, and part of Arabia, led the Jews into captivity, took Jerusalem and Tyre, and conquered Egypt. Q. By whom was the empire of Babylon ^ overthrown ? ^ A. Cyrus, king of Persia, having succeeded j to the sovereignty of the Medes, vanquished J the Babylonians, and made himself master of" tiie greater part of Asia. 1 Q. Who succeeded Cyrus in the empire of Persia ? A. Cyrus was succeeded by his son Camby- ses, the Artaxerxes of scripture, who added Effvpt to liis empire, but was distinguished for - ^ ^* ^ - ' Plat Q A oftl tion was Q I witl of V C I the mo] Atl hel ( in ( i ^'^ ^ Yy^^C^LyM^ Ai /L 4-^A 1 1 / ,r >t^V /J«2-^V *^-*^ ^ ^^.^ ^^ -t*^ i A < «r«^ 4,d '^4 -vt^ t.ifX. C A-t.' CATECHISM OF A. Xerxes lelt Mardonius, one of his ablest generals, with an army of 300,000, to complete the reduction of Greece, to the power of Persia. Q. Was Mardonius successful ? A. In the ensuing campaign, Mardonius was entirely overcome at Platsea,. by the combined '^'^of Atnens^and^Lacedsemon^ and on the same day, the Greeks destroyed the remains of troops same c ^ the Persian fleet at Mycale, B. C. 479. // CHAPTER VII. The Peloponnesian War^ B, C, 431. Q. How did the Greeks act, after the over- th row of the Persians ? A. The Greeks^ in their turn, attacked the Persians ; and, after sustaining many signal de- feats. Artaxerxes, the Persian king, requested peace, which was granted. Q. By whom were the Grecian affairs raised to a high degree of glory ? A. The 'Greeks were indebted for their pros- perity, to the virtues and talents of the cele- brated commanders, Miltiades, Themistocles, Arisiides surnamed the Just, Cimon, and Pericles.^ Q, What were the consequences of the peace with Persia ? A. The Grecian states when freed from ex- ternal aggression, began to quarrel among them- selves; and the Athenians and Lacedsemoniana %<■ A 'Z^. M.^' \{U<,t<^i, yLt.-tr^y<^icf' /«^ <^>t<-«,<'^^t.*^#-<:t*^v. ••; '^'r ^Y-r , ■c^i ■X'-ti-c- -f^-^'-. -^vi- '- ^ his ablest complete of Persia. lonius was combined nd on the emains of 9. 1*'^^-:.lt^^^^' L f !^': '■ l^j ■ ^-H.-*' *-^ <^ t<^ V Jn^ fi- S C'^<'^ -^ ^ #c^ ^/x 4 .431. the over- backed the signal de- requested iairs raised their pros- f the cele- emistocles, ad Pericles, y f the peace d from ex- long them- dsemouiana UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 25 « <^' ^>. commenced the Peloponnesian war, which last- ^ ed 27 years. # A. What do you observe of this war ? Q. The Peloponnesian war was carried on with great vigom* and animosity on both sides, and finally ended in the subjectiori Q^^Ath^ to the Lacda^monians, B. C. 403* ^^"^ y Q. By whom was Athens restored to free- dom ? A. Thrasbylus, an Atheniaiv'of virtue and ^,^ abilities, by expelling the 30 tyrant* that^ had been set over the state by the Laced,eeraonians, restored the popular governmenty*^^" ^-^»^* '^*-'*^- Q. What remarkable event happened at this time in Asia ? A. Cyrus conspired to dethrone his brother Artaxerxes Mineon, king of Persia, and with the assistance of 13,000 Grecian troops, came to an engagement near Babylon, where he was defeated and slain. Q. What become of the Greek mercenaries ? A. Although the Greeks were in an enemy^s country, and 600 leagues frt»m home, yet Xe- jiophon, their commander, conducted their re- treat with such ability, that the greater part reached in safety their native land. Q. What name is given to this memorable enterprise ? h. The return of the Greeks is called the KETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND ; and is one of the most astonishing military events related ^, 111 history. 'I (^^ uJ^^^ *:'e'*^ l^-^j /l.1.1 '^f^ cX ^f Ayn.tAyr*'^ '^' ' //^ '-^ I CaTFXHISM OF ■ii' 1 f!i V i? Q. What gave rise to new disturbances in Greece ? v„ . A. The Lacedaemonians became proud ot their superority over the other states, and ni- volved themselves in a war with the Thebans, in which the latter, under the command of Epaminondas, were victorious, B. C. 371. Q. What was the effect of these mtestu.e wars ? A. By these continual wars, the states of Greece exhausted their strength, and became less capable of resisting foreign mvasions. Q. Who took advantage of the weakness ot the Grecian states ? A. Philip, king of Macedon, by the most con- summate policy, procured himself to beadniitted a member of the Amphictyonic council;* but finding the Athenians and Thebans mimical to his views, he attacked and defeated them, at the famous battle of Cheronse, B. C. 338. Q. What enterprise did Philip project after his conquest of Greece ? ^ .^ . j A. Philip projected an invasion of Persia and caused himself to be appointed coAiaiander-in- chief of all the Greeks ; but in the midst ot his preparations, he was assassinated b v a captain of his tifuards, r>. <.>. o^jd. ^ . , _ , . .. , Q. What eminent men flourished during the period ? * See page 11. ph( wr the ph Al /... . ,. ^ J. A J -- A-^ji' 1 flA^^^^' ^ • /iy ,9 hJt^^^X- UNIVERSAL ni^TOUY. o i .' '^' V 27 I'' I A.. About tliis time the celebrated philoso- phers, Pythagoras, and Socrates ; the dramatic turbances in writers, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes ; the historians, Herodotus, Thucidydes, Xeno- fie proud of phon, and Aristotle, the illustrious preceptor of tes, and in- Alexander the Great, he Thebans, ^ command of C. 371. lese intestihe the states of and became »rasions. weakness of CHAPTER VIH. the most con- to be admitted council;* but ins inimical to ited them, at C. 338. project after I of Persia and jojmmander-in' le midst of his id by a captain ^ £//• y <^<^ bed during the Alexander the Great y B.C. 33Q. ''' 5; Who succeeded Philip in the sovereignty of Greece? A. Philip was succeeded by his son Alex- ander, a prince of the most unbounded ambi- tion, and one of the greatest conquerors that the world ever produced. Q. What do you observe of the beginning of his reign ? A. Alexander subdued several provinces that had revolted, and collecting an army of 30,000 foot and 5,000 horse, he then passed into Asia, to prosecute the designs of his father, for the conquest of Persia. Q. What was his success ? A. vvith jigs |fH?M°' * r quered the vast armiesTot Peiiem m the three pitched battles of the Granicus;N Issus, and Ar- bela, and made himself master * of the whole Pei-sian empjre. J '/^ f.... 4^ J f t- ^lA f. ytt^;-^- A 't ■fit^i i Mr^ Q. How far did Alexander extend his con- quests ? A. Not satisfied with the possession of Per- sia^ Alexander overcame the Scythians, con- quered India, and would have penetrated to the Eastern Ocean, had not his soldiers refused to follow him. Q. What do you remark of his return and death ? A. After encountering many dangers, Alex- ander arrived at Babylon, where he gave him- self up to intemperance and debauchery which brought him to his end, in the 33d year of his age, and in the 13th of his reign, B.C. 324. Q. What was the character of Alexander the Great ? A. Alexander was generous, humane, and li- beral, a great encourager ot learning, and brave The Conquest of Greece by the Romans^ B. C. 146. Q. What became of the empire of Alex- ander, after his death ? A. The vast dominions of Alexander were ^vided 8 War and of Egypt C^donia, Q. W #nong v^ A. Pt geleucus f Q. H ij)ectlve iill of th lidielmii Q. V I A. 1 jpf Dem Cover tl i Q. '^ "" jeriodi f A. ' firtuou belled i ing, po . Q. ^ made i I -A- lof fore ^us, fo ^ centi Ipoeniei ^he G UNIVERSAL HISTORY. •29 iis con- , . ^^npvftls who, after much divided among ^'« g«"f '£Ja t he kmgdo.ns of Per- war and bloodshed, established t"^ S s Ton- r Egypt, Syr-, Buhyma, and PaUhia, Ma 1 to the ceclonia and Greece. ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ g^^^,.^,^ used to Q. What were t ^^.^.^j^^, ^ong whom the emp^'e ^ . ^^^ and A. Ptolemy, ^assaimei, j ^'o^Zw lon«"; trfainlearn- £ued all the other naUons of the world m leain inff, politeness, and the arts. Greeks Q What were the last efforts the GieeKs made to regain their independence ? A To rescue their country froni the yoke WteSlla.ery,theAch.ansofPe^porm- kus, foraied a league, which wasfbi «P^^ «[ J c ntury, ably supported by Aratus and Ph lo -iflcmen, the latter of whom is styled the last ot he Greeks, B.C. 281. urn and , Alex- ve him- ' which r of his 324. ider the , and li- d brave s, B. a if Alex- ,er were 30 CATECHISM OF ^ * |ii' W' Q. Wliat event led to the final subjection (jrreece .'' , .i.\7^'V^^^^^ of^tolia being attacked t the Macedonians, called in the assistance of tl Konians, who from a contemptible beffinninj had become the most powerful nation of Europe A* ^fT r^' ^^^ '"^^^"^ ^^ t^e Romans ? A. Macedonia was speedily subdued, am 1 erseus, the last sovereign, ivas led captive ti Kome, to grace the triumph of Paulus iEmilius the Koman general, B. C. 167. Q. How did the Romans act, after tbey bac thus obtained a footing in Greece ? ♦u ^n '^^^^''"'^"®^'^^««''ageddissensionsamons the Grecian states, and soon after found a pre- text for dissolving the Achsean league, and sub- dumg the whole country. Q. When did this event take place ^ , ^^^ ^"^^ reduction of Greece was by the consul Mummius, who sacked-'Corinth, and formed the whole into a Roman province under the name of Achaia, B. C. 146. | Q. What do you observe of Greece, during Its subjection to the Romans? A. Greece although conquered, still retain- ed the ascendency of genius and taste over the rest of the world, and was the school to which the most illustrious men repaired to learn the arts of elegance and refinement. .. ,/. ^ y FROM ' a 1 ': A. ■ \ year o1 the bii ' Q. :; A- I broth€ ' king c I Q. I A. birth, comir ihron serve Q. city : ibjectioii ittacked h ance of tl beginning of Europe tomans ? dued, am captive t i iEmilius r tbey hac ons among md a pre- } and sub- ^as by the intb, and ace under e, during 11 retain- over the to which earn the ^^ y 1 UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 31 \ BOOK III. .^■^M np ROME, B.C. 7.52, TO XIIE rRO>i THE 7";^"*™rTHE eV«KE UNUER % CHAPTER I. The Kings of Roiue. a By whom, and when was Rome founded? A Rome was founded by Romulus, m the yeatof the world 3232, and 752 years before the birth of our Saviour. Who was Romulus r' A- Ron,ulus, bom at the same b^rth with h.s brother Remus, was the grandson c' Numitor, kine of Alba, a territory of Italy. 1 What is recorded of his early hfe ? A. Romulus and Ren-us soon after he.r birth were exposed near the nver Tibei, by c mma^d of aUus, who had usurp^l the throne of his brother Numitor but weie pre served and educated by a shepherd. Q. What was the occasion ot ms i city ? ' c2 i building the 32 CATECHISM OF k A. Romulus being informed of his true origin JNumitor , and built the city of Rome on the «P°' "'here he bad been preserved. Q. \\ ho were the first inhabitants of Rome ? A. Ihe first inhabitants were a troop of peopled their new city by carrying off the wives oZtrr'A''' "''^«"''""-' ^''« Sables! at Ron!e ? °%°^ernment was established A. Romulus who was elected kin^, appoint- ed a senate of the principal men i„^' th'? cTtv them to have a vote in the enactment of laws. Q. How long did Romulus reign ? A. Romulus died after a reign of 39 years during vvh.eh Rome increased in power^ and became formidable to the ueighbourfng s^l'te, «. How long was Rome governed by kings? der ;evet\rgr^ ^"'^'^'^'^ '** y--" -" of Rom?^'' "" '^'^'"^'^ »f '^^ ^— kings ^■prenriS*"*'^^'""''*'""^*''^ A, The tvrannv nf Tq,.«,„v nT>-l i ,* ^ „- ". --««tjMin ana his 80u« wicked family govern I Q. \ A. 'J public ( establis subdue tinguisl discipli Q. ^ ed afte A. 1 the Re govern was v< power Q. A. Brutui who h tyrann Q. A, UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 33 B origin, d -father the on [lome ? oop of s, who 3 wives abines. bhshed wicked conduct incited the people to expel the family from Rome, and to abolish the reijal government for ever, B.C. 509. Q. What was the state of Rome at this period? A. The city had been adorned with many public edifices ; religious institutions had been established, several of the surrounding states subdued, and the Romans had begun to dis- tinguish themselves by their bravery and military discipline. )pomt- e city mitted laws. years, ', and ites. iirigs? s, un- kings ^uma cius, Tar- the JOUS CHAPTER II. jRoine under the Consuls. Q. What form of government was establish- ed after the expulsion of Traquin ? A. Upon the abolition of the regal power, the Romans established a republican form of government, in which the supreme authority was vested in the people, and the executive power in two annual magistrates, called consuls. Q. Who were the first two consuls? A, The people elected as the first consuls. Brutus and Collatinus, two eminent patriots, who had been the most active in abolishing tyranny. Q. What is related of Brutus ? A. The sons of Brutu?^ bavin c3 cr irkinnrl in a !l I I 1 ( r 34 CATECHISM OF conspiracy to restore Tarquin, their father sacrificed the feelings of n ature to the puhlic good, and condemned them to be beheaded in his presence. Q. What other eflforts did the Tarquins make to regain the sovereignty ? A. The Tarquins excited many states against Rome, the most powerful of whom were the Etrurians, who, under their king Porsenna, laid siege to t!ie city. Q. By whose valour was the city saved, on this Cocasion ? A. The enemy had driven the Romans over a narrow bridge, and were following them into the city, when Horatius Codes sustained alone the whole attack of the enemy, till the bridge was cut down behind him, and then jumping into the river, swam over to his companions, amid the darts of the enemy. Q. What induced Porsenna to raise the siege ? A. Mucins Scaevola, a noble Roman, burnt the hand that missed Porsenna, and told him that 300 Romon youths had resolved to kill him or perish in the attempt : upon which, the king made peace with the city, and withdrew his army. Q. What commotions followed, shortly after the retreat of the Etrurians ? A. The plebeians, or common people, being oppressed by the patricians^ or nobles, refused destro tears i UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 35 • father ; public jaded in ns make s against .^ere the ma, laid ived, on ans over em into ed alone i bridge jumping panions, le siege ? ,n, burnt told him 1 to kill lich, the I'ithdrevv tly after le, being , refused to serve in the wars, and the senate was obliged to create Lartius, a popular man. Dictator. Q. What was a Dictator ? A. A Dictator was a magistrate, who in seasons of public danger, was invested with sovereign and absolute power. Q. How did the people finally obtain a re- dress of their grievances ? A. The whole army, with the greatest part of the people, removed, in a body, from Rome to Mount Aventine ; from which they did not Return, till the senate had granted them the right of choosing magistrates lo guard their li- berties, B.C. 493. Q. What were these magistrates called ? A. The new magistrates were named tri- 'bunes, and were chosen annually, from among, the body of the people: their persons were sacred ; and by a single w^rd Veto^ I forbid, they could stop any public ^a'oceeding. Q. In what wars had the Romans been en- gaged, during these commotions ? A. The Romans had subdued the Sabines ^ and Latins ; and the Volsci had been defeated by Coriolanus. Q. What is recorded of Coriolanus ? A. Coriolanus, having been banished from ^ Rome, for opposing the power of the people, went over to the Volsciaus, and would have destroyed the city, but was dissuaded by the 1 tears of his wife and mother. 36 CATECHISM OF I 4 ' i!^ BJ CHAPTER III. The DecemviratCf B»C* 451. Q. Who were the Decemviri ? A. The Decemviri were ten men, appointed to draw up a body of laws for the government of the Romans, who, till this time, had no writ- ten laws. Q. How long did their power continue ? A. After a few years, the ambition of the Decemviri, and the tragical death of Virginia, caused the re-establishment of the consular govej-nment, B.C. 449. Q. What celebrated military enterprise W9i undertaken by the Romans ? A. Veii, the most opulent city of Etruria, was attacked by the Romans, and taken by Camilius, after a siege of 10 years. Q. What event threatened the destruction of the Roman name ? A. Brennus, king of the Gauls, having de- feated the army of Rome, marched against the city, which he entered, and burnt to the ground, B. C. 385. Q, By whom was the capitol or citadel pre- served ? A . The capital was preserved by the bravery of Manlius, who, being awakened by the cackling that ha( Q. E [eated ? A. C |)f the ( liTid ha •laughte Q. B ^ A. T tnce Py , fiander #ver th( ielinquis 1 Q. W apan gen A. T .i it these trious fo iftegrity nagnana Q. T< wect th I A. T m the ci Italy, pa inertines UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 37 ppointed ernment no writ- me ? cackling of geese, repulsed a body of Gauls, that had scaled the walls during the night. Q. By whom were the Gauls afterward de- feated ? A. Camillas, who had been exiled, hearing t)f the disgrace of his country, raised an army, and having defeated the Gauls with great •laughter, caused the city to be rebuilt. Q. By whom were the Samnites assisted ? ,„^ ^ ' A. The Samnites had called to their assist- [1 of the •"^^ Pynhus, King of Epirus, the ablest com- Virginia, "™^"^^*' ^^^^^ age, who obtained several victories consular ^^?^ ^l^® Romans, but was finally obliged to lelinquish them the possession of all Italy. ►rise W9i ^' ^^^^ ^^^® ^^ ^^^® ^^^^ ^^® principal Ro- l|an generals ? uria, was . ^* ^^^ Romans that signalized themselves :am'ilius ^. ^^^^^^ ^^^^' ^^^® Laevinus ; Fabricius, illus- ' trious for his virtuous poverty and incorruptible action of ^^^^"^7 ' and Curias Dentatus, famous for his magnanamity and military skill. vinff de- ^' ^^ ^'^^^ ^^j^^* ^^^ ^^® Romans now ainst the ^Y' 'If '^^^' • , .. 3 ground I ' -^^e Romans, 480 years after the building ' fli the city, having made themselves masters of ly, passed over into Sicily, to assist the Ma- Ttines against the Carthagenians. ground adel pre- bravery by the 38 CATECHISM OF CHAPTER IV. Histmy of Carthage and Sicily. Q. Where was Carthage situated ? A. Carthage was situated on the northern coslst of Africa, near the spot where the city of Tunis now stands. Q. Bv whom was it founded ? A. Carthage was founded by a coony o Tyrians, undir the conduct of the kings sister DidTabout 70 years before the building of Rome. O How was it ffoverned / , A. The government of Carthage was nearly i»imilar to thit of Rome, being composed of two ^ ^^„.tes, called Sufl^tes, -""«-"yJS| and of a senate, while the sovereign authority! remained with the people. r^rtha- Q. What was the character of the Cartba- ^*T°The Carthagenians were ingenious, per-j severing, and attentive to <=omme.ve ; but crafty | cruel, and so faithless, that Punic or Ca thage- Sn faith became a proverbial expression fot| '"a W^hat was the power of tbe Carth^e- nians at the time of their wars with the Ko- ™T. ^At the period of these wars, Carthagcj UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 39 had raised itself by its commerce, to be one of thri richest and most splendid cities of the world. Q. What were its possessions ? A. Carthage had under it-s dominions 300 cities on the coast of Africa, a considerable part of Spain, the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, and was endeavouring to add Sicily to its em- pire. Q. What do you observe of Sicily ? A. The island of Sicily, situated between Italy and Africa, was peopled by colonies of Greeks, and was frequently invaded by the Athenians, Pyrrhus, and the Carthagenians. Q. What was the principal state ? A. The most powerful state of Sicily, was Syracruse, the country of Archimedes, the cele- [brated mathematician. Q. Which were the most distinguished cha- racters of Syracruse ? A, Gelon, the first king, was a prince of jgreat virtue and abilities ; the two Dionysii were [tyrants : but Dion and Timoleon, two celebrated )atnots, restored the people to freedom. 40 CATECHISM OF m '■< It CHAPTER V. The Punie Wars. Q. What was the cause of the first Punic or Carthagenian war ? A The Romans had become jealous of the growing power of the Carthagenians, and de-l dared war against them, at the request of the^ Mamertines, a people of Sicily. Q. What do you observe of this war ." A During the first Punic war, the Romans first became powerful at sea, and having ex- pelled the Carthagenians from Sicily, Regulus supported the glory of their name in Africa. Q. How did it terminate ? A. After a contest of 24 years the Romans obliged the Carthagenians to pay them tribute, and to give up Sicily, and the other islands of the Mediterranean, B.C. 24.1. Q. What was the cause of the second Punic war, and when did it commence ? . A Twenty-three years after the conclusion of the first Punic war, the Carthagenians took Saguntum, a city in alliance with Rome, and ooenlv commenced hostilities. ^Q. What was the success of the Carthage- mans t. A. val, aftei and the on the pitched T. I P. I to recc into Al hastily Q. ] sion ? A. feated to sue very h Q. engag- A. king c witli 1 B.CJ Q. A. from finally I veteri poiso Q. the I A, UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 41 St Punic IS of the and de-| St of the ir? Romans Lving ex- Regulus Africa. 5 Romans n tribute, islands of md Punic jonclusion lians took Lome, and Carthage- nian scene val, after subduiniv Spain, crossed the Pyrenees and the Rhone, climbed the Alps, and rushmg on the Romans, routed their armies in tour pitched battles. T. Describe the nubsequent events. P. Hannibal having permitted the Romans to recover theh- strength, they sent an army into Africa against Carthage, and Hannibal was hastily recalled from Italy. Q. How was the war brought to a conclu- sion ? ,-11 A. Scipio, the Roman general, entirely de- feated Hannibal, and obliged the Carthagemans to sue for peace, which was granted them on very humiliating terms, B.C. 196. Q. In what other wars were the Romans engaged ? ' -n A. The Romans were victorous over Perseus kin^ of Macedonia, and annexed his kingdom with the states of Greece to their dominions, B.CX67. Q. What became of Hannibal ? A. Hannibal sought refuge at several courts from the persecutions of the. Romans, and finally, to avoid falling into their hands, the veteran warrior put an end to his lite by ^^Q. What was the next object of ambition to the Romans ? i * f i m A. The Romans now aimed at the total I .i^.f,M,..fmn nf Carthaere, and, upon a slight m p 42 CATECHISM OF ;:u« w J : «?!Ci*^ pi ^ etext, took tlie city massacred the iuhabitaiiti^, and razed it to the grouiui. Q. When did this event take place ? A. The destruction of Carthage happened 146 years before the birth of our Saviour, and 607 years after the buikling of Rome, which ended the third Punic war. Q. What was the extent of the Roman do- minion at this period ? A. The Romans at this time, were masters of atl Italy, Spain, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Macedonia, Greece, Epirus, and the northern parts of Africa, that had been subject to Cai- thage. Q. What do you observe of the manners ot the Romans? . , ^-r* A. This is the most glorious period ot Roman history ; for, shortly after, the Romans, by an acquaintance with foreign manners, degenerated from their ancient virtues, and contracted a taste for luxury, which finally led to the ruin of the commonwealth. CHAPTER VI. The Gracchi, and Decline of the Commonwealth. Q. What was the state of Rome after the destruction of Carthage ? . r r A. The Romans being no longer in fear ot a nval,'becarae corrupted with riches and luxury UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 43 and the nobles oppressed the lower orders of the people. « ^T ";£Cr;h?e«i;o subven the ^TThrSines and Cimbri issuing from ,y.etnh:f Europe, spread a-stat- ^^^^^^ out the Roman states, but were '^^^^^fj' tremendous slaughter by Manus, B.C. 102. • O What was Manus r i u^ A Marius was an ambitious general, who, hv his S abilities and tbo interest of the pLX Sraised himself ^^o^f^^c^:^^-^^ in society to the first honours of the common ""'a By whom were his ambitious designs "T The rival of Marius was Sylla, who, after ™uth rivil diTcord and bloodshed, finally pre- vid, and was appointed perpetual D.ctato,,* .This was an "<«- ''t'^rrtrds' ufm.'X \i.u ..«a xvna trie first step iuwa,i«« monwuHn-n, «"« tion. J) u CATECHISM OF ■:». '^ '^ Q. Wliat remarkable conspiracy was formed shortly after ? A. Sylla having resigned his power, Catiline formed a conspiracy for the destruction of the commonwealth, which was happily suppressed by the celebrated Cicero. Q, In what wars were the Romans engaged during these domestic contentions ? A. While the state was agitated by civil discord, Pompey and other generals conquered Numidia and Mauritania, in Africa ; the Asiatic kingdoms of Syria, Pontus, Armenia, and Bi- thynia ; and reduced Judea to the form of a Roman province. CHAPTER VII. The civil Wars of Pompey and C(Bsar. Q. What was the state of parties at this time in Rome ? A. The two most powerful men in Rome were Pompey and Crassus, who having joined their influence to that of Julius Cffisar, usurped the supreme power of the state, under the name of Triumvirate,* B.C. 59. Q. What was their first measure ? A. The Triumvirate divided the provinces of the empire among themselves, Pompey choosing 9 rr-:. ,--.„:««*« :^ ^»<.;ir/>ri ffnrYi tlift Tjatin words triiim the genitive of tres three, and viri men. UNIVERSAL HISTOny. 45 tbat of Spain, Crassus, Syria, and fesar that of Gaul- , Q. Wliat became of Ciassus .'' . A. Ciassus was liiUed a few years after in a war against the Parthians. T. Kelate the exploits of Csesar. P. Caesar was ten years in 8«>'^""lg ."'!, "^" tionsof Gaul, carrying the terror of h,s aims into Germany and Britain. Q. What else do you relate ot him . A. Caesar is reckoned to have taken 800 cities reduced 300 states, and defeated 6 mu- £ns of men, of whom 1,000,000 fell m the field of battle. . ,. Q. What were the consequences ot lus success^. ijecame jealous of Cresars power and endeavoured to diminish it ; but Ca3sav marched his array and took possession of Kome. Q. Wlrere was the contest decided .-' A. Pompey retired into Greece, whither he was followed by Csesar, and defeated in the famous battle of Pharsalia, B.C. 48. Q What became of Pompey ? A. Pompey fled into Egypt, where he was treacherously murdered : and Caesar having over- come the remainder of his party in Africa and Spain, returned in triumph to B^me. Q. How did Cffisar conduct himself .'' A CfP^ar being now possessed of sovereign pow er behavfd with gre \\% clemcncv and nio- D 3 46 CATECHISM or i i deration ; but Brutus and Cassius formed a conspiracy against him, and he was murdered in the senate house by the senators, B.C. 44. CHAPTER VIII. Second Triumvirate and Fall of the Common' wealth, Q. What took place after the death of Csesar? A. Antony, Lepidus, and Octavianus or Oc- tavius, the nephew and adopted son of Csesar, undertook to revenge his death, and formed what is termed the second Triumvirate. Q. How did the conspirators act ? A. After a fruitless attempt to raise the peo- ple of Rome in their favour, Brutus and Cassius retired into Greece, where they raised a power- ful army, Q. What party proved successful ? A. Antony and Octavius engaged and de- feated the republican army at Philippi ; Brutus and Cassius fell by their own swords, and the liberty of Rome perished with them, B.C. 42. Q. What followed this victory ? A. Octavius, upon a slight pretence, dis- possessed Lepidus of his power, and soon after quarrelling with Antony, he defeated him in the battle of Actiiim, and thu« became sole roaster of the iioman, empire. A. 1 with th ' appellal and^w distingi Q. ^ A. J 27 yeai 725 ye Q. ' the Re A. slmplic the fin given 1 a corn it ^ I UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 47 ned a ered in 4. mmori' Z!sesar? or Oc- Csesar, formed m peo- Dassius power- Q. How was he received at Rome ? A. The Roman senate behaved to Octavius with the most abject servility, giving him the appellations of father of his country, Emperor, and Augustus^ by which name he was afterward distinguished. Q. When did this ev6nt take place P"^ A. Augustus ascended the imperial throne, 27 years before the birth of our Saviour ; and ' 725 years after the foundation of Rome. Q. What do you observe of the manners of the Romans at this period ? A. The Romans had now lost that poverty, simplicity, and patriotism, which distinguished the first ages of the commonwealth, and had given themselves up to luxury, splendour, and i| a corruption of morals. id de- Brutus nd the J, dis- n after I in the master LUi 48 CATECHISM OF BOOK IV. T«l ROMAN EMPIRE FROM ITS COMMENCEMENT UNDER AUGUSTUS, B.C. 27, TO ITS FALL IN J HE WEST, A.D. 470. «SB. ;^ ^^-^ CHAPTER I. T/ie Twelve Ccesars. Q. Who were the twelve Caesars ? A. The Caesars were twelve Roman em- perors, the first being Julius CJsesar, who is usually considered as the founder of the im- perial government. Q. What were their names ? A. The twelve Ca3sars were Julius, Augus- tus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. Q. What do you observe of the reign of Au- gustus ? A. Augustus reformed abuses, restored order in the government, encouraged learning, and extended the boundaries of the empire, Q, What were the limits of the Roman em- pire ? A. Rome had now attained the meridian of her power, and possessed all the countries from UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 4d ;t under [E lan em- who is the im- Augus- >, Galba, *omitian. 1 of Au- 'ed order iugy and the Euphrates to the Atlantic, and from the Danube to the deserts of Africa, comprehend- ing the whole of the then civilized world. Q. What illustrious men lived at this period ? A. In the Augustan age flourished tlie poets Virgil, Horace, Ovid, TibuUus, and Phsedrus ; the historians Livy, Cornelius Nepos, and Tro- gus Pompeius; Strabo the geographer; and Mecffinas, whose name is become proverbial for an encourager of learning. Q. What remarkable event occurred in this reign ? A. Towards the end of the reign of Augus- tus; when all the world was at peace, and the temple of Janus was shut,* Jesus Christ came into the world. Q. By whom was Augustus succeeded ? A. After a prosperous reign of 44^ years, Augustus died, and was succeeded by Tiberius, A.D. 14. Q. What was the character of Tiberius ? A. Tiberius was possessed of great abilities, but was cruel, suspicious, and tyrannical ; his reign was distinguished by the crucifixion of our Saviour. Q, What do you observe of the three suc- ceeding emperors ? nan em- iridian of ries from * Janus was a divinity whom the Romans worship- ped, and whose temple was open in time of war, and shut in time of peace. 50 CATECHISM OF A. Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, have ren- .Jered li.ei. i.ames infamous by their prodigality, " a 'w£ — ;ble events took place in '''t/ciamlius invaded Britain in person ; and Nero having wantonly set fire to Uome, laid the blame on the Christians, against whom he raLd a persecution, in which the^apostles Peter and Pad lost their lives, A. U. b /. _ Q. What do you remark of the reigns of Galba, Otho, and Vitellius ? A The reigns of Galba, Otho, and Vitellms, which together lasted only two years were lislingnished by weakness, cruelty, and civil discord. ' „ Q Who succeeded ViteUius .'' A The successor of Vitellius was Vespa- sian, a prince of great wisdom, in whose reign Jerusalem was taken and destroyed, by his son Titus, A.D. 70. Q What was the character of litus f A Titus, who succeeded Vespasian, vyas dis- tinguished for his virtues ; during his re.gn the greater part of Britain was conquered by Agn- cola, the Roman general. O Bv whom was he succeeded f A Domitian, the brother of Titus, succeed- .1 ul^ ;„ «v,o omniie. A.D. 81, and proving a vicious ancl inhuman tyrant, was murdered by his domestics. iMUMMIi H UNIVERSAL IIISTOHY. 51 r. ! ^itellius, Vespa- [)se reign y bis son , was dis- reign the by Agri- succeed- p roving a rdered by CHAPTER II. The Five good Emperors of Borne. Q. What do you observe of the emperors next to Domitian ? A. After Domitian followed k^ve sovereigns, who, from their virtues, wisdom, and talents, have been called the F.ve good emperors. Q. What were their names ? A. The successors of Domitian were Nerva, Trajan, Adrian, Antonius Bus, and Marcus Aurelius Antonius. Q. What character is given of Trajan ? A. Trajan was possessed of great military talents, justice, and humanity ; he restored the ancient splendour of the Roman arms, and greatly extended the limits of the empire. T. Relate his military achievements. P. Trajan subdued the Dacians, conquered the Parthians and Arabians, and annexed to the empire Assyria,. Mesopotamia, and Armenia. Q. What illustrious Lien flourished in his reign ? A. Under Trajan flourished Pliny, Tacitus, Juvenal, and Plutarch. Q. What do you remark of the reign of Ad- rian ? A. Adrian reduced the empire to its ancient limits, and visited .-1. _i v\%^rk\r\r\r*OQ • ! I during his stay in Britain, he built a wall from J' 52 CATECHISM OF Carlisle to Newcastle, to protect the Britons against the inroads of Picts. Q. What was the character of the two Au- tonini ? A. The Antonini were eminent for virtue, piety, and love of justice, and the period of their reigns was one of public happiness and splendour* Q. What progress had the Christian religion made at this period ? A. Christianity was professed by all the eastern provinces of the empire, and although often persecuted, it was still successful and tri- umphant. V CHAPTER III. Tne Decline of the Empire, Q. What was the state of Rome, under the succeeding emperors ? A. Rome still preserved her external gran- deur, but became enfeebled by luxury and the weakness and anarchy of her governors. Q. What was the cause of these disorders ? A. Rome had become entirely subject to the soldiers, who made and unmade emperors at pleasure ; and even on one occasion exposed the imperial dignity to sale. Q. Bv whom was this confusion remedied ? UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 53 A. Diocletian, who began to reign, A.D. 284, introduced a new system of government, and divided the empire into four provinces, un- der as many princes. Q. By what enemies was the empire attack- ed during his reign ? A. The empire was attacked by the Par- thians in the east, while a host of barbarians inundated the northern provinces. Q. Whence did they originate ? A. The barbarians of the North issued from the dark forests of Germany, and though often defeated with dreadful slaughter, still continued their depredations. Q. What becarr'> of Diocletian ? A. Diocletian, with his colleague Maximian, resigned his power, and after the death of Ga- lerius and Constantius, his successors, the em- pire was distracted by civil war, until reunited under Constantius, A.D. 306 . CHAPTER IV. Constantim the Great^ A,D, 306. Q. Who was Constantine the Great ? A. Constantine was the son of Constantius, whom, after defeating several competitors, he succeeded in the empire, A. D. 306. Q. What do you observe of his reign ? E M CATECHISxM OF 'f'l m A. The vigorous administration of Constan- tine restored order to the empire, and prolonged the period of its duration. Q. What are the most remarkable events ? A. Constantino abolished Paganism, and em- bracing Christianity, rendered it the established religion he also removed the seat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, which from him was called Constantinople, A.D. 329. Q. What took place after his death ? A. Upon the death of Constantino, the Ro- man state was divided among his three sons, two of whom fell victims to their mutual ambi- tion, and left the whole empire under the do- minion of Constantius. Q. What occurred during his reign ? A. The barbarous tribes ravaged Gaul, but were repulsed by Julian, a brave prince, who succeeded to the throne, and was called the Apostate, from his abandoning Christanity, and restoring Paganism. CHAPTER V. Bxtinction of the Western Empire. Q. What was the condition of the Roman empire, after the death of Julian ? A. The barbarous nation of the North over- ran the provinces, and although checked for a short time by the abilities of Theodosius the UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 55 i.'f Great, A. D. 379, were Lastening the ruin of the empire. Q. What change took place upon the death of Theodosius ? A. After the death of Theodosius, the Ro- man dominions were divided into the eastern and western empires ; the former of which had Constantinople, and the latter Rome for its capital. Q. What nations now dismembered the em- pire ? A. Under a succession of weak monarchs, the Goths, the Huns, the Heruli, the Vandals, the Suevri, the Alains, and other savage tribes, followed each other in rapid succession, and possessed themselves of the Roman provinces. Q. Who are the most conspicuous among their leaders ? A. The Vandals were led by Genseric, the Goths by Alaric, and the Huns by Attila, who devastated a greater part of Europe, and from his cruelty was called the Scourge of God. Q. What events had taken place in Britain ? A. At this period of universal decay, the Romans were obliged to withdraw their forces from Britain ; and the Britons, having implor- ed them in vain, to defend them against the Picts and Scots, called in the Saxons to their assistance.* Their mpssnn-o fn ♦Vio Tii\vnn^^ „.u:„u i_ _ami __ , ~- &■• ^- ^•''^ miTiiJtiiicj, »viiiuu IS siiii on record, is as toUows :— -To j£lius, thrice consul, the groans E 2 warn 56 CATECHISM OF Q. What was the state of Rome during these devastations ? A. Rome was taken and pillaged by Gense- ric and Alaric, £..a being abandoned by Augus- tulus, the last emperor of the West, Odoacer, general of the Heruli, assumed the title of King of all Italy, Q. When did this memorable event take place ? A. The extinction of the western empire of Rome took place, A.D. 476 ; 307 years after the battle of Actium, and 1224 years after the building of Rome. Q. What nations possessed themselves of the different provinces. A. The Goths and Lombards remained in Italy, the Franks and Burgundians seized on Germany and Gaul, the Visigoths conquered Spain, and the Picts and Saxons possessed themselves of England. Q. What division does tlws event make in history ? A. The fall of the western empire, and the final reduction of Italy by the Lombards, the epoch at which ancient history ends, and mo- dern commences. cfthe Britons. The barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea throws us back on the barbarians ; so that we have o7ily the hard choice left of perishing by the sword or bxj the waves; The Romans made answer that they had nothing to T^X^tJV^r TT UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 57 BOOK V. IROM THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST,^^ A.D. 470, TO THE REFORMATION, A.U. 1517. - /('^-/ / % CHAPTER L ' The Eastern Empire, Q. How long did the eastern empire subsist after the extinction of the western ? A. The eastern empire, called also the Greek, or Constantinopolitan empire, subsisted about 1000 years longer than the western ; but its history is seldom interesting. Q. How was it governed ? A. The eastern empire was subject to sove- reigns who often procured their dignity by guilt, and met with an untimely end, and who pre- served their power only by fomenting divisions among their barbarian neighbours. Q. Under whom was the empire most pros- perous ? A. In the reign of Justinian, the renowned generals Belisarius and Narses completely re- covered Africa from the Vandals, and Italy from the Goths, where tne latter founded the exar- chate of Ravenna. E 3 58 CATECHISM OF II ' Q. By wLom were they afterward conquered ? A. The Lombards conquered Italy ; and the Saracens, a hardy Arabian nation, the followers of Mahomet, overran Syria, Egypt, and all Africa. Q. What other nations reduced the power of the empire ? A. The Turks, under Othman and Bajazet, obliged the eastern emperors to pay them tri- bute, and established a powerful empire in Asia Minor. Q. Who were the Turks ? A. The Turks, or Turcomans, were a people who had fled from the oppression of the Tartars, and by their intrepidity, subdued the nations that afforded them protection. Q. What opponents had the Turks to en- counter ? A. The Turkish dominion in Asia was over- thrown by Gengis-Khan and Tamerlane, two great conquerors ; but it soon after became more powerful and extended itself to Europe. Q. By whom was the eastern empire finally destroyed ? A. The eastern empire, which had for a long time been weak and inconsiderable, at length fell under the power of Mahomet 11. who took Constantinople by storm, and laid the founda- tion of the present Turkish empire. A.D. 1453. UNIVERSAL HiSTORY. CHAPTER II. 59 w The Feudal System. Q. What was the state of tlie western coun- tries of Europe, after the fall of Rome ? A. The provinces of the West, after the fall of the empire, exhibited the most shocking scenes of horror and devastation ; the barbarians ex- pelling each other, and marking their progress with plunder and brutal revenge. Q. What influence had they upon the coun- tries where they settled? A. The barbarians totally subverted the Roman laws, arts, and literature, and introduced new forms of goverment, new manners, dresses, and names of men and countries. Q. What effect had this change on the man- ners of Europe ? A. From the fall of Rome to the eleventh century, the whole of Europe was sunk in the grossest ignorance and barbarity ; so that this period has been termed the/Jar/e or Gothic Ages, Q. What was the religion of these nations ? A. The nations which invaded the empire, were converted from Paganism to Christianity soon after their settlement, but retaining many of their absurd doctrines and ceremonies, the true religion degenerated into the superstitions of the church of Rome. 60 CATECHISM OF Q. What form of Government prevailed among them ? A. The form of government which the vic- torious nations established, is now called the Feudal System, T. Describe the Feudal System. P. When a tribe determined on settling in a country which they had subdued, the king or general parcelled out the lands to his officers, and they to their soldiers, on condition of attend- ing the king in war, when required, Q. What were the consequences of this form ? A. The powerful barons became independent of their sovereign, and engaged in continual wars with each other, so that the people became gradually brutalized. CHAPTER III. The Empire of the Saracens. Q. What new empire arose towards the end of the sixth century ? A. While the inhabitants of Europe were sunk in barbarism, the Arabs or Saracens, in- spired by a religious enthusiasm, raised a power- ful empire, which changed the aspect of a great '^ Q. Wiio was the founder of this empire? UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 61 A. The dominion of the Saracens was found- ed by the celebrated impostor Mahomet, who assumed the title and character of a prophet, and established the religion which bears his name. Q. What are the principal heads of the doctrine which he taught ? A. The tenets of Mahomet contained in the Koran, teach the belief in one God, and in Mahomet as his greatest prophet ; that the duty of mun is, to love his neighbours, assist the poor, protect the injured, and to pray seven times a day. Q. What success did he first meet with ? A. The doctrine of Mahomet raised some tumults at Mecca, and his enemies caused him to be banished, A.D. 622. Q. What is remarkable of his flight from Mecca ? A. The flight of Mahomet, called the Hegira is the era from which his followers compute their time, as Christians do from the birth of our Saviour. Q. Whither did he go on retiring from Mecca ? A. Mahomet fled to Medina, where he armed his numerous converts, and took the city of Mecca. Q. What other advantages did he obtain ? An/r^l A. *A_.i •_ !.•_ r_ii ^i_„'-i • iyi.u.iiUiiiUL eAiieu ni uib iuiiuweis a lurisi* for conquest, and at their head subdued all 62 CATECHISM OF Arabia and Syria, but died in the midst of Iii* victories, A.D. 632. Q. VVhat was the progress of bis doctrine under his successors ? A. In less than a century after tlie death of Mahomet, his successors, called Caliphs, added to the Saracen dominion and faith, all the coun- tries from India to the Atlantic Ocean, including Persia, Syria, Egypt, Africa, Spain, and Portugal. Q. Who were the most celebrated of the Saracen Caliphs ? A. The Caliphs most renowned for their conquests and wisdoii were Omer, Othman, Ali, Almanzor, and Haroun Alraschid. Q. What was the character of the Saracens? A. The Saracens were remarkable for their desperate valour, generosity to fallen enemies, and profuse magnificence ; they were great promoters of learning and practised medicine, geometry, and astronomy ; while Europe was immerged in the grossest ignorance. Q. What was the cause of the decline of this empire ? A. The Saracen empire having arrived at the highest pitch of magnificence, gradually sunk under the power of the Turks, who took and pillaged Bagdad, the seat of the Caliphate, A. D. 1458. I Q. declir A. Gaul taine( and g Q. nionar A. Clovis terrup Q. A. unboui Christi followe Q. ' A. ( and wi( the kir worse 1 Q. I finally i A. 1 the wh( In 4^ ^.k J ^ iiaiiuS ( UNlVEnSAr, HISTOHY G3 CHAPTER IV, Charlemagne. Q. By whom was Gaul subdued, at the (Ificline of the western empire ? A. About the year 420 of the Christian era, (.aal was invaded by the Franks, who main- tained themselves against the Roman power and gave that country the name of France. ' «. VVho was the founder of the French monarcliy ? ri"^: The French monarchy was founded bv Clovis, A.D. 481, and continued without " terruption till the late revolution. Q- What was the character of Clovis ? A. Clovis was a prince of great talents and unbounded an.b tion ; he became a convert to (.hnstianity; and the Franks, till then idolaters, lollowed the example of their sovereign Q. What do you observe of his successors ? A. Uovis was succeeded by a series of weak and wicked princes, who for 300 years deluged the kingdom with blood, and plunged it into worse than ancient barbarism. fina%felT?"'''*"^ ''^°''' ^'^ ^^"^ government A. Through the indolence of the sovereigns the whole administration of affairs fell into the .lanus or the mayors of the palace, the most 64 CATECHISM OF Cftlebrated of whom were Pepin Heristel, Charles Martel, ami Pepin the Short. Q. W hat was the character of Pepin tlie Short? A. Pepin the Short distinguished himself by his valour and abilities, and, with the consent of the Pope, dethroned Childeric III. with whom ended the first or Merovingian race of the kintra of France, A.D. 751. Q. VVlio were the Popes ? A. The popes were the bishops of Rome, who, amid the continual changes in the sur- rounding governments, had assumed the supreme power over the church, and even succeeded in extending their influence over the different sove- reigns. Q. How did Pepin recompense the service done him by the Pope ? A. Pepin twice rescued the Pope and the city of Rome from the arms of Astolphus king of the Lombards, from whom he wrested the exarchate of Ravenna, and gave it to the Pope, to whom it has ever since been subject. Q. Who succeeded Pepin the Short ? A. Pepin was succeeded by his two sons, Charles and Carloman, but the latter dying shortly after^ left to Charles the undivided sovereignty of France, A.D. 772. Q. How long did he reign ? A. Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, reign- ed 45 years ; in the course of which, he subdued part of Spain, all Italy, the Low Countries, UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 65 eristel, Short? self bv jonaent , with race of Rome, le sur- u pre me ided in It sove- service md the us king ted the 3 Pope, sons, r dying [divided Austria, Hungary, Dahiiatia, and, after 30 years war with the Saxons, all Germany. Q. What were the other events of his reign ? A. Charlemagne cultivated science and literature, enacted salutary laws, and while on a visit to Rome, received the crown of the Ctesars from the hands of the Pope, and was acknowledged emperor of the West, A.D. 800. Q. By whom was he succeeded ? A. Charlemagne died in 814, and w^as suc- ceeded in the empire by Louis the Pious, whose reign was distracted by the ambitious rest- lessness of his sons. Q. What became of the empire at his death ? A. After Louis, the empire was preserved entire under his successor Charles the Bald ; after whom, the imperial dignity was transferred to Germany. Q, What was the character of the successors of Charles ? A. The kings of France that succeeded Charles the Bald, are undeserving of mention from their weakness ; and the family of Char- lemagne, called the Carlovingian race, became, extinct in the person of Louis the Fifth, A.D. 987. t, reign- mbdued mntries. 66 CATECHlSAr OF in CHAPTER V. T/ie Anglo" Saxon Monarchy, Q. How (lid the Britons act upon bein^T abandoned by the Romans ? "^ A. The Britons being* attacked by the Picts and Caledonians, and having requested, in vain, the assistance of the Romans, called in the Saxons for their protection. Q. Who were the Saxons ? A. The Saxons were a nation inhabiting the north of Germany; they were brave and warlike in their manners, and very powerful by sea. Q. Did the Saxons comply with their request? A. The Saxons landed in I ugland to the immber of 1600, under the command of Hen- gist and Horsa, and joining the Britons, soon compelled the Scots to retreat, A.D. 449. Q. What followed this success ? A. The Saxons now projected the entire subjection of the Britons, and being joined by large reinforcements of their countrymen, suc- ceeded, after an arduous struggle of nearly 150 years. Q. How did they divide their conquests ? A. The Saxons established seven kingdoms called the Heptarchy, which all in the end fell under i^a power of Egbert, the first king of England, A.D. 827; nearly 400 years after the arrival of the Saxons in Eno-land. Q. S Egbert' A. I desolate Alfred and dri^ Q. \ A. I pruden( his peo] built a best an< Q. \ A. I again re Ethelre basely thought Q. \ cruelty A. £ Englan< whole ( Canute Q. \ A. ( monarc Den ma Q. \ A. ( princes. Jm tJNlVERSAL HISTOKY. 67 beinir e Picts n vain, in the ng the i^arlike 3a. quest? to the Hen- soon entire led by suc- y 150 ests ? ^(loms (i fell ng of 31' the Q. What was the state of England under Egbert's successors ? A. After the time of Egbert, England was desolated by the invasion of the Danes ; but by Alfred the Great, they were entirely defeated, and driven out of the island, A.D. 890. Q. What was the character of Alfred ? A. Alfred was a prince of consummate prudence, valour, and piety : he gave laws to his people, founded the university of Oxford, built a powerful navy, and proved one of the best and greatest of princes. Q. What took place after bis death ? A. Under the successors of Alfred, the Danes again renewed their ravages, and the dastardly Ethelred consented to pay them tribute, but basely ordered a general massacre of them thoughout the kingdom. Q. What were the consequences of this cruelty ? A. Sweyn, the Danish king, landed in England with a powerful army, conquered the whole country, and was succeeded by his son, Canute the Great, 1017. Q. What do you observe of Canute ? A. Canute the Great was the most powerful monarch of his time, being sovereign of England, Denmark, and Norway. Q. Who succeeded Canute the Great ? A. Canute was succeeded by two Danish princes, Harold and Hardicanute ; after whose f2 m 68 CATECHISM OF ceatb die Saxon line was restored in the per- n" wi"""'' '''® confessor, A.D. 1048. Edward? ^* ''^PPened upon the demise of A. Edward dying without children, Harold "suiped the throne, but was opposed by 11"" t" "^Normandy, who ckimed the EteTin^' Jnheritance, by the will of the ?■ ^?^ ^^^ *''e contest decided ? , A. The contending parties come to a deci- sive battle at Hastings, where Harold being defeated and slain, William, surnamed the Conqueror, quickly took possession of the ii'Uglish crown, A. D. 1066. CHAPTER VI. Stale of Europe before the Crusades. Q. Who assumed the crown of France after the extinction of the Carlovingian race ? A, On the death of Louis V. Hueh Canef be most powerful of the French nobles was T'Tu 'y *=^"^*^ *° *•'« throne, A.D. 987 peiSd? * ''"' *''' '*^' "^ ^*«'y "' tj'is A. Italy was distracted by continual disputes between the Popes and German empero s"^ the Normans conquered Nani-.. „.wi o-.J..^ ?^ Sarac Germ empir Q. nation A. barbar Hung! Christ idolati Q. cupied A. the M( retaine insensi Q. ^ on the A. ^ Willian II., th( great p Q. ) his suc( A. I lion-he£ ed for against UNIVERSAL History. 6d> Saracens, but were expelled by Henry of Germany who annexed these countries to his empire, A.D. 1194. Q. What do you observe of the Northern nations ? A. The north of Europe was still extremely barbarous, and although Hussia, Sweden, Hungary, and Bohemia were converted to Christianity, the latter three relapsed into idolatry. Q. By whom was Spain and Portugal oc- cupied r A. Spain and Portugal were possessed by the Moors oi- Saracens ; but the Christians, who retained about a fourth of the kingdom, were insensibly gaining ground. Q. Who succeeded William the Conqueror on the throne of England ? txr-n' ^^^^^^^ ^h® Conqueror was succeeded by William Eufus, Henry I., Stephen, and Henrv II., the last of whom annexed Ireland and a great part of France to his dominions. Q. What event distinguished the reign of his successor ? A. Richard I., surnamed Cceur de Lion, or lion-hearted, immediately on accession embark- ed for the Holy Land, on the third crusade against the Infidels, A.D. 1181). F 3 70 CATECHISM OF CHAPTER VII. The Crusades, Q. What were the Crusades ? A. The Crusades were expeditions under- taken for the recovery of the Holy Land, out of the hands of the Turks, who ill-treated the Christians that visited Jerusalem, Q. Why were they called Crusades ? A. These expeditions received the name of Crusades, from the badge of the cross worn by those V ho joined in them. Q. Who was the exciter of the first crusade ? A. Peter the Hermit having excited general indignation at the outrages committed by the Turks on the Christians, led a numerous army of enthusiasts into Asia, where they were cut to pieces by the Sultan, A.D, 1097. Q. What w^as the success of the second crusade ? A. The second crusade, which amounted to several hundred thousands, conducted by war- like princes, twice defeated the Turks, and took Jerusalem, of which Godfrey of Bouillon was appointed king, A.D. 1099. Q. What was the cause of the third crusade ? A. The Turks having recovered from their defeat, attacked the newly formed Christian states with such vigour that thpv wprn nWio-fxl to solicit assistance from Europe. ' ■©" Q. \ sade? A. : \ Philip Englani Q. E A. I arising archs, I the con T. Ii P. l\ and dei but his tigue, h Q. I taken ? A. 1 underta some c taken p Q. \ salem ? A. J the Ch Palestir crusade Q. \ manner A. I tions, tl nificenc UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 71 ] Q. Who were the leaders of the third cru- sade ? A. The third crusade was undertaken by- Philip Augustus, king of France, Richard of England, and Frederick, emperor of Germany. Q. By whom was the war finally maintained ? A. Frederick dying in Asia, and jealousies arising between the French and English mon- archs, Philip returned home in disgust, and left the contest to Richard. T. Relate the exploits of Richard. P. Richard conquered the island of Cyprus, and defeated the brave Saladin near Ascalon, but his army being reduced by famine and fa- tigue, he concluded an honourable peace. Q. By whom was the last crusade under- taken ? A. The last crusa(^e against the infidels, was undertaken by Louis IX. of France, who after some considerabb success, was defeated and taken prisoner, A.D. 1248. Q. What became of the kingdom of Jeru- salem ? A. Jerusalem was retaken by Saladin, and the Christians were ultimately expelled from Palestine, after having lost, in the whole of the crusades, upwards of 2,000,000 Europeans. Q. What effect had these crusades on the manners of Europe ? A. Bv v.n intercourse with the Eastern na- *■ tions, the Europeans imbibed a taste for mag- nificence and the arts : and the feudal authority 72 CATECHISM OF was, at the same time, greatly weakened, by the sale of the estates of the nobility, anxious to procure money to fit them out for the expe- dition. ^ Q. What other effect had they on Europe ? A. During the crusades, the Italian states of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, rose to opulence, by their commerce, the benefits of which were soon communicated to the other states of Europe. Q. For what was this age also distinguished ? A. In the age of crusades, chivalry and ro- mance were at their greatest height throughout the western kingdoms of Europe. Q. What was chivalry ? A. Chivalry was' a passion for adventurous exploits and romantic love, which distinguished the order of knighthood. CHAPTER VIII. The Discovert/ of America. Q. What was the state of the kingdoms of Europe after the crusades ? A. With the exception of the Italian states of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, most of the CiiisA- tries of Europe were exhausted, feeble, and dis- orderly, Q. What are the principal events relating to Great Britain ? A. the fai lace ar of the for a subjec Q. A. contini Italy ; throwi Q. indepe A. their e finally at the Q. A. in exp countr ^ under ( A.D. Q. their n A. being i and Is (jiscovc Q. explon UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 73 A. John, the successor of Richard I. granted the famous Magna Charta, A.D. 1215 ; Wal- lace and Robert Bruce asserted the independence of the Scots ; and Edward TH. and Henry V for a short time made the French monarchy subject to England. ' Q. What events took place on the Continent ? A. The Popes and the Emoerors of Germany contmued their contests for' the dominion of Italy ; and the Swiss seized ♦he opportunity of throwing off the yoke of the latter, 1308. Q. Were they successful in establishing their mdependence ? A. The Swiss maintained their lib^ty against their enemies in 60 pitched battles, and were Una Jy declared a free and independent republic, at the treaty of Westphalia, A.D. 1648. Q. What was the state of affairs in Spain ? ^ A. The Spaniards were successfully engaged m expelling the Moors or Saracens from the country, and the different kingdoms were united ?^' ?"^ sovereignty, by Ferdinand and Isabella, A.D. 1479. ' Q. What extraordinary event took place in their reign ? A. Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, bemg furnished with a small fleet by Ferdinand and Isabella projected and accomplished he (Jiscovery of America in 1492. Q. By whom was this continent afterward explored ? mmmmm 74* CATECHISM OF ir^ A. Sebastian Cabot explored the coast of North America, in 1499 ; and Americus Ves- pucius having also made a voyage published an account of the country, and gave it the name of America, which it has since retained. Q. What important discoveries had been made prior to this ? A. The mariner's compass was invented in the year 1302 ; gunpowder in 1344 ; the art of printing in 1440 ; and in 1479 ; the Portu- guese discovered the passage to the East Indies, by doubling the Cape of Good Hope. Q. What were the effects of these discoveries on the European nations ? A. These discoveries were not only favom- able to commerce and manufactures, but sig- nally advanced that knowledge and energy to which we are indebted for the numerous im- provements that have since taken place. / im^mmM*^*""*"^*^ *^' 't^:f ' UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 75 BOOK VI. FROM THE REFORMATION, ^. D. 1517, TO THE PRESENT TIV1E. ^ «J ^§$ ^f ie French seized on Hanorer, and induced the Spaniards to declare war against Great Britain. Q. What combinations were formed against Buonaparte? A. In 1805, Great Britain, Russia, and Austria formed a confederacy to diminish the power of France, and to restore the balance of power in Europe. Q. What was the success of this convode- racy? A. The combined fleets of France and Spain were entirely defeated at Trafalgar, by Lord Nelson ; but Buonaparte routed the Austrians and Russians with terrible slaughter at Auster- litz, December 2nd, 1805. Q. What other victories did Buonaparte gain ? A. Buonaparte, pursuing his conquest with wonderful rapidity, annihilated the Prussian monarch, by the famous battle of Jena, gained the battles of Eylau and Freidland over the Rtissians, and forced them to sue for peace. Q. What was the extent of the French em- pire at this period? A. Buonaparte was now master of all France, Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Holland, and the greater part of Germany. Q. How did he dispose of his conquests? A. Buonaparte united the Netherlands to France, made one of his brothers king of Holland, another of Nanles, a third of West- UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 95 phalia ; and rewarded his Germanic allies with the titles of kings of Bavaria, Saxony, and Wirtemburg. ' Q. To what country did Buonaparte now direct his ambitious designs ? A. Buonaparte now projected the conquest ot bpain; and having invited the king to visit him at Bayonne, he detained him in confine- ment, and placed his own brother Joseph on the throne, A.D. 1808. Q. By whom was the accession of Joseph opposed ? '^ A. The Portuguese took up arms against the French; and the Spanish patriots having solicited aid from Great Britain, an army was sent to their assistance, under the command of the illustrious Sir Arthur Wellesley, now duke of Wellington. Q. What was the success of the allies m Spam ? A. The French armies were at first success- ^1; but they were soon after driven out of Portugal, and defeated in the battles of Vimiera, Talavera, Busaco, and Salamanca. Q. What was the first step to the downfall of the French emperor? A. In 1812, Buonaparte declared war against Russia, and prepared to invade that country at the head of an army of 500,000 veterans, commanded by able and experienced generals. Q. What success attended the French in the commencement of the ramnaicm '? IPS 96 CATECHISM OE A. The Russians fought with the most ob- stinate couraoje, but aft(3r many sanguinary en- gagements, they were obliged to yield to the superior discipline of the French army, Q. Where did the general engagement take place ? A. The whole Russian army gave the enemy battle at Borodino, on the Moskwa; the con- test was fierce and destructive, and terminated in favour of the French, who immediately took possession of Moscow, the ancient capital of Russia. Q. What disasters afterward befel the French army ? A. The French had scarcely entered Moscow when it was set on fire and reduced to ashes by the patriotic inhabitants ; and the invaders, being thus deprived of winter quarters, were oblii^ed to commence a precipitate retreat. T. Describe the sufferings of the French ia their retreat. p. The Russian winter set in with extraor- dinary severity; and the French army, assailed by the exasperated inhabitaRts, and by all the horrors of cold, hail, and snow, without provi- sions or forage, was almost totally annihilated. Q. What was the loss of the French in this campaign ? A. The number of those that perished by cold, famine, and the sword, is computed at ^^r...1.* Onil nnn. inn nrtO «foro maAa T^rifinnprs. and all the artillery, ammunition, standards, &c. UNIVERSAL HISTonY. 97 .Ins." "'■"'^ ^'" '"*° '^' ''""•I* ««■ ">. Ru,. disStelT^"' """■' *''" ^""^^quences of the.e Md sS ."'^'"i: ^"''•»' P™«sia, Austria, Buonar.S"'n 7 '^'^ ?'"^°«« ^^ dethroning Q. What events distinguished the year 1813 ' of ttzeS niT 'r^^^"' •"'•'« »>«««» or yutzen and Dresden, but was totally route.- that * memorable events took place In the ensuing year ? "^ ° Q. M- hat became of Buonaparte ? A. Buonaparte renounced for himsplf «^a for h,8 heirs the thrones of FranceTndrtnl and was permitted to retain his diL witll^ sovereignty of the small islaLdf Elba t which he was to reside. ' " napme?'' ^'^^''''^ '^' ^^^-^^t'"" of Bao- taken '^"J^tV^,'^% ^°"^'«'°'' ^^o had t„,!"„'1^"5* '" E?gl»°d, were invited to re- -... .« . ™uce, ana the brother of the late un- 88 CATECHISM OF fortunate king was placed on the throne, with the title of Louis XVIII. May 3rd, 1814. Q. What event again disturbed the tran- quillity of Europe? A. Buonaparte quitted his retreat on the Ist March, 1815, and upon his landing in France with only a few troops, the whole army flocked to his standard, and in a few days he entered Paris in triumph, the royal family fleeing before him. i u .i. Q. What measures were adopted by tne powers of Europe? A. The principle states of Europe imme- diately reassembled their armies, and the British and Prussian forces had taken their positions on the Netherlands by the beginning of June. Q. How did Buonaparte now act.'' A. After an attempt at negotiation, which was rejected with disdain, Buonaparte collected an army with wonderful despatch, and advanced bv rapid marches to give the allies battle. - ' Q. What was the number of the respective A. The army under the command of the duke of Wellington amounted to 70,000 men; that of Prussia, under prince Blucher, to 100,000; and the French, led on by Buona- parte in person, to about 150,000. Q. What was the result of the contest ^ ^ A. On the 15th of June, Buonaparte ce- feated the Prussians; on the 16th be obtained UXIVER8AL HISTORY. 99 some advantages over the British; hut, on the i«th, his army was completely defeated in the memorable Battle of Waterloo. Q. What were the consequences of this victory? A. The allies again took possession of Paris, and i^placed Louis XVIII. upon the throne- ana Buonaparte, having given Jnmself up to' the Lnglish, was sent to the island of St. iielena, at which place he died, May the 5th, i^'^ly and was buried with the highest militarv n on ours. ^ Q. What event distinguished the year 1816? A. The English sent out a fleet to punish the piratical states of Algiers, which, with the assistance of a Dutch squadron, destroyed the whole of the navy, and two-thirds of the city, and obliged the Dey to consent to the abolition, tor ever, of Christian slavery. ^ Q. What has boei? the aspect of Europe since that time? ^ A. Europe has since enjoyed the blessings of a profound peace; for, although, the sudden transition from a state of warfare excited some temporary disturbances, the nations are now gradually returning to a state of tranquilJity and prosperity, ^ Wy. 'J 100 CATECHISM OF CHAPTER X. The United States of America. « Q. When were the first European settle- ments made in what are now the United States of America ? A. The settlement of the colony of Virginia commenced in 1607; the Dutch formed a settlement in New York in 1614; and in 1620 a settlement was made in Plymouth, Massa- chusetts. Q. Did the country enjoy a state of peace during the early period of its settlement ? A. The inhabitants had repeatedly to con- tend with the sarage Indians, and none more than the Virginian colony, where the design of the Indians appeared to be to extirpate them altogether. Q. What other settlement had to contend with the Indians ? A. The settlements in New England suffer- ed severely. The war, usually denominated Philip's war, 1675 — 76, was by far the most severe they had to endure ; in which many of "^iM^Elnglish towns were burnt. Philip was, /■^^ ^dwWr^ finally taken, and great destruction /<^ n(^a Caractacus carried in chains to Rome 61 Boadicca, the British queen, defeats the Romans J? -r!^"^ destroys Jerusalem K u ^o"^''" empire attacked oyhe northern nations Si9 I he emperor Constantine „_/avoured the Christians o2j Ihe first general Council of rsi ICO. 40G The Goths & Vandals spread ,,-",\to France and Spain *10 i'iome taken and plundered by Alaric ^?S n^"^ ^'^nians leave Britain Yr- i"<^ ^^'^''"^^^•■'^'6 in Britain 450 Rome taken by Genseric ^n? S°"l^ ^^^"^^ ^y Belisarius i3Ji fet. Augustin arrives in Eng- land ^ ?q5 'jje P"^ver of the Popes began 6g Ihe flight of Mahoinet Kiol Jerusalem taken by the Sa racens loo i^f *''' ^^^'^^^ ^y Charlemagne b^8 1 he seven kingdoms of \^v\o land united under Fgbert So6 The university of Oxford imo"""^^^^y Alfred the Great iUlo The Danes, under Sueno, inrf °^P°*^^'^'°" "*' t'nglarid 1065^ Jerusalem tp.ken by the 1066 The conquest of Ent^jand under William, dukeof^Nor mandy, since called William the Conqueror 1096 The first Crusade to the Holy Land. im HenryTl"?ook"fn^' .i"*^ ^'"^ ^^^^^^^^ beheaded Irdand '^^^ Possession of 1660 The Restoration of Charlet 118Q Thn b;«~« *• T-. , the Second France HStafh?g'',"^ ""^ J^^^ The great fire of London X runce H ent ta the Holy Land: 1688 The Revolution of England , James 1 liam an( 1704 Vict( Blenhei of Mai 11 1714 Que( the Firs the thro 1718 Char den kilii 1727 Sir I 1760 Geor 1775 The inenced 1783 A me depende 1^89 I'he 1793 Loui 1798 The Nelson 2799 Buoj sulof f ST ARK J ri;, !^!:, 4.1 CHRONOLOGY. 107 James II. expelled, and Wil- _liam and Mary crownr d 170* Victory over Ue French, at Blenheim, gained by John duke of Mailborough 1714 Queen Anne dies, & George tlie First, of Hanover, ascends the throne of England 1718 Charles the Twelfth of Swe. den killed, aged 5fi 1727 Sir Isaac Newton died 1760 CTeor<,'e the Second died 1775 The American war com. inenced 17S3 America acknowledged in- dependent 1^89 I'he llevolutioh in France 1793 Louis XVI. beheaded 1798 The victory of the Nile, bv Nelson ' 1799 Buonaparte made first Con- sul of France 180- War recommenced between France and Ei :land 180,3 The victory of Trafalgar, gained by Nelson,who was killed 18(j8 The Empire of the French, under Napoleon Buonaparte, extended over Franco, Italy, Germany, Prussia, Poland, Holland, and Spain 1812 I'he burning ot Moscow 1814 Napoleon abdicated the throne of France, and the Bourbons restored 1815 Napoleon returned fromElba 1815 Battle of Waterloo, and the Bourbons reinstated 1820 George the third died. 1830 George the Fourth died, and William IV. proclaimed,-^ Revolution in Fiance. Charles X. abdicated the throne, and was succeeded by Louis Phi^ lippe. k:Kii% it ,' ,4* .1 **8 mm STARK J'; PRINTKR, NOTlir DAME STREET, :*.IONTilP:Ar.