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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commen^ant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinto. Un des eymboles suivants cpparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, ii est film6 A partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 32 X 12 3 4 5 6 LATIN READER CO.NTAIMNc; TAIil.KS OK NOUNS ANI. VKRlis, sVNTaX KUI.Es AM) THE NLPOS AN.> CAKSAK SKLKCT.ONS PKESCKinE,. KOK MATR.CU- LATION IN THK UNIVKRSITV OF TORONTO HY J. HENDERSON, M.A., Principal o/ St. Cathannes ColUg.ate Institute AND J. FLETCHER, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Latin, University Colleec, Toronto. TORONTO : THE COPP. CLARK COMPANY, LLMITED. 1900. P/=K-':Or/ fcrilered accdnlinir t ■> Act of the I';ii-I:,',iiipi i r( Cariiul-, in Uic year ciir llniisuri'i nil (■ hmidi-fil, liy Tiik ('(.ii', {'i.Mii; 1'u.mia.\, I.imi i ki', Tniciiln. (diiiii-id, in ll-.i OHice of iliu Minister of Agriculture-. 228 til. ( iiiiafin, in il.i DECLENSION OP NOUNS. I.-FIRST •)ECLENSION. Latin nouns end in nominative in -a. Nouns in « « derived from Greek. ' * ^ *' '^^ ^""^ Gender Rule- Nnnno <,-, c r ■ ■ are masculine. ' '''' '''■'"'"'"^' ' ^'^"^^ *" •^«- -« Genitive ending regularly, -ae. Mens a. ¥.,atable. SiNfiULAR. Plural. Nom. mens & Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. mens ae mens ae mens am mens a mens a iTiens ae mens arum mens i8= mens as mens ae mens is Leonid as, M., Leonidas. Singular. Novi. L6onid as Gen. Leonid ae L6onTd ae Leonid am (-an) Leonid a Leonid a Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. Epitom e. F., an abridgment Singular''. Nom. 6plt6in d Gen. £pit(5m ea D<^t. fiprtom ae Ace, epftum en Voc. dpftoiTi e ' Abl. gpitom 6 Pers ea, M., a Persian. Singular. Nom. Pers es Gen. Pers ae Dat. I'ers ae Ace. Pers en Voc. Pers e (-6) Abl. Pers e (-a) iJie following nouns have usually -abus in the fi».!, j ., • asina, a she-ass. J'eeawuman , mula. a «he-mule ; equa, a mare ■ ^^^^he„ nouns Uerived fro. the Greek have a plural, it is regular like the plural of 2S59 '^SO FIRST LATIN BOOK. * DECLENSION, •um. Nouns in -os, -on are derived II.— SECOND Latin nouns end in -us, -er, -ir, from Greek. Gender Rule : Nouns in -us', er. -ir, -os are masculine ; those in -una, -on are neuter. Genitive ending, -i- Domtn us, M, a lord, master. Singular. Plural. Nom. domhi us domin i Gen. domtn i domin orum'' Dat. domin 6 domtn is Ace domtn um domtn 6s Voc. domtn e" domtn i Abl. domtn 6 domtn is Magister, M., a master., teacher. Singular. Plural. Nom. magister magistr i Gen. magistr i magistr drum Dat. magistr 6 magistr is Ace. magistr um magistr os Voc. magister magistr i Abl. magistr o magistr is Puer, ^!. , a boy. Singular. Plural. Nom. piier puer i Gen. pufir i puer drum Dat. puer 6 pu6r is Ace. piiSr um puer OS Voc. piier puer i Abl. puer 6 puer 13 Vir, M., <« man. Singular. Plural. Nom. vtr vir 1 Ge?t. vtr i vir orum Dat. vir 6 vtr is Ace. vtr um vir OS Voc. vtr viri Abl. vir 6 vtr is 'Excevtions to Gender (2nA Decl.).-The following are feminine: (1) Names of cities and islands: as, CeHnthus, Corinth; Dclos, Delos. (2) Names of trees: as, FSjfus, a beeeh-tree; plrus, « pear-tree. (3) Words that are feminine in Grecl?: as, MethOdus, method. (4) Alvus, belly; cOlus, distaff; hilnius, grnnnd ; vAunus, a wheat-fan ; carbasus, linen (\->\. carbfisa). The following are neuter: PClagus, nea; virus, poison; vulgus, the rabble (sometimes masculine). -'Nouns in -ins often contract the genitive singular -It into -1, and the vocative le into-i: as, Mercilrli, Mercm'i; Mercfirie, Mercfirl. ••'The following nouns have -um for -orum, in the genitive plural; Deus, a god; nummua, money; faber, a workman; vir, a man; s6a\MS, a companion, ally. Ileus, a god, is declined: Sing. Nom., duns; Gen., del; Dal., dfo; Ace, dcum ; Voc, dCus ; Abl., dOo. Plur. Nom., dOI, dli, Ai \ Gen., dCorum, d6um ; Dat., d«s, dlls, dis ; Aoc, dOos ; Voc, dCI, dll, dl ; Abl., dels, dlls, dis. DECLENSION OP NOUNS. ;he vocative le 231 Bell urn, N., war. Singular. No}n. bell um Gen. bell i Daf. bell 6 Ace. bell um Voc. bell um Abl. bell 6 Pi- URAL, bell a bell orum bell is bell a bell a bell is Del OS, F., Z)^/^j. Hion, N., Iliuvi or Troy. Singular 1. Norn. Del os, iis Gen. Del i /?«/. Del 6 Ace. Del on, um ^ "'•■'••s N., « dead body; iter uber, -oris. N,. an udder; ver' vJ ns v' ^.r^'"^' *"''^'-' -''^^' ^,, « .«w//," (2) -or: Arh-or, -Oris. F « tree J "'^' '■"''"■• "■•■'«• N- « '"■^■''• »««rWe; cor, cordis, N., ^/,e /(',„,.,' ' ""'■"' ^" ^''' *"''«.• "larni-or, .firis, N., (3) -68 : Comp-es, -edis V f«n^« . fya^kelf; q.u^ ii^l?^' ;.;;:^::%;?f'^'^- »-«''««''-; mer^-es, -ui.. tcg.es, .eti«, F., a covering; aes. aeris', Tcclner'"^ ' ^^^'"" -'^'''' *'•' " "'"i'- (4) -os: Cos, cotis, F., a whetstone; dos dOtirF ;, OS, oris, N., a ,„0M. C( DKCLENSION OF NOUNS. 233 M., a soldier. j^ Plural. milit es 3 milit um milit ibus m'llit es milit es milit ibus Opus, N., a work. Singular. Plural. am B e Nom. opus Gen. oper is Dat. oper i Ace. opus Voc. opiis ^<5/. oper e oper a oper um oper Ibus oper a oper a oper Ibus N., a flower. \R. Plural. flor es fl5r um flor ibus flor es flor es flor ibus IS i em RSg'^o, F., a district. Singular. Nom. rggio Gen. region is Dat. region i Ace. region em Voc. regio Abl. regTjn e Plural. region es region um region ibus region es region es region ibus tinge ; Nom. victor Gen. victor is 9,.iSri9,M.,as'>«8;crin-i8, mdie ; finis, -is, M. and F., gn-i8.-i9,M../re;Up-is, 8, -is,M., acfrde;pan-is M., ayo««.- Pulv-is, -C". :.,}ir«-6ro»id; uiigu-19, -IS, zy<^/. victor i , a worm. .^r^r. victor em cortex, .tcisM..Jarfco/ a ^^^ .n.;.nex..Ic.s.M..;lm..^^^^ victor e Victor, M., a conqueror. Singular. Plural. victor es victor um victor ibus victor es victor es victor ibus .nti9,M.,«oo«/i;fonB,font.>!, 9, bidenlis. M., a ma«ocA; Consul, M., a consul. Singular. ntis. M., a7i elephant; V'^s 1, of the 2nd), a «essei; i-^^IVom. consul ^l- su 6 sn es su um j su ibus Isu bus su ea su es f su ibus \ su bus Nix, F., snow. Singular. Plural. Nom. nix Gen. niv is Dat. niv i Aec. niv em Voc. nix niv es nTv ium mv ibus niv es niv es Adl. niv e niv ibus » The genitive and dative singular of vis are rare. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 237 A. or F., a lover, R. Plural. 3 am ant es is amant i^um i amant ibus em amant es s amant es h (i) amant ibus , strength. Plural. vir es vir ium vir ibus vir es vir es vir ibus F., snow. .u. Plural. niv es s niv ium em niv ibus niv es niv es niv ibus Senex, M ., an old man. Singular. Noin. s6nex Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. s6n Is sgn i s6n em senex sen 6 Plural. s6n es s6n um sSn ibus s6n es s6n es sen ibus lupiter, M., Jupiter. Singular, Norn. lupTter Gen. I6v is Dat. lov i Ace. I6v em Voc. lupiter Abl. I6v e Iter, N., a journey. Singular. Plural. No7n. iter ftingr & Gen. itingr Is Ttiner um Dat. itiner i itiner ibus Ace. iter itiner a Voe. iter Ttingr a Abl. itiner e itiner ibus Neocles, M., Neocles. Singular. Nom. Neocl es Gen. Neocl is (-i) Dat. Ngocli Ace. N6ocl em Voc. Neocl es Abl. Neocl e Greek Proper Names Themistocles, M., Themistocles. Singular. No7n. Thgmistocl es Gen. Themistocl is Dat. Themistocl i Ace. Themistocl em -en Voe. Themistocl es Abl. Themistocl e Nom Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. Salamis, F,, Salamis, Singular. Salam Is Salamfn is (-os) Salamin i Salamln a Salam is Salamin e IV.-FOURTH DECLENSION. Nominative endings, -as, -u. (lenitive ending, -us. Gender Rule : Nouns in -us are masculine^; those in -u are neuter. Singular. Nom. fmct us Gen. fruct us Dat. fruct lii Fructus, U., fruit. ^^■^^^^^' Singular. Plural. fruct T.S Ace. fruct um fructus fruct laum Voe. fructus fructus fruct ibus-' Abl. fruct u fruct ibus : « tribe . Mas (p,.), thfSonZ-n^^th ^Z^^^^^'i, P^-»^ «,/!"'•'- ; tribus. I iture (when of this declension). ' ^"""1"*''^"=' "'"' .''•«'< ".f ^I^nerva ; penus, ' «S/^SX^;::'-^i^r::li^'r ■" ^''^ "^ '- -«^ -^"'^^i- p"-! = Artus. laeus, a lake. ' ' " '"''^ ' '^'^' « «^'' • ««d »11 dissyllables in -cus ; ae, i- !-■ a H 238 Plus I LATIK BOOK. Domus, F., a house. Singular. Pi.ural. Novi. doin us Gen. dom us Dai. (I6m iii (-6) Ace, dom um Voc. dom us Abl. dom 6 (-U) dom us dom iium (-drum) dom ibus dom OS (-us) dom us dom ibus Cornu, N., a horn. Singular. Plural. Nom. corn u corn ii& Gen. corn us cori\ uum Dat. corn u corn ibus Ace. corn u corn xi& Voc. corn u corn \i& Abl. corn u corn ibus v.— FIFTH DECLENSION. Nominative ending, -es. Genitive ending, -ei. Gender Rule ; Nouns are feminine.^ Res, F., a thing. Singular. Plural. Dies, M. or F., a day. Singular. Plural. Nom. r es Gen. X ei Dat. X ei Ace. X em Voc. X es Abl. X e r es X erura r ebus r es r es r ebus Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. dt es dtei diel di em dl es di e dt es di erum dl ebus dl es dt ea dt ebus Respublica, F., the state. Singular. Nom. respubltc a Gen. relpublTc ae Dat. relpublic ae Ace. rempubltc am Voc. respubltc a Abl. republic a Plural. respubltc ae rerumpubltc arum rebuspubltc is respubltc as respubltc ae rebuspubltc is Oie plural nLc.: mOrldles. .ud-Aay, only used in the a.ngular. « ma«o. nu, N., « horn. LAR. Plural. 1 u corn ii& 1 ua corn iium 1 u corn ibus 1 u corn tifi. 1 li corn a garden. imp6dimentum (N.), a hindrance. littera (F. ), a letter of the alphabet. locus (M.), place ; pi., loca (N.)- ludus (M.), sport. natalis (M.). birthday. 6p6ra (F.), a task. 6pls(F.), yenitive, //^//. pars (F.), apart. pl&ga (F.), region. rostrum (N.), a beak, praiu of a vessel. sal (M. or N.), salt. tabella{F.), a tablet. Plural. carcSres, barriers of a race-course. castra, a camp. codlcilli, tablets. comitia, a political assembly, elec- tions. copiae, troops. fides, lyre. fines (M.), boundaries or terri- tories. fortunae, possessions, gratiae, thanks. horti, pleasure-grounds. impedimenta, baggage of an army. Iitt6rae, an epistle. loci (M.), passages in books. ludi, public games. natales, descent, ancestry. 6p§rae, day laborers. opes, wealth, resources. partes, a part in a ploy or a party in politics. pl&gae, snares. rostra, political platform or hustings. sales (M.), witticisms, wit. tabellae, documents. The following nouns are wanting in some of the cases : — (i) Norn., Dat., Voc. Sing. : — . opis, — , opem, — , ope, help; — , vicis, — , vicem, , vice, change. (2) Norn., Gen., Voc. Sing. : — , — . preci, precem, — , pr6ce, prayer. (3) Nom. and Voc. Sing. : — , dapis, dapi, dapem, — , dape, food; , frugis, frugi, frugem, — , fruge, /;-«?/■. (4) Gen., Dat., and Abl. Plural : Most nouns of the fifth declen- sion, except spds, hope., and res, a thing. So also far, corn; mel, honey; fel, bile; pus, matter of a wound; rus, the country; tus, incense. % ..,0 IRKEGIJLAU NOUNS. 241 ■s of a race-course. ill assembly, elec- xdaries or terri- in a ploy ox a il platform or cem, , pr6ce, ,pem, — , dape, (5) Genitive plural : many monosyllables : Nex. murder ■ pax peace; p,x //A/,, cor. /u-artj cos. ., u>/^clslo„c; ros. ./.^ sal.' salts sol, t/ie suns lux, l/^/u. HETEROCLITIC NOUNS. Some nouns have two or more forms of declension. Thus • C61U8 {V)a distal, and many names of plants and trees are of he second ; but they may have those forms that end in -us of the fourth decl. also. laererum (N.) «« acre, is of the second declension in the singu- lar, but of the third in the plural. Vas (N.), « .W(Gen., vaais), is of the third declension in the smgular and of the second in the plural. Festivals in -alia (as Bacchanalia) are neuter plurals of the third declension, but have the genitive plural in -orum. not in ium. Anciie (N.) a shield, is of the third (like mare, the sea) ; but the genitive plural is orum. instead of -lum. ; Requles (F.), Gen. rgquietis. rest, is of the third, but has rfiqiUem and requie of the fifth. Fames (F.), Gen. famis. is regularly of the third, but has fame of the fifth, not famd of the third. For domus (P.), a house, see p. 238. Many words have two forms, one belonging to one declension and another to another. Thus : « *> c ucciension Luxuria (F.), luxury; materia (P.), „>atter, timber; saevitia (P.), cruelty, are of the first; while luxuries (F) materiesTF T saevltles (P ), are of the fifth. So also, evenU. (^1 H . '^^: and conatum(N.), are of the second. formTn "'. ^^i' ■^'"- "^°^°*^"«' ^""' of old age has the poetical lasthenoe'T'^' " """"'^'"^ ^^-^' ^^"- P-P-tatis. poverty i.as the poetical pauperies (P.), Gen. -ei. 242 FIRST LATIN BOOK. HETEKOGENEOUS NOUNS. Sorno nouns have two different Kcnclcrs in tlie singular. Thus : The following have one form in -us. masculine, and one form in -um, neuter : BaltSue. or -um, f belt ; lugillua, -um. the throat; cllp6u8, -um, a shield; collus. um, neck; baciilus, -um, a siajj ; cubitus, -um, elbow. The following have a different gender in the singular and plural respectively : Balneum (N. sing.), balneae (F. pi.), bath; caehim (N. sing.), caeli (M. pi.), heavens; carbftsus (^^ sing.), carbasa (N. pi.), sail; delicium(N. sing.), deliciae (F. pi.), d:light ; rastrum (N. sing.), rastrl (M. pi.), harrows; epiilum (N. sing.), epaiae (F. pi.), banquet; frenum (N. sing.), bit, freni (M.) or frena(N.); locus (M. sing.), l6ca(N. pi.), places; locus (M. sing.), >i7y iocl (M. pi.), or idea (N. p).). VII. -ADJECTIVES. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. Bonus, good. Singular. Masc. Fern. Netit. Nam. b6n \is b6n a b6n um Gen. bon i bon ae bon i Dat. b6n 6 bon ae b6n6 Ace. bon um bon am b6n um Voc. bon 6 bon a bon um Abl. bon 6 bon a Plural. bon 6 Nom, boni bfin ae bfina Gen. bon drum bon arum bon orum D. \ bon is bon is bon is Ace. bon OS bon as bon a Voc. bon i Abl. bon is bon ae bon is bon a bon is i «a ADJECTIVES. :'43 :ular. Thus : and one form .m, the throat i \, -urn, a stajj i ular and plural um (N. sing.), rbasa (N. pi.), ,• rastrum (N. epaiae (F. pi.), (N.); locus (M. ,• i6ci(M. pi.), ONS. ^etit. n um •n i in 6 in um »n um in 6 Norn. Gen. Dili. Ace. Foe. Ai?l. Mase. aegcr aegr I aegr 6 aegr um aeger aegr 6 Nom. aegr 1 Gen. aegr orum Dat. aegr is Ace. aegr os Voc. aegr i Abl. aegr Is Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. Mase. tfiner t6nSr i tfinfir 6 t6n6r um tgner tSnfir 6 Aeger, sick. Singular. Fern. aegr & aegr ae aegr ae aegr am aegr a, aegr a Plural. aegr ae aegr arum aegr is aegr as aegr ae aegr is Tener, tender. Singular. Fern. tgngr & tdngr ae tSndr ae t6n6r am t6n6r a tfingr a Neat, ae^T um aegr i aegr 6 aegr um aegr um aegr 6 aegr & aegr drum aegr is aegr a aegr a aegr Is Neut. tfiner um tCner i tSngr 6 tfingr um t6n6r um tdnfir 6 5n a 5n orum 3n is on a on a an is Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. tgngr I t^ngr orum tSn&r is tSn6r OS ten^r i tgnei is Plural. t€ngr ae tfiner arum tSngr is tfiner as t^ner ae tSngr is tfingr a tfiner orum tener is tSner a t6ner a tfiner is 244 FIRST LATIN BOOK. IRREGULAR' ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. Unus, one. i Singular. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. un lis un a un um Gen. Cm ius un ius iin ius Dat. On i un i un i Ace. un \im un am un um Voc. — — — Abl. un 6 un a Uter, which of two f Singular. un 6 Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. uter utr a utr um Gen. utr ius utr ius utr ius Dat. utr i utr i utr i Ace. utr um utr am utr um Voc. — — — Abl. utr 6 utr a utr 6 Masc. Alius, other Singular. Fcm. Neut. ;J Mas Nom. Gen. Nom. air us air a air ud fl Dat. Gen. all us all us all us fl Ace. Dat. all i alii alii fl Voc. Ace. all um air am air ud S Abl. Voc. — Abl. an 6 air a alio fl •Alio ings in 'Nine adjectives are irregular ; Alius, -a, -ud, another; nuUus, -a, -um, no one ; solus, alone; totus, tvhole ; ullus, any; unus, one; alter, Ora, -eruni, the other; uier, utra, utrum, which (of two) ; neuter, tra, trum, neither. The genitive of alter is alterlus ; otherwise it is declined like uter. In each the plural is regular. ADJECTIVES. 246 , -um, »10 one ; solus, (' other; uter, utra, of alter is alterlus ; A ADJECTIVES OF THIRD DECLENSION, (i) Of three terminations :— Acer, sharp. Singular. Mase. Fein. Neut. Norn . acer acr Is acr 6 Gen. acr is acr Is acr is Dat. acr i acr i acr i Ace. acr em acr em acr 6 Voc. acer acr is acr g Abl. acr i' acr i Plural. acr i Nom. acr §8 acr es acr la Gen. acr lum acr lum acr iima Dat. rlcr ibu3 acr Ibus acr ibus Ace. acr es acr es acr ia Voc. acr es acr es acr la Abl. acr ibus acr Ibus acr Ibus (2) Of two terminations :— Singular. Mase. and Fein. Neut. Nom. mit is Gen. mit is Dat. mit i Ace. mit em Voc. mit is Abl. mit i mit e mit Is mit i mit e mit 6 mit i' Mitis, mild. Plural. Mase. and Fern. Nom. mit es Gen. mit lum Dat. Ace. Voc. mit ibus mit es mit es Abl. mit ibus Neut. mit la mit lum mit ibus mit ia mit la mit ibus ju... mu con.„aratives and Z.^:7^Z^ ^^t^J^'^l t ! ^^" .^' '" Com,«rativeshavenon,. pi. neuter in -a jren nl ^ „r AHt \ T^' '" "' °'' ^' e F in mm. i-ius is the only comparative irregular in declension. 246 FIRST LATIN BOOK. Singular. Masc. and Fein. Nom. mltlor Gen. mitior is Dat. milior i Ace. mitior em Voc. mitior Abl. mitior 6 (-!> Netit. mitius mitior Is mitior i mitius mitius mitior Mitior, milder. Plural. Masc. and Fern. Nom. mitior es Gen. mitior um Dat. mitior ibus Ace. mitior es Voc. mitior es Abl. mitidr ibus (-1) Plus, more Singular. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. — Gen. — Dat. — Ace. — Voc. - Abl. plus plur is plus — plur e (3) Adjectives of one termination :— Audax, bold. Plural, Masc. and Fern. Nom. plur es Gen. plur ium Dat. plur ibus Ace. plur es Voc. plur es Abl. plur ibus Neut. mitior a mitior um mitior ibus mitior & mitior a mitior ibus Neut. pliir fi. plQr ium plur ibus plur a plur a plijr ibus Singular. Masc. and Fern. Nom. audax Gen. audac is Dat. audac i Ace. audac em Voc. audax Abl. audac i (-e) Neut. audax audac is audac i audax audax audac i (e) Plural. Masc. and Fein. Nom. audac es Gen. audac ium Dat. audac ibus Ace. audac es Voc. audac es Abl. audac ibus Felix, bold. Singular. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. felix felix G^^.'felicis felicis Dat. felic i fellc i Ace. fellc em felix Voc. felix felix Abl. fellc i(-6) felic i (-6) Plural. Masc. and Fern. Nom. felic es Gen. felic ium Dat. felic Ibus Ace. felic es Voc. felic es Abl. fellc ibus Neut. audac ia audac ium audac ibus audac ia audac ia audac ibus Neut. fellc ia felic ium fellc ibus felTc ia felic ia felic ibus NUMERALS. 247 Neut mitior a mitior um mitior ibus mitior a mitior a mitior ibus Neut. pliir a plur ium plur ibus plur a plur a plur ibus RAL. u IS IS tRAI. 7«. Neut. audac ia audac ium audac ibus audac ia audac ia audac ibus Neut. felic ia felic ium felic ibus felic ia felic ia felic ibus Singular Masc. and Fern. Norn. v6tus Gefi. v6ter Is Dat. vet6r i Ace. v6ter em l^oc. vet us Abl. veter i (-e) Vetus, old. Neut. v6tus vSter is veter i vetus vet lis v6ter i (-6) Plural, Masc. and Fern. Norn, veter es Gen. veter um Dat. vgter ibus Ace. veter es Voc. veter es Abl. veter ibus Neut. veter a veter um v6t6r ibus vgtgr a vet6r a veter ibus Singular, Masc. and Fern. Norn, oriens Gen. orient is Dat. orient i Ace. orient em Voc. oriens Abl. orient e (-i) Oriens, rising. Plural. Neut. Masc. and Fern. oriens Norn, orient es orient is Gen. orient ium orient! Dat. orient ibus oriens Ace. orient es oriens Voc. orient es 6rient6(-i) Abl. orient ibus Neut. orient ia orient Ium orient ibus orient la orient ia orient ibus VIII.-NUMERALS. For the declension of unus, see p. 244. Duo, two. Fern. dii ae du arum dii abus Masc. Nom. duo Gen. du orum Dat. dii obus Ace. duos (duo) du as Voc. duo dil ae Abl. du obus du abus Neut. diio du orum du oburf diio duo du obus Tres, three. ■ Masc. and Fern. Neut Nom. tres Gen. tr ium Dat. tr ibus Ace. tres Voc. tres Abl. tr Ibus tr la tr ium tr ibus tr ia tr ia tr ibus Mille, a thousand. or min; ";^"'"' !f ^^'■"'^'^''^•- ^n P'ural : Nom. and Ace. Millia mihbus ' """ "'^''""^ ' ^^'- ^"'^ ^*^- "^'"^^"^ «•• 248 FIRST LATIN BOOK. IX.-PRONOUNS. (i) PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. Ego, /. Tu, thou, you (sing.). Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. Novi. ego n5s Nam. tu vos Gen. m6i nostrum, nostrl Gen. tiii vest rum, vestri DaL mihi 1 nobis Dat. tibi vobis Ace. me nos Ace. te vos Voc. — — Voc. tu vos Abl me nobis Abl. te vobis Sui, of himself. Singular. Plural. Nom. Wanting Wanting Gen. sui sui Dat. sibi sibi Ace. se se Voc. Wanting Wanting Abl. se se (ii) DEMONSTRATIVE AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Hie, this (near the speaker). Singular. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. hic haec hoc Gen. huius huius huius Dat. huic , huic huic Ace. hunc hanc hoc Abl. hoc hac Plural. hoc Notn. hi hae haec Geti. horuni harum horum Dat. his his his Ace. hos has haec Abl. his his his DNOUNS. vou (sing.). Plural, vos ifestrum, vestri I'obis I'OS /OS /obis PKONOUNS Iste, t/iat (near you). Singular. MdSc . Fern. Ncut. Norn, iste Gen. istius ista istud istius istius Dtif. isti istI istI >?tr. istuin istain istud Abl. isto ista • isto 249 NfltH. isti Gen. istoruin Dat. istis Ace. istos Abl. istIs I'l.IJRAI.. istae istaruni istis istas istis ista istoium istis ista istis PRONOUNS. Neut. hoc huius bulc hoc hoc haec horum his liaec his Masc. Norn, illg Gen. illius Dat. ill! Aee. ilium Abl. illo Norn, ill! Gen. illorum Dat. illis Ace. illos Abl. illis I lie, //W (near him, her, it). Singular. Fein. ilia illfus illl illam ilia I'LURAI,. iliac illarum illTs Neut. illud illius illl illud illo ilia illorum ill is ill as nils ilia illis 250 FIRST LATIN BOOK. 1 s, he, this, that. Singular. Masc. Fern. Neut. Norn, is S& Id Gen. eius eius eius Dat 61 «I ei Ace. 6um 6am id Abl 66 6a I'l.URAI.. 65 Norn, 6i (li) 6ae 6^ Gen. 6orum 6arum 66rum Dat. 6ls(iis) 6is (lis) 6is (lis) .^£-£'. 66s 6as 6a Abl 6is(IIs) 6ls (lis) Idem, the same. .Singular. eis (ns) i]/d!.yf. Fern. Neut. ;V<7W?. Idem eadem Idem Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem Dat. 6ldem 6idem eidem ^iT^:. eundem eandem idem Abl. 66dem eadem Plural. eodem .. f6idem Uidem eaedem eadem • Gen. eorundem earundem eorundem _ , (eisdem Uisdem eisdem llisdem /eisdem llisdem Ace. 6osdem easdem eadem ... f eisdem uisdem /eisdem llisdem /eisdem lilsdem PRONOUNS. Ipse, self, himself. Singular. Masc. Fern, Neui. Nom u ipsg ipsa ipsum Gen. ipsius ipsuis ipsius Dai. ipsi ipsi ipsi Ace. ipsum ipsam ipsum Ahl. ipso ipsa Plural. ipso Nom. ipsi ipsae ipsa Gen. ipsdrum ipsaruni ipsorum Dat. ipsfs ipsis ipsis Ace. ipsos ipsas ipsa Abl. ipsis ipsis ipsis (iii) RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Qui, who. Singular. Masc. Fem. Nctit. Nom. qui quae quod Gen. cuius cuius cuius Dal. CUl cui cui Ace. quern quam quod AbL quo qua Plural. 1 quo Nom. Gen. qui quorum quae quarum quae quorum Dat. quibus quibus quibus Ace. quos quas quae Abl. quibus quibus 1 251 252 HUST LATIN BOOK. (iv) INTERROGATIVE ] i'RONOUNS. Quis, ivho ? Singular. Masc. Fern. Neut. Norn. quis quae quid Gen, cuius cuius cuius Dat. cul cul cul Ace. quern quam quid Abl. quo qua ruuRAi.. quo Norn. qui quae quae Gen. ciuoruin quarum quorum Dat. quibus quTbus quibus Ace. tiuos quas quae Abl. (.[Uilius quibus quibus Principal Parts X. -REGULAR VERBS. fi. Conjugation: anio, amare, amavi, amatum. „ moneo, monere, monui, nionitum. rego, regere, rexi, rectum, audio, audirg, audivl, auditum. 3. V4- ACTIVE VOICE— INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. am 2. am 3- am 1. am 2. am 3- am o as amua atis ant TRESENT. Singular. mon eo mon es mon 6t r6go reg.is reg it Plural. mon emus mon etia mon ent rSg Imus reg ttis reg unt aud io aud is aud it aud imus aud itis aud iunt '•b NS. Neut. quid cuius cul quid quo quae quorum quibus quae quibus 1. am abam 2. am abas 3. am abat 1. am abamus 2. am abatis 3. am abant I. am abo »2- am abis 13. am abit REGULAR VKKBS. IMPEKFI'XT. Singular. mon ebam reg ebam mon ebas reg ebas inon ebat r6g ebat 253 Pl.UKAI.. mon ebam us mon ebatis mon ebant FUTURE. Singular. audi ebam audi ebas audi ebat rgg ebam us audi ebamus leg ebatis audi ebatis reg ebant audi ebrnt mon ebo mon ebis mon ebit reg am reg es rgg et audi am audi es audi et mavi, amatum. lonui, monitum. exi, rectum, udlvl, auditum. MOOD. Plural. aud io aud is aud it aud imus aud itis aud iunt |l. am abimus am abitis '3. am abunt %. 3mav i %. amav isti 3. amfiv it mon ebimus mon ebitis mon ebunt reg etis leg ent PERFECT. Singular. monu i monu isti monii it rex i rex isti rex it Plural. audi emus audi etis audi ent audiv i audiv isti audiv it i. fuTiav imus monu imus rex imus audiv imus #. amav istis i. /amav Grunt tiimav ere monii istis rex istis audiv istis 1 monu erunt Imonu eie /rex erunt /audiv erunt trex ere V audiv ere 254 FIRST LATIN BOOK, PLUPERP^ECT. Singular. 1. 5mav §ram 2. ftmav 6ra3 3. amav 6rat nionii 6ram mo nil 6ra8 monu 6rat rex 6ram rex Sras rex 6rat aaJlv 6ram audiv 6ra8 aucllv 6rat Plural. I. itniav 6ramu8 monii 6ramu8 rex Sramus audiv 6ramu8 v1 .1 2. amav 6ratl8 m5nu 6rati8 rex 6rati8 audiv 6rati8 3. imav 6rant munCi 6rant rex 6rant FUTURE PERFECT. SiNGl.l.AK. audiv 6rant 1 I. Smav 6ro monu 6ro rex 6ro audiv 6ro 2. amav 6ri8 nionii eris rex 6ria audiv eria 1 3. amav 6rit monu 6rit rex 6rit audiv 6rit 1 1. amav erimua 2. amav Sritia 3. amav 6rint Plural. monii erimus rex Srimua monii 6rTti8 rex eritis monu erint rex §rint audiv 6rimu8 audiv Sritia audiv 6rint 1. am em 2. am 68 3. am 6t F, am emu8 2. am etia 3. am ent SUBJUNCTIVE MOOU. PRESENT. Singular. mon earn reg am mon eaa reg aa mon 6fi,t reg at Plural. mon 6amu8 r6g amua mon eatis reg atia mon eant rgg ant audi am audi aa audi at audi amus audi atia audi ant REGULAK VERBS. 256 autliv 6ram audiv 6ra8 aiidiv 6rat I. Am &rem 2 am ares 3. Am arSt IMPERFECT Singular. m6n erem m6n erea m6n er6t r&i; 6rem r2g erea rfig 6r6t aud irem and irSa a lid irdt audlv 6ramu8 aiidiv 6rati8 audiv drant 1. am ar§mu8 2. am aretla 3. am ftrent Pl.I'RAI,. luon eremus in on eretis mon erent rCg Eremus rgg firetis r^g 6rent aud iremus aud iretla aud Irent audiv 6ro audiv eris audiv erit 1. Smav 6rim 2. amav 6ri8 3. amav 6rit PERFECT. SlNGtTLAR. monu 6rim rex 6rlm monii 6rts rex eria m6nu 6rit rex 6rit audiv 6rlm audiv 6ria audiv 6rlt audiv 6rimu8 audiv 6riti8 audiv Srint 1 . amav Primus 2. amav Sritla 3. amav 6rint PU'RAI., monu 6rlmu8 monu 6riti8 monii 6rint rex 6rlmufl rex eritla rex 6rint audiv 6rtmua audiv Sritia audiv 6rint audi am audi as audi at 1. Smav issem 2. amav iases 3. amav iaaet PLUPERFECT. Singular. monii iasem monu iasea monii iaaet rex issem rex iases rex iaaet audiv iaaem audiv isses audiv iaaet audi amus audi atia audi ant Plural. 1. amav iaaemus monu isaemua rex Issemua 2. amav issetis monu iaaetia rex iaaetis 3- amav issent monu iaaent rex isaent audiv iaaemus audiv iaaetis audiv iaaent 25G 2. dm a 2. ilm ale FIHST LATIN noOK. IMI'EKATIVK MOOD. TRKSKNT. SlNCU'l.AU. IM.t'KAI,. nion ete reg ite FUTUki:. SlNGI'l.AK. and I and ite 2. ;1 .m ato, you shall lo7>e. mun eto rgg Ito aud Ito 3- a m ato. //(' shall love. mon eto Pl.CKAI.. r6g ito and ito 2. am atote, you shall lore. mon etote r^g itote aud itote 3. am anto, they shall loi'e. mon ento r6g unto aud lunto INFINITIVE iMOOI). Pres. PerJ. Fut. ama re amav isse ama turus esse mone re munu isse monf turus esse rej^e re rex Isse rec turus esse audi re audiv isse audi turus esse participlp:s. Pres. Fut. ama ns ama turus, -a, -um mone ns inoni turus, •a. um SUPINE. reg ens 1 ee turus, a, -um audi ens audi turus -a, -um ama turn moni turn GERUND. rec turn audi turn Geu. Dat. Ace. Abl. ama ndi ama ndo ama ndum ama ndo mone ndi mone ndo mone ndum mone ndo reg endi reg endo reu- eiidnrn reg endo audi endi audi endo audi endum audi endo « iS fiaiaaw atBWEi HCT i \ vm l u». wmn I HEGULAK VKRIW. 207 and i and ite and ito and ito and itote and lunto aiidf re aiidiv isse audi turns 98se audi ens audi tiirus -a, -um audi turn audi endi audT endo iiidf endura ^udi endo 1 . 3mo r , j a 111 a rls iama re 3. aina tur passive: voice-indicativk mood, I'kESKNT. Singular. nionfi or j-f.r or fregO ria Iri^gd re rCgr tur 1 . ama mur 2. ania mini 3- ania ntur I. 3ma bar /Ama baris iSma bare 3. ania batur 1. ama bamur 2. ama bamini 3. ama bantur I ■ ama bor b6ri8 bere 3 ama bitur fama lama 1. ama bJmur 2. ama bimini 3. ama buntur rmone ris tmune re mone tur I'l.t'KAI.. mone mur rCgf mur rfgi mini regu ntur mono mini mone ntur IMPERFECT. Singular. mfine bar I mone baris imone bare mone batur rege rrgge ' rgge rege bar baria bare batur I'l IKAi.. mone bamur rege bamur mone bamini rege bamini mone bantur iggC- bantur FUTURE. Singular. mone bor /mone bSris Imone b^re mone bitur rgga r frege ris irege re lege tur Plural. mone bimur rgge mur rege mini 1 eire ntur mone bimini mone buntur audi or faudi ria vaudi re audi tur audi mur audi mini audi untur audi ebar /audi ebaris ^audi ebare audi ebatur audi ebamur audi ebamini audi ebantur audfa r faudie rls U'ludie re audie tur audie mur audie mini audie ntur 258 I. 2. 3- I. ama tus sum ama tus 6s ama tus est ama ti siimus ama ti estis ama ti sunt I. 2. 3- I. 2. 3- ama tus dram ama tus eras ama tus erat ama ti Sramus ama ti Gratis ama ti 6rant I. 2. 3- I. 2. 3- ama tus Sro ama tus eris ama tus erit ama ti erimus ama ti eritis ama ti 6runt I. am er , fam ertB 1 - 'am ere 3. am etur FIRST LATIN BOOK. PERFECT. Singular. moni tus sum rec tus sum nioni tus 68 rec tus es moni tus est rec tus est Plural. moni ti siimus rec ti siimus moni ti estis lec ti estis moni ti sunt rec ti sunt PLUPERFECT. Singular. moni tus 6ram rec tus eram moni tus eras rec tus 6ras moni tus erat rec tus erat Plural. moni ti 6ramus rec ti eramus moni ti eratis rec ti eratis moni ti erant rec ti 6rant . FUTURE-PERFECT. Singular. moni tus 6ro rec tus 6ro moiii tus 6ri3 rec tus 6ris moni tus 6rit rec tus 6rit Plural. moni ti erimus rec ti 6rimu8 moni ti eritis rec ti eritis moni ti 6runt rec ti erunt SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. monC ar reg ar /monS aria f reg aris uiiune are '■''t^'g are mSnSatur leg atur audi tus sum audi tus 6s audi tus est audi ti sximus audi ti estis audi ti sunt audi tus 6ram audi tus 6ras audi tus erat audi ti eramus audi ti eratis audi ti 6rant audi tus 6ro audi tus eris audi tus 6rit audi ti 6rimus audi ti 6ritis audi ti 6runt audi ar /audi aria I audi are audi atur -i.!*^aB!3S?af*miA^i^M^. REGULAR VERBS. 259 dl tus sum di tus 6b dl tus est ii ti samus di ti estis if ti sunt ii tus gram Ir tus eras ii tus erat li ti eramus f ti eratis 1 ti drant i tus 6ro [ tus eris i tus drit ti grimus ti 6ritis ti 6runt ar ariB i.re itur 1. am emur 2. am emini 3. am entur I. ama rer mone 2, /ama reris fmone lama rere imone 3- ama retur mone I. ama remur mone 2. ama remini mone 3- ama rentur m6ne I. ama tus sim ama tus sis ama tus sit ama ti simus ama ti sitis ama ti sint Plural. mong amur reg amur mone amim" reg amini mone antur reg antur IMPERFECT. Singular, rer rege rer reris f rege reris rere irege rere retur rege retur Plural. remur regg remur remini rege romini rentur reg 6 rentur PERFECT. Singular. mont tus Sim rec tus sim mont tus sis rec tus sis moni tus sit rec tus sit Plural. moni ti simus rec ti simus monr tl sitis rec ti sitis moni ti sint rec ti sint audi amur audi amini audi antur audi rer /audi reris laudi rere audi retur audi remur audi remini audi rentur audi tus sim audi tus sis audi tus sit audi ti simus audi ti sitis audi ti sint 1 . ama 2. ama 3 ama 1 . iimri 2. ama 3- ama PLUPERFECT. Singular, tus essem moni tus essem rec tus essem audi tus essem tus esses moni tus esses rec tus esses audi tus esses tusesset moni tus esset rec tus esset audi tus esset Plural, ti essemus moni ti essemus rec ti eseemusaudl ti essemus tiessetls moni ti essetls rec ti essetis audi ti essetis tiessent moni ti essent rec ti assent audi ti essent 260 VIHHT LATIN HOOK. 2. am are 2. am amini IMPEKATFVR MOOD. rRl<;sKNT. SiNCUI.AR. mon ere rc'^ 6r6 I'l.UKAI., mon emini rv^ Imini I'UTUKI<:. SiNC'.UI.AK. mon etor reg itor 2. am ator, jw/ shall In- lovnl. 3- «^ni ator, nion etor he shall Oc hwed. IM.URAI,. mon entor \^^ untor reg itor 3. Am an tor, they shall be loveil. INFINITIVE MOOD, mon eri r£>y i Pres. ;\m an" >"<•;-/; ama tus esse moni tus esse rec tus esse /'///. ama turn iri moni turn iri roc turn iri rARTICII'LES. monT tus rcc tus mon endus reg endus SUPINE, moni tu rec tu Perf. lima tus /«/. am andus .111(1 ire and imini and itor and itor and iuntor audi ri audi tus esse audi turn iri audi tus audi endus ama tu audi tu XI.~IRREGULAR VERBS. Sum, / am. Possum, / am able, I can. Prosum, / help, I benefit. /'sum, fui, esse. Principal pari sl\^ii^i>Mrxi, potiii, posse. ll .prosum, profui, prodesse. miM IRREGULAR VKRRS. 266 rodesto 'odesto odestote osunto sse sse urus esse Perfect. nieminisse Fiiiure. Wanting. INFINITIVE MOOD. (Id i sse osiiius esse coepisse cocptilnis esse Perf. 1 Pass. / Fui. t Act. J Wanting. Wanting. PARTICIPLKS. coeptiis osiis coeptaius osurus novisse Wanting. notus Wanting. Irregular Verbs— v6lo, nolo, malo. polo, vellc, volui, I -wilt, 1 7uis/i, I am 7vi/ling. Principal Pnrts\no\o, nolle, nohu, I a „i unwilling. '-male, nialle, nifilui, I prefer. — indicativp: mood. Iriis, -a, -urn PRESENT. Singular. • I. 2. 3- volo vis vult nolo non vis non vult PU'RAL. malo mavis mavult novf I. 2. 3- voliimus vultis volunt noliimus non vultis nolunt malumus mavultis malunt noveiam novgro IMPERFECT. Singular. noverim novissem I. 2. 3- volebam volebas volebat nolebam nolebas nolebat Plural. malebam malebas malebat Wanting. I. 2. 3- volebamus volebatis volebant nolebamus nolebatis nolebant malebamus malebatis malebant 266 FIHST LATIN UOOK. FUTURF Singular. 1. volam 2. voles 3- volet nolam noles nolet Plural. malam inaiOs malet 1. volemus 2. voletis 3- volent nolemus noletis nolent PERFECT. malemus inalC'cis inalent 1. vol ill 2. voluisti 3- voluit Singular. noliii noluisti noICiit Plural. malul maluistr nialuit 1. volufmus 2. voluistis fvoluerunt I voliiere noluimus noluistis fnolCierunt Inolueie PLUPERFECT. Singular. maluimus maluistis /maluerunt Imaluere 1. volueram 2. volueras 3. voliigrat nolueram nolueras nolufirat Plural. maliigram malugras maliigrat 1. volugramus 2. volugratis 3. volugrant nolugramus noliieratis noluerant FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. maliigramus nijilueratis malugrant 1. v61uSro 2. volueris 3. volugrit noluSrn nolueris nolugrit maliigro maliigris malugrit IHUKCJULAR VKRBa. 267 Pi. URAL. I. vfilugrTmus nolueiimi.is malugrlmus 2. voIucMitis noiucritis maliierltis 3. volufirint noliieiiiit SUMJUNCTIVE MOOD. pkesp:nt. malugrint Singular. I . v§lim nolim malim 2. v61is noils malls 3. velit nolit Plural. malit I. vgllinus nolfmus malTmus 2. ATelitis nolrtis malTtis 3. vglint nolint IMPERFECT. Singular. nialint I. veil em nollem mallem 2. velles nolles malles 3. vellet nollet Plurai-. mallet I. vellemus nollenius mallemus 2. velletis noUetis mallet is 3. vellent nollent PERFECT. Singular. mallent I. volugrim nolflgrim maluerim ?. volueris noliieris malueris 3- volugrit nolueiit Plural. malugrit I. vSlugrlmus noluSiTmus malu^rimus 2. volugritis noliieritis malvieritis 3. voluerint nolugrint maliierint !;i- 268 FIRST LATIN BOOK. 1. v6luissem 2. voluisses 3. voluisset I. voluissemus 2 volfiissetis 3. vdluissent 2. None. 2. None. Present, velle Perfect, voluisse rLUI'KRFECT. SlNr.lM.AR. ndluissem noluisscs noliiisset Pl.URAI,. noluissemus noliiissctis noliiisscnt IMPERATIVE MOOD. presp:nt. '' Singular. noil Plural. nolite INFINITIVE MOOD. nolle noluisse maluisseni inaluisses nialiiisset maluisscmus nialuissetis uialiiissent None. None. nialle maluisse PARTICIPLES. Present, volens (used as an nolens (used as an None adj. = willing.) adj. =■ unwilling.) Fero, I carry. Principal Parts-Y-^ro, i^n^, tull, latum. PRESENT. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. INDIC. SUBJ. INDIC. SUBJ. Singular. fSram fgror fgrar fCras (^^''"^ /feraris , , , , '■^erre Ifgrare 3- ^«" f^rat fertur f6,atur 1. fgro 2. fers h-«MHa lUHEOULAR VKuns. 209 Plural. H I. fSrTmus ftramus fCrlmur fSramur " H lalClissem I 2. fertis feratis fcrTmini feramlnl . ^1 lalfiisses ^ 3. ferunt ftrant fCruntur ffirantur laluisset 1 IMPEFP^ECT. « ^^^^1 I ACTIVE. PASSIVE. aluissemus ■ Indic. SURJ. Indic. SUBJ, ^^^^1 aluis.setis 1 Sit\^ular. ■| aluissent I. ftrebam ferrem fgrebar ferrer H 2. fcrebas ferres fferebaris /ferrcris ' ferrero H ' ff rebare ^^1 3. ffircbat ferret fgrebatur Plural. ferretur • I None. 9 I. fgrebamus ferrem us ferebamur ferrem ur •'fl 2. fCrebatis ferret is ffirebaminf ferremlni j ii^^^l None. 3. f^rebant ferrent fgrebantur PERFECT. ferrcntur i'l ACTIVE. passive:. ^1 ille Indic. Suiy. Indic. SUBJ. ''^1 ilCiisse .Sin^^ular. H I. tiili tulgrim latus sum latus sim ' ID None, i ■■) i 2. tulisti tuleris latus es latus sis ^^1^1 3- tulit tulerit latus est latus sit ^ H ' ?v^ T Plural. ' n I. tullmus tulgrtmus latr siimus latl simus n urn. 2. tulistis /tulerunt ' Uulere tiileritis latr estis lati sitis « tiilerint lati sunt latl sint fll PLUPERFECT. I ■. !-, .lii^^^l^l SUBJ. ACTIVE. passive. 1:' '^^"»^^^^1 '.<- '^^^^^^^^1 Indic. SUBJ. Indic. SUBJ. rar Singular. 11 \, I^^H raris 1. tulgram 2. tulgras tulissem tulisses latus gram latus eras latus essem ■ latus esses 1 mi^B rare ^^^H ratur 3. tulgrat tiilisset latus erat latus esset M ^^^1 270 FlHSr LATIN HOOK. Plural. I, . tiilCraimis tuIissC'imis latl eramus latl essemus 2, . tCileratis tillissotis latl (Gratis latl essetis 3- tuierant tulisscnt lati L'lant FUTURE. latl essent ACTIVE. I'A.SSIVE. INDIC. SUHJ. INDIC. Singular. SUBJ. I. fCram None. ferar None. 2, ft5res - feicris fCrere 3- feret i ferC'tur Plural. I. fSremus None. f^ieimir None. 2. ftietis fSrCMiiirif 3- fSrent fCrentiir futurp: perfect. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. iNDir, SUKJ. In Die. Singular. SUBJ. I. tulero None. latus 6ro None. 2. tuleris latiis erjs 3- tulerit latus erit Plural. I. tulerimus L^'one. latl erimus None. 2. tulfiritis lati eritis 3- tulerint latl ^runt IMPERATIVE. PRESENT. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. Singular. 2. fer Plural. ferre 2. feite ferimlni -.t«iafei«n n i iM a»). tmnAlt^tfiitr, lUItEOl'LAIl VKRUa. 271 FUTURE. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. Singular. 2, fcrto, you shall carry. fertor 3- ferto, he shall carry. Plural. fertor 2. fertote, ye shall carry. Wanting. 3- ferunto, they shall carry. INFINITIVE. fcruntur ACTIVE. PASSIVE. Present . fcrre ferri Perfect. tulisse latiis esse Future. laturus, a, um, esse PARTICIPLES. latum hi Present. ferens Wanting. Perfect. Wantinsf. latus, -a, -um Future. latfii , a, -um ftrendus, -a, -um SUPINE. Active, latum. Passive, latfi. Fio, I become. Principal Parts — Fio, fteri, factus sum. PRESE. ^T. PERPi ECT. In Die. SUBJ. INDIC. Singular. SUBJ. I. fio flam factus sum factus sim 2. fis fias factus es factus sis 3- fit fiat factus est Plural. factus sit I. ftmus fiamus facti sumus facti sTmus 2, fitis fiatis facti cstis facti sitis 3. fiunt flant facti sunt facti sint 272 FIRST LATIN BOOK. IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT. Indic. SUBJ. 1. flebam 2. fiebas 3- flebat ffSrem fieres ffgiet 1. flebanius 2. flebatis 3- flebant fISremus fieretis figrent FUTURE • 1. flam 2. fies 3- flet None. 1. flemus 2. ffetis 3- fient Sini:[iilar. Indic. factus gram factus eras factus 6rat Plural. facti eiamus facti eiatis facti erant StJBJ. factus essem factus esses factus esset facti essemus facti essetis facti essent FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. factus ero None, factus eiia factus eiit Plural. facti grfmus facti eritis facti erunt. Preset! t. fieri IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE. Perfect, factus esse PARTICIPLES. Perfect, factus, -a, -um fite Future, factum Irl Future, faclendus, -a, -u m SUPINE, factu ■'■^*™'>'-''^w. ■-»,-., -, IRREGULAR VERBS. •273 FECT. Eo, I go. Svhj. Principal Paris— Eo, Ire, Tvi or ir, itum. PRESENT. PERFECT. factus essem factus esses factus esset I. INDIC eo . SUBJ. 6am Indic. Singular. IvI or il SUBJ. Iv6rim or tgrim 2. is gas Ivisti or iisti Iveris f^r leris "acti essemus '"acti essetis acti essent 3- I. 2, it imus itis 6at eamus eatis ivit or lit Phtral. Ivimus or iimus Ivistis or iistis Iverit or ierit Ivgrimus or igrlmus iverltis or ieritis ^'ECT. 3- eunt eant /iverunt or lerunt livere or lere iverint or Ifirint None. factum 111 Js, -a, -um IMPERFECT. Indic. Subj. PLUPERFECT. Indic. Subj. Singular. I. 2. 3- I. 2. 3- Ibam Ibas That Ibamus ibatis Ibant I rem Ires iret iremus iretis Trent ivissem or ussem Ivisses or iisses ivisset or iisset FUTURE. Indic. Subj. ivfiram or ieiam Iveras or leras iverat or lerat Plural. Iveramus or leramus Ivissemus or lissemus Iveratis or leratis ivissetis or Tissetis IvSrant or le; cmt ivissent or lissent FUTURE PERFECT. 1. ibo 2. ibis 3- Ibit 1. TbTmus 2. Ibltis 3. Ibunt None. Indic. Singular. Tveio or iSro Iveris or leris iverit or Terit Plural. iverTmus or TSrTmus ivgrltis ^r ifirltis Ivgrint or lerint Subj. None. !^ ■( 274 Singular. FIRST LATIN BOOK. IMPERATIVE. PRESENT. 2. I Plural. 2. ite Prcs. Per/. Fui. 2. ito 3- ito INFINITIVE, ire ivisse or ifisse Iturus, -a, -um, esse Active, ituni. Kdo, I eat. Principal Parts~Edo, 6d6re, PRESENT. FUTURE. 2. Ttote 3- Sunto PARTICIPLES. Pres. Art. Jens (gen. 6untis) Put. Act. rturus, -a, -um Put. Pass, fundus, -a, -um SUPINES. Passive. Itu I. 2. 3- Indic. 6do Mis, es 6dit, est 1. fidlmus 2. 6drtis, estis 3- «dunt SUBJ. edam edas Cdat edamus edatis Sdant edr, esum. • PERFECT. Singular. Plural. IMPERFECT. Indic. edr edisti edit edimus edistis /ederunt vedere SUBJ. edfirim edgris ederit edgrfmus ederitis edgrint r. 2. 3. Indic. Sdebam edebas Sdebat 1. fidebamus 2. Mehatis 3. Sdebant SUBJ. Singular. 6derem or essem Sdgies or esses edgret or esset Plural Sderemus or essemus ?/<■,„,., /,„,„^ ,,,„, ' '.' " "'Of ."'mmon ,v,il, verbs signifying 4 A verb ,1 . ■ '"'" ""S'y ^Myo".^ da;le!torrrotr,.r;^. -"■^' r" -"-■ --™ » 6. Transitive verbs compounded witli fl,. „ • • con (for cum), in, mter, ob („„ IjJ , l P eposi.ions ad, ante, rw.,.), or super r,*,„,;, ofte^'X"' , '/''"■ "■■'" f '"/"->, sub objecl and ,be da.ive of ,1 e indi t, 1, P ."'"'"' "' "" '"''"' an^:^:='^ri:is^-'rt^:~-^"^-' Homano .„a.u. es. H,. .,„ „„,„ , , ^"^ ^-^ ZC si.L:rn';a,:eTd«i::.T:" oi:'"' '"= ^'"'"^■"'"-■' ''-''°- ^ia^. as^Caesar exercitui praefuit. G/^w of person and accusative of hi?,J in ens" „ \w "'"'V'^^' «^«^° ("•'«'. -ith dat. (persua,ie), suadeo (..mn«..5 "imnero ^ ^'•'''■"^ ciat. of person), persuadeo (Obey), pareo (««-.v). repugno ilZTobs/sio '/ ^' ^f ^"^° ^'""'■"•^■'>' °^«d'° («'«■rf, said of a woman • properlv ^«T/ P ,f ° ^"'"''^' occurro (meet), nubo ('^^.«.«n : dat of pers^n'I S ac' of t „;;; T' ^T' '"^"^^^ ''' « ■^•"'"^ '">' «^'"O^ laedo, o/fendo (ln.)Aubeo ;rf.;;^v^^^^ ' ..".JJil^iijX l^-;^,^^^— % RULICH OF SVVTAX. 279 camp. Erat f fw. Omni //Wd' f>/ life. at in English bs signifying believe, per- , pardon, be U. Fortuna 8 consul, As h you. 1 )nly be used ni are com- ditur, / am •• govern a cellefi/ Mem. led (jiepo- lit, Caesar unnmamied the army. Consulis consiliis obstat, lie opposes the plans of the consul. 8. The dative is used witli the verlj sum, / am, to express possession : as, Mihi eat liber, / :iave a book (Hterally, There is a book to me). 9. The compounds of aum (except possum, / can) govern the dative : as, Tibi adsum. / aid you. Amicis prodest. He helps his friends. ^ 10. Opus est, and usus est (there is need), arc generally used unpersona ly wuh the dative of the person to whon, there is need, and the ablat.ve of the thing needed : as, Cibo mihi opus est. / have need of food (literally. There is need to me ,oilh food). Viginti denariis tibi usus est. You have need of fwenty denarii. 11. The agent is expressed in the passive periphrastic conjuga- fon oy the dative ; as, Parentes nobis amandi sunt, Our parents should be loved by us. (Seep. 172 3.) 12. The dative is used to express purpose, intention, or destina- tion : as, Malo est hominibus avaritia. Avarice is an evil (literally for an evd) to men. Quinque coLortes caatris praesidio reliquit! ^'/y^Z ' '" -"^"'"''^ ''" '"'"P (literally, /^r.. guard to the camp). 1 his IS called the dative of purpose. 13. The dative is often used in Latin instead of the English possess, ve : as, Omnes flentes Caesari sese ad pedes proiocerunt. All threw themselves at Caesar's feet in tears. 14. A dative is often used of the person specially interested in '''1' ^T''-L^^' "^^'^ ""^^^ ^^^^"^ ^»'*' '^'^^ '''''' ''^h^^t « Celsus about? I his use is confined to personal pronouns. It is called the ethic dative. GENITIVE. 1. A noun used to limit or define another noun, and not meaninr^ the same thing, is put in the genitive. This relation is general^ expressed m English by the preposition of: as, Libri Ciceronis, The books of Cicero. Ubra auri, A pound of gold 2. The genitive is often used in the predicate with sum to express possession : as, Haeo domus est mei patris, This house belongs to 280 PinST LATIV JJOOK. my father This genitive may be nsed to express our ia^k dutv cus^n cJurractcns,c. uu.H, to.en : as, ludL est Ll'^^ui' //. ./J..«./.;.sY,. .y . ../,.. ..., /. bear adversity .uith resiZ^Z (literally, xvith an even ,nimt\^ " ''■^K?fin^s) Decenjvestrum.7;-..y-,,,, Quinque nLrum. ^^^f :;"' This IS called the >,;-////,„ ,,,„•,,•,.,. (i,« „,^ use nostr .H vestri m partitive genitive. Sec p. 104, note.) ^ 4. A noun in the genitive 'called ih^ genitive of guality) is often added to another noun to denote a uualitv • as vlr 2 fortituainis. Heisan^anopti^hi^iZ^^^: tLZ^TZ genitive expressing the quality has invariably^n adjectrve tiu/ T us, A nran of ..isdo>n is not Vir sapientiae, but Vir sap 1 J " W 1 u, '^'' example, praedTtus {endo7ued with) is used (literally, ^ man endowed with valour). -vaiotir 5. When the price for which a thing is bounht or mA/ ,= . . stated definitely, pr.:e is usually expressed by the g niti e etp il w, h the words ma.ni (./ . ,reat price), ma.im, (., .i:™ /m.). Parvi . .. /.,v ;*./..), piuris (./ . greater price), mWis (./ « /...^...), tanti (./ .. ^,reat a Price), c,n.J ^at a^Z!a puce or at how high a price) : as, Hortos tanti quanli tu er^^^ I'ought gardens at as high a price as you. Frumentum piuris vendo / sell corn at a higher price. '^ 6. The genitive is used with nouns derived from verbs to denote the^iil^f the verb implied in the governing noun: as, Morsus ■With possessive pro„ouns this ge.ntive is not used, hut the neuter o^^^vT^. pond.,., possess.ve adjective: as. Tuum (..ot tui) eat videre. It is^^^^Zy ■• ^'■^w-.T^y.-w.He aa wp HUt^ES OF SYNTAX. 281 irt is taken : tn, One of the = ien Roman a, FtTeoftis. 2 nostri and lity) is often est summae word in the tive with it. l^lr sapiens. and cannot '^ttJt) is used n of valour sold is not 2, especially very great 'e), minoris ' as high a ;u emit, He uris vendo, s to denote as, Morsus 3f the oorres- is your duty mordet, //, 0,tes. 1 Ins is called the sut>Jectwe genitive. 7. The genitive is also used wif. nouns derived from verbs to c^enote the object of the verb implied in the governing noun ^ ' T.mor mortis. The fear of death. Here mortis is the object of the nnphed timet. /.. /..... This is called the oluective gen^l 8 A genitive is often added to another noun to define and limit • 9 Adjectives are followed by a genitive when they express Pienty, ..ant, or the opposite: as, Plenus hostium. Full of the cncny. Expers rationis. Devoid of reason. So, also, adjective derned fron. verbs : as, Tenax propositi. Finn of ZZs ^^l^^<^^^ Y>ecnn\B^e, Eager for money. .- -^ P'"^!"'"- I^s iTnlff""' ""^ ""'' '^"^^ '''' ^'^"'^'^^ - -' ^^-' pecuniae, //t /A tn need of money. r;ri;lT'r "'^"'^^''"^' ;" ^^^//m/..,- /...,,, pity^ like memini ul^' ^e^»»»«cor (rememberl obliviscor (forget), misereor lab^' "pT'" ^^''-'^' °''"^ ^'-'•^^^ ^'^^ genitive: as Miser.re ^^^ov^ra I ity our sufferings. Huius diei meminero, I shall remem- oe? this day. 12. Verbs of accusing acquitting condemning, reminding and 'umonishingx^X,^, in the active, the accusative of the person and tl>e gen.tue of the thing: as, Te impietatis absolvo. I acquit you of vufiety. Arguit me furti. He accuses me of theft. Gives eum pro- ditionis accusaverunt, The citizens accused him of treachery In the passive, these constructions become respectively, Tu ab me a'^eTru: Lr^'^^^' ^^^" ^^ ^° ^^^^^^- ^^ °^-^^- ^« P-ditlonis 13 Miseret (it excites pity), poenitet (it makes repent), pudet (// shames) taedet f// «/mr/..), piget (it annoys), are used imper- sonally with the accusative of the person affected and the genitive ^SX^{^7 71 ■•"'"":'""•"'" ""- '-l^^ ">« -«cusative. ospeciallv of things, i.ecoiaor, / )ecvUccl, has usually the accusative. =,n',^^^''°''' '^r'' "^^"^ ^"""^ ^*''^'""*'' P''2//orJ takes the accusative: as Casum suum miseratur, lie bewails his misfortune. ^asum Hi 1 !-i ¥'■ V< 282 FIUST LATIN HOOK. ci..,or ,,,.„ „.n,//V,;, or m>//o,i/rom • hence it is used w.th verbs siyniAing to ./cs/s^ y^m, relieve Zn ]Z . mv/,1 be 7ui(/iouL free from • •« n . '''^''""- P''"', dcprn'e of, the a/fe»,f,f Z T ' ' °"^^'' ^^"'^"^' ^^' ,n;i;, « metu, ///,• boy is ivithout fear tt,,k„ ^ , expers /. ./..///../. of defence!^ "' ""^" ^'"^^^^^°' ^'''^ "'O' 3. The ablative of origin is used witli verbs (chiefly participles ^Egeo :u„i indigeo ...vem also the genitive. (See p. .'Sl lo ) ==111,8 governs the genitive also. (See p. 281, 9.) ^^ nULES OP SYNTAX. 283 5. Causey mt,wrr, „u,i,>s and tnstnnxrnt are ck-notcd by tl,c ablat.ve u uhout a preposition : as, Puer pallidus im fult. 'Ae l,oy Magno fletu Oaesarem orant. they beseech Caesar with muck weeL n,,r{^h\. of manner ; not often used without an adj.). Gallorum animos verbis conflr„.avit. //. encourage, tJu- muuil of t„e C.Zs h Jus .oonfs (abl. of means). Puerum gladio vulneravlt. //. u'oumied ike hoy wUh a su-ord (abl. of instriuiicnt). 6. The ablative is used ui.h an adjccti^e in the comparative whe,, quan. (fhan) ,s omitted : as, Lupus saevior cane ist. The loolf ts Jiener than the dog. l.upum saeviorem cane aestimo / consider the iL'olf fiercer than the dog. Note that quam -.an only be omitted when the word afteT it would be m the nominative or accusative, if quam wer^cxprcssed. 7. The ablative is used with the comparative of the adjective to express the amount of difference: as, Puer uno anno senior quam ft-ater erat. The boy mis one year ^'/./.r (literally, o/der by one year) than his brother. This is called the ablative of difference. 8. Price with verbs of buying and selling is expressed by the ablat.ve when the price is definitely stated : as, Viginti talentis unam orationem vendidit Isocrates. Isocrates sold one speech at twenty talents. Multo sanguine haec victoria nobis stat Thi, vic- tory costs us much blood (literally, Stands to us at much blood). 9. The following adjectives govern the ablative: Dignus(7.v,^//,v) nadignus (unworthy), contentus (contented), praedltus (endorved with) fretns {rclytng on\ liber (free from) : as, Miles corona dignus est. The soldier ts worthy of a crown. Puer est ingenio praeditus i/ie boy is endowed with ability. 10. The deponents utor (/use), fruor (/ enjoy), fungor (/dis- charge), potior (I obtain), vescor (/ eat), govern the ablative • as Plurimis rebus fruimur et utimur. We enjoy and use many thin<^l Magna praeda est potitus, //. obtained large booty. Lacte et came vescebantur, They used to live on milk and flesh. 11. Opus est and usus est (there is need) are generally used im- per.unawy wuh the dative of the person to whom there is need, and 1% ffLf V^"'''^"''^''"^^ ,3^ Cibo mihi OPUS est, I have need of food {htti^.\\Y, There is need to me with food). 28^. FIHST LATIN HOOK. ."In T u'T 7^' '"^^'^^ ^*^^"^^- ^'-- -'"• ^/ ^//^ 13. An ablative (called the ,r/>/. of rnh,rf\ ;« ,. > . that in respect .owhiclK. statement isTrue:..^,««,,,,/..^. E3, ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ /A-/.,, J/.v/./.;.^/,-//;: ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE, ablatue case w, h apart.ciple, adjective, or noun in agreement with fo>ned tn he ra^m of Tar^uin. His rebus dlctls redilf //' RULES FOR EXPRESSING TIME. \. A point of time is expressed by the ablative: as, Hieme noctes 8un„ longae, In winter the nights are lon^ ablative o. by the accusative with inter or intra : as Paucis diebus. inter paucos dies, intra paucos dies. IVithin a j^w I" anL'^T,r" ;f ; l^ ""^'^^ ^^^^^ (aW.)Post,= «r post3 „.ultos annos , many fears l>efore is multis annis (abl.) ante,'-' or ante'> multos annos: as, Multis annis post urbs e.pu^nata ^,. tZL zuas taken many years after. -^ 4 Duration of time is expressed by the accusative : as, Romulus septem et tri^inta annos re^navit. I.omulus rei,.,A^rZTy e.u.. years. Often per. through, is used if definite du^adon 1 tmie_m_the_aan.sat.ve or ablative: as, Abhinc decern dies (c^- 'See Genitive (p. 280,4). ' ' " ■ 'In ttiese cases post and ante are adverbs Hu these cases post and ante are prepositions. JtULKS OF SYNTAX. 285 ist''' multos Hbhlnc decern dlebus) Cae«ar caatra movlt, Im days „^o Caesar iiioi'tui /lis cainp. 6. Old or o/ ao-, i, expressed by the participle natus with the accusative : as Homo est triginta annos natu«. 7 A, »,„„ ,s thirty .r....././(htcrally, has been born thirty years) ; or without natus. as Homo est trlginta annorum (p. 280. 4). More than t/urtv years .nay be expressed by Natus v- . r^uam) trlginta annos. ' RULES FOR EXPRl-.^SING PLACE. 1. Place to ,,hich is gentr.ily exr-essed by the ...r//..,//7r «vith ho prepos.t.ons ad or In, tn, -ss before the na.nes of towns or ...all islands : as, Ad Galllam. in urbem contendit. He ha^tem loOa.l, to the city. With the names of towns and sn.all isKnuls Place to ..Inch ,s reKularly expressed by the accusative without a preposition': as, Romam. Corinthum. Karthaginem. Aeginam contendit. //. hastens to Rome, Corinth, Carthage, Ae^n,,,, So also domum {ho,nc\ rus {to the country^ are "used without a preposition : as, Domum, rus ambulat. He loalks home to the country. Ad domum Ciceronia ambulat would mean //.■ nuMs to the house 0/ Cicero. 2. Place from ,vhich is regularly expressed by the ablative with the prcposmons, a, ab. e. ex, or de. unless bef.„ c the names of towns .md small islands ; as, Ab Gallia, ex urbe. de provincia excessit, lie departed from Gaul, out of the city, from the province lUit With the names of towns and small islands, from is recmlarlv expressed by the ablative 7vifhout a preposition: as, Roma Cormtho, Karthagine, Aegina, contendit, //<■ hastens from Rome Lonnth Carthage, Aegina. So also : Domo, from home; rure' trom the country. 3. To express place in which, a preposition is required, unless w.th the names of towns and small islands : as, In Gallia, in urbe vmt, He lives in Gaul, in the city. Ik,t to express place in ,,hich wu h the names o f towns or small islands, the so-called locati7'e-^ hZT a?Ad to'^"^^^™^^^ 1'uuu.uj, as, Aa Romam rnptBnrtii- n- h'f'on'' t:ur.-,-i^ /• • > t^ pugnatum est, Tke /....-..7;.;.;.. .. .^; n^USlV'j^,»:'^ ^^^"'^- -A case which became obsolete in later Latin 286 FIRST LATIN BOOK. at Delphi (Delphi, non/ n) 7 t ' ""'"• '^'"^ ' ^^^P^*«- EXTENT OF SPACE acL;^ Z^l^"- '^'- P'-^ '^ -P--d by the (ace. of extent of sl.lt H^ '^'■^^^'' ^''^«^ ^^=^^ ^^entum pedes 3 ,, ''"'" "Vf ^^> «•• ^^^- -ntum pedum (,en. of qual.). a. space ivhich lies between is expressed Iw f1.« • ablative • n<; Ah«.,f ^ expressed by tiie accusative or ^uive. as, Abest decern millia passuum // /r /,„ v five miles). ' ^"^ "-^'''^ ''«^''^ ^'''•^■^''''/ (lit. 4»' INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 1- ^■S"''>''^J^'/^//Vr//r;v/ is Adestne miles? /. / ./ is Nonno miles adest? 71,. c , ,.°®."''^®^' ^' "ot i/ie soldier here? adest? ^^'''' ^^'' soldier zs not here, is he? is Num miles Questions not introduced by interroL^itiv^ n, are usua.y introduced by one of the If """' " '^'^"'" -ne. noune, num. -Ne simulv a L f . '"'^''"Kat.ve particles the ans... K., and numX^tve'r '^"""'"" ' "°""^ ^"^^-^^ 2. Questions introduced by interrogative pronouns or adverbs do lOa-—. RULRS OF SYNTAX. 287 not require an interrogative particle: as, lJ7n' arc you /,ruo/nmr? Quid rides? U7icre are you coming from / Unde venis? 3. ]cs or ,10 in answer to a question is usually cxDressed by repeating some word in the c|uestion : as, /s the soldier present ? Yes {Ao). Adestne miles? Adest (Non adest). 4. An is often used to introduce a rlietoric;.' question : as, Hai'cyou doubts of tJieir honor? An de eorum fidu dubitatis? 5. Whether . . . or is Utrum (rarely -ne) ... an, and 7vhcther ...or not, utrum . . . annon: as, U'/iethcr is he reading,'- or writ tng? Utrum legit an scribit? Are you s/a7'es or freemen? Servine estis an liberi? Whether ,vill he come or not? U^rum veniet annon? 6. Tell me who you are is Die mihi quis sis. / will ask him what he is reading, Rogabo eum quid legat. N.I5.— A question dependent uj^on a verb oi savini>- ov askim^rX^^^ the verb ni tlie subjunctive. Sucli a question is called an indirect (Question, while an independent ((uestion is called ii direct question. 7. W%'//w- in an indirect question is num: as, He is askin(r vie 7vhether I am tired, Rogat num fessus sim. Whether . . . or not m an indirect question is Utrum . . . necne: ix^, Ask him whether he will come or not, Roga eum utrum venturus sit necne. COMMANDS AND PROHIBITIONS. 1. Commands are expressed by the imperative mood : as, Con- sult for yoiirsehfes, Vos vobis consulite. 2. Prohibitions (addressed to individuals) are expressed most usually by noli or nolite with the infinitive, or by ng with the per- fect subjunctive : as. Don't scold. Noli obiurgare (Noli is the im- perat. of nolo, / am unwilling). ■ Don't do it, Ne hoc feceris. Note.— Ne with the imperat. or with the pres. subjunc. is com- mon in poetry and in general prohibitions : as, //,• not wroth, c;reat priestess, Ne saevi, magna sacerdos. 7)o not learn many things, but much, Ne multa discas sed multum. SUBJUNCTIVE IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 1. The subjunctive is used in exhortations : as, Let us always be the same. Semper iidem simus. 288 FinST LATIN BOOK. I'- 2. Tlie subjiinc. is used in cammincU • , , -'ornn,, Cras veniat. , (See last sectlo!" ' ' ''"' '""'' ^^" 3. 'riie subjiiiic. is imprl ».],« '^^'■""'■''^s.^^^:^::^^';^^^^;^;^^ n. a. fce-^ saU, Tu„„ aio„k ""'^ '" ''^'«- ^V-.v, ^,,„ ,.™,/,^ veniat, ^'-, "^ c.J^,.,JJ^:^^^^- T„„, : „„„J eduxisse., O //„„ l /,,,,/;if J ^ " "7"')- , """-■" - c„p,aa past). "" ""' '"' /«nts (unaccomplished in J ■'"HE INFINITIVE, bal : victoria uti nescls Such „1 -"'' ""^°'''' =""• Hm"!- luLo '"r' """'^" ™' -- " "' """'^' """'"' "■'*■ staturr°,./Jl:^i;°Xc'^7'^^' =™^^ (-™*«™,;, coBBmuo and deamo (ccue), disco rTXttblT/'" ^''"''■"^' "^"^ ^"'«*>. ««•;.»oio L^i,r;°;.^''f''^^ I"- -.;, possum ?,: 2. 1 i,e subject of the inf. is i„ ,|,e ace ■ ,. i^ ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE " ""'«V, Dlcit Be venire. //. .,„V //, / / ' ' '".''^ """ '" venire, y/, „y„ //„„ ,,^, ''"' '•''> '•' ««" ^-w,/,,;,, Dixit so «« (or /w .;„,.), Di. tin;";: ' T"'""„ •''" "■•'' """ '- Olcltseventurun.. y..,„,^,,,,t^„",:,?,:'^ I\.b.— The esse of the fuf inf., ♦ , ' "'^^* ^^ ^enturum. tne rut. inf. act. may be omitted. I'll conic to- "i RULES OP JVNTAX. 289 2. Such a state.ncMit, depending upon a vcrl, of .svnvV/.r or ////.//■- I'lA'-, .s .:ud ,o b. in ,,;.//;vv7 or ./V/^.v. ,,,-;,//.;/ (as opposed to the Miuple form, uhicli is called .^/;a/ ;/<.,;v,//^//). 3. Tlie tense of an inf. in oblique narration is the.,tcnse of the verb It represents in direct narration. NOTF -This idiom is quite different from ..i,e English and should be carefully n,astered. The rule for finding the tense of the inf Stt F^'r 1^''!" '" '""'"^ """^"^'^ "'^'"^1- '"^^ Latin, find fist he I nghsh dnect. r/ie tense of ike Ens^U.k ,nnin rU in chrecf, ts tl,e icnsc of the Latin inf. tn inMrcct. Thus : //. ..,/./ //,,, ad men enrd, Dixit omnes homines errare (direct ^ a// nnr rrr\ lie sani that he unts a Roman aii.cn. Dixit se civem Romauum esse (direct = /.fw a Roman citizen, Civia Romanus sum). 4. \'erbs meaning to hope, promise, undertake, have in Latin the fut. mf. and not as in English the prcs.: a., He /ufcs to live lon^r Sperat se diu victurum. / promised to come soon, Pollicitus sum me brevi venturum. Note that the proper pronoun must be expressed before the inf. difi't non)'"'^ '^'"^ ^" '"'"^'^ ""' '""' '' ^^^^^'^ ^^ venturum (not Note that the /ie of the //^./-clause, when referring to the sul)ject of the prmc.pal clause, is se ; referring to some one else, it u.,ulrl \y eum: as, T/iey said that lie ivould rome, Dixerunt sum venturum. 6. /fe is said to be rich is Dicitur ease dives, not Dlcitur eum esse divitem. SUPINE. (GERUNDIVE. 1. The supine in -um is used to express purpose, Ixit only with verbs of motion ; as, Ludos visum ierunt, Thev "went to see the games. Questum iniuriaa eo, / am going to complain of wrongs. 2. The gerundive of verbs that govern the ace. is to be "^used nislead of the gerund with an ol^ject : as, Consilium inibant urbi.3 delendae, Tliey formed a plan for destroying- the city (not urbem delendi). Ikit the gerund is used if the verb does Magnam g-Ioriam victis parcendo paravit, sparing the vanquished. not govern the ac( as. He 7U0/1 great glory by Mi 290 PlIfST LATIV moK. '"„ '" 'f'/^-"'/''''- Est mihl ambulandum / „,„,/ -„„„. A -^ ;-■; )•;;. c.a,.,. «onne ,n,n„c,s a no.,, ^«.1:1:'^ ^ I'ARTICIPLES. ;l.au>f ,l,e „,a,„ vcb : as, Haec o>oriens d,:^t, /■/,„ /„. ,,„,, j;^ 4. For ll,e pcrf. part. act. (>vl,ich is wanting) use 6,1 abl ah.„l , ;■:<"> --""bjunc. or (,) post«uam t pert ind.; af «,t L./v^'! 'ti-^ ciiciiiy he s^nlcp fln,>, w^=*. . ^ . ^ • '^^■> ("'^'tng killed fecisset ;^.- no«; ' ^«^^erfPcto (..^ Hostem cura inter- fecisset o> Hostem postquam interfecit), haec locutus eat SEQUENCE OF TENSES. Primary Tenses. Secondary (or l^listorical) Tenses. frre,s., I Perfect, 1 Fiituf-e, t Future Perf., riiiiperf., - Perfect, [Pluperf., fi.mat, he loTcs. amavit, /le /las loved. amabit, /le -wi/l love. amaverit, /te will have loved. amabLit, he was lovin>\ amavit, he loved. amaverat, he / 'r a. 2. A primary tense in the principal clause is fol-. • d bv -i pmnary tense in the dependent clause; a sec.nd.:- - tense in the clause . as, Ven.o ut urbem videam. / ... conu,^ ,,,, , IJ^ RULES OF SYNTAX. 291 e gerundive 'St, T/ie ci/v U'cilk (agent est? Ottg/it ab to avoid mcous with said lu/tile ■ as, Venio ^ to, intend liend to do, )1. absolute "ifig killed 3ura inter- 8t. terfectum 'idary (or loved. d by a e in the pendent may see the city (primary sec|iienco). Veniebani vxt urbem videreni, / icas coming that I might sec the city (secondary seciuence). This is called the /.a7u of the Seill do. Sciebam quid facturus esset, / knew what he would do (secondary sequence.) 3. For a fut. subjunc. pass, use futurum sit (or esset) + ut: as, Sciunt quare futurum sit ut is necetur, They know why he will be killed. Rogaverunt quan lo futurum esset ut pons conficeretur. They asked when the brido;c 7vo. I be finished (secondary sequence). Note.- Use quando. not cum, for 7ohen in an interrogative sentence. 4. Whether in an indirect question is num or (rarely) -ne- as Die mihi num eadem quae egro sentias, Tell me whether you have the same opinion as I. Quaesivi salvusne esses, / inquired whether you were safe. 5. Whether . . . or m alternative questions is Utrum (rarely -ne) . an in indirect as well as in direct questions (sec p. 287,5) ; but: ^^ ;/^;/ is necne in indirect, annon in direct. Thus: / know whether this is true rnfT-nrv v.«« ^ r , Scio "t;rum hoc verum an falsum sit, ''^ J^'"^' t^erumne sit an falsum. / ask ivhethcr he intends to e;o or not, Rog-o utrum iturus sit necne. 6. Tell me if he is well is Die mihi num (not si) valeat. 292 F'li.ST LATiy BOOK. que ,^ :;:'"'" ■"«"■•■'« "•""■ - ■"■•". -.pressed l„. an !„,„,,„ f///.? «ctf ^///^^ 'island. yJ^e extent of (he dui^^^^er. I kno7i>^ the mtiire of the so//. Y'^fonlrincfthewar. ytheposiiiun of the enemy. f quanta insula sit. I quantum periculum sit. Scio . quiilo solum sit. undo bfiUum orrim? mt. in quo ! joo hohuis sint. L'T-CLAUSE WITH VERBS OF ASKING the^n^unns, r^^l::,/f''V ^'^^"^^ "--'-«' by ut with 2. if loere is a not with the infinitive in En^- h «« ; ut non: as, Puero imperavi ne domo exi et / ;. ,' ^f T '' ^ogofro,n ho,nc (secondary sequence;. ^^ "'^ ''" ^"' ""■ 3. So also that no one, is ne awW • tl,,^t ,. 4. Neve or aeu is used in ,i second such clause ■ ,s T„ bono ammo .Is neve perturberls, / ^.,. j™ X i/ > ?*? "' ve... me .oe r^tl '/^'^Z!"!?;:!!!:' "'""'''■"" "-'■ 6. statue, constituo, decerno ^/ /./ -l^en the infinitive is useTirEn I "T^' '^^"^ ^'" ''"«"'tive tl^e subjunctive: as, Cae J Jtatui ''it'r"^ "'" "* '" "" ^^^^h decrevit ne quia e . : ^.tris e-iret 77. = one s/iould leave t/ r • nip. ^ redirent, Imperator ^/ved that no iJd-s™^ '^mgmm (not quod) laciendum '(■' /W lf> do? in indiroct um sit. mi mt, >s sint. s; take ill '>' ut witli t/iis. i used for e boy not- noihifig^ at, T/uy rogo ut '^d cJico leu) . . / l>eg 0/ , patior 'tiling)^ ^uerum 7 /lotiie. finitive e witli decided dirent, erator hat no RULES OP SYNTAX. 29;i 7. /A' persuaded then to come, is Eia ut venirent persuasit. I)ut : He persuaded them that the enemy was near, is Adesse hoste^ eis persuasit. NOUN CLAUSES. 1. A noun-clause introduced by ut is used as the subject of an nnpcrsonal verb like accidit, fit. // happens; futurum est, the result %inn be; accedit, it is added; sequitur, proximum est // follows; fieri (non) potest, it is (im) possible; reliquum est, restat. // ;vw.«//«y tantum abest (see p. 297,7): as, Accidit ut nemo abesset. // happened that no one was absent. Ad Appi Claudi senectutem accedebat ut caecus esset, There was adbd to the old age ofAppius Claudius the fact that he was blind Sequitur ut erres. It follows that you are wron"-. 2. Noun clauses are often introduced by ^TTJTr ^'"^""^ '^^^ ^"° ''^^ ^^"^---■- >^ ---^^^o^z:TZt:Trz^ '^ ""''''''- -- ^"id- the Helveiii. '""^ ^'" ""'"' ''''''y ^''^P like ubi (X un^^^^^^^^^^^ '" ^'^° -'^^-e adverbs Q^m^ (^'^ tS'^f?^ ^ '"^^ ^^^"^^ '^ "^- -Produced by -'^"nc.:aU,;t:L,to^:^ = -^-f^/;^^ with tbi from writino- (\ ^ ^„ „ / 7 "» Bcnoas, 2\othzni> prevents yon however t^t prohib^ ^f ' -'"'^ ''"'"'^' ''' ^"^ ^--^'^^^- Notice ^ ^*^^*^' t"ai prohlbeo (the common wnrrl fr.,- /. >i ' , ' ■-^.: as, EOS e^edi prohibuit. //^1 IXL "/; "^^^^^ "''" ^'^ »7 .^ , ^ P^^^"^"^''i ^'"^'n from goins; out. .s auo!:;::' f :^^,^r:r:t t ""••'■ '"■■ "^^^ ■" ■'- =-- — sentence: as, No„ prlbs« "^S '7 " ^ """" '""■■""-= ■" "« He cuU not ,c res,r.:i„.., fr^u,::^:;^ """ '^^ '^''^' ... ...e i.„pe.rec. if ,„e „ai„ ve* U i„ aTer^^ "eX' '"^;--; ■ t. ^ i^w wiVJ iawJi RULKS OF SYNTAX. 29". ut laborea sustineas, / am afraid that you t.'/// not endure your sufferings. TimJbam ne ea evenirent. / loas afraid that these things would happen. 9. He sent amlmssadors to sue for peace may be expressed as follows :— (i) Legratos misit ut pacem peterent (ut tinal). (2) Legratos misit qui pacem peterent (qui final). (3) Legates misit ad pacem petendam (ad with accusative of gerundive). (4) Legratos misit pacis petendae causa (causa with the genitive of gerundive). (5) Legates misit ad pacem petendum (ad with gerund). (6) Legates misit pacem petendi causa (causa with genitive of gerund). (7) Legates misit pacem petitum (supine after verb of motion) (8) Legates misit pacem petituros (future participle active ex- pressing a purpose). 10. For at ne in a second clause of purpose use neu or neve (p. 292,4). B. CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 1. An adverbial clause is often used to express the result of whit IS described in the main clause. Such clauses are called consecu- tive clauses, or clauses of consequence or result : as, Tantus timer emnes eccupavit ut rex ipse fugerit, Such fear seized all that the king himself fled Tam caecus fuit ut me nen videret, He was so blind that lie did not see me. 2. The rule for the sequence of tenses in consecutive clauses !«; the same as in English, except that (after a secondary tense) the miperfect subjunctive is used of a continuous act- as Tantus timer emnes eccupavit ut perturbati sint, Such fear sci-ed all that they ivere panic stricken. But: Tam callidus erat^ut Romanes saepe eluderet. He was so skilful that he often eluded the Romans. 3. That not vo a consecutive clause is not ne, as in a final clause (p. 293, A, i;, .UL ut . . . uen : as, Lenge aberam ut me non videret / was far a7vay so that he did not see me. So, too, Ut nemo, ut nul- lus, ut nihil, ut nunquam, are used for That no one, that no, that ■■ ^^ i: -i ( ■ ■■I I'M 206 f'lltST LATIN HOOK. trlennl.„r, „, vexavl \rea r«mu, ,„ "h ^™" ^"'"""» >"»- J;,sr ;:;'rj:^''i ,:: r- ;- 1\ *■"""-"-- 5. The relative qui (called g^a ronsecuiivc) is often .ise-' ith „ subjunctive to introduce a consecutive clause • ns Non i« hoc facia™. Ia,n not the one to ,o tins (Qui = ut elf T '"' -t.ve relative is found in the following l^Z^, ^'^ ^""^^- (") \\ ith certain ///./,//,//, ,.,^n'..;Vw. like sunt qui (t/^err „■ ..... .-/..); reperiuntur qui (f/u.r are /oun.f ,;..,. J^l ^'''/^^^^^ qui putent nihil sibi litteris opus esse. TV/.r. .^^. sZ' ' ./ - There ts notHntr tJuit I -cish to s, . "^®"""' {b) After dign , (7.vv//y.), indi^nus (;/w.v;;-//n'^ ind 1^^« aptus (/.) ; as, Di.nus est qui an.etur.S. is .^t/^:"' Tj^^ "^ (<■) After quam ■„:;;; a compar;,ti%'e ■ as ■ later „t„ resUM pass,, A^. ,i .v„ ,„„, „ \, ,,,,,,„, ^!'^^' ,2, , /"' infinitive passive is joined to it.l ^ Hen an 6. Instead of qui non, qui, of* used wiien t' ^nh in the > words ]iko vix, scarcely, and question forms that expect the answer 'No/ nur.Es ov syntax. 29; hra/c n,ny ,voni. Non dubitat qnin animus sit immortalla //. imoc vei a sint ? h any one tgnomn/ that this is the truth ? NOTK. Dublto has two nicaninys in Latin: (,) /resitate h) Demosthenes. S„ far ,„„ /T , "°° «'"='■»<"»' 'P» C. CAUSAL CLAUSES. 1. Causal adverbial clauses «fnto fK„ 2. Caus.1l clauses arc usually introduced by quod quia (h,r,„„.\ "rr ■"""" '*"• "'■" '"""' ""■'^"•"^' -<• c-i"^: us us erat, f/e was ba„isl,,i from his country items, , „„, °„, (ri.e reason gh-cn is touched for l,y the hislorim is hehUt. one ^ p„f pa+„i- , -^ '"^torian as bemg the true "e.; ^I'tjPatnaexpulsus est quia iustusessoi- //^ . , -, l>irause (as war a//.ur, /\ /,. „ 7 ' ^"^ ^^ '" l>amshed 4. Quum (cum), in the sense o[si;,ce, ahvav . takes the s„l,;, , .• ■2f.Baecquun.»aslnt^fo. ^w,,. Ls iss.rZ^'^:^""'' ;Qul3l,a,,,„.nic,si. nisi ,,„„ rJe, quo. ciuanto ^ ..;S:n;ie:'f/:;',c '"""■" """""-^' """""f "'«■■"'• ^-■^^^c 298 J'iHST LATIN HOOK. too. non .u,n. ../I; Z : s NonT" '"'""'"• ^^^-^ '^°' ^/// ///.;/ ;v« love ,„c, but because 1 ^,,'ish to ^^,o. IX TKMPOKAL CLAUSES . as, Haec feci dum potui, / .//,/ //,/, ,„/,,y, ^ ^^,^^^^^ Pota, :^";;;;"' conjunctions ubi. ut (./...), post.uam or i'Kiicati^•e (usually 2 3 ^ .'''" '''^' ''"'' ^°""^^"' ''^ ^lie audlvlt. abiit ./!c ^'^ P'^'Perfect: as, Simul atque haec 4//- //<• /../ J/^^ ;; T^'"""T/°"'"^^°^^^^«^^^^-- «^...r.//.///. Ubiseparatol Caesar j.tMra.. /us forees to t/,e ^n.n tiny t/ZZ'^Xr" "'T^f «-t, oppida incendunt, /^'^v. //,/._;^,,, „,„™^*^, est eum cauaam dicers coe^erunt, nULICS OF SYNTAX. 291) QiioHcl potult, dum vixlt. bene. //. //,,,/ „,,//, ,„////. /,. //,,,/ restltit. //. ,,eU out, as ln„g „, /,, ,,„,j^ 4. Dum (not donee, quoad, or quamdlu) is often used ui.l. . I'icsent indicative instead of the Fn.lishn.sf!., ^ dum rill, w« ; II , . ^^"^" P'lst when llie time of the aum-c|,uise mcltides the time of the action nf .1, , 5. Dum. clonec. quoad, meaning //;//// .-,1-« ♦!,„ • >• • tliey express time alone • .s H.l f !. ■■Hiirativc, when / . • '^^' ^oc feci dum mlhl licuif / /// // • oitiT ,n- it 7i>,/<: ,///„'•.,. / . T^ "t,uit. / tttd tilts ,ts '''f l^i'c(>;/u' fe)f/v)// />f ,/,■•/ J /I- . 11(11/ ira derervescat. / H^- Jit 7, •^:^•''''""^• ''^^''■""^ ^"^ -petumw.um^:t;.f:ii^^;::-^ ,-,//. / / -^ convocavit antequam mortuua est He uillcd ins sons together before he died. ' -IS ^Trlr^T''""^"^ '''"'' P"*"^^"^'" '-^'-^ oft^n written in two words- as, Ante rorat quam pluit, // drops before it rains. .300 FIRST LATIN BOOK. 9. Quum (cum) takes the indicaih, r^ O^csar annc rnto Gaul^ ij,e A.Un ..ere tke leaders of^Tnl verb in the main clause is future the fut no -f if / , ^''" ''^' ent clause if the act in the e;e de t c '" '''' ^^P"^^'" descihcd in the main claL 'e 1 as " " "'" '"'"" ^'"^ aeeepero. a. te se.W, Z....::;;^;;:: r^;^::^;.^'" po:^i:^;:;;;^::;e=;:;;;-^^^^^^ '/M./. .... .//../, //,. e.e;uy ^^oere forced tTre^Tl^ '""''"' '^''^ turn ver esse arbitror, «iv.- J/ 'f I.'f ", ^^^/^^^^/'^^ ^^^i' spring. Note that in this sense auu,^ T' ■^'''■^' ^^'^^ ^'^ " - the En,ish present, andr;;::;^^ s ill: ^^1^:;::^-^ hi^'-i^rr:a^^-;':,::^;f ^ r ^T'-^^^ -'^--^- in tl- perfect or his o '^^ Le .Ts '" ^'" .^""^''^'-^^ ^■-- is in E. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES •ntroduced by si (./) „,- nisi (un/ess) ''"^"'""''' ^'^'"^^ '^ "dually xiaset, ubiit. (■') Hia rebus doHoK-:: '""" "'"""'"^'^ «""^ i^aec abiit. (4; Hpbc locutus abut! ^'^ Postquam haec dixit th ci l.«^:ia&.-3!$^^ RULES OP SYNTAX. 301 m Caesar in edui, lV//cn n- of the tivo n they speak, quum haec were taking When the the depend- before tliat olam tuam our letter, ime corres- ucver: as, W67'dV- they I'osam vidi, -e that it is ' indicative h past. .inctive in lause is in 3 quum in ' harboitr. emigrant, can from the state- is usually ibstitiile for lum haec aec dixit 2. Conditional sentences are of three kinds •-- 0) I^-esent and past conditions. In these nothing, is i.npli.d as to the fulh n.ent o the condition. They have usually the iniicatue n both clauses but they may have the inoperative in the main clause or the subjunctive used imperatively -as Pecuniam si habet. dat. // /,, /,,, J j^^ .^,^^ .^ Pecuniam si habes. da, if yon have money, gire it Pecuniam si habet. det. /y /,, /,,, „ouey, let Iu,n give it Pecuniam si habebat, dabat, If lie Iiad money, I,e gave it. (2) Future conditions. 'Ihese are divided into two classes ■- {ci) W here the condition is likely to be fulfilled. Here the futuiv Hul.catiye ,s used in both clauses, but the future-perfect indicative .s used in the si-clause if the action of the verb in that clause is to be represented as over before that of the main verb begins • as Pecuniam si habebit, dabit, // /.. luu (literally sliall l^ave) money, iu will give it. -^ Litteras si accepero. ad te scribam. // / get (literally sliall iiave got) a letter, I siiall write you. (fi) Where the condition is unlikely to be fulfilled • as Pecuniam si habeat. det. If /le sJiould (in the future W.,,". money, lu 'i'oula give tt. -^ {I) Conditions contrary to fact. This class contains all rondi- uonal sentences in which the condition is represented as not fulhlled. There are two types :— {a) When the condition is not fulfilled in the present • as Pecuniam si haberet. daret. If lie iiad money (now), /.. ^.oldd give d (now). "^ {b) When the condition was not fulfilled in the past : as, Pecuniam si habuisset, dedisset. // lie had had money (in the past), //,• it'oit Id have given it (in the past). Often {a) and {l>) are combined : as. Si id fecisset, viveret, If he had done this (in the past), he would l^e living- (now), '"^ 3. The indicative, not the subjunctive, must be used in the main clause of the conditional sentence when the principal verb in the conditional clause is ,.! (n) In the periphrastic conjugation, acti.. „. ^.._.., 174) : as, Id facturua fuit, si adfuisset, He would ha^e d. ve or passive (p. 177, 'one it, if 302 //'• Jt,r/i //rn he had not sent the It FIHST LATIN BOOK. Nisi litteras misisset, agros relicturi ei-iint, // // left t/i. Consiiiasipi.ocessissent,interflciendusfuit //-//.. // , , ^v-'/.v/, /.. ;nust have turn put to drat/ ^ ^'""' ''"'^ '"^ not, it is true. ' ^^^'''^^"^^^'ou helieve it or Cautkw. -Distinguisli whether n,- ■ , and ..hether ...or' in ^,::^L ' io:,-;,; f-^'r ^'""'""^' credam necne, tu nescis. II 'hether I /JZ ^ ''"' •' ^*'"""^ (ncn,n clause, object of nescis) ' \ui e ' '" ''"'' ^'''' '^" '"'^ ^■^'''«' Quidem credis. ^K/.>/W J. ^^^^ -^^°- «-e „on credo, tu (alten.ative adverbial clndilnst " "'' '"' '" ""^-^ '^''"^-^^^' 5. Nisi negatives a wliol^^ rlnn=« .,• as, Ne.osa^atso.rius,:titr;nrn^"'r 'T'"''^^ ^™''^' "^ manebit, culpabo. If he sals 77 ^^ "T"""''' '""^^^°-- «' "°» / .//..// ^/au^e him. "^ ' ^•^^'"^''^^''"-^•'' /^'''^- ^/ he does not stay, -th a ve.-b, o,- .it. Si r^,7:^i:;i^:.:!:::rv'' -' -''''' Si manebit. laudabo; Si non„.anebit,culpabo. Si manebit, laudabo ; si minus, culpabo //- /.. / r him; if not, I unit /dan^e hin,. ' '" ''"'' ^ '^'''f praise tl>c subjunctive (with ne. L/ in ne ^v ," ' "^ ^^^^-^-' "i.h -etuant, /., the,n W. /S^^^ ^/Tr;.^ ' ''^' «^-^-. -- modo ne maneant, Let thL con' ^^J'^' J,''''\ ^^"^'^* ^-- "le, prootded they do not stay. F. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. spite o;:;;!:^::;!::^;-;^ ^-- that .a^e son. ...ession in -.tatementofthe.nauwiauscistrue. They are RULKS OF SYNTAX. 303 in ernnt, // '/leir /,t//t/s, ''■•i /lad siiL- 'c'd/u/): as, , Tlieivhole /lo7i.'ed up. ■onditions : liieiie it or questions, ' : Utrum not kni>7i> ' credo, tu -v/ believe ar worti : li'Jie» /ic o; si noil ■ not stay, (lie first )' si non, II praise 7 prai.^ ) (,,) feet- bnl'T' ™'"'"^"f ''^'■'^ '" ''^- subjunctive (usually the i.nper- I>IRi:CT. Ite, mqult create consules. i,ent, crearent consul», /-K .c . Indirect. Quid agis9inquit; cur nonantea (Dixit) quid a^er^t, . pug-nam commisisti? «^, ' ^ ageret? cur non iiym . ancea pugnam commisissfif ? ''What are yoii about r' urv^- he it-r^.in , ■u™is=i3set? «;fv / -^ ^"''^■^'^^^^)'^'fii^tt 7vns he about ■^ U'l.M 1 1- hy har'e you not. beiutu the battle !, ,^ 1. , , , ^ brfore ? " '^ "''^ '^'''■"" ^^'^ '^^^^^'^ ^>^Me ? 5. Indirect rhetorical questions representing the first or thi.H person ni c irect are voiu^v-^u., «. i , *""" • /- - . gencially expressed hv the Trmc .»;,.,. 1 infinitive : as, ^ accusative and ^"^ECT. Im) . ■ • vZ ""^T" 7";''^ '"'""^ ' ^"™ '^ Homam repu'lsos esse ituros 9 to^;o::r:;;etC:rr'!rrr'^^^ ego, nos l)ecoine se meus, noster " suua tuus. vester, " nnus. uiorum biciste .. iiie^jg |it4i>Miimjiii ni'LKS OP SYNTAX. 307 ise of esset f. siibjunc. set, poenas ? fiumshed ' 2, (2), {a). the iinper- niperative \'ct consuls. anting tlie (tlie im- ) : as, cur non isiaset ? >llt? IVhy e before ? or third :ive and > ituros ? ir? ■hanged 7. A(lvorI)s of procnt time become after a secondary tense adverbs of past time : as, nunc {now) becomes iam, tunc [llu-n). 'a.Bvi^yesteniay) " pridie (///,',/,,,. A/,,^^). ^o^'^B [to-day) " \\\o6.\e(ihat\iay). cv&B [to. morrow) ■' vosiridie (///e ne.vf ,/ay). hlc(Aere) " ibi (/^vv). 8. It should h^ noted that. Si ha'beam, dem (p. 301) becomes Dixit 86 daturum, si haberet. Si haberem, darem becomes Dixit se daturum fuisse, si haberet. Si mansissem, interfectus essem becomes Diclt or dixit, futurum fuisse ut interflceretur si mansisset. It may also be noted that Debellatum erit, The 7var ivill then he over., becomes Dixit debellatum fore. 9. Se and suus in indirect usually refer to the subject of the principal verb, is or ille to some one different from that subject : as, Caesar Catoni dixit verba eius sibi d\BxAicevQ,Cacsar told Caio that his {Catds) words displeased him {Caesar). 10. If a pronoun is required in indirect to refer to the subject of a subordinate clause, ipse may be used : as, Rogavit eos ut dederent qui ipsos prodidissent, He asked them to surremier men who had betrayed them. 11. The subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause when an indirect statement is only implied and not expressed : as, Noctu ambulabat quod somnum capere non posset. He used to walk about at night because he eould not sleep (as was reported) El, qui primus conscendisset, praemium proposuit, He offered a reward to the one who should first scale the wall. NoTK.-Such a use of the subjunctive is called virtual oblique. 12 Indirect narration is often used in a principal clause without a verb of saying: as, Rhenum traiisiit: Gallos enim sibi bellum mtulisse He crossed the Rhine : for (he said) the Gauls had made war on him. 13. The following exceptions to the rules of indirect may be noticed . — {a) Certior factus est id agi ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto 308 FIRST LATIN' KOOK. to Acrxcs, but a„ „»le,>c„de„t s.a.e,„o„t ,n,ulc by ,l,o hislurUu,., ,1 . . . •■' Vnere the quae sentiebas s regarded n<; aS' ::n;;,:e :."":' ;'"^' 't- "• ""■ "-^ ^-«^ -^ -"■^^"-'^ ^ «cakeiieil ,f the direct foim of expression «ere chan-cil ) So too- jj.// ;, ""■"""■ ""^"^ ""«'■ "O"""^ ■■"aerie, / ,„/. «t;^/"^!"',' ''°° ,»'"""""«' esse dum haeo geruntur, He saM tluU r.:t:r.:se^'^"-^ — - - (~t,:'er SPECIAL LATIN IDIOMS. The following idioms may be noticed •— .«!?, tr rsrrra.rr:,::r::' at'" *" '"" '■■■"'"■ <"<• indirect does not take a finite vlrb)! """""" '"' '* "' (') Non dubltavl quln urbem oapturus fnerlt, / /,'/ , j ,. II'-'! '•'-'■■■'•'M have taken, l,ccHyUor.I^^r^T' '""■''""'" 111, , -^ \ '-"''^'^'oncU in consenitivf r Tiicf. • double dependence). So : Rogo te quid facturus fuer 1 ^ ^ J 11" what you 7uould have done. ' ''''' y'^' if) Laetemur potius quam queramur, Lef us rejoice rather than complain. Addit se prius occisum iri ouim ^^ -^ ^f^^'^^ ^"''*^ .uUs ,l,a, ,.e ..m „c ,a„e.l .oa„er //1 Z/"/" T^f' '" UUIU |i .,*i*i«esai FIRST LATIN READER. 1 ' 'I CORNELIUS NEPOS. THEMISTOCLES. I. Themistocles, Neoclis filius, Arhenicnsis. IIuillsThcoarlj' vitia ineuntis adulescentiac magnis sunt cmendata virtu- xhe.^fjg. tibus, adco ut anteferatur huic nemo, pauci pares putentur. t'''^'^'^- Sed ab initio est ordienduni. Pater eius Neocies gcnero- sus fuit. Is uxorem Halicarnassiam civcm duxit, ex qua natus est Themistocles. Qui cum minus esset probatus parentibus, quod et liberius vivebat et rem familiarcm neglegebat, a patre exheredatus est. Quae contumelia non fregit eum, sed erexit. Nam cum iudicasset sine summa industria non posse cam exstingui, totum se dedidit rei publicae, diligentius amicis famaeque serviens. Multum in iudiciis privatis versabatur, saepe in contionem populi prodibat ; nulla res maior sine eo gerebatur, celc- riter quae opus erant reperiebat, facile ;adem oratipne explicabat. Neque minus in rebus gerendis promptus quam excogitandis erat, quod et de instantibus, ut ait Thucydides, verissime iudicabat et de futuris callidissime coniciebat. Quo factum est ut brevi tempore illustraretur. II. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae rei publicae He per- belle Corcyraeo: ar: quod gerendum prac;or a populo ASam factus non solum praesenti bello, sed etiam reliquo teai- '° ''"■''' ^ pore ferociorem reddidit civitatem. Nam cum pecunia ii.c.'m. publica, quae ex metallis redibat, iargitione magistratuum quotannis interiret, ille persuasit populo ut ea pecunia classis centum n*vium aediticaretur. Qua celeriter effecta, pnmum Corcyraeos fregit, deinde maritimos prae- dunes consectando mare tutum reddidit. In quo cum divitiis ornavit, turn etiam peritissimos belli naval is fecit Athenienses. mi :U0 FIRST LATIN READKR. This flcit saved Greece in the Persian war. Leotiidas at Theriiioj)}-. lae ; tlie ' fleet at Arteniisiuin, H.C. 4S0. l.^llu.n univcrsae infer , 7 " "'^" ^' '"" runt ■ -culs ' i ' "' '''"''"'" ^'"^^^ '"^'"^ f"'-- rfelecti cum I enn,Vln t P'^^^'^'^^- Itaqiie missi sunt v-n tuin i.eonida, Lacedaeinoniorum retrp n„; ti "lopylas occuparent lonoiusnuo l.T ^^^' '»"' ^'^^'■■ paterentur. I vim hn.^f ' '^'*' >''i'os progredi non p.i.«umap.d^L;-rinrsi:rir?^^"'^"-'""' Themistocles cuiierPhnf ^^"^, ^""«'^'^ •• angustias enim etsi pan P^U^T^::;''^''''''^ f^^^^^^^^^^' Hie ausimane.,,uod::u;:;iX^^-p:nr""^ constituerent. i'alamma classcm suam que niillis defendentibus, interfe ^Llis sacer- COKNKLIUS NEPOS, 311 dotibiis quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit. Cuius flamma perterriti classiarii cum maiicre non auderciit et plurinii hortarentur, ut donios suas discedcrent inociii- husque se defenderent, Tliemistocles unus lestitit cl universos pares esse posse aiebat, dispersos testabatur pcrituros, idque Euiybiadi, rcj^i Lacedaemonioinin, qui turn sunimae imperii praeerat, fore affirnial Quem cuin minus quam vellet moveret, noctu de is suis (luem habuit fidelissimum ad rcgem iiiisit, ut ei nuntiaret suis verbis, adversarios eius in fuga esse : qui si disccs- sissent, maiore cum labore et longinciuiore tempore bellum confecturum, cum singulos consectari cogerctur ; quos si statim aggrederetur, brevi universos oppressurum. Hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentur. Hac re audita barliarus, nihil doli subesse ciedens, postridie alimissimo sibi loco, contra opportu- nissimo hostibus, adco angusto marl conflixit, ut eius multitudo navium explicari non potuerit. Victus ergo est magis etiam consilio Themistoclis quam armis Gracciae. V. Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamcn tantas habcbat rcliquias copiarum, ut etiam tum iis opprimere posset hostes. Iterum al) codem gradu depulsus est. Nam Themistocles, verens ne bellare persoveraret, ccrtiorem eum fecit id agi ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto fccerut, dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam excluderetur ; idque ei persuasit. Itaque qua sex mensibus iter fecerat, eadem minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus est seque a Themistocle nop -iperatuni, sed conservatum iudicavit. Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est Europaeque succubuit Asia, Haec est altera victoria, quae cum Marathonio possit comparari tropaeo. Nam pari mode apud Salamina parvo numero navium maxima post hominum memoriam classis est devicta. VI. Magnus hoc beilo Themistocles fuit neque minor in pace. Cum enim Phalerico perm neque mngno neque bono Athenienses uterentur, huiuh consilio liiplex Piraei portus constitutus est iisque mocnibus cirrumdatus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate aequiperaret, utilitate superaret. Themis- toolcs contrives to make tlic («reeks Salainis, B.C. 4M'. He iri(lii('C'( Xerxes to leave Greece. He fortifies the I'iraei.s imd restores the walla of Atheii.'^. The Spartans ol)jeet. li.C. 47S-472. t IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // O w ^ / A #/^ C4 I/. % % 1.0 I.I £ Iffi 112.0 11:25 III 1.4 im 1.6 nc Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 m? ^ iV \\ '«k '<^>. ^■^'^"^J^ .V ,% vv^< ^ 312 He outwits the 8par- tuns. FIRST LATIN READER. Idem nn„-o.s Atheniensium restituit praecipuo suo peri- culo. Namque Lacedaemonii causani idoneam n.c i propter barbarorun. excu.sio„es, qua negarent ^o te -c ext.a Peloponnesum ullam mbcm muros habere ne cssent loca munita quae hostes possidercnt, Athenic'nses aochficantes prohibere sunt conati. Hoc lo^ge al o " e tabat atque vulcri volebant. Athenienscs enim duX^ vctorns, Marathonia et Salaminia, tantam gloriL. atd omnes gentes erant consecuti. ut intellegeren iTe daemon,, de principatu sibi cu,n iis certam n fo e Quare eos quam infirmissimos esse volebant. Postq "n autem aud.erunt muros strui, legatos Athenas m se I qtn .d fier. vetarent. His p.aesentibus desieruntTset suscep,tThem,stocleset solus prinio profectus est : reliqui legat. ut turn exirent, cum satis alti tuendo muri ex t ,a vderentur, praecepit : interim omnes, servi atqt,e ber opus facerent neque ulli loco parcerent, sive ac r s.ve pnvatus esset sive publicus, et undique n'od idoneum ad muniendum puta,ent congere.-T ' o'o ~t " ''''''-'''- "-^ - -"^' -P"^christ VII. Themistocles aute,n, ut Lacedaemonem venit ad.re ad mag.stratus noluit et dedit operant, u^ "a.; ong.ss,me tempus duce.et. causam interponens se co lecas exspectare. Cu.ti Lacedae,nonii quere,entur onus n.h,Io m.nus fieri eumque in ea re conar^i fal ere into n rehqu. legati sunt consecuti. A quibus cum a d'; e non o";; ;;TcSt '"""''"-■^' ^' -''-- ^-^--Ti" oru,n access.t, penes quos summum erat imperium ataue eTe^iZ rrf '^'^ i^^^^^^ '-'^'^ ■ ^-- - - r^the m Te.r r^""'^''^'-' '"^^rea se obsidem ret,ne,ent. Gestus est e, mos, tresque legati functi sum m.s hononbus Athenas n.issi sunt.^ Ct^n his legaj ius u"e;r^'"'""' '^'■"'^■^^' "^^- P.aedixit, ut'ne pnus Lacedacmon.orum legatos d.mitterent quam ipse - -em.ssus. Hos postqua,n Athenas pervc.'issc ratu! esset CORNELIUS NEP08. 313 est, ad n-.ag,stratus senatumque Lacedaemoniorum adiit et apud eos lib^rrime professus est : Athenienses suo consilio, quod communi iure gentium facere posse.it, deos publicos suosque patiios ac penates, quo facilius ab hoste possent defendere, nniris saepsisse, neque in eo quod inutile esset Graeciae fecisse. Nam illorum urbem ut propugnaculum oppositum esse barbaris, apud quam iam b.s classes regias fecisse naufragium. Laccdacmonios ■ autem male et iniuste facere, qui id potius intuerentur quod ipsorum dominationi quam quod universae Graeciae utile esset. Quare, si suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athenas miserant, se remitterent, cum aliter illos nunquam in patriam essent recepturi. VIII. Tamen non effugit civium suorum invidiam. Thcuis- Namque ob eundem timo.em, quo damnatus erat Mil-t°^'^^'« fades, testularum suffragiis e civitate eiectus Argos aaT/r^' habitatum concessit. Hie cnm propter multas virtutes magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii legatos Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod societatem cum rege Perse ad Graeciam opprimendam fecisset. Hoc crimine absens proditionis damnatus est. Id ut audivit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat Corcyram demigravit. Ibi cum eius principes anima'd- ITmZT'^'"- r P'"''''/' ^"'"'" "' Lacedaemonii Withdraws et Athenienses md!cerent,ad Admetum, Molossum regem t°corcyra cum quo ei hospitium erat, confugit. Hue cum venisset' Srul et in praesentia rex abesset, quo maiore religione se ^•''' '"^ receptuin tueretur, filiam eius parvulam arripuit et cum ea se in sacrarium, quod summa colebatur caerimonia, coniecit. Inde non prius egressus est, quam rex eum data dextra in fidem reciperet, quam pracstitit. Nam cum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedaemoniis exposceretur pubhce, supplicem non prodidit monuitque ut consulerel sibi : diff cile enim esse in tarn propinquo loco tuto eum versari. Itaque Pydnam eum deduci iussit et quod satis esset praesidii dedit. Hie in navem omnibus ignotus nautis escendit. Quae cum tcmpestate maxima Naxum ferretur, ubi turn Athcniensium erat exercitus, sensit iv. pi, Jv 314 Themis- tocles at the Persian court, B.C. 4G5. He is kindly received by Artaxerxes, and settles in Asia. FIKST LATIN READEK. Themistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi esse pereundum. mu ta polhcens, s. se conservasset. At ille clarissimi viri captus nnser.cordia diem noct.mque procul ab insula in salo navem tenu.t m anco.is neque quemquam ex ea exire exDonr.'" • -n ''^'^"'"" ^''■^'"'' ''^'^'"^ Themistociem expon.t . cui ille pro mentis post'.a gratiam rettul.t. IX. Scio plerosque ita scripsisse, Themistocien Xerxe Thucyd.d. .redo, quod et aetate proximus de iis qui c v.tat s fu.t Is autem ait ad Artaxerxen eum venisse atqueh,s verbis epistulam misisse : " Themistocies ven! ad te, qu. piunma mala omnium Graiorum in domum uam jntul, quam diu mihi necesse fuit adversum patr m tuum bellare patri^mque meam defendere. Idem mul o Plura bona feci, postquam in tuto ipse et ille inpeH o Toud sT"- T T "" ^^■•-^'^ ^^^^'-^' vellet," apud Salamma facto, htteris eum certiorem feci, id agi ut pons quern m Hellosponto fecerat, dissolveretur atque a hos .busc.rcum.retur: quo nuntio ille periculo est^iber- Graeca, tuam petens amicitiam : quam si ero adeptus non mmus me bonum amicum habebis quam fortem .n-m.cum die expertus est. Te autem rogo, ut de i s rebus, quas tecum colloqui volo, annuum m hi temp des eoque transacto ad te venire patiaris." X. Huius rexanimi magnitudinemadmiranscupiensque tempus littens sermon.que Persarum dedid.t : quibus adeo erud.tus est, ut multo commodius dicatur ap.^ regem verba fecisse quam i. poterant, qui in Perside era!:! nat.. H,c cum multareg. esset pollicitus g.atissimumque >Ilud, s. su.s ut, consiliis vellet, ilium Graeciam bello oppressurum, magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus n As.am redut domiciliumque Magnesiae sibi con^ tu " Namque banc «rbem ei rex donarat, his quiden. ve ti^ quae e. panem praeberet (ex qua r'egioni qubqu^e^' CORNELIUS NKPOS. )ereundum. sit, aperit. irissimi viii b insula in ex ea exiie Jmistoclem tulit. cien Xerxe •otissimum le lis, qui : eiusdem m venisse odes veni n domum m patrein cm niulto n periculo t, proelio I id agi ut ■ atque ab est liber- a cuncta adeptus, n fortem it de lis i tempus piensque tine illud quibus ur apud de erant inumque m hello natus in nstituit. verbis, luagena 315 talenta qnotannis miil,an.), Lanipsacun. autc>m, undo vinum sumcrct, Myunta, ex qua obsoniun, habcir^t duo""!' 1,?""'"" '"""""''^'^ monumen.a manserunt in^.ea.h duo . s.pulchrum prope oppKk.m, in quo est sopultus ^,f;?"' , statua .n foro Magnesiae. De cuius mono nndtis„u,dis '""■•' -i apud ■ erosque scriptuni est, sed nos eundem potissimum '''''"" rhucyd.dcn, auctoHMH prohamus, qui ilium ait Magnesiae morbo n,ortui„n nec,ue negat f.isse famam, venenum sua sponte sumps.sse, cum se, quae regi de Graecia oppri- menda pol hctus esset, praestare posse desperaret. Idem ossa ems clam in Attica ab amicis sepulta, quoniam legi- bus non concederetur, quod proditionis es.et danmatus, memoriae produlit. ARISTIDES. fere tuif Th'em''?''r'' '""' Atheniensis. aequaiis character tere fu t Them.stocl. atque cum eo de principatu ?' ^--'f "'^- coutend.t : namque obtrecta-unt inter se. In his aul^m ^^"^ cognuum est, quanto antestaret eloqucn.ia innocentiae. ^-^^ ^'*- Quamquam enun adeo excellebat Aristide^- abstinentia, unus post hominum memoriam, quem quidem nos aucenmus, co,nomme Justus sit appellatus, tamen a r mmuuf ' ''^''Z;""'^ ^^^^"'^ ''' ^•^"^ decern anno- riim multatus est. Qu. quidem cum intellegeret reprimi concuatam multitudinem non posse, cedensque a'nim advert.sset quendam scribentem, ut patria peileretur qi.aes,sse ab eo dicitur, quare id faceret aut quid Aristides' comm.sisset, cur tanta poena dignus ducer.tur. Cui .-lie respond.t se ignorare Aristiden, sed sibi non placere, quod tarn cupide laborasset, ut praeter ceteros Justus appella- Tertulit n' ''"' '"""'■""' l^g\Um^m poenam non per uht. Nam postquam Xerxes in Graeciam descendit. sexto fere anno quam erat expulsus, populi scito in patriam lestitutus est. H''^"''-»» II. Interfuit autem pugnae navali apud Salamina, quae facta est pnus quam poena liberaretur. . Idem praetor 316 VmsV LATIN KKADKR. Arislides at Salaniig, B.{;. 4S(t, and Plataea, B.C. 479. Aristides settles the tribute of t he allies, It.C. 477, and himself •lies poor, about B.C. 468. fuit Atheniensium apud Plataeas in proelio, quo b.r- barorttm exerctus fusus Mardoniusque into fecu.s qu..n, hu.us ■mpcrn memoria, iustitiae vero et aequitatis cZTr '""'"= ■" P-"is, quod eitts ae! r cum Pausan,a, quo duce Mardonius erat fugatus ut summa unperii maritimi ab Laccdacmoniis ttansfer 'ct duces erant Lacedac-nionu. Turn autem ct intemperantiT c.v.tatcs Graec.ae ad Atheniensium societatem se -xnnli carent et advetsus barbaros hos duces deligerT^t sibi.'' HI. Quos quo facilius rcpeilctent, si foi-e bellum compaiandos quantum pecuniae quaeque civitas daret coliata . Ki enim commune aerarium esse voluerunt Quae omn.s pea.nia postero te.npo.e Athenas fanslata c urn ,Lr r' "'''"""^" """"'" -^ "^tius indi- cium, quam quod, cum tantis rebus praefuisset in tint-, paupertate decessi,, ut qui effenetu,- vix rel q en n 1 actum est ut filiae eius publice alerentur et de mnm" aerano dottbus datis coilocatentur. Decessit aute. .^ pos num quartum, quam Then.istocles Athenis cat HANNIBAL. I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Karthaginiensis Sf p"oSLt „^^tr"'"; ''''•'""' """° ^"'^'^^'' "^ P"P"'"« l^omanus ^^^l^lZ^^T; -^"^-"Pe-nt, non est infitiandum Ha n.balem tanto ptaest.tisse ceteros imperatores prudentia n tires^^N" ''""^"" ^"^^^^''^^ fortitudinrcm:^:; nat.ones. Nam quotienscumque cmn eo con<.ressus est 'n Itaha, semper discessit superior. Quod °IT dom cv.um suorum invidia debilitatus esset, Roman^: lideTu; '>, quo bar- rfectiis est. istrc factum t aec|iiitatis s aeqiiitate leciae siiniil fiigatus, lit •ansferrctur lari et terra emperantia omnes fere II se appli- nt sibi. to bell urn :eicitusqiic itas claret, le arbitrio elum sunt voliieriint. < translata rtiiis indi- , in tanta M-it. Quo comnnini uten» fere lenis erat Komanus inn Han- rurlentia, ' cuiictas sssus est isi domi s videtur superare potuisse. unius virtutem. CORNELIUS NEPOS. Sed multoruin obtrectatio devicit 317 eiga Koiudiios sic conseivavit, ut prius animam qua.n id ?;'""»>' ^o deposucnt, qui quideni, cum patria pulsus asset et alien- arum opum mdigeret, numquam destiterit aninio bcllare cum Romanis. II. Nam ut omittam rhilippum, quern absens hostem reddidit Roman.s. omnium lis temporibus potentissimus rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate inccndit bel- and., ut usque a rubro marl arma conatus sit inferre italiae. Ad quem cum Icgati venissent Romani, qui de ejus voluntate explorarent darentque operam consiliis clandestinis, ut Hannibalem in suspicionem regi adduce- rent, tamquam ab ipsis corruptum alia atque antea sent.re, neque id frustra fecissent, idque Hannibal com- pensset seque ab inie, ioribus consiliis segregari vidisset, tempore dato ad.it ad regem, eique cum multa de fide sua et odio m Romanos commemorassct, hoc adiunxit : " Pater mens," inquit, «' Hamilcar, puerulo me, utpote „ , . non amphus novem annos nato, in Hispaniam imperator "bnt"'"' prohciscens Karthacrine. lovi nntini^ r,,-, • V • story of hia immni.,.f '° ' °^' optnno niaximo hostias boyish oath, nnmolav t ; quae d.vma res dum conficiebatur, quaesivit a me vellemne secum in castra proficisci. Id cimi liben- ter accep.ssem atque ab eo petere coepissem nc dubitaret ducere, turn die, ' Faciam,' inquit, ' si mihi fidem quam postulo dedens.' Simul me ad aram adduxit, apud cuam sacnficare mst.tuerat, eamque ceteris remotis tenentem .urare luss.t, numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore Id ego nisiurandum patri datum usque ad banc aetatem .ta conservavi, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, quin reliquo tempore eadem mente sim futurus. Quare si quid aniice de Romanis cogitabis, non imprudenter feceris, si me celaris : cum quidem bellum parabis, te ipsum frustra- beris, Si non me in eo principem posucris." III. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in Hispaniam profectus est : cuius post obitum, Hasdrubale 318 VIUST LATIV READKU. Hannibal, Ooiiitnatider ill-Chief, B.C. '-'21 ; takes SaKuntuin, B.C. 211). He crogsps the Pyrenees and Alps, B.C. 218. His victories on the Ticiniis and Trebia, B.C. 218; at the Triisii- niene Lake. H.C. 217; fttUannae, B.C. 216. nperato.e suffecto, cquitatui onini pracfuit. Hoc quoque ■uc fectoexccmissummain imperii ad eum detulit. Id Kartl,ag,n..n delatum publice coinpn.batum est. Sic r ctus'tn'"'""V'"""^-" '' "^''^" ^"^"'^ "^''"^ '"'Perator subcgit : Sagnntum, foederatam civitale.n, vi expi,g„avit tres e.xe,cuus maximos co.nparavit. E^ „, [^^^ A ncam mis.t, alteru.n cum Masdrubalc fratre in Hispania •-eliqii.t, tertiiim in Italian, secmn duxit. Saltum Pyrenaetim transiit ; quacumque iter fecit cum omnibus incolis c.nflixit ; neminem nii. victum dn nisi" selJr P"^'^'-^^!"^"" ^-^"i^ 'l"-'^e Italiam ab (Pallia Pr.ete Her'"*r "7""."'"^"-" -- ^xercitu ante eum tit tn '""'.'^P '"'"''^' '^''^''-'"^ "'"'''"^- P-I^i'--e t an itu concd.t, loca patefecit, itinera muniit, effecit ut - elephantus ornatus ire posset, qua antea u'nus homo ne mis vix .poterat repere. Hac copias traduxit in Itaiiamque pervenit. IV. Conflixerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio Scip.one consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem Clastidnapud Padum decernit sauciumque inde ac fuea um dnn.ttit. Tertio idem Scipio cum collega TibeHo Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. Cum in a num conseruit : utrosque profligavit. Inde per Li' "es Appenninum transiit, petens Etruriam. Hoc itincre^'Jeo grav. morbo adficitur oculorum, ut postoa Z^^ consulem apud frasumenum cum exercitu insidiis cir cumventum occidit, neque muho post C. C ni im praetorem cum delecta manu saltus occupantem H n Apuham pervenit. Ibi obviam ei vcnerunt duo Z- sules, C. rerentius et L. AemiHus. Utriusque exercitus uno proeho fugavit, Paulum consulem occid t et al quo superiore anno fuerat consul. ^ • iii'iu»jiiauii»jw» CORNELirS NEHOS. 319 V. Hac pugna pugnata Roinain profectus est nuUo iicscappa resistente. In piopiiKjiiis iirbi niontibns moiatiis est. [,'"'" rJlge.'"' Cum aliquot ibi dies castia habiiisset ct Capiiain rtveite- **'^"' -'•'• retiir, Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Komaiuis, in agro I'rilerno ei se obiecit. Hie ciaiisiis locoriini angiisliis noctu sine iillo detriniento exercitiis sc expedivit Fabio- (|ue, cailidissiino iniperatori, dcdit verba. Namqiie obdiicta nocte sarmenta in cornibiis iuvcncorum dciigata incendit eiuscpie generis multitudineni magnani dispaiatam immisit. Quo repentino obiecto visu tantum terrorem iniecit exercitui Ronianoruni, ut egredi extra vallum nemo sit ausus. Hanc post rem gestam non ita nuiltis diebus M. Minu- natinibars cium Rufum, magistrum equitum pari ac dictatorem *"'''''''''""*' imperio, dolo productum in proelium fugavit. Tiberium Sempronium Gracchum, itcrum consulem, in Lucanis absens in insidias inductum su'stulit. M. Claudium Marcellum, quinquies consulem, apud Venusiam pari modo interfecit. Longum est omnia enumerare proelia. Quare hoc unum satis erit dictum, ex quo intellegi possit, qiiantus ille fuerit : quamdiu in Italia fuit, nemo ei in acie restitit, ntMno adversus eum post Cannensem pugnam in campo castra posuit. VI. Hinc invictus patriam defensum revocatus bellum Hannii)al gessit adversus P. Scipionem, fdium eius Scipionis, quern 5^/;^^',!^'' '° ipse prime apud Rhodanum, itcrum apud Padum, tertio »<^'-203,and apud Trebiam fugarat. Cum hoc exhaustis iam patriae at Zama, facultatibus cupivit inpracsentiarum bellum componcc, ^*" ^^'^' quo valentior postea congrederetur. In colloquium con- venit : condiciones non convenerunt. Post id factum paucis diebus apud Zamam cum eodem conflixit : pulsus (incredibile dictu) biduo et duabus noctibus Hadrumetum pervenit, quod abest ab Zama circiter millia passuum tre- centa. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul cum eo ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt ei : quos non solum effugit, sed etiam ipsos oppressit. Hadrumeti reliquos e fuga col- legit : novis dilectibus paucis diebus nuiltos contraxit. 320 Hannitial ofter Zaina. IIWHurren- (li*r demand et'iil8. The battle Defeat of Euinenes. ■«■•rra. Sed utrobi,,,,.. F.mnonc, |,1,„ v;,leba( pronler "ilMl o ppnm, : <|„,.„ ,i ,e,„„vi,,,,, f.„i|i„,., ^;,,; r. ...nun. clas»c. p.,,,,,, .liel,,,, era,,. ,k.c,e„,ri : super- p r ,rr"',"' '"""""""" ■ '"■'" •■"" 1'"«-".ssent aut nuerfccissent, tnagno iis pollicelur pracmio XI. Tali cohortatione miiitum facta classis ab utrisque >" Proelunn deducitur. Quarum acie constittUa , r.^ suis, quo loco Eumenes esset, tabellarium in scanh-i P^'enU r; r"" ^"' ''' ^^ --- adversa^ : per^en.t epistulamque ostendens se regem professus est dub.tabat qu.n al.quid de pace esset scriptum. Tabel- peHtJ-q^^r^--;;--^^^ ets.cat.an. .irabatur neque reperie^^^^ pro^ :;: adlrmuf "''"^ ^'-""P^" ""'^^'•^' — ^ Eumenis ten?"n'tir"" '■''^ '""^ ^"^'•"^••^ "°" P-^et, fuga salu- ^teT; t fc TTe. r"""" "'^^^^ -"-.versarios -^.nent-s-":r-4;:':^^t^: (diMfMMMi CORVKMUS NKP08. 323 t propter •iim Han- il)i cetera ileiii iniit ri : super- luiii, c;uin It OS vivas :mn effe- :urus erat praecipit, iiavem, a lus facile m in qua m si aiit pracniio utrisqiie a, prius- 1 faceret scapha ariorum ssus est d nemo Tabel- tgressus ea rep- Ciiius roelium incursu u men is a salu- ra sua erant rsarios qui bus Quae iicta initio risnm pu^jnanlibus cnncitarunt, neque (juare III fieret poterat intellcyi. I'ostqnam autem naves suas "ppletas conspexeiunt serpeiuibus, nova re perterriti, ' iini, quid potissimum \itartnt, non vidm-nt, puppes vertcrunt seque ad sua castra naiitica rettiilciunt. Sic Hannibal consilio anna I'erKamcnoruni superavit, neque liun solum, sed savpe alias pedestribus copiis pari prudcntia pepulit adversarios. ^ XII. Quae dum in Asia Kcruntur, accidit casu ut leKatiihe Komaim I'rusiac Roniae aj)ud T. Quintiuu) Flaniininum ^''>"^»I^V,''I",a,;;,';',,^ areni cenarent, al(|uo ibi de lianiiibale nientionc facta ex «urrendir ..( lis unus diccret cum in Prusiae regno esse. Id postcro {'o.nKultf die Flaniiniuus senatui dctulit. ^ Patres conscripti, qui '''■"''''"'• Hannibale vivo nuniquani se sine insidiis futuros existi- niarcnt, legatos in Jjitbyniam m!serunt,in iis P'laniininum, qui ab rege peterent, ne inimicissiuium suuui secuni babe- ret sibique dederet. His Prusias negare ausus non est : lilud recusavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, quod adversus uis hospitii esset : ipsi, si possent, comprehenderent : locum, ubi esset, facile invenluros. Hannibal enini uno loco se tenebat in castello. quod Thedeathof ei a rege datum erat muneri, idque sic aediticarat, ut in """"""''■ omnibus partibus acdificii exitus haberet, scilicet verens ne ui-.u veniret, cpiod accidit. }Iuc cum legati Roman- oium venissent ac mullitudine domum eius circumdedis- sent, puer ab ianua prospiciens Hannibali dixit plures praeter consuetudinem armatos apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii circnmiiet ac propere sibi nuntiaret, num eodem modo undi(|ue obsideretur. Puer cum celeriter, quid esset, renuntiasset omnesquc exitus occupatos ostendisset, sensit id non fortuito factum, sed se peti neque sibi diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbitrio dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum venenum, quod semper secum habere consuerat, sumpsit. XIII. Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisque perfunctus laboribus, anno acquievit septuagesimo. Quibus con- sulibus interierit, non convenit. Namque Atticus M. 324 FIRST LATIN READKB. StSr^ Claudio M rcello Q. Fabio Labeone consulibus mortuum l8..a„di8X Corneho Cethego M. Baebio Tamphilo. Atque h c antus v>r tantisque bellis districtus nonnihil tempoH tnbuu l,tter,s. Namque aliquot eius libri sunt, G.aeco sermone confecti, in iis ad Rhodios de C„. ManiU Vul son,s m As.a rebus gestis. Huius belli gesta n'ul i memor.ae prod.derunt, sed ex Ins duo, qui cum eo e t Sner'"^""-^'^"' "^"""^' q-n^diuVortuna passa Hl;fn ib"l 'li: ^°^""^/~-n-s. Atque hoc Sosilo Hannibal litterarum Graecarum usus est doctore. CAESAR, DE BELLO GALLICO, B. IV, B. V, Ch. ,-23. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. In the following selections from Caesar's great work on th quest of Gaul, he narrates : " ^''^ ^°"- (0 The story of his successful attempt to prevent th^ r. tribes, who held the right bank of th/p. 7 ^"""'^" Hver and settling upon t^eletor Gait banr '"" """''''^ ''' a!^^':.:'^ °' '" '"'' ^"^^^^°" "^ ^--" - the end of ^ (3) The story of his Second Invasion of Britain on July 30th, 'US mortuum L. Aemilio n Blitho P. Atqiie hic lil temporis unt, Graeco Manlii V'ul- g[esta n-«ulti cum eo in I'tuna passa : hoc Sosilo •re. H. 1-23. n the con- - German •ssinor the le end of uly 2otli, ^<»'i- £^:: MAP OF PNORTHERN GAUL^-. '■ »c 1- '0 10 4> j EN0LI5H »T*TUTE MtLtT S^ ia(»i .Yame» a.-c ,n Roman Type j-v^ Modtrn Kxmes are in IMic Type^^ Hot» = ^C ,. - Noviodnni?..,-^ :i> -' Loig;. £*,.. J ^5l 'iii I. I Pompi item Rhent influit. annos bantui sima I dicunt bellani manse post ir culturj privat anno i multui vivunt genen a puet contra rum n suetuc tus pi exigui in flun II. bello ( rem a C. lULI CAESARIS COMMENTARIORUM DE BELLO GALLICO LIBER QUARTUS. I. Ea, quae secuta est, hieme, qui fuit annus Gneio Usipetesand Pompeio, Marco Crasso consulibus,.Usipetes Gennani etmlgrateto item Tencteri mafjna cum multitudine hominum flumen ^^"'' , . ° pressed by Rhenum tiansieiunt, non longe a mari, quo Rhenus the Suebi influit. Causa transeundi fuit, quod ab Suebis complures annos exagitati bello piemebantur et agricultuia ptohibe- bantur. Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosis- sima Germanorum omnium. Hi centum pagos habere Customs of dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis singula millia armatorum* ** '" bellandi causa ex finibus educunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se atque illos alunt. Hi rursus invicem anno post in armis sunt ; illi domi remanent. Sic neque agri- cultura nee ratio atque usus belli intermittitur. Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est, neque longius anno remanere uno in loco incolendi causa licet. Neque multum frumento, sed maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt multumque sunt in venationibus ; quae res et cibi genere et cotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae, quod a pueris nuUo officio aut disciplina assuefacti nihil omnino contra voluntatem faciant, et vires alit et immani corpo- rum magnitudine homines efficit. Atque in eam se con- suetudinem adduxerunt, ut locis frigidissirnis neque vesti- tus praeter pelles haberent quicquam, quarum propter exiguitatem magna est corporis pars aperta, et lavarentur in fluminibus. II. Mercatoribus est ad eos aditus magis eo, ut, quae bello ceperint, quibus vendant, habeant, quam quo ullam rem ad se importari desiderent. Quin etiam iumentis, 325 ■'.!■ 326 FIRST LATIX HKADER. The Siiebi reduce the Uhii to a tnl)iitary state. The Menapii aresurprisfd h.v the sud- den attack of the Oermans. qu.bus maxnne Gall, delectantur quacque impenso parant pret.o, German, importatis non utuntur, scd quae sunt apud eos nata, prava atque defotmia, hacc cotidiana exetatat.one summi ut sint laboris efficiunt. Equestribus proelMs saepe ex equis desiliunt ac pedibus proeliantur equ„sque eodeni re.nanere vestigio assuefecerunt, ad quos se celenter, cum usus est, recipiunt; ncque eorum mori- bus turp.us qu.cquam aut inertius habetur quani ephippiis ut.. Itaquead qucmvis nume.um ephippiatorum equitum qua.nv.s pauc. adire audent. Vinum ad se omnino .mpottar. non sinunt. quod ea .e ad labcem ferendum remollescere boniines atque effeminari aibitrantur. HI. Publice maximam putant esse laudem, :,uam latis- snne a su.s finibus vacate agtos : hac .e significari mag- mnn numerum civitatum suam vim sustinere non posse Itaque una ex parte a Suebis ci.citer millia passuum sexcenta agr. vacate dicuntur. Ad alteram partem suc- cedunt Ub.. quorum fuit civitas ampla atqtte florens, ut est captus Germanorum, ct paulo quam sunt eiusdem gener.s ceter. humaniores, piopte.ea quod Rhenum attin- giint, multumque ad eos mercatores ventitant, et ipsi propter propinquitatem Gallicis sunt .noribus assuefacti Hos cum Suebi multis saepe bellis expert! propter am- plitudmem giavitatenique civitatis finibus expellere non potu.ssent, tamen vectigales sibi fecerunt ac multo humi- liores .nfir.nioresque .edegerunt. IV. In eadem causa fuerunt Usipetes et Tencteri quos supia diximus, qui complures annos Sueborum vim' sust.nuerunt ; ad extremum tamen agris expuisi et multis German.ae Iocs triennium vagati ad Rhenum pervene- runt. Quas reg.ones Menapii incolebant et ad utramque npam flum.nis agios, aedificia vicosque habebant • sed tantae mult.tudinis aditu perterriti ex his aedificiis oi-ae trans flumen habuerant, demigraverunt et cis Rhenum d.spos.t.s praesidiis Germanos transire prohibebant Illi omnia experti, cum neque vi contendere propter inopiam nav.um neque clam transire propter custodias Menapi- orum possent, reverti se in suas sedes regionesque simul- lenso parant i quae sunt c cotidiana Equestribiis pioeliantur, int, ad quos ioriiin mori- 111 ephippiis LJinequitum se omnino 1 ferenduin mtur. quam latis- ficari mag- non posse. I passuum artem suc- florens, ut t eiusdem num attin- it, et ipsi assiiefacti. opter ani- jllere non ilto humi- Tencteri, oriim vim et multis pervene- iitiamcjue ant ; sad ciis, quae Rhenum ant. Illi inopiam Menapi- Je simul- lULI CAESARIS DK DELLO GALLICO, B. IV. averunt et tridui viam progress! riirsus reverterunt atque omni hoc itinere una nocte equitalu confecto inscios inopinantesque Menapios oppresserunt, qui de Cernian- orum discessu per exploratores certiores facti sine nietu trans Rlienuni in suos vicos reniigraverant. His inter- fectis navibusque eorum occupatis, priusquam ea pars Menapiorum, quae citra Rhenum erat, certior fieret, flumen transierunt atque omnibus eorum aedificiis occu- patis reiiquam partem hiemis se eorum copiis aluerunt. V. His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatem Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles et novis plerumque rebus student, nihil his committendum existimavit. Est enim hoc (;allicae consuetudinis, uti et viatores etiam invitos consistere cogant et, quod quisque eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit, quaerant, et mercatoros in oppidis vulgus circumsistat quibusque ex regionibus veniant nuasque ibi res cog- noverint, pronuntiarc cogant. His rumoribus atque audi- tionibus permoti de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos e vestigio poenitere necesse est, cum incertis rumoribus ser ^nt, et plerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant. VI. Qua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne graviori bello occurreret, maturius, quam consuerat, ad exercitum pro- ficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, ea, quae fore suspicatus erat, facta cognovit : missas legationes a nonnullis civita- tibus ad Germanos invitatosque eos, uti ab Rheno disce- derent, omniaque, quae postulassent, ab se fore parata. Qua spe adducti Germani latius iam vagabantur et in fines Eburonum et Condrusorum, qui sunt Trevirorum clientes, pervenerant. Principibus Galliae evocatis Caesar ea, quae cognoverat, dissimulanda sibi ixistimavit eorumque animis permulsis et confirmatis equitatuque imperato bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit. VII. Re frumentaria comparata equitibusque delectis Iter in ea loca facere coepit, quibus in locis esse Germanos audiebat. A quibus cum paucorum dierum iter abesset, 327 The fickle character of the Gauls. Caesar dis- covers intrigues hetween the Gauls and Germans ; calls a meet- ing; of the Gallic chiefs and gets their aid against the Germans. '■'S'M 9 H The Gemran deputies ne- gotiate with Caesar, i iii 328 llr' who refuses to allow thesn to remain in Oaul. FIRST LATIN RBADKR. legati ab his venerunt, quorum haec fuit oratio C.r nequepnores populo Romano bellum nfe re ne T""' v^iv.v,ic, venisse invitos f*ie>ntr^c j gratiam Romani velint, po e iis '. e . "" ' •" '"'"^ sibi agros attribuant ve patKn ur^ . "''"°' ' ""'^ ^n .e.s esse „:!•;— -„--:- posse, si in Ga°iiL ^emL; ';''" '^"""'- =™'"'i-n esse suos fines tueri ZnZtuZT L,i "'" """"^ "'"• "i"' hoc se Ubiis imperlruT " '" ''"■"''"™ P^'"'"' ^ Thev agree Jja^e^'VndeliberaTa'r^srdlem't.'?- '"°\^^'^^"^°« ^ixerunt et re en.m magnam partem .nln.... T : ..'^''- ^ognoverat vanoe.bnt ^"'"«"1 Caesar ab se impetrari posse' di^ir'T. ^^ '"^ he refuses en.m magnam partem equitatus ab i .1 . ^.^''''''^' .°W„V,.^- "osa profluie ex monte Vosego, „„,■ -s, l„ « -k bC i-'"«°"™' « P'-"'-^ q^adam ex Rheno re en 1 au l pellalur Vacalus, insulam efficit Batavorum nea'J "" -.0 spa.. ;:'z ;,a„'sr; s:iru,:tr' ^' f> : Germanos neqiie tanien tit, quod Ger- tradita, qui- ecari. Haec o .* si suam amicos : vel y quos arniis LJibus ne dii Him qiiidem ssint. pond it ; sed icitiam esse ^ esse, qui are ; neque praeseitim !» velint, in apiid se et Jm petant : •runt et re eversuros : »t. Ne id ■ognoverat iebus ante itos trans e eius rei in finibus quae ap- le longius T» influit. coliint, et Sequan- n citntiis s defluit •urn pars lULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLlCO, IJ. iv. 329 magna a feris barbarisque nationibns incolitur, ex quibus sun qu, piscbus atque ovis avium vivere existimantur. multisque capitibiis in Occanum influit. cluodtcim minib"",'' '"''' "°" ""P''"^ passuumcacsarp.- luodecnn mill.bus abesset, ut erat constitutum, ad cum rrr'°^'^ lega. revertuntur; qui in itinere congrcssi mignope e ^Sn^t the ne longms progrederetur, orabant. Cum id nonim """"""" petrassent, petcbant, uti ad eos equites, qui agmen antecess.ssent, praemitteret eosque pugna prohibere s.b.que ut potestatem faceret in Ubios legatos mitlendi quorum Si prmcipes ac senatus sibi iureiurando fidcm' fe assent, ea cond.cione, quae a Caesare ferretur, se usuro ostendebant: ad has res onficlendas sibi tridii spatium dare, Haec omma Caesar eodem iilo pertinere arbi- abatur ut tr.du. mora interposita equites eorum, qui abessent, reverterentur; tamen sese non longius millibus passuum quatuor aquationis causa processurum eo die d x.t: hue postero die quam fn ^uentissimi convenirent ut de eorum postulatis cognosceret. Interim ad prae- fectos, qu. cum omni equitatu antecesserant, mittii qui nuntiarent, ne hostes proelio lacesserent et, si ipsi lacesserentur, sustinerent, quoad ipse cum exercitu propius accessisset. aciluu XII. At hostes, ubi primum nostros equites consnex unt, quorum t^mt n„;,.r :„= ^ ^°"spex- Treach orons e.unt, quorum erat quinque millium numerus, cum attack of 'tile qui trumentandi causa lerant trans Mosam, nondum Tli^'^ red.erant, n.hil timentibus nostris, quod leg ti eotmn " pauo a.ue a Caesare discesserant atque is dies induti" era ab e.s pet.tus, impetu facto celeriter nostros perturbaverunt ; rursus resistentibus nostris, consu u! d me sua ad pedes desiluerunt, subfossisque equis com- P unbusque nostris deiectis reliquos in fugam coniecerunt atque >ta perterntos egerunt, ut non prius fuga desisterent quam m conspectum agminis nostri venissent. In eo proe ,oex equitibus nostris interficiuntur quatuor et septu- agmta, m h.s vir fortissimus, Piso Aquitanus, amplisX^o genere natus, cuius avus in civitate sua regnum obtinr' 330 Thcdpputios ofthi'tMit'iny apolojfize for tlie iittack ; tliev lire detaiiiej. Caesiir orders a general advance, and sur- prises the Germans who after a brief resist- ance KIRST LATIN KEADER. amicus ab senatu nostro appellatus. Hie cum fritri mte. use ab hostibus au.i.iu.n f.net, iliun. ^^.t^: c mt, ,p.e equo vulnerato ddectus. quoad potuit. ^^ZJT'' """ ''•'■^^""-"'- -'tis vulneribu accepti. cecul.s.et, atque id frater, (,ui iam proclio ex- cessenu P.OCU1 ani.nadvertisset, incitato equo se bo.tibus obtulit atque iiiterfectus est. XI I [ Hoc facto proelio Caesar neque iam sibi legates aud.en osnec^e condiciones accipienias arbitrabatH s, qu. per dolu.n atcjue insidias, petita pace, ultro bellu.n nuuhssent : exspectare vcro, dum hostium copiae am apud eos hostes uno proclio auctoritatis essent con- ecut. sent,ebat; quibus ad consilia capienda n.hil on iio" "r ^^'^^'"^^'-^- H- -nstitut^ rebus e consiho cum legat.s et quaestore com.nunicato, ne quern d.em pugnae praeternmteret, opportunissin.e r^s accidT quod postrKhe eius diei mane eaden. et perfid," ei s.mulat.one usi Germani frequentes omnibus princilu Z'ri rr T ""'''^'^ '' ^"'" •" -^tr^venlr n snnul, ut d.cebatur, su. purgandi causa, quod contra au,ue esset d.ctum et ipsi petissent, pJliurn pHd e CO nm,s,ssent, s.mul ut, si quid posse,u, de induti fallendo nnpetrarent. Quos sibi Caesar ob atos gav u '"OS ret„,en iussit ; ipse omnes copias castris ed xi equuatumque, quod recenti proelio perterritum esse ex istnnabat, agmen subsequi iussit. XIV. Acie triplici instituta et celeriter octo millium .tinere confecto prius ad hostium castra pervenit 0"^^ qu.d ageretur, Germani sentire possent.' Qui omnibS rebus subuo perterriti, et celeritate advenU,s no tr discessu suorum, neque consilii habendi neque am!» rost'm d:"'" '^'° P-'-bantur, copiasue \dve su hostem ducere, an castra defenders, an fu<.a salutem petere praestaret. Quorum timor cum fremitu !„ ^u s>gm carotur, militcs nostri pristini diei ll mctat. ,n castra .rruperunt. Quo loco, qui celeriter arma ll'l-I CAKHAIUS I)K liKLLO (JALI,I(0, H. ,v. 831 capere p.m.crunt, paiilispcr .u.stris restiterunt atque inter canos .mpc(inneiua,,uc. proclii,,,, conmiiscrum : at .clicuia ">"">""cio pucrorum nu.licn.m.iMc (nam cum on.nil'us sins ch.mo excesscrant Rla.nnnu,.,. transierant) passim A.|ic.e cocp.t ; ad quos consectaiulos Caesar equitatmn Xy. Germani post tcrgt.m clamorc audito, cum su„sar,. „„..,. ,v .in erne, vidercnt, aimis al.imis si-nis<,ue militaril)us ^'V;"'^" rehcfs se ex castris ciecenmt et ctnn ad con.U.entcm """""• Mosae et Rheni pervenisseiu, reliqua fuga desperata n.agno numero inte.fecto rdicpii se in flmnen praecipi- t.iverunt atque ibi tim„re, lassiludine, vi fluminis oppressi per.erunt. Nostri ad unum omnes incolumcs perpaucis vulnerat.s ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium numerus cap.tuni quadrmgentorum et trij-inta millium fuisset, se in castra receperunt. Caesar iis, quos in castris retinuerat, disccdend. p<,testatem fecit. Illi supplicia cruciatusque Gallorum vent., quorum aj,ros vexaverant. remanere se apud euni velle dixerunt. His Caesar libertatem con- cessit. XVI. Germanico belIoconfecto,multis de causis Caesar p , statu.t s.b. Khcnu.n esse transeundum ; quaru.n ilia fuit ^-Sto .ustissima, quod, cum videret Gennanos tan. facile RhrXd l!met;oIui^''''"-'"V'"''''"^' '"'' ^""'^'^ ''''''' --ritfor time.e ^ohut, cum mtellegerent et posse et audere populi «°"°i»ff- Roman, exercitum Rhenu.n tra„si,e. Accessit e.iam, quod 'lla pars equitatus Usipetu.n et Tencte.orum, quam supra com.nemo.avi praedandi frumentandique causa Mosam trans.sse necjue proelio inte.fuisse, post fu-am suftrum se tians Rhenum in fines Sugambrorum receperat seque cum iis coniunxe.at. Ad quos cn.n Caesar nuntios m.s.sset, qui postularent, eos, qui sibi Galliaeque helium intul.ssent, sibi dederent, responderunt : Populi Roman! .mper,um Rhenum finire : si se iuNito Ge.-manos in Gal- l.a.n fans.re non aec|uum existi..iaret, cur sui quicquam esse imperii aut potestatis fans Rhenum postulaiet? Ubn autem, qui uni ex T.ansrhenanis ad Caesarem Jegatos m.seiant, amicitium fecerant, obsides dederant Ui FinST LATtV READKR. I..., ,nnere orabant, ut sibi auxihu , ferret, cjuod ^raviter oxerctiis A,K,v,5i„ pulso et hoc novissimo proelio f,c,„ •;"-■■„,. „,.,.uli K.„n.u,i .„„ c,sc possin, Kav i ""„ a. ■"™™;';''";»'''-n»p.,„a,Kiu,,,exorci.,,,„p„mX„ ." 11... i.ri.iKoia „^ '• i^'icDus decern, qmbus materia coenta emt :-x™:-, -s,r= -~ -- After layintr A IX. Caesar DailCOS r?l«»c Ik, « /- .. waste the ,„„„:k„<, • • V^ "'^^ '" eoriim fin bus moratus lamis of the"'""''^"s vicis aedificiisque incensis fnimpn»;- '"^'^^.'"s German», he se in fines Uhinr,.,,. ""-^'^^'s 'rumentisque succisis returns to , ,'" ""^^^ Ubiorum recepit atque iis anviliM.^, (Ja.iiand PoI ctus. si ab Surhic: n«., . , auxilinm siium ficstroys the o„ ^, ' ^° ^"'^'^'S premerentur, haec ab iis coenovit • ..nd,e. Stteoos, posteaquam per exploratores pontem fieH r ' penssent, more suo concilio h-ihit. • ''''"'" par.es din.sisse, „,i de"^;, f ' l-'-V^r"" uxores, suaque omnia in ^ilvi« ^»,, ^ ' '''^^i^os, ,u: anna feL PoslV^n^^'LtrZerST^' arbitral set r'l, " • "' '^ "^'^'^^^^"^ P^^^^^^^"- a.Ditratus, se m Gall.am recep.t pontemque rescidit ' 'iitJ^^m^'i^i^iSi! m^ quod graviter ^ciipntionil)iis ln-mim trans- qui temporis )ini()ncin eiiis proelio facto i opinionc et • avium niaL-^- ollicebamur. cocpta erat ^ransducitiir. Jsidio relicto conipluriljus acem atque 'sidesque ad e, quo pons JUS iis, quos 'ant, finibus U seque in us moratus |ue succisis lium suum 5 cognovit : fieri com- in omnes t, liberos, |ue omne?, ent : hunc luas Suebi tare atque comperit, usa trans- netum in- obsidione Rhenum 5rofectum idit. lULI CAKSAUIS DK UKl.l.O CIALLICO, B. IV. 333 XX. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in liiscaeHar .le- locis, quod omnis CaiUa ad septcntrioncs vergit, nia- {;;|;X''i'i •° turac sunt liicmcs, laiacn in Hritanniani proficisci contcn- ^ai'"": '»''•<" dit, quod on.uibus fere Gallicis bellis lio.tibus nostris cS.;!''' inde subininisirata auxilia inteliegebat et, si tcinpus anni ad bellnni Kerenduu» deficeret, tanien magno sibi usui fore ajbitrnl..it( r, si niodo insulam adisset et genus lioniinuni perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus cognovisset : quae omnia fere Galiis erant incoynita. Neque enim temcre praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quicquam practer oram maritimam at(iue cas regiones, quae sunt contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque vocatis ad se undi(|ue mercatoribus neque quanta esset insulae niagnitudo, neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque quem usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis utercntur, neque qui essent ad maiorum navium multitudineni idonei portus, reperire poterat. XXr. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum semis Voi,,. faceret, idoneum esse arbitratus Gaium Volusenum cum "'!""• '''"!, „--_ * i„„ . . w. . rt'iurns una navi longa praemittit. Huic mandat, ut exploratis om- '•':i'"'-i» '» nibus rcbus ad se quam primum revertatur. Ipse cum*'""" omnibus copiis in Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam traiectus. Hue naves un- dique ex finitimis regionibus et quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellum effecerat dassem iul^et convenire. Interim consilio eius cognito et per mercatores perlato ad Ikitaniosa conipiuribus eius iii.ulae civitatibus ad eum legati \^niunt, qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio populi Romani obtemperare. Quibus auditis, liberaliter pollicitus hortatusque, ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos domum remittit et cum iis una Commium, quem 'ipse Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi con lituerat, cuius et virtutem et consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem arbitrabatur, cuiusque auctoritas in iis regionibus magni habebatur, mittit. Huic imperat, quas possit adcat civi- tates horteturque, nt popuH Romani fidcm scquantur, seque celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. Volusenus per- spectis regionibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari i .»^bo from the Morini, 00 i PIHST LATIV UEADKR. potuit, qui n..vi egredi ac se barbaris committere non -'deret c,n„to die ad Caesare.n revertitur quaec ue i" perspexisset renuntiat. ^ ' hostu^en ^'^"- '>»>" "1 h.s Iocs Caesar navimn parandarum fron. the causa .noratur, ex magna parte Morinoru.n acLu e U venermn, qu. se do superioris temporis consilio exc^ r^ quod hom.nes barbari et nostrae consuetudinis i.npe i' be Hum populo Romano fecissent, seque ea, quae impe s et facturos poll.cerentur. Hoc sibi satis opportune Caesar acadnse arbitratus, quod neque post ter-n . hostem relmquere volebat neque belli gerendi prom ann. tempus facultaten. habebat neque has tantu a n ennn occupatumes sibi Britanniae anteponendas iud . bat, magnum ns obsidum numerum imperaf Ouibns adducfs eos in fidem recepit. Navibus'^^cite ' . gmta onerariis coactis contractisque, quot sati esse ad duas transportandas legione. existimLbat, quic "uid ,rae erea navmm longarum habebat, quaesto i? legl s n " rect,sque d.stribuit. Hue accedebant octod cinfo .era iae tenebantu. quommus m eundum portum pervenire imnto ntuno Sabmo et Lucio Aurunculeio Cottae le<.a t.s m Menap.os atque in eos pagos Morinorun, a" b^s ad eum legat. non venerant, deducendum dedit Pu II , ^^K^umRuAunlegatun. cum eopraesidio, quod t" esse arbitiabatur, portum fenere iussit. XXin. His constitutis rebus nactus idoneam ad navi K^^ncUnn ten.pestaten. tertia fere vigilia solvit eq esoue •n ultenorem portum progredi et naves consce iere se sequ, ,uss,t. A quibus cum id paulo tardiu !se admm.stratun, ,pse hora diei circiter quarta cum pr expos.tas host.um cop.as armatas conspexit. Cuius loci batUKut ex locis supcnoribus in litus tel-=m adici posset locum, dum rel.quae naves eo convenirent, ad horam and reaches Britain. «■s^i^a^AiOsSSiiE^iSS^^pS^S lULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO, B. IV. 335 iittere non [uaeque ibi arand.irum eum le^ati Jxcusaretit, is imperiti e imperas- opportiine St tergiiiii :li propter aiUuIariini as iudica- ■' Qui bus iter octo- s esse ad uid prae- itis, prae- onerariae ::to vonto pervcnire xercitimi tae lega- ■b qui bus Publiiun lod satis ad navi- uitesque KJere et us esset 1 primis collibu; lius loci :oiitinc- posset. bitratus horam nonam in ancoris exspectavit. Interim legatis tribunis- que mililuni convocatis ct quae ex Voluseno cognossct, et quae fieri veilet, ostendit monuitque, ut rei niilitaris ratio, maxime ut niaritimae res postularent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum haberent, ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrareiitur. His di- Miissis et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum dato signo et sublatis ancoris circiter millia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus aperto ac piano litore naves constituit. XXIV. At barbari consilio Romanorum cognito prae- The natives misso equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in Roma^n^^''^ proeliis uli consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti, nostros navibus egredi prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui non poterant ; militibus autem ignotis locis, impeditis manibus, magno et gravi armorum onere op- pressis, simul et de navibus desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum, cum illi aut ex arido aut paululum in aquam progressi, omni- bus membris expeditis, notissimis locis audacter tela conicerent et equos insuefactos incitarent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti atque huius omnino generis pugnae im- periti non eadem alacritate ac studio, quo in pedestribus uti proeliis consueverant, utebantur. XXV. Quod ubi Caesnr animadvertit, naves longas, Caesar's quarum et species erat barl)aris inusitatior et motus ad fZlZy of usum expeditior, paulum rcmoveri ab onerariis navibus ""^ *'t'"id"'^ „.••... , , , . bearer of the et remis mcitan et ad latus apertum hnstium constitui loth legion; atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac advance. summoveri iussit ; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam et navium figura et remorum motu et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem retulerunt. Atc|ue noslris militibus cunc- tantibus, maxime propter altitudincin maris, qui decimae legionis aquilam fcrcbat, contestatus deos, ut ea res iegioni feliciter evenirct : "Desilite," inquit, "commili- tones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere : ego certe m 336 Rout of the enemy. Several states submit to Caesar. FIRST LATIN READER. meum reipublicac atque imperatori officium praestitero " Hoc cum magna voce dixisset, ex navi se p, oiecit atque m hostes aquilam ferre coepit. Tiun nostri cohortati •nter se ne tantum dedecu. admitteietur, universi ev nav, dcs.Iuertuu. Hos item ex proximis navibus cmn conspex.ssent, subsecuti hostibus appropinquarunt. XXVI. Pugnatumestabutrisqueacriter. Nostri tamen quod nequ. ordines servare neque firmiter insistere neque s,g„a subsequi poterant, atque alius alia ex navi qa.buscumque signis occurrenu, se aggregabat, n.agno opere perturbabantur. Hostes vero notis omnibus vadis ub. ex htore aliquos singulares ex navi .gredientes con-' spexerant, mcuatis equis impeditos adoriebantur, piures paucos circumsistebant, alii ab latere aperto in univer- sos tela comcebant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia m.hf bus compleri iussit et, quos laborantes conspexerat, n subsKba submutebat. Nostri, sinud in arido constiter: unt, su.s omnibus consecutis in hostes impetum fecerunt atque eos m fugam dederunt neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Laesan defuit. XXVII. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legatos de pace m.serunt obsides daturos quaeque in.pertsset sese fac Uiros „,,, ,^„^^_ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^ ^^^^,^ ^^^^_^^ At.ebas ven.t, quem supra denionstraveram a Caesare m Bntannuun praemissum. Hunc illi e navi egressum cum ad eos oratoris modo imperatoris mandata de- tum ;r'T'T ^'"^"'"^ ^''^''' •" ^'■■"'^"'''^ coniecerant : turn, p.oel.o facto, renmerunt ct in petenda pace eius rei culpam m mult.tudmem contulerunt et propter impru- dent.am ut .gnoscerctur, petiverunt. Caesar questu quod cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab sc pet.ssent, beihnn sine causa intulisscnt, ignoscere im prudent.ae dix.t obsidcsque imperavit ; quorum illi partem statmi dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus locis arces- lULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO, B. IV. 337 racstiteio." >iecit atque i cohortati Jniversi ex vibus ciiin runt. stri tamen, r insistere 1 ex navi, it, inagno ibiis vadis, entes con- iir, pi II res n univer- et Caesar, I navigia ispexerat, constitei- I feceriint prosequi insulam fortunani le se ex de pace 5ese fac- ^ommius Caesare jressum, lata de- ;cerant : eius rei impru- ciuestus, cem ab :ere im- partem arces- sitam paucis diebus sese daturos dixerunt. Interea suos remigrare in agros iusserunt, principesque undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt. XXVIII. His rebus pace confirmata post diem quar- Fatfi ouhe turn, quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves octodeciin, ci^^^lr" de quibus supra demonstratum est, quae equites sustule- troopships, rant, ex superiore porta leni vento solverunt. Quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae et ex castris viderentur, tanta teinpestas subito coorta est, ut nulla earum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodeni, unde erant profectae, referrentur ; aliae ad iiiferiorem partem insulae, quae est propius solis occasum, magno sui cum periculo deice- rentur : quae tamen, ancoris iactis, cum fluctibus com- plerentur, necessario adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem petierunt. XXIX. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, qui a storm and dies maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere con- 'j,''»'''^''^''* suevit, nostrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore Caesar's .1 •! ,^ • , transports. et longas naves, quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum curaverat quasque in aridum subduxerat, aestus comple- verat, et 'onerarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas afflictabat, neque ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur. Compluribus navibus fractis reliquae cum assent funibus, ancoris reliquisque armamentis amissis ad navigandum inutiles, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere, totius exercitus perturbatio facta est. Neque enim naves erant aliae, quibus reportari possent, et omnia deerant, quae ad reficiendas eas usui sunt, et, quod omnibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere, frumentum his in locis in hiemem provisum non erat. XXX. Quibus rebus cognitis principes Britanniae, qui Conspiracy post proelium factum ad ea, quae iusserat Caesar, facienda °hieh''*** convenerant, inter se collocuti, cum equites et naves et frumentum Romanis deesse intellegerent et paucitatem militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognosccrent, quae hoc !■ 338 FIRST LA'VIS HEADER. erant etiam angustiom, qnod sine impedimentis Caesar rren h. li. T ^«'""-'^^-l^e nost.os p.o],ibere nteiclus.s neni.nem postea belli inferendi causa in n.uannuun transiturum confidebant. Itauue 'rs s conuuat.one fact paulatin. ex castris disced" acsuo clam ex agris deducere coeperunt. Caesar sua- vwi as noferu tat'.'"'?"' ''" '""^"" ^^'■"•" '^«"^"'^ ^og- s spta ;t ^T •"'"],""^'-''^"^' ^-« id. quod accidit conferebat e? '' """"'" '' '^^"^ ^«^'^'^ "" -^^.a ITrurnZ ^"'' g'avissime afflictae erant naves, lubebat. Itaque, cum id summo studio a m ilitibus adm.n.straretur, duodecim navibus an.issis, reliq i u navigari coiimode posset, effecit. S' ''' frumemat'un?".;;! " ^""'"' ^'^""^ ^^ consuetudine una f umentatun m.ssa quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad .d tempus belli suspicione interposita, am pars hon.n.„..„ ,,,3 remaneret, pars etiam' in casrveTtN taret, , , qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant, Caesari renunfarunt. pulverem n.aiorem, quam consuetudo W taesar .d, quod erat, suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris .nuum consdii, cohortes, quae in stat?onibus erant lecum ucc^errTeH '"'"'"'' '"'" '^ ^^"^^^ '" ^^'--e- ussit r ^"'f T™'" '' ^""'■^■^^"" «-^^ subsequi K • •?'" P''"'° '""^^'"^ ^ ^'-^^f'is processisset suos ab host.bus premi atque aegre sustLre et 1;^^^" leg.one ex omnibus partibus tela conici animaZ t Nam quod omni ex reliquis partibus demesso f „ent o pa s una erat reliqua, suspicati hostes hue nostro vcntuus noctu m silvis delitueram ; tum dispersos depositisarmisinmetendo- ■ •• «'^Pe^sos Lipatos subito adorti, pane IS lULI CAESARIS DE BELLO OALLICO, B. IV. 339 tis Caesar duxeriint prohibere ant reditu causa in le rursus 2 ac suos silia cog- et ex eo, 1 accidit, dia com- in castra t naves, utebatur mportari militibus liquis ut dine una , neque um pars ■a venti- Caesari o ferret, fecisset. ^arbaris , secum uionem ubsequi t, suos onferta dvertit. Jniento f5s esse ipersos paucis interfectis, reliquos incertis ordinil)us perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant. XXXI I I. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per The British omnes partes pcrequitant et tela coniciunt, atque ipso fl;f°h1lng. terrore eciuoruni et strepitu rotarum, ordines plerumque perturbant ; et cum se inter cquitum turnias insinu- averunt, ex essedis desiiiunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt atque ita ?urru se collocant, ut, si ilii a nuiltitudine hostium pre- mantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in proeliis praestant, ac taiitum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi moderari ac flectere et per temonem percurrere et in iugo insistere et inde se in currus citissime recipere consuerint. XXXIV. Quibus rebus perturbatis nostris novitate caesar acts pugnae tempore opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit : d"fe|]^iye. namque eius adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri se ex severe timoie receperunt. Quo facto ad lacessendum et ad^heToS committendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus ^'.'.I'p" '""'■■ suo se loco continiiit efc brevi tempore intermisso in castra legiones reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, nostris omnibus occupatis qui erant in agris reliqui disces- serunt. Secutae sunt continuos complures dies tem- pestates, quae et nostros in castris continerent et hostem a pugna prohiberent. Interim barbari nuntios in omnes partes dimiserunt paucitatemque nostrorum militum suis praedicaverunt et, quanta praedae faciendae atque in perpetuum sui liberandi facultas daretur, si Romanos castris expulissent, demonstraverunt. His rebus celeriter magna multitudine peditatus equitatusque coacta ad castra venerunt. XXXV. Caesar, etsi idem, quod superioribus diebus Defeat and acciderat, fore videbat, ut, si cssent iiostcs pulsi, celeritate Ki'^^v. periculum cffugerent, tamen nactus equitcs circiter tri- ginta, quos Commius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est, 340 Caesar makes peace ; sets sail for Gaul. Sudden attack of the Morini. Conquest of the Morini and Mena- pii. FIRST LATIN READER. secum transportaverat, legiones in acie p,o castris con- 0"ge iatequc affl.ctis nKe„s,s<,ue se in castra receperunt Caes'^fe^'df "" "'" '*'" * '«'^'""'^ "'-- "d Paulo pos. ,„edia„, '"c. m nTes sX''™" """"' ::n°eTa:v°d"'"^"'™^"--"-'-<'"-'^^^^^^^ ;;'^r:proiriia::^z:-'---o„ lent arma ponere iusserunt. Cum iUi o,be facto sese de enderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circi Ir rnillia sex convenerunt. Oua re nnnf;.^ r- circiter ex castri«; Pnnif » • """tiata Caesar omnem ex castr s equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim no.tri m.htes .mpetum hostium sustinuerunt atqu L^, turn ™!,''n'; l'^"''''. '"'""° '''^ ■T''™ Labienum lega- potestawm Lab.en, venerunt. At Quintus Titurius IlLI CAESARIS DE BKLLO OALLICO, B. V. 341 castns con- im militum i verteiunt. bus efficere ie omnibus receperunt. niissi ad numerum eosque in* die aequi- ibiciendam ni nactus lae omnes X his one- ipere non : expositi enderent, s pacatos a magno ^rfici nol- acto sese I circiter r omnem m nostri amplius s vulne- stea vero , hostes numerus im lega- xerat, in ui cum n habe- nes fere riturius et Lucius Cotta legati, qui in Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eorum agiis vastatis, frumentis succisis, aedificiis incensis, quod Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdideiant, se ad Caesarem re- ceperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsidcs miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis ex iitteris Caesaris dierum viginti supplicatio a senatu decreta est. LIBER QUINTUS. L L. Domitio Ap. Claudio consulibus discedens abcaesar hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannis facere consuerat, flgetTo be legatis imperat, quos legionibus praefecerat, uti quam •'"'"• plurimas possent hieme naves aediticandas veteresque reficiendas curarcnt. Earum modum formamque de- monstrat. Ad celeritatem onerandi subductionesque paulo facit humiliores, quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus, atque id eo magis, quod propter crebras commutationes aestuum minus magnos ibi fluctus fieri cognoverat; ad onera ac multitudincm iumentorum trans- portandam paulo latiores, quam quibus in reliquis utimur maribus. Has omnes actuarias imperat fieri, quam ad rem humilitas multum adiuvat. En, quae sunt usui ad armandas naves, ex Hispania apportari iubet in^e'^^^ P'"'»- iM /- II- ... . . ' "" tae give conventibus Galliae citenoris peractis m Illyricum pro- hostages. ficiscitur, quod a Pirustis finitimam partem provinciae incursionibus vastari audiebat. Eo cum venisset, civita- tibus milites imperat certumque in locum convenire iubet. Qua re nuntiata Pirustae legatos ad eum mittunt, qui doceant nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demonstrant omnibus rationibus de iniuriis satisfacere. Percepta oratione eorum Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certam diem adduci iubet; nisi ita fecerint, sese bellocivitatem persecuturum demon- strat. lis ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitates dat, qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant. rL 342 FIRST LATIN RKADER. The Treveri and their rival chieftains. p:^1:r ./': ^'i^ '^""^-tis rebt,s conventibusque pe.actis in their ;!efti. citenorcm Galliam rpvr.titi,,- -.f • . ^'''^"^» •" Fleet order- p,,,,i,.i,Hf„r ' ''^''^" '"' ^'^1^'^ '"^l^' ad excicitUIll s:^;^;. ^ ^ i' d litt,^' ?"r "'""^' "''""''^ "'"""^"^ '^"--- c er sexcentas cu,s generis, cuius st.pra cienionstra- n m r' ?"'" "'*'"' "^^° '"^^"'^ "-^^-'- "-I- Coll t "'r'^ '" ^'"" ''^"'^'^ '^'^'^^'^ ^'^^'"^i P"^«int. quid fien vel.t, cstend.t atque onines ad portu.n Itiun r:;:;" T "' ,..0 ex po.tu con,n.odissin:.n in Bn n« nta a contn^ent.: huic rei c,„od satis esse v sum est e equ.tibus octnigenfs in fines Treveroann proficiscitur od h. necjue ad concilia veniebant nec,ue imper o p ! bant Germanosque T.ansrhenanos sollicita.e dicebant^r. tatu vd^r' '"'''"' ^""^^" P'"^'"^"'" ^«''^'^ f^-"iae equi- ut s o : ,''"""''"' '"'^^' ^«P'- P^^'^"-» Rhenun.que, ut supra demonstravum.s, tangit. In ea civitate duo ^•ngetonx , e qu.bus alter, simul atque de Caesuis e8.onun.que adventu cognitum est, ad eun. ven t Koman, defecturos confirmavit quaeque in Treveris Sr:uTco"^"''' ^^ ^"^"^----'equitatum pe U tatumque cogere nsque, qui per aetaten, in armis esse non poterant, m silvam Arduennam abditis, qlingent magnuudine per medios fines Treverorum' a fl n in in t u-t^'slT"'^ ^^"^°-- P-^i-t, bellum par 'nst tu,t. sed posteaquam nonnulli principes ex e-, c.vua e et fa.iliaritate Cingetorigis adduct e adven" nostri exercitus Dertcrriti arl r^^c «uvcmu • . Hd<-rnn acl Laesarem venerunt et Hp Sesp iHr^;.-^-. \ ■ '^J^atoi, ad Caesarem mitt t : noluisse, quo faclius civ.iatem in officio continerel n,- omn,s „ob„i.a,is discessu plebs propter i.npldTnLm lULI CAESARIS DE «KLLO GALLIOO, «. V. 343 laberetur: itaque esse civitateni in sua potcstate, sesec|ue, si Caesar permittciet, ad eiini in castia venturuni, siias civitatis(iuc fortunas eius fidei permissurum. IV. Caesar, etsi int.ellegebat, qua de causa ea dice-ciniretorix rentur quaeque cum res ab instituto consilio dcterreret, |i,'*'|'°'|f,|', tanien, ne aestateni in Treveris consumere cogeretur '''>"i''»">» •1 1 11 ■ • 1 II , offended, omnibus ad britannicmn belUnn rebus coniparatis, Indutioniaruni ad se cum ducentis obsidibus venire iussit. His adductis, in iis filio propinquisquc eius omnibus, quos nominatim evocaverat, consolatus Indutiomarum hortatusque ep% uti in officio maneret ; nihiio tamen secius principibus Treverorum ad se convocalis hos singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit, quod cum nicrito eius a se fieri intellegebat, tum magni interesse arbitrabatur eius auctoritatem inter sues quam plurimum valere, cuius tarn egregiam in se voluntatem perrjexisset. Id tulit factum graviter Indutiomarus, suam gratiam inter suos minui, et, qui iam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset, multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit. V. His rebus constitutis Caesar ad portum Itiuni cum Caesar legionibus pervenit. Ibi cognoscit quadraginta naves, foS^^ quae in Meldis factae erant, tempestate reiectas cursum tenere non potuisse atque eodem, unde erant profectae, revertisse ; reliquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus rebus instructas invenit. Eodem equitatus totius Gailiae convenit numero millium quattuor principesque ex omnibus civitatibus, ex quibus perpaucos, quorum in se fidem perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidum loco secum ducere decreverat, quod, cum ipse abesset, motum Gailiae verebatur. VI. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Aeduus, de quo Dunmorix ante ab nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis frouble. constituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperii, magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognoverat. Accedebat hue, quod in concilio Aeduorum Dumnorix dixerat sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri; quod dictum Aedui graviter ferebant, neque recusandi aut deprecandi causa legates ad Caesarem mittere audebant. :V' if'> i"'l 344 FIRST LATIN UKADER. Death of Duniiiorix Ifl factum ex suis liospitibiis Caesar cognoverat. I He omnibus primo piccibus petere contendit, ut in Gallia rcluKiuorctiir, partim ([uod insuetus navigandi marc timcret, p;iniui quod leligionibus . impcdiri sese dicerct Posteaciuam id ob.tmate sibi nega.i vidit, onmi sp,. impetiandi adempta principes (ialliae sollicitare, scvocaie smgulos hort:.rique coepit, uti in conlinenti rcnianerent • mctu ten-itaic : non sine causa fieri, ut (Pallia omni nobilitate spoliaretur ; id esse consilium Caesaris ut quos in conspectu (ialliac interficere vereretur, hos omnes in Bntanmain traductos nccaret ; fidem reliquis inter- ponere, lusiurandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, communi consilio administrarent. Haec a compluribus ad Caesarem defcrebantur. VII. Qua re cognita Caesar, quod tantum civitati Aeduae dignitatis tribuebat, cocrcendum atque de^et- vendum, quibuscumque rebus posset, Dumnorigtm statuebat ; quod longius eius amentiam progredi videbat prospiciendum, ne quid sibi ac reipublicae nocere posset' Itaque dies circiter viginti quinque in eo loco commoratus quod Corns ventus navigationem impediebat, qui magnain partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, dabat operam, ut in officio Dumnorigem contineret, nihilo tamen seems omnia eius consilia cognosceret; tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem milites equitesque conscendere in naves lubet. At omnium impeditis animis Dumnorix cum equit.bus Aeduorum a castris insciente Caesare domum discedere coepit. Qua re nuntiata Caesar intermissa profect.one atque omnibus rebus postpositis magnam partem equ.tatus ad eum insequendum mittit retrahique imperat ; si vim faciat neque pareat, interfici iubet, nihil hunc se absents pro sano facturum arbitratus, qui praesentis imperium neglexisset. Ille enim revocaUis resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem implo- rare coepit saepe clamitans, liberum se liberaeque esse c.vitatis. Illi, ut erat imperatum, circumsistunt hominem atque mterficiunt; at equites Aedui ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur. lULI CAKSAKIS DK HKLLO GALLICO, U. V. 345 verat. I lie t in Gallia audi mare ;se dicert't. onini spr e, sc\oc;ue nianercnt ; allia onini esaris, ut, hos oiiines quis inter- isu Galliae . Haec a m civitati [ue de'et- mnorigtiii !i videbat, re posset, nmoratus, magnam vit, dabat ilo tamen idoneam ndere in orix cum : domum itermissa magnam !trahique bet, nihil tus, qui evocatus 1 implo- ]ue esse ominem 1 omnes VIII. His rebus gestis Labicno in continente cum r.uw, tnbus legiombus ct equitum millibus duoljus relicto, ut ™", j portus tueretur et rem frunientariam pruvideret quae'que ''"i•»i•^ '" m Gallia gcrercntur cognosceret consiliumque pro '^^ ""^" temnore et pro re caperct, ipse cum quinque legionibus et pan numu-o equilum, queni in coiuinenti reliquerat, ad soils occasum naves solvit et Icni Africo provectus media circiter nocte venlo intermisso cursum non tenuit et longius delatus acstu orta luce sub sinistra Britanniam rchctam conspexit. Turn rursus aestus commutationem secutus remis contendit, ut cam partem insulac caperet, qua optmium esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit militum virtus laudanda, qui vectonis gravibusque navigiis non intermisso remigandi labore longarum navium cursum adaequarunt. Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est visus ; sed, ut postea Caesar ex captivis cognovit, cum magnae manus eo convenissent, multitudine navium perterritae, quae cum annotinis privatisque, quas sui quisque commodi fecerat, amphus octingentae uno erant visae tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant. IX. Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneoxhe Britons capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit, quo in loco hostium °I'P°'''^ '^'s copiae consedissent, cohortibus decem ad mare reiictis i"land. ct equitibus tre-entis, qui praesidio navibus essent, do tenia vigilia ad hostes contendit eo minus veritus navibus, quod in litore molli ^tque aperto deligatas .ad ancoram relinquebat, et praesidio navibusque Quintum Atrium praefecit. Ipse noctu progressus millia passuum circiter duodecim hostium copias conspicatus est. Illi equitatu atque essedis ad flumen progressi ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proclium committere coeperunt. Repuisi ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt locum nacti egregie et natura et opere munitum, quem domestic! belli, ut videbantur, causa iam ante praeparaverant : nam crebris arboribus succisis omncs introitus erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant nostrosque intra munitiones 346 FinST LATIN RKADER. natl news of thp fleet. Labieniis builds new ships. Caseivel- launus. inyredi prohibebant. At milites legionis septimae testu- dino facta ct aggere ad iminitiones adiecto locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expulcrunt paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed cos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturain ignorabat, et quod magna parte diei consumpta munition! castiorum tempus rclinqui volcbat. X. I'ostridie eius diei mane tiipertito milites equitesque in e-xpeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur. His aliquantum itineris piogressis, cum iam extremi essent in prospectu, equiti s a Quinto Atiio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nuntiarent superiorc nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope omnes naves afflictas atcjue in litore eicctas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisteient neque nautae gubernatoresque vim pati tempestatis possent: itaque ex co concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum. XI. His rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque in itinera resistere iubet, ipse ad naves revertitur; eadem fere, quae ex nuntiis litterisque cognoverat, coram perspicit, sic ut amissis circiter quadraginta navibus reliquae tamen refici posse magno negotio viderentur. Itaque ex iegionibus fabros deligit et ex continent! alios arcessi iubet ; Labieno scribit, ut, quam plurimns posset, iis Iegionibus, quae sunt apud eum' naves instituat. Ipse, etsi res erat multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodissmnim esse statuit omnes naves subduci et cum castris una munitione coniungi. In his rebus circiter dies decem consumit ne nocrturnis quidem temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis navibus castrisque egregie munitis easdem copias, quas ante, praesidio navibus reliquit,ipse eodem, unde redierat proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, maiores iam undique in eum locum copiae Britannorum convenerant summa imperil belliaue administrandi communi consilio permissa Cassivellauno; cuius fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter millia passuum octoginta. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro imae testu- in ccperunt IS acceptis. .lit, et quod parte diei iii volcbat. eqiiitesque xiuerentur. m extremi Caesarem ma coorta : in litore ubsisterent empestatis ITium esse itatumque ad naves litterisque 3 circiter se magno "OS deligit scribit, ut, ipud eum, )perae ac nes naves i. In his s quidem Subductis ias, quas redierat, adique in summa permissa is fiumen sr millia 1 reliqiiis d nostro lULI CAKHAHIS DB HKLLU GALLICO, U. V. 347 .ulvcntu pemioti Britanni liiinc toti bcllo impcrioque praefecerant. XII. Hritanniae pars interior a1) iis incolitur, quos nntos The people in insula ipsi nicmoria pioditiiin diciint, mariiima pars ab iis, qui pracdac ac belli infcrendi causa ex Ileigis trans- ierant (qui omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus orti ex tivitatibus eo perveneruiit) et bello i'lato ibi pcrmanserunt at(|ue agros colere coeperunt. Honii- nuin est infinita multitudo creberrimaque aedificia fere (iailicisconsiniilia, pecorum niasrnus nunierus. Utuntur aut acre aut taleis fcrreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediter- rancis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, scd eius exigua est copia; aere utuntur importato. Materia cuiusque generis, ut in Gallia, est praeter fagum atque abietem. I.opoiem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant ; liaec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt temperatiora quam in (iallia remissioribus frigoribus. XIII. Insula natura triquetra, cuius unum latus est The island contra Galliam. Huius lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter millia passuum quingenta. Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem ; qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut existimatur,*quam Britannia, sed pari spatio transmissus atque ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu est insula quae appellatur Mona; complurcs praetcrea minores subiectae insulae existimantur ; de quibus insulis nonnulli scripse- rnnt dies continuos triginta sub bruma esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continent! noctes videbamus. Huius est longitudo lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, septingentorum millium. Tertium est contra sep- tentriones : cui parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius angulus lateris maxime ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc millia passuum octingenta in longitudinem esse existi- H\ 348 FIRST LATIN READER. Manner» and customs. More fight- ing- ; a sur- prise; death of a tribune. British mode of flfhting. matur. Ita oninis insula est in circuitu vicies centum niillium passuiun. XIV. E.x his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima oninis, ncque multum a Galiica differunt consuetudine. Interiores pleiique frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt pell-busque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro nificiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc hor- ridiore sunt in pugna aspectu ; capilloque sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa praetor caput et labrum supenus. Uxores habent deni duodenique inter se com- munes et maxime fratres cum fratribus parentesque cum libens; sed si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liberi, quo prmium virgo quaeque deducta est. XV. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum equuatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, tamcn ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in sil- vas collesque compulerint ; sed compluribus interfectis cupidius insecuti nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi mtermisso spatio imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione castrorum subito se ex siivis eiecerunt im- petuque in eos facto, qui erant in statione pro castris collocati, acriter pugnaverunt, duabusque missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare atque his primis legionum duarum cum hae perexiguo intermisso loci spatio inter se constitis- sent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris per medio= audacissune perruperunt seque inde incolumes recepe- runt. Eo die Ouintus Laberius Durus tribunus militum interficitur. Illi pluribus submissis cohortibus repellu^ur. XVI. Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub ocuhs omnmm ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est, nos- tros propter gravitaiem armorum, quod neque in'sequi cedentes possent neque ab signis discedere auderent mmus aptos esse ad huius generis hostem, equites autem magno cum periculo proelio dimicare. prnptorea qund iH^ etiam consulto plerumque cederent et, cum paulum ab legiombus nostros removissent, ex essedis desilirent et ■icies centum anissimi, qui minis, ncquc Interiores carne vivunt iritanni vitro lue hoc hoi- unt promisso lit et labrum nter se com- ntesque cum oentur liberi, proelio cum :n ut nostri eos in sil- s interfectis int. At ill! le occupatis iecerunt ini- pro castiis sis subsidio Lim duarum, se constitis- per medios nes recepe- lus militum repellu-itur. sub oculis m est, nos- [ue insequi ! auderent, lites autem ea qund il!i paukim ab esilirent et lULl CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO, B. V. 349 pedibus dispari proelio contenderent. Equestris autem proelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque idem periculum inferebat. Accedebat hue, ut nunquam conferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarcntur stationesque dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent integrique et recentes defatigatis succederent. XVII. Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibusThe Britons constiterunt rarique se ostendere et lenius quam pridie '''^'"''''"^• nostros equites proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie, cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omneni equitatum cum Caio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non absisterent. Nostri acriter in eos impetu facto repulerunt neque finem sequendi fecer- unt, quoad subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt, magnoque eorum numero mterfecto neque sui colligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedis desiliendi facultatcm dederunt. Ex hac fuga protinus, quae undique convenerant auxilia dis- cesserunt, neque post id tempus unquam summis nobis- rm\ copiis hostes contcnderunt. XVIII. Caesar cognito consilio eorum ad flumen Caesar Tamesmi m fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit ; quod TiTamls*^^ flumen uno onmino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri potest. Eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram flumi- nis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas. Ripa autem erat acutis sudibus praefixis munila, eiusdemque generis sub aqua defixae sudes flumine tegeljantur. His rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque Caesar praemisso equitatu confestim legiones subsequi iussit. Sed ea ceieritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, cum capite solo ex aqua extarent ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent ripasque dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent XIX. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omniTudi.s of deposita spe contentionis dimissis amplioribus copiis, f^'^f^l^^'- niillibus circitcr quattuor essedariorum relictis, itinera """"'' nostra servabat paulumque ex via excedebat locisque 11 Sv'i 350 The Triiio- bantes sub- mit to Caesar. So do other tribes. A British "town." FIRST LATIN READER. impeditis ac silvestribus sese occultabat atque iis regioni- biis, qiiibiis nos iter facturos cognoverat, pccoia atque homines ex agris in silvas conipellebat et, cum equitatus noster liberius pracdandi vastandique causa sc in agros eiecerat, omnibus viis scmitisque essedarios ex silvis emit- tebat et magno cum pei iculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confligebat atque hoc nietu hitius vagari prohibebat. Relinc|ucbatur, lit neque lont^ius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur, et tantum in agris vastandis inccndiisque faciendis hostibus nocerctur, quantum la- bore atque itinere legionarii miHtes efficere poterant. XX. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum regionum civitas, ex qua iMandubracius adulescens Caesai-is fidem secutus ad ciun in continentem Galliam venerat, cuius pater in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga mortem vitavcrat, legates ad Cacsarem mittunt polhcenturque sese ci dedituros atque imperata facturos ; petunt, ut Mandubracium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defendat atque m^ civitatem mittat, qui praesit imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsides quadraginta frumcntumque e.xercitui Mandubraciumque ad eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque miserunt. XX I. Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni mihtum iniuria prohibitis, Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, Cassi legationibus missis sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his cognoscit non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivel- launi abesse silvis paludibusque munitum, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppi- dum aiitem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa convenire consuerunt. Eo proficiscitur cum legioni- bus ; locum reperit egregie natura atque opera munitum ; tamen hunc duabus ex partibus opnngnare contendit. Hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt seseque alia ex parte oppidi eiecerunt. tULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO, B. V. 351 lis regioni- !Coia atqiie n equitatus 5C in agros silvis emit- um cum iis prohibebat. ; legionum > vastandis -lantuiu la- 2rant. ina earum adiilescens m Gal Ham obtinuerat ,a moiteni icentiiique petiint, lit idat atqiie ; obtineat. icntiimque i imperata lentumqiie li militum Ancalites, ri dediint. 1 Cassivel- quo satis it. Oppi- iitas vallo I vitandae m legion i- munitum ; contendit. impetum eieceiunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus, multique in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti. XXII. Dum hacc in his locis geruntur, Cassivel- launus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra demon- stravimus, quibus rcgionibus quattuor reges praecrant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuntios mittit atque his imperat, uti coactis omnibus copiis castra navalia de improviso adoriantur atque oppugnent. li cum ad castra venissent, nostri eruptione facta multis eorum interfcctis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige suos incolumes reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus hoc proelio nuntiato, tot detrii..v;ntis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam permotus defectione civitatum, legatos per Atre- batem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continenti propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis super- asset, atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides imperat et, quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo Rom.'.io Britannia penderet, constituit; intcrdicit atque imper.at Cassivellauno, ne Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus noceat. XXIII. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare, naves invenit refectas. His deductis, quod et captivorum magnum numerum habebat et nonnullae tempestate de- perierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic accidit, uti ex tanto navium numero tot navigationibus neque hoc neque superiore anno ulla omnino navis, quae milites portaret desideraietur ; at ex iis, quae inanes ex continenti ad eum remitteientur et prioris commeatus expositis militibus et quas postea Labienus faciendas curaverat numero sexaginta, per- paucae locum caperent, reli(|uae fere omnes reicerentur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra expectasset, ne anni tempore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario angustius milites collocavit ac sum- ma tranquillitate consecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit omnesque incolumes naves perduxit. Four Kent- ish kinga defeattid. Cassivellau- nus treats for peace. Caesar returns to Gaul. ^1 NOTES ON NEPOS. TMEMISTOCLES. yomE^?* Aduks^iSL" : Vn;!n^?,'?"''^" ^ " ^'^? ^^"''^ "^ '''- "^-'^ early LmoodanTSefp/9 B^^^ ^'.o'tintn;'^'"--^"*^^^'-"*"'-^ f"' />., even of the present chv F«f orHjli ",^ " ^"Pei.or to him," begin," i.e., describe hi. ST^^*, 6 H.'I,w'"''"°*'^" = " "'^ "^"^^ nassus," a city of Caria, in Asia Ev ^ " "^licarnassiam : " of Pfalicar- since he M-as displeasing to hi paren '""So . r.' ' P*''^"**^"^ = " ^"^' begins with cum and a rdative n mntn t V'"'"^ '? ^^•''''" '"'"'^"ce often aVocsyranslatedhyid^^^LSa/raXcot hee Vjcab. under nrohn r^^r, "-"""ci.tive. farentibus: dative. ludicavisset : n. 207 a Ram • V' Pf*^6""D«s.— Cum ... "very d, "e ,-iv " ?"' 4- — Efm : j.^., contumeliam. — Dilieentius • ^eiy u.!,ge?uly : compar. dec;. = "very" " nfh^r " ^I'^stJ-itius . erant: note that onus est is fren^raii,, ,, i ■ '^^"^'^- — Quae opus construction? p. 28° fi tL th n? Ill '■"P^'-^""''"^- ^^'^' '^ ^he jeci. as, Dux nobis onus est W<^^? may however, be the sub- tandii, •..., in rebul eTo Jt^Hi., vT^ ".^edof a leader."- Excogi- lary under Vere.-Quo ffiS^est^t '" ''' ^^'^^»^"" that" : note that & rela^^Hdvlrb^quo = et So"- '' aid%h "'f "'''^ bee note on quae contumelia abov'» ec eo _ and therefore." subjective genitive, p. 280, 6. Nenos is thinking ^fH, 1 .•,-^***° * ^°'' ane hay of SalamiV repeated more than once.--Ab eodem /'IhSoclS-Wd^'^te from A^Jdoso LiAsirt?csid: o/X^Hln-^^^^f .= ^i'^ '""''^^'^ <^^'-^-^ &^"r ^o?lf rrf °f ^f ^-^"^ i;S;s-^;:eS"'- lecerat. p. 307, 13, («)•— Qua: sci . via: .so eadem sell via ' {.L C"r A'Sau^r^l'^ "?' ''' '^""^ ^°"^^ 'y "'^'"- h:d ad'nced''' retreat occupied 46 days.— Sex mensibus. . .diebus trieinta- ablatiC st'rSn'^iAlt^m ^'Tr -'"P-'-^^'-.'ninus has no1,-,Ece o^ tt^on! !„Ii . , ' ^'"^ '^ ^ se'^""^ victory. "-Quae oossit • "of po5i!'f^,'">lnta~r'?„'Tr ■?"? •, "'.I """' ''°"^""" »f "'" Athenian The •• °,J win ""•„?,, ^t "^h °' 'i-" ■':■■"'"• "-'I' ""' connected by active we say either urbem muro (ahl.) or urbi (dat ) Zmm circnm ReVtiluit" S?,--' "^bs muro (,.1,1. ) or irbi (dat ) muri d^urndS.- E • l'^f""^tocles both rebuilt the old walls anterl ent : direct narration = me remittite. Chapter VIII.— Tamen : i.e., in spite of all his successes.— Ob eundem timorem: ?.^., of his becoming too powerful. -Testularum suffragiis • see Vocab. under testula. He refers to the ostracism of Themistocle'^ (B.C. 471), on the charge of taking bribes from the Persians. The institu- tion of ostracism was one of the reforms of Cleisthenes. The Athenian law provided that "at any political crisis a special meeting could be called at which the people could declare by their vote that the presence of any individual was prejudicial to the interest of the state." If six thousand citizens voted, by writing the name of any individual on a piece of tile (testula, Gk. oa-paKo»), that such a person should be banished, he was required to withdraw from the boundaries of Attica, and remain in exile for ten years, or until recalled. He did not, however, lose his citizenship o. property.-ArgOS: what case, gender and number? See Vocab -1 Habitatum : supine. -Hie : i.e., at Argos.-Cum . , . viveret : for cum causal, see p. 297, 4.- Qui . , . accusarent: for qui final, see p. 294, c - Quod . . . fecisset : is this a charge of Nepos or of the amba.s^adors ? p. 297, 3. What would fecerat mean?-Rege Perse = rege Persarum or rege Persico.— Hoc crimine : the charge quod societatem. . . fecis-. set-Proditioms: p. 281, i2.-Ouod . . . "idebat : wliat doc= the in- dicative imply? p. 297, 3. -Eius : - Corcyrae. -Timere ne . . . indicerent : p. 294, 8.— Admetum cum quo, etc. : acc>.rding to Thucydides (i, i-,6) Admetus had been thwarted by Themistocles in pressing some demands at Athens, so that the statement here is probably incorrect.— In praesentia- 356 THEMISTOCLES. him his protection " : p. ago 8 -Guam • -pVr^TrT i ^fi ' P'^omi'Sd nmS; /'";,'"'^^'^'^'".'^y »f tl"^ K"'-^"! is not vouched for l,y Nepo • ,, ,07 ' V- .obably the opm.un of Adn.etus stated hy the author -Hie " f^' I'. historic present. -Gratiamrettulit: see Vocab. under grSL ^'"P""'' = Chapter IX. -Xerxe regnante : as Xerxes reigned 48?-d6^ b c- and Artaxerxes 46;-42; « c and n« »lif. fli,ri,f ^r -ru ^>" ,' 4"'3 4"5 «•<-. ana a6o n r hi • .. iti , •*"• ,'^'"^ ^^ '."^ «'yht of Themistocles was probably in come."-Gra.orum: parlitive genitive af.er qmj u.S^ -, Idem • " ? ,1 ^ .° „.. ^^ ' '''^ Statement from nam cum fn lihorafi.o does not occur in Thucydides. Herodotus f viii i io?^v T./ i "°^*^^*"S Annuum . . . tempus. not "ankual"S' "aVearTtSie ''^^' ^"*'^"^- tecisse : to have spoken with greater facility. " In Perside sril VJrl Cum. esset pollicitus: for cum causal, see p. 297 f -inud - Uie^cT lowmg^» referring to the clause ilium . . oppressurum -Asiam • ," ! .f to the Roman province of Asia, whicli compKedT;ria LycHa' Mv'sif qua haberet fVnni^nVr, • '\f^^' ^" ^"^ ""^e . . . sumeret anc ex :.^cy£r ^^^"Sat ^he ^S^ of^/^^ll^JelS^S!;?? omb of''fT'''-^.'^"f^ ^^''■^^'>' '" ^"'-'«- I" theTi,- of PausTni^.^"^ Pn^Lf^ ""',"'''? '^'■^■^ P°""^'i °»t near the harbour of p" aeV Polissimum: adverb: "above all others. "-Neaue nZJ. . ? 7 mus," .'without denying": literally, "but he doe.'?o" de "5 "l^Venenu^ -' concederetur:' Sal TbliqSf .. p --^;";^— 'de.-Quoniam . . . NOTES ON NEPOS. 35; ARISTIDES. - De^Sdn^L J.^-?''*u'"/ ^'•■"''''" '"'?'* aequalis, "a contempo.nry.- thes^'w' 0,«';^^ "'"'l': Obtrecto.-In his: <',„ tl.e case of mem- v"". iPn ■, '""°f "t'^^ = " "^nv nu.cl. doquenct. outweighs cenSaL^ „" /7S ] ' 'n " ' "' ^"^«st^'-e* = !'• 291, i : for the case of inno- centiae, ].. 278 7- - Quamquam . . .excellebat: p. 302. i, (a) -Ouem aud enmus : " at least of ,h.,se whom we l:ave he.ani of> ' Qu c,^"?m,ve — UOI abefactus : according to Grote, the rivahy arose fr.,m the fact thni Athen. a sra-power.-Testulailla: note ilia, " thai well-known " • see ?Sive-^^ Tv!l- T'''"'-' ^"'^"^'^""^'"^ive force of quidem after ( lliem 1) — Cedens: "as he was retiring from the stru-'irle "-Scriben em : " a. I,e was writing " : i.e., the nan,e of Aristide onTi; tahTe" No name was offic.ally proposed for ostracism, and the voter coul Ivvrite any name he wished. I'lutarch tells the story that the man coul 'o wru7 laW^«i '''l'''r •'°.- J''^' ^'' °^^" "''^•"^- "''i^'^ •'« did. -Quod • laborasset: sciL Anstides : for the subjunctive see p. 307, 11, note see Vocxb. under laboro.-Postquam . . . quam : quam is rcSula Iv !ed for pos quam when post or postquam has just preceded. Tlh. n meiSt used with postquam when a deHnite tinie is stated (as here sixto anno» otherwise the perfect indicative is used. Aristi.les was 1 . nisdfed 48^°' ' and recalled 4S0 B.C. about the time of the battle of Salami .ipopuli fnl^JcnJlir-rV^r people" = V";0.^>r, seemnjg, e.c.-Ut deposuerit : construe ut deposi erit an^mam pnusquam deposuit) id /...odium. -Qui quidem : ^iTa^l^^S^Z p. 298, 5 : «'sMice he, indeed. "-Animo : "in his he.rt," "in intelition:" Chapter Il.-Ut omittam: see Vocab. under omitto -Absens • ''"'coSn^.r^r""^",'^'""^^ ""'^"«'^ ''« vvasnot^;"?hi.. '' Ut mm if '*= ^f "'T'' P- 295. I— Italiae: p. 278, 6.-Ad queni cum : Roman and.assadors visited Antiochus at Ephesus an C annibal there.-Qui . . cxplorarent darentque opelam : p. 294 c - s"me one ""'sJe"voo'. • '" ^fP'^i»"^'" ^"^"i 'enio^' I am sVsplctedby enTd o b; ^^n J f u ""I"", ^"^P^"°- '^^''"^ ^"'"^" ambassadors pre- Tamouam ^.1^. ""'>'' '" °'!'^.'- '° "^^^^ Antiochus distrust hinU lamquam . sentire: "of entertamintr, as thoudi corrupted by them onem'nnf m"' ^T ""^ ^ '^"^ ^'^"^'^" = ««"^i^re depenllson suspS- ??h.^ r^ vn'"*.?'^ ^t'l"^ '^"'' *"*= '^^ "«te on alio . . . atque edin^V "13- V^-~;f^'*^"^---^"*^'^^^"*=^"l'P'y<:"'" from the p>e -edms: and when they were successful in their scheme, and when Ha.nn.bal discovered it and found himself excluded from the king's ZTy ■ ? irT^"" •''° I',;™' ''^ -- " --™ Set,-;;- e'^:rju; dubltoin hesense of /.mA,/, takes the infinitive : in the sens; oS/ if ml-'-^hUefrid^"'" r'\ -"'i"-^',-= P- ^96, e.-TeSemfsd me . wlnle I held my hand upon it." It was customary when nkintr o solemn oath to lay one's hands on the horns of the X'rV a 1 'i^^to "that 'r3f °^ >t-;In amicitia . . . fore :=amicum esse UuJ^m • NOTES ON NEPOS. 359 qual.-SuffectO: a magistrate was called suffectus who was elected to (leposet .-Hoc : lasdnil.al. He was assassinated by a Spaniard who.e master had neen lolled by Hasdmbai.-Delatum : '' reportLi '- An^^^^^^^ FoIdeZ^:::^^^^'- '''^'- ^«S, (-.-proximo tnennio: p. 28^ "1 Foederatam: the CartnnKMnans held the pan of Spain souih of the Kbro • the rive., Inu was ,n allumce wiili kon.e, which guaranlec.l her inde mns''"l;rturP*'r*=..^''"^V''^> '■•^••''^"- ^livWedSMs arn,y into 1 ee nnnam , ""'"' '''^'' '"■ "'^''''»i"." "ear the coast.-Nemo unquam: h.s is not correct, as we know that the Gauls oilen made in.o^ls into the Roman territory throLi.l, the Alpine passes. Accordi ,0 Poybms, Hannibal crossed by the Little St. IkMnai'd l\vss (AIpesGraike) Alpine tubes. The mountain villagers annoyed Hannibal in his Cone d t !T ^^''^^"^ll"^.•- ' I-"' . -^ Nepos would have us believe.- Tffni^fn;,."! ■'■'""'' \'"' '" '"'-^''^"'"i^' =^"'1 ^- ^^'s censor - i'raetorem: C. Centenius was not /»cu-/or hut /„-ojyrae/oK -Ohviaw. see Vocal., under obviam.-Paulum : Lucius Aemilius Paulus was wounded at Cannae, 216 k.c, and refused to save himself by flight. Chapter V.-Romam : Hannibal did not inarch at once on Rome after the S !' n°, 1 '""'*'• ; V " "l- "^- ' ^'' y'""'' ^f'^"" tl'e l>att le of Cannae, he went theieand encamped for a short time on the hills aroun.l the city.-Fabius Maximus: appointed dictator in 217 B.C.. the year before Cannae Ihe escape from Max.mustook placein2i7 B.C., not after Cannae, asNepos states -Clausus : concessive: "though enclosed. "-Dedit verba: see Vocab. under do.- Obducta nocte : see Vocab. under obduco.-M. Minucius Rufus: the dilatory policy of Fabius caused the Romans to appomtMinucius the Master of the Horse, to a command equal to that of the dictator Half of the army was given him, and he was\iravvn nto an engagement w>»h Hannibal, in which he was saved only by the timely airival of l-almis. He then resigned his command. --Ti. Sempronius Gracchus : this happened in 212 B.C. Marcellus, not GraccZs w"s consul at this tune, the correct expression is bis consulem, " who had 360 HANNinAL. been twice consul." «„t iterum consulem. " wlu, l,.„l hv,n consul -x soconri \i,f h • "^,^'""1" \ ^•'^'i'--^. >>i I.ucama, near lieneveiUuin. J\I. Claudius M cellus tlje cun.iuemr of Syracuse, was slain, not aft.r. I,u. lu in " fim. cons Isl.ip. 208 ...c. near Venusia.-Sustulit : from tol o Par modo : by «.ttn.K l.nn nuo an amlnish in the ne.j;hl.orl.„o.l of \ ° usi. Longum est: ".t uoul.l l.e tedious." Tl.e in^ficative is o ten Jd ii; e ..•essK.,,s of uuess^^y, p^oMcty for the subjunctive as apo I. i o a '-..plied condu.on as here = siennumerarem. . .longum esset : cf. p. 301. 3 2n?n^P*".^'-.7""^.'"'' '• ^'T J'-'iIy— Defensum: p. 289. i. This was in 203 H.C when lieKon.ans. havinj,' conquere.LSpain an.l cm.f.ned lanniln F ™r"f""' '-"'^''»"'^.,<^'<'^^ed over to Africaan.l threatenecl ("a InT F garat^fugaverat.-Inpraesentiaruni: see W.cal,. uude praesentia Quo, .congrederetur: p. 29.,. 4. -Condiciones non convenerunt "^^^^^^^ conveneru t hey d,d not a^ree on the terms. "-Incredibile dictu • p. I7> 1 lie statement here is absurd. It is not known where ;^ann was lolyburs .says u was five days' march west of Cartha^a.. O hef^^iy tl'm Iladnuneum ru.d /ama were about one hundred n.Oes ana TlRiduo sol. spatio.--Oppressit: "cru.shed." Paucis diebus : ,''284,2 ^il?Jr..^",T^'''''°, ^^"^'"^= ^'^^'-' V"'^''^!'- ""'ler nihilo.-ResQue ,. .gessit: "a,.d he earned on the war."_Consules : the Romans nmked then-year l.y the nau.es of the consul.s. These were in oflke ?. 2m agerent: p. 294, 5 -Quod . . . fecissent . . . donarent oetereiit h . .s..bj„„ct,yes .show that the vvords of the and.assadors . re\is?d T2V7 \ h^mini'^ '"r ^^^..^'""^'- donare coronam homini „, donari " rorona hominem. -Cum ns^secum : so obsides eorum = obsidersui - m Fregelhs essent : '; nn^ht be allowed to live at Im.JJS'' -E^ s "aius consulto: the presKhny magistrate was .aid senatSm rm.«nwf 1 ''an order of the senate-' wat called senatus SSSm w' i'r'' Tt- ^ ^tT': "''J'"'"''^" of dependent clauses of'^oblic^ef,: r" on : p. 3°:), 2.~Rex : two mag^ trates caled Suffete^^ -ere elerfp.! -it rnwi. for a fixed period. The word Suffetes is c:^.;teV 1 he He^^;^^^^^ won Shophetim '/judges." Nepos translates it by regei-WctS bus . the vectigaha u^re taxes raised from conquered lafus crown Ss mportsand exports._Quae. . .penderetur : p. 296. 5 ; so also reoon^^^^^^ ur.-Senatus daretur: daresenatum, '' to grant a hi;r m'i ui.Ste"" An- subjunchve, p. 299. 8. -Quae comprehenderent : p 294 -Si SSbSverun?''"^]! -""^'°^'i'l|:e nanatio^: p. 307, . i.-^ublicar5nt: = putjlicaverunt : all moneys realized from goods confiscated became -1 mrt of the state treasury (publicum aerarium). ^ ^ Chapter VIII.— Consulibus: lyn^.c— Africam acrp«!«!if • <'in.,^^i jn Africa in .he territorv of the Cyrem^aus -S Tducerentur • " h? the hope that they might." etc. : virtual oblique narraS' p. o7. ' - Antiochi spe fiducmque: objective genitive, p. 281,7: '' by their hope ni, and reliance unon. \nt;r.^),no " pn- --r^..-- • ^ , is that iianuibai had tned-„ "p;;;;;;,; A,S^;in;r=:f'1^S' iSr^d hadfa.Ied.-Huc: to Cyre.^-.-Desperatis rebus: see Vocab! Lder ml a second was cut off I. Claudius diiiiii;; his >llo. Pari \'eiuisia. — on u^cd in losis of an f- P- 301. 3- riiis was in I Hannibal aitliaLje. — raesentia. Hint: "the nibus non ile dictu : Zania was. IS say that — Biduo : , 2. — Resque lis marked n.c. 200. -Qui... rent : the I'- 297. ,v B corona .-Ut.. E senatus re. hence arent . . . larration : Carthage Hehiew ectigali- vn lands, aponere- : senate"; . 5— Si arunt : = lie a part "landed "in the 7. II.— 'y their lie truth aly and . under NOTES OX NEPOS. 361 n^was in the ..lloiin, ^r'd::n^Zut ^la^ ^i^^i; iX-mt""' ^;:^: rhh^inSrin^/^^s^r^Jo ■'• s'^'' ^^^^^f^' superior in eo cornu in quo'rem"gesiit:^ ° ' ' ' '"P'"°'' = '■'■' '^'^ ^^'^ tur^-**?*lo^^8'^5"^^*°=/l\''''^'""'''^'9on.c.).-Verens ne dedere- Xer^ove?hi.n'~? ' V.S?*"f^*f11 = '.' '^ 'l^' (Hannihal) had given them M vtrovernim . ,.c., if he had fallen into their hands": i.. :oi f?) f/J) __ ?n.?r •.^^I'^T^*^ ''• '9'. I— Nisi quid providisset:'qurdLaiauid~ unless he took some precaution " : ,,. 206. note -Illorim hUi T .k I'-onouns refer to the (iortyni.-Stituas kineas • S.^, ■ V M °'t movable heads. -Domi: p 285, J"*^"*^ aeneas . perhaps hollow with Chapter X.~Suis rebus: "his proper. Poenus- ;> Hinnib.i middle of pace. — Imoerawif mUia-i . tu ■ r ■•• ^ """,''-' .• P- 290,3, used with imoero Wh.M ,1 ^ , ' '"'■"•^'ye passive is sometimes ll^cu uiu. impero. V\hat is the lern ar constructon? n on-) i r,..^ p. 279. .a.Jtore=id fifSmeJse. • ' -'"^K"'' "^ • • ■ P--«n>io ' auDitaoat: p. 297, 3-— Quin . . . esset scriotum • n 2ofi fi V«i..*- an ordinary letter would, c^fnsist of two wax7fE VaLS^t^h ° wi^/ a string. -Quae.., pertinerent: con.secutive relative : pTg^S -Possi^^^ ' p. 297, 4.~Conict coepta sunt: the passive of coepi is used vd^en the ffls; -V^t^s--''^^^ "= "'^ ^'^ ""''"'' "^' ^'^^-'^.'•- SeSof!;^"" ?iJ;'l7/??"'' • •^«^"tur: p. 299, 4— Patres conscripti: ««the C^T ft .'p'^^''^'^'^"^»''^ the Senate probably consisted oripinally of the me ast ot citizens. —Qm. . . existiraarent : qui causal: p. 298, 5.— Qui \M 'J\ 362 HANNIBAL. ...peterent: qui final: p. 294, 5,— Dederet: supply ut before dederet fromthe preceding ne. — Ipsi . . . comprehenderent : for imperat. of direct: =vqs, SI potestis, comprehendite.— Inventuros : scil. dixit eos esse. — Ei.. .muneri: p. 279, 12.— Ne usu veniret: literally, " lest it should come in actual experience " : usu is an ablative of manner, or, if an old form for usui, a dative of purpose.— Puer ab ianua : "the door-boy," " the slave at the door " : cp. Horace, Od. I, 29, 7; puer ex aula, "the hall-boy," "the waiter."— Consuerat=consueverat. Chapter XIII.— Acquievit : a euphemism for mortuus est— Septua- gesimo : Hannibal was born in 247 B.C., and would have been 63, 64, 65 years of age at these dates, according as the consuls mentioned held office 183, 182, 181 respectively.— Annali suo: scil. libro: "in his chronicle."— Nonnihil temporis : partitive genitive: "some time."— Ad Rhodios : "addressed to the Rhodians."— Huius: Hannibal. «LMm'.r w re dederet :. of direct: eos esse. 5t it should , if an old door-boy," lula, "the — Septua- 63, 64. 65 held office "onicle." — Rhodios : NOTES ON CAESAR. BOOK IV. Chapter I.-Qui fuit annus: " Which was the year of the con.ukl.in n''2o/','"'r'~S"°'^- "'''^' ^"^' '^'^''" explaining Pv 293. 2.-Complures annos: p. 284, 4._Bello: ahl of consuls." — Quo. causa transeundi .iismcts of unilefiiie,! exIMil : cp. French «low ^rLe ,h^T^::„ r ' marked out by boundaries. "_Lonffius = diutSs??etn^. J""^-! operam, Nepos, Them. VII): lonTn^ay tTatd ^^f^' cT C n^ot'o .me: though longms and longissime ma/ be said of bot^'-Frimento on corn' : vivo hkeVescor takes the ahl. of means : p. 283, 10 -MaxV Sm Tn^'"-= '^'^rr^'" acc-Multum sunt: see Vocab un.ler mu ' turn. -A pueris: "from boyhood": cp. « naiSc^v.-UnUo isuefSi • ?r. l7 V" ''""!^.'° "^ systematic performance orSuy'^ 'S t" tramed to no set duty or system." Caesar refers to ti.e restiims nf "onnH '°'f^'- ^1"<^^1'°". etc.: assuefacio is used al o t S/theX ve tleSd '^^*"/*"*^ ^.'«"^> «Win.ue narration: "because, as hey sav tiiey do so. — Immani . . . maenitudine • n ^8^ 10 t« It^^ ^' duxerunt: "they have bro.IJJt'^tlLms'elv^s pJol'uc hTrdy ^Ut^'':± .mper ect subjunctive in haberent . . , lavareStur is irreguL ; we sh'olkl -Ve t tusTTVsol^' "-^°"^ frigidissimis : see V?cab. u.^l^lot Chapter II.— Mercatoribus toribus est aditus ad eos {i>:, 'j^beant : the construction is, merca- Vocab. unc er flinn Tmnanc» i- ' t"'» 3' V"*" etiam : see Summi labS". p X? EoSS' "k ''' ^'°,^?^- ""'^^'- i'npensus. - ments."-Pedibus- '' on fnt~" S""""^ P''°^'."^.= "'" ^'-^valry en^age- vestigium lEorum ZrU^^s ■'^^cr^'^r ' ' ''^^^'P'' '' ««^ Vocab. under causo — InerfiW .< """"."S; , according to then- not ons": al)l of pauci: "Wverfe""" ""'^'"' "' " '"^^^ unskilful. "-Quamvis side of their tSntoriif^!^?-,^ ^ueSiZS^ .^^^/ ll^ SH 363 1 364 NOTES ON CAESAR. — BOOK IV. (hey suppose) is shown the fact that a great number of states cannot with- stnnr,,ower': the subject of significari are the words magnum posse. -Agri: subject of dicuntur: note the personal use: see note on Tpir.'^'/u'^^V"'""'^"'' ^''^'^- ^)-Succedunt: see Vocab. under sue" cedo.— Ut. . .Germanorum: see Vocab. under captus.— Paulo : join with humaniores. Note that propterea quod lil;e the simple quod takes tlie indicative when stating facts : p. 297. 3— Moribus assue?acti : "made ani. bar with GaU.c habits ': see note on nuUo . . . assuefacti (Caes., I IV, Chap I).— Cum: "although," answered by tamen : n. ^o; -^ _ Ac . . . redegerunt : "and they reduced them to a state of far less import- ance and strength," ,..., than they originally had. The distinction bet veen mutum and multo is this : the former is used with verbs, and the latter with comparative adjectives and adverbs. Chapter IV. -Causa: " condition. "-Multis . . locis : in is omitted witli locus when quald^d with an adjective.- Vi contendere : " to dTsp.te a passage by force. "-Revertl: note that the forms of revertor from tie present are passive in form, and from the perfect are active -Tridu scil.spatu: p. 280, 4.-Equitatu : abl. of instrument or of accompani- ment with cum omitted. -Priusquam...certior fieret • p 200 8 !i Rehquam partem : p. 284, 4— Eorum copiis : "with their supplies'" • ».^., the supplies of the Menapii. fh"" . «f.S!l«P*®M-y-r^"°^.^""*=- ''• 297, 3— Student: see Vocab. under Studeo.-Nlhll . . . existimavit: "he thought that no confidence at ill ^lould be placed in them " : nihiUan emphl"tic non.-^Est consuetu- dmis: "now this is a characteristic of Gallic custom"- p 270 2 — Uti A^i. ■ ^"^^'■^"t • : circumstat . . . cogant : explanatory of hoc!- Audient aut cognovent: indirect questions, p. 291, 1. The latter ve-n rn^L'nf ''^ x?^' experience. Note the change in number iu circumstat and cogant. 1 he questions are put by the individuals comprising the vulcus Decline vulgus: p. 230, foot note. -Rebus: "the facts" they hear from the merchant.s.-Auditionibus: "the hearsays. "-In vestigio : see VocT under vestigmm. -Quorum . . poenitere necesse est : " of which thev are bound to repent at once": eos poenitere is the subject of necesse est, hteralljs" of which that they repent is necessary. "-Pleriouesdl fiSur^'"" «-espo^deant: depending on cum' see Vocab under Chapter VI.-Qua cognita: the relative serves as the connecting link of the two chapters : "now as he knew this custom " : see note on ouae contumeha (Nepos Them., Chap. I)._Ne . . . occurreret . profic?sc1- tur: note that proficiSCitur is a historic present, and has the force of a l^^T V^T^ in sequence: p. 290, 2, foot of page. -Ea . . . facta: self fu.sse.-Utl . . . discederent . . quae postul^sent : p. 305, 2 -Foie parata: fore with a perf. part. pass, in indirect represents a fut pe.f m direct -Qua spe: "a.ul by hope of this": cp. hoc metu (Caes ' B V, Chap. XIX). -Clientes: "ciependents" o!i ceiSn peLl^b;'. oi.gmg to patrician families of Rome who acted as patroni or counsellors m the law courts for the clientes. Hence perhaps our presenrmeanit Caesar means 'hat the freveri were the protectors of the Eburones and NOTES ON CAESAR.— BOOK IV. 365 cannot with- magnum . . . : see note on I), under SUC- ilo: join with od takes the Cti : "made :ti (Cnes., B. P- 303, 5- — r less import- :tion between nd the latter in is omitted "to dispute tor from the e.— Tridui : f accompani- 3. 299, 8.— r supplies": ocab. under dence at ail . consuetu- 2.-Uti... y of hoc— e latter verb :unistat and the vulgus. ;y hear from see Vocal), which they of necesse irique: soil, 3cab. under necting link te on quae proficisoi- ; force of a Facta : scil. , 2.— Fore a fut. perf. Jtu (Caes., )ersons be- counsellors t meaning, nones and Condrusi ea, and not ^^mt^of^f """"'^'f,* '■ *';' '^Y''' '' ""'"'^y explanatory to .. 1.^ /M '^ I'-'" "f^,<^=^esars thoughts; hence, the indicative : p ^07 13, («), (-^).-Imperato: "levied": abl. ai,solute. What two meaning; has impero ? in uSivycW^^fer",'""' V ''''''''\ °^^^" '■'^P^^'^ ^'^« ^^'^^^^^nt iNcque pnores . . . tnferre : in direct si)eech we should have • nnc r^r juncti ve (possedennt as more vivid. -Quin contendant • ^" .HI I n say) they do not decline to fight, if the^T attacked "-Quin: pl^l'7 ti^do n r"w^r^ deprecari : tl infinitives are explan.-^o^ of conluel Attrihn^nf^ ' '''7- '"f " "'^ ^^ "t ^''•^ ^''^ subjunctive : p. 293. 3 -Attnbuan^ patxantp , nt would these be ul .iirect na'rratfo'n p' Len able to co^f. ''^ mL ."•"'" "''^ '^'" '''" ^ods themselves had ever conque.-" ^ ~^°" '"""' superare: «'whom they can fail to Chapter VIII. -Quae visum est: scil. respondere: literally "which dit P lof 8 'Vr'"'-^- ■ ■ '•«'"^«^«"t = tlie tense is cket^o respond nan", ;1^ V^rnr''<< f''"»'!?^' p.eseiit subjunctives give vividness to^the capable and are not now) capable": qui causal: p. 298, q -Tantee ZTT""'- P':ae,sertim strengthens a previous stalement by aSfa horcle." '■ '''"'•' ''" ^' ^''""''^ "«"^''y» ^"^ t»»-t t°o. to so vaft a Chapter IX. -Post diem tertium : "the third day from that time" • 'ti>e next day but one," as the Romans reckoned indusively.-Prooius nn/Hrr:;"''-'°"P''°P'"\^'*^^"(^'^P°^' Hannibal, Chap. VII ).-N? ^ ;;was introduced ": interponerlq^.^o tfriwln ottceTT/S^^^^^^^^ cf. hoc decreto mterposito : "thi/^- — l-..: . ^'"i"5\^-/ discussion." meai^s, to tlirow an obstacle in the w. y " • ' this decree having put an end to the Chapter X.-Mosa . . . influit : the reading in the text is Kraner'. suggestion. At present both the Meuse and the Rhine flow ^ o Uie German Ocean, and are connected by the Waal. The Meuse can be said to flow into the Rhine only by regarding the Meuse when jo ni'ig the Wa' as 'flowing into the Rhine. "-Insulam. . . Batavorum • he word Rafa^- stiU exists in the form Betuwe (meaning "good meadow^' ) a n^^ applied to one of the islands in the Rhine.-Ex Leopontiis ''in t^e find" 7r ^ '•'' YT""''' " = "^^ "^""^ °f '^' P-°P'e i« ptU her^as we of n ?M- 366 NOTEf ON CAESAR.— BOOK IV. B. I V, Char 1 1 rl«.^;k ' ^'^ " ^^ "°'^ °" frumento vivunt Tcaes other ;rS use^U-pffitS =of'«.'Th^?ot:!:' ^''^ ^^^ " "-i- ' innuence on the const LS-^fitV^nn»;-!"^^ Chap. IX.-Uti...praSeret,h. ***"*"'" = '""^^ ^'^^^^- ^^- ^V, may be either a pulpose Sive claSe ^P 2,f ^J!^" = ^''^ *!"' ^'-- relat-.ve clause (p. 296, c) — Pne-na nSki f ^"^' ^^A ^*" ^ consequence faceret: see Vocab. '^Jnder' pftestes°''^;?„; 'f ^^^'/-Potestatem them assurance " : note that th^verb ettlTefnl e^s ^ulT ' " """'^^ ^''' tive or the expression princioes ac%pnlt,fc . ^''^"^''''■*^'' ""'"'"'-i- equivalent to i noun o? mZude -Quae T/Jf ^'^'^^" '?S«^'^-r as p. 307, n.-Daret: equivalent to imperaUvedafn,!^^' "'""'' °''"^""-- 3-— Eodem illo pertinere • " nnin/J 1 • A "'"^'^' narration : p. -06, under pertineo iEodem illo'^oertli^rV •'' '""T- ^'^f'^''"" " = ^«^ Voc'ab clause ut- Qui abesse^t virfu!l obHm.' "'''""''' ''^ ''^« -^"'«tantival convenite of the direct ?p ,06 1 Xil ^'- ^?^' "-Convenirent^ torical present as seen in th;iauenc7of? f" """^los : note the his- foot of page .-Qui nun arS p ali' V Et^"'"' ^'^"".'^ = '^- ^^o. 2. hostes: -and to hold the enemy^n ?heck ~ Onn.f "^*"^''^"*: ^^''• P- 306, note. ^ '^"^*^'^- —Quoad . . . accessisset : prSSS:%.^J98;l^_^5^^^^^^^^^ Chap. III).-Ubi cioubiegenitive^ater'nuners fo;aS?,f "?/ ""•" ""«"^^"^ •• "«^^ the haberent: p. 297, T~Od!nientoi^^ "''^^''''^- ^'- ^^°' ^-^^"^ ■ ■ (Caes., K. W, Chap. XI) -?5uod ; ^^^^ timentibus nostris: nihil m.v be Ml ..V ' '^^•^f^'"^"* = P- 297, 3- -Nihil bus. or as r>> enH^lK-cUrno^I ndSr- d.r / '''" ^''^^^^ of timenti- Rursus resk entibus : scil. nostris «SnAvh^. ''"'^"''S ^^'^ '79. ^2— more to a hnlt.'-Consuetudine iL • I " o"'" men had come once ing to their custom."- SuSosss ^Zn^- *=°"suetudine sua: "accord- not co-ordinate in time T^'afte! stabWni \ ^''^^'^I'^'^'-'^tive absolutes are consequence, unhorsing n,a,^ of our^J, ''"' teV^™"^ ''f tT''^' ''^^^'' '" Pnus . . . Guam venissonf • Ui^ 1,^ — Deiectis : scil. de equis.— the main llly^f the Zy " ' 200 8 ^'ll'^'-'^T''^"-^ ^^'""''' '^^'"reach -Generenatus: p. 28^ f Omo^TI? -f """*"*■ = l^i^'orical present, distinguish from cec'ldissetiw? <°lS^^^^^ '^8. 3.-CecIdisset : ^•ntSeS:^-^^^^^^^ '^- longer. "-^Sibi : p. 279, U.-Qui. . . entur . . . rever eretunlsummaf Ir.nT"'""'' = P' 3°S. 2 : so auger- n>a.iness," predicate o^nidveT 27? l'^^n'''i " ''"^' '^' ^^«'«''^ «f p. 280, 3.-Essent consecuti • n 20?^; \7i9."*"*l'-?' ' ' • auctoritatis : p. 2S0, 3 -Ne . . . praSitteret ilnf ~ V'^'' ^rP**" = "»^»' temporis : pass a battle day." .^^ a fS?" J^^elf^^^^^^^^^^ ""«' to let nae may be either (i) n rrVni;^^^) 1 1 ' '"'"«"^i.' o" a battle.-Pujr- NOTES ON CAESAR. — BOOK IV. 367 ant : p. 296, ivuntjCaes., of a river : difference : ases have no es., K IV, raemitteret ■ qui clause consequence Potestatem woukl give •est nomina- together as al oblique: ion : p. 306, see Vocal), substantival ivenirent= lote theliis- p. 290, 2, rent : scil. :cessisset : fII).-Ubi : note the -Cum . . . . millibus 3- -Nihil f timenti- 279, 12.— come once " accord - solutes are h, and, in '■ equis.— )e to reach il present. icidisset : —Qui. .. io auger- heis,'l)t of ^oritatis : jmporis : lot to let ;.-Pug. , or (2) a ^ostridie ems diei mane: "early next day."-Postridie = posteri die: a locative of tniie. - Simul . sjmul = et . . et : "both . . . and."-Sui pureandi causa : to clear themselves." Notice that though sui is plur. , purlandi IS smg.— Quod. . .commisissent: "for having contrary to what haci been agreed upon and to what they themselves had asked, begun a battle on the day previous : tiie subjunctives are tiiose of oblique narration, represent- ing what the Germans said : p. 305, 2. With contra atque : cf. alter ac. VVe should have expected contra id quod esset dictum.-De indutiis fallendo impetrarent: "that they might obtain their object in regard to the truce by deception " : this final clause depends on venerunt, and is in apposition to sm purgandi causa, which is equivalent to an ut-clause — Ublatos : scu. fuisse. Chapter Xiy.-Acie triplici instituta: "drawing up his men in a triple line. 1 he whole legion w.as so arranged in three lines that inter- vals of the first Ime were covered by the second. The first line consisted ol four cohorts, the second of three and the third of three. Each interval vvas equal to the front of a cohort. Tlie men stood usually ten deep so that a cohort pre:iented a front of between thirty and forty men, according to the number in a legion. The cohorts were arranged thus : 4321 10 8 Cohorts I 2, 3, 4 would first engage the enemy, and if they failed, or were tired, 5, 6, 7 would advance through the intervals and take their place, wlule the first line would reform and get breath. The third line was held in reserve and only brought into action if the first two lines proved unsuc- cessful.— MlUmm : soil, passuum: an omi.ssion for the sake of euphony and only used witii the form millium.— Prius . , , quam . . . possent ' the subjunctive implies Caesar's ;>«;-/05£ in making the march: p 299 8 — Dis- cessusuorum: scil. principmn : "by the withdrawal of their 'chiefs "— Perturbantur: equivalent to perturbantur dubitatione: "were distracted with doubt : an historic present as shown bv sequence of tense —Ne an. . .aii: for utrum. . an. , an.-Uno loco: for omission of in, see note on multis locis, B. IV, Chapter IV.-Puerorum mulierumque: "consist- ing of women and children": genitive of definition : p. 281, 8. Chapter XV.- Suos: their wives and children.- Ad confiuentem Mosae et Rheni: either where the Waal (which flows into the Meuse) ^aves the Rlnne, or where the Waal joins the Meuse,— Fuea desperata • Cicero uses desperare fugam ; Caesar always desperare de fuga except iii the ablative absolute.-Ex tantl belli timore : " heed from the alarm of so seriousa war ;_or concessive, " gre.at though the alarm of the war had been. — Quadrmo^entorum . . . millium: gen. of description.— Aoud eum =mcastns: "with him." ^ Chapter XVI. -lustissima : "most valid."-Quod explains ilia • namely that."-Suis . . . voluit: " he wished them to have fears for the 'ill 368 NOTKS ON CAESAR.— BOOK IV. ii safety of their own dominions as well "— TimprA ,«., ♦ i person or thing for the safetv of Jh .K r "'^^ ^'''''^ ^ ^^''^''^'e of the as well as make othe s fe.r Vr tS t f?' " ^^"'e^^i-'ed-Quoque : ..... added the fact that" p 29^2 -O^r^^^^ni^f"?''' ^^^ = "'here was tu ssent: after the vi,- ..tr' i.- ^ * • POStularent : n. 294, ■: —In- P.305.2.-£eLe,S:'u IfSEtrdafte^v" TV '" Plri tViT ? , ^^''''"'^^^''''''«'''''•-Cur. . . '■is rule or authoriV^"-'!^^^^^^ should be un le to." The former reefers o Sz^v^?*? f '^*'' •" '^'\ esse =" belong ^"Iimited outside the city; tLlaueri^.l''T'-'' '''"!•''! "''''^ P'-^ctically virtue of his office.-Q^od premerfturOrr^^"" .''•'^'''g''^.'"' '« «"« by narration introduced 1^ orabant • ' ' bJ.nn / , subjunctive of oblique l^einghard pressed": p. ZTu Si n^J-K "'f^ ^""^'^^> ^'^^y ^^re vented from doing so by ^I.uVT,?.'' ' ^'^°''*^®''^*"'' = "'^ ^^ ^vas pre- prohibeo we have quomius ne or H f fi"'"' ''"'"^''' ^^'"'^"•■^"^ ^ith Transportaret : /.^(UbS omhpnf „! '"'^".'"^'e as here: p. 294,6.- Ubii afked that) he'JouS meSfleicU?;?'!"*"'" transportiretf''(,he make merely a military deStratk n Ih'"^ ^T^ "'" ^^'""^'" ^'''-^ would be enouiih to aid tl^l!, /r ^ ^"~~^° • ' • futurum : "that this for the future.^'isibilubrs^ kdf '"'^'^"^^' "]^*° ^'^^ ^hem hope exercitus: exercitus=obiectiV7l1Jtive^' ''S^'^S-Oplmonem eiis that others had of his army ''-^NoS I?n 1 °P'"*?"^'" •" " "'^ "Pi"ion Ariovisto pulso et . . . facto -t^.Ti^^f.?"® opinionem=" prestige. "_ .he.defeat of Anovistus an^ the oc en^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^ '""'"' "^^^ Opinione et amicitia DODuH RnmLl" °f " ? very recent battle."— genitive to opinione .^nd^rjlt.^eTarnicff ^.^°"?^"^ '^ "''J-''- Roman people had and the friendshin th^^K / ., '^."'^ reputation the Tuti : passive in meaning from tueor Z ^u ^'i^ ^^°'"'''" People."- perf. participles in a pa."s!ve se^se °'^<=as'onal]y deponent verbs have Coeptaerat: p. 146, 4. -QuSus" Lfit^l-K'" '"""" "''"'^'' = P- 284, >-. peace an'''' enough had been NOTES OX CAESAR.— BOOK IV. 369 Sibi Usui . T ' ^7o ,; Perspexisset, cognovisset are subjects <,f fore. -- ?'i- 1 ' , 9. 12.— Quisquam... qucquam: p 1^2 - Pnnfrr. ent . p. 291, I, So also haberent, uterentur, essent. r^lel^rM,^';;^' i.^ Berkshire. Comnun^J:^:,,!;!!{y l^^^ a o^i t>. tlie fact that being king on the continent he wil.l ha/e more hlnZll. c!^^T':r' ",^ «!'^?*"-Ma^ni . . . habebatur ; 2S0, Hu c /adiriT f ?r ' ^'■'' "Vnperat huic (ut) adeat civitktes quas possS 'adire) : for the omission of ut, see note on dederent B 1 V nT, V v r Possit: virtual oblique. -Fidem sequanturT^M/e ;yd\o'' me,!i^ tum'.'n:ut'"nr.T""-.f <'"-^'*^'" •'>> '''' Roma/pe^e.-'ilQu^^: I u ■ '^^"^''^'^ = '^s far as he had an opportunity. " -Qui kiiHprpf • causal: "inasmuch as he did not dare"- n ■7nX c 10» VJi» •• • auderet : K^ 'l«Pl"peifeto(ilicimlircctc,.m.,u,„uls lo ll,e ful iraf of .e ;l„ect „arral,„„ : '.whatever you shall ha.e or.lered „,,„;, .e «ill 287 8 B;,S;?'"°°K',i "i"''.» ''"""«»' ~«i«i"i: of such 'trine"" ;iHin"7?,5L^?r '^r° '=."=' ° P»'annicot "to hi, ex|>e,lili„„ „„ai„« «.pp„,e,l „-n, enough": we shoul I I a,?7xwhJl CIM^ hat n mi' " ''," to ul'e'e^ue^'^TirtirSf'^'^r' ' .■'"™''"." BooJ or bad, according ouiogne, others, Wissant. Tlie portus superior was Ambleteuse. He "n 370 NOTES ON CAESAR. — BOOK IV. lif^ •'hett°".i/"' r^l°^^"^"\'' S™!"-^''y '' Deal.-Solvit: scil. naves: slowly Cnecrour * fci f f '* administratum : "since this was sonu.wT.a Ji^;l;.^-l o"t- -Id »<-'fers to the embarkation of the cavalry —Hc-a inSructl^-' n. T '"','"'"* "i 7^- Expositas : here for collocatas. mstructas.--Ita jum with continebatur : "was so closelv 1)(.uik1,-,i in. precpmnis mountains."-In litus: "to tl,e beach," " tol^^e iaXl ' ■' The cliffs of Dover answer the 'iescriptic.n.-Ad effred Lndum scil ^'^ 4 ut- '''\s '' ?\he';i^r '?^^^ • ^dn^inistrarentur : thf f„; n no « • • ^''^,"'"'' '^^ closely connected with quae • hence ut ?entnr .^" P^l ,*^"^^'- '" J''"' "^ "^"'^' '^^ understood wiurldministra on? nf H "r '" "r"'"'^ "•'"" *'"-'•" t''^f everythin:^ sh<),tl.lTcan'e.„ lO. 1 acitus Aj^rr. i2), however, says • in oeditp rnhnr • T.^.cr^'^l^^T.^ ^"r-^ proelianlJn-ProhibelSant? T'^JS'^ J peiiect. tiled to prevent. "—Quod. .. poterant: p 2Q7 - — MiltHKnc . joniw.tlidisiliendumerat: "the soldiers had o^p down "-Au em he order of tlie clauses is inverted ; cum illi, " whereas they il-e itS" should come first and should be answered by militibus autem ' 'u e ''in";ran:r'?:['T''r^^"f^^^°"^^ " mfnl , '',?. '"^''^'"y- '-^"'1 "'i"^ hands encumbered."-Ex arido • f.on the dry land," "standing on dry ground. "-Omnino • with iWriti '■ totallyunpractisedinthiskindofwarfare": p. 28i,9.-Non uSnfir : 'did not show t],e same spirit and eagerness a- tliey had been' Ss^omed to display m engagements with foot soldiers." he Roman?Ko le fre ;i;:nired"on'ch:;.io;: '''' ^-''^ ^^-^^•"^^ ^^ ^'^^ -^- - ^^^*-' -nS^ exDedftior-^^T.!""''*^*^^''^ "somewhat novel. "-Motus ad usum exped tior: 'and their movement in actual service less difficult " zT l.an those of the merchantmen. The war ship (navis onga thouS longer than the merchantman (navis oneraria)\vns not so wdean could be more easily handled because it was of lighter buden It w" fitted with oars as well as sails.-Ad latus apertum : " on e Wh flri I Paulum AoHo ^".t" r'Vi V- 'r^ -'- -Usui iosiris fp %t l2.~-PauIummodo: "only a little."— Atque at the beginninir of a new sentence is rare, and usually makes a strong contrast betwee w ut fdlows leeon as tirXn. ' '""-u (^^»11^) was the standard of the Roman pronoun Corrpsnoni-tin'.' •—-••^tins have no reciprocal Greek alhiUvq.—Hos . . . conspexissent : the nearest ships had been the first to see NOTES OX CAESAR. — BOOK IV. 371 scil. naves : .'as sonunvliat .'airy. — Hera t this season collocatas, liouiuifd l)y atcr's edge." Jttl : scil. ex M ol expecta- ur : tlio fust le ; hence ut administra- (l lie carried : of warfare, IS to sudden n dederent )ve on tertia j'enere: scil. idite robur : coiiative ini- -Militibus : "— Autem : he Britons)" tern: "the >: al)l. a])s. : -Ex arido : th imperiti : utebantur : accustomed i not before 1st warriors 3 ad usum cult," i.e., a^a) though wide, and n. It was right flank is : p. 279, ig of a new hat follows = aquilifer : the Roman ohorts and intend to ms) I shall > reciprocal lexissent : 1st to see them';: with ex navibus, cp. ex equis pugnare : "to f.ght on horse- Chapter XXVI.-Nostri tamen . . . hostes vero : the clauses are inverted: see note on autem, ]5. IV, Chap. XXIV.-Atquelui^s alfa ex navi: after atque supply quod fron. the previous clans?? "a"d fuH.e, because some Iron, one ship an.l some from another. "- Aliquos snS ^w " : :'T ;"^'"'" "^-'-"-Ubi . . . COnspexerant : " "Geneve Tv saw : in iterative :.c,,o^^ the pres., imperf., an.l fuiure of the princi,1; I cause have res,,ect,vely the perf., plupf., and fut. perf. in the sul o i' a e b'Tv ann "x vv"'^ 1 ^'" '-■-[^-ts._Ab late're aperto: see Cae^r b. JV, Chap. X.W, note on ad latus apertum. -Plures : agrees with hostes and ui contrast to paucos.-Quos conspexerat : ''whomever he saw : see note above on ubi conspexerant, -Submittebat : .dve the force of imp.-SuiS copns consecutis : "and when all their co males -Hoc. defuit: "this was the only thing that Caesar lacked o mamtain his previous good fortune." '-i^-kcu 10 Chapter JOCVII.— Simul atque. . . receperunt : p. 298, 2. Ex fue-a "after the flight. "-Obsides daturos : sxd. se esse.-Impe?assft • p. 305. 2.-Supra: see 15. IV, Chapter XXI. -Demonstraveramf pa f moreusual.-Praemissum: scil., fuisse.-Cum . . . deferret : ".since he was bearing the commands of Caesar in the character of ambassador" • p. 297, 4.— Ut ignosceretur : scil. multitudini ab eo : "that the common people would be pardoned by him": p. 27cS 4 — Onorf mtuhssent: " of their having waged war against him •' : ' vii'tual oblinue narration: p. 307, n.-Ultro: "of their own accord. "-Arcessitam " as they had to be brought. " -t^rt-essiiam . Chaptei; XXVIII. -His rebus: "on these terms," or "by these means " -Pos dtem quartum quam: post is regarded as goCn ng diem but really belongs lo quam, forming postquam. The regular construction would be qtiarto die postquam. -Superiore portu : prol«bly Amb e teuse north froniBcndogne.-Lemvento: abl. abs.-Solverunt : scil. ancorks- set sail -Sm . . periculo : "peril to themselves. "-Cum comole- oftt^fn t"? t' r" '•rr'.^^''^" setting AHed with wTer .T^^te of the fact that they dropped their anchors. "-Tamen opposes ancoris lactis.— Adversa nocte : " in the face of night." ancoris Chapter XXIX. -Nocte: night of August 30th, 55 nc-Qui dies • regularly the construction would be: quo die luna consuevit. eic The highest orsp. ing tides occur a day after new moon an.l a day alter full moon -Incogmtum : in the Mediterranean there are no tides orrery sigh on"; at cer am points. One would suppose that Caesar's soldiers would have oh served the tide on the west coast of France, the previous vear. whenthVv we e figl tmg the Venet..-Exercitum transportandum curaverat : see Vocal, under euro. -puae . . . deligatae: "which were riding at anchor. ''-Fm 1 bus. .amissis:' owing to the loss of tlieir ropes, anchors, andX ie>t of their tackling" : causal abl. absolute. The abl. absolute is often equivalent to a causal clause. -Id quod . . . accidere : "as wa unavo d .372 NOTKS ON CAE8AH.— HOOK IV. "even narmwcr- t K;,niM;al -ODti.n.l ""'H"- ^^'^*" angustiora : an"^^'^:''' essent- Reditu : ahl. of . separation • , ?s, . Q ^ ^i mterclusi C..I1 Lack their n.eu " fro.n ti^^S^yolt'sea-cSir ' ' ' ^'^""''^^ "'" Chapter XXXI. Ex eventu navium : rioni the vessels '.-ohjeciveKenitive: ,.. 2S,, y.-^-Ex eo, quod' accident to In's (namelv)that''''- n~?,r^"7^n'„n1i'«J-^-f'^.®°l *J"°^ = " f"'"'" tl'« ^a.t for the ndicati^J 'ee » .oT^M^l 'q'^k =-^ "■'''^■'' "'"^'"•^"y ^'''1 "'-■'-■"•• " said of S : what were the names consuetudo ferre : '^ " ^l7s " s'S*'' "'at cT "'"'7 ^"'y-"~Q"ani omitted after quam : p 206 c 7c? Tnl«, f ^«"secutive is sometimes ruuecedent reJeatS In ihe\ll^~lulV^d annT"" i" W^»" = ''^^ "wl'at really was the fact." Se7Lte Cha7 V?v? ^'^* = '' tl>e tn.th," Ahquidnovi. . .consilii- "somenPwHL; ' ^^' °" quod accidit— -Circumdederant: scih ncstros ^^^ ^ ''' ^''^^ ''» ^'°'^''''^' between the t/o armief.%To teTrore ero?uSf'*^^^^ caused by their horses"- s„hi^, ,i7,^ -5^ ™ =0 ''^ ^''^ ^ery terror note the ilerai ve use of cum . c^» r„^f ^^''^"^:^- ^"^7 ^^O"- uicir way " : NOTKS O.V CAESAU. — BOOK IV. oT.i d accidere sent: "(111 : p. 2()(), s. I liy_ all": — Hiemari ' 1«) last till ^UOd : "for igustiora : K'lt the 1 «est il'l'li*-'^ and iis super- c «lefialed interclusi icere: "to i-"llt to liis in till) fact (i occur" ; Cotidie: iove. — In >r since": rtis ordi- n Vocab. ex equo nd down ■y terror es: soil, r way " : . B. IV, horse. — h : the warriors, thou<,d,.,.nu- tal --&-« Chapter XXXVIII.-Siccitates: the plural may refer to' successive EerenT-'" ' n\ /i'"' '" /"•"'"'^'•'^"t localities. -Quo se reciperent non haberent did not know wliere to retreat " : witli this mc.-.nin r ,,r habeo coinpare that of the Greek lx<^ : m'K dxou irroi Tparroivro. Note that Quo se reciperent would be a deliberative subjunctive in direct = quo nos re- cipiamus? ' to what place are we to retreat? "-Quo perfugio 374 VOTES 6V CAKSAP,— BOOK V. ^^.^ll ^'uTl^^r^r^'^^^f'^-'^^^^o^ "which (^. tl.anksj-.viny f., national success a?he i ' ":,?"P?''P**»°,- ^■.'""=1 ^ litteris : ti.ani.s,iv^„, ^>-iation;r;;;;:;;rrh:;rs' a iiiifioiial disaster. ^ KOOK V. clay of Juiniiliation for nouill^ ..ItJcI 1?/J?. ,r r?f"V"-'" Cisalpinam: I.aly Proper did l.c-re it often w s ^, pit o ui I h^c.^nT ^'''" ","'' f-i"''''"'''' "'""«'' ^ ••^<-;,!ly spct l,is i;,e '^, yucca o v.'""' n '^'' ^''"- ^'^--'• everat-Imperat (ut) cumrenim ,,,'"''• ~^°"'"^''^' =^"nsu. tiones: refers to the v'SyfnJ^ c^, r ,,. , V^^P^^'.^''^^*^ commuta- transportanda fm,., t e^transoor anrfrJ ^f,''""*^'"^ onera : .cii. maribus: the differen panrTflf l?^/"''°"'"--^ reliquis . . . names. -Actuarias'^r 11 • Mediterranean went .iiias to pay '^''^'""'"' "^ '''« amount of damages a convicted the antecedent : quod wouid be fei^.^-ln' ^^Z"'^ '"'••* "^^ '^'^ "^ positiona .abl abs • «p,. „^f„ '^^"'a'• fn summa . . . inopia : nre- Chap. XXX I) .^thmurh t ,ev°" *" P'-^f >P»ti ac declivi loco (H. 'iv, materials. "-Neque tosSt""' ^" I'^f, S'"'^^'-' »-'i of ail kinds o launched in a few days "'• Kul' ".n ' , "^ "^''^ "''""^' ''^'^y '° '^« point but that they nfi.ht' le launched " \V? T n' '"'"-''^ ^^''"" «^ ">''^' quin : p. 291. I A — DpH ri . . i" , ? '''""''^ ^^P^^t ut instead of carrying out^ 1 i^ objeJ^'^TJ cdllc.il" "-'-deduco.-Huic rei : «fo peditis: •' in fighting tdm'^VwUh"^/^ "'1 '"' ^ '''''" ///....-Ex- ie,, the assembly of the Gallic 'tHll^T. ^^-^ l>'''ggnge. -Ad concilia : {Amiem). ^ ^'^""^ '"•'^' ^hich Caesar held at Samarobriva V.S!l^'m^'i;^S::;^'^S" '^^J^T'^'^'^'-lnomcio: see deficio.-Gererentur : dep chi S fn * An ^''*"''°^ : •'^"•'^ '^°'^^^- ""^er Cpgere: depends o^fnstituitr^^,^^ narration : p. 305, 2.- might mean that they were too old nr fl sentence -Per aetatem : abdo with in and ac^cnt.Hv,e °nvoKc ^he'^T''^'?^" "''^^"^ • " " ^''^'«^ = cealment : "having been'removP Mn tl, a °^ '■'^'"^^''' ='' ^^^" ^s con- there.''-Qt,oniam^. roVnc^Ssent. r.! Ardennes wood an the notion of sayi;i,^r contained in legatos mittit Ouo facilms : I-. 294 4.-Laberetur: "woul.l fall away f,on, their alieuKince " . . deterreret ; p. 20-. . Nominatim : : tile .-lection of ih , re>t v. . dd be loft to 'leas.Mired him" in re;.;iid to he safety of to accompany Cae;; ir '■• liiitai ~ " Chapter IV. Dicerentur "liciMjnally," in the summons Indiitiomarus.— Consolatus: ' Ins son and relatives who were to accompany Cae.s ,r '.. liiitai - Princi pibus . convocatishos: r.mc the irrei^ulariiy for pi.ncijies. . • onvocatos withou thered.iiuhuuhos. Quod^namque id. -Cu -' . .um ■ " hoth . . . and. -Mento ems : "as a reward for (by reas.,, ot ) his service" : 1!' ,s, ' ,7" ~n^^"^ ■«• {^•"fi^'^'-i''; ." Se: Caesar. - Magni interesse ■> 282, I4.-Qui...fuisset: si.l.iunctive of causal relative: p •'yS 5 ; and of ohli,,ue narration : p. 305, 2 : "and since he had already I.Jen unfnen.lly disposed towards us."-Inimico . . . animo : abl. of quahty : p. 2»4, 12.— Hocdolore: "at this grievance." Chapter y. — Equitatus : the nobility who served as cavalry.— Nuniero : abl. of respect : p. 284 i3._Perspexerat ; " he had observed." — Obsidum loco : " as hostages." Chapter VI. -Magni animi, magnae . . auctoritatis : p. 280. 4.- Accedebat hue quod .- " to this was added the fact that," " tlinc was the further consideration that": p. 293, 2.-Huc: = ad hoc. . neque recusandi aut deprecandi causa : see Vocab. under deprecor: " and they di.i not dare to send envoj^s to Caesar to contradict this or to beg for mercy at his (Caesar s) hands. -Omnibus . . . precibus : "by all kinds of entreaties " — Wavigandl:_ objective genitive depending on insuetus : p. 281 7 — nmeret . . . diceret : the reasons given by Dumnorix were not reganled by Caesar as real reasons : p. 297. 3. -Quod . . . diceret=quod religionibus tmpediretur, ut dicebat: "because (as he said) he was prevcmted by religious scruples. Perhaps because Britain was the centre of Druidism -Terntare: historical inf-Non . . . fieri : dixit omitted before oblique narration.- 1 he clause ut . . . spoliaretur is the subject of fieri : so also n the next part of the sentence the clause ut . . . necaret is in apposition to consilium— Interponere: the historicalim.-Ex usu: see V^ocab consiirum^"~^°'"'"""'*^°"^'^*°' ^^" P"''^'C0 consilio : see Vocab. under Chapter VI I. -Caesar: subject of statuebat. -Quod . . . tribuebat- so quod . videbat below: p. 297, 3-Quibuscumque rebus posset: sH "inSnV Fn^°7' "—Longius: "too far."-Prospiciendum : self statuebat : "he made up his mind that he should adopt measure. " -leraporis = anni.-Dabat operam : see Vocab. under opera. -Milites peditesque: = pedites equitesque : the cavalry in a legion numbered ;oo, the infantry 4, 200. -Omnium impeditis animis : "when the atteiuion of all was takenun with the embarknrion.-Retrahique impcrat : see note on actuanas (B. V. Chap. I). -Si vim faciat neque pareat : virtual oblique: p. 307, II. -Pro sano : "as a sane man."— Qui neglexisset : see note on qui. . .fuisset (B. V, Chap. IV). 376 NOTKS 0\ CAESAR.— BOOK V. \XlW^''pYili"""^°''*'i^= '^^ ""*^ °" tertia vigilia (B. IV Chin expected atque or ac • '' ui.i; fi, >^" '"^''^^^^' of quern we sl.ould have imuibus, 1.. IV, Chap. Xl.-Supenora : •• f,,nl,er up il,e country " "the rear of (lie expe,liMo„n,> fo,U» of cLar n.r ', " '■'""•" tives of dep. clause of oblique narration :p 305 "! ' ' ^"""^"^ = '"^J""*=- Chapter XI.— Resistere: "halt."— Coram ^'^r todem . JO thesnme pos.t.o , z.e., to the camp by the .iven-Summa .ad™„is,randh7.,,:e»;i;™,eT„-"a:a^r 1 lio : l.y commci -onsont " , cf. publico consilio.- mta: i.e., from ne.11 n^nl -n-lnoi-a i,^ „„„k_i-i.. 1 , , — Communi consilio . Circiter . . octoginta Chapter XII.^Quos .-^, ^.»,0 clause quos natos (esse) in insula t.c, from near Deal, where he probably lande.l. proditum 'and they state that the tradition IS NOTES ON CAESAR.— BOOK V. 377 5. IV, Ch.-ip. ;.sdeinancied." e slioiild have he had left " : istu : the el)l) lae : see no inis : " th -J • commt ^i : e of his o\,. 5. — Quisque : liat amphus, amplius . . mntry. " p. 294, 5.— th a word of ter the tliird e object with •antur: "ap- facta : see OS governed nitioni cas- nunire, "to (llowingr that : genitive of m itineris : ■ it to mean case iam in :hind in the it : subjunc- le 111 person tantum. — irpenters " ; attached to (Osset: vir- 307. !!.— riinient : p. ; narration : Jduci : see night time ioldiers." — — Summa , the war." :onsilio. — >!y landed. SSSe) is the tradition is that they were indi scil inciUtar'"&°,!;i;-x'''""''Jl' :""" '" ""= '^"""' itself. "-Pars: Loca : see note on locis frigidissimis (B. IV, Chap. I), P'^^""^^' " Chapter XIII.— Inferior : scil. anjrulus- this is I nnd'= Fn^ ^w ft, coast of CornvvTil AHot-..^ i"»s"'"a- uiis is ivancl s tnd, otr the pWo„ pari spaao^ll'^f^dS^,,- „r7Sn.-M"o„T 'ire it veSi?:''Ib^' Yrm^n^' ^Ro^ ""^"^l ^'° '^^'' ^''^ construction of iJ.j: '*"'• °' mean».— Hoc: scd. vitro : "t lerebv " •« hw fi.ie " Chapter XV — Ut: consecutive: "with the re-sult fhaf " M^f» *i . he per ect sub unctive expresses a single fact' i 20c 2 ro;,«i "k ^-^^ lio^p""^' ^■;Z9"?,'' ■ •■?»=="■'■•■ auderent: virtual oblique „>„,. ... 30;. . ,.-b^^"' p;o4r.tr„'^e,S'::Let;'«'iSin^""S • :.-); 378 NOTES ON CAESAR. — BOOK V. the Roman ranks were broken, the Britons were more eflfective soldiers ovvmg to their greater mobility : cf. note on novo genere puffnae (B V Chap. XV).— Equestris ... ratio: ««whereas when the fiohting was between cavalry thedanger was equalized whether they were retreatinc or pursumg. — Cedentibus et insequentibus : soil. Britannis : p 278 6 — Ran magmsque intervallis : ««scattered and with wide intervals between the detachments -Exciperent : ' ' relieved. "-Integri et recentes : «« the unwounded and fresh." Chapter XVII.— Lenius: ««with less energy."— Sic uti . non ab- sisterent: "so vehemently that they did not abstain from attacking the companies and legions. "—Subsidio : ablative: p. 278, foot note — Prae- upites...egerunt: '«drove in headlong flight."— Sui collie-endi • "of recovering themselves," «'of rallying. "-Ex hac fuga : "after this rout." —bummis . . . copiis : '« with their full strength." Chapter XVIII.-Uno omnino loco : " at one ford and no more."- Alteram: ««opposite. "-Cum capite . . exstarent : «'though they had only their heads above water. "—Capite : abl. of difference : p? 283, 7. u^P^P?"" XIX.-Contentionis : ««of rivalry. "-Itinera nostra serva- bat : dogged our march."— Ex via : «« from the high road " • the imper- fects express repeated action,— Magno periculo nostrorum equitum • subjective genitive : p. 280, 6.-H0C metu : see note on quaspe(B. iv' Chap. yi).-Rehnquebatur ut : "the only thing left to do was thai Caesar : p. 293, i, top of page.-Neque. . .discedi. . .pateretur : "should neither allow any wide departure from the main column of the legions "~ Discedi: an impersonal infinitive.— Et tantum. . .noceretur: «'and 'that soniuch injury should be inflicted upon the army by way of devastating the fields and causing conflagration." Note the impersonal use of nocere- u^\^^ 278. 4. -Quantum... poterant: '«as the legionary soldiers were able to effect by their exertions on the march," literally, '«bv their exer- tions and march " (hendiadys). ^' ^ ^^ Chapter XX. — Civitas : t.ie Trinobantes inhabited Essex and the southern part of Suffolk. Their chief town was Camalodunum (now Colchester), afterwards a Roman c. .,ny. - Caesaris fidem secutus : having accepted the protection of Caesar," said of the inferior The superior was said recipere in fidem.-Ipse: ««while he himself.'"-Ab miuria Cassivellaum : " from injury on the part of Cassivellaunus " : subjective genitive : p. 280, 6. -Qui praesit. . .obtineat : p. 294, 5. Chapter XXI. --Ab..prohibitis: ««secured from all wrong-doing on the part of the soldiers : subjective genitive : p. 280, 6.-Cenimagni • see Vocab. for the position of these tribes. -Convenerit : "have mus- tered : dependent clause in oblique narration : p. 70?, 2 : part of the news given to Caesar. -Cum. . .munierunt: ««whenever they forSy"- see note on ubi. . . conspexerant : B. IV, Chap. XXVI. ' of^S^K^''^";'"^"'"' ..S^^^^tur: p. 299, 4. -His : the petty kings ^LtetTfi.^^Sn f "p'f^'t: !?? ^°'^^- ""^^^ castra.-Multum aestatis : p. 280, 3.— Extrahi : " be wasted on delays." tive soldiers jnae (B. V, ighting was etreating or p. 278, 6.— 'als between ;ntes : "the ■ . not! ab- tacking the )te.— Prae- endi : "of r this rout. " EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 379 Chapter XXIII.— Deductis: see Vocab. under deduce. -Duobus commeatibus: ".n two relays": p. 283, s.-Quae. . .portaret: "such as carried : consecutive relative : p. 296, 5.-Et prioris commeatus : I.e., both those of the first relay after landing their troops "— Prio-is commeatus: genitive of description: p. 280, 4.-Quas: supply eae before quas in apposition to quae : the inanes are (i) the first relay : (2) those built by Labienus.— Aequinoctium : about September 2isi.— Secunda . . .Vlgiha : "at the beginning of the second watch," about 9 p.m 10 more. — h they had 283, 7. stra serva- the imper- equitum : ipe (B. IV, o was that r: "should legions," — "and that devastating of nocere- Idiers were their exer- X and the num (now secutus : rior. The self."— Ab ellaunus " : '4,5- j-doing on mimagni : have mus- art of the ■ fortify " : Jetty kings - Multum EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. BASED ON NEPOS AND CAESAR. N.B.-No exercise should tie attempted until the text has been mastered. The exercises on Nepos should be done orally. Exercise I. Themistocles, Chapter I. I. Neocles, the father of Themistocles, married a lady of Halicarnassus. 2. A lady of Halicarnassus married» Neocles, the father of Themistocles. 3. None of his countrymen can be considered superior to him. 4. In early youth he neglected his property. 5. His property was neglected by him. 6. Did he not devote himself to public affairs ? 7. Let us begin from the beginning of his life. 8. He transacted many important affairs. 9. Many important affairs were transacted by them. 10. This reproach was not removed by Themistocles without great exertion. 11. He became so great that no one was considered equal to him. 12. He was so care- less of his property that his father disinherited him. 13. He lived a dissolute life, and was disinherited by his father. 14. He was so ready in speaking that he often appeared in private trials. ^Nuho (with dative, p. 278, foot note). I 380 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. iiii Exercise II. Themistodes, Chapter I. I. He had great vices and g.eat virtues. 2. His virtues were more numerous than his vices. 3. In serving his friends, he served himself. 4. He soon began to speak in the courts. 5. He explained in words very easily the measures which he saw to be necessary. 6. Could he not con- jecture very truly what was about to be ? 7. He was found to be a man of the greatest ev ..gy. 8. He judged that energy was necessary for the transaction of business. 9. Will he not devote himself to his friends in early youth ? 10. Hence it happened that the Athenians thought that no one had ever been born equal to him. Exercise III. Themistodes, Chapter II. I. The people elected Themistodes general in the war. 2. They built a fleet of one hundred vessds. 3. This fleet was built by them with the money which came in from the mines. 4. When he had built this fleet, he pursued the pirates. 5. The fleet was of great service to Greece during the Persian war. 6. It consisted of two hundred ships. 7. When the city was abandoned, the people put all their possessions on board of their ships. 8. After this report was brought to Athens, the citadel was com- mitted to the elders. 9. The fleet of the Persians consisted of war ships and transf >rts. 10. The messengers who were sent to Delphi brought the following reply. 1 1. The Athenians were more skilful in naval battles than the other Greeks. 12. The number of the ships with which the Persians crossed the sea was twelve hundred. Exercise IV. Themistodes, Chapter II. - I. The king of Persia carried on war against Greece by land and sea. 2. War was carried on by the king against Greece. 3. The Athenians sent men to Delphi to consult the priestess. 4. What shall we do? 5. They asked what they should do. 6. The priestess gave an answer^ but no one knew what it meant. 7. Themistodes ordered them to leave the city and put all their goods on board of their ships. 8. The elders will protect the citadel, but the rest will go on board of the ships. 9. He persuaded them to obey the command of the god. 10. He persuaded them thsU all their property should be removed to Salamis. 11. The EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 381 3s were more 2rved himself. in words very I he not con- o be a man of issary for tlie riends in early t that no one 2. They built lem with tlie uilt tiiis fleet, ireece during 7. When the oard of their del was com- of war ships I phi brought naval battles b, which the ind and sea. e Athenians lall we do? an answer, lem to leave The elders ps. 9. He ; persuaded . II. The elders moved to the citadel to protect themselves. 12. Their plan was to abandon the city to the Persians. 13. Themistocles said that their ships were the wooden walls of which the god spoke. Exercise V. Themistocles, Chapter III. 1. We are opposed to this plan, but they are in favor of it. 2. The Athenians decided to carry on war by land and sea. 3. Leonidas, K' ,g of Sparta, was sent to seize the pass of Tnermopylae. 4. The Lacedae- monians seized the pass to prevent the barbarians from advancing into Greece. 5. Men were sent along with Leonidas to prevent the advance of the enemy. 6. Tiie Greek fleet of three hundred vessels engaged the Persian fleet at Artemisium. 7. The two fleets then moored nearer the island of Salamis to meet the attack of the Persians. 8. Our fleet will be stationed between Euboea and Greece. 9. They left Artemisium to avoid being surrounded by the forces of the king. 10. We did not dare to depart for fear that the enemy would surround us with all their forces. Exercise VL Themistocles, Chapter II I. The result was that the Athenians did not remain at Artemisium. 2. There is danger that the enemy will surround them.. 3. If they had remained there, the enemy would have surrounded them. 4. If they remain there, they will all perish. 5. There was a danger that they would be defeated in this battle. 6, Had the Persian fleet sailed round the island of Euboea, they would have surrounded the Athenian fleet. 7. They were threatened by danger from two sides. 8. The result was that they decided to sail to the city. 9. Had they not withstood the Persians at the pass, we should all have perished. 10. The object of Themistocles was to reach Athens. 1 1. Had they fought with all their fleet, they would have defeated the Persians. Exercise VII. Themistocles, Chapter IV. I. After taking Therm.opylae, the king will destroy the city with fire. 2. Themistocles advised them to protect themselves. 3. I advised him not to destroy our homes with iiie. 4. You will be a match for the forces of the king if they are all scattered. 5. He will advise his comrades to remain where they are. 6. As the enemy are in flight, I advise you not 382 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. to remain here but to pursue them. 7. Whe \ the army of the king was defeaced by Themistocles, the Persians had at once (siaiim) to withdraw from Greece. 8. I do not believe tliat there is ar;v freachery. c,. Has not Themistocler- himself sent me a faithful slave ? 1.0, A mes'seriger came by night to tell tiie king the designs of the Greeks. 11. He will come ;..om Themistocle.< who commands their fleet, and the Vmg will believe tha. the Greeks will be iefeated. Exercise VIK. Themis'';odi;«, Chapter IV. I. He said to the king that tW d! y would be destroyed by fire. We shall all perish," said he, "if wt leiiain in this place." 3. He said that they would all perish if they revnamed in that place. 4. The king was not influenced by the woals of the Persian commander. 5. A faithful slave was sent to say that the Greeks were in flight. 6. "You will finish 'he war," said he, "if you defeat us now." 7. They said that he would finish the war if he defeated them. 8. If we attack the enemy we shall cruK^ them. 9. He said that if they attacked the enemy they would crush them. 10. He engaged the enemy in battle in - place so unfavorable that the)' were not able to extend their line. 1 1. The place was favorable to us but unfvTOrable to them. 12. He said that he could not influence the king. 13. They were so terrified by the flames that they would not remain. ^ Exercise IX. Themistocles, Chapter V. 1. The object of the king was to conquer Greece. 2. Though Greece had been liberated, the Greeks were afraid that the king would return. 3. His forces were so great that he could easily have conquered us. 4. He was informed by Themistocles that the bridge would be destroyed! 5. He is afraid that we will return. 6. The bridge which is built over the river will be broken down within ten days. 7. You did not return though you promised to do so. 8. The king of Persia had a very great fleet. 9. Was not the king defeated in battle by the Athenians ? 10. Do you think that Europe will succumb to Asia ? n. His foresight was such that none of the Athenians can be comr?red to him. ExERci. : :. Themistocles, Chapter VI. I. This harbor, as it was small, the Athenians did not use. 2. They buiit another harbor to protect the city. 3. He surrounded the city with walls EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 383 ' the king was ) to withdraw . 0- Has not Jrjgi-r came by /ill iome i.om elie V e tha '. the re. 2. "We He said that "he king was 5- A faithful ou will finish hat he would lemy we shall they would unfavorable ivas favorable not influence ;y would not so h\o[i that they protected the city. 4. They declared that it was un- necessary to build such high walls. 5. Tiie walls that had been built could not protect any city. 6. The man was sent to say that the walls were not being built. 7. He had no sufficient reason for saying this. S, He sa'd in our presence that he would send an ambassador to declare tl>iit the walls were not being built. 9. By this victory he will gain such glory that none can be called his equal. 10. He knew that ambassadors would be sent by the enemy to deny this. 11. He gained such pre- eminence by his victory that he was easily the first man in Athens. Exercise XI. Themistocles, Chapter VI. I. He carried out his plans without sparing any one. 2. In carrying out his plans no one was spared. 3. The result was that they undertook to build a wall. 4. Since all knew that the walls were being built by the Athenians, why did he deny the fact? 5. He instructed all to build walls high enough to keep out the enemy. 6. The result was that their walls protected them. 7. After the walls began to be built, the enemy sent ambassadors to the Athenians. 8. He alone went as ambassador to order the Athenians to desist. 9. When you' have not forbidden us to build, shall we desist from the work ? 10. The result was that all, whether slave or freeman, desisted from building the walls. lough Greece TOuld return. )nquered us. 36 destroyed, is built over i not return a very great IS? 10. Do jht was such . Theybuiit y with walls Exercise XII. Themistocles, Chapter VII. I. It is right that you should send men in whom you have confidence, a. They said that it would not be right to send men in whom they had no confidence. 3. Whenever he went to the magistrates, he requested them to hold him as a hostage. 4. "Do not," said he, «Met the ambassadors of the enemy go till I am sent back." 5. We have, according to the common rights of all nations, protected our homes with walls. 6. That you may the more easily protect your city, you have surrounded it with walls. 7. The fleet of the king has often suffered shipwreck near the city. 8. You are doing wrong, since you do not take into consideration what will be of advantage to all Greece. 9. If you wish to recover your own ambassadors, send me back again to Athens. 10. He wished to protract the time as long as possible. 384 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. Exercise XIII, Themistocles, Chapter VIII. I. They condemned him for treachery in his absence 2Amh, a were sent to accuse hini of treachery. , Thev will ^.l. A;"bassadors court of the king as he is our frienrl . -rt 7- ^ '^^""^^ ^' ^''^ ;.is protection ^o^s. ,:z ^::ij:j^:^j^-^-^^^^ "->- to give the captain of the shiu a irift ^u . ^ '"^'P''^"| 5- He promised . • !• , »i"p a gitt when he reached Fnhpsnc a -ri ianded him at E W 8 He^te^tLT"' '"^ '^ °^" ^'^^^'^' '' isiand of Naxos, as there was\:^:^Ith: Z:;^:' Tm ''' have made me this promise, I will tell you who I am o l"f v ^°" from my enemies. I will show my gratitude , W. \ ^ '"'' "'' house the king had fled. g'^tuude. ,i. When they reached the Exercise XIV. Themistocles, Chapter IX. I. He said that he had done much harm to the kin^r 2 H. ., ^ informed the king that the bridge would be destroved . Tk ^ ^'^ the enemy is to destroy the bridge a H. ".°f ''' ^- The object of intended to surround ^n m c M ^\ '"^"''"''^ '^^' '^^ ^"^«"X from fear. 6 Ae ^^11 "the k" "l '""' '" ^""^ ^'"^ '^ ^° ^'^ y^» . • °- "^ will tell the kmg to receive you as a friend t n^ know that you will have in me a good friend of your ki"lV 8 F '°" ..aretLeLome:'^^ wh:;;r:^re-arr^ -^^^ - ^ Exercise XV. Themistocles, Chapter X, I. He will devote himself to literature for a year 2 It i, ,niH .1, . u was so learned in the Persian tongue that he snok. u' t ' ^" many a Persian. 3. It will be s.id thn^ -^ f '""'" '""^''y ''^^" 10 Ther/' r " P'^"""'^ *° y°"' I ^vill make it c^ood ^o. There arc some who say that he was buried in Attica. , x. Others say >St Jl. Embassadors Jfuge at the them under [e promised IS. 6. The ^emistocles. I safety, he land at the 9. As you ou save me cached the !. He had : object of the enemy > free you 7- ^o you 8. Every- friend of ed that I d that he idily than the king, lin bread. Phere are ecause he 3. If you :rush the it good, ihers say EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 385 that it was not lawful to bury any one accused of treason in Attica and tliat he was buried at Magnesia. -^"ica, ana Exercise XVI. Aristides, Chapter I. I. Why do you consider me worthy of ounishmpnf > -, r , j ,.■ c™n,i„"d hey epli/d , n 'L ' ""' '"'"f "''"' "'"" ""''''''' ''-' , II ey replied that he was surnamed the lust 8 I im nr.f pleased with this man because he is called the Tust n Ti T for such a crime was exile for ten years 10 11.1' ^' .. ''^P""'^»^"^^"^ ciieck an excited populace. " ^"'"^ '^"'' ^' ^""^'^ "«' Exercise XVII. Aristides, Chapter II. I. The battle was fought before he returned 2 We sh^ll .11 . .• • pate in the bafflp -, u r .i ^"^'' ^'' partici- vi«or,, ,^e A.he„ia„, bec.e .he ll^ . "'/ .„; cLTrT'^r/ ",: of Ih.s was rh.it he was defeated bv ii, X A . ,7 , '' ''"'' Joined the Athenia,, allj, X" When 1:^1 '"'T t'^T" selected him as oeneril .n nr ,7"™."'=,™"' '"» foiifht, they .heha„ds„f,heTa:le,„„,;,a„: ' "" """ "" ''"""' ^^" «'"" Exercise XVIII. Aristides, Chapters II, III. I. This man was chosen to repel -.. barbarians. 2. They asked him fn determine how many shins earl ^ ei 1, * "ey asked him to contributed vearlv a I " "''^ contribute. 3. The allies 4 Wha iLf^ ^^t "'""""^ °^ "^""^>' '^ t^- ^-^^o» treasury ^- vvnat place do voii w cli f,^ k„ ♦!,„ .. ^ v-^^^ui^r. ferred you left it from Delos to wish to Athens be the no money to his childre treasury povert) They afterwards trans- was so great that he n. r Though he was in charge of important 386 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. l^. business he died in poverty. 8. How many ships have you i,uilt ? o His daughters will be maintained nr the public expense. lo. Must we choose such a one as leader ? 1 1. Order them to raise two hundred tnl-nts. Exercise XIX. Hannibal, Chapter I. I. Hannibal sur; r^sed all other comma,.ders in valor as much as the Romans surpassed all nher nations. 2. He was vanquished by the envy of his own countrymai 3. We do not doubt that he almost vanquished Kome. 4. Even aAer his countrymen exiled him, he never ceased to hate us. 5. If he had not been a great leader he would not have defeated you so often. 6. Does he not need help from others? 7. His hatred against the Romans was so great that it never left him. 8. Though he fought for fifteen years in Italy, he was never defeated by us. o. Will you drive a man of such valor from the country, my countrymen ? Exercise XX. Hannibal, Chapter II. I. No one doubted that he was a powerful king. 2. Do not conceal it from them. 3. Tell him that you have bribed Hannibal to be our friend 4. They had been sent by the Romans to discover the disposition of the kmg. 5. Frepare war against Rome and make me your leader 6 I am afraid that he has other views. 7. When th^y went the king at the appointed time, they told him that th v could .ver be I friends of Rome 8. There is no doubt they will do this to no purpose. 9. I shall always be of the same mind as I am now. Exercise XXI. Hannibal, Chapter III. I. Will he set out with his father for Spain? 2. father, he commanded the cavalry. 3. When Hannibal became commander of the whole army he can take it by storm ? 5. Within three years were subdue.l by him. 6. After raising three very large armies, he cross"ed the Alps, a leat which no commander had ever performed before him 7. Leaving one army in Spain, and sending another to Africa, he led a third into Italy. 8. After defeating the Alpine tribes who attempted to obstruct his march, he built a road across the mountains. 9 all the nations whom he engaged in battle. ^ fter the death of his sdr lal was killed 4. I you think that 111 the tribes of Spain He defeatcil EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. Imilt? 9. His Uust we choose I tn)'»nts. s much as the d \)y the envy 3.st vanquished ceased to hate ■e defeated you Iiatred against 1 he fought for 'ill you drive a 387 not conceal it be our friend, osition of the ier. 6. I am B king at the :nds of Rome, lall always be death of his 1 was killed ou think that bes of Spain ;s, he crossed before him. ica, he led a attempted to He defeated Exercise XXII. Hannibal, Chapter IV. I. When the Romans first met him in battle they were defeated. 2. Scipio was wounded in the battle fought near that city. 3. Hannibal met the Romans a second time in battle and defeated them. 4. Two Roman consuls were killed by him in the same year. 5. After crossing the Apennines he was attacked with a disease of the eyes (of one of his eyes), of which he never afterwards had the proper use. ( : t is said that he was carried in a sedan chair. 7. Do you think that anyone ever routed so many Roman general ? 8. The consul of the previous year was defeated by h.m m battle and ded. 9. After crossing the Alps, he routed one consul at Ticinus, and both in the following year at Trasimenus. 10. After defeating two armies, he seized the mountain passes. EXKRCISE XXIII. Hannibal, Chapter V. I. Shall we n. set out for Rome ? 2. We shall be resisted by no one. 3. \ ■ ill he dupe oui general again ? 4. Have you heard how he extricated himself? S- Sot. iied were the Romans that no one left the camp. 6 All know how gr, u a gene, ' he is. 7. He has defeated ail our generals. 8. Whenever he pitched ] anp, no one dared to oppose him. 9 He met no resistance after the batiie of Cannae. 10. Not many days after this battle, he ambushed and defeated another army. Exercise XXIV. Hannibal, Chapter VI. I. He will be recalled from Italy to carry on war in Africa. 2. When the two leaders met they could not agree upon terms of peace. 3. As it was impossible to agree, the Carthaginians had to fight. 4. I am afraid they have ambushed our army. 5. As the resources of the country are exhausted, I wish to make peace. 6. Collecting an army, he met the Romans at Zama. 7. Within two days his army marched to Hadru- metum. 8. By making peace now, I shall be stronger by and by (say z» a short time). 9. If I escape now, I shall engage them again wiie'n I can. 10 He collected another army from the soldiers who had escaped. Exercise XXV. Hannibal rhanfor \t\\ I. Let us ,end envoys to demand his surrender. 2. These wars were carried on by the Romans for many years. 3. Ambassadors were sent 388 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. ITr^^^^T '° ""T ? "'' '"^ ^"^"- '- 'T'- -bassadors thanked the Romans because they had brought the war to an end c After f^ shirr.hr' '':^"""^' ''""■ '■ «^'-^ ^'-'^^' chiefs ^if ; CarthagMo^overnTcoutT .o Th" "'" "" '^'^'^'^^^ *''""-"y »' to pay the Romans. '' ' ^'^' "^^ ""^^^^^ "'" «"PP'y «««"ey Exercise XXVI. Hannibal, Chapter VIII. I. Antiochus was persuaded by Il.nnibal tu set oat for Italy 2 If ,h. Romans had attacked Carthatre with a fleet of fi. i u ^ have been taken. 3. When ht lea ed th.t H , f"^'' '''" '"^ """'^' nver. he marched L J:: l:^::^^:^^^:^' T Tl^t'^V'' P.n.shed in the same way. he would never h^ ^Z,,! i^I^^^ that we Id desert hilr; '1?:" '^" '"T^^ T' ^'^" '"^'^ "^ '^"°- obey me and T w 1 I' ^" "^^'"2 ""' '"^ Pla"^. he was willing to battle, h; es aped 1 T! r""' k ". '' '''^"^'^ ''^ "^ ^^^-'^^ *" "auic, ne escaped m safety from the field (actes) o Kr. ^^^ n persuade h.m to desert the city of Carthage. '"" ''"' Exercise XXVII. Hannibal, Chapter IX. , wi, u ^"^^'^' ''^ considered what he would rln 3. When he was m great danger, he formed the following ,17 ^ I neve, thought that they would take my money from mT '5' He knev hat the Cretans would carry off the gold if they were able. 6 Let them willbelieveyouP .They will ^::^'.^ ^ TneTiV:: p^^ >t. 10. The fame of Cretan avarice has gone forth to all the earth. Exercise XXVIII, Hannibal. Chapter X. Whf n he reaches Pontus h cou e will win over all the tribes of ntry. 2. All through his life he had no object but that great to make war on EXRHCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 389 Kome. 3 He knesv that it was impossible to gain a victory over tl.c kin^ l.y arms alone. 4. In winning over these tril>es. his ol.ject was to collect a large army. 5. Is not the tnen.y superior both in men and in .ships? 6, Ih.s done, he ordered the (leet to attack. 7. I will t.ke care that you know m what ship the king is. 8. If you kill the king you shall have a great reward. 9. He said that if they killed the king they should have agre..t reward ,0. Calling the marines together, he told then, that he rnotrn him. '"'"' '' '"'''''"'' "■ ^''' ''' ^'"^ »'"--'•' •'- Exercise XXIX. Hannibal, Chapter XI. I. Both sides launched their vessels, and the battle began. 2 The IuT'm -^ T '"°" "'"' ''"■ ''"^' "^^- 3. Tell us when we "shall ttack he.r fleet. 4. I kept wondering what he found in the letter. Ln' '.M ""\'^'^^"'-^'-' '« "pen the letter. 6. There can be no doubt ; '' r , " T\T "'""'""' °'"' •'"'^^'^^- 7- They could not under- and why he whole fleet attacked the ship of the king. 8. Do you think tl.at he w.ll rout the enemy by such a stratagem? 9. By seeking your own safety yot, have vanquished your fleet. ,0. He said that he was seekmg the king in order to give him the letter. Exercise XXX. Hannibal, Chapter XII. I. Hannibal happened to be at that time at the court of Prusia.s. 2. When the ambassadors were dining with the consul, mention was made of him. 3. So long as this man lives, he will be our enemy. 4. Seize him .f you can ; you will easily find out where he is. 5. The boy happened to see the envoys coming. 6. He ordered him to find out if the doors were all beset. 7. O that we may find him ! 8. Let us beg the king to surren- der our enemy. 9. O that we had sent an envoy to then.. ,0. When the boy returned, he told Hannibal that all the doors of the house were beset. II. He knew then that he must surrender or die. Exercise XXXI. Hannibal, Chapter XIII. I. It is not agreed whether he died in the "--r iS- p r ,. . Fabius"Vr7';TV''' '%'"' '" '•" consulship of Claudius' and Fabtus. 3. He dted at the age of seventy, and in the same year as Scipio. I 390 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 4. He wrote several books of his campaigns in Asia. 5. It is said that these books were written in Greek, 6. Hannibal employed two Greeks as instructors. 7. It is impossible to decide which of the two is the better general. 8. Though occupied with such important affairs he had time to write books. 9. We can easily see by comparing the deeds of these two that Hannibal was a greater general than Scipio. Exercise XXXII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter I. I. Next year a large number of Germans crossed the Rhine. 2. For several years the Suebi had harassed them and prevented them from tilling their lands. 3. The men who serve in the field are supported by those who remain at home. 4. No one is allowed to remain longer than a year in one place. 5. They spend a large part of their time in hunting. 6. The boys are not trained to any duty and they do nothing against their will. 7. On account of this daily exercise they become men of extra- ordinary strength. 8. Tliey have no clothing except the skins of the animals they capture in the chase. 9. Even in the coldest weather they bathe in the rivers. 10. They are so powerful that they send forth every year from home a hundred thousand armed men. Exercise XXXIII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter II. I. All the booty they take in war they sell to the merchants, for they import nothing. 2. The Gauls take especial delight in imported horses, while those of the Germans are small and deformed, 3. Caesar tells us that the Germans often leap from their horses in battle. 4. To render these horses more active, they train them daily. 5. They train their horses to remain in one place, so that the riders may be able to find them where they leave thrm. 6. To prevent the people from becoming effemi- nate, they do not import wine. 7. They wish to have some one to whom they may sell what they can export. 8. The animals they use at home are small. 9. Do not think that any one uses a saddle. 10. They think that nothing is more disgraceful than to flee from the battle. ExiiKCiSE XXXIV. Caesar, B, IV, Chapter III. I. It is said to be their special glory to have extensive territory. 2. We 3. After they had driven their must make them weaker than outselves. EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. rt is said that wo Greeks as is the better had time to of these two 391 inc. 2. For a from tilling ted by those r than a year in hunting, against their len of extra- skins of the veather they I forth every Its, for they )rted horses, esar tells us . To render train their to find them ning effemi- ne to whom at home are y think that y. 2. We iriven their enemies from the territory {ai/. ads.), they made them tributary. 4. They are more civilized than the people of the ©ther states. 5. Though they often attempted to expel us from our lands, they were unable to^do so. 6. If they had been more civilized, would they have been weaker? 7. The river Rhine is the boundary on one side; on the other, the lands of the .Suebi. 8. This nation is the most civilized of all the Germans. 9. Are they not rather weaker than their neighbors? 10. Though the most powerful nation of all Germany, they did not wish a neighboring nation near them. 11. They did not expel a neighboring tribe, but made it subject. Exercise XXXV. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter IV. I. For several years we have withstood them. 2. Driven from our homes we have been wandering about Germany for three years. 3. They prevented us from crossing by placing forces on each side of the river. 4. He pretended to be going home, but returned within a few days. 5. After seizing our city they expelled us before our forces arrived. 6. After proceeding a journey of many days, they were informed that you had crossed the rives. 7. Tell us if they have completed the work in one night. 8. He learned that *hey intended to cross the river and occupy these villa;;es the rest of the winter. 9. They seized our ships and crossed the river that iiight. 10. They were so alarmed at his approach that they returned home. Exercise XXXVI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter V. I. What have you heard of (dc) this matter? 2. I asked him what he had heard of the matter. 3. From what district do you come? 4, lacked him from what district he had come. 5. I must not answer you according to your wishes. 6. He compelled the man to repent of his act. 7. Do they listen to every traveller who visits them? 8. They are fickle in forming their plans and very eager for change. 9. Do not be the slave of hearsay. 10. These idle tales often influence them in forming their plans. Exercise XXXV 11,— (/Review.) Caesar, B. IV, Chapters I-V. I. The people of this tribe were eager for hunting. 2. They live on flesh and milk, are clothed (ves(w) with skins, and even in winter bathe in then- rivers. 3. They do not allow the merchants to bring wine into the 392 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. country because they believe it enfeebles the constitution. 4. The horse, th.t the Germans anploy are small. 5. We buy them at a higl pri e 6 Aft devasaung te lands of their neighbors they made'them tribut r^ 7. After wandering throughout Germany for three years, they came o^ land winch the Menapii inhabit.!. 8. So alarmed were fheyTt th cross.ng. 9. Ihe Germans had no ships, and therefore could not cross henver. 10. Pretending to return home, they suddenly turned, el uTon the Menapii, and seized their ships. " Exercise XXXVIII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VI. I. On learning that ambassadors had been sent to him by the enemy he ^et out for the camp. 2. To avoid meeting the enemy, he marched more quickly than usual. 3. They said that they had been h duced to cros'L Rlnne by the Gauls, who had sent ambassadors to them. 4. Th y el ec ha^everyth.ng they had in the camp was in the handt of tlfe enty with ""' ' TT ''"'^"'^'■■^ '"^ ^'"'"' '^^ ^'-'^-' »« carry on wa w th the enemy. 6. On his arrival there, he ascertained that the cirfs whom Caesar had sumn.oned had assembled. 7. Several amb sador came to Caesar to ask him why he was carrying on war against ta 8. On h>s arrival at the arn,y he was informed that the Germans had be^n -nduced to make war u,un him. 9. After the departure of t e ambass: dors from the camp he induced the soldiers to undertake the war gt he G rmans. ,0. Caesar found out that the Germans were withdr.avX from the Rhme uUo the territory of the Condrusi. xi. He decided t^ summon the chiefs to calm tne feelings of the Gauls, i. He soonld to face a severer war than he expected. Exercise XXXIX. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VII. Whrr*"'^'" '° 'r ''"''''^- '■ "^ ^^^S'-^" '^ P'cl^ out cavalry Whde Cnesar was advancing, deputies met him froni the German army They saul that they could be useful friends to the Romans, if C Z; would allow th.m to hold lands in that place. 5. The Germans have -aged uar on the Roman people for many years. 6. No one mak s wn on us w,thout being defeated. 7. Do not refuse to give us landT 8 No one can conquer the Suebi in war. for they are th'e braves, men n tl world. 9. We can easily defend ourselves if we ve v-U-- • ro We have never been the first to make wa; o^ ^;::' ^li Z ZZ refuse to^ assert our rights, if we are attacked. 3- 4- The horses that price. 6. After em tributaries, ihey came to a e they at the /ent them from ould not cross rned, fell upon EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 393 the enemy, he marched more kI to cross the They declared >f the enemy, carry on war hat the chiefs ambassadors igainst them, ans had been the ambassa- e war against withdrawing e decided to He soon had out cavalry. Jrman army. IS, if Caesar rmans iiave makes war ■ds. 8. No men in the by others. we do not Exercise XL. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VIII. and m'e '" rT" '^ ''1 f ",' ''"" "'" ""' "° ^-"^^^ip between you seizeTlle of nth '" r " """ "'" "^""°' ^™^^^' ''^^'^ °- '-^^'to tory 01 the Ub n. 5. 1 be ambassadors have come to my camp to compltin r i;:: -i;- - - -— ^^ - -- comp. ed of u: armf ^ rv:^: ^^^s- Zi: the ^H l^^" T^ deputies have come to my head.ua'rters to ::ek;y;fd: ' '''°" Exercise XLI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapters IX and X m .he Alps flows a ]„„,, <,is,a„ce L a fp\ " ^e 8 if, 7 " ■'"' Exercise XLII.-CAVw^.-.; Caesar, B. IV, Chapters VI-X ™, a,.,i„s, „.e Ge™,„s:i j»f:'rf::",:rii:r,';iL°: "'"■ '■= « 394 KXERCISKS IN LATIN PROSE. have already won with the sword. 6. The Suebi are the orljr ones in the world to whom we are willing to yield. 7. Not even the gods are a match for the Suebi. 8. The envoys said that they would ask him not to advance nearer. 9. This river, after receiving a tributary from the Rhine, forms many large islands, inhabited by fierce tribes whose diet consists offish and eggs of birds. Exercise XLIII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XI. I. He sent forward envoys to tell the soldiers not to fight. 2. When the deputies were returning, they met Caesar on the march. 3. We beg of you to wait till we shall send word to the Ubii. 4. He said that the cavalry would soon return, if an opportunity was granted them. 5. Caesar, knowing the reason why the delay was asked for, told the deputies to meet him next day. 6. I asked you to settle the matter within the space of three days. 7. I order you to hold out as long as you can, if the enemy attack you. 8. Do not attack them, but hold out until I come. 9. Since a delay of three days has been granted, I shall not advance any further to- day. 10. I shall not advance more than four miles to-day, but to-morrow assemble to hear my demands. Exercise XLIV. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XII. I. As soon as the enemy caught a glimpse of us, they were thrown into disorder. 2. We were five thousand in number, though they were only eight hundred. 3. We had no fear of the enemy on that day, for they had asked for a truce. 4. After stabbing many of our horses, they put our cavalry to flight, 5. Tiie brave Piso came to the rescue of his brother, who was surrounded by the enemy. 6. He inspired such terror that our men did not stop till they reached their camp. 7. The enemy attacked our lines so quickly that they threw our men into confusion. 8. We did not think that they would-attack us, as they had asked for an armistice a little before. 9. In this battle Piso, wliile rescuing his brother from peril, was thrown from his horse and killed. 10. As soon as his brother noticed that Piso had flxllen, he rushed forward against the enemy and was slain. Exercise XLV. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XIII. I. We will neither hear the ambassadors nor accept their terms. 2. He ordered all the forces after they were led out of the camp to follow him at EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 395 once 3. It is the height of folly to listen to terms from men who have once een gu.lty of treachery. 4. Caesar decided to wait til a., formed the.r p ans. 5. When a number of the enemy came ,0 the cam, ,0 apo o,.ze ^r the.r conduct, he seized them at once. 6. He started at n u.th all h.s forces agan^st the enemy, after he had seized their deputies 7. They tried to secure a truce hy treachery, but Caesar ordered then, to be seized because they had attacked him the day before. 8. When Iv the .matters were arranged, it luckily happened that the enemy came in' great numbers to the camp. 9. The Romans knew what pres'ige t , y had gamed by th.s battle. 10. No opportunity should be granted tie Gauls to form new plans. ** Exercise XLVI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XIV. I. After covering a distance of eight miles, he reached the camp of the enemy. 2. He gave the enemy no time to form their plans or to take up w™'onfin. rT^' r! "T °' ''" """^ '^'°^= ''^^^ '^"«^ ^'-^ ^e was comnig. 4. They d.d not know whether they should defend the camn or seek safety by flight. 5. When Caesar came to the camp of the enemy e Germans were so alarmed at his sudden arrival that the women a.ui who h d t k" " ""' T '" ^^"P ""''' ^"'<^'^'>' P"^ torouttho' who had taken up arms to defend themselves. 7. So terrified were the enemy that they did not stop till they had crossed the Rhine. 8. Cae ar sent forward the cavalry to make an attack against the enemy. Exercise XLVII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XV. I. When the Germans heard the shouts in the rear, they threw aw.v e>r arms. 3. After they have thrown aw.y their arm, they wiU ^0 he river. 3 When they saw that a Iar,e n.rdv of their comrades had fallen, they despaired of their own safety,. 4. Wh.n they readied the river many of them plunged in and perished. ^ M^^y who piunged into th; nyer were drowned in the stiorg curr.:.. 6. Our sddiers to a man returned to our camp in safety, though the loss of the enemy was very great. 7. ho many of the Germans were now killed that the rest threw :;r; f;;;r:: '" 'r^^- '■ ^-^-« -'^ -^ ^l. camp they plu„.ed o Wh " T'. ' ^^ ''"'" ^'^^^-^'helmed by the force of the current. .U. r.u ''." '"''' "''^ ^'"'■'^ ^^'' ^™^''y "^ '^« Gauls, Caesar allowed them to remain with !iim. , - *< 396 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. ;fev Exercise XLVIII.— (A'mWy.) Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XI-XV. I. He sent forward cavalry to devastate tlie lands of the enemy. 2. He gave then; :ui opportunity of sending ambassadors to Rome. 3. You shall have the same terms as were proposed by Caesar. 4. I sent a man to order the soldiers to throw away their arms. 5. Tiiey did not desist from flii^ht till tiiey came in sight of our camp. C. When his brother saw him fall in battle, he rushed against the enemy. 7. We ought to hear the envoys, and listen to the terms they propose. 8. When these matters had been arranged, the Germans came to our camp for the purpose of clearing themselves of this charge. 9. We could not fmd out what the Germans were intending to do in regard to this matter. 10. When they reached the river many threw themselves headlong into it and perished in the current. Exercise XLIX. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XVI I. The Germans were easily influenced to cross the Rhine. 2. Caesar thought that when the barbarians learned the power of the Roman people, they would be anxious for their own safety. 3. He sent messengers to demand the surrender of those who had taken part in the war. 4. They earnestly prayed him to bring aid to them, because they were attacked by their enemies. 5. Unless you unite your forces with those of the Gauls, you will not defeat your enemies in battle. 6. Caesar decided to cross the Rhine in order that the Germans, who had come into Gaul, might fear for their own interests. 7. On the arrival of the deputies, they said that they did not think that Caesar had any right to claim authority across the Rhine. «. They thought that the friendship of Caesar would be of great help to them in future, if they could obtain it. Exercise L. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XVIII. I. Caesar led his army across the Rhine on the eighteenth day after he began to build the bridge. 2. When he had completed the bridge, he left soldiers at both ends to protect it. 3. When the ambassadors of the enemy asked him to grant them peace, he ordered them to bring hostages to him. 4. He urged the barbarians to hide themselves in the woods. 5. When the enemy asked for peace, he told them that they must obey him. 6. After leaving all their lands, they hid themselves in the woods, to which EXERCISKS IN LATIN PROSE. 397 they l,a,l carried all their gooad led his army across the river, ambassadors came from the enemy to ask him for peace. 8 When the deputies arrived hom several states, he promised them peace and friendship. EXERCISK LI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XIX. I. When the enemy heard that the bridge had been built over the river, they sent messengers in every direction to order their friends to move every- thing from the towns. 2. When he had delayed a few days in this district, he found out that the enemy had departed to their homes on learning that the Romans had built a bridge. 3. When this was done, those who could bear arms met together in the territory occupied by the Suebi, and there awaited. the return of the Romans. 4. When the bridge was built, the enemy urged the women and children to take refuge in the woods 5 He afterwards went into the territory of the Ubii, whom he had promised to free from the oppression of the Suebi. 6. The place selected by them was about the centre of the district which the enemy held. 7. Caesar thought that he had fully accomplished the objects of his expedition, when he had inspired the Germans with fear and protected the Ubii from wrong. 8. After taking vengeance on the Sugambri and spending in all eighteen days across the Rhine, he returned to Gaul. Exercise LIT. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XX. I. Since Caesar was not able to find out from the Gallic traders the nature and extent of the island, he decided to visit it in person. 2. If he reached the coast of Britain, he would be able to discover the harbors that were suitable for mooring liis war vessels. 3. The Gallic traders who alone were nccustomed to go there, had not been able to tell him anything about tho inhabitant, of the island. 4. He therefore decided to go to the island personally to get a knowledge of the customs and institutions of the people. 5. He decided to go to Britaia to prevent the inhabitants from sendMg aid to the Gauls. 6. Can the merchanrts tell us anything about this district ? Exercise hllI.—{/i!evuw.) Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XV-XX. I. As he learned fhnt the Germans could easily be induced to enter G.iul, he decided to brid-e the Rhine ami carry on war against them. 2. When the deputies of the Germans came to our camp, they told Caesar 398 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. that hey did not thmk that he had any jurisdiction across the Rhine 3. After the completion of the bridge many deputies came from the statei bordermg on the Rhine, asking him to make peace with them 4 After tarryu,g a few days in that district, to cut down the grain, he advanced agjunst the Ub„ 5. In almost all the Gallic wars, the Britons had supplied aid to the Gauls. 6. Knowing nothing personally of the extent of the island he resolved, even if little of the summer remained, to go and find out what manner of people dwelt on it. IS Exercise LIV. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXI. I. Before he set out for Britain, he ordered his lieutenant to cross the channe m a war ship. a. He instructed his lieutenant to explore the ea coast of Bruam, and to report to him the character and size of'its hlors 3. Ihe lieutenant soon returned since he did not dare to entrust himself to the savages 4. When he advised the ambassadors of the enemy to give woulTe/ . n'u'' T"'"'^ "' ^'^ ^'^""^ P^«P'«' 'h^y -ij'hat Ly would execute all his orders. 5. When he was assembling his fleet with the intention of crossing the channel, the inhabitants of Britain, learning of his design through traders, sent deputies to him. 6. After five days the crtTfThirnd! " ""''''' ^"' '-'' ''- ''' '' '-' ^--^ «^ ^^« - Exercise LV. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXII. I. The Morini excused themselves for making war on the Romans on the ground that they were savages. 3. Very opportunely deputies came to Caesar from the Monni, while he was collecting his ships to convey his troops. 3. They said that they had made war on the Roman people to take' tb ' "T ";^^^"^'"^^^ -''^ °- --^tom. 4. Caesar promised to take them under his protection. 5. Caesar had no desire to carry on Bntain. 6. The wind prevented the eighteen ships, in which the cavalry were being transported, from reaching the harbor. 7. When they had promised to execute all his orders, and had collected a large force o cava ry. Caesar set sail with the seventh and tenth legions and a fleet o eitrhtv shin<;. 8 Aftor^iviivr '••'- 'l^i,* , -'7 .- f^s'^'»»' "" lieutenant an ainiy to lead ayainst the enemy, he deeded to hold the port with a sufilcient garrison. EXERCISES IN LATIX PKOSE. 399 >ss the Rhine, from the states em. 4. After I, he advanced s had supplied extent of the to go and find : to cross the »cploie the sea >f its harbors, ust himself to neniy to give >aid that they his fleet with 1, learning of five days the :d of the sea Romans on ities came to convey his man people ar promised ■ to carry on possible to 1 the cavalry ;n they had ■ge force of d a fleet of against the Exercise LVI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXIII. I. He waited at anchor till he obtained weather suitable for sailing. 2. He decided to wait at anclior till the other ships, which had set sail from the upper port, should arrive. 3. He advised his soldiers to carry out all his instructions promptly and according to command. 4. We must wait till the weather is favorable for embarkation. 5. When he had obtained a place suitable for disembarkation, he moored his ships along the shore. 6, When the cavalry had embarked on the vessels that he had collected in the harbor, Caesar gave the signal for sailing. 7, Finding the enemy ready to hurl their weapons from the steep cliffs upon him as he landed, he decided that he must wait till the rest of the army arrived. 8. Then he weighed anchor, and with favorable wind and tide he proceeded to a more open place on the coast. Exercise LVII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXIV. I. The barbarians sent their cavalry ahead to prevent our men from dis- embarking. 2. We could not land because the water was so shallow that the ships could not approach the shore. 3. We were compelled to form our line among the waves because the ships had to be brought to in deep water. 4. When we leaped down from the vessels into the water, the enemy spurred on their horses down to the shore, and hurled their darts at us. 5. Our men were so terrified by the enemy that they did not show the same spirit that they were accustomed to exhibit in battles. 6. When the savages heard of Caesar's plan, they sent their cavalry and charioteers ahead to prevent his landing. 7. The enemy, who were thoroughly familiar with the ground, advanced into the water to meet us. Exercise LVIII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXV. I. The war ships advancing a short distance from the transports were moored on the right of the fnemy. 2. When the enemy were dislodged by the arrows of our men, tiiey withdrew from their position. 3. The eagle-bearer ordered the men to leap down from the ships into the water if they did not wish to let the eagle fall into the hands of the energy. 4. Do not permit such a disgrace, my comrades. 5. The form ann ap| arance of the Roman galleys were so unusual to the barbarians that the fed back in llfF?! 400 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. alarm when Caesar moored his vessels on tiieir right flanlv 6 When the standard hearer saw that the soldiers were hesitating, he charged them not o betray the eagle to the enemy. 7. With a loud voice, he declared that he at any rate would do his duty to his country, and leaping into the water he advanced against the enemy. E.XERCISE LIX. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXVI. I. As our men disembarked singly, tliey rallied round any standard they met. 2. When we saw that our men were disconcerted, we sent assist- ance to them. 3. We were unable to overtake the retreating enemy for we had no cavalry in the army. 4. The enemy, as they knew the ground, could attack our men en masse as they disembarked singly from their ships S. ^\e were not able to follow the enemy very far, for the cavalry had been prevented from crossing by the wind. 6. As soon as the men who had taken up the.r position on shor. f.rmed in line, they made a fierce attack on the enemy. ■■>•,;• kOl^E LX. Caesar, B, IV, Chapter I. In this tribe no one is allowed by law to remain longer than a year on his own land and private property is, therefore, a thing unknown amongst hem. One half of the population till the land, and the other half serve in he army. Those who remain at home this year to till the land, serve in ^e field next year. In this way systematic training in war is never relaxed. The inhab.tants of this state are of gigantic stature, live on flesh and milk, and are clothed with the skins of the animals they capture in the chase -a sport m which they spend a great portion of their time. Every day the young men are traine.l (exerceo) in exercises which render them so hardy that even m the depth of winter they wear only the scanty covering of ■ kms and bathe nr the rivers. To such a pitch of bodily strength have Genna„°r "' ''''' '^""' "' ''^""'^"^ '^'' '"°^' ^^^'''^^ "^ ^" ^^e Exercise LXI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter II. The inhabitants of this state prohibit by law the importation of wine because .y elieve it weakens the body and render^ men efremi:!: rathe tV ' "',"""' '^"'"'""^ ^" ^"^^'" ^'^^'^ '^"""daries. and then rather to purchase the booty captured from the enemy than to sell any- 1 l^LOU:^ EXEKCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 401 thing to the natives. They do not take pride in tlie expensive horses of which the Gauls are so fond, but llie native horses, tiiough small and unshapely, are still capable of great exertions, owing to their daily training. All the inhabitants ride without saddles, quickly dismount to fight on foot, while the horses stand still and afford a ready refuge in case their riders hard pressed by the enemy. In this way the cavalry often escape froui field in safety, and owing to their superior training they exhibit great daring even against great odds. E.XERCISE LXII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter III. The inhabitants of those states of Germany bordering on the Rhine are •nore civilized than those of the other states of that nation, owing to the fact that hey trade with the merchants and conform to the habits of the Gauls, wiio dwell on the opposite bank of the river. Most of the states are small, but that of the Ubii is larger and more highly civilized than the others. The .Suebi made repeated attempts to dispossess the Ubii of their lands, but though they were unsuccessful in this, they merely made them weaker than they were before, while permitting them to retain possession of their own lands. VU the Germans consider it a mark of the greatest distinction to have extensive tracts of waste lands on the side of their neighbors, for they fancy in this w.-iy they can protect their lands against their enemies. Exercise LXIII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter IV. Although the Usipetes withstood the attack of the Suebi for several years, they were finally driven from their lands by their enemies. Wander- mg about Germany for the space of ... ee years, they came to a district inhabited by the Menapii, who occupied lands on both sides of the Rhine, in consternation at the approach of such a host, the Menapii posted a guard on the east side of the river to prevent the Usipetes from crossing. The Usipetes tried by every possible means to cross the river, but were unable to do so owing to the scarcity of boats and the vigilance of the Menapii, who had sentinels stationed along the river. The Usipetes had, therefore, recourse to the following stratagem. Pretending to return home, they advanced three days in that direction ; then turning mddenly r< und, they surprised the Menapii, who were caught napping, cut them to pieces, captured the ships of the latter, crossed the river and seized their property before the rest of their countrymen could come to the aid of the Menapii. In this way, they maintained themselves in this district during the rest of the winter. ^, ^^„^.' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // 4' ZSiK ^ /- t/. #^. ^^ r/. 1.0 I.I |50 l"^" IL25 ill 1.4 2.5 12.2 2.0 IIIIIM 1.6 V ^ /a I c^ Photographic Sciences Corporation S V iV 4»^ ^1> 1> '% 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ .<^ ,.v .V ..^ i/i w 402 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. Exercise LXIV. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter V. When our soldiers came to a town of the G.iuls, the inhabitants often compelled them to stop, even against their will, and to tell all the new. they liad heard from the people through whose lands they had passed. Often, too, when merchants came into the towns of the Gauls, the common folk surrounded them and asked them such questions as the following : " Where do you come from ? " " What news do you bring ? " "Have you heard anything of the enemy?" After receiving replies on these points, the Gauls formed their plans, but such slaves were they to idle rumours that they often changed their plans as soon as they had formed them : so fickle are they in disposition, Often the merchants told them things without any foundation, for every one knows that the Gauls can be entrusted with no secret. Caesar, therefore, gave instructions to the merchants to tell nothing that was transpiring in the Roman camp, for he was well aware that if this were done, the enemy would quickly mass their forces. Exercise LXY.-(A'miew.) Caesar, B. IV, Chapters I-V. Of all the German tribes, the Suebi are the most warlike, for they have adopted the following custom in regard to war. Every year they put into the field a hundred thousand men, who are maintained by those that remain at home. Ihose that serve in the field this year, remain at home next year. In this way neither the tillage of the soil nor the practise of war was interfered wiih. The people have no private land, live on flesh and milk, are clothed with skins, and spend the greater part of their time in the chase. By this daily exercise they become hardy, and even in the dead of winter they are accustomed to bathe in the rivers. They prohibit the importation of wine, for, as they maintain, the constitution is we.ikened and the people are rendered effeminate by its use. Rarely do they allow even the traders to come into their country, and then only to sell them the spoil they have taken in war. When travellers come to a town of this people, everybody crowds around them and asks them all sorts of questions, but travellers invent answers, for they never entrust a secret to the Gauls,' who are so fickle that they often undertake important enterprises on the vaguest rumors. Exercise LXVI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VI. Caesar had the suspicion that the Gauls would follow their usu.il practise, and he ascertained, on his arrival at head(iuarters. that his suspicions were EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 403 inhabitants often ) tell ail tlie ne\v> they had jiassed. auls, the common IS the following : bring?" "Have replies on these were they to idle they had formed chants told them the Gauls can be structions to the man camp, for he [uickly mass their ke, for they have ear they put into 'd by those that , remain at home )r the practise of nd, live on flesii art of their time and even in the They prohibit tion is weakened ly do they allow to sell them the a town of this >rts of questions, ret to the Gauls, terprises on the f usual practise, suspicions were well founded The Gauls had sent delegations to the several states of the Germans and everything was ready for a war against the Romans. Anxious o avo.d facmg two powerful enemies at one tin,e, he summoned a council of the Galhc ch.efs. adcl.essed them in kind words, and assured them that he was their fr.end. Though he had found out fron. his soldiers that the Gauls had acceded to ali the de:uands of the Germans, and that the Germans had been mduced by them to leave the Rhine and to ent.r Gaul to liberate .t from the power of Rome, he concealed these facts from the deputies that were sent to Inm. At once he raised a detachment of cavalry and made preparations for war against the Germans. EXFRCISE LXVII, Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VII. At once Caesar selected his cavalry, and began his march to the spot where he had heard the Germans were encamped. After marching several days he met the enemy, who sent an embassy to hin.. One of the ambassadors spoke as follows : " We have not been the aggressors in this war. and we have always followed tl>e traditions of our ancestors, never to attack a nation unless It first attacks us; if, however, we are attacked we never shrink from l)attle. and we never ask our foes for quarter. We came into Gaul on the uiv.tat.on of the G.uls themselves. To you, Romans, we can be of service but you ought to allow us either to retain the lands we have obtained by right of conquest, or to assign us other lands in Gaul. The Suebi alone are a match for us in arms, for there is no other people in the world whom we cannot defeat." Exercise LXVIII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VIII. It is not fair that you should seize the lands of others since you are not able to protect your own borders. There are no unoccupied lands in Gaul and. therefore, it would be impossible to give lands to so large a numbed of people without doing wrong to others. .So long as you remain on this side of the R lime you and I cannot be friends, for it would not be right that my friends the Gauls, should be without protection against the wrongs commuted by the Germans. You may, if you wish, settle in the lands of n U";"'' ^'^«^^^'"^^^^«^^«'-s are in my camp complaining of the wrongs done by the Sueb.. They have asked my aid in this war against the Suebi. Exercise LXIX. Caesar, B, IV> Chapter IX. The ambassadors of the Germans who came to the Roman camp re- quested that a delay of three days be given them to discuss the proposals 404 EXPRCISKS IV LATIN PROSE. Of the Roman commander. They told Caesar tliat all his proposals had to be la.d he ore their people. ,f this time were ,iven for dLussing proposals, they would return to his hendq.arters. and they requested i„ ^.e meantnne, that he would not advnnce any f„,,her inro thei. territory Caesar knew well the reason why dus delay was asked for. The enemy had few cava ry wuh them, for the greater part of the horse had been sent across the Meu.e for the purpose of obtaining fclder, and they wer wa.t.ng for Us arrival. On its arrival, there was no doubt but tlL the Germans would attack the Ron,an camp. This was the reason why the delay was asked for by the Romans. ^ Exercise LXX. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter X. The Rhine is a river of Germany, which takes its rise in the Alps, and for a long d.stance u (lows with a rapid current through the lands of several states. It divides, as it approaches the sea, into several branches, and forms large islands which are inhabited by a fierce and ba.barous people, who hve c ,efly on fish and the eggs of birds. It receives a trLtar; a led the Meuse, which has its cradle in the Vosges Mountains, and flows into the Rhine about eighty miles from the sea. The Waal, also is . tribu.ary of the Rhine. The island of the Batavi is formed by he jui'ictio; of the Meuse and Rhine. The Vosges Mountains begin in the ter!itory c the Gauls, but extend to the frontiers of Germany, and in these mountain several rivers take their rise. Exercise LXXI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XI. After these days, according to agreement, the ambassadors met Caesar on his arnva. at a place about twelve miles from their own encampment. When Caesar did not grant their demands, they earnestly begged him that he would not advance further into their lands. They also entreated him to send some of his officers in advance, to keep his soldiers in check and to prevent them from making an attack against their people. They further requested him to allow them an opportunity to send ambassadors to their neighbors, for they said that if their neighbors would accede to their demands they also themselves woukl accept the proposals Caesar made uTcLT' T. T '•" °'^"' "' "'^ '^'"°P°'^^' "'^^ »° Kain time until he cavalry, which the enemy had been waiting for. should arrive. He told the envoys that he should advance four miles further to get water proposals had to )r discussing tiie ley requested, in () their territory, or. Tiie enemy se had been sent and tiiey were il)t but tiiat the reason why the EXKRCISES IV LATIN PROSE. 405 n the Alps, and lands of several branches, and ibarous people, ves a tributary tains, and flows I'aal, also, is a by the junction the territory c hese mountairi.. nrs met Caesar '' encampment. egged him that itreated him to check and to They further sadors to their ccede to their Caesar made. Ljain time until d arrive. He to get water, and bade as many as possible on the next day to assemble at headquarters, ^■:d he sent orders to his advanced guard not to attack the enemy till he should be on the field in person. P:xercise LXXII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XII. The enemy, as we have said, had sent most of their cavalry acoss the Meuse, and these had not yet returned. They, therefore, had not more than eight hundred cavalry in camp, whde our men numbered five thousand. When our men were least of all expecting it, the enemy made a vigorous attack on them, and at once threw our ranks into confusion. According to their custom ihey dismounted, stabbed our horses, unhorsed the riders, drove the rest in flight and made such havoc that the advanced guard of our cavalry did not stop till they came up with the main body of the infantry. Among those who fell in this skirmish was Piso, a man most valiant. He met Ills death in an attempt to rescue his brother, who had been surrounded by the enemy. ExERCiSK LXXHI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XIII. At the very time when the Germans were sending ambassadors and suing for peace, they treacherously, without provocatic , made an attack on the Roman lines. From what Caesar knew of the fickleness of the Gauls, he realized what the eff-ect of defeat would be. He considered it would be the height of folly to wait till the enemy were reinforced by the arrival of their cavalry, and lie thought it wise to allow the enemy no time to perfect their plans. Calling a council of war, he gave orders to his officers to brmg on the battle early next day. Even then the Germans exhibited the same treacherous spirit as they had on the day before, for they came in numbers to the Roman camp for the purpose, as they alleged, of clearing themselves of the charge of beginning a battle. Caesar, ordering the arrest of all the deputies, then left the :amp, and commanded his cavalry to follow closely the main body of the infantry. Exercise LXXIV. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XIV-XV. Caesar, by the rapidity of his march, gave no time to the enemy to form their plans, for he covered the distance of eight miles, which lay between his camp and the enemy, before they were aware of his advance. On his arrival, therefore, they were utterly at a loss what to do. On his arrival, 406 EXKRCISES IN LATIN PROSE. mcliBnai.l al the treachery the enemy had disnlaved i),. ,l„, Cae»ar„„lereathesoMie„ ,„ nrake a gencraT at,"I ' !., '^ '^"^°T' German. When once the Kenans cnteU,;! ^ , y' e'^Tn h,.,' EXKRCISE LXXV. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XVI. net ""-^rrV" "'" •" •"'''' "■' "--" '^''^ 1:::«:: formed a jnncion „,uh thU I'Z Z d t ITr '"m ™r '"" .W„d«,.,,e rrender„rthea,,re.„,,h,.hi:t:\h:';en.'^^^ Exercise LXXVI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XVIII, XIX lie laiKis ot the latter Caesar caused to he clevastTtf-H witi, <; j but those of the inhabitants who were w i affe t • ' ,' ", "'^' '' ^o^»..Ha-r.ci;irc::.;^-dZ:;nhe^:-=^ EXEHCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 407 B day previous, the camp of tlie began an indis- retreated to tlie • fouk to flight, itaiy standaicis. L-ached the river e stream. Our ill by tlie Gauls he resolved to ^nd the extent that a part of I tlie war, had When Caesar t the following le Rhine, why sent ambassa- ■heni, nothing il at that time, t distant tribes lat the whole timl)er began irmy crossed, submission ; 3 the woods. 2 and sword ; '"k'ly spared, 'tied that the «•ed to collect ■nd to fight a lowever, did limed at had been attained. He had struck terror into the hearts of the fiermans, he liad wreaked vengeance on the Sugamljri, and had saved the Ubii from attack. After cutting down the bridge, he returned to Gaul. KXERCISE LX.WII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XX. Caesar decided to visit Britain before winter .'(.t in, to prevent the Britons from assisting fhe Gauls. He thought it would be of advantage to ascertain the size of the island, the kind of the inhabitants, and the extent of their power, for almost nothing was known to Rome. Merchants had told him that if he visited it, he would find on the sea coast a people possessing ships and harbors. The ships they use both for visiting the localities that lie ojiposite the island, and for making war on tlieir enemies. Their skill in war, accordingly, was considerable, and time would fail me to enumerate the wars they have carried on. They live under institutions which have been extolled by almost all who have investigated them, and no one has ever visited the isl, nd without learning something which proved of .idvantage to liimself. Exercise LXXVHI. Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XX-XXI. Roman merchants had occasionally touched at Britain, but they were unable to give any information as to the size of the island, the qualities of the harbors, the character or habits of the inhabitants. Caesar desired to look at these with Ids own eyes, and the fleet which had been used in the \'enetic war» was ordered to assend^le in the channel. He directed Caius Volusenus, an officer whom he could trust, to take a galley and reconnoitre the coast of the island, while he himself followed to Boulogne,» vhere his vessels were waiting for him. The gathering of the flotilla and the object had been reported to Britain, and envoys from various tribes were waiting there with offers of hostages and humble protestations. Caesar received them graciously, and sent back with them a Gaul surnamed Commius, whom he had made chief of the Atrebates, to tell the people that he was coming over as a friend, and that they had nothing to fear. ^bellum Veneticuyn. ^portwiltmg. —Fronde's Caesar (Adapted). Exercise LXXIX. Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XX-XXI. When Caesar wa.s on the point of setting out for Britain, he summoned from all sides traders, to ascertain the size of the island and the character m 408 EXKKCISES IX LATIN PROSE. P Of the ,nl,ab,tants that dwell there. K.om these he learned very little, f... hey were very chary of riskinj, their lives a.nong the barbarians who .nhabue.1 the island. , le. therefore, selected Cains Vo.usenus. a XeT ho.„ he had the greatest c.nhdcnce. and connuanded hin. .; reco„: , he .s a Kl n, a wnr-sh,,,. as far as his opportunities would allow him to d„ o. When the oll.cer had inspecle.l the coast, he returned five days after h.s d..parture. and reported the resuhs of his observations to Caesar Su.un.er had abnost closed, and there was slight hope of finishing the can,pa,gn that year, as the win.er in these northern climates sets in early He mustered all the n.en-of-war he coul.l, and proceeded with all speed to carry on war agamst the Jkitons. ^ ExKiicisK LXXX. Caesar, B. IV, XXII. Volusenns had just returned to the camp after an absence of five days unable to nu anything of in.portance about Britain or its people. Th^ legions, but for Caesar s purpose they were sufficient. Leaving Sabinus and Co.ta an charge of the re.t of the ar„,y. he despatched Rufus to the coast to look a ter the vessels. The general, thinking that nothing should terfere wuh h.s design of crossing into Britain, also started at once fo he port fronr wh.ch there was the shortest sea passage to Britain and there he awa.ted for several days the arrival of the cavalty. But the latt d^ not come up till after Caesar left Gaul, for they were wind bound TntriTio raik" ^° ''' '"'' ^°"'' "°' '''-'' ''' ^-'^' '-^ *^ ^^^y Exercise LXXXI. Caesar, B, IV, Chapter XXIII. "I have called you together, officers, in order that I may convey my w. hes to you personally. AH arrangements are completed ; the troZ will embark during the present watch. As soon as wind and id ar favorable. I shall give you the signal for embarkation. Thereupon let a embark, we.gh anchor, and set sail at once. When you have gone fo a about seven mtles, you will see a large island ; there the ships of the enemy arestattoned. Hem them in on all sides, and, if possible. 'let not as ngl man^escape. Meantime let all await on the open shore till the signaf is Turn the above also into ol)lique narration. KXKHCISK.S IN LATIN I'ROSE. 409 •ned very little, for le barbarians win. senus, an officer in lim to reconnoiirc d allow him to dc, ned five days aftui at ions to Caesar. e of finisiiing tlu: ates sets in early, with all speed to ence of five days, its people. The r more than two Leaving Sabinus ed Rufus to the t nothing should arted at once for to Britain, and • But the latter ere wind bound from which they may convey my led ; the troops d and tide are hereupon let all e gone forward 5s of the enemy let not a single ill the signal is E.XEkcisK I.XXXil. Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XXIII-XXIV. When he obtained fair weather, he set sail about midnight ami reached I.ntam a. ,o a.n.. On his arrival at the island, n.any .liriiculties presented themselves to bin,. In the fnst place, ,ho slu.re was no. suitable for dis- cmbarkat.on, for it was .so sleep thai the enemy could hurl fron, the clifTs iheir darts on our soldiers, who had taken up thdr positi.,,, on the shore. Our ships, t„o. could be m-.nred only in deep water owing to their size ami, therefore, th- .soldiers were compellal to leap down from their vessels •"l.. the water, form in line, and meet the onset of the enemy. Besides, the soldiers knew little of the locality, while the enemy knew every shoal Under the.e circumstances our men did not exhibit the bravery that usually characterized them on such occasions. EXF.RCISK LXXXIII. Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XXIII, XXIV. A council of war was called, and the general addressed his stafT as follows : " I consider it a fortunate thing that we have had fair weather for the expedition ; still you must not imagine that the campaign will be an ea.sy one. I recognize the magnitude of the difficulties you will have to face. You will meet in battle the fiercest foe you have yet encountered-a foe too, that knows every foot of the ground ; you will need to disembark in deep water, where it will be difficult for you to keep your footing Lverything must be done punctually and simultaneously, for naval evolu- tions even more than other evolutions of war, require instant despatch. Ihe land we are approaching is almost unknown io you ; of this, however rest assu.cd, the inhabitants are brave, and will .stubbornly contest every foot of our advance. You will, therefore, have to stand your ground, and exhibit that bravery which you have so often .lisplayed in former battles." Exercise LXXXIV. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXV. The ships of war were moored on the right of the enemy, and by their unusual form caused dismay to the barbarians, for they had never seen vessels so large. The vessels were then rowed forward, and the soldiers along with the artillery, were sent ashore to dislodge the enemy from their position which they had taken up on the hei.Ldits. When the Britons saw our men advancing, some of them came to a halt, others retreated At first our men hesitated to leap down from the vessels, on account of the 410 EXEHCIHKS I.V LATIN PKOSE. depth of the water. I,ut the standard-bearer of the tenth lej^ion after t enn« a prayer for the success of the enterprise, advanced a«aiL the fu I-et us not. saul he, .'hetray the ea.le to the enemy, for this w «Id , e d.sKracefuI to a Ron.an." Then all, with a cheer, lea'ied downlZth ships and advanced against the enemy. -oNvn irom the ExKRcisK LXXXV. Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXVI. The dimculty of disemharkation was very {jreat omnir to ,h. i ,i r -ter Our n.en could not ohtain a firm Lth.^d;: r'c , ' h ^ ;/ nK.nd then- own .standard, for they disen.l.arked not in a I.ody. h tTin .^ rheenen.y, on the other han.l, knew every foot of the .round an vtifh" y horses at full spee.i. attacked our men, who were ham 1 ^. m.>vements by the waves and by the heavy weight of their armor. Cae^ at once despatched some ships manned with soldiers to the aid of the h. •ng party. As soon as they reache.l the shore thev attacked Zlnlt t enemy to Hight. They were unable, however, to advan vly ^C to^tl. want of cavalry, which latter had not made the island, o'vtg Zh^ ExERciSK LXXXVI. Over this river there was a bridge, and beside the bridge the L^eneral resolved to post a garrison at once. He put in char^^e of ^hi n^emberof his sta. r^^.., ..„. instru^.ionrtha^Tv:!' rtni^ conse,„e„ee to the safety of the country to hold out as long a .s^ But the enemy were indignant that we should have the audacitv tlTl camp right in the heart of their country ; and niuste;' ^ ^LC.: mber of twenty thousand men, they proceeded at t.nce to 'stu t P^ce. Ihe garrison held out with difficulty; nevertheless they 1 ,1 -/tmior Matriadation, Toronto University, 1892. Exercise LXXXVII. Caesar determined to cross over to Britain, because the Belgians of South Britain had sent help to their kinsmen in Gaul with ^^^' "' °' •^°"''' fighting. So he set sail to Britain with a smalU^n!;. ' Vh n ^h"! I -Jr who were watclnng for him. saw his fleet draw near the shor. .! ' down and kept the Romans from landing, til, aVat s^k d '.^^ TZ from a galley into the water among the Britons When tr i ' •soldiers saw him in the midst of their Ls thev f:iwerh n" l\^:rZ standard, ...a at last made good their landing, and drove the Br^^ns up mik^ EXKRCIHKS IX L.VTIN VUOHE. 411 »-..•...1 ofhc. l,n.l „.cn,„a i„ U,ccl,.„„d, f,„ ', wa» ,',,:;,; „1 >. T" SO he went hade to Ciaul. ' t>^'""i, ''"c m tlic year, -/imior Matriculatiou, Toronto Univcnty, ,J>^,,. KxKucisE LXXXVIIJ. The spring ha.l not yet passed when th.- Rr^mo., previous summer; and Caesar le>vln„ . . ' ""■ IS lliuiislu, 15 tl,o r.mml.iii.m „f lire famous C.v/,* ., I , , , ' .vi.»e ™.s „,.« . „.i. ., „.. , j:r:/;:t',/,:,;?';:;; :'„:':""•■- -y^oitor Matrimlation, Toronto University, .Sgj. E.NER(;isE LXXXIX. Having finished the Gennan war. Caesar resolved, for many rcsons that were easily induced to n.al.e inroads i„,o Gaul, 1 vile ' o 1 '". "" I at the Ron^ans had l.o.h the power and the cJuI:;: o ^^t ^ Z their country. Accordingly he made the necessary , ~»la o ' T\ ^ a .rid,e to 1. «.struct^ over the river, ,, ^. cX [^i^.^ oops. -Junior Matriculation, Toronto University, ,893. E.XKRCIHE XC. Hefo'-e the task was completed, a deputation of chiefs arrived brindn. word hat then- warriors were encamped i„ good .n.mhers a bo S mdes chstant, and desiring our genera' ,0 appoint the tiu,e and Z. f ^ councd. He ordered them to meet hin. on the next day nea ef ' In he morn.ng the lutle army moved in battle order to the place of ounci " d a the apponned hour the deputation appeared. The orator ded^ I . t at he war had arisen without any fault of theirs ; they desired that re should be peace betw-een us and his people; and to show their goi wd at once dehvered eighteen prisoners whom they had brought .v^tT l"m prom..ng that we should receive the rest as soon as they could cdle't them -Junior Matriculation, Toronto University, iSg-^. m^ VOCAHCLARV. LATIN-ENGLISH. th Tl Cat" Alil(Ki;\lATI().\s. The referenceg in the Vocalmlar *" •■ e;;;? ■;• ;„'::r:z:r ;"„;::: t' "■""■■• -' "■" <-"■ » » al>l. a(.'<,\ a.lj. . lulv. cf. . comp. COIlJ. dat. defec. deiii. dep. dim, disfrib. P. . . gen. im])ors. indec'l. indef. . interrog. The quantitv of v . iililiUive. . iu'ciisiitive, . iiiljcctive. . advert). • <'oiiipare. . I'oniparativc. ■ «)njiin(;tion. . dative. . defective. . denionstrativu. . deponent. • diniiimtive. ■ disfrilmtivc. • ft'nniijne noun, «eiiitive. ini|)ersonaI. indeclinahie. indefinite, interrotfative. intr. . iiTeiLf. . M. X. ninii. . ord. P- part. . pass. . pirf. . pl. or i>lu pii'p. . pi'"- rel. se, . . sinjf. . sup. . tr. . . V. . . . intransitive. • ifreyuliir. . masculine noun. • neuter noun. . numeral. . ordinal. • pa!,'-e. . particii)le. i passive. I'erfect. liliiral. preposition. pronoun. relative. soilioet ,one may under- sinnnlar. superlative, transitive, vert). [stand). .o«.::r.;;:jzr:iL:;t;' l-L"-'' -" »' ^"■— <--^ are all VOCAH(JLARY. I (which are all ei "(onih.H^^*^. flnibus. on th.. si.lo „f t^"' Hide of th,. SuVh ( • iV, ^)^ab mnn" a Plruatis. on the «i,!. of the I-irnsiae ,^,ab-do. -d6re, -dldi. -ditum. v.tr.. um\^<^l^^' -^ucere, -duxi, -duct- um, \.tr., lead awa.v, \vith(ha«- ,o^a,4°' -'"''«• -'^*(-«)--""m.v.intr.. an^'o'a'oTaSlnrdLSS^-a-Z yt'ar.s ago (,M2, o!. «-^"j aiinis, ten ab-Ies, -letis. R, a fir-tree, sprn.-o abs-cedo, -cedere rBsai ^^c, sum, v.intr., f,'oa^va^^ lea,x.o1f ■ ''"^^" «dKK;-"«(''^^'^-f-'-fab8umx standards of the le-ionn (<•' J, 17) tu^m■''^°?7°• -solvere, -solvi, -solu- mm, x.tr., ac'(niit. ay^m. ^^^abs-tinentl-a. -ae, P.. disinterested- Krfrr!^\"^2r^^«««^"""-'e £KtSe«(3°a=rs fp V "?'i. ' '^''^ ^'"1'^ rPaehed Britain CGssi^^if "'''^i;^- accedit, -cedere cessit, It ,s added ; accesslt etlam (?"l?^!r!"''''' """J*'"" '"''''^'' t»"^ 'lot that v.^'^nSir^-'-^^^'-^H accerso, see arceaso. ..sufll?'1°per^'''^.';Si,d«A^*- ^-^'Pe^ i aroifiit- , "• • accldlt, accldere, that ((■.!;•, ?!ij. **^°'°** "t- '"'apptned ac-cido. -cid6re, cidi, cisum ^- tr., cut into. ' ^i"»""!. v.tl-^^Sve-^^iS^^^^A ^^P'"- ceptum. this(N.l, i). ' ^Ct^'Pei-e. to hear accommodo, commodnr* accurate, adv., cnrefidly a^srsti;:^-'^!"-'-' s.f^^^^f:f;..-r'=u'^7o^-— -.-cur. tM^'^'^fo- cusare, -cusavi. -cusa turn, V. tr., acfuse, hhinie ^«!-^C'?-4r'acte I^Jrffnsg^MS^X^a'i^-^ quietum, V. intr., reiiose in •• '''''^"'■v (''°"'P-. foufrht; acerrime Occunari to hp very actively employed (>rH 7^! • actiiari-ua, -&, -um. adj., i„,poiie— «i that'd^e°;ef'-''"'*''^'^°'"^'«°.«»°^^ ad-ficio, -ficere, -feci -f«pt-iim v.tr., treat, visit with ; morbo adfe?' tus, attacked with diseaVe ; sSddIIoS (poena) adflcere, punish. ^"PP^^^io ad-fligro, -fligere, -flixi, -flictmn mgere, to damage a vessel (c. iv, 31) ad-hibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibi- Sbiti^-bHSl^^i^i^lbS^: as yet.^"°' '^''•' ^** ^**'' P'*'^''''' ^^«s far, ad-icio -icere, -leci, -iectum, v. tr throw to, throw up; inlltustfiliirY^ adici poterat, a daVt "„1,1 be th "^ i°Jhe water's edf,'e (c. iv, 2.3); agger- em ad munitionea adiceref to tionT(c!'v, 9)"'°""'' ^*''-'^'"*' the fortifica- v.S^fc.™!ai;t^- ««upturn. ad-ipiscor, -ipisci, eptus sum v.tr. dep., attain to, acquire, obtain ' ad-itus, -itus, M., approach, landinir- place ; mercatoribus est aditus merchants go there (c. iv, 2) ' .ad-iungo, -iungere, -iunxi -lunctum, v.tr., joirTto, add. ' ad-liivo, -luvare, -iuvi. -iutnm v.tr., aid. help, assist. ' ^^^^^' ,. i^ ht' adopted niodr of entreatv itr.v. The historiaii itus was at variance linistri, M., a ser- re, -avi. atum, cum paulo tar- ;um esset, when lat slowly (c. iv, 2:i); iministrare! " to ent. in", -miratus li'i" at, admire. ire, -misi, -mis- perniit; facinus lit a crime ; dede- be guilty of a dis- very much, great- y, at least. t?ere. -monui, ■ise, warn, remind. 38centis, M., a e, F., youth, are, -olevi, -ui- reach adult age. rtus sum, v.tr. tack, assail. . -plica vi (pli- )licitum), v.tr., tatem Atheni- are, to attach 5 with the Atheni- tenapplico.) f., Adrumetum, a 311th of Carthage. li adj., incessant, stiti, -stitum, us, M., look, ap- facere, -sue- "., accustom. um, -adj.. acens Ant moribus become familiar 3. iv, 3). 415 •suevi, (ace. of adsuesco, -suescere. ■suetum, v.tr., accustom to person and ahl. of thing), ^„^^-*^"™-.esse, -mi, v.intr., he pres- ent, near; aid. ' ad-tribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, •tributum, v.tr., assign, show, adulescens, see adolescens. adulescentia, see adolescentia. ad-venio, -venire, -veni, -ven- turn, v.tr., reach. ' " ad-ventus, -ventus, M., arrival. _ad-versarius, -versaria, -versa- num, adj., opposed, hostile. adversari-us, -i, M., an enemy, ad-vers-us, -a, -um, adj., turned to, opposed to, unfavora})le ; nocte ad- Ste.'iv^as/"''"' °^ "'"^^' °' "' * '°"' adversus, prep, (with ace), opposed to, over against. ' ^^ adverto, -vert6re, -verti, -ver- surn, V. tr., turn to; animum ad- vertere, to notice. ad-volo, -volare, -volavi, -vola- turn, '■. tr., fly to, hasten to. aedes. -is, F., a temple ; in plural, a house or temples. aedifici-um, -i, N., dwelling, house. j^^aediiic-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., n Apdui, -orum. M. pi., the Aedui, a trdie of Gaul (France). Aeduus, -a, -um, adj., Aeduan. . Aegat-es, -ium, F. pi., the Aegates wlands m ths Mediterranean, west of aeg-er, -ra, -rum, adj., sick (comp aegrior ; sup., aegrerrimus). . Aegin-a, -ae, F., Aegina, an island in the Saromc gulf, west of Athens. j^^aegr-e, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, be^fc?^°*'°' "^^®' ■^^'' ■^*""^' ^■■'"•'••. «ff.^f/P*:"^' -}'J' ^Sy^'^' a country of north-eastern Africa. Aemili-ns. -i, M. : (i) Lucius Pauhis Aemilius, a Roman consul who fell at Cannae, a vdlage of Apulia, a district of Italy, 210 n.c. ; (2, L„ei„g Aemilius f aulus : according to some Hannibal died in his consulship, 182 n.c. aene-us, -a, -um, adj., made of bronze or copper. aequal-is, -Is, M., a contemporary. degree?."®' "'''" ^''"*"^'' '" *» •^l'"*' .^^equinocti-um. -i. N., the equinox int^r^^eSh'' °' '^^^' '^^^' "^tum, v. nire^e"u°l. •^''^' -^^^- -^t""^' ^- *«•- aequ-us, -ft, -um, adj., equal fair- aequum est, it is only fair (x t. 7) ' aer, aeris, M.,p- mist. aerarium, -i, ,, treasury; in rrfa.Tr^(.rP?r^«' '° '^""'* '" '^' aes, aerls, N., bronze, copper- money ; aes alienum, debt (literklly money belonging to another). ^' aestatOj^ m the middle of summer • extrema aestate, at the enc of summer; prima aestate, at the be ginning of summer; aestatem con- sumere, to spend the summer (c v 4) tio^,^^sS."-°'°"^«'^-^'^l"^.^-i>'a- v.ffA*^^™,"°' "^^®- ;f^"' -atum, V. tr., V aide, think, reckon; litem aestimare to assess the amount of damages (c. v, 1).' aest-us, -us, M., tide. aet as, -atis, F., period of life, life • ^i^^°o^^®*^^• '^® l^""^*^'"^ moment af fero, -ferre, attuli, allatum, \. tr., bring to, assign, report, announce, af-f icio, see adflcio. af-flrmo, -flrmare, -flrmavi. ■flrmatum, v. tr., assert, declare +o^r^*^'°l -flictare, -flictavi, -flic- tatum, V. tr., damage, wreck. af-fligo, -fiigere, -flixT. -flictum, *. tr., damage; navem affligere. to damage a vessel (c. iv, 31). Africa, -ae, F., Africa. AfVicus, -i, M. (properly an adi., with ventus understood); the soutV west wind, still called Africo by the Italians. '' igftmemn-on, -onls, M., Ag.amem. non, king of Mvcen.-ie in Oreerg and commander of the Greek forces at Troy. ftger, -ri, M., afield, land ; pi., lands! territories. ' agger, gSris, M., a mound. 416 VOCABULARY, sum, V. tr. den .r^ ' • -STessus 'ttack. '^P-' *f° asainst, assail, •erf/ZS: j;^rS\^|. ,|re^avl. ma^r?i.?a^?olSi«.N..a„'a„,;yonthe return thanks; id !»& fh^^^^lu'" it is al/over wYth us ^°*^'''" ^® ''^obis. ^erricol-a.-ae.M., a farmer. agncultur.a,.ae,F.,ajfricuIture. saf&'pal/e 27%!' '"^'' «*^ -^^«. ««"«. impituour" ■"'• -^^' '"^J- ^tive. quick, alSS?;«^^,„-,-^.-ste; alc-es, .is_p_ t^ggjj^ Grfat® khi^^^if !:;•"•/'•• Alexander, the died 323, ';.^.°' Macedonia; born 356'b.c! another "me ' ^ ^^' *'' ""'^ time. . . at anoSt^j^^i^otherV ' ^^' '^^'""^'"^ to ground • alilSSm 'V^ °" unfavorable favorable t1me?c"hl34X°'^''^' '^" ""' Alio, adv., elsewhere. tor some time; f.?"^!??'^^^^''!- adv. for a while. o£K^ii);!:^,--eHmeor abfy.'?S*°' *^'- «««"«^^vhat, consider- 4rS."e^"sSe^J a!iqurtu?.JN.r- eris, some distancf"^ l;^'^") l"»" somSSanTonf; -^"«^' ■"^*'' P^o.. soS^^.%.-re^-^^tlid^ indep. pro., some time. ' ^"tGar' ^^" ''• '^' ^'^o'. to maintain at the Lubli^ex^'Sse^^®''®' AJp-es,.ium,pl.F..theAIp8.' P>^%:?i^^pSer^S-='n altir^'^'afe fh}'^' ^J" ■ «"« «' two ; teri alteri Vho °"« • the other; ah party. ' ^*^^' ^*'* °"« P^'ty ... the other altitud-o, -mis. F,,heiKhth. depth. aIti!oMdeT'''''''^''''^^^P=*° nofekfver.'""^' "^^- '°^'"^- as a anf^Sbe'of n^^' ^}' *'• '^' ^mbi- which the m(^'ern[owrA"-' ^**"'- f'»'» name. ""«em tow n, Amiens, takes its goToSS-er-»^^- (•"■). -itum. V. tr.. amb-o, -ae, -o. adj., both. int^r™Si;°' -^^^- •^^^"' -atum. V. amentl-a, -ae, F., madness, folly amice, adv., friendly, citlam'&r|'f„'f'-ie"dship: ami- (c. iv,T6)^ ^' *° '°"" an alliance amicus, -a. -urn, adj.. friendly. amicus, -i,M., a friend. -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr. fim-o, love. (of^sfene^ry)"^'"^' -""^' '''dJ.. beautiful the top of the^fa; (nT^* amphora, pCf;fore''-'^'"""'^""^'=^-°'"Pam- ^3\^^"^°'-ini8, p., greatness. =Sii^£xF?-"v- i- »- -I — u, M.nre triMii two nines VOCABULARY. ex navi, one from >iu another (c. iv, 26). [m. pi. M., the Alloi 61itum or altum. ' : publice alere il)lic expense. f. the Alps. m. adj., Alpine; in Aipine tribes. fn, adj., one of two; "e... the other ; al- e party... the other '•. heighth, depth. Ij.high, deep; in 'dj., lovin, S) ; (2) prep, with aco. only • ^efore, ,„ front of, in advance of. Fo^ antequam see antequam. antea. adv., previously, before, once ant^beder^-o;:lacUhS(?CTf tumf ?:?r?°;er "^'•^' -P^^"'"' P^^J- antequam. conj., before (p. -201 r,) \. tr. and intr., be iireforied to greater mVt ,^'-u-'^' '^'' «""l"eri>'g the ^ie.uer pait of \\esteni Asia be «nu .nduoed by Hannibal to cross ov^, to m7c • 'r "fir',^'"''^'" '^' Then,ro^',ae: i.)i 1.C b.\ the Koniaiis. Xext veir he was defeated near Mairnesia, i, Lvdfa „ ,1 was compelled by the i{oii a >s to m a yearly tribute of 2,000 tal. I ein."unable hlCe.Velh-^ ''.'•• '" ■■^"^'■'"''•'. «hicb so mcensetl the inhabiiaiits tliat thev kille,! Inm and his followers, 187 n c ' anH!;,^^!'^*-^^' ■^"«' ^- °'d ^""-^; antiqu-us, a, -um, adj., old, ancient, antrum, -i, X., a cave. (set ?ol4n?"^' ' ^°'""" Praenomen «hf^Teve^al.-'''^ •^^"' •*"'"• ^' '^" «P^"- aperte, adv., openly. apert-u8, a, -um, adj., open ex- coun l.r'l'h"^".' = ^°^^ ap'er^a op.', country , ab latere aperto on the exposed Honk (on the right skle)(c.°v 26) Apollo. -inis.M., Apollo. ap-pareo, -parere, -parui. -narT turn, V. intr., attend, anSyi!J',.if!ir tum'^^'?' -P^i'^re, -paravT, -pfira- foJ^roVide'fo^r^''"''' '"'''^ Preparation.s are, -avi -atum, v. appello call. .tr.. appello. -pellere, -puli, -nul- sum, V. ,r bring to land (of s ipsf;", passive, call at, touch at. ^ ^ < '" Appenninus. -i, M., the Apennines applico. see adplico. nomen?^' * '^"""^" praenomen (see apporto, are, -avi, atum, v.tr., to bring, carry to (a place). rwffS"?»'^"^^^"^}^ °' -^^®' -^vi- -«turn (with dat.). v. mtr., approach, come near. apt-US, -a. -um. adj., fit, suitable Apud, i)rep. (with accusative) : near at, beside: apud urbem, near the cit.y; apud Artemislum, at Arte- mi8ium(N. r. 3) ; apud Caesarem, at tlie headquarters of Caesar ; apud eos before them (u. t. 7). "•f^^ «u», 418 VOCABULAHY. =„'^P'^^''^' "f-®' *'•• Apulia, a diatrict of southeastern Italy. Aqua, -ae, F., water. aquati-o, -onis, F., fetchinif water, watering; aquatlonis causa, to ol/ tain water (f. iv, 11). Aquil-a, -ae, F., an eai^le. As the eagle wad the ensign of ihe legion, aquila came to mean a standard. . Aqullei-a. -ae, v., Aquileia, a city in north-eastern Italy. '' ♦v.^*^.""]'^?'',' '^^^'^' ^^- the eagle-bearer, the standard-bearer. .A.quitan-us, -i, M., an Aquitanian ; an inhabitant of Aqi:itania, a district of south-western Gaul (Fiance). ar-a, -ae, F., an altar. Arar, -aria, M., the Arar (now the faone) a tributary of the Rhodanus (linoite). aratr-um, -i, N., a plough. arbit-er, -ri, M., judge; dare arbl- tros, to appoint arl)itrators (c. v, 1). . arbitri-um, -i, N., a judgment, de( i- arb!tr-or, -arf, atus sum, v. tr. dep., think, suppose, consider. arb-or, oris, F., a tree. arcess-o, -ere, -ivi. -itum, v. tr.. send for, summon. arc-us, -us, M.,abow. Arduenn-a, -ae, F., the Ardennes, a forest of north-eastern Gaul which ex- tended through the territories of the Treveri to those of the Romi (c. v, 3). ardu-us, ■&, -um, adj., steep. argrent-um, -i, N., silver, money. Arg i, -orum, pi, M., Argos, a city of Argclis, ill the eastern part of the Pelo- ponnesus. Argos (only used in nom. and aoc sing.), N., see Argi. argu-o -ere, -i, argutum, v. tr., accuse of, chaige with. arld-us, -ft, -um, adj., dry. As a siitistantive, aridum, dry land ; ex ando, on the shore (c. iv, 24). an-es, -etis, M., a battering ram. Ariovist-us. -i, M., Ariovistus, a Ulnar of the Germans wlio invaded Gaul conquered the greater part of the coun- try, and subjected the inhabitants to the most cruel treatment. Caesar marched against him and defeated him, .58 ii.c Aristld-es, -a,a, At,, Aristidea an Athenian statesniiwi, rival of Theinisto'cles. arm-a, -orum, pi. n., arms; in I armis esse, to bear arms (r. v ;n • ah armn discedere, to lay down arins ■i. N., tackle (of a armament-um, vessel). „^"l^*"''"«' -^^' ^' ainior; levla armatiis, -a, -um, adj., armed. beS'^'®'"' ■^''''" "^''"'"' "''J- "'•'"°'•- arm-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr arm : regem armare, to excite a king to arms (n. n. K,); passive, armari to put on armor ; ad armandas naves fortheequi]iment o; the vessels (c v 1) plSfgh.' "^''^' •^^'"' -^*""^' ^- 'f-' ar-ripio, -ripere, -ripuf, -reptum v.tr., seize upon, devote oneself eagedy ar-s, -ti.s, F., art, pursuit, stratagem Arta^erx-e.s, -is, M., Artaxerxes king of Persia n.c. 46r.-B.c. 425. He w,^ a son of Xerxes. During his reign Theni^ istocles tied from Greece and took up h^g abode in Asia Minor. ^ art-e, adv., tightly, closely. Art6misi-um, -i, N., Artemisium one of the promontories of Euhoea. articvil-us, -T, SI., little joint. artlfici-um, -i, N., mechanical art. art-US, -us, M., joint. arv-um, -I, N., a ploughed field. • ar-x,-cis,F., citadel. In Nepos(Them. ofAtens'"" *^' ^^"^ ™'''"^ the^croS ascendo, -scendSre, -scendf -scensum, v. tr., ascend, ^ountf na- vem ascendere, to embark. a-scensus, -scensus, M., ascent. Asia, -ae, F., Asia. 8i(,^"P®°*'"^' '"^" '^'••'^Pl'^-'^'-ance, look. asp-er, -era, -erum, adj., rough uneven, wild, fierce. ™"t.". as-port-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.. carry from, ' ' ^^f d^-"S, a, -um, adj„ see adsi- assisto, see adsisto. assuesco, see adsuesco. assuefacio, see adsuefaclo. ^ astu, indeclinable neuter sing. (Gk oCTTu, city) r the ni(y, i.e., Athens. at, conj., but, yet. ater, -ra, -rum, adj., black, dark. VOCABULARY, Athenae, -arum, pi. f., Athens. Atheniensis, -e, adj., of Athens, Athenian. ' atque (contracted ac; atque, before vowels, ac, before con.sonants), coiij, , aiifl also, nid even, and (siroiijrei- than et) ■ par atque, the same as; aliter at- que, difleieiit tliaii ; contra atque, otherwise than. ^ ' Atreb-as, -atis, adj., Atrebatian. Atrebat-es, -mm, M., the Atrebates a people of liel-ic (iaul in the modern Artois or Arras (Flemish Atrevht). Atri-us, -i, M., Quintus Atrius, an officer in Caesar's army, who was left on the south coast of Britain to look after the fliKt Willie Caesar marched inland on his second expedition. n,c. 54. atro-x, -cis, adj., dark, terrible. Attic-a, -ae, F., Attica, a district of the southeastern part of f^orthern Greece in which Athens was situated. Atticus, -i, M., Titus Poir.ponius Atticus, a friend of Cicero. at-tingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum, V. tr., touch on, border upon, reach; .u ^^u^"* attingunt, thev border on the Rhine (c. iv, 3) ; terram attin- gere, reach land (c. v, 23>. attollo, -tollere, v. tr., raise, attribuo, see adtribuo. auctor, -oris, M., adviser, helper- me auctore, at my suggestion. auctorit-as, -atis, F., authority, in- nuence, power, prestif^e. auctumnus (or autumnus), i, M., aiitunin. audacl-a, -ae, F., boldness, darinj:. audaciter, adv., boldly. audacter, same as avidaciter. aud-ax, -acis, adj., bold, darin;,'. aud-eo, -ere, ausus sum semi- dep. v.tr. and intr., dare, be bold. aud-io, -ire. -ivi, -itum, v.tr., hear. . auditi-O, -onis, F., hcarinf;, listen.- "iif ; pi., auditiones, tales, rumors. aufero. auferre, abstuli, abla- tum, v.tr., carry away, remove (p. l.",4). augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, v.tr., increase. aula, ae, F., a hall. Aureli-us, -i, M., Cains Aurelins (.ott.-t, r. Homnii ooiinul, li.c, -.'OO. aureus, -ft, -um, adj., golden, of gold. aurig-a, -ae, .M., a charioteer, driver. 419 aur-is, -Is, F.,anear. aur-um, -i, N.,gold. Auriinculei us, i,M., Lucius Aurun- lieius Cott.i, one of the lieutenants of Caesar in (;aul. He fell i„ uY, ambu.scade l)laniied by Ambiorix, ii.(. ;-,4. aut, conj., or; aut. . .aut, either, or; o,casu)nally used by Cae.sar for neque ill- IV, 1, 2, 2(1). autem, conj., but, moreover vet also, now. (Never put first in a clause.) autumnus, see auctumnus. ri.-^H'^ -IVTv ".^n- -atussum, v.intr. dep. (with dat.), give help. auxili-um, -1, N., aid, support ; in plural, auxih-a, -orum, auxiliary troops. avaritia, ae, F., avarice, greed, avers-us, -a, -um, (pcrf. j,art. pass, of averto u.sed as an) adj., turned away. avid-us, -a, -um, adj., eager, covet- av-is, -is, F., a bird, av-us, -1, M., a grandfather. B. Baebi-US, -i, M. , Cneius Baebius Tarn- philus, consul 182 B.C. Balbus, see L. Cornelius Balbus under Cornelius. barbar i, -orum, M. jil., barbarians, a name first ai>plied by the (ireeks, then by the Romans, to the people of other nations. barbar-us, -a, -um, adj., savage, barbarous. Batavi, -orum, pi. M., the Batavi, a people who inhabited the islands at the mouth of the Rhine, corresimnding io the district of modern Holland. beat us, -a, -um, adj., happy, pros- perous. ' Belo'-ae, -arum, pi. M., the Helgao a general name ajiplied to a warlike people of north-eastern (laiil, from the Mosa {Menne) to the ,Se(|uana (Seine' partly Celtic, partlv Teutonic. The chief tribes were the Remi, Morini, Nervii, Huessiones. bellic6s-us, -a, -um, adj., warlike. bell-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v.tr., be at war, wiir. bellum, -i, N., war; belli, in w.nr 0> ^»'. ■!); bellum populo Romano facere, to make war against the Roman Jieople (c. iv, 22). 420 VOCABULARY. mftflnt' *'^''- "'P"- prosperously ; comp., menus: Slip, optime. favS"^"''^-""'' •*• ^^'■' '=!""'"••««. 8u , h«no^ : ^°'"P:. benevolintior ; sup., benevolentisslmus. drS°' ■^'■^' ^^^'' "° «"P-. ^- "- a tril.e o Britiin which occupied P.eiks Sussex, Surrey and a.ljoinin- district ' bldu-um, -i, N., a space of two da,s yeSs^""'"^™' -'' ^- ^" «P'*^^ of two bin-i, -ae, ■&, distrib. num. adi two each, two by two (p. fit), 8). ^" thS^^^^"^^' "®' "''J- two feet lonff or bis, adv., numeral, twice. Blthyn-i, orum, pi. m. the nithv dUtrlcPTP.'" ^^■"" l'"'''^ '" Bithwi -a district between the Propontis (Sea of MarmuraXand the Euxine {^;«/* ^ta" ' pr?ce'i?,t?-^' '^^* "^- '^''^^'"'^ (-^^^ nia^n'JS^^i'i&ynl: ""«^- '^'^^' '^'«hy- bland-ior, -iri, -itus sum, v. intr dep., flatter (with dative). °""^''- "'" Blitho, onis, see Sulpicius. bona, orum, N. pi. of bonus- ■roods, property ; bona publicare to confiscate goods (N. ;i. -^ /^"""^^re, to ne£°'^'''^^' "^*^^' ^-^ goodness, rich- b6vls,S;''°^'-'--'-- = P'- brachlum, -i, N., arm. brev-is, -e, adj., short, brief- brevi (tempore), in a short time, soon. brevit-as, -atis, F., shortness. br^viter, adv., shortly, briefly. Britann i, -orum, pi. m., Britons. Britannia, -ae, F., Britain. Brkfsh.^''"^''-"^' -^- •^'^- ^<^i' De^S.'^' "^®' ^- the winter solstice; a ^nw,?'^f'^'""°^u •'"• ^- Brundusium, Brindm '°"'^-''^''"'''» 'taly (now Brut-US, -i, M., Brutus. C, an abbreviation for Cains aRnmon praenomen ; see Aurelius 'CaesTr Claudius, Centenius, Fiamlnms.' ! intt1°i,Sr,f "'^^^'"•^^«"'"•- I caec-us, -a,-um,adj.,blind. : caed-es, -is, F., slaughter, murder. P.S^i&tl^Si,:,^a.U'S cael-um. -i, N., sky, heavens. venfrtS^.'?^;^'"^^'''-'"'^'^'^^'^^--- «kyS'^^-"«'-^'-^l™-'''"J-.deepblue. Caes-ar, -aris, M., Caius (or Gaius^ Julius Caesar, born UK) b.c, died44Bc • Zn'^^llV" '^'^'"'^ " Ro."an praetio: foSSlS- ■^"'' ^- •^'^°'-''-- ""- calo-ar, -aris, N., a spur. cai-eo, -ere, -ui, v. i„tr., be warm. cahd-us, -a, -um, adj., warm. callide, adv., skilfullv ; comn en]. hdius; sup., callidissimeV de lutuns calhdissime coniciebat 'fu,ure(.v"'T%.^''""' '" f-°aSWe callidit-as. -atis, F., skill, sagacity. callidus, -a, -urn, adj., skilful. Camill-us, -j, M., Camilhis the de- I.verer of Home from the Gauls iA 389 b c ua^'l^^'Hr^"'- ^^f'.P''^'". field; camp, ua Maitius, a plain betwron the walls of Rome and the Tiber, where the elec tions were held and all kinds of athletic sports were practised. «mieuo can-is, -is, M. or F., a dog. Cannensis, -e, adj., of, or belonffinjr to Cannae, a village of Apulia, where the Romans were defeated l^y Hannibal! v.^^"J?diS?sS. ''""'"'• °^"*"°^' Th?^f?.nf!l'^^' ""• *'•• " Cantabrian. CanTa^'- ■°^^'"' P'" "•= «^ VOOAHUr.ARY. 421 311 forCaius, aRoman .urelius, Caesar, miua, Flaminius. cecidi, casum, v. ';. or caduceum, am, adj., deep blue, . F., disorder, niis- 5ini, cantum. Canti-um, i, X., Kent, a county in south-eastern Entfiand. •* inn.*^"i;°' '^^®' "^v^- -atuxn. V. tr. and i III I • t S| lll^, cantus, -us, M.,8onfr. cap-er, ri, M., a he-goat. tum, \. tr., undertake the nianapenient l^^fl}^ o/'"' ''"'"'i'listration of the btaie (.N. T. 2). capill-us, -i, M., hair; esse nro- misso capillo. to «earlon^S.^ ir^fR^°: «^«'Pei'e. cepi, captum. y. tr., take ; captus misericordia, o\er- BiZZ"l' r'' ^^- 7- «>: capere con- smum, to form a i)Ian (n. n. 9)- nort- um capere, to make the harlwr (c iv .i(.) ; 80 insulam capere (c. iv, l'o \ capr-a, -ae, K, ashe-Koat. captiv-us, -i, M., a captive, prisoner. PB^'niRw ^.; "*■ '""^ ^•'^'''' l^'^"' I'«ss- of ^ifc?d "' ''''•''"'■''''' charmed, intiu- capt-us, -us, M., capacity, idea; ut est captus Germanorum according- to German ideas (c. iv, 3)' cit^nPr,?' '^®' ^' ^.''P"*' the chief carc-er, -eris, M., a prison Darners in a . Te-coiirse. in phir., care, adv., dearly, with affection. carin-a, -ae, F., hull of a vessel, keel. carm-en, -Inis, N., sorig-. car-o, -nis, F., flesh ; carne vivere to live on flesh (c. v, 14). ^**'"** vivere, carp-o, -ere, -si, -turn, v.ir., pluck. carr-us, -i, M., a waffgon, cart. Carthaginiens-is, -e, adj., of or helonginj,' to Carthage, Carthaginian. Carthag-o, -inis, v., Carthage, or Karthage, a city of Northern Africa which carried on war with Rome almost continuously from 264 B.C. to 146 B.C. car- lis, -a, -urn, adj., dear, beloved agreeable to ' , Carvilius, a petty Carvili-us, -i, M. king of Kent (c. v, 22). cas-a, -ae, F., a cottage. Cfi-Se-US, -i, M., chpcso. Cass-i, -orum, pi. M., the Cassi, a Hritish tribe that inhabited Hertford- shire. Cassius, -i, .M., Caius Cassius {.ongiis one of the assassins of Caesar. He died 42 B.C., at I'hilippi. Capslvellaunus, -i, M., Cassivel- laun.is or Caswallon, the ahle .nmn.and- er-,n-cl„ef of ih.. lirit.sh an„y oy.oed oCaesar. II, s chief town was Veru lamium (now ,S7. a lhaii.s). castell-um, -i, N., a fortress. Castic-us, -i, M., Casticns, a chief of tlie Serniam, whom (hgetorix induced to seize tlie suineme jiower in his stale. castr-um, -i, N., a hut, fort • in dI castr-a, -orum, a camp; castra ponere, to pit<.h a cam, castra munire, to fortify a canii>, to pilch a faiiip ; castra habere, to lie encamped l,oif ^„ • <^astra movere, to advance ; castra navalia, an encampment on the shore for protecting the fleet and the troops while landing ; sometimes con- / ^^'oT'^'' ^^^ ''"I*** ''""""'i "1> on land casta, (abl. of casus, used as an) adv.. I)y chance. ' Cas-U8, -us, M., chance, accident. catena, -ae, F., achain. Catilina. -ae, M., Lucius Sergius catihne, an ami)itious and profligate Roman of Cic^ero's time. causa, ae, F., cause, reason, pre- text; causam interponens, aliegin- as an excuse (.v. t. 7); in eadern causa, in the same position (c. iv, 4) • ?^K. l?^^® causis, for many reasons causa, adv. (reallv abl. of causa with the noun depending on it in the jren./, for the sake of, on account of • mea causa, for my sake; ft-ie-oris depellendi causa, for the purpose of warding off the cold. i ^<- ui caveo, cavere, cavi. cautum V. tr. and intr., take precaution • ali- qiiem cavere, to avoid anv one • in ahquem cavere, to take means against one; alicui cavere, to take means for one's safety. cav-um. -i, v., a cave. cede, cedere, cessi, cessum, y. intr. go, yield ; insequi cedentes, to overtake the retreating foe (c. v, K;). c61ebr-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., celebrate. ' cel-er, -eris, -ere, adj., swift ; comp.. eelerior; sup., celerrimus. celerit-as, -atis, F., swiftness, speed. .Cfilertter, adv., quickly ; comp.,cele- nus ; sup. , celerrime. 422 VOCAHULAKY. n:R cena, ae, F., dinner, feast. north of the Trinobantes. '^"noik, censeo, censere, censui rRn S: °' «ensitum, V. tr^a.'^fo": a lionian i-ropraofor who fell in a, "n- with Hannibal, 217 b c fatfunient centum, num. adj., indecl., hundred centuri-o, -onis, M., a centiirion n con.niander of a centuria, whi .h'at°"f' n coniplenu-nt numbered 100 nicn str^Se^""'^"' "'"*«' ^" ''°"«'°t, battle, certe, adv., at least, certainly. cert-U8, -a, -urn, adj., certain flxe.l true, aliquem certiirem facere' "'i°"» : certior fieri, to be inforTmMl' ffi."a'f/sV(cr"vr;t. ^'"^' ^"^^^ cerv-us -i, .M., deer, staj? fo£dS]^,^Lf • -"^ ^"°'"- -'^'- -t Cethegus, -f, M., see Publius Cornelius Cethegus. underior^ Cib-U8 -i, M., food, nourisl.Mient ciconi a, -ae, F., a stork. Indutiomarus for the chiefta , sh ,, of V. tS.ro°^f?,P«' «i^^i. cinctum. circa, atlv, and prep, (with im \ ■ Sr^ircS' '" ^*^' -'*=''hbo\t^orhood of Aqti?eYa cS^!';?:^,oS^ci.re. -emsi, around. " ''•'"' '"•O"»''. draw circum 6o, ire, -ivi (or -ii) .Ttum V. tr., ^'o around, vi.sit ; hibernB ^^* cumire, to inspect the\&^,^,,Ss -fasum°?'^'^"^°' -f^ndere, -mdf «"?r^r^&^^SdSt^v ?r v.fr'*':;iKt*°' -ft^P- -Steti, no sup.,' (p. 277; 7). ' '"'"'' '*''°""''' surroumi CIS, i.rep. (with ace), on t'.is sirle of terior, Gaul beion'J theX'^^fe^f " on?has°ten^''^' •^^'"' -^*^"»»- ^' '■••. "rge ^ citra, prep, (with ace), on this side of, civil ; bellum ciyil-ia, -e, adj., civile, civil war. I '^?^;!^' -is- M-°'-F., citizen, native. (N. T 8). °^^^*^^^® eicere, to banish clad-es, -is, F., defeat, disaster. clam, ad\-., secretly. clamor, oris, M., shout. VOCABULARY. • . bright, clear, classiari i, -orum, i.l. m goiriipr.. «ervintf in the fleet, marinls. ' Class-Is, -Is, P., fleet. C/SKl;I""?' ;'• N" ClasH-iiun. (now in /a ia^fs" 1 '."'-frt-sHon the I'a.|i.,s(/'o), niKing of this fortreas with the battlo nf ric'inus, B.C. '218. "attie or Claudius, -i, .v., Chudius- rn Vn- »XS''^^^!rr^^n-r^?^^?i c'Trv pM.°°'' S.vra,.u.se'in 212 H.c. (J) M Claudius Alarcellus, son of • ) Appiiis ClaiKhiis, consul with I^iuiua •onutius, H.C. .^4. He was hrother of the infamous CIo«-Scip,o. nomine (.s. ^fl^']^6mi^^ '"''«- coegf, coactum, V ^t^^°- ,?°»«re, coegf, tu^c;S^^.^3^fe^^ui^- pa?r5T.^gi;^!^^e^-ie^3-.''.eten;h oep., exhort, incourage animate, urge of cSiibt^^*"^- •*' "«^- •-'• p-t. tr.??,lK?;or^' •^^'"- -^tum. V. nerhia^' '^^' ^'- -«"ea^ue, part- v.^tSiX-t.-Sfble.-^'^'- -^^^*"^' coU-is, -is. SI., a hill. turn ■^?''?; "^°.°^^®' -^Pcavi, -loca. turn, V. tr., station ; in mntHrvi^ nium collocare, or coUo^re aC togvein marriage(N. a. 3)- in stntioTi^ COllocati, stationed on fen,a"ff(c v "f coKS."'-"'^' ■'• ^- «-ver.sa;ion; coloni-a, ae, F., settlement, colony, color, -oris, .M., color. coma, -ae, F., hair. jourlSr- •"'«• *'•• -"'P«"io" (0" a deJ°^i^;^-beT^;.nS^nr"' ^•'^• atlbus, by two relays (c v. 23) commemor-o, -are -avf at,,^.^ v.tr.^„iake mention Tre^^-t;^a: com-mendo, mendare -mon davi, -mendatum. V tr comS^f?; protection, entrust. ' '^'""'"'t *'° co3?'"^°'-°°i«-M-.'«"ow-.soldier. 8um™"v™lr^°' -"littere. -misi, -mis- pr^iium cu^"'?'-' i>,"'°'"™"tere Pn'STit^^\Te^r,!;\^Tn ^^^7^? commit a frime • TitViti i,f„ ^ • mitt^, toS.st^fa^^.^-,<^- 424 VOCABULARY. forhis(mn(;o(noiiieriw(c v g^'"' "'*"e commutatlo. -onis. P., change commut p, -are. -avi, -atum v tr., change, alter, ahtimhm '*''"™' ^- compello, -pellere, -puli -mil sum, v.tr., drive in a hodV. comperlo, -perire, -pfiri -nor turn, v.tr.. find out, discover ' ^^^' V P^'^r.P^^o.-Plere, plevl, -pletum oomS ere''?!''.^'' = ".^^«« "™^U8 (c iv, 2(^. ' ""'^" **"1'^ ""^1 soldiers ..u?,r«S"'' -P^^"^' '^'^J- P'- -O' waf(N-^rS^''^''^*-'^''°P''t'^»endt^the brfi?S!:;°-S;t^vi,.atum.v.tr.. a?re1t • 'P^^^ensum, v.tr., seize, comprob-o, -are, -avi, -atum v.tr., ai)prove of, ratify. "i-um, conat-um, -i, n., attempt. c6nat-ns, -us. M.. .at tempt con-cedo -cedSre. -cessi. -ces- tare, .„ c.du. l,„,L",;.,"=';l"j,f ""cl- „,5;On curro, -currere, curri. -cur- tadf^ftvo^"^^' •"«• '^'- a«senihlv,at. con demn-o, -are, -avi -atnrv. V. tr., condemn, sentenJe. ""^' con-dlcl-o, -onis, R, terms, conditio, same as condioio ^.condJt-or. -oris, m., founder of a fo^K^.;Srtui{l^^*'-^^*"°^--«- er.?ffi^"p°rd-or- -^^" -^--. - Condrus-i, -orum, pi. m. the Con f^T'- UT^'l'' °f north'-eastern Gaul o",' the risht hank of the Mosa (Alluse^ h thyl.str.et Of the modern NamuKn^ conduco, -ducere, duxi -dun turn. V. tr., bring together hire ' ° con-fercio, -fercire, -fersi -fpr turn, V. tr, pack together; to Jiusefo' take close order; legione confertn (a'iv^S.^'^ '^«'°" ^einglnStrde; con_ fero, -ferre, -ti^li, collatum -''J. ^5 '"8<^i"t;r, gatner, CO eot- so conferre, to betake oneself- ffln+o conferre, to compare deeds (V'. „ is)^ confertus. see confercio. ft.=?"^'^^**™'«''^'. immediatelv • con- t'hfaie^P^°«"°'""'-'l-teVX when the war 4s o^erfc. iv^fe^f^*^ VOrAIilJLAHY. Mi, -ditum, v.tr, 278, foo{ note) • ^""* *^""-""Kl>ly (p! .r.rfs'Jaa.^i,;^;^, -^Vi. -atum. v. 425 •a. um, adj.. conscious, engraKoin battle (c. v i',) con grSro, grergre c-eqa,- o.«„ self to flight (c iv i9) . A, ?J'®*'*'t'" °"e- cere, to throw'in ^.^("''^.^^aTi^HL- jon-iunctim, adv.. jointly' in con, h?^?;^"°8'o, lung-gre. -iuns-i •mnctum, v. tr., unite, join ^^' for°m^l?aS"^''^'-^^''-^tum.v.tr.. •^tssr?:t.:^ar.<^"^3ivi, :Bc°e°ruT^v°'t;.«°eSrinTo"^J' scendere, lo mo J^t fho^s^ ""^ ^°"' ne^?„1.Sg:1-,,-|. ^- conscious. consci U8, U(;cc'sHor\ to. phrase PatrefconscriDH V' '" '^'^ call,.,! be. ms, t lir """"' «"'«'"f^ so on tl.e ron';.rthe 's'natZ' ''''' '"'''''' tr.^co"nSe°' -^'^' •^^»' "^t""., v. consedissent.Heeconsido JOnsens-US, -us, M.. consent, agree. 8um";^1J?f"°' «entire, -aensi, sen- aura, \. intr. agree, conspire ove^tffSir^Jt^id'coSeaui"^' L-arr.v out this (.s. i/ lo) ^°"Sequi, to .n°a=ss'.i*»' ■*"■ •"'«". •■ considdro, -are, -avT, -atum v tr., e.van.ine carefully, consider ^' ' dunt:thSesSm?rv^V°"''- um. to form a plan {sVl c ?" A\*: iV M^ ^on«l"uni. to adopt a plan ?^ Sn?c'.°v,'r""^'"^°"'^'"^^^^^^^^ in1^;fSSk;^'^'^J--'->"i'^e,li„e Qiafii • ^^^^^' n«lfc; cons St of- con! in flno?«i?^^"®' *' consists of fle°h • con-s61-or, -art, -atus sum v t» dep., console, comfort, cheer ^^con-8pect-u8, -us, M., sight, appear. iHii 43« VOCA It Uf.MfV, •tendily, reso. ■ae, I'., flrnincM, con- conatanter, adv lutfly, uniforiiily. constantla. ■tancy, rcnolution •stratum, v.tr., cover with, cover over stitutum, V. tr., (iravv tii), aciem constituere, t.. ,lraw u,, a lino of iiattic; claasem, navem, consti- tuere, to move a Hcet, a Hliip ; die const tuta, on a act .lav ; pdrti a iv i;-^','^S™*°'"""^ constituere, to atitnH^"!'". ^^- 7k-''" = ^*« «"«^"s con- siicutia, when this wasarr:in({ed(c. v, [>). V *inP;^*;°' /S*^''^' -stiti. -statu'm, ,V a' -l? I^^T' = ^<"V^">. constat It IS admitted, it ia curtain (p. I(l_>). conauerunt = conaueverunt. con-sueaco, sueacSre. -suevi. .i day had been spent (c. v, 0}. con-siirgo, -surgr^re. -aurrectum, arise. -aumpai, "i waM" ; ■■ '.b ; tin ' : , jpti'' ->,« ;^!,:-tfirlinir • gaininjf a battle. ' """Kb""»- con-tentus, -a, -nm, adj. (with al'l.p. 04, 4), content with. ^ (r.^?mS^°'"' -^^*' -^'"^ «um. V. t,,'^^"'^^''^' -tex^re, texiii, -tex turn, V. tr., weave, bind toKether. con-tlceaco, -tlcesc6re, -ticai nosup.; V. intr., be silent. contlne-ns ntis (proi)erly nres part, of contii.eo, used as an)a it bl'COIllMH. \nim til».;, con-yentu8, -ventus, M.. „.. imnvm ' y. usMue : conventun pe mge^^^^ to hold an assize (f. v, 1). *^^'"B«Je, converto, -vertSre, -vertl v«.. sum, V. I r.. turo, turn abo itTfnf^ Jo m " convertere, to turn in tliKi.t "* ™ f,im"7l"^°' vlnodre, vici, -vie- coma, annv. 427 •as, N,, horn, wliitr of an corona, ae, R, crow,,. corp-us, •6rls. N„ ho,iv corrlplo, rlp^re, -rlpni. -ren „cor ,.umpo, rumpere. " .....p, turn. cacum, V. tr., summon, iH.sinihle. coorlor, -oriri -ortna a,,^ intr.d.T.,ofastor'l;;a°rK%ri,lI^i.;- copla, ae, R, abundancp i,1b..m t;oo?s(c.°v^'l1,t ^""^''"«r«' '« *!'"- "|. pi??ffi:'i^f^v:"'"' '"'' ^^*^" '""■ V. iS.?°oof ^"^''^' '^^^'^ ««<=*"«>. cor, cordis, N., heart. I coram, jirep. (with ah].), face to faop «ith, ,„ presence of; coram ponulo ' in i.re.sonce of the people ; coram nir' spicit, he sees in person (c? vi f [f ^^^' ..egSrCo"rSraVrJ?i- °' »' Corinth us, -i, R, Corinth thp nhiof nrtVf' tho'l^'?' " ''^'''«* """'^ "orther part of the I'eloponnesus. D??''"^^^"^' -i- M., Cornelius m 3ed"fn^Sn''^'''^f,f'P'°''=°"'*"'2"«». neiius Scipio Africanus (son of Mo 1) t>orn about 234 b.c, died 183 b.c He '■onquered Hannibal, at Zama, 202 bo Ui) Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (brother of ^o. 2), consul 190 b.c. . defeaUd nnll°^^:\l' ^^> ^^'"^ Cornelius Cell e«u. consul 197 B.C., when Philip V. of Macel flon was defeated bv Flaminlnus at Cvnos coSulT8l^!>.^"''"-*^--''-CetS,^.t:. ruin7 bribe (.N.iVoJ' "'l"fces, destroy, ^"iy'lZi'"' ^^^"'•"«>- ■*. ^». •!... c6ti-dIan-U8. .ft. imi, adj.. dain cotidle. adv.. daily. J'"«'0. t-raa. adv., to-morrow cSr-ri,an!;.d^'b,;S(V;,e'''irr «as a member of th,. iw -r • 'V'"*". UMaiMst the Partbiuni. '•' '" " »'"• criber'^Va"'"''"-''"''''''^'"'""^'- "mSutffreS/nt;^"'"' «^'J- thick. credo, -dere, -didi -drfnr» v.^rfCn! ■'"^'■^' •'"^^^"- -matum. ".^"ectSos^lU^'-"^^:,.^^- -2i^^"-^'^^it^^^-K cri-men, -minis, N., charge crinis, -nis, R, hair. crucla-tus, -tUs, \r.. torture. e, adj., cruel, hard- ^ crud61 Is. hearted. •itatis, R, cruelty, cnidel-itas, barbarity. criidel-lter, adv., cruelly. cms, cruris, N., leg. cabfl-e, -Is, N.,abed. sen. sinjar. of quIs cuius (p. V.^0). culusque, gen. (p. 132). ^ ^ culusvls, (p. 132). gen. or qui sing, of qulsque sing, of qulvls 428 VOCABULARY. culp-a, ae, K, lihimo, fault; cul- pam inicere, to throw the Maine uim.ii ,.'■ '}''i ^ ' culpam conicere, to tlirow the hlaine (c. iv, 27). hlaine, find fault with. cultura, -ae, F., cultme; agri culturaor agrricultura, a^nioultiirc. ,.,<^^*^-lV'5' -us, M., cultivation, mode of life, civilizafion. cum, prep, (with al)l.), with, alonL' with ; eiiclitio with me, te, se, nobis, vobis, quibus, as mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum,aui- buscum (p. 10,'-), s). "^.vi"i cum (also written quum), adv., When, after, snice, altlioutfh (p. 203, 297, 4 ; 300, 9, 10) ; cum . . . turn, both. . land ; f '^^^(o'; quum) primum, as soon as vP' ijy, 2), cunctati-o, onis, F., delay. cunct-or, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep., delay, hesitate, doubt. cunct-us, -a, -um, adj., all, alto- gether. oupide, adj., ea^'erly. cupiditas, -atis, F., eagerness. cup:d-us, -a, -um, adj., desirous of (w:th genitive, p. 281, 9); cupidus rer- um novarum, an\ious for a change of government (c. v, 6). cup-io, ere, -ivi (-ii), -itum, v.tr., long for, wish, desire. cur, adv., why ?, for what purpose ? cur-a, -ae, F., care, anxiety. Cur-es, -lum, pi. F., Cures, a town near Rome. curi-a, -ae, F., Senate house. Curi-us, -i, M., Curius, a Roman name. ciaro, -are, -avi, -atum, v.tr., care for; in Caesar always with ace. of ob- ject and gerundive part. ; exercitum transportandum curare, to catise the army to he transported (c. iv, 29)- naves aediflcandas curare, to have ships built (c. v, 1). curro, currere, cftcurri, cur- sum, v. intr., run ; curritUT, they ran (p. 164, 2). curr-us, -us, M., chariot. CUr-SUS, -SUB, Jr., a running (c. Iv, 85) ; voyage ; tenere cursum. to hold on their coui'se (c. iv, 2S ; v, d). cur-vus, -va, -vum, adj., crooked, bending, winding. custodia, -ae, F., guard, picket. cut c6d-io, -ire -ivi -itum, v. tr., guard, watch. cus-tos, -todis, M., guard, watch. Cyrenae-i, -orum, i^l. M., the people of Cyrene, a town of Nortiiurn Africa. D. D.C. =sexcenti, six hundred. Dac-us, -i, M., a Dacian. The Dacians occupied the south-eastern part of the modern kingdom of Austria. damn-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., condemn, pass sentence upon ; capitis damnare, to condeum to death (p. 281, damnum, -i, N., loss. Danubi-us, -i, .M., the Danube. datus, jicrf. |)arl. of do. de, prep, (with abl.), of, from, con- cerning ; his de rebus certior fac- tus, being informed of these events (c. IV, 5); de tertia vigilia, after the third walich was set; multis de causis, for many reasons (c. iv, 16)- qua de causa, and for this reason • de oppidis demigrare, to remove from the towns (c. iv, 19); de impro- V180, unexpectedly. de-a, -ae, F. (for declension, p. 6, 2), goddess. deb-6o, -ere, -ui, -itum, v.tr., owe ; ought (p. 102, 4, note). debil-ito, -itare, -itavi, -itatum, v. tr., weaken, enfeeble, crush. de-cedo, cedere, -cessi, ces- sum, V. mtr., retire, leave, depart from ; e Vita decessit, he died. decern, indecl. card, num., ten. decerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- tum, V. tr., decide, determine; cum hoc eodem decernit, he tights a de- cisive battle with this same one(N. ir. 4); erant decreturi, they imended to fight (N. H. 10). , de-cert-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. mtr., fight earnestly, fight a pitched battle, decide by a battle. d6cet, decere, decuit. no sup., impers., it is becoming. decimus, ■&, -um, ord. num. adj., tenth. de-cipio, -cipere, -cepf, -ceptum, V. tr., catch, deceive, cheat. declaro, -aie, -avi, -atum, v. tr., make clear, announce. decliv-is •§, adj., sloping. VOCABULARY. M., [Tuard, watch. rd. num., (en. adS"''''' ■^''^' -^Vf. -atum, V. tr.. hustui. ^"^^U"^- "•'■ "'t'-., run down, dec-us, -oris, N., ornament, honor. ^-••tSr^ra.^'^--e, to S j.^de.fecti-o. -onis, K, revolt, rebel- defens-or, -cris, M., defender. people (c V, ;i). '""'^'^ °' ''^^ '^o'"'-"' tr^t^Slin^S^oS'- -«^"^' - .•ntt"ttm?eda ■^^^"- -^t"»^. v. v.^KtwlS"' ^^-' -"^-"-. Hi&%"Tv;|' -^' '^"^- '"-haped. un. 429 ^^?^{^^^'^^^^^^^'' thf.^S.' ""'- "^'•'••^'^"•^■•' afterwards, delat-us, seedefero. Del-US (or Del-osi -i v n i 0.OW /;,/0,' the cin?.^^i is and •'of'' t hi C\olacles, noted for the temple of Auo In , which served as the treasurv of"^ h^ states that fornied the DelianSed, racy' ae-menti-a, -ae, F., madness • «nrv, mae dementiae esse to be tTj height of madness (c. iv, 13). ^ de-meto, -mdtere, -mess i\ f •messiim, v. tr., cut down, ™ p.^ ^ " '' de-mlgr-o, -are, -avi, -atum \- >ntr., move from, depart from, eSue.' de-minii-o, -ralnuere -mim-ii •tnmutum, v. tr., lesZ, impai!^'"'"'' sum °?''^!?' ■"^^"ti-e. -misi, -mis- deSitteri'to^reS't'.' ^" ^"^"^° tnm"T°; ^f"^^re. dempsi, demp- tum, v. tr. takedown or off, remove demonstr-o, -are, -avi, -atum 430 VOCABULARY. . de-mor-or, -ari, -atus sum v intr. dep., delay, linjfer. ' ' demum, adv., at length, at laat. coh,^S'">^' 'J' ^^' f'enarius, a Roman coin worth about twenty cents te?Sat;^%&,Kl;s.""'"- ^^' wo'Jd,"&t."'"'*''^^''«"=^"^:'"'^ den-s, -tis, M., tooth. paSf-c^o^d^.;,:'^'^' "'J- ^^'^'^' '''°-'^' de-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, v tr., announce, declare, threaten, order. depello, -pellere.-puli, -pulsutn V. tr., drive away, dislodge, turn asi ^^ ab eodem gradu depu sus eat he one J:;: 5r°'" ""'' ^ooZfd1St&u.l depereo, -perire, -perivi r-nerii) "osup., V. intr., be lost, perish! ^ ^'^' do-pono, ponere, -posui, -posit- um, \. tr., lay aside, cast awav • m^^-^=^^^®B°"®''®' *° relinquish his • ho;e(^.Pv!?S).^^P°"«^«' *<' fe'-'- "P de-p6pul-or, -ari, atus sum, v tr. dep., lay waste, plunder. tr^cn?rv^iii°' "^^®' -^vi, -atum, V. tr., carry off, remove. dLn^^'^lt^'^' "^"' ■^*"^ sum, V. tr. Rflnrti 0^,*.°^ '"^'''=^'= "eque recu- sandi aut deprecandi causa, for the purpose of neither denyin.r the fact nor of be-ffinsr him for mercy (c. v,l) f.^f^?F^:°\ ■S'!'®' avi, -atum, v tr., fiffh^t tothe last, fighta pitched battle. derogr-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr withdra\y, take away from, weaken. de-scendo, scendere, -scendi •scensum, y. tr., climb down, descend ; Iwe^C^A^^.'^^^''^"^^^^' '^'"''^'^ desero -serere, -serui, -sertum, V. tr., desert, leave. desert-or, -oris, M., deserter. wish for, lonif for, want ; neque ulla ?^u'\'^ ^^^'« desideratur not a sniffle ship IS lost at all (c. y, 23). idltS'"^' "^^' ''•• "°'''' indolence, in?!;^"fiJ''°i ■^"^"''■?' •^"^""' -sultum, V. intr., leap down, dismount. .,<^-fin.'3; -sinere, -sivi (sii), -si- tum, v. intr., leave off, cease, stop. V f,^,^'?^°' "^i®'^^''®' -«titi, -stitum, V. intr., leave oflF, give over, cease from \ proelio deaistere, to give un the upifenror"-^««i«tire.;L\s« desperatis. despairing of 'succesatK,^ tum'^J'^^'^; -spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn, v. tr., look down upon, despise ■82onTum'^v°;;^Pn°"'^-^^?'«P°»di. betroth "^" ^ •' P""""""^ '" '"arriage; -s&t-^rlJ?'^°' •s*»'ineere, -strinxi, sheath*"'"' '• ''■' '^'■''^^ '^ «^«'d. un! de-sum, -esse, -fni v int. i, wanting, fail, bTlacicing"'' ' ""'- ^' de-s^iper, adv., from above. deter-ior, -ioris, adj., comp Cnooi ^ent. deterrere ne or quin (pi 185. tnm*l"^t°' -"nere, -tinui, -ten- damfS""^"^-"^' ■'"' ^- '"J"»"^' '°«*'' deturb-o, are, -avi, atum v tr cast down, drive away. **"""*• ''• tr-- a ^d "^' "*' '^'' ^^°'' <^e<='e"8ion, p. 13, 2), tlSi^^^coii^SSi^VcJ^f^' ■-- tut"v°S°l.o^^S«'-^°^-^'-°^- ! devou^°''°' "^''^' ■^^^■' -^*"™' ^' f., th^?g.flL-f • -"""^- '^"J- ••'■^'^'^ - dextera or dextra (with matma understood), adj., the right hand "^ Diana, -ae, F., Diana, the goddess of archery and hunting. ,io^'^*^'.°' i^''®' •avi. -atum, v. tr dedicate, devote, offer. ' dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, v rii^^t^' ''"^'I'^'i'^^". appoint; causam dicere, o plead a cause ; de quo ante ab nobis dictum est, ofTl?on"we nave made me'ition before (c. v, 6). dintat-or, -oris, .M., dictator,' a Ro- man magistrate appointed only in seasons of emergency and invested with absolute VOCABULAKY. powerdurinjf his term of office, whi.h was not to exceed six months. 431 -i, N., word, order, com dictum, mand. pl?dTy'. ■^'' ^^- °' ^- ^'" '"'*''■>• '^'- (in a'Sr^:t.vr!s hT ^'''"'""^" "'^^ diificlle, adv., with difficnlly. difflcihor ; sup. difflcillimus. ^ trS'^"^^'^^' "^*'^' *'•• difflcultj, . diff ;.,.), .fidere, -fisus sum v intr., senn-dep. (for construction, ... L'Ts! footnote), distrust. t- --o, sum, V. tr., spread out, extend, dig-itus, -itf, M., linjrer. dignit-as, -atis, K, splendor: tri- s';"^t''(!..^:f)"^*^'«'"''«''-'-ih*:.c!. dilectus, -us, M., levy. dillg-en-S.-tis, adj., careful, attentive dillgenter,adv.,earne8tly,diligently dlhgenti-a, -ae, R, dili-ence, care tr**vii^°' "g'ere, -lexi, -lectum v tr., value, esteem, love. ' 8.?m"^-^fr°V -^e""". -mens us sum, V. tr. dep., measure. catnm^'^?' /^ipare, micavi, -mi. catum, V. tr., fif^ht; cum diniionr etur, since the battle was fo5h?(c.v, dl-midium, -i, N., mid,lle, half; di- midio minor, half the .size (c. v, l;j) ^_^di-midius, -midia, ■midium,a.lj., fli^i;"^*'.*"' -"^ittere, -misi, .mis- stun, V. tr., send away, let jfo, dismiss! DIonysi-US, -i, M., Dionysius " a tyrantofSyracu.se. ""■0'"u.s, a dis (ahhreviated di-), inseparable pre- fix ; apart, asunder, in pieces. sup., ditissimus Cp. Cu, 4) "'^'"r, woh'S' °'"''' "■'"'"**'•"'"' "f^^'^'"^^'^''- discedo, -ced6re, -ce.«si. -cp^- SUm, V. mtr., depart, withdraw, forsalic ; ab armis discedere, lav down arms • tTl^^, .«^e^Vior, he iamrorvic: tor(N. ir. 1) ab signis discfidmrA m desert their standards (c. v,K) ' dis cess-us, -us, .M., departure. discipl-ina, -inae, F., icarnimr training, .system. ' ""'"""»• discipaius, -i, M., pupil. um, \. intr., l"""ior , tr^,',?;^''?"^;?' "^^®' ■^^"' atum, V. tr. and intr., disagree, conceal. dis solvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solu- cum, V. ti-., brealc down; pontem dissolvere, to l)reak rlown a hridKe l^dis-palor -an, -atus sum, v. intr. nep., wander ahout ; he scattered! nm'^:","''°' "nere, -tiniii, -tent- um, V, tr., perplex, distract. . di-sto, -stare, no perf., no sup., v. ititr., stand apart, l)u separated. 432 VOCABULAnV. ^^Is-.tjibuo, .tribu§re. -tribiii. trfbS ^" *"■■' '^**'''*^' '^^'^"' ^'^■ n,«^*i^°^',"?'-^' -"^' (Ver!. part, pass, of distrmgo, used as an) adj., occupied with, busy. •* ' diu, adv., long, foralongtime ; coiiin.. aiutius; sup.,diutis8ime. diurn-us, -a, -um, adj., by day. divers-US, -a, -um, (perf. pait."pas8. of diverto used as an) ad ' in different directions ; some one way, some another way, div-es, -itis, adj., rich ; comp., divi- tior; 8up.,divitissimus. iK-°^«'F"°'."°"-^' *'•' I^'V'co, chief of the Helvetii, who led an army against Cassius, B.C. 107, and headed an embaasv to Caesar, B.C. 58. "^ divide, dividers, divisi. divi- sum, V. tr., divide, separate. r.«l^XiS^"^' '^' •.H'»' adj., divine; res divina, a sacrifice (n. h. 2). diviM-ae, -arum, pi. F., riches r^»'"^^9^• «^ivitiis ornare, to enricli do, dare, dedi, datum, v.tr., give- In fugam dare, to put to flight manus dare, to yield; tempore aato, at an appointed time (n. h 2) • dare verba, to deceive (n. h. 5) ; dare vela ventis, to set sail (n. n. 8) dare operam, to talte pains (n. t. 7 ; c. v 7) • ^ dare arbitros, to appoint judges (c.' V, 1). V *J°°f °' docere, docai, doctum, V. tr., teach, inform, point out. doct-or -oris, M., a teacher ;uti aoctore, to have as a teacher (.\. n. 13). . doctr-ina, -inae, R, teaching, learn- ing, knowledge. /.J?iiP*"^'."^' ""™> (Pe»"'- Pai't- pass, of ^oceo used as an) adj., learned, e.xperi- . dolgo, dolere, doliii, dolitum, v. in I r.^ and tr., grieve, be grieved. hJ?i^I:°''' '""f ' "•' ^''■■'-f- pain ; hoc dolore exardeacere, to be aroused through grief of this (c. v, 4). dol-us, -i, M., craft, fraud; per dolum, by deceit (c. iv, 1,3). ^ domes-tic-us, -a, -um, adj., dome^ Yn'' °^^l"nidomesticum, Civil ^m^ 1»J' ^' «ioniesticae opes, his owT resources (n. h. 10). nmf,^'S.'""J?; ■'"' ^- '^^"'^^; domi- (N. T kJ) "®^^' '" ^"^ ^'' ^''"''"^" dominatus, -us, M., tyranny. dominus, -i, M., a master, ruler. \hi^^H'^^' '^' ^}-' L"ciu8 Domitius Ahenobarbus consul with Appius Claudi- us, B.C. o4. He was a staunch aristocrat Anto'iy. "'''''"• "•'■■• *^' "'J' '^^ ^'and o1 8u&°'-^^®'-^^'-J<^"'^. v.tr., tame, fio^i?'?""^; -"8 ('o»- declension, see p. tl-'m'-l ^T^' ''°'"^ \^°"ii' "t home y^'^Z^ ' .'• domum, home (p. 285 IV domo, from home (p. 28.",, 2). '' 2!)S°5?C)°' *'°"^"' *'"• ""'"• ""'^'^^ °"bt. hesi. do?a!^L^(atf ^' •^^^"' -^*""^' ^- 1-. -a, card. num. adj.. dttbi-us, -a, -um, adj., doubtful un- certain ; non dubium est quln, here IS no doubt that (p. 188. 6)- sine dublo, undoubtedly. '' dacent-i, -ae, two hundred. duco, ducere, duxi, ductum V- •'••> lead, think; in matrimonium uxorem ducere or simply uxorem ducere, to many (said of a man) (N. T. 1); nubere Viro (said of ^a woman) ; tempus ducere, to spin out the time (n. t. 7) ; poena dignum ducere, to consider one worthy of pun- ishment (N. A. 1). ^ dulc-is. -e, adj., sweet. dum, conj., while, until (p. 298 3- 290, 4, 5, 6) ; provided that (p. 202) ' ' onb"(™^?.*7)!' '°"^" ^"''''^"^ **"**• " chief of the Aedui and brother of Divi- tiacus. He was always hostile to the Romans, and was killed while trvinir to escape from Caesar (c. v, 7). o^!?v""*^'- '^,®' "° ('°'" declension, see p. 24(), adj. pi., two. *^ duodeclm, indecl. num. adj., twelve VOCABULARY. 433 . -itum, v.tr., tame, I -atum, v.tr., give, marriage portion, , card. num. adj., ddodeni, -ae, ■&, diatrib. num. adj.. twelve at a tmu', Ity twelves. duodetriginta, num. adj., twenty- duodeviginti, num. adj., eighteen. H^^n^^^J' «^'^iPlicls, adj., two.fold, double ; duplex memoria, a two-fold account (n. h. 8). ^n^n'P"''^" '^^^' -^^' -atum, V. tr., doul.le ; numerum obsldum dupli- cayit, he dfinanded double the nunilier of hostages (c. iv, 36). g^ji^rltl-a, -ae, F., hardness, hard- duro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. ti- harden, make hard. ' Burus, see Laberius. diSlt!^^' "^" '""^' "''J'-' *""■''• ^^'''"'' B. e (e before consonants ; ex, generally before vowels, sometimes before conso- nauts), prep, (with abl.); fron,, o^o^ in accordance w.th, in consequence of on, una ex parte, on one side (c. iv 3)' on^h®^'^"' u ? ''.o'-se''ack ; ex itlneVe,' on the march (c. iv, 11); ex litteris, in ancordanoe with the despatch (c iv 38V ex usu, of advantage (c v, 6) ; ex hac fuga protinus, immediatsly after this de eat (c v, 7); duabus ex part' bus, on two sides (c. v, 21). ea (properly abl. sing. fern, of is, ea, stood), adv., there, on that side. Eburon-es, -urn, pi. Ji., the Ebu- rones, a Helgic tribe, liWng between the IteteZt ''' "''"^' '^'p-'dems^'o? edfco, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum v tr., speak out, make known, announce. e-disco, -discere, -didici, lo memory.'"^''"' ^^*'" ^^' ^"'''^' '^°'»""* '» ed itus, -ita, -iturr, adj., high. edo, edere, edi, esum, v. tr. (for conjugation, p. 274), eat. ^ e-do, -dere, -didi, ditum v tr set forth, publish, relate. ' ' tum^^'fr^'tf °h''^''!' •'^°.^'^i' -doc cum, \. tr., teach, instruct, inform, tell. V if^^^' -'^"■"icere, -duxi, -ductum, V. tr., lead out, lead forth. ediic-o, -are. -avi, -atum, v. tr., bring up, rear. ' ' ef-femin-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.. make weak or effeminate. ' ef-fero, efferre, pxtuli, elatum, V. tr., carry f„nb, bri,,^^ „„f, ,,ublish bury; qui efterretur, wherewith to be buried (.v. a. 3). V ?r^l^J°V -^1^^^®' ■^^f'i- -fectum, ,.;n,;'i ! •"'''' "V''*'';.°P"3 efflcere, to tonpletea work(c. ,v, is); with ut and subjunctive, cMiise that; reliquis ut navig-an commode posset eflfecit, he caused tliat it might be suitably s.ailed w. h the r€st, «.-■., he had the rest put in sailingtrim(c. iv, 31). ' ef-fugip -fugere -fugl, -fugltum, V. tr. and intr., escajie. ef-fundo -fimdere, -fudi, -fusum, V. tr. pour out; se e£Fundere, to spread out, scatter. egen-s, -tis, adj., needy. egenus, -a, -um, adj., needy, In want, destitute. egeo, egere, egui, no sup., v. intr., he lu need (for construction, pp. 281, 10 ; ^a-, 1, foot note). j,J|est-as -atis, F., poverty, want, ego, mei (for declension, ii. 104 •"\ pers. pron. I ; pi. nos, we. e-gredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, ^. intr. dep., go out; disembark; navi egredi, to disembark (c. iv, 21). egregie, adv., admirably, splendidly. egregi-us, -a., -um, adj., eminent, marked, renuirkalile. ' e-gress-us, -us, M., landing, disem- oarkation. e icio, -icere, ieci, -iectum, v. tr.. cast out, throw out, repel ; se eicere to rush out ; e civitate eicere, to banish (s. r. 8) ; se ex silvis eicere, to rush out of the woods (c. v, 15). eius : sec is (p. 2.50). eiusdem : see idem (p. 250). .eiusmodi (-eius modi), of such a Kind, of such a sort. e-labor-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., suffer greatly, make great elforts. §Iat-US, -a, -um, (perf. part, p.iss of eitero used as an) adj., proud, haughty. elegan-s, -tis, adj., elegant. elephant-US, -I, M., elephant, e-liero. -Hgerft, ^legi. -leetum, v. tr., choose out, select. eloquen-s, -tis, (pres. part, of elo- quor used a« an) adj., eloquent. eloquent!, -a, -ae, F., eloquence. 434 Vocabulary. It r.r.f;™f®"^°' ;^^®' -«V'- -atum, V. tr., contct, amend. ' sifn^'l"?' "^ittere, -misi, .mis- sum, V. tr., send out, release. tr^b!i°' ^™^^®' ^'"^"' emptum, v. 6nlm (placed after the first emphatic- word in Us clause), conj., tor, in fact. enumer-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., reckon ui), count over, enumerate. e-nunti-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., tell, repeat, report. ' eo, adr., thither, to that place, to such adetfiee ; correlati\e of quo before com- paratives p. i!),r, 4): quo...eo. the . . .the (by Jiow much. . .by that much). eo. ire, ivi (ii), itum, v. intr. (for conjugation, p. 273), go, march. eodem, adv., to the same place, in the same direction, to the same jnirpose. fiphesi-us, -&, -um, adj., of or be- longing to Ephesus ; Ephesian. fiphes-us, -i, F., Ephesus, a city of Asia Minor. JPhiPPia, -drum, pi. n., saddle, away from, snatch from V. tr., take rescue. err-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v intr., wander, err, be wrong. -oris, M., a mistako, error, error, fault. ephippiat-US, -a, -um, adj., fur- nished with a saddle. "^ ' ephor-us, -i, M., an Ephor, one of the Ave Spartan magistrates who were elected annually as " overseers" of the state. i„tP'^*?^"^' "^®- ^' a 'etter; episto- lam solvere, to open a letter (n.». ii). epistula : same as epistola. epul-um, -i, N., banquet, feast; pi F., epulae, meal. ' equ-es, -itis, M., a horseman, cavalrv soldier; pi. equites, the knights'; equitum magister, master of the horse, an ofHcer next in rank to the dictator. . 6quefe ter, -tris, -tre, adj., belong- ing to horsenieii, cavalry. equidem, adv., truly, indeed. equitatus, -us, JI., cavalry. equus, -i, M., horse. iferatosthen-es, -is, M., Eratosthenes a Greek of Cyrene, in Africa, noted as a geographer. He lived b.c. 270-h.c, 19!>. erect-us, -a, -um, (perf. part. pass, ot erigo used as an) adj. , high, erga, prep, (with ace), towards. ergo, conj., th refoie, accordingly. erigo, erigere, erexi, erectum, V. tr., arouse. e-ripJo, -ripere, -rlpui, reptum, stnu^"?i°,' ''^®' •^^'' -it"!», V. tr., in- stiuct, teach, educate, train. e-rumpo, -rumpere, ruDl -run turn, V. tr., break out, n.akea sctie^ e-rupti-o, -onis, F., attack, sortie. Er-yx, -;^cis, M., Ervx (now Si Onthano), a mountain and 'tow , on the west coast of Sicily. ■8?en°H,?^°'v fcendere, -scendi. scensum, v. tr., mount, ascend- in navem escendere, to end.ark (v t 8? BrTtonf.^'^' '^^' ^" "" "■'■"■ ^^*"*""' '^' 'he essedari-us, -i, M., a charioteer, essed-um, -i, same as esseda. et, conj., and ; et . . . et, both. . .and. etiam, adv., also, even, etiamtum, adv., even then. t3^^'^^^'^\- "^®- '•'•• Etriiria (now Tuscan,,), a district of Central Italy midS'of p4)''"' "• "^'"'""^h (P- 303, Euboea, -ae, F., Euboea (now GrTece!'"^ ^' '"' '"''"•^' '""'^ "' ^"^'"'""^^^ K;?,r!,?^n^"'®^' -^^' *'•• Eumenes II., Kingof Pergamus, a friend of the Romans who reigned it.c. 197-ii.c. ir,a ' Europ-a, -ae, F., Europe. Eur-us, -i, M., Eurus, the east winrl. Eiir:fbrad-es, -ae, M., Eurvbiadcs an admiral of Sparta, at the time when Xer.xes invaded Greece, 48u b. c. e-yado, -vadere, -vast, -vasum V. intr., go forth, escajw from. ''"'='"™' V bT,^"n?=,"Y^"^^®' •'^^^>'' ventum, ». mti., pass, hapi)en. evenit, it h.appens (p. 182, 4)- usn Vemt, It turned out by chance (n.'ii. 12)! e-ventus, -us, jr., result, fortune. e-verto, vertgre, -verti, -ver- Soy.'" "■■' ""^'■''»•0^^'. drive out, e-voc-o, are. -avi, -atum, v. tr., call out, summon. ' ex : see •§. exadversum, prep, (with ace.), over against, opposite. t,„?^'^^^"°' "^''®' •«•vi- atum, V. tr., harass, anve out. VOCABULARY. froi-i, snatch from, vi, -atuni, v. intr M., a niistako, error, ivi, -itiim, V. tr., in- ite, train. ipere, rupi, -rvip out, inaltea sortie. 3, F., attaclt, sortie. M., Er\x (now St. ain and town on the endere, -scendi, mount, ascend; in 'e, to embark (s. r. f> ). , a war chariot of the veni, -ventum, tr^'^tfsl^'^H • "^r?- -^^i' atum, V. tr., ie.st, ad certiim uondii'* ov- nturalli , weighed toa/i.xed\voi-ht(c. v l") tr.? kit."'™ °' ■^'■®' ■^^'' -^t"»!. "^^ for.!,"^;, -^ '"/'■•• *'« kindled, l.urs forth ; hoc dolore exar^if- h» ,,.^t roused throughgrief at t™*;, 4)! ^ ex-cedo, -cedere. -cessi -cft=? sum, V. intr., leave, depart ex-cello, -cellere, -ceimi -eel sum, V. intr., excel, surpasr ex-cels-us, -a, -um, adj., high arou^-e*:i^vak?"^' •^'^'"' ■"«^"^' ^" ^■••■ v.tr^,^: r^^Iiff^' -«^P^- «ePtum, co^^agS^'-""' -^- -^^"^ . ex-cit-o, -are, -avi incite, stir up, arouse. ' sum °v'\^°' u-c.l'^i'lere, -clusl, -clu. sum, V. tr., shut out, prevent • a nnxri S^?c^?S^^-^-*^P-entTro"i tr!?e"vfJ:^S;..-^^«' ■^^'- -atum, V. ex-cruci-o, -are, -avi -atnm v tr., torture, torment ' ^^' '• ^_^ex-curbi.o, -onis, F., attack, sortie, saS?feTaUr.' ''' ^- ^" "-"P'*^- intr., go out; fama exit, the rei ort goes abroad (N. 11. 9). ' «poit 435 adj., en- •atum, V. tr.. tn^m ®J'';!°' ■«'•pere, -orcfii, cum, V. tr., exercise, train. -erci- ■onis, F., training. exercitati-o, practise, exercise. exercitat-us, -a, -um, (perf mrt a,.®?r?«v ?t"^' ""^- ^^- " trained band ; an army ; exponere exercltum. to land an army (c. v, 9). v^'uuiii, uo ex-haurio, -haurire, -haudi sources liad failed (N. H 6) tr^^lr^P'n.f?^^®' :?»'• -actum. V. ex-igruit-as, -atis, F., shortnes.s. scZfty^^''"^^' ^' -^ini' '-^dj., small. ex-ill-um, -i, X., exile. ex-istimati o, -onis, I'., reputation. ex-i8tim-o, -are. -avi, -atum, v tr., value, estimate, think, consider ex-ltium, -i, N.. destruction. ex-itu8. -itus, M., conclusion end wish^"&°' "^"^' ■^^"' ■^'^'«^'' '■■ "■■. ex-ped-ip. -ire. -ivi, -itum, v tr extricate, disengairo. set free • nniers' expedit. it is profitable, it is u'sefub fofay;^^'**"^' "°"*^' f'' '^"expedition, ex-pedit-us, -a, -um, adj.. liVhtlv equipped, free, unincumbered without efS^f /o^"* "^""^ expeditior more eincient for .service (c. v. ^f))- loo-innoa expeditae, leg,o,ls without bSge ?a R,fm^.?l^°',"P®"ere, -poii, -pul- Simi, V. tr., drive out, expel. ^ prac'^iFe^'''®"""^' '^^' ^' ^''Perience, V ®t^'^^^^°^' P^riri, -pertus sum. V tr. dep., try. attempt ; Jnlmicum (N. T. 9); expert!, having teste.l their .v^Br!' ""^ • °,'."nia experti, liavini ing from. po er^ — > "/• «-"Jimiia oAuei tried every expedient (c. iv, 4), ex-pers, -pertis, adj., free without (with gen., p. 281, 9). cui), -phcatum (plicftuiii) v tr set forth, exhibit ;'Sioneexnli: care, to set forth in a spec", (nt IV naves explicare, to extend sliipsi„' line (s. T. 4); explicare impera togs, to flescribe the coiiun "hFiMn. ex-pl6rator, -oris, if., scout, s)n'. explor-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr investigate, reconnoitre. tnm'^v°°f?' Ponere, -posCii, -posi- tum, \. tr.. place out. deploy; rfisem- bark ; expositae hostium copiae, the forces of the enem-.- deployed (r iv -'.|); cum essent expositi militea' when the forces had landed }c iv srf' espoBito exercitu, when the army had landed (c. v, 9). ^ ex porto. -are, -avi, -atum, v.tr.. carry out, export. ' 436 VOCABULARV. ex-posco, poscSre, -poposcf, no H'lp., V. tr., demand the surrenderof anv- thing. exprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pressum, v. tr., press out, extort. expugnati-o, onis, F., astorniini,', attack. "' f,®?P".^"°' '^^®' -avi, -atum, v. ir., lake by storm, capture. exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, qui- Sicum, V. tr., seek for, enciuire, search out, ask for. ex-sequor, -sequi, -secutusfor •sequutus sum), v. ir. clep., follow out, maintain, eiitoice. ex-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum, V. jiitr., spring uj), arise. exspect-o, are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., wut for, await; in ancoris ex- spectare, to wait at anclior (c. iv, 2:i'. ex stinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi -Stinctum, V. tr., obliterate (N. t. 1). ex-sto, -stare, no perf., no sup., v intr. exist, be ; capite solo ex aqua exstare, to have their heads alone out or the water (c. v, IS). =:?^;^*/^^°- -struere. -struxi, -structum, v. tr., build up, raise. ex-structus, -a, -um, adj., jiiied up. ex-terus, -tera, -terum, adj. (rare- l.y used in positive), ou:!,ide, foreign, strange; comp., exterior; sup., ex- tremus or extimus (p. 59, i). exterreo, -terrere, -terrui, -ter- ritum, V. tr., frighten, strike down with terror. ex-timesco, timescere, -timui no sup., fear greatly, dread. ex-tollo, -tollere, no perf., no sup V. tr., extol, lift up, raise, exalt. extra, prep, (with ace), without, be- yond, outside of. ex-trftho, -trahere, -traxi, -tract- um, V. tr., draw cut, withdraw; id tacile extrahere, to waste this easily extremus, -a, -um, adj. (sup. of exterus)of place or time, last ; hieme extrema, at the end of winter; ad extremum, at last (c. iv, 4). ex-ul, -mis, M., an exile. ex-ao, -uere, -Cii, -utum, v. tr., strip olf, despoil, deprive. < ^ uro, -urere, ussi, -ustum, v. tr., burn up. ' affabl le, comp., fa-ber, -bri, M., a workman, wright. Fftbi-us, -I, M., Fabius; (1) (.)iiiMtii4 i-ii)ius MiixiiiHis a Roman general 01 eminent (|iialities and virtues, sur- named Cunctator, or "llie Delayer" hecause he withstood Hannibal, not b'v (];,'liting him, but by harassing him with iiKurhesandcouiiler-marchesandcuttinif off supplies. Ile.lied2o;ii).c. CJ) (^uintns labiiis Labeo, was dictator 2:il no aiMi !'ir'" «'^^- He commanded the Heet in 18J n.c. in the war against Aniiochus. and ^.as consul for the last time in mi n c wlien according to Nepos, Hannibal died.' fabul-a, -ae, F., story, tale. facet-US, -a, -um, adj., courteous, witty. facile, adv., easily, readily facihus; sup.,facillime. facil-is, -e, adj., easy; comp., faci lior; sup., facillimus. facin-us, -oris, K., deed, act. facio. facere, feci, factum, v. tr., do, make; magni facere, to value highly ; pluris facere, to value more highly; castra facere, to pitch a camp- Iter facere, to make a inarch ■ vim facere, to do \ iolence ; imper- ata facere, to obey commands: tacere pontem, to build a bridge (N- T. 5); naufVag-ium facere, to come to grief (n. er," od Hannibal, not hv i.v harassing him with r-rnarclies and cuttinu- d'iiCiH.c, (2) Quintiis dictator 2i\ n.c, ami nmanded the Heft in Lfainst AntiochuH, and last time in ]8;i n.c. U'po«, Hannibal died. , story, tale, ■um, adj., affable, fal-sus, -sa, -sum, adj., false. fn«^o^"' '^^\T-' '■'^■''"'■'' """"'•. fanie; (!^"? 9)^^ ' ''''""■'' '»'"'-''' '''"■°'*'' l./,"'^'''?^^' '^®' ^' f"*'""*'- senatitH; onsehoid ; pater familias or fami^ liae, father of a family, master. f amiliar-is, -e, adj., l)olonj,'inff to a famdy; res famlliarls, proncrty. (N. T. 1) ; as a noun, familiar-is -is, M., an intimate friend. .familiarit-as, -atis, F., intimaiv» fnendshi)). • ' fas(indecl. noini), \., right. fat^or, fateri fassus sum, v. tr. del)., confess. fat-um -i, N., destiny, fate. faveo, favere. favi, fautum. v. intr. (governs a dative), favor. felicit-as, -atis, F., happiness, snr cess, prosjierity. ' feliciter, adv., luckily, prosperously fem!n-a, -ae, F., woman, female, fem-ur, -oris, N., thigh. fer-a, -ae, F., wild beast. fer-ax, -acis, adj., fertile. f§re, adv., almost, nearly. elli, falsum, v stHke.'°' ^^"''®' "° ^"'*- "° '"P- '■■ f-- fSro, ferr->, tuli, latum, v tr bring, bear, oaiiy, endure; ferunt theV- say; fertur, it is said ; auxilium ferre. to bring aid ; iniurias ferret niflict wrongs; legem ferre to i''ro pose a law ; consuetude fert he custom admits of (c. iv, 32) ; graviter ferre, to be annoyed (J. v, f3)rut fe?t illorum opinio, according to the" ideas (c. v, 13). ^ ^"'^"^ ferociter, adv., fiercely, boldly. fero-x, -cis, adj., bold, warlike, ferre-us, ■&, -urn, adj., of iron, iron, ferr-um, -i, N., iron, fertll-is, -e, adj., fertile, fruitful _^ fertilit-as, -atis, F., fertility, rich- crJfr^^' '^' ""°^' ^''J- "■''''• «:'vase, fess-us, -a, -um, adj., weary. festin-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v, intr hasten, hurry, speed. "^. v.imr., fibai-a, -ae, F., brace. tin» H''^^' ;®' 'i''^- 7''"'«" : vasa Ac- una, vessels of earthenware (n, n. lo). flJ?JSi"^' '■*"' ■*^""' (''"'f- V^rt pass, of flng-o used as an) adj., i.lle, imeiitec ■ ad voluntatem eoi-um Acta i4: sppndere, to invent an answer to s.itt their wishes (c. iv, r.). fidelis, -8, adj., laithfu!, trusty. fid-es, -ei, F., faith, lo\altv ; flclem habere, to repose confldV.n,.^ v "^^ m flclem recipere, to receive ■uud,.,' one 8 jiroteetion (N. t. 8); fldei credere to trust to their charge (.v. 1,. .„ ; flXm facere, to give a pledge (t iv n ' fldem sequi, to be loyal to (c. iV -'i • ^ . 20) ; eos m fldem recioere "In a.hnit them to his protection (^i ,'.'•' ° word'(?.. v,"ff ''P°"®^'«' *« P'^'lK'^his d,fw?' ^'^ei*®' fisus suiin, v. semi- Slst^l^liinr'""""''"-^'^''-'-'^)- fiduci-a, -ae, P., trust, confidence. figura, -ae, F., form, shajie. noIl"f ' '^®' ''•• <'''"^'hter (p. 229, foot fill-ug, -I, M., son. cWve^^hS'^^^^'^^^'fl^^^^^.v.tr., flngo, flnggre, flnxi. Actum v tr., form, shajie, suppose. ^"""i. "■■ finio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr., finish ei.d; populi Romani imperium Rhenus flnit, the Uhine is thfumi" o? the empire of the Koman peo|,le(c. iv, 16). , fin-is, -is, M. and F., end limit -ni I Anes, M., boundaries, territories.' *^ ' finitim-us, -a, -um, adj., bordcrine- "I'on, adjoining; i„ pi.,-* ' flnittoT ■orum, neighbors. ' "'"'^'™i. fa^Jio n"f-; 1^^*''« suni 0>a8.. of ::^ull°r^h^.^«\--^tm^ praetor, he was elected' geS (v f •-'); non sme causa Aeri, to be not without a reason (c. v, 6). Arme, adv., firmly. Armiter, adv., firmlv; Armiter in flrm-o, -are, uvi, -atum, .-. tr strengthen, make strong. ' Arm-US, -a, -um, adj., strong. Aagiti-um, -i, N., crime, wickedness. 438 f •Flaniini-ua .f \f r. • ■1 Ho.nan mJ'^L ^'""' '"'".niMiMs, V:"'""«. ""-' lost hL fea'/'i;';"''^''l ""-• flamma, -ae, k, fl,,,,,,. flecto, -ere fle-if.-.,- « ''••. I>^M -'"""'^ ^'^-^- '" -"•• cie!?"£"ive: •^"' -^«^"^ «"m, V. tr. fug-a, -ae. P., flifjht. aS"Si?^unt'-«"'"^^- slave. S'^ivus, -i, M., a runaway to%V,'r"oTt^'-^^'"'-at"m.v.tr.,put ^^Jilg-ur, -uris, N., h-,dnninff. bright- fund-.a, -ae, F.,asliiiy. daS.^^°^«"<^"°^- •'«enti, N., foun- mrkct plaoe. "I'll, tivnch. |>it-/iill. •fre, heel fVac- n anffere eum. to I V,' <^o''cyraeo8 « ""• pinvtr of (hu nangrerenavem, a broilicr. •num, aflj., frater- VOCAUUI.AHY. enti, N., foun- fund.Itor..It6rl8.M..asIlnjrer. fundo, fundSre, fudi m^nm v fund-u8, i. M.,«eefunda. f^nd-us, -i, M.. a fan,,, .state ftin-is, -is, M., ropi., cal,|e 'uSuTtc.^'-''^''^'' '''-^'"^ funeral ;p,.^ Bxt" S"^'*' '^' •'*'•■ ^"''"'' '"^'"•i"". ''""'n;„i), a I'hujl.ifian city o Nortlifi'ii Africa. ' V }!^^\^?l ^«•erere, haesi, haesum, \.iritr.,holilfii8t,siickto(withul)l.oi(lat.). Hallcarnassl-us. -a, -um. udj., of or hdonmiij;- to Halicarnassus, a ci'tv' of • pJiiLi f ;i.rtl'l>lHoe of Herodotus, the rather of History. Hamilcar, -Aris, M., Hamilcar, a ( aitha-iiiian freneral, father of Hannil.al. no iR'iil the cotiiniaiid from ux. "t7 to 2'J!) ».(• when he foil in haltle nlrahist the \fttones, a people of Spain. Hos- (inih.al sucoeede.lhiiu and held eonuiiand ron, n.c Sii!) to i..u. -21, when Hannibkl was elected commander. Hannib-al, -aiis, M., Hannibal, a celebrated CarthaKinian general Who lived from 247 B.C. lo lb3 B.C. Harudes, -um, pi. M., Harudes, a German tribe, at the head waters of the Khiiie and Danube. Hasdriib-al, -alis, M., Hasdnibal; (1) son-inlaw of Hamilcar who held com- mand of the Carthaginians ii.c. 229-b c ~-\, wlien he was assassinated by a Spaniard. (2) Brother of Hannibal, slain at the river Metaurus, b.c. 207. hast a, -ae, F., spear. haud, adv., not at all (ncfrativine ain^We \yorda, especially adjectives and advei-l)s); with verbs chiefly in the phrase haud scio an, I don't know whether (p. 1(1,5). Hellespont-US, -i, M., the Helles- pont (now /M)rfane/??,v), a. strait between Kiiropf and Asia, connecting the Sea of Marmora with the Aegean. HelveM-i, -orum. pi. M. thp iiel- veiii a people who occupied Western and oouthern Switzerland. Hercill-eH, -in, M., Hcrculeg «on ni ^M'll.TandAlcn.rna.ibcKoVofstVength heS^.^*"^^' •^^'«' •■' i'»-'lM"- h6ri, adv., yesterday. hibern-a. -orum, pi. N. (properlv -";;.l. pi, of theadJ..hlbernu8agrTeing , '' ?.^S"'^ "Mderstood), winter ,,, r ;i-*;.hlberna clrcumire, to inspect the winter (pmrtersr;. V, 2). Hiberni a, ae, R, Ireland. sb?^'hW^^?°l ^°-^ '• ''''"'• '"•""• »"». >'«•. J-ne, lt(forde(lension, i>. 117); hlc 111« ll.e latter... the former. "''• "^°' • '"e, hie, adv., here, at this point. hi6mo, -are. -avi. -atum, v. intr., "inter, pass the «inter. hiem-s, -is, F., winter, storm. hinc, adv., hence, from this i)lace. Hi.spania, -ae, F., Spain. hlstoria, ae, F., liistory, narrative. hodle, adv., to-day. Homer-US, i, M,, Homer, a Greek epic poet, author of the Iliad and Odyssey. homo, inis, M. or F., a human being ; iii.'uij pi. homines, inhabitams. honest-US, ■&., -um, adj., honorable, npiiuhl, noble. hon-or, -oris, M., honor, respect digmty, public office ; summis hon-^ (v"iV"? fungi, to fill the highest olHces hor-a -ae, F., hour. The Romans divided the period between suiu-ise and sunset into twelve equal parts, each of which was called hora ; so also with the night. The length of eadi hora would depend on the season of the year. H6ratl-us. -i, M., Horace, a Roman poet who lived b.c lia-B.c. 8. , horr-eo, -ere, ui, no sup., v. tr. and intr., dread, shudder at. ^ horribilis, -e, adj., dreadful, fright- horrid-us. -a, -um, adj., dreadful, frightful. hort or, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep., urge, cheer, encourage, incite, hort-us, -i, M., garden. hos-pes, -pitis, M., visitor, guest, friend, host. hospiti-um, -i, N., hospitality, friendship ; cum quo ei hospitium erat, with whom he was on terms of friendahip (n. t, .S), hosti-a, -ae, F., a vioiim offered in sacrince. tr. VOCAUULAIJY. , no sup., V. tr. and it. j., dreadful, fright- tn, adj., dreadful, h08t-l8, Is, M., an enemy hue. a.lvhitJu.r, here, to this,, laro ^jmiusmddf. of this kind, of this cuUur™^"^' ''«• •^'*«' '■■• '•eflnenu-nt, hnmer-us, i. .m., shoulder. htlm-i (locative, p. S(i, ;i) „„ ,hn humll-i8, .6, a.lj., low, poor, ht.n.l.le. namlllt as, -atis. R, lownesa • inu uvHH iti the water (c. v, i). ""^'''' • '"»• ham-U8, -i, R, jffound. 441 violim offered in lftc-6o, -ere, -Cil no sup., v intr lie on the ground, lie dead, ' ' '- laclo, lAcere, leci, iactum v tr throw, cant ; nncoram lacere 'to cast anchor (c. iv, 28). "*<-oio, lo LasD lactura, -ae, R, loss, sacrifice iacai-um,-i,N., a javelin, dart, lam, adv., by this time ; ubi lam as soon as ; iam antea.sone tin c before (0. fv.Tat"'"'' "^"^"^ ^^°'' "° '°''^" lamdudum, adv., now for a lonir tune, long- (p. 210, 2, (/<)]. ^ lampridem, adv., now for a Ioul' time, lontf (p. 216, 2, (b)]. *> lana-a, -ae, R, door ; nuer a lanua, the porter (n. n. 12). ^ a river of Hispania (Spaiit). ' ibi, adv., in that place, there. ibidem, adv., in the same place. ico, icere, ici, Ictum, v. tr., strike Txv^i^' ^^°-^ ' ^°®^"« ^^«re, to make ict-US, -lis, M., blow, thrust. Idclrco, adv., on this account, for this reason, therefore. ' thit„Te(fttap.sr' '""• ''"•• coisr'-^'-""^'^''^-' «*•«"''-»"«■ .id-US, -uum. pi. R, the Ides ; a name given to the 13th of all months except March, May July, October, when the 15th was so called. thS:*'"^^' ''°"^' ^''"•"f*""^. aeeordinely, Ignavi a, -ae, R, sloth, cowardice. ■A, um, adj., slothful, tr., lernftv us, cowardly. l»n Is, M., fire. .>e'&.:i-o^-i ;^[^- „^tum. V. . knSfi^.Vk^low:**' ■*"»' -'J- "ot 8io,Vl; ^u^i V/",''' '}"'"■ '^'•"' f'ordeclen. H 'i • «• """/,""'' «ell known ; he, latter" "^---^^^- '*"' 'or'ner..:the lUlc. adv., in that place, (here. IIIICO, adv., forthwith, imnxMliatcly II-llK-o, -are, avi, -atum v tr bind on, tie on, fasten "''"'«■ ^- "•. das:-t./^,!^^::.':^;^i^'»''":eo. tr."i:;^dS'«- -^^^*' -'^-^^' V. (ruiih)^f.'"/n;,"f'.'*''j- '"•"°"«. <»istin- piished ; lllustriore loco nni-no bom of a rather illuSus"fa^.?if; lllustro, -are, -avi, -atum v tr make renowned or fan ou. ; ™' paL" become famous. ' '^^^•' Iliyrlc-um, -i, X., Illyricum a dU trict cnniprisin^f the nmlim Dahmia imaer-o, -inis. R, an image, likeness. im-ber.-bria,M., a shower. .^^ toit-or. -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep., nioKre^^e.-^-'^'^J-^''^^-''"^^- — en{f?^!:S^^V;^^ai;Jra^Lj/^^;- im-maturus, -a, -um adi nn ri:)e, immature. ' 'J'' ""■ ■minutum, v. tr., duninish. 0,!™-™,^"°' -mittere, -misi. -mis- sum, v. tr., send or drive into (the en^e^my's hne); ae immittere rush immo adv. on the contrary, no in- deed, yes indeed : used in answers to cor- £^st%,;;;ffi,^^"""^--'-d'^""«or saJHAc"?."^'"' ■^''®" •^^'"' -^*"™. ^- 1'- inZi'^^r^^-*"' -^' '^'^J- "'"'^-S. im-munit-as, -atis, R, exemption. 442 VOCABULARY. if im-pediment-um, -i, N., hindrance; p . baR^'ajje (of an army); sarcinae, the Kit of the individual soldiera. impedio. -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr., peain, to bo }iampered hv reliiriotis acruples (c. v, 6); navigationem impedire, to prevent sailinc (c v 7)^ animis impeditis, when their atten' tion was distracted (v. v, 7). im-pedit-us, -a, -um, (perf. part, pass of impedio used as an) adj., ham- pered, impassable; loca impedita, inaccessible places (c. v, li}). ' V. 'tT.Sto^®"^''®' P^ii'-P^ilsum, im-pendeo, -pendere, no perf., no sup., V. ii:tr., overhani;,'. ^ ' impendo, -pendSre, -pendi -pensum, v. tr., to expend. ^*"""'' impens-us. -a, -um, adj., of cost • great, large, high ; impenso pretio, at un extravagant price (v. iv, 2). • 'Wei'at-or, -oris, iM., conunander- in-chief, general. imperitus, -a. -um, adj., unskilled ,'"•, 'n^'xperienced in (with genitive, p. imperi-um,-i,N., command, author- ity, government ; summam imperii transferre, to transfer the supreme command (n. a. 2). /J!?5®<.^°';F®' avi, -atum, v. intr. (witl;,dat.,p. 278, notes), command, order- milites civitati imperare, to lovv troops from a state ; imperat mihi ut (or ne) faciam, he orders me to do (or not to do) : p. 181, 3. impetr-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., obtain by request, obtain. impet-us, -us, M., attack, assault- facere impetum, to make an attack (C. V, 1.)). impiet-as, -atis, F., impiety. im-pi-us, -a, -um, adj., wicked. J?iPlJco, -plicare, -plicavi (or -plicui), -plicatum (or plicitum), v. tr. entangle ; in morbum implicari, to be attacked with sickness. im-plor -p, -are. -avi, -atum, v. tr., bewail, implore, invoke, appeal to. t,l2?P°P°' ;Ponere, -posui, -posi- tum, V. tr., place on, 01- upon; modum imponere, to make an end ; milites In navem imponere, to put soldiers on board. im-porto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., bring or carrv to : import impraesentiarum (for in prae- S!f ad?"?.""' '" "'« ^'•^«ence of tnii^s), adv., at present, for the present imprimis, adv., among the first - in the hrst place, chiefly, csi,c"cially. ' '" im-probus, -a, -um arii )>o^ shameless. ' •>•• "*^> unexpectedly, suddenly ™P^°V180, im-pruden-s, -tis, adj., not foresee WK, unwise ; imprudentlbus nos- ("f; it) ""'■ '"'" ^''"' '°'^ their gua^ imprudentl-a, -ae, F., indiscre tion, Ignorance. ' '"'"«cre- im-pugrno, -are, -avi, -atum v tr. and mtr., attack, as.sail, tight. ' 59!").'"^' "^' '^^' ''"''• °f inferus (p. in, prep, with (l)acc. (after words sig- (2) abl. (after words signifying rest), in fc'lv^n^^'in'ri' m vicem, in turns t' ; \m\ ' ■ J^iemem, for the winter (c. IV, 29) ; in pnmis, espe(;ially (c v fi)- in itmere, while on the march (c.vii-' in ancoris, at anchor. ^^-'^,11, in-an-is, -&, adj., empty, vain, useless. in-cedp, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum v. mtr., advance, proceed, come to. incendi-um, -i, x., tire. in-cendo, -cendere, -cendi, -cen- sum, V. tr., set on fire, burn, inflame. . in-cert-u.s, -a, -um, adj., uncertain • mcertis ordinibus, when their ranks' were broken (c. iv, 32). f.^"f;n^^°' -cid^re, -cidi, -casum, v. tr., fall 111 with, attack. in-cipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, V. tr., begin, commence. in-cit-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., urge, arouse, encourage ; equo incita- to, with horse at full gallop (c iv j'^)- remis incitare, to row hard (c. iv, 25).' in-clin-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., lean against. in-cognit-us, -a, -um, adj., un- known. in-c6l-a, -ae, M., an inhabitant. in-colo, -colere, -colvii, -cultum, V. tr., hve in, inliabit in-c6lumis, ■&, adj., safe, in .safety. in-commod-um, -i, N., misfortune, harm, disaster, difcat. In-credibilis, -e, adj., incredible. li^k...,. VOCABULARY. ae, F., indiscre- acouseJ^anU:^''^' •^^'' -^'"m, v. tr., af/^lhat'Se;,""""' ^''"^ '"''^«'^. 'hence; ".lK^„;Si;f-^^;a^um. V. tr., cere, to declare w.r ' Vellum indi- to&^''^^-"'^-^"^-'.^". proof, n,ark. Of oJfer'fN.Vi.'T):''''^"'''^^"' °" ""-' hel? (wiKlf"p"frfy""^-'''dj., unworthy '«"o°;. ,£^'"«' ■^^"- dutum, V. industri-a. -ae. K, industry. ar?"?t"f ^«' -^^r""^. F- Pl./a truce. | rn?a^feS^,':;"«' -f- M., Indutioma- and Hv'^i r,f f.- ' »'"0"«- the Treveri the,Sn.^^'r2r''"'"''°«'''^''-ith ita vigilii, 'f/t %:■ b ;.i"n^?Hf^ Jj;'- second watch (c. y, 23). *= '""^ jjn-erm-i8, e, adj., unanned, defence- .Jn-ers, -ertis, adj., indolent, idle, in-fami-a, -ae, R, ill report, infann- in-ta-ns, -mis, m. or f., child for"uS''' "^^^'"^*^' '^'J- ""happy, un. imus (p. 6!», 1) ' "'"' ^""J^us or 443 infimus : see inferus. immenfe!*""^' "^' ""™' '"'■'• ''oundlesa. inflrmlt-as, -atls, F., fickleness, feeblf^'"-"^' -^' -^^' a,lj., weak, ■atus sum, v. dep., -ari. •fluxum. in-fiti-or, deny. in fluo, -flu6re, -flnxi V. mtr., (low into, cnptv^jft'o. in-gen-s, -tis, adj. , huge, great, vast. ' unv?i,^f;^,*;*«' ^^^' "^-i"«t ones will, fnuSa^untraS "^^J- ""'hank- v.^:^S^Sr^^^-^^«««"BBum, uS-V^^:h;^?aai5^b.I. -hlbit. m-imicltl-a. -ae, F., hatred, enn.ity. hc^^^^-^^o;^;,-K!ie;;e:^r-- .iis"iv^.^.^^ou;"un}!,^.' ""'J- "•--: ".I?^e!^;^f?'i„'i„&,'i^-rv -m- *" "-"uu, in tne liegnminir .Jnauri-a,-ae,F.. wrong, outrage, in! in-iuste, adv., unjustly, wron;.f„l|,. nmst-us, -a. -urn, adj., unjust. SUm^v'Vn'tr.;']^; on'^res^ ^'' "'^"«) one'sself l.y. ' °"' '^'^*"^ °"' support __^in-n6cen-8, -tis. adj.. harmless, i„. in!?g"r"J°^"^^^' -^^- *-. "Prightness, ,i"enf -a- -ae. F., want, scarcity. e.xS;S"^*-"«' -^- •^1«'. adj.. un. ^^inquam (verb defective, p. m, C), In-scien-g, -t.iq •-,,!i „^, , 444 VOCABULARY. in;sci-us, -a, -um, adj., not know- iiig, iKnorant of a thing-. ai^,"f.^?"9^' -sequi, -secutus (or sequutus) sum, v. tr. dep., overtake attack; insequi cedentes, to over- take the retreatintf enemy (c. v, 16). v.l2l'''J'''^®' -arum, F. pi., amlmsh ; perdoliimet insidias, by guile and trea(;liery (c. iv, ];j). *' in sidior, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr. oep., he in wait, lie in anilnish. inslgne, -signis, N., sijrn, mark, badge, decoration. ' " > In-sifirnis, -signe, adj., noted, re- niarkable. insmu-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.. make a way into ; se insinuare, to make their way among (c. iv, 33). in-sisto, -sistere, -stiM, no sin,., V intr., stand, take one's position : flrm- Irfi ^^f Stere, to get a firm fooiliold \L, IV, Zv), insolenter, adv., haughtily, arro- gantly. •" instabil-is, -e, adj., unsteady. instan-s, -tis, (pres. part, of insto, used as an) adj., present ; de instanti- DUS, about present affairs (n. t. 1). in-stituo, -fetitugre, -stitui, -stitu- tum, V. tr., draw up troops; decide upon; sacriflcare instituit, he be- gan to sacrifice (.v. ii. 2); triplicem aciem instituere, to drkw up a trii^ hne (c IV, 14); bellum parare III! /^ ,. ^r t ?ecide unservice in-venio,-venire, -veni, -ventum V. tr., come upon, find out, discover ' inSrr"-*°''' -'^^^' ''■' ^'«'^o^^er, in-vicem, adv., by turns, alternatel.v qu"S°''''^' "^' ■""'' '^''J' ""™" In-vidi-a, -ae, R, enw, ill- win .^invit-c. -are. -avi, -atum. v. tr, siffiVo^' ■*•• "^P?- '^^'J- ''"Willing ; se mvito, against his will (c. iv, lO). ln-v6c-o, -are, -avi, -atum v tr call on or upon ; invoke. '^"™' ^ ' "•• l-'o^PtiiP?^' ^^?"™- ''em. pro. (see p seTves- /n«rf"' *''™*''f' itself, then.: senes Ipso terrore equorum i v mere terror caused by theTo^ses^.' l^, ir-a, -ae, P., anger. poisfo^!^"'^^-^' -^^' ^- -^'-. rage. irat-us, -a, -um, adj., angry, angererl. tr^ridS;-"^^"^' ■""«•"• -"«^n^.v. ir-rumpo, -rumpere, -ruDf .run &o::^'^S'i.!;r '"--"-^^o: t|:«'si^;t:x^:^f!^^-^>'g- (ab Uhp V'i' = ^^■'"] comparatives eo (abl.) the : eo mag-is, all the more iste, ista. Istud, dem. pro that that of yours (p. 118). ' ' ' ita. adv., in this wa.v. so, thus • in the following manner, therefore; non Ita mag-nus, not very large '^ ftall-a, -ae. P.. Italy, cordhl?."-^' '°"^ • "'"^ ««' therefore, ac _Jtem. adv., just. so. also. i„ ,ike j£5^S^;^foS''Scr^t^ Iter facere, to make a marcl itlV conflcere,to complete a march (c.'iJ'f)^ iterum, adv., again, a second time'. northmtcoast''*of'ra!,?' ^ '"^•'^ "" 'he J'rom it Caesar s^ip',''''^''? ^"'ain. saidtobe'^S^':.:';'^*;.';,^';^-''- '^'« -^^S^^SS^d»,^^^^- iud-ex. -icis, M., judge. deSS^;. :'i A»--'- trial, to be emp'loyed i'n\'?ia\'^?s*^.l.'«)'^«r«ari. to form the ">ostS!IXSST iugr-um. -i, N., yoke. '■ Inc'flThTen'' ""■' ""'''' °' burden. iunctur-a..ae,F., joining. v.S.S.^3^^^'^-»-Uunctum. (p'S'n^t^e), '^%r'''- °' ^"^«"*« ^.^lupiter. lovis. AI., Inpjter (see p. swe^ar^ake-Toath^^^'- -^*^""^- ^- tr. commune, the o^ilr^i^fc- ; ,'^,f mentum, 'the n.ilTtary olth "' ^^°''^- iustiti-a. -ae, R, uprightness, justice riSa,;^',;!^^,: -'J-. according to iuvenc-us, -i, M.,a8teer. teS.'" """P- "■'"■ "=■). »1«" 10, 446 Vocabulary. K. Kaiendae, -arum, F. iil., tlie Kalends, the first day of each month. Karthago: see Carthag-o. Karthaginiensis : see Cartha- giniensis. L. -Lucius, a Roman praenomen ; see Domitius. Labe-o, onis, M., Labeo: see Fa- bius. Laberi-U8, -i, M., Laherius; Quintus Lal.erms Dunis, a tribune in Caesar's ann> tn Gaul. r,abIen-U8, i, M., Titus Labiemis, one of Caesars lieutenants in the Gallic wars On tne outbrtak of the civil war he went o>er io Ponipey and fell at Mnnda in Spain, 45 li.c. lab-or, -oris. M., toil, suflFering, exer- tlOIK labor, labi, lapsus sum, v. intr. lep., ihp. go astray; propter im- prudentiam labi, to fall awav from i^Jegiance on account of thoughtlessness (c, V, ;j). . ^tiVoi'O'-are. -avi, -atum, v. intr., toil, Mbor, sufifer; cupide laborare, tj he very anxious (n. a. 1). labr-um, -i, N., lip. lac, lactis, N , milk ; lacte et carne Vivere, to live on milk and tiesh (c. v, U). Laoedaem-on, onis, F., Lacedae- mon or Sparta, r. city of the Peloponnesus. Lacedaemoni-us, -a, -um, adj., Spartan. •* ' lac-er, -era, -erum, adj., torn uiangled. ' lac-esso, -essere, -essivi, -essi- uUm, V. tr., provoke, assail, assault. lac-rima, -rlmae, F., a tear. lacrim-o, -are, -avi. -atum, v. intr., weep. ' lac-iis, -us, M., a lake. laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum, v. tr., harm, hurt, offend, injure. laet-itia, -itiae, F., joy, delight, pleasure. ' pleasa!^^^' '^' '''^' "'^' '''''''' ^"*"' Lampsac-us, -i, F., Lampsacus, a city of Mysia, or the Hellespont; lap is, -idis, M., asione. large, adv., bountifully. larg-ior, -iri, -Itussum, v. tr. dep., bestow, give freely, bribe. larglter, adv. ; see large, largiti-o, -onis, F., distrimition, r bery ; largitio magistratuum, (.i T -n '" ' ''•'^ ^^^ '"agist rates larg-us, -a, -um, adj., bounteous. flrJ;''^^''"^',"^"' ■'^'•' ''^■'"^ Lartius, the first Roman dictator. lassi-tud-o, -inis, F., weariness, fa- tijjue. late, adv., widely, l)roadlv ; longe iateque, far and wide (c. iv, 35); quam iatissime, as widily as possible (c. iv, 3). lateo, latere, latui, no supine, v. tr., he hid, be concealed. lat-itiido, -itudinis, F., width, breadth, extent. Lati-um, -i, N., Latium, a district of Italy, m which Itome is situated. latr-o, -onis, M., a robber, freebooter. latrocini-um, -i, N., robbery, free- booting, piracy. . latrocin-or, -ari, -atus sum, v intr. dep., be a brigand. lat-us, -dris, N., side, flank; ab latere aperto, on the exposed flank «.e. the right (c. iv, 2(i). latus, -a, -um,.adj., broad, wide, laudabil-is, -e, adj., praiseworthy. laud o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., praise. ' laur-us, -i, F., bay-tree. laus, -dis, F., praise. lavo, Iftvare, Iftvavi (or lavi), lavatum (or lautum, lotum), v. tr. wash, bathe. ' legat!-o, -onis, F., an embassy. /..^^^S'atus, -i, M., (1) an ambassador ; (.i) lieutenant-general in the army, otticers of senatorial rank in eoinmiind of difTercnt divisions in the field, under the imper- ator. Th.ey were appointed by the Senate and were usually three in nuniber but Caesar had ten in Gaul. legi-o, -or.ls, F., a legion ; a division of the Koinan army consisting, when complete, of (i,0()0 infantrv and 300 cav- alry. The infantry was divided into ten cohorts, each cohort into three maniples and each maniple into two centuries.' The cavalry consisted of ten s(|uadroiis (turmae); legione conferta, owing to the Isgion being in close order(c. iv, 32) • legioni aliquem pi'uoficere, to appoint one over a legion (c. v. 1) • legiones expeditae, legions without -itussum, V. tr. dep., y, bribe. ; see large. lis, F., (iistrii)ntion, io magistratuum, lade by the iiiajfist rates m, ailj., bounteous. *!., Titus Lartius, the or. ^nis, F., weariness, fa- VOCABULARY. adinis, F., width, faTfn' °' '" ^'^^^ '«arching order nani, oommon soldiei's ®^'°" ehi^sig^^^,^^^^- tectum, v.tr., of&T"""''-''''-^''"'-'"r)ake len-is, -e, adj., mild, gentle. lenit-as, -atia, F., smoothness. leniter, adv., gently, leo, onis, M.,a]ion. mopylae for three days, b c 480 '"' 447 poi lep-us, -Sris, M., a hare. Ko,4) ''"'^ ^*'''"^'' soldiers lev-is, -e, adj., smooth. re£°lighS.' ■^^^"' -^*""^' V- tr lex, legis, F., law, tern.s, conditions llben-s, -tis, adj., willing, ..heerful. hbenter, a.lv., ..iiii„j,,j, cheerfully. liber, -ri. M., book. lib-er, -era, -erum, adj., f.ee. ^^hberaliter, adv., courteously, gener- (NT. 1) ^'^6» e- to ''^e too dissolutely, sinSr'is'^r^'f^f^.r'v'^' ^^'■''^'•^" (the -;--)= un^^^'liieH^'li'^.S ^ libert-a,-ae, F., a freed woman (p. libert as, -atis, F., liberty, freedom hoert-us, -i, M.,afrecdn,an. . Hc-et, -ere, -uit, -itum v intr thS-ev^^"/, ^"- ^^'«- '>• '^'though. a./t °o?°,h' -^O^is. JM., a liot,.r ; an attend- ant ot the superior magistrates. The ^^Tt "«^''^''-V-Kuurd and also al a maik of othcial diijnity. wo"fe";^"tlo.tt' "^''™' '^''J- 0' «O'^. vdk h« f '^"^.'^ moenia, woo, maiores, ancestors- res ^rl'u.cl.r",;"''??: ''f '"°re than u^uaUm^ fnrtt ^^J- ^^' naaximam partem, for the most part (c. iv, 1) ; m^ni hn- bere, to value highly (c. i -,Tl) • maSni interesse, to b% of^reat iiilp^ici M. se^flfifc'^^," ^i'P'-'^" praenomen • see Baebius. Claudius, Minucius. an'^S!"^"-^- -«"'^' ^' - n'-i-.ine, maer-6o, -ere, no perf., no sun v tr. and mtr., grieve, lament. ^ " magris(comp. of adv., magnoDere^ more, rather (sup. maximer f^^i^'^A^^' ■"• '^f ' master; magis- nmL^'^"*^^™' V"*^*^'- °f the horse, an officer next in rank to the dictator. nia^^&;?"ili"-?'?8^°' ^ Carthagi- nian, brother of Hannibal ;.died 203 b.c. maiores usee magnus. male, adv., badlv (comp., neius • stip., pessime) ; rem male gererl' to be unsuccessful (.v. t. 5). ««^«^e, +,'5.^1e-dico, -dicere. -dixi, -die turn, v. intr. (with dat ve, p 278 5) revile, slander, speak ill of. ^ ' ^' ou^^frf g""^' "^- ■""^- '^^J- «''^"der- maiefici-um, -i, N., evil deed, crime craSS'Tsrfsf'""'"'*'^-'"''^""'^'' . malo, malle, maluT, no sun v "•reg. (p. 147), wish rather, prefer ^" caS.".°^u?' -^-^ "^■"' misfortune. forS(^T9f '"'^"^^' *° ™"«^ »"'«• maius, -a, -um, adj., bad evil ^cl-d (comp., peior;iip.,l;ersi: ch™ge"^^*""™' '^' ^- o'^e'-. command, (wth dative, p. 278, foot note), entrust bid ; se fugae mandare, to betake themselves to flight (c. v, 18). "«"■««e . Mandiibracius, -T, M., Mandubra- C.U8, a chief of the Trinobantes. a BriMsh mane, adv., in the morning, early. V ^^^nffriff^^' «Jansi. -mansum, V. tr. and mtr., remain, await, stay ; in P-, Magnesia, a city xnder. I, -um, adj., noble, lis. P., greatness, mi mag-nitudo, 1,'nannuity. Iv. (often written . greatly ; coinp., :ime, especially (n. I orant, they earn- n, adj., large, great lip. maximus) ; rice ; pluris, at a tni, at a very high lores natu, elders I, ancestors; res ore than usual im- Kimam partem, •; 1) ; magni ha- (c- IV, 21) ; magrni great importance Mago, a Carthagi- bal ;.died 203 B.C. gnus. (fomp., peius; 1 male gerere, '. 5). fe, -dixi, -die- afive, p. 278, 5), I of. im, adj., slander- , evil deed, crime. 1, adj., evil doing, Ifti, no sup., V. er, prefer. ;vil, misfortune, re, to cause niis- adj., bad, evil, *; sup-, pessi- 5rder, command, -atum, V. intr. '' note), entrust, are, to betake 18). M., Mandubra- antes, a British rning, early, 51, -mansuni, ■wait, stay ; In VOCABUr.ARY. ffie°tcfe-t;v^r(cTt '" '''"^• plaTnSel,^.""' "^' """^' -i- ^"-r, Ma^S^,-i^,S^,^'^">i-;CnOi,.s the Galatians ' ■^■' '^«•"J"'e'-ed Sl^fcn:i:^=^^t^-=.'a MJSrS;;?^,-^,^.„Marce,h.s:0) Ha^^nti dTj;,:"S',V--'^'"''' toTc!,t; Marcellusd) ^^^^^^^^- Mmucius, d':se"d!rty^"^*--^vSh1,[.l:^ tS-M%^ei;::;j^:-^^ --i et margarit-a, -ae, F., a pearl =ae,^feii^tS'ivR"t^! -a ; maritimi praedonit phat^s god^oTwlV.""^' ''•• ^''-'^'•^' *he Uo„,an in.afM"r'-^'-"™-'^^^--°f-^-Io„g. mas, mjsris, adj., male. 449 iSe)! '"P- "^aturrimeormatur- maturo, -are, -avi, atnm v f, and i„tr., make ri,,e, ri,Te;u,S' ''• matur-us, -a. -um, adj., ripe, early. n^S'l^;,^;!---^"^-'''^'- of mag. of'SS^^^iK^-^'i-.-Per.ative raecam; with me (p. 105, s) med.Sor, med'iri, no perf no sun mSdicm. a, -ae, F., medicine, medic- lis, -i, M., healer, physician. materia, -ae, F., timber. Inmatrimonium^te^V!;;;!^^.; ^^^matron-a, -ae, F., a married won.an ; mature, adv., early (comp.. ma- neighbo;ho.fo;t};:°!:;;;,j;^.:^;'j^,^;^ mf&''%J' ■v.™' '^^'J. middle; aaaiiF-^-"-tS: membr-um, -i, n., limb, memin-i, -isse, v. defec Cspp n TAr\ ren.ember (for construction'V I'c^"") ^» mem-or, -oris, adj., mindful. ' ^'^^ ?s„'S,°'& SI: V T'im°!*^^ memoria, i, o„r ,iav fc^'tS^n^l^-5^ mum memoriam, withirthe^,?" ' K:;i[i'S;,:^i^'^^}^-emS: reE"'°''"°' ■^''®' •^^'' atum, V. tr., .Menapi-i. -ornrn, pi. M the Mpn^ he VoT' nL'-'^l"'* Belgicar'beurn ."I- 450 VOCAHULAHY. mendacr-um, l, s., falsehoo<>. menda-x, -cis, ndj., \ying, false. men-8. -tls, F., mind, men-sa, -sae, F., a table. men-sis, sis, M., month. mensura, -ae, F., measure • pp,r tae ex aqua rxiensnrae Lotfrau' "ieasureinents hy the water clook (T " 1 i) ^i?®'^??'"*^^' toris, M., trader- mpr ^^^mercatur-a, -ae. F.. trade, com- v^.a?d®''"°^«' -cediS, F,gain, prolU, re- ofSraKn^|,l'^:'^^--^.the^o-' mer§o, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., gain mer-eor, -eri, -itus sum v tr den gain, earn, deserve. " '^•' sJSfF?; '^«''erere, mersi, mer- Soy.' ' '""^' "'""erse, overwhehn, meridian-us, a, -um adi i.>iH day ; meridlano fere t^mpol-e at about noon (c. v, 8|. I'O'iJpoi e, at meridi-es, -ei, M., mid-dav fi> 2ss foot note) ; ad meridiem spectat^t faces the South (i.e., the sm. a?S) ' o^%tTat'Pert'v!Tr^''''^'^°"^^"-«" merit-us, S,, -um : see mereor mdtaU-um, -i, N., mine, met ior, -iri, mensus sum, v tr aep., measure, measure out. ' V. ™^ reii?^^^''®' ""^^^"^' messum, ' ^^metuo, -ere, -i, metutum, v. tr.. met-us, -us, M., fear. migrr-o, -are, -avi, atum. v intr nuyrate, depart. ""ui, >. inti., mil-es, -itis, Jr., a soldier. « a^^i^-'*^^"?,^' "^' '"^'J' "f o'- belonc-ina- to L'ry'S;^:''^^'-^'=^««™i"t^rif,n?if;^ militia, -ae, F., military service- mintiae (p. SC), on military service. ^-fi:^S:T..rliiirS,/l-ou. millies, adv.. a Uionsand timos CiS"''' '^"'^- •'*'•• -^'''o. ^* fnend of su^.^mfnim'l'sf -.iTrV- "^ P^^vus ; fel at Cannae, -216 b.c. (") Ouintna Mmucius, consul 197 K.(' in tK^H Se ""'"""''^ '«"'i«lnnen't"from*S tr^S^diS,,.-"^' "^^""t^"^' - seP?'k"s^.' ZT "•'-'• 9f Pamm (which rnVnu^if no ' p. ^"^I'^.^.r "f minu^ pro&tVVsr^'::;ft^---^e mirabil-is. -e, adj., wonderful. mir or. -ari, -atus sum, v. tr deu admire, wonder at. '•' mir-us, -a, -um, adj.. wonderful sli'any:e. marvellou.s. "unuerrui, miser, -era, -erum. adj., wretched unfortunate. j > "icicuki, miser-eor, -eri, -Ttus sum, v intr •lep. (w,th geniti^■e, p. I4(i), fe^piiy for' miser-esco, escere, no perf no tr°?mntr.®^Vl?'?' '^^' "itum est, ^. tr. impels., it (hstresses, t excite» i)iVv me tui miseret, I pity you (p ic^j ^ ' misericordi-a, -ae. P., pitv com J^-HiilfK^-j^ri-:^!^^: VOOAMULARV, on military service, im, Illil^.s;millepas- |■t^ or ],(J16 yards (see I Uioiisaml liinos. -V., -Milo, a friend of e, M.,Miltiado8, arele- iieral.wlioconiniaiided le battle of Maratl.on, iii. mlnutum, v. mit-is, -e, adj., mild 451 v.??!"°;d."'^"^'-^' '"•='i. niissum. na6bmt.as..atls,F.,ac.tivif;,,H,,c.ed. mobll-is, -e, a.ij., easilv n.oved. '"^^^a;5rl;«^l^-— r. coS^^"-^' -ae. F.. n>ode,st,, .elf- peck. "''"^ '^'1"'^' I" ""•' I':n,-li8h mddo : see modus. modn o^o^ • ° ™Odo, l.y no means ; -ffiado'^rTiv'.:) "" "^'"'-"'^' °f -' ferre.to,;.a';Lye!?.?t'[,ta^.vKr" 8oi;fe°!a^fo,^^V -^' ■^^'«- ->i- fou-e- moll-is, -e, adj., smooth. mol-o, -ere, -ui, -itum, v-. tr., grind. Mon-a, -ae, ^^, Mona, the /s/<. <./• ^,?':; ^''!^!''V' ^^ai also ca led Mona -lS"S..S,d"^' ■^'"™- - ^^- rnon-8, -tis, M., mountain • snm poKrsl?o«r'-^^^"'-*"«^--tr., toS?"""'^"*-"'"' ■^"' N-, n>o„nn,e„t, mor-a, -ae, F., delay. mor-a, -ae, v., a mora, or division ^t t% '^^'' ^""i'' '-•«'•«i«tin°' of ( (K, oot and 100 horse in Xenoj)ho„'s tinin morb-us, -i, M., sickness, disease mordeo, mordere, moiuordi morsum, v. tr., I.ite, hurt. ""™°r"i> '■-.-e^-,;^l-— -;-^;a. -"'^'cfS.Sy.-^'""^""^- -"'^'•• mor-8, -tis, R, death. ™°f • '"oris, M., enstoni, usage • nl Meatus ««"l"'^""'' '■•'■■^•••'"•t^i-. >"anne?s: Mos-a, -ae, F., theMosa(nowjV«H«P^ ar.veroftialliafJelgiea(de.scTibed,.ivS mo-tus, -tijs, M., motion, evolution '■ Galliae niotus, an uprising in'oaul moveo. movere, movi, motum I- tr., move, set n motion • Hrrno movere, to take up an «"belh^ movere, to undertake a war'- caif^ movere, to break up camp °^stra wa^i^is.^' '"''■' P'<'«^"tly,soon ; then, after- mul-a, ae, F., a she-mule (p. (i -,) -aKe,'p;nt^V^-^^'«°^^'-'«-'™«lta. fin^Snish.' •^"^' •^^'' -^t""^' V- tr- muli-er,-eris,F., woman, ^^multitud-o, -inls, F.. crowd, multi- mult-o, are, -avi -ar.iiTn v *« fine, punish (same afSulcto) ' tnes) adv., much, bv much L'reatlv- multo melior.. .nu-eh better '(S ' plus ; sup. , plurimum). "^ multum adv. (not used before com- }^'"lr'^' «th^'-^ise same as multoV aoatur, he was often emploved hi private suits (N. t. !)• multilrn =,Jl in yenatlonlbus 'th?v''*a^e"',.S addicted to hunting (e. iv, 1). f''^*^'.^ muIt-us, ■&, -urn, adj., much manv • |^".e.,^plU8(p..46);s4\p,|iS8 mund-us, -f, M., universe, world (p'^"")."''""^' "^- ■"'"^- ^^i" '-''^'ish ificSr^"'"^'-^-'^'-''^f«"-e.forfc. mun-ifo, -ire, -IvI, -itum v f, protect, defend ; iter ri.unirSWbJi'ilj 452 VOCAHULARY. munitl-o, -onis, F.,,lefence mur-mur. -murls, N., ,nu,mur. mur-us, -i, M., wall, mua, muris, M., mouse, musca, ae, P.,afly •a, -um, adj., blunt, «i-eckod (,v. r. ". ^' ^"^' '" •'«•' «'"P- M., a sailor. ^ miitil-us, broken. "flj-. of or pugna a sailin)f ; My-us, -untis (acp., Mvuntni p Myus. a town of Caria in AKi?*?.^' ^' dep, N. „il?°<^'^S. -a, um, perf. part, nanclscor, havin- obtained ' statement. ^"»"»'"3 some previous namque, conj., for indeed, for truly are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.. nar-ro, tell. ?£ff&;t?U'^4-a.i„.3- dies tribe, people, na"Sfi:fctd,«?.^' -*a.. birth na-tio, tionis, v nation. int"r^8*?im.-*^^^' ■*^^'' •*&'"", v. natura tnquetra, tri^anguL i'rlfi na-tus, -ta, -turn, fnerf .1 •*■ ^ a ".ostlllSu^tamnnlfTrg' '''""^ ab^bf wVtb*"?^^'iA4f -Jy in the tors; minore8naKdes?elda;.ts:"'" nau ta, tae V Pa".ticu.s, ca, .cum beloMKing to shii,.s, naval. naval-is, -e, adi nn,,! navalis.asea-tlKht.^- '"'■'' navlgatl-o, -onis, K "avifration. ' navlgi.um,-i,\., a vessel, ship. ^hK",»!?,??,"™--™--*, to .Cot AeS SVa'."Jh«'.' ^^"^"V" island in the *''-'"' •^''«' ; the largest of the Cvolades lestlp'TsI- ■!!".".",' elanse3> that not. iu i^v" '' "^f ' (lifter verbs -* fpniM.i,-i .n^,^onleru,K, con.mandini.) not to (J. t e spn !n' ' ° "'^^ '" "effutiNe iinpera- do thirip'"'/;!'-^ ^"^^ ^■^'"^''^' ^°"'* c!.'^®'j-'"^'''"''"ff- enclitic particle In double (luestions, -ne an whl U " • • • or (p. 287, 5). "*^ • • • an, whether nec : see neque. avSbi;"^^'°' ^^^- '^--os..rUy, un- + "ramMnf \'''"- '"'J- ("^^-^ ^^-'t'' est ine'viiable! nee-Jn.r'''^^''^'"^' ""-«idable. ^. n6ces8it.as, -atis, F., need, neces- [■JjiiC. VOCAUULAKY. 'V!^ ^°'">' ''««• i" the sin" • nemo. «o,nebo- us"°i?^"'l'''" ?''' ''''''• °' obsolete noct- us,^^us. use atum, v. tr., non niti\i,"oL"};'i^,?S;nSv:' a general afflrn.ative is fonneS.^^^emo 454 VOCAHULAUY. non, evoryhmiy; nunquam non, every tune ; nihil non. evtrythinj,'. th?^?AV^?' ■'^r'"^ '•'• ■•'- the nones ; thf fifth (lay of each month in the vear exeent March. .May, July, October V oh ,t was the seventh. It wan so (.ailed hecause - '" P'-. nonnull-i, -ae, -a,' nonnunquam, adv., sometimea. nonus. -i1. -um. num. ord. adj. nos, pi. of ego (i). 101, i). noaco, uoscere, novi, notum, ^ . tr., become ac(|uamte). no8t-er, -rA, rum, poss. adj. pro our, otu-s, our own; pi., nostrl, our troop.s, our men (militea understood) no-tltl-a, -ae, K., fame, lumwled-e. .„!!.r'^P' '^^S' '^^i' -atum, V. tr., mark, disrej.'ard. ' not-us, -a, -um, (nerf. part, nass of nosco used as an) \ldj., lnow!rwel[ novem. num. adj., nuie. ^^nov-i, -isse, v. defect., act, know (p. nub-es, -la, F.,aelond. tr., noy-us, -a. -um, adj., now, fresh recent, strange (no comp. ;'sup. novis simus) ; agrmen noviasimum tfo nnvL^^"'^ primum, the "}"'res novae, a chai.-e m affairs, a revolution n^nf« IISS^'^' ^•' ."'l-'ht, darkness; prima nocte, at n ..htfall • media •ove, o ' • L"^^"*^*^ node, undo.- ' "" account of, for, ob eam rem, f)r this reason- quam obrem, wherefore, accordin!,dy.' fn°m"^,"^?' •'^"cere, -duxi, -duc- tum, \. tr., cover over, cloud; nocte Obducta, under cover of niifhtCN-. 11. s). V intr (with dative, p. 278, foot note); obey, listen to. '' Ob eo. ire, -iv i (or H), it;im v tr go towards; mortem obire, to meet ■urn, iKlj,, hurtful, , a finud, s. nupsi, nuptum, H', |i. -27^, font \u)U'), 'Mi'Hi'lf f„r u liusbami voiimu, fo marry ; a s.orem ducere or atrliuonlum du- &vi, atum, \, tr., 1. a^S;-tra8tftum. withstand. 'b'"""!. ll^/Ht, opjiose, ob-so„r.um,.f,N ,.^,, obstinate, adv., .irndy.stubbondy <'^° t Vrf ?'^8tand '!• "° ■^""- f" ''f' "Ppose ''' *"*'"' "«'"'ist, resist, ol'ey, conform to ~ ' -^' ''""'I'b- «itl, , obtrectati-o -6ni ■■«»■■ omnino, adv., i,, all, altogether, in general ; after negatives, at all ; nihU pmnmo, nothing at all ; with nnnierals m all , aecem omnino, ten in all. r^JS^il"*^'^"^' '"■^J- '^l'- "'e whole; omnes ad unum, all to a man- maritimaomnis, wholly maritime or on the sea(c. v, 14). ""iume, or 6n6rari-u8, -a, -um, adj., of burden • navis oneraria. a transport (c Tv," loSi"^^"°' "^^®' '^^^' -a*"™' V. tr., on-us, -eris, N., load, burden. opera, -ae, F., toil, aid- dare operam, to take pains (n. t. 7 • c v 7) • • mea opera, by my aid. ' ' '' oper-io, -ire. Hi, -turn, v. tr., cover • summas (amphoras) operit, he covers the tops (of the jars) (n. h 9) opini-o, -onis, F., belief, notion; opinio timoris, the impression of fear • praeter opinionem, contrary to ex- pectation ; celerius omni opinione sooner than any one expected ; opinio populi Romani, the reputation of the Roman people(c. iv, 16); utfert opinio Ulorum, according to their ideas (c. v . °POrt-et, -ere, -iiit, v. intr. impers. (p. lb>, 4) ; It IS necessary, it beho\ es. oppidan-us, -a, -um, adi.. of a town; p.l oppidan-,-, -orum 'town's people, inhabitants of a town. oppid-um, -i, N., town. tn°m'^°?r°' -Po^ere, -posai. -posi- stand' against, oppose, with- opportune, adv., favorably, suitahly. opportunit-as, -atis, F., fitness, advantage. ' 9PPortun-u8, ■&, -um, adi fit suitable, advantageous. ^" ' op-primo, -prim#re, -pressi pressum, v. tr., burden, crush, destroy.' atta^k^"^"^*''"^' """^^' ^' ^^''"'t' op-pugn-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., storm, attack. "^> *• o4fw?f^i^ "O'l'. wanting ; gen., opis (p. 240,(1), h., might, power, help; pi., opes wealth, resouices ; domesticae opes' his own resources (n. n. lo). "f°o. optime : see bene. optimus : see bonus. opus, -eris, N., work, labor, majr- n?.J'Ji^^^ "*■ »»agnopere, greatlj' ; quanto opere, how greatly ; tantd ?.?fH® "' tant9pere. so ni'uch, so gieatly; egregie et natura et h? ) n^i °?""ltV^' .splendidly fortified dLnces(J.'t,9f"'"' '^°'"'''" ^'"* ''' opus, indecl. neut., found only in the expression opus est, erat, etc., there 8^7(^-283 5l)."""^' '* " °' ''"' "''^'^«■ 6r-a, -ae, F., coast; ora maritima, sea coast (c. iv, '20). "^^j», H^^!;^°' °^^^' ^- * speech ;ora- (c- "1f^ Percipere, to hear a speech orat-or, -oris, M., speaker; modo oratoris, as an ambassador (c. iv, 27). v,P^*^i^' "^-^' J^^' ^* '=''''''''' ; orbis terra- Mediterranean, the whole world to the early Romans ; orbe facto, forming a c-acle; corresponding to our forming square to resist an attack (c. iv, 37). ^ prhedT" '^' ■"°'' ^'^^■' ^"''"' '^^^ ordior, ordiri, orsus sum, v. intr. dep., begin ;ab initio ordiendum lTfe('N"T if " "'^^ *"' ''«g'""in& of his r^nU^iP' ■''"*!>'• *'•■ "" arrangement ; rank, line ; ordines servare, to keep the ranks (c. iv, 26). ' ^n^^^f'h^^' "^® "^" ■^»' *-•• Orestes, son of Agamemnon, who avenged his cttenfneS' '^ '^'"'"^' ^- "-^her orien-s, -tis, (pres. part, of orior used as an) adj., rising ; sol oriens the rising sun, hence, the east (cv, 13) ri=o^'^°^' 'K^' •*"« sum, v. intr. dep., rise, spring from ; orta luce, at dav- ti?Lt''' ^\' ^"*^"8 orti ex clvi rn I 10?' '^"'^ ^P''""^ ''■°"' these states ornament-um, -i, N., ornament. ornat-us, -ft, -um, adj., equipped adorned, ornamented. l"'PPea, ornat-us, -us, M., ornament. .J^^^'°'^f^?>. •S'^i'- atum, V. tr., ?^T U ^*^'*"S oi-nare, to enrich i" V ii elephantus ornatus, an elephant fully e,,uipped(y. u. ;{? ' or-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., pray !e bonus. N., work, labor, mag- magnopere, greatly; e, how greatly ; tanto itppere, so much, so gie et natura et us, splendully fortified tural position and its neut., found only in the 3 est, erat, etc., there eed, it is or was neces- ;oast ; ora maritima, 3. F., a speech ; ora- )ere, to hear a speech 3, M., speaker; modo imbassador (c. iv, 27). acircle;orbis terra- f lands, i.e., around the ie whole world to the 'be facto, forming a iding to our forming attack (c. iv, 37). im, adj., bereft, de- ;, orsus sum, v. intr. initio ordiendum, U the beginning of his M., an arrangement ; es servare, to keep or -is, M., Orestes, 3n, who avenged his killing his mother ris, M., Orgetorix, a pres. part, of orior in)? ; sol oriens, the he east (c. v, 13). 8 sum, V. intr. dep., orta luce, at dav- ibus orti ex civi- mg from these states •i, N., ornament. I., ornament. atum, V. tr., pray eSra' ^ ^«^5« Orant. they ?8. oris, .v., month, face. OS. ossis, >f., bone. 8um'ro?tum')"",^T' :*«"'*•• -ten- declare. '' ' *'•' show, display ^wum, -i,.N., leisure, ,,i,ict 9V-l8,.is,F.,asheep. OV-um, -i, N., egg. PalSjS-"^'"'''""'""''-^'^"-"-' getting fodder. ' *•' '«'"atfing, pabulat-or, -oriss \r c _-^,_, ' *-""=) -u., a forager ^oS:S^;^'-^t"«sum,*;.dep., pabulum.-i,N., fodder, forage subdue, pacify ' ^^' -atum, v. t,., Sd !"""■-■"• ''••"*'"-^<^""^"^ bargain theclKV^r'ontaly' ''"""^ ("°^^- ^«)." Paene, adv., aln.os;, nearly woKill^xiit.s'i;. ' hrFr^.'^"'"" = *he Pays de Calai, ^ *'^^'"=h paijs, as a&e«£;S>-. £?««,.. pa,. VOCABULAKV. 457 parc-U8 -A thrifty, frugal ™' *^J-' sparing, usfd aa^Vobfet.'''*'^- °' Pareo ^ par-6o, -ere i-i? rt. (withdat.,'p.^l';,1;9)"^-,^;.Jtum, v. i,ur. P&tum,'v^?r "?,H?^''J' Partum or obtain. ' • ''•• ^'""S forth, produce, parl-es. -Ptia \r a house. ' ®"^' '"• a partition wall of Paro, -are -n»ri ;:;i. ■"•epare. get reV^e^ui» ""nrn"' ^" *••■. Par-s fcia «•^'^"'P'P'^ocure. maxim'am 'partem ''i**^''^*. region ; part (C. iv, 1) ; una^' r^2i^ *•>« >"OSt s'de(c. iv, 3); per om»^^'^*^' °" °ne every direct on (oi^'^.^flPartes, in dam ex Rheno retpnP»^'''? •* drawn battle (.v t Qf.^i^„Proelium, a the same extent (c.' v, js)^ "^ Spatio, of o'Sr^"SaSn)\T'^Pr- ^T' P^^^- parcrtu^mTo'r^a^rl?,^?' ^'?'" Parsi), 3at., p. 105. 9), spare "™^' ''■ '"'•-. (with ,,pm.ior,.iri,.ituss;An,^.tdep <«^^:SrS^/'su;i!-^|ii^§'itt,e; "'St'^f-dS.S't?vo^'l^- P^^'- ^«^ from the heel to he san.LT'', '■f.'='^'"'ed two military steps.o.-flio^''*''' ^'^^ ''»'• orj^y^S^ffi-^e^y^i: Paten.s,.ti8, adj., open, bef n-k„1ff^3n^I- ^^^ ^. mer.. fat^f"'sen?e';VtS."i.P'-^,-*''es. familiae, father oUftfni/^^^^las o; Patrenter, adv.. patiently be?,^^!fe""^' •^«' f- endurance, for- 458 VOCABULARY. }'^\Hft J^^'opedl non pati. to pre jentthe barbarians from advancing any farther (n. t. 3). ^ patri-a, ae, K., fatherland, native land ; patria pellere, to banish (n. a. 1). n^fo^^^^'^^' '^' '^™' "''•I' P'*''"cian, patri-us, -a, -um, adj., paternal, paucit-as, -atis, v., fewness, small- pauc-U8, a, -um, adj., some, few (generally in pi.). "' ' ' paulatim, adj., )j:radually. paulisper, adv., for a short time. paulo, ady (abl. of paulus), by a little, just a little. /> .' * paululum, adv., a little, gradually, paulum, adv., a little. paul-Ufa, -a, -um, adj., little. Paulus : see Aemilius. pauper, -peris, adj., poor (comi). pauperior, suj). pauperrimus). paupert-as, -atis, F., poverty. Snar^.^rf^"''"*^! "^u®' *'• Pausanias, a Prpplc. nf^p,"?™' ""'^? «ominanded the t«reeks at Plataeae, 47i) n.c. oris, M. pavor. fear. .pax, pacis, F., peace; pace tua with your permission; pace uti fo remain quiet. f^K^a uti, to pecco, -are, do wronff, sin. •avi, -atum, w intr., pectus, -oris, N., breast. pecuni-a, -ae, F., money, wealth, pec-us, -oris, N., cattle (collectively). P§C-U8, -udis, P., cattle (singly) pI§S^ina3^-^^°«'-«°'^'-:P'- pedest-er, -ris, -re, adj., on foot on land ; copiae pedestresVlard forces" copiae navales, naval force." pedltat-us, t.vely). pei or, us, adj. (comp. of malus ■ sup., pessimus), worse. ^»^"8 , pell 13 -is, r , skin, hide ; pellibus vestiri, to clothe themselves ^?i!h '^ins pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum souih 01 the iathmus of (Jorinth." -us, M., infantry (collec- nr^hn,f ^:®?'. "^"?^' P'- *'■• t''e Penates, or household ffo.ls, presidinj; over the house and all that it contained sun^v^i??; pendere, pependi. no sup., \. iiitr., hang, be suspended sj^"^°trsi;.a^ E art^nc^rpa:^"''" '' ^^^''■'^'-^ °"* penes, prep, (with ace), in the power of, in the possession of. plSly!'*"®' '^''■' '"*'''"• •^"ti'-elv, com- per, prei). (with ace), thromrh bv IKjUiyr^Jr? ^°"'''°^"-- *'-"^ perago, -agere, -egi, -actum, v. l;.'„f^'^°"'P''®''' *"■'"" •» •'in end ; con- 7c v^^ Peragere. to hold assizes percipio, cipere, -cepi, -cep- turn, V. tr., tal.e in, learn, perceive- per-contatio, -onis, F. percurro, -currere, -cucurri), -cursum, v. through, run along. perdisco, -discere, -didici, no sup., learn by heart. ' per-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -due- turn, V. tr., complete, bring to a des- f{.?=h°" ■ ?^I^.^ Perduxit, he brought the ships to their destination (c. \ , '23). , per-6o, -ire, -ivi (or -li), -itum v intr., perish, die. ' ' p§r-equit-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., ride, ride through. , enipiirj'. -curri (or intr., run •a, -um, adj., very per-exigu-us, small. per-facil-is, -e, adj., very easy, fr^?r;P^?'"^®"'®' -^^l*' -latum, v. tr carry, bring, report ; endure ; per- nflVi^J^^^iu^^^u ''■'''' »''-o"»ht; fama pel lata est, the report was spread (N. T. 2); Doenam perferre, to en- te" P^P'i't-v <''. A. 1); consilio per- Siv;2r) "* ''''■'" ""'" '■«P"^'^'^ V Hf^V°'^°: -ficere, -fed, -fectum, piete.' ^''^''"*^' accomplish, finish, com^ perfidi-a, treachery. perfug-a, ae, M. awav. ■ae, F faithlessness, a deserter, run- per-mgio, -mgere, -fugi, -fiiiri. -1, ti., lit?! , I .„ apg li'uiii, desert. per-fiigi-um, -i, N., refuge. vithiri, entirely, coin- :iere, -didici, no ^ Pericl-es, -is v ,, . , Athenian statesiila,',. ' ^'-'''''es, an trerous. "' **• -"ttl. adj., dan VOCAIiULAUY. 459 pfSSS'^^n^ii^S^-^f^-e pent-US, -a iirv, .. '••'*'-^>' acinainted xviti,'- ri? mnl;' "•'^'' W'*^"- tus. skilled in miliLo.ffit^"« »^^"^- ,,rfar^^^»-"«- -^. -um, adj., .3,,. to adhere tTti^t'jX ('^ ^,^^™^"ere. fldei perm ttere '«f enV."^ ?i"8 fortunes to hia proLjtion (c 'v' Hf *''«'•• iE^^°^., rS:^i^:,--. V- tr. dep., be';;- EA'^^^^"^^ sum, sta^,tS:P^*"°- "d^--. continually, con- B«-r?,S.tef.i5v-"^. adj.. con. ever(c. iv, a/) ' '" Perpetuum, for •rK^K^.,,--Per.^-rap, Per-saepe, adv., very often. ■BcrlitS!^' ,;^<^^eve, -scrips!, Kive a full™'count «r ' '"^ '"'^P"''' '" f»'»; aven-e. *^^P'' '«"ow up, pursue, Pf^rs-es, -ae, M., a Persian ^ Per-sever-o, -are otti s* *«••. persist in, persevwe. ' ^^""^- ^^ ^erfr-A;^'-"'"'^^^- Persian, i'ers-ia, -idis, P., Persia. tu^mfn^:°;:fPSe.-spe,,,pec- -ram perspicS^^^-rS^ ,sSiru"S^.f°;,t;«S"t. •^"^«•■ foot note); persuip ,"'•''•■'*•- >'■ 278, .r^iJSnC?;i»;Srg-— r., to have that'ekme te/} °.Per."nere, PertineMhis;i,°tte&';c.V^J3^° Srturb^"^--^"^^'^^-'-"^"^on. t^r^tS^'r^^SVelf-' -n suTvrt?.!^ovSf ^. -vertr, -ver- fe?r|; t^^Atl' il'^i . P«^«"^ re- passus. (See passu??' " ^^'^^^^ V. ^^ ^a?e^*fr kiK'^Jw P!«*"«^. ••each; ask, seek *' ^-''*^'^' ^ry to infolid^TO^umn.^^®' ^■' * ''*"'' "^ ««Idiers "f Athens, con,^S\ifh° h"'^ '.^"rhor lonK- «alls. """^^^^ with the city by an alliance with i/nMn i J \''J''' ^0'"'^'« did not prosecute the .^; ''"^'''' ^"'"a-^ 200 B.C., jc twr. .. "^r against hini till Zania. When thev h'J'"^'" «^e battle " thage, they M i\^arti?h P^h'.?''^'' ^ar- lasted from 200 b " to or^"'P' ^^'"'«h he was defeated «f n ^^^ "•''• when ••^laminituis Cynoscephalae by Phnosophl-a. -ae, F. philosophy Pi.iio«opu-U8,-i,M., philosopher A-rcou^f^'^'-ft-to.he%ods, "enee. piety, patXV/fllkLK^-- 460 VOCABULARY. iV A., piget. pigere, piriiit, pfgltum est, V. tr. mipers. (p. 281, 13), it, vexes, troubles; me huius stultitiae piget I am vexed at this man's folly. pil-um, -i, N., pike, javelin. ping-u-is, -e, adj., fat. pinna, -ae, F., feather. Pirae-us, -i, M., the Piraeus (now J ortoDracone, or Porto Leone), the port of Athens, about five miles from the city with which it was connected by the "Lonir Walls. ^ Pirustae, -arum, M. pi., the Pirus- tae, a tribe of Macedonia, on the southern border of Illyricuin, in what =:> now the modern Herzegovina. Pis-o, -onis, v., Plso, an Aciuitanian noble (c. V, 12). pisc-ia, -is, F., fish. pix, picis, F., pitch. plac-eo, ere, -ui, itum, v. intr., please; often used iinpers., placet mihl, I am pleased, I vote > ea ; non mihi placet, I vote nay ; placebat, supply eis, they decided (.n. i\S). piaclde, adv., quietly, calmly. placo, are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., appease. plagr-a, -ae, F., region, distiict ; pi., plagae, a net. ^ ' plane, adv., clearly, entirely. planitl es, -ei, P., plain, level ground. plan-us, -a, -um, adj., flat, level. ^ni^/^/w ■^®^ -arum, pi. F., Plataeae (now PalaeoCaxtro), a city of Boeolia, near which the Greeks defeated the Per- sians in 47!) H.C. Plat-o, -6 \is M., one of the greatest of Greek philc jophers (n.c. 429 (o B.C. 347). plebi-SCit-um, -i, N., a depree of the people ; scisco, approve. plebs, plebis (plebei or plebi), !•., the common people, the commons. plene, adv., fully, completely. P.len-U8, -a, -um, adj., full (with genitive, p. 281, 9). ^ plerique, pleraeque, plerftque, Pl. adj., most, several; interiores plerique, most of the nland people plerumque, adv., mostly, generally, usually. • ' plerusque, plerftque, plerum- que, adj., most ; generally plerique. plumbum, -i, n., lead; album plumbum, tin (c. v, 12). plures : «ee multus (p. 57, 4). vow'- K ^V ^^Pe'e plurimum vaiet, is by far the most powerful \y V, i). maSJ^p^fit'""'"''^'^'^"''"'-"' plus, adj.,comp. of multus (p. 57,4). pocul-ttm, i, N., drinking cup. i.i^°®?'^' '^®: ^' compensation, pun- ishment, penalty; poenas dire, P°®»^s Pendfre, poenas persol: ,e.^^l\ P?^"*^?^^"^^^«' ^° «''«■«t a f«w^; 'o,P""'s'': poenam per- lerre, to endure the penalty (n. a. 1/ r.?f?®" *' o™™. pl- M-. tlie Poeni or Carthaginians. . poenit-et, -ere, -uit, nosup., v. tr impers., it repents ; me facti poeni- tet, I repent of the deed (p. 105, i). poeta, -ae, M., poet. poIlic-6or, -en", -itus sum, v. tr. dep., promise (p. 110). P6iybi-us -i, M., Polybius, a Greek hi.storian who lived 220 k.c. to 122 B.C. Pompei-US, -i, M., Pompey ; Cneiua Pompoms Magnus, a Roman general, born 106 B.C., consul 70 k.c, 55 and 52 defeated by Caesar at Pharsalia, 48 b c and afterwards assassinated in Egypt. '' p6m-um, -i, N., an apple. pond-US, -eris, N., weight. pono, ponere, posai, positum, V. tr., place, put, lay down; castra ponere, to pitch a camp. pons, pontis, M., a bridge; pon- tem facere, to build a bridge (n t 5) - pontem dissolvere (n. t. 5) or pon- tem rescindere (0. iv, 19), to destroy a bridge •' p^PO^iti-fex, -ficls, M., high priest, ^u,"^;"^' "^' ^'^■' P^ntU8(on the Euxine or mack Sea) included Pontus Proper Cappadocia and Lithynia. ' populatio, -onis, P., devastation, ravaging. p6pul-or, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep., devastate, lav waste. uKSr-^"'^''p^°'''^'»''-p°p- port-a, -ae, F., gate, door. port-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., carry. ' porfcorl-um, i, N., toll, tax, duty. port-US, -us, M., port, harbor, a-Mtj. dv. (super), of mul- ; longre plurimum ir thu most powerful , -um, adj., superl. ol >.ofmultus(p. 57,4). N., drinking cup. \, compensation, pun- ; poenas dare, •e, poenas persol- i penalty, to Ije pun- sumere, to exact a ;ii ; poenam per- lie i)enalt.v (n. a. 1) , pi. M,, the I'oeni or poet. i, -itus sum, v. tr. I., Polybius, a Greek 220 K.c. to 12-.2 B.C. M., I'oiiipey ; Cneius a llonian general, il 70 B.C., 55 and 52, at Pharsalia, 48 B.C., isinated in Egypt. an apple. N., weight. posiii, positum, lay down ; castra camp. M., a bridge ; pon- ild a bridge (!*. r. 5) ; jre (N. T. 5) or pon- c. iv, 19), to destroy S, M., high priest. v.^bS,^SfaJ?P°«-— P.. PossessI.o,.6nis,F., possession. su^mf vll.l^-Jrtet''^"^^^'- P°««es '•'"'"> set possession of. posse, to ha'e ';?af'f "= °i"ltum -umpos3e.t^oh^a^Tve^--,K^^^^^^^ ^fof' S,r/e'rknno= ^°r!'"i "''*'' '«^^ afterwards; paucl's ri^«^°^'' ^ ^■^•''•• few days afterSl'(p 8-'l)''^ P°^*' ^ POStea, adv., aftem-ards Posteaquam.co„J., after that, after. ■•nrnSr:"fco^V"™'-'J.,..>efo,,ou. Postremus) • ;■ p^oste^rn^''^ ^""■• descendants. '* ' POS^er-i, -orum nnsfVis^ „,1- VOCABULARY. 461 prae-acutus a i-,^ j, enedattheend?Join,'e;"°'' "^^' '^'''^' praeb eo, -ero i-,? y* off«r, show, funJifh ' "^*"™' ^" *'•. ««v:S°-gS--sf-- joS1^f^P^^eciS^^^-'j•..head. hostes aWere n f, '• P^aecipites headlong (a^til) "^^ '^^ enemy Praecep-t'or,:t6ris,M., teacher, .praecep-tum ti v f u- vice, order, ccnmund' ' ^'-■'''°'""&. ad- ^i?S^l.?)Sa-,;C^,-eept- ".t'^^^ns^Sd^ -f «' -a^^-. -turn. V. ,^praeclpae. adv., especially, particu. descend heKS.°' '^'•' ^f^^'" ""■«. hereafter. -S:^^°',;K^-o-;;P6. wh^enlp^Sfs™-/'^- '-^fter that, after, postremo, ad,., at last, finally POSt?/S-S. -• -m. adj. (see 'lay (c. V, 10). mane, early „ext POStulat-um, -i, N., ciemand postul-o, -arp .«^Tf f.,- a«k, den,a„„; r^li^st^^ir^tfe;.!''- Poten-8, -tis, adj., powerful. ^I^potenti-a, -ae, F., power. n>ight, in- 0P?orStr' "^*'"' '•■ •'°^^'«^^' '"'■fc-'-n imFsesin.f' 7"i' "^'"^"S sum, V. den -ret sr';^«?5;;:';:rr^-y^'^-- V^^Xf^^^r -P-'- Chiefly ,,,,9°""S' ^^J^'. rather. i,refprab!v •„ !■■ '•'■ PuLiBsimum ; no positi" " ' '"' wiR'S^S ''"•^- '" -"P-'-n Prae.crpa.u8..a,-um,adj.,espedal. tin?;.trcS^"-"'^' -^- -""^. adj.. dis- Prae-co, -conis. m., ^ herald, crier I ''Pfore, outstri,, ^^"^- '• '"f-. run praed-_a,-ae.F.,booty,p,u,„er. Catum, V. tr., proclaim, Ix.ast' ''^^" t^^^X;^^-' -d-r. -dic- P. W."^ e'ndo^eAvir' ''^'^" ^'''''^ ^"^^' tim?^?ae'd^S 'ieVVr."'" = ^^''i- (N. T. 2). ''"""6=' sea rubhers, pirates trS^e^,e.-^^^,K--"^"- ^^Praefect-US. -f, J,., a„ ofllJe'r, over- v.?r:f^fb"e?ArefSV-'"^''-^^t"»^. v.'^!'S^°i;?^S?--ffeI. -factum, (P-278, C.). ' P"" '" fo'i'inand of praeflxus.-seepraeflgo. Praeliumrseeproelium. ir- i6S VOCABULAHV. ! ; I'M praemfum, -i, N., reward. trSSt''^' •^'■«' -^^'' ■at"^^. V. a^^w^^^'^O' -scribere, -scripsl. ■ScHptum, V. tr.. order, direct, com: str^ucUorr^^P^-""^' •'"' ^^' -'^-. i- praesen-s, -tis, mlj., at hand, present. praesenti-a, -ae, F., uresenr.. • in present (n. t. 8); in praesentiarum (-in praesentia rerum), for tf^ present (n. h. 6). "^^ ""v. 'or me praesertim, adv., especially. praesidi-um, -i, N., g-uard. defence garrison ; praesidio nivibiis esse to guard the ships (c. v, 9" ^^®' «tPL^^f^°' /Stare, -stiti, -stitum stand be ore. show; perforni, make ™a fi^niri?;.^- 10) ; Praestare ceteros impera,tores, to surpass the other fZ'TtTt ";.^): ofecium prae- Stare, to fulfil a duty (c. iv 25) ^ ° da?ivrD^!^-T'm®?^®' -^^V^- '»*r ("i'h of- a.fr'v^rU;:.^)' '6 over, have command to'hn?H fh™^® imperii praeesse, tar^^lt the supreme conmiand (n. t. 4) • tantis rebus praeesse, to have n«3-i^'"'^ important matfers V. as) Ka'tSr^r^sr' *° '"" ^*"^*-'^ °^ praetere-a, adv., besides. praeteri-tus, -ta, -turn, adj naaf • tempus praeteritumVpast t^ne*! ' praeter-mitto, -mittere .mi«i -missum, V. tr., letpTss, ffiip.'"'^'' beS*®'''^''^™' ''^'■' ^'''^^P'- "^««^de^. praeter-vehor. -vehi -veof-na praet6rl-u8, -a. -iim. odi of or ' Conors praetoria, the general's body ! nenYn;» ^°^'^. Pi'aetorla, the gate near tlie general a tent. niSf^""'^' '^®' ^^- "'^°ffl^'« of con.. prae-video, videre. -vidf, ■ Visum, against. "''*''"''■■' ^" ^'^''^ precautions prat-um, -i, N., meadow. gen. sing.) ; pi. preces, precum, etc.; F., prayer, re(|uest (p. 240r(2)). ■hlnti^"v°tV -^.endere, -hendi, nensum, v. tr., seize, grasj., snaK'h. um^'t")?' P^ei^ere, pressi, press- um, \. ti., press, harass, crush. nSr®v"H°'P^®"^^r^'P^endi,pren3- um, V. tr. ; sec preliendo. preti-um, -i, N., price, value • im- 6^"f?)^''®''°' ''' ""' extravngant price see pre^'i.^^^^^^^' ^' «"I'Posed form ; pridie, adv., the day before. primo, adv., at first. nl^.p'^yii^' '""'';■• '^''"^'J'' i" the first nn l^ ^v/ Pl"imum, as soon as ; quum pnmum, as soon as possible • S'^sll)"'"'"^ Primum, as^oon as prim-us, -a, -um, adj., sup. of the comp., prior, no positive (p m 'M prima luce, at daybreak; prima nocte, at nightfall ; primum agmen the vanguard ; m primis, especially. chfeuSf' -^'P^^' ''■' ^'"^^ »-"' ity^ iS^ii;:^"' -^^' ^- ^»'-' -thor- princlpi-um, -i, N., beginning. prior, prius, adj., comp. (nn positive- Zus.^""'"^^^*- '''• ^^' ^onLrXl- pristin-us, -a, -um, adj., old, former. fM?^^"P', ''''^'■•' ''"fo''^. sooner, earlier- followed by quam and often wri t,-,; )ore' liC^Zr^'' Priusquam, be- conj., before, sooner fore, before that. priusquam, than (p. 2'J!), 8). ^^^privatim, adv., privately, individ.i- privat-us, -a, -um, adj., private. de?"^:°' •^''®' •^^^"' -^t""!. V. tr.. lX«'. T^- -^"''"' ''^'•>' "' ^ront of, before; for, m proportion to; pro praetorla, the irate tfiit. i, F., the office of coni- Idere.vfdi, visum, to take picicau lions , meadow. im, adj., crooked, ill- 1. precS (no rioni. or Bces, precum, etc.; (p. 240, (■>)). hendei-e, -hendi, 'eize, jfras]!, siiat(;h. ire, pressi, press- larass, crush. ere,prendi,prens- ehendo. r., price, value ; im- an extravngaiit price F., supposed form; day before. irst. firstly, in the first lum, as soon as ; an soon as possible ; imum, as soon as m, adj., sup. of the positive (j). ,')!), 2 ;) daybreak ; prima pnmum agmen, 'imis, especially. is, M., chief man, s, M., chief author- N., beginning-. ,comp. (mo positive; )i 2) ; former, pre- aa, adj., old, former. re, sooner, earliei'; and often written priusquam, be- j., before, sooner >rivately, individii- a. adj., private. i, -atum, V. tr., 'hi.), in front of, jortion to ; pro iWerlto eius .as v,» ^ pro tempore etnro,f''''^' ^"^- '' ■*): thne and the comrnV" ^^/ ^*""^'' '" 'ho minus probafiia I '^•'^l'I"'°^e of; than he o, <7ht to ,?p T '"'''''J'^''*'''''- '>• (v. T. 1). ^ "' '" '^e ; hence, displeasing' Pr6b-us,.a,.um,adj.,good uK^^^-.S^e.-eessi;.eess. Pro.cer.us..a,.un,,adj.,'tall,hi,h. tr?sh°oSX-,^:-^re,.avi,.atum.v co^s^id'-'^^rfe^^i;!' .-^onsulis, M., p.o. the ffov'en me, rof"^",'" '"?"' «""«"" •'"« to ;ii,n. ""^ °f * provmce entrusted VOCABULArn-, 463 Procu], adv., afar, at a distance. c^a^K^W^^^ao---^. hc^?i;^K;f-;,;f-'.atum,v.tr., haste., foiw"!^."""' '•""'■•• ••"«hforwa.-d, . prod eo, -ire -fvi / ?,-^ -^ 'nf.. Ko forward a•"'?; hattle(N ,, 5)^^ Proeimm, enticed to I Srfr'°'';'^"'°'-''^''^''Mndeed. trn^?^;.;S/:^;e.„im^iatum, . v.raa:e;^&--'^Ci;.|ectum, fectum arbitratncf i; ■''P'.*'^ P™" -.oughhadb°Sn^'(c"v'1i;;^' ">''^ stS^fSn^p„3S^K;pa;^ctus v-??^S!S^e2*S^;,;f-- sum, str?^'e°t^o'^h°e S,;^^,;^*""^- - ^^- throw. b'ound, Vanquish, over- Pro-fugr-us, -f, M., dcso,ter, exile ^,.Pro-g„at.us. -a, -urn, adj., sprung |roeli.or,-ari,atussum,v.int,-.. «-U4taSlfc,^.P- not ■um, adj.. pro-fanus, -a, aured, profane. 8et^,>,totf '^•^' °"i«' F- '-* departure. ^5f|!5r: ad-Si ^es^S t^^^^olJSS^-^SSt^^^^- tr:^l^u^;SS^;,;!^«^'-iectum.v. Pro-inde, adv., henceforth, therefore ttS^T^!^;?f°3'--6vi,.m6. prompt-US, -a, -urn, adj., readv. Jne, adv., headlong, leaning for- ^r^^^;^^.:^X^' -turn, V. exE^^8:-o, -are. avi. -atum, v. tr., '•f:S^Sus;--:,-Sim^-= StK^f:^lr^iS?pn;^^l„h?"^ , propere, r.dv • ' ' haste. quickly, speedHy, in -S ine^^r.£^i^tS^- -*un.. v. tr. 464 VOCABULARY. viS?ffi^^-^"«. ^- nearness. . propinquo, -are, -avi. .n£^(wuh dative, -ccne^' •atum, V. near, ap- nocte prMi: Iast'ni.ft!^°^*^"« • propms: see prope, and propior Krom^hi'''°P°?.«''®' *° hoist the nag from the Reiieral's tent (praetori- um) as a signal for beginning a battle " vrS/"'T^°''' ■■^°'''^' *^-. the pro- S|ier^ -r S^rs^.;^ .^ ^^^JtSlSvbicri^S^r'"?'""''- paSat^ecuL:"'""^'^^-^-'— . ofS°c?SuS [:? "^ -''■>' - ~t ..P^'oPterea, adv., for this reason therefore; propterea quod, because' prKPoll.^"^°"^-"^' ■^"' N.. defence. tr.^fif hr^°-°' •^^«' ■^^^"- -atum. V. propuls-o, -are, -avi, -atum v tr., drive off, ward off, repel. ' ' pror-a, -ae. F., prow. after, follow, attend. ' ^^- '°"°''' pro-spec-tus, -tus, M.. view, sight. prosper-us, a, -um.adj., fortunate. Pi'ospicio,-spicere,-8pexi -qnpio turn, V. tr.. look forward, talTecare^^" J .ifi: 1' ;• ^*^'^' '"^ °f benefit to. benefit (with dative, p. 279, 9). ' "'''"^"'' . protinus, adv., at onrp fr>i-f»„.;n, immediately ;' ex hac fi^ga protinua immediately after this deffat (a v, 17) ^* pro-veho, -vehere, -vexT ' -vfir> a^rg:;■oa^s\•^-^>-°-^^=^"^-^^^^^^^ v.?r?Se° ta\?Sf: ■^^"^'"' ■^^"^""^• pro-vid-us, -a, -um, adj., foreseeing, provinci-a, -ae, F., province. pro-voc-o. -are, -avi, -atum, v tr., challenge, summon. ' proxlme : see prope. proximua: see propior see^nj^®"-^' •"«' ''''J- Prudent, fore- ehfeSfs^."-^' ■^«- ^- '"--eBignt. «"rdr'etS'd Wm'." "" ""^" '^"'»""' Bfa^J:^^"°®' *^^' 'n the name of the state, as a state; publico n,it-o«*- they, as a state, consider (c.^v P^'^nt, wealth /•.> O'jia.P ^J?^' the coiiimon- apuWii'plfn'^' P"^^'°° ^°"«i"o. ^^^ s5Sk,""'^' "'"• ^^- ''"'^""^= ««« RufUs, pud-efc, -ere, -uit (or .ituin eat^ V. imp.. It causes shame (p. 165, i" ^'' pud-or, -oris, M., shame. piiella, -ae, F., girl. ioH""®^iJ^"' ^^- child, boy nuern. ianua, the porter (n. h. 12). P"®ra Pueril-is, -e, adj., of a child or bov • o^fto^oS"'-^^^^- ''' ^*-- of"c1in^h'o^' piieru-lus, -II, M., a mere boy. Pug-na, -nae, F., fight, combat. h.?r."!gr: aSerlSna"t1frest- beSfS'''' •'=^^' •^h^"'"' ?dj.. pulv-is, eris, M., dust. pu^Eh."^°' •'"^^- ■^^^"> -"«m. V. tr., PUppis, -is, F., stern of a vessel. purg-o, -are, -avi, -atum v tr clear, make clear, free rom blame •' ani purgandi causa, for the pZo'sf o clearing themselves (c. iv, l.'j). P"^P°^^ °' thlJl?*;°' "^''®' rS'^J' -atum, v. tr think, fancy, consider. •' Pydna, -ae, F., Pydna, a town of Macedonia near the Thermaic Gulf where llsSjof'^'"' /'^^*^^^*"! Perseus thi last king of Macedonia, 168 B.C. frifnWSstr- '"' ^^'^^^' '^«-«'^. Pyrenae-us, -a, -um. adj,. usuallv P^rellees^'-' ^^''^^^ei moi^tes! th'e > prope. Be propior. 8. ai montes, the VOCABULAHY. Italy. 275 B.C "°""'"« -^''^ driven fro.n ess^^f ^teph^®' ^V i\« Pythm. or priest- Delphi was 'pytho "°'""'" '""'"^ '"'• Q. Q- = Qulntus (which see) orro?Sifo?-<5-iYr2^]^-'''--- orTr^c^tlJ.I?:^'^^;^^;.- Whatever way quadraginta, num. card. adj. fort\- qua^e^si^Sin.'i^trfrel; ,ol"f"«^^J' enquire. ' ^"' '°°^ ^o''. ask, ti(,S'"°' -«"is-^-. enquiry, inves- qua^rs"*^r;e'*^,^fe,.f : T'''"'- the quaest-us, -us, M., gain, profit. ?"!'^'^'-^''*"j-°f^^ hat sort or kind. joined with prins nn=t "^ = "^^"^^" quam, postquam. ^°^*' '^ P"^^" quamdiu, adv., as Ion" as wh^erS^^^'^r ' "'"■ '"'•""^■■'^'^ — '. ^.o^4\^^^,l^d^^,-^-'l;;*h-s»'.aithough, (p'^W «""n;,»*!"-. '^°"^^' although how few (p.^3oS ^''"°'' "^* "'"'"^•• quando, interrog. adv whpn?- ,.„1 adv., when, wlienev4 "'^•' ^^"^n?, rel. (p. 105, 4). • • • so , tne . . , th( quantum (ace. of ouantne^ n^, how much, how far. a., fT m ^^' '^'■' 465 t5S"a^S^;,^-'^avis, quan- for^e.^why! ""'-■'•'■"*''• •^»J' '•adv.,where- fo?«r"*"^'-*^'-*""^-°«J—>«.adJ.. quasi, con j., as if. quattaor, card. num. adj., four foK"""'''*^^*"^' «^"'•'J- "'"". 'adj., to i. ; .-Wmllv^o^^r;rrd''ot;r clause or to the word it "m',;!^ *'" wa^hoT''"^"^"'^' -'-. '■" Which so that he ( ,"i88 i^"";;V"<''- ,'?*' ')• wherewith (.V. a. 3). • ^"^' '"^" "''^ »'''•. quicquam: 8eequisquam(p.i3'' 3) quodc"u"m"^Srin3cr,L^"^,Q"e: whatever(p. ii!o, 9) ''°-' whoe\er, qu^Sm,- ^.Tf^^pr • ?"°f ^^"^ - pi., some, certain? ^ ' '^ ''''''*''"' ""e; qSr'-l:;;.^[-^.^,|east:^.^. -J^.wayspla^^i„At„^hat. qmes..eti8,R. rest, repose, quiet. that(n 188 m- „ff "^^ ,"' suspicion, '■"'-'. etc., transhted bv r^"'" '^f Prevent: in ■>"!; (P 18", 2 nn.o( "'" '"•'^'^ ^^rbals i-'t'^enorji^o^w^f^^^'^Quod.nam, (P-12VJ,note)."""'^'"'^^-' ^^ho, thenV quindecim, card. num. adj , fifteen fl^? h!mE*-'' -^^' -^' ''''■''■ "»"'• -ij-i quinquaginta, card. num. adj.,flftv. qumque, cai.l. „„„1. adj., five ^.^qumt-us, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., Quint-US, -i. M., Quintus : see Atri- m m i VOCARrLARV. i(i quia, quae or qua, quid or quod, interroitr., who? ^ ^' '^' '^* quisnam, quaGnam, quldnam i»l rrog. ,„0., ul,,., , ty y (p. H:" "r™.' quisplam quaeplam, quod- n,?a"i?^"'^°^!^ quaequam, qulc- K^ ?,J,?"'dquam, in.lff. "pro" any o er K ^^' ^^^"-^^ qulsquam .,o- ouSm®' j^lV^^Q"®' ^"idque or quoaque, uidef. pro., tauh. everv every one; with superlaMves u sin/' all : optimus quisque, all the best «,?i'i*®'^^U^' Quaequaeor quaana S,^idquid. quicquid or quoaquod: indef. rel. pro., whoever, whatever quivls, quaevis, quldvis or Sesrs-. '""'^'- p^«- ->■ -- yo^i place, 10 any point, any wher" ' ^ quo (abl. of qui), final conj., used with coinparative.s followed by subiunc tive; in order that (p. 183. f.). """•'""'- quoad, adv. (with indio. in Caesar) onnfl^ir- ""/^'' *'" ' quoad SUbsido egerunt, till the cavalry tnistinK- in the reserves drove, as they did the enemy headlong- (c. v, 17). ' /■wfth^*^'- I""-*-' '"'<'a"se, inasmuch as ^^ilV"^'*- ■* "^ O"" subjunctive, p. 297, HY E^O-Pterea quod, 'because ; quod mat (with the indicative, p. 203, 2). quominus, conj., that not; often est translated by /voir after verbs of 1 h vpl.?,?i '''■«^'«.'^'n*?. etc., with an Kng- iich verlial noun m -iiif) (p. ig,"., 2). ^^quondam, adv., once, formerly, some be^a^use^'Rs)":""^- ''"''' ''"'"^ *''"'• 'vtf >?^®,' '^^- (following the emphatic ■vora of a clause), also, too. nr3^Ph '"(lecl. adj., how many? often oorrelatwe of tot; tot...qAot. a^ quotannis, adv., yearly, every year. ev?ry%f^"-"^' *• -""^' «^J., daily. tlS'ie?"^''®' "''''■' ''''^'^ ^*^' ^^^^ °°- quoties, adv., how often?; often cor- rs'Xn;:s.'°*^^"=*°"««-q"o"«8. so?v'.!?is"X!.",;.s?"^' ''"^- ^""^^ '■»- iH^i . . quota hora est ', wluit hour is quum : see cum (p. 203). radix, -icis, F., root; montla radices, the foot of a mountain shaff °' ^^^^''®' ^^si, rasum, v. tr., ramus, -mi, M., branch, bough, ra-na, -nae, F., frog. rapidus, a, -urn, arlj., swift, quick. roSy"'^' "^®' ^" ^°°^y' Pl""'^"' rapio rapere, rapfli, raptum, v. tr., snatch, seize, hurry ofT. . rar-us, ■&, -urn, adj., few, scattered, in small parties. ratio, -onis, F., reckoning, calcula- tion, account; rationem inire, to form a plan (x. n. lo) ; ratio atque usus belli, the theory and practice of war=the systematic practice of war Ik '^' ,1); eqaestris proelii ratio, the style of the cavalry battle (c. v. IG) ■ ratio pontis, the plan of the bridge (L'- IV, 1"); reimilitaris ratio, niili- tary science (c. iv, 23). rat-is, -is, F., raft. ra-tus, pcrf. part, of dep. reor which see. "^ ' Raur6c-i, -drum, pi. Jr., theRauraci, a people of the Upper Rhine (near the modern Basle). re, red, an inseparable particle used in composition, again, back. rebellio, -onis, F., renewal of war, uprising ; rebellions facta, by a re' newal of the war (c. iv, 30). r6bell o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., renew the war. r§-cedo, cedere, -cessi, -cess- um, V. intr., go back, withdraw. recen-s, -tis, adj., fresh, late, recent. re-cep-tus, -tus, M., retreat; ex- ■&, -urn, adj., f a mountain. •asi, rasum, v. tr, , branch, hoiiffh. frotf. ;is, P., swiftness, m, adj., swift, quick. ''., booty, plunder, 'apini, raptum, v. rry off. adj., few, scattered, reckoning, calcula- ionem inire, to 10) ; ratio atque ory and practice of " pra(!tice of war is proelii ratio, ry battle (c. v, 1«) ; plan of the brid^'e taris ratio, mili- t. of dep. reor, . pi. M.,theRauraci, ■r Rhine (near the ible particle used in ick. F., renewal of war, 3 facta, by a re- , 30). vi, -atum, v. ir., i, -cessi, -cess- withdraw. fresh, late, recent. M., retreat; ex- VOr,\ni!KAJ(V. Pedftus receptua 'ffreal (c. iv, ;j;t). ^' convenient V. trSM^rSj^^f Pi. •^^Pt"'". recipere. tot I'ke .n wl'".' '"Adem ". T. «), or to reeei , i '.'-'''.'''■°'^''''''» tbe Hijriu (c. iv -^w'®,' '"/"'over fr„n, recipere.^o'a7l„lI,'to^f.SSr^"^ react abid!' '^""^' •^^'' -atum. ;. tr. "'aSS,:^''®' -^^^' -^tuni. V. tr. rec^lKi°^: ■^""' •^*"^ «Um, V. tr., recte, adv., rijfhtly, rrcu?AV'°''''''J-'^''-'^'»''ht,r.-,ht. quui orquoiiin"u8(p!'^,'^;?fi;;«l ^y whett)^' '^^' ^- * ^afe'gon (with four red-do, -dere -dMi /i-* K-vj back, restore remtV^fL'"™.' ^'^ *'•.. reddere ci vltatem v/®''°''.'orem «tateniorewarlik^K'of '''""'" «i'e . f^-eo, -ire, -i vi (nr Xi\ -^ 'ntr., go back, return • DGonn'i*"'"' '• ex metallis redibit Vi?'^ ^"^^ wh.chcan,cinfro.!?RinestT'"r'^' trT redfc°e: ''&'■ •^V,;^^!"'»- '-• ores inflrmioresaLm ^i*? humili- they reduced them to !fiede?erunt, ■•"Portance and Zngth (cTv 3 '""' '^^ v.t?.!^i?rbk;rpt^'hri.-emptun.. v.'f.^S^^.^:^,e^'e. -avi, -atuu.. redi-tus, -tus, M.. return. tumTt?.:i;^§ll^- duxi, -due- to retuA; thlUsfgffim^^f ferre, ..ped^r«--SS(c'^.. I ^^£^»-SJeS.'1^0): v-t'Sr.^^r^- -feci, .fectum: I 46; ffi° if^,..;?:-te,-n^. the dpr^SsV^A o'^re';;!!; V"''>' '">-' = classiarll re» h.?",'"'"'"'' I'«'"''f; re^ante:^^;i--K;;;...e;^Xe,.xe !.'fL"''™:;"'"' ^- '<'"*rdon,. I'ectum, V. tr., rufe^^°' ^'«erere, rex re-grijdror, -a-rfirlf ~«„ sum, V. del., intr n ft„ „V .if^esaus [ rac^,-, • '^''''^^"t- withdraw. «cr';SfV^;,-°af^^ re!i,do„. reh-,io fe'ion; mkiorerteone with "^ '■^•"• nanct ty (.s , Hr.fiY."^' '"th greater pediri. to L kmSlTY'^'^f- ?™- scruples (c. v, 6). "'1"^"'"' ''y religious relIqui.ae,.arum,pi.,,,ro,nainder. ttS-rr'a?"fe,-iiqui,.iic. hind; relinquebatur "it"' i^'^ ''," course left was that ((•^.yii^.^' '^« «"'^ -S-S^^-„;^^S!awa^-«i. remex, .igis,M.,arower. ^^rem-igr-o. -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., recall. ' *^" •''^^' ')> rt'iiieniher, remiSfoSs fri-^??HH"'^-' ':^'»«^' ^ cold is less iEe^^^.^^^^'^^- «'"«e the ■niisT, -mis- retreat, escape v^anS^^1ieJ^^.;fu8l- . escape. °r a^ity, reerin-a, -ae. P., q„een. regn-o. -onis. P., district, county; sum, v.t-., send ba.'k no'J.rv.«fn"t?.\-^°i\rstff''l"''^^'^^ weak. "etonie soft, become re-motus. -mots -i<=i<-.i,^, j, remote, far off — "'''^' «^otum, adj., re-mu8.-mi,M..oar. •^'"''°'' 468 VOCABULARY. Romunls"^' *"• *'•• '"'"""'• ^'""'^' of re£"^^'°' "^™- -^Vi. -atum. V. tr., rSpento, adv., suddpuly. petltum, V. tr, 8, fk ajfain, dentand. lnrr?c?;e?P^''^' ^«P«'' '-ePtum. v. (N H 7>f ' ''°'" '" '''^ treasury caS-K;°' ■^'•«' •^^■' -atum, V. t.... rSi: -P^^hensum, v. tr.. blSnf, tr.!t?e^.f °' -^r^' -^Vi. -atum, v. taris, i.uhtary science; res novae a ,,%%? ^^^1,^^'" ''•''f''' commonwealth ^n ZVl^^ "^^^1"«. a sacred rite (n i. /c'i^ ^7V^'U?®"^£"«" «"I'P'-*- °f corn (c! iv,'28) ^*®^"^' °" ^'^'^^^ t"'"8 sum, V. tr., cut down, destroy. re-scisco, -sciscere, -scivi for sen), scitum, V. tr., learn. ^ reaerv o, -are, -avi, -atum v tr keep, save, preserve. "'•'"m. v. tr., dJui'VTs' ,?»'?ff;„"'^hs,and (wi'th resistere, to halt on the march (c. v, re-spons-um, -i, N., answer, reply res-publlcA, rel-publlpno k ;/ deoIennloM, i> 2.i8) «/„?;,':,' ®' '^•,, state, coniriion wealth • capessere, to tuke iiiinistratiuii of public re, no perf., no sui. S(l'- 1^-', 4). '■' ItiV^re, -stltai, -sti- l>iiil(l, restore. , net. 're, tlnai. tentum, uiii, kuej) back. ■here, traxi, -trac- inwk, Havi', iireserve. k, backwai-ds. i pftrty to an action • n'lHoner. tere, -verti, -ver- atk, return. rti.reversussum, •avf, -atum, v. tr., ■I., king. The term to the two hiKhcst la^e by the Romans. !'■ Inllainiibal'sday L'Ifl no military com- I to the otHce'would he army (.n. n. T). I'eda (which see), tlio Rhine. M-, the Rhine. pl.,M.,theRliodians. thwlea, an island off I Jlmor. 'isi, -risum, v. tr. Ii at. mk. lighter. k. oak, strength. lim, adj., strong, -atum, V. tr.,ask. •iiie. m, adj., Roman. VOOAUUf.ARV. R6man-i.6rum,.V. pi, Romans -»!^an;i-Ae-r;;!-it."- roaa, .ae, K.,r,w. aw°^fS;.:^!;.i^;,;/-;^.['.o..oakor r6ta, -ae, R, wh..! 4(J9 intr., .Mm-eRubrum iheTted "s'^' ^' = I'"'''"'"'' ""t onVv'th li 'v ''''• '"'"'•'' '•''t«l«o,hel'ers!in<;ulf('s'',^:,7''"t''-''-' St™""''^"""'"'''''^'"'-''''''-^'- a^'..on.en;'see'Minuciua"l) "^ ^'"""'" bus ^erv'ire ^o be 'th ''!'" ^' = ''"'"«'•i- ('■• iv, .--r): ®' """^ theslaveof idle tales rns'l?°' ^'■^^^«' '-'^i. riUum. v. i„tr.. rup-es. -Is, F., rock, cliff rursum, adv., hack again, anew, rursus : see rursum. toTf^^e^tow^^i^citv/oDniH,?' "^ "P'"'^^'' t'v'e), i„ the couiitr V • r,,;/"," ^'"l*- country; rua /n.rV.\' T .^' ''■°"' «fie (P.8a,3j. ^"''''■^' '° 'h« country S. . TiSS?^^/„;^ one':;l"?^'«= S'""tus tenants in Ga I I L „„ C'}«'?a'-« litn- treachery of AmbioHx, re. m''"'^''''^ chaKte- ■^"' ^- ^ --*" temple, asf,fo!^.'s^acV.a"Sru^' '^"'>' ^"-«d ^ sacrifice. ^' -O^^m, sacred rites, prS^I^^ «• ■"«. M- or F., priest or oaKte^«K7,-„^N.. the military chief obligations we ' '."''i'-^'- The the commander loyaltv to rh'^'""'" '« etc. ' '"J'^'ti to the country, 8acrarI.um,.i.N., chapel, shrine 8acn-nc:.uni,.i,N., sacrifice tr.!tac7iSce."°' '^''^' "^^i- -atum. v. ven^T.fH.^:|\'-- ""*'" : minlme sa^r^e, saepissime. '""''' «^^i^ius; sup,' saepgnumero, adv., frequently. saev-fo. ire, ivf, -Itum t'c cruel, rage, bo furious. ' eaev-us, -a. um, adj.. ,ruel, fierce, sagltta, ae, K. arrow saerittarius.i.M.. archer. Sajruntin i, orum ni m .i •"habitants of .Saguntum ' ' ""-' r®S.« .'••v:;-''8agi.nt.u«, '--^edUninni'':;;;;!'^ :'r '"' '•"'''• m?ni?T^'s„/" • •^■='«''<«cc. saift. '-a,rof Attica"'""" ' "" '«'""" "» the w'Um, V. tr., write, compose; legem scribere, draw up a law ; multimo- ais apud plerosque script um est, various accounts have been given in several writers (n. t. 10). scrip-tor, -toris, M., writer. scutum, -ti, N., a shield (of oblong shape, while the dipcus was round), se : see sui (p. 10.5, 6). se-cerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- tum., V. tr., separate. sec-o, -are, -ui, -turn, v. tr., cut. secreto, adv., apart, secretly. secre-tus, -ta, -turn, adj., seps-ite. secret, private. secundum, prep, (with ace), alon>' next to, according to. "' s6cund-us, -a, -um, adj., folic, ing. second, favorable. secur-is, -is, F., axe. secius, adv., (comp. of secus); nlhilo secius, less by nothing, ne\ er- secus, adv., otherwise, differently. sed, coiij.,but, yet. sedecim, card. num. adj., sixteen. sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, V. intr., sit, be encamped, settle. sed-es, -is, F.,seat, abode, settlement. sed-iti-o, -onis, F., dissension, dis- cord. seges, -etis, F., crop, harvest. Segontiaci, -orum, .V,, pi., the Segoiiliaci, a British tribe belonging to Ifimpshiro. Segova-X, -cis, M., Segovax, one of the petty princes of Kent (c. v, -li). segreg-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., separate, remove. se-iungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunc- tum, v. tr., divide, separate. sell-a, -ae, F., seat, chair. semel, num. adv., once, once for all ; non semel, notoncc, i.e. several times-' semel atque iterum, once and again, repeatedly. se-men, -minis, N., seed. sement-is, -is, F., a sowing. semit-a, -ae, F., a path. semper, adv., always. Semproni-us, -i, M., Sempronius; (1) Tiberius Sempronius Longus, consul 218 li.c, along with Seipio; (2) Tiberius Sempronius Graechus, consul 215-213 killed in Lucania in 212 li.c. senator, toris, M., a senator. » sena-tus, -tus M., senate. senec-tus, -tutis, F., old age. senex, -is, M., an old man (p. 46). sen-i, -ae, -a, distrib., num. adj., SIX each, six a piece. ^J"'^"?^.' PF^^ (^'"'"P- of senex, p. 58, note), older. sen P'TS,-sus,M., feeling, disposition, sentent-ia, -iae, F. , opinion, decision. sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, v. tr., think, know, observe. se-paro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., separate. sepel-io, -ire, -ivi, sepultum, bury. sep-es, -is, F., hedge. sep-io, -ire, sepsi, septum, v. tr., enclose, surround, encircle. septem, card. num. adj., seven. septentrion-es, um, the Seven stars, the constellation of the Great Bear (Ursa ,M,ior); hence, the North ; vergit VOCAJIULARY. 471 rise, differently. 11. adj., sixteen, sedi, sessum, ed, settle, abode, settlement. '., dis.scnsion, dis- •op, harvest. im, M., pi., the ribe beloii<;injf to ., Scffovax, one of nt (f. V, 2i). vl, atum, V. ti-., e, -iunxi, -iunc- larate. chair. nee, onee for all ; i.e. several times; Q, once and ajjain, , seed. a sowing. )ath. •8. M., Sempronius; 9 Longns, consul ijiio; (2) Tiberius consul 215-213, B.C. , a senator, senate. ''., old age. Id man (p. 46). ;rib., num. adj., lip. of senex, sling, disposition. ojiinion, decision. 3ns!, sensum, r\e. i, -atum, V. tr., i. sepultum, septum, V. tr., If. idj., seven. ini, the Seven F the Great Bear North ; vergit ad septentriones, U, faces the North, has a northern exiwsure ^c. iv, -.'(i), septim-us, -a, seventh. septingent-i, ae, adj., seven hundred. septuaginta, seventy. -urn, ord. num. adj., -a, card. ninn. card. num. adj., sepulchr-um (or sepulcrum) i N., tomlj, sepulchre, "'^i'"^^'^"™^' i- Sequani, -orum. pi. jr., the hcquani, a people of (iallia C'eltiea. Their chief town was Vesontio (fJosanron). nufX^^' J^^"^^' secutus (or se- quutus) sum, v. tr. dep., follow seonfiU^^f.'^^ commutationem ^^ V l^"?; ^"""«•'.'if.' tlie turn of the tide t\\\tA Caesans fldem sequi, to be lo,\ al to Caesar (o. v, 20). s„PpTh"^n' -^onis, M., talk, language, sofv^l^anf ^^^' ^^^^"' «^*^^- '■ tr- sero, serSre, serui, sertum, v tr., sew, stitch together. '=*''""^> sero, adv., late, too late. serpen-s, -tte-, v., snaVe, serpent. "ervil-is, -e, adj,, slavish, servile. Serviirus, -i, .M., Servilius ; Cneius hervilius Geminus who was c nsul '^17 B.C., and slain at Civ.niae, 21(j .,.( sery-io, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, v. intr.. L"r!.H'^1=VP- ^ ' **• ^^' '"^ "^ «'"^-^ *"' '-advance amicis fH,maeque Servians, advan- cmg the interests of his friends and his own reimtation (.n. t. 1); rumoribus servire, to be the slave of idle reports (C. IV, ,')). ' j^servi-tus, -tutis, F., slavery, servi- serv-o, -are, avi, -atum, v. tr., Ktep, save, p-eserve ; servare ordines to keei) the ranks (c. iv, 26). "'"«a serv-US, -1,51., slave. sese, reduplicated form of se (see sesterti-us, -i, M., a sestertius- a coin worth originally 2,^ asses, or about i 1 1 c CjC 11 lS, sevoc-o, call aside. seu : see sive. sexaginta, ™rd. num. adj., sixtj-. sex'-enti, -ae, -a, raiYl, num. adl., Si, conj., if, whether. sic, adv., thus, in this manner. -are, -avi, atum, v. tr., siccit-as, -atis, F., dryness, drought, sicc-us, -a, -um, adj., dry. Sicili-a, -ae, F., siciiy. Sic-ut, adv., so as, just as, as, as if. Sid-US, -eris, N., star, constellation tr^Sf'° °' ^^®' -«-vi' -^^nm, v. ti . y llltilll, 8ign-um, -i, N., sign, mark • siffna militaria, military standar.ls (J. fvfiof silenti-um,-i,N., silence. Silen-us, -i, M., Silenus, a Greek his- torian who was ill the camp of Hannibal an.l wrote a history of liis wars. silv-a, -ae, F., wood, forest. silvestris, -e, adj., wooJ., pool, pond, nstantly, at once, ?'., outpost, picket, e esse, to he on in stationlbus stationem sue- eir place on jjuard ■m, -Utum, V. tr., 5lve. height, size. ar. [, N., pay, tax, statum, V. intr., tl., noiss, (iin. struxi, sti'uct- ii, no sup., V. intr. ), he eager about, 3U3 studere, to 1 the government gerly, zealously. zeal, devotion. hly. , foolishness. , adj., foolish. "6. suasT, 8ua- inend, advise (with . andabl.,p.222,2), just before, at the itra, on the left la, at the time of V, 13). re, duxi, due- 3n shore ; navem !h a ship (c. v, 11), S, F., drawing up essel. [or -ii), -itum, V. I, enter; suflFer. re, -fodi, fos- )ni beneath. iecl, -iectum, v. o ; hiemi navl- ■e, to expose his '.c, to run the risk . fv, 36). •um (perf. part. |., adjuoeiil, near; islands lying near 473 siSb-rgo, -Igr6re, -egi, -actum, v. tr., subdue, conquer. SubitO, adv., suddenly, quickly re»^v5.'^^^°' ■^''®' '^^^- ■^^'^^' '-■ f- sub-ministr-o, -are, -avi, -atum, V. tr., supply, provide. ' «n,!^^;™.'"°' ■'"'"ere, -misi, -mis- aum, V. tr., send secretly. subm6veo,-m6vere,-m6vi,-m6- tum, V. tr., dislodge, draw off sub-ci.es, -oils, F., posterity, race. sub-ruo, ;ruere, -rui, -rutum, V. tr., undermine. subsequor, -s6qui, -secutus (or -sgquutus) sum, v. tr. dep., follow closely, follow. 8ub-sidi-um, -i, N., auxiliary trooiis- reserve, aul ; ad omnes casus sub- sidia componere, to make provision for all emergencies (c. iv, 31). 8ub-8isto, -sistere, -stiti, no sup. V. intr., halt, make a stand; neoue ancorae funesque siibsistunt, neither the anchors nor the cables hold out (c. V, 10). .u^^'^:^"™' ^®S8e, -fui, V. intr., be at the bottom ; dolus subest, there is deceit at the bottom (n. t, 4); aequi- noctium subest, the equinox is at hand (c. v, 23). subter, prep, (with ace. and abl p. 222 2), below, beneath, underneath! ' L> by. ' sub-venio, -venire, -veni, -ven- tum, V. intr. (with dat., p. 278, 3), come to one said, help. sue cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum, v. intr., approach, t.-ke the itlace of ; ad alteram partem Ubil suc- cedunt, the Ubii border on them on one 8i(ie(c. iv, 3); ad Stationem succe- dere, to take their place on guard (c. iv, suc-cendo, -cendere, -cendi, ■censum, v. tr., kindle. suc-censeo, -censere, -censQi ■censum, v. intr., be angry with (dat.). suc-cido, -cidere, •cidi,*cisum, V. tr., cut down. suc-cumbo, -cumbere, ciibiii, •cubitum, V. intr. (with dat.), submit to. bow the knee to. sud-es, -is, F., stake, sud-or, -oris, M., sweat. Sueb-i, -oruni, M., pi., the Suebi a poj.ulous tribe of (ierniany consisttnL; of .several smaller tribes. The name st. exists in the modern Suabia! suf-fero, -ferre, sustilli snh latum, v. tr., bear, endure ' "°" V ^I:^^^n^^°V"^^°^^®' -feci, fectum, Pnn«, ?'-o^i'^'"i''''^'^ °f °"« deceased- consul suffectus, one elected consu to serve out t_he unexpired time of a ccn sul who had died in office. ' " l<- " suf-fragi-um, -i, N., vote; testu. arum suffrages, by the votes of the lues. I.e., by ostracism (s. t. 8). Sugambr-i, -orum, pi. si., the Sugambn a German tribe ^in Caesar's oy^JShZ"'*'"""'"'""""^'"^''^^ sui, reflex, pro. itself (p. 105, (J). n n""«^;, '^^' ^^' S""a,: Lucius Cor- ncli s .Sulla, the great dictator, supporter wn, nf .h''^'"'"'^''' ■*' '"' opponent Marius «as of the democracy. He lived b.c. 138 CO 7o B.C. Sulm-o, -onis, M., Sulmo, a town A. E. of Rome, the birthplace of Ovid, the Latin poet. ' P„^r^P''I^V".^! ■'"• ^^' Sulpicius: (1) Piiblius Sulpicuis Galba, con,sul 211 b c 200 n.c. (2) Sulpicius Blitho, a Roman Hn n«""' ^' '/• ^'■^^' <^^ I'ublius Sulpicius Kuf^us a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul (c. of himself, herself. suc-curro, -currSre, curri, -cur- sum, V. intr., (with dat., p. 278, 3), help. sum, esse, fai, v. intr., (p. 261), be. summa, -ae, F., total, whole ; gen- eral administration, control; summae imperil praesse, to hold the «unrei >e command (.n. t. 4); summam im- perii ad eum deferre, to confer on him the supreme command (n. n 3) • do summa imperii dimicare, to fight for supremacy (n. h. 8) ; summa im- penibelllque administrandi per, missa, the supreme comniand in con. ducting the war being entrusted (c. v, summoveo : see submoveo. summus, -ma, -mum, adj., high- est, greatest, very trreat, chief fsupcr! r.f superus) ; summus mons, the top of the mountain ; summa amphora, the top of a jar (n. ii. o) ; summa res, a most important matter (c. iv, ,"■,) 474 VOCAUULAHY. sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sump- tum, V. tr., take, assuiiii; ; poenas sumere, to exact a penalty. sumptuos-us, -a, -um, adj., costly. SUmp-tus, -tus, M., expense. super, prep, (with ace. and abl., p. 222, 2), above. Stiperbe, adv., proudly, haughtily. Stiperb-us, a, -um, adj., proud, haughty. siiperior, -is (comp. of superus), higher, previous ; nocte superiore, on the previ«^ taurus, -i, M., bull. Taximag-iil-us, -i, M., Taximagulns one of the petty kings of Kent (c v, 22)! ' Tectosag-es, -um, M., the Teoto- sages, a division of the Volcae, who lived in the western part of the Reman province ?'o&).^''^"-^'^P"'''^-Tolo'-C.ow tect-um, -i, N., house. tegimentum, -i, N., covering. tego, tggere, taxi, tectum, v. tr cover, protect. ' tel-um, i, N., weapon, dart. inSef "'-^^' -^' ■"'"■ -'^i' -h, pu*rSffc^iv'.%."* ''^"''°'"' ^"»'°"<^ - tSmertt-as, -atis, F., rashness. tem-O, -onis, M., pole (of a chariot). niodeS^""-^' -^^- ^- ««"--«"trol. temperat-us, -a, -um, adj., tem- ?w„''r'''*,' ^"'^^ sunt'tempera- tiora, the chmate is milder (c. v, 12). temper-p, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr. ana intr with ace, rule, manage ; with dat., restrain. tempes-tas. tatis, F., weather storm; reici tempestate, to be driven back by a storm (c. v, 5). tem-plum, -pli, N., temple. _tempfc-o (or tent-o), -are, -avi ■atum, v. tr., try, attempt, attack. tem-pus, -poris, N., time, season occasion; in reliquum tempus, fo^ the future; omni tempore, alwkys- tempus ducere, to protract the time (N- T. 7); annuum tempus. a year's time (N. T. 9) ; tempore dato, at an appointed tmie (n. ii. 2); ad tempus, at a moment's notice (c. iv, 23) • cro tempore et pro re, suited to the time and conditions (c. v, 8). teSo^;'' '^^*^' ^^^- ''''^'"« '^'' Tencteri, -orum, pi. M., the Tenc ten, a German tribe ou the Rhine, who crossed the river along with the Usipetes and wei-e defeated by the Romans Tbev occupied the districts of Utrecht and Guelderland of Holland. tendo, tenders, tetendi, tentum (or tensum), v. tr., stretch, extend tSn-eo, -ere, -fii, -tnm, v. tr., hold possess ; navem tenere in ancoris to keep a ship at anchor (n t 8) ' (^"fsum tenere, to hold -n its coursJ ten-er, -erg,, -erum, adj., tender, tento : see tempto. t§na-is, -e, adj., thin, weak, teiius, prep, (with abl. or gen.), up to. as far.»»; usually after the wci-.| it gov- or«i^*^«^P'*® *^?""«' "P to the head ; ore tenus, up to the lips. ter, num. adv., thrice. T "J?^®"^?""^' ■'• *'•' Terentius; Caius Ainihus I'aulus m 21(1 u.c, when the unfortunate battle of Cannae was fought against the wish of Paulu.s, who was slain Varro escaped with a few horse. teres, -etis, adj., smooth. . ter-gum, -gi, N., back ; a tere-o in the rear ; post tergum, behind the back ; terga vertere, to flee. terni, -nae, nft, distrib. num. adj., three each, thee apiece. t6ro, terei rivi, tritum, v. tr., wear. ' terr-a, ae, F., land, earth, country. , *tV^eo. -ere, -ui. -itum, v. tr., frighten, terrify, alarm. terrestr-is, -e, adj., of or belonging to land ; exercitus terrestrls, land se'a'forc^''"'"^'^ to exercitus navalis, tol^r^*'"', ;^^®' •«•^'> -atum, V. tr., terrify, frighten. ' terror, -oris, M., fear, dread. tertio, num. adv., i;i the third place. tertium, for the third time. thirT*''^^' '^' '^^' """^" °^^^- '^^•• test-a, -ae, F., sheil; see note on Nepos, Them., Chap. 8. ^^testament-urn, -i. N., will, testa- teetlmoni-um, -i, n., proof, testi- niuiiy. test-is, -is, M., witness. test-or, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep.. witness, assert. *^ 476 VOCABULARY. teatud-o, -inis, F., a tortoise, a cov- ering formed by the shields of the soldiers held above their heads so as to ward off the weapons hurled by the enemy ; so called from the fancied resemblance to a tortoise shell. The term was also applied to the different kinds of sheds under which the soldi' rs worked when at tacking a town. testul-a, -ae, F., tile, piece of pot- tery ; sufR*ag-i'-5 testularum, by the votes of the dies, i.e.. b" oiiraoisni (N. T. 8). Teutoii-es, -urn and Teuton I ■orum, pi. M,, the Teutons, a ^'iFilfc oi Germany. Themistocl-os, -isor-i, M., T'^ein- istocles, a celebrated Athenian sla;. !.- man who lived 514 B.C. to 44i> b.c. Thermopj^l-ae, -arusr', ()1. P., Thermopylae, a celebraieil pass jn Gieeee near the Maliac Uulf, between Thessaly and Locris. Here Leonidas and his f^;iar- tan band fell 480 i;.c. It obtained the name " Hot Gates," from the warm sul- I'hur springs near it. Thuc^did-es, -is, M , Thucydides, a GrtsV historian who wrote nn account of the t.loponnesian War dow ii to 411 B.C. HelivH'U7l B.C. to 401 B.C. Tiber- is, -is (ace, Tiberim; abl.. Tiberl), .M,, the Tiber, the river of Rome. Tiberi-U8, -i. M., Tiberius : see Sem- pronius. tign-um, -i, N., beam, log. ti(rn-6o, -ere, -vii, no sup., v. tr. and !:Ttr., it-ar, be afraid. timide, adv., fearfully, timidly. timid-US, -fi,, -um, adj., fearful, afraid, timid. tim-or, -oris, M., fear, dread. Tituri-us, -i, >I , Titurius : see Sabinus. Tit -us, -i, M., Titus: see Labienus, Gracchus. tog-a, -ae, F., gown, the distinguishing dress citizen. toler-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. bear, support. toUo, toll6re, sustilli, sublatum, V. tr., lift, raise, carry away, destroy : ancoram tollere, to weigh anchor (c. iv, 23). torment-um, -i, N., military engine for throwing missiles against the enemy. torr6o, torrere, torrui, tostum, V. tr., scorch, burn. The toga wp.s of a Roman tr., tot, indecl. adj., so many ; tot. . .QUOt, as man\ as. toticlem, indecl. adj., juatasmniiv. tot-ua, S,, -um (p. ;.f'i. adj., whole, all, entire ; (i'ten with : '. .■ -.iSverbial force of whollv, e iLrely ; totAKVV se dedidlt republicae, he devote(i himself wholly to the interests of the state (s. t. 1) trab-8, tnVois, F., bea '-, 'imV^r. trad-o, -ere, idi, -itum, v. tr.. iiand over, give over, deliver, surrender: iiaiid down to jiosterity ; traditur, it ia suid : traditum est, the tradition s. tra-dvco, -ducSre, -duxi, -due- turn, V. tr., lead across, transport (p. 277, ei). tvaho, trahere, traxi, tractum, V. tt , draw, drag. traicio, -icere, ieci, iectum, \ . tr., throw across, lead across, pierci' (p. 277, 8). tra-iect-us, -us, M., passage, cross ing over. tranquillit-as, -atis, F., calm weather ; summa tranquillitas, a dead calm (c. v, 23). trans, prep, (with ace), across, over, on the other si''e, beyond. transduce : see traduco. trans-eo, -ire, -ivi (ii), -itum, V. tr., cross over, cross (p. 277, 7). trans-fSro, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, V. tr., bear or carry across: summam imperii transferre, to transfer the supreme power (N. a. 2). trans-gredior, -gr6di, -gressus sum, v. tr., pass over, cross (p. 277, 7). trans-igo, -igere, -egi, -actum, V. tr., pass through ; tempus transi- gere, to pass the time (n. t. 9). trans-itus, -itus, M., a going or crossing over, passing, crossing. trans-mftrinus, ■&, -um, adj., across, or beyond the sea. transmiss-us, -us, M., passage. trans-porto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., carry over, transport. Transrhenan-i, -orum, pi. M., those living across the Rhine (c. v, 2). TrAsimen-us, -i, M,, Trasimenus (now Laijo dl Perugia), a lake in Etruria ■here the Romans were defe i t>' ' :.'nnibal, June 23, 217 B.C. Ireboni-us, -i, M., Trebonius . '»ir;s Irebonius, one of Caesar's lieutei;. . - in Gaul. Trebi-a, -ae, M. or F., Trebia, •> ., Trebbia), a river of Gallia Cisalpina, on*' VOCABULARY. nani;tot...CiUOt, 47: traxi, tractuiT), M., passage, crosB of the rri.hcrn tributaries of the Padus (/0), wiuio Hannibal defeated the Ho- mans, 218 b. c. *i,^^^u®"J^'^"', "^®- •»• card. num. adj., three hundred. •* ' tredecim, card. num. adj., thirteen. fcrea, tri^t, card. num. adj., three. Trevir i, -orum, )>I. M., the Treviri. a peo!..P of (iallia Belgica, who dwelt ' etwten me Meuse and the Rhine ; their capital TNas Augusta Trevirorum, now h Jn^'^^r^^'"' -oi""™, pi. M., the Tri- broci, a (Jernian people of Gallia Hcltrica ,rf^"''"' ?';°""^ VosjJesand the RhLre (i^i moaern Alsace). ».-K^'^i?"'"^' ■'• ^^' * commander of a tribe ; hence, one of military officers, six in number, attached to each legion. tribu-o, -6re, -i, tributum, v. tr., firive, assign, ascribe. trib-U8, -us, M., tribe. tribut-um, -i, N., tribute, tax. fiS^.^^"'^'""' :i: ^- ''I'-'^ce of three days; cnaui via, a three days' march (c. iv, 4). yearl®""^""™' '^' ^' ^^^"^^ °' ^'^''ce trierinta, card. num. adj., thirty. TZ^^l^n?^"'"^^' F"^' ^^- "•. the rnnobantes, a people of liritain who occupied Essex and part of Suffolk. tripertit-O, adv., in three divisions. tri-plex,-plici8,adi., threefold, triple. triquetr-us. a, -um, adj., three- cornered, triangular. ■^ul^i?"^'?^' :^^< ^' trireme, a vessel with three banks of oars. tris, num. adv., thrice. trist-is, -e, adj., sad, sorrowful, de- jected. ' tristiti-a, -ae, F., sadness. T.T ez-en, -enis (ace. Troezena), F., Trot, en (now Dun,ala),ac\ty in the south- ern part of Argos in the Peloponnesus. Troi-a, -ae. P., Troy. Troian-us, -a, -um, adj., Trojan. tropae-um, -!, N., trophy, i.e., a niemorial or monument of victory ; hence victory. • ' '"-'"'- trunc-U8, -i, N., tmnk of a tree, tii, tlJi, pi. V08, thou, you (p. 248). I tuM^ "' ^°' ^■' t"""I>etCvith astraight ,JJ^^°^'}^^^J' *"itu8 sum, V. dep., preserve, defend, protect. turn, adv., then, diso^rd^r"^'-''^' •"«• *'•• disturbance. tflmul-U8, -i, M., mound. tunc, adv., then, at that time. turma, -ae, F., a troop of ;iO cavalry ■ the cavalry (ala) of the legion was di vided into 10 turmae. turp-is, -6, adj., base, disgraceful .rS.W°r: •'"*"• ^•'•'^^^•'-- 'I- turr-i8, -Is, F., tower, tute, adv., in safety, safely. tut-U8, -a, -um, adj., safe, secure. tu-U3, ■&, -um, pro. adj., thy, your tyr£f,fy""'^^' "^^^^- ^- *''«°'"l« P°«er. t3^rann-U8, -i, M., tyrant. U. lib-er, -6ri8, N., teat, udder, breast. Ub-er, -eris, adj., rich, fruitful. fibi, adv., where, when ; ubi nrim. um, as soon as (p. 298, 2). P"m- ofY-^i;^"' o^um. pi. M., the Ubii, a tribe of h„ PK- «•^.'•"'■'l".'. "" the right bank n.odern\^l^;;.'r'" ^'^'^^^^'^^-^ "f the libiqvie, adv., everywhere. ulciscor, ulcisci, ultu8 8um, v. tr. dep., avenge, punish. ' uU-us, -a, -um (p. 132. .3), adj., any. Ulter-ior, -ius, comp. adj., further bcyon.l, more remote ; sup., ultimus ' niosuKf.' -^' •"«^- '^'^J- f-'hest. ultra, adv., and prep, (with ace ) be- LTondril'r'^''^'''^'="^^'-^«^«^. Ultro, adv., of one's own accord- without provocation ; bellum ultro mferre to make War wHh^u" pro vocation (c. iv, la). ' ul-tus, -ta, -turn, i)erf. part, of ul- ciscor, having avenged. umb-ra, rae, F., shade. umer-us, -i, M., shoulder, arm. umquam, adv., ever, at any time. n,?,S^'.f'''-' •''""">'' "'th ; usually with wih^L"P^^"^ ^is lesratis: along o«/L H^ T'°^'^ V' '<5) : una cum ceteris, along with the others (c. v, "): unde, adv., from which place, whence! undecim, card. num. adj., eleven. 478 VOCABULARY. und6cIm-U8, •&, -urn, ord. num. adj., eleventh. . undique, adv., from all sides, on all sides, everywhere. ■&, um, adj., whole, all 4^ univers-us (in a body). unquam : see umquam. un-us. -a, -um (p. 244), card. nnm. adj., one, alone ; uno tempore, at one and the same time ; omnes ad unum, all to a man ; unus omnino, only one (c. V, 18), unusquisque, unaquaeque, un- um quldque, indef. adj. pro., each, every. . urban-US, ■&, -um, adj. , of or belong- ing to the city. urb-8, -is, F.,city; the city, i.e., Rome. urgdo, urgere, ursi, no sup., v. tr., press. '^ ' Usipet-es, -um, pi. M.,theUsipetes, a German tribe near the Tencteri, on the ower Rhine, in Utrecht and Guelder- land in Holland : but originally found in Saxony, from which they were driven out by the Suebi. They crossed the Rhine into the borders of the M .napii, in Gaul, but were driven back by Jaesar. ursus, -i, M., a bear. usquam, adv., anywhere. usque, adv., all the way, all the while, until ; usque ad urbem, up to the city; usque ad meum tempus, up to my day. ^ US-US, -us, M., use, experience, prac- tice, advantage ; usu venire, to come by occasion, i.e., to happen (n. ii. I'')- ratio atque usus belli, theory and practice of war, i.e., the .systematic prac- tice of war (c. iv, 1): magnousui sibi esse, to be of great advantage to him (c. IV, 20); ex USU, of advantage (c. v,C). USUS, indecJ. noun with est : there is need (p. 166, 2); usus est mihi cibo, I have need of food. at (or uti), conj., as, how, that, in o;i'er tbat (p. 293, 1); so that (p. 295, 1); th""fe'h (P- TO3, 1, (b)) ; ut. . .ita, as. .'.so vp. oUo, 1). Ut, as ; accidit ut (p. 293, l). ut-er, -ra, -rum (p. 27), interrog. pro., which of two? ** uterque, utrSque, utramque, adj. jiro., each (of two), both : ex utra- que parte, on both sides. utervis, utravis. utrumvis, adj., pro., either of the two you wish, uti : see ut. util-is, -6, adj., useful, serviceable, fit, profitable. utnit-as, -atis, F., usefulness, advan- tage, service. iitlnam, adv., o ! that (p. 288, 5). utor, uti, usus sum, v. intr. dep. (with abl., p. 116), use, employ, enjoy; alacritate uti, to show dash (c. iv, 24). utpote, adv., inasmuch as, seeing that. utrimque, adv., from or on both sides. utrique, pi. of uterque. utrobique, adv., on both sides, in each place; Utrobique =et mari et terra (.v. n. lo). Utrum, conj., whether; utrum... an, whether... or; often not translated in direct questions (p. 287, 5). uxor, -oris, F., wife. Vacaius, -i, M., the Vacalus (now Waal or Wahal), a branch of the Rhine. . vacati-o, -onis, F., freedom, exemp- tion. "^ vac-o, -are, -avi, atum, v. intr., be unoccupied, lie waste. vacii-us, -a, -um, adj., empty, vacant. vad-um, -i, N., ford. vag-6r, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr. dep., wander. valen-s, -tis (pres. part, of valeo used as an) atlj., powerful. vai-eo, -ere, -lii, -itum, v. intr., be powerful, strong; have power or influ- enee; quo valeret, what it implied (N. T, 2) ; hoc eo valebat, the purpose of this was(N. T. 4) ; longe plurimum valet, is by far the most powerful (c. V, 3) ; quam plurimum v^alere, to be as powerful as possible (c. v, 4). vaietud-o, -inis, F., state of health (good or bad according to context) ; valetudine premi, to be afllicted with bad health (n. ii. 4). vallis, -is, F., valley. vallum, -i, N., rampart, breastwork of a camp. vall-us, -i, M., stake, palisade. vari-us, -a, -um, adj., different, changing. Varro : see Terentius. vas, vasis (in the sing., 3rddecl. : in VOCADUMKV. 4-9 seful, serviceable, usefulnesa, advan- lat (p. 288, 5). ixn, V. intr. ' '''^J- pro-. y->-, vestigi-um, -i, N., f„ot track, triune sTot ^ifh'o*?,?"' yestigio. in tho June tlglo, at once, promptly (c. iv, 5) Vestimentum. -i, N.. >rarment. vest-io, -ire, -ivi "-inn >• ♦.. clothe. .Iress; pellTbua^v" stiri to clolhe onc'self in skins (c. v, U) ' vest-is, -is, F., dresK vestit-U8, -us, M., cl<,f',ing, dress. Vet6ran-U3, ■&, .urci, udj old • a^ a noun v6t6ran-i, -ori^S' P M veteran troops (scil. inilites) prSt°'-^^^'-^''-^^'«-^''-.'orbid, 'onip., sup., veterrimus. vexlll-um, -i, N., flaK, standard vex-o, -are, -avi, -atum. v tr harass, plunder, waste. ""'"'"• '• "^•• (c iv^i). ' ^""'■"''^' °' ^*»'"^" 'i^'y^ 11. adj., Vla-tor, -toris, ST., traveller. .tA'each.-^^'-^''^'^''-'''-""»' tuSth™-"^'-^'-"™>°^^""—'J., Vicles, num. adv., twenty times. vicinitas, -atis, v., neighlwrhood. Vicin-us, -i, M., nei-rhlior. V!cls feenitive), vifcem, vice F rno non. s,ns.). change ; i„ vibem?in turn victJm-a, -ae, F., sacrifice, victim 'as'^n^ad^'vf ^""^'^' *'•• ^''=^°''- °onntr live; iiberu-a Vivere, to H^e a viv ,Tt'".V- I ^>'- lacte et came (^!T-^4).' ^^ °" '"'"^ and flesh viv-us, -a, -urn, adj., alive, living sca'^rSiy.'"''- ^'"^ ''"«^""^' hardly, sumnfo?.'-^''^'-^^»"'-^*"^'^-^'--.^'^». VOCABULARV. vici, vlctum, v. ha£-°* •^^«' -^^»' ■^'"m. V. tr.. fly. desire. ' ''" ^villiriK, wish, fliSf.t°' •^'■^' •^^'- -at""^. V. int ., voia.cer.cri8. -ere. adj., wiM,.e,.. voar^'^''^-^'^'-^'-"'"--'J..wil,in., voluntarl-us. -i, M., a volu.itecr tr.T?ow.°' ''°^^'" vovi. votum. V. V03 : sec tu (p. If . vox, vocis, P., V ,.• voce, in a loud voioe (c. n, 2fi). Y'ulcan-us, -l, Ji., Vulom fh god of the Romans. *"'C'".th 481 magrna woTuKuH'-^^^'-^^'-atum.v.tr., vulpes, is, F..fox. cha..,.coftheprov,.Keof'Ar!„"'«Sn'r' vult-ur, -urls, M.. a vultun . teJa"!;;*"^' ''"^' "- «''P'-ession. ooun- X. visum, V. tr., im, V. tr., call, eq qu all < Ui rel ( bj t £ Bur 8 a adv nei) abi cen and a fora a abs a] a., : frO] a1 al (p. s tilco a\ ac turn. ac dat., ac den ac •feci, turn. ac( ob, pi ac< ac( ac< 281. 1; KNGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. A. a. Renerally uiitraiisluted ; when a ia aliqua, all(|uid(,). i;i2). if = 8bme or if mea.iiMK one, hy unus (p. 27) ' ' i«^^*"?9"'.""'""' ••'»'■«. -iivl, -atuni (n 16 , 1, note); dOser-o, -Cre, -oi, desert.in • relln.i-uo, -ere, reiiqul, rcil-tutn. * h^f H®^^5^', h "^" (^''^' "*''•) : I abide by the decision, ludicio sto. ability, ingcm-um, -i, n. able, adj., itftttna ; 1 am able nos- sum, posse, pOtfil (p. 201) ^' * °^ abode, domicilium, -1, N. about, prep., circa, circlter, apud • ody. circiter. fere, paine; about (in the ne,Kh borhoocl of) Rome'. ci?!S Roman, ; ?pnH^ oK^°*^^^^''ed. circiter du- centi about (-almost), fere with adj. and adv., paene with verl). about (concerni(iK), prep., de(p. 222), foro8.^°*^' '"'"''"*' ^P' ^>: '"'•'8 «"• absence, abscnti-a, -ae, F. ; in mv absence, meabsente(p. l6(), 6). ^ absent, adj., absens, absentia; I am a., absum, abeH.se, abfoi ; lam absent irom, al)sum at). ^•^'^•^u abundance, c6pi-a, -ae, p. )^,J \, ^^' ",^°. SP®»^ i" of, male- dico, -(llcCre, -dixi, dictum (p. 278, 5). abuse, maledict-um, -i, N. tum°°^^^' ^°'^^^^°' -^^Pfirc, -ccpl, -cep- dat:?p®i?f 2)® *^°' ^'■*'""^' "''• •"'" <«'th accident, cas-us, -us, M. ; by acci- dent, casu. •' "^^^ fJ^T°°P°?P"^^'.^.' con-flcio, -flcere, tu^i "•" ' e'-"cio, -fIcCre, feci, -fee- account (pn account of), prep.. Ob, propter (with ace). *^ ^ ' account, on no, nullo modo. _ account ( = reckoning), rAfi-n -Cini.-i 28f*12V^®' '*''''"''°' ■'""■^' ■•''v^ -at"'" (P tu^(r28i,"i2r""' ■'°"'''' ""'''• •'""• across, prep., trans (with ace )• bt> (^acc.°.^^' "'"'"■*°' ■"■•'• ■'"'■ (•"'• •""'" fac^O?e*',^cV>:Ctur"''*''''"*"™='^^"'- »tr^e^K^'.ar!im?a?[.' ''^""'' '''*"'' = address, Oratl-o, r.nis, F. ; v.. verl)a facio." ^ »^^''688 you.ipud vosverl^ admire, admlr-or, -ari, -.itus sum. i«?'*l^**' ^",' »"*«'■ onme.s constat (p. 162, i) ; concedltur. ^' admonish, ad-mOnOo, -niOnOre ■mOnni, iriftnltum. '"om-re, adorn, v., orn-o, .«re, -avi, -stum- dtcor-o, rue, -avi. -iitura. ' Adrumetum, Adrumetum, -i, N. 8um*^X,^?P?; '"■"^'■i^''"»'-. -tfCdi, -Krcssus sum , pro-ccdo, -cOibre, -cessi, -cessum. advantage, commod-um, -i, n. (..^i^J^ntaere- It is of, interest, rOfert (p. 106, .{); pro). ii-^^''^.^'.^;T"'?*'" = agreed by all! It IS, constat inter omnes (d ig-' -i)- convcnit. ' ' ' ' aid auxili-uni. -i, N. ; come to a., p. id4, 1 ; v., ad-ifivo, -ifivare, -ifivi -nituni (with aec); sub-vc-nio, -venire -voni, -ventiini (wiihdat.). air, fiLT, aeris, M. alarm, pav-or, -oris, m. all, onin-is, -e ; cunctus, -a, -uni ■ uni- versu8, -a, -uni ; tot-us, -a, -iini'. ' allpw, I, sino, sinere, sivi, sltuni ■ »Ti';fr i."^*^' f '.■^•. -^^^^^*"' -eessum ; I am allowed, > .:hi licet (p. i63, r,). ally, s(5ci-a.-i, -I, M. almost, fore, paene. alone, .sOl-us, -a, -um. along with, una cum. Alps, Alp-cs, -luiii, F. already, iam, adv. idfm(°2.'i.*'?" ^'"^''■^' ''"°''"' ^'"^^•^: nwL*^?>^?^.l''"''''"1"'^™' quamvis, licet, uc (p, 190, .')-;). always, semper, adv. ambassador, lOKiit-vis, -i, m. ambition, ambiti-o, -6ni;i, F. among, inter (prep, with ace.) ; apud (preii. witTi ace); in (pre)), with abl.). amount, what ; usoquantum+gen. .^^j^tmscade, ambush, insidi-ae, ancestors, maiOr-iH, um. ancient, antrqu-ua, -a, -Tim ; vetus, •Cria ; priscusS-a, -uiii (ad j.). 'Omnis, all without cxe^ejition, (>pnosed to nemo or uiius ; cunctus, p. stronger term than omnis, ",all toifether ■ uiii- yeraus all in a body, opposed to .si,i-e numeral [p. 69, 8, )test-or, -ari, -atus you not to do oc facias. vjfloor, viderT, visus in sipht), ap-pardo, nn (used as pass, of Id, plaudOre, plausi, N. Jere, dixT, dictum ; 3io, -fioOre, -foci, an officer over jm castris (dat.) iCt-us, -us, M. us,-fis, M.; ttdlt-UR, -o, -are, -fivT, -iituni ace. ) ; af,'-ff rOdlor, 1-eo, -ire, -lvi(orii), -us, -a, -um ; pro- ■uui, -i, N. (with st-us, -i, M. fty, optima-tea, tua sum. "') ^'- ; v., arm-o, arm, brachl-um. •are, etc. armed, armat-us, -a, -um • n n r,f arnio ; light armed : see next Z-d °' levifS-urarP" "^ ^'^^*' -'"'<^« armor-bearer, armig-.cr, -Cri, m arms, arm-a, -nrum, N, pi. army, exercit-us, -us, M. (in trainincri • around, circa, circum (prep. -t ace ) arouse, inclt-o, -are, -avi, -alum, arrival, advent-us, -us, M. •ven- 485 tum"'^^®' '*''"'''^"'o> -venire, -veni, arrive, at, per-venio, -v&nire -voni ■ventum (ad with ace). ' ' arrow, sasitt-a, -ae, F. art, ars, artis, F. as (p. 127, 2) ; (in place of), pro ; as SO, ut w.th iia in the main clause ; as ' ' as, tani....,,„a,n ; such... as, talis ■ • ■ quahs ; as if, velut si (195, 3) quafi•(p^^l95^T^^' ^^ '^' *''""""'"' as (=- while), dum (p. 201, 3). as many as, tot quot. rimf °^^"^ ^^ possible, quam plu- as much a^, tantum quantum, as often as, quotius, cum (204, 4). 29»;%^°°" ^®' ^*"" " ac(oratque), (p. n6^^*^SSn°°^"°''^°' '''^^"«««Cre, co«- ashamed, be, pndet, ere nit (or -nun> est); I am ashamed of mv Asia, As-la, -ae, F. int^??' ^ ^5^°" ^ question), to rogo or interrof^o; ex or a te quaere (quaerCre quaesivl, (luaesitum). vMU'verLie, / ask, I (request, hetf, yon), te rogo, ore, S^-i,-pe;;tuT^^^'''^'^''""^^^^^^; ask for, I, posco, poscOre, pdposcr. assault, oppujfn-o, -are, -avi, -aium. assemble, v„a., convOc-o, -are -avi ■atuiii ; v.n., con-venio, -venire. -vOni' ■ventum (iiitr.). ' ''"'' assembly, oontio, -onis, F. ; eonvent- U8, -us, M.; com;lli-um, -I, N. ''"""•""^ subt.^m^'"^'*^'""'-^''^' •^^'. •^^tum(acc.) an lavo, -invare, -nivi, -iQtum (ace). ,vifi:' "^ (Pi-ep. with ace); ai)ud (mei, with ace); or locative. Seei 85 S wt '. yen. of .notion, say to (p 85 1) comP Athenians, AthOnienses, -lum, M. Athens, AthOn-ae, -arum, F. attack, v.,atr-frrC'dior, -crodi -ltphkh^ sum : ;s;''^'^' '''■'^^'"^- ■^'^'■'- ""'" nupet-U3, -us (on -^m-f-acc.) M. ■veftum"ad)°' '""'""°' ■'"''''' ■^•-". attempt, v., con-or, -ari, -fitus sum • eu,pt-oortent-o, -a.-e, -avi, -atu.n ; n or' n>t., nisus or nixus sum; incept-um, - N. ; conat-us, -us, M. or cOnat-um, -i, N.' attribute, attrib-no, -nere, -ni, -utum • tnhno, trlbnore, tribm, tributuni ' toH^J°!;^*;^.p'**^^'---««-F.;auc- autumn, autumn-us, -i, M. auxiliaries, auxlll-a, -ornm, X. pi. avarice, avariti-a, -ae, F. avenge, ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum ^ avert from. I, prohib-oo. -ore, -qi, f.^SK'acJ:). '''■''''''' ■'^"'^'^^-' -f"^'. ..-^j^^oid, I (a danger), vit-o, -are, -avi, away from, a or ab, with abl. B. «.^acks, to turn their backs in flight er«a in fugan, dare (d^da " sull; '^■^*"'"*' ^*^'"'''* ^•"-''O. -tt'i'e, -ti, bad, mal-us, -a, -um (comp., poior- Blip., pessimus); imprOb-us, -a, -um. peSe.^' '""'= "'""•^- P^^'"^; «"!'•. baggage, impcdiment-a, -orum, N. pi. bane, pemici-es, -oi, F. . banish, I, ex civitatepelloorexpello' in exilium pello (i)ellcre, popoli, pulsum;.' banisliment, exUi-um, -i, N. bank, rlp-a, -ae, F. p^j^^,^^®*^' epf'l-um, -i, N. pi., -pnlao, ai.dT)^^^**"' '""■^'*'-"^' -a. -"Ill (adj. barbarous, crudol-is, -e (adj.). iSQ VOCABULARY. . 124, 1). beech, fagus, -i, F. before, ante (prei>. with ace.) ; conj., anteciuam, pnu8(,uani (p. 201, 5) ; adv. ante, antoa, antehac (p. 82, 3). as'k ^' ^' '^^*'''°' '^*^^' ■'" '' ■'"''^"'"" ^^'^ begin, I. in-clpio, -clpcre, -cOpI, -cep. tum;coep-i, -isse ; begin a battle, proelium committere. «i^wo, beginning-, the, miti-nm, -i, N. ; at the Ijegmning of winter, prima hieme, inita hienie. behalf of, on, pro (prep, with abl.). behold, asplcio, aspIcGro, aspexi aspectum. ' behind, post, prep, with ace. Belgae, Belg-ae, -arum, M. pi. belief, opini-o, -onis, F". •!l®y®79' ^' '"■•^''1-°' ■^^■'•e, -Id), -Itum, v'lth dat. (p. 105, 9). ' ' belong, per-tlneo, -tinoro, -tlnOI, no sun ; see p. 124, 1; belonging : say which belonged. ^ beloved, car-us, -a, -um (with dat. ; = dear to). ' ^^^eneflcial, saiutar-is, -e ; utll-is, -e benefit you, I, tibi prosum (pro- desse, profiii). "^ besiege, I (by blockade), ob-sidao -BldCre, -sodl, -sessum ; (by attack), op' pugn-o, -are, -fivl, -atum. best, p. 57, 4. bestCW. liirif-Ior -TH -ifno o.,.v. betake myself to, I, me conferoad. betray, I, pro-do, -dere, -dldi, -ditum. better, melior (comp. of bonns» • it S^luS^^^^^^^^^^^erSisS between, inter (ace). i^M^t' P""'^- "'"■'■ *■•""«■ «^*'^ bid, ifibCo, iabCre, iussi, iussum. bill, r6gatI-o, -onis, F. bird, avis, -is, M. or F. bitter, acerb-us, -a, -um (adj.). blame, culp-a, -ae, F. ; v., culp-o -■atum."""' ■"""'"= ^i^mr-o, -a're, Iv?: blessing, bon-um, -i, N. blind, caec-us, -a, -um (aring a person be- v^».^SJ^9^' ^'' ,'^ al'(|uem adducere ; S^^rr^Zeil^.,.^"^' ^°^'^"'"'^'" Britain, Britanni-a, -ae, F. Britons, Britann-r, -Orini, M. ])1. broad, lat-us, -a, -um (adj.). brother, frater, fratris, M. Brunduslum, Bnindtisi-um, -i, N. Brutus, Brut-US, -i, M., one of the conspirators against Caesar. build, aedlfic-o, -are, -avi, -atuni. building, aedlficl uu), -I, N. burrten. Onus, SnCris, N. burdensome, molest-us, -a, -um • «rav-is, -eCadj.). ' ' ' burn, erf ni-o, -are, -avi, -atuni 00, incendore, incendi, incensuui. bushel, niudi-us, -I, M. business (the), res, roi, F, tiuui, -i, N. but, sed ; verum (emphatic) ; (oidv) tantum ni.Klo; (unless), nisi; (except) praeter (pre)), witli ace). ■ ^ '' butcher, trfieid-O. -are, -avi, -atum. buy, emo, Cmcre, emi, emptum. by (of a person after a passive verb) a or ab (I.. 71, '^) ; dat. of agent (173, 4) ; t^^°lf'f r" ^''' ^^' ^- («-''-(Prep. with h^L-i-hf'"'- •■'*:':'"' = t>y day. interdiO ; Dy night, noctu. C. candidly, libCre, aperte, adv. nannae, Cann-ae, -arum (pi.), p, noqu-co, -Ire, incen- nC'go- Caesar, Caes-ar, -aris, M. calamity, ciiamit-as, -atis, f. c,f;^^Ly'""""' :'*'■''• -'''"'• •''*""' ; can to- ge'iher, cwivuc-o, -are, -avi, -atum. calling (after forbid), use inf. :^!L^ name, appell-o, -are, -avi, calm, traiiquill-us, a-, -um (adj.). calmness, tiamiuilht-as, -atis, F. camp, castin, -Oru!i< (pi. N.). can, possum, posse, nrttui (p. l42^ • (=-lnu.v), licet, impers. wit!» a dat (n 162. ;| ; 163, 5) ; 139 («), (iu deliberative (|ueslions). OHiidid, iiicrr, -era, -fruni (adj.). candidate for, I am a, pct-o, -Ore. ■Ivi, -ituin. ' ". cannot, non possum Ivi (or li), -itum. capital, caput, capitis, N. caprice, Ilbid-o, -inis, F. capture : use take. care, cur-a, -ae, F. .careful for, I am, caveo (oavcre trKL?'"^'^^°^«^r«^lforyou: carefully, diUg-enter, adv. turn ; i.ort-o, -are, -avi, -atun • carrv on war, bellum gOro (gerere, gefsf trestum); carry out, ex-lonuor -sS' -secutus sum; con-fic^io, ficore fOc ' -.ire, -avi, -atum ; carry out of the country, export-o, -aref-avr-atum Cassius, Cassi-us, -i, M. casT^^'R^nt'"' f'<'f' ■''^''^' •''''=*""' : Caaticus, Casti-cus, -i, M. catch, capio, capOre, cOpl, captum. cattle (in general), i)Cc-u8, -«ris, N. • (of a single head), pOcus, pOcildis, F. -f'c^>?^?A,.fT'^' '"^' f' v.,'ef-fIcIo equ^lf^s!'?^;-"' """■' ""■ '''■ ' ''^- cave, antr-um, -l, N. ; cftv-um, -i, N. cease, I, de-sino, -sinOre, -sivi (sin Cecrops, Cecrops, CecrOpis, M. . celebrated, clar-us, -a, -um ; insign- ;^?, -e (adj.) ; the celebrated Cicero Cicero vir claris-simus or ille C. (adi°' are not added to proper name.s). central, mCdl-us, -a, -um (adj.) ; a central place, locus medius centurion, centnrl-o, -Onis, M. century, centi1rl-a, -ae, F. ' certain (sure), cert -us, -a, -um (adj ) quoddim." ^°"^^' *' **"'''*'"• 'l"aedM>., Chain, catena, -ae, F.; vincfll-um.-i.N, Chance, cas-us, -us, M. ; fortuna, -ae! t- ; by Chance, forte, casu. change, I, iii-jt.(} .,-ijc, -avi, -atum • n., Gomniutatl-o, -Onis, F. Character, turn by » dependent clause (p. 18},, 1). *^ 488 VOCABULARY. Character (ifood), virt-us, -utis F character (.node of life), n.r.r-Gs, .„„,, n^orFLhum^ ^^e^^««^ character, ^^characteristic of, it is: see p. charge (accusation), crTinen, -Inis N Charge (of troops), i.^pot-us, M. ; -vasi, .\asum; nnpotiim faoere (on = iii) Charged, I am (with), accfis-or, -an, -iitus Slim (p. 281, V>). ■u?sr'°^' ''''"'•"'"' ■'■> N. ; curr-us, Charioteer, cssOdar(-us, -i, jr. da?^pw\"'^^^"'"-°'"' ■^"' -'itus sum (with da ve ,*^"'l'^''-"- :"^. -av. -atuin with clative) , coeic-eo, -ere, -ni, -Itum. cheer, cUim-or, -oris, M. Cheer, v. a., hort-or, -ari, -atus sum. .re°fad?.).^' """■"''' "" ' ""''''■''' ■'''• cheerfully, facile, adv. cherish, tnoor, tucri, taitus sum. ^chief, priiiceps, princlpis, M. Oi. and Child, pfior, pncrl, M. ^Children, pueri, M. ; HbOr-i, -Orum, choose, I (like), mihi lil,et (inipers ) tuin , cre-o, -are, -avi, -atum. Cicero, CicOr-o, -Onis, M. Cimon, Clm-on, -Onis, M. circumstances, res, roi, F. • j yield to circumstances, tempori c(X citadel, ar.x, arcis, F. citizen, clv-is, -is, M. and F. city, urbs, urbis, F. Civil, civil-is, -e (adj.). civilization, hununlt-as, -atis, F. Civilized, human-us, -a, -um (adj ) Class, gCn-us, -frls, N. •a.^'^ul^'ilidj;"'"'' '"' """' '' '"^^""^«*-"«' Clear, it is, appar-ct, -Cre, -uit ; mani- festum^estu». 109, 1); I clear invself or i.iic o-uarge ; i.ie de crimiue lor simply criniine) purgo. ^""""e (or Clemency, clementl-a, -ae, F. clerk, Bcrib-a, -ae, M. client, my, hie (p. i:8, 2). f.in«°t^'-r1-'' -^f' ^' ^^^ military Cloak, paliidanient-um, -i, N. »nnf°^®i ^' f^''i"'lo> claudOie, clausi, clau- , »!* ^1°^^ "P' "'ter-cludo, -cludere, clusi, -chisum. ' Close to, prope ad (ace). Close at hand, prope, iuxta. Clothe, vesti-o, -Ire, -Ivl(li), -itum. Clothing, vestlt-uB, -us, M. ; vest-is, "18, i' . ' cloud, nub-f's, -is, F. n,fr?H,n*' "If' '"^' ^'- ' »®a- coast, ora maritinia ; lit-us, -oris, N. coast along, v., praeter-vehor, -vehi ■vectus sum (with ace). cohort, cohor-8, -tis, F. coUeague, collejra, -ae, M. collect, compar-o, -are, -uvi, -atum. colony,' c(5lonI-a, -ae, F. column, colunm-a, -ae, F. come, yOuio, vonire, vOni, \ entum • C. away, discOdo, -cOdOre, cessi, cessum.' . command, n., impCrl-um. -i. n • impcrat-um, -i, N. . , xi. , command, I, impdr-o, -are, -avi Br»:5a^:;!'»^*'^^'^'»'-dor);prae: commence, in-cipto, -cipCre, -cepi, ■ceptuui ; coep-i, -isse. ^ ' commencement, initi-um, -i, m. commit, I (a crime), facinus admitto (-mittere, -misi, -inissum). common, commfm-is, -e, adj. , j^commonwealth, respublica, reipub- communlcate, I ( = impart to), com- munico, -are, -avi, -atum (cum). companion, 86CI-US, -i, m. ; sodal-is, -IS, M. ; cfim-es, -Itis, JI. al)??°^^^"^ With, in, cum (prep, with compare, con-fCro, -ferre, -tali, col- latum. ' compassion, mlsCricordl-a, -ae, F. compel, cOgo, cOsfure, coe^i, coactum ^^complain. quOror, quOri, questus complaint, p. 219, (g). VOCABULARY. 189 comrade, commilit-o, .Onis, m. conceal, cel-o, -are, -av,, atuni(92, 3) concerning-, .le (prep, with al.l ) (fo'J^K^nT'^' eondenin-o, -are, avi, ..atuin toniitLor, -fiten, -fussus sum. _confldence, fiduoia, -ae. r. ; f„it.., riuert', -fisu.s sum ; fldem alicui hal.co hoc°rac??nV^f *^' ' ^- yo" on this, conqueror, victor, oris, M. ^^conaistof, consist-o, -rre, -stlti (i„ + consolation to me, it is a trreaf magno solatio niihi est (p. m,^. »reat, conspiracy, coniuratl-o, -Onis F conspire, coniur-o. -are, -avl, 'atu.n consul, cons-ul, -fili.s, M. consulship, consulat-us, -us • in the C. Of Caesar, Caesiire oonsQle temf""^"*' «°"tine„.s, -ti, (supply contrary to, contra, prep, with aco. 1,^,'??^®'^^^^'°»' serm-o, -onis M • T convoke, oonvdco, -.%re, -avi, -atum. Cormth, Cdrinth-ns, i, P. corn, frument-um, -i, N, costs, it, Stat (p. ISO, 1). cottage, casa, -ae, F. council, concili-uni, -i, F. could : see can (p. 163, 5, note). count, I ( = 1 number), nfimero, -are. •;m, atum; (.-.I hold), habeo, -Ore, -Qi Itum ; duco, duccre, duxi, ductum. country, one's, patn-a, -ae, F. country, the (= the state), respub- Ilea, reipubhcae, F. ; cu it-as, -atis, F. country (as distinct from the town) vTreZTv t^^Vi?""™ ^^^ country, i^ th«^^ *°.*^® country, rus (ace ) in the country, n.ri (locative ; p. sd). countryman, cJv-is, -is, M. .courage, Mrt-us, -ntis, F. ; fortuod-o, course, I take this, haec facie, court, aula, -ae, F. ; iudlci-um, -I, N. cover, tOgo, tOKOre, texi, tectum, coward, cowardly, ignaxus -a -un, ; tuuld-us, -a, -urn (adj.).*' ' ** cowardice, ignavl-a, -ae, F. S""'^ ^°''' ^' '^^«^''"•-o. -are, -avi, I.o?e'I1'*^^^®' ^* ^^ scarcely, vix credi credit, fSma, -ae, F. -Ms!^^' '^"'"•"«' -^"^' N-; scei-us, criminal, sceierat-us, -a, -um (adj.). ■<5H?N.®' *''''■'">■«"• ■•"'«- N. ; temp-US, -n°m (fccj- *''"^'''' ■'"'' ■''■' «^- •"). crowd, multrtfd-o -;nis, F. ; turb-a, -toumVsei.°"'""'"*""''°' ■'""'^"'■^' -'"«^^; regnuT^i';^:''"-"'-^^'F-=< = '^'''''»dom), (a.ijT"^^" '■"'"""■''• -^ ; «*«^'-»s. -a. -iJro, crr.'Jly, crudsllter; 8ae^e, adv. uZ-^r^^' '^•'^^"'■^> •'^"8. F- ; saevl. ar*; ^^\^' ' ';'*^"'-°'"' ■'""•«, SI. ; v., clam-O, -are, avi, -a ini. c.;h '•^u.te, cOlo, cdiere, poim, cuitum. •at*?" f"^®' """"""' '"^- ^ '• hunianlt-ae, Cures, Cur-es, -lum, F. Curiiis, Curi-ns, .=, m. cut, seco, secare, sCcftl, «ectum. 490 VOCAUULAUY, i' : ii r dagger, ptlK'-o, -Onis, M.; sic-a, -ae, K. daily, (|iiotidie ; with coiiii)aratives or words ilenotiny increase or diinimition, in (lies. danger, pOricni-mn, -i, M. dangerous, poricQlOs-us, -a, -uin (adj.). dare, audOo, audere, ausus sum. daring, aiulax, audaui» (adj.). dark (metaphorically ai)plle(l to crime), atrox, atrueis (adj.). dark (literally), ater, atra, atrum ; ohsciir us, -a, -uni. dart, tolum, -i, N. ; iacfil-um, -I, N. daughter, fili-a, -ae, F. (p. 6, 2). day (ojiposed to night), dies, diCT, M. or F. ; (opposed to darkness), lux, lucis, F. ; daybreak, i>rinia lux ; day after day, diem ex die ; the day before, pridle ; for the day, in diem. deadly, morti-fer, -fera, -fCruni (adj.). dear, car-us, -a, -um (adj.). death, mors, njortis, F. debt, aes ailonuni ; gen., asris alieni. deceive, I, de-clplo, -cipere, -cOpi, -ceptum. decide on, I (resolve), constltfio, -stltuCre, -stltrii, -.stitutnni (inf.) ; statuo, statflere, statnt, statatum ; (pass judg- ment on), ifidlc-o, -are, -avi, -atum ; de-cerno, -cernere, -crCvl, -crOtuin (de). decision, ii"id!ci-um, -i, N. declare, dlco, dicere, dixi, dictum. declare (war) I, indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum. decree, I, v., de-cerno, -cernCre.-crOvi, ■crOtum ; decrCtuni, -I, N. deeu, -tricln-us, -oris, N. ; fact-um, I, N. deep, alt-US, -a, -um (adj.). defeat, n., clad-es, -is, F. defeat, v., vinco, vincere, vici, vie- tum ; sfiper-o, -are, -avi, -atum. defend, defendo, defenddre, defendi, defensum. defile, n., angustl-ae, -arum, F. ipl.) • salt-us, -us, M. delay, v., ni«r-ot-, -an, -ntus sum (tr. and mtr.) ; cunet-or, -liri, -fitus sum ; mOra, -ae, F. deliberate, delibCr-o, -are, -avi, deliberation, there is need of, opu« est consuUo (p. ice, 2). delight, I, delect-o, -are, -avi, -atum (trans. ) ; gaudOo, gaudCre, gavlsus sum (intr.). delightful, anioeiuis, -a, -um (oJ scenery) ; pulch-er, -ra, -rum. deliver (hand down), trado, tradore, tradldi, tradftum ; reddo, -dure, -didi, -dltum ; (free), lihCr-o, -are, -avi, -atum ; deliver a speech, orationem habere ; after the speech was d., abl. aU. (220). Delphi, Delph-i, -Orum, M, pi. demand, iwstnl-o, -are, -avr, -atum ; ti.igito, -are, -avi, -alum ; posco, poscere, l)r>poscI, no sup. (p. U2, 3). Demosthenes, Demosthenes, -is, M. dense, dens-us, -a, -um (adj.). deny, I, nOg-o, -are, -avi, -atum. depart, I (=go away), ab-eo, -ire, ■ivf (-11), -itum ; dis-cCdo, -cedCre, -cessi, -ccssuni. descend, de-scendo,-scendere,-scendi, -scensum. desert, desfiro, -sCrere, -sCrili, -sertum. deserter, transfilg-a, -ae, M. ; per- fi'ig-a, -ae, M. deserve, I, mCrOor, mPrOrl, merltus sum ; mereo, nigrere, mOrfii, murltum. deserving of, dignus, -a -um (with abl.). design, n., consIII-um, -I, N. designedly, consulto, adv . desire, I, cfiplo, cOpCre, onpivi (in, cOpitum. desirous, be d. of, ccip-io, -ere, -lvl(-n), -ItumC+inf.). despair of, I, despOr-o, -are, -avi, -atum (ace). despatch, litter-ae, -arum (pi. r.); v., laicto. despise,con-temno,-tenmere ; -tempsi, -temptum ; de-spicio, -spicfire, -spexi, -spectum. despoil, spOlI-o, -are, etc. despot, domiii-us, -1, M. despotism, dominat-us, -fis, M. destined, fatal-is, -e (adj.). destiny, fat-um, -i, N. destitution, Ogest-as, -.atis, F. destroy, dOl-eo, -ere, -evl, -etum ; vast-o, -are, -avi, -atum. destruction, exiti-um, -i, N. ; per- nlcl-es, -GI, F. detain, rc-tinCo, -unere, -tinul, -ten- turn. deter, deterr-Co, -ere, -fli, -Itum. VOCABULARY. ■o, -are, -fivl, -atun> udorc, gavisus sum ;mia, -a, -um (of a, -rum. vn), trado, tradCTe, eddo, .(lore, -didi, , -are, -avi, -atuiii ; orfitioneni habere ; was d., abl. abM. iruin, M. 111. , -are, -avI, -atum ; 111 ; posuo, poscere, eniosthunea, -is, M. ■iim(adj.). •e, -avi, -,1tum. iway), ab-fo, -Ire, do, -cedore, -cesiii, 3,-scendCTe,-sc(;ndi, Lire, -sCrftl, -sertuin. ?-a, -ae, JI. ; per- ir, niCrOrl, tnerltus iiOrCii, niOrituin. rnus, -a -um (with am, -I, N. Ito, adv. nlpOre, caplvl (II), of, cfip-io, -Ore, !spOr-o, -are, -avT, e, -arum (pi. F.); -tenmere ; -tempsi, -spioere, -spexi, e, etc. , M. it-US, -U8, M. e(adj.>. N. as, -atis, F. 3re, -Cvi, -etuin ; um, -i, N. ; per- iiOre, -tinul, -tun- ;, -fli, -Itum. 491 f n?®a*f?f'^*"?' '".""•«"'«io. -siltfiere, -atl- tul, -stitutum (-fiiif.). devastate, vast-o, -are, -avi, -atum (wftffi.?. '^^^'''' ^°' '' °'-™" "^ devour, dcvOr-o, -nro, -avi, -atum. dictator, dictator, -oris, M. did : see do. did the boy wound ? Use utrf . of wound. die, morlor, mOrl, mortfius sum. «,.?^??^' ^liS'^"'"*'' '"'^'-■'•'■e, -i'"^""'. dissension, dissensi-o, -Onis, F. distance, siiatl-um, -i, n -es^5rfat)'^°°^'^*"^^"t«-'^'-'". be^d.SnT'"'"'"-"'' ■"• -"'" ^'"'i-y' distinguished, clar-us, -a, -i.n. (adj ) (wftlfSf.1' ""-"^°' ■"'^^■-. ■"— um disturb, turb-o, -are, -avi, -atum. ditch, foss-a, -ae, F. Divico, Divic-o, -Onis, M. divide, di-vldo, -vidcre, -visl, -visum. divine, dlvm-us, -a, -um (adj.). Divitiacus, Divitiac-us, -i, m. do, facio, facCre, fOcI, factum (p. 216, 1) dog, canis, -U, M. or F. doom, fatum, -i, N. door, ianti-a, -ae, F. doubt, v., dftblto, -are, -avi -atum • there is no doubt that 'non est dubium quin (p. 188, 6). ' ' doubtful, ddbl-us, -a, -um (adj.) drag, I, traho, trahere, traxi, tractum. draw, I, traho. See above. draw up a law, I, legem sonhn (scnbere, scripsi, scriptum). ^ °' draw up an armv, I acipm in after Wp^I;, ""^ "^ instSn ": a^Sst^r^ufta^ri W ^^^ "P" dread, I, reform fd-o, -are, -avi, -atum dreadful, atrox, atrocis (adj.). dress, vest-is, -is, F.; vestlt-us, .Qs, m drink, hib-o, -Cre, bibi. (P.'^oo"?"^' ^°°^ ^°^' """^ b»'^""° iso. agere, egi. actum. ' due, use pass, of dob-eo, -Ore. -ai, -itum ae^";^!l"":'H^^^'•<^-?': '^" through), act., p. 8., 4 ; d. the reign, p. loo, f>. dust, puiv-is, -Oris, M. jr, v5tie!-Uii:, -i, r^.; gee p. 124 dwell, hablt-o, -are, -m, -atum ^dwelling, aedlflcl-um, -I, N.;tect.um, I 492 VOCABULARY. B. •'in, .M. in early- each (one), quis(|ue (never first in sentence), (inaeque, (|iio(l(jue (adj.i and ciui(l(|uo(«ul)st.); unu8(|uis(|uo; (oftWO) utoniue, utraiiue, utninuiue (p. lyji; inter Be (p. 223). " each other, alius alius ; alter alter (p. 20,) ; intur se (p. 223). eager for, avidus, -a, -um (with gen.). eagle, a(iull-a, -ao, F. eagle-bearer, a(itiilif-er, early, matur-us, -a, -uni ; spring, vuro novo. earth, the terr-a, -ae, F. easily, faoil-o. east wind, Eu.-us, -i, M. easy, Mollis, -c (p. &7, 2). eat (p. 100). educate, ednc-o, -are, avi, -atnni. . effort, cOnat-us, -us, AI. ; conat-uni, ■I, N. ' Egypt, Aegypt-as, -i, F. eight, octo. eighteen, duodeviginti. either . . . . or, aut . . . ant ' ; vel , . elect, crO-o, -are, -avl, -atuni elected, fio, fieri, factus sum. elephant, elophant-us, -i, M. eloquence, elOquentl-a, -ae, F. eloquent, eld.quen3(-quentior, -(lutn- tissunus). else, or, aut. embark (trans.), in naveni iinponere- (intr. ) naxeiu conscendere. ' emergency, temp us, -6ris, N. empire, imperi-um, -i, N. employ, utor, uti, usus sum (p. 283, 10). empty, Inan-is, -e ; vaca-us, -a, -um (adj.). encamp, castra pOno (ponfire, pOsQi pOsltum) ; castra l6oo (are, avI, atum). ' enact (a law), promulg-o, -are, -avi -atum; porfero. encourage, adiiort-or, -ari, -atus sum. end, fin-is, -is, M.: at the e. of summer, e.\trenia aestate ; v., con-floio .vel. 2 ; be ".>ne alternative exciuding the other- as, Aut scrlbit aut legit, he is either writing or reading. -'"'Yng- 3 choice ; ;ts. Par erat vel mOrl- bus vel fort una, he Was equal either m character or in fortune. -ncCre, -feci, -fectum (tr.); fin-lo, -Ire. -Ivl, -Itum (ir. and intr.). endeavor, I, cOn-or, -ari, -atus sum ; nltor, niti, nisus or nixus sum (p. 21(1, ;i). endowed with, praedit-us, -a, -um (withabl.). endure, t<-)lOr-o, -are, -avi, -atum. enemy (private), Inlnnc-us, -i, M. ; (public), host-is, -is, M. engage in battle, prnelium eom- imtto, -miitOn!, -mlsi, -missum. engine (of war), tormentum, -I, N. enjoy, fn'ior, frai, fructus sum (with abl., p. 110) ; (- to have), habeo. enmity, Inimiclti-a, -ae, F. enough, satis, adv. enquire : see inquire. enquiry, gcnmd of enquire. enroll (soldiers), con-scrlbo, -scribCre, •scripsi, -scriplinn. enter, inCo, -ire, -HI, -Ituni (ace, p. 277, 1). enterprise, res, rei, F. entirely, tot-us, -a, -um (p. 20, l). entrust, per-mitto, -mittCre, -misi, -missum. ennni6r-o, -are, -avi, enimierate, •atum. envoy, icgat-us, -i, M. envy, n., invldl-a, -ae, F. ; in-vid6o, ! videre, -vidl, -visum (dat., p. 278, foot note). Ephesus, EphCs-us, -I, F. equal, aequ-us, -a, -um ; par, pSris ( = equal to); I make e., aequ-0, are, -avi, -atum. equally, parlter, aeque. err, I, err-o, -are, -avi, -atum. error, error, -oris, M. escape, ef-fQgio, -ffigere, -fugi, fiigi- tum. establish, confirin-o, -are, avi, -atum; statQo, statnere, sta*ui, statutum. estimate, aestlm-o, -are, -avi, -atum. estimation, aestlmatl-o, -Onis, F. eternal, sempitern-us, -a, -um (adj.). even, etiam ; qu6que (used after an emphatic word) ; before an adj., vel; not ...even, ncquidem (with the empha- sized word put between"! ; ne unus quideni, not even one. evening, vusp-cr, -erig, il.; in the e., vespurl (or -e). ever, untjuam, VocAniiLAnv. (tr.); rin-lo, -ire, ar, -ari, -atus sum ; iissuiii(i). -l<>. 3). )raedlt-us, -a, -uni e, -rivl, -atuiii. Inliuic-us, -I, M. ; B, prneliiiiii coni- llliHSIIIU. luentimi, -I, N. rriictus Hum (with ;), hal)eo. •ae, F. ire. enquire. i-scrlbi>, -scribCre, -ivl, -Itum (ace, , F. •urn (p. 2«, 1). -niittOre, -inial, 6r-o, -are, -avl, I. ae, F.; iii-vid6o, lat., p. 278, foot -I, F. •uin ; par, pSris e., aequ-o, -are, lie. , -atuiii. ■6re, -ffig!, -fllgl- -are, -avl, -atum; batutuni. are, -avi, -atum. I-o, -Onis, F. I, -a, -urn (adj.). (used after an natlj.,vel; not ith the empha- leunusquidera, 3, ii.; in the 493 ©Very (-all), omn-is. -o; qiiignnp quaeque, (|ui(l(|ue or iiiioihiiiu (p. V.i-2) ' every day. See daily, evident, mamfest-us, -a, -ni,, (:„ij.)' It Is e., apparet, -ere, -nit. exact (punishment), sumo, mwOro sumpsi, sumptuni. ' excellent, optlm-us, -a, -nni ; excel- len-8, ■ti8(adj.). ', exm except, praeter (ace). except (to), nisi (ut). excessive, nlml-us, -a, -um (adj.) exchange for, I, mnto, -are, -iivi atuniip. luo, 1, note). ' ' excite, exclto, -are, -avl, -ntum. -fOcI, execute, con-ficlo, -frcore, -fectuin. ' exercise, v., exerc-So, -cre, -ni, -itum. exhort, hort-or, -an, -atus sum. /„f®„^^'®'. ?.'?""'• ■*''''^' *^' ; exlll-um. -i, \. (of a condition). exist, I, sum, esse, fQr. expect, ex-spect-o, -are, -avl, -atuni • sper-o, -are, -avl, -atum. expedient, utii-is, -e (adi > • it i^ expedient (p. 103, 6). ^'' ^ expediency, utilft-aa, -atis, F. expel, pello, -Ore, pepnii, pulsum. Cnti^a^^aTr^' """^' ■'"*■ ''■' ^^P"'" -pOsftmif "' ^""P"""' •P""*^''-^. -Pusfii, extent, p. 69, 9. riif^^^Fu'^"' ?;ei'etund-ae, -arum, F. i)!. lit. of things that should be got back (repeto); supply n iiiinj. ' extreme, extrem-us, -a, -urn (adj.). exult, exult-o, -.ire, -avl, -atimi. «,17®;^!:'^'""'' •'• *'• : ^ saw it with my own eyes, ipse id vidi. P. ..,t?^®' y*\pris, N. ; facl-es, ci, F. • V>llt-US, -UB, M. . , r. , fact, res, rei,F. (p. 181, 2). faction, factl-o, -or.is, F. fail, de-ficio. -ffcere, -fOcT. -fectiim (used with or without ace); de-s n -esse, -ffii (with dat.). '«sum, »^'^f^,'/P"'''^"^''' r""*' ■'^"•; amoen-us, '"■r ' {'''•' ^"enei-j";, faith, fid-es, -Ci, P. • I nut fnith i"« you, tibi fir for the, in futfirum ■ in postOrum. O. .grain, Sm<51flment-imi, i, N.; hicr-um -1, N. ' gain, possession of, pOtfor, pfitirl. IJOtitus sum (with al)l.). games, Ifid i, -orum, M. garden, hort-us, -i, Ji. Garonne, Oarunm-a, -ae, M. garrison, praesldl-um, -i, N gate, porta, -ae, P. gather together (tr.aiis.). oomprir-o -.ire,-Hvi,-atum;(intr.),oon-vCiilo, -vonirt' -voni, -ventum. ' Gaul, the country now called Prancr, Galll-a, -ae, F. =»« g., greatly, ma},'noi)ere (adv.); comp.. mayis; sup., maxime. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) Va 1.0 I.I l^|28 lit lu IM IL25 II 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 <^ /a / rilulOgidpiUL; Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4 '^ 4. %' O'^ "^^ '%^'^ ■v-^ ^ij- <^. .•V 4 ,^ ^°>% t/j 496 VOCABULARY. I Greece, Graecl-a, -ae, F. firreedy, avldus, -a, -um ; ftvar-us, a, •uin (adj.). ' Greek, Graecus, -.1, -um, adj. greenness, vlrldit-aa, -atis, F. grief, d(5l-or, -oris, M. groan, gCmo, -ore, -ili, -ituni. ground, hfun-us, i, F. ; on the erround, hmm. ' " grow, crese-o, -Cre, crSvi, crCtuni • viroo, virure, noperf., no sup. guard, cust6pu8estproperato(p. I6(i,2). hasten, pr«p6r-o, -are, .a\I, -fitun. ; matur-o, -are, -avl, -atum j fest-Ino, -are, •avl, -atum. ' hate, Odl-uni, -i, N. hate, I, odi, odisse ; I am hated, odio sum (p. 1()C, 7, note). haughty, superbua, -a, -uni, adj. have, hab-eo, -ere, -ni, -itum. he, p. 168, 3. he himself, ipse (p. i2.s, c), .. ^?^^' ""P"*' '^''''"''»' N- ; In the h., p. tfO, J. head of. I am at the, praesum, •esse, -fill (with dat.). headlong, prae-ceps, -clpltia (adj.). heal, incdoor, niOduri, no perf., no sup. health, I am in good, valeo, vai trc, vi\Ifii, vftlltuni. hear, aud-IO, -ire, -ivi, -itum. heart, cor, coruis, N. ; (feelings) aninuia. ^ " '• heat, aeatua, -us, M. heaven, ciel-um, -i, N.; p!. M., cael-i, -oruni ';p. 242). heavy, griiv-is, -e (adj.). heir, hcro-s, -dis, M. help, invo, iavare, iuvl, ifitum ; ad- lavo, -ifivare, -ulvl, -iutuni ; n., auxUI-um, -1, N. Helvetians (Helvetii), Helvctii, -orum, M. hem in, con-ttnCo, -tmore, -tlnfli, -tentuui. ' hence, henceforth, proinde, hinc. herald, praec-o, -onis, M. here, hic. here, I am, ad-sum, -esse, -ffti. hesitate, dablt-o, -are, -avl, -atum. hidden, occult-us, -a, -um, adj. hide, cOlo, -are, -avi, -atum. high, altus, -a, -um (adj.). highest, sunun-us, -a, -um ; with in- tereat, use niasfni (p. 166, 3) ; of price, p. li)0, 2. • r I l^iKhly, I value, magni aestimo hill, coll-is, -is, M.; nmna, mentis, M. him ; p. 168, 3. hinder, imped-lo, -ire, -iv>. -itum; ob-sto, -stare, -stiti. -statum (dat,). . ^*^,V,?''J^' ^""^ (f- ^<58- 3); often omit- ted ; l(i!), r>, note 2. historian, rerum script-or (-oris, M.). atum ; fest-Ino, -dre, N'. sse; I am hated, lote). ■us, -a, -uni, adj. !> •til, •Hum. , -Ituni ; atum (oat,)- 68, 3); often omit !ript-or (-oris, M.). VOCABULAnv. 497 hither, citer-ior, -ioris (adj.). hold, habeo, habOre, habfi., habltuin ■ tCneo, tOnere, tenOI, tentuni ; ci'mic,' capere, cepi, captum ( = contain). home, doiii-us, -us, v. ; at home, rtonii ; (to) home, doniimi ; ft-om home, domo. Homer, HOmerus, -1, M. honest, prOli-us, -a -um (adj.). honor, fTdes, fldel ((food faithl, F. ■ honor, -oris, M. (distinction). hope, spes, spei, F. hope, hope for, I, spCr o, -are, -nvi, •atum. Horace, HOratt-us, -i, m. horse, equus, eiiui, M. horseman, Cciues, cquitis, M. host (opposed to guest), hospes, hos- host (a multitude), mnltltud-o, -Inis.F. hostage, obses, obsidis, M. hot, be, caiC'o, caiore. hour, hor-a, -ae, F. hoUBe, d(5m-u8, -us, F. (p. 62, 6). how, quani (p. 176, 3). however, autem, vero ; p. 196, 7, note. ' ' how many, quot. how much, quantum ; with com- paratives, quanto. how often, quOttea. human, human-us, a, -um (adj.). humble, hnmll-is, -e (adj.). hundred, a, centum. hunger, fames, famis, F. hurl, con-lcio, -Icere, -iecl, -iectum (at = in-facc.). hurry to, con-tendo, -tendCre, -tendl, •tentum(ad withacc). husband, vir, viri, M. I, ego (p. 104), if, sT (p. 190) ; if . . . , not, nisi, si ... . non (p. 190, 3) ; unless, nisi (p. 190, 3). ignorant of, I am, isnar-o, -are, -avI, -atum ; ne-scio, -scire, -sclvl, -scituni. ill, I am, aegrot-o, -are, -avI, -atum. lllu8trioU3, praeclar-us, -a, -um(adj.). _ ill-will, maigvolentla, -ae, F. imitate, Imlt-or, -an, -atus sum. Immediately (adv.), atatim, oonfes- tim. Immediately after the battle, confi'stim a proelio. «i-i^io, immortal, iiiimortrd-ii<, -c (.idj). impart, I, rommunloo, -fire, -avi, •atuiii. impiaty, impiotas, -atis, F. implore, implOr-o, -are, -aM, -atum. importance, it is of: p. kk;, .!. important to me, it is, mca inter- est (p. mi, :{). important, gi-r. v-is, -e ; r.iagnus (adj. ). impunity, with, impnne. Impute this to you as a fault, I, lioc tii)i vitio verto. in, prep., in (with abl. or arc; p. 222 ")• In company with, cum ; in the power of, Junes (w ith ace.) ; in turn, invicem; m order that, ut ; in order that not, ne (j). 183, 2). inasmuch as, quum(-f8Hbj. ; p. 203, 1) ; qui (p. ]()!), 5). "^ '^ inclination, v6Iunt-as, -atis, F. inconsistent with, alionus, -a, -um (ab-fabl.). increase (trans.), au^rCo, augere, auxl, auctum ; (intrans.), cresco, crcsciJre, trOvI. crOtuni. incredible, incredlbllis, -e (p. 175). indecisive, anccps, ancipitis (adj.). inexperienced, impcrit-iis, -a, -um. infant, infans, infantis, M. or F. infantry, pcdit-es, -um, M. pi. influence, auctoritas, -atis, F. Inform, (.■ertiorem facere (of = de). inform him about these mat- ters, I, ego euiii certioreni de his rebus facio. inhabitant, incftl-a, ae, M. ; i. of a town, oppidanus, -i, M. injure, nCcCo, nOcOre, nOefil, Itum (with dat.). . injury, iniurl-a, -ae, F. ; damn-um, -I, N. innocence, innOcentla, -ae, F. innocent, innocen», innocentia (adj.). inquire, quaero, (luacrtre, (piaesiM ((uaesitum ; rOgo, -are, -avI, -atum. insist on, flaglt-o, -are, -avI, -atum. instantly, contlnuo. institution, instuut-um, -i. N. instruct, Orud-Io, -Tre, -Ivi, -num. Insult, conti1melI-a, -ae, F. intellect, mens, mentis, F. 49T VOCAnULARY. If i» 1:1 I I Intend, p. 174, 1. Intentionally, consulto. (p. IOC, S) : (high = mapii or ninltmi)). Inte'pretar, interpres interprOtis, M. Into, i.j (with ftcc). Intrust, I, oer-initto, -mittere -iniHi •mi88u:u; mand-o, -art, -avi. -atum ' infSftun?). '^""'" '"'^^ ('"'--. inventor, invent-or, -Oris, M. Invite, I, invit-o, -i-re, -m r, -atani. irruption, an, inourslo, -Onis, F. Island, insni-a, -ae, V. issue, Ovent-us, -us, M. it. See he. Italy, Itall-a, -ae, F. its, eius ; referriiiL' to gtibieot simi sua, suum (p. ifio, f,).*' '^""Jeot, suus, itself, ipse, ipsa, ipsuni. J. January, lamlarl-us, -a, -urn farll • menma being understood). ^ ^' ' javelin, toium, -i, n. ; pii-um, -t n t-vif.jre, -vidl, -visum). join, iungo, iung-Ore, iunxl, iunctum. joint, art-u8, -Qs. journey, iter, ItlnCris, N. joy, gaudl-uni, -i, N. ; laetltl-a, -ae. joyful, laet-us, -a, uni (adj.). judge, iudex, ifidicis, M. ; v., iudico -re, -avl.-atun>; arbltr-or," -aVl, '-.Uus trSif^N"*' ''"'''''•"•"■ •'> N. ; arbl- Jug-urtha, lujnirth-a, -ae, M. June (month of), ifmi-us, -a, um. Jupiter, lupiter, lOvis, M. jury, iudlc-es, -um, M. pi. just, aequ-us; iust-us, -a, -um (adj.). just ihen, lam turn, just as though : say as if. justice, itistltr-a, -ae, F. Jura, lur-a, -ae, P. K. Karthag-e Karthilg-o, -Ini?, F. 5.]?,*«^?'^*"^^°^' Karthaglnienses, •luni, M. pi. ' keen, accr, aci.j, acre (adj.). keep, servo, -are. ■',1 ..t.,,,- . 1, S^??S)."''""'^- ^'-^ -^i^-: keep back, arc-eo, -ere, -ni, -itum. 1", Itum ; arceo, arcOre, arcai(+ab! ) keep my word, fl.lem .servo r-nre •••'.. -utun.) ; flleu, prae..to(..staro?.stm)' keep off, dcfon-,lo, xlfre. -di, -sum. oeSdo ''','.[ i-""''°\;^^'''^' ■f'^ci, -fectutn; o( cuio, -ol icre, •(■idl, -cisum. kind, gen-US, -oris, N. kind, adj., boncv61-u8, -a, -um • com» beaevolentlor ; sup., l-CnOvSlentisslmus' oMS^gc.nSs.^^^''^' °'""'«' ■•'"''iJ-»: (P.^18"^)°' ™^"' *^®' "«^ lualis n^i?^-'' ^*" *^*^' huiusniddi; of that kind, emsmodi ; talis. kindness, bonef loi-um, -i n ^king, rex, regis ; king's,' rOgi-us, -a, knee, gCn-u, -us, n. no^f^^o^'^' """'^ «F"-e s,.ivi, 8citum (a fact); nosco, -ivi, notum(aptrsoii). kno jt-us, -a, -uni (adj.). • ^"0«,> ^IgP. selentl-a, ae, F,- (learn- ing), doctrm-a, -ae, F. •■., „earn Labienus, Labicn-i,.^, -i, m. Lacedaemon, Lacodaem-on, -dnis F ■a,''^mSu1°^°°*^"' Lacedaemfni-us; lack, I, niihi deest. p. c1l?4 !"f 28i;''9);'' "•'''■*-'"^ «"''"^ '^^'- : lake, lac-us, -ur,, m. lame, daud-us, -a, -um (adj.). lament, lament-or, -arl, -atus sum • dOlOo, dOlOre, dolai, no sup. ' land (the soil), ^gcr, .Igri, M. • (a ^^''ae^F' "?;/• ' "^**t« '^»<1- i'rra.';arup',e'' ^^ 8^«- and land, land troops, milites in terram ex- pono (-ponure, -posili, -posltuni). language (tongue), lingua, -ae. F • (oonversatioM), sL-rm-o, -onis, M. ' ' large, magn-us, -a, -um ; ingen-g, -tis; SO ]., tant-us, -a, -um (adj.). ' acre (adj.). ■e, ••..I, .ntmr. ; k. S13 (al)I.) 8to (stare, eo, -Cre, -ni, .itinn. ra, i/fuliil o, -C've :Ore, arcf;I( + abl.). ' , fidein scrv-o (-firf •ae-sto (-.stare, -stlti)! 0. -(ii^rc, -di, -mm. core, -feci, -fecliini ; -ctsuin. , N. !-u9, -a, -um : coiiip., lunuvOleritissliiuis. )OniJfTcI-iiiii, -I, N. ; omn-is, -e (adj.) ; the, use qualis iusmfidi; Of that 1. I-um, -T, N. king's, rOjfl-iis, -a, 'ivi, scitum (a fact); 111 (a pt rsoii). ■iini (adj.). tl-a, -ae, R; (learn- iK-i, -I, M. i?daem-on,-Onis,F. LacOdaemOni-u8, pert-is (with abl. ; im (adj.). -ai'i, -atus sum ; iup. '•i •tffri, jr. ; (a ; native land, sea and land, 's in terrain ex- Osltuin). liiiffu-a, -ae. F. ; tins, M. m; iiigen-9, -tia; VOCAnuLARY. 499 lea^t (of a number), ulttm-us, -a, -unr (iieartst: as, last night), proxliii-us, -a, ■uiii ; most remote, extrom-us, -a, •inn; at last, dOniuiri(=: then and not till then) ; tandem. late (recent), rOcer>s, recenti8(a(Jj.). late, too, adv., sOro. lately, nuper; sup., nuperrlme. law, lex, logis, F. lay waste, vast-o, -are, -avi, -atum. lead, duco, ducure, duxi, ductuni ; lead acroBs or through, tran.s-duco, ■«f-'"'®' ■^""' ■«•"Ptuiii; lead back, re-duco, -d icere, -duxl, -ductuni ; lead out, Cduco, -ducCre, -duxi, -ductuni. lead, plumbum, -j, N. leader, dux, docis, M. learn, disco, discCre, didici, no sup. • (ascertain), coKnosc-o, ere, cognovi, coir- nitum. '^ learned, doctus (p. p. of dOceo, teach). learning, doctrln-a, -ae, F. least, at, saltern ; I at least, ego leave, rC-linquo. -linquGre, -liqui, -llctum ; (a place) ex-cOdo,"-cedere, -cess! -cesoum (with ace. or abl. or with ex ) • discedo, -cCdere, -cessl, -cessuni (ex) •' prOflciscor, proflcisci, profectus sum. left, sinister, -ra, -n n (adj.). legion, legl-o, -onis, F. leisure, oti-um, -i, n. ; at leisure, otios-us. -a, -um (adj.). less (adv.), minus; less than two nundred fell, minus ducenti perior- unt. Minus, with numerals (like plus and amplius, more) has no effect upon the construction. less, adj., minor, minus (p. 57, 4). lest, ne (p. 185, 3). let, sino, sInCre, sivl, situm ; or use hcet (163, 5). letter, epistOl-a, also CpistQl-a, -ae, F littGr-ae, -arum, F. ipl.). ' 1 J^J^.' "•• fJ^'ect-us, -US, M. ; I hold a levy, delectum habeo. liar, niendax, mendacis, M. or adj. liberality, li^eralit-as, -.atis, F. libei'ate, llbCr-o, -are, -avr, -atum, liberty, lilort-as, -atis, F. lie, iac-eo, -Cre, -m, -Itum ; (speak ralsely) mentior, mentlrl, mentltus sum. lieutenant, ic-gat-us, -i, Ji. life, vlt-a, -ae, F. light, lux, lucis, F.; lumen, lumlnis, N lightning fulgur, fulgiiris, N. . ^'.^?> simll-is, -e ; comp., similior ; sun. snuillnnus (dat.). Hkely ; use 174, 1. line of battle, .ides, aciCT, F. ; line of march, iter, itlnoris, N. lion, leo, leonis, M. listen to, aud-io, -ire, -ivi, -ituni (ace). little, parv-us, -a, -um (adj.). live, vivo vivCre, vlxi, vintum ; I live on milk, lacte vescor (\esci, no perf., no sup.). living, be ; say live, load : (5nu9, OnCris, N. load, v., (-.nCr-o, -are, -avT, -atum. /.,'^?o^^^*'^' '^°"*' •"■■""'• ^'*'- !>'• o' locus (p. 242). lofty, alt-us, -a, -um; excels-us, -a, -um Hi^^^i'""^'"^' •?' ■"'"; for a long time, dm, lamprldem (21(1, 2, b}. look at, spect-o, -are, -.avi, -atuni. look down on, de-spicio, -spiccre. -spexl, -spectuni. •- • t i look for, exspeot-o, -are, -avi, -atum. lord, domin-us, -i, M. lose, a-mitto, -mittCre, -misi, -missum • amlfto^" opportunity, occasioneni cllSmlt-as, loss, damn-um, -i, N. -iVtis, F. lot, sors, sortis, F. ; fortun-a, -ae, F. lot, it falls to my, mlhi accldit; niihi contmgit. loud, magn-us, -a, -um (adj.). dillgcre, dilexi, dilectum. *^ ' (id°7^^^' ''"'°'"''"' Pu'chi-a, pulchrum lover, amans, amatitis, jr. or F. low(ly), hnmll-is, -e, adj. lowest, Imus, -a, -um, adj. (59, 1). loyal, fidel-is, -e, adj. loyalty, fides, fidel, F. Lucca, Lucc-a, -ae, F. luxury, luxflrl-a, -ae, F. M. mad, I am, faro, farOre, no perf no sup. * ' mads, I am being, fio, fiori, fac- tus sum. >= . , cv J magnitude, use quantus (see p. 600 VOCAIUlLARV. P"el|..i, -ae, R; virR-o, maiden, -Inis, K, maintain, sim-thioo, tiiicre, -timli -teiitmu : Mmll.M). -iuo, -uvr, .atu.n. make, f.u-io, fr.ciTe, feei, factum ; (,i magistrate), crO-o, (-are, -avl, .alui.,1 ■ ( var IJl-oti), bell,,,,, i„.,er„, [iui^riv, i„tnll facio (mc6i-e, feci, fact,,,,,), or nimpU aKjfrtVllor. .^rO.li, .^re^ii.s niii„ (ace.) Malta, Mellt-a, -.ic, F. ai. ort. (ahunia,, being). maniple, m:\i,ipn].„s, -i, m. manners, mores, mrinun (pi,), >[. „J^2"^' '""'*•'• ■''^- -'*(«''J.,rl.):manv erood men, imilti et bo„i homine" ^ marble, mami-or. Oris, N. marble, inari,i0reu8, -a, -um (adj.*. march, iter, !tlneris,N. ; to make a march, iter facio (fac'c-e, 'fo °,^?tumf _ Marcus. Marc-us. -i, M., a Ron.an Marius, Mftri-ns, -i, m. market-place, for-mn, -i, N. Marseilles, Masslil-a, -ae, F. marsh, pal us, .,-i)- in final clauses, ut+subj. p. ua) '• of a wish (p. 138, 4, <•). ^ ' • °' * May (month of), Mru-us, -a .„in aflj. (n,eMs,s being understood). ' p meal, cen-a, -ae, F. ; epul-ae, .arum, mean, v., sibi volo (velle, volui). means of, by, abi. (p. 71, 3). meanwhile, interim, ^measure, metlor. mCtm, mensus Medes, Med-I, -orum (pi.), M. (d™f fre. ^" enemy, obvlam hostibus roM^umf *^' '''°''"'' °''-'^° f'r«- 'VI veK.*'?sV"'"""'"' -'• ^- -"• memory. mSmftrla, -ne, F. merchant, niere.lt-or. -Oris, M. I merchantman, navis oneraria. Mercury, Mercnn-us, -i, m. mercy, mlscrlcordi-a, -ne, F. mere, ipse, ii)sa, i|)sum (p. 12,3). message, tmnti-us, .1, n. messenger, nuntius, .|, m middle of the plam, in luedia pian- itie; in the middle of the niiht media nocte. "iS"!-. midst of, in the. inter (with ace), might, use licet (163, 5). mild, nilt-is, -e (adj.). tT^'J^Siiri"^ passu.im or mille passus; twomlles,duo„iiiiiapa88uum(p.09, 10). milk, lac, -tis, N. mind, anliu-us, -i, m.; mens, mentis, F. (ati?)^®^*'^^®' "''^^'■' '»"»'-''■«. nilsdrum modesty, mMesti-a, -ae, F. money, pOcunl-a. -ae, V. month, mens-is, -is, M. moon, lunar, hlnae, F. morals, n,ores. mOrum, M. more, plus (p. 57, 4), of amount- mSSilr^^P-^'^'^^^'-ethan: moreover, praeterta, adv. morning. In the, mane, adv. mortal (dyinif), mortal-is. -e(adi)- (deadly), „,ort,-fer, -fera, -fOrum (adj.) ' (ad?°^*' P'*^''"''!"^' Plcraeque, plOraque most part, for the. maxime. mound. a,i,'-grer, -gtris, M. mount, v., a-scendo, -scendGre -scendl, -scensum. si-ennere, mountain, mons. montis, M. Ififreo, lugcre, luxi. mourn over, luctum. mouth, 08, Oris, N. J^^If' '"^veo mOvure, mOvl, motum • move forward, pro-mOveo. ' much, niult-us, -a, -um (adj.); with ^e^pS"'- '"""*" "^- "«»e,'/nuUmn multitude, multltild-o, -inis, F. murder, caed-es. -is, F. • after f-h« murderof Caesar, CaesaVeinterfecto must : p. 172, 2 ; 173, 5. my, mc-us, -a, -um (adj.). myself (emphatic), ipse. VOCAUULAHY. 501 I, navis oncraria. rirl-us, -i, M. rtii-a, -ai', F. ipsiini (|>. 123). "H, I, N. lUiis, .(, M. es> -el, M. ; tempus ■us, -a, -uiii ; in the Iain, iti inofliii plan- lie of the nisrht, >, inter (with ace). 163, 5). Ij). iim or mille paasiis; iapa88uum(p.C9, 10). M. ; mens, tnentia, F. r, mlBCra, nilsCruni i-a, -ae, F. -ae, V. is, M. ■ F. Orum, M. ''. 4), of amount ; 1 6) ; more than, rCa, adv. . niJne, adv. iiortal-is, -e (adj.); ra, -fCruni (adj.). lOraeque, pleraque le, niaxime. !ris, M. sendo, -scenddre, iiontis, M. reo, lugore, luxi, re, niovi, motum ; ■ni6vco. •urn (adj.); with !• time, inultum id-o, -In is, F. '. F. ; after the ./aesare interfecto. 5, 5. idj.). pse. N. name, nOm-cn, -Inis, N. name, good, Mm-a, -ae, F. Naples, N(.ap61-is, .i.s, F. nation, pripal-us, i, m. ; oivit-as, -at is, 1-. ; natl-o, -onis, F. (of f( "fi(,'ii nations). native land or country, patria, -ae, F. .» > I . nature, natur-a, -ae, F. near, pr<.(if, ad, or apud (with nof., ; be near, adsum (dai ). nearest, proxlnms, -a, -uni (adj.). nearly, itaene, fere (adv.). necessary, noccssarl-us, -a, -uiii (adj.). necessity, nocessitas, -ati», F. need, opus est (ji. um, 2) ; I have need of food, opus est mihi dim (ahl.); egOo, C'Kere,0>;ni (+al)l. or gen., p. 28-i, 1). needy, ogcnus (r,7, a, note). neglect, neg-lCgo, -iCgere, -IcM, -lee- tuni. _ neighbor, viclnus, -l, M. ; finltlinua, neighboring, fmitim-us, -a, um (adj.). neither .... nor ; ncque . . . nooue • nee nee. ' neither (Of two), neuter, neutra, neutrum (p. 26). nest, nidus, -i, M. never, nunquani. new, n6v-u8, -a, -urn (adj.). news of, there is, nuntiatur (;>. 161, 2, note 2). next, the, proxIm-uB, -a, -um (adj.) • next day, dies postcrus ; on the next day, die postero, postrldle eius diei. night, nox, noctis, F. no : p. 29, 4, note. noble, praeclar-us, -a, -um ; nobil-is. e (adj.). noon, noonday, mcridi-es, -ci, M. no one, nOmo (gen., nulllua; p. i;j-' 2;- null-u8, -a, um; and no one, nee quisquani (132, 3). nor, neque, nee ; owing to the Latin love of connectives, used instead of non to introduce a sentence ; nor. anv p. 132, 3. ^' not, non ; with iniperat., p. 138, 4 (b). not yet, nondum. nothing, nihil. nourish, nutr-Io, -ire, -Ivl, -itum ; aio, aiere, aioi, alltum (or altum). now (of tmie up to the present), iam ; (at ttie present moment), nunc; ( = to- ' a'*»' ; others am ; other men (-the rest), eeten ought, debco, -ere, -ni, -rtum (of moral S S'4)!v"r7^!i- "'"'"•^*' ■'''' ■"" our, ours, nost-er, -ra, -mm (adj.). oiu-selves, nos ; p. i04, 5. out of, 0, ex (with abl.) ; ex before vowels and consonants, e before conso- nants only. outward, exter-us. -a, -um. p. 222, 2); trans (ace). vi?n^®'*°°?^®' "'"'P^'":"' ■*•■«. -av^-atum; vmco, vincere, vui, victuni. overthrow, -evert-o, -6re, -i,--suin. Ovid, Ovidl-us, -i, M. owe, deb-eo, -6re, -tli, -Itum. own, (fen. of ipse ; mv own boolc 'neii-s ipsMis liber (12J, Oh v. p^20, a OX, bos, bovis, M. P. pacify, I, place, -are, -avi, -atum. pain, dolor, -Ori.s, M. panic, i)avor, pavoris. M. pardon, n., vCnl-a, -ae, F. parent, parens, M. or F -at?.nf;Vro."^'' P''°"'»'f°. ••"«, -av,. pass by, praeter-<.o, -ire, -ivl. -Itum pass over, trans-eo, -ire, -ivi, -ituin atuuK^ the winter, hie,n-o, -are, -avi, passion (anxer), ira, -ae, F. passionate, Iracundus, a, -um (adj.). passionateness, iracundi-a. -ae F past, praetent-us, -a, -um (adj.) ; the past, tempus praeterltum. patiently, patlenter. pay, pendo, pendure, pependi,pensum. pay, merces, mercGdis, F. pearl, marj?arlt-a, -ae, F. peace, pax, pacis, p. Peligni, Pelign-i, -orum, M. pi. . people (a), popoi-us, -i. m • (meni homines, (M. pi.) ; 164, 2. ' ' '' perceive, intellcgo, -Idrcre -Ipvt -lectum; sentlo. sentire," seiisf si'nsum ' Pericles, PCricl-es, -is, M. perish, per-eo, -ire. -ivi (or II), -Itum permit: see allow; you p me niihi per te licet (p. 163, 5). ^ ®' permitted, I am, niihilicet(p. 163 5) Persian, Mcd-us, -i, m. persuade, persuadeo, -suidere -siiasi, -suasuiii (dat.). «uiaere, Philippi, Philippi, -Orum, M. pi. philosopher, phiiosoph-us, -i, m. philosophy, philosophi-a, 'ae F leS' ^^""^ °^*' ''«°' J^^^'-^. 1^8'. pine, pin- us, -us, F. VOCAUULAUY. 503 oniul(f-o, -are, -avi, pirate, pracd-o, -ndis, M. n.mlfR.^ «■ camp, 'cantra p.-ncrt. or pity, mIsCrlconll-a, -ae, F. SIMM, «ith tfuri. ; I pty you me tiii place, Idc iiM. -T II . „1 i„„j ,, and lo«i, N., p. 242. ' ' ' ' *'• place, v., l,v.o, -are, -avi. -atinn Caio.), pimo, pruKre, i)0»rii DOsltiirn • fen>.°''^''= '"'"■"^•'"- ■"-■'" fOc.: plain, (•aiiip-u8. -I, M. ; plaiiltl-eH, -01. V. (a(?j!r^" <*•■*'''"-'"'>. '"anlffst-us, -a, iim plan, coiisili-uin, -I, N. (form ineo). play, 1ml us, -t. M. ; ins-us, -us, M • v., lud (>, -Ore, -si, -uui. pleasant, iucund-us, -a, -uiu(adi)- Kratus, -a, -uiii (adj.). ' Huj / . please, deleet-o, -are, -avi, ..aiu,„ iib^iMM^tunl'iri: ''''°°""*- ■""'^' '"«^*- pleasing : see pleasant, pleasure, voiupt-asi, -atis, F. plough, n., aratr-iuii, -I, N. plough, v., aro, -fire, -avr, -atuni. ploughed land, arvum, arvi, N. pluck, carpo, carpere, carpsi, cari>tuiu. plunder, praeda, -ae, F. poet, poot-a, -ae, M. point out, nion.str-o, -are, -avi, -.ituin • oatendo, ostendOre, ostendi, ostentui;>. ' poison, vOnOii-uni, -i, n. Pompey, Pompoi-us, -i, M. pool, stagnuin, -I, N. poor, pauper, pauperis (adj.). populace, plebs, plebis, F. nnn?f ^®f~?^°"' Obtain or gain, pfttior, potlri, potitus sum (p. 116). possible, use possum ; all n., oimies quas potest ; as many as p m am plunnii (p. 143, note), "^ i"' *«»«» poverty, paupert-as, -atis, F. povsj'er, impM-uni, -i, n.; p6test-as, ■atis, F ; potentl-a, -ae, F. (undue power). vuiiuue powerful, patens, pOtentis. practice, usus, -n?, JVI. praise, n., laus, laudis, F. praise, v., laud-o, -are, -avi, -atum. praiseworthy, laudabil-is, o (adj.). pray for, r.r-o, -are, -aM, -atum. prayers, pne-es, -um, F. prefer (wish rather), main, malle ■> alul. no st.p. ; antep„M<), -i»,ncre, - ,' t m, •l..^8ltu.n (witl. a!.,., and' dat ; ,,rae fero, -ferre, -tilll, -latum. ' prepare, iKlr-o, -are, -.ivi, -atum, present, a, donum, -i, n. I . present, I am, ad-aum, -esse, -fni- inter-sum, -esse, -ffil (at - l^''r?P®M*yu^ *'*''"'• ^- P'- ; fortunae, F. pi., rea, rel, F. proud, 8fiperl)-us, -(>, -um (adj) providence, providenti-a, -ae, F. ^Pyiai., r., pupil, discrlpnius, -I, M. ^^purpose, for the p. of. causa purposely, consulto. pursue, sequor, sCqui, secutus sum. pursuit, Btadl-um, -i, N. 50t VOCAIIULAUY, put, porio. imiiOrc, |HVini, jtOsltinii. .put to death, inttifico, -fii-.re Pyrenees, PiTCnaci Moniia. quaestor, (luaust-or, -ori», .M. quantity, copia, -ne, R; vis. K. queen, riKina, -ue, F. question, I ask a. nvir., :„i. -nvr quickly, «liTltor. R. race (kind), ffCn-us, .iris N • t'ld numan race, Kt'ims liuiii.imiiu ; 'r. "of men, jreiuH hoiiiinuui. rage, ir-a, -av, K; fnr-or, -oris, M. rain, plavia, -ac, K.; iiu Lor. -bris, M. raise, tollo, tollere. sustull. sublatmn. rank, onl-o, -Iriis, M. (milltarv term). rather, potius. Ravenna, Ka\enn-a, -ae. K. reach, porvoiiio, .venire, .vOnl, veii. turn (ad wiUi occ). read, lCf,'o, Icgcyre, lOjfl. leotum. read aloud, rCclt-o, .are, -uM. -atum. ready, par.it-u», -a, dat., or ad. and ace). -uni (Willi inf.. really, vOro ; re vera (in truth). rear, terR.uni, -i, N.; ft'. ''ftfil- . reign, v., reu'n-o, -are, -Svi. -fttuni • ""f't*:'-'"". -'". -''•; di-u-ing the r., see p. luu, 0. reject, repndl-o, -nre, .avi, .atum. rejoice, gaud.eo, .ere, ^'ilvlsu9 sum. relate, narrn, .firr. -:V,-1 -"tiuis • it is related, narmtur ; it is related by tradition, traditum est. relying on. /rOt-us. (with al.l.). •a, uni (adj.) remain, mftn.eo, -in, -si, -gum. remarkable, insiKn-ia, -e; exlniLua. •a, inn (adj.). ' remember, p. 14,'i ; 140, 7. remind, adnmn-eo, -ore, .nl, .(turn- (•onn.i.,n«.ftteio, -facCre, .feci, .factum (p. ll><). -inu'?'®"^ Of my folly. I. me meae Hlultitiae iicenitfl (p. 1«."). i). reply, v., re-»iK>ndeo, .spondCre. ■spoiKh, .siK)nsum ; respons-um, -I, N. report, nnntl-o, -are, ..ivl. -atum: nurr-o. nre. .avl. atum. ' republic, regpul.lica, roipuhllcae, F. iJOSist, re.siato, .gistOre, .«titi. -stltum, resolve, con.stltno, .stitnore. -stltQi -slitutuni. ' ' retake, re.clpio, -clpere,.cepi,.ceptum. retreat, se recljiore. return (j,'o I,ack>, rCd.eo, .ire, .ivl(or ■dliuin"" ' ^ '^' "''■''°' '^^'^' ■'"'^'> revile, milledlco, .dicere, .di.xi. .dic- tum (dat.). reward, praemi.um, -i, N. Rhine, Rhonus, -i, M. Rhone, Rhadiin.us, -i, m. rich, dives. dTvitis; dis. dltis ; opu- lentus, -a, -urn ; coj^os-us, -a, -um (adj.). rierht, iustus, -a, -um ; aequ-us, -a, ■uni (adj.). • right ( = on the right hand), dexter ■tra, -trum ; right hand, manusdextra! right, n.. ius, iuris, N, ; fas, N. (p. 239). ripe, niatiir-us. -a. -um (adj.). rising, Orlen.s. -tis (adj.). risk, perlctll-um, -i, N. ; discrlm-en. river, flflm-en, .mis, N. ; flQvi.us, -i M.; rlv-us, .1, M.; ainn-is, .is, M. road, via. -ae, F. ; Iter, ItlnCria, N. rock, sax-uni, -I, N. ; rup.es, -is, F., scrtpnl-us, -1, M. t . , , Roman, Roman-us, a, -um (adj.). Rome, Roiii-a, -ae, F. Romulus, Romii! UK. !, M. root, radix, -Icis, F. rose, rOs-a, -ae, F. t-its, a, -mil (iidj.) -fire, -si, -sum. liifii-is, -e; exlmI-U8, «.I ; 140, 7. ;o, -Ore, -Oi, -Itmn ; ire, .fCfi, •factuiii folly, I, nil' meae !(!.■), 1). x>iif. ; rup-es, -is, F., -a, -um (adj.). F. IS, !, M. VOCAIIULAUV. 005 rougrh, iiNp-cT. .(..fa, .friiiu (adj.). route, Ni-u, -lie, !••.; II,.,-, itini.rU. N. ruin, exltl-mn, .j, .\. ; ,K.riii.i-,..s. -,-.|. k .,.,^"'®' *■• '■^'«"•o. -luc, -lut. ntiiiii ■ (a^N;.'ii'::o;d:'^^^r-,ci:':f;;;.;r ' secret, (Kciilt-us, -a, um (adj.). see, video, \ Kj.rc, vi,li, visum ; cemo "•t-ii.'ie, crovl. uretum ; «pirto, arc, -.ivl •atiiiii. ' ' s. (adjj'*' ""'''■''■"'*• ••■'. ■>""; tri:.t.is, -e safety, s.al-us, -utis, v. said, it is, p. uu, h. sail, voiuiii, -I, N. sail, v., iiiu !;;■„, urv, -avl, atuin. sailor, iiaiit a, -ao, M. sake of. for the, oau.sa ( i L'en V ^or my sake. m,.. ean.sa for the fp^^^f, o;Pl"ndering, i.raedandi caas! e f^uuZ' "•'•'*'-°- -'""•'« : make a s e-runipo, -niiui.oie, -nijii, -ruptum. salt, sal, s.llig, M. salute, v., saifit-o, -are, -aM, -atuiii same, idem, orulem, idem ; aameas, satisfy, 8.atia-mcIo, -fft-r>.p .fpcj .f.,,, turn (withdat. ; p. in.'!, -i. ' ' ^'" savage (wild), f^Mis, ,, ,„„ save, .ser\ -o, -are, -avl, -atuin. say diro, dicere, dixi, dictum; s. not, m;;.o, -are, -avi, -atuiii. scholar, discipni-us, -i, m. school, 8chul-a, -ae, F. -ae^^K "^®' '''^"■'"■»> -^e. P- ; st-'lentl-a, Scipio, ScTpi-o, -cinis, SI. -or^°o°it*'\r^'""''''°'' """'• ''^'-«Pf'^f'^'t- Sea, ni5rc. in.lris, X. sea, of the, niiUitlm-us. -a um • the sea coast, era maritima, lun.s. ' season, tempest-a-s, -.-itis, F. ; anni tempus (ttnipori.s). ' ' " seat, scd-cs, sodls, F. ; sella, sellae, F. seed, semen, semlni-s, N. seek, <|iiai'r«, Muaerere,(iune.sivl,(iuae seem, video,', vidori, vihuh Kum ■ it seems that he was good, ille vide tin- bonus fuiM.se (p. Kli, ;i). seize, oceup-o, -are, -avl, -atiim (a )-liue); arrlplo, arilpfre, arripui, urrep- turn (a person). ' select, dulijr.o, litfCre, -le^i, -kci sell, vendo, -dCie, -dldl, -dltiim; tobe SOta, vuiieo, vemre, venlvi (-ii>, vemluni. senate, sonat-uH, -us, m. send, miUo, mittore, misi, niissiini. send forward, prae-mitto, -mittcrc -misi, ■niis.snm. ' Sequani, Soiiuani, -orum, .M. (pi.), serpent, serpen-.s, -II.H, .M. servant, servus, -i, M. service, fitilit-as, -atis, F. ; be of s prodes^^e; U;!, (2 meat :=multum). sesterce or sestertius, sesterti-us, set (of sun), solis occasus (us, M.). set our, pro-fleisoor, -flei^'i, -fectus sum (forbad). seventh, septlm-us, -a, -um (adj.). severe, gravis, -e (adj.) severely, graviter. shade, umbra, -ae, F. shall, siifu of fut. ; (in deliberative question), 189 (a). sharp, ucer, acris, aere ; .lent us, -a ■um (adj.). • ' ship, nav-is, -Ls, F.; navl),'l.un), -T, M • 8. of war, navis Um>. shout, clani-or, -Oris, M. shout, raise a s., v., olani-r>, -are •iivi, -atuin ; p. 104, 2, note. shudder at, horr-eo, -ere, -ni (ace.;. Sicily, SIcill-a, -ae, F. Sick, aeg--er, -ra, -rum (adj.). sick, I am, aegrOt-o, -are, avl, -atum. Side, pars, partis, F. ; latus, laterls. noc. vo(.'aim;lai(y. m r r ji I N. ; on all Hides, iiridiiiiic ; on both aides, utriiiiiiiii' ; on this s. of, citra sleere, obsidi-o, -oiu», K. 8lgrht, COIIMIItllHH, -118, AI. slgrnal, HiKiiiiiii, -i, N. silence, mli^ntiuni, -i, N. silent, I am, tatoo, tftccic, tacni, tAl'IIUIII. silent, tilcltuH, -a, -mil (adj.). silver. iirKentiini. i, N. silver, of, iirKoiil-ou.-i, -oa, -ouin. since, adv., abhiiic ; ten years since, abliiiic decx'iii aiiiios (or aiiiiis). since, conj.. (|iniiii. ciiiii (p. L'o.!) ; ilMoiiiaiii, (|iiia (p. IDS) ; p. i!)i), ,'•,, Singr, canto, are, avl, .atuiii ; criii-o, fitiiore, (■Cclni, cantiiin. single, not a, ne umis (lUidtin. sister, soror, orin, F. sit. sCdC'o, scdcrc. sodi, sessuiii. six, Hex. six hundred, nexeiriti, -at', -a, nuni. size. iii!i«iiitud-o. -iriis, K. ; uneauan- tUS (p. ISl. 1). VI"»" skilful. pOrlt-us, a, -inn with (uoiii- tive). skill, sflentl-a. -ac, F. skilled. ptTit- us (ill = gen.). skin, pelli.s, -is, F. sky cael-iiiii, -i, N. slave, serv-us. -i, F. slavery. servitiLs, -uti.M. Slay, iiiter-flolo, .ficeie, feci, -feotuiii : truuido. -are. -avi, -atuiii. Sleep, soiiin-us. -i, M. ; v., doriii-io. •iro, -Ivl, •itiiiu. slip, liiiior, labt, lapsus suin. sloth, iijiiavi-a. -ai'. F. small, pp.rv-us, -a, -um (p. r,- ^, . iNlftn-us. -a, -iiiii (adj.). smile at, rideo, ridOre, risi. risuin (ace). snow, ni.\, nivis, P. SO, adv.. ildf-O (with adjs.); ita. sic (in tills way) ; SO . . . as. ita . . . ut; so that lit (p. lS();duiii, duiuniodo (p. 194 3)- oq much, tan 1,11111. taiit)pc're ; so great taiit-us, -a, -iini ; so long-, taiiidlfi ; so many, tot. So /rates, Socr.1t es, -is, M. soil, sol-iim, -I, N. ; flger, igri, M, solace, sOlati-uni, -i, N. Bold, be, vcn-fo. Ire, -ivi (ii), -ituni. soldier, imlf», -iiiH, M. some, alicinis, .(|iia, all(|ii.)d (p, i.tj) • «liiidaiii, i|iiafdaiii, (|iiidilaiii or iiuodiiaiii (!'■ 1-t:!) ; some . . . others, alii . , . alii : sometimes, iiiicidiiin. some, there are : p. 18s, r,, (a). son. fd ills, -ii, or -1, .M. .N. song. cant-US. -Qs, M. ; canii-cii, -Inii, son inlaw. kPhit, -Crl. M. soon, siatiiM, ciinfcHtiiii, iiiox, brOvi. sooner, matfiriiis (coiiip. of nuUiirf carl.N ). ' Sophocles. Sophocl-cs, -is, .M. sorrow, dul-ur. .(,ris, M. soul, ruuiiiiis, -I, .M. ; aniiii-a, -ae, K. sound, nnnit us. -us ; v., soiio, soiiire. Hoinii, soiiltuin. sovereignty, reKniim, -i, N. sow, soro. sfi-cro, sOvi, natiiiii. space, spatiuiii. -1. \. ; within the space of two daya. bidiio. spare, paico. parcfc, popercl, parol- tiiiii or parsiiiii (with dative ; p. Id,-), <)). sparrow, passer. jJAssoris, M. Speak. Inquor. dico. speaking, dicerc (inf. used as a noun- ms, 1) ; ars Jieciidi. spear, hasta, -ae, F. speech, oratl-o, -onis, F. speed. cclorit-a,«, -atis. F. spend, coiisuiii-o, -ere, coiiKumpsi. consiiniptriiii. ^ ' spit, vei-ii, -us, N. splendid, splendldus, -a, -11111 (adj.). sport. II.. Ifid-us. -i, M. ; liisus. -us M. ; v., ludo, IfidOre, lusi, lusuiii. spot, lOc-us, -i. spread, spar^^o, spartjOre, sparsi, spar Hiiiii ; Hteriio, sternOre, stravf, stratum, spring, ver, veris. N. spy spOcQlat or, -Oris, M. ; e.xplOrat or iiris, M. ' stand, sto. stare, stoti. st.ltniii; s for pet o, -ere, -ivi (-ii), -ituni ; ;;. near ad- sto, -stare, -stlti. star, stell-a. -ae, F. start : see set out. state. ci\ it-as. -iitis, F. statue, statCi-a, -ae, I'. at.°y : srr remain. step, pass- us, -us. M. VOCAnULAUV. 507 ; ciiriii-c'ii, -iiiiB, I. used a» a noun; M.; I'xpIOrat or, Mtlll, triiMi|iill| iiH, .« .Min taiH \ • (novL.rt},oleH,,tanu.M;V'»w. nZ).K.' •tone, liipiM. iftpidis, SI. ■tork. ciconla, ac, F. Btorm. teiniH-Ht-aM, -litig, F. Btory, f:il)iil-a. -ac. F. stream. rivMw, .|, m. ; rtrivius \i ■ •niiiix. is. M. ; fifnn-c-n, -iriiM, N. ' ' ' Strength, rr.i.-i.r. .,vN,' n. • vnvs i>in^myif:I""'"'' "'^'■'' ■"""' """"; """•■. ^ iiHi, iiisus 01 nixiis Miini. subdue 8fip,.,-„. .,i,.e, .avi, .,it,„„ . Mnco, viiiccre, vici, victiiiii. such, tilia, -o; of such il. IclnH euisni.Hli (in conu-iiipi). ^'"^' sue, p. isn, .I. SUfTer, prilior. i.ati, pnHsussiini Sulmo. Snlni-o, -Onis, M. summer, aest-as, atis, F. summon, convric-o, .rue. -iUi -ntinii arccHHO, -cessori', -«..sslvl, -cessitmii. sun, sol, Moiis, M. sunset, soiis occasus (.f\s), M. sure, cirtiiH, -a, -mil (adj.). .surpass, siiporo, -iuv. -avl .atum- viiico, viru'Ore, vici, vicUiin. surrender, trrido. .df.,.(. .,ii,ii -dituni ; do do, -dii,.. .,|idi, .,|if,„;„ „, "' sway, iiiipcr-iiiiii, -i, \. swift, cO\fr, , olcriH, colore ; rai.Idiw -a, .11111 ; swifter, Ocior, ocius. swim, iiut-o, -iire, -,avi, .atuni. swine, sus, snis, .ai. or f. sword, Kladl.u8, -l, M. ; forrum, -i, X. j^templo. templ-uni. -i. N.; mUm, ten, dpcoiii, teii h, dOcini-UH, -a, -inn. terrify, terreo, .crf, -ni, -itutn. terror, terror, -oris, M. than (afiiT conipimitivfs), (,iiaiii (p. .1.1, .1^, table, nieiis-a, -no, F. take, papio, caporc, -oopl, cantuni • Sum ^ ^^°''°'' "■^f'"^"'°- -^'•'S -^" I.' talent, inKinl um. -t, N ; (,a weight or a sum of nionev), (aiont-iiin, -r, N. , tall, altus, -a, -mil ; procOr-iia, -a. -uin • uiBuiis, iii;feiitis(adj.). teach, ddc-Oo, Ore, -nr, -tuin. te,achor, nKi^Hgt-cr, -rt, M. tear, lacrlm-a, -ae, F. tell, narr-o, -fir,!, -rui, -atm,, ; dico, •Uicirc, -diM, -diotiini. thank, jfratias aifOrc (.lat.). that, p. Kmi, 1 ; i,t (U>;i; 1S7J, that, illf, ilia, illud. the, p. 4, n, note ; (.niphatic), p. 188, i. theft, fiirt-mn, -i, .\. r. noli!-' ''■ ^*^"' " ' °'"'" "'"'"»'•'. V- 169, them, they, ics, 3. then, tmii. there, ibi ; bet.,ad8uni. thick, dins.u!<, -a, -mil (adj.). thing, res, rel, F. think (fanc'\/, i>fit.o, ■■'ire -ivi --iinr,. . (retleca),.,.o,.,o;:aVe. .avl,^:,t; ,V hoi an in opinion), cens-eo, -Ore, -ui. sun • (Ji.ltfH.arl.itror, -an, -atnsNum. ' this, hi( , hace, hoc (p. J 17). thou, tu, toi. thougrh, 11)6, 5. thousand, mille, i,„u.<.|. in .;nir ; in the pi., nnllia, niilllm,,, niilllbus (i.. tin,-,) three, tros, tria. three hundred. trCeenti. -ac, -a. threshold, limen, -mis, N. througrh, per (ace). throw, iact-u.s, -fis, M. thy, thine, tn-us, -a, -um(adj.). till, p. 201, 4. timber, matorl-.i, -ae, F. time, temp us, .("iris, \. timid, tlniidus, -a, -uni (adj.). to prep., .id or in with aee. ; (of pur- pose), IS,--,, 5 ; to no piu-pose, f ruJtra, necimdiiuani. ' to-day, liodie. to-morrow, cms. tongue, liiitruu, -ac, f. too (with conipar.), p. 188, .'-.. M ■ too great to be told, .sa.v greater than which can be told iss, ."(c) 508 VOCABUI.AHV. li ! top, culm-en, -Inis, N. : fastlffl-uni. -I, N. ; the top of the hill, collis suni- iims; the top of the mountain, nions suiunius. torn, 1.1-oer, -cOra, -cCnini (adj.). touch, tanjro, tangere, totlgl, taotuni ; t. the heart, aniinum rw'Jveo. tower, turr-is, -is, V. ; arx, arcis, K. town, oppldum, -5, N. track, vestlgl-uni, -I, N. traitor, prodit-or, -Oris, M. treachery, perfldl-a, -ae, F. ; pro- (llti-o, -oiiis, F. treaty, foed-us, -Cris, N. tree, arbor, arbOris, F. tribe, trib-us, -us, F. troops, c6pl-ae, -urum, F. (pi,). Troy, TrOi-a, -ae, F. Trojan, Tr6ian-us, -a. -uni. true, vGr-u8, -a, -um (adj ). trust, frdo, fidere, flsussuni ; conftdo, -fldere, -flsus sum (with dat. ; p. 105, 9). truth, vorit-aa, -atis, F. ; vGra(n. pi.). try, c6n-or, -firl, -atus sum ; iiitor, niti, nisus or iiixus sum ; p. 216, 3, note 1. twelve, dnikiecim. twenty, viginti; twenty at a time, viccni, -ae, -a ; twenty times, vicies. two, dno, dttne, dno (68. 4). two hundred, dilcent-i, -ae, -a (adj.). U. unable, I am, non possum (posse, p6tni) ; !iequ-Oo, -Ire, -Ivl (-ii), -ituin. vmcertain, incert-us, -a, -um (adj.). undertake, suscipio, -cipere, -cGpT, -ceptum; I iindertake to do this, suscipio me hoc facturum esse (p. 110, 1). undertaking, nCgoti-um, -i, N. understand, intel-lego, -lugfire, -lexl, -lectum (literally = pick up). undying, inmiortal-is, -e (arlj.). unfortunate, in-folix, -folicis (adj.). ungrateful, ingratus, -a, -um. unhappy, in-folix, -fC'ltci3(adj.). unlike, dis-slmllis, -simile (adj., dat.). until, p. 201. 4. unwilling, invlt-us, -a, -um (adj.) ; I am U., nolo, nolle, iiOlfii (p. 147). unw^Orthy, indignus (04, 4). tipon, in (+abl., of rest; -f-acc, of motion). use, fitor, fitl, usussum(116). used; p. 216, 3, note 1. useful, Citll-is, -e (adj.). V. valley, vall-is, -is, F. valor, virt-us, -litis, F. value, I, austim-o, -are, -avi, -atum. value, the, aestlmati-o, -Onis, F. Verres, Verr-es, -is, M. Vergil, Vergil-Ius, -ii, M. very, expressed by superlative when with an adj. or adv. (p. !jH, 6); before a noun, ipse : the very man, ipse vir. Vesontio, Vesonti o, -6n:s, F. veteran, vGteran-us, -a, -um (adj.), vice, viti-um, -i, N. ; scel-us, -eris, N. victory, victorl-a, -ae, P. view, conspect-us, -us, M. ; v. spect-o, are, -avI, -atum; your V. Of the matter, say, what you think (sentio) of (de) the matter ^loi, 1) (sentio, I hold a view). vigor, vig-or, -oris, M. vigorously, vehementer. village, vic-us, -i, M. violation, use violo (-are, etc.) ; p. 219, (b). violent, violentus, -a, -um (adj.). virtue, virt-us, -utis, F. visit, ad-eo, -Ire, -ivi(n), -ltum(acc.). voice, vox, vocis, F. vote, sententl-a, -ae, F. W. wage, gero, gerCre, gessi, gestum. waggon, plaustr-um, -i, N. wait, expect-o, -are, -avi, -atum. walk, ambfil-o, -are, -avI, -atum, wall, mur-us, -I, JI. ; moeni-a, -uni, N. (defence) ; ixlri-es, -Otis, F. (of a house). wander, err-o, -are, -avi, -atum. war, bell-um, -I, N. ; carry on w., bellum gOrere. ward off: say keep off. warlike, bullic6s-us, -a, -um (adj.). warm, calid-us, -a, -um (adj.). warn, inoneo(of = i'8). wa.5te, lay w.^-ste, v.-iRt-n, -are, -.avT, -atum ; w^. time, tenipus eonsumCre. watch, v., observ-o, -are, -avT, -atum, custod-io, -Ire, -Ivl, -ituni. VOCABULARY. 509 watch, custo-s. -ae, F. •(Ii8, M. ; vlgllLa, water, Squ-a, -ae, F, wave, fluot-us, -UB, Ji. waxen, coro-us, -a, -um (adj.). m no w., millo nioilo. duTtf8^(S5.I' '"""'*-"^' -^' -"» : ^"^««. weep, liiorlni-o, -are -avi -ifim. • «Co, flere, flov!, flotuin. ' ' '" ' flemfs®^'"^' ^"■"''' •"«• ^^- ■' ^<'J- "«IS, weight, pond-US, -Oris, N. welcome, grat-us, -a, -iim. n J^^P." Ki'"' = S'""''-' '"^""«; super!., optime; Dew., bene esse. well-known, notus, -a, -urn (adj.). What (interrog.), quid; (rel.), id quod. h,,^^?"?' n""'".(P- 203) : often expressed ^ I'f *• (l'- -^-f-i) ■■ as, When the news was reported, re nuntiata; interrog quando (never, quuiii). ' whenever, p. 204, 4. where, ubi ; w. from, unde. whether, num ; whether or utrum . . . . an (p. 130, G ; 177, 5). • /nf^!?^?^\''"'^' 'l"^^' luifl (interrog.) ; 120 '• " ' ' ""■""'• <"■*'•>• ^^^ ^*' While, dum (p. 201) ; quuni (p. 203, 2). White, alb-us, -a, -uni (adj.). qui^^p°'lg '• ""' ^^- '26); (interrog.). why, cur, quare. •Wicked, spOlerat-U8, -a, -uni (adj.) ; W. deed, say crime. '^ ' Wide, lat-us, -a, -urn (adj.). Wife, uxor, uxoris, F. wild, fCr-u8, -a, -uni (adj.). orl^.'l74!'^" °^ ^"'' ' '°'° ("f intention). Will, voluntas, -atis. F. • ao-ninsf my w., me invito! ' ^««'^"S* Willing, I am, voio, velle, v6liii. wind, vent-UH, -i, M, winding, curv-us, a, -um (adj.). Wine, vin-um, -r, N. Wing, ai a, -ae, F. ; corn-u, -us, N. Winged, vOlCc-er, -ris. -re (adj ) Winter, v., hiemo. -are. -aM, -atum. Winter, hiem-s, -is p • thci<- -m r-S2.i;allw.,acc. • • ^'^^^ ^■' Wisdom, saplentl-a, -ae, F. Wise, saplen-s. -tis (adj.). vel^e!'^5if■^'""""• -""^' f"- = v.. volo, «t^}}^' *^"?' P''^P- ^ith aW-. written after personal and rel. pronouns : mecum quibuscum (105, 8; 12fi. 3, note 2) -of military accompaniment, p. 12, 3. Withdraw, se abduco. Within, p. 82. 2 ; intra (acc-X 'inT^i^^S^^' -VH^'^ 'P''eP- w>'l» ace.); p. ^«M ; be without, expers esse (abl.) -stmim^.^^i^'^f '■^''«'°' -Sistere, -stiti, (dat.K • "'^'■^* "^'"' ^*""'» wolf, hlp-us, -I, M. woman, mnller, -is. F. wood, lign-um, -i, N. wood, a, silv-a, -ae, F. woody, silvest-er. -ris. -re (adj.). oi^°t^:.« '■''■""'.• "'• ^- : (promise), 'fides, (sVare^^stS,^^,):^- "''^"^ P^**-"^ work, 6p-us. -eris, N. workman, fab-er. -bri, M. workmen, operae, M. (pi.), fabri. world, mund-us, -i, M. worse, pcior, peius ; detfiri-or, -us. worst, p. 57. 4. ^^ worthy, dig.i-us, -a. -um (adj.) (p. wound, vuln-u8. -cris. N. wound, v., vulnero, -are, -avT, -.atum p.Ki8"4)'^ that, fltlnam (with subj. ; -jcir®*°^®*^' "''"' ■*••""': i"'cii-x, tii^*®' ^'"'"'°' ^'^■'■"'^'■^' scripsi. scrip- writing, scribere. . wrong, inifirl-a, indecl. ae, F. ; nefaa, N., wrong doing, maieflcl-um, -I, N. X. Xenophon, XPnilph-oii, -ontis. 510 VOCABULARY. year, annus, -I, M. yearly, annu-us, a, -um (adj.); (every year), quotannid. yes : p. 29, 4. yesterday, hen ; dies hestemus. yet, tamen, vPruni ; as yet, adhuc ; not yet, nonduni. yield, cedo, cedgre, cessi, cessuiii ; (surrender), se dedo, dcdere, dodidi, dodltum. yoke, iog-uni, -i, N. yonder, ille, ilia, illud (p. 118, 4). you, tu (the Latins used the sing, to refer to one person, not, like us, the plural : as. You arc calling', boy, Tu, puer, v(j(!as) ; pi., vos(p. 104) ; you yourself, tu ipse. young man, iftvenis, adOlescens, Tidolescentis (also written adulescens). younger, iunior (p. 68, note). your, yours, tuus, -a, -um (referring to One); vest er, -ra, -rum (adj.) (re- ferring to more than one) ; p. 118, 3. youth, iilvent-ns, -utis (body of) ; ii1vent-a, -ae, F. (time of). youthful, pQCrTl-is, -e (adj.). Zama, Zam-a, -ae, F. hi LATIN PRONUNCIATION. ROMAN METHOD. Vowels. Letters. Latin i\ long as in calo, manare, slioit as in calor^ mdnHo. E long as in nedum, secedo, die. short as in 7igfas, s^co, arc^. Hong as ill si, sin, ride'o. short as in stne, sttls, rlgidus. O long as in comis, oin^n. short as in co/na, opus. U long as in una, iividr. short as in titSr, humus. Y long as mgyrth,Hfdm. short as in cy/uda, Ifrd. Pronunciation. as Eng. a in ps^^lni, s<«lve. the same sound shortened. Both ^?and a are found in aha! N.15. d in Latin was never pro- nounced as in mate, nor a as in man, mat. as Eng. e in gr^-y and sk^in. as Eng. e in sp^d and m^t. N.B. Lat. c was never pro- nounced as Eng. ee in see. as / in mach/ne, ee in {ee\. N. B. The Latin t was never the i in f/ne. as / in f/t, p/n. as (9 in bone, bne. ' nearest representative Eng. is o in \\o\., xoqV. as « in r«in, r«de. N.B. Lat. u was never pro- nounced like u in ac«te, m«le. as U in f//'l|, r;<; in fo^;t. N.B. Lat. «never as Eng. rf in b«t, c«t. as I long. as/in beautj, ladj. Diphthongs. The pronunciation of the diphthongs is best learnt by first sound- mg each vowel separately and then running then, togethe " Thus • 611 512 FIUST LATIN BOOK. Iff ae as ah-eh ; au as ah-oo ; oe as o-eh ; ei as eh-ce ; cu as eh-oo, and ui as oo-ee. AE in tacdae AU in laudo OE m/oedus EI in hei either Eng. a in iavG or as ai in