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LATIN READER
CO.NTAIMNc;
TAIil.KS OK NOUNS ANI. VKRlis, sVNTaX KUI.Es
AM)
THE NLPOS AN.> CAKSAK SKLKCT.ONS PKESCKinE,. KOK MATR.CU-
LATION IN THK UNIVKRSITV OF TORONTO
HY
J. HENDERSON, M.A.,
Principal o/ St. Cathannes ColUg.ate Institute
AND
J. FLETCHER, M.A., LL.D.,
Professor of Latin, University Colleec, Toronto.
TORONTO :
THE COPP. CLARK COMPANY, LLMITED.
1900.
P/=K-':Or/
fcrilered accdnlinir t ■> Act of the I';ii-I:,',iiipi i r( Cariiul-, in Uic year ciir llniisuri'i
nil (■ hmidi-fil, liy Tiik ('(.ii', {'i.Mii; 1'u.mia.\, I.imi i ki', Tniciiln. (diiiii-id, in ll-.i
OHice of iliu Minister of Agriculture-.
228
til. ( iiiiafin, in il.i
DECLENSION OP NOUNS.
I.-FIRST •)ECLENSION.
Latin nouns end in nominative in -a. Nouns in « «
derived from Greek. ' * ^ *' '^^ ^""^
Gender Rule- Nnnno <,-, c r ■ ■
are masculine. ' '''' '''■'"'"'"^' ' ^'^"^^ *" •^«- -«
Genitive ending regularly, -ae.
Mens a. ¥.,atable.
SiNfiULAR. Plural.
Nom. mens &
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
mens ae
mens ae
mens am
mens a
mens a
iTiens ae
mens arum
mens i8=
mens as
mens ae
mens is
Leonid as, M., Leonidas.
Singular.
Novi. L6onid as
Gen. Leonid ae
L6onTd ae
Leonid am (-an)
Leonid a
Leonid a
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Epitom e. F., an abridgment
Singular''.
Nom. 6plt6in d
Gen. £pit(5m ea
D<^t. fiprtom ae
Ace, epftum en
Voc. dpftoiTi e
' Abl. gpitom 6
Pers ea, M., a Persian.
Singular.
Nom. Pers es
Gen. Pers ae
Dat. I'ers ae
Ace. Pers en
Voc. Pers e (-6)
Abl. Pers e (-a)
iJie following nouns have usually -abus in the fi».!, j ., •
asina, a she-ass. J'eeawuman , mula. a «he-mule ; equa, a mare ■
^^^^he„ nouns Uerived fro. the Greek have a plural, it is regular like the plural of
2S59
'^SO
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
*
DECLENSION,
•um. Nouns in -os, -on are derived
II.— SECOND
Latin nouns end in -us, -er, -ir,
from Greek.
Gender Rule : Nouns in -us', er. -ir, -os are masculine ; those in
-una, -on are neuter.
Genitive ending, -i-
Domtn us, M, a lord, master.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. domhi us domin i
Gen. domtn i domin orum''
Dat. domin 6 domtn is
Ace domtn um domtn 6s
Voc. domtn e" domtn i
Abl. domtn 6 domtn is
Magister, M., a master., teacher.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. magister magistr i
Gen. magistr i magistr drum
Dat. magistr 6 magistr is
Ace. magistr um magistr os
Voc. magister magistr i
Abl.
magistr o
magistr is
Puer, ^!.
, a boy.
Singular.
Plural.
Nom. piier
puer i
Gen. pufir i
puer drum
Dat. puer 6
pu6r is
Ace. piiSr um
puer OS
Voc. piier
puer i
Abl. puer 6
puer 13
Vir, M., <« man.
Singular. Plural.
Nom.
vtr
vir 1
Ge?t.
vtr i
vir orum
Dat.
vir 6
vtr is
Ace.
vtr um
vir OS
Voc.
vtr
viri
Abl.
vir 6
vtr is
'Excevtions to Gender (2nA Decl.).-The following are feminine: (1) Names of cities
and islands: as, CeHnthus, Corinth; Dclos, Delos. (2) Names of trees: as, FSjfus, a
beeeh-tree; plrus, « pear-tree. (3) Words that are feminine in Grecl?: as, MethOdus,
method. (4) Alvus, belly; cOlus, distaff; hilnius, grnnnd ; vAunus, a wheat-fan ;
carbasus, linen (\->\. carbfisa). The following are neuter: PClagus, nea; virus, poison;
vulgus, the rabble (sometimes masculine).
-'Nouns in -ins often contract the genitive singular -It into -1, and the vocative le
into-i: as, Mercilrli, Mercm'i; Mercfirie, Mercfirl.
••'The following nouns have -um for -orum, in the genitive plural; Deus, a god;
nummua, money; faber, a workman; vir, a man; s6a\MS, a companion, ally.
Ileus, a god, is declined: Sing. Nom., duns; Gen., del; Dal., dfo; Ace, dcum ;
Voc, dCus ; Abl., dOo. Plur. Nom., dOI, dli, Ai \ Gen., dCorum, d6um ; Dat., d«s, dlls,
dis ; Aoc, dOos ; Voc, dCI, dll, dl ; Abl., dels, dlls, dis.
DECLENSION OP NOUNS.
;he vocative le
231
Bell urn, N., war.
Singular.
No}n. bell um
Gen. bell i
Daf. bell 6
Ace. bell um
Voc. bell um
Abl. bell 6
Pi- URAL,
bell a
bell orum
bell is
bell a
bell a
bell is
Del OS, F., Z)^/^j. Hion, N.,
Iliuvi or Troy.
Singular 1.
Norn. Del os, iis
Gen. Del i
/?«/. Del 6
Ace. Del on, um
^<?<r. Del e
A hi. Del 6
Singular.
Ill on, um
Ilii
Illo
111 on, um
111 on, um
111 6
III.-THI :.' DECLENSION.
Nominative, various endings.
Genitive ending, is.
Masculine'^ endintrc • «„ ^
and -o (except -do, Jo,,") ""' "" ^""'^''^^^'"S '" 'he genitive).
Feminine^ endings : -do -b-o in oc 4
in the genitive) -s imnnr. L a ' ■""'' "'' '^^ ("«^ increasing
Neuter*' endings
one syllable).
c. a. -t. -e. -1, -n, -ar, -ur, -as. us (in words of
Princeps, M., chief.
Singular. Plural.
Novi, princeps
Gen. princip is
princfp i
princFp em
princep s
princip e
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
princip es
piincip um
princip ibus
princip es
princip es
princip ibus
Trabs, F.
Singular,
Norn, trab s
Getu trab is
Dat. trab i
Ace. trab em
Voe. trab s
Abl. trab e
a beam.
PU'RAL.
trab es
trab um
trab ibus
trab es
trab es
trab ibus
of -onnn in the genitive plural. ' "' ''""^ ''''**'«es may have -on instead
•'Exceptions to Gender (of ;ird Decl.).-(l) -er- p.-.^-iv
rtlnCns, N., a road; papaver -Oris N „ '''^■^•■> "'•■'••s N., « dead body; iter
uber, -oris. N,. an udder; ver' vJ ns v' ^.r^'"^' *"''^'-' -''^^' ^,, « .«w//,"
(2) -or: Arh-or, -Oris. F « tree J "'^' '■"''"■• "■•■'«• N- « '"■^■''•
»««rWe; cor, cordis, N., ^/,e /(',„,.,' ' ""'■"' ^" ^''' *"''«.• "larni-or, .firis, N.,
(3) -68 : Comp-es, -edis V f«n^« .
fya^kelf; q.u^ ii^l?^' ;.;;:^::%;?f'^'^- »-«''««''-; mer^-es, -ui..
tcg.es, .eti«, F., a covering; aes. aeris', Tcclner'"^ ' ^^^'"" -'^'''' *'•' " "'"i'-
(4) -os: Cos, cotis, F., a whetstone; dos dOtirF ;,
OS, oris, N., a ,„0M</i. ' *^°'^' •^""«' F- rfw"'2/; (5s, ossis, N., a 6one;
(5) -o: Cro. oamis, F., y?.,,; echo. echOs, F.. echo. (Over).
232
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
Hiems, F., winter.
SINGULAR. PLURAL
Norn, htems
Gen. hiem is
Dat. ht6m i
Ace. biem em
Voc. hiem s
Abl. Wem e
Miles, M., a soldier.
Singular. Plural.
hiem es
hiem um
hiem Ibus
hiem ea
hiem 68
hiem ibuB
Norn, miles
Gen. millt is
Dat. millti
Ace. milit em
F<?<r. mile s
Abl. mllit 6
milit es
milit um
tnilit ibuB
milit es
m'llit es
milit ibus
Gen
Dat
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Pes, Mm afoot.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Flos, N., a flower.
Singular. PluRAL
Norn, pes
Gen. pedis
Dat. p6di
Ace. pedem
Voc. pe 8
^W. p6d6
ped 68
ped um
pgd ibus
ped es
ped es
ped ibus
]S[om. flos
Gen. flor is
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
floii
flor em
flos
flor 6
flor es
flor um
flor ibvis
fl5r 68
flor es
flor ibus
No»!
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
V
Nom.
Gen.
Oaf.
tee. '
„i" Mis, -i.. M., I..»»" ^ <"»■■'■ -"ir^ »;.i. -is. M., » *■'«■: «•'»•":
vertex, -Icis, M., top.
(4) -68 : Actnaces. -is. M., a «"^'"''""•^,^ . .,, . dens, dentis, M.. tooth ; tons, tontis
rudens, rudentis, U.,ar-m'. elephantis, M., an elephant: vas. ^
l„d»l., N., r,y.( ; .»to, ,nd.cl., N., »r.«J ^^ ^
vuitur, -tins, M., a vnlture. .^^8, M.. a hare; gn>.
C(
DKCLENSION OF NOUNS.
233
M., a soldier.
j^ Plural.
milit es
3 milit um
milit ibus
m'llit es
milit es
milit ibus
Opus, N., a work.
Singular. Plural.
am
B
e
Nom. opus
Gen. oper is
Dat. oper i
Ace. opus
Voc. opiis
^<5/. oper e
oper a
oper um
oper Ibus
oper a
oper a
oper Ibus
N., a flower.
\R. Plural.
flor es
fl5r um
flor ibus
flor es
flor es
flor ibus
IS
i
em
RSg'^o, F., a district.
Singular.
Nom. rggio
Gen. region is
Dat. region i
Ace. region em
Voc. regio
Abl. regTjn e
Plural.
region es
region um
region ibus
region es
region es
region ibus
tinge ;
Nom. victor
Gen. victor is
9,.iSri9,M.,as'>«8;crin-i8,
mdie ; finis, -is, M. and F.,
gn-i8.-i9,M../re;Up-is,
8, -is,M., acfrde;pan-is
M., ayo««.- Pulv-is, -C".
:.,}ir«-6ro»id; uiigu-19, -IS, zy<^/. victor i
, a worm. .^r^r. victor em
cortex, .tcisM..Jarfco/ a ^^^
.n.;.nex..Ic.s.M..;lm..^^^^ victor e
Victor, M., a conqueror.
Singular.
Plural.
victor es
victor um
victor ibus
victor es
victor es
victor ibus
.nti9,M.,«oo«/i;fonB,font.>!,
9, bidenlis. M., a ma«ocA;
Consul, M., a consul.
Singular.
ntis. M., a7i elephant; V'^s
1, of the 2nd), a «essei; i-^^IVom. consul
^<?^/. consul is
. « .«/^n^^'"' consul i
,;Bplen.Bpl.ms.M..«pie...^^^_ consul em
turtur, flris, M., a turf/e-rf"^^?^^. consul
4*/. consul 6
epus, •6rl8,M..ahore;gni.
uris, M., a mo««e. 4
Plural.
consul es
consul um
consul ibus
consul es
consul es
consul ibus
Corpus, N., a body.
Singular. Plural.
No7n. corpus corpor a
Gen. corpor is corpor um
Dat. corpor i corpor ibus
Ace. coipiis corpora
^^^. corpus corpor a
Adi. corpor 6 corpor ibus
Virgo, F.,a maiden.
Singular. Plural.
Nofn. virgo
virgin es
Gen. virgin is
virgin um
Dat. virgin i
virgin ibus
Ace. virgin em
virgin es
Voc. virgo
virgin es
-4(5/. virgin e
virgin ibus
Sol, M., the sun.
Singular.
Plural.
Nom. sol
sol es
Gen. sol Is
sol um
Dat. sol i
sol ibus
.^f^. sol em
sol es
Voc. sol
sol es
^^/. sol e
so! ibus
Passer, M., a sparrow.
Singular. Plural.
passer es
passer um
passer ibus
passer es
passer es
passer ibus
Nom
. passer
Gen.
passer is
Dat.
passgr i
Ace.
passer em
Voc.
passer
Abl.
passer 6
234
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
Pater, M., a father.
Singular. Plhral.
Novi. pater
Gen. patr is
Dat. patr i
Ace. patr em
Voc. pater
Abl. patr e
patr ea
patr um
patr ibus
patr es
patr ea
patr ibus
Rex, M., d: king.
Singular. Plural.
Nom.
rex
reg ea
Gen.
reg is
reg um
Dat.
reg i
reg ibus
Ace.
reg em
reg ea
Voc.
rex
reg ea
Abl
reg 6
reg ibua
Dux, M. or F., a leader.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. dux
Gen. due ia
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
diic i
due em
dux
due e
due §3
due um
due ibus
due ea
due ea
due ibus
Hostis, M. or F., an enemy.
Singular. Plural.
JNom. host is
Ge7i. host is
Dat. host i
Ace. host em
Voc. host ia
Abl. host e
host es
host ium
host ibus
host e«(-i8)
host es
host Ibus
ludex, M., a judge.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. iudex
Gen. iudic is
Dat. iudic i
Ace. iodic em
Voc. iudex
Abl. iudIc e
Radix, F
Singular.
No7n. radix
Gen. radio is
Dai. radic i
Ace. radIc em
Voc. radix
Abl. radio e
Lex, F.,
Singular.
Nom. lex
Gen. leg is
legi
leg em
lex
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
leg 6
iodic es
iodic um
iodic ibus
iodic es
iodic es
iodic ibus
,, a root.
Plural.
radic es
radic um
radic ibus
radic ea
radio es
radio ibus
a law.
Plural.
leg ea
leg um
leg ibua
leg ea
leg es
leg ibus
Nubes, F
Singular.
Nom. nObes
Gen, nub Is
Dat. nub i
Ace. nOb em
Voc. nOb es
Abl. nOb 6
., a cloud.
Plural.
nOb ea
nOb ium
nOb ibus
nOb es
nub es
nub ibua
DECLENSION OF NOUNS.
235
, M.,
a judge.
AR.
Plural.
C
iudtc 68
IS
iudic um
i
iudic ibus
em
iudlc 63
)C
iudic 68
e
iodic ibus
dix, F., a root.
fLAK.
X
c is
c i
c em
X
C e
Plural.
radic es
radio um
radio ibus
radio es
radio es
radio ibus
X, F., rt law.
Plural.
,AR.
is
i
em
leg 68
leg um
leg ibus
leg 68
leg es
leg ibus
bes, F., a cloud.
Plural.
nub 68
nub ium
nub ibus
nub 68
nub es
nub ibus
ULAK
)es
3 is
) i
) em
) es
) e
Turris, F., n tower.
Singular. Plural.
^'om. turr fs turr es
Gen. turns turr Ium'
Dat. turr i turr ibub
Alc. turr em (-im)' turr es
Voc. turr id turr es
Abl. turr 6 (-i)^ turr ibus
Mare, N., ihe sea.
Singui.ak. Plural.
Norn, niarg
Gen. niar is
Dat. mar i
Ace. mare
Voc. mare
Abl. mar i
mar ia«
mar ium
iniir ibus
mar ia
mar ia
mfir ibus
Calcar, N., a spur.
Singular, Plural.
Nom. calcar
Gen. calcar is
Dat. calcar i
Ace. calcar
Voc. calcar
Abl. calcar i
calcar ig,
calcar ium
calcar ibus
calcar ia
calcar ia
calcar ibus
Ignis, ^\.Jirc.
Singular. I'lukal.
Nom. ign is
Gen. ign is
Dat. ign i
Ace. ign em
Voc. ign is
Abl. ign e(-i)
Ign es
ign ium
ign ibus
ign es (-is)
ign es
ign ibus
Animal, N., an animal.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. animal
Gen. animal Is
Dat. animal r
Ace. animal
Voc. animal
Abl. animal i
animal ifi,
animal ium
animal ibus
animal ia
animal la
animal ibus
Urbs, F., a city.
Singular. Plurai
Nom. urb s
Gen. urb is
Dat. urb i
Ace. urb em
Voc. uib s
Abl. urbe
urb es
urb /um
urb ibus
urb es
urb es
urb ibus
. ' The following nouns, have the ace sint. in • a ~
tassis, acou^A; sitis, mr,t; ravis lumr.ot. ' ^mussis, a carpenter'., s.juare ;
.ISO neuters in .., .al, -«. have abl I'rinT ''"' •^'"''"'' '"'"''"'■ "^'■«<' '^""^ -'^
^ 'The following nouns have the ace sin.r in •
Olavis.a Av,v; febris, /....; u^e.mTarZ "^ "'"'• ""'^ "'"• «'"»?• '" '«'•■e;
««tis. a ro,e ; secOHs. an a.e; .e^entilljuJi^rjlnJ;;;; ^ « ^'^" «^ ^ vessel ;
^^^^SS:::::-::::^^ - -«^(DNeutersin., .„,..,
I'e ; (4) nouns ending i„ .«, or .vs. ' "" ^' ""' "*"' '"''''^^''S i" the geni-
Weuters in .«. -al, -ar have .ia in pi. no„.., ace., voc.
236
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
Nox, F., night.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. nox noct es
Gen. noct is noct ium
Dat. noct i noct ibus
Ace. noct em noct es
Voc, nox noct ea
Abl. noct e noct Ibua
Amans, M. or F., a lover.
Singular. Plural.
Novi. aman s ainant es
Gen. amant is aniant 5(um
Dat. amant i iiniant ibus
Ace. amant em amant es
\ ^oc. aman s amant es
Abl. amant e(i) amant ibus
,, an ox.
Plural.
Bos, M
Singular.
Nom. b5s
Gen. bov is
Dat. bov 1 \..
Aec. bov em
Voc. bos
^«Ji/. bov 6
bov es
I bov um
\bo um
bo bus
bu bus
bov es
bov es
(bo bus
\bu bus
Vis, F.,
strength.
Singular.
Plural.
JSloin. v is
vli- es
Gen. V is'
vir ium
Dat. V V
vlr ibus
Ace. v im
vIr es
Voc. v is
vir es
Adl. vi
vir ibus
Sus, M. or F., szc'tne.
Singular. Plur.-vl.
Nom. sus
Gen. sii is
Dat. sii i
Ace. sii em
Voc. sus
Al>l- su 6
sn es
su um
j su ibus
Isu bus
su ea
su es
f su ibus
\ su bus
Nix, F., snow.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. nix
Gen. niv is
Dat. niv i
Aec. niv em
Voc. nix
niv es
nTv ium
mv ibus
niv es
niv es
Adl. niv e niv ibus
» The genitive and dative singular of vis are
rare.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS.
237
A. or F., a lover,
R. Plural.
3 am ant es
is amant i^um
i amant ibus
em amant es
s amant es
h (i) amant ibus
, strength.
Plural.
vir es
vir ium
vir ibus
vir es
vir es
vir ibus
F., snow.
.u. Plural.
niv es
s niv ium
em
niv ibus
niv es
niv es
niv ibus
Senex, M ., an old man.
Singular.
Noin. s6nex
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
s6n Is
sgn i
s6n em
senex
sen 6
Plural.
s6n es
s6n um
sSn ibus
s6n es
s6n es
sen ibus
lupiter, M.,
Jupiter.
Singular,
Norn. lupTter
Gen. I6v is
Dat. lov i
Ace. I6v em
Voc. lupiter
Abl. I6v e
Iter, N., a journey.
Singular. Plural.
No7n. iter ftingr &
Gen. itingr Is Ttiner um
Dat. itiner i itiner ibus
Ace. iter itiner a
Voe. iter Ttingr a
Abl. itiner e itiner ibus
Neocles, M.,
Neocles.
Singular.
Nom. Neocl es
Gen. Neocl is (-i)
Dat. Ngocli
Ace. N6ocl em
Voc. Neocl es
Abl. Neocl e
Greek Proper Names
Themistocles, M.,
Themistocles.
Singular.
No7n. Thgmistocl es
Gen. Themistocl is
Dat. Themistocl i
Ace. Themistocl em -en
Voe. Themistocl es
Abl. Themistocl e
Nom
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Salamis, F,,
Salamis,
Singular.
Salam Is
Salamfn is (-os)
Salamin i
Salamln a
Salam is
Salamin e
IV.-FOURTH DECLENSION.
Nominative endings, -as, -u.
(lenitive ending, -us.
Gender Rule : Nouns in -us are masculine^; those in -u are neuter.
Singular.
Nom. fmct us
Gen. fruct us
Dat. fruct lii
Fructus, U., fruit.
^^■^^^^^' Singular. Plural.
fruct T.S Ace. fruct um fructus
fruct laum Voe. fructus fructus
fruct ibus-' Abl. fruct u fruct ibus
: « tribe . Mas (p,.), thfSonZ-n^^th ^Z^^^^^'i, P^-»^ «,/!"'•'- ; tribus.
I iture (when of this declension). ' ^"""1"*''^"=' "'"' .''•«'< ".f ^I^nerva ; penus,
' «S/^SX^;::'-^i^r::li^'r ■" ^''^ "^ '- -«^ -^"'^^i- p"-! = Artus.
laeus, a lake. ' ' " '"''^ ' '^'^' « «^'' • ««d »11 dissyllables in -cus ; ae,
i-
!-■
a
H
238
Plus I LATIK BOOK.
Domus, F., a house.
Singular. Pi.ural.
Novi. doin us
Gen. dom us
Dai. (I6m iii (-6)
Ace, dom um
Voc. dom us
Abl. dom 6 (-U)
dom us
dom iium (-drum)
dom ibus
dom OS (-us)
dom us
dom ibus
Cornu, N., a horn.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. corn u corn ii&
Gen. corn us cori\ uum
Dat. corn u corn ibus
Ace. corn u corn xi&
Voc. corn u corn \i&
Abl. corn u corn ibus
v.— FIFTH DECLENSION.
Nominative ending, -es.
Genitive ending, -ei.
Gender Rule ; Nouns are feminine.^
Res, F., a thing.
Singular. Plural.
Dies, M. or F., a day.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. r es
Gen. X ei
Dat. X ei
Ace. X em
Voc. X es
Abl. X e
r es
X erura
r ebus
r es
r es
r ebus
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
dt es
dtei
diel
di em
dl es
di e
dt es
di erum
dl ebus
dl es
dt ea
dt ebus
Respublica, F., the state.
Singular.
Nom. respubltc a
Gen. relpublTc ae
Dat. relpublic ae
Ace. rempubltc am
Voc. respubltc a
Abl. republic a
Plural.
respubltc ae
rerumpubltc arum
rebuspubltc is
respubltc as
respubltc ae
rebuspubltc is
Oie plural nLc.: mOrldles. .ud-Aay, only used in the a.ngular. « ma«o.
nu, N., « horn.
LAR. Plural.
1 u corn ii&
1 ua corn iium
1 u corn ibus
1 u corn tifi.
1 li corn <i&
1 u corn ibus
or F., a day.
R. Plural.
di ea
di erum
di ebus
dl es
dl es
dl ebus
9
z arum
: ia
3
e
; is
masc. or f em. in sing. ; ia
, ismaso»
IRREGULAR NOUNS. 239
VI.-IRREGULAR NOUNS.
INDECLINAHLE NOUNS.
Indeclinable nouns are neuter and are used only in the nomina-
tive and accusative and generally only in the singular. They are
as follows : -Pas, right; n6fas, wrong; mane, inormm^; instar.
a model; pondo. 7veig}it ; sScus, sex; nihil, nothing; opus, need. '
DKFECTIVE NOUNS.
1. The following nouns are used only in the singular:—
(i) Names o{ persons and places : as, Roma, Rome; Cicero.
Cicero.
(2) Abstract nouns : as, Fides, /?///< y iustitla, y/Af//^^.
(3) Names of materials : as, Aurum, gold; ferrum, iron.
(4) Single words : as, Meridiea, mid-day; specimen, example;
supell-os QCt\\m\ furniture; ver, spring; vesper, evening.
2. The following nouns are used only in the plural.-—
(1) Class words: as, Maiores, descendants; gemini, twins-
libdri, children. '
(2) Many names of cities : as, Athenae, Athens; Thebae, Thebes
Delphi, Delphi. '
(3) Many names of festivals : as, Bacchanalia. Olympia.
(4) Single words : as, Arma, arms; divitiae, riches; exsequiae,
funeral rites; exiiviae, spoils; Idus, Ides of the month; indutiae.'
a truce; insidiae. ambuscade; manes, shades of the dead; minae,
threats; moenia, walls; munia, duties; nuptiae, a wedding;
rdliquiae, remains.
3. The following words have one meaning in the singular and a
different one in the plural .-—
Singular.
aedes (F.), Gen., aedis, a temple.
&qua ( F. ), water.
auxilium (N.), help.
bonum (N.), a good thing.
Plural.
aedes, aedium, a house.
aquae, a -vaiering-place.
auxilia, auxiliaries.
bona, f^ ■- :ds.
240
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
SlNGtH.AR.
career (M.), a dungeon.
castrum (N.), ajort.
codicillua (M.), a bit of wood.
comitium (N.), a place of assembly.
copia (F. ), plenty.
fides (F.). « liarp-stnng.
finis (M. or F.)i «« end,
fortuna (F. ), fortune.
gratia {V.), favor.
hortua {M.)> a garden.
imp6dimentum (N.), a hindrance.
littera (F. ), a letter of the alphabet.
locus (M.), place ; pi., loca (N.)-
ludus (M.), sport.
natalis (M.). birthday.
6p6ra (F.), a task.
6pls(F.), yenitive, //^//.
pars (F.), apart.
pl&ga (F.), region.
rostrum (N.), a beak, praiu of a
vessel.
sal (M. or N.), salt.
tabella{F.), a tablet.
Plural.
carcSres, barriers of a race-course.
castra, a camp.
codlcilli, tablets.
comitia, a political assembly, elec-
tions.
copiae, troops.
fides, lyre.
fines (M.), boundaries or terri-
tories.
fortunae, possessions,
gratiae, thanks.
horti, pleasure-grounds.
impedimenta, baggage of an
army.
Iitt6rae, an epistle.
loci (M.), passages in books.
ludi, public games.
natales, descent, ancestry.
6p§rae, day laborers.
opes, wealth, resources.
partes, a part in a ploy or a
party in politics.
pl&gae, snares.
rostra, political platform or
hustings.
sales (M.), witticisms, wit.
tabellae, documents.
The following nouns are wanting in some of the cases : —
(i) Norn., Dat., Voc. Sing. : — . opis, — , opem, — , ope, help;
— , vicis, — , vicem, , vice, change.
(2) Norn., Gen., Voc. Sing. : — , — . preci, precem, — , pr6ce,
prayer.
(3) Nom. and Voc. Sing. : — , dapis, dapi, dapem, — , dape,
food; , frugis, frugi, frugem, — , fruge, /;-«?/■.
(4) Gen., Dat., and Abl. Plural : Most nouns of the fifth declen-
sion, except spds, hope., and res, a thing. So also far, corn; mel,
honey; fel, bile; pus, matter of a wound; rus, the country; tus,
incense.
%
..,0
IRKEGIJLAU NOUNS.
241
■s of a race-course.
ill assembly, elec-
xdaries or terri-
in a ploy ox a
il platform or
cem, , pr6ce,
,pem, — , dape,
(5) Genitive plural : many monosyllables : Nex. murder ■ pax
peace; p,x //A/,, cor. /u-artj cos. ., u>/^clslo„c; ros. ./.^ sal.'
salts sol, t/ie suns lux, l/^/u.
HETEROCLITIC NOUNS.
Some nouns have two or more forms of declension. Thus •
C61U8 {V)a distal, and many names of plants and trees are of
he second ; but they may have those forms that end in -us of the
fourth decl. also.
laererum (N.) «« acre, is of the second declension in the singu-
lar, but of the third in the plural.
Vas (N.), « .W(Gen., vaais), is of the third declension in the
smgular and of the second in the plural.
Festivals in -alia (as Bacchanalia) are neuter plurals of the third
declension, but have the genitive plural in -orum. not in ium.
Anciie (N.) a shield, is of the third (like mare, the sea) ; but the
genitive plural is orum. instead of -lum.
; Requles (F.), Gen. rgquietis. rest, is of the third, but has
rfiqiUem and requie of the fifth.
Fames (F.), Gen. famis. is regularly of the third, but has fame of
the fifth, not famd of the third.
For domus (P.), a house, see p. 238.
Many words have two forms, one belonging to one declension
and another to another. Thus : « *> c ucciension
Luxuria (F.), luxury; materia (P.), „>atter, timber; saevitia
(P.), cruelty, are of the first; while luxuries (F) materiesTF T
saevltles (P ), are of the fifth. So also, evenU. (^1 H . '^^:
and conatum(N.), are of the second.
formTn "'. ^^i' ■^'"- "^°^°*^"«' ^""' of old age has the poetical
lasthenoe'T'^' " """"'^'"^ ^^-^' ^^"- P-P-tatis. poverty
i.as the poetical pauperies (P.), Gen. -ei.
242
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
HETEKOGENEOUS NOUNS.
Sorno nouns have two different Kcnclcrs in tlie singular. Thus :
The following have one form in -us. masculine, and one form
in -um, neuter : BaltSue. or -um, f belt ; lugillua, -um. the throat;
cllp6u8, -um, a shield; collus. um, neck; baciilus, -um, a siajj ;
cubitus, -um, elbow.
The following have a different gender in the singular and plural
respectively :
Balneum (N. sing.), balneae (F. pi.), bath; caehim (N. sing.),
caeli (M. pi.), heavens; carbftsus (^^ sing.), carbasa (N. pi.),
sail; delicium(N. sing.), deliciae (F. pi.), d:light ; rastrum (N.
sing.), rastrl (M. pi.), harrows; epiilum (N. sing.), epaiae (F. pi.),
banquet; frenum (N. sing.), bit, freni (M.) or frena(N.); locus (M.
sing.), l6ca(N. pi.), places; locus (M. sing.), >i7y iocl (M. pi.),
or idea (N. p).).
VII.
-ADJECTIVES.
FIRST AND
SECOND DECLENSIONS.
Bonus, good.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Netit.
Nam.
b6n \is
b6n a
b6n um
Gen.
bon i
bon ae
bon i
Dat.
b6n 6
bon ae
b6n6
Ace.
bon um
bon am
b6n um
Voc.
bon 6
bon a
bon um
Abl.
bon 6
bon a
Plural.
bon 6
Nom,
boni
bfin ae
bfina
Gen.
bon drum
bon arum
bon orum
D. \
bon is
bon is
bon is
Ace.
bon OS
bon as
bon a
Voc. bon i
Abl. bon is
bon ae
bon is
bon a
bon is
i
«a
ADJECTIVES.
:'43
:ular. Thus :
and one form
.m, the throat i
\, -urn, a stajj i
ular and plural
um (N. sing.),
rbasa (N. pi.),
,• rastrum (N.
epaiae (F. pi.),
(N.); locus (M.
,• i6ci(M. pi.),
ONS.
^etit.
n um
•n i
in 6
in um
»n um
in 6
Norn.
Gen.
Dili.
Ace.
Foe.
Ai?l.
Mase.
aegcr
aegr I
aegr 6
aegr um
aeger
aegr 6
Nom. aegr 1
Gen. aegr orum
Dat. aegr is
Ace. aegr os
Voc. aegr i
Abl. aegr Is
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Mase.
tfiner
t6nSr i
tfinfir 6
t6n6r um
tgner
tSnfir 6
Aeger, sick.
Singular.
Fern.
aegr &
aegr ae
aegr ae
aegr am
aegr a,
aegr a
Plural.
aegr ae
aegr arum
aegr is
aegr as
aegr ae
aegr is
Tener, tender.
Singular.
Fern.
tgngr &
tdngr ae
tSndr ae
t6n6r am
t6n6r a
tfingr a
Neat,
ae^T um
aegr i
aegr 6
aegr um
aegr um
aegr 6
aegr &
aegr drum
aegr is
aegr a
aegr a
aegr Is
Neut.
tfiner um
tCner i
tSngr 6
tfingr um
t6n6r um
tdnfir 6
5n a
5n orum
3n is
on a
on a
an is
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
tgngr I
t^ngr orum
tSn&r is
tSn6r OS
ten^r i
tgnei is
Plural.
t€ngr ae
tfiner arum
tSngr is
tfiner as
t^ner ae
tSngr is
tfingr a
tfiner orum
tener is
tSner a
t6ner a
tfiner is
244
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
IRREGULAR' ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND
SECOND DECLENSIONS.
Unus, one.
i
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
un lis
un a
un um
Gen.
Cm ius
un ius
iin ius
Dat.
On i
un i
un i
Ace.
un \im
un am
un um
Voc.
—
—
—
Abl.
un 6
un a
Uter, which of two f
Singular.
un 6
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
uter
utr a
utr um
Gen.
utr ius
utr ius
utr ius
Dat.
utr i
utr i
utr i
Ace.
utr um
utr am
utr um
Voc.
—
—
—
Abl.
utr 6
utr a
utr 6
Masc.
Alius, other
Singular.
Fcm.
Neut. ;J
Mas
Nom.
Gen.
Nom. air us
air a
air ud fl
Dat.
Gen. all us
all us
all us fl
Ace.
Dat. all i
alii
alii fl
Voc.
Ace. all um
air am
air ud S
Abl.
Voc. —
Abl. an 6
air a
alio fl
•Alio
ings in
'Nine adjectives are irregular ; Alius, -a, -ud, another; nuUus, -a, -um, no one ; solus,
alone; totus, tvhole ; ullus, any; unus, one; alter, Ora, -eruni, the other; uier, utra,
utrum, which (of two) ; neuter, tra, trum, neither. The genitive of alter is alterlus ;
otherwise it is declined like uter. In each the plural is regular.
ADJECTIVES.
246
, -um, »10 one ; solus,
(' other; uter, utra,
of alter is alterlus ;
A
ADJECTIVES OF THIRD DECLENSION,
(i) Of three terminations :—
Acer, sharp.
Singular.
Mase.
Fein.
Neut.
Norn
. acer
acr Is
acr 6
Gen.
acr is
acr Is
acr is
Dat.
acr i
acr i
acr i
Ace.
acr em
acr em
acr 6
Voc.
acer
acr is
acr g
Abl.
acr i'
acr i
Plural.
acr i
Nom.
acr §8
acr es
acr la
Gen.
acr lum
acr lum
acr iima
Dat.
rlcr ibu3
acr Ibus
acr ibus
Ace.
acr es
acr es
acr ia
Voc.
acr es
acr es
acr la
Abl.
acr ibus
acr Ibus
acr Ibus
(2) Of two terminations :—
Singular.
Mase. and Fein. Neut.
Nom. mit is
Gen. mit is
Dat. mit i
Ace. mit em
Voc. mit is
Abl. mit i
mit e
mit Is
mit i
mit e
mit 6
mit i'
Mitis, mild.
Plural.
Mase. and Fern.
Nom. mit es
Gen. mit lum
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
mit ibus
mit es
mit es
Abl. mit ibus
Neut.
mit la
mit lum
mit ibus
mit ia
mit la
mit ibus
ju... mu con.„aratives and Z.^:7^Z^ ^^t^J^'^l t ! ^^" .^' '"
Com,«rativeshavenon,. pi. neuter in -a jren nl ^ „r AHt \ T^' '" "' °'' ^'
e F in mm. i-ius is the only comparative irregular in declension.
246
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
Singular.
Masc. and Fein.
Nom. mltlor
Gen. mitior is
Dat. milior i
Ace. mitior em
Voc. mitior
Abl. mitior 6 (-!>
Netit.
mitius
mitior Is
mitior i
mitius
mitius
mitior
Mitior, milder.
Plural.
Masc. and Fern.
Nom. mitior es
Gen. mitior um
Dat. mitior ibus
Ace. mitior es
Voc. mitior es
Abl. mitidr ibus
(-1)
Plus, more
Singular.
Masc. and Fern. Neut.
Nom. —
Gen. —
Dat. —
Ace. —
Voc. -
Abl.
plus
plur is
plus
— plur e
(3) Adjectives of one termination :—
Audax, bold.
Plural,
Masc. and Fern.
Nom. plur es
Gen. plur ium
Dat. plur ibus
Ace. plur es
Voc. plur es
Abl. plur ibus
Neut.
mitior a
mitior um
mitior ibus
mitior &
mitior a
mitior ibus
Neut.
pliir fi.
plQr ium
plur ibus
plur a
plur a
plijr ibus
Singular.
Masc. and Fern.
Nom. audax
Gen. audac is
Dat. audac i
Ace. audac em
Voc. audax
Abl. audac i (-e)
Neut.
audax
audac is
audac i
audax
audax
audac i (e)
Plural.
Masc. and Fein.
Nom. audac es
Gen. audac ium
Dat. audac ibus
Ace. audac es
Voc. audac es
Abl. audac ibus
Felix, bold.
Singular.
Masc. and Fern. Neut.
Nom. felix felix
G^^.'felicis felicis
Dat. felic i fellc i
Ace. fellc em felix
Voc. felix felix
Abl. fellc i(-6) felic i (-6)
Plural.
Masc. and Fern.
Nom. felic es
Gen. felic ium
Dat. felic Ibus
Ace. felic es
Voc. felic es
Abl. fellc ibus
Neut.
audac ia
audac ium
audac ibus
audac ia
audac ia
audac ibus
Neut.
fellc ia
felic ium
fellc ibus
felTc ia
felic ia
felic ibus
NUMERALS.
247
Neut
mitior a
mitior um
mitior ibus
mitior a
mitior a
mitior ibus
Neut.
pliir a
plur ium
plur ibus
plur a
plur a
plur ibus
RAL.
u
IS
IS
tRAI.
7«.
Neut.
audac ia
audac ium
audac ibus
audac ia
audac ia
audac ibus
Neut.
felic ia
felic ium
felic ibus
felic ia
felic ia
felic ibus
Singular
Masc. and Fern.
Norn. v6tus
Gefi. v6ter Is
Dat. vet6r i
Ace. v6ter em
l^oc. vet us
Abl. veter i (-e)
Vetus, old.
Neut.
v6tus
vSter is
veter i
vetus
vet lis
v6ter i (-6)
Plural,
Masc. and Fern.
Norn, veter es
Gen. veter um
Dat. vgter ibus
Ace. veter es
Voc. veter es
Abl. veter ibus
Neut.
veter a
veter um
v6t6r ibus
vgtgr a
vet6r a
veter ibus
Singular,
Masc. and Fern.
Norn, oriens
Gen. orient is
Dat. orient i
Ace. orient em
Voc. oriens
Abl. orient e (-i)
Oriens, rising.
Plural.
Neut. Masc. and Fern.
oriens Norn, orient es
orient is Gen. orient ium
orient! Dat. orient ibus
oriens Ace. orient es
oriens Voc. orient es
6rient6(-i) Abl. orient ibus
Neut.
orient ia
orient Ium
orient ibus
orient la
orient ia
orient ibus
VIII.-NUMERALS.
For the declension of unus, see p. 244.
Duo, two.
Fern.
dii ae
du arum
dii abus
Masc.
Nom. duo
Gen. du orum
Dat. dii obus
Ace. duos (duo) du as
Voc. duo dil ae
Abl. du obus du abus
Neut.
diio
du orum
du oburf
diio
duo
du obus
Tres, three. ■
Masc. and Fern. Neut
Nom. tres
Gen. tr ium
Dat. tr ibus
Ace. tres
Voc. tres
Abl. tr Ibus
tr la
tr ium
tr ibus
tr ia
tr ia
tr ibus
Mille, a thousand.
or min; ";^"'"' !f ^^'■"'^'^''^•- ^n P'ural : Nom. and Ace. Millia
mihbus ' """ "'^''""^ ' ^^'- ^"'^ ^*^- "^'"^^"^ «••
248
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
IX.-PRONOUNS.
(i) PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
Ego, /.
Tu, thou, you (sing.).
Singular. Plural.
Singular. Plural.
Novi.
ego
n5s
Nam. tu vos
Gen.
m6i
nostrum, nostrl
Gen. tiii vest rum, vestri
DaL
mihi
1 nobis
Dat. tibi vobis
Ace.
me
nos
Ace. te vos
Voc.
—
—
Voc. tu vos
Abl
me
nobis
Abl. te vobis
Sui,
of himself.
Singular.
Plural.
Nom. Wanting
Wanting
Gen. sui
sui
Dat. sibi
sibi
Ace. se
se
Voc. Wanting
Wanting
Abl. se
se
(ii) DEMONSTRATIVE AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Hie, this (near the speaker).
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom. hic
haec
hoc
Gen. huius
huius
huius
Dat. huic
, huic
huic
Ace. hunc
hanc
hoc
Abl. hoc
hac
Plural.
hoc
Notn. hi
hae
haec
Geti. horuni
harum
horum
Dat. his
his
his
Ace. hos
has
haec
Abl. his
his
his
DNOUNS.
vou (sing.).
Plural,
vos
ifestrum, vestri
I'obis
I'OS
/OS
/obis
PKONOUNS
Iste, t/iat (near
you).
Singular.
MdSc .
Fern.
Ncut.
Norn, iste
Gen. istius
ista
istud
istius
istius
Dtif. isti
istI
istI
>?tr. istuin
istain
istud
Abl. isto
ista
•
isto
249
NfltH. isti
Gen. istoruin
Dat. istis
Ace. istos
Abl. istIs
I'l.IJRAI..
istae
istaruni
istis
istas
istis
ista
istoium
istis
ista
istis
PRONOUNS.
Neut.
hoc
huius
bulc
hoc
hoc
haec
horum
his
liaec
his
Masc.
Norn, illg
Gen. illius
Dat. ill!
Aee. ilium
Abl. illo
Norn, ill!
Gen. illorum
Dat. illis
Ace. illos
Abl. illis
I lie, //W (near him, her, it).
Singular.
Fein.
ilia
illfus
illl
illam
ilia
I'LURAI,.
iliac
illarum
illTs
Neut.
illud
illius
illl
illud
illo
ilia
illorum
ill
is
ill
as
nils
ilia
illis
250
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
1
s, he, this, that.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Norn, is
S&
Id
Gen. eius
eius
eius
Dat 61
«I
ei
Ace. 6um
6am
id
Abl 66
6a
I'l.URAI..
65
Norn, 6i (li)
6ae
6^
Gen. 6orum
6arum
66rum
Dat. 6ls(iis)
6is (lis)
6is (lis)
.^£-£'. 66s
6as
6a
Abl 6is(IIs)
6ls (lis)
Idem, the same.
.Singular.
eis (ns)
i]/d!.yf.
Fern.
Neut.
;V<7W?. Idem
eadem
Idem
Gen. eiusdem
eiusdem
eiusdem
Dat. 6ldem
6idem
eidem
^iT^:. eundem
eandem
idem
Abl. 66dem
eadem
Plural.
eodem
.. f6idem
Uidem
eaedem
eadem •
Gen. eorundem
earundem
eorundem
_ , (eisdem
Uisdem
eisdem
llisdem
/eisdem
llisdem
Ace. 6osdem
easdem
eadem
... f eisdem
uisdem
/eisdem
llisdem
/eisdem
lilsdem
PRONOUNS.
Ipse, self, himself.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern,
Neui.
Nom
u ipsg
ipsa
ipsum
Gen.
ipsius
ipsuis
ipsius
Dai.
ipsi
ipsi
ipsi
Ace.
ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
Ahl.
ipso
ipsa
Plural.
ipso
Nom.
ipsi
ipsae
ipsa
Gen.
ipsdrum
ipsaruni
ipsorum
Dat.
ipsfs
ipsis
ipsis
Ace.
ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
Abl.
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
(iii) RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
Qui, who.
Singular.
Masc.
Fem.
Nctit.
Nom.
qui
quae
quod
Gen.
cuius
cuius
cuius
Dal.
CUl
cui
cui
Ace.
quern
quam
quod
AbL
quo
qua
Plural.
1
quo
Nom.
Gen.
qui
quorum
quae
quarum
quae
quorum
Dat.
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ace.
quos
quas
quae
Abl.
quibus
quibus
1
251
252
HUST LATIN BOOK.
(iv) INTERROGATIVE ]
i'RONOUNS.
Quis, ivho ?
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Norn.
quis
quae
quid
Gen,
cuius
cuius
cuius
Dat.
cul
cul
cul
Ace.
quern
quam
quid
Abl.
quo
qua
ruuRAi..
quo
Norn.
qui
quae
quae
Gen.
ciuoruin
quarum
quorum
Dat.
quibus
quTbus
quibus
Ace.
tiuos
quas
quae
Abl.
(.[Uilius
quibus
quibus
Principal
Parts
X. -REGULAR VERBS.
fi. Conjugation: anio, amare, amavi, amatum.
„ moneo, monere, monui, nionitum.
rego, regere, rexi, rectum,
audio, audirg, audivl, auditum.
3.
V4-
ACTIVE VOICE— INDICATIVE MOOD.
1. am
2. am
3- am
1. am
2. am
3- am
o
as
amua
atis
ant
TRESENT.
Singular.
mon eo
mon es
mon 6t
r6go
reg.is
reg it
Plural.
mon emus
mon etia
mon ent
rSg Imus
reg ttis
reg unt
aud io
aud is
aud it
aud imus
aud itis
aud iunt
'•b
NS.
Neut.
quid
cuius
cul
quid
quo
quae
quorum
quibus
quae
quibus
1. am abam
2. am abas
3. am abat
1. am abamus
2. am abatis
3. am abant
I. am abo
»2- am abis
13. am abit
REGULAR VKKBS.
IMPEKFI'XT.
Singular.
mon ebam reg ebam
mon ebas reg ebas
inon ebat r6g ebat
253
Pl.UKAI..
mon ebam us
mon ebatis
mon ebant
FUTURE.
Singular.
audi ebam
audi ebas
audi ebat
rgg ebam us audi ebamus
leg ebatis audi ebatis
reg ebant audi ebrnt
mon ebo
mon ebis
mon ebit
reg am
reg es
rgg et
audi am
audi es
audi et
mavi, amatum.
lonui, monitum.
exi, rectum,
udlvl, auditum.
MOOD.
Plural.
aud io
aud is
aud it
aud imus
aud itis
aud iunt
|l. am abimus
am abitis
'3. am abunt
%. 3mav i
%. amav isti
3. amfiv it
mon ebimus
mon ebitis
mon ebunt
reg etis
leg ent
PERFECT.
Singular.
monu i
monu isti
monii it
rex i
rex isti
rex it
Plural.
audi emus
audi etis
audi ent
audiv i
audiv isti
audiv it
i. fuTiav imus
monu imus
rex imus
audiv imus
#. amav istis
i. /amav Grunt
tiimav ere
monii istis
rex istis
audiv istis
1 monu erunt
Imonu eie
/rex erunt
/audiv erunt
trex ere
V audiv ere
254
FIRST LATIN BOOK,
PLUPERP^ECT.
Singular.
1. 5mav §ram
2. ftmav 6ra3
3. amav 6rat
nionii 6ram
mo nil 6ra8
monu 6rat
rex 6ram
rex Sras
rex 6rat
aaJlv 6ram
audiv 6ra8
aucllv 6rat
Plural.
I.
itniav 6ramu8
monii 6ramu8 rex Sramus
audiv 6ramu8
v1
.1
2.
amav 6ratl8
m5nu 6rati8 rex 6rati8
audiv 6rati8
3.
imav 6rant
munCi 6rant rex 6rant
FUTURE PERFECT.
SiNGl.l.AK.
audiv 6rant
1
I.
Smav 6ro
monu 6ro rex 6ro
audiv 6ro
2.
amav 6ri8
nionii eris rex 6ria
audiv eria
1
3.
amav 6rit
monu 6rit rex 6rit
audiv 6rit
1
1. amav erimua
2. amav Sritia
3. amav 6rint
Plural.
monii erimus rex Srimua
monii 6rTti8 rex eritis
monu erint rex §rint
audiv 6rimu8
audiv Sritia
audiv 6rint
1. am em
2. am 68
3. am 6t
F, am emu8
2. am etia
3. am ent
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOU.
PRESENT.
Singular.
mon earn reg am
mon eaa reg aa
mon 6fi,t reg at
Plural.
mon 6amu8 r6g amua
mon eatis reg atia
mon eant rgg ant
audi am
audi aa
audi at
audi amus
audi atia
audi ant
REGULAK VERBS.
256
autliv 6ram
audiv 6ra8
aiidiv 6rat
I. Am &rem
2 am ares
3. Am arSt
IMPERFECT
Singular.
m6n erem
m6n erea
m6n er6t
r&i; 6rem
r2g erea
rfig 6r6t
aud irem
and irSa
a lid irdt
audlv 6ramu8
aiidiv 6rati8
audiv drant
1. am ar§mu8
2. am aretla
3. am ftrent
Pl.I'RAI,.
luon eremus
in on eretis
mon erent
rCg Eremus
rgg firetis
r^g 6rent
aud iremus
aud iretla
aud Irent
audiv 6ro
audiv eris
audiv erit
1. Smav 6rim
2. amav 6ri8
3. amav 6rit
PERFECT.
SlNGtTLAR.
monu 6rim rex 6rlm
monii 6rts rex eria
m6nu 6rit rex 6rit
audiv 6rlm
audiv 6ria
audiv 6rlt
audiv 6rimu8
audiv 6riti8
audiv Srint
1 . amav Primus
2. amav Sritla
3. amav 6rint
PU'RAI.,
monu 6rlmu8
monu 6riti8
monii 6rint
rex 6rlmufl
rex eritla
rex 6rint
audiv 6rtmua
audiv Sritia
audiv 6rint
audi am
audi as
audi at
1. Smav issem
2. amav iases
3. amav iaaet
PLUPERFECT.
Singular.
monii iasem
monu iasea
monii iaaet
rex issem
rex iases
rex iaaet
audiv iaaem
audiv isses
audiv iaaet
audi amus
audi atia
audi ant
Plural.
1. amav iaaemus monu isaemua rex Issemua
2. amav issetis monu iaaetia rex iaaetis
3- amav issent monu iaaent rex isaent
audiv iaaemus
audiv iaaetis
audiv iaaent
25G
2. dm a
2. ilm ale
FIHST LATIN noOK.
IMI'EKATIVK MOOD.
TRKSKNT.
SlNCU'l.AU.
IM.t'KAI,.
nion ete reg ite
FUTUki:.
SlNGI'l.AK.
and I
and ite
2. ;1
.m ato,
you shall lo7>e.
mun eto
rgg Ito
aud Ito
3- a
m ato.
//(' shall love.
mon eto
Pl.CKAI..
r6g ito
and ito
2. am atote,
you shall lore.
mon etote
r^g itote
aud itote
3. am anto,
they shall loi'e.
mon ento
r6g unto
aud lunto
INFINITIVE iMOOI).
Pres.
PerJ.
Fut.
ama re
amav isse
ama turus
esse
mone re
munu isse
monf turus
esse
rej^e re
rex Isse
rec turus
esse
audi re
audiv isse
audi turus
esse
participlp:s.
Pres.
Fut.
ama ns
ama turus,
-a, -um
mone ns
inoni turus,
•a. um
SUPINE.
reg ens
1 ee turus,
a, -um
audi ens
audi turus
-a, -um
ama turn
moni turn
GERUND.
rec turn
audi turn
Geu.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
ama ndi
ama ndo
ama ndum
ama ndo
mone ndi
mone ndo
mone ndum
mone ndo
reg endi
reg endo
reu- eiidnrn
reg endo
audi endi
audi endo
audi endum
audi endo
« iS fiaiaaw atBWEi HCT i \ vm l u». wmn I
HEGULAK VKRIW.
207
and i
and ite
and ito
and ito
and itote
and lunto
aiidf re
aiidiv isse
audi turns
98se
audi ens
audi tiirus
-a, -um
audi turn
audi endi
audT endo
iiidf endura
^udi endo
1 . 3mo r
, j a 111 a rls
iama re
3. aina tur
passive: voice-indicativk mood,
I'kESKNT.
Singular.
nionfi or j-f.r or
fregO ria
Iri^gd re
rCgr tur
1 . ama mur
2. ania mini
3- ania ntur
I. 3ma bar
/Ama baris
iSma bare
3. ania batur
1. ama bamur
2. ama bamini
3. ama bantur
I ■ ama bor
b6ri8
bere
3 ama bitur
fama
lama
1. ama bJmur
2. ama bimini
3. ama buntur
rmone ris
tmune re
mone tur
I'l.t'KAI..
mone mur rCgf mur
rfgi mini
regu ntur
mono mini
mone ntur
IMPERFECT.
Singular.
mfine bar
I mone baris
imone bare
mone batur
rege
rrgge
' rgge
rege
bar
baria
bare
batur
I'l IKAi..
mone bamur rege bamur
mone bamini rege bamini
mone bantur iggC- bantur
FUTURE.
Singular.
mone bor
/mone bSris
Imone b^re
mone bitur
rgga r
frege ris
irege re
lege tur
Plural.
mone bimur rgge mur
rege mini
1 eire ntur
mone bimini
mone buntur
audi or
faudi ria
vaudi re
audi tur
audi mur
audi mini
audi untur
audi ebar
/audi ebaris
^audi ebare
audi ebatur
audi ebamur
audi ebamini
audi ebantur
audfa r
faudie rls
U'ludie re
audie tur
audie mur
audie mini
audie ntur
258
I.
2.
3-
I.
ama tus sum
ama tus 6s
ama tus est
ama ti siimus
ama ti estis
ama ti sunt
I.
2.
3-
I.
2.
3-
ama tus dram
ama tus eras
ama tus erat
ama ti Sramus
ama ti Gratis
ama ti 6rant
I.
2.
3-
I.
2.
3-
ama tus Sro
ama tus eris
ama tus erit
ama ti erimus
ama ti eritis
ama ti 6runt
I. am er
, fam ertB
1 -
'am ere
3. am etur
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
PERFECT.
Singular.
moni tus sum rec tus sum
nioni tus 68 rec tus es
moni tus est rec tus est
Plural.
moni ti siimus rec ti siimus
moni ti estis lec ti estis
moni ti sunt rec ti sunt
PLUPERFECT.
Singular.
moni tus 6ram rec tus eram
moni tus eras rec tus 6ras
moni tus erat rec tus erat
Plural.
moni ti 6ramus rec ti eramus
moni ti eratis rec ti eratis
moni ti erant rec ti 6rant
. FUTURE-PERFECT.
Singular.
moni tus 6ro rec tus 6ro
moiii tus 6ri3 rec tus 6ris
moni tus 6rit rec tus 6rit
Plural.
moni ti erimus rec ti 6rimu8
moni ti eritis rec ti eritis
moni ti 6runt rec ti erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
Singular.
monC ar reg ar
/monS aria f reg aris
uiiune are '■''t^'g are
mSnSatur leg atur
audi tus sum
audi tus 6s
audi tus est
audi ti sximus
audi ti estis
audi ti sunt
audi tus 6ram
audi tus 6ras
audi tus erat
audi ti eramus
audi ti eratis
audi ti 6rant
audi tus 6ro
audi tus eris
audi tus 6rit
audi ti 6rimus
audi ti 6ritis
audi ti 6runt
audi ar
/audi aria
I audi are
audi atur
-i.!*^aB!3S?af*miA^i^M^.
REGULAR VERBS.
259
dl tus sum
di tus 6b
dl tus est
ii ti samus
di ti estis
if ti sunt
ii tus gram
Ir tus eras
ii tus erat
li ti eramus
f ti eratis
1 ti drant
i tus 6ro
[ tus eris
i tus drit
ti grimus
ti 6ritis
ti 6runt
ar
ariB
i.re
itur
1. am emur
2. am emini
3. am entur
I.
ama rer
mone
2,
/ama reris
fmone
lama rere
imone
3-
ama retur
mone
I.
ama remur
mone
2.
ama remini
mone
3-
ama rentur
m6ne
I.
ama tus sim
ama tus sis
ama tus sit
ama ti simus
ama ti sitis
ama ti sint
Plural.
mong amur reg amur
mone amim" reg amini
mone antur reg antur
IMPERFECT.
Singular,
rer rege rer
reris f rege reris
rere irege rere
retur rege retur
Plural.
remur regg remur
remini rege romini
rentur reg 6 rentur
PERFECT.
Singular.
mont tus Sim rec tus sim
mont tus sis rec tus sis
moni tus sit rec tus sit
Plural.
moni ti simus rec ti simus
monr tl sitis rec ti sitis
moni ti sint rec ti sint
audi amur
audi amini
audi antur
audi rer
/audi reris
laudi rere
audi retur
audi remur
audi remini
audi rentur
audi tus sim
audi tus sis
audi tus sit
audi ti simus
audi ti sitis
audi ti sint
1 . ama
2. ama
3 ama
1 . iimri
2. ama
3- ama
PLUPERFECT.
Singular,
tus essem moni tus essem rec tus essem audi tus essem
tus esses moni tus esses rec tus esses audi tus esses
tusesset moni tus esset rec tus esset audi tus esset
Plural,
ti essemus moni ti essemus rec ti eseemusaudl ti essemus
tiessetls moni ti essetls rec ti essetis audi ti essetis
tiessent moni ti essent rec ti assent audi ti essent
260
VIHHT LATIN HOOK.
2. am are
2. am amini
IMPEKATFVR MOOD.
rRl<;sKNT.
SiNCUI.AR.
mon ere rc'^ 6r6
I'l.UKAI.,
mon emini rv^ Imini
I'UTUKI<:.
SiNC'.UI.AK.
mon etor reg itor
2. am ator,
jw/ shall In- lovnl.
3- «^ni ator, nion etor
he shall Oc hwed.
IM.URAI,.
mon entor \^^ untor
reg itor
3. Am an tor,
they shall be loveil.
INFINITIVE MOOD,
mon eri r£>y i
Pres. ;\m an"
>"<•;-/; ama tus esse moni tus esse rec tus esse
/'///. ama turn iri moni turn iri roc turn iri
rARTICII'LES.
monT tus rcc tus
mon endus reg endus
SUPINE,
moni tu rec tu
Perf. lima tus
/«/. am andus
.111(1 ire
and imini
and itor
and itor
and iuntor
audi ri
audi tus esse
audi turn iri
audi tus
audi endus
ama tu
audi tu
XI.~IRREGULAR VERBS.
Sum, / am. Possum, / am able, I can. Prosum, / help, I benefit.
/'sum, fui, esse.
Principal pari sl\^ii^i>Mrxi, potiii, posse.
ll
.prosum, profui, prodesse.
mi<K(;ULAIl VKKHH.
261
r.
sum
2
cs
3-
est
I.
siiinus
o
estis
3-
sunt
I.
ciain
2.
eras
3.
Clilt
I.
eramus
O
e rat is
3-
erant
r.
ero
1
eris
3-
Orit
I.
erimus
2.
eritis
3.
erunt
! . fui
2. fuisti
3- fuit
INDICATIVE MOOD.
I'Hi;SKN"I-.
SiNtilM.AK.
possum
j)otes
potest
I'l.UKAl,.
possCimus
l)otestis
possunt
IMI'KRFKC'I'.
SiNC.UI.AK.
potCram
pot eras
poterat
I'l.UKAl,.
poteramus
poteratis
poterant
FUTURE.
SiNGin.AR.
potero
pott'ris
poterit
Plural.
pfltSrTmus
poteritis
p6t6runt
PERFECT.
Singi;lar.
potui
potuisti
potiiit
prosum
prodes
prodcst
prosiiiiius
proflestis
prosunt
proderam
proderas
proderat
proderamus
proderatis
proderant
prodero
j)rod6ris
prodgrit
proderimus
prodCritis
prdderunt
profi
'I
ui
profuisti
pro fuit
262
PIKST LATIN BOOK.
Plural.
I
1. fill m us
2. fiiistis
rfuerunt
^"Ifuere
potijimus
potuistis
/potuerunt
Ipotuere
PLUPERIECT.
Singular.
profuTmiis
profuistis
/profuerunt
Iprofueie
r. fu&ram
2. fufiras
3. fuSrat
potugram
potiieras
potugrat
Plural.
profiigram
profiieras
profiierat
3
1. fijgramus
2. fCieratis
3. fuerant
potijgramus
pot ue rat is
poiiigrant
FUTURE PERFECT.
Singular.
profugramus
profCigratis
profiigrant
I
2
3
I
I. fugro
potiigro
profugro
2
2. iuer;s
3. fiigrit
potueris
potugrit
Plural.
profueris
piofiigrit
3
1. fiiernnus
2. fiierftis
3. fufrint
potiigiTnuis
potuen'tis
potugrint
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
profugiTmus
profueritis
piofCierint
I
2,
3'
PRESENT.
I.
Singular.
3.
I. sim
possim
piosim
J
2. sis
3. sit
possls
possit
Plural.
prosTs
prosit
1 . simus
2. sitis
possimus
possltis
prosTnius
piosltis
2.
3. sint
possint
prosint
2.
jik^
IRREGULAR Vf^RBS.
263
IMPERFECT.
rofuTmiis
Singular.
rofuistis
ofueriint
rofueie ^
1. essem
2. esses
3. esset
possem
posses
posset
Plural.
prodessem
prodesses
prodesset
ofugram
ofiieias
r. essemus
2. essetis
3. essent
possemus
possetis
possent
prodessemus
prodcssetis
prodessent
ofiierat
PERFECT.
Singular.
ofugramus
ofiigratis
ofCierant
1. £u6rim
2. fueris
3. fngrit
potiierim
potiiSris
potuerit
Plural.
profuerim
profueris
profuerit
5fu6ro
5fueris
1. fiigrimus
2. fugrltis
3. fuerint
potiierlmus
potueritis
potuerint
profuerimus
profueritis
profuerint
ifiigrit
PLUPERFECT.
Singular.
ifugrTmus
ifuSritis
)fuerint
1. fiiissem
2. fuisses
3. fiiisset
potiiissem
potiiisscs
potiiisset
profuissem
profuisses
profuisset
,
-
Plural.
^ 1 IT) ^^1
1. fiiissemus
2. fuissetis
3. fuissent
potuissemus
potiiissetis
potuissent
profuissemus
profiiissetis
profiiissent
31111 ^^H
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
I
PRESENT.
Singular.
sunns 1
2. gs
None.
prodes
H
Plural.
sint H
2. estg
None.
prodestg
264
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
2. esto, thou shall be.
3. esto, he shall be.
2. estote, ye shall be.
3. ^nnio, they shall be.
FUTURE.
Singular,
None.
None.
Plural.
None.
None.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present, esse
Perfect, fuisse
Future, fiiturus esse;
posse
potuisse
Present.
Future, futurus, -a, -uni
PARTICIPLES.
potens
prodesto
prodesto
prodestote
piosunto
prodesse
profuisse
piofiituriis esse
profuturus, -a, -uin
mgniTni,
coepi,
odi,
novi,
Defective Verbs.
nieminisse, / remember.
coepisse, / begin, or / began.
odisse,
novisse,
/ hate.
I know.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect. mgmfnf, -isf, etc. coepi 6di novl
IhiPerf memlneram, -eras, etc. coepgram oderam noveram
Fut.Pf mem.nero, -ens, etc. coepero 6d6ro „6v6ro
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
"^pltf "^?'"'"^'-''"' --i^ coepgrim oderin. noverin.
Pluperf mem.n.ssem, -isses coep.ssem adissem novissem
Future. Z^'
I2.
IMPERATIVE M0(3D.
Sing, memento Wanting.
Plu. mementote ,,
Wanting. Wanting.
I lll-iJ«Wi4«rill»«MI',l,»MUJ!»i»>M
IRREGULAR VKRRS.
266
rodesto
'odesto
odestote
osunto
sse
sse
urus esse
Perfect. nieminisse
Fiiiure. Wanting.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
(Id i sse
osiiius esse
coepisse
cocptilnis esse
Perf. 1
Pass. /
Fui. t
Act. J
Wanting.
Wanting.
PARTICIPLKS.
coeptiis osiis
coeptaius osurus
novisse
Wanting.
notus
Wanting.
Irregular Verbs— v6lo, nolo, malo.
polo, vellc, volui, I -wilt, 1 7uis/i, I am 7vi/ling.
Principal Pnrts\no\o, nolle, nohu, I a „i unwilling.
'-male, nialle, nifilui, I prefer.
—
indicativp: mood.
Iriis, -a, -urn
PRESENT.
Singular.
•
I.
2.
3-
volo
vis
vult
nolo
non vis
non vult
PU'RAL.
malo
mavis
mavult
novf
I.
2.
3-
voliimus
vultis
volunt
noliimus
non vultis
nolunt
malumus
mavultis
malunt
noveiam
novgro
IMPERFECT.
Singular.
noverim
novissem
I.
2.
3-
volebam
volebas
volebat
nolebam
nolebas
nolebat
Plural.
malebam
malebas
malebat
Wanting.
I.
2.
3-
volebamus
volebatis
volebant
nolebamus
nolebatis
nolebant
malebamus
malebatis
malebant
266
FIHST LATIN UOOK.
FUTURF
Singular.
1. volam
2. voles
3- volet
nolam
noles
nolet
Plural.
malam
inaiOs
malet
1. volemus
2. voletis
3- volent
nolemus
noletis
nolent
PERFECT.
malemus
inalC'cis
inalent
1. vol ill
2. voluisti
3- voluit
Singular.
noliii
noluisti
noICiit
Plural.
malul
maluistr
nialuit
1. volufmus
2. voluistis
fvoluerunt
I voliiere
noluimus
noluistis
fnolCierunt
Inolueie
PLUPERFECT.
Singular.
maluimus
maluistis
/maluerunt
Imaluere
1. volueram
2. volueras
3. voliigrat
nolueram
nolueras
nolufirat
Plural.
maliigram
malugras
maliigrat
1. volugramus
2. volugratis
3. volugrant
nolugramus
noliieratis
noluerant
FUTURE PERFECT.
Singular.
maliigramus
nijilueratis
malugrant
1. v61uSro
2. volueris
3. volugrit
noluSrn
nolueris
nolugrit
maliigro
maliigris
malugrit
IHUKCJULAR VKRBa.
267
Pi. URAL.
I. vfilugrTmus
nolueiimi.is
malugrlmus
2. voIucMitis
noiucritis
maliierltis
3. volufirint
noliieiiiit
SUMJUNCTIVE MOOD.
pkesp:nt.
malugrint
Singular.
I . v§lim
nolim
malim
2. v61is
noils
malls
3. velit
nolit
Plural.
malit
I. vgllinus
nolfmus
malTmus
2. ATelitis
nolrtis
malTtis
3. vglint
nolint
IMPERFECT.
Singular.
nialint
I. veil em
nollem
mallem
2. velles
nolles
malles
3. vellet
nollet
Plurai-.
mallet
I. vellemus
nollenius
mallemus
2. velletis
noUetis
mallet is
3. vellent
nollent
PERFECT.
Singular.
mallent
I. volugrim
nolflgrim
maluerim
?. volueris
noliieris
malueris
3- volugrit
nolueiit
Plural.
malugrit
I. vSlugrlmus
noluSiTmus
malu^rimus
2. volugritis
noliieritis
malvieritis
3. voluerint
nolugrint
maliierint
!;i-
268
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
1. v6luissem
2. voluisses
3. voluisset
I. voluissemus
2 volfiissetis
3. vdluissent
2. None.
2. None.
Present, velle
Perfect, voluisse
rLUI'KRFECT.
SlNr.lM.AR.
ndluissem
noluisscs
noliiisset
Pl.URAI,.
noluissemus
noliiissctis
noliiisscnt
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
presp:nt.
'' Singular.
noil
Plural.
nolite
INFINITIVE MOOD.
nolle
noluisse
maluisseni
inaluisses
nialiiisset
maluisscmus
nialuissetis
uialiiissent
None.
None.
nialle
maluisse
PARTICIPLES.
Present, volens (used as an nolens (used as an None
adj. = willing.) adj. =■ unwilling.)
Fero, I carry.
Principal Parts-Y-^ro, i^n^, tull, latum.
PRESENT.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
INDIC. SUBJ. INDIC. SUBJ.
Singular.
fSram fgror fgrar
fCras (^^''"^ /feraris
, , , , '■^erre Ifgrare
3- ^«" f^rat fertur f6,atur
1. fgro
2. fers
h-«MHa
lUHEOULAR VKuns.
209
Plural.
H I. fSrTmus
ftramus
fCrlmur
fSramur
" H
lalClissem
I 2. fertis
feratis
fcrTmini
feramlnl
. ^1
lalfiisses
^ 3. ferunt
ftrant
fCruntur
ffirantur
laluisset
1
IMPEFP^ECT.
« ^^^^1
I ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
aluissemus
■ Indic.
SURJ.
Indic.
SUBJ,
^^^^1
aluis.setis
1
Sit\^ular.
■|
aluissent
I. ftrebam
ferrem
fgrebar
ferrer
H
2. fcrebas
ferres
fferebaris
/ferrcris
' ferrero
H
' ff rebare
^^1
3. ffircbat
ferret
fgrebatur
Plural.
ferretur
•
I
None.
9
I. fgrebamus
ferrem us
ferebamur
ferrem ur
•'fl
2. fCrebatis
ferret is
ffirebaminf
ferremlni
j ii^^^l
None.
3. f^rebant
ferrent
fgrebantur
PERFECT.
ferrcntur
i'l
ACTIVE.
passive:.
^1
ille
Indic.
Suiy.
Indic.
SUBJ.
''^1
ilCiisse
.Sin^^ular.
H
I. tiili
tulgrim
latus sum
latus sim
' ID
None, i
■■) i
2. tulisti
tuleris
latus es
latus sis
^^1^1
3- tulit
tulerit
latus est
latus sit
^ H
' ?v^
T
Plural.
' n
I. tullmus
tulgrtmus
latr siimus
latl simus
n
urn.
2. tulistis
/tulerunt
' Uulere
tiileritis
latr estis
lati sitis
«
tiilerint
lati sunt
latl sint
fll
PLUPERFECT.
I ■.
!-, .lii^^^l^l
SUBJ.
ACTIVE.
passive. 1:'
'^^"»^^^^1
'.<- '^^^^^^^^1
Indic.
SUBJ.
Indic.
SUBJ.
rar
Singular.
11 \,
I^^H
raris
1. tulgram
2. tulgras
tulissem
tulisses
latus gram
latus eras
latus essem ■
latus esses 1
mi^B
rare
^^^H
ratur
3. tulgrat
tiilisset
latus erat
latus esset M
^^^1
270
FlHSr LATIN HOOK.
Plural.
I,
. tiilCraimis
tuIissC'imis latl eramus
latl essemus
2,
. tCileratis
tillissotis
latl (Gratis
latl essetis
3-
tuierant
tulisscnt
lati L'lant
FUTURE.
latl essent
ACTIVE.
I'A.SSIVE.
INDIC.
SUHJ.
INDIC.
Singular.
SUBJ.
I.
fCram
None.
ferar
None.
2,
ft5res
-
feicris
fCrere
3-
feret
i
ferC'tur
Plural.
I.
fSremus
None.
f^ieimir
None.
2.
ftietis
fSrCMiiirif
3-
fSrent
fCrentiir
futurp: perfect.
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
iNDir,
SUKJ.
In Die.
Singular.
SUBJ.
I.
tulero
None.
latus 6ro
None.
2.
tuleris
latiis erjs
3-
tulerit
latus erit
Plural.
I.
tulerimus
L^'one.
latl erimus
None.
2.
tulfiritis
lati eritis
3-
tulerint
latl ^runt
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
Singular.
2. fer
Plural.
ferre
2. feite
ferimlni
-.t«iafei«n n i iM a»).
tmnAlt^tfiitr,
lUItEOl'LAIl VKRUa.
271
FUTURE.
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
Singular.
2,
fcrto, you shall carry.
fertor
3-
ferto, he shall carry.
Plural.
fertor
2.
fertote, ye shall carry.
Wanting.
3-
ferunto, they shall carry.
INFINITIVE.
fcruntur
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
Present
. fcrre
ferri
Perfect.
tulisse
latiis esse
Future.
laturus, a, um, esse
PARTICIPLES.
latum hi
Present.
ferens
Wanting.
Perfect.
Wantinsf.
latus, -a, -um
Future.
latfii , a, -um
ftrendus, -a, -um
SUPINE.
Active, latum. Passive, latfi.
Fio, I become.
Principal Parts — Fio, fteri, factus sum.
PRESE.
^T.
PERPi
ECT.
In Die.
SUBJ.
INDIC.
Singular.
SUBJ.
I.
fio
flam
factus sum
factus sim
2.
fis
fias
factus es
factus sis
3-
fit
fiat
factus est
Plural.
factus sit
I.
ftmus
fiamus
facti sumus
facti sTmus
2,
fitis
fiatis
facti cstis
facti sitis
3.
fiunt
flant
facti sunt
facti sint
272
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
IMPERFECT.
PLUPERFECT.
Indic.
SUBJ.
1. flebam
2. fiebas
3- flebat
ffSrem
fieres
ffgiet
1. flebanius
2. flebatis
3- flebant
fISremus
fieretis
figrent
FUTURE
•
1. flam
2. fies
3- flet
None.
1. flemus
2. ffetis
3- fient
Sini:[iilar.
Indic.
factus gram
factus eras
factus 6rat
Plural.
facti eiamus
facti eiatis
facti erant
StJBJ.
factus essem
factus esses
factus esset
facti essemus
facti essetis
facti essent
FUTURE PERFECT.
Singular.
factus ero None,
factus eiia
factus eiit
Plural.
facti grfmus
facti eritis
facti erunt.
Preset! t. fieri
IMPERATIVE.
INFINITIVE.
Perfect, factus esse
PARTICIPLES.
Perfect, factus, -a, -um
fite
Future, factum Irl
Future, faclendus, -a, -u
m
SUPINE,
factu
■'■^*™'>'-''^w. ■-»,-., -,
IRREGULAR VERBS.
•273
FECT.
Eo, I go.
Svhj.
Principal
Paris— Eo, Ire,
Tvi or ir, itum.
PRESENT.
PERFECT.
factus essem
factus esses
factus esset
I.
INDIC
eo
. SUBJ.
6am
Indic.
Singular.
IvI or il
SUBJ.
Iv6rim or tgrim
2.
is
gas
Ivisti or iisti
Iveris f^r leris
"acti essemus
'"acti essetis
acti essent
3-
I.
2,
it
imus
itis
6at
eamus
eatis
ivit or lit
Phtral.
Ivimus or iimus
Ivistis or iistis
Iverit or ierit
Ivgrimus or igrlmus
iverltis or ieritis
^'ECT.
3-
eunt
eant
/iverunt or lerunt
livere or lere
iverint or Ifirint
None.
factum 111
Js, -a, -um
IMPERFECT.
Indic. Subj.
PLUPERFECT.
Indic. Subj.
Singular.
I.
2.
3-
I.
2.
3-
Ibam
Ibas
That
Ibamus
ibatis
Ibant
I rem
Ires
iret
iremus
iretis
Trent
ivissem or ussem
Ivisses or iisses
ivisset or iisset
FUTURE.
Indic. Subj.
ivfiram or ieiam
Iveras or leras
iverat or lerat
Plural.
Iveramus or leramus Ivissemus or lissemus
Iveratis or leratis ivissetis or Tissetis
IvSrant or le; cmt ivissent or lissent
FUTURE PERFECT.
1. ibo
2. ibis
3- Ibit
1. TbTmus
2. Ibltis
3. Ibunt
None.
Indic.
Singular.
Tveio or iSro
Iveris or leris
iverit or Terit
Plural.
iverTmus or TSrTmus
ivgrltis ^r ifirltis
Ivgrint or lerint
Subj.
None.
!^ ■(
274
Singular.
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
2. I
Plural.
2. ite
Prcs.
Per/.
Fui.
2. ito
3- ito
INFINITIVE,
ire
ivisse or ifisse
Iturus, -a, -um, esse
Active, ituni.
Kdo, I eat.
Principal Parts~Edo, 6d6re,
PRESENT.
FUTURE.
2. Ttote
3- Sunto
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. Art. Jens (gen. 6untis)
Put. Act. rturus, -a, -um
Put. Pass, fundus, -a, -um
SUPINES.
Passive. Itu
I.
2.
3-
Indic.
6do
Mis, es
6dit, est
1. fidlmus
2. 6drtis, estis
3- «dunt
SUBJ.
edam
edas
Cdat
edamus
edatis
Sdant
edr, esum.
• PERFECT.
Singular.
Plural.
IMPERFECT.
Indic.
edr
edisti
edit
edimus
edistis
/ederunt
vedere
SUBJ.
edfirim
edgris
ederit
edgrfmus
ederitis
edgrint
r.
2.
3.
Indic.
Sdebam
edebas
Sdebat
1. fidebamus
2. Mehatis
3. Sdebant
SUBJ.
Singular.
6derem or essem
Sdgies or esses
edgret or esset
Plural
Sderemus or essemus
?<!cieti5 or cssctis
edgrent or essent
PLUPERFECT.
SUBJ.
Indic.
ederam
edgras
edgrat
ederamus
ederatis
ederant
edissem
edisses
edisset
edissemus
edissetis
edissent
S;^ri,:.'^ti-^-f^.*'.j;m
IRREGIJLAK VERBS.
275
1
FUTURE.
Plural.
1
INDIC.
2. Ite
1
1 '-
cdam
2. itdte
;. 6unto
1
edcs
edet
.ES.
1
ren. Cuntis)
-a, -um
s, -a, -um
gdemus
fidetis
6dent
SUHJ.
FUTURE PERFECT.
Indic. Subj.
None.
None.
Singtilar.
Plural
cdero
cd6ris
ederit
ederlmus
edeiitis
edeiint
None.
None.
■'^■ngular.
2. edg
Singular.
2. gdlto
3. 6dito
INFINITIVE.
Pres. edere or esse
Perf. edisse
Put. esurus, a, um, esse
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
FUTURE.
Plural.
edite
Plural.
Sditote
edunto
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. Sdens
Put. esurus, a, um
Aio, / say, or / affirm.
INDICATIVE.
Pres. aTo, als, ait, _ _. a^^^t
Impf. aicbam, aicbas, aiebat, aTebamus, aicbatis, afebant
Per/. — _ ait
Pres. — _
Pres. aiens
SUBJUNCTIVE,
alat —
PARTICIPLE.
~ alant
276
FIRST LATIX BOOK.
RULES OP SYNTAX.
ACCUSATIVE.
1^ The direct object of a transitive verb is put in the accusative •
as, Puellaroaamlaudat. The girl prmses the rose ^''"'"^'"" "
2. Many verbs that are intransitive in English are transitive in
Latm, especally verbs oi emotion, taste and .;;,.//• ^TtZlZ
Ariovisti crudelitatem horrebant Th. v ''''"• f^^ Sequt^ni
crueltv nf A^i ■ / "°^^ebant, T/ie Scquani shuddered at the
c uelty of Arwvtstus. Haec oratio antiquitatem olet, This s^'ch
s. ac,^.uy^ty. Piseis n.are sapit, TheJ^sh tastel^^^::'
-^.i^::.: tri^;::!r?tSe^^^^^^ -^
oL. V T " '^'' ^''''' "bject and consulem is a pa^t
of he predicate, and is called the predicate accusative ^
oh " / r •"'''"', '^'"' ''''^'' ''^'' ''''- nominatives : the direct
object becomes the sul^ject nominative, and the predi ate a cu
4. Verbs of ash-ng,^ teaching, and .^;...,^//;;^, take two accusa-
plVm! "'^'' '"^ ^' ^'^ P^'-^"" ^"^' --^^- «f the thi^; a ,
Pat r fluum mus cam docuit, 7'he father taught his sou nu^sic
and the?""" "^'rr^^'' "' ^'" ^^^^- ^— - the sul^ect
patre doctus est, 7 he son was taught music hy his father
5. Many verbs are followed by an accusative of kindred onVin
7V,.„ «,v;-.,;^,,„c, ^,„„1 ,^, n.nnm,. il r, ' f^°®™ ^ Romanis petiverunt,
ab amicis postuiav:;.^~;,:^i;::^:: ^™ j^'' si ^^r?
■'.V? TBtyC-'WM.-^S-sd»»
RULES OF SYNTAX.
277
i accusative :
transitive in
as, Sequtni
\icrcd at the
, This speech
of the sea.
':ardhtg and
18 Romanua
i Cicero cott-
9m is a part
the direct
licate accu-
o consul a
sul by the
wo accusa-
thing: as,
! music.
lie subject,
iiusicam a
hed origin
vivit, He
ireamed a
le thins: and
etiverunt,
. Librum
lero, / ask,
s), e (nr es),
or, He asked
6. The accusative neuter of a pronoun or of a numeral adjective,
is sometimes joined to an intransitive verb to denote, not tlic proper
object, but the compass and extent of the action : as, idem gloriatur.
//e makes the same boast. Id laetor, / rejoice at this.
1. Many intransitive verbs, especially those that express motion,
compounded with the prepositions ad (to), circum {around),
per {through), praeter {past), trans {across), or super {above), take
an accusative after them : as. Gate rostra advolat, Cato flies to
the hustings. The accusative depends on tiie preposition and the
sentence miyht be written, Cato ad rostra volat.
8. Transitive verbs compounded witii trans (transduco. trans-
porto, traicio) may take two accusatives in the active, one
depending on the verb, and the other on the preposition : as,
Hannibal copias Iberum tradtixit. Hannibal led his forces across
the Iberus. This might also be expressed, Hannibal copias trans
Iberum duxit, or Hannibal copias trans Iberum traduxit. In the
passive the direct objec* of the verb becomes the subject, and the
subject of the active becomes the ablative of agent with a or ab :
as, Ab Hannibale copiae Iberum traductae sunt, His forces ivre
led across the Iberus by Hannibal.
9. An adjective or a verb may take an accusative to define its
meanmg : as, Puer caput vulneratur. The boy is wounded in the
head Imperator dextram manum ictus est, The general was struck
on the right hand. Ille est patri vultum similis, He is like his
father in face. This is called the accusatii-e of 'specification or
nearer definition.
10. The accusative is used in exclamations with or without an
interjection : as. Me miserum. O wretched me! o malam fortunam.
What evil fortune !
DATIVE.
1. The indirect object of a transitive verb is put in the dative : as,
Puer epistolam puellae donat, The boy gives the girl a letter (a letter
to the girl).
2. Adjectives implying nearness, likeness, fifness, kindness, or the
opposite idea, take a dative : as, Urbs propinqua flumini est. The
city is near a river. Canis similis lupo est. A dog is like a wolf.
278
FIRST LATIN IfOOK,
««.atl mors a« co2u^, XiT ""' ^'■''''"'^ '" ""■• °»»'
3. T„eda,ive is nsecl ; L : ! ,7'"'"'' '" '''''^-^ ''"" "^^ '^'■
1-ve a dircc object T|i" ,^"1" ""'"^ '"''" """ '" '="'^"=''
/»/>/<■,„,., /,„,„^ ,,,„, ' '.' " "'Of ."'mmon ,v,il, verbs signifying
4 A verb ,1 . ■ '"'" ""S'y ^Myo".^
da;le!torrrotr,.r;^. -"■^' r" -"-■ --™ »
6. Transitive verbs compounded witli fl,. „ • •
con (for cum), in, mter, ob („„ IjJ , l P eposi.ions ad, ante,
rw.,.), or super r,*,„,;, ofte^'X"' , '/''"■ "■■'" f '"/"->, sub
objecl and ,be da.ive of ,1 e indi t, 1, P ."'"'"' "' "" '"''"'
an^:^:='^ri:is^-'rt^:~-^"^-'
Homano .„a.u. es. H,. .,„ „„,„ , , ^"^ ^-^ ZC
si.L:rn';a,:eTd«i::.T:" oi:'"' '"= ^'"'"^■"'"-■' ''-''°-
^ia^. as^Caesar exercitui praefuit. G/^w
of person and accusative of hi?,J in ens" „ \w "'"'V'^^' «^«^° ("•'«'. -ith dat.
(persua,ie), suadeo (..mn«..5 "imnero ^ ^'•'''■"^ ciat. of person), persuadeo
(Obey), pareo (««-.v). repugno ilZTobs/sio '/ ^' ^f ^"^° ^'""'■"•^■'>' °^«d'°
(«'«■rf, said of a woman • properlv ^«T/ P ,f ° ^"'"''^' occurro (meet), nubo
('^^.«.«n : dat of pers^n'I S ac' of t „;;; T' ^T' '"^"^^^ ''' « ■^•"'"^ '">' «^'"O^
laedo, o/fendo (ln.)Aubeo ;rf.;;^v^^^^
' ..".JJil^iijX l^-;^,^^^—
%
RULICH OF SVVTAX.
279
camp. Erat
f fw. Omni
//Wd' f>/ life.
at in English
bs signifying
believe, per-
, pardon, be
U. Fortuna
8 consul, As
h you. 1
)nly be used
ni are com-
ditur, / am
•• govern a
cellefi/ Mem.
led (jiepo-
lit, Caesar
unnmamied the army. Consulis consiliis obstat, lie opposes the
plans of the consul.
8. The dative is used witli the verlj sum, / am, to express
possession : as, Mihi eat liber, / :iave a book (Hterally, There is a
book to me).
9. The compounds of aum (except possum, / can) govern the
dative : as, Tibi adsum. / aid you. Amicis prodest. He helps his
friends. ^
10. Opus est, and usus est (there is need), arc generally used
unpersona ly wuh the dative of the person to whon, there is need,
and the ablat.ve of the thing needed : as, Cibo mihi opus est. /
have need of food (literally. There is need to me ,oilh food). Viginti
denariis tibi usus est. You have need of fwenty denarii.
11. The agent is expressed in the passive periphrastic conjuga-
fon oy the dative ; as, Parentes nobis amandi sunt, Our parents
should be loved by us. (Seep. 172 3.)
12. The dative is used to express purpose, intention, or destina-
tion : as, Malo est hominibus avaritia. Avarice is an evil (literally
for an evd) to men. Quinque coLortes caatris praesidio reliquit!
^'/y^Z ' '" -"^"'"''^ ''" '"'"P (literally, /^r.. guard to the
camp). 1 his IS called the dative of purpose.
13. The dative is often used in Latin instead of the English
possess, ve : as, Omnes flentes Caesari sese ad pedes proiocerunt.
All threw themselves at Caesar's feet in tears.
14. A dative is often used of the person specially interested in
'''1' ^T''-L^^' "^^'^ ""^^^ ^^^^"^ ^»'*' '^'^^ '''''' ''^h^^t « Celsus
about? I his use is confined to personal pronouns. It is called
the ethic dative.
GENITIVE.
1. A noun used to limit or define another noun, and not meaninr^
the same thing, is put in the genitive. This relation is general^
expressed m English by the preposition of: as, Libri Ciceronis, The
books of Cicero. Ubra auri, A pound of gold
2. The genitive is often used in the predicate with sum to express
possession : as, Haeo domus est mei patris, This house belongs to
280
PinST LATIV JJOOK.
my father This genitive may be nsed to express our ia^k dutv
cus^n cJurractcns,c. uu.H, to.en : as, ludL est Ll'^^ui'
//. ./J..«./.;.sY,. .y . ../,.. ..., /. bear adversity .uith resiZ^Z
(literally, xvith an even ,nimt\^ " ''■^K?fi<i(tofi
S. The genitive expresses the whole of .vhich a part is tiken •
as Pars rniiitum, ./ part of tf. soldier. Unus miliZ iJtl:
..A/.;. Decern millia pass^.um, 7Vn thousand paces {^ J j,i^„
>n^s) Decenjvestrum.7;-..y-,,,, Quinque nLrum. ^^^f :;"'
This IS called the >,;-////,„ ,,,„•,,•,.,. (i,« „,^ use nostr .H
vestri m partitive genitive. Sec p. 104, note.) ^
4. A noun in the genitive 'called ih^ genitive of guality) is often
added to another noun to denote a uualitv • as vlr 2
fortituainis. Heisan^anopti^hi^iZ^^^: tLZ^TZ
genitive expressing the quality has invariably^n adjectrve tiu/
T us, A nran of ..isdo>n is not Vir sapientiae, but Vir sap 1 J "
W 1 u, '^'' example, praedTtus {endo7ued with) is used
(literally, ^ man endowed with valour). -vaiotir
5. When the price for which a thing is bounht or mA/ ,= . .
stated definitely, pr.:e is usually expressed by the g niti e etp il
w, h the words ma.ni (./ . ,reat price), ma.im, (., .i:™
/m.). Parvi . .. /.,v ;*./..), piuris (./ . greater price), mWis
(./ « /...^...), tanti (./ .. ^,reat a Price), c,n.J ^at a^Z!a
puce or at how high a price) : as, Hortos tanti quanli tu er^^^
I'ought gardens at as high a price as you. Frumentum piuris vendo
/ sell corn at a higher price. '^
6. The genitive is used with nouns derived from verbs to denote
the^iil^f the verb implied in the governing noun: as, Morsus
■With possessive pro„ouns this ge.ntive is not used, hut the neuter o^^^vT^.
pond.,., possess.ve adjective: as. Tuum (..ot tui) eat videre. It is^^^^Zy
■• ^'■^w-.T^y.-w.He aa wp
HUt^ES OF SYNTAX.
281
irt is taken :
tn, One of the
= ien Roman
a, FtTeoftis.
2 nostri and
lity) is often
est summae
word in the
tive with it.
l^lr sapiens.
and cannot
'^ttJt) is used
n of valour
sold is not
2, especially
very great
'e), minoris
' as high a
;u emit, He
uris vendo,
s to denote
as, Morsus
3f the oorres-
is your duty
mordet, //, 0,tes. 1 Ins is called the sut>Jectwe genitive.
7. The genitive is also used wif. nouns derived from verbs to
c^enote the object of the verb implied in the governing noun ^ '
T.mor mortis. The fear of death. Here mortis is the object of the
nnphed timet. /.. /..... This is called the oluective gen^l
8 A genitive is often added to another noun to define and limit •
9 Adjectives are followed by a genitive when they express
Pienty, ..ant, or the opposite: as, Plenus hostium. Full of the
cncny. Expers rationis. Devoid of reason. So, also, adjective
derned fron. verbs : as, Tenax propositi. Finn of ZZs
^^l^^<^^^ Y>ecnn\B^e, Eager for money. .- -^ P'"^!"'"-
I^s iTnlff""' ""^ ""'' '^"^^ '''' ^'^"'^'^^ - -' ^^-' pecuniae,
//t /A tn need of money.
r;ri;lT'r "'^"'^^''"^' ;" ^^^//m/..,- /...,,, pity^ like memini
ul^' ^e^»»»«cor (rememberl obliviscor (forget), misereor
lab^' "pT'" ^^''-'^' °''"^ ^'-'•^^^ ^'^^ genitive: as Miser.re
^^^ov^ra I ity our sufferings. Huius diei meminero, I shall remem-
oe? this day.
12. Verbs of accusing acquitting condemning, reminding and
'umonishingx^X,^, in the active, the accusative of the person and
tl>e gen.tue of the thing: as, Te impietatis absolvo. I acquit you of
vufiety. Arguit me furti. He accuses me of theft. Gives eum pro-
ditionis accusaverunt, The citizens accused him of treachery
In the passive, these constructions become respectively, Tu ab me
a'^eTru: Lr^'^^^' ^^^" ^^ ^° ^^^^^^- ^^ °^-^^- ^« P-ditlonis
13 Miseret (it excites pity), poenitet (it makes repent), pudet
(// shames) taedet f// «/mr/..), piget (it annoys), are used imper-
sonally with the accusative of the person affected and the genitive
^SX^{^7 71 ■•"'"":'""•"'" ""- '-l^^ ">« -«cusative. ospeciallv of things,
i.ecoiaor, / )ecvUccl, has usually the accusative.
=,n',^^^''°''' '^r'' "^^"^ ^"""^ ^*''^'""*'' P''2//orJ takes the accusative: as Casum
suum miseratur, lie bewails his misfortune. ^asum
Hi 1 !-i
¥'■ V<
282
FIUST LATIN HOOK.
ci..,or ,,,.„ „<Ke„ (^.u'J:, '^11 zr::! ^.-rrr
the gcm.ve ,.f price (as, ma^,, parv., P.ur, e ^ a 1? '
ABLATIVE.
1. The ablative expresses ..>.n,//V,;, or m>//o,i/rom • hence it is
used w.th verbs siyniAing to ./cs/s^ y^m, relieve Zn ]Z .
mv/,1 be 7ui(/iouL free from • •« n . '''^''""- P''"', dcprn'e of,
the a/fe»,f,f Z T ' ' °"^^'' ^^"'^"^' ^^' <iesisted from
the athmpt. Leva me hoc onere. Relieve me of '/lis l>,n;i;, «
metu, ///,• boy is ivithout fear tt,,k„ ^ , expers
/. ./..///../. of defence!^ "' ""^" ^'"^^^^^°' ^'''^ "'O'
3. The ablative of origin is used witli verbs (chiefly participles
^Egeo :u„i indigeo ...vem also the genitive. (See p. .'Sl lo )
==111,8 governs the genitive also. (See p. 281, 9.) ^^
nULES OP SYNTAX.
283
5. Causey mt,wrr, „u,i,>s and tnstnnxrnt are ck-notcd by tl,c
ablat.ve u uhout a preposition : as, Puer pallidus im fult. 'Ae l,oy
Magno fletu Oaesarem orant. they beseech Caesar with muck weeL
n,,r{^h\. of manner ; not often used without an adj.). Gallorum
animos verbis conflr„.avit. //. encourage, tJu- muuil of t„e C.Zs
h Jus .oonfs (abl. of means). Puerum gladio vulneravlt. //.
u'oumied ike hoy wUh a su-ord (abl. of instriuiicnt).
6. The ablative is used ui.h an adjccti^e in the comparative
whe,, quan. (fhan) ,s omitted : as, Lupus saevior cane ist. The
loolf ts Jiener than the dog. l.upum saeviorem cane aestimo
/ consider the iL'olf fiercer than the dog.
Note that quam -.an only be omitted when the word afteT it
would be m the nominative or accusative, if quam wer^cxprcssed.
7. The ablative is used with the comparative of the adjective
to express the amount of difference: as, Puer uno anno senior
quam ft-ater erat. The boy mis one year ^'/./.r (literally, o/der by one
year) than his brother. This is called the ablative of difference.
8. Price with verbs of buying and selling is expressed by the
ablat.ve when the price is definitely stated : as, Viginti talentis
unam orationem vendidit Isocrates. Isocrates sold one speech at
twenty talents. Multo sanguine haec victoria nobis stat Thi, vic-
tory costs us much blood (literally, Stands to us at much blood).
9. The following adjectives govern the ablative: Dignus(7.v,^//,v)
nadignus (unworthy), contentus (contented), praedltus (endorved
with) fretns {rclytng on\ liber (free from) : as, Miles corona dignus
est. The soldier ts worthy of a crown. Puer est ingenio praeditus
i/ie boy is endowed with ability.
10. The deponents utor (/use), fruor (/ enjoy), fungor (/dis-
charge), potior (I obtain), vescor (/ eat), govern the ablative • as
Plurimis rebus fruimur et utimur. We enjoy and use many thin<^l
Magna praeda est potitus, //. obtained large booty. Lacte et came
vescebantur, They used to live on milk and flesh.
11. Opus est and usus est (there is need) are generally used im-
per.unawy wuh the dative of the person to whom there is need, and
1% ffLf V^"'''^"''^''"^^ ,3^ Cibo mihi OPUS est, I have
need of food {htti^.\\Y, There is need to me with food).
28^.
FIHST LATIN HOOK.
."In T u'T 7^' '"^^'^^ ^*^^"^^- ^'-- -'"• ^/ ^//^
13. An ablative (called the ,r/>/. of rnh,rf\ ;« ,. > .
that in respect .owhiclK. statement isTrue:<fpJL^"^^ '''""-^
Ty/*»!/ 7///-»-<. / ,- , • / ■ '^''' Pauci numero erant.
//.0'^.n>..^,««,,,,/..^. E3, ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ /A-/.,, J/.v/./.;.^/,-//;:
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE,
ablatue case w, h apart.ciple, adjective, or noun in agreement with
fo>ned tn he ra^m of Tar^uin. His rebus dlctls redilf //'
RULES FOR EXPRESSING TIME.
\. A point of time is expressed by the ablative: as, Hieme
noctes 8un„ longae, In winter the nights are lon^
ablative o. by the accusative with inter or intra : as Paucis
diebus. inter paucos dies, intra paucos dies. IVithin a j^w I"
anL'^T,r" ;f ; l^ ""^'^^ ^^^^^ (aW.)Post,= «r post3 „.ultos
annos , many fears l>efore is multis annis (abl.) ante,'-' or ante'>
multos annos: as, Multis annis post urbs e.pu^nata ^,. tZL
zuas taken many years after. -^
4 Duration of time is expressed by the accusative : as, Romulus
septem et tri^inta annos re^navit. I.omulus rei,.,A^rZTy
e.u.. years. Often per. through, is used if definite du^adon 1
tmie_m_the_aan.sat.ve or ablative: as, Abhinc decern dies (c^-
'See Genitive (p. 280,4). ' ' " ■
'In ttiese cases post and ante are adverbs
Hu these cases post and ante are prepositions.
JtULKS OF SYNTAX.
285
ist''' multos
Hbhlnc decern dlebus) Cae«ar caatra movlt, Im days „^o Caesar
iiioi'tui /lis cainp.
6. Old or o/ ao-, i, expressed by the participle natus with the
accusative : as Homo est triginta annos natu«. 7 A, »,„„ ,s thirty
.r....././(htcrally, has been born thirty years) ; or without natus.
as Homo est trlginta annorum (p. 280. 4). More than t/urtv years
.nay be expressed by Natus v- . r^uam) trlginta annos. '
RULES FOR EXPRl-.^SING PLACE.
1. Place to ,,hich is gentr.ily exr-essed by the ...r//..,//7r «vith
ho prepos.t.ons ad or In, tn, -ss before the na.nes of towns or
...all islands : as, Ad Galllam. in urbem contendit. He ha^tem
loOa.l, to the city. With the names of towns and sn.all isKnuls
Place to ..Inch ,s reKularly expressed by the accusative without
a preposition': as, Romam. Corinthum. Karthaginem. Aeginam
contendit. //. hastens to Rome, Corinth, Carthage, Ae^n,,,, So
also domum {ho,nc\ rus {to the country^ are "used without a
preposition : as, Domum, rus ambulat. He loalks home to the
country. Ad domum Ciceronia ambulat would mean //.■ nuMs to
the house 0/ Cicero.
2. Place from ,vhich is regularly expressed by the ablative with
the prcposmons, a, ab. e. ex, or de. unless bef.„ c the names of towns
.md small islands ; as, Ab Gallia, ex urbe. de provincia excessit,
lie departed from Gaul, out of the city, from the province lUit
With the names of towns and small islands, from is recmlarlv
expressed by the ablative 7vifhout a preposition: as, Roma
Cormtho, Karthagine, Aegina, contendit, //<■ hastens from Rome
Lonnth Carthage, Aegina. So also : Domo, from home; rure'
trom the country.
3. To express place in which, a preposition is required, unless
w.th the names of towns and small islands : as, In Gallia, in urbe
vmt, He lives in Gaul, in the city. Ik,t to express place in ,,hich
wu h the names o f towns or small islands, the so-called locati7'e-^
hZT a?Ad to'^"^^^™^^^
1'uuu.uj, as, Aa Romam rnptBnrtii- n- h'f'on'' t:ur.-,-i^ /• • > t^
pugnatum est, Tke /....-..7;.;.;.. .. .^; n^USlV'j^,»:'^ ^^^"'^-
-A case which became obsolete in later Latin
286
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
at Delphi (Delphi, non/ n) 7 t ' ""'"• '^'"^ ' ^^^P^*«-
EXTENT OF SPACE
acL;^ Z^l^"- '^'- P'-^ '^ -P--d by the
(ace. of extent of sl.lt H^ '^'■^^^'' ^''^«^ ^^=^^ ^^entum pedes
3 ,, ''"'" "Vf ^^> «•• ^^^- -ntum pedum (,en. of qual.).
a. space ivhich lies between is expressed Iw f1.« •
ablative • n<; Ah«.,f ^ expressed by tiie accusative or
^uive. as, Abest decern millia passuum // /r /,„ v
five miles). ' ^"^ "-^'''^ ''«^''^ ^'''•^■^''''/ (lit. 4»'
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
1- ^■S"''>''^J^'/^//Vr//r;v/ is Adestne miles? /. / ./
is Nonno miles adest? 71,. c , ,.°®."''^®^' ^' "ot i/ie soldier here?
adest? ^^'''' ^^'' soldier zs not here, is he? is Num miles
Questions not introduced by interroL^itiv^ n,
are usua.y introduced by one of the If """' " '^'^"'"
-ne. noune, num. -Ne simulv a L f . '"'^''"Kat.ve particles
the ans... K., and numX^tve'r '^"""'"" ' "°""^ ^"^^-^^
2. Questions introduced by interrogative pronouns or adverbs do
lOa-—.
RULRS OF SYNTAX.
287
not require an interrogative particle: as, lJ7n' arc you /,ruo/nmr?
Quid rides? U7icre are you coming from / Unde venis?
3. ]cs or ,10 in answer to a question is usually cxDressed by
repeating some word in the c|uestion : as, /s the soldier present ?
Yes {Ao). Adestne miles? Adest (Non adest).
4. An is often used to introduce a rlietoric;.' question : as,
Hai'cyou doubts of tJieir honor? An de eorum fidu dubitatis?
5. Whether . . . or is Utrum (rarely -ne) ... an, and 7vhcther
...or not, utrum . . . annon: as, U'/iethcr is he reading,'- or writ
tng? Utrum legit an scribit? Are you s/a7'es or freemen? Servine
estis an liberi? Whether ,vill he come or not? U^rum veniet annon?
6. Tell me who you are is Die mihi quis sis. / will ask him
what he is reading, Rogabo eum quid legat.
N.I5.— A question dependent uj^on a verb oi savini>- ov askim^rX^^^
the verb ni tlie subjunctive. Sucli a question is called an indirect
(Question, while an independent ((uestion is called ii direct question.
7. W%'//w- in an indirect question is num: as, He is askin(r vie
7vhether I am tired, Rogat num fessus sim. Whether . . . or not
m an indirect question is Utrum . . . necne: ix^, Ask him whether
he will come or not, Roga eum utrum venturus sit necne.
COMMANDS AND PROHIBITIONS.
1. Commands are expressed by the imperative mood : as, Con-
sult for yoiirsehfes, Vos vobis consulite.
2. Prohibitions (addressed to individuals) are expressed most
usually by noli or nolite with the infinitive, or by ng with the per-
fect subjunctive : as. Don't scold. Noli obiurgare (Noli is the im-
perat. of nolo, / am unwilling). ■ Don't do it, Ne hoc feceris.
Note.— Ne with the imperat. or with the pres. subjunc. is com-
mon in poetry and in general prohibitions : as, //,• not wroth, c;reat
priestess, Ne saevi, magna sacerdos. 7)o not learn many things,
but much, Ne multa discas sed multum.
SUBJUNCTIVE IN SIMPLE SENTENCES.
1. The subjunctive is used in exhortations : as, Let us always be
the same. Semper iidem simus.
288
FinST LATIN BOOK.
I'-
2. Tlie subjiinc. is used in cammincU • , ,
-'ornn,, Cras veniat. , (See last sectlo!" ' ' ''"' '""'' ^^"
3. 'riie subjiiiic. is imprl ».],«
'^^'■""'■''^s.^^^:^::^^';^^^^;^;^^ n. a.
fce-^ saU, Tu„„ aio„k ""'^ '" ''^'«- ^V-.v, ^,,„ ,.™,/,^
veniat, ^'-, "^ c.J^,.,JJ^:^^^^- T„„, : „„„J
eduxisse., O //„„ l /,,,,/;if J ^ " "7"')- , """-■" - c„p,aa
past). "" ""' '"' /«nts (unaccomplished in
J ■'"HE INFINITIVE,
bal : victoria uti nescls Such „1 -"'' ""^°'''' =""• Hm"!-
luLo '"r' """'^" ™' -- " "' """'^' """'"' "■'*■
staturr°,./Jl:^i;°Xc'^7'^^' =™^^ (-™*«™,;, coBBmuo and
deamo (ccue), disco rTXttblT/'" ^''"''■"^' "^"^ ^"'«*>.
««•;.»oio L^i,r;°;.^''f''^^ I"- </'./>-.;, possum ?,:
2. 1 i,e subject of the inf. is i„ ,|,e ace ■ ,. i^
ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE
" ""'«V, Dlcit Be venire. //. .,„V //, / / ' ' '".''^ """ '"
venire, y/, „y„ //„„ ,,^, ''"' '•''> '•' ««" ^-w,/,,;,, Dixit so
«« (or /w .;„,.), Di. tin;";: ' T"'""„ •''" "■•'' """ '-
Olcltseventurun.. y..,„,^,,,,t^„",:,?,:'^
I\.b.— The esse of the fuf inf., ♦ , ' "'^^* ^^ ^enturum.
tne rut. inf. act. may be omitted.
I'll conic to-
"i
RULES OP JVNTAX.
289
2. Such a state.ncMit, depending upon a vcrl, of .svnvV/.r or ////.//■-
I'lA'-, .s .:ud ,o b. in ,,;.//;vv7 or ./V/^.v. ,,,-;,//.;/ (as opposed to the
Miuple form, uhicli is called .^/;a/ ;/<.,;v,//^//).
3. Tlie tense of an inf. in oblique narration is the.,tcnse of the
verb It represents in direct narration.
NOTF -This idiom is quite different from ..i,e English and should
be carefully n,astered. The rule for finding the tense of the inf
Stt F^'r 1^''!" '" '""'"^ """^"^'^ "'^'"^1- '"^^ Latin, find
fist he I nghsh dnect. r/ie tense of ike Ens^U.k ,nnin rU in
chrecf, ts tl,e icnsc of the Latin inf. tn inMrcct. Thus : //. ..,/./ //,,,
ad men enrd, Dixit omnes homines errare (direct ^ a// nnr rrr\
lie sani that he unts a Roman aii.cn. Dixit se civem Romauum
esse (direct = /.fw a Roman citizen, Civia Romanus sum).
4. \'erbs meaning to hope, promise, undertake, have in Latin the
fut. mf. and not as in English the prcs.: a., He /ufcs to live lon^r
Sperat se diu victurum. / promised to come soon, Pollicitus sum
me brevi venturum.
Note that the proper pronoun must be expressed before the inf.
difi't non)'"'^ '^'"^ ^" '"'"^'^ ""' '""' '' ^^^^^'^ ^^ venturum (not
Note that the /ie of the //^./-clause, when referring to the sul)ject
of the prmc.pal clause, is se ; referring to some one else, it u.,ulrl \y
eum: as, T/iey said that lie ivould rome, Dixerunt sum venturum.
6. /fe is said to be rich is Dicitur ease dives, not Dlcitur eum
esse divitem.
SUPINE. (GERUNDIVE.
1. The supine in -um is used to express purpose, Ixit only with
verbs of motion ; as, Ludos visum ierunt, Thev "went to see the
games. Questum iniuriaa eo, / am going to complain of wrongs.
2. The gerundive of verbs that govern the ace. is to be "^used
nislead of the gerund with an ol^ject : as, Consilium inibant urbi.3
delendae, Tliey formed a plan for destroying- the city (not urbem
delendi).
Ikit the gerund is used if the verb does
Magnam g-Ioriam victis parcendo paravit,
sparing the vanquished.
not govern the ac(
as.
He 7U0/1 great glory by
Mi
290
PlIfST LATIV moK.
'"„ '" 'f'/^-"'/''''- Est mihl ambulandum / „,„,/ -„„„. A -^
;-■; )•;;. c.a,.,. «onne ,n,n„c,s a no.,, ^«.1:1:'^ ^
I'ARTICIPLES.
;l.au>f ,l,e „,a,„ vcb : as, Haec o>oriens d,:^t, /■/,„ /„. ,,„,, j;^
4. For ll,e pcrf. part. act. (>vl,ich is wanting) use 6,1 abl ah.„l ,
;■:<"> --""bjunc. or (,) post«uam t pert ind.; af «,t L./v^'!
'ti-^ ciiciiiy he s^nlcp fln,>, w^=*. . ^ . ^ • '^^■> ("'^'tng killed
fecisset ;^.- no«; ' ^«^^erfPcto (..^ Hostem cura inter-
fecisset o> Hostem postquam interfecit), haec locutus eat
SEQUENCE OF TENSES.
Primary Tenses.
Secondary (or
l^listorical)
Tenses.
frre,s.,
I Perfect,
1 Fiituf-e,
t Future Perf.,
riiiiperf.,
- Perfect,
[Pluperf.,
fi.mat, he loTcs.
amavit, /le /las loved.
amabit, /le -wi/l love.
amaverit, /te will have loved.
amabLit, he was lovin>\
amavit, he loved.
amaverat, he / 'r a.
2. A primary tense in the principal clause is fol-. • d bv -i
pmnary tense in the dependent clause; a sec.nd.:- - tense in the
clause . as, Ven.o ut urbem videam. / ... conu,^ ,,,, , IJ^
RULES OF SYNTAX.
291
e gerundive
'St, T/ie ci/v
U'cilk (agent
est? Ottg/it
ab to avoid
mcous with
said lu/tile
■ as, Venio
^ to, intend
liend to do,
)1. absolute
"ifig killed
3ura inter-
8t.
terfectum
'idary (or
loved.
d by a
e in the
pendent
may see
the city (primary sec|iienco). Veniebani vxt urbem videreni, / icas
coming that I might sec the city (secondary seciuence). This is
called the /.a7u of the Se</ttence of Tenses.
Note.— The Latin perfect lias tlie force both of the Engh'sh
present perfect {i.e., pcrf. witli /uwe) and of tiie English past.
When the Latin perfect is a pres. perf , it is a primary tense ;
when a past, a secondary : as, Veui ut urbem videam, / have come
to sec the city (primary). Veni ut urbem viderem, / came to see
the city (secondary).
INDIRECT QUESTIONS.
1. /\ clause joined to a principal verb by an interrogative pronoun
01- conjunction is c .iled an indirect question, and an indirect ques-
tion has its verb in the subjunctive : as, Quaesivit cur haec fecissem,
He inquired %vhy I had done this.
2. Por the fut. subjunc. act. in an indirect question, use the fut.
part. + sum : as, Scio quid facturus sit, / hnoiu n'hat he 7i>ill do.
Sciebam quid facturus esset, / knew what he would do (secondary
sequence.)
3. For a fut. subjunc. pass, use futurum sit (or esset) + ut: as,
Sciunt quare futurum sit ut is necetur, They know why he will be
killed. Rogaverunt quan lo futurum esset ut pons conficeretur. They
asked when the brido;c 7vo. I be finished (secondary sequence).
Note.- Use quando. not cum, for 7ohen in an interrogative
sentence.
4. Whether in an indirect question is num or (rarely) -ne- as
Die mihi num eadem quae egro sentias, Tell me whether you have
the same opinion as I. Quaesivi salvusne esses, / inquired whether
you were safe.
5. Whether . . . or m alternative questions is Utrum (rarely
-ne) . an in indirect as well as in direct questions (sec p. 287,5) ;
but: ^^ ;/^;/ is necne in indirect, annon in direct. Thus:
/ know whether this is true rnfT-nrv v.««
^ r , Scio "t;rum hoc verum an falsum sit,
''^ J^'"^' t^erumne sit an falsum.
/ ask ivhethcr he intends to e;o or not, Rog-o utrum iturus sit
necne.
6. Tell me if he is well is Die mihi num (not si) valeat.
292
F'li.ST LATiy BOOK.
que ,^ :;:'"'" ■"«"■•■'« "•""■ - ■"■•". -.pressed l„. an !„,„,,„
f///.? «ctf ^///^^ 'island.
yJ^e extent of (he dui^^^^er.
I kno7i>^ the mtiire of the so//.
Y'^fonlrincfthewar.
ytheposiiiun of the enemy.
f quanta insula sit.
I quantum periculum sit.
Scio . quiilo solum sit.
undo bfiUum orrim? mt.
in quo ! joo hohuis sint.
L'T-CLAUSE WITH VERBS OF ASKING
the^n^unns, r^^l::,/f''V ^'^^"^^ "--'-«' by ut with
2. if loere is a not with the infinitive in En^- h «« ;
ut non: as, Puero imperavi ne domo exi et / ;. ,' ^f T ''
^ogofro,n ho,nc (secondary sequence;. ^^ "'^ ''" ^"' ""■
3. So also that no one, is ne awW • tl,,^t ,.
4. Neve or aeu is used in ,i second such clause ■ ,s T„
bono ammo .Is neve perturberls, / ^.,. j™ X i/ > ?*? "'
ve... me .oe r^tl '/^'^Z!"!?;:!!!:' "'""'''■"" "-'■
6. statue, constituo, decerno ^/ /./
-l^en the infinitive is useTirEn I "T^' '^^"^ ^'" ''"«"'tive
tl^e subjunctive: as, Cae J Jtatui ''it'r"^ "'" "* '" "" ^^^^h
decrevit ne quia e . : ^.tris e-iret 77. =
one s/iould leave t/ r • nip.
^ redirent,
Imperator
^/ved that no
iJd-s™^
'^mgmm
(not quod)
laciendum
'(■' /W lf> do?
in indiroct
um sit.
mi mt,
>s sint.
s; take ill
'>' ut witli
t/iis.
i used for
e boy not-
noihifig^
at, T/uy
rogo ut
'^d cJico
leu) . .
/ l>eg 0/
, patior
'tiling)^
^uerum
7 /lotiie.
finitive
e witli
decided
dirent,
erator
hat no
RULES OP SYNTAX.
29;i
7. /A' persuaded then to come, is Eia ut venirent persuasit.
I)ut : He persuaded them that the enemy was near, is Adesse hoste^
eis persuasit.
NOUN CLAUSES.
1. A noun-clause introduced by ut is used as the subject of an
nnpcrsonal verb like accidit, fit. // happens; futurum est, the
result %inn be; accedit, it is added; sequitur, proximum est //
follows; fieri (non) potest, it is (im) possible; reliquum est,
restat. // ;vw.«//«y tantum abest (see p. 297,7): as, Accidit ut nemo
abesset. // happened that no one was absent. Ad Appi Claudi
senectutem accedebat ut caecus esset, There was adbd to the old
age ofAppius Claudius the fact that he was blind Sequitur ut
erres. It follows that you are wron"-.
2. Noun clauses are often introduced by <inoa {^ the fact that)
with the indicative expressing an admitted fact : as, Magnum est
hoc quod victis pepercit. This is an important matter that he spared
the vanquished Gaudeo quod vales, / rejoice that you are well.
3. Nouns akin in meaning to tlie verbs of p. 292, i, may take an
apposit.ve ut-clause to define them : as, Vetus est lex ut idem
amici semper velint, It is an old law that friends should always
have the same aim (literally, wish the same tiling). Such nouns are •
animus, consilium {purpose), condicio {condition), negotium {bust-
ness), sententia {view).
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.
A. FINAL CLAUSES.
1. An adverbial clause introduced by ut or ne with the subjunc-
ive, ,s used m Latin to express a purpose : as, Edo ut vivam. /m/
to Iroe Hoc dico ne te laedam, / say this not to offend you.
Such clauses of purpose are c^W^^ final clauses.
2. In final clauses the present is used after primary tenses, the
I nperfect after secondary : as, Occludit portas ut hostes excludat
/fe shuts the gates to krcf out the enemy (primary seciucnce).'
Occlusit portas ut hostes excluderet. He shut the oa/es to keep out
the enemy (secondary sequence). "
i *^
294
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
unquam vituperent, Do this that they may never revile.
ciau;r::;p^X"v^'"" '^^ '^ ^ ^-"^'^^^^^'^ '» ^'- ^-^^
t'nnkthatso,Z>^TTJTr ^'"^""^ '^^^ ^"° ''^^ ^^"^---■- >^
---^^^o^z:TZt:Trz^ '^ ""''''''- --
^"id- the Helveiii. '""^ ^'" ""'"' ''''''y ^''^P
like ubi (X un^^^^^^^^^^^ '" ^'^° -'^^-e adverbs
Q^m^ (^'^ tS'^f?^ ^ '"^^ ^^^"^^ '^ "^- -Produced by
-'^"nc.:aU,;t:L,to^:^ = -^-f^/;^^ with tbi
from writino- (\ ^ ^„ „ / 7 "» Bcnoas, 2\othzni> prevents yon
however t^t prohib^ ^f ' -'"'^ ''"'"'^' ''' ^"^ ^--^'^^^- Notice
^ ^*^^*^' t"ai prohlbeo (the common wnrrl fr.,- /. >i ' , '
■-^.: as, EOS e^edi prohibuit. //^1 IXL "/; "^^^^^ "''" ^'^
»7 .^ , ^ P^^^"^"^''i ^'"^'n from goins; out.
.s auo!:;::' f :^^,^r:r:t t ""••'■ '"■■ "^^^ ■" ■'- =-- —
sentence: as, No„ prlbs« "^S '7 " ^ """" '""■■""-= ■" "«
He cuU not ,c res,r.:i„.., fr^u,::^:;^ """ '^^ '^''^'
... ...e i.„pe.rec. if ,„e „ai„ ve* U i„ aTer^^ "eX' '"^;--;
■ t. ^ i^w wiVJ iawJi
RULKS OF SYNTAX.
29".
ut laborea sustineas, / am afraid that you t.'/// not endure your
sufferings. TimJbam ne ea evenirent. / loas afraid that these
things would happen.
9. He sent amlmssadors to sue for peace may be expressed as
follows :—
(i) Legratos misit ut pacem peterent (ut tinal).
(2) Legratos misit qui pacem peterent (qui final).
(3) Legates misit ad pacem petendam (ad with accusative of
gerundive).
(4) Legratos misit pacis petendae causa (causa with the genitive
of gerundive).
(5) Legates misit ad pacem petendum (ad with gerund).
(6) Legates misit pacem petendi causa (causa with genitive of
gerund).
(7) Legates misit pacem petitum (supine after verb of motion)
(8) Legates misit pacem petituros (future participle active ex-
pressing a purpose).
10. For at ne in a second clause of purpose use neu or neve
(p. 292,4).
B. CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES.
1. An adverbial clause is often used to express the result of whit
IS described in the main clause. Such clauses are called consecu-
tive clauses, or clauses of consequence or result : as, Tantus timer
emnes eccupavit ut rex ipse fugerit, Such fear seized all that the
king himself fled Tam caecus fuit ut me nen videret, He was so
blind that lie did not see me.
2. The rule for the sequence of tenses in consecutive clauses !«;
the same as in English, except that (after a secondary tense)
the miperfect subjunctive is used of a continuous act- as
Tantus timer emnes eccupavit ut perturbati sint, Such fear sci-ed
all that they ivere panic stricken. But: Tam callidus erat^ut
Romanes saepe eluderet. He was so skilful that he often eluded
the Romans.
3. That not vo a consecutive clause is not ne, as in a final clause
(p. 293, A, i;, .UL ut . . . uen : as, Lenge aberam ut me non videret
/ was far a7vay so that he did not see me. So, too, Ut nemo, ut nul-
lus, ut nihil, ut nunquam, are used for That no one, that no, that
■■ ^^
i: -i
( ■ ■■I
I'M
206
f'lltST LATIN HOOK.
trlennl.„r, „, vexavl \rea r«mu, ,„ "h ^™" ^"'"""» >"»-
J;,sr ;:;'rj:^''i ,:: r- ;- 1\ *■"""-"--
5. The relative qui (called g^a ronsecuiivc) is often .ise-' ith „
subjunctive to introduce a consecutive clause • ns Non i«
hoc facia™. Ia,n not the one to ,o tins (Qui = ut elf T '"'
-t.ve relative is found in the following l^Z^, ^'^ ^""^^-
(") \\ ith certain ///./,//,//, ,.,^n'..;Vw. like sunt qui (t/^err „■
..... .-/..); reperiuntur qui (f/u.r are /oun.f ,;..,. J^l ^'''/^^^^^
qui putent nihil sibi litteris opus esse. TV/.r. .^^. sZ' ' ./ -
There ts notHntr tJuit I -cish to s, . "^®"""'
{b) After dign , (7.vv//y.), indi^nus (;/w.v;;-//n'^ ind 1^^«
aptus (/.) ; as, Di.nus est qui an.etur.S. is .^t/^:"' Tj^^ "^
(<■) After quam ■„:;;; a compar;,ti%'e ■ as ■ later „t„
resUM pass,, A^. ,i .v„ ,„„, „ \, ,,,,,,„, ^!'^^' ,2, , /"'
infinitive passive is joined to it.l ^ Hen an
6. Instead of qui non, qui, of* used wiien t' ^nh in the
> words ]iko vix, scarcely, and question forms that expect the answer 'No/
nur.Es ov syntax.
29;
hra/c n,ny ,voni. Non dubitat qnin animus sit immortalla //.
imoc vei a sint ? h any one tgnomn/ that this is the truth ?
NOTK. Dublto has two nicaninys in Latin: (,) /resitate h)
Demosthenes. S„ far ,„„ /T , "°° «'"='■»<"»' 'P»
C. CAUSAL CLAUSES.
1. Causal adverbial clauses «fnto fK„
2. Caus.1l clauses arc usually introduced by quod quia (h,r,„„.\
"rr ■"""" '*"• "'■" '"""' ""■'^"•"^' -<• c-i"^:
us us erat, f/e was ba„isl,,i from his country items, , „„, °„,
(ri.e reason gh-cn is touched for l,y the hislorim is hehUt.
one ^ p„f pa+„i- , -^ '"^torian as bemg the true
"e.; ^I'tjPatnaexpulsus est quia iustusessoi- //^ . , -,
l>irause (as war a//.ur, /\ /,. „ 7 ' ^"^ ^^ '" l>amshed
4. Quum (cum), in the sense o[si;,ce, ahvav . takes the s„l,;, , .•
■2f.Baecquun.»aslnt^fo. ^w,,. Ls iss.rZ^'^:^""''
;Qul3l,a,,,„.nic,si. nisi ,,„„ rJe, quo. ciuanto ^
..;S:n;ie:'f/:;',c '"""■" """""-^' """""f "'«■■"'• ^-■^^^c
298
J'iHST LATIN HOOK.
too. non .u,n. ../I; Z : s NonT" '"'""'"• ^^^-^ '^°'
^/// ///.;/ ;v« love ,„c, but because 1 ^,,'ish to ^^,o.
IX TKMPOKAL CLAUSES
. as, Haec feci dum potui, / .//,/ //,/, ,„/,,y, ^ ^^,^^^^^
Pota, :^";;;;"' conjunctions ubi. ut (./...), post.uam or
i'Kiicati^•e (usually 2 3 ^ .'''" '''^' ''"'' ^°""^^"' ''^ ^lie
audlvlt. abiit ./!c ^'^ P'^'Perfect: as, Simul atque haec
4//- //<• /../ J/^^ ;; T^'"""T/°"'"^^°^^^^«^^^^--
«^...r.//.///. Ubiseparatol Caesar j.tMra.. /us forees to t/,e
^n.n tiny t/ZZ'^Xr" "'T^f «-t, oppida incendunt,
/^'^v. //,/._;^,,, „,„™^*^, est eum cauaam dicers coe^erunt,
nULICS OF SYNTAX.
291)
QiioHcl potult,
dum vixlt. bene. //. //,,,/ „,,//, ,„////. /,. //,,,/
restltit. //. ,,eU out, as ln„g „, /,, ,,„,j^
4. Dum (not donee, quoad, or quamdlu) is often used ui.l. .
I'icsent indicative instead of the Fn.lishn.sf!., ^
dum rill, w« ; II , . ^^"^" P'lst when llie time of the
aum-c|,uise mcltides the time of the action nf .1, ,
5. Dum. clonec. quoad, meaning //;//// .-,1-« ♦!,„ • >• •
tliey express time alone • .s H.l f !. ■■Hiirativc, when
/ . • '^^' ^oc feci dum mlhl licuif / /// // •
oitiT ,n- it 7i>,/<: ,///„'•.,. / . T^ "t,uit. / tttd tilts ,ts
'''f l^<lt?S() f>i'c(>;/u' fe)f/v)// />f ,/,■•/ J /I- . 11(11/
ira derervescat. / H^- Jit 7, •^:^•''''""^• ''^^''■""^ ^"^
-petumw.um^:t;.f:ii^^;::-^
,-,//. / / -^ convocavit antequam mortuua est He
uillcd ins sons together before he died. '
-IS ^Trlr^T''""^"^ '''"'' P"*"^^"^'" '-^'-^ oft^n written in two words-
as, Ante rorat quam pluit, // drops before it rains.
.300
FIRST LATIN BOOK.
9. Quum (cum) takes the indicaih<e
('0 When denotin- co»icmporancoiis time • is Onn.>, r^
O^csar annc rnto Gaul^ ij,e A.Un ..ere tke leaders of^Tnl
verb in the main clause is future the fut no -f if / , ^''" ''^'
ent clause if the act in the e;e de t c '" '''' ^^P"^^'"
descihcd in the main claL 'e 1 as " " "'" '"'"" ^'"^
aeeepero. a. te se.W, Z....::;;^;;:: r^;^::^;.^'"
po:^i:^;:;;;^::;e=;:;;;-^^^^^^
'/M./. .... .//../, //,. e.e;uy ^^oere forced tTre^Tl^ '""''"' '^''^
turn ver esse arbitror, «iv.- J/ 'f I.'f ", ^^^/^^^^/'^^ ^^^i'
spring. Note that in this sense auu,^ T' ■^'''■^' ^^'^^ ^'^ "
- the En,ish present, andr;;::;^^ s ill: ^^1^:;::^-^
hi^'-i^rr:a^^-;':,::^;f ^ r ^T'-^^^ -'^--^- in
tl- perfect or his o '^^ Le .Ts '" ^'" .^""^''^'-^^ ^■-- is in
E. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
•ntroduced by si (./) „,- nisi (un/ess) ''"^"'""''' ^'^'"^^ '^ "dually
xiaset, ubiit. (■') Hia rebus doHoK-:: '""" "'"""'"^'^ «""^ i^aec
abiit. (4; Hpbc locutus abut! ^'^ Postquam haec dixit
th
ci
l.«^:ia&.-3!$^^
RULES OP SYNTAX.
301
m Caesar in
edui, lV//cn
n- of the tivo
n they speak,
quum haec
were taking
When the
the depend-
before tliat
olam tuam
our letter,
ime corres-
ucver: as,
W67'dV- they
I'osam vidi,
-e that it is
' indicative
h past.
.inctive in
lause is in
3 quum in
' harboitr.
emigrant,
can from
the state-
is usually
ibstitiile for
lum haec
aec dixit
2. Conditional sentences are of three kinds •--
0) I^-esent and past conditions. In these nothing, is i.npli.d as
to the fulh n.ent o the condition. They have usually the iniicatue
n both clauses but they may have the inoperative in the main
clause or the subjunctive used imperatively -as
Pecuniam si habet. dat. // /,, /,,, J j^^ .^,^^ .^
Pecuniam si habes. da, if yon have money, gire it
Pecuniam si habet. det. /y /,, /,,, „ouey, let Iu,n give it
Pecuniam si habebat, dabat, If lie Iiad money, I,e gave it.
(2) Future conditions. 'Ihese are divided into two classes ■-
{ci) W here the condition is likely to be fulfilled. Here the futuiv
Hul.catiye ,s used in both clauses, but the future-perfect indicative
.s used in the si-clause if the action of the verb in that clause is to
be represented as over before that of the main verb begins • as
Pecuniam si habebit, dabit, // /.. luu (literally sliall l^ave) money, iu
will give it. -^
Litteras si accepero. ad te scribam. // / get (literally sliall iiave got) a
letter, I siiall write you.
(fi) Where the condition is unlikely to be fulfilled • as
Pecuniam si habeat. det. If /le sJiould (in the future W.,,". money, lu
'i'oula give tt. -^
{I) Conditions contrary to fact. This class contains all rondi-
uonal sentences in which the condition is represented as not
fulhlled. There are two types :—
{a) When the condition is not fulfilled in the present • as
Pecuniam si haberet. daret. If lie iiad money (now), /.. ^.oldd give d
(now). "^
{b) When the condition was not fulfilled in the past : as,
Pecuniam si habuisset, dedisset. // lie had had money (in the past), //,•
it'oit Id have given it (in the past).
Often {a) and {l>) are combined : as.
Si id fecisset, viveret, If he had done this (in the past), he would l^e living-
(now), '"^
3. The indicative, not the subjunctive, must be used in the main
clause of the conditional sentence when the principal verb in the
conditional clause is
,.!
(n) In the periphrastic conjugation, acti.. „. ^.._..,
174) : as, Id facturua fuit, si adfuisset, He would ha^e d.
ve or passive (p. 177,
'one it, if
302
//'• Jt<id />,r/i //rn
he had not sent the It
FIHST LATIN BOOK.
Nisi litteras misisset,
agros relicturi ei-iint, //
//
left t/i.
Consiiiasipi.ocessissent,interflciendusfuit //-//.. // , ,
^v-'/.v/, /.. ;nust have turn put to drat/ ^ ^'""' ''"'^ '"^
not, it is true. ' ^^^'''^^"^^^'ou helieve it or
Cautkw. -Distinguisli whether n,- ■ ,
and ..hether ...or' in ^,::^L ' io:,-;,; f-^'r ^'""'""^'
credam necne, tu nescis. II 'hether I /JZ ^ ''"' •' ^*'"""^
(ncn,n clause, object of nescis) ' \ui e ' '" ''"'' ^'''' '^" '"'^ ^■^'''«'
Quidem credis. ^K/.>/W J. ^^^^ -^^°- «-e „on credo, tu
(alten.ative adverbial clndilnst " "'' '"' '" ""^-^ '^''"^-^^^'
5. Nisi negatives a wliol^^ rlnn=« .,•
as, Ne.osa^atso.rius,:titr;nrn^"'r 'T'"''^^ ^™''^' "^
manebit, culpabo. If he sals 77 ^^ "T"""''' '""^^^°-- «' "°»
/ .//..// ^/au^e him. "^ ' ^•^^'"^''^^''"-^•'' /^'''^- ^/ he does not stay,
-th a ve.-b, o,- .it. Si r^,7:^i:;i^:.:!:::rv'' -' -'''''
Si manebit. laudabo; Si non„.anebit,culpabo.
Si manebit, laudabo ; si minus, culpabo //- /.. / r
him; if not, I unit /dan^e hin,. ' '" ''"'' ^ '^'''f praise
tl>c subjunctive (with ne. L/ in ne ^v ," ' "^ ^^^^-^-' "i.h
-etuant, /., the,n W. /S^^^ ^/Tr;.^ ' ''^' «^-^-. --
modo ne maneant, Let thL con' ^^J'^' J,''''\ ^^"^'^* ^--
"le, prootded they do not stay.
F. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES.
spite o;:;;!:^::;!::^;-;^ ^-- that .a^e son. ...ession in
-.tatementofthe.nauwiauscistrue. They are
RULKS OF SYNTAX.
303
in ernnt, //
'/leir /,t//t/s,
''■•i /lad siiL-
'c'd/u/): as,
, Tlieivhole
/lo7i.'ed up.
■onditions :
liieiie it or
questions,
' : Utrum
not kni>7i>
' credo, tu
-v/ believe
ar worti :
li'Jie» /ic
o; si noil
■ not stay,
(lie first
)' si non,
II praise
7 prai.^
<!C
lo, with
It, dum
t dum-
iion in
ey are
usually introdiired in Kn-lish by tliou^^h. Tliese cl.uiscs may Ix-
di\iclc(l into tiiose which state
{a) An admitted fact. These are introduced l)y quamquam witli
the indicative : as, Romani, quamquam proelio fessi erant, tamen
procedunt, 'I he Romans, ait/ioug/t they loere u'e<try i^n'th Jiohti/h--
nevertheless advance. Caesar, quamquam eorum consilia cognov-
erat, tamen suspicabatur, Caesar, though he had not yet learned
their plans, was nevertheless suspicious.
(b) A mere supposition. These are introduced by licet, ut,
quamvis, which always have tlie subjunctive : as, Quamvis peri'cula
impendeant tamen ea subibo, 'J hough dangers may threaten still I
will encounter them.
2. Etsi, etiamsi, tametsi follow the rules for si. (See n loo
302.)
3. Note that quamvis has often an adverbial force : as, Quamvis
facetus sit, ille est odio, Howe^'er witty he is, he is hated
Note that odio esse is used for the passive of odisse. to hate.
4. The relative qui with the subjinic. (called ^,v/ concessive) is
often used concessis cly: as, Caesar, qui haeo videret, tamen aciem
mstruxit, T/iough Caesar saw this, he drew up his line.
5. Quum with the subjunc. sometimes has a concessive force:
as, Quum dicas te esse Graecum, es Romanus, '//lough you say
that you are a Greek, you are a Roman. ' '
G. COMPARATIVE CLAUSES.
1. A comparative adverbial clause exprc^.es aorccment (or the
opposite) with the statement of the main clause : as, Ut sementem
feeeris, ita metes, Vou shall reap according as you do (literally shall
have done) your sowing.
2. There are two classes of comparative sentences :---
(i) When the comparison is stated as a /-act.- as. Omnia sicut
acta sunt, memoravit, J/e narrated everything just a^ it was done.
{b) When the comparison is stated as a mere supposition- as
Honorea netnnt quasi honosti sint. They see/c offue as tf they
wrf^vwy,;/'/c' (which they are not).
304
FIRST LATIN HOOK.
5. Distinguish the use of ,^, in the following .-
He did as he ruas told, Ut imperatum est, Jc fecit E«^.
Peto. I have the same object as you ^on.,^2^^^ ^° '"^
He is not so mad as to think this, Non tam insanus est ut hoo
putet (consecutive clause). ^°°
He ran fast so as to be in time, Celeriter cucurrit tit .«
veniret (ut final). t^ucurnt ut tempori
He collected as many forces as possible for as he ro„t ]\ o
maximas copias (potuit) coegit. ''^"^^' ^^"^'^
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.
1. Adjective clauses stand in the rpluir..-, ,.f r
word in ti.e princ.pal sentence TI f '^^Ijectives to some
RULKS OP SYNTAX.
305
So also tlie conelative.s qualis, quantus, quot. and the adverbs
ubi, under as, Non sum qnalis eram. / „m not lohat I ,v.n- Ad
locum redierunt unde profecti erant. T/uy returned to tlw spot fro, n
^a-/ucht/nj had set out. In eodem oppido est sepultus ubi natus
erat. He was buried in the same town in which lie had been born.
3. The relative pronoun is often omitted in English when it is
tlie object of a verb, Ixit is never so omitted in Latin : as Verba
quae locutus es, vera sunt, The words you have spoken are true.
4. The antecedent of the relative is often omitted : as. Sunt qui
putent hoc esse verum, Ihere are some who think that this is true.
5. He was the first to come is Primus venit. This is the rval lam
'nmtK,^ at. Hoc peto. Such a great danger as this, Hoc tantum
periculum.
INDIRECT (OR OBLIQUE) NARRATION.
1. A statement depending on a verb of saying, thinking, per-
ictving, knowing, or the like, is said to be in indirect or 'ob/igue
narration. Thus :
^^'^'^"- INDIRKCT.
Ego civis Romanus sum. Dixit se civem Romanum esse.
/ am a Koman atizen. He said that he -.oas a Roman dtizcu.
Romulus. inquit,urbemcondidlt. Dixit Romulum urbem condi-
komulus, ■ he said, ''Jotinded a disse.
'^ ^' ^^^ said that Romulus had founded a
city.
NOTK.-If the actual words of a speaker or writer are quoted,
they are mtroducd by inquit. he says or he saif usually followin^^
the first word. If the speech ,s reported m induect narratiom
dicit, dixit, or ait is used.
2. All dependent adjectival and adverbial clauses are in the sub-
junctue in indirect narration : as,
°T^^f """^ ^'ersar^^m est. Darium. qui rex Per««,ra«, es^et,
aavtnit. advenire dixit,
Dartus, who is the f-V of the He said that /X,.-;»' -^,/,,. , ..,, f;,,
Pcrszans, is affroactanff. hi,,^ ,f tj„ ^,,.,^^,^ ,^^, ^,^.
froaching.
306
PIHST LATIN HOOK.
qui m tecent, ///,■ ,„au 7uho does thai, see p. 301, 2 (->) (,,)
feet- bnl'T' ™'"'"^"f ''^'■'^ '" ''^- subjunctive (usually the i.nper-
I>IRi:CT.
Ite, mqult create consules. i,ent, crearent consul»,
/-K .c . Indirect.
Quid agis9inquit; cur nonantea (Dixit) quid a^er^t, .
pug-nam commisisti? «^, ' ^ ageret? cur non
iiym . ancea pugnam commisissfif ?
''What are yoii about r' urv^- he it-r^.in , ■u™is=i3set?
«;fv / -^ ^"''^■^'^^^^)'^'fii^tt 7vns he about ■^ U'l.M
1 1- hy har'e you not. beiutu the battle !, ,^ 1. , , , ^
brfore ? " '^ "''^ '^'''■"" ^^'^ '^^^^^'^ ^>^Me ?
5. Indirect rhetorical questions representing the first or thi.H
person ni c irect are voiu^v-^u., «. i , *"""
• /- - . gencially expressed hv the Trmc .»;,.,. 1
infinitive : as, ^ accusative and
^"^ECT. Im) . ■ •
vZ ""^T" 7";''^ '"'""^ ' ^"™ '^ Homam repu'lsos esse ituros 9
to^;o::r:;;etC:rr'!rrr'^^^
ego, nos l)ecoine se
meus, noster " suua
tuus. vester, " nnus. uiorum
biciste .. iiie^jg
|it4i>Miimjiii
ni'LKS OP SYNTAX.
307
ise of esset
f. siibjunc.
set, poenas
? fiumshed
' 2, (2), {a).
the iinper-
niperative
\'ct consuls.
anting tlie
(tlie im-
) : as,
cur non
isiaset ?
>llt? IVhy
e before ?
or third
:ive and
> ituros ?
ir?
■hanged
7. A(lvorI)s of procnt time become after a secondary tense
adverbs of past time : as,
nunc {now) becomes iam, tunc [llu-n).
'a.Bvi^yesteniay) " pridie (///,',/,,,. A/,,^^).
^o^'^B [to-day) " \\\o6.\e(ihat\iay).
cv&B [to. morrow) ■' vosiridie (///e ne.vf ,/ay).
hlc(Aere) " ibi (/^vv).
8. It should h^ noted that. Si ha'beam, dem (p. 301) becomes
Dixit 86 daturum, si haberet. Si haberem, darem becomes
Dixit se daturum fuisse, si haberet. Si mansissem, interfectus
essem becomes Diclt or dixit, futurum fuisse ut interflceretur si
mansisset.
It may also be noted that Debellatum erit, The 7var ivill then he
over., becomes Dixit debellatum fore.
9. Se and suus in indirect usually refer to the subject of the
principal verb, is or ille to some one different from that subject : as,
Caesar Catoni dixit verba eius sibi d\BxAicevQ,Cacsar told Caio that
his {Catds) words displeased him {Caesar).
10. If a pronoun is required in indirect to refer to the subject of
a subordinate clause, ipse may be used : as, Rogavit eos ut dederent
qui ipsos prodidissent, He asked them to surremier men who had
betrayed them.
11. The subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause when an
indirect statement is only implied and not expressed : as, Noctu
ambulabat quod somnum capere non posset. He used to walk
about at night because he eould not sleep (as was reported)
El, qui primus conscendisset, praemium proposuit, He offered a
reward to the one who should first scale the wall.
NoTK.-Such a use of the subjunctive is called virtual oblique.
12 Indirect narration is often used in a principal clause without
a verb of saying: as, Rhenum traiisiit: Gallos enim sibi bellum
mtulisse He crossed the Rhine : for (he said) the Gauls had made
war on him.
13. The following exceptions to the rules of indirect may be
noticed . —
{a) Certior factus est id agi ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto
308
FIRST LATIN' KOOK.
to Acrxcs, but a„ „»le,>c„de„t s.a.e,„o„t ,n,ulc by ,l,o hislurUu,.,
,1 . . . •■' Vnere the quae sentiebas s regarded n<;
aS' ::n;;,:e :."":' ;'"^' 't- "• ""■ "-^ ^-«^ -^ -"■^^"-'^ ^
«cakeiieil ,f the direct foim of expression «ere chan-cil ) So too-
jj.// ;, ""■"""■ ""^"^ ""«'■ "O"""^ ■■"aerie, / ,„/.
«t;^/"^!"',' ''°° ,»'"""""«' esse dum haeo geruntur, He saM tluU
r.:t:r.:se^'^"-^ — - - (~t,:'er
SPECIAL LATIN IDIOMS.
The following idioms may be noticed •—
.«!?, tr rsrrra.rr:,::r::' at'" *" '"" '■■■"'"■ <"<•
indirect does not take a finite vlrb)! """""" '"' '* "'
(') Non dubltavl quln urbem oapturus fnerlt, / /,'/ , j ,.
II'-'! '•'-'■■■'•'M have taken, l,ccHyUor.I^^r^T' '""■''""'"
111, , -^ \ '-"''^'^'oncU in consenitivf r Tiicf. •
double dependence). So : Rogo te quid facturus fuer 1 ^ ^ J 11"
what you 7uould have done. ' ''''' y'^'
if) Laetemur potius quam queramur, Lef us rejoice rather than
complain. Addit se prius occisum iri ouim ^^ -^ ^f^^'^^ ^"''*^
.uUs ,l,a, ,.e ..m „c ,a„e.l .oa„er //1 Z/"/" T^f' '"
UUIU
|i .,*i*i«esai
FIRST LATIN READER.
1 ' 'I
CORNELIUS NEPOS.
THEMISTOCLES.
I. Themistocles, Neoclis filius, Arhenicnsis.
IIuillsThcoarlj'
vitia ineuntis adulescentiac magnis sunt cmendata virtu- xhe.^fjg.
tibus, adco ut anteferatur huic nemo, pauci pares putentur. t'''^'^'^-
Sed ab initio est ordienduni. Pater eius Neocies gcnero-
sus fuit. Is uxorem Halicarnassiam civcm duxit, ex qua
natus est Themistocles. Qui cum minus esset probatus
parentibus, quod et liberius vivebat et rem familiarcm
neglegebat, a patre exheredatus est. Quae contumelia
non fregit eum, sed erexit. Nam cum iudicasset sine
summa industria non posse cam exstingui, totum se
dedidit rei publicae, diligentius amicis famaeque serviens.
Multum in iudiciis privatis versabatur, saepe in contionem
populi prodibat ; nulla res maior sine eo gerebatur, celc-
riter quae opus erant reperiebat, facile ;adem oratipne
explicabat. Neque minus in rebus gerendis promptus
quam excogitandis erat, quod et de instantibus, ut ait
Thucydides, verissime iudicabat et de futuris callidissime
coniciebat. Quo factum est ut brevi tempore illustraretur.
II. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae rei publicae He per-
belle Corcyraeo: ar: quod gerendum prac;or a populo ASam
factus non solum praesenti bello, sed etiam reliquo teai- '° ''"■''' ^
pore ferociorem reddidit civitatem. Nam cum pecunia ii.c.'m.
publica, quae ex metallis redibat, iargitione magistratuum
quotannis interiret, ille persuasit populo ut ea pecunia
classis centum n*vium aediticaretur. Qua celeriter
effecta, pnmum Corcyraeos fregit, deinde maritimos prae-
dunes consectando mare tutum reddidit. In quo cum
divitiis ornavit, turn etiam peritissimos belli naval is fecit
Athenienses.
mi
:U0
FIRST LATIN READKR.
This flcit
saved
Greece in
the Persian
war.
Leotiidas at
Theriiioj)}-.
lae ; tlie '
fleet at
Arteniisiuin,
H.C. 4S0.
l.^llu.n univcrsae infer , 7 " "'^" ^' '""
runt ■ -culs ' i ' "' '''"''"'" ^'"^^^ '"^'"^ f"'--
rfelecti cum I enn,Vln t P'^^^'^'^^- Itaqiie missi sunt
v-n tuin i.eonida, Lacedaeinoniorum retrp n„; ti
"lopylas occuparent lonoiusnuo l.T ^^^' '»"' ^'^^'■■
paterentur. I vim hn.^f ' '^'*' >''i'os progredi non
p.i.«umap.d^L;-rinrsi:rir?^^"'^"-'""'
Themistocles cuiierPhnf ^^"^, ^""«'^'^ •• angustias enim
etsi pan P^U^T^::;''^''''''^ f^^^^^^^^^^' Hie
ausimane.,,uod::u;:;iX^^-p:nr""^
constituerent. i'alamma classcm suam
que niillis defendentibus, interfe
^Llis sacer-
COKNKLIUS NEPOS,
311
dotibiis quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit. Cuius
flamma perterriti classiarii cum maiicre non auderciit et
plurinii hortarentur, ut donios suas discedcrent inociii-
husque se defenderent, Tliemistocles unus lestitit cl
universos pares esse posse aiebat, dispersos testabatur
pcrituros, idque Euiybiadi, rcj^i Lacedaemonioinin, qui
turn sunimae imperii praeerat, fore affirnial Quem
cuin minus quam vellet moveret, noctu de is suis
(luem habuit fidelissimum ad rcgem iiiisit, ut ei nuntiaret
suis verbis, adversarios eius in fuga esse : qui si disccs-
sissent, maiore cum labore et longinciuiore tempore bellum
confecturum, cum singulos consectari cogerctur ; quos
si statim aggrederetur, brevi universos oppressurum.
Hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes
cogerentur. Hac re audita barliarus, nihil doli subesse
ciedens, postridie alimissimo sibi loco, contra opportu-
nissimo hostibus, adco angusto marl conflixit, ut eius
multitudo navium explicari non potuerit. Victus ergo est
magis etiam consilio Themistoclis quam armis Gracciae.
V. Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamcn tantas habcbat
rcliquias copiarum, ut etiam tum iis opprimere posset
hostes. Iterum al) codem gradu depulsus est. Nam
Themistocles, verens ne bellare persoveraret, ccrtiorem
eum fecit id agi ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto fccerut,
dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam excluderetur ; idque ei
persuasit. Itaque qua sex mensibus iter fecerat, eadem
minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus est seque a
Themistocle nop -iperatuni, sed conservatum iudicavit.
Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est Europaeque
succubuit Asia, Haec est altera victoria, quae cum
Marathonio possit comparari tropaeo. Nam pari mode
apud Salamina parvo numero navium maxima post
hominum memoriam classis est devicta.
VI. Magnus hoc beilo Themistocles fuit neque minor
in pace. Cum enim Phalerico perm neque mngno neque
bono Athenienses uterentur, huiuh consilio liiplex Piraei
portus constitutus est iisque mocnibus cirrumdatus, ut
ipsam urbem dignitate aequiperaret, utilitate superaret.
Themis-
toolcs
contrives to
make tlic
(«reeks
Salainis,
B.C. 4M'.
He iri(lii('C'(
Xerxes to
leave
Greece.
He fortifies
the I'iraei.s
imd restores
the walla of
Atheii.'^. The
Spartans
ol)jeet.
li.C. 47S-472.
t
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.V
,%
vv^<
^
312
He outwits
the 8par-
tuns.
FIRST LATIN READER.
Idem nn„-o.s Atheniensium restituit praecipuo suo peri-
culo. Namque Lacedaemonii causani idoneam n.c i
propter barbarorun. excu.sio„es, qua negarent ^o te -c
ext.a Peloponnesum ullam mbcm muros habere ne
cssent loca munita quae hostes possidercnt, Athenic'nses
aochficantes prohibere sunt conati. Hoc lo^ge al o " e
tabat atque vulcri volebant. Athenienscs enim duX^
vctorns, Marathonia et Salaminia, tantam gloriL. atd
omnes gentes erant consecuti. ut intellegeren iTe
daemon,, de principatu sibi cu,n iis certam n fo e
Quare eos quam infirmissimos esse volebant. Postq "n
autem aud.erunt muros strui, legatos Athenas m se I
qtn .d fier. vetarent. His p.aesentibus desieruntTset
suscep,tThem,stocleset solus prinio profectus est : reliqui
legat. ut turn exirent, cum satis alti tuendo muri ex t ,a
vderentur, praecepit : interim omnes, servi atqt,e ber
opus facerent neque ulli loco parcerent, sive ac r
s.ve pnvatus esset sive publicus, et undique n'od
idoneum ad muniendum puta,ent congere.-T ' o'o
~t " ''''''-'''- "-^ - -"^' -P"^christ
VII. Themistocles aute,n, ut Lacedaemonem venit
ad.re ad mag.stratus noluit et dedit operant, u^ "a.;
ong.ss,me tempus duce.et. causam interponens se co
lecas exspectare. Cu.ti Lacedae,nonii quere,entur onus
n.h,Io m.nus fieri eumque in ea re conar^i fal ere into n
rehqu. legati sunt consecuti. A quibus cum a d'; e non
o";; ;;TcSt '"""''"-■^' ^' -''-- ^-^--Ti"
oru,n access.t, penes quos summum erat imperium ataue
eTe^iZ rrf '^'^ i^^^^^^ '-'^'^ ■ ^-- - -
r^the m Te.r r^""'^''^'-' '"^^rea se obsidem
ret,ne,ent. Gestus est e, mos, tresque legati functi sum
m.s hononbus Athenas n.issi sunt.^ Ct^n his legaj
ius u"e;r^'"'""' '^'■"'^■^^' "^^- P.aedixit, ut'ne
pnus Lacedacmon.orum legatos d.mitterent quam ipse
- -em.ssus. Hos postqua,n Athenas pervc.'issc ratu!
esset
CORNELIUS NEP08.
313
est, ad n-.ag,stratus senatumque Lacedaemoniorum adiit
et apud eos lib^rrime professus est : Athenienses suo
consilio, quod communi iure gentium facere posse.it, deos
publicos suosque patiios ac penates, quo facilius ab hoste
possent defendere, nniris saepsisse, neque in eo quod
inutile esset Graeciae fecisse. Nam illorum urbem ut
propugnaculum oppositum esse barbaris, apud quam iam
b.s classes regias fecisse naufragium. Laccdacmonios ■
autem male et iniuste facere, qui id potius intuerentur
quod ipsorum dominationi quam quod universae Graeciae
utile esset. Quare, si suos legatos recipere vellent, quos
Athenas miserant, se remitterent, cum aliter illos nunquam
in patriam essent recepturi.
VIII. Tamen non effugit civium suorum invidiam. Thcuis-
Namque ob eundem timo.em, quo damnatus erat Mil-t°^'^^'«
fades, testularum suffragiis e civitate eiectus Argos aaT/r^'
habitatum concessit. Hie cnm propter multas virtutes
magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii legatos
Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod
societatem cum rege Perse ad Graeciam opprimendam
fecisset. Hoc crimine absens proditionis damnatus est.
Id ut audivit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat
Corcyram demigravit. Ibi cum eius principes anima'd-
ITmZT'^'"- r P'"''''/' ^"'"'" "' Lacedaemonii Withdraws
et Athenienses md!cerent,ad Admetum, Molossum regem t°corcyra
cum quo ei hospitium erat, confugit. Hue cum venisset' Srul
et in praesentia rex abesset, quo maiore religione se ^•''' '"^
receptuin tueretur, filiam eius parvulam arripuit et cum
ea se in sacrarium, quod summa colebatur caerimonia,
coniecit. Inde non prius egressus est, quam rex eum
data dextra in fidem reciperet, quam pracstitit. Nam
cum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedaemoniis exposceretur
pubhce, supplicem non prodidit monuitque ut consulerel
sibi : diff cile enim esse in tarn propinquo loco tuto eum
versari. Itaque Pydnam eum deduci iussit et quod satis
esset praesidii dedit. Hie in navem omnibus ignotus
nautis escendit. Quae cum tcmpestate maxima Naxum
ferretur, ubi turn Athcniensium erat exercitus, sensit
iv.
pi,
Jv
314
Themis-
tocles at
the Persian
court,
B.C. 4G5.
He is kindly
received by
Artaxerxes,
and settles
in Asia.
FIKST LATIN READEK.
Themistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi esse pereundum.
mu ta polhcens, s. se conservasset. At ille clarissimi viri
captus nnser.cordia diem noct.mque procul ab insula in
salo navem tenu.t m anco.is neque quemquam ex ea exire
exDonr.'" • -n ''^'^"'"" ^''■^'"'' ''^'^'"^ Themistociem
expon.t . cui ille pro mentis post'.a gratiam rettul.t.
IX. Scio plerosque ita scripsisse, Themistocien Xerxe
Thucyd.d. .redo, quod et aetate proximus de iis qui
c v.tat s fu.t Is autem ait ad Artaxerxen eum venisse
atqueh,s verbis epistulam misisse : " Themistocies ven!
ad te, qu. piunma mala omnium Graiorum in domum
uam jntul, quam diu mihi necesse fuit adversum patr m
tuum bellare patri^mque meam defendere. Idem mul o
Plura bona feci, postquam in tuto ipse et ille inpeH o
Toud sT"- T T "" ^^■•-^'^ ^^^^'-^' vellet,"
apud Salamma facto, htteris eum certiorem feci, id agi ut
pons quern m Hellosponto fecerat, dissolveretur atque a
hos .busc.rcum.retur: quo nuntio ille periculo est^iber-
Graeca, tuam petens amicitiam : quam si ero adeptus
non mmus me bonum amicum habebis quam fortem
.n-m.cum die expertus est. Te autem rogo, ut de i s
rebus, quas tecum colloqui volo, annuum m hi temp
des eoque transacto ad te venire patiaris."
X. Huius rexanimi magnitudinemadmiranscupiensque
tempus littens sermon.que Persarum dedid.t : quibus
adeo erud.tus est, ut multo commodius dicatur ap.^
regem verba fecisse quam i. poterant, qui in Perside era!:!
nat.. H,c cum multareg. esset pollicitus g.atissimumque
>Ilud, s. su.s ut, consiliis vellet, ilium Graeciam bello
oppressurum, magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus n
As.am redut domiciliumque Magnesiae sibi con^ tu "
Namque banc «rbem ei rex donarat, his quiden. ve ti^
quae e. panem praeberet (ex qua r'egioni qubqu^e^'
CORNELIUS NKPOS.
)ereundum.
sit, aperit.
irissimi viii
b insula in
ex ea exiie
Jmistoclem
tulit.
cien Xerxe
•otissimum
le lis, qui
: eiusdem
m venisse
odes veni
n domum
m patrein
cm niulto
n periculo
t, proelio
I id agi ut
■ atque ab
est liber-
a cuncta
adeptus,
n fortem
it de lis
i tempus
piensque
tine illud
quibus
ur apud
de erant
inumque
m hello
natus in
nstituit.
verbis,
luagena
315
talenta qnotannis miil,an.), Lanipsacun. autc>m, undo
vinum sumcrct, Myunta, ex qua obsoniun, habcir^t
duo""!' 1,?""'"" '"""""''^'^ monumen.a manserunt in^.ea.h
duo . s.pulchrum prope oppKk.m, in quo est sopultus ^,f;?"' ,
statua .n foro Magnesiae. De cuius mono nndtis„u,dis '""■•' -i
apud ■ erosque scriptuni est, sed nos eundem potissimum '''''""
rhucyd.dcn, auctoHMH prohamus, qui ilium ait Magnesiae
morbo n,ortui„n nec,ue negat f.isse famam, venenum sua
sponte sumps.sse, cum se, quae regi de Graecia oppri-
menda pol hctus esset, praestare posse desperaret. Idem
ossa ems clam in Attica ab amicis sepulta, quoniam legi-
bus non concederetur, quod proditionis es.et danmatus,
memoriae produlit.
ARISTIDES.
fere tuif Th'em''?''r'' '""' Atheniensis. aequaiis character
tere fu t Them.stocl. atque cum eo de principatu ?' ^--'f "'^-
coutend.t : namque obtrecta-unt inter se. In his aul^m ^^"^
cognuum est, quanto antestaret eloqucn.ia innocentiae. ^-^^ ^'*-
Quamquam enun adeo excellebat Aristide^- abstinentia,
unus post hominum memoriam, quem quidem nos
aucenmus, co,nomme Justus sit appellatus, tamen a
r mmuuf ' ''^''Z;""'^ ^^^^"'^ ''' ^•^"^ decern anno-
riim multatus est. Qu. quidem cum intellegeret reprimi
concuatam multitudinem non posse, cedensque a'nim
advert.sset quendam scribentem, ut patria peileretur
qi.aes,sse ab eo dicitur, quare id faceret aut quid Aristides'
comm.sisset, cur tanta poena dignus ducer.tur. Cui .-lie
respond.t se ignorare Aristiden, sed sibi non placere, quod
tarn cupide laborasset, ut praeter ceteros Justus appella-
Tertulit n' ''"' '"""'■""' l^g\Um^m poenam non
per uht. Nam postquam Xerxes in Graeciam descendit.
sexto fere anno quam erat expulsus, populi scito in patriam
lestitutus est. H''^"''-»»
II. Interfuit autem pugnae navali apud Salamina, quae
facta est pnus quam poena liberaretur. . Idem praetor
316
VmsV LATIN KKADKR.
Arislides at
Salaniig,
B.{;. 4S(t,
and Plataea,
B.C. 479.
Aristides
settles the
tribute of
t he allies,
It.C. 477,
and himself
•lies poor,
about
B.C. 468.
fuit Atheniensium apud Plataeas in proelio, quo b.r-
barorttm exerctus fusus Mardoniusque into fecu.s
qu..n, hu.us ■mpcrn memoria, iustitiae vero et aequitatis
cZTr '""'"= ■" P-"is, quod eitts ae! r
cum Pausan,a, quo duce Mardonius erat fugatus ut
summa unperii maritimi ab Laccdacmoniis ttansfer 'ct
duces erant Lacedac-nionu. Turn autem ct intemperantiT
c.v.tatcs Graec.ae ad Atheniensium societatem se -xnnli
carent et advetsus barbaros hos duces deligerT^t sibi.''
HI. Quos quo facilius rcpeilctent, si foi-e bellum
compaiandos quantum pecuniae quaeque civitas daret
coliata . Ki enim commune aerarium esse voluerunt
Quae omn.s pea.nia postero te.npo.e Athenas fanslata
c urn ,Lr r' "'''"""^" """"'" -^ "^tius indi-
cium, quam quod, cum tantis rebus praefuisset in tint-,
paupertate decessi,, ut qui effenetu,- vix rel q en n 1
actum est ut filiae eius publice alerentur et de mnm"
aerano dottbus datis coilocatentur. Decessit aute. .^
pos num quartum, quam Then.istocles Athenis cat
HANNIBAL.
I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Karthaginiensis
Sf p"oSLt „^^tr"'"; ''''•'""' """° ^"'^'^^'' "^ P"P"'"« l^omanus
^^^l^lZ^^T; -^"^-"Pe-nt, non est infitiandum Ha
n.balem tanto ptaest.tisse ceteros imperatores prudentia
n tires^^N" ''""^"" ^"^^^^''^^ fortitudinrcm:^:;
nat.ones. Nam quotienscumque cmn eo con<.ressus est
'n Itaha, semper discessit superior. Quod °IT dom
cv.um suorum invidia debilitatus esset, Roman^: lideTu;
'>, quo bar-
rfectiis est.
istrc factum
t aec|iiitatis
s aeqiiitate
leciae siiniil
fiigatus, lit
•ansferrctur
lari et terra
emperantia
omnes fere
II se appli-
nt sibi.
to bell urn
:eicitusqiic
itas claret,
le arbitrio
elum sunt
voliieriint.
< translata
rtiiis indi-
, in tanta
M-it. Quo
comnnini
uten» fere
lenis erat
Komanus
inn Han-
rurlentia,
' cuiictas
sssus est
isi domi
s videtur
superare potuisse.
unius virtutem.
CORNELIUS NEPOS.
Sed multoruin obtrectatio devicit
317
eiga Koiudiios sic conseivavit, ut prius animam qua.n id ?;'""»>' ^o
deposucnt, qui quideni, cum patria pulsus asset et alien-
arum opum mdigeret, numquam destiterit aninio bcllare
cum Romanis.
II. Nam ut omittam rhilippum, quern absens hostem
reddidit Roman.s. omnium lis temporibus potentissimus
rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate inccndit bel-
and., ut usque a rubro marl arma conatus sit inferre
italiae. Ad quem cum Icgati venissent Romani, qui de
ejus voluntate explorarent darentque operam consiliis
clandestinis, ut Hannibalem in suspicionem regi adduce-
rent, tamquam ab ipsis corruptum alia atque antea
sent.re, neque id frustra fecissent, idque Hannibal com-
pensset seque ab inie, ioribus consiliis segregari vidisset,
tempore dato ad.it ad regem, eique cum multa de fide
sua et odio m Romanos commemorassct, hoc adiunxit :
" Pater mens," inquit, «' Hamilcar, puerulo me, utpote „ , .
non amphus novem annos nato, in Hispaniam imperator "bnt"'"'
prohciscens Karthacrine. lovi nntini^ r,,-, • V • story of hia
immni.,.f '° ' °^' optnno niaximo hostias boyish oath,
nnmolav t ; quae d.vma res dum conficiebatur, quaesivit
a me vellemne secum in castra proficisci. Id cimi liben-
ter accep.ssem atque ab eo petere coepissem nc dubitaret
ducere, turn die, ' Faciam,' inquit, ' si mihi fidem quam
postulo dedens.' Simul me ad aram adduxit, apud cuam
sacnficare mst.tuerat, eamque ceteris remotis tenentem
.urare luss.t, numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore
Id ego nisiurandum patri datum usque ad banc aetatem
.ta conservavi, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, quin reliquo
tempore eadem mente sim futurus. Quare si quid aniice
de Romanis cogitabis, non imprudenter feceris, si me
celaris : cum quidem bellum parabis, te ipsum frustra-
beris, Si non me in eo principem posucris."
III. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in
Hispaniam profectus est : cuius post obitum, Hasdrubale
318
VIUST LATIV READKU.
Hannibal,
Ooiiitnatider
ill-Chief,
B.C. '-'21 ;
takes
SaKuntuin,
B.C. 211).
He crogsps
the Pyrenees
and Alps,
B.C. 218.
His victories
on the
Ticiniis and
Trebia,
B.C. 218; at
the Triisii-
niene Lake.
H.C. 217;
fttUannae,
B.C. 216.
nperato.e suffecto, cquitatui onini pracfuit. Hoc quoque
■uc fectoexccmissummain imperii ad eum detulit. Id
Kartl,ag,n..n delatum publice coinpn.batum est. Sic
r ctus'tn'"'""V'"""^-" '' "^''^" ^"^"'^ "^''"^ '"'Perator
subcgit : Sagnntum, foederatam civitale.n, vi expi,g„avit
tres e.xe,cuus maximos co.nparavit. E^ „, [^^^
A ncam mis.t, alteru.n cum Masdrubalc fratre in Hispania
•-eliqii.t, tertiiim in Italian, secmn duxit.
Saltum Pyrenaetim transiit ; quacumque iter fecit cum
omnibus incolis c.nflixit ; neminem nii. victum dn nisi"
selJr P"^'^'-^^!"^"" ^-^"i^ 'l"-'^e Italiam ab (Pallia
Pr.ete Her'"*r "7""."'"^"-" -- ^xercitu ante eum
tit tn '""'.'^P '"'"''^' '^''^''-'"^ "'"'''"^- P-I^i'--e
t an itu concd.t, loca patefecit, itinera muniit, effecit ut
- elephantus ornatus ire posset, qua antea u'nus homo
ne mis vix .poterat repere. Hac copias traduxit in
Itaiiamque pervenit.
IV. Conflixerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio
Scip.one consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem
Clastidnapud Padum decernit sauciumque inde ac fuea
um dnn.ttit. Tertio idem Scipio cum collega TibeHo
Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. Cum in a
num conseruit : utrosque profligavit. Inde per Li' "es
Appenninum transiit, petens Etruriam. Hoc itincre^'Jeo
grav. morbo adficitur oculorum, ut postoa Z^^
consulem apud frasumenum cum exercitu insidiis cir
cumventum occidit, neque muho post C. C ni im
praetorem cum delecta manu saltus occupantem H
n Apuham pervenit. Ibi obviam ei vcnerunt duo Z-
sules, C. rerentius et L. AemiHus. Utriusque exercitus
uno proeho fugavit, Paulum consulem occid t et al quo
superiore anno fuerat consul. ^
• iii'iu»jiiauii»jw»
CORNELirS NEHOS.
319
V. Hac pugna pugnata Roinain profectus est nuUo iicscappa
resistente. In piopiiKjiiis iirbi niontibns moiatiis est. [,'"'" rJlge.'"'
Cum aliquot ibi dies castia habiiisset ct Capiiain rtveite- **'^"' -'•'•
retiir, Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Komaiuis, in agro
I'rilerno ei se obiecit. Hie ciaiisiis locoriini angiisliis
noctu sine iillo detriniento exercitiis sc expedivit Fabio-
(|ue, cailidissiino iniperatori, dcdit verba. Namqiie
obdiicta nocte sarmenta in cornibiis iuvcncorum dciigata
incendit eiuscpie generis multitudineni magnani dispaiatam
immisit. Quo repentino obiecto visu tantum terrorem
iniecit exercitui Ronianoruni, ut egredi extra vallum nemo
sit ausus.
Hanc post rem gestam non ita nuiltis diebus M. Minu- natinibars
cium Rufum, magistrum equitum pari ac dictatorem *"'''''''''""*'
imperio, dolo productum in proelium fugavit. Tiberium
Sempronium Gracchum, itcrum consulem, in Lucanis
absens in insidias inductum su'stulit. M. Claudium
Marcellum, quinquies consulem, apud Venusiam pari
modo interfecit. Longum est omnia enumerare proelia.
Quare hoc unum satis erit dictum, ex quo intellegi possit,
qiiantus ille fuerit : quamdiu in Italia fuit, nemo ei in acie
restitit, ntMno adversus eum post Cannensem pugnam in
campo castra posuit.
VI. Hinc invictus patriam defensum revocatus bellum Hannii)al
gessit adversus P. Scipionem, fdium eius Scipionis, quern 5^/;^^',!^'' '°
ipse prime apud Rhodanum, itcrum apud Padum, tertio »<^'-203,and
apud Trebiam fugarat. Cum hoc exhaustis iam patriae at Zama,
facultatibus cupivit inpracsentiarum bellum componcc, ^*" ^^'^'
quo valentior postea congrederetur. In colloquium con-
venit : condiciones non convenerunt. Post id factum
paucis diebus apud Zamam cum eodem conflixit : pulsus
(incredibile dictu) biduo et duabus noctibus Hadrumetum
pervenit, quod abest ab Zama circiter millia passuum tre-
centa. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul cum eo ex acie
excesserant, insidiati sunt ei : quos non solum effugit, sed
etiam ipsos oppressit. Hadrumeti reliquos e fuga col-
legit : novis dilectibus paucis diebus nuiltos contraxit.
320
Hannitial
ofter Zaina.
IIWHurren-
(li*r demand
e<l hy tho
Hoiiiaiis,
B.C. 200.
FIRST LATI.V RKADKH.
He escapes
from
Carthage,
B.C. 1?6.
He attempts
to stir up
kinif Ami.
ochus to
war against
Rome,
B.C. 193.
Vir. Cum ill apparando accrrime essct occuDitu.
Ka.t hag.„.cnscs bclh.ni cum Kouianis coni e'; n '
Ille n.Inlo secus exercitui postea pn.efuit resnue in Ifric
«es.t usque ad P. Sulpicium C. Auielium co I s H
en.m niag.stratibus le.ati Kanlia.inienses Run., n vcn
runt qu. senatu. populoque Romano gratias ..cre^i
quod cum .,s pacem fecissent. ob eamque rem coon '
-rea eos donarent sinu.Ic,ue peterent, ut obsides " Z
^.egehsessent captivique redderentur. His ex sen
que esse , ob.,des, quo loco rogarent, futuros. captivos
no rem.ssuros, quod I lannibalom. cuius opera s'usc m
beUum foret, mun.c.ssnnum nomini Romano, etiam nunc
cum mipeno apud exercitum haberent iten que ruren
ems Magonem. Hoc responso Ka.thaginien es coin to
Hann.balem domum et Magonem revocarunf Hu t^
let d:"t "'" "^' ^^''^"'^•" i-Perator fuera "an
secundo et v.cesuiio : ut enim Romae consules sic Ka
thagme quotannis annui bini reges creabanf.r i
solum ut esset pecunia, quae Romanis ex foedc e nendc
retur, sed etiam superesset 0..-.^ in n .'"^''^'^ P«^"dc-
. , 'percsset, quae in aerario reponeretur
iJemde anno post M Chnrlin t ir •
Roma legati K^tliaginem '::^:,:;. '^H^sT: 1^2
ratus su. exposcendi gratia missos, pHusquam ii" en u
daretur, navem ascendit clam atque in Syrian VdTnH
ochumprofugit. Hac re palam fLta Poen n ves dua '
quae eum comprehenderent, si possent conse ,.'::'
runt, bona e.us publicarunt, domum a fundamemis
dis.ecerunt, ,psum exulem iudicarunt. ""^'^"^^nl's
full"' tcT'f'"^ T."" ''"'"' P"^^^"'-^'" ^°"^o Pro-
fuge at, L Corneho O. Minucio consulibus, cum quino "e
nav.bus Afncam accessit in finibus Cyrena orum ' o e
Karthagm.enses ad bellum Antiochi spe fiduc L ,e in
ducerentur cui iam persuaserat, ut cum exe cUib s ,^'
taham proficsceretur. Hue Magonem fratrer^ x vi
Id ubi Poem rescverunt, Magonem eadem. qua fratrem
COIJNELIUS NEP08.
321
occiipatus,
posuerunt.
e in Africa
iiles. His
nam vcne-
s igerent,
m corona
ies eorinii
ix senatus
iccejnum-
, captivos
usceptiini
iam nunc
e fratrem
5 cognito
Hue ut
■at, anno
sic Kar-
". In eo
ac fuerat
bus non
e pende-
•neretur.
isulibus,
lannibal
senatus
ui Ami-
es duas,
i, niise-
amenlis
10 pro-
liiinque
si forte
lue in-
bus in
ixcivit.
atrem,
absentcm adfecerunt poena. llli desperatis rel.us cum
solvissent naves ac vela vcntis dedissent, Hannibal ad
Antiociuim pcrvcnit. Ue Magonis interitu duplex me-
mona prodita est : namque alii naufragio, alii a ser\ ulis
ipsius interfectum cum scriplum reliquerunt.
/\niiochu3 autcm, si tarn in gercndo bello consiliis eius Hannibal
parere vohnsset, quam in suscipienfio instituerat, propius ;',;';];[.'••'
Tiberi quam 'Ihermopylis de summa imperii dimicasset. »»'«»»"«.
Quern etsi multa stulte conari videbat, tamen nulla "'^' '"''
deseruit in re. IVaefuit paucis navibus, quas ex Svria
mssus erat m Asiam ducere, iisque adversus Rhodionim
classem m I'amphylio niari contHxit. Quo cum multi-
tudine adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse, quo coinu
rem gessit, fuit superior.
IX. Antioclio fugato, verens nc dederetur, quod sine He flees
dubio accidisset, si sui fecisset potestatem. Cretam ad '^^'^^t\ou
Gortynios venit, ut ibi, quo se conferret, consideraret. " *
Vidit autem vir onniium callidissimus in magno se fore
periculo, nisi quid providisset, propter avaritiam Creten-
sium : magnam enim secum pecuniam portabat, de qua
sciebat cxisse famam. Itaque capit tale consilium.
Amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit
auro et argcnto. Has praesentibus principibus deponit
in templo Dianae, simulans se suas fortunas illorum fidei
credere. His in errorem inductis, statuas acne • quas
secum portabat, omni sua pecunia complet t s.jue in
propatulo domi abicit. Gortynii templum magna cura
custodiunt, non tam a ceteris quam ab Hannibale, ne ille
mscientibus iis tolleret secunuiue duccret.
X. Sic conservatissuis rebus Poenus, illusis Cretensibus Hannii-alat
omnibus, ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit. Apud quem (I"^ '^•""" °'
eodem animo fuit erga Italiam, neque aliud quidquam i' of '
egit quam regem armavit et exercuit adversus Romanos. B.c.''i'^"i83.
Quern cum videret domesticis opibus minus esse robus-
tum, conciliabat ceteros reges, adiungebat bellicosas
nationes.
Dissidebat ab eo Pergamenus rex Eumenes, Romanis
amicissimus, bellumque inter eos gerebatur et mari et
322
The war
with
KiiinencN of
IVrifaimiM.
MUST LATIV UKADKH.
Tht" device
of the
8er}>t'iil8.
The battle
Defeat of
Euinenes.
■«■•rra. Sed utrobi,,,,.. F.mnonc, |,1,„ v;,leba( pronler
"ilMl o ppnm, : <|„,.„ ,i ,e,„„vi,,,,, f.„i|i„,., ^;,,;
r. ...nun. clas»c. p.,,,,,, .liel,,,, era,,. ,k.c,e„,ri : super-
p r ,rr"',"' '"""""""" ■ '"■'" •■"" 1'"«-"<I-.. 'u,.,
par lion essct aiinis.
cJu!!!T'' ''•'"" ''"■""''^ ^''^"^"^"^'^ '^^^f-"'" vivas
c )I1.K. casc,ue m vasa f.ctilia conici. Haru.n cu.u effe-
n'lTT '""'"'^'!"-'"' <'ie ipso,, no f.cturus erat
na^ale p.oel.u.n, class.arios convocat iisc,ue praecipit
omnes ut m una.n E.„„enis regis concu.n.nt nav!^.';
ceteris tantum satis liabeant se dcfencice. Id ilios facile
serpent,u,n nn.ltitudine consecuturos. Rex autcn i, q a
nav, veLerctur, ut scirent, se factnruni : c,uem si It
ce,>.ssent aut nuerfccissent, tnagno iis pollicelur pracmio
XI. Tali cohortatione miiitum facta classis ab utrisque
>" Proelunn deducitur. Quarum acie constittUa , r.^
suis, quo loco Eumenes esset, tabellarium in scanh-i
P^'enU r; r"" ^"' ''' ^^ --- adversa^ :
per^en.t epistulamque ostendens se regem professus est
dub.tabat qu.n al.quid de pace esset scriptum. Tabel-
peHtJ-q^^r^--;;--^^^
ets.cat.an. .irabatur neque reperie^^^^ pro^ :;:
adlrmuf "''"^ ^'-""P^" ""'^^'•^' — ^ Eumenis
ten?"n'tir"" '■''^ '""^ ^"^'•"^••^ "°" P-^et, fuga salu-
^teT; t fc TTe. r"""" "'^^^^ -"-.versarios
-^.nent-s-":r-4;:':^^t^:
(diMfMMMi
CORVKMUS NKP08.
323
t propter
•iim Han-
il)i cetera
ileiii iniit
ri : super-
luiii, c;uin
It OS vivas
:mn effe-
:urus erat
praecipit,
iiavem, a
lus facile
m in qua
m si aiit
pracniio
utrisqiie
a, prius-
1 faceret
scapha
ariorum
ssus est
d nemo
Tabel-
tgressus
ea rep-
Ciiius
roelium
incursu
u men is
a salu-
ra sua
erant
rsarios
qui bus
Quae
iicta initio risnm pu^jnanlibus cnncitarunt, neque (juare
III fieret poterat intellcyi. I'ostqnam autem naves suas
"ppletas conspexeiunt serpeiuibus, nova re perterriti,
' iini, quid potissimum \itartnt, non vidm-nt, puppes
vertcrunt seque ad sua castra naiitica rettiilciunt. Sic
Hannibal consilio anna I'erKamcnoruni superavit, neque
liun solum, sed savpe alias pedestribus copiis pari
prudcntia pepulit adversarios.
^ XII. Quae dum in Asia Kcruntur, accidit casu ut leKatiihe Komaim
I'rusiac Roniae aj)ud T. Quintiuu) Flaniininum ^''>"^»I^V,''I",a,;;,';',,^
areni cenarent, al(|uo ibi de lianiiibale nientionc facta ex «urrendir ..(
lis unus diccret cum in Prusiae regno esse. Id postcro {'o.nKultf
die Flaniiniuus senatui dctulit. ^ Patres conscripti, qui '''■"''''"'•
Hannibale vivo nuniquani se sine insidiis futuros existi-
niarcnt, legatos in Jjitbyniam m!serunt,in iis P'laniininum,
qui ab rege peterent, ne inimicissiuium suuui secuni babe-
ret sibique dederet. His Prusias negare ausus non est :
lilud recusavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, quod adversus
uis hospitii esset : ipsi, si possent, comprehenderent :
locum, ubi esset, facile invenluros.
Hannibal enini uno loco se tenebat in castello. quod Thedeathof
ei a rege datum erat muneri, idque sic aediticarat, ut in """"""''■
omnibus partibus acdificii exitus haberet, scilicet verens
ne ui-.u veniret, cpiod accidit. }Iuc cum legati Roman-
oium venissent ac mullitudine domum eius circumdedis-
sent, puer ab ianua prospiciens Hannibali dixit plures
praeter consuetudinem armatos apparere. Qui imperavit
ei, ut omnes fores aedificii circnmiiet ac propere sibi
nuntiaret, num eodem modo undi(|ue obsideretur. Puer
cum celeriter, quid esset, renuntiasset omnesquc exitus
occupatos ostendisset, sensit id non fortuito factum, sed
se peti neque sibi diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam
ne alieno arbitrio dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum
venenum, quod semper secum habere consuerat, sumpsit.
XIII. Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisque perfunctus
laboribus, anno acquievit septuagesimo. Quibus con-
sulibus interierit, non convenit. Namque Atticus M.
324
FIRST LATIN READKB.
StSr^ Claudio M rcello Q. Fabio Labeone consulibus mortuum
l8..a„di8X Corneho Cethego M. Baebio Tamphilo. Atque h c
antus v>r tantisque bellis districtus nonnihil tempoH
tnbuu l,tter,s. Namque aliquot eius libri sunt, G.aeco
sermone confecti, in iis ad Rhodios de C„. ManiU Vul
son,s m As.a rebus gestis. Huius belli gesta n'ul i
memor.ae prod.derunt, sed ex Ins duo, qui cum eo
e t Sner'"^""-^'^"' "^"""^' q-n^diuVortuna passa
Hl;fn ib"l 'li: ^°^""^/~-n-s. Atque hoc Sosilo
Hannibal litterarum Graecarum usus est doctore.
CAESAR, DE BELLO GALLICO, B. IV, B. V, Ch. ,-23.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
In the following selections from Caesar's great work on th
quest of Gaul, he narrates : " ^''^ ^°"-
(0 The story of his successful attempt to prevent th^ r.
tribes, who held the right bank of th/p. 7 ^"""'^"
Hver and settling upon t^eletor Gait banr '"" """''''^ '''
a!^^':.:'^ °' '" '"'' ^"^^^^°" "^ ^--" - the end of
^ (3) The story of his Second Invasion of Britain on July 30th,
'US mortuum
L. Aemilio
n Blitho P.
Atqiie hic
lil temporis
unt, Graeco
Manlii V'ul-
g[esta n-«ulti
cum eo in
I'tuna passa
: hoc Sosilo
•re.
H. 1-23.
n the
con-
- German
•ssinor the
le end of
uly 2otli,
^<»'i- £^::
MAP OF
PNORTHERN GAUL^-.
'■ »c 1-
'0 10 4> j
EN0LI5H »T*TUTE MtLtT
S^ ia(»i .Yame» a.-c ,n Roman Type
j-v^ Modtrn Kxmes are in IMic Type^^
Hot»
= ^C
,. - Noviodnni?..,-^
:i>
-' Loig;. £*,..
J ^5l
'iii
I. I
Pompi
item
Rhent
influit.
annos
bantui
sima I
dicunt
bellani
manse
post ir
culturj
privat
anno i
multui
vivunt
genen
a puet
contra
rum n
suetuc
tus pi
exigui
in flun
II.
bello (
rem a
C. lULI CAESARIS
COMMENTARIORUM
DE BELLO GALLICO
LIBER QUARTUS.
I. Ea, quae secuta est, hieme, qui fuit annus Gneio Usipetesand
Pompeio, Marco Crasso consulibus,.Usipetes Gennani etmlgrateto
item Tencteri mafjna cum multitudine hominum flumen ^^"'' , .
° pressed by
Rhenum tiansieiunt, non longe a mari, quo Rhenus the Suebi
influit. Causa transeundi fuit, quod ab Suebis complures
annos exagitati bello piemebantur et agricultuia ptohibe-
bantur. Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosis-
sima Germanorum omnium. Hi centum pagos habere Customs of
dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis singula millia armatorum* ** '"
bellandi causa ex finibus educunt. Reliqui, qui domi
manserunt, se atque illos alunt. Hi rursus invicem anno
post in armis sunt ; illi domi remanent. Sic neque agri-
cultura nee ratio atque usus belli intermittitur. Sed
privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est, neque longius
anno remanere uno in loco incolendi causa licet. Neque
multum frumento, sed maximam partem lacte atque pecore
vivunt multumque sunt in venationibus ; quae res et cibi
genere et cotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae, quod
a pueris nuUo officio aut disciplina assuefacti nihil omnino
contra voluntatem faciant, et vires alit et immani corpo-
rum magnitudine homines efficit. Atque in eam se con-
suetudinem adduxerunt, ut locis frigidissirnis neque vesti-
tus praeter pelles haberent quicquam, quarum propter
exiguitatem magna est corporis pars aperta, et lavarentur
in fluminibus.
II. Mercatoribus est ad eos aditus magis eo, ut, quae
bello ceperint, quibus vendant, habeant, quam quo ullam
rem ad se importari desiderent. Quin etiam iumentis,
325
■'.!■
326
FIRST LATIX HKADER.
The Siiebi
reduce the
Uhii to a
tnl)iitary
state.
The Menapii
aresurprisfd
h.v the sud-
den attack
of the
Oermans.
qu.bus maxnne Gall, delectantur quacque impenso parant
pret.o, German, importatis non utuntur, scd quae sunt
apud eos nata, prava atque defotmia, hacc cotidiana
exetatat.one summi ut sint laboris efficiunt. Equestribus
proelMs saepe ex equis desiliunt ac pedibus proeliantur
equ„sque eodeni re.nanere vestigio assuefecerunt, ad quos
se celenter, cum usus est, recipiunt; ncque eorum mori-
bus turp.us qu.cquam aut inertius habetur quani ephippiis
ut.. Itaquead qucmvis nume.um ephippiatorum equitum
qua.nv.s pauc. adire audent. Vinum ad se omnino
.mpottar. non sinunt. quod ea .e ad labcem ferendum
remollescere boniines atque effeminari aibitrantur.
HI. Publice maximam putant esse laudem, :,uam latis-
snne a su.s finibus vacate agtos : hac .e significari mag-
mnn numerum civitatum suam vim sustinere non posse
Itaque una ex parte a Suebis ci.citer millia passuum
sexcenta agr. vacate dicuntur. Ad alteram partem suc-
cedunt Ub.. quorum fuit civitas ampla atqtte florens, ut
est captus Germanorum, ct paulo quam sunt eiusdem
gener.s ceter. humaniores, piopte.ea quod Rhenum attin-
giint, multumque ad eos mercatores ventitant, et ipsi
propter propinquitatem Gallicis sunt .noribus assuefacti
Hos cum Suebi multis saepe bellis expert! propter am-
plitudmem giavitatenique civitatis finibus expellere non
potu.ssent, tamen vectigales sibi fecerunt ac multo humi-
liores .nfir.nioresque .edegerunt.
IV. In eadem causa fuerunt Usipetes et Tencteri
quos supia diximus, qui complures annos Sueborum vim'
sust.nuerunt ; ad extremum tamen agris expuisi et multis
German.ae Iocs triennium vagati ad Rhenum pervene-
runt. Quas reg.ones Menapii incolebant et ad utramque
npam flum.nis agios, aedificia vicosque habebant • sed
tantae mult.tudinis aditu perterriti ex his aedificiis oi-ae
trans flumen habuerant, demigraverunt et cis Rhenum
d.spos.t.s praesidiis Germanos transire prohibebant Illi
omnia experti, cum neque vi contendere propter inopiam
nav.um neque clam transire propter custodias Menapi-
orum possent, reverti se in suas sedes regionesque simul-
lenso parant
i quae sunt
c cotidiana
Equestribiis
pioeliantur,
int, ad quos
ioriiin mori-
111 ephippiis
LJinequitum
se omnino
1 ferenduin
mtur.
quam latis-
ficari mag-
non posse.
I passuum
artem suc-
florens, ut
t eiusdem
num attin-
it, et ipsi
assiiefacti.
opter ani-
jllere non
ilto humi-
Tencteri,
oriim vim
et multis
pervene-
iitiamcjue
ant ; sad
ciis, quae
Rhenum
ant. Illi
inopiam
Menapi-
Je simul-
lULI CAESARIS DK DELLO GALLICO, B. IV.
averunt et tridui viam progress! riirsus reverterunt atque
omni hoc itinere una nocte equitalu confecto inscios
inopinantesque Menapios oppresserunt, qui de Cernian-
orum discessu per exploratores certiores facti sine nietu
trans Rlienuni in suos vicos reniigraverant. His inter-
fectis navibusque eorum occupatis, priusquam ea pars
Menapiorum, quae citra Rhenum erat, certior fieret,
flumen transierunt atque omnibus eorum aedificiis occu-
patis reiiquam partem hiemis se eorum copiis aluerunt.
V. His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatem
Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles
et novis plerumque rebus student, nihil his committendum
existimavit. Est enim hoc (;allicae consuetudinis, uti
et viatores etiam invitos consistere cogant et, quod
quisque eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit,
quaerant, et mercatoros in oppidis vulgus circumsistat
quibusque ex regionibus veniant nuasque ibi res cog-
noverint, pronuntiarc cogant. His rumoribus atque audi-
tionibus permoti de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt,
quorum eos e vestigio poenitere necesse est, cum incertis
rumoribus ser ^nt, et plerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta
respondeant.
VI. Qua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne graviori bello
occurreret, maturius, quam consuerat, ad exercitum pro-
ficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, ea, quae fore suspicatus
erat, facta cognovit : missas legationes a nonnullis civita-
tibus ad Germanos invitatosque eos, uti ab Rheno disce-
derent, omniaque, quae postulassent, ab se fore parata.
Qua spe adducti Germani latius iam vagabantur et in
fines Eburonum et Condrusorum, qui sunt Trevirorum
clientes, pervenerant. Principibus Galliae evocatis
Caesar ea, quae cognoverat, dissimulanda sibi ixistimavit
eorumque animis permulsis et confirmatis equitatuque
imperato bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit.
VII. Re frumentaria comparata equitibusque delectis
Iter in ea loca facere coepit, quibus in locis esse Germanos
audiebat. A quibus cum paucorum dierum iter abesset,
327
The fickle
character of
the Gauls.
Caesar dis-
covers
intrigues
hetween the
Gauls and
Germans ;
calls a meet-
ing; of the
Gallic chiefs
and gets
their aid
against the
Germans.
'■'S'M
9
H
The Gemran
deputies ne-
gotiate with
Caesar,
i
iii
328
llr'
who refuses
to allow
thesn to
remain in
Oaul.
FIRST LATIN RBADKR.
legati ab his venerunt, quorum haec fuit oratio C.r
nequepnores populo Romano bellum nfe re ne T""'
v^iv.v,ic, venisse invitos f*ie>ntr^c j
gratiam Romani velint, po e iis '. e . "" ' •" '"'"^
sibi agros attribuant ve patKn ur^ . "''"°' ' ""'^
^n .e.s esse „:!•;— -„--:-
posse, si in Ga°iiL ^emL; ';''" '^"""'- =™'"'i-n esse
suos fines tueri ZnZtuZT L,i "'" """"^ "'"• "i"'
hoc se Ubiis imperlruT " '" ''"■"''"™ P^'"'"' ^
Thev agree
Jja^e^'VndeliberaTa'r^srdlem't.'?- '"°\^^'^^"^°« ^ixerunt et re
en.m magnam partem .nln.... T : ..'^''- ^ognoverat
vanoe.bnt ^"'"«"1 Caesar ab se impetrari posse' di^ir'T. ^^ '"^
he refuses en.m magnam partem equitatus ab i .1 . ^.^''''''^'
.°W„V,.^- "osa profluie ex monte Vosego, „„,■ -s, l„ « -k
bC i-'"«°"™' « P'-"'-^ q^adam ex Rheno re en 1 au l
pellalur Vacalus, insulam efficit Batavorum nea'J ""
-.0 spa.. ;:'z ;,a„'sr; s:iru,:tr' ^'
f> : Germanos
neqiie tanien
tit, quod Ger-
tradita, qui-
ecari. Haec
o .* si suam
amicos : vel
y quos arniis
LJibus ne dii
Him qiiidem
ssint.
pond it ; sed
icitiam esse
^ esse, qui
are ; neque
praeseitim
!» velint, in
apiid se et
Jm petant :
•runt et re
eversuros :
»t. Ne id
■ognoverat
iebus ante
itos trans
e eius rei
in finibus
quae ap-
le longius
T» influit.
coliint, et
Sequan-
n citntiis
s defluit
•urn pars
lULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLlCO, IJ. iv. 329
magna a feris barbarisque nationibns incolitur, ex quibus
sun qu, piscbus atque ovis avium vivere existimantur.
multisque capitibiis in Occanum influit.
cluodtcim minib"",'' '"''' "°" ""P''"^ passuumcacsarp.-
luodecnn mill.bus abesset, ut erat constitutum, ad cum rrr'°^'^
lega. revertuntur; qui in itinere congrcssi mignope e ^Sn^t the
ne longms progrederetur, orabant. Cum id nonim """""""
petrassent, petcbant, uti ad eos equites, qui agmen
antecess.ssent, praemitteret eosque pugna prohibere
s.b.que ut potestatem faceret in Ubios legatos mitlendi
quorum Si prmcipes ac senatus sibi iureiurando fidcm'
fe assent, ea cond.cione, quae a Caesare ferretur, se usuro
ostendebant: ad has res onficlendas sibi tridii spatium
dare, Haec omma Caesar eodem iilo pertinere arbi-
abatur ut tr.du. mora interposita equites eorum, qui
abessent, reverterentur; tamen sese non longius millibus
passuum quatuor aquationis causa processurum eo die
d x.t: hue postero die quam fn ^uentissimi convenirent
ut de eorum postulatis cognosceret. Interim ad prae-
fectos, qu. cum omni equitatu antecesserant, mittii qui
nuntiarent, ne hostes proelio lacesserent et, si ipsi
lacesserentur, sustinerent, quoad ipse cum exercitu
propius accessisset. aciluu
XII. At hostes, ubi primum nostros equites consnex
unt, quorum t^mt n„;,.r :„= ^ ^°"spex- Treach
orons
e.unt, quorum erat quinque millium numerus, cum attack of 'tile
qui trumentandi causa lerant trans Mosam, nondum Tli^'^
red.erant, n.hil timentibus nostris, quod leg ti eotmn "
pauo a.ue a Caesare discesserant atque is dies induti"
era ab e.s pet.tus, impetu facto celeriter nostros
perturbaverunt ; rursus resistentibus nostris, consu u!
d me sua ad pedes desiluerunt, subfossisque equis com-
P unbusque nostris deiectis reliquos in fugam coniecerunt
atque >ta perterntos egerunt, ut non prius fuga desisterent
quam m conspectum agminis nostri venissent. In eo
proe ,oex equitibus nostris interficiuntur quatuor et septu-
agmta, m h.s vir fortissimus, Piso Aquitanus, amplisX^o
genere natus, cuius avus in civitate sua regnum obtinr'
330
Thcdpputios
ofthi'tMit'iny
apolojfize for
tlie iittack ;
tliev lire
detaiiiej.
Caesiir
orders a
general
advance,
and sur-
prises the
Germans
who after a
brief resist-
ance
KIRST LATIN KEADER.
amicus ab senatu nostro appellatus. Hie cum fritri
mte. use ab hostibus au.i.iu.n f.net, iliun. ^^.t^:
c mt, ,p.e equo vulnerato ddectus. quoad potuit.
^^ZJT'' """ ''•'■^^""-"'- -'tis vulneribu
accepti. cecul.s.et, atque id frater, (,ui iam proclio ex-
cessenu P.OCU1 ani.nadvertisset, incitato equo se bo.tibus
obtulit atque iiiterfectus est.
XI I [ Hoc facto proelio Caesar neque iam sibi legates
aud.en osnec^e condiciones accipienias arbitrabatH
s, qu. per dolu.n atcjue insidias, petita pace, ultro
bellu.n nuuhssent : exspectare vcro, dum hostium copiae
am apud eos hostes uno proclio auctoritatis essent con-
ecut. sent,ebat; quibus ad consilia capienda n.hil
on iio" "r ^^'^^'"^^'-^- H- -nstitut^ rebus e
consiho cum legat.s et quaestore com.nunicato, ne quern
d.em pugnae praeternmteret, opportunissin.e r^s accidT
quod postrKhe eius diei mane eaden. et perfid," ei
s.mulat.one usi Germani frequentes omnibus princilu
Z'ri rr T ""'''^'^ '' ^"'" •" -^tr^venlr n
snnul, ut d.cebatur, su. purgandi causa, quod contra
au,ue esset d.ctum et ipsi petissent, pJliurn pHd e
CO nm,s,ssent, s.mul ut, si quid posse,u, de induti
fallendo nnpetrarent. Quos sibi Caesar ob atos gav u
'"OS ret„,en iussit ; ipse omnes copias castris ed xi
equuatumque, quod recenti proelio perterritum esse ex
istnnabat, agmen subsequi iussit.
XIV. Acie triplici instituta et celeriter octo millium
.tinere confecto prius ad hostium castra pervenit 0"^^
qu.d ageretur, Germani sentire possent.' Qui omnibS
rebus subuo perterriti, et celeritate advenU,s no tr
discessu suorum, neque consilii habendi neque am!»
rost'm d:"'" '^'° P-'-bantur, copiasue \dve su
hostem ducere, an castra defenders, an fu<.a salutem
petere praestaret. Quorum timor cum fremitu !„
^u s>gm carotur, militcs nostri pristini diei ll
mctat. ,n castra .rruperunt. Quo loco, qui celeriter arma
ll'l-I CAKHAIUS I)K liKLLO (JALI,I(0, H. ,v. 831
capere p.m.crunt, paiilispcr .u.stris restiterunt atque inter
canos .mpc(inneiua,,uc. proclii,,,, conmiiscrum : at .clicuia
">"">""cio pucrorum nu.licn.m.iMc (nam cum on.nil'us
sins ch.mo excesscrant Rla.nnnu,.,. transierant) passim
A.|ic.e cocp.t ; ad quos consectaiulos Caesar equitatmn
Xy. Germani post tcrgt.m clamorc audito, cum su„sar,. „„..,. ,v
.in erne, vidercnt, aimis al.imis si-nis<,ue militaril)us ^'V;"'^"
rehcfs se ex castris ciecenmt et ctnn ad con.U.entcm """""•
Mosae et Rheni pervenisseiu, reliqua fuga desperata
n.agno numero inte.fecto rdicpii se in flmnen praecipi-
t.iverunt atque ibi tim„re, lassiludine, vi fluminis oppressi
per.erunt. Nostri ad unum omnes incolumcs perpaucis
vulnerat.s ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium numerus
cap.tuni quadrmgentorum et trij-inta millium fuisset, se in
castra receperunt. Caesar iis, quos in castris retinuerat,
disccdend. p<,testatem fecit. Illi supplicia cruciatusque
Gallorum vent., quorum aj,ros vexaverant. remanere se
apud euni velle dixerunt. His Caesar libertatem con-
cessit.
XVI. Germanico belIoconfecto,multis de causis Caesar p ,
statu.t s.b. Khcnu.n esse transeundum ; quaru.n ilia fuit ^-Sto
.ustissima, quod, cum videret Gennanos tan. facile RhrXd
l!met;oIui^''''"-'"V'"''''"^' '"'' ^""'^'^ ''''''' --ritfor
time.e ^ohut, cum mtellegerent et posse et audere populi «°"°i»ff-
Roman, exercitum Rhenu.n tra„si,e. Accessit e.iam, quod
'lla pars equitatus Usipetu.n et Tencte.orum, quam
supra com.nemo.avi praedandi frumentandique causa
Mosam trans.sse necjue proelio inte.fuisse, post fu-am
suftrum se tians Rhenum in fines Sugambrorum receperat
seque cum iis coniunxe.at. Ad quos cn.n Caesar nuntios
m.s.sset, qui postularent, eos, qui sibi Galliaeque helium
intul.ssent, sibi dederent, responderunt : Populi Roman!
.mper,um Rhenum finire : si se iuNito Ge.-manos in Gal-
l.a.n fans.re non aec|uum existi..iaret, cur sui quicquam
esse imperii aut potestatis fans Rhenum postulaiet?
Ubn autem, qui uni ex T.ansrhenanis ad Caesarem
Jegatos m.seiant, amicitium fecerant, obsides dederant
Ui
FinST LATtV READKR.
I..., ,nnere orabant, ut sibi auxihu , ferret, cjuod ^raviter
oxerctiis A,K,v,5i„ pulso et hoc novissimo proelio f,c,„
•;"-■■„,. „,.,.uli K.„n.u,i .„„ c,sc possin, Kav i ""„ a.
■"™™;';''";»'''-n»p.,„a,Kiu,,,exorci.,,,„p„mX„ ."
11... i.ri.iKoia „^ '• i^'icDus decern, qmbus materia coenta emt
:-x™:-, -s,r= -~ --
After layintr A IX. Caesar DailCOS r?l«»c Ik, « /- ..
waste the ,„„„:k„<, • • V^ "'^^ '" eoriim fin bus moratus
lamis of the"'""''^"s vicis aedificiisque incensis fnimpn»;- '"^'^^.'"s
German», he se in fines Uhinr,.,,. ""-^'^^'s 'rumentisque succisis
returns to , ,'" ""^^^ Ubiorum recepit atque iis anviliM.^,
(Ja.iiand PoI ctus. si ab Surhic: n«., . , auxilinm siium
ficstroys the o„ ^, ' ^° ^"'^'^'S premerentur, haec ab iis coenovit •
..nd,e. Stteoos, posteaquam per exploratores pontem fieH r '
penssent, more suo concilio h-ihit. • ''''"'"
par.es din.sisse, „,i de"^;, f ' l-'-V^r""
uxores, suaque omnia in ^ilvi« ^»,, ^ ' '''^^i^os,
,u: anna feL PoslV^n^^'LtrZerST^'
arbitral set r'l, " • "' '^ "^'^'^^^^"^ P^^^^^^^"-
a.Ditratus, se m Gall.am recep.t pontemque rescidit
' 'iitJ^^m^'i^i^iSi!
m^
quod graviter
^ciipntionil)iis
ln-mim trans-
qui temporis
)ini()ncin eiiis
proelio facto
i opinionc et
• avium niaL-^-
ollicebamur.
cocpta erat
^ransducitiir.
Jsidio relicto
conipluriljus
acem atque
'sidesque ad
e, quo pons
JUS iis, quos
'ant, finibus
U seque in
us moratus
|ue succisis
lium suum
5 cognovit :
fieri com-
in omnes
t, liberos,
|ue omne?,
ent : hunc
luas Suebi
tare atque
comperit,
usa trans-
netum in-
obsidione
Rhenum
5rofectum
idit.
lULI CAKSAUIS DK UKl.l.O CIALLICO, B. IV.
333
XX. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in liiscaeHar .le-
locis, quod omnis CaiUa ad septcntrioncs vergit, nia- {;;|;X''i'i •°
turac sunt liicmcs, laiacn in Hritanniani proficisci contcn- ^ai'"": '»''•<"
dit, quod on.uibus fere Gallicis bellis lio.tibus nostris cS.;!'''
inde subininisirata auxilia inteliegebat et, si tcinpus anni
ad bellnni Kerenduu» deficeret, tanien magno sibi usui fore
ajbitrnl..it( r, si niodo insulam adisset et genus lioniinuni
perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus cognovisset : quae omnia
fere Galiis erant incoynita. Neque enim temcre praeter
mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quicquam
practer oram maritimam at(iue cas regiones, quae sunt
contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque vocatis ad se undi(|ue
mercatoribus neque quanta esset insulae niagnitudo,
neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque quem
usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis utercntur, neque
qui essent ad maiorum navium multitudineni idonei portus,
reperire poterat.
XXr. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum semis Voi,,.
faceret, idoneum esse arbitratus Gaium Volusenum cum "'!""• '''"!,
„--_ * i„„ . . w. . rt'iurns una
navi longa praemittit. Huic mandat, ut exploratis om- '•':i'"'-i» '»
nibus rcbus ad se quam primum revertatur. Ipse cum*'"""
omnibus copiis in Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat
brevissimus in Britanniam traiectus. Hue naves un-
dique ex finitimis regionibus et quam superiore aestate
ad Veneticum bellum effecerat dassem iul^et convenire.
Interim consilio eius cognito et per mercatores perlato ad
Ikitaniosa conipiuribus eius iii.ulae civitatibus ad eum
legati \^niunt, qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio
populi Romani obtemperare. Quibus auditis, liberaliter
pollicitus hortatusque, ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos
domum remittit et cum iis una Commium, quem 'ipse
Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi con lituerat, cuius et
virtutem et consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem
arbitrabatur, cuiusque auctoritas in iis regionibus magni
habebatur, mittit. Huic imperat, quas possit adcat civi-
tates horteturque, nt popuH Romani fidcm scquantur,
seque celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. Volusenus per-
spectis regionibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari
i
.»^bo
from the
Morini,
00 i
PIHST LATIV UEADKR.
potuit, qui n..vi egredi ac se barbaris committere non
-'deret c,n„to die ad Caesare.n revertitur quaec ue i"
perspexisset renuntiat. ^ '
hostu^en ^'^"- '>»>" "1 h.s Iocs Caesar navimn parandarum
fron. the causa .noratur, ex magna parte Morinoru.n acLu e U
venermn, qu. se do superioris temporis consilio exc^ r^
quod hom.nes barbari et nostrae consuetudinis i.npe i'
be Hum populo Romano fecissent, seque ea, quae impe s
et facturos poll.cerentur. Hoc sibi satis opportune
Caesar acadnse arbitratus, quod neque post ter-n .
hostem relmquere volebat neque belli gerendi prom
ann. tempus facultaten. habebat neque has tantu a n
ennn occupatumes sibi Britanniae anteponendas iud .
bat, magnum ns obsidum numerum imperaf Ouibns
adducfs eos in fidem recepit. Navibus'^^cite ' .
gmta onerariis coactis contractisque, quot sati esse ad
duas transportandas legione. existimLbat, quic "uid ,rae
erea navmm longarum habebat, quaesto i? legl s n "
rect,sque d.stribuit. Hue accedebant octod cinfo .era iae
tenebantu. quommus m eundum portum pervenire
imnto ntuno Sabmo et Lucio Aurunculeio Cottae le<.a
t.s m Menap.os atque in eos pagos Morinorun, a" b^s
ad eum legat. non venerant, deducendum dedit Pu II ,
^^K^umRuAunlegatun. cum eopraesidio, quod t"
esse arbitiabatur, portum fenere iussit.
XXin. His constitutis rebus nactus idoneam ad navi
K^^ncUnn ten.pestaten. tertia fere vigilia solvit eq esoue
•n ultenorem portum progredi et naves consce iere
se sequ, ,uss,t. A quibus cum id paulo tardiu !se
admm.stratun, ,pse hora diei circiter quarta cum pr
expos.tas host.um cop.as armatas conspexit. Cuius loci
batUKut ex locis supcnoribus in litus tel-=m adici posset
locum, dum rel.quae naves eo convenirent, ad horam
and reaches
Britain.
«■s^i^a^AiOsSSiiE^iSS^^pS^S
lULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO, B. IV.
335
iittere non
[uaeque ibi
arand.irum
eum le^ati
Jxcusaretit,
is imperiti
e imperas-
opportiine
St tergiiiii
:li propter
aiUuIariini
as iudica-
■' Qui bus
iter octo-
s esse ad
uid prae-
itis, prae-
onerariae
::to vonto
pervcnire
xercitimi
tae lega-
■b qui bus
Publiiun
lod satis
ad navi-
uitesque
KJere et
us esset
1 primis
collibu;
lius loci
:oiitinc-
posset.
bitratus
horam
nonam in ancoris exspectavit. Interim legatis tribunis-
que mililuni convocatis ct quae ex Voluseno cognossct,
et quae fieri veilet, ostendit monuitque, ut rei niilitaris
ratio, maxime ut niaritimae res postularent, ut quae
celerem atque instabilem motum haberent, ad nutum et
ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrareiitur. His di-
Miissis et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum
dato signo et sublatis ancoris circiter millia passuum
septem ab eo loco progressus aperto ac piano litore naves
constituit.
XXIV. At barbari consilio Romanorum cognito prae- The natives
misso equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in Roma^n^^''^
proeliis uli consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti, nostros
navibus egredi prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa
difficultas, quod naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto
constitui non poterant ; militibus autem ignotis locis,
impeditis manibus, magno et gravi armorum onere op-
pressis, simul et de navibus desiliendum et in fluctibus
consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum, cum
illi aut ex arido aut paululum in aquam progressi, omni-
bus membris expeditis, notissimis locis audacter tela
conicerent et equos insuefactos incitarent. Quibus rebus
nostri perterriti atque huius omnino generis pugnae im-
periti non eadem alacritate ac studio, quo in pedestribus
uti proeliis consueverant, utebantur.
XXV. Quod ubi Caesnr animadvertit, naves longas, Caesar's
quarum et species erat barl)aris inusitatior et motus ad fZlZy of
usum expeditior, paulum rcmoveri ab onerariis navibus ""^ *'t'"id"'^
„.••... , , , . bearer of the
et remis mcitan et ad latus apertum hnstium constitui loth legion;
atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac advance.
summoveri iussit ; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam
et navium figura et remorum motu et inusitato genere
tormentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum
modo pedem retulerunt. Atc|ue noslris militibus cunc-
tantibus, maxime propter altitudincin maris, qui decimae
legionis aquilam fcrcbat, contestatus deos, ut ea res
iegioni feliciter evenirct : "Desilite," inquit, "commili-
tones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere : ego certe
m
336
Rout of the
enemy.
Several
states
submit to
Caesar.
FIRST LATIN READER.
meum reipublicac atque imperatori officium praestitero "
Hoc cum magna voce dixisset, ex navi se p, oiecit atque
m hostes aquilam ferre coepit. Tiun nostri cohortati
•nter se ne tantum dedecu. admitteietur, universi ev
nav, dcs.Iuertuu. Hos item ex proximis navibus cmn
conspex.ssent, subsecuti hostibus appropinquarunt.
XXVI. Pugnatumestabutrisqueacriter. Nostri tamen
quod nequ. ordines servare neque firmiter insistere
neque s,g„a subsequi poterant, atque alius alia ex navi
qa.buscumque signis occurrenu, se aggregabat, n.agno
opere perturbabantur. Hostes vero notis omnibus vadis
ub. ex htore aliquos singulares ex navi .gredientes con-'
spexerant, mcuatis equis impeditos adoriebantur, piures
paucos circumsistebant, alii ab latere aperto in univer-
sos tela comcebant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar
scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia
m.hf bus compleri iussit et, quos laborantes conspexerat,
n subsKba submutebat. Nostri, sinud in arido constiter:
unt, su.s omnibus consecutis in hostes impetum fecerunt
atque eos m fugam dederunt neque longius prosequi
potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque insulam
capere non potuerant. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam
Laesan defuit.
XXVII. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex
fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legatos de pace
m.serunt obsides daturos quaeque in.pertsset sese fac
Uiros „,,, ,^„^^_ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^ ^^^^,^ ^^^^_^^
At.ebas ven.t, quem supra denionstraveram a Caesare
m Bntannuun praemissum. Hunc illi e navi egressum
cum ad eos oratoris modo imperatoris mandata de-
tum ;r'T'T ^'"^"'"^ ^''^''' •" ^'■■"'^"'''^ coniecerant :
turn, p.oel.o facto, renmerunt ct in petenda pace eius rei
culpam m mult.tudmem contulerunt et propter impru-
dent.am ut .gnoscerctur, petiverunt. Caesar questu
quod cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab
sc pet.ssent, beihnn sine causa intulisscnt, ignoscere im
prudent.ae dix.t obsidcsque imperavit ; quorum illi partem
statmi dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus locis arces-
lULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO, B. IV.
337
racstiteio."
>iecit atque
i cohortati
Jniversi ex
vibus ciiin
runt.
stri tamen,
r insistere
1 ex navi,
it, inagno
ibiis vadis,
entes con-
iir, pi II res
n univer-
et Caesar,
I navigia
ispexerat,
constitei-
I feceriint
prosequi
insulam
fortunani
le se ex
de pace
5ese fac-
^ommius
Caesare
jressum,
lata de-
;cerant :
eius rei
impru-
ciuestus,
cem ab
:ere im-
partem
arces-
sitam paucis diebus sese daturos dixerunt. Interea
suos remigrare in agros iusserunt, principesque undique
convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare
coeperunt.
XXVIII. His rebus pace confirmata post diem quar- Fatfi ouhe
turn, quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves octodeciin, ci^^^lr"
de quibus supra demonstratum est, quae equites sustule- troopships,
rant, ex superiore porta leni vento solverunt. Quae
cum appropinquarent Britanniae et ex castris viderentur,
tanta teinpestas subito coorta est, ut nulla earum cursum
tenere posset, sed aliae eodeni, unde erant profectae,
referrentur ; aliae ad iiiferiorem partem insulae, quae est
propius solis occasum, magno sui cum periculo deice-
rentur : quae tamen, ancoris iactis, cum fluctibus com-
plerentur, necessario adversa nocte in altum provectae
continentem petierunt.
XXIX. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, qui a storm and
dies maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere con- 'j,''»'''^''^''*
suevit, nostrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore Caesar's
.1 •! ,^ • , transports.
et longas naves, quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum
curaverat quasque in aridum subduxerat, aestus comple-
verat, et 'onerarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae,
tempestas afflictabat, neque ulla nostris facultas aut
administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur. Compluribus
navibus fractis reliquae cum assent funibus, ancoris
reliquisque armamentis amissis ad navigandum inutiles,
magna, id quod necesse erat accidere, totius exercitus
perturbatio facta est. Neque enim naves erant aliae,
quibus reportari possent, et omnia deerant, quae ad
reficiendas eas usui sunt, et, quod omnibus constabat
hiemari in Gallia oportere, frumentum his in locis in
hiemem provisum non erat.
XXX. Quibus rebus cognitis principes Britanniae, qui Conspiracy
post proelium factum ad ea, quae iusserat Caesar, facienda °hieh''***
convenerant, inter se collocuti, cum equites et naves et
frumentum Romanis deesse intellegerent et paucitatem
militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognosccrent, quae hoc
!■
338
FIRST LA'VIS HEADER.
erant etiam angustiom, qnod sine impedimentis Caesar
rren h. li. T ^«'""-'^^-l^e nost.os p.o],ibere
nteiclus.s neni.nem postea belli inferendi causa in
n.uannuun transiturum confidebant. Itauue 'rs s
conuuat.one fact paulatin. ex castris disced" acsuo
clam ex agris deducere coeperunt.
Caesar sua- vwi
as noferu tat'.'"'?"' ''" '""^"" ^^'■"•" '^«"^"'^ ^og-
s spta ;t ^T •"'"],""^'-''^"^' ^-« id. quod accidit
conferebat e? '' """"'" '' '^^"^ ^«^'^'^ "" -^^.a
ITrurnZ ^"'' g'avissime afflictae erant naves,
lubebat. Itaque, cum id summo studio a m ilitibus
adm.n.straretur, duodecim navibus an.issis, reliq i u
navigari coiimode posset, effecit.
S' ''' frumemat'un?".;;! " ^""'"' ^'^""^ ^^ consuetudine una
f umentatun m.ssa quae appellabatur septima, neque
ulla ad .d tempus belli suspicione interposita, am pars
hon.n.„..„ ,,,3 remaneret, pars etiam' in casrveTtN
taret, , , qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant, Caesari
renunfarunt. pulverem n.aiorem, quam consuetudo W
taesar .d, quod erat, suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris
.nuum consdii, cohortes, quae in stat?onibus erant lecum
ucc^errTeH '"'"'"'' '"'" '^ ^^"^^^ '" ^^'--e-
ussit r ^"'f T™'" '' ^""'■^■^^"" «-^^ subsequi
K • •?'" P''"'° '""^^'"^ ^ ^'-^^f'is processisset suos
ab host.bus premi atque aegre sustLre et 1;^^^"
leg.one ex omnibus partibus tela conici animaZ t
Nam quod omni ex reliquis partibus demesso f „ent o
pa s una erat reliqua, suspicati hostes hue nostro
vcntuus noctu m silvis delitueram ; tum dispersos
depositisarmisinmetendo- ■ •• «'^Pe^sos
Lipatos subito adorti, pane
IS
lULI CAESARIS DE BELLO OALLICO, B. IV.
339
tis Caesar
duxeriint
prohibere
ant reditu
causa in
le rursus
2 ac suos
silia cog-
et ex eo,
1 accidit,
dia com-
in castra
t naves,
utebatur
mportari
militibus
liquis ut
dine una
, neque
um pars
■a venti-
Caesari
o ferret,
fecisset.
^arbaris
, secum
uionem
ubsequi
t, suos
onferta
dvertit.
Jniento
f5s esse
ipersos
paucis
interfectis, reliquos incertis ordinil)us perturbaverant,
simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant.
XXXI I I. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per The British
omnes partes pcrequitant et tela coniciunt, atque ipso fl;f°h1lng.
terrore eciuoruni et strepitu rotarum, ordines plerumque
perturbant ; et cum se inter cquitum turnias insinu-
averunt, ex essedis desiiiunt et pedibus proeliantur.
Aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt atque ita
?urru se collocant, ut, si ilii a nuiltitudine hostium pre-
mantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant. Ita
mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in proeliis
praestant, ac taiitum usu cotidiano et exercitatione
efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos
sustinere et brevi moderari ac flectere et per temonem
percurrere et in iugo insistere et inde se in currus
citissime recipere consuerint.
XXXIV. Quibus rebus perturbatis nostris novitate caesar acts
pugnae tempore opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit : d"fe|]^iye.
namque eius adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri se ex severe
timoie receperunt. Quo facto ad lacessendum et ad^heToS
committendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus ^'.'.I'p" '""'■■
suo se loco continiiit efc brevi tempore intermisso in
castra legiones reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, nostris
omnibus occupatis qui erant in agris reliqui disces-
serunt. Secutae sunt continuos complures dies tem-
pestates, quae et nostros in castris continerent et hostem
a pugna prohiberent. Interim barbari nuntios in omnes
partes dimiserunt paucitatemque nostrorum militum suis
praedicaverunt et, quanta praedae faciendae atque in
perpetuum sui liberandi facultas daretur, si Romanos
castris expulissent, demonstraverunt. His rebus celeriter
magna multitudine peditatus equitatusque coacta ad
castra venerunt.
XXXV. Caesar, etsi idem, quod superioribus diebus Defeat and
acciderat, fore videbat, ut, si cssent iiostcs pulsi, celeritate Ki'^^v.
periculum cffugerent, tamen nactus equitcs circiter tri-
ginta, quos Commius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est,
340
Caesar
makes
peace ; sets
sail for
Gaul.
Sudden
attack of
the Morini.
Conquest of
the Morini
and Mena-
pii.
FIRST LATIN READER.
secum transportaverat, legiones in acie p,o castris con-
0"ge iatequc affl.ctis nKe„s,s<,ue se in castra receperunt
Caes'^fe^'df "" "'" '*'" * '«'^'""'^ "'-- "d
Paulo pos. ,„edia„, '"c. m nTes sX''™" """"'
::n°eTa:v°d"'"^"'™^"--"-'-<'"-'^^^^^^^
;;'^r:proiriia::^z:-'---o„
lent arma ponere iusserunt. Cum iUi o,be facto sese
de enderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circi Ir
rnillia sex convenerunt. Oua re nnnf;.^ r- circiter
ex castri«; Pnnif » • """tiata Caesar omnem
ex castr s equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim no.tri
m.htes .mpetum hostium sustinuerunt atqu L^,
turn ™!,''n'; l'^"''''. '"'""° '''^ ■T''™ Labienum lega-
potestawm Lab.en, venerunt. At Quintus Titurius
IlLI CAESARIS DE BKLLO OALLICO, B. V.
341
castns con-
im militum
i verteiunt.
bus efficere
ie omnibus
receperunt.
niissi ad
numerum
eosque in*
die aequi-
ibiciendam
ni nactus
lae omnes
X his one-
ipere non
: expositi
enderent,
s pacatos
a magno
^rfici nol-
acto sese
I circiter
r omnem
m nostri
amplius
s vulne-
stea vero
, hostes
numerus
im lega-
xerat, in
ui cum
n habe-
nes fere
riturius
et Lucius Cotta legati, qui in Menapiorum fines legiones
duxerant, omnibus eorum agiis vastatis, frumentis
succisis, aedificiis incensis, quod Menapii se omnes
in densissimas silvas abdideiant, se ad Caesarem re-
ceperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna
constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia
obsidcs miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus
gestis ex iitteris Caesaris dierum viginti supplicatio a
senatu decreta est.
LIBER QUINTUS.
L L. Domitio Ap. Claudio consulibus discedens abcaesar
hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannis facere consuerat, flgetTo be
legatis imperat, quos legionibus praefecerat, uti quam •'"'"•
plurimas possent hieme naves aediticandas veteresque
reficiendas curarcnt. Earum modum formamque de-
monstrat. Ad celeritatem onerandi subductionesque
paulo facit humiliores, quam quibus in nostro mari uti
consuevimus, atque id eo magis, quod propter crebras
commutationes aestuum minus magnos ibi fluctus fieri
cognoverat; ad onera ac multitudincm iumentorum trans-
portandam paulo latiores, quam quibus in reliquis utimur
maribus. Has omnes actuarias imperat fieri, quam ad
rem humilitas multum adiuvat. En, quae sunt usui
ad armandas naves, ex Hispania apportari iubet in^e'^^^ P'"'»-
iM /- II- ... . . ' "" tae give
conventibus Galliae citenoris peractis m Illyricum pro- hostages.
ficiscitur, quod a Pirustis finitimam partem provinciae
incursionibus vastari audiebat. Eo cum venisset, civita-
tibus milites imperat certumque in locum convenire iubet.
Qua re nuntiata Pirustae legatos ad eum mittunt, qui
doceant nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio,
seseque paratos esse demonstrant omnibus rationibus de
iniuriis satisfacere. Percepta oratione eorum Caesar
obsides imperat eosque ad certam diem adduci iubet;
nisi ita fecerint, sese bellocivitatem persecuturum demon-
strat. lis ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter
civitates dat, qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant.
rL
342
FIRST LATIN RKADER.
The Treveri
and their
rival
chieftains.
p:^1:r ./': ^'i^ '^""^-tis rebt,s conventibusque pe.actis in
their ;!efti. citenorcm Galliam rpvr.titi,,- -.f • . ^'''^"^» •"
Fleet order- p,,,,i,.i,Hf„r ' ''^''^" '"' ^'^1^'^ '"^l^' ad excicitUIll
s:^;^;. ^ ^ i' d litt,^' ?"r "'""^' "''""''^ "'"""^"^ '^"---
c er sexcentas cu,s generis, cuius st.pra cienionstra-
n m r' ?"'" "'*'"' "^^° '"^^"'^ "-^^-'- "-I-
Coll t "'r'^ '" ^'"" ''^"'^'^ '^'^'^^'^ ^'^^'"^i P"^«int.
quid fien vel.t, cstend.t atque onines ad portu.n Itiun
r:;:;" T "' ,..0 ex po.tu con,n.odissin:.n in Bn
n« nta a contn^ent.: huic rei c,„od satis esse v sum est
e equ.tibus octnigenfs in fines Treveroann proficiscitur
od h. necjue ad concilia veniebant nec,ue imper o p !
bant Germanosque T.ansrhenanos sollicita.e dicebant^r.
tatu vd^r' '"'''"' ^""^^" P'"^'"^"'" ^«''^'^ f^-"iae equi-
ut s o : ,''"""''"' '"'^^' ^«P'- P^^'^"-» Rhenun.que,
ut supra demonstravum.s, tangit. In ea civitate duo
^•ngetonx , e qu.bus alter, simul atque de Caesuis
e8.onun.que adventu cognitum est, ad eun. ven t
Koman, defecturos confirmavit quaeque in Treveris
Sr:uTco"^"''' ^^ ^"^"^----'equitatum pe U
tatumque cogere nsque, qui per aetaten, in armis esse
non poterant, m silvam Arduennam abditis, qlingent
magnuudine per medios fines Treverorum' a fl n in
in t u-t^'slT"'^ ^^"^°-- P-^i-t, bellum par
'nst tu,t. sed posteaquam nonnulli principes ex e-,
c.vua e et fa.iliaritate Cingetorigis adduct e adven"
nostri exercitus Dertcrriti arl r^^c «uvcmu
• . Hd<-rnn acl Laesarem venerunt et Hp
Sesp iHr^;.-^-. \ ■ '^J^atoi, ad Caesarem mitt t :
noluisse, quo faclius civ.iatem in officio continerel n,-
omn,s „ob„i.a,is discessu plebs propter i.npldTnLm
lULI CAESARIS DE «KLLO GALLIOO, «. V.
343
laberetur: itaque esse civitateni in sua potcstate, sesec|ue,
si Caesar permittciet, ad eiini in castia venturuni, siias
civitatis(iuc fortunas eius fidei permissurum.
IV. Caesar, etsi int.ellegebat, qua de causa ea dice-ciniretorix
rentur quaeque cum res ab instituto consilio dcterreret, |i,'*'|'°'|f,|',
tanien, ne aestateni in Treveris consumere cogeretur '''>"i''»">»
•1 1 11 ■ • 1 II , offended,
omnibus ad britannicmn belUnn rebus coniparatis,
Indutioniaruni ad se cum ducentis obsidibus venire iussit.
His adductis, in iis filio propinquisquc eius omnibus,
quos nominatim evocaverat, consolatus Indutiomarum
hortatusque ep% uti in officio maneret ; nihiio tamen
secius principibus Treverorum ad se convocalis hos
singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit, quod cum nicrito eius
a se fieri intellegebat, tum magni interesse arbitrabatur
eius auctoritatem inter sues quam plurimum valere,
cuius tarn egregiam in se voluntatem perrjexisset. Id
tulit factum graviter Indutiomarus, suam gratiam inter
suos minui, et, qui iam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset,
multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit.
V. His rebus constitutis Caesar ad portum Itiuni cum Caesar
legionibus pervenit. Ibi cognoscit quadraginta naves, foS^^
quae in Meldis factae erant, tempestate reiectas cursum
tenere non potuisse atque eodem, unde erant profectae,
revertisse ; reliquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus
rebus instructas invenit. Eodem equitatus totius Gailiae
convenit numero millium quattuor principesque ex omnibus
civitatibus, ex quibus perpaucos, quorum in se fidem
perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidum loco
secum ducere decreverat, quod, cum ipse abesset, motum
Gailiae verebatur.
VI. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Aeduus, de quo Dunmorix
ante ab nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis frouble.
constituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum
imperii, magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis
cognoverat. Accedebat hue, quod in concilio Aeduorum
Dumnorix dixerat sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri;
quod dictum Aedui graviter ferebant, neque recusandi aut
deprecandi causa legates ad Caesarem mittere audebant.
:V'
if'>
i"'l
344
FIRST LATIN UKADER.
Death of
Duniiiorix
Ifl factum ex suis liospitibiis Caesar cognoverat. I He
omnibus primo piccibus petere contendit, ut in Gallia
rcluKiuorctiir, partim ([uod insuetus navigandi marc
timcret, p;iniui quod leligionibus . impcdiri sese dicerct
Posteaciuam id ob.tmate sibi nega.i vidit, onmi sp,.
impetiandi adempta principes (ialliae sollicitare, scvocaie
smgulos hort:.rique coepit, uti in conlinenti rcnianerent •
mctu ten-itaic : non sine causa fieri, ut (Pallia omni
nobilitate spoliaretur ; id esse consilium Caesaris ut
quos in conspectu (ialliac interficere vereretur, hos omnes
in Bntanmain traductos nccaret ; fidem reliquis inter-
ponere, lusiurandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu Galliae
intellexissent, communi consilio administrarent. Haec a
compluribus ad Caesarem defcrebantur.
VII. Qua re cognita Caesar, quod tantum civitati
Aeduae dignitatis tribuebat, cocrcendum atque de^et-
vendum, quibuscumque rebus posset, Dumnorigtm
statuebat ; quod longius eius amentiam progredi videbat
prospiciendum, ne quid sibi ac reipublicae nocere posset'
Itaque dies circiter viginti quinque in eo loco commoratus
quod Corns ventus navigationem impediebat, qui magnain
partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, dabat
operam, ut in officio Dumnorigem contineret, nihilo tamen
seems omnia eius consilia cognosceret; tandem idoneam
nactus tempestatem milites equitesque conscendere in
naves lubet. At omnium impeditis animis Dumnorix cum
equit.bus Aeduorum a castris insciente Caesare domum
discedere coepit. Qua re nuntiata Caesar intermissa
profect.one atque omnibus rebus postpositis magnam
partem equ.tatus ad eum insequendum mittit retrahique
imperat ; si vim faciat neque pareat, interfici iubet, nihil
hunc se absents pro sano facturum arbitratus, qui
praesentis imperium neglexisset. Ille enim revocaUis
resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem implo-
rare coepit saepe clamitans, liberum se liberaeque esse
c.vitatis. Illi, ut erat imperatum, circumsistunt hominem
atque mterficiunt; at equites Aedui ad Caesarem omnes
revertuntur.
lULI CAKSAKIS DK HKLLO GALLICO, U. V.
345
verat. I lie
t in Gallia
audi mare
;se dicert't.
onini spr
e, sc\oc;ue
nianercnt ;
allia onini
esaris, ut,
hos oiiines
quis inter-
isu Galliae
. Haec a
m civitati
[ue de'et-
mnorigtiii
!i videbat,
re posset,
nmoratus,
magnam
vit, dabat
ilo tamen
idoneam
ndere in
orix cum
: domum
itermissa
magnam
!trahique
bet, nihil
tus, qui
evocatus
1 implo-
]ue esse
ominem
1 omnes
VIII. His rebus gestis Labicno in continente cum r.uw,
tnbus legiombus ct equitum millibus duoljus relicto, ut ™", j
portus tueretur et rem frunientariam pruvideret quae'que ''"i•»i•^ '"
m Gallia gcrercntur cognosceret consiliumque pro '^^ ""^"
temnore et pro re caperct, ipse cum quinque legionibus et
pan numu-o equilum, queni in coiuinenti reliquerat, ad
soils occasum naves solvit et Icni Africo provectus media
circiter nocte venlo intermisso cursum non tenuit et
longius delatus acstu orta luce sub sinistra Britanniam
rchctam conspexit. Turn rursus aestus commutationem
secutus remis contendit, ut cam partem insulac caperet,
qua optmium esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat.
Qua in re admodum fuit militum virtus laudanda, qui
vectonis gravibusque navigiis non intermisso remigandi
labore longarum navium cursum adaequarunt. Accessum
est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere
tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est visus ; sed, ut postea
Caesar ex captivis cognovit, cum magnae manus eo
convenissent, multitudine navium perterritae, quae cum
annotinis privatisque, quas sui quisque commodi fecerat,
amphus octingentae uno erant visae tempore, a litore
discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant.
IX. Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneoxhe Britons
capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit, quo in loco hostium °I'P°'''^ '^'s
copiae consedissent, cohortibus decem ad mare reiictis i"land.
ct equitibus tre-entis, qui praesidio navibus essent, do
tenia vigilia ad hostes contendit eo minus veritus navibus,
quod in litore molli ^tque aperto deligatas .ad ancoram
relinquebat, et praesidio navibusque Quintum Atrium
praefecit. Ipse noctu progressus millia passuum circiter
duodecim hostium copias conspicatus est. Illi equitatu
atque essedis ad flumen progressi ex loco superiore nostros
prohibere et proclium committere coeperunt. Repuisi ab
equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt locum nacti egregie et
natura et opere munitum, quem domestic! belli, ut
videbantur, causa iam ante praeparaverant : nam crebris
arboribus succisis omncs introitus erant praeclusi. Ipsi
ex silvis rari propugnabant nostrosque intra munitiones
346
FinST LATIN RKADER.
natl news of
thp fleet.
Labieniis
builds new
ships.
Caseivel-
launus.
inyredi prohibebant. At milites legionis septimae testu-
dino facta ct aggere ad iminitiones adiecto locum ceperunt
eosque ex silvis expulcrunt paucis vulneribus acceptis.
Sed cos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod
loci naturain ignorabat, et quod magna parte diei
consumpta munition! castiorum tempus rclinqui volcbat.
X. I'ostridie eius diei mane tiipertito milites equitesque
in e-xpeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur.
His aliquantum itineris piogressis, cum iam extremi
essent in prospectu, equiti s a Quinto Atiio ad Caesarem
venerunt, qui nuntiarent superiorc nocte maxima coorta
tempestate prope omnes naves afflictas atcjue in litore
eicctas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisteient
neque nautae gubernatoresque vim pati tempestatis
possent: itaque ex co concursu navium magnum esse
incommodum acceptum.
XI. His rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque
revocari atque in itinera resistere iubet, ipse ad naves
revertitur; eadem fere, quae ex nuntiis litterisque
cognoverat, coram perspicit, sic ut amissis circiter
quadraginta navibus reliquae tamen refici posse magno
negotio viderentur. Itaque ex iegionibus fabros deligit
et ex continent! alios arcessi iubet ; Labieno scribit, ut,
quam plurimns posset, iis Iegionibus, quae sunt apud eum'
naves instituat. Ipse, etsi res erat multae operae ac
laboris, tamen commodissmnim esse statuit omnes naves
subduci et cum castris una munitione coniungi. In his
rebus circiter dies decem consumit ne nocrturnis quidem
temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis
navibus castrisque egregie munitis easdem copias, quas
ante, praesidio navibus reliquit,ipse eodem, unde redierat
proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, maiores iam undique in
eum locum copiae Britannorum convenerant summa
imperil belliaue administrandi communi consilio permissa
Cassivellauno; cuius fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen
dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter millia
passuum octoginta. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis
civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro
imae testu-
in ccperunt
IS acceptis.
.lit, et quod
parte diei
iii volcbat.
eqiiitesque
xiuerentur.
m extremi
Caesarem
ma coorta
: in litore
ubsisterent
empestatis
ITium esse
itatumque
ad naves
litterisque
3 circiter
se magno
"OS deligit
scribit, ut,
ipud eum,
)perae ac
nes naves
i. In his
s quidem
Subductis
ias, quas
redierat,
adique in
summa
permissa
is fiumen
sr millia
1 reliqiiis
d nostro
lULI CAKHAHIS DB HKLLU GALLICO, U. V. 347
.ulvcntu pemioti Britanni liiinc toti bcllo impcrioque
praefecerant.
XII. Hritanniae pars interior a1) iis incolitur, quos nntos The people
in insula ipsi nicmoria pioditiiin diciint, mariiima pars ab
iis, qui pracdac ac belli infcrendi causa ex Ileigis trans-
ierant (qui omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur,
quibus orti ex tivitatibus eo perveneruiit) et bello i'lato
ibi pcrmanserunt at(|ue agros colere coeperunt. Honii-
nuin est infinita multitudo creberrimaque aedificia fere
(iailicisconsiniilia, pecorum niasrnus nunierus. Utuntur
aut acre aut taleis fcrreis ad certum pondus examinatis
pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediter-
rancis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, scd eius exigua
est copia; aere utuntur importato. Materia cuiusque
generis, ut in Gallia, est praeter fagum atque abietem.
I.opoiem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant ;
liaec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt
temperatiora quam in (iallia remissioribus frigoribus.
XIII. Insula natura triquetra, cuius unum latus est The island
contra Galliam. Huius lateris alter angulus, qui est ad
Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur,
ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc
pertinet circiter millia passuum quingenta. Alterum
vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem ; qua ex
parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut existimatur,*quam
Britannia, sed pari spatio transmissus atque ex Gallia
est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu est insula quae
appellatur Mona; complurcs praetcrea minores subiectae
insulae existimantur ; de quibus insulis nonnulli scripse-
rnnt dies continuos triginta sub bruma esse noctem. Nos
nihil de eo percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex
aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continent! noctes
videbamus. Huius est longitudo lateris, ut fert illorum
opinio, septingentorum millium. Tertium est contra sep-
tentriones : cui parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius
angulus lateris maxime ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc
millia passuum octingenta in longitudinem esse existi-
H\
348
FIRST LATIN READER.
Manner»
and
customs.
More fight-
ing- ; a sur-
prise; death
of a tribune.
British
mode of
flfhting.
matur. Ita oninis insula est in circuitu vicies centum
niillium passuiun.
XIV. E.x his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui
Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima oninis, ncque
multum a Galiica differunt consuetudine. Interiores
pleiique frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt
pell-busque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro
nificiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc hor-
ridiore sunt in pugna aspectu ; capilloque sunt promisso
atque omni parte corporis rasa praetor caput et labrum
supenus. Uxores habent deni duodenique inter se com-
munes et maxime fratres cum fratribus parentesque cum
libens; sed si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liberi,
quo prmium virgo quaeque deducta est.
XV. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum
equuatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, tamcn ut nostri
omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in sil-
vas collesque compulerint ; sed compluribus interfectis
cupidius insecuti nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi
mtermisso spatio imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis
in munitione castrorum subito se ex siivis eiecerunt im-
petuque in eos facto, qui erant in statione pro castris
collocati, acriter pugnaverunt, duabusque missis subsidio
cohortibus a Caesare atque his primis legionum duarum
cum hae perexiguo intermisso loci spatio inter se constitis-
sent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris per medio=
audacissune perruperunt seque inde incolumes recepe-
runt. Eo die Ouintus Laberius Durus tribunus militum
interficitur. Illi pluribus submissis cohortibus repellu^ur.
XVI. Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub ocuhs
omnmm ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est, nos-
tros propter gravitaiem armorum, quod neque in'sequi
cedentes possent neque ab signis discedere auderent
mmus aptos esse ad huius generis hostem, equites autem
magno cum periculo proelio dimicare. prnptorea qund iH^
etiam consulto plerumque cederent et, cum paulum ab
legiombus nostros removissent, ex essedis desilirent et
■icies centum
anissimi, qui
minis, ncquc
Interiores
carne vivunt
iritanni vitro
lue hoc hoi-
unt promisso
lit et labrum
nter se com-
ntesque cum
oentur liberi,
proelio cum
:n ut nostri
eos in sil-
s interfectis
int. At ill!
le occupatis
iecerunt ini-
pro castiis
sis subsidio
Lim duarum,
se constitis-
per medios
nes recepe-
lus militum
repellu-itur.
sub oculis
m est, nos-
[ue insequi
! auderent,
lites autem
ea qund il!i
paukim ab
esilirent et
lULl CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO, B. V.
349
pedibus dispari proelio contenderent. Equestris autem
proelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque
idem periculum inferebat. Accedebat hue, ut nunquam
conferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarcntur
stationesque dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps
exciperent integrique et recentes defatigatis succederent.
XVII. Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibusThe Britons
constiterunt rarique se ostendere et lenius quam pridie '''^'"''''"^•
nostros equites proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie,
cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omneni
equitatum cum Caio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex
omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt, sic uti ab
signis legionibusque non absisterent. Nostri acriter in
eos impetu facto repulerunt neque finem sequendi fecer-
unt, quoad subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones
viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt, magnoque eorum
numero mterfecto neque sui colligendi neque consistendi
aut ex essedis desiliendi facultatcm dederunt. Ex hac
fuga protinus, quae undique convenerant auxilia dis-
cesserunt, neque post id tempus unquam summis nobis-
rm\ copiis hostes contcnderunt.
XVIII. Caesar cognito consilio eorum ad flumen Caesar
Tamesmi m fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit ; quod TiTamls*^^
flumen uno onmino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri
potest. Eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram flumi-
nis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas. Ripa
autem erat acutis sudibus praefixis munila, eiusdemque
generis sub aqua defixae sudes flumine tegeljantur. His
rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque Caesar praemisso
equitatu confestim legiones subsequi iussit. Sed ea
ceieritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, cum capite
solo ex aqua extarent ut hostes impetum legionum atque
equitum sustinere non possent ripasque dimitterent ac
se fugae mandarent
XIX. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omniTudi.s of
deposita spe contentionis dimissis amplioribus copiis, f^'^f^l^^'-
niillibus circitcr quattuor essedariorum relictis, itinera """"''
nostra servabat paulumque ex via excedebat locisque
11
Sv'i
350
The Triiio-
bantes sub-
mit to
Caesar.
So do other
tribes.
A British
"town."
FIRST LATIN READER.
impeditis ac silvestribus sese occultabat atque iis regioni-
biis, qiiibiis nos iter facturos cognoverat, pccoia atque
homines ex agris in silvas conipellebat et, cum equitatus
noster liberius pracdandi vastandique causa sc in agros
eiecerat, omnibus viis scmitisque essedarios ex silvis emit-
tebat et magno cum pei iculo nostrorum equitum cum iis
confligebat atque hoc nietu hitius vagari prohibebat.
Relinc|ucbatur, lit neque lont^ius ab agmine legionum
discedi Caesar pateretur, et tantum in agris vastandis
inccndiisque faciendis hostibus nocerctur, quantum la-
bore atque itinere legionarii miHtes efficere poterant.
XX. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum
regionum civitas, ex qua iMandubracius adulescens
Caesai-is fidem secutus ad ciun in continentem Galliam
venerat, cuius pater in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat
interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga mortem
vitavcrat, legates ad Cacsarem mittunt polhcenturque
sese ci dedituros atque imperata facturos ; petunt, ut
Mandubracium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defendat atque
m^ civitatem mittat, qui praesit imperiumque obtineat.
His Caesar imperat obsides quadraginta frumcntumque
e.xercitui Mandubraciumque ad eos mittit. Illi imperata
celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque
miserunt.
XX I. Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni mihtum
iniuria prohibitis, Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites,
Bibroci, Cassi legationibus missis sese Caesari dedunt.
Ab his cognoscit non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivel-
launi abesse silvis paludibusque munitum, quo satis
magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppi-
dum aiitem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo
atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae
causa convenire consuerunt. Eo proficiscitur cum legioni-
bus ; locum reperit egregie natura atque opera munitum ;
tamen hunc duabus ex partibus opnngnare contendit.
Hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum impetum
non tulerunt seseque alia ex parte oppidi eiecerunt.
tULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO, B. V.
351
lis regioni-
!Coia atqiie
n equitatus
5C in agros
silvis emit-
um cum iis
prohibebat.
; legionum
> vastandis
-lantuiu la-
2rant.
ina earum
adiilescens
m Gal Ham
obtinuerat
,a moiteni
icentiiique
petiint, lit
idat atqiie
; obtineat.
icntiimque
i imperata
lentumqiie
li militum
Ancalites,
ri dediint.
1 Cassivel-
quo satis
it. Oppi-
iitas vallo
I vitandae
m legion i-
munitum ;
contendit.
impetum
eieceiunt.
Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus, multique in fuga
sunt comprehensi atque interfecti.
XXII. Dum hacc in his locis geruntur, Cassivel-
launus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra demon-
stravimus, quibus rcgionibus quattuor reges praecrant,
Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuntios
mittit atque his imperat, uti coactis omnibus copiis
castra navalia de improviso adoriantur atque oppugnent.
li cum ad castra venissent, nostri eruptione facta multis
eorum interfcctis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige
suos incolumes reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus hoc proelio
nuntiato, tot detrii..v;ntis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime
etiam permotus defectione civitatum, legatos per Atre-
batem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit.
Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continenti propter
repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis super-
asset, atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides
imperat et, quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo
Rom.'.io Britannia penderet, constituit; intcrdicit atque
imper.at Cassivellauno, ne Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus
noceat.
XXIII. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare,
naves invenit refectas. His deductis, quod et captivorum
magnum numerum habebat et nonnullae tempestate de-
perierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare
instituit. Ac sic accidit, uti ex tanto navium numero
tot navigationibus neque hoc neque superiore anno ulla
omnino navis, quae milites portaret desideraietur ; at ex
iis, quae inanes ex continenti ad eum remitteientur et
prioris commeatus expositis militibus et quas postea
Labienus faciendas curaverat numero sexaginta, per-
paucae locum caperent, reli(|uae fere omnes reicerentur.
Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra expectasset, ne anni
tempore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium
suberat, necessario angustius milites collocavit ac sum-
ma tranquillitate consecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset
vigilia, prima luce terram attigit omnesque incolumes
naves perduxit.
Four Kent-
ish kinga
defeattid.
Cassivellau-
nus treats
for peace.
Caesar
returns to
Gaul.
^1
NOTES ON NEPOS.
TMEMISTOCLES.
yomE^?* Aduks^iSL" : Vn;!n^?,'?"''^" ^ " ^'^? ^^"''^ "^ '''- "^-'^ early
LmoodanTSefp/9 B^^^ ^'.o'tintn;'^'"--^"*^^^'-"*"'-^ f"'
/>., even of the present chv F«f orHjli ",^ " ^"Pei.or to him,"
begin," i.e., describe hi. ST^^*, 6 H.'I,w'"''"°*'^" = " "'^ "^"^^
nassus," a city of Caria, in Asia Ev ^ " "^licarnassiam : " of Pfalicar-
since he M-as displeasing to hi paren '""So . r.' ' P*''^"**^"^ = " ^"^'
begins with cum and a rdative n mntn t V'"'"^ '? ^^•''''" '"'"'^"ce often
aVocsyranslatedhyid^^^LSa/raXcot
hee Vjcab. under nrohn r^^r, "-"""ci.tive. farentibus: dative.
ludicavisset : n. 207 a Ram • V' Pf*^6""D«s.— Cum ...
"very d, "e ,-iv " ?"' 4- — Efm : j.^., contumeliam. — Dilieentius •
^eiy u.!,ge?uly : compar. dec;. = "very" " nfh^r " ^I'^stJ-itius .
erant: note that onus est is fren^raii,, ,, i ■ '^^"^'^- — Quae opus
construction? p. 28° fi tL th n? Ill '■"P^'-^""''"^- ^^'^' '^ ^he
jeci. as, Dux nobis onus est W<^^? may however, be the sub-
tandii, •..., in rebul eTo Jt^Hi., vT^ ".^edof a leader."- Excogi-
lary under Vere.-Quo ffiS^est^t '" ''' ^^'^^»^""
that" : note that & rela^^Hdvlrb^quo = et So"- '' aid%h "'f "'''^
bee note on quae contumelia abov'» ec eo _ and therefore."
subjective genitive, p. 280, 6. Nenos is thinking ^fH, 1 .•,-^***° * ^°''
an<l money by the Rou.an nnSsti^^tes n .1 "^ ^ ^bs nbut.on of corn
depending on cum cT,Tv2^\T^^ PopuI<-xnty.-Interiret :
seaVs a^vays been Jntiefi v,^tVpi;;??s'tm°e?W .h'^^o \h'" ^^'^"T
orno—SalSi . Graeciae forTh?, f .°''"^'''* = ■''" ^«'^^b. under
mood of fuerit ^'T^i, i -Be o P^rTJ' '^^' '^- F- «be
Second Persian War (480BC) is n7ei?H5n.l. ^?: '^4, i. The
the building of the shfc fbr ^^^^^^^"^ ^::;J^:S^:^:^
352
fw^^KOtli&iy^tl^
man's early
Jratur: for
or to him,"
" we must
of Halicar-
ms: "and
lence often
ve pronoun
us relative,
ius: "too
ilia: "but
itii a rela-
-Cum . . .
igentius :
uae opus
hat is the
5 the suh-
- Excogi-
e Vocabu-
lesult was
herefore."
ab. under
iffairs."—
s no war
war with
Kess this
; on quae
who goes
b. under
ontory of
itio: for
n of corn
titeriret :
e Aegean
present,
bap. I. —
b. under
For the
I. The
lays that
salvation
NOTKS ON NEPOS.
353
of Greece, because the Athenians were compelled to become a maritime
people.— Nam cum . . . quisquam : tiiis senience is left unfinished.— Et
man et terra: we also imd terra marique, terra ac mari : note the
omission of m.— Terrestris . . . exercitus : Herodotus puts the infantry at
1^700,000, and the whole force, including camp followers, at 5,283 220 —
w ^® ', ^-"i^J'"^ '''^^^ '^'"g o^ Persia when Marathon was fought (490 K c )
He died 486 B.C., and was .succeeded bv his son Xerxes, who reigned from
4»5 to 405 ri.c. In the reign of the latter were fought the batth-s of Ther-
mopylae, 480 B.C.; Artemisium, 480 B.C.; Salamis, 480 B.C., and I'lntaeae
479 B.C. — Delphos: for the ca.se, p. 285, l.— Consultum: in what dilTerent
ways may this be expressed : p. 295, 9. -Quidnam facerent : " what, i)ray,
were they to do ': delib. subjunc. in indirect. What would be the direct
question? p. 288, 3, top of page.— Respondit ut: note that respondeo
has here the construction of a verb of commandnn^: p. 292, i. 'I'he menn-
ingis "bade them in answer."- Id . . . valeret : see Vocal), under valeo.
l-or mood, p. 306, 4.— Persuasit . . . esse: when persuadeo means "to
convince, it takes the ace. with inf , like other verbs of sayhv,-: p 288 i
foot of page. - Eum . . . ligneum : scil., Themistocles dixit: "for
( Ihemistocles said) that was the wooden wall meant by the god " Eum is
predicate and attracted to the gender of murum,— Maioribus natu : " th^
elders : comparative of senex : cf. superlative maximus natu : p. q8,
note.-Ad sacra procur .nda: "to perform the religious rites." The
Acropolis of Athens contained the Parthenon, the chief temple of Athens,
dedicated to Athene, the guardian goddess of the city.
^^ Chapter III.— Huius: i.e., Themistocles.— Magis: scil. quaminmari:
rather than on the sea. There was no division among the Greeks prior
to this, for the Greek congress decided that the fleet should guard the
northern entrance of the Euboic channel, and that the army should make
a stand at Thermopylae.— Qui ... occuparent, paterentur : p. 294, ;.—
bustmuerunt: Leomdas and his Spartan band withstood the Persians for
three days till the enemy was treacherously led over the ridge of Oeta, and
attacked the Greeks in the rear.— At : a particle of transition introduci.^
a new subject; sed is adversative.— Trecentarum navium : according to
Herodc'us (vm, 2), the number of the Greek ships was 271 : of which 127
\yere Atlienian.— Artemisium : there were three battles at Artemisium on
three successive days. After the news came that Lconidas had fallen at
Ihermopylae, and that the Persians were marching on Athens, tlie Greeks
decided to retire to Salamis.— Pari proelio : "after a drawn battle " (abl
manner) : on the first two days, the Athenians gained some advantpge, but
on the third, both fleets suffered heavilv.— Quod erat periculum ne •
periculum erat has the construction of verbs oifenrimy ■ p 294 8 —Si
SUperasset: p. 301, (3), (b). Two hundred of the Persian fleet did try to
sail around Euboea, but were wrecked on .he coast.— Ancipiti periculo •
t.e, in front and rear. -Quo factum est: see note on the same expression.'
Chap. I. ' '
Chapter IV.— At: see above, Chap. Ill.-Protinus : also written
protenus: it refers to lime, "forthwith," ortoplnce, "onwards." Here it
means " without interruption. "-Accessit astu : for the more common
accessit ad astu. Astu is the Greek liarv in Roman characters. The
City of Athens was called aarv in opposition to the harbour towns, Piraeus
354
THKMISTOCLKS.
Phale
and
i
dUnArcrtc ""'"PSfuas. P.2S5, I : decline domus: p. 2^8.— Universes
d spersos equivalent to si universi essent ... si dispersi essent -"iV
d.eywe.XM.Il united, .if they were all separrUed.' -Pares s' hosSL
Regi : Eniybiades ; he was admiral, not kin- -Qui nraPPr^f? .T
indicative: p. 307, 13, (^). -Minus quam' velfet vi^inf c^Si^^^^^^
dem,^nn ir''- " " D^pugnandum : note the intensive to oV de n
depugno, devinco, decerto.-Angusto mari .- tl>e hay of SalamiV
repeated more than once.--Ab eodem /'IhSoclS-Wd^'^te
from A^Jdoso LiAsirt?csid: o/X^Hln-^^^^f .= ^i'^ '""''^^'^ <^^'-^-^
&^"r ^o?lf rrf °f ^f ^-^"^ i;S;s-^;:eS"'-
lecerat. p. 307, 13, («)•— Qua: sci . via: .so eadem sell via ' {.L
C"r A'Sau^r^l'^ "?' ''' '^""^ ^°"^^ 'y "'^'"- h:d ad'nced'''
retreat occupied 46 days.— Sex mensibus. . .diebus trieinta- ablatiC
st'rSn'^iAlt^m ^'Tr -'"P-'-^^'-.'ninus has no1,-,Ece o^ tt^on!
!„Ii . , ' ^'"^ '^ ^ se'^""^ victory. "-Quae oossit • "of
po5i!'f^,'">lnta~r'?„'Tr ■?"? •, "'.I """' ''°"^""" »f "'" Athenian
The •• °,J win ""•„?,, ^t "^h °' 'i-" ■':■■"'"• "-'I' ""' connected by
active we say either urbem muro (ahl.) or urbi (dat ) Zmm circnm
ReVtiluit" S?,--' "^bs muro (,.1,1. ) or irbi (dat ) muri d^urndS.-
E • l'^f""^tocles both rebuilt the old walls an<l extended he
houndanes of Athens, encloshig the newly acjuired parts widfne v wa Is
-Q?S Zssfde'S^^ ^96. 5,U: «for dr^yrng":
vuae . . . possiderent : final : "for the r enemy to acauire" • n inJ^ c
n."^ n • • f ^*''"V V''-'^'' !" ^"'^^■•^"' "''J-'^t thanthey .Ji I e,l 'JaZt'J-
NOTES OS NEPOS.
355
protect them."-Sive . esset : dependent clause of oblique narration:
P'^u^°^'l■ ?' ~~ ^^ sacelhs sepulchrisque : this is only partially true
(Thucydides, i, 193, sqq.). ^ '^ ^
Chapter VII.-Dedit operam duceret : "took care to spin out
he time. Note that longius and longissime may he applied to time,
but not longe : diu is the regular word.-Causum interponens : Nepos is
fond of present participles; Caesar would have said causa interposita.-
Sunt consecuti = advenerunt : " arrived." The others were Arisiides
and Ilabronichus -Imperium : "military power" belon-ed to the kin-rs
of Sparta; potestas, "civil power," to the Ephors.— Quibus haber-
etur: oblique narration, hence the subjunctive: p. 305, 2.— Qui exDlor
arent: for mood: p. 294, 5--Se . . . retinerent = me retmete = imperat.
of direct narration : p. 306, 3.-Gestus . . . mos ; see Vocab. under mos,-
l'raedixit = praecepit: in this sense praedico ioilows the construction of
verbs of cowwamfiuir: p. 292, i.-Utne: for ne.-Esset remissus : de-
pendent clause of oblique narration: p. 305, 2.-Magistratussenatumque-
referring to the board of Ephors, five in number, and to the (lerusia or
Senate of Sparta, which consisted of the two kings and twentv-eicht other
members.— Quod -id quod: dependent clause of oblique narration- p -,o;
f--^f°^--P^^^^^^- ji^OS publicos, the gods generally worshipped
throughout Greece, as Zeus Apollo, etc.: deos patrios, the guardian
gods of Athens, as Athene, Poseidon : penates, the gods of each family
—Quo facihus : p. 294, 4. -Oppositum agrees with the predicate propuel
naculum by attraction. -Bis : at Marathon 490 B.C. ; at Salamis 480 « c
— yui . . intuerentur = quippe qui . . . intuerentur: p. 298, c.— Si
vellent : p 305, 2.-Quos . . . miserant : p. 307, 13, («).-Se ren .>terl
ent : direct narration = me remittite.
Chapter VIII.— Tamen : i.e., in spite of all his successes.— Ob eundem
timorem: ?.^., of his becoming too powerful. -Testularum suffragiis •
see Vocab. under testula. He refers to the ostracism of Themistocle'^
(B.C. 471), on the charge of taking bribes from the Persians. The institu-
tion of ostracism was one of the reforms of Cleisthenes. The Athenian law
provided that "at any political crisis a special meeting could be called
at which the people could declare by their vote that the presence of any
individual was prejudicial to the interest of the state." If six thousand
citizens voted, by writing the name of any individual on a piece of tile
(testula, Gk. oa-paKo»), that such a person should be banished, he was
required to withdraw from the boundaries of Attica, and remain in exile
for ten years, or until recalled. He did not, however, lose his citizenship
o. property.-ArgOS: what case, gender and number? See Vocab -1
Habitatum : supine. -Hie : i.e., at Argos.-Cum . , . viveret : for cum
causal, see p. 297, 4.- Qui . , . accusarent: for qui final, see p. 294, c -
Quod . . . fecisset : is this a charge of Nepos or of the amba.s^adors ?
p. 297, 3. What would fecerat mean?-Rege Perse = rege Persarum
or rege Persico.— Hoc crimine : the charge quod societatem. . . fecis-.
set-Proditioms: p. 281, i2.-Ouod . . . "idebat : wliat doc= the in-
dicative imply? p. 297, 3. -Eius : - Corcyrae. -Timere ne . . . indicerent :
p. 294, 8.— Admetum cum quo, etc. : acc>.rding to Thucydides (i, i-,6)
Admetus had been thwarted by Themistocles in pressing some demands at
Athens, so that the statement here is probably incorrect.— In praesentia-
356
THEMISTOCLES.
him his protection " : p. ago 8 -Guam • -pVr^TrT i ^fi ' P'^omi'Sd
nmS; /'";,'"'^^'^'^'".'^y »f tl"^ K"'-^"! is not vouched for l,y Nepo • ,, ,07 ' V-
.obably the opm.un of Adn.etus stated hy the author -Hie " f^' I'.
historic present. -Gratiamrettulit: see Vocab. under grSL ^'"P""'' =
Chapter IX. -Xerxe regnante : as Xerxes reigned 48?-d6^ b c- and
Artaxerxes 46;-42; « c and n« »lif. fli,ri,f ^r -ru ^>" ,' 4"'3 4"5 «•<-. ana
a6o n r hi • .. iti , •*"• ,'^'"^ ^^ '."^ «'yht of Themistocles was probably in
come."-Gra.orum: parlitive genitive af.er qmj u.S^ -, Idem • " ?
,1 ^ .° „.. ^^ ' '''^ Statement from nam cum fn lihorafi.o
does not occur in Thucydides. Herodotus f viii i io?^v T./ i "°^*^^*"S
Annuum . . . tempus. not "ankual"S' "aVearTtSie ''^^' ^"*'^"^-
tecisse : to have spoken with greater facility. " In Perside sril VJrl
Cum. esset pollicitus: for cum causal, see p. 297 f -inud - Uie^cT
lowmg^» referring to the clause ilium . . oppressurum -Asiam • ," !
.f to the Roman province of Asia, whicli compKedT;ria LycHa' Mv'sif
qua haberet fVnni^nVr, • '\f^^' ^" ^"^ ""^e . . . sumeret anc ex
:.^cy£r ^^^"Sat ^he ^S^ of^/^^ll^JelS^S!;??
omb of''fT'''-^.'^"f^ ^^''■^^'>' '" ^"'-'«- I" theTi,- of PausTni^.^"^
Pn^Lf^ ""',"'''? '^'■^■^ P°""^'i °»t near the harbour of p" aeV
Polissimum: adverb: "above all others. "-Neaue nZJ. . ? 7
mus," .'without denying": literally, "but he doe.'?o" de "5 "l^Venenu^ -'
concederetur:' Sal TbliqSf .. p --^;";^— 'de.-Quoniam . . .
NOTES ON NEPOS.
35;
ARISTIDES.
- De^Sdn^L J.^-?''*u'"/ ^'•■"''''" '"'?'* aequalis, "a contempo.nry.-
thes^'w' 0,«';^^ "'"'l': Obtrecto.-In his: <',„ tl.e case of
mem- v"". iPn ■, '""°f "t'^^ = " "^nv nu.cl. doquenct. outweighs
cenSaL^ „" /7S ] ' 'n " ' "' ^"^«st^'-e* = !'• 291, i : for the case of inno-
centiae, ].. 278 7- - Quamquam . . .excellebat: p. 302. i, (a) -Ouem
aud enmus : " at least of ,h.,se whom we l:ave he.ani of> ' Qu c,^"?m,ve
— UOI abefactus : according to Grote, the rivahy arose fr.,m the fact thni
Athen. a sra-power.-Testulailla: note ilia, " thai well-known " • see
?Sive-^^ Tv!l- T'''"'-' ^"'^"^'^""^'"^ive force of quidem after
( lliem 1) — Cedens: "as he was retiring from the stru-'irle "-Scriben
em : " a. I,e was writing " : i.e., the nan,e of Aristide onTi; tahTe" No
name was offic.ally proposed for ostracism, and the voter coul Ivvrite any
name he wished. I'lutarch tells the story that the man coul 'o wru7
laW^«i '''l'''r •'°.- J''^' ^'' °^^" "''^•"^- "''i^'^ •'« did. -Quod •
laborasset: sciL Anstides : for the subjunctive see p. 307, 11, note see
Vocxb. under laboro.-Postquam . . . quam : quam is rcSula Iv !ed for
pos quam when post or postquam has just preceded. Tlh. n meiSt
used with postquam when a deHnite tinie is stated (as here sixto anno»
otherwise the perfect indicative is used. Aristi.les was 1 . nisdfed 48^°' '
and recalled 4S0 B.C. about the time of the battle of Salami .ipopuli
fnl^JcnJlir-rV^r people" = V";0.<T;.«. The resolutions of the plebs
sc/JcoX/LT)"'"*" ^' ^^^'"^^^^^^ ^'^"^^ Plebis scita (scitum,Pfum!
ma<le sole commander <,f the Athenians at Plataeae, thc/u'd, l4usa L ec
theuni ed Greeks.-Huius imperii memoria : "the recor.l o th com
mand."-Multa: sc.l. sunt fuustria facta, from the il li^stre fectum
it summi "'aI^H "-'"^ ■^^'•'^'"^' instances. "-Factum est '.in 3
ut summa . . . Athemenses : the treasury of the Confederacy of Delo
2a?3n= " r*^%i^'^^^'' classes\edificandas exercituSjSe cS
?f:fef°f; ,?rf''"o'*= P- 294, 5. -Quantum pecuniae: p.^So ° -
wer. p. 291, J. Qua...abstmentia: abl. of nuahtv: n 28^ 12
s'JET'QrL'Ton'V"' "'"^ --^ ^"^'^■^'^"r "-^ i-pp-''on to",;;
concessive' se^e-^n^o/ c ^n^'' "S""" .' " P^^efecisset : on cum (though)
concessive, see p. 303, 5.-Qui efferretur : " wherewith to be buried.''—
f
358
HANNIHAL.
")■■
8e ; sLc pi fn •/■'''' '" q»"cuin = quocum. I'or tl,e sul.junctive
see . 204 5.-Reliquent: j.. 295, 1.- Ut . . . collocarcntur : acconline
to Plutarcli tl.ey received each 3,000 dracl.mas (about $530 of our moneys
HANNIBAL.
,^«;?.Wi?r If^'^f '""^ ^^' •/. • "^ • ; • superarit : the construciion of verum
est ut with the sul.junct.ve (.nstead of ace. with inf.) is on the analo-y of
dew^ Cnm'pn -"uT ^'* infitiandum : scii. nobis: '-.e n.ust not
deny. — i^um eo . Italia : construe, nam quoticnscumque (Fantiibal)
Z1^[TTA'^ '" It* f* *=»«" eo (populo). 'lins is not true as Ha nilm
was defeated by Marcellus at Nola in Campania, li.c. 2 1 5. -Nisi esset ■
IvH.nnn'' '"i^ /PP^-^i'io" of the peace party at Carthage which ;^a"fed
by Hanno.-Videtur: I.atni prefers the personal construction witli verbs"'
sayn>^>r, seemnjg, e.c.-Ut deposuerit : construe ut deposi erit an^mam
pnusquam deposuit) id /...odium. -Qui quidem : ^iTa^l^^S^Z
p. 298, 5 : «'sMice he, indeed. "-Animo : "in his he.rt," "in intelition:"
Chapter Il.-Ut omittam: see Vocab. under omitto -Absens •
''"'coSn^.r^r""^",'^'""^^ ""'^"«'^ ''« vvasnot^;"?hi.. '' Ut
mm if '*= ^f "'T'' P- 295. I— Italiae: p. 278, 6.-Ad queni
cum : Roman and.assadors visited Antiochus at Ephesus an C
annibal there.-Qui . . cxplorarent darentque opelam : p. 294 c -
s"me one ""'sJe"voo'. • '" ^fP'^i»"^'" ^"^"i 'enio^' I am sVsplctedby
enTd o b; ^^n J f u ""I"", ^"^P^"°- '^^''"^ ^"'"^" ambassadors pre-
Tamouam ^.1^. ""'>'' '" °'!'^.'- '° "^^^^ Antiochus distrust hinU
lamquam . sentire: "of entertamintr, as thoudi corrupted by them
onem'nnf m"' ^T ""^ ^ '^"^ ^'^"^'^" = ««"^i^re depenllson suspS-
??h.^ r^ vn'"*.?'^ ^t'l"^ '^"'' *"*= '^^ "«te on alio . . . atque
edin^V "13- V^-~;f^'*^"^---^"*^'^^^"*=^"l'P'y<:"'" from the p>e
-edms: and when they were successful in their scheme, and when
Ha.nn.bal discovered it and found himself excluded from the king's ZTy ■
? irT^"" •''° I',;™' ''^ -- " --™ Set,-;;- e'^:rju;
dubltoin hesense of /.mA,/, takes the infinitive : in the sens; oS/ if
ml-'-^hUefrid^"'" r'\ -"'i"-^',-= P- ^96, e.-TeSemfsd
me . wlnle I held my hand upon it." It was customary when nkintr o
solemn oath to lay one's hands on the horns of the X'rV a 1 'i^^to
"that 'r3f °^ >t-;In amicitia . . . fore :=amicum esse UuJ^m •
NOTES ON NEPOS.
359
qual.-SuffectO: a magistrate was called suffectus who was elected to
(leposet .-Hoc : lasdnil.al. He was assassinated by a Spaniard who.e
master had neen lolled by Hasdmbai.-Delatum : '' reportLi '- An^^^^^^^
FoIdeZ^:::^^^^'- '''^'- ^«S, (-.-proximo tnennio: p. 28^ "1
Foederatam: the CartnnKMnans held the pan of Spain souih of the Kbro •
the rive., Inu was ,n allumce wiili kon.e, which guaranlec.l her inde
mns''"l;rturP*'r*=..^''"^V''^> '■•^••''^"- ^livWedSMs arn,y into 1 ee
nnnam , ""'"' '''^'' '"■ "'^''''»i"." "ear the coast.-Nemo
unquam: h.s is not correct, as we know that the Gauls oilen made in.o^ls
into the Roman territory throLi.l, the Alpine passes. Accordi ,0
Poybms, Hannibal crossed by the Little St. IkMnai'd l\vss (AIpesGraike)
Alpine tubes. The mountain villagers annoyed Hannibal in his
Cone d t !T ^^''^^"^ll"^.•- ' I-"' . -^ Nepos would have us believe.-
Tffni^fn;,."! ■'■'""'' \'"' '" '"'-^''^"'"i^' =^"'1 <Ierivation from concidit-
.,!nl " ol i "'u*','!^ expression, iter munire, "to build a military
p^alt ofTi^Tentenoe. '""^ '™'''-" ''^'^ "^^ ^''''^-'^ '" '-■ '^'t-
.f^WM^ ^V'-Conflixerat . . . pepulerat : there was no regular battle
a^ the Rhone, though the Romans route.l the Numidian cavalry which
Hannibal sent out to reconnoitre. -Clastidii; Nepos confuses ,he battle o
Uastidmm w„h that at the river Ticiuus. After passing the Ticinus
aS Tr.hS^n^'''!:'-'''"""^^""^''"^* • ■ • ^''"'^^^■- '^'^'-'^ presents. -
Apud Trebiam : Scipio was not present at Trebia, for he had not yet
ecove-r,l from the wound he received at the battle of Ticinus. The
batt e of Trebia was fought in December, 218 H.c.-Inde : "after that " •
m the spring of 217 K.c.-Appenninum: scil. montem.-Dextro : scil.'
?prHrn T^'"^'^""",' '\'''=^' ^'" '"^' '^'' '''Shi of ..neeyecompletely.-
Lectica: Livysays that he was at this time carrie.l by the only elephant
.liT r "/T- '"i^^"^ '"" "^"^*-' 'o '^'^ Via Flaminia; the great
Prifnrl'^^ T'r ^T'- ^^"'""^ "''"''='' '^^ ''^''''''''^ "•'•'^" '>^- ^^'s censor -
i'raetorem: C. Centenius was not /»cu-/or hut /„-ojyrae/oK -Ohviaw. see
Vocal., under obviam.-Paulum : Lucius Aemilius Paulus was wounded
at Cannae, 216 k.c, and refused to save himself by flight.
Chapter V.-Romam : Hannibal did not inarch at once on Rome after the
S !' n°, 1 '""'*'• ; V " "l- "^- ' ^'' y'""'' ^f'^"" tl'e l>att le of Cannae, he went
theieand encamped for a short time on the hills aroun.l the city.-Fabius
Maximus: appointed dictator in 217 B.C.. the year before Cannae
Ihe escape from Max.mustook placein2i7 B.C., not after Cannae, asNepos
states -Clausus : concessive: "though enclosed. "-Dedit verba: see
Vocab. under do.- Obducta nocte : see Vocab. under obduco.-M.
Minucius Rufus: the dilatory policy of Fabius caused the Romans to
appomtMinucius the Master of the Horse, to a command equal to that
of the dictator Half of the army was given him, and he was\iravvn nto
an engagement w>»h Hannibal, in which he was saved only by the timely
airival of l-almis. He then resigned his command. --Ti. Sempronius
Gracchus : this happened in 212 B.C. Marcellus, not GraccZs w"s
consul at this tune, the correct expression is bis consulem, " who had
360
HANNinAL.
been twice consul." «„t iterum consulem. " wlu, l,.„l hv,n consul -x soconri
\i,f h • "^,^'""1" \ ^•'^'i'--^. >>i I.ucama, near lieneveiUuin. J\I. Claudius
M cellus tlje cun.iuemr of Syracuse, was slain, not aft.r. I,u. lu in "
fim. cons Isl.ip. 208 ...c. near Venusia.-Sustulit : from tol o Par
modo : by «.ttn.K l.nn nuo an amlnish in the ne.j;hl.orl.„o.l of \ ° usi.
Longum est: ".t uoul.l l.e tedious." Tl.e in^ficative is o ten Jd ii;
e ..•essK.,,s of uuess^^y, p^oMcty for the subjunctive as apo I. i o a
'-..plied condu.on as here = siennumerarem. . .longum esset : cf. p. 301. 3
2n?n^P*".^'-.7""^.'"'' '• ^'T J'-'iIy— Defensum: p. 289. i. This was in
203 H.C when lieKon.ans. havinj,' conquere.LSpain an.l cm.f.ned lanniln
F ™r"f""' '-"'^''»"'^.,<^'<'^^ed over to Africaan.l threatenecl ("a InT
F garat^fugaverat.-Inpraesentiaruni: see W.cal,. uude praesentia
Quo, .congrederetur: p. 29.,. 4. -Condiciones non convenerunt "^^^^^^^
conveneru t hey d,d not a^ree on the terms. "-Incredibile dictu •
p. I7> 1 lie statement here is absurd. It is not known where ;^ann was
lolyburs .says u was five days' march west of Cartha^a.. O hef^^iy tl'm
Iladnuneum ru.d /ama were about one hundred n.Oes ana TlRiduo
sol. spatio.--Oppressit: "cru.shed." Paucis diebus : ,''284,2
^il?Jr..^",T^'''''°, ^^"^'"^= ^'^^'-' V"'^''^!'- ""'ler nihilo.-ResQue
,. .gessit: "a,.d he earned on the war."_Consules : the Romans nmked
then-year l.y the nau.es of the consul.s. These were in oflke ?. 2m
agerent: p. 294, 5 -Quod . . . fecissent . . . donarent oetereiit h .
.s..bj„„ct,yes .show that the vvords of the and.assadors . re\is?d T2V7 \
h^mini'^ '"r ^^^..^'""^'- donare coronam homini „, donari " rorona
hominem. -Cum ns^secum : so obsides eorum = obsidersui - m
Fregelhs essent : '; nn^ht be allowed to live at Im.JJS'' -E^ s "aius
consulto: the presKhny magistrate was .aid senatSm rm.«nwf 1
''an order of the senate-' wat called senatus SSSm w' i'r''
Tt- ^ ^tT': "''J'"'"''^" of dependent clauses of'^oblic^ef,: r" on :
p. 3°:), 2.~Rex : two mag^ trates caled Suffete^^ -ere elerfp.! -it rnwi.
for a fixed period. The word Suffetes is c:^.;teV 1 he He^^;^^^^^
won Shophetim '/judges." Nepos translates it by regei-WctS
bus . the vectigaha u^re taxes raised from conquered lafus crown Ss
mportsand exports._Quae. . .penderetur : p. 296. 5 ; so also reoon^^^^^^
ur.-Senatus daretur: daresenatum, '' to grant a hi;r m'i ui.Ste""
An- subjunchve, p. 299. 8. -Quae comprehenderent : p 294 -Si
SSbSverun?''"^]! -""^'°^'i'l|:e nanatio^: p. 307, . i.-^ublicar5nt: =
putjlicaverunt : all moneys realized from goods confiscated became -1 mrt
of the state treasury (publicum aerarium). ^ ^
Chapter VIII.— Consulibus: lyn^.c— Africam acrp«!«!if • <'in.,^^i
jn Africa in .he territorv of the Cyrem^aus -S Tducerentur • " h? the
hope that they might." etc. : virtual oblique narraS' p. o7. ' -
Antiochi spe fiducmque: objective genitive, p. 281,7: '' by their
hope ni, and reliance unon. \nt;r.^),no " pn- --r^..-- • ^ ,
is that iianuibai had tned-„ "p;;;;;;,; A,S^;in;r=:f'1^S' iSr^d
hadfa.Ied.-Huc: to Cyre.^-.-Desperatis rebus: see Vocab! Lder
ml a second
was cut off
I. Claudius
diiiiii;; his
>llo. Pari
\'eiuisia. —
on u^cd in
losis of an
f- P- 301. 3-
riiis was in
I Hannibal
aitliaLje. —
raesentia.
Hint: "the
nibus non
ile dictu :
Zania was.
IS say that
— Biduo :
, 2.
— Resque
lis marked
n.c. 200.
-Qui...
rent : the
I'- 297. ,v
B corona
.-Ut..
E senatus
re. hence
arent . . .
larration :
Carthage
Hehiew
ectigali-
vn lands,
aponere-
: senate";
. 5— Si
arunt : =
lie a part
"landed
"in the
7. II.—
'y their
lie truth
aly and
. under
NOTES OX NEPOS.
361
n^was in the ..lloiin, ^r'd::n^Zut ^la^ ^i^^i; iX-mt""'
^;:^: rhh^inSrin^/^^s^r^Jo ■'• s'^'' ^^^^^f^'
superior in eo cornu in quo'rem"gesiit:^ ° ' ' ' '"P'"°'' = '■'■' '^'^ ^^'^
tur^-**?*lo^^8'^5"^^*°=/l\''''^'""'''^'9on.c.).-Verens ne dedere-
Xer^ove?hi.n'~? ' V.S?*"f^*f11 = '.' '^ 'l^' (Hannihal) had given them
M vtrovernim . ,.c., if he had fallen into their hands": i.. :oi f?) f/J) __
?n.?r •.^^I'^T^*^ ''• '9'. I— Nisi quid providisset:'qurdLaiauid~
unless he took some precaution " : ,,. 206. note -Illorim hUi T .k
I'-onouns refer to the (iortyni.-Stituas kineas • S.^, ■ V M °'t
movable heads. -Domi: p 285, J"*^"*^ aeneas . perhaps hollow with
Chapter X.~Suis rebus: "his proper. Poenus- ;> Hinnib.i
middle of pace. — Imoerawif mUia-i . tu ■ r ■•• ^ """,''-' .• P- 290,3,
used with imoero Wh.M ,1 ^ , ' '"'■"•^'ye passive is sometimes
ll^cu uiu. impero. V\hat is the lern ar constructon? n on-) i r,..^
p. 279. .a.Jtore=id fifSmeJse. • ' -'"^K"'' "^ • • ■ P--«n>io '
auDitaoat: p. 297, 3-— Quin . . . esset scriotum • n 2ofi fi V«i..*-
an ordinary letter would, c^fnsist of two wax7fE VaLS^t^h ° wi^/
a string. -Quae.., pertinerent: con.secutive relative : pTg^S -Possi^^^ '
p. 297, 4.~Conict coepta sunt: the passive of coepi is used vd^en the
ffls; -V^t^s--''^^^ "= "'^ ^'^ ""''"'' "^' ^'^^-'^.'•-
SeSof!;^"" ?iJ;'l7/??"'' • •^«^"tur: p. 299, 4— Patres conscripti: ««the
C^T ft .'p'^^''^'^'^"^»''^ the Senate probably consisted oripinally of the
me ast ot citizens. —Qm. . . existiraarent : qui causal: p. 298, 5.— Qui
\M
'J\
362
HANNIBAL.
...peterent: qui final: p. 294, 5,— Dederet: supply ut before dederet
fromthe preceding ne. — Ipsi . . . comprehenderent : for imperat. of direct:
=vqs, SI potestis, comprehendite.— Inventuros : scil. dixit eos esse.
— Ei.. .muneri: p. 279, 12.— Ne usu veniret: literally, " lest it should
come in actual experience " : usu is an ablative of manner, or, if an old
form for usui, a dative of purpose.— Puer ab ianua : "the door-boy,"
" the slave at the door " : cp. Horace, Od. I, 29, 7; puer ex aula, "the
hall-boy," "the waiter."— Consuerat=consueverat.
Chapter XIII.— Acquievit : a euphemism for mortuus est— Septua-
gesimo : Hannibal was born in 247 B.C., and would have been 63, 64, 65
years of age at these dates, according as the consuls mentioned held office
183, 182, 181 respectively.— Annali suo: scil. libro: "in his chronicle."—
Nonnihil temporis : partitive genitive: "some time."— Ad Rhodios :
"addressed to the Rhodians."— Huius: Hannibal.
«LMm'.r
w
re dederet
:. of direct:
eos esse.
5t it should
, if an old
door-boy,"
lula, "the
— Septua-
63, 64. 65
held office
"onicle." —
Rhodios :
NOTES ON CAESAR.
BOOK IV.
Chapter I.-Qui fuit annus: " Which was the year of the con.ukl.in
n''2o/','"'r'~S"°'^- "'''^' ^"^' '^'^''" explaining
Pv 293. 2.-Complures annos: p. 284, 4._Bello: ahl
of
consuls." — Quo.
causa transeundi
.iismcts of unilefiiie,! exIMil : cp. French «low ^rLe ,h^T^::„ r '
marked out by boundaries. "_Lonffius = diutSs??etn^. J""^-!
operam, Nepos, Them. VII): lonTn^ay tTatd ^^f^' cT C n^ot'o
.me: though longms and longissime ma/ be said of bot^'-Frimento
on corn' : vivo hkeVescor takes the ahl. of means : p. 283, 10 -MaxV
Sm Tn^'"-= '^'^rr^'" acc-Multum sunt: see Vocab un.ler mu '
turn. -A pueris: "from boyhood": cp. « naiSc^v.-UnUo isuefSi •
?r. l7 V" ''""!^.'° "^ systematic performance orSuy'^ 'S t"
tramed to no set duty or system." Caesar refers to ti.e restiims nf
"onnH '°'f^'- ^1"<^^1'°". etc.: assuefacio is used al o t S/theX ve
tleSd '^^*"/*"*^ ^.'«"^> «Win.ue narration: "because, as hey sav
tiiey do so. — Immani . . . maenitudine • n ^8^ 10 t« It^^ ^'
duxerunt: "they have bro.IJJt'^tlLms'elv^s pJol'uc hTrdy ^Ut^'':±
.mper ect subjunctive in haberent . . , lavareStur is irreguL ; we sh'olkl
-Ve t tusTTVsol^' "-^°"^ frigidissimis : see V?cab. u.^l^lot
Chapter II.— Mercatoribus
toribus est aditus ad eos {i>:,
'j^beant : the construction is, merca-
Vocab. unc er flinn Tmnanc» i- ' t"'» 3' V"*" etiam : see
Summi labS". p X? EoSS' "k ''' ^'°,^?^- ""'^^'- i'npensus. -
ments."-Pedibus- '' on fnt~" S""""^ P''°^'."^.= "'" ^'-^valry en^age-
vestigium lEorum ZrU^^s ■'^^cr^'^r ' ' ''^^^'P'' '' ««^ Vocab. under
causo — InerfiW .< """"."S; , according to then- not ons": al)l of
pauci: "Wverfe""" ""'^'"' "' " '"^^^ unskilful. "-Quamvis
side of their tSntoriif^!^?-,^ ^ueSiZS^ .^^^/ ll^ SH
363
1
364
NOTES ON CAESAR. — BOOK IV.
(hey suppose) is shown the fact that a great number of states cannot with-
stnn<i the>r,,ower': the subject of significari are the words magnum
posse. -Agri: subject of dicuntur: note the personal use: see note on
Tpir.'^'/u'^^V"'""'^"'' ^''^'^- ^)-Succedunt: see Vocab. under sue"
cedo.— Ut. . .Germanorum: see Vocab. under captus.— Paulo : join with
humaniores. Note that propterea quod lil;e the simple quod takes tlie
indicative when stating facts : p. 297. 3— Moribus assue?acti : "made
ani. bar with GaU.c habits ': see note on nuUo . . . assuefacti (Caes., I
IV, Chap I).— Cum: "although," answered by tamen : n. ^o; -^ _
Ac . . . redegerunt : "and they reduced them to a state of far less import-
ance and strength," ,..., than they originally had. The distinction bet veen
mutum and multo is this : the former is used with verbs, and the latter
with comparative adjectives and adverbs.
Chapter IV. -Causa: " condition. "-Multis . . locis : in is omitted
witli locus when quald^d with an adjective.- Vi contendere : " to dTsp.te
a passage by force. "-Revertl: note that the forms of revertor from tie
present are passive in form, and from the perfect are active -Tridu
scil.spatu: p. 280, 4.-Equitatu : abl. of instrument or of accompani-
ment with cum omitted. -Priusquam...certior fieret • p 200 8 !i
Rehquam partem : p. 284, 4— Eorum copiis : "with their supplies'" •
».^., the supplies of the Menapii. fh"" .
«f.S!l«P*®M-y-r^"°^.^""*=- ''• 297, 3— Student: see Vocab. under
Studeo.-Nlhll . . . existimavit: "he thought that no confidence at ill
^lould be placed in them " : nihiUan emphl"tic non.-^Est consuetu-
dmis: "now this is a characteristic of Gallic custom"- p 270 2 — Uti
A^i. ■ ^"^^'■^"t • : circumstat . . . cogant : explanatory of hoc!-
Audient aut cognovent: indirect questions, p. 291, 1. The latter ve-n
rn^L'nf ''^ x?^' experience. Note the change in number iu circumstat and
cogant. 1 he questions are put by the individuals comprising the vulcus
Decline vulgus: p. 230, foot note. -Rebus: "the facts" they hear from
the merchant.s.-Auditionibus: "the hearsays. "-In vestigio : see VocT
under vestigmm. -Quorum . . poenitere necesse est : " of which thev
are bound to repent at once": eos poenitere is the subject of necesse
est, hteralljs" of which that they repent is necessary. "-Pleriouesdl
fiSur^'"" «-espo^deant: depending on cum' see Vocab under
Chapter VI.-Qua cognita: the relative serves as the connecting link
of the two chapters : "now as he knew this custom " : see note on ouae
contumeha (Nepos Them., Chap. I)._Ne . . . occurreret . profic?sc1-
tur: note that proficiSCitur is a historic present, and has the force of a
l^^T V^T^ in sequence: p. 290, 2, foot of page. -Ea . . . facta: self
fu.sse.-Utl . . . discederent . . quae postul^sent : p. 305, 2 -Foie
parata: fore with a perf. part. pass, in indirect represents a fut pe.f
m direct -Qua spe: "a.ul by hope of this": cp. hoc metu (Caes '
B V, Chap. XIX). -Clientes: "ciependents" o!i ceiSn peLl^b;'.
oi.gmg to patrician families of Rome who acted as patroni or counsellors
m the law courts for the clientes. Hence perhaps our presenrmeanit
Caesar means 'hat the freveri were the protectors of the Eburones and
NOTES ON CAESAR.— BOOK IV.
365
cannot with-
magnum . . .
: see note on
I), under SUC-
ilo: join with
od takes the
Cti : "made
:ti (Cnes., B.
P- 303, 5- —
r less import-
:tion between
nd the latter
in is omitted
"to dispute
tor from the
e.— Tridui :
f accompani-
3. 299, 8.—
r supplies":
ocab. under
dence at ail
. consuetu-
2.-Uti...
y of hoc—
e latter verb
:unistat and
the vulgus.
;y hear from
see Vocal),
which they
of necesse
irique: soil,
3cab. under
necting link
te on quae
proficisoi-
; force of a
Facta : scil.
, 2.— Fore
a fut. perf.
Jtu (Caes.,
)ersons be-
counsellors
t meaning,
nones and
Condrusi
ea, and not
^^mt^of^f """"'^'f,* '■ *';' '^Y''' '' ""'"'^y explanatory to
.. 1.^ /M '^ I'-'" "f^,<^=^esars thoughts; hence, the indicative : p ^07
13, («), (-^).-Imperato: "levied": abl. ai,solute. What two meaning;
has impero ?
in uSivycW^^fer",'""' V ''''''''\ °^^^" '■'^P^^'^ ^'^« ^^'^^^^^nt
iNcque pnores . . . tnferre : in direct si)eech we should have • nnc r^r
juncti ve (possedennt as more vivid. -Quin contendant • ^" .HI I n
say) they do not decline to fight, if the^T attacked "-Quin: pl^l'7
ti^do n r"w^r^ deprecari : tl infinitives are explan.-^o^ of conluel
Attrihn^nf^ ' '''7- '"f " "'^ ^^ "t ^''•^ ^''^ subjunctive : p. 293. 3
-Attnbuan^ patxantp , nt would these be ul .iirect na'rratfo'n p'
Len able to co^f. ''^ mL ."•"'" "''^ '^'" '''" ^ods themselves had ever
conque.-" ^ ~^°" '"""' superare: «'whom they can fail to
Chapter VIII. -Quae visum est: scil. respondere: literally "which
dit P lof 8 'Vr'"'-^- ■ ■ '•«'"^«^«"t = tlie tense is cket^o respond
nan", ;1^ V^rnr''<< f''"»'!?^' p.eseiit subjunctives give vividness to^the
capable and are not now) capable": qui causal: p. 298, q -Tantee
ZTT""'- P':ae,sertim strengthens a previous stalement by aSfa
horcle." '■ '''"'•' ''" ^' ^''""''^ "«"^''y» ^"^ t»»-t t°o. to so vaft a
Chapter IX. -Post diem tertium : "the third day from that time" •
'ti>e next day but one," as the Romans reckoned indusively.-Prooius
nn/Hrr:;"''-'°"P''°P'"\^'*^^"(^'^P°^' Hannibal, Chap. VII ).-N? ^
;;was introduced ": interponerlq^.^o tfriwln ottceTT/S^^^^^^^^
cf. hoc decreto mterposito : "thi/^- — l-..: . ^'"i"5\^-/
discussion."
meai^s, to tlirow an obstacle in the w. y " •
' this decree having put an end to the
Chapter X.-Mosa . . . influit : the reading in the text is Kraner'.
suggestion. At present both the Meuse and the Rhine flow ^ o Uie
German Ocean, and are connected by the Waal. The Meuse can be said
to flow into the Rhine only by regarding the Meuse when jo ni'ig the Wa'
as 'flowing into the Rhine. "-Insulam. . . Batavorum • he word Rafa^-
stiU exists in the form Betuwe (meaning "good meadow^' ) a n^^
applied to one of the islands in the Rhine.-Ex Leopontiis ''in t^e
find" 7r ^ '•'' YT""''' " = "^^ "^""^ °f '^' P-°P'e i« ptU her^as we of n
?M-
366
NOTEf ON CAESAR.— BOOK IV.
B. I V, Char 1 1 rl«.^;k ' ^'^ " ^^ "°'^ °" frumento vivunt Tcaes
other ;rS use^U-pffitS =of'«.'Th^?ot:!:' ^''^ ^^^ " "-i- '
innuence on the const LS-^fitV^nn»;-!"^^
Chap. IX.-Uti...praSeret,h. ***"*"'" = '""^^ ^'^^^^- ^^- ^V,
may be either a pulpose Sive claSe ^P 2,f ^J!^" = ^''^ *!"' ^'--
relat-.ve clause (p. 296, c) — Pne-na nSki f ^"^' ^^A ^*" ^ consequence
faceret: see Vocab. '^Jnder' pftestes°''^;?„; 'f ^^^'/-Potestatem
them assurance " : note that th^verb ettlTefnl e^s ^ulT ' " """'^^ ^'''
tive or the expression princioes ac%pnlt,fc . ^''^"^''''■*^'' ""'"'"'-i-
equivalent to i noun o? mZude -Quae T/Jf ^'^'^^" '?S«^'^-r as
p. 307, n.-Daret: equivalent to imperaUvedafn,!^^' "'""'' °''"^""--
3-— Eodem illo pertinere • " nnin/J 1 • A "'"^'^' narration : p. -06,
under pertineo iEodem illo'^oertli^rV •'' '""T- ^'^f'^''"" " = ^«^ Voc'ab
clause ut- Qui abesse^t virfu!l obHm.' "'''""''' ''^ ''^« -^"'«tantival
convenite of the direct ?p ,06 1 Xil ^'- ^?^' "-Convenirent^
torical present as seen in th;iauenc7of? f" """^los : note the his-
foot of page .-Qui nun arS p ali' V Et^"'"' ^'^"".'^ = '^- ^^o. 2.
hostes: -and to hold the enemy^n ?heck ~ Onn.f "^*"^''^"*: ^^''•
P- 306, note. ^ '^"^*^'^- —Quoad . . . accessisset :
prSSS:%.^J98;l^_^5^^^^^^^^^ Chap. III).-Ubi
cioubiegenitive^ater'nuners fo;aS?,f "?/ ""•" ""«"^^"^ •• "«^^ the
haberent: p. 297, T~Od!nientoi^^ "''^^''''^- ^'- ^^°' ^-^^"^ ■ ■
(Caes., K. W, Chap. XI) -?5uod ; ^^^^
timentibus nostris: nihil m.v be Ml ..V ' '^^•^f^'"^"* = P- 297, 3- -Nihil
bus. or as r>> enH^lK-cUrno^I ndSr- d.r / '''" ^''^^^^ of timenti-
Rursus resk entibus : scil. nostris «SnAvh^. ''"'^"''S ^^'^ '79. ^2—
more to a hnlt.'-Consuetudine iL • I " o"'" men had come once
ing to their custom."- SuSosss ^Zn^- *=°"suetudine sua: "accord-
not co-ordinate in time T^'afte! stabWni \ ^''^^'^I'^'^'-'^tive absolutes are
consequence, unhorsing n,a,^ of our^J, ''"' teV^™"^ ''f tT''^' ''^^^'' '"
Pnus . . . Guam venissonf • Ui^ 1,^ — Deiectis : scil. de equis.—
the main llly^f the Zy " ' 200 8 ^'ll'^'-'^T''^"-^ ^^'""''' '^^'"reach
-Generenatus: p. 28^ f Omo^TI? -f """*"*■ = l^i^'orical present,
distinguish from cec'ldissetiw? <°lS^^^^^ '^8. 3.-CecIdisset :
^•ntSeS:^-^^^^^^^ '^- longer. "-^Sibi : p. 279, U.-Qui. . .
entur . . . rever eretunlsummaf Ir.nT"'""'' = P' 3°S. 2 : so auger-
n>a.iness," predicate o^nidveT 27? l'^^n'''i " ''"^' '^' ^^«'«''^ «f
p. 280, 3.-Essent consecuti • n 20?^; \7i9."*"*l'-?' ' ' • auctoritatis :
p. 2S0, 3 -Ne . . . praSitteret ilnf ~ V'^'' ^rP**" = "»^»' temporis :
pass a battle day." .^^ a fS?" J^^elf^^^^^^^^^^ ""«' to let
nae may be either (i) n rrVni;^^^) 1 1 ' '"'"«"^i.' o" a battle.-Pujr-
NOTES ON CAESAR. — BOOK IV.
367
ant : p. 296,
ivuntjCaes.,
of a river :
difference :
ases have no
es., K IV,
raemitteret
■ qui clause
consequence
Potestatem
woukl give
•est nomina-
together as
al oblique:
ion : p. 306,
see Vocal),
substantival
ivenirent=
lote theliis-
p. 290, 2,
rent : scil.
:cessisset :
fII).-Ubi
: note the
-Cum . . .
. millibus
3- -Nihil
f timenti-
279, 12.—
come once
" accord -
solutes are
h, and, in
'■ equis.—
)e to reach
il present.
icidisset :
—Qui. ..
io auger-
heis,'l)t of
^oritatis :
jmporis :
lot to let
;.-Pug.
, or (2) a
^ostridie
ems diei mane: "early next day."-Postridie = posteri die: a locative
of tniie. - Simul . sjmul = et . . et : "both . . . and."-Sui pureandi
causa : to clear themselves." Notice that though sui is plur. , purlandi
IS smg.— Quod. . .commisissent: "for having contrary to what haci been
agreed upon and to what they themselves had asked, begun a battle on the
day previous : tiie subjunctives are tiiose of oblique narration, represent-
ing what the Germans said : p. 305, 2. With contra atque : cf. alter ac.
VVe should have expected contra id quod esset dictum.-De indutiis
fallendo impetrarent: "that they might obtain their object in regard
to the truce by deception " : this final clause depends on venerunt, and is
in apposition to sm purgandi causa, which is equivalent to an ut-clause
— Ublatos : scu. fuisse.
Chapter Xiy.-Acie triplici instituta: "drawing up his men in a
triple line. 1 he whole legion w.as so arranged in three lines that inter-
vals of the first Ime were covered by the second. The first line consisted
ol four cohorts, the second of three and the third of three. Each interval
vvas equal to the front of a cohort. Tlie men stood usually ten deep so
that a cohort pre:iented a front of between thirty and forty men, according
to the number in a legion. The cohorts were arranged thus :
4321
10
8
Cohorts I 2, 3, 4 would first engage the enemy, and if they failed, or were
tired, 5, 6, 7 would advance through the intervals and take their place,
wlule the first line would reform and get breath. The third line was held
in reserve and only brought into action if the first two lines proved unsuc-
cessful.— MlUmm : soil, passuum: an omi.ssion for the sake of euphony
and only used witii the form millium.— Prius . , , quam . . . possent ' the
subjunctive implies Caesar's ;>«;-/05£ in making the march: p 299 8 — Dis-
cessusuorum: scil. principmn : "by the withdrawal of their 'chiefs "—
Perturbantur: equivalent to perturbantur dubitatione: "were distracted
with doubt : an historic present as shown bv sequence of tense —Ne
an. . .aii: for utrum. . an. , an.-Uno loco: for omission of in, see note
on multis locis, B. IV, Chapter IV.-Puerorum mulierumque: "consist-
ing of women and children": genitive of definition : p. 281, 8.
Chapter XV.- Suos: their wives and children.- Ad confiuentem
Mosae et Rheni: either where the Waal (which flows into the Meuse)
^aves the Rlnne, or where the Waal joins the Meuse,— Fuea desperata •
Cicero uses desperare fugam ; Caesar always desperare de fuga except iii
the ablative absolute.-Ex tantl belli timore : " heed from the alarm of so
seriousa war ;_or concessive, " gre.at though the alarm of the war had
been. — Quadrmo^entorum . . . millium: gen. of description.— Aoud eum
=mcastns: "with him." ^
Chapter XVI. -lustissima : "most valid."-Quod explains ilia •
namely that."-Suis . . . voluit: " he wished them to have fears for the
'ill
368
NOTKS ON CAESAR.— BOOK IV.
ii
safety of their own dominions as well "— TimprA ,«., ♦ i
person or thing for the safetv of Jh .K r "'^^ ^'''''^ ^ ^^''^''^'e of the
as well as make othe s fe.r Vr tS t f?' " ^^"'e^^i-'ed-Quoque : .....
added the fact that" p 29^2 -O^r^^^^ni^f"?''' ^^^ = "'here was
tu ssent: after the vi,- ..tr' i.- ^ * • POStularent : n. 294, ■: —In-
P.305.2.-£eLe,S:'u IfSEtrdafte^v" TV '" P<Si»'--nt :
postularet? : " Whv sh,, >lri tViT ? , ^^''''"'^^^''''''«'''''•-Cur. . .
'■is rule or authoriV^"-'!^^^^^^ should be un le
to." The former reefers o Sz^v^?*? f '^*'' •" '^'\ esse =" belong
^"Iimited outside the city; tLlaueri^.l''T'-'' '''"!•''! "''''^ P'-^ctically
virtue of his office.-Q^od premerfturOrr^^"" .''•'^'''g''^.'"' '« «"« by
narration introduced 1^ orabant • ' ' bJ.nn / , subjunctive of oblique
l^einghard pressed": p. ZTu Si n^J-K "'f^ ^""^'^^> ^'^^y ^^re
vented from doing so by ^I.uVT,?.'' ' ^'^°''*^®''^*"'' = "'^ ^^ ^vas pre-
prohibeo we have quomius ne or H f fi"'"' ''"'"^''' ^^'"'^"•■^"^ ^ith
Transportaret : /.^(UbS omhpnf „! '"'^".'"^'e as here: p. 294,6.-
Ubii afked that) he'JouS meSfleicU?;?'!"*"'" transportiretf''(,he
make merely a military deStratk n Ih'"^ ^T^ "'" ^^'""^'" ^'''-^
would be enouiih to aid tl^l!, /r ^ ^"~~^° • ' • futurum : "that this
for the future.^'isibilubrs^ kdf '"'^'^"^^' "]^*° ^'^^ ^hem hope
exercitus: exercitus=obiectiV7l1Jtive^' ''S^'^S-Oplmonem eiis
that others had of his army ''-^NoS I?n 1 °P'"*?"^'" •" " "'^ "Pi"ion
Ariovisto pulso et . . . facto -t^.Ti^^f.?"® opinionem=" prestige. "_
.he.defeat of Anovistus an^ the oc en^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^ '""'"' "^^^
Opinione et amicitia DODuH RnmLl" °f " ? very recent battle."—
genitive to opinione .^nd^rjlt.^eTarnicff ^.^°"?^"^ '^ "''J-''-
Roman people had and the friendshin th^^K / ., '^."'^ reputation the
Tuti : passive in meaning from tueor Z ^u ^'i^ ^^°'"'''" People."-
perf. participles in a pa."s!ve se^se °'^<=as'onal]y deponent verbs have
Coeptaerat: p. 146, 4. -QuSus" Lfit^l-K'" '"""" "''"'^'' = P- 284, >-.
peace an<i frielulship" ^q^^uf " ^ P^*«„^^^^^^^ " to whose request for
hortantibus iis : these ablffive abs?^^, P^^^'^^^—Pnga comparata,
depends on the former •«'hnH^rff'^^ """^ "°^ co-onlinate ; the latter
v-napter XIX.— Succisi«! • <</^,.f ^ , ,
some time before ha."est Caesar did :^rj",^ destroyed": it was now
to prevent the Ubii from obt;1n n. it -Utr ''' ^° "•'''' ^" "^^ «^e corn as
the Idea of or^enn^ contained iiSi^.nHnc J^'^lSrarent : depends on
to": p. 292. ,. TrlnsIatetS^^^^^ "'^"i-'k' them
was the rendezvous."-Delectum: here's " . n °"T?"PP = " "'^^ this
rendezvous. Usually it means "a levy ^'- Med t °' ''"'^''"^'^ ''^ '^^y-" ^
lies almost in the centre of the di tricts thTn ^ ' •.■''fS^"""'" = ""'^t
rerum causa: "forwhich." No f ,he reoe.i " ^ ' ''^'^'- "-Quorum
the relative. -Ut . . . liberaretfHle.e.laiK^are "n , '''^^"'^«^-"t with
icbus ni3. -Satis . . . profectum • scH f.^Qc* '" -'PpositioH to omnibus
successfully accomplished " ^"'^^^ •" ''>'''' enough had been
NOTES OX CAESAR.— BOOK IV.
369
Sibi Usui . T ' ^7o ,; Perspexisset, cognovisset are subjects <,f fore. --
?'i- 1 ' , 9. 12.— Quisquam... qucquam: p 1^2 - Pnnfrr.
ent . p. 291, I, So also haberent, uterentur, essent.
r^lel^rM,^';;^' i.^ Berkshire. Comnun^J:^:,,!;!!{y l^^^ a o^i
t>. tlie fact that being king on the continent he wil.l ha/e more hlnZll.
c!^^T':r' ",^ «!'^?*"-Ma^ni . . . habebatur ; 2S0, Hu c
/adiriT f ?r ' ^'■'' "Vnperat huic (ut) adeat civitktes quas possS
'adire) : for the omission of ut, see note on dederent B 1 V nT, V v r
Possit: virtual oblique. -Fidem sequanturT^M/e ;yd\o'' me,!i^
tum'.'n:ut'"nr.T""-.f <'"-^'*^'" •'>> '''' Roma/pe^e.-'ilQu^^:
I u ■ '^^"^''^'^ = '^s far as he had an opportunity. " -Qui kiiHprpf •
causal: "inasmuch as he did not dare"- n ■7nX c 10» VJi» •• • auderet :
K^ 'l«Pl"peifeto(ilicimlircctc,.m.,u,„uls lo ll,e ful iraf of
.e ;l„ect „arral,„„ : '.whatever you shall ha.e or.lered „,,„;, .e «ill
287 8 B;,S;?'"°°K',i "i"''.» ''"""«»' ~«i«i"i: of such 'trine""
;iHin"7?,5L^?r '^r° '=."=' ° P»'annicot "to hi, ex|>e,lili„„ „„ai„«
«.pp„,e,l „-n, enough": we shoul I I a,?7xwhJl CIM^ hat n mi' " '',"
to ul'e'e^ue^'^TirtirSf'^'^r' ' .■'"™''"." BooJ or bad, according
ouiogne, others, Wissant. Tlie portus superior was Ambleteuse. He
"n
370
NOTES ON CAESAR. — BOOK IV.
lif^
•'hett°".i/"' r^l°^^"^"\'' S™!"-^''y '' Deal.-Solvit: scil. naves:
slowly Cnecrour * fci f f '* administratum : "since this was sonu.wT.a
Ji^;l;.^-l o"t- -Id »<-'fers to the embarkation of the cavalry —Hc-a
inSructl^-' n. T '"','"'"* "i 7^- Expositas : here for collocatas.
mstructas.--Ita jum with continebatur : "was so closelv 1)(.uik1,-,i in.
precpmnis mountains."-In litus: "to tl,e beach," " tol^^e iaXl ' ■'
The cliffs of Dover answer the 'iescriptic.n.-Ad effred Lndum scil ^'^
4 ut- '''\s '' ?\he';i^r '?^^^ • ^dn^inistrarentur : thf f„;
n no « • • ^''^,"'"'' '^^ closely connected with quae • hence ut
?entnr .^" P^l ,*^"^^'- '" J''"' "^ "^"'^' '^^ understood wiurldministra
on? nf H "r '" "r"'"'^ "•'"" *'"-'•" t''^f everythin:^ sh<),tl.lTcan'e<i
ano, most of all, the ni.irme service required, subject as it was to si»1,u.
ni iv'crn 'vvrr "i '"/''^' °'V''^'"" °f "t see nme ;, ded^ en
vigilia.' ^ ^* ^^^^-Ap^'-to ac piano litore : see no- above on terSl
m^tm^\^S^\~o^%:T"\"r '^''^'^r^'^-'^'^- I"-Quo genere: sell.
iimuum . p. 2J>.„ lO. 1 acitus Aj^rr. i2), however, says • in oeditp rnhnr •
T.^.cr^'^l^^T.^ ^"r-^ proelianlJn-ProhibelSant? T'^JS'^ J
peiiect. tiled to prevent. "—Quod. .. poterant: p 2Q7 - — MiltHKnc .
joniw.tlidisiliendumerat: "the soldiers had o^p down "-Au em
he order of tlie clauses is inverted ; cum illi, " whereas they il-e itS"
should come first and should be answered by militibus autem ' 'u e
''in";ran:r'?:['T''r^^"f^^^°"^^
" mfnl , '',?. '"^''^'"y- '-^"'1 "'i"^ hands encumbered."-Ex arido •
f.on the dry land," "standing on dry ground. "-Omnino • with iWriti '■
totallyunpractisedinthiskindofwarfare": p. 28i,9.-Non uSnfir :
'did not show t],e same spirit and eagerness a- tliey had been' Ss^omed
to display m engagements with foot soldiers." he Roman?Ko le fre
;i;:nired"on'ch:;.io;: '''' ^-''^ ^^-^^•"^^ ^^ ^'^^ -^- - ^^^*-' -nS^
exDedftior-^^T.!""''*^*^^''^ "somewhat novel. "-Motus ad usum
exped tior: 'and their movement in actual service less difficult " zT
l.an those of the merchantmen. The war ship (navis onga thouS
longer than the merchantman (navis oneraria)\vns not so wdean
could be more easily handled because it was of lighter buden It w"
fitted with oars as well as sails.-Ad latus apertum : " on e Wh flri
I Paulum AoHo ^".t" r'Vi V- 'r^ -'- -Usui iosiris fp %t
l2.~-PauIummodo: "only a little."— Atque at the beginninir of a new
sentence is rare, and usually makes a strong contrast betwee w ut fdlows
leeon as tirXn. ' '""-u (^^»11^) was the standard of the Roman
pronoun Corrpsnoni-tin<r f/-. tU«. n~„„^. X-i-i .'.-i '..- v«
pronoun corresponding to th^,
"and when those on board
r- 1 ",-,>'.' •—-••^tins have no reciprocal
Greek alhiUvq.—Hos . . . conspexissent :
the nearest ships had been the first to see
NOTES OX CAESAR. — BOOK IV.
371
scil. naves :
.'as sonunvliat
.'airy. — Hera
t this season
collocatas,
liouiuifd l)y
atcr's edge."
Jttl : scil. ex
M ol expecta-
ur : tlio fust
le ; hence ut
administra-
(l lie carried
: of warfare,
IS to sudden
n dederent
)ve on tertia
j'enere: scil.
idite robur :
coiiative ini-
-Militibus :
"— Autem :
he Britons)"
tern: "the
>: al)l. a])s. :
-Ex arido :
th imperiti :
utebantur :
accustomed
i not before
1st warriors
3 ad usum
cult," i.e.,
a^a) though
wide, and
n. It was
right flank
is : p. 279,
ig of a new
hat follows
= aquilifer :
the Roman
ohorts and
intend to
ms) I shall
> reciprocal
lexissent :
1st to see
them';: with ex navibus, cp. ex equis pugnare : "to f.ght on horse-
Chapter XXVI.-Nostri tamen . . . hostes vero : the clauses are
inverted: see note on autem, ]5. IV, Chap. XXIV.-Atquelui^s alfa ex
navi: after atque supply quod fron. the previous clans?? "a"d fuH.e,
because some Iron, one ship an.l some from another. "- Aliquos snS
^w " : :'T ;"^'"'" "^-'-"-Ubi . . . COnspexerant : " "Geneve Tv
saw : in iterative :.c,,o^^ the pres., imperf., an.l fuiure of the princi,1; I
cause have res,,ect,vely the perf., plupf., and fut. perf. in the sul o i' a e
b'Tv ann "x vv"'^ 1 ^'" '-■-[^-ts._Ab late're aperto: see Cae^r
b. JV, Chap. X.W, note on ad latus apertum. -Plures : agrees with
hostes and ui contrast to paucos.-Quos conspexerat : ''whomever he
saw : see note above on ubi conspexerant, -Submittebat : .dve the
force of imp.-SuiS copns consecutis : "and when all their co males
-Hoc. defuit: "this was the only thing that Caesar lacked o
mamtain his previous good fortune." '-i^-kcu 10
Chapter JOCVII.— Simul atque. . . receperunt : p. 298, 2. Ex fue-a
"after the flight. "-Obsides daturos : sxd. se esse.-Impe?assft •
p. 305. 2.-Supra: see 15. IV, Chapter XXI. -Demonstraveramf pa f
moreusual.-Praemissum: scil., fuisse.-Cum . . . deferret : ".since he
was bearing the commands of Caesar in the character of ambassador" •
p. 297, 4.— Ut ignosceretur : scil. multitudini ab eo : "that the
common people would be pardoned by him": p. 27cS 4 — Onorf
mtuhssent: " of their having waged war against him •' : ' vii'tual oblinue
narration: p. 307, n.-Ultro: "of their own accord. "-Arcessitam
" as they had to be brought. " -t^rt-essiiam .
Chaptei; XXVIII. -His rebus: "on these terms," or "by these means "
-Pos dtem quartum quam: post is regarded as goCn ng diem
but really belongs lo quam, forming postquam. The regular construction
would be qtiarto die postquam. -Superiore portu : prol«bly Amb e teuse
north froniBcndogne.-Lemvento: abl. abs.-Solverunt : scil. ancorks-
set sail -Sm . . periculo : "peril to themselves. "-Cum comole-
oftt^fn t"? t' r" '•rr'.^^''^" setting AHed with wTer .T^^te
of the fact that they dropped their anchors. "-Tamen opposes ancoris
lactis.— Adversa nocte : " in the face of night." ancoris
Chapter XXIX. -Nocte: night of August 30th, 55 nc-Qui dies •
regularly the construction would be: quo die luna consuevit. eic The
highest orsp. ing tides occur a day after new moon an.l a day alter full moon
-Incogmtum : in the Mediterranean there are no tides orrery sigh on";
at cer am points. One would suppose that Caesar's soldiers would have oh
served the tide on the west coast of France, the previous vear. whenthVv we e
figl tmg the Venet..-Exercitum transportandum curaverat : see Vocal,
under euro. -puae . . . deligatae: "which were riding at anchor. ''-Fm 1
bus. .amissis:' owing to the loss of tlieir ropes, anchors, andX
ie>t of their tackling" : causal abl. absolute. The abl. absolute is often
equivalent to a causal clause. -Id quod . . . accidere : "as wa unavo d
.372
NOTKS ON CAE8AH.— HOOK IV.
"even narmwcr- t K;,niM;al -ODti.n.l ""'H"- ^^'^*" angustiora :
an<l i.revnmvl f.cni returning. "=: Si superati eLJn^ Ij • '>"^^'^:'''
essent- Reditu : ahl. of . separation • , ?s, . Q ^ ^i mterclusi
C..I1 Lack their n.eu " fro.n ti^^S^yolt'sea-cSir ' ' ' ^'^""''^^ "'"
Chapter XXXI. Ex eventu navium :
rioni the
vessels '.-ohjeciveKenitive: ,.. 2S,, y.-^-Ex eo, quod'
accident to In's
(namelv)that''''- n~?,r^"7^n'„n1i'«J-^-f'^.®°l *J"°^ = " f"'"'" tl'« ^a.t
for the ndicati^J 'ee » .oT^M^l 'q'^k =-^ "■'''^■'' "'"^'"•^"y ^'''1 "'-■'-■"•• "
said of <laily repe, , o„''' i^^ies^ n'dif "^?!l'V " '•.^^'-.'-^'^•"^ Cotidie:
increase or%lec.e.ase --■Quae naies eafum°M" '''"'"' ^^"' "^''''"^
antecedent expressed in r Live c^^^^^^^^^ *1"^' •"
either impersonal or with res m . rstnn n 1 • ' « f dmmistraretur :
hequentative : " were con in<. toamfm" ^''^lyi'-'^'f • '" Ventitaret :
of the gates of a Roman c-i no ? In el?;- ~P°ff>S : what were the names
consuetudo ferre : '^ " ^l7s " s'S*'' "'at cT "'"'7 ^"'y-"~Q"ani
omitted after quam : p 206 c 7c? Tnl«, f ^«"secutive is sometimes
ruuecedent reJeatS In ihe\ll^~lulV^d annT"" i" W^»" = ''^^
"wl'at really was the fact." Se7Lte Cha7 V?v? ^'^* = '' tl>e tn.th,"
Ahquidnovi. . .consilii- "somenPwHL; ' ^^' °" quod accidit—
-Circumdederant: scih ncstros ^^^ ^ ''' ^''^^ ''» ^'°'^''''^'
between the t/o armief.%To teTrore ero?uSf'*^^^^
caused by their horses"- s„hi^, ,i7,^ -5^ ™ =0 ''^ ^''^ ^ery terror
note the ilerai ve use of cum . c^» r„^f ^^''^"^:^- ^"^7 ^^O"- uicir way " :
NOTKS O.V CAESAU. — BOOK IV.
oT.i
d accidere
sent: "(111
: p. 2()(), s.
I liy_ all":
— Hiemari
' 1«) last till
^UOd : "for
igustiora :
K'lt the 1 «est
il'l'li*-'^ and
iis super-
c «lefialed
interclusi
icere: "to
i-"llt to liis
in till) fact
(i occur" ;
Cotidie:
i<l of daily
uni quae :
straretur :
. . effecit :
Ihe rest " :
il.
entatum :
^. — Inter-
sntitaret :
:Iie names
'—Quam
ioinetimes
tern : the
le tmtli,"
Lccidit. —
p. 280, 3.
>ove. — In
>r since":
rtis ordi-
n Vocab.
ex equo
nd down
■y terror
es: soil,
r way " :
. B. IV,
horse. —
h : the warriors, thou<,d,.,.nu- tal<e it to mean the retainers (clientes) :
Z;iiJ! ^^'^'■- -y '• -^""^^ honestior : clientes propugnant n
dechv ac praecip.t. loco: •' when .he pcund is sloinn/and eve.fs.eep'"
(ai.l. ! |.iep.)isused forit.-Brevi: soil, tempore : " in an instant."
Chapter XXXIV. Quibus rebus : either (i) causal ablative, "owiny
to tlu-,e facts whereloie ; (2) ablative of means with perturbatis- " ti,
our men con (Used by these attacks from the fact that the m-.de of f. .htin.'
-guo facto: OMicesMve al.l. abs. : "th.uigh this happened." Ad laces-
sendum: scd. hostes : "for skirmishin,^ \i,h the cnunny." - Quat
contnerent:c..nsecuiive relative: p. 296, 5. Quanta . .daretur : "whai
a sple.uhd opportunuy was piesenKd of securmg booty an.l of freeint:
them elves f„r ever." --Uberandi : sin^'.. though sui is plur. -Daretur^
tt,r"TfV. ' i f^'' !,' ""• •'•• ■'°7' "-His rebus : " by these rep. c"'?.^.:
tiuns, leleiied to in the previous .sentence.
Chapter XXXV. --Idem: subject of fore an.l explained by the clause
™l '-^^f'?^', "that they (the Ihiton.) would e'cap. owhi, to their
wiM, nnn Z ^'''?\''' "'l''"'""'' ^''"" ^''"' '^'''''^''^--DilltiuS T join this
with non: "they could no lon<;er withstand."- Quos tanto snatio
potuerunt: "and pursuing, them so far as thcS strength Sfs^e.Vl
allowed Quos = eteos.-Cursu et viribus: abl. of instrument: 1.. 28, =;
-Occ.derunt : scd. nostn mihtes. Distinguish in meanh,,^- occiderunt
Chapter XXXVI. - -Numerum obsidum duplicavit : = dupHcem numer-
um obsidum imperavit : hence his is a dativJI-Quem . . . miperavS •
see Hook IV, Chap. XXVII.-Propinquadieaeq^inoctii: caS abl at.'
lie date of the e-iumox was SeptemlKr 24tli. As Caesar landed AuLni.t
27111 and left about September 24th, we can see how stubbornly the IhiVons
nius have ought, as lie got no further than the shore. -Infirmis navbus
a causal abl abs.-Hiemi . . . subiciendam : soil, esse : "that his voya 'e
ni.ght not be exposed to a storm. "-Eosdem . . portus : sec note on
tertiavigiha(B. IV, Chap. X.XII). ^ "
Chapter XXXVII.— Ex navibus : refers to the duae onerariae re-
ferred to ... the end of Chap. XXXVI.-Proficiscens "in '^ act of
setting out =ciim proficisceretur. -Non ita magno : " «itli lun so very
large a number" : this Uso of ita is confined to negative sentences -Si
nollent : dependent clause of oblique narration after iusserunt: n. ^07 1 1'
Orbe facto: incases of extreme danger the Romans formed a circle with
their baggage .n the centre while the soldiers faced the enemy We
should say "forming a square. "-Suis auxilio : p. 279. 12 Amplius
'"'^ih;;us:'h"i^, ci;:;rxr^ ^^°"" '- '°^^^= ^^^ --''^ -> --&-«
Chapter XXXVIII.-Siccitates: the plural may refer to' successive
EerenT-'" ' n\ /i'"' '" /"•"'"'^'•'^"t localities. -Quo se reciperent non
haberent did not know wliere to retreat " : witli this mc.-.nin r ,,r habeo
coinpare that of the Greek lx<^ : m'K dxou irroi Tparroivro. Note that Quo se
reciperent would be a deliberative subjunctive in direct = quo nos re-
cipiamus? ' to what place are we to retreat? "-Quo perfugio
374
VOTES 6V CAKSAP,— BOOK V.
^^.^ll ^'uTl^^r^r^'^^^f'^-'^^^^o^ "which (^.
tl.anksj-.viny f., national success a?he i ' ":,?"P?''P**»°,- ^■.'""=1 ^
litteris :
ti.ani.s,iv^„, ^>-iation;r;;;;:;;rrh:;rs' a
iiiifioiial disaster. ^
KOOK V.
clay of Juiniiliation for
nouill^ ..ItJcI 1?/J?. ,r r?f"V"-'" Cisalpinam: I.aly Proper did
l.c-re it often w s ^, pit o ui I h^c.^nT ^'''" ","'' f-i"''''"'''' "'""«'' ^
••^<-;,!ly spct l,is i;,e '^, yucca o v.'""' n '^'' ^''"- ^'^--'•
everat-Imperat (ut) cumrenim ,,,'"''• ~^°"'"^''^' =^"nsu.
tiones: refers to the v'SyfnJ^ c^, r ,,. , V^^P^^'.^''^^*^ commuta-
transportanda fm,., t e^transoor anrfrJ ^f,''""*^'"^ onera : .cii.
maribus: the differen panrTflf l?^/"''°"'"--^ reliquis . . .
names. -Actuarias'^r 11 • Mediterranean went .iii<ler various
p. 292, l.-Usui : n^ 270 12 rnn^nil-K *" "'^ ''^f^'"'''"' construction ?
"ssnes or courts o/'^Ju^^ iu'u^^S,''^'- ?tr'' '''^ Proconsui held
doceant:p.294, s-Paratoc„i?cf^"^ '""' "' No.thnn Italy. -Qui
the inf. w.lh iskl JrSosT. oTS^^^^^^
to paratos esse, -yecerint' virt ' fr^^ ""^"^' '''""'' '^ equivalent
Quf. aestiment. consS^^^ l^- -^?7, n.-
cnmina! law is the assessment of thV ' ^^' ^ / '»*« aestimatio in
person I>as to pay '^''^'""'"' "^ '''« amount of damages a convicted
the antecedent : quod wouid be fei^.^-ln' ^^Z"'^ '"'••* "^^ '^'^ "^
positiona .abl abs • «p,. „^f„ '^^"'a'• fn summa . . . inopia : nre-
Chap. XXX I) .^thmurh t ,ev°" *" P'-^f >P»ti ac declivi loco (H. 'iv,
materials. "-Neque tosSt""' ^" I'^f, S'"'^^'-' »-'i of ail kinds o
launched in a few days "'• Kul' ".n ' , "^ "^''^ "''""^' ''^'^y '° '^«
point but that they nfi.ht' le launched " \V? T n' '"'"-''^ ^^''"" «^ ">''^'
quin : p. 291. I A — DpH ri . . i" , ? '''""''^ ^^P^^t ut instead of
carrying out^ 1 i^ objeJ^'^TJ cdllc.il" "-'-deduco.-Huic rei : «fo
peditis: •' in fighting tdm'^VwUh"^/^ "'1 '"' ^ '''''" ///....-Ex-
ie,, the assembly of the Gallic 'tHll^T. ^^-^ l>'''ggnge. -Ad concilia :
{Amiem). ^ ^'^""^ '"•'^' ^hich Caesar held at Samarobriva
V.S!l^'m^'i;^S::;^'^S" '^^J^T'^'^'^'-lnomcio: see
deficio.-Gererentur : dep chi S fn * An ^''*"''°^ : •'^"•'^ '^°'^^^- ""^er
Cpgere: depends o^fnstituitr^^,^^ narration : p. 305, 2.-
might mean that they were too old nr fl sentence -Per aetatem :
abdo with in and ac^cnt.Hv,e °nvoKc ^he'^T''^'?^" "''^^"^ • " " ^''^'«^ =
cealment : "having been'removP Mn tl, a °^ '■'^'"^^''' ='' ^^^" ^s con-
there.''-Qt,oniam^. roVnc^Ssent. r.! Ardennes wood an<l concealed
h: 1. . . non possent : Caesar is not stating their real motive
P-
p. :
5;
uiift
p. ■'
aI
NOTES OV CAESAn. — BOOK V.
37J
rnn^,Uri'''^.''"T:' ^" '" ^^fr' '""""'^ = '^' "^?. V -Note the M.eaninK of
consulere wii h .-i .lativc: see Vocal., undu- consuIo.-Sese . . noluisse •
llic ml. <le|.eiKls oi> the notion of sayi;i,^r contained in legatos mittit Ouo
facilms : I-. 294 4.-Laberetur: "woul.l fall away f,on, their alieuKince "
. . deterreret ; p. 20-. . Nominatim :
: tile .-lection of ih , re>t v. . dd be loft to
'leas.Mired him" in re;.;iid to he safety of
to accompany Cae;; ir '■• liiitai ~ "
Chapter IV. Dicerentur
"liciMjnally," in the summons
Indiitiomarus.— Consolatus: '
Ins son and relatives who were to accompany Cae.s ,r '.. liiitai - Princi
pibus . convocatishos: r.mc the irrei^ulariiy for pi.ncijies. . • onvocatos
withou thered.iiuhuuhos. Quod^namque id. -Cu -' . .um ■ " hoth
. . . and. -Mento ems : "as a reward for (by reas.,, ot ) his service" :
1!' ,s, ' ,7" ~n^^"^ ■«• {^•"fi^'^'-i''; ." Se: Caesar. - Magni interesse
■> 282, I4.-Qui...fuisset: si.l.iunctive of causal relative: p •'yS
5 ; and of ohli,,ue narration : p. 305, 2 : "and since he had already I.Jen
unfnen.lly disposed towards us."-Inimico . . . animo : abl. of quahty :
p. 2»4, 12.— Hocdolore: "at this grievance."
Chapter y. — Equitatus : the nobility who served as cavalry.—
Nuniero : abl. of respect : p. 284 i3._Perspexerat ; " he had observed."
— Obsidum loco : " as hostages."
Chapter VI. -Magni animi, magnae . . auctoritatis : p. 280. 4.-
Accedebat hue quod .- " to this was added the fact that," " tlinc was the
further consideration that": p. 293, 2.-Huc: = ad hoc. . neque recusandi
aut deprecandi causa : see Vocab. under deprecor: " and they di.i not
dare to send envoj^s to Caesar to contradict this or to beg for mercy at his
(Caesar s) hands. -Omnibus . . . precibus : "by all kinds of entreaties "
— Wavigandl:_ objective genitive depending on insuetus : p. 281 7 —
nmeret . . . diceret : the reasons given by Dumnorix were not reganled by
Caesar as real reasons : p. 297. 3. -Quod . . . diceret=quod religionibus
tmpediretur, ut dicebat: "because (as he said) he was prevcmted by
religious scruples. Perhaps because Britain was the centre of Druidism
-Terntare: historical inf-Non . . . fieri : dixit omitted before oblique
narration.- 1 he clause ut . . . spoliaretur is the subject of fieri : so also
n the next part of the sentence the clause ut . . . necaret is in apposition
to consilium— Interponere: the historicalim.-Ex usu: see V^ocab
consiirum^"~^°'"'"""'*^°"^'^*°' ^^" P"''^'C0 consilio : see Vocab. under
Chapter VI I. -Caesar: subject of statuebat. -Quod . . . tribuebat-
so quod . videbat below: p. 297, 3-Quibuscumque rebus posset:
sH "inSnV Fn^°7' "—Longius: "too far."-Prospiciendum :
self statuebat : "he made up his mind that he should adopt measure. "
-leraporis = anni.-Dabat operam : see Vocab. under opera. -Milites
peditesque: = pedites equitesque : the cavalry in a legion numbered ;oo,
the infantry 4, 200. -Omnium impeditis animis : "when the atteiuion
of all was takenun with the embarknrion.-Retrahique impcrat : see
note on actuanas (B. V. Chap. I). -Si vim faciat neque pareat :
virtual oblique: p. 307, II. -Pro sano : "as a sane man."— Qui
neglexisset : see note on qui. . .fuisset (B. V, Chap. IV).
376
NOTKS 0\ CAESAR.— BOOK V.
\XlW^''pYili"""^°''*'i^= '^^ ""*^ °" tertia vigilia (B. IV Chin
expected atque or ac • '' ui.i; fi, >^" '"^''^^^^' of quern we sl.ould have
imuibus, 1.. IV, Chap. Xl.-Supenora : •• f,,nl,er up il,e country "
"the rear of (lie expe,liMo„n,> fo,U» of cLar n.r ', " '■'""•"
tives of dep. clause of oblique narration :p 305 "! ' ' ^"""^"^ = '"^J""*=-
Chapter XI.— Resistere: "halt."— Coram ^'^r<!nir;f . •« 1, •
.ees."-Sic ut: literally, «<to the extemX ^ f S " s o tim""
Magno negotio : " with great trouble. "-Fabros - shin car.Se?^'~
a corps of fabri, " wrights," skilled in mech.aS arts vL \t ." .ed to'
each legion, under a praefectus fabrum.-Quam plurimas oosset vir
Unl obhque: as many as Labienus thought S could Inddn^.o?;/
lis legiombus : " with the aid of those legions " : 1 ofin^trume'n '7
f''or^?t) ' M.?r' '""^ • ""^ '-^y r4-' clause ofoth^nSiLr.
P; J.07, 13, (<?).--Multae operae ac laboris : n 280 a — cjnhri,,^;
Vocab. under Subduco-lJe. . .intermissis ^'not ^vtn t!e ,SVtim!>
todem . JO thesnme pos.t.o , z.e., to the camp by the .iven-Summa
.ad™„is,randh7.,,:e»;i;™,eT„-"a:a^r
1 lio : l.y commci -onsont " , cf. publico consilio.-
mta: i.e., from ne.11 n^nl -n-lnoi-a i,^ „„„k_i-i.. 1 , ,
— Communi consilio .
Circiter . . octoginta
Chapter XII.^Quos .-^, ^.»,0
clause quos natos (esse) in insula
t.c, from near Deal, where he probably lande.l.
proditum
'and they state that the tradition
IS
NOTES ON CAESAR.— BOOK V.
377
5. IV, Ch.-ip.
;.sdeinancied."
e slioiild have
he had left " :
istu : the el)l)
lae : see no
inis : " th -J
• commt ^i :
e of his o\,.
5. — Quisque :
liat amphus,
amplius . .
mntry. "
p. 294, 5.—
th a word of
ter the tliird
e object with
•antur: "ap-
facta : see
OS governed
nitioni cas-
nunire, "to
(llowingr that
: genitive of
m itineris :
■ it to mean
case iam in
:hind in the
it : subjunc-
le 111 person
tantum. —
irpenters " ;
attached to
(Osset: vir-
307. !!.—
riinient : p.
; narration :
Jduci : see
night time
ioldiers." —
— Summa
, the war."
:onsilio. —
>!y landed.
SSSe) is the
tradition is
that they were indi
scil inciUtar'"&°,!;i;-x'''""''Jl' :""" '" ""= '^"""' itself. "-Pars:
Loca : see note on locis frigidissimis (B. IV, Chap. I), P'^^""^^' "
Chapter XIII.— Inferior : scil. anjrulus- this is I nnd'= Fn^ ^w ft,
coast of CornvvTil AHot-..^ i"»s"'"a- uiis is ivancl s tnd, otr the
pWo„ pari spaao^ll'^f^dS^,,- „r7Sn.-M"o„T 'ire it
veSi?:''Ib^' Yrm^n^' ^Ro^ ""^"^l ^'° '^^'' ^''^ construction of
iJ.j: '*"'• °' mean».— Hoc: scd. vitro : "t lerebv " •« hw fi.ie "
Chapter XV — Ut: consecutive: "with the re-sult fhaf " M^f» *i .
he per ect sub unctive expresses a single fact' i 20c 2 ro;,«i "k ^-^^
lio^p""^' ^■;Z9"?,'' ■ •■?»=="■'■•■ auderent: virtual oblique „>„,.
... 30;. . ,.-b^^"' p;o4r.tr„'^e,S'::Let;'«'iSin^""S •
:.-);
378
NOTES ON CAESAR. — BOOK V.
the Roman ranks were broken, the Britons were more eflfective soldiers
ovvmg to their greater mobility : cf. note on novo genere puffnae (B V
Chap. XV).— Equestris ... ratio: ««whereas when the fiohting was
between cavalry thedanger was equalized whether they were retreatinc or
pursumg. — Cedentibus et insequentibus : soil. Britannis : p 278 6 —
Ran magmsque intervallis : ««scattered and with wide intervals between
the detachments -Exciperent : ' ' relieved. "-Integri et recentes : «« the
unwounded and fresh."
Chapter XVII.— Lenius: ««with less energy."— Sic uti . non ab-
sisterent: "so vehemently that they did not abstain from attacking the
companies and legions. "—Subsidio : ablative: p. 278, foot note — Prae-
upites...egerunt: '«drove in headlong flight."— Sui collie-endi • "of
recovering themselves," «'of rallying. "-Ex hac fuga : "after this rout."
—bummis . . . copiis : '« with their full strength."
Chapter XVIII.-Uno omnino loco : " at one ford and no more."-
Alteram: ««opposite. "-Cum capite . . exstarent : «'though they had
only their heads above water. "—Capite : abl. of difference : p? 283, 7.
u^P^P?"" XIX.-Contentionis : ««of rivalry. "-Itinera nostra serva-
bat : dogged our march."— Ex via : «« from the high road " • the imper-
fects express repeated action,— Magno periculo nostrorum equitum •
subjective genitive : p. 280, 6.-H0C metu : see note on quaspe(B. iv'
Chap. yi).-Rehnquebatur ut : "the only thing left to do was thai
Caesar : p. 293, i, top of page.-Neque. . .discedi. . .pateretur : "should
neither allow any wide departure from the main column of the legions "~
Discedi: an impersonal infinitive.— Et tantum. . .noceretur: «'and 'that
soniuch injury should be inflicted upon the army by way of devastating
the fields and causing conflagration." Note the impersonal use of nocere-
u^\^^ 278. 4. -Quantum... poterant: '«as the legionary soldiers were
able to effect by their exertions on the march," literally, '«bv their exer-
tions and march " (hendiadys). ^' ^ ^^
Chapter XX. — Civitas : t.ie Trinobantes inhabited Essex and the
southern part of Suffolk. Their chief town was Camalodunum (now
Colchester), afterwards a Roman c. .,ny. - Caesaris fidem secutus :
having accepted the protection of Caesar," said of the inferior The
superior was said recipere in fidem.-Ipse: ««while he himself.'"-Ab
miuria Cassivellaum : " from injury on the part of Cassivellaunus " :
subjective genitive : p. 280, 6. -Qui praesit. . .obtineat : p. 294, 5.
Chapter XXI. --Ab..prohibitis: ««secured from all wrong-doing on
the part of the soldiers : subjective genitive : p. 280, 6.-Cenimagni •
see Vocab. for the position of these tribes. -Convenerit : "have mus-
tered : dependent clause in oblique narration : p. 70?, 2 : part of the
news given to Caesar. -Cum. . .munierunt: ««whenever they forSy"-
see note on ubi. . . conspexerant : B. IV, Chap. XXVI. '
of^S^K^''^";'"^"'"' ..S^^^^tur: p. 299, 4. -His : the petty kings
^LtetTfi.^^Sn f "p'f^'t: !?? ^°'^^- ""^^^ castra.-Multum
aestatis : p. 280, 3.— Extrahi : " be wasted on delays."
tive soldiers
jnae (B. V,
ighting was
etreating or
p. 278, 6.—
'als between
;ntes : "the
■ . not! ab-
tacking the
)te.— Prae-
endi : "of
r this rout. "
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
379
Chapter XXIII.— Deductis: see Vocab. under deduce. -Duobus
commeatibus: ".n two relays": p. 283, s.-Quae. . .portaret: "such
as carried : consecutive relative : p. 296, 5.-Et prioris commeatus :
I.e., both those of the first relay after landing their troops "— Prio-is
commeatus: genitive of description: p. 280, 4.-Quas: supply eae before
quas in apposition to quae : the inanes are (i) the first relay : (2) those
built by Labienus.— Aequinoctium : about September 2isi.— Secunda
. . .Vlgiha : "at the beginning of the second watch," about 9 p.m
10 more. —
h they had
283, 7.
stra serva-
the imper-
equitum :
ipe (B. IV,
o was that
r: "should
legions," —
"and that
devastating
of nocere-
Idiers were
their exer-
X and the
num (now
secutus :
rior. The
self."— Ab
ellaunus " :
'4,5-
j-doing on
mimagni :
have mus-
art of the
■ fortify " :
Jetty kings
- Multum
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
BASED ON NEPOS AND CAESAR.
N.B.-No exercise should tie attempted until the text has been mastered. The
exercises on Nepos should be done orally.
Exercise I.
Themistocles, Chapter I.
I. Neocles, the father of Themistocles, married a lady of Halicarnassus.
2. A lady of Halicarnassus married» Neocles, the father of Themistocles.
3. None of his countrymen can be considered superior to him. 4. In
early youth he neglected his property. 5. His property was neglected by
him. 6. Did he not devote himself to public affairs ? 7. Let us begin
from the beginning of his life. 8. He transacted many important affairs.
9. Many important affairs were transacted by them. 10. This reproach
was not removed by Themistocles without great exertion. 11. He became
so great that no one was considered equal to him. 12. He was so care-
less of his property that his father disinherited him. 13. He lived a
dissolute life, and was disinherited by his father. 14. He was so ready in
speaking that he often appeared in private trials.
^Nuho (with dative, p. 278, foot note).
I
380
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
iiii
Exercise II.
Themistodes, Chapter I.
I. He had great vices and g.eat virtues. 2. His virtues were more
numerous than his vices. 3. In serving his friends, he served himself.
4. He soon began to speak in the courts. 5. He explained in words very
easily the measures which he saw to be necessary. 6. Could he not con-
jecture very truly what was about to be ? 7. He was found to be a man of
the greatest ev ..gy. 8. He judged that energy was necessary for the
transaction of business. 9. Will he not devote himself to his friends in early
youth ? 10. Hence it happened that the Athenians thought that no one
had ever been born equal to him.
Exercise III.
Themistodes, Chapter II.
I. The people elected Themistodes general in the war. 2. They built
a fleet of one hundred vessds. 3. This fleet was built by them with the
money which came in from the mines. 4. When he had built this fleet,
he pursued the pirates. 5. The fleet was of great service to Greece during
the Persian war. 6. It consisted of two hundred ships. 7. When the
city was abandoned, the people put all their possessions on board of their
ships. 8. After this report was brought to Athens, the citadel was com-
mitted to the elders. 9. The fleet of the Persians consisted of war ships
and transf >rts. 10. The messengers who were sent to Delphi brought
the following reply. 1 1. The Athenians were more skilful in naval battles
than the other Greeks. 12. The number of the ships with which the
Persians crossed the sea was twelve hundred.
Exercise IV.
Themistodes, Chapter II. -
I. The king of Persia carried on war against Greece by land and sea.
2. War was carried on by the king against Greece. 3. The Athenians
sent men to Delphi to consult the priestess. 4. What shall we do?
5. They asked what they should do. 6. The priestess gave an answer^
but no one knew what it meant. 7. Themistodes ordered them to leave
the city and put all their goods on board of their ships. 8. The elders
will protect the citadel, but the rest will go on board of the ships. 9. He
persuaded them to obey the command of the god. 10. He persuaded
them thsU all their property should be removed to Salamis. 11. The
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
381
3s were more
2rved himself.
in words very
I he not con-
o be a man of
issary for tlie
riends in early
t that no one
2. They built
lem with tlie
uilt tiiis fleet,
ireece during
7. When the
oard of their
del was com-
of war ships
I phi brought
naval battles
b, which the
ind and sea.
e Athenians
lall we do?
an answer,
lem to leave
The elders
ps. 9. He
; persuaded
. II. The
elders moved to the citadel to protect themselves. 12. Their plan was to
abandon the city to the Persians. 13. Themistocles said that their ships
were the wooden walls of which the god spoke.
Exercise V.
Themistocles, Chapter III.
1. We are opposed to this plan, but they are in favor of it. 2. The
Athenians decided to carry on war by land and sea. 3. Leonidas, K' ,g
of Sparta, was sent to seize the pass of Tnermopylae. 4. The Lacedae-
monians seized the pass to prevent the barbarians from advancing into
Greece. 5. Men were sent along with Leonidas to prevent the advance
of the enemy. 6. Tiie Greek fleet of three hundred vessels engaged the
Persian fleet at Artemisium. 7. The two fleets then moored nearer the
island of Salamis to meet the attack of the Persians. 8. Our fleet will be
stationed between Euboea and Greece. 9. They left Artemisium to
avoid being surrounded by the forces of the king. 10. We did not dare
to depart for fear that the enemy would surround us with all their forces.
Exercise VL
Themistocles, Chapter II
I. The result was that the Athenians did not remain at Artemisium.
2. There is danger that the enemy will surround them.. 3. If they had
remained there, the enemy would have surrounded them. 4. If they
remain there, they will all perish. 5. There was a danger that they would
be defeated in this battle. 6, Had the Persian fleet sailed round the island
of Euboea, they would have surrounded the Athenian fleet. 7. They were
threatened by danger from two sides. 8. The result was that they decided
to sail to the city. 9. Had they not withstood the Persians at the pass, we
should all have perished. 10. The object of Themistocles was to reach
Athens. 1 1. Had they fought with all their fleet, they would have defeated
the Persians.
Exercise VII.
Themistocles, Chapter IV.
I. After taking Therm.opylae, the king will destroy the city with fire.
2. Themistocles advised them to protect themselves. 3. I advised him
not to destroy our homes with iiie. 4. You will be a match for the forces
of the king if they are all scattered. 5. He will advise his comrades to
remain where they are. 6. As the enemy are in flight, I advise you not
382
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
to remain here but to pursue them. 7. Whe \ the army of the king was
defeaced by Themistocles, the Persians had at once (siaiim) to withdraw
from Greece. 8. I do not believe tliat there is ar;v freachery. c,. Has not
Themistocler- himself sent me a faithful slave ? 1.0, A mes'seriger came by
night to tell tiie king the designs of the Greeks. 11. He will come ;..om
Themistocle.< who commands their fleet, and the Vmg will believe tha. the
Greeks will be iefeated.
Exercise VIK.
Themis'';odi;«, Chapter IV.
I. He said to the king that tW d! y would be destroyed by fire.
We
shall all perish," said he, "if wt leiiain in this place." 3. He said that
they would all perish if they revnamed in that place. 4. The king was
not influenced by the woals of the Persian commander. 5. A faithful
slave was sent to say that the Greeks were in flight. 6. "You will finish
'he war," said he, "if you defeat us now." 7. They said that he would
finish the war if he defeated them. 8. If we attack the enemy we shall
cruK^ them. 9. He said that if they attacked the enemy they would
crush them. 10. He engaged the enemy in battle in - place so unfavorable
that the)' were not able to extend their line. 1 1. The place was favorable
to us but unfvTOrable to them. 12. He said that he could not influence
the king. 13. They were so terrified by the flames that they would not
remain.
^ Exercise IX.
Themistocles, Chapter V.
1. The object of the king was to conquer Greece. 2. Though Greece
had been liberated, the Greeks were afraid that the king would return.
3. His forces were so great that he could easily have conquered us.
4. He was informed by Themistocles that the bridge would be destroyed!
5. He is afraid that we will return. 6. The bridge which is built over
the river will be broken down within ten days. 7. You did not return
though you promised to do so. 8. The king of Persia had a very great
fleet. 9. Was not the king defeated in battle by the Athenians ? 10. Do
you think that Europe will succumb to Asia ? n. His foresight was such
that none of the Athenians can be comr?red to him.
ExERci. : :.
Themistocles, Chapter VI.
I. This harbor, as it was small, the Athenians did not use. 2. They buiit
another harbor to protect the city. 3. He surrounded the city with walls
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
383
' the king was
) to withdraw
. 0- Has not
Jrjgi-r came by
/ill iome i.om
elie V e tha '. the
re. 2. "We
He said that
"he king was
5- A faithful
ou will finish
hat he would
lemy we shall
they would
unfavorable
ivas favorable
not influence
;y would not
so h\o[i that they protected the city. 4. They declared that it was un-
necessary to build such high walls. 5. Tiie walls that had been built
could not protect any city. 6. The man was sent to say that the walls
were not being built. 7. He had no sufficient reason for saying this.
S, He sa'd in our presence that he would send an ambassador to declare
tl>iit the walls were not being built. 9. By this victory he will gain such
glory that none can be called his equal. 10. He knew that ambassadors
would be sent by the enemy to deny this. 11. He gained such pre-
eminence by his victory that he was easily the first man in Athens.
Exercise XI.
Themistocles, Chapter VI.
I. He carried out his plans without sparing any one. 2. In carrying out
his plans no one was spared. 3. The result was that they undertook to
build a wall. 4. Since all knew that the walls were being built by the
Athenians, why did he deny the fact? 5. He instructed all to build walls
high enough to keep out the enemy. 6. The result was that their walls
protected them. 7. After the walls began to be built, the enemy sent
ambassadors to the Athenians. 8. He alone went as ambassador to order
the Athenians to desist. 9. When you' have not forbidden us to build,
shall we desist from the work ? 10. The result was that all, whether slave
or freeman, desisted from building the walls.
lough Greece
TOuld return.
)nquered us.
36 destroyed,
is built over
i not return
a very great
IS? 10. Do
jht was such
. Theybuiit
y with walls
Exercise XII.
Themistocles, Chapter VII.
I. It is right that you should send men in whom you have confidence,
a. They said that it would not be right to send men in whom they had no
confidence. 3. Whenever he went to the magistrates, he requested them
to hold him as a hostage. 4. "Do not," said he, «Met the ambassadors
of the enemy go till I am sent back." 5. We have, according to the
common rights of all nations, protected our homes with walls. 6. That
you may the more easily protect your city, you have surrounded it with
walls. 7. The fleet of the king has often suffered shipwreck near the city.
8. You are doing wrong, since you do not take into consideration what
will be of advantage to all Greece. 9. If you wish to recover your own
ambassadors, send me back again to Athens. 10. He wished to protract
the time as long as possible.
384
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
Exercise XIII,
Themistocles, Chapter VIII.
I. They condemned him for treachery in his absence 2Amh, a
were sent to accuse hini of treachery. , Thev will ^.l. A;"bassadors
court of the king as he is our frienrl . -rt 7- ^ '^^""^^ ^' ^''^
;.is protection ^o^s. ,:z ^::ij:j^:^j^-^-^^^^ "->-
to give the captain of the shiu a irift ^u . ^ '"^'P''^"| 5- He promised
. • !• , »i"p a gitt when he reached Fnhpsnc a -ri
ianded him at E W 8 He^te^tLT"' '"^ '^ °^" ^'^^^'^' ''
isiand of Naxos, as there was\:^:^Ith: Z:;^:' Tm '''
have made me this promise, I will tell you who I am o l"f v ^°"
from my enemies. I will show my gratitude , W. \ ^ '"'' "''
house the king had fled. g'^tuude. ,i. When they reached the
Exercise XIV.
Themistocles, Chapter IX.
I. He said that he had done much harm to the kin^r 2 H. ., ^
informed the king that the bridge would be destroved . Tk ^ ^'^
the enemy is to destroy the bridge a H. ".°f ''' ^- The object of
intended to surround ^n m c M ^\ '"^"''"''^ '^^' '^^ ^"^«"X
from fear. 6 Ae ^^11 "the k" "l '""' '" ^""^ ^'"^ '^ ^° ^'^ y^»
. • °- "^ will tell the kmg to receive you as a friend t n^
know that you will have in me a good friend of your ki"lV 8 F '°"
..aretLeLome:'^^ wh:;;r:^re-arr^ -^^^ - ^
Exercise XV.
Themistocles, Chapter X,
I. He will devote himself to literature for a year 2 It i, ,niH .1, . u
was so learned in the Persian tongue that he snok. u' t ' ^"
many a Persian. 3. It will be s.id thn^ -^ f '""'" '""^''y ''^^"
10 Ther/' r " P'^"""'^ *° y°"' I ^vill make it c^ood
^o. There arc some who say that he was buried in Attica. , x. Others say
>St
Jl.
Embassadors
Jfuge at the
them under
[e promised
IS. 6. The
^emistocles.
I safety, he
land at the
9. As you
ou save me
cached the
!. He had
: object of
the enemy
> free you
7- ^o you
8. Every-
friend of
ed that I
d that he
idily than
the king,
lin bread.
Phere are
ecause he
3. If you
:rush the
it good,
ihers say
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 385
that it was not lawful to bury any one accused of treason in Attica and
tliat he was buried at Magnesia. -^"ica, ana
Exercise XVI.
Aristides, Chapter I.
I. Why do you consider me worthy of ounishmpnf > -, r , j ,.■
c™n,i„"d hey epli/d , n 'L ' ""' '"'"f "''"' "'"" ""''''''' ''-'
, II ey replied that he was surnamed the lust 8 I im nr.f
pleased with this man because he is called the Tust n Ti T
for such a crime was exile for ten years 10 11.1' ^' .. ''^P""'^»^"^^"^
ciieck an excited populace. " ^"'"^ '^"'' ^' ^""^'^ "«'
Exercise XVII.
Aristides, Chapter II.
I. The battle was fought before he returned 2 We sh^ll .11 . .• •
pate in the bafflp -, u r .i ^"^'' ^'' partici-
vi«or,, ,^e A.he„ia„, bec.e .he ll^ . "'/ .„; cLTrT'^r/ ",:
of Ih.s was rh.it he was defeated bv ii, X A . ,7 , '' ''"''
Joined the Athenia,, allj, X" When 1:^1 '"'T t'^T"
selected him as oeneril .n nr ,7"™."'=,™"' '"» foiifht, they
.heha„ds„f,heTa:le,„„,;,a„: ' "" """ "" ''"""' ^^" «'""
Exercise XVIII.
Aristides, Chapters II, III.
I. This man was chosen to repel -.. barbarians. 2. They asked him fn
determine how many shins earl ^ ei 1, * "ey asked him to
contributed vearlv a I " "''^ contribute. 3. The allies
4 Wha iLf^ ^^t "'""""^ °^ "^""^>' '^ t^- ^-^^o» treasury
^- vvnat place do voii w cli f,^ k„ ♦!,„ .. ^ v-^^^ui^r.
ferred
you
left
it from Delos to
wish to
Athens
be the
no money to his childre
treasury
povert)
They afterwards trans-
was so great that he
n. r Though he was in charge of important
386
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
l^.
business he died in poverty. 8. How many ships have you i,uilt ? o His
daughters will be maintained nr the public expense. lo. Must we choose
such a one as leader ? 1 1. Order them to raise two hundred tnl-nts.
Exercise XIX.
Hannibal, Chapter I.
I. Hannibal sur; r^sed all other comma,.ders in valor as much as the
Romans surpassed all nher nations. 2. He was vanquished by the envy
of his own countrymai 3. We do not doubt that he almost vanquished
Kome. 4. Even aAer his countrymen exiled him, he never ceased to hate
us. 5. If he had not been a great leader he would not have defeated you
so often. 6. Does he not need help from others? 7. His hatred against
the Romans was so great that it never left him. 8. Though he fought for
fifteen years in Italy, he was never defeated by us. o. Will you drive a
man of such valor from the country, my countrymen ?
Exercise XX.
Hannibal, Chapter II.
I. No one doubted that he was a powerful king. 2. Do not conceal it
from them. 3. Tell him that you have bribed Hannibal to be our friend
4. They had been sent by the Romans to discover the disposition of the
kmg. 5. Frepare war against Rome and make me your leader 6 I am
afraid that he has other views. 7. When th^y went the king at the
appointed time, they told him that th v could .ver be I friends of Rome
8. There is no doubt they will do this to no purpose. 9. I shall always be
of the same mind as I am now.
Exercise XXI.
Hannibal, Chapter III.
I. Will he set out with his father for Spain? 2.
father, he commanded the cavalry. 3. When
Hannibal became commander of the whole army
he can take it by storm ? 5. Within three years
were subdue.l by him. 6. After raising three very large armies, he cross"ed
the Alps, a leat which no commander had ever performed before him
7. Leaving one army in Spain, and sending another to Africa, he led a
third into Italy. 8. After defeating the Alpine tribes who attempted to
obstruct his march, he built a road across the mountains. 9
all the nations whom he engaged in battle.
^ fter the death of his
sdr lal was killed
4. I you think that
111 the tribes of Spain
He defeatcil
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
Imilt? 9. His
Uust we choose
I tn)'»nts.
s much as the
d \)y the envy
3.st vanquished
ceased to hate
■e defeated you
Iiatred against
1 he fought for
'ill you drive a
387
not conceal it
be our friend,
osition of the
ier. 6. I am
B king at the
:nds of Rome,
lall always be
death of his
1 was killed
ou think that
bes of Spain
;s, he crossed
before him.
ica, he led a
attempted to
He defeated
Exercise XXII.
Hannibal, Chapter IV.
I. When the Romans first met him in battle they were defeated. 2.
Scipio was wounded in the battle fought near that city. 3. Hannibal met
the Romans a second time in battle and defeated them. 4. Two Roman
consuls were killed by him in the same year. 5. After crossing the
Apennines he was attacked with a disease of the eyes (of one of his eyes),
of which he never afterwards had the proper use. ( : t is said that he was
carried in a sedan chair. 7. Do you think that anyone ever routed so many
Roman general ? 8. The consul of the previous year was defeated by
h.m m battle and ded. 9. After crossing the Alps, he routed one consul
at Ticinus, and both in the following year at Trasimenus. 10. After
defeating two armies, he seized the mountain passes.
EXKRCISE XXIII.
Hannibal, Chapter V.
I. Shall we n. set out for Rome ? 2. We shall be resisted by no one.
3. \ ■ ill he dupe oui general again ? 4. Have you heard how he extricated
himself? S- Sot. iied were the Romans that no one left the camp. 6
All know how gr, u a gene, ' he is. 7. He has defeated ail our generals.
8. Whenever he pitched ] anp, no one dared to oppose him. 9 He
met no resistance after the batiie of Cannae. 10. Not many days after this
battle, he ambushed and defeated another army.
Exercise XXIV.
Hannibal, Chapter VI.
I. He will be recalled from Italy to carry on war in Africa. 2. When
the two leaders met they could not agree upon terms of peace. 3. As it
was impossible to agree, the Carthaginians had to fight. 4. I am afraid
they have ambushed our army. 5. As the resources of the country are
exhausted, I wish to make peace. 6. Collecting an army, he met the
Romans at Zama. 7. Within two days his army marched to Hadru-
metum. 8. By making peace now, I shall be stronger by and by (say z»
a short time). 9. If I escape now, I shall engage them again wiie'n I
can. 10 He collected another army from the soldiers who had escaped.
Exercise XXV.
Hannibal rhanfor \t\\
I. Let us ,end envoys to demand his surrender. 2. These wars were
carried on by the Romans for many years. 3. Ambassadors were sent
388
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
ITr^^^^T '° ""T ? "'' '"^ ^"^"- '- 'T'- -bassadors thanked
the Romans because they had brought the war to an end c After f^
shirr.hr' '':^"""^' ''""■ '■ «^'-^ ^'-'^^' chiefs ^if ;
CarthagMo^overnTcoutT .o Th" "'" "" '^'^'^'^^^ *''""-"y »'
to pay the Romans. '' ' ^'^' "^^ ""^^^^^ "'" «"PP'y «««"ey
Exercise XXVI.
Hannibal, Chapter VIII.
I. Antiochus was persuaded by Il.nnibal tu set oat for Italy 2 If ,h.
Romans had attacked Carthatre with a fleet of fi. i u ^
have been taken. 3. When ht lea ed th.t H , f"^'' '''" '"^ """'^'
nver. he marched L J:: l:^::^^:^^^:^' T Tl^t'^V''
P.n.shed in the same way. he would never h^ ^Z,,! i^I^^^
that we Id desert hilr; '1?:" '^" '"T^^ T' ^'^" '"^'^ "^ '^"°-
obey me and T w 1 I' ^" "^^'"2 ""' '"^ Pla"^. he was willing to
battle, h; es aped 1 T! r""' k ". '' '''^"^'^ ''^ "^ ^^^-'^^ *"
"auic, ne escaped m safety from the field (actes) o Kr. ^^^ n
persuade h.m to desert the city of Carthage. '"" ''"'
Exercise XXVII.
Hannibal, Chapter IX.
, wi, u ^"^^'^' ''^ considered what he would rln
3. When he was m great danger, he formed the following ,17 ^ I
neve, thought that they would take my money from mT '5' He knev
hat the Cretans would carry off the gold if they were able. 6 Let them
willbelieveyouP .They will ^::^'.^ ^ TneTiV:: p^^
>t. 10. The fame of Cretan avarice has gone forth to all the earth.
Exercise XXVIII,
Hannibal. Chapter X.
Whf n he reaches Pontus h
cou
e will win over all the tribes of
ntry. 2. All through his life he had no object but
that
great
to make war on
EXRHCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
389
Kome. 3 He knesv that it was impossible to gain a victory over tl.c kin^
l.y arms alone. 4. In winning over these tril>es. his ol.ject was to collect
a large army. 5. Is not the tnen.y superior both in men and in .ships?
6, Ih.s done, he ordered the (leet to attack. 7. I will t.ke care that you
know m what ship the king is. 8. If you kill the king you shall have a
great reward. 9. He said that if they killed the king they should have
agre..t reward ,0. Calling the marines together, he told then, that he
rnotrn him. '"'"' '' '"'''''"'' "■ ^''' ''' ^'"^ »'"--'•' •'-
Exercise XXIX.
Hannibal, Chapter XI.
I. Both sides launched their vessels, and the battle began. 2 The
IuT'm -^ T '"°" "'"' ''"■ ''"^' "^^- 3. Tell us when we "shall
ttack he.r fleet. 4. I kept wondering what he found in the letter.
Ln' '.M ""\'^'^^"'-^'-' '« "pen the letter. 6. There can be no doubt
; '' r , " T\T "'""'""' °'"' •'"'^^'^^- 7- They could not under-
and why he whole fleet attacked the ship of the king. 8. Do you think
tl.at he w.ll rout the enemy by such a stratagem? 9. By seeking your
own safety yot, have vanquished your fleet. ,0. He said that he was
seekmg the king in order to give him the letter.
Exercise XXX.
Hannibal, Chapter XII.
I. Hannibal happened to be at that time at the court of Prusia.s. 2.
When the ambassadors were dining with the consul, mention was made of
him. 3. So long as this man lives, he will be our enemy. 4. Seize him
.f you can ; you will easily find out where he is. 5. The boy happened to
see the envoys coming. 6. He ordered him to find out if the doors were
all beset. 7. O that we may find him ! 8. Let us beg the king to surren-
der our enemy. 9. O that we had sent an envoy to then.. ,0. When the
boy returned, he told Hannibal that all the doors of the house were beset.
II. He knew then that he must surrender or die.
Exercise XXXI.
Hannibal, Chapter XIII.
I. It is not agreed whether he died in the "--r iS- p r ,. .
Fabius"Vr7';TV''' '%'"' '" '•" consulship of Claudius' and
Fabtus. 3. He dted at the age of seventy, and in the same year as Scipio.
I
390
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
4. He wrote several books of his campaigns in Asia. 5. It is said that
these books were written in Greek, 6. Hannibal employed two Greeks as
instructors. 7. It is impossible to decide which of the two is the better
general. 8. Though occupied with such important affairs he had time to
write books. 9. We can easily see by comparing the deeds of these two
that Hannibal was a greater general than Scipio.
Exercise XXXII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter I.
I. Next year a large number of Germans crossed the Rhine. 2. For
several years the Suebi had harassed them and prevented them from tilling
their lands. 3. The men who serve in the field are supported by those
who remain at home. 4. No one is allowed to remain longer than a year
in one place. 5. They spend a large part of their time in hunting.
6. The boys are not trained to any duty and they do nothing against their
will. 7. On account of this daily exercise they become men of extra-
ordinary strength. 8. Tliey have no clothing except the skins of the
animals they capture in the chase. 9. Even in the coldest weather they
bathe in the rivers. 10. They are so powerful that they send forth every
year from home a hundred thousand armed men.
Exercise XXXIII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter II.
I. All the booty they take in war they sell to the merchants, for they
import nothing. 2. The Gauls take especial delight in imported horses,
while those of the Germans are small and deformed, 3. Caesar tells us
that the Germans often leap from their horses in battle. 4. To render
these horses more active, they train them daily. 5. They train their
horses to remain in one place, so that the riders may be able to find them
where they leave thrm. 6. To prevent the people from becoming effemi-
nate, they do not import wine. 7. They wish to have some one to whom
they may sell what they can export. 8. The animals they use at home are
small. 9. Do not think that any one uses a saddle. 10. They think that
nothing is more disgraceful than to flee from the battle.
ExiiKCiSE XXXIV.
Caesar, B, IV, Chapter III.
I. It is said to be their special glory to have extensive territory. 2. We
3. After they had driven their
must make them weaker than outselves.
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
rt is said that
wo Greeks as
is the better
had time to
of these two
391
inc. 2. For
a from tilling
ted by those
r than a year
in hunting,
against their
len of extra-
skins of the
veather they
I forth every
Its, for they
)rted horses,
esar tells us
. To render
train their
to find them
ning effemi-
ne to whom
at home are
y think that
y. 2. We
iriven their
enemies from the territory {ai/. ads.), they made them tributary. 4. They
are more civilized than the people of the ©ther states. 5. Though they
often attempted to expel us from our lands, they were unable to^do so.
6. If they had been more civilized, would they have been weaker? 7. The
river Rhine is the boundary on one side; on the other, the lands of the
.Suebi. 8. This nation is the most civilized of all the Germans. 9. Are
they not rather weaker than their neighbors? 10. Though the most
powerful nation of all Germany, they did not wish a neighboring nation
near them. 11. They did not expel a neighboring tribe, but made it
subject.
Exercise XXXV.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter IV.
I. For several years we have withstood them. 2. Driven from our
homes we have been wandering about Germany for three years. 3. They
prevented us from crossing by placing forces on each side of the river.
4. He pretended to be going home, but returned within a few days.
5. After seizing our city they expelled us before our forces arrived.
6. After proceeding a journey of many days, they were informed that you
had crossed the rives. 7. Tell us if they have completed the work in one
night. 8. He learned that *hey intended to cross the river and occupy
these villa;;es the rest of the winter. 9. They seized our ships and crossed
the river that iiight. 10. They were so alarmed at his approach that they
returned home.
Exercise XXXVI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter V.
I. What have you heard of (dc) this matter? 2. I asked him what he
had heard of the matter. 3. From what district do you come? 4, lacked
him from what district he had come. 5. I must not answer you according
to your wishes. 6. He compelled the man to repent of his act. 7. Do
they listen to every traveller who visits them? 8. They are fickle in
forming their plans and very eager for change. 9. Do not be the slave of
hearsay. 10. These idle tales often influence them in forming their plans.
Exercise XXXV 11,— (/Review.)
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters I-V.
I. The people of this tribe were eager for hunting. 2. They live on
flesh and milk, are clothed (ves(w) with skins, and even in winter bathe in
then- rivers. 3. They do not allow the merchants to bring wine into the
392
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
country because they believe it enfeebles the constitution. 4. The horse, th.t
the Germans anploy are small. 5. We buy them at a higl pri e 6 Aft
devasaung te lands of their neighbors they made'them tribut r^
7. After wandering throughout Germany for three years, they came o^
land winch the Menapii inhabit.!. 8. So alarmed were fheyTt th
cross.ng. 9. Ihe Germans had no ships, and therefore could not cross
henver. 10. Pretending to return home, they suddenly turned, el uTon
the Menapii, and seized their ships. "
Exercise XXXVIII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VI.
I. On learning that ambassadors had been sent to him by the enemy he
^et out for the camp. 2. To avoid meeting the enemy, he marched more
quickly than usual. 3. They said that they had been h duced to cros'L
Rlnne by the Gauls, who had sent ambassadors to them. 4. Th y el ec
ha^everyth.ng they had in the camp was in the handt of tlfe enty
with ""' ' TT ''"'^"'^'■■^ '"^ ^'"'"' '^^ ^'-'^-' »« carry on wa
w th the enemy. 6. On his arrival there, he ascertained that the cirfs
whom Caesar had sumn.oned had assembled. 7. Several amb sador
came to Caesar to ask him why he was carrying on war against ta
8. On h>s arrival at the arn,y he was informed that the Germans had be^n
-nduced to make war u,un him. 9. After the departure of t e ambass:
dors from the camp he induced the soldiers to undertake the war gt
he G rmans. ,0. Caesar found out that the Germans were withdr.avX
from the Rhme uUo the territory of the Condrusi. xi. He decided t^
summon the chiefs to calm tne feelings of the Gauls, i. He soonld
to face a severer war than he expected.
Exercise XXXIX.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VII.
Whrr*"'^'" '° 'r ''"''''^- '■ "^ ^^^S'-^" '^ P'cl^ out cavalry
Whde Cnesar was advancing, deputies met him froni the German army
They saul that they could be useful friends to the Romans, if C Z;
would allow th.m to hold lands in that place. 5. The Germans have
-aged uar on the Roman people for many years. 6. No one mak s wn
on us w,thout being defeated. 7. Do not refuse to give us landT 8 No
one can conquer the Suebi in war. for they are th'e braves, men n tl
world. 9. We can easily defend ourselves if we ve v-U-- •
ro We have never been the first to make wa; o^ ^;::' ^li Z ZZ
refuse to^ assert our rights, if we are attacked.
3-
4-
The horses that
price. 6. After
em tributaries,
ihey came to a
e they at the
/ent them from
ould not cross
rned, fell upon
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
393
the enemy, he
marched more
kI to cross the
They declared
>f the enemy,
carry on war
hat the chiefs
ambassadors
igainst them,
ans had been
the ambassa-
e war against
withdrawing
e decided to
He soon had
out cavalry.
Jrman army.
IS, if Caesar
rmans iiave
makes war
■ds. 8. No
men in the
by others.
we do not
Exercise XL.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VIII.
and m'e '" rT" '^ ''1 f ",' ''"" "'" ""' "° ^-"^^^ip between you
seizeTlle of nth '" r " """ "'" "^""°' ^™^^^' ''^^'^ °- '-^^'to
tory 01 the Ub n. 5. 1 be ambassadors have come to my camp to compltin
r i;:: -i;- - - -— ^^ - -- comp. ed of u:
armf ^ rv:^: ^^^s- Zi: the ^H l^^" T^
deputies have come to my head.ua'rters to ::ek;y;fd: ' '''°"
Exercise XLI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters IX and X
m .he Alps flows a ]„„,, <,is,a„ce L a fp\ " ^e 8 if, 7 " ■'"'
Exercise XLII.-CAVw^.-.;
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters VI-X
™, a,.,i„s, „.e Ge™,„s:i j»f:'rf::",:rii:r,';iL°: "'"■ '■= «
394
KXERCISKS IN LATIN PROSE.
have already won with the sword. 6. The Suebi are the orljr ones in the
world to whom we are willing to yield. 7. Not even the gods are a match
for the Suebi. 8. The envoys said that they would ask him not to advance
nearer. 9. This river, after receiving a tributary from the Rhine, forms
many large islands, inhabited by fierce tribes whose diet consists offish and
eggs of birds.
Exercise XLIII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XI.
I. He sent forward envoys to tell the soldiers not to fight. 2. When
the deputies were returning, they met Caesar on the march. 3. We beg
of you to wait till we shall send word to the Ubii. 4. He said that the
cavalry would soon return, if an opportunity was granted them. 5. Caesar,
knowing the reason why the delay was asked for, told the deputies to meet
him next day. 6. I asked you to settle the matter within the space of
three days. 7. I order you to hold out as long as you can, if the enemy
attack you. 8. Do not attack them, but hold out until I come. 9. Since
a delay of three days has been granted, I shall not advance any further to-
day. 10. I shall not advance more than four miles to-day, but to-morrow
assemble to hear my demands.
Exercise XLIV.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XII.
I. As soon as the enemy caught a glimpse of us, they were thrown into
disorder. 2. We were five thousand in number, though they were only
eight hundred. 3. We had no fear of the enemy on that day, for they had
asked for a truce. 4. After stabbing many of our horses, they put our
cavalry to flight, 5. Tiie brave Piso came to the rescue of his brother,
who was surrounded by the enemy. 6. He inspired such terror that our
men did not stop till they reached their camp. 7. The enemy attacked
our lines so quickly that they threw our men into confusion. 8. We did
not think that they would-attack us, as they had asked for an armistice a
little before. 9. In this battle Piso, wliile rescuing his brother from peril,
was thrown from his horse and killed. 10. As soon as his brother noticed
that Piso had flxllen, he rushed forward against the enemy and was slain.
Exercise XLV.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XIII.
I. We will neither hear the ambassadors nor accept their terms. 2. He
ordered all the forces after they were led out of the camp to follow him at
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE. 395
once 3. It is the height of folly to listen to terms from men who have
once een gu.lty of treachery. 4. Caesar decided to wait til a.,
formed the.r p ans. 5. When a number of the enemy came ,0 the cam, ,0
apo o,.ze ^r the.r conduct, he seized them at once. 6. He started at n
u.th all h.s forces agan^st the enemy, after he had seized their deputies
7. They tried to secure a truce hy treachery, but Caesar ordered then, to
be seized because they had attacked him the day before. 8. When Iv
the .matters were arranged, it luckily happened that the enemy came in'
great numbers to the camp. 9. The Romans knew what pres'ige t , y
had gamed by th.s battle. 10. No opportunity should be granted tie
Gauls to form new plans. **
Exercise XLVI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XIV.
I. After covering a distance of eight miles, he reached the camp of the
enemy. 2. He gave the enemy no time to form their plans or to take up
w™'onfin. rT^' r! "T °' ''" """^ '^'°^= ''^^^ '^"«^ ^'-^ ^e
was comnig. 4. They d.d not know whether they should defend the camn
or seek safety by flight. 5. When Caesar came to the camp of the enemy
e Germans were so alarmed at his sudden arrival that the women a.ui
who h d t k" " ""' T '" ^^"P ""''' ^"'<^'^'>' P"^ torouttho'
who had taken up arms to defend themselves. 7. So terrified were the
enemy that they did not stop till they had crossed the Rhine. 8. Cae ar
sent forward the cavalry to make an attack against the enemy.
Exercise XLVII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XV.
I. When the Germans heard the shouts in the rear, they threw aw.v
e>r arms. 3. After they have thrown aw.y their arm, they wiU ^0
he river. 3 When they saw that a Iar,e n.rdv of their comrades had
fallen, they despaired of their own safety,. 4. Wh.n they readied the river
many of them plunged in and perished. ^ M^^y who piunged into th;
nyer were drowned in the stiorg curr.:.. 6. Our sddiers to a man
returned to our camp in safety, though the loss of the enemy was very
great. 7. ho many of the Germans were now killed that the rest threw
:;r; f;;;r:: '" 'r^^- '■ ^-^-« -'^ -^ ^l. camp they plu„.ed
o Wh " T'. ' ^^ ''"'" ^'^^^-^'helmed by the force of the current.
.U. r.u ''." '"''' "''^ ^'"'■'^ ^^'' ^™^''y "^ '^« Gauls, Caesar
allowed them to remain with !iim. , - *<
396
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
;fev
Exercise XLVIII.— (A'mWy.)
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XI-XV.
I. He sent forward cavalry to devastate tlie lands of the enemy. 2. He
gave then; :ui opportunity of sending ambassadors to Rome. 3. You shall
have the same terms as were proposed by Caesar. 4. I sent a man to
order the soldiers to throw away their arms. 5. Tiiey did not desist from
flii^ht till tiiey came in sight of our camp. C. When his brother saw him
fall in battle, he rushed against the enemy. 7. We ought to hear the
envoys, and listen to the terms they propose. 8. When these matters had
been arranged, the Germans came to our camp for the purpose of clearing
themselves of this charge. 9. We could not fmd out what the Germans
were intending to do in regard to this matter. 10. When they reached the
river many threw themselves headlong into it and perished in the current.
Exercise XLIX.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XVI
I. The Germans were easily influenced to cross the Rhine. 2. Caesar
thought that when the barbarians learned the power of the Roman people,
they would be anxious for their own safety. 3. He sent messengers to
demand the surrender of those who had taken part in the war. 4. They
earnestly prayed him to bring aid to them, because they were attacked by
their enemies. 5. Unless you unite your forces with those of the Gauls,
you will not defeat your enemies in battle. 6. Caesar decided to cross
the Rhine in order that the Germans, who had come into Gaul, might fear
for their own interests. 7. On the arrival of the deputies, they said that
they did not think that Caesar had any right to claim authority across the
Rhine. «. They thought that the friendship of Caesar would be of great
help to them in future, if they could obtain it.
Exercise L.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XVIII.
I. Caesar led his army across the Rhine on the eighteenth day after he
began to build the bridge. 2. When he had completed the bridge, he left
soldiers at both ends to protect it. 3. When the ambassadors of the enemy
asked him to grant them peace, he ordered them to bring hostages to him.
4. He urged the barbarians to hide themselves in the woods. 5. When
the enemy asked for peace, he told them that they must obey him.
6. After leaving all their lands, they hid themselves in the woods, to which
EXERCISKS IN LATIN PROSE.
397
they l,a,l carried all their goo<ls. 7. When he l>ad led his army across the
river, ambassadors came from the enemy to ask him for peace. 8 When
the deputies arrived hom several states, he promised them peace and
friendship.
EXERCISK LI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XIX.
I. When the enemy heard that the bridge had been built over the river,
they sent messengers in every direction to order their friends to move every-
thing from the towns. 2. When he had delayed a few days in this district,
he found out that the enemy had departed to their homes on learning that
the Romans had built a bridge. 3. When this was done, those who could
bear arms met together in the territory occupied by the Suebi, and there
awaited. the return of the Romans. 4. When the bridge was built, the
enemy urged the women and children to take refuge in the woods 5 He
afterwards went into the territory of the Ubii, whom he had promised to
free from the oppression of the Suebi. 6. The place selected by them was
about the centre of the district which the enemy held. 7. Caesar thought
that he had fully accomplished the objects of his expedition, when he had
inspired the Germans with fear and protected the Ubii from wrong.
8. After taking vengeance on the Sugambri and spending in all eighteen
days across the Rhine, he returned to Gaul.
Exercise LIT.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XX.
I. Since Caesar was not able to find out from the Gallic traders the
nature and extent of the island, he decided to visit it in person. 2. If he
reached the coast of Britain, he would be able to discover the harbors that
were suitable for mooring liis war vessels. 3. The Gallic traders who
alone were nccustomed to go there, had not been able to tell him anything
about tho inhabitant, of the island. 4. He therefore decided to go to the
island personally to get a knowledge of the customs and institutions of the
people. 5. He decided to go to Britaia to prevent the inhabitants from
sendMg aid to the Gauls. 6. Can the merchanrts tell us anything about
this district ?
Exercise hllI.—{/i!evuw.)
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XV-XX.
I. As he learned fhnt the Germans could easily be induced to enter
G.iul, he decided to brid-e the Rhine ami carry on war against them.
2. When the deputies of the Germans came to our camp, they told Caesar
398
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
that hey did not thmk that he had any jurisdiction across the Rhine
3. After the completion of the bridge many deputies came from the statei
bordermg on the Rhine, asking him to make peace with them 4 After
tarryu,g a few days in that district, to cut down the grain, he advanced
agjunst the Ub„ 5. In almost all the Gallic wars, the Britons had supplied
aid to the Gauls. 6. Knowing nothing personally of the extent of the
island he resolved, even if little of the summer remained, to go and find
out what manner of people dwelt on it.
IS
Exercise LIV.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXI.
I. Before he set out for Britain, he ordered his lieutenant to cross the
channe m a war ship. a. He instructed his lieutenant to explore the ea
coast of Bruam, and to report to him the character and size of'its hlors
3. Ihe lieutenant soon returned since he did not dare to entrust himself to
the savages 4. When he advised the ambassadors of the enemy to give
woulTe/ . n'u'' T"'"'^ "' ^'^ ^'^""^ P^«P'«' 'h^y -ij'hat Ly
would execute all his orders. 5. When he was assembling his fleet with
the intention of crossing the channel, the inhabitants of Britain, learning of
his design through traders, sent deputies to him. 6. After five days the
crtTfThirnd! " ""''''' ^"' '-'' ''- ''' '' '-' ^--^ «^ ^^« -
Exercise LV.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXII.
I. The Morini excused themselves for making war on the Romans on
the ground that they were savages. 3. Very opportunely deputies came to
Caesar from the Monni, while he was collecting his ships to convey his
troops. 3. They said that they had made war on the Roman people
to take' tb ' "T ";^^^"^'"^^^ -''^ °- --^tom. 4. Caesar promised
to take them under his protection. 5. Caesar had no desire to carry on
Bntain. 6. The wind prevented the eighteen ships, in which the cavalry
were being transported, from reaching the harbor. 7. When they had
promised to execute all his orders, and had collected a large force o
cava ry. Caesar set sail with the seventh and tenth legions and a fleet o
eitrhtv shin<;. 8 Aftor^iviivr '••'- 'l^i,*
, -'7 .- f^s'^'»»' "" lieutenant an ainiy to lead ayainst the
enemy, he deeded to hold the port with a sufilcient garrison.
EXERCISES IN LATIX PKOSE.
399
>ss the Rhine,
from the states
em. 4. After
I, he advanced
s had supplied
extent of the
to go and find
: to cross the
»cploie the sea
>f its harbors,
ust himself to
neniy to give
>aid that they
his fleet with
1, learning of
five days the
:d of the sea
Romans on
ities came to
convey his
man people
ar promised
■ to carry on
possible to
1 the cavalry
;n they had
■ge force of
d a fleet of
against the
Exercise LVI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXIII.
I. He waited at anchor till he obtained weather suitable for sailing. 2.
He decided to wait at anclior till the other ships, which had set sail from
the upper port, should arrive. 3. He advised his soldiers to carry out all
his instructions promptly and according to command. 4. We must wait
till the weather is favorable for embarkation. 5. When he had obtained
a place suitable for disembarkation, he moored his ships along the shore.
6, When the cavalry had embarked on the vessels that he had collected
in the harbor, Caesar gave the signal for sailing. 7, Finding the enemy
ready to hurl their weapons from the steep cliffs upon him as he landed,
he decided that he must wait till the rest of the army arrived. 8. Then
he weighed anchor, and with favorable wind and tide he proceeded to
a more open place on the coast.
Exercise LVII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXIV.
I. The barbarians sent their cavalry ahead to prevent our men from dis-
embarking. 2. We could not land because the water was so shallow that
the ships could not approach the shore. 3. We were compelled to form
our line among the waves because the ships had to be brought to in deep
water. 4. When we leaped down from the vessels into the water, the
enemy spurred on their horses down to the shore, and hurled their darts
at us. 5. Our men were so terrified by the enemy that they did not show
the same spirit that they were accustomed to exhibit in battles. 6. When
the savages heard of Caesar's plan, they sent their cavalry and charioteers
ahead to prevent his landing. 7. The enemy, who were thoroughly familiar
with the ground, advanced into the water to meet us.
Exercise LVIII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXV.
I. The war ships advancing a short distance from the transports were
moored on the right of the fnemy. 2. When the enemy were dislodged
by the arrows of our men, tiiey withdrew from their position. 3. The
eagle-bearer ordered the men to leap down from the ships into the water if
they did not wish to let the eagle fall into the hands of the energy. 4. Do
not permit such a disgrace, my comrades. 5. The form ann ap| arance of
the Roman galleys were so unusual to the barbarians that the fed back in
llfF?!
400
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
alarm when Caesar moored his vessels on tiieir right flanlv 6 When the
standard hearer saw that the soldiers were hesitating, he charged them not
o betray the eagle to the enemy. 7. With a loud voice, he declared that
he at any rate would do his duty to his country, and leaping into the water
he advanced against the enemy.
E.XERCISE LIX.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXVI.
I. As our men disembarked singly, tliey rallied round any standard they
met. 2. When we saw that our men were disconcerted, we sent assist-
ance to them. 3. We were unable to overtake the retreating enemy for
we had no cavalry in the army. 4. The enemy, as they knew the ground,
could attack our men en masse as they disembarked singly from their ships
S. ^\e were not able to follow the enemy very far, for the cavalry had been
prevented from crossing by the wind. 6. As soon as the men who had
taken up the.r position on shor. f.rmed in line, they made a fierce attack
on the enemy.
■■>•,;• kOl^E LX.
Caesar, B, IV, Chapter I.
In this tribe no one is allowed by law to remain longer than a year on
his own land and private property is, therefore, a thing unknown amongst
hem. One half of the population till the land, and the other half serve in
he army. Those who remain at home this year to till the land, serve in
^e field next year. In this way systematic training in war is never relaxed.
The inhab.tants of this state are of gigantic stature, live on flesh and milk,
and are clothed with the skins of the animals they capture in the chase -a
sport m which they spend a great portion of their time. Every day the
young men are traine.l (exerceo) in exercises which render them so hardy
that even m the depth of winter they wear only the scanty covering of ■
kms and bathe nr the rivers. To such a pitch of bodily strength have
Genna„°r "' ''''' '^""' "' ''^""'^"^ '^'' '"°^' ^^^'''^^ "^ ^" ^^e
Exercise LXI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter II.
The inhabitants of this state prohibit by law the importation of wine
because .y elieve it weakens the body and render^ men efremi:!:
rathe tV ' "',"""' '^"'"'""^ ^" ^"^^'" ^'^^'^ '^"""daries. and then
rather to purchase the booty captured from the enemy than to sell any-
1
l^LOU:^
EXEKCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
401
thing to the natives. They do not take pride in tlie expensive horses of
which the Gauls are so fond, but llie native horses, tiiough small and
unshapely, are still capable of great exertions, owing to their daily training.
All the inhabitants ride without saddles, quickly dismount to fight on foot,
while the horses stand still and afford a ready refuge in case their riders
hard pressed by the enemy. In this way the cavalry often escape froui
field in safety, and owing to their superior training they exhibit great daring
even against great odds.
E.XERCISE LXII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter III.
The inhabitants of those states of Germany bordering on the Rhine are
•nore civilized than those of the other states of that nation, owing to the
fact that hey trade with the merchants and conform to the habits of the
Gauls, wiio dwell on the opposite bank of the river. Most of the states are
small, but that of the Ubii is larger and more highly civilized than the
others. The .Suebi made repeated attempts to dispossess the Ubii of their
lands, but though they were unsuccessful in this, they merely made them
weaker than they were before, while permitting them to retain possession
of their own lands. VU the Germans consider it a mark of the greatest
distinction to have extensive tracts of waste lands on the side of their
neighbors, for they fancy in this w.-iy they can protect their lands against
their enemies.
Exercise LXIII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter IV.
Although the Usipetes withstood the attack of the Suebi for several
years, they were finally driven from their lands by their enemies. Wander-
mg about Germany for the space of ... ee years, they came to a district
inhabited by the Menapii, who occupied lands on both sides of the Rhine,
in consternation at the approach of such a host, the Menapii posted a
guard on the east side of the river to prevent the Usipetes from crossing.
The Usipetes tried by every possible means to cross the river, but were
unable to do so owing to the scarcity of boats and the vigilance of the
Menapii, who had sentinels stationed along the river. The Usipetes had,
therefore, recourse to the following stratagem. Pretending to return home,
they advanced three days in that direction ; then turning mddenly r< und,
they surprised the Menapii, who were caught napping, cut them to pieces,
captured the ships of the latter, crossed the river and seized their property
before the rest of their countrymen could come to the aid of the Menapii.
In this way, they maintained themselves in this district during the rest of
the winter.
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402
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
Exercise LXIV.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter V.
When our soldiers came to a town of the G.iuls, the inhabitants often
compelled them to stop, even against their will, and to tell all the new.
they liad heard from the people through whose lands they had passed.
Often, too, when merchants came into the towns of the Gauls, the common
folk surrounded them and asked them such questions as the following :
" Where do you come from ? " " What news do you bring ? " "Have
you heard anything of the enemy?" After receiving replies on these
points, the Gauls formed their plans, but such slaves were they to idle
rumours that they often changed their plans as soon as they had formed
them : so fickle are they in disposition, Often the merchants told them
things without any foundation, for every one knows that the Gauls can be
entrusted with no secret. Caesar, therefore, gave instructions to the
merchants to tell nothing that was transpiring in the Roman camp, for he
was well aware that if this were done, the enemy would quickly mass their
forces.
Exercise LXY.-(A'miew.)
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters I-V.
Of all the German tribes, the Suebi are the most warlike, for they have
adopted the following custom in regard to war. Every year they put into
the field a hundred thousand men, who are maintained by those that
remain at home. Ihose that serve in the field this year, remain at home
next year. In this way neither the tillage of the soil nor the practise of
war was interfered wiih. The people have no private land, live on flesh
and milk, are clothed with skins, and spend the greater part of their time
in the chase. By this daily exercise they become hardy, and even in the
dead of winter they are accustomed to bathe in the rivers. They prohibit
the importation of wine, for, as they maintain, the constitution is we.ikened
and the people are rendered effeminate by its use. Rarely do they allow
even the traders to come into their country, and then only to sell them the
spoil they have taken in war. When travellers come to a town of this
people, everybody crowds around them and asks them all sorts of questions,
but travellers invent answers, for they never entrust a secret to the Gauls,'
who are so fickle that they often undertake important enterprises on the
vaguest rumors.
Exercise LXVI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VI.
Caesar had the suspicion that the Gauls would follow their usu.il practise,
and he ascertained, on his arrival at head(iuarters. that his suspicions were
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
403
inhabitants often
) tell ail tlie ne\v>
they had jiassed.
auls, the common
IS the following :
bring?" "Have
replies on these
were they to idle
they had formed
chants told them
the Gauls can be
structions to the
man camp, for he
[uickly mass their
ke, for they have
ear they put into
'd by those that
, remain at home
)r the practise of
nd, live on flesii
art of their time
and even in the
They prohibit
tion is weakened
ly do they allow
to sell them the
a town of this
>rts of questions,
ret to the Gauls,
terprises on the
f usual practise,
suspicions were
well founded The Gauls had sent delegations to the several states of the
Germans and everything was ready for a war against the Romans. Anxious
o avo.d facmg two powerful enemies at one tin,e, he summoned a council
of the Galhc ch.efs. adcl.essed them in kind words, and assured them that
he was their fr.end. Though he had found out fron. his soldiers that the
Gauls had acceded to ali the de:uands of the Germans, and that the Germans
had been mduced by them to leave the Rhine and to ent.r Gaul to liberate
.t from the power of Rome, he concealed these facts from the deputies that
were sent to Inm. At once he raised a detachment of cavalry and made
preparations for war against the Germans.
EXFRCISE LXVII,
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VII.
At once Caesar selected his cavalry, and began his march to the spot where
he had heard the Germans were encamped. After marching several days
he met the enemy, who sent an embassy to hin.. One of the ambassadors
spoke as follows : " We have not been the aggressors in this war. and we
have always followed tl>e traditions of our ancestors, never to attack a nation
unless It first attacks us; if, however, we are attacked we never shrink from
l)attle. and we never ask our foes for quarter. We came into Gaul on the
uiv.tat.on of the G.uls themselves. To you, Romans, we can be of service
but you ought to allow us either to retain the lands we have obtained by
right of conquest, or to assign us other lands in Gaul. The Suebi alone
are a match for us in arms, for there is no other people in the world whom
we cannot defeat."
Exercise LXVIII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter VIII.
It is not fair that you should seize the lands of others since you are not
able to protect your own borders. There are no unoccupied lands in Gaul
and. therefore, it would be impossible to give lands to so large a numbed
of people without doing wrong to others. .So long as you remain on this
side of the R lime you and I cannot be friends, for it would not be right
that my friends the Gauls, should be without protection against the wrongs
commuted by the Germans. You may, if you wish, settle in the lands of
n U";"'' ^'^«^^^'"^^^^«^^«'-s are in my camp complaining of the wrongs
done by the Sueb.. They have asked my aid in this war against the Suebi.
Exercise LXIX.
Caesar, B, IV> Chapter IX.
The ambassadors of the Germans who came to the Roman camp re-
quested that a delay of three days be given them to discuss the proposals
404
EXPRCISKS IV LATIN PROSE.
Of the Roman commander. They told Caesar tliat all his proposals had to
be la.d he ore their people. ,f this time were ,iven for dLussing
proposals, they would return to his hendq.arters. and they requested i„
^.e meantnne, that he would not advnnce any f„,,her inro thei. territory
Caesar knew well the reason why dus delay was asked for. The enemy
had few cava ry wuh them, for the greater part of the horse had been sent
across the Meu.e for the purpose of obtaining fclder, and they wer
wa.t.ng for Us arrival. On its arrival, there was no doubt but tlL the
Germans would attack the Ron,an camp. This was the reason why the
delay was asked for by the Romans. ^
Exercise LXX.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter X.
The Rhine is a river of Germany, which takes its rise in the Alps, and
for a long d.stance u (lows with a rapid current through the lands of several
states. It divides, as it approaches the sea, into several branches, and
forms large islands which are inhabited by a fierce and ba.barous people,
who hve c ,efly on fish and the eggs of birds. It receives a trLtar;
a led the Meuse, which has its cradle in the Vosges Mountains, and flows
into the Rhine about eighty miles from the sea. The Waal, also is .
tribu.ary of the Rhine. The island of the Batavi is formed by he jui'ictio;
of the Meuse and Rhine. The Vosges Mountains begin in the ter!itory c
the Gauls, but extend to the frontiers of Germany, and in these mountain
several rivers take their rise.
Exercise LXXI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XI.
After these days, according to agreement, the ambassadors met Caesar
on his arnva. at a place about twelve miles from their own encampment.
When Caesar did not grant their demands, they earnestly begged him that
he would not advance further into their lands. They also entreated him to
send some of his officers in advance, to keep his soldiers in check and to
prevent them from making an attack against their people. They further
requested him to allow them an opportunity to send ambassadors to their
neighbors, for they said that if their neighbors would accede to their
demands they also themselves woukl accept the proposals Caesar made
uTcLT' T. T '•" °'^"' "' "'^ '^'"°P°'^^' "'^^ »° Kain time until
he cavalry, which the enemy had been waiting for. should arrive. He
told the envoys that he should advance four miles further to get water
proposals had to
)r discussing tiie
ley requested, in
() their territory,
or. Tiie enemy
se had been sent
and tiiey were
il)t but tiiat the
reason why the
EXKRCISES IV LATIN PROSE.
405
n the Alps, and
lands of several
branches, and
ibarous people,
ves a tributary
tains, and flows
I'aal, also, is a
by the junction
the territory c
hese mountairi..
nrs met Caesar
'' encampment.
egged him that
itreated him to
check and to
They further
sadors to their
ccede to their
Caesar made.
Ljain time until
d arrive. He
to get water,
and bade as many as possible on the next day to assemble at headquarters,
^■:d he sent orders to his advanced guard not to attack the enemy till he
should be on the field in person.
P:xercise LXXII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XII.
The enemy, as we have said, had sent most of their cavalry acoss the
Meuse, and these had not yet returned. They, therefore, had not more
than eight hundred cavalry in camp, whde our men numbered five thousand.
When our men were least of all expecting it, the enemy made a vigorous
attack on them, and at once threw our ranks into confusion. According to
their custom ihey dismounted, stabbed our horses, unhorsed the riders,
drove the rest in flight and made such havoc that the advanced guard of our
cavalry did not stop till they came up with the main body of the infantry.
Among those who fell in this skirmish was Piso, a man most valiant. He
met Ills death in an attempt to rescue his brother, who had been surrounded
by the enemy.
ExERCiSK LXXHI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XIII.
At the very time when the Germans were sending ambassadors and suing
for peace, they treacherously, without provocatic , made an attack on the
Roman lines. From what Caesar knew of the fickleness of the Gauls, he
realized what the eff-ect of defeat would be. He considered it would be
the height of folly to wait till the enemy were reinforced by the arrival of
their cavalry, and lie thought it wise to allow the enemy no time to perfect
their plans. Calling a council of war, he gave orders to his officers to
brmg on the battle early next day. Even then the Germans exhibited the
same treacherous spirit as they had on the day before, for they came in
numbers to the Roman camp for the purpose, as they alleged, of clearing
themselves of the charge of beginning a battle. Caesar, ordering the arrest
of all the deputies, then left the :amp, and commanded his cavalry to
follow closely the main body of the infantry.
Exercise LXXIV.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XIV-XV.
Caesar, by the rapidity of his march, gave no time to the enemy to form
their plans, for he covered the distance of eight miles, which lay between
his camp and the enemy, before they were aware of his advance. On his
arrival, therefore, they were utterly at a loss what to do. On his arrival,
406
EXKRCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
mcliBnai.l al the treachery the enemy had disnlaved i),. ,l„,
Cae»ar„„lereathesoMie„ ,„ nrake a gencraT at,"I ' !., '^ '^"^°T'
German. When once the Kenans cnteU,;! ^ , y' e'^Tn h,.,'
EXKRCISE LXXV.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XVI.
net ""-^rrV" "'" •" •"'''' "■' "--" '^''^ 1:::«::
formed a jnncion „,uh thU I'Z Z d t ITr '"m ™r '""
.W„d«,.,,e rrender„rthea,,re.„,,h,.hi:t:\h:';en.'^^^
Exercise LXXVI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XVIII, XIX
lie laiKis ot the latter Caesar caused to he clevastTtf-H witi, <; j
but those of the inhabitants who were w i affe t • ' ,' ", "'^' ''
^o^»..Ha-r.ci;irc::.;^-dZ:;nhe^:-=^
EXEHCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
407
B day previous,
the camp of tlie
began an indis-
retreated to tlie
• fouk to flight,
itaiy standaicis.
L-ached the river
e stream. Our
ill by tlie Gauls
he resolved to
^nd the extent
that a part of
I tlie war, had
When Caesar
t the following
le Rhine, why
sent ambassa-
■heni, nothing
il at that time,
t distant tribes
lat the whole
timl)er began
irmy crossed,
submission ;
3 the woods.
2 and sword ;
'"k'ly spared,
'tied that the
«•ed to collect
■nd to fight a
lowever, did
limed at had
been attained. He had struck terror into the hearts of the fiermans, he
liad wreaked vengeance on the Sugamljri, and had saved the Ubii from
attack. After cutting down the bridge, he returned to Gaul.
KXERCISE LX.WII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XX.
Caesar decided to visit Britain before winter .'(.t in, to prevent the Britons
from assisting fhe Gauls. He thought it would be of advantage to ascertain
the size of the island, the kind of the inhabitants, and the extent of their
power, for almost nothing was known to Rome. Merchants had told him
that if he visited it, he would find on the sea coast a people possessing ships
and harbors. The ships they use both for visiting the localities that lie
ojiposite the island, and for making war on tlieir enemies. Their skill in
war, accordingly, was considerable, and time would fail me to enumerate
the wars they have carried on. They live under institutions which have
been extolled by almost all who have investigated them, and no one
has ever visited the isl, nd without learning something which proved of
.idvantage to liimself.
Exercise LXXVHI.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XX-XXI.
Roman merchants had occasionally touched at Britain, but they were
unable to give any information as to the size of the island, the qualities of
the harbors, the character or habits of the inhabitants. Caesar desired to
look at these with Ids own eyes, and the fleet which had been used in the
\'enetic war» was ordered to assend^le in the channel. He directed Caius
Volusenus, an officer whom he could trust, to take a galley and reconnoitre
the coast of the island, while he himself followed to Boulogne,» vhere his
vessels were waiting for him. The gathering of the flotilla and the object
had been reported to Britain, and envoys from various tribes were waiting
there with offers of hostages and humble protestations. Caesar received
them graciously, and sent back with them a Gaul surnamed Commius,
whom he had made chief of the Atrebates, to tell the people that he was
coming over as a friend, and that they had nothing to fear.
^bellum Veneticuyn. ^portwiltmg.
—Fronde's Caesar (Adapted).
Exercise LXXIX.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XX-XXI.
When Caesar wa.s on the point of setting out for Britain, he summoned
from all sides traders, to ascertain the size of the island and the character
m
408
EXKKCISES IX LATIN PROSE.
P
Of the ,nl,ab,tants that dwell there. K.om these he learned very little, f...
hey were very chary of riskinj, their lives a.nong the barbarians who
.nhabue.1 the island. , le. therefore, selected Cains Vo.usenus. a XeT
ho.„ he had the greatest c.nhdcnce. and connuanded hin. .; reco„: ,
he .s a Kl n, a wnr-sh,,,. as far as his opportunities would allow him to d„
o. When the oll.cer had inspecle.l the coast, he returned five days after
h.s d..parture. and reported the resuhs of his observations to Caesar
Su.un.er had abnost closed, and there was slight hope of finishing the
can,pa,gn that year, as the win.er in these northern climates sets in early
He mustered all the n.en-of-war he coul.l, and proceeded with all speed to
carry on war agamst the Jkitons. ^
ExKiicisK LXXX.
Caesar, B. IV, XXII.
Volusenns had just returned to the camp after an absence of five days
unable to nu anything of in.portance about Britain or its people. Th^
legions, but for Caesar s purpose they were sufficient. Leaving Sabinus
and Co.ta an charge of the re.t of the ar„,y. he despatched Rufus to the
coast to look a ter the vessels. The general, thinking that nothing should
terfere wuh h.s design of crossing into Britain, also started at once fo
he port fronr wh.ch there was the shortest sea passage to Britain and
there he awa.ted for several days the arrival of the cavalty. But the latt
d^ not come up till after Caesar left Gaul, for they were wind bound
TntriTio raik" ^° ''' '"'' ^°"'' "°' '''-'' ''' ^-'^' '-^ *^ ^^^y
Exercise LXXXI.
Caesar, B, IV, Chapter XXIII.
"I have called you together, officers, in order that I may convey my
w. hes to you personally. AH arrangements are completed ; the troZ
will embark during the present watch. As soon as wind and id ar
favorable. I shall give you the signal for embarkation. Thereupon let a
embark, we.gh anchor, and set sail at once. When you have gone fo a
about seven mtles, you will see a large island ; there the ships of the enemy
arestattoned. Hem them in on all sides, and, if possible. 'let not as ngl
man^escape. Meantime let all await on the open shore till the signaf is
Turn the above also into ol)lique narration.
KXKHCISK.S IN LATIN I'ROSE.
409
•ned very little, for
le barbarians win.
senus, an officer in
lim to reconnoiirc
d allow him to dc,
ned five days aftui
at ions to Caesar.
e of finisiiing tlu:
ates sets in early,
with all speed to
ence of five days,
its people. The
r more than two
Leaving Sabinus
ed Rufus to the
t nothing should
arted at once for
to Britain, and
• But the latter
ere wind bound
from which they
may convey my
led ; the troops
d and tide are
hereupon let all
e gone forward
5s of the enemy
let not a single
ill the signal is
E.XEkcisK I.XXXil.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XXIII-XXIV.
When he obtained fair weather, he set sail about midnight ami reached
I.ntam a. ,o a.n.. On his arrival at the island, n.any .liriiculties presented
themselves to bin,. In the fnst place, ,ho slu.re was no. suitable for dis-
cmbarkat.on, for it was .so sleep thai the enemy could hurl fron, the clifTs
iheir darts on our soldiers, who had taken up thdr positi.,,, on the shore.
Our ships, t„o. could be m-.nred only in deep water owing to their size
ami, therefore, th- .soldiers were compellal to leap down from their vessels
•"l.. the water, form in line, and meet the onset of the enemy. Besides,
the soldiers knew little of the locality, while the enemy knew every shoal
Under the.e circumstances our men did not exhibit the bravery that usually
characterized them on such occasions.
EXF.RCISK LXXXIII.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapters XXIII, XXIV.
A council of war was called, and the general addressed his stafT as
follows : " I consider it a fortunate thing that we have had fair weather for
the expedition ; still you must not imagine that the campaign will be an
ea.sy one. I recognize the magnitude of the difficulties you will have to
face. You will meet in battle the fiercest foe you have yet encountered-a
foe too, that knows every foot of the ground ; you will need to disembark
in deep water, where it will be difficult for you to keep your footing
Lverything must be done punctually and simultaneously, for naval evolu-
tions even more than other evolutions of war, require instant despatch.
Ihe land we are approaching is almost unknown io you ; of this, however
rest assu.cd, the inhabitants are brave, and will .stubbornly contest every
foot of our advance. You will, therefore, have to stand your ground, and
exhibit that bravery which you have so often .lisplayed in former battles."
Exercise LXXXIV.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXV.
The ships of war were moored on the right of the enemy, and by their
unusual form caused dismay to the barbarians, for they had never seen
vessels so large. The vessels were then rowed forward, and the soldiers
along with the artillery, were sent ashore to dislodge the enemy from their
position which they had taken up on the hei.Ldits. When the Britons saw
our men advancing, some of them came to a halt, others retreated At
first our men hesitated to leap down from the vessels, on account of the
410
EXEHCIHKS I.V LATIN PKOSE.
depth of the water. I,ut the standard-bearer of the tenth lej^ion after
t enn« a prayer for the success of the enterprise, advanced a«aiL the fu
I-et us not. saul he, .'hetray the ea.le to the enemy, for this w «Id , e
d.sKracefuI to a Ron.an." Then all, with a cheer, lea'ied downlZth
ships and advanced against the enemy. -oNvn irom the
ExKRcisK LXXXV.
Caesar, B. IV, Chapter XXVI.
The dimculty of disemharkation was very {jreat omnir to ,h. i ,i r
-ter Our n.en could not ohtain a firm Lth.^d;: r'c , ' h ^ ;/
nK.nd then- own .standard, for they disen.l.arked not in a I.ody. h tTin .^
rheenen.y, on the other han.l, knew every foot of the .round an vtifh"
y horses at full spee.i. attacked our men, who were ham 1 ^.
m.>vements by the waves and by the heavy weight of their armor. Cae^
at once despatched some ships manned with soldiers to the aid of the h.
•ng party. As soon as they reache.l the shore thev attacked Zlnlt t
enemy to Hight. They were unable, however, to advan vly ^C
to^tl. want of cavalry, which latter had not made the island, o'vtg Zh^
ExERciSK LXXXVI.
Over this river there was a bridge, and beside the bridge the L^eneral
resolved to post a garrison at once. He put in char^^e of ^hi
n^emberof his sta. r^^.., ..„. instru^.ionrtha^Tv:!' rtni^
conse,„e„ee to the safety of the country to hold out as long a .s^
But the enemy were indignant that we should have the audacitv tlTl
camp right in the heart of their country ; and niuste;' ^ ^LC.:
mber of twenty thousand men, they proceeded at t.nce to 'stu t
P^ce. Ihe garrison held out with difficulty; nevertheless they 1 ,1
-/tmior Matriadation, Toronto University, 1892.
Exercise LXXXVII.
Caesar determined to cross over to Britain, because the Belgians of South
Britain had sent help to their kinsmen in Gaul with ^^^' "' °' •^°"'''
fighting. So he set sail to Britain with a smalU^n!;. ' Vh n ^h"! I -Jr
who were watclnng for him. saw his fleet draw near the shor. .! '
down and kept the Romans from landing, til, aVat s^k d '.^^ TZ
from a galley into the water among the Britons When tr i '
•soldiers saw him in the midst of their Ls thev f:iwerh n" l\^:rZ
standard, ...a at last made good their landing, and drove the Br^^ns up
mik^
EXKRCIHKS IX L.VTIN VUOHE.
411
»-..•...1 ofhc. l,n.l „.cn,„a i„ U,ccl,.„„d, f,„ ', wa» ,',,:;,; „1 >. T"
SO he went hade to Ciaul. ' t>^'""i, ''"c m tlic year,
-/imior Matriculatiou, Toronto Univcnty, ,J>^,,.
KxKucisE LXXXVIIJ.
The spring ha.l not yet passed when th.- Rr^mo.,
previous summer; and Caesar le>vln„ . . ' ""■
IS lliuiislu, 15 tl,o r.mml.iii.m „f lire famous C.v/,* ., I , , , '
.vi.»e ™.s „,.« . „.i. ., „.. , j:r:/;:t',/,:,;?';:;; :'„:':""•■-
-y^oitor Matrimlation, Toronto University, .Sgj.
E.NER(;isE LXXXIX.
Having finished the Gennan war. Caesar resolved, for many rcsons that
were easily induced to n.al.e inroads i„,o Gaul, 1 vile ' o 1 '". ""
I at the Ron^ans had l.o.h the power and the cJuI:;: o ^^t ^ Z
their country. Accordingly he made the necessary , ~»la o ' T\
^ a .rid,e to 1. «.struct^ over the river, ,, ^. cX [^i^.^
oops. -Junior Matriculation, Toronto University, ,893.
E.XKRCIHE XC.
Hefo'-e the task was completed, a deputation of chiefs arrived brindn.
word hat then- warriors were encamped i„ good .n.mhers a bo S
mdes chstant, and desiring our genera' ,0 appoint the tiu,e and Z. f ^
councd. He ordered them to meet hin. on the next day nea ef '
In he morn.ng the lutle army moved in battle order to the place of ounci "
d a the apponned hour the deputation appeared. The orator ded^ I .
t at he war had arisen without any fault of theirs ; they desired that re
should be peace betw-een us and his people; and to show their goi wd
at once dehvered eighteen prisoners whom they had brought .v^tT l"m
prom..ng that we should receive the rest as soon as they could cdle't them
-Junior Matriculation, Toronto University, iSg-^.
m^
VOCAHCLARV.
LATIN-ENGLISH.
th
Tl
Cat"
Alil(Ki;\lATI().\s.
The referenceg in the Vocalmlar
*" •■ e;;;? ■;• ;„'::r:z:r ;"„;::: t' "■""■■• -' "■" <-"■ » »
al>l.
a(.'<,\
a.lj. .
lulv.
cf. .
comp.
COIlJ.
dat.
defec.
deiii.
dep.
dim,
disfrib.
P. . .
gen.
im])ors.
indec'l.
indef. .
interrog.
The
quantitv of v
. iililiUive.
. iu'ciisiitive,
. iiiljcctive.
. advert).
• <'oiiipare.
. I'oniparativc.
■ «)njiin(;tion.
. dative.
. defective.
. denionstrativu.
. deponent.
• diniiimtive.
■ disfrilmtivc.
• ft'nniijne noun,
«eiiitive.
ini|)ersonaI.
indeclinahie.
indefinite,
interrotfative.
intr. .
iiTeiLf. .
M.
X.
ninii. .
ord.
P-
part. .
pass. .
pirf. .
pl. or i>lu
pii'p. .
pi'"-
rel.
se, . .
sinjf. .
sup. .
tr. . .
V. . .
. intransitive.
• ifreyuliir.
. masculine noun.
• neuter noun.
. numeral.
. ordinal.
• pa!,'-e.
. particii)le.
i passive.
I'erfect.
liliiral.
preposition.
pronoun.
relative.
soilioet ,one may under-
sinnnlar.
superlative,
transitive,
vert).
[stand).
.o«.::r.;;:jzr:iL:;t;' l-L"-'' -" »' ^"■— <--^
are all
VOCAH(JLARY.
I (which are all
ei "(onih.H^^*^. flnibus. on th.. si.lo „f
t^"' Hide of th,. SuVh ( • iV, ^)^ab mnn"
a Plruatis. on the «i,!. of the I-irnsiae
,^,ab-do. -d6re, -dldi. -ditum. v.tr..
um\^<^l^^' -^ucere, -duxi, -duct-
um, \.tr., lead awa.v, \vith(ha«-
,o^a,4°' -'"''«• -'^*(-«)--""m.v.intr..
an^'o'a'oTaSlnrdLSS^-a-Z
yt'ar.s ago (,M2, o!. «-^"j aiinis, ten
ab-Ies, -letis. R, a fir-tree, sprn.-o
abs-cedo, -cedere rBsai ^^c,
sum, v.intr., f,'oa^va^^ lea,x.o1f ■ ''"^^"
«dKK;-"«(''^^'^-f-'-fab8umx
standards of the le-ionn (<•' J, 17)
tu^m■''^°?7°• -solvere, -solvi, -solu-
mm, x.tr., ac'(niit. ay^m.
^^^abs-tinentl-a. -ae, P.. disinterested-
Krfrr!^\"^2r^^«««^"""-'e
£KtSe«(3°a=rs
fp V "?'i. ' '^''^ ^'"1'^ rPaehed Britain
CGssi^^if "'''^i;^- accedit, -cedere
cessit, It ,s added ; accesslt etlam
(?"l?^!r!"''''' """J*'"" '"''''^'' t»"^ 'lot that
v.^'^nSir^-'-^^^'-^H
accerso, see arceaso.
..sufll?'1°per^'''^.';Si,d«A^*- ^-^'Pe^ i
aroifiit- , "• • accldlt, accldere,
that ((■.!;•, ?!ij. **^°'°** "t- '"'apptned
ac-cido. -cid6re, cidi, cisum
^- tr., cut into. ' ^i"»""!.
v.tl-^^Sve-^^iS^^^^A ^^P'"- ceptum.
this(N.l, i). ' ^Ct^'Pei-e. to hear
accommodo, commodnr*
accurate, adv., cnrefidly
a^srsti;:^-'^!"-'-'
s.f^^^^f:f;..-r'=u'^7o^-— -.-cur.
tM^'^'^fo- cusare, -cusavi. -cusa
turn, V. tr., acfuse, hhinie
^«!-^C'?-4r'acte
I^Jrffnsg^MS^X^a'i^-^
quietum, V. intr., reiiose in <leath
sleep one's last sleep. <n-atn,
ae^rkis^'';„T.' '••-""'''''>•• '''''^"'■v (''°"'P-.
foufrht; acerrime Occunari to hp
very actively employed (>rH 7^! •
actiiari-ua, -&, -um. adj., i„,poiie<!
I'.V oars, fiinnslie<l with oars. '"»— ^"
ac-us, -U8, F., a needle, pin.
^^ac-atus, -uta. -utum, adj.. sharp.
414
VOCABULARY.
ad, prep, (with ace), to aLninsf
soils occasum, at su.4t (J. v 8) • ad
hunc modum, in this way. ' ^ ' '^^
adaeqao, -aequare, -aeauavi
■aequatum, v.tr., ,„ake ^ jual^^^''
^ ad-do, -dere, -didj. -dltum, ^.tr.,
adduco, dficere, -duxi -dnr^
turn, v.tr., lead to, brinjf to (of personsT
"'duoe ; m suspicionem re»i ad
ft^f(^.M'tj^'"""-'^--P-o"of
inS?^?;ra;SSa"->— «i
that'd^e°;ef'-''"'*''^'^°'"^'«°.«»°^^
ad-ficio, -ficere, -feci -f«pt-iim
v.tr., treat, visit with ; morbo adfe?'
tus, attacked with diseaVe ; sSddIIoS
(poena) adflcere, punish. ^"PP^^^io
ad-fligro, -fligere, -flixi, -flictmn
mgere, to damage a vessel (c. iv, 31)
ad-hibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibi-
Sbiti^-bHSl^^i^i^lbS^:
as yet.^"°' '^''•' ^** ^**'' P'*'^''''' ^^«s far,
ad-icio -icere, -leci, -iectum, v.
tr throw to, throw up; inlltustfiliirY^
adici poterat, a daVt "„1,1 be th "^
i°Jhe water's edf,'e (c. iv, 2.3); agger-
em ad munitionea adiceref to
tionT(c!'v, 9)"'°""'' ^*''-'^'"*' the fortifica-
v.S^fc.™!ai;t^- ««upturn.
ad-ipiscor, -ipisci, eptus sum
v.tr. dep., attain to, acquire, obtain '
ad-itus, -itus, M., approach, landinir-
place ; mercatoribus est aditus
merchants go there (c. iv, 2) '
.ad-iungo, -iungere, -iunxi
-lunctum, v.tr., joirTto, add. '
ad-liivo, -luvare, -iuvi. -iutnm
v.tr., aid. help, assist. ' ^^^^^'
,. i^<?™et-"S. -i. M. Admetug, king of
tecte l"'Thp' "Pr',"*^ of Thrace, 'ne pro
leeted Then istooles when a suppliant
Thucvdides (i, ];iG)says that Then istoc les
eat'ed hi°" !i'f ''^'""''"■'' "' "'« '^'•.ns a!"
seatert hiinseif as a siipp iant at tlic
earth addjng that the s',^,. he adop i
^w:! in^ir'^[.ni^?:''^T^U;;;s
aS^^^l^''-^---^:^"
^•ir., do manage; cum paulo tar
diU3 administratum esset w^n,
this was done somewhat slowlv (r v "n"
ca^rn^onViiP^"^ administrare; to
(-arr.\ on *he government.
sum'^v^.^r^J?" -"^irari, -miratus
sum, v.tr. dep., won<kr at, adn)ire.
tdSittere, t':!'c°^nni;?T''.Vn,e'"a^
ad-modum, adv., very much great-
ly; with numbers, fully, at least ^
ad-moneo, -monere, -monui
•mo aitum, v.tr., advise, warn, remind
youth °^®®°®"^' olescentis, M., a
adolescenti-a, -ae. P., youth.
6d-6lesco, -olescere, -olevi, -ul-
tum, v.uitr., grow up, reach adultage.
ad orior, oriri, ortus sum. v tr
dep., rise up against, attack, assail.
ed-plico, -plicare, plicavi (dIi-
cui), -plicatum (plicitum), \ur,
lean against ; ad societatem Atheni
ensmm se applicare, tf atf"!
themselves to an alliance with the Atheni
ans (n. a. 2). (Also written applico.)
ni.^^f^f?^*;}™'.-^- ^- '\<'nimetum, a
c-ty o^ Africa i'ropria, south of (.'arthage
(SeeKadrumetum.)
ad-sidCi-us, .a. -um, adj., incessant
unbroken, diligent. j , " fss.inr,
ad-sisto, -sistere, sMti, -stitum,
v.intr., stand near or by. «""""i.
peaSifc^''*''^' -^pectus, M., look, ap-
ad-suefacio, -suefacere, -sue-
leci, -suefactum, v.tr., accustom.
ad-suefact-us. -a. -urn, «dj accus
tomed io; Gallicis sunt moribus
S ftH?*^ n! ^^^y ''^^'"^ become familiar
with the Gallic customs (c. iv, 3).
l-i
VOCARULAHV.
T. Admetus, kin;,' df
! of Thrace. He pro-
f "hull a suppliant.
lysthatTheniistocles
utus in his annsaiid
ft suppliant at the
the stei> ht' adopted
niodr of entreatv
itr.v. The historiaii
itus was at variance
linistri, M., a ser-
re, -avi. atum,
cum paulo tar-
;um esset, when
lat slowly (c. iv, 2:i);
iministrare! " to
ent.
in", -miratus
li'i" at, admire.
ire, -misi, -mis-
perniit; facinus
lit a crime ; dede-
be guilty of a dis-
very much, great-
y, at least.
t?ere. -monui,
■ise, warn, remind.
38centis, M., a
e, F., youth,
are, -olevi, -ui-
reach adult age.
rtus sum, v.tr.
tack, assail.
. -plica vi (pli-
)licitum), v.tr.,
tatem Atheni-
are, to attach
5 with the Atheni-
tenapplico.)
f., Adrumetum, a
311th of Carthage.
li adj., incessant,
stiti, -stitum,
us, M., look, ap-
facere, -sue-
"., accustom.
um, -adj.. acens
Ant moribus
become familiar
3. iv, 3).
415
•suevi,
(ace. of
adsuesco, -suescere.
■suetum, v.tr., accustom to
person and ahl. of thing),
^„^^-*^"™-.esse, -mi, v.intr., he pres-
ent, near; aid. '
ad-tribuo, -tribuere, -tribui,
•tributum, v.tr., assign, show,
adulescens, see adolescens.
adulescentia, see adolescentia.
ad-venio, -venire, -veni, -ven-
turn, v.tr., reach. ' "
ad-ventus, -ventus, M., arrival.
_ad-versarius, -versaria, -versa-
num, adj., opposed, hostile.
adversari-us, -i, M., an enemy,
ad-vers-us, -a, -um, adj., turned
to, opposed to, unfavora})le ; nocte ad-
Ste.'iv^as/"''"' °^ "'"^^' °' "' * '°"'
adversus, prep, (with ace), opposed
to, over against. ' ^^
adverto, -vert6re, -verti, -ver-
surn, V. tr., turn to; animum ad-
vertere, to notice.
ad-volo, -volare, -volavi, -vola-
turn, '■. tr., fly to, hasten to.
aedes. -is, F., a temple ; in plural, a
house or temples.
aedifici-um, -i, N., dwelling, house.
j^^aediiic-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
n Apdui, -orum. M. pi., the Aedui,
a trdie of Gaul (France).
Aeduus, -a, -um, adj., Aeduan.
. Aegat-es, -ium, F. pi., the Aegates
wlands m ths Mediterranean, west of
aeg-er, -ra, -rum, adj., sick (comp
aegrior ; sup., aegrerrimus).
. Aegin-a, -ae, F., Aegina, an island
in the Saromc gulf, west of Athens.
j^^aegr-e, adv., with difficulty, scarcely,
be^fc?^°*'°' "^^®' ■^^'' ■^*""^' ^■■'"•'••.
«ff.^f/P*:"^' -}'J' ^Sy^'^' a country
of north-eastern Africa.
Aemili-ns. -i, M. : (i) Lucius Pauhis
Aemilius, a Roman consul who fell at
Cannae, a vdlage of Apulia, a district of
Italy, 210 n.c. ; (2, L„ei„g Aemilius
f aulus : according to some Hannibal died
in his consulship, 182 n.c.
aene-us, -a, -um, adj., made of
bronze or copper.
aequal-is, -Is, M., a contemporary.
degree?."®' "'''" ^''"*"^'' '" *» •^l'"*'
.^^equinocti-um. -i. N., the equinox
int^r^^eSh'' °' '^^^' '^^^' "^tum, v.
nire^e"u°l. •^''^' -^^^- -^t""^' ^- *«•-
aequ-us, -ft, -um, adj., equal fair-
aequum est, it is only fair (x t. 7) '
aer, aeris, M.,p- mist.
aerarium, -i, ,, treasury; in
rrfa.Tr^(.rP?r^«' '° '^""'* '" '^'
aes, aerls, N., bronze, copper-
money ; aes alienum, debt (literklly
money belonging to another). ^'
aestatOj^ m the middle of summer •
extrema aestate, at the enc of
summer; prima aestate, at the be
ginning of summer; aestatem con-
sumere, to spend the summer (c v 4)
tio^,^^sS."-°'°"^«'^-^'^l"^.^-i>'a-
v.ffA*^^™,"°' "^^®- ;f^"' -atum, V. tr.,
V aide, think, reckon; litem aestimare
to assess the amount of damages (c. v, 1).'
aest-us, -us, M., tide.
aet as, -atis, F., period of life, life •
^i^^°o^^®*^^• '^® l^""^*^'"^ moment
af fero, -ferre, attuli, allatum,
\. tr., bring to, assign, report, announce,
af-f icio, see adflcio.
af-flrmo, -flrmare, -flrmavi.
■flrmatum, v. tr., assert, declare
+o^r^*^'°l -flictare, -flictavi, -flic-
tatum, V. tr., damage, wreck.
af-fligo, -fiigere, -flixT. -flictum,
*. tr., damage; navem affligere. to
damage a vessel (c. iv, 31).
Africa, -ae, F., Africa.
AfVicus, -i, M. (properly an adi.,
with ventus understood); the soutV
west wind, still called Africo by the
Italians. ''
igftmemn-on, -onls, M., Ag.amem.
non, king of Mvcen.-ie in Oreerg and
commander of the Greek forces at Troy.
ftger, -ri, M., afield, land ; pi., lands!
territories. '
agger, gSris, M., a mound.
416
VOCABULARY,
sum, V. tr. den .r^ ' • -STessus
'ttack. '^P-' *f° asainst, assail,
•erf/ZS: j;^rS\^|. ,|re^avl.
ma^r?i.?a^?olSi«.N..a„'a„,;yonthe
return thanks; id !»& fh^^^^lu'"
it is al/over wYth us ^°*^'''" ^® ''^obis.
^erricol-a.-ae.M., a farmer.
agncultur.a,.ae,F.,ajfricuIture.
saf&'pal/e 27%!' '"^'' «*^ -^^«. ««"«.
impituour" ■"'• -^^' '"^J- ^tive. quick,
alSS?;«^^,„-,-^.-ste;
alc-es, .is_p_ t^ggjj^
Grfat® khi^^^if !:;•"•/'•• Alexander, the
died 323, ';.^.°' Macedonia; born 356'b.c!
another "me ' ^ ^^' *'' ""'^ time. . . at
anoSt^j^^i^otherV ' ^^' '^^'""^'"^ to
ground • alilSSm 'V^ °" unfavorable
favorable t1me?c"hl34X°'^''^' '^" ""'
Alio, adv., elsewhere.
tor some time;
f.?"^!??'^^^^''!- adv.
for a while.
o£K^ii);!:^,--eHmeor
abfy.'?S*°' *^'- «««"«^^vhat, consider-
4rS."e^"sSe^J a!iqurtu?.JN.r-
eris, some distancf"^ l;^'^") l"»"
somSSanTonf; -^"«^' ■"^*'' P^o..
soS^^.%.-re^-^^tlid^ indep. pro.,
some time. ' ^"<J"id temporls,
seS''^*^' '■"''^'- '"declinable pro., some.
fillter, adv., otherwise,
arf !!,"^' „^:,-"'* (fo'- declension se^ ,.
br4li?Sife1>tGar' ^^" ''• '^' ^'^o'.
to maintain at the Lubli^ex^'Sse^^®''®'
AJp-es,.ium,pl.F..theAIp8.'
P>^%:?i^^pSer^S-='n
altir^'^'afe fh}'^' ^J" ■ «"« «' two ;
teri alteri Vho °"« • the other; ah
party. ' ^*^^' ^*'* °"« P^'ty ... the other
altitud-o, -mis. F,,heiKhth. depth.
aIti!oMdeT'''''''^''''^^^P=*°
nofekfver.'""^' "^^- '°^'"^- as a
anf^Sbe'of n^^' ^}' *'• '^' ^mbi-
which the m(^'ern[owrA"-' ^**"'- f'»'»
name. ""«em tow n, Amiens, takes its
goToSS-er-»^^- (•"■). -itum. V. tr..
amb-o, -ae, -o. adj., both.
int^r™Si;°' -^^^- •^^^"' -atum. V.
amentl-a, -ae, F., madness, folly
amice, adv., friendly,
citlam'&r|'f„'f'-ie"dship: ami-
(c. iv,T6)^ ^' *° '°"" an alliance
amicus, -a. -urn, adj.. friendly.
amicus, -i,M., a friend.
-are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.
fim-o,
love.
(of^sfene^ry)"^'"^' -""^' '''dJ.. beautiful
the top of the^fa; (nT^* amphora,
pCf;fore''-'^'"""'^""^'=^-°'"Pam-
^3\^^"^°'-ini8, p., greatness.
=Sii^£xF?-"v-
i- »- -I — u, M.nre triMii two nines
VOCABULARY.
ex navi, one from
>iu another (c. iv, 26).
[m. pi. M., the Alloi
61itum or altum.
' : publice alere
il)lic expense.
f. the Alps.
m. adj., Alpine; in
Aipine tribes.
fn, adj., one of two;
"e... the other ; al-
e party... the other
'•. heighth, depth.
Ij.high, deep; in
'dj., lovin<r; aa a
. Pl. M., theAmbi-
iastern Gaul, from
i.Amiens, takes its
•H), -Itum, V. tr.,
Jn.. pi. M., the
■ne Mosa (Meii^e).
, both.
ivi, -atum, v.
nadness, folly.
■iendship: ami-
orm an alliance
Jj-, friendly.
8iid.
■misl, -mis-
atum, V. tr.,
odj., beautiful
Qk. an<f,opd fr.
hoth sides], a
la amphora,
Jy ; conip. am-
, greatness,
of adj., am-
ten UEad with
fliience on the
duo millia
I miles.
. large, noble,
Qio grenere
S^i^v^fi)^"'"" of a most illustrious family
oT^p.'m.T)!'^''^'''^ participle, whether.
OxJord',l?ire *■'*' "'"^" "' ^«'''^«hire and
oJ?;?^°®P^' rCipitis, adj., two.foid-
anc6r-a, -ae, F., an anchor • navftm
an"horrv".^"«?°"«' *° '^«ep'aslii^f™
anchor (.V. t 8); ancoram tollere
to weigh anchor (c. iv, 23) ; In annnriQ
exspectare.towait'atanch"^ iv23)
ancoram lacere. toca3tanchor(c fv:
-»; , ad ancoras naves deliearfi i
to ride at anchor (c. v, 9). "«"Kare,
ancill-a,-ae,F.,ahand-maid,servant.
anprul-us, -i, M., a comer. I
anguste, adv., narrowly, closely.
_^HffHs«-.ae, -arum. pi. f., defile,
41'
•fi.. -um. adj., narrow,
strait (of sea).
angust-us.
contracted,
anima. ae, v., life, soul ; animam
deponere, to relin.piish his life (n™1)!
animadverto, adverterfl nri
verti. adversum, v. tr. „S: ^'
anim-al, -aJis, N., an animal.
fi.nim-us, -i, M., mind, soul, snirit
courage ; nunquam dest tit an'mo
he never ceased in his heart (.",,. °:
magni animi, of great courace (c v t, •
ot all «as engaged (c. v, 7)- nnimi
voluptatisque causa orVecH^n
and amusement (c. V. 12). ^'-''e.iuon
rhB«»^°"j' '"'^'^''PS- particle, or not (in
p 130, 6) "" ' °^ * direct question,
■&, -um, adj
annotin-us,
year before.
of the
ann-us, -i, M., a year.
annii-us, a, -um, adj., a year's- nn.
nuum tempus, a year's tini (n V ^)
ans-er, -eris, M., a goose.
ante, (l) adv., previously, before-
Pofe 'in fs^^?..^A^^"«' ^^ew' days be.'
ore , (p 18-_>, S) ; (2) prep, with aco. only •
^efore, ,„ front of, in advance of. Fo^
antequam see antequam.
antea. adv., previously, before, once
ant^beder^-o;:lacUhS(?CTf
tumf ?:?r?°;er "^'•^' -P^^"'"' P^^J-
antequam. conj., before (p. -201 r,)
\. tr. and intr., be iireforied to
greater mVt ,^'-u-'^' '^'' «""l"eri>'g the
^ie.uer pait of \\esteni Asia be «nu
.nduoed by Hannibal to cross ov^, to
m7c • 'r "fir',^'"''^'" '^' Then,ro^',ae:
i.)i 1.C b.\ the Koniaiis. Xext veir he
was defeated near Mairnesia, i, Lvdfa „ ,1
was compelled by the i{oii a >s to m a
yearly tribute of 2,000 tal. I ein."unable
hlCe.Velh-^ ''.'•• '" ■■^"^'■'"''•'. «hicb so
mcensetl the inhabiiaiits tliat thev kille,!
Inm and his followers, 187 n c '
anH!;,^^!'^*-^^' ■^"«' ^- °'d ^""-^;
antiqu-us, a, -um, adj., old, ancient,
antrum, -i, X., a cave.
(set ?ol4n?"^' ' ^°'""" Praenomen
«hf^Teve^al.-'''^ •^^"' •*"'"• ^' '^" «P^"-
aperte, adv., openly.
apert-u8, a, -um, adj., open ex-
coun l.r'l'h"^".' = ^°^^ ap'er^a op.',
country , ab latere aperto on the
exposed Honk (on the right skle)(c.°v 26)
Apollo. -inis.M., Apollo.
ap-pareo, -parere, -parui. -narT
turn, V. intr., attend, anSyi!J',.if!ir
tum'^^'?' -P^i'^re, -paravT, -pfira-
foJ^roVide'fo^r^''"''' '"'''^ Preparation.s
are, -avi -atum, v.
appello
call.
.tr..
appello. -pellere, -puli, -nul-
sum, V. ,r bring to land (of s ipsf;",
passive, call at, touch at. ^ ^ < '"
Appenninus. -i, M., the Apennines
applico. see adplico.
nomen?^' * '^"""^" praenomen (see
apporto, are, -avi, atum, v.tr.,
to bring, carry to (a place).
rwffS"?»'^"^^^"^}^ °' -^^®' -^vi- -«turn
(with dat.). v. mtr., approach, come near.
apt-US, -a. -um. adj., fit, suitable
Apud, i)rep. (with accusative) : near
at, beside: apud urbem, near the
cit.y; apud Artemislum, at Arte-
mi8ium(N. r. 3) ; apud Caesarem, at
tlie headquarters of Caesar ; apud eos
before them (u. t. 7). "•f^^ «u»,
418
VOCABULAHY.
=„'^P'^^''^' "f-®' *'•• Apulia, a diatrict of
southeastern Italy.
Aqua, -ae, F., water.
aquati-o, -onis, F., fetchinif water,
watering; aquatlonis causa, to ol/
tain water (f. iv, 11).
Aquil-a, -ae, F., an eai^le. As the
eagle wad the ensign of ihe legion,
aquila came to mean a standard.
. Aqullei-a. -ae, v., Aquileia, a city
in north-eastern Italy. ''
♦v.^*^.""]'^?'',' '^^^'^' ^^- the eagle-bearer,
the standard-bearer.
.A.quitan-us, -i, M., an Aquitanian ;
an inhabitant of Aqi:itania, a district of
south-western Gaul (Fiance).
ar-a, -ae, F., an altar.
Arar, -aria, M., the Arar (now the
faone) a tributary of the Rhodanus
(linoite).
aratr-um, -i, N., a plough.
arbit-er, -ri, M., judge; dare arbl-
tros, to appoint arl)itrators (c. v, 1).
. arbitri-um, -i, N., a judgment, de( i-
arb!tr-or, -arf, atus sum, v. tr.
dep., think, suppose, consider.
arb-or, oris, F., a tree.
arcess-o, -ere, -ivi. -itum, v. tr..
send for, summon.
arc-us, -us, M.,abow.
Arduenn-a, -ae, F., the Ardennes, a
forest of north-eastern Gaul which ex-
tended through the territories of the
Treveri to those of the Romi (c. v, 3).
ardu-us, ■&, -um, adj., steep.
argrent-um, -i, N., silver, money.
Arg i, -orum, pi, M., Argos, a city of
Argclis, ill the eastern part of the Pelo-
ponnesus.
Argos (only used in nom. and aoc
sing.), N., see Argi.
argu-o -ere, -i, argutum, v. tr.,
accuse of, chaige with.
arld-us, -ft, -um, adj., dry. As a
siitistantive, aridum, dry land ; ex
ando, on the shore (c. iv, 24).
an-es, -etis, M., a battering ram.
Ariovist-us. -i, M., Ariovistus, a
Ulnar of the Germans wlio invaded Gaul
conquered the greater part of the coun-
try, and subjected the inhabitants to the
most cruel treatment. Caesar marched
against him and defeated him, .58 ii.c
Aristld-es, -a,a, At,, Aristidea an
Athenian statesniiwi, rival of Theinisto'cles.
arm-a, -orum, pi. n., arms; in
I armis esse, to bear arms (r. v ;n • ah
armn discedere, to lay down arins
■i. N., tackle (of a
armament-um,
vessel).
„^"l^*"''"«' -^^' ^' ainior; levla
armatiis, -a, -um, adj., armed.
beS'^'®'"' ■^''''" "^''"'"' "''J- "'•'"°'•-
arm-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr
arm : regem armare, to excite a king
to arms (n. n. K,); passive, armari to
put on armor ; ad armandas naves
fortheequi]iment o; the vessels (c v 1)
plSfgh.' "^''^' •^^'"' -^*""^' ^- 'f-'
ar-ripio, -ripere, -ripuf, -reptum
v.tr., seize upon, devote oneself eagedy
ar-s, -ti.s, F., art, pursuit, stratagem
Arta^erx-e.s, -is, M., Artaxerxes
king of Persia n.c. 46r.-B.c. 425. He w,^
a son of Xerxes. During his reign Theni^
istocles tied from Greece and took up h^g
abode in Asia Minor. ^
art-e, adv., tightly, closely.
Art6misi-um, -i, N., Artemisium
one of the promontories of Euhoea.
articvil-us, -T, SI., little joint.
artlfici-um, -i, N., mechanical art.
art-US, -us, M., joint.
arv-um, -I, N., a ploughed field.
• ar-x,-cis,F., citadel. In Nepos(Them.
ofAtens'"" *^' ^^"^ ™'''"^ the^croS
ascendo, -scendSre, -scendf
-scensum, v. tr., ascend, ^ountf na-
vem ascendere, to embark.
a-scensus, -scensus, M., ascent.
Asia, -ae, F., Asia.
8i(,^"P®°*'"^' '"^" '^'••'^Pl'^-'^'-ance, look.
asp-er, -era, -erum, adj., rough
uneven, wild, fierce. ™"t.".
as-port-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr..
carry from, ' '
^^f d^-"S, a, -um, adj„ see adsi-
assisto, see adsisto.
assuesco, see adsuesco.
assuefacio, see adsuefaclo.
^ astu, indeclinable neuter sing. (Gk
oCTTu, city) r the ni(y, i.e., Athens.
at, conj., but, yet.
ater, -ra, -rum, adj., black, dark.
VOCABULARY,
Athenae, -arum, pi. f., Athens.
Atheniensis, -e, adj., of Athens,
Athenian. '
atque (contracted ac; atque, before
vowels, ac, before con.sonants), coiij, , aiifl
also, nid even, and (siroiijrei- than et) ■
par atque, the same as; aliter at-
que, difleieiit tliaii ; contra atque,
otherwise than. ^ '
Atreb-as, -atis, adj., Atrebatian.
Atrebat-es, -mm, M., the Atrebates
a people of liel-ic (iaul in the modern
Artois or Arras (Flemish Atrevht).
Atri-us, -i, M., Quintus Atrius, an
officer in Caesar's army, who was left on
the south coast of Britain to look after
the fliKt Willie Caesar marched inland on
his second expedition. n,c. 54.
atro-x, -cis, adj., dark, terrible.
Attic-a, -ae, F., Attica, a district of
the southeastern part of f^orthern Greece
in which Athens was situated.
Atticus, -i, M., Titus Poir.ponius
Atticus, a friend of Cicero.
at-tingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum,
V. tr., touch on, border upon, reach;
.u ^^u^"* attingunt, thev border on
the Rhine (c. iv, 3) ; terram attin-
gere, reach land (c. v, 23>.
attollo, -tollere, v. tr., raise,
attribuo, see adtribuo.
auctor, -oris, M., adviser, helper-
me auctore, at my suggestion.
auctorit-as, -atis, F., authority, in-
nuence, power, prestif^e.
auctumnus (or autumnus), i,
M., aiitunin.
audacl-a, -ae, F., boldness, darinj:.
audaciter, adv., boldly.
audacter, same as avidaciter.
aud-ax, -acis, adj., bold, darin;,'.
aud-eo, -ere, ausus sum semi-
dep. v.tr. and intr., dare, be bold.
aud-io, -ire. -ivi, -itum, v.tr., hear.
. auditi-O, -onis, F., hcarinf;, listen.-
"iif ; pi., auditiones, tales, rumors.
aufero. auferre, abstuli, abla-
tum, v.tr., carry away, remove (p. l.",4).
augeo, augere, auxi, auctum,
v.tr., increase.
aula, ae, F., a hall.
Aureli-us, -i, M., Cains Aurelins
(.ott.-t, r. Homnii ooiinul, li.c, -.'OO.
aureus, -ft, -um, adj., golden, of
gold.
aurig-a, -ae, .M., a charioteer, driver.
419
aur-is, -Is, F.,anear.
aur-um, -i, N.,gold.
Auriinculei us, i,M., Lucius Aurun-
lieius Cott.i, one of the lieutenants of
Caesar in (;aul. He fell i„ uY, ambu.scade
l)laniied by Ambiorix, ii.(. ;-,4.
aut, conj., or; aut. . .aut, either,
or; o,casu)nally used by Cae.sar for
neque ill- IV, 1, 2, 2(1).
autem, conj., but, moreover vet
also, now. (Never put first in a clause.)
autumnus, see auctumnus.
ri.-^H'^ -IVTv ".^n- -atussum, v.intr.
dep. (with dat.), give help.
auxili-um, -1, N., aid, support ; in
plural, auxih-a, -orum, auxiliary
troops.
avaritia, ae, F., avarice, greed,
avers-us, -a, -um, (pcrf. j,art. pass,
of averto u.sed as an) adj., turned away.
avid-us, -a, -um, adj., eager, covet-
av-is, -is, F., a bird,
av-us, -1, M., a grandfather.
B.
Baebi-US, -i, M. , Cneius Baebius Tarn-
philus, consul 182 B.C.
Balbus, see L. Cornelius Balbus
under Cornelius.
barbar i, -orum, M. jil., barbarians,
a name first ai>plied by the (ireeks, then
by the Romans, to the people of other
nations.
barbar-us, -a, -um, adj., savage,
barbarous.
Batavi, -orum, pi. M., the Batavi,
a people who inhabited the islands at the
mouth of the Rhine, corresimnding io the
district of modern Holland.
beat us, -a, -um, adj., happy, pros-
perous. '
Belo'-ae, -arum, pi. M., the Helgao
a general name ajiplied to a warlike
people of north-eastern (laiil, from the
Mosa {Menne) to the ,Se(|uana (Seine'
partly Celtic, partlv Teutonic. The chief
tribes were the Remi, Morini, Nervii,
Huessiones.
bellic6s-us, -a, -um, adj., warlike.
bell-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v.tr., be
at war, wiir.
bellum, -i, N., war; belli, in w.nr
0> ^»'. ■!); bellum populo Romano
facere, to make war against the Roman
Jieople (c. iv, 22).
420
VOCABULARY.
mftflnt' *'^''- "'P"- prosperously ; comp.,
menus: Slip, optime.
favS"^"''^-""'' •*• ^^'■' '=!""'"••««.
8u , h«no^ : ^°'"P:. benevolintior ;
sup., benevolentisslmus.
drS°' ■^'■^' ^^^'' "° «"P-. ^- "-
a tril.e o Britiin which occupied P.eiks
Sussex, Surrey and a.ljoinin- district '
bldu-um, -i, N., a space of two da,s
yeSs^""'"^™' -'' ^- ^" «P'*^^ of two
bin-i, -ae, ■&, distrib. num. adi two
each, two by two (p. fit), 8). ^"
thS^^^^"^^' "®' "''J- two feet lonff or
bis, adv., numeral, twice.
Blthyn-i, orum, pi. m. the nithv
dUtrlcPTP.'" ^^■"" l'"'''^ '" Bithwi -a
district between the Propontis (Sea of
MarmuraXand the Euxine {^;«/* ^ta" '
pr?ce'i?,t?-^' '^^* "^- '^''^^'"'^ (-^^^
nia^n'JS^^i'i&ynl: ""«^- '^'^^' '^'«hy-
bland-ior, -iri, -itus sum, v. intr
dep., flatter (with dative). °""^''- "'"
Blitho, onis, see Sulpicius.
bona, orum, N. pi. of bonus-
■roods, property ; bona publicare to
confiscate goods (N. ;i. -^ /^"""^^re, to
ne£°'^'''^^' "^*^^' ^-^ goodness, rich-
b6vls,S;''°^'-'--'-- = P'-
brachlum, -i, N., arm.
brev-is, -e, adj., short, brief- brevi
(tempore), in a short time, soon.
brevit-as, -atis, F., shortness.
br^viter, adv., shortly, briefly.
Britann i, -orum, pi. m., Britons.
Britannia, -ae, F., Britain.
Brkfsh.^''"^''-"^' -^- •^'^- ^<^i'
De^S.'^' "^®' ^- the winter solstice;
a ^nw,?'^f'^'""°^u •'"• ^- Brundusium,
Brindm '°"'^-''^''"'''» 'taly (now
Brut-US, -i, M., Brutus.
C, an abbreviation for Cains aRnmon
praenomen ; see Aurelius 'CaesTr
Claudius, Centenius, Fiamlnms.'
! intt1°i,Sr,f "'^^^'"•^^«"'"•-
I caec-us, -a,-um,adj.,blind.
: caed-es, -is, F., slaughter, murder.
P.S^i&tl^Si,:,^a.U'S
cael-um. -i, N., sky, heavens.
venfrtS^.'?^;^'"^^'''-'"'^'^'^^'^^---
«kyS'^^-"«'-^'-^l™-'''"J-.deepblue.
Caes-ar, -aris, M., Caius (or Gaius^
Julius Caesar, born UK) b.c, died44Bc •
Zn'^^llV" '^'^'"'^ " Ro."an praetio:
foSSlS- ■^"'' ^- •^'^°'-''-- ""-
calo-ar, -aris, N., a spur.
cai-eo, -ere, -ui, v. i„tr., be warm.
cahd-us, -a, -um, adj., warm.
callide, adv., skilfullv ; comn en].
hdius; sup., callidissimeV de
lutuns calhdissime coniciebat
'fu,ure(.v"'T%.^''""' '" f-°aSWe
callidit-as. -atis, F., skill, sagacity.
callidus, -a, -urn, adj., skilful.
Camill-us, -j, M., Camilhis the de-
I.verer of Home from the Gauls iA 389 b c
ua^'l^^'Hr^"'- ^^f'.P''^'". field; camp,
ua Maitius, a plain betwron the walls
of Rome and the Tiber, where the elec
tions were held and all kinds of athletic
sports were practised. «mieuo
can-is, -is, M. or F., a dog.
Cannensis, -e, adj., of, or belonffinjr
to Cannae, a village of Apulia, where
the Romans were defeated l^y Hannibal!
v.^^"J?diS?sS. ''""'"'• °^"*"°^'
Th?^f?.nf!l'^^' ""• *'•• " Cantabrian.
CanTa^'- ■°^^'"' P'" "•= «^
VOOAHUr.ARY.
421
311 forCaius, aRoman
.urelius, Caesar,
miua, Flaminius.
cecidi, casum, v.
';. or caduceum,
am, adj., deep blue,
. F., disorder, niis-
5ini, cantum.
Canti-um, i, X., Kent, a county in
south-eastern Entfiand. •*
inn.*^"i;°' '^^®' "^v^- -atuxn. V. tr. and
i III I • t S| lll^,
cantus, -us, M.,8onfr.
cap-er, ri, M., a he-goat.
tum, \. tr., undertake the nianapenient
l^^fl}^ o/'"' ''"'"'i'listration of the
btaie (.N. T. 2).
capill-us, -i, M., hair; esse nro-
misso capillo. to «earlon^S.^
ir^fR^°: «^«'Pei'e. cepi, captum. y.
tr., take ; captus misericordia, o\er-
BiZZ"l' r'' ^^- 7- «>: capere con-
smum, to form a i)Ian (n. n. 9)- nort-
um capere, to make the harlwr (c iv
.i(.) ; 80 insulam capere (c. iv, l'o \
capr-a, -ae, K, ashe-Koat.
captiv-us, -i, M., a captive, prisoner.
PB^'niRw ^.; "*■ '""^ ^•'^'''' l^'^"' I'«ss- of
^ifc?d "' ''''•''"'■''''' charmed, intiu-
capt-us, -us, M., capacity, idea;
ut est captus Germanorum
according- to German ideas (c. iv, 3)'
cit^nPr,?' '^®' ^' ^.''P"*' the chief
carc-er, -eris, M., a prison
Darners in a . Te-coiirse.
in phir.,
care, adv., dearly, with affection.
carin-a, -ae, F., hull of a vessel, keel.
carm-en, -Inis, N., sorig-.
car-o, -nis, F., flesh ; carne vivere
to live on flesh (c. v, 14). ^**'"** vivere,
carp-o, -ere, -si, -turn, v.ir., pluck.
carr-us, -i, M., a waffgon, cart.
Carthaginiens-is, -e, adj., of or
helonginj,' to Carthage, Carthaginian.
Carthag-o, -inis, v., Carthage, or
Karthage, a city of Northern Africa
which carried on war with Rome almost
continuously from 264 B.C. to 146 B.C.
car- lis, -a, -urn, adj., dear, beloved
agreeable to '
, Carvilius, a petty
Carvili-us, -i, M.
king of Kent (c. v, 22).
cas-a, -ae, F., a cottage.
Cfi-Se-US, -i, M., chpcso.
Cass-i, -orum, pi. M., the Cassi, a
Hritish tribe that inhabited Hertford-
shire.
Cassius, -i, .M., Caius Cassius
{.ongiis one of the assassins of Caesar.
He died 42 B.C., at I'hilippi.
Capslvellaunus, -i, M., Cassivel-
laun.is or Caswallon, the ahle .nmn.and-
er-,n-cl„ef of ih.. lirit.sh an„y oy.oed
oCaesar. II, s chief town was Veru
lamium (now ,S7. a lhaii.s).
castell-um, -i, N., a fortress.
Castic-us, -i, M., Casticns, a chief of
tlie Serniam, whom (hgetorix induced to
seize tlie suineme jiower in his stale.
castr-um, -i, N., a hut, fort • in dI
castr-a, -orum, a camp; castra
ponere, to pit<.h a cam, castra
munire, to fortify a canii>, to pilch a
faiiip ; castra habere, to lie encamped
l,oif ^„ • <^astra movere, to advance ;
castra navalia, an encampment on
the shore for protecting the fleet and
the troops while landing ; sometimes con-
/ ^^'oT'^'' ^^^ ''"I*** ''""""'i "1> on land
casta, (abl. of casus, used as an) adv..
I)y chance. '
Cas-U8, -us, M., chance, accident.
catena, -ae, F., achain.
Catilina. -ae, M., Lucius Sergius
catihne, an ami)itious and profligate
Roman of Cic^ero's time.
causa, ae, F., cause, reason, pre-
text; causam interponens, aliegin-
as an excuse (.v. t. 7); in eadern
causa, in the same position (c. iv, 4) •
?^K. l?^^® causis, for many reasons
causa, adv. (reallv abl. of causa
with the noun depending on it in the
jren./, for the sake of, on account of •
mea causa, for my sake; ft-ie-oris
depellendi causa, for the purpose of
warding off the cold. i ^<- ui
caveo, cavere, cavi. cautum
V. tr. and intr., take precaution • ali-
qiiem cavere, to avoid anv one • in
ahquem cavere, to take means
against one; alicui cavere, to take
means for one's safety.
cav-um. -i, v., a cave.
cede, cedere, cessi, cessum,
y. intr. go, yield ; insequi cedentes,
to overtake the retreating foe (c. v, K;).
c61ebr-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
celebrate. '
cel-er, -eris, -ere, adj., swift ; comp..
eelerior; sup., celerrimus.
celerit-as, -atis, F., swiftness, speed.
.Cfilertter, adv., quickly ; comp.,cele-
nus ; sup. , celerrime.
422
VOCAHULAKY.
n:R
cena, ae, F., dinner, feast.
north of the Trinobantes. '^"noik,
censeo, censere, censui rRn
S: °' «ensitum, V. tr^a.'^fo":
a lionian i-ropraofor who fell in a, "n-
with Hannibal, 217 b c
fatfunient
centum, num. adj., indecl., hundred
centuri-o, -onis, M., a centiirion n
con.niander of a centuria, whi .h'at°"f' n
coniplenu-nt numbered 100 nicn
str^Se^""'^"' "'"*«' ^" ''°"«'°t, battle,
certe, adv., at least, certainly.
cert-U8, -a, -urn, adj., certain flxe.l
true, aliquem certiirem facere'
"'i°"» : certior fieri, to be inforTmMl'
ffi."a'f/sV(cr"vr;t. ^'"^' ^"^^^
cerv-us -i, .M., deer, staj?
fo£dS]^,^Lf • -"^ ^"°'"- -'^'- -t
Cethegus, -f, M., see Publius
Cornelius Cethegus. underior^
Cib-U8 -i, M., food, nourisl.Mient
ciconi a, -ae, F., a stork.
Indutiomarus for the chiefta , sh ,, of
V. tS.ro°^f?,P«' «i^^i. cinctum.
circa, atlv, and prep, (with im \ ■
Sr^ircS' '" ^*^' -'*=''hbo\t^o<T-^f
ti^^tetrn^arf'^^ """--' -i-
circu-6o, see circumeo
cirfu'it^''""^' "^^' '^'- «i'-°"mference.
,ho^i;S' Jr^i ^'"'-■'^ 'V='^>' ^'O""'"- in
, V "p'gftOuFhcmd or ; circum Aniii
leiam, in the neifrh.K>rhood of Aqti?eYa
cS^!';?:^,oS^ci.re. -emsi,
around. " ''•'"' '"•O"»''. draw
circum 6o, ire, -ivi (or -ii) .Ttum
V. tr., ^'o around, vi.sit ; hibernB ^^*
cumire, to inspect the\&^,^,,Ss
-fasum°?'^'^"^°' -f^ndere, -mdf
«"?r^r^&^^SdSt^v ?r
v.fr'*':;iKt*°' -ft^P- -Steti, no sup.,'
(p. 277; 7). ' '"'"'' '*''°""''' surroumi
CIS, i.rep. (with ace), on t'.is sirle of
terior, Gaul beion'J theX'^^fe^f "
on?has°ten^''^' •^^'"' -^*^"»»- ^' '■••. "rge
^ citra, prep, (with ace), on this side of,
civil ; bellum
ciyil-ia, -e, adj.,
civile, civil war.
I '^?^;!^' -is- M-°'-F., citizen, native.
(N. T 8). °^^^*^^^® eicere, to banish
clad-es, -is, F., defeat, disaster.
clam, ad\-., secretly.
clamor, oris, M., shout.
VOCABULARY.
• . bright, clear,
classiari i, -orum, i.l. m goiriipr..
«ervintf in the fleet, marinls. '
Class-Is, -Is, P., fleet.
C/SKl;I""?' ;'• N" ClasH-iiun. (now
in /a ia^fs" 1 '."'-frt-sHon the I'a.|i.,s(/'o),
niKing of this fortreas with the battlo nf
ric'inus, B.C. '218. "attie or
Claudius, -i, .v., Chudius- rn Vn-
»XS''^^^!rr^^n-r^?^^?i
c'Trv pM.°°'' S.vra,.u.se'in 212
H.c. (J) M Claudius Alarcellus, son of
• ) Appiiis ClaiKhiis, consul with I^iuiua
•onutius, H.C. .^4. He was hrother of
the infamous CIo<iius whom Milo niiir
<iereri and was a well known lawyer and
politician of Rome. "'"wyeranci
sum "v^?; ^^i^V^f '■®' clausi, clau-
sum, V. tr.,shut, close.
dementia, -ae, F., kindness, mercy
clien-8, -tls, M. or F., a dependant.
clfpe-us,-i,M., a shield.
Cliv-us, -i.M., aslope.
Sefvilius^"""'' '^^ ^^ebius, I'ompeius.
Cneius, -i, jr., see Cn.
coact-us, ■&, -um, (perf. part, pass
of cogo u.ed as an) adj , forced ■ Cc
necessitate coactus, co. ipe I'ed by
this necessity (n, t. 8). ^
coelum, see caelum.
c6-eo, -ire, -ivi (if) -Ttum v
t"tr., come together assemble, nieeT' '
l^^coep-i, -isse, v. defec. (p. m), begin,
coerceo, -ercere, -erciii -er-
citum, V. tr., check, restrai^ ' ^
tho,?£*^r!fl°\-"°°^^',.'''- "" thinking,
t nought, reflection, meditation.
coglt-o, -are, -avi, -atum v ti-
weigh well, ponder, think, plan '-
kind°fd^*'°' '°^^^' ^- relationship,
cognomen, -inis. N., a family name
a name. Kach Roman had regiZfy thTee
names, the praenomen. Indicating the in!
'lividual like our Christian name ; the nS
f ^hich he belonged ; the cognomen or
f^xtnily name. Caius (praenomen)
Juhus (nomen), Caesar (co|HoSI2)-
an agnomen wa« often ddded for ho?or
423
orIus?^;rto"^A^r?sS§^^>«-Scip,o.
nomine (.s. ^fl^']^6mi^^ '"''«-
coegf, coactum,
V ^t^^°- ,?°»«re, coegf,
tu^c;S^^.^3^fe^^ui^-
pa?r5T.^gi;^!^^e^-ie^3-.''.eten;h
oep., exhort, incourage animate, urge
of cSiibt^^*"^- •*' "«^- •-'• p-t.
tr.??,lK?;or^' •^^'"- -^tum. V.
nerhia^' '^^' ^'- -«"ea^ue, part-
v.^tSiX-t.-Sfble.-^'^'- -^^^*"^'
coU-is, -is. SI., a hill.
turn ■^?''?; "^°.°^^®' -^Pcavi, -loca.
turn, V. tr., station ; in mntHrvi^
nium collocare, or coUo^re aC
togvein marriage(N. a. 3)- in stntioTi^
COllocati, stationed on fen,a"ff(c v "f
coKS."'-"'^' ■'• ^- «-ver.sa;ion;
coloni-a, ae, F., settlement, colony,
color, -oris, .M., color.
coma, -ae, F., hair.
jourlSr- •"'«• *'•• -"'P«"io" (0" a
deJ°^i^;^-beT^;.nS^nr"' ^•'^•
atlbus, by two relays (c v. 23)
commemor-o, -are -avf at,,^.^
v.tr.^„iake mention Tre^^-t;^a:
com-mendo, mendare -mon
davi, -mendatum. V tr comS^f?;
protection, entrust. ' '^'""'"'t *'°
co3?'"^°'-°°i«-M-.'«"ow-.soldier.
8um™"v™lr^°' -"littere. -misi, -mis-
pr^iium cu^"'?'-' i>,"'°'"™"tere
Pn'STit^^\Te^r,!;\^Tn ^^^7^?
commit a frime • TitViti i,f„ ^ •
mitt^, toS.st^fa^^.^-,<^-
424
VOCABULARY.
forhis(mn(;o(noiiieriw(c v g^'"' "'*"e
commutatlo. -onis. P., change
commut p, -are. -avi, -atum v
tr., change, alter, ahtimhm '*''"™' ^-
compello, -pellere, -puli -mil
sum, v.tr., drive in a hodV.
comperlo, -perire, -pfiri -nor
turn, v.tr.. find out, discover ' ^^^'
V P^'^r.P^^o.-Plere, plevl, -pletum
oomS ere''?!''.^'' = ".^^«« "™^U8
(c iv, 2(^. ' ""'^" **"1'^ ""^1 soldiers
..u?,r«S"'' -P^^"^' '^'^J- P'- -O'
waf(N-^rS^''^''^*-'^''°P''t'^»endt^the
brfi?S!:;°-S;t^vi,.atum.v.tr..
a?re1t • 'P^^^ensum, v.tr., seize,
comprob-o, -are, -avi, -atum
v.tr., ai)prove of, ratify. "i-um,
conat-um, -i, n., attempt.
c6nat-ns, -us. M.. .at tempt
con-cedo -cedSre. -cessi. -ces-
tare, .„ c.du. l,„,L",;.,"=';l"j,f ""cl-
„,5;On curro, -currere, curri. -cur-
tadf^ftvo^"^^' •"«• '^'- a«senihlv,at.
con demn-o, -are, -avi -atnrv.
V. tr., condemn, sentenJe. ""^'
con-dlcl-o, -onis, R, terms,
conditio, same as condioio
^.condJt-or. -oris, m., founder of a
fo^K^.;Srtui{l^^*'-^^*"°^--«-
er.?ffi^"p°rd-or- -^^" -^--. -
Condrus-i, -orum, pi. m. the Con
f^T'- UT^'l'' °f north'-eastern Gaul o",'
the risht hank of the Mosa (Alluse^ h
thyl.str.et Of the modern NamuKn^
conduco, -ducere, duxi -dun
turn. V. tr., bring together hire ' °
con-fercio, -fercire, -fersi -fpr
turn, V. tr, pack together; to Jiusefo'
take close order; legione confertn
(a'iv^S.^'^ '^«'°" ^einglnStrde;
con_ fero, -ferre, -ti^li, collatum
-''J. ^5 '"8<^i"t;r, gatner, CO eot- so
conferre, to betake oneself- ffln+o
conferre, to compare deeds (V'. „ is)^
confertus. see confercio.
ft.=?"^'^^**™'«''^'. immediatelv • con-
t'hfaie^P^°«"°'""'-'l-teVX
when the war 4s o^erfc. iv^fe^f^*^
VOrAIilJLAHY.
Mi, -ditum, v.tr,
278, foo{ note) • ^""* *^""-""Kl>ly (p!
.r.rfs'Jaa.^i,;^;^, -^Vi. -atum. v.
425
•a. um, adj.. conscious,
engraKoin battle (c. v i',)
con grSro, grergre c-eqa,- o.«„
self to flight (c iv i9) . A, ?J'®*'*'t'" °"e-
cere, to throw'in ^.^("''^.^^aTi^HL-
jon-iunctim, adv.. jointly' in con,
h?^?;^"°8'o, lung-gre. -iuns-i
•mnctum, v. tr., unite, join ^^'
for°m^l?aS"^''^'-^^''-^tum.v.tr..
•^tssr?:t.:^ar.<^"^3ivi,
:Bc°e°ruT^v°'t;.«°eSrinTo"^J'
scendere, lo mo J^t fho^s^ ""^ ^°"'
ne^?„1.Sg:1-,,-|. ^- conscious.
consci U8,
U(;cc'sHor\ to.
phrase PatrefconscriDH V' '" '^'^
call,.,! be. ms, t lir """"' «"'«'"f^ so
on tl.e ron';.rthe 's'natZ' ''''' '"''''''
tr.^co"nSe°' -^'^' •^^»' "^t""., v.
consedissent.Heeconsido
JOnsens-US, -us, M.. consent, agree.
8um";^1J?f"°' «entire, -aensi, sen-
aura, \. intr. agree, conspire
ove^tffSir^Jt^id'coSeaui"^'
L-arr.v out this (.s. i/ lo) ^°"Sequi, to
.n°a=ss'.i*»' ■*"■ •"'«". •■
considdro, -are, -avT, -atum v
tr., e.van.ine carefully, consider ^' '
dunt:thSesSm?rv^V°"''-
um. to form a plan {sVl c ?" A\*:
iV M^ ^on«l"uni. to adopt a plan ?^
Sn?c'.°v,'r""^'"^°"'^'"^^^^^^^^
in1^;fSSk;^'^'^J--'->"i'^e,li„e
Qiafii • ^^^^^' n«lfc; cons St of- con!
in flno?«i?^^"®' *' consists of fle°h •
con-s61-or, -art, -atus sum v t»
dep., console, comfort, cheer
^^con-8pect-u8, -us, M., sight, appear.
iHii
43«
VOCA It Uf.MfV,
•tendily, reso.
■ae, I'., flrnincM, con-
conatanter, adv
lutfly, uniforiiily.
constantla.
■tancy, rcnolution
•stratum, v.tr., cover with, cover over
stitutum, V. tr., (iravv tii), aciem
constituere, t.. ,lraw u,, a lino of
iiattic; claasem, navem, consti-
tuere, to move a Hcet, a Hliip ; die
const tuta, on a act .lav ; pdrti a
iv i;-^','^S™*°'"""^ constituere, to
atitnH^"!'". ^^- 7k-''" = ^*« «"«^"s con-
siicutia, when this wasarr:in({ed(c. v, [>).
V *inP;^*;°' /S*^''^' -stiti. -statu'm,
,V a' -l? I^^T' = ^<"V^">. constat
It IS admitted, it ia curtain (p. I(l_>).
conauerunt = conaueverunt.
con-sueaco, sueacSre. -suevi.
<Uetum, V. intr., become accustomed •
I pass., beaccustoined.
con-auetud-o. -Inla, F., custom,
•abit ; ex consuetudlne, according
to custom (c. iv, y-j). *
consueverant, see conaueaco.
, Cons-ul, -alia, M., a consul, one of
the two chief magistrates chosen annually
at Home. •'
. consai-arls, -are, a<lj., of,orljeIon(f-
iiiK' to a consul, consular.
conaiil-arls, -arls, M., one of con-
sular rank, one who had been consul.
consOlat-us, -ija, M., the consulship,
the offlco of consul.
cpnsai-o, ere. -Cii, ultum, v. tr.,
deliberate, plap -ilicui conaulere, «,0
consult for one» benefit; aliquem
conaulere, to ask one's a<lvice; in
aliciuem conaulere, to take measures
afrainst one ; conaulere sibl, to look
after himself (n. t. 8) ; civltati con-
aulere, to take measures for the interest
' f the state (c. v, 3).
consulto, adv., on purpose, desiirn-
wlly ; often de consulto ; conamto
cedere, to purposely retreat (c. v, 16).
conaultum, 1, N., decree, resolu-
tion, decision.
con-aumo, -san. -o
-aumptum, v. tr.,
tempus conaunaei'€< .
aestatem conaumf le, ;
summer (c. v, i); raa^n-A
conaumpta, after a ,rrt.:>.i
day had been spent (c. v, 0}.
con-siirgo, -surgr^re.
-aurrectum,
arise.
-aumpai,
"i waM" ;
■■ '.b ; tin ' :
, jpti'' ->,«
;^!,:-t<i ciiei
fvi :if the
surrexi,
V. intr., rise in a body,
con tAeri o, -dnlB, K.. contact,
con temno, temn^re. tempsl
U-mpif '"™' '■ "■■' ''••^'""^- •'"I'M" CO'.:
contemno^'"^' ''"'■ »'"*• '"«^- "'
turn, v. inlr.. strive for. hasten to, pu«h
forward (l«ht: apud eos contendit
he maintained lufore ilieni (.n. t. 7)- n
fines Suerambrorum contendit.
he inar..heH into ,he territories of the
Siitfainbn (c. iv, is).
contetitio, -onis, K, 8tru>firlinir •
gaininjf a battle. ' """Kb""»-
con-tentus, -a, -nm, adj. (with
al'l.p. 04, 4), content with. ^
(r.^?mS^°'"' -^^*' -^'"^ «um. V.
t,,'^^"'^^''^' -tex^re, texiii, -tex
turn, V. tr., weave, bind toKether.
con-tlceaco, -tlcesc6re, -ticai
nosup.; V. intr., be silent.
contlne-ns ntis (proi)erly nres
part, of contii.eo, used as an)a<ij., with
terra understood ; literally, the unin-
terrnpted land, the continent.
timmn"'^®"^®'"' '''''•• ™"stantly, con-
contlnenti-a, -ae, R, self-restraint.
con-tTnSo, -tinere, -tinai,- -ten
l^S^'- *■.*•■•• .hold tocelher, bound,
restrain, hem in ; se continere, to
i^^J^ffl*"^"''^'' *'.*"»f"'' '"''■ ; clvltatem
m officio continere, to keep the state
loyal (c V, 3); in officio continere,
to keep hwii loyal (c. v, 7). '
tifm"f".f°'/**'i^^''^' •."^"' i^ac-
tum, V. tr., touch, e.xtend to, reach-
inipers., contingit (p. 182), it happens.'
continiio, adv., immediately.
continuus, a., -um, adj., continuous^,
COntlO, -tJonis, F., assembly ; 1
contionem populi prodire, to aii-
pear before an assembly of the people
(N. T. 1). '^ '^
contra, prep, (with ace. only), ajyainat,
opposite to; contra Qalliks, facing
the divisions of Gaul (c. iv, 20).
contra, adv., contrary to; contra
atque esaet dictum, contrary to
what lias been 8aid(c. iv, 13).
con-traho,-trah6re, -traxi, -trac-
tuu V tr., draw together, collect.
contrari-ua, ■&, -urn, wH., opposite,
contrary. - ^f .
controverai-a, ae, F, dispute.
contameli-a, ae, F., slight.
VOCAUI'LARY.
Ii v., fontact.
nnfire. temps!,
I'sjtisf, holil ill con-
rf. part. pas», of
6re, tendi.-ten
or, hiiHtfii to, piiMti
eoa contendit,
llicni (N. T. 7); in
um contendit,
lurritoricH of the
i, F., strii^fifllngr ;
■atua sum, v.
constantly, con-
con vaiesco, vAlescfirfi .v«i,^f
''"Hnp.;v.iMtr.,,row^^,?^,^^,^^^^^^^^^
con-valM8,.i8, R. valky.
con-v6ho, -v^hfiri» tr*.».- _
turn, V. tr., car, V tc^tMhrr *'• '^^'
COnv«nlt, fmpors. v. intr. («iih .kt >
it bl'COIllMH. \nim til».;,
con-yentu8, -ventus, M.. „.. imnvm
' y. usMue : conventun pe mge^^^^
to hold an assize (f. v, 1). *^^'"B«Je,
converto, -vertSre, -vertl v«..
sum, V. I r.. turo, turn abo itTfnf^ Jo m "
convertere, to turn in tliKi.t "* ™
f,im"7l"^°' vlnodre, vici, -vie-
coma,
annv.
427
•as, N,, horn, wliitr of an
corona, ae, R, crow,,.
corp-us, •6rls. N„ ho,iv
corrlplo, rlp^re, -rlpni. -ren
„cor ,.umpo, rumpere. " .....p,
turn.
cacum, V. tr., summon, iH.sinihle.
coorlor, -oriri -ortna a,,^
intr.d.T.,ofastor'l;;a°rK%ri,lI^i.;-
copla, ae, R, abundancp i,1b..m
t;oo?s(c.°v^'l1,t ^""^''"«r«' '« *!'"- "|.
pi??ffi:'i^f^v:"'"' '"'' ^^*^" '""■
V. iS.?°oof ^"^''^' '^^^'^ ««<=*"«>.
cor, cordis, N., heart. I
coram, jirep. (with ah].), face to faop
«ith, ,„ presence of; coram ponulo '
in i.re.sonce of the people ; coram nir'
spicit, he sees in person (c? vi f [f ^^^'
..egSrCo"rSraVrJ?i- °' »'
Corinth us, -i, R, Corinth thp nhiof
nrtVf' tho'l^'?' " ''^'''«* """'^ "orther
part of the I'eloponnesus.
D??''"^^^"^' -i- M., Cornelius m
3ed"fn^Sn''^'''^f,f'P'°''=°"'*"'2"«».
neiius Scipio Africanus (son of Mo 1)
t>orn about 234 b.c, died 183 b.c He
'■onquered Hannibal, at Zama, 202 bo
Ui) Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus
(brother of ^o. 2), consul 190 b.c. . defeaUd
nnll°^^:\l' ^^> ^^'"^ Cornelius Cell e«u.
consul 197 B.C., when Philip V. of Macel
flon was defeated bv Flaminlnus at Cvnos
coSulT8l^!>.^"''"-*^--''-CetS,^.t:.
ruin7 bribe (.N.iVoJ' "'l"fces, destroy,
^"iy'lZi'"' ^^^"'•"«>- ■*. ^». •!...
c6ti-dIan-U8. .ft. imi, adj.. dain
cotidle. adv.. daily. J'"«'0.
t-raa. adv., to-morrow
cSr-ri,an!;.d^'b,;S(V;,e'''irr
«as a member of th,. iw -r • 'V'"*".
UMaiMst the Partbiuni. '•' '" " »'"•
criber'^Va"'"''"-''"''''''^'"'""^'-
"mSutffreS/nt;^"'"' «^'J- thick.
credo, -dere, -didi -drfnr»
v.^rfCn! ■'"^'■^' •'"^^^"- -matum.
".^"ectSos^lU^'-"^^:,.^^-
-2i^^"-^'^^it^^^-K
cri-men, -minis, N., charge
crinis, -nis, R, hair.
crucla-tus, -tUs, \r.. torture.
e, adj., cruel, hard-
^ crud61 Is.
hearted.
•itatis, R, cruelty,
cnidel-itas,
barbarity.
criidel-lter, adv., cruelly.
cms, cruris, N., leg.
cabfl-e, -Is, N.,abed.
sen. sinjar. of quIs
cuius
(p. V.^0).
culusque, gen.
(p. 132). ^
^ culusvls,
(p. 132).
gen.
or qui
sing, of qulsque
sing, of qulvls
428
VOCABULARY.
culp-a, ae, K, lihimo, fault; cul-
pam inicere, to throw the Maine uim.ii
,.'■ '}''i ^ ' culpam conicere, to tlirow
the hlaine (c. iv, 27).
hlaine, find fault with.
cultura, -ae, F., cultme; agri
culturaor agrricultura, a^nioultiirc.
,.,<^^*^-lV'5' -us, M., cultivation, mode of
life, civilizafion.
cum, prep, (with al)l.), with, alonL'
with ; eiiclitio with me, te, se, nobis,
vobis, quibus, as mecum, tecum,
secum, nobiscum, vobiscum,aui-
buscum (p. 10,'-), s). "^.vi"i
cum (also written quum), adv.,
When, after, snice, altlioutfh (p. 203, 297,
4 ; 300, 9, 10) ; cum . . . turn, both. . land ;
f '^^^(o'; quum) primum, as soon as
vP' ijy, 2),
cunctati-o, onis, F., delay.
cunct-or, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep.,
delay, hesitate, doubt.
cunct-us, -a, -um, adj., all, alto-
gether.
oupide, adj., ea^'erly.
cupiditas, -atis, F., eagerness.
cup:d-us, -a, -um, adj., desirous of
(w:th genitive, p. 281, 9); cupidus rer-
um novarum, an\ious for a change of
government (c. v, 6).
cup-io, ere, -ivi (-ii), -itum, v.tr.,
long for, wish, desire.
cur, adv., why ?, for what purpose ?
cur-a, -ae, F., care, anxiety.
Cur-es, -lum, pi. F., Cures, a town
near Rome.
curi-a, -ae, F., Senate house.
Curi-us, -i, M., Curius, a Roman
name.
ciaro, -are, -avi, -atum, v.tr., care
for; in Caesar always with ace. of ob-
ject and gerundive part. ; exercitum
transportandum curare, to catise
the army to he transported (c. iv, 29)-
naves aediflcandas curare, to
have ships built (c. v, 1).
curro, currere, cftcurri, cur-
sum, v. intr., run ; curritUT, they ran
(p. 164, 2).
curr-us, -us, M., chariot.
CUr-SUS, -SUB, Jr., a running (c. Iv,
85) ; voyage ; tenere cursum. to hold
on their coui'se (c. iv, 2S ; v, d).
cur-vus, -va, -vum, adj., crooked,
bending, winding.
custodia, -ae, F., guard, picket.
cut c6d-io, -ire -ivi -itum, v. tr.,
guard, watch.
cus-tos, -todis, M., guard, watch.
Cyrenae-i, -orum, i^l. M., the people
of Cyrene, a town of Nortiiurn Africa.
D.
D.C. =sexcenti, six hundred.
Dac-us, -i, M., a Dacian. The Dacians
occupied the south-eastern part of the
modern kingdom of Austria.
damn-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
condemn, pass sentence upon ; capitis
damnare, to condeum to death (p. 281,
damnum, -i, N., loss.
Danubi-us, -i, .M., the Danube.
datus, jicrf. |)arl. of do.
de, prep, (with abl.), of, from, con-
cerning ; his de rebus certior fac-
tus, being informed of these events
(c. IV, 5); de tertia vigilia, after the
third walich was set; multis de
causis, for many reasons (c. iv, 16)-
qua de causa, and for this reason •
de oppidis demigrare, to remove
from the towns (c. iv, 19); de impro-
V180, unexpectedly.
de-a, -ae, F. (for declension, p. 6, 2),
goddess.
deb-6o, -ere, -ui, -itum, v.tr., owe ;
ought (p. 102, 4, note).
debil-ito, -itare, -itavi, -itatum,
v. tr., weaken, enfeeble, crush.
de-cedo, cedere, -cessi, ces-
sum, V. mtr., retire, leave, depart from ;
e Vita decessit, he died.
decern, indecl. card, num., ten.
decerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre-
tum, V. tr., decide, determine; cum
hoc eodem decernit, he tights a de-
cisive battle with this same one(N. ir. 4);
erant decreturi, they imended to
fight (N. H. 10).
, de-cert-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
mtr., fight earnestly, fight a pitched
battle, decide by a battle.
d6cet, decere, decuit. no sup.,
impers., it is becoming.
decimus, ■&, -um, ord. num. adj.,
tenth.
de-cipio, -cipere, -cepf, -ceptum,
V. tr., catch, deceive, cheat.
declaro, -aie, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
make clear, announce.
decliv-is •§, adj., sloping.
VOCABULARY.
M., [Tuard, watch.
rd. num., (en.
adS"''''' ■^''^' -^Vf. -atum, V. tr..
hustui. ^"^^U"^- "•'■ "'t'-., run down,
dec-us, -oris, N., ornament, honor.
^-••tSr^ra.^'^--e, to S
j.^de.fecti-o. -onis, K, revolt, rebel-
defens-or, -cris, M., defender.
people (c V, ;i). '""'^'^ °' ''^^ '^o'"'-"'
tr^t^Slin^S^oS'- -«^"^' -
.•ntt"ttm?eda ■^^^"- -^t"»^. v.
v.^KtwlS"' ^^-' -"^-"-.
Hi&%"Tv;|' -^' '^"^- '"-haped. un.
429
^^?^{^^^'^^^^^^^''
thf.^S.' ""'- "^'•'••^'^"•^■•' afterwards,
delat-us, seedefero.
Del-US (or Del-osi -i v n i
0.OW /;,/0,' the cin?.^^i is and •'of'' t hi
C\olacles, noted for the temple of Auo In
, which served as the treasurv of"^ h^
states that fornied the DelianSed, racy'
ae-menti-a, -ae, F., madness • «nrv,
mae dementiae esse to be tTj
height of madness (c. iv, 13). ^
de-meto, -mdtere, -mess i\ f
•messiim, v. tr., cut down, ™ p.^ ^ " ''
de-mlgr-o, -are, -avi, -atum \-
>ntr., move from, depart from, eSue.'
de-minii-o, -ralnuere -mim-ii
•tnmutum, v. tr., lesZ, impai!^'"'"''
sum °?''^!?' ■"^^"ti-e. -misi, -mis-
deSitteri'to^reS't'.' ^" ^"^"^°
tnm"T°; ^f"^^re. dempsi, demp-
tum, v. tr. takedown or off, remove
demonstr-o, -are, -avi, -atum
430
VOCABULARY.
. de-mor-or, -ari, -atus sum v
intr. dep., delay, linjfer. ' '
demum, adv., at length, at laat.
coh,^S'">^' 'J' ^^' f'enarius, a Roman
coin worth about twenty cents
te?Sat;^%&,Kl;s.""'"- ^^'
wo'Jd,"&t."'"'*''^^''«"=^"^:'"'^
den-s, -tis, M., tooth.
paSf-c^o^d^.;,:'^'^' "'J- ^^'^'^' '''°-'^'
de-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, v
tr., announce, declare, threaten, order.
depello, -pellere.-puli, -pulsutn
V. tr., drive away, dislodge, turn asi ^^
ab eodem gradu depu sus eat he
one J:;: 5r°'" ""'' ^ooZfd1St&u.l
depereo, -perire, -perivi r-nerii)
"osup., V. intr., be lost, perish! ^ ^'^'
do-pono, ponere, -posui, -posit-
um, \. tr., lay aside, cast awav •
m^^-^=^^^®B°"®''®' *° relinquish his
• ho;e(^.Pv!?S).^^P°"«^«' *<' fe'-'- "P
de-p6pul-or, -ari, atus sum, v
tr. dep., lay waste, plunder.
tr^cn?rv^iii°' "^^®' -^vi, -atum, V.
tr., carry off, remove.
dLn^^'^lt^'^' "^"' ■^*"^ sum, V. tr.
Rflnrti 0^,*.°^ '"^'''=^'= "eque recu-
sandi aut deprecandi causa, for
the purpose of neither denyin.r the fact
nor of be-ffinsr him for mercy (c. v,l)
f.^f^?F^:°\ ■S'!'®' avi, -atum, v
tr., fiffh^t tothe last, fighta pitched battle.
derogr-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr
withdra\y, take away from, weaken.
de-scendo, scendere, -scendi
•scensum, y. tr., climb down, descend ;
Iwe^C^A^^.'^^^''^"^^^^' '^'"''^'^
desero -serere, -serui, -sertum,
V. tr., desert, leave.
desert-or, -oris, M., deserter.
wish for, lonif for, want ; neque ulla
?^u'\'^ ^^^'« desideratur not a
sniffle ship IS lost at all (c. y, 23).
idltS'"^' "^^' ''•• "°'''' indolence,
in?!;^"fiJ''°i ■^"^"''■?' •^"^""' -sultum, V.
intr., leap down, dismount.
.,<^-fin.'3; -sinere, -sivi (sii), -si-
tum, v. intr., leave off, cease, stop.
V f,^,^'?^°' "^i®'^^''®' -«titi, -stitum,
V. intr., leave oflF, give over, cease from \
proelio deaistere, to give un the
upifenror"-^««i«tire.;L\s«
desperatis. despairing of 'succesatK,^
tum'^J'^^'^; -spicere, -spexi, -spec-
turn, v. tr., look down upon, despise
■82onTum'^v°;;^Pn°"'^-^^?'«P°»di.
betroth "^" ^ •' P""""""^ '" '"arriage;
-s&t-^rlJ?'^°' •s*»'ineere, -strinxi,
sheath*"'"' '• ''■' '^'■''^^ '^ «^«'d. un!
de-sum, -esse, -fni v int. i,
wanting, fail, bTlacicing"'' ' ""'- ^'
de-s^iper, adv., from above.
deter-ior, -ioris, adj., comp Cnooi
^ent. deterrere ne or quin (pi 185.
tnm*l"^t°' -"nere, -tinui, -ten-
damfS""^"^-"^' ■'"' ^- '"J"»"^' '°«*''
deturb-o, are, -avi, atum v tr
cast down, drive away. **"""*• ''• tr--
a ^d "^' "*' '^'' ^^°'' <^e<='e"8ion, p. 13, 2),
tlSi^^^coii^SSi^VcJ^f^' ■--
tut"v°S°l.o^^S«'-^°^-^'-°^-
! devou^°''°' "^''^' ■^^^■' -^*"™' ^' f.,
th^?g.flL-f • -"""^- '^"J- ••'■^'^'^ -
dextera or dextra (with matma
understood), adj., the right hand "^
Diana, -ae, F., Diana, the goddess
of archery and hunting.
,io^'^*^'.°' i^''®' •avi. -atum, v. tr
dedicate, devote, offer. '
dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, v
rii^^t^' ''"^'I'^'i'^^". appoint; causam
dicere, o plead a cause ; de quo ante
ab nobis dictum est, ofTl?on"we
nave made me'ition before (c. v, 6).
dintat-or, -oris, .M., dictator,' a Ro-
man magistrate appointed only in seasons
of emergency and invested with absolute
VOCABULAKY.
powerdurinjf his term of office, whi.h was
not to exceed six months.
431
-i, N., word, order, com
dictum,
mand.
pl?dTy'. ■^'' ^^- °' ^- ^'" '"'*''■>• '^'- (in
a'Sr^:t.vr!s hT ^'''"'""^" "'^^
diificlle, adv., with difficnlly.
difflcihor ; sup. difflcillimus. ^
trS'^"^^'^^' "^*'^' *'•• difflcultj,
. diff ;.,.), .fidere, -fisus sum v
intr., senn-dep. (for construction, ... L'Ts!
footnote), distrust. t- --o,
sum, V. tr., spread out, extend,
dig-itus, -itf, M., linjrer.
dignit-as, -atis, K, splendor: tri-
s';"^t''(!..^:f)"^*^'«'"''«''-'-ih*:.c!.
dilectus, -us, M., levy.
dillg-en-S.-tis, adj., careful, attentive
dillgenter,adv.,earne8tly,diligently
dlhgenti-a, -ae, R, dili-ence, care
tr**vii^°' "g'ere, -lexi, -lectum v
tr., value, esteem, love. '
8.?m"^-^fr°V -^e""". -mens us
sum, V. tr. dep., measure.
catnm^'^?' /^ipare, micavi, -mi.
catum, V. tr., fif^ht; cum diniionr
etur, since the battle was fo5h?(c.v,
dl-midium, -i, N., mid,lle, half; di-
midio minor, half the .size (c. v, l;j)
^_^di-midius, -midia, ■midium,a.lj.,
fli^i;"^*'.*"' -"^ittere, -misi, .mis-
stun, V. tr., send away, let jfo, dismiss!
DIonysi-US, -i, M., Dionysius " a
tyrantofSyracu.se. ""■0'"u.s, a
dis (ahhreviated di-), inseparable pre-
fix ; apart, asunder, in pieces.
sup., ditissimus Cp. Cu, 4) "'^'"r,
woh'S' °'"''' "■'"'"**'•"'"' "f^^'^'"^^'^''-
discedo, -ced6re, -ce.«si. -cp^-
SUm, V. mtr., depart, withdraw, forsalic ;
ab armis discedere, lav down arms •
tTl^^, .«^e^Vior, he iamrorvic:
tor(N. ir. 1) ab signis discfidmrA m
desert their standards (c. v,K) '
dis cess-us, -us, .M., departure.
discipl-ina, -inae, F., icarnimr
training, .system. ' ""'"""»•
discipaius, -i, M., pupil.
um, \. intr., l<eep apart, separate.
v.u'^^iiS^S ^^^^^^' "''-^■•
crS'S""' "^"°'^"^"' ^- "^''•
dis-icio, Icere, -ieci, -iectum, v
ti., drive asunder, scatter, rout; dom-
um disicere, to raze a house (n. h. T)
i„f/^;.Pf^°r' f I'i. -atus sum, v.
intr. dep., straggle, stray.
IIU^ wl?o^' -Pa-ris. -ylj-, une.,ual, un-
contes^rf.7r.r°^"°' '" "' ""^'^"'"
di-spergo, spercrere, -snerai
-spersum, v. tr., scalar, cliipersr'
A,?rf ^P®r^"^- -spersa, spersum
dis-pliceo, piicere, pllcui, •nli-
tuljf ■^^?/'' Pp^ere, -posui, -pSsI-
Ss'). • '" °'"^*'"' '''■^''' "P (»'
debite?'"*^"^' """^^' ^^ fl'scussion, ,
. dis-puto, -are, -avi, atum. v
intr., treat of, investigate, dlscu.ss.
dissensi-o, -onid, R, disagreement.
dis-sentio, -spintire, sensi, -sen-
sum, v. mtr., diflfer in opinion, disagree.
dis-sideo, -sidere, sedi, -sessum
V. mtr., disagree ; dissldere ab eo,To
be at \ ariance with him (.n. h. lO).
dis-simil-is, -e, adj., unlike (with
«at., p. •-'(., 2): cnmp., diasimilior ■
sup., dissimilllmus. =>"""ior ,
tr^,',?;^''?"^;?' "^^®' ■^^"' atum, V.
tr. and intr., disagree, conceal.
dis solvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solu-
cum, V. ti-., brealc down; pontem
dissolvere, to l)reak rlown a hridKe
l^dis-palor -an, -atus sum, v. intr.
nep., wander ahout ; he scattered!
nm'^:","''°' "nere, -tiniii, -tent-
um, V, tr., perplex, distract.
. di-sto, -stare, no perf., no sup., v.
ititr., stand apart, l)u separated.
432
VOCABULAnV.
^^Is-.tjibuo, .tribu§re. -tribiii.
trfbS ^" *"■■' '^**'''*^' '^^'^"' ^'^■
n,«^*i^°^',"?'-^' -"^' (Ver!. part,
pass, of distrmgo, used as an) adj.,
occupied with, busy. •* '
diu, adv., long, foralongtime ; coiiin..
aiutius; sup.,diutis8ime.
diurn-us, -a, -um, adj., by day.
divers-US, -a, -um, (perf. pait."pas8.
of diverto used as an) ad ' in different
directions ; some one way, some another
way,
div-es, -itis, adj., rich ; comp., divi-
tior; 8up.,divitissimus.
iK-°^«'F"°'."°"-^' *'•' I^'V'co, chief of
the Helvetii, who led an army against
Cassius, B.C. 107, and headed an embaasv
to Caesar, B.C. 58. "^
divide, dividers, divisi. divi-
sum, V. tr., divide, separate.
r.«l^XiS^"^' '^' •.H'»' adj., divine;
res divina, a sacrifice (n. h. 2).
diviM-ae, -arum, pi. F., riches
r^»'"^^9^• «^ivitiis ornare, to enricli
do, dare, dedi, datum, v.tr., give-
In fugam dare, to put to flight
manus dare, to yield; tempore
aato, at an appointed time (n. h 2) •
dare verba, to deceive (n. h. 5) ; dare
vela ventis, to set sail (n. n. 8) dare
operam, to talte pains (n. t. 7 ; c. v 7) •
^ dare arbitros, to appoint judges (c.'
V, 1).
V *J°°f °' docere, docai, doctum,
V. tr., teach, inform, point out.
doct-or -oris, M., a teacher ;uti
aoctore, to have as a teacher (.\. n. 13).
. doctr-ina, -inae, R, teaching, learn-
ing, knowledge.
/.J?iiP*"^'."^' ""™> (Pe»"'- Pai't- pass, of
^oceo used as an) adj., learned, e.xperi-
. dolgo, dolere, doliii, dolitum, v.
in I r.^ and tr., grieve, be grieved.
hJ?i^I:°''' '""f ' "•' ^''■■'-f- pain ; hoc
dolore exardeacere, to be aroused
through grief of this (c. v, 4).
dol-us, -i, M., craft, fraud; per
dolum, by deceit (c. iv, 1,3). ^
domes-tic-us, -a, -um, adj., dome^
Yn'' °^^l"nidomesticum, Civil ^m^
1»J' ^' «ioniesticae opes, his owT
resources (n. h. 10).
nmf,^'S.'""J?; ■'"' ^- '^^"'^^; domi-
(N. T kJ) "®^^' '" ^"^ ^'' ^''"''"^"
dominatus, -us, M., tyranny.
dominus, -i, M., a master, ruler.
\hi^^H'^^' '^' ^}-' L"ciu8 Domitius
Ahenobarbus consul with Appius Claudi-
us, B.C. o4. He was a staunch aristocrat
Anto'iy. "'''''"• "•'■■• *^' "'J' '^^ ^'and o1
8u&°'-^^®'-^^'-J<^"'^. v.tr., tame,
fio^i?'?""^; -"8 ('o»- declension, see p.
tl-'m'-l ^T^' ''°'"^ \^°"ii' "t home
y^'^Z^ ' .'• domum, home (p. 285 IV
domo, from home (p. 28.",, 2). ''
2!)S°5?C)°' *'°"^"' *'"• ""'"• ""'^'^^ <P-
prSt.°' ■^'■®' '^""'^ •^*"'^' ^•^'•..give,
don-um, -i, N., gift, present.
8le??,';Tst!°' -"'^' '""^' ■'''''^' V- '"tr..
dow?f.' ^°*^®' *'■' '"""age portion,
Draid-es, -um, pi. M., the Druids
priests of the ancient Gauls. ^™1<»8.
tat1o^n^"^"-°' -""i^' ''■' '>°"bt. hesi.
do?a!^L^(atf ^' •^^^"' -^*""^' ^- 1-.
-a, card. num. adj..
dttbi-us, -a, -um, adj., doubtful un-
certain ; non dubium est quln, here
IS no doubt that (p. 188. 6)- sine
dublo, undoubtedly. ''
dacent-i, -ae,
two hundred.
duco, ducere, duxi, ductum
V- •'••> lead, think; in matrimonium
uxorem ducere or simply uxorem
ducere, to many (said of a man)
(N. T. 1); nubere Viro (said of ^a
woman) ; tempus ducere, to spin out
the time (n. t. 7) ; poena dignum
ducere, to consider one worthy of pun-
ishment (N. A. 1). ^
dulc-is. -e, adj., sweet.
dum, conj., while, until (p. 298 3-
290, 4, 5, 6) ; provided that (p. 202) ' '
onb"(™^?.*7)!' '°"^" ^"''''^"^ **"**• "
chief of the Aedui and brother of Divi-
tiacus. He was always hostile to the
Romans, and was killed while trvinir to
escape from Caesar (c. v, 7).
o^!?v""*^'- '^,®' "° ('°'" declension, see p.
24(), adj. pi., two. *^
duodeclm, indecl. num. adj., twelve
VOCABULARY.
433
. -itum, v.tr., tame,
I -atum, v.tr., give,
marriage portion,
, card. num. adj.,
ddodeni, -ae, ■&, diatrib. num. adj..
twelve at a tmu', Ity twelves.
duodetriginta, num. adj., twenty-
duodeviginti, num. adj., eighteen.
H^^n^^^J' «^'^iPlicls, adj., two.fold,
double ; duplex memoria, a two-fold
account (n. h. 8).
^n^n'P"''^" '^^^' -^^' -atum, V. tr.,
doul.le ; numerum obsldum dupli-
cayit, he dfinanded double the nunilier
of hostages (c. iv, 36).
g^ji^rltl-a, -ae, F., hardness, hard-
duro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. ti-
harden, make hard. '
Burus, see Laberius.
diSlt!^^' "^" '""^' "''J'-' *""■''• ^^'''"''
B.
e (e before consonants ; ex, generally
before vowels, sometimes before conso-
nauts), prep, (with abl.); fron,, o^o^
in accordance w.th, in consequence of
on, una ex parte, on one side (c. iv 3)'
on^h®^'^"' u ? ''.o'-se''ack ; ex itlneVe,'
on the march (c. iv, 11); ex litteris, in
ancordanoe with the despatch (c iv 38V
ex usu, of advantage (c v, 6) ; ex hac
fuga protinus, immediatsly after this
de eat (c v, 7); duabus ex part'
bus, on two sides (c. v, 21).
ea (properly abl. sing. fern, of is, ea,
stood), adv., there, on that side.
Eburon-es, -urn, pi. Ji., the Ebu-
rones, a Helgic tribe, liWng between the
IteteZt ''' "''"^' '^'p-'dems^'o?
edfco, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum v
tr., speak out, make known, announce.
e-disco, -discere, -didici, lo
memory.'"^''"' ^^*'" ^^' ^"'''^' '^°'»""* '»
ed itus, -ita, -iturr, adj., high.
edo, edere, edi, esum, v. tr. (for
conjugation, p. 274), eat. ^
e-do, -dere, -didi, ditum v tr
set forth, publish, relate. ' '
tum^^'fr^'tf °h''^''!' •'^°.^'^i' -doc
cum, \. tr., teach, instruct, inform, tell.
V if^^^' -'^"■"icere, -duxi, -ductum,
V. tr., lead out, lead forth.
ediic-o, -are. -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
bring up, rear. ' '
ef-femin-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr..
make weak or effeminate. '
ef-fero, efferre, pxtuli, elatum,
V. tr., carry f„nb, bri,,^^ „„f, ,,ublish
bury; qui efterretur, wherewith to
be buried (.v. a. 3).
V ?r^l^J°V -^1^^^®' ■^^f'i- -fectum,
,.;n,;'i ! •"'''' "V''*'';.°P"3 efflcere, to
tonpletea work(c. ,v, is); with ut and
subjunctive, cMiise that; reliquis ut
navig-an commode posset eflfecit,
he caused tliat it might be suitably s.ailed
w. h the r€st, «.-■., he had the rest put in
sailingtrim(c. iv, 31). '
ef-fugip -fugere -fugl, -fugltum,
V. tr. and intr., escajie.
ef-fundo -fimdere, -fudi, -fusum,
V. tr. pour out; se e£Fundere, to
spread out, scatter.
egen-s, -tis, adj., needy.
egenus, -a, -um, adj., needy, In
want, destitute.
egeo, egere, egui, no sup., v. intr.,
he lu need (for construction, pp. 281, 10 ;
^a-, 1, foot note).
j,J|est-as -atis, F., poverty, want,
ego, mei (for declension, ii. 104 •"\
pers. pron. I ; pi. nos, we.
e-gredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
^. intr. dep., go out; disembark; navi
egredi, to disembark (c. iv, 21).
egregie, adv., admirably, splendidly.
egregi-us, -a., -um, adj., eminent,
marked, renuirkalile. '
e-gress-us, -us, M., landing, disem-
oarkation.
e icio, -icere, ieci, -iectum, v. tr..
cast out, throw out, repel ; se eicere
to rush out ; e civitate eicere, to
banish (s. r. 8) ; se ex silvis eicere,
to rush out of the woods (c. v, 15).
eius : sec is (p. 2.50).
eiusdem : see idem (p. 250).
.eiusmodi (-eius modi), of such a
Kind, of such a sort.
e-labor-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
suffer greatly, make great elforts.
§Iat-US, -a, -um, (perf. part, p.iss of
eitero used as an) adj., proud, haughty.
elegan-s, -tis, adj., elegant.
elephant-US, -I, M., elephant,
e-liero. -Hgerft, ^legi. -leetum, v.
tr., choose out, select.
eloquen-s, -tis, (pres. part, of elo-
quor used a« an) adj., eloquent.
eloquent!, -a, -ae, F., eloquence.
434
Vocabulary.
It
r.r.f;™f®"^°' ;^^®' -«V'- -atum, V. tr.,
contct, amend. '
sifn^'l"?' "^ittere, -misi, .mis-
sum, V. tr., send out, release.
tr^b!i°' ^™^^®' ^'"^"' emptum, v.
6nlm (placed after the first emphatic-
word in Us clause), conj., tor, in fact.
enumer-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., reckon ui), count over, enumerate.
e-nunti-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
tell, repeat, report. '
eo, adr., thither, to that place, to such
adetfiee ; correlati\e of quo before com-
paratives p. i!),r, 4): quo...eo. the
. . .the (by Jiow much. . .by that much).
eo. ire, ivi (ii), itum, v. intr. (for
conjugation, p. 273), go, march.
eodem, adv., to the same place, in
the same direction, to the same jnirpose.
fiphesi-us, -&, -um, adj., of or be-
longing to Ephesus ; Ephesian.
fiphes-us, -i, F., Ephesus, a city of
Asia Minor.
JPhiPPia, -drum, pi. n., saddle,
away from, snatch from
V. tr., take
rescue.
err-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v
intr.,
wander, err, be wrong.
-oris, M., a mistako, error,
error,
fault.
ephippiat-US, -a, -um, adj., fur-
nished with a saddle. "^ '
ephor-us, -i, M., an Ephor, one of the
Ave Spartan magistrates who were elected
annually as " overseers" of the state.
i„tP'^*?^"^' "^®- ^' a 'etter; episto-
lam solvere, to open a letter (n.». ii).
epistula : same as epistola.
epul-um, -i, N., banquet, feast; pi
F., epulae, meal. '
equ-es, -itis, M., a horseman, cavalrv
soldier; pi. equites, the knights';
equitum magister, master of the
horse, an ofHcer next in rank to the
dictator.
. 6quefe ter, -tris, -tre, adj., belong-
ing to horsenieii, cavalry.
equidem, adv., truly, indeed.
equitatus, -us, JI., cavalry.
equus, -i, M., horse.
iferatosthen-es, -is, M., Eratosthenes
a Greek of Cyrene, in Africa, noted as a
geographer. He lived b.c. 270-h.c, 19!>.
erect-us, -a, -um, (perf. part. pass,
ot erigo used as an) adj. , high,
erga, prep, (with ace), towards.
ergo, conj., th refoie, accordingly.
erigo, erigere, erexi, erectum,
V. tr., arouse.
e-ripJo, -ripere, -rlpui, reptum,
stnu^"?i°,' ''^®' •^^'' -it"!», V. tr., in-
stiuct, teach, educate, train.
e-rumpo, -rumpere, ruDl -run
turn, V. tr., break out, n.akea sctie^
e-rupti-o, -onis, F., attack, sortie.
Er-yx, -;^cis, M., Ervx (now Si
Onthano), a mountain and 'tow , on the
west coast of Sicily.
■8?en°H,?^°'v fcendere, -scendi.
scensum, v. tr., mount, ascend- in
navem escendere, to end.ark (v t 8?
BrTtonf.^'^' '^^' ^" "" "■'■"■ ^^*"*""' '^' 'he
essedari-us, -i, M., a charioteer,
essed-um, -i, same as esseda.
et, conj., and ; et . . . et, both. . .and.
etiam, adv., also, even,
etiamtum, adv., even then.
t3^^'^^^'^\- "^®- '•'•• Etriiria (now
Tuscan,,), a district of Central Italy
midS'of p4)''"' "• "^'"'""^h (P- 303,
Euboea, -ae, F., Euboea (now
GrTece!'"^ ^' '"' '"''"•^' '""'^ "' ^"^'"'""^^^
K;?,r!,?^n^"'®^' -^^' *'•• Eumenes II.,
Kingof Pergamus, a friend of the Romans
who reigned it.c. 197-ii.c. ir,a '
Europ-a, -ae, F., Europe.
Eur-us, -i, M., Eurus, the east winrl.
Eiir:fbrad-es, -ae, M., Eurvbiadcs
an admiral of Sparta, at the time when
Xer.xes invaded Greece, 48u b. c.
e-yado, -vadere, -vast, -vasum
V. intr., go forth, escajw from. ''"'='"™'
V bT,^"n?=,"Y^"^^®' •'^^^>'' ventum,
». mti., pass, hapi)en.
evenit, it h.appens (p. 182, 4)- usn
Vemt, It turned out by chance (n.'ii. 12)!
e-ventus, -us, jr., result, fortune.
e-verto, vertgre, -verti, -ver-
Soy.'" "■■' ""^'■''»•0^^'. drive out,
e-voc-o, are. -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
call out, summon. '
ex : see •§.
exadversum, prep, (with ace.), over
against, opposite.
t,„?^'^^^"°' "^''®' •«•vi- atum, V. tr.,
harass, anve out.
VOCABULARY.
froi-i, snatch from,
vi, -atuni, v. intr
M., a niistako, error,
ivi, -itiim, V. tr., in-
ite, train.
ipere, rupi, -rvip
out, inaltea sortie.
3, F., attaclt, sortie.
M., Er\x (now St.
ain and town on the
endere, -scendi,
mount, ascend; in
'e, to embark (s. r. f> ).
, a war chariot of the
veni, -ventum,
tr^'^tfsl^'^H • "^r?- -^^i' atum, V.
tr., ie.st, ad certiim uondii'* ov-
nturalli , weighed toa/i.xed\voi-ht(c. v l")
tr.? kit."'™ °' ■^'■®' ■^^'' -^t"»!. "^^
for.!,"^;, -^ '"/'■•• *'« kindled, l.urs
forth ; hoc dolore exar^if- h» ,,.^t
roused throughgrief at t™*;, 4)! ^
ex-cedo, -cedere. -cessi -cft=?
sum, V. intr., leave, depart
ex-cello, -cellere, -ceimi -eel
sum, V. intr., excel, surpasr
ex-cels-us, -a, -um, adj., high
arou^-e*:i^vak?"^' •^'^'"' ■"«^"^' ^" ^■••■
v.tr^,^: r^^Iiff^' -«^P^- «ePtum,
co^^agS^'-""' -^- -^^"^
. ex-cit-o, -are, -avi
incite, stir up, arouse. '
sum °v'\^°' u-c.l'^i'lere, -clusl, -clu.
sum, V. tr., shut out, prevent • a nnxri
S^?c^?S^^-^-*^P-entTro"i
tr!?e"vfJ:^S;..-^^«' ■^^'- -atum, V.
ex-cruci-o, -are, -avi -atnm v
tr., torture, torment ' ^^' '•
^_^ex-curbi.o, -onis, F., attack, sortie,
saS?feTaUr.' ''' ^- ^" "-"P'*^-
intr., go out; fama exit, the rei ort
goes abroad (N. 11. 9). ' «poit
435
adj., en-
•atum, V. tr..
tn^m ®J'';!°' ■«'•pere, -orcfii,
cum, V. tr., exercise, train.
-erci-
■onis, F., training.
exercitati-o,
practise, exercise.
exercitat-us, -a, -um, (perf mrt
a,.®?r?«v ?t"^' ""^- ^^- " trained band ;
an army ; exponere exercltum. to
land an army (c. v, 9). v^'uuiii, uo
ex-haurio, -haurire, -haudi
sources liad failed (N. H 6)
tr^^lr^P'n.f?^^®' :?»'• -actum. V.
ex-igruit-as, -atis, F., shortnes.s.
scZfty^^''"^^' ^' -^ini' '-^dj., small.
ex-ill-um, -i, X., exile.
ex-istimati o, -onis, I'., reputation.
ex-i8tim-o, -are. -avi, -atum, v
tr., value, estimate, think, consider
ex-ltium, -i, N.. destruction.
ex-itu8. -itus, M., conclusion end
wish^"&°' "^"^' ■^^"' ■^'^'«^'' '■■ "■■.
ex-ped-ip. -ire. -ivi, -itum, v tr
extricate, disengairo. set free • nniers'
expedit. it is profitable, it is u'sefub
fofay;^^'**"^' "°"*^' f'' '^"expedition,
ex-pedit-us, -a, -um, adj.. liVhtlv
equipped, free, unincumbered without
efS^f /o^"* "^""^ expeditior more
eincient for .service (c. v. ^f))- loo-innoa
expeditae, leg,o,ls without bSge ?a
R,fm^.?l^°',"P®"ere, -poii, -pul-
Simi, V. tr., drive out, expel. ^
prac'^iFe^'''®"""^' '^^' ^' ^''Perience,
V ®t^'^^^^°^' P^riri, -pertus sum.
V tr. dep., try. attempt ; Jnlmicum
(N. T. 9); expert!, having teste.l their
.v^Br!' ""^ • °,'."nia experti, liavini
ing
from.
po er^ — > "/• «-"Jimiia oAuei
tried every expedient (c. iv, 4),
ex-pers, -pertis, adj., free
without (with gen., p. 281, 9).
cui), -phcatum (plicftuiii) v tr
set forth, exhibit ;'Sioneexnli:
care, to set forth in a spec", (nt IV
naves explicare, to extend sliipsi„'
line (s. T. 4); explicare impera
togs, to flescribe the coiiun "hFiMn.
ex-pl6rator, -oris, if., scout, s)n'.
explor-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr
investigate, reconnoitre.
tnm'^v°°f?' Ponere, -posCii, -posi-
tum, \. tr.. place out. deploy; rfisem-
bark ; expositae hostium copiae,
the forces of the enem-.- deployed (r iv
-'.|); cum essent expositi militea'
when the forces had landed }c iv srf'
espoBito exercitu, when the army
had landed (c. v, 9). ^
ex porto. -are, -avi, -atum, v.tr..
carry out, export. '
436
VOCABULARV.
ex-posco, poscSre, -poposcf, no
H'lp., V. tr., demand the surrenderof anv-
thing.
exprimo, -primere, -pressi,
-pressum, v. tr., press out, extort.
expugnati-o, onis, F., astorniini,',
attack. "'
f,®?P".^"°' '^^®' -avi, -atum, v.
ir., lake by storm, capture.
exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, qui-
Sicum, V. tr., seek for, enciuire, search
out, ask for.
ex-sequor, -sequi, -secutusfor
•sequutus sum), v. ir. clep., follow
out, maintain, eiitoice.
ex-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum,
V. jiitr., spring uj), arise.
exspect-o, are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., wut for, await; in ancoris ex-
spectare, to wait at anclior (c. iv, 2:i'.
ex stinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi
-Stinctum, V. tr., obliterate (N. t. 1).
ex-sto, -stare, no perf., no sup., v
intr. exist, be ; capite solo ex aqua
exstare, to have their heads alone out
or the water (c. v, IS).
=:?^;^*/^^°- -struere. -struxi,
-structum, v. tr., build up, raise.
ex-structus, -a, -um, adj., jiiied up.
ex-terus, -tera, -terum, adj. (rare-
l.y used in positive), ou:!,ide, foreign,
strange; comp., exterior; sup., ex-
tremus or extimus (p. 59, i).
exterreo, -terrere, -terrui, -ter-
ritum, V. tr., frighten, strike down with
terror.
ex-timesco, timescere, -timui
no sup., fear greatly, dread.
ex-tollo, -tollere, no perf., no sup
V. tr., extol, lift up, raise, exalt.
extra, prep, (with ace), without, be-
yond, outside of.
ex-trftho, -trahere, -traxi, -tract-
um, V. tr., draw cut, withdraw; id
tacile extrahere, to waste this easily
extremus, -a, -um, adj. (sup. of
exterus)of place or time, last ; hieme
extrema, at the end of winter; ad
extremum, at last (c. iv, 4).
ex-ul, -mis, M., an exile.
ex-ao, -uere, -Cii, -utum, v. tr.,
strip olf, despoil, deprive.
< ^ uro, -urere, ussi, -ustum, v.
tr., burn up. '
affabl
le,
comp.,
fa-ber, -bri, M., a workman, wright.
Fftbi-us, -I, M., Fabius; (1) (.)iiiMtii4
i-ii)ius MiixiiiHis a Roman general 01
eminent (|iialities and virtues, sur-
named Cunctator, or "llie Delayer"
hecause he withstood Hannibal, not b'v
(];,'liting him, but by harassing him with
iiKurhesandcouiiler-marchesandcuttinif
off supplies. Ile.lied2o;ii).c. CJ) (^uintns
labiiis Labeo, was dictator 2:il no aiMi
!'ir'" «'^^- He commanded the Heet in
18J n.c. in the war against Aniiochus. and
^.as consul for the last time in mi n c
wlien according to Nepos, Hannibal died.'
fabul-a, -ae, F., story, tale.
facet-US, -a, -um, adj.,
courteous, witty.
facile, adv., easily, readily
facihus; sup.,facillime.
facil-is, -e, adj., easy; comp., faci
lior; sup., facillimus.
facin-us, -oris, K., deed, act.
facio. facere, feci, factum, v. tr.,
do, make; magni facere, to value
highly ; pluris facere, to value more
highly; castra facere, to pitch a
camp- Iter facere, to make a inarch ■
vim facere, to do \ iolence ; imper-
ata facere, to obey commands:
tacere pontem, to build a bridge
(N- T. 5); naufVag-ium facere, to
come to grief (n. <r. 7); proelium
facere, to tight (.v. t. d;; sui potes-
tatem facere, to put himself in the
power of any one (n. 11. -)) ; ut scirent
lacere, to see that they knew (.v. 11 lO) •
palam facere, to make plain (s. u in ■
mreiurando fldem facere, to give'
a pledge on oath (c. iv, uv. bellum
populo Romano facere, to make
war against the Roman people ,'c. iv 2-?) •
rebellionem facere, to renew the
war (c. iv, 30) ; pro sano facere, to
act as a sane man (c. v, 7). (For passive
see flo.)
facti-o, -onis, F., party, faction,
fact-um, -i, N., deed, act.
facul-tas, -tatis, F., opportunitv
abundance ; pi. facultates, resources,
poods ; exhaustis fticultatibus,
when resources were exhausted (n. h. H).
fag-US, -1, P., beech tree.
Faiern-us, -ft, -um, adj., Falernian:
ager Falernus, the Falernian terri-
tory, a district at the foot of the JIassie
nills, famous for its wines.
fallo, failure, fefelli, falsum, v
tr., deceive.
VOCABULAUY.
43;
, a workman, wrisrht.
, Ffiliius ; (I) (,iiiiiitiis
a Roiiian ifciieral of
and \ irtues, siir-
r, or "the Dda>er,"
od Hannibal, not hv
i.v harassing him with
r-rnarclies and cuttinu-
d'iiCiH.c, (2) Quintiis
dictator 2i\ n.c, ami
nmanded the Heft in
Lfainst AntiochuH, and
last time in ]8;i n.c.
U'po«, Hannibal died.
, story, tale,
■um, adj., affable,
fal-sus, -sa, -sum, adj., false.
fn«^o^"' '^^\T-' '■'^■''"'■'' """"'•. fanie;
(!^"? 9)^^ ' ''''""■'' '»'"'-''' '''"■°'*''
l./,"'^'''?^^' '^®' ^' f"*'""*'- senatitH;
onsehoid ; pater familias or fami^
liae, father of a family, master.
f amiliar-is, -e, adj., l)olonj,'inff to a
famdy; res famlliarls, proncrty.
(N. T. 1) ; as a noun, familiar-is -is,
M., an intimate friend.
.familiarit-as, -atis, F., intimaiv»
fnendshi)). • '
fas(indecl. noini), \., right.
fat^or, fateri fassus sum, v. tr.
del)., confess.
fat-um -i, N., destiny, fate.
faveo, favere. favi, fautum. v.
intr. (governs a dative), favor.
felicit-as, -atis, F., happiness, snr
cess, prosjierity. '
feliciter, adv., luckily, prosperously
fem!n-a, -ae, F., woman, female,
fem-ur, -oris, N., thigh.
fer-a, -ae, F., wild beast.
fer-ax, -acis, adj., fertile.
f§re, adv., almost, nearly.
elli, falsum, v
stHke.'°' ^^"''®' "° ^"'*- "° '"P- '■■ f--
fSro, ferr->, tuli, latum, v tr
bring, bear, oaiiy, endure; ferunt theV-
say; fertur, it is said ; auxilium
ferre. to bring aid ; iniurias ferret
niflict wrongs; legem ferre to i''ro
pose a law ; consuetude fert he
custom admits of (c. iv, 32) ; graviter
ferre, to be annoyed (J. v, f3)rut fe?t
illorum opinio, according to the"
ideas (c. v, 13). ^ ^"'^"^
ferociter, adv., fiercely, boldly.
fero-x, -cis, adj., bold, warlike,
ferre-us, ■&, -urn, adj., of iron, iron,
ferr-um, -i, N., iron,
fertll-is, -e, adj., fertile, fruitful
_^ fertilit-as, -atis, F., fertility, rich-
crJfr^^' '^' ""°^' ^''J- "■''''• «:'vase,
fess-us, -a, -um, adj., weary.
festin-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v, intr
hasten, hurry, speed. "^. v.imr.,
fibai-a, -ae, F., brace.
tin» H''^^' ;®' 'i''^- 7''"'«" : vasa Ac-
una, vessels of earthenware (n, n. lo).
flJ?JSi"^' '■*"' ■*^""' (''"'f- V^rt pass, of
flng-o used as an) adj., i.lle, imeiitec ■
ad voluntatem eoi-um Acta i4:
sppndere, to invent an answer to s.itt
their wishes (c. iv, r.).
fidelis, -8, adj., laithfu!, trusty.
fid-es, -ei, F., faith, lo\altv ; flclem
habere, to repose confldV.n,.^ v "^^
m flclem recipere, to receive ■uud,.,'
one 8 jiroteetion (N. t. 8); fldei credere
to trust to their charge (.v. 1,. .„ ; flXm
facere, to give a pledge (t iv n '
fldem sequi, to be loyal to (c. iV -'i •
^ . 20) ; eos m fldem recioere "In
a.hnit them to his protection (^i ,'.'•' °
word'(?.. v,"ff ''P°"®^'«' *« P'^'lK'^his
d,fw?' ^'^ei*®' fisus suiin, v. semi-
Slst^l^liinr'""""''"-^'^''-'-'^)-
fiduci-a, -ae, P., trust, confidence.
figura, -ae, F., form, shajie.
noIl"f ' '^®' ''•• <'''"^'hter (p. 229, foot
fill-ug, -I, M., son.
cWve^^hS'^^^^'^^^'fl^^^^^.v.tr.,
flngo, flnggre, flnxi. Actum v
tr., form, shajie, suppose. ^"""i. "■■
finio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr., finish
ei.d; populi Romani imperium
Rhenus flnit, the Uhine is thfumi" o?
the empire of the Koman peo|,le(c. iv, 16).
, fin-is, -is, M. and F., end limit -ni
I Anes, M., boundaries, territories.' *^ '
finitim-us, -a, -um, adj., bordcrine-
"I'on, adjoining; i„ pi.,-* ' flnittoT
■orum, neighbors. ' "'"'^'™i.
fa^Jio n"f-; 1^^*''« suni 0>a8.. of
::^ull°r^h^.^«\--^tm^
praetor, he was elected' geS (v f
•-'); non sme causa Aeri, to be not
without a reason (c. v, 6).
Arme, adv., firmly.
Armiter, adv., firmlv; Armiter in
flrm-o, -are, uvi, -atum, .-. tr
strengthen, make strong. '
Arm-US, -a, -um, adj., strong.
Aagiti-um, -i, N., crime, wickedness.
438
f
•Flaniini-ua .f \f r. •
■1 Ho.nan mJ'^L ^'""' '"'".niMiMs,
V:"'""«. ""-' lost hL fea'/'i;';"''^''l ""-•
flamma, -ae, k, fl,,,,,,.
flecto, -ere fle-if.-.,- «
''••. I>^M<I, tun, ' °®^"'- flexum,
i'-S^ w «?^; ««V^- fletum. V. ,. an.,
flet-US, -us, M.. tears, we,,.i„,,
,,,flo. flare, flavi, flatum, v. i„t..
flJrTo"'-"""' ""J" """-•-^'•
'lourish. '^^^' ■"'- "" m^; ''loom,
flos. floris, M., flower.
fluctus, -us, M., flood, wave,
flum-en, -Inis, N., river.
^|fluo,fluere.flui:i.fluxum,v.int..
fllivlus, -1, M., river.
^,,.fodio,f6dere,f6di,fo88um,v.,r..
toSr£:'Stt -^' •"«». -'J.. leagued
foed-us, -6ris. N., treaty,
-speak; sl^""' ^^'"« «um, V. tr. Cop.,
sunMrw!"r'" ^««« (f't- i"f- Of
forem=essem.
for-is, -is, v., door, f^ate.
form-a, -ae, P., fo,-,,,, shape
shape."'^' ■^^«- -^H -atum, V. tr.,
for-s, -tis, F., chance, luck,
forsitan, a<iv., perhaps.
fortasae, adv., perhaps, by chance,
torte, adv., perhaps, by chance,
lort-is.-e, adj.. stroni,^ brave.
fortitud-o. -mis, F., courage, bra^ er
fortuito, adv., by chance
goS'&fe. -^^- ^- '"^'^' '°t. chance.
VOfAUULAIiV.
o.KSr;.^-^-^J.. prosper.
£°''"°^-^'^'-.'narket place,
fossa, -ae, F, dii.h, ,re„ch.
fovea, ae. F.. pi,.,;ii,
'-reak his spirit n.'t jWn^"^^"''^'*"
franerere. to break Y,;.,^°'^^yraeo8
Coreyraea,;s(N.T'')f,.an; '';"•■'• "' "'«
wreck a m-sscI (c! i'' .'.^"srerenavem,
Jrat.er,.ris,.M„'a"'bro,her.
"alfK;"^''' •"'■^' -"""^. '^U., frater-
on the river iJVis. ' '°"" "^ ^«'""''.
'iliroar, noise,
crowded, in
,,iJ"^™-itU8, -itus, M.,
frierld-us -a, -urn, adj., cold,
ft-igr-us. -oris, X., cold.
frSrinfVoV-'^"'-^'^-'^-'-nt;a
van'S"*"^' •*"'- •"- ^••"'^- I-oflt. ad.
frueres, -urn. pi., p., crops.
^-^n,^\o"c^^rn^:'J4W^;n"'"' «^"j- P^"-
supply of corn • innniFj^™^"'^»''^». -i
want of con. ' °^^^ ft-umentarla,
ft-ument-um, -i, n.. corn.
frustr o;''^> -'"""'^ ^'^-^- '" -"••
cie!?"£"ive: •^"' -^«^"^ «"m, V. tr.
fug-a, -ae. P., flifjht.
aS"Si?^unt'-«"'"^^-
slave. S'^ivus, -i, M., a runaway
to%V,'r"oTt^'-^^'"'-at"m.v.tr.,put
^^Jilg-ur, -uris, N., h-,dnninff. bright-
fund-.a, -ae, F.,asliiiy.
daS.^^°^«"<^"°^- •'«enti, N., foun-
mrkct plaoe.
"I'll, tivnch.
|>it-/iill.
•fre, heel fVac-
n anffere eum. to
I V,' <^o''cyraeo8
« ""• pinvtr of (hu
nangrerenavem,
a broilicr.
•num, aflj., frater-
VOCAUUI.AHY.
enti, N., foun-
fund.Itor..It6rl8.M..asIlnjrer.
fundo, fundSre, fudi m^nm v
fund-u8, i. M.,«eefunda.
f^nd-us, -i, M.. a fan,,, .state
ftin-is, -is, M., ropi., cal,|e
'uSuTtc.^'-''^''^'' '''-^'"^ funeral ;p,.^
Bxt" S"^'*' '^' •'*'•■ ^"''"'' '"^'"•i"". ''""'<t'l
fiir.or..6rl8,M..r«ge,macines..furv.
fur-tum, -ti, N.,(i,t.ft.
(p^'^io?''^' f' -HF'f"*- P'lrt- of sum
G.
O. =GaIU8, another form of Cains
GS:S|it..^;,&r*;?'i^'K::^;'-
galea, -ae, F., helmet,
alpina (or Ulterior) Fr^horo^ui
• Galh-a, -ae, F., Gaul.
Gallicu8, -a, -um, adj., Gallic
gallin-a, -ae, R, hen.
ofSia"^' "'"' ^^' ''^''"'' •'»" inhabitant
(«~^?-^;e;^o?G!l!ii ^''^ «'^"""-
v.?,ft]^:'S.^ii^d^;f.^fe^«le?^^'-«US8um.
|. gaudi-um. -i, N.. joy, gladness, de- '
G6min-U8, -i, see Servilius
g-emma, -ae, F.,agem.
g-en-er, -en, M., a son-in-law
of
439
,^,?en.s, -tls. F.. nation, race, iribo,
U°s°ite*f^„?,^n«P,"»nae:i.!;^,|
Germanf-H. -ae, ]•'., (w'rn.anv
Germanrc-u8,.a..um,adj..Gern,an.
tr.^*^oa°rV?^&' ^«««^"- "^estum, v.
firerei^:^o''\?,;''^^.-= bellum
mos, his wi^i, «. fif^stua est ei
(-'■•V):iWiestae\%v^°;[U'"^'' """
eiadl-us, -I. Ji., sword.
fflorI-a,-ae,F., glory, fame.
Cndus.^"^"^^"^' '^'^«ther forn, for
o^SS^}'t;S;rc^;t^'-^'-.-pie
erracll-is, -e, adj., slender.
Cn t ?• oK^^J ' '"^ I'olitic'al career
Graeci-a, -ae, F., Greece.
Graec-us, &, -um, adj., Greek,
trrai-us, -a, -iim n,u ^
8altusGr^.u^s,the™r.aianfcsS";:';,V
grand-is, -6, adj.. large, great
beS-?,^,' g^.|ti^^ f*,™r curtesy,
CTAtina .«* ■ *®.' thanks; agere
Sri io .aJ"" *^'^"'^«= gratiam
to ffel thankf^r = erratiamliabere,
to be «rmtefn A.^''^^^^™ referre
ge„l;^veTKe'sakfo?"^ ^'"^'- "'^^
. grratiil-or, -ari. -atnc, ai,»»,
•ntr. dep., wish jo"congra"tulat1."°'' ^
erat-us, -a, -um, adj., pleasing.
grav-ia. -e. adj., heavy.
poKe.^'^"' ■"^*'^' ^- ^-i^'ht, im.
gravlter, adv., heavily «yrnwifoT.
ferre, feel pained (c. v, 4) ' ^^^^'^r
140
VOCAUULAItV
errex. greerls, M , (l„,.i(, i„.r,|, troop
__ gubernat-or, -drlB, M., ,.il,.i, stoerH.
, »J;'8t-o- B,re, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
H.
hftb-6o, -ere, -in, .itum, v. i,-., Uum',
hlLl'T?"*' '■'■'■''"'''• '"'"•'^i'''-''; flcleni
naoere, lo niHi-o coiiMdciKv (\ i ?)•
Vn,^ . u ."eqiie quidqiuim Imbe-
tur. notliinK im rci^anl,.,! (, jv •.)•
consilium habere, to hol.l :i i.i.'.iinL'
habit o, -are, -avi, -atum, v, ir.,
luivf iKissessioii of, iiihaliit, dwill in.
Hudrumet-um, i,N.,H,i<iruinctuni,
(now n,n,n>n;„i), a I'hujl.ifian city o
Nortlifi'ii Africa. '
V }!^^\^?l ^«•erere, haesi, haesum,
\.iritr.,holilfii8t,siickto(withul)l.oi(lat.).
Hallcarnassl-us. -a, -um. udj., of
or hdonmiij;- to Halicarnassus, a ci'tv' of
• pJiiLi f ;i.rtl'l>lHoe of Herodotus, the
rather of History.
Hamilcar, -Aris, M., Hamilcar, a
( aitha-iiiian freneral, father of Hannil.al.
no iR'iil the cotiiniaiid from ux. "t7 to
2'J!) ».(• when he foil in haltle nlrahist
the \fttones, a people of Spain. Hos-
(inih.al sucoeede.lhiiu and held eonuiiand
ron, n.c Sii!) to i..u. -21, when Hannibkl
was elected commander.
Hannib-al, -aiis, M., Hannibal, a
celebrated CarthaKinian general Who
lived from 247 B.C. lo lb3 B.C.
Harudes, -um, pi. M., Harudes, a
German tribe, at the head waters of the
Khiiie and Danube.
Hasdriib-al, -alis, M., Hasdnibal;
(1) son-inlaw of Hamilcar who held com-
mand of the Carthaginians ii.c. 229-b c
~-\, wlien he was assassinated by a
Spaniard. (2) Brother of Hannibal, slain
at the river Metaurus, b.c. 207.
hast a, -ae, F., spear.
haud, adv., not at all (ncfrativine
ain^We \yorda, especially adjectives and
advei-l)s); with verbs chiefly in the phrase
haud scio an, I don't know whether
(p. 1(1,5).
Hellespont-US, -i, M., the Helles-
pont (now /M)rfane/??,v), a. strait between
Kiiropf and Asia, connecting the Sea of
Marmora with the Aegean.
HelveM-i, -orum. pi. M. thp iiel-
veiii a people who occupied Western and
oouthern Switzerland.
Hercill-eH, -in, M., Hcrculeg «on ni
^M'll.TandAlcn.rna.ibcKoVofstVength
heS^.^*"^^' •^^'«' •■' i'»-'lM"-
h6ri, adv., yesterday.
hibern-a. -orum, pi. N. (properlv
-";;.l. pi, of theadJ..hlbernu8agrTeing
, '' ?.^S"'^ "Mderstood), winter ,,, r
;i-*;.hlberna clrcumire, to inspect
the winter (pmrtersr;. V, 2).
Hiberni a, ae, R, Ireland.
sb?^'hW^^?°l ^°-^ '• ''''"'• '"•""• »"». >'«•.
J-ne, lt(forde(lension, i>. 117); hlc 111«
ll.e latter... the former. "''• "^°' • '"e,
hie, adv., here, at this point.
hi6mo, -are. -avi. -atum, v. intr.,
"inter, pass the «inter.
hiem-s, -is, F., winter, storm.
hinc, adv., hence, from this i)lace.
Hi.spania, -ae, F., Spain.
hlstoria, ae, F., liistory, narrative.
hodle, adv., to-day.
Homer-US, i, M,, Homer, a Greek
epic poet, author of the Iliad and Odyssey.
homo, inis, M. or F., a human being ;
iii.'uij pi. homines, inhabitams.
honest-US, ■&., -um, adj., honorable,
npiiuhl, noble.
hon-or, -oris, M., honor, respect
digmty, public office ; summis hon-^
(v"iV"? fungi, to fill the highest olHces
hor-a -ae, F., hour. The Romans
divided the period between suiu-ise and
sunset into twelve equal parts, each of
which was called hora ; so also with the
night. The length of eadi hora would
depend on the season of the year.
H6ratl-us. -i, M., Horace, a Roman
poet who lived b.c lia-B.c. 8.
, horr-eo, -ere, ui, no sup., v. tr. and
intr., dread, shudder at.
^ horribilis, -e, adj., dreadful, fright-
horrid-us. -a, -um, adj., dreadful,
frightful.
hort or, -ari, -atus sum, v.
dep., urge, cheer, encourage, incite,
hort-us, -i, M., garden.
hos-pes, -pitis, M., visitor, guest,
friend, host.
hospiti-um, -i, N., hospitality,
friendship ; cum quo ei hospitium
erat, with whom he was on terms of
friendahip (n. t, .S),
hosti-a, -ae, F., a vioiim offered in
sacrince.
tr.
VOCAUULAIJY.
, no sup., V. tr. and
it.
j., dreadful, fright-
tn, adj., dreadful,
h08t-l8, Is, M., an enemy
hue. a.lvhitJu.r, here, to this,, laro
^jmiusmddf. of this kind, of this
cuUur™^"^' ''«• •^'*«' '■■• '•eflnenu-nt,
hnmer-us, i. .m., shoulder.
htlm-i (locative, p. S(i, ;i) „„ ,hn
humll-i8, .6, a.lj., low, poor, ht.n.l.le.
namlllt as, -atis. R, lownesa • inu
uvHH iti the water (c. v, i). ""^'''' • '"»•
ham-U8, -i, R, jffound.
441
violim offered in
lftc-6o, -ere, -Cil no sup., v intr
lie on the ground, lie dead, ' ' '-
laclo, lAcere, leci, iactum v tr
throw, cant ; nncoram lacere 'to cast
anchor (c. iv, 28). "*<-oio, lo LasD
lactura, -ae, R, loss, sacrifice
iacai-um,-i,N., a javelin, dart,
lam, adv., by this time ; ubi lam as
soon as ; iam antea.sone tin c before
(0. fv.Tat"'"'' "^"^"^ ^^°'' "° '°''^"
lamdudum, adv., now for a lonir
tune, long- (p. 210, 2, (/<)]. ^
lampridem, adv., now for a Ioul'
time, lontf (p. 216, 2, (b)]. *>
lana-a, -ae, R, door ; nuer a
lanua, the porter (n. n. 12). ^
a river of Hispania (Spaiit). '
ibi, adv., in that place, there.
ibidem, adv., in the same place.
ico, icere, ici, Ictum, v. tr., strike
Txv^i^' ^^°-^ ' ^°®^"« ^^«re, to make
ict-US, -lis, M., blow, thrust.
Idclrco, adv., on this account, for
this reason, therefore. '
thit„Te(fttap.sr' '""• ''"••
coisr'-^'-""^'^''^-' «*•«"''-»"«■
.id-US, -uum. pi. R, the Ides ; a name
given to the 13th of all months except
March, May July, October, when the 15th
was so called.
thS:*'"^^' ''°"^' ^''"•"f*""^. aeeordinely,
Ignavi a, -ae, R, sloth, cowardice.
■A, um, adj., slothful,
tr.,
lernftv us,
cowardly.
l»n Is, M., fire.
.>e'&.:i-o^-i ;^[^- „^tum. V. .
knSfi^.Vk^low:**' ■*"»' -'J- "ot
8io,Vl; ^u^i V/",''' '}"'"■ '^'•"' f'ordeclen.
H 'i • «• """/,""'' «ell known ; he,
latter" "^---^^^- '*"' 'or'ner..:the
lUlc. adv., in that place, (here.
IIIICO, adv., forthwith, imnxMliatcly
II-llK-o, -are, avi, -atum v tr
bind on, tie on, fasten "''"'«■ ^- "•.
das:-t./^,!^^::.':^;^i^'»''":eo.
tr."i:;^dS'«- -^^^*' -'^-^^' V.
(ruiih)^f.'"/n;,"f'.'*''j- '"•"°"«. <»istin-
piished ; lllustriore loco nni-no
bom of a rather illuSus"fa^.?if;
lllustro, -are, -avi, -atum v tr
make renowned or fan ou. ; ™' paL"
become famous. ' '^^^•'
Iliyrlc-um, -i, X., Illyricum a dU
trict cnniprisin^f the nmlim Dahmia
imaer-o, -inis. R, an image, likeness.
im-ber.-bria,M., a shower.
.^^ toit-or. -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep.,
nioKre^^e.-^-'^'^J-^''^^-''"^^- —
en{f?^!:S^^V;^^ai;Jra^Lj/^^;-
im-maturus, -a, -um adi nn
ri:)e, immature. ' 'J'' ""■
■minutum, v. tr., duninish.
0,!™-™,^"°' -mittere, -misi. -mis-
sum, v. tr., send or drive into (the
en^e^my's hne); ae immittere rush
immo adv. on the contrary, no in-
deed, yes indeed : used in answers to cor-
£^st%,;;;ffi,^^"""^--'-d'^""«or
saJHAc"?."^'"' ■^''®" •^^'"' -^*"™. ^- 1'-
inZi'^^r^^-*"' -^' '^'^J- "'"'^-S.
im-munit-as, -atis, R, exemption.
442
VOCABULARY.
if
im-pediment-um, -i, N., hindrance;
p . baR^'ajje (of an army); sarcinae, the
Kit of the individual soldiera.
impedio. -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr.,
peain, to bo }iampered hv reliiriotis
acruples (c. v, 6); navigationem
impedire, to prevent sailinc (c v 7)^
animis impeditis, when their atten'
tion was distracted (v. v, 7).
im-pedit-us, -a, -um, (perf. part,
pass of impedio used as an) adj., ham-
pered, impassable; loca impedita,
inaccessible places (c. v, li}). '
V. 'tT.Sto^®"^''®' P^ii'-P^ilsum,
im-pendeo, -pendere, no perf., no
sup., V. ii:tr., overhani;,'. ^ '
impendo, -pendSre, -pendi
-pensum, v. tr., to expend. ^*"""''
impens-us. -a, -um, adj., of cost •
great, large, high ; impenso pretio,
at un extravagant price (v. iv, 2).
• 'Wei'at-or, -oris, iM., conunander-
in-chief, general.
imperitus, -a. -um, adj., unskilled
,'"•, 'n^'xperienced in (with genitive, p.
imperi-um,-i,N., command, author-
ity, government ; summam imperii
transferre, to transfer the supreme
command (n. a. 2).
/J!?5®<.^°';F®' avi, -atum, v. intr.
(witl;,dat.,p. 278, notes), command, order-
milites civitati imperare, to lovv
troops from a state ; imperat mihi
ut (or ne) faciam, he orders me to do
(or not to do) : p. 181, 3.
impetr-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
obtain by request, obtain.
impet-us, -us, M., attack, assault-
facere impetum, to make an attack
(C. V, 1.)).
impiet-as, -atis, F., impiety.
im-pi-us, -a, -um, adj., wicked.
J?iPlJco, -plicare, -plicavi (or
-plicui), -plicatum (or plicitum), v.
tr. entangle ; in morbum implicari,
to be attacked with sickness.
im-plor -p, -are. -avi, -atum, v.
tr., bewail, implore, invoke, appeal to.
t,l2?P°P°' ;Ponere, -posui, -posi-
tum, V. tr., place on, 01- upon; modum
imponere, to make an end ; milites
In navem imponere, to put soldiers
on board.
im-porto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
bring or carrv to : import
impraesentiarum (for in prae-
S!f ad?"?.""' '" "'« ^'•^«ence of
tnii^s), adv., at present, for the present
imprimis, adv., among the first - in
the hrst place, chiefly, csi,c"cially. ' '"
im-probus, -a, -um arii )>o^
shameless. ' •>•• "*^>
unexpectedly, suddenly ™P^°V180,
im-pruden-s, -tis, adj., not foresee
WK, unwise ; imprudentlbus nos-
("f; it) ""'■ '"'" ^''"' '°'^ their gua^
imprudentl-a, -ae, F., indiscre
tion, Ignorance. ' '"'"«cre-
im-pugrno, -are, -avi, -atum v
tr. and mtr., attack, as.sail, tight. '
59!").'"^' "^' '^^' ''"''• °f inferus (p.
in, prep, with (l)acc. (after words sig-
(2) abl. (after words signifying rest), in
fc'lv^n^^'in'ri' m vicem, in turns
t' ; \m\ ' ■ J^iemem, for the winter
(c. IV, 29) ; in pnmis, espe(;ially (c v fi)-
in itmere, while on the march (c.vii-'
in ancoris, at anchor. ^^-'^,11,
in-an-is, -&, adj., empty, vain, useless.
in-cedp, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum
v. mtr., advance, proceed, come to.
incendi-um, -i, x., tire.
in-cendo, -cendere, -cendi, -cen-
sum, V. tr., set on fire, burn, inflame.
. in-cert-u.s, -a, -um, adj., uncertain •
mcertis ordinibus, when their ranks'
were broken (c. iv, 32).
f.^"f;n^^°' -cid^re, -cidi, -casum, v.
tr., fall 111 with, attack.
in-cipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
V. tr., begin, commence.
in-cit-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
urge, arouse, encourage ; equo incita-
to, with horse at full gallop (c iv j'^)-
remis incitare, to row hard (c. iv, 25).'
in-clin-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
lean against.
in-cognit-us, -a, -um, adj., un-
known.
in-c6l-a, -ae, M., an inhabitant.
in-colo, -colere, -colvii, -cultum,
V. tr., hve in, inliabit
in-c6lumis, ■&, adj., safe, in .safety.
in-commod-um, -i, N., misfortune,
harm, disaster, difcat.
In-credibilis, -e, adj., incredible.
li^k...,.
VOCABULARY.
ae, F., indiscre-
acouseJ^anU:^''^' •^^'' -^'"m, v. tr.,
af/^lhat'Se;,""""' ^''"^ '"''^«'^. 'hence;
".lK^„;Si;f-^^;a^um. V. tr.,
cere, to declare w.r ' Vellum indi-
to&^''^^-"'^-^"^-'.^". proof, n,ark.
Of oJfer'fN.Vi.'T):''''^"'''^^"' °" ""-' hel?
(wiKlf"p"frfy""^-'''dj., unworthy
'«"o°;. ,£^'"«' ■^^"- dutum, V.
industri-a. -ae. K, industry.
ar?"?t"f ^«' -^^r""^. F- Pl./a truce. |
rn?a^feS^,':;"«' -f- M., Indutioma-
and Hv'^i r,f f.- ' »'"0"«- the Treveri
the,Sn.^^'r2r''"'"''°«'''^''-ith
ita vigilii, 'f/t %:■ b ;.i"n^?Hf^ Jj;'-
second watch (c. y, 23). *= '""^
jjn-erm-i8, e, adj., unanned, defence-
.Jn-ers, -ertis, adj., indolent, idle,
in-fami-a, -ae, R, ill report, infann-
in-ta-ns, -mis, m. or f., child
for"uS''' "^^^'"^*^' '^'J- ""happy, un.
imus (p. 6!», 1) ' "'"' ^""J^us or
443
infimus : see inferus.
immenfe!*""^' "^' ""™' '"'■'• ''oundlesa.
inflrmlt-as, -atls, F., fickleness,
feeblf^'"-"^' -^' -^^' a,lj., weak,
■atus sum, v. dep.,
-ari.
•fluxum.
in-fiti-or,
deny.
in fluo, -flu6re, -flnxi
V. mtr., (low into, cnptv^jft'o.
in-gen-s, -tis, adj. , huge, great, vast.
' unv?i,^f;^,*;*«' ^^^' "^-i"«t ones will,
fnuSa^untraS "^^J- ""'hank-
v.^:^S^Sr^^^-^^«««"BBum,
uS-V^^:h;^?aai5^b.I. -hlbit.
m-imicltl-a. -ae, F., hatred, enn.ity.
hc^^^^-^^o;^;,-K!ie;;e:^r--
.iis"iv^.^.^^ou;"un}!,^.' ""'J- "•--:
".I?^e!^;^f?'i„'i„&,'i^-rv -m-
*" "-"uu, in tne liegnminir
.Jnauri-a,-ae,F.. wrong, outrage, in!
in-iuste, adv., unjustly, wron;.f„l|,.
nmst-us, -a. -urn, adj., unjust.
SUm^v'Vn'tr.;']^; on'^res^ ^'' "'^"«)
one'sself l.y. ' °"' '^'^*"^ °"' support
__^in-n6cen-8, -tis. adj.. harmless, i„.
in!?g"r"J°^"^^^' -^^- *-. "Prightness,
,i"enf -a- -ae. F., want, scarcity.
e.xS;S"^*-"«' -^- •^1«'. adj.. un.
^^inquam (verb defective, p. m, C),
In-scien-g, -t.iq •-,,!i „^, ,
444
VOCABULARY.
in;sci-us, -a, -um, adj., not know-
iiig, iKnorant of a thing-.
ai^,"f.^?"9^' -sequi, -secutus (or
sequutus) sum, v. tr. dep., overtake
attack; insequi cedentes, to over-
take the retreatintf enemy (c. v, 16).
v.l2l'''J'''^®' -arum, F. pi., amlmsh ;
perdoliimet insidias, by guile and
trea(;liery (c. iv, ];j). *'
in sidior, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr.
oep., he in wait, lie in anilnish.
inslgne, -signis, N., sijrn, mark,
badge, decoration. ' " >
In-sifirnis, -signe, adj., noted, re-
niarkable.
insmu-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr..
make a way into ; se insinuare, to
make their way among (c. iv, 33).
in-sisto, -sistere, -stiM, no sin,.,
V intr., stand, take one's position : flrm-
Irfi ^^f Stere, to get a firm fooiliold
\L, IV, Zv),
insolenter, adv., haughtily, arro-
gantly. •"
instabil-is, -e, adj., unsteady.
instan-s, -tis, (pres. part, of insto,
used as an) adj., present ; de instanti-
DUS, about present affairs (n. t. 1).
in-stituo, -fetitugre, -stitui, -stitu-
tum, V. tr., draw up troops; decide
upon; sacriflcare instituit, he be-
gan to sacrifice (.v. ii. 2); triplicem
aciem instituere, to drkw up a trii^
hne (c IV, 14); bellum parare III!
/^ ,. ^r t ?ecide<l to prepare for war
(c. \,3), ab institute consilio, from
carrying out his appointed plan (c. v, 4).
,^^^n-Stitut-um, -i, N., custom, uslge^
. insto, -stare, -stlti, no sup. v
intr., press on. ' ' ■
in^struo,-stra§re,-struxi,-struc-
tum, V. tr., build, draw up; navem
Instriiere, to build a ship ("v J?
omnibus rebus instrui, to be fullV
equipped (c v, 5); copias instruere,
to draw up forces (c. v, 1 8) ^ ""i o,
cui^oS'^^*-""' -^- -""^- «^J- '^^
in-suet-us, -&, -um adj., unaccus-
Siii.TlfeT''^^'^^"^*"^'"""-^
Insvil-a, -ae, F., island.
abo"e®"^®^' '"^''" "'"'■«o^'er. besides,
V I'?* m"^f^?' Ip^^re.-lexl.-lectum,
V. tr, underat.and, !;t,ow; inteiiectum
est, it was observed (c. v, ijy''"^^'^"™
haughti.
between,
in-temperanti-a, -ae, 1'.
ness, arrogance.
inter, prep, (with ace),
among, during.
inter-cedo, -ced§re, -cessi, -ces
sum, V. tr., intervene, come to pass-
bella intercesserant, wars had
sprung up (c. v, 11).
inter-cludo, -cludgre, clusi,
-clusum, V. ,r., hem in ; fratri inter-
cluso ab hostibus auxilium ferre,
to bring aid to his brother surrounded bv
the enemy (c. iv, 12).
inter-dico, -dic6re, -dixi, -dic-
tum, V. tr., forbid, exclude from.
interdum, adv., sometimes, mean-
while.
inter-ea, adv., in the nieantinie,
meanwhile.
inter-eo, -ire, -ivi (or -ii), -Itum,
V. intr., be wasted, perish.
interest, interesse, interfuit,
intr., impersonal ; it is of inii)ortance ■
magni interest, it is of great import-
ance ; mea interest, it is of import
aiice to me ; viri interest, it is of
importance to the man (p. 282, 14).
inter-ficio, -ficere, -feci, fee-
turn, V. tr., kill, destroy, slay.
interim, adv., meanwhile, in the
meantime.
interior, comparative adj. , from obso-
lete intSrus (p. £)9, 2), inner; in-
teriores, those of the inland parts
(c. v, 14) ; pars interior, the inland
part (c. V, 12); interiora consilia,
the private counsels (.n. h. 2).
interit-us, -us, M., destruction,
death.
inter-mltto, -mittere, misi, - m Is-
sum, v. tr., discontinue; brevi tem-
pore intermisso, after the lapse of a
short interval (c. iv, 34); vento inter-
misso. after the wind had died down
(c. v, 8); ne nocturnis quidem tern-
poribus ad laborem milit\im in-
termissis, not even the night time
interrupting the exertions of the soldiers
(c. v, 11); intermisso spatio, after a
time (c. v, 1.5).
-onis, F., exterinina-
inter-neci-o,
tion, massacre.
Inter-pono,
-positum, V. tr
terponere, to
■ponSre, -posiii,
. allege ; causam in-
, -- allege as an cxouse
(N. T. 7); moram interponere, to
cause a delay (c. iv, 9) ; fldem inter-
ponere, to pledge his word (c. v, C).
inter-pret-or, -ari, -atus sum, v.
tr. dep., expound.
'OCABULARY.
445
in the nieaiititiie,
is, F., extermina-
•are, -avi, -atum, v
-rumpere, -rupi
be
inter-rog-O,
ti'., ask, iiKjiiire.
inter-rumpo, -rumpere, -ruDi
-ruptum, v.tr., break down, breakTp.'
inter-sum, -esse, -fui, v. i,ur., bu
l)it;sent,takepurtiM(with dative, p. 279,9).
inter-vall-um, i, N., an interval of
space or tniie.
tn'm T^f "^°' -venire, -veni, -ven-
tum, \. intr., come between, come upon.
wilhii!'^' '"'^''" ^'''^^ "'''■•^' ^'et^een,
intro-it-us, -us, M., an entrance.
tr*d."^,"1°f' ;\^^^h rtuitus sum, v.
tr. dep., beliold, consider, regard.
inusitatus, -a, -um.adj., unusual
abi"'^*""^®' "^' '*''•'■' "^^ '^«8> unservice
in-venio,-venire, -veni, -ventum
V. tr., come upon, find out, discover '
inSrr"-*°''' -'^^^' ''■' ^'«'^o^^er,
in-vicem, adv., by turns, alternatel.v
qu"S°''''^' "^' ■""'' '^''J' ""™"
In-vidi-a, -ae, R, enw, ill- win
.^invit-c. -are. -avi, -atum. v. tr,
siffiVo^' ■*•• "^P?- '^^'J- ''"Willing ;
se mvito, against his will (c. iv, lO).
ln-v6c-o, -are, -avi, -atum v tr
call on or upon ; invoke. '^"™' ^ ' "••
l-'o^PtiiP?^' ^^?"™- ''em. pro. (see p
seTves- /n«rf"' *''™*''f' itself, then.:
senes Ipso terrore equorum i v
mere terror caused by theTo^ses^.' l^,
ir-a, -ae, P., anger.
poisfo^!^"'^^-^' -^^' ^- -^'-. rage.
irat-us, -a, -um, adj., angry, angererl.
tr^ridS;-"^^"^' ■""«•"• -"«^n^.v.
ir-rumpo, -rumpere, -ruDf .run
&o::^'^S'i.!;r '"--"-^^o:
t|:«'si^;t:x^:^f!^^-^>'g-
(ab Uhp V'i' = ^^■'"] comparatives eo
(abl.) the : eo mag-is, all the more
iste, ista. Istud, dem. pro that
that of yours (p. 118). ' ' '
ita. adv., in this wa.v. so, thus • in the
following manner, therefore; non Ita
mag-nus, not very large '^
ftall-a, -ae. P.. Italy,
cordhl?."-^' '°"^ • "'"^ ««' therefore, ac
_Jtem. adv., just. so. also. i„ ,ike
j£5^S^;^foS''Scr^t^
Iter facere, to make a marcl itlV
conflcere,to complete a march (c.'iJ'f)^
iterum, adv., again, a second time'.
northmtcoast''*of'ra!,?' ^ '"^•'^ "" 'he
J'rom it Caesar s^ip',''''^''? ^"'ain.
saidtobe'^S^':.:';'^*;.';,^';^-''- '^'«
-^^S^^SS^d»,^^^^-
iud-ex. -icis, M., judge.
deSS^;. :'i A»--'- trial,
to be emp'loyed i'n\'?ia\'^?s*^.l.'«)'^«r«ari.
to form the ">ostS!IXSST
iugr-um. -i, N., yoke. '■
Inc'flThTen'' ""■' ""'''' °' burden.
iunctur-a..ae,F., joining.
v.S.S.^3^^^'^-»-Uunctum.
(p'S'n^t^e), '^%r'''- °' ^"^«"*«
^.^lupiter. lovis. AI., Inpjter (see p.
swe^ar^ake-Toath^^^'- -^*^""^- ^- tr.
commune, the o^ilr^i^fc- ; ,'^,f
mentum, 'the n.ilTtary olth "' ^^°''^-
iustiti-a. -ae, R, uprightness, justice
riSa,;^',;!^^,: -'J-. according to
iuvenc-us, -i, M.,a8teer.
teS.'" """P- "■'"■ "=■). »1«" 10,
446
Vocabulary.
K.
Kaiendae, -arum, F. iil., tlie
Kalends, the first day of each month.
Karthago: see Carthag-o.
Karthaginiensis : see Cartha-
giniensis.
L. -Lucius, a Roman praenomen ; see
Domitius.
Labe-o, onis, M., Labeo: see Fa-
bius.
Laberi-U8, -i, M., Laherius; Quintus
Lal.erms Dunis, a tribune in Caesar's
ann> tn Gaul.
r,abIen-U8, i, M., Titus Labiemis, one
of Caesars lieutenants in the Gallic wars
On tne outbrtak of the civil war he went
o>er io Ponipey and fell at Mnnda in
Spain, 45 li.c.
lab-or, -oris. M., toil, suflFering, exer-
tlOIK
labor, labi, lapsus sum, v. intr.
lep., ihp. go astray; propter im-
prudentiam labi, to fall awav from
i^Jegiance on account of thoughtlessness
(c, V, ;j).
. ^tiVoi'O'-are. -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
toil, Mbor, sufifer; cupide laborare,
tj he very anxious (n. a. 1).
labr-um, -i, N., lip.
lac, lactis, N , milk ; lacte et carne
Vivere, to live on milk and tiesh (c. v, U).
Laoedaem-on, onis, F., Lacedae-
mon or Sparta, r. city of the Peloponnesus.
Lacedaemoni-us, -a, -um, adj.,
Spartan. •* '
lac-er, -era, -erum, adj., torn
uiangled. '
lac-esso, -essere, -essivi, -essi-
uUm, V. tr., provoke, assail, assault.
lac-rima, -rlmae, F., a tear.
lacrim-o, -are, -avi. -atum, v. intr.,
weep. '
lac-iis, -us, M., a lake.
laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum, v.
tr., harm, hurt, offend, injure.
laet-itia, -itiae, F., joy, delight,
pleasure. '
pleasa!^^^' '^' '''^' "'^' '''''''' ^"*"'
Lampsac-us, -i, F., Lampsacus, a
city of Mysia, or the Hellespont;
lap is, -idis, M., asione.
large, adv., bountifully.
larg-ior, -iri, -Itussum, v. tr. dep.,
bestow, give freely, bribe.
larglter, adv. ; see large,
largiti-o, -onis, F., distrimition,
r bery ; largitio magistratuum,
(.i T -n '" ' ''•'^ ^^^ '"agist rates
larg-us, -a, -um, adj., bounteous.
flrJ;''^^''"^',"^"' ■'^'•' ''^■'"^ Lartius, the
first Roman dictator.
lassi-tud-o, -inis, F., weariness, fa-
tijjue.
late, adv., widely, l)roadlv ; longe
iateque, far and wide (c. iv, 35); quam
iatissime, as widily as possible (c. iv, 3).
lateo, latere, latui, no supine, v.
tr., he hid, be concealed.
lat-itiido, -itudinis, F., width,
breadth, extent.
Lati-um, -i, N., Latium, a district of
Italy, m which Itome is situated.
latr-o, -onis, M., a robber, freebooter.
latrocini-um, -i, N., robbery, free-
booting, piracy.
. latrocin-or, -ari, -atus sum, v
intr. dep., be a brigand.
lat-us, -dris, N., side, flank; ab
latere aperto, on the exposed flank
«.e. the right (c. iv, 2(i).
latus, -a, -um,.adj., broad, wide,
laudabil-is, -e, adj., praiseworthy.
laud o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
praise. '
laur-us, -i, F., bay-tree.
laus, -dis, F., praise.
lavo, Iftvare, Iftvavi (or lavi),
lavatum (or lautum, lotum), v. tr.
wash, bathe. '
legat!-o, -onis, F., an embassy.
/..^^^S'atus, -i, M., (1) an ambassador ;
(.i) lieutenant-general in the army, otticers
of senatorial rank in eoinmiind of difTercnt
divisions in the field, under the imper-
ator. Th.ey were appointed by the
Senate and were usually three in nuniber
but Caesar had ten in Gaul.
legi-o, -or.ls, F., a legion ; a division
of the Koinan army consisting, when
complete, of (i,0()0 infantrv and 300 cav-
alry. The infantry was divided into ten
cohorts, each cohort into three maniples
and each maniple into two centuries.'
The cavalry consisted of ten s(|uadroiis
(turmae); legione conferta, owing
to the Isgion being in close order(c. iv, 32) •
legioni aliquem pi'uoficere, to
appoint one over a legion (c. v. 1) •
legiones expeditae, legions without
-itussum, V. tr. dep.,
y, bribe.
; see large.
lis, F., (iistrii)ntion,
io magistratuum,
lade by the iiiajfist rates
m, ailj., bounteous.
*!., Titus Lartius, the
or.
^nis, F., weariness, fa-
VOCABULARY.
adinis, F., width,
faTfn' °' '" ^'^^^ '«arching order
nani, oommon soldiei's ®^'°"
ehi^sig^^^,^^^^- tectum, v.tr.,
of&T"""''-''''-^''"'-'"r)ake
len-is, -e, adj., mild, gentle.
lenit-as, -atia, F., smoothness.
leniter, adv., gently,
leo, onis, M.,a]ion.
mopylae for three days, b c 480 '"'
447
poi
lep-us, -Sris, M., a hare.
Ko,4) ''"'^ ^*'''"^'' soldiers
lev-is, -e, adj., smooth.
re£°lighS.' ■^^^"' -^*""^' V- tr
lex, legis, F., law, tern.s, conditions
llben-s, -tis, adj., willing, ..heerful.
hbenter, a.lv., ..iiii„j,,j, cheerfully.
liber, -ri. M., book.
lib-er, -era, -erum, adj., f.ee.
^^hberaliter, adv., courteously, gener-
(NT. 1) ^'^6» e- to ''^e too dissolutely,
sinSr'is'^r^'f^f^.r'v'^' ^^'■''^'•^" (the
-;--)= un^^^'liieH^'li'^.S
^ libert-a,-ae, F., a freed woman (p.
libert as, -atis, F., liberty, freedom
hoert-us, -i, M.,afrecdn,an.
. Hc-et, -ere, -uit, -itum v intr
thS-ev^^"/, ^"- ^^'«- '>• '^'though.
a./t °o?°,h' -^O^is. JM., a liot,.r ; an attend-
ant ot the superior magistrates. The
^^Tt "«^''^''-V-Kuurd and also al
a maik of othcial diijnity.
wo"fe";^"tlo.tt' "^''™' '^''J- 0' «O'^.
vdk h« f '^"^.'^ moenia, woo<ion
ess l;,i,^ tf.'-"' ^vhK'h the I'ythian priest-
m^en,gn,atically used for the Athenian
lign-um, -i, N., wood.
Ligur-es, -urn, pi. M., the Licaires.
lili-um, -i, N., lily.
Lingon-es, -um, i)l. m the r immnoa
abS^Mon ^''4"' l^'*^»- territ^'ri^s^Ta'v
(rn«,s;, and the sources of the Mossn
(J/c».s«) and Matr6na(.Vr„vrA The^
£wLSv..s.r-^ Andematunnum
lingu-a, -ae, F., tongue, language.
lint-er, -ris, F., boat, skifT.
usKl^)^dJ!lifc'-^-'"^ueo.
litem %ti!^' " "^''f'""^' '*"■ suit;
Lisc-us, -I, M. , Liscus, an Aeduan chief.
Serae ^-"^ '^-I-*'"^i^'"e1.', "e^Ji^t^:
a (.Pu^'.h..,^ 1 «^ littens, in accord-
•itue with the despatch (c. iv, ,S8).
llt-us, -oris, N., seashore, coast.
loco, -are, -avi, atum v tr
Pla.^e,^s.ation ; castra locar'S.' t^ pitch'
„%„«3. -i. M., a place; pi., I6ca
bos S t- ^'^l '• ,°^Sidum loca'Lt
very^oli'--, a,-;' = (1°°^. ""^f^^llf «j^^'
superiora", up ,^'e coun -v ? v^%^
l6S■"^fhicf se;""^' ^'''^- •-•'• »'
" fa^'th;"* ';'^"f: longe optimtfs^
(<■.■ I'v, 35). ^ lateque, far and wide
?l(^
448
"!"'
VOCABULARY.
longinqu-us. -a, -um, adj., far re-
moved, remote ; distant, prolonged.
longritud-o, -Inls, K, length, extent.
long-U8, -a, -um, adj., long.
(under Tiberius Sen,pro,,iuVLoS
f„^=5"°^' ^°^"'"' 16cutus(or loquu-
tus)sum, V. tr. dep., speak. '"*^"^
Lucan-i, -orum, pi. m., the Lucani
or^people of Lucani^.^in siuth-EastenJ
Gate;!!, -^a"" ''•■ '"^''"'' ' *-™ °f
Bh\nt^°' ■^'■^' •^"^^"- "»«»P-. V. intr.,
iti?iify"°^^^'^"^it-^-i»tr.imper.,
lucr-um -i, N., profit, gain, advantage.
«nH"-^f°',^"8'ere, luxi, no sup., v tr
and intr., lament, mourn for.
BrhkPnM^/"^'v,-'"^*«' *'•• Lugotorix, a
British chief who was captured in aii
attack on Caesar's camp.
lumen, -inis, N., light.
luna, -ae. P., moon.
Mp-us, -i, M., a wolf.
lus-us, -us, M., sport, play.
nf^V^', ^"9^^- ^' 'if''* ; prima luce
at daybreak; orta luce, at daybJeak
gaSe^"^'"^' '^^' ^- '"''"••y, extrava-
AteSKel^^flvS^t^'^'^"
of f^n^^"®®!"^','?®' ^- Magnesia, a city
of Caria, on the Maeander.
■ft. -um, adj., noble.
magnific-us.
grand.
sizf ^^??,]u"^-°' •^"*?' P- greatness,
n^^ilitrolVirit,^i^ini.^S?-'""°'
ft)^^s; sup., maxiiie'eipeciaTo;.;
estgksK^i-^^Pr «rant- they eU,-
(eomp^";ii!'in^' .•"™- '-'"J" 'arge, great
mnJ^i ^^°vF\ '"'P' maxlmus);
ma-gni, at a high i)r ce : nluris at n
greater price; max mi, at a very wlh
f^V^^''^ "laiores naiu.'^lS
^- .T- ->, maiores, ancestors- res
^rl'u.cl.r",;"''??: ''f '"°re than u^uaUm^
fnrtt ^^J- ^^' naaximam partem,
for the most part (c. iv, 1) ; m^ni hn-
bere, to value highly (c. i -,Tl) • maSni
interesse, to b% of^reat iiilp^ici
M.
se^flfifc'^^," ^i'P'-'^" praenomen •
see Baebius. Claudius, Minucius.
an'^S!"^"-^- -«"'^' ^' - n'-i-.ine,
maer-6o, -ere, no perf., no sun v
tr. and mtr., grieve, lament. ^ "
magris(comp. of adv., magnoDere^
more, rather (sup. maximer
f^^i^'^A^^' ■"• '^f ' master; magis-
nmL^'^"*^^™' V"*^*^'- °f the horse, an
officer next in rank to the dictator.
nia^^&;?"ili"-?'?8^°' ^ Carthagi-
nian, brother of Hannibal ;.died 203 b.c.
maiores usee magnus.
male, adv., badlv (comp., neius •
stip., pessime) ; rem male gererl'
to be unsuccessful (.v. t. 5). ««^«^e,
+,'5.^1e-dico, -dicere. -dixi, -die
turn, v. intr. (with dat ve, p 278 5)
revile, slander, speak ill of. ^ ' ^'
ou^^frf g""^' "^- ■""^- '^^J- «''^"der-
maiefici-um, -i, N., evil deed, crime
craSS'Tsrfsf'""'"'*'^-'"''^""'^''
. malo, malle, maluT, no sun v
"•reg. (p. 147), wish rather, prefer ^"
caS.".°^u?' -^-^ "^■"' misfortune.
forS(^T9f '"'^"^^' *° ™"«^ »"'«•
maius, -a, -um, adj., bad evil
^cl-d (comp., peior;iip.,l;ersi:
ch™ge"^^*""™' '^' ^- o'^e'-. command,
(wth dative, p. 278, foot note), entrust
bid ; se fugae mandare, to betake
themselves to flight (c. v, 18). "«"■««e
. Mandiibracius, -T, M., Mandubra-
C.U8, a chief of the Trinobantes. a BriMsh
mane, adv., in the morning, early.
V ^^^nffriff^^' «Jansi. -mansum,
V. tr. and mtr., remain, await, stay ; in
P-, Magnesia, a city
xnder.
I, -um, adj., noble,
lis. P., greatness,
mi mag-nitudo,
1,'nannuity.
Iv. (often written
. greatly ; coinp.,
:ime, especially (n.
I orant, they earn-
n, adj., large, great
lip. maximus) ;
rice ; pluris, at a
tni, at a very high
lores natu, elders
I, ancestors; res
ore than usual im-
Kimam partem,
•; 1) ; magni ha-
(c- IV, 21) ; magrni
great importance
Mago, a Carthagi-
bal ;.died 203 B.C.
gnus.
(fomp., peius;
1 male gerere,
'. 5).
fe, -dixi, -die-
afive, p. 278, 5),
I of.
im, adj., slander-
, evil deed, crime.
1, adj., evil doing,
Ifti, no sup., V.
er, prefer.
;vil, misfortune,
re, to cause niis-
adj., bad, evil,
*; sup-, pessi-
5rder, command,
-atum, V. intr.
'' note), entrust,
are, to betake
18).
M., Mandubra-
antes, a British
rning, early,
51, -mansuni,
■wait, stay ; In
VOCABUr.ARY.
ffie°tcfe-t;v^r(cTt '" '''"^•
plaTnSel,^.""' "^' """^' -i- ^"-r,
Ma^S^,-i^,S^,^'^">i-;CnOi,.s
the Galatians ' ■^■' '^«•"J"'e'-ed
Sl^fcn:i:^=^^t^-=.'a
MJSrS;;?^,-^,^.„Marce,h.s:0)
Ha^^nti dTj;,:"S',V--'^'"''' toTc!,t;
Marcellusd) ^^^^^^^^- Mmucius,
d':se"d!rty^"^*--^vSh1,[.l:^
tS-M%^ei;::;j^:-^^ --i et
margarit-a, -ae, F., a pearl
=ae,^feii^tS'ivR"t^!
-a ; maritimi praedonit phat^s
god^oTwlV.""^' ''•• ^''-'^'•^' *he Uo„,an
in.afM"r'-^'-"™-'^^^--°f-^-Io„g.
mas, mjsris, adj., male.
449
iSe)! '"P- "^aturrimeormatur-
maturo, -are, -avi, atnm v f,
and i„tr., make ri,,e, ri,Te;u,S' ''•
matur-us, -a. -um, adj., ripe, early.
n^S'l^;,^;!---^"^-'''^'- of mag.
of'SS^^^iK^-^'i-.-Per.ative
raecam; with me (p. 105, s)
med.Sor, med'iri, no perf no sun
mSdicm. a, -ae, F., medicine,
medic- lis, -i, M., healer, physician.
materia, -ae, F., timber.
Inmatrimonium^te^V!;;;!^^.;
^^^matron-a, -ae, F., a married won.an ;
mature, adv., early (comp.. ma-
neighbo;ho.fo;t};:°!:;;;,j;^.:^;'j^,^;^
mf&''%J' ■v.™' '^^'J. middle;
aaaiiF-^-"-tS:
membr-um, -i, n., limb,
memin-i, -isse, v. defec Cspp n TAr\
ren.ember (for construction'V I'c^"") ^»
mem-or, -oris, adj., mindful. '
^'^^ ?s„'S,°'& SI:
V T'im°!*^^ memoria, i, o„r ,iav
fc^'tS^n^l^-5^
mum memoriam, withirthe^,?" '
K:;i[i'S;,:^i^'^^}^-emS:
reE"'°''"°' ■^''®' •^^'' atum, V. tr.,
.Menapi-i. -ornrn, pi. M the Mpn^
he VoT' nL'-'^l"'* Belgicar'beurn
."I-
450
VOCAHULAHY.
mendacr-um, l, s., falsehoo<>.
menda-x, -cis, ndj., \ying, false.
men-8. -tls, F., mind,
men-sa, -sae, F., a table.
men-sis, sis, M., month.
mensura, -ae, F., measure • pp,r
tae ex aqua rxiensnrae Lotfrau'
"ieasureinents hy the water clook (T " 1 i)
^i?®'^??'"*^^' toris, M., trader- mpr
^^^mercatur-a, -ae. F.. trade, com-
v^.a?d®''"°^«' -cediS, F,gain, prolU, re-
ofSraKn^|,l'^:'^^--^.the^o-'
mer§o, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., gain
mer-eor, -eri, -itus sum v tr den
gain, earn, deserve. " '^•'
sJSfF?; '^«''erere, mersi, mer-
Soy.' ' '""^' "'""erse, overwhehn,
meridian-us, a, -um adi i.>iH
day ; meridlano fere t^mpol-e at
about noon (c. v, 8|. I'O'iJpoi e, at
meridi-es, -ei, M., mid-dav fi> 2ss
foot note) ; ad meridiem spectat^t
faces the South (i.e., the sm. a?S) '
o^%tTat'Pert'v!Tr^''''^'^°"^^"-«"
merit-us, S,, -um : see mereor
mdtaU-um, -i, N., mine,
met ior, -iri, mensus sum, v tr
aep., measure, measure out. '
V. ™^ reii?^^^''®' ""^^^"^' messum, '
^^metuo, -ere, -i, metutum, v. tr..
met-us, -us, M., fear.
migrr-o, -are, -avi, atum. v intr
nuyrate, depart. ""ui, >. inti.,
mil-es, -itis, Jr., a soldier.
« a^^i^-'*^^"?,^' "^' '"^'J' "f o'- belonc-ina- to
L'ry'S;^:''^^'-^'=^««™i"t^rif,n?if;^
militia, -ae, F., military service-
mintiae (p. SC), on military service.
^-fi:^S:T..rliiirS,/l-ou.
millies, adv.. a Uionsand timos
CiS"''' '^"'^- •'*'•• -^'''o. ^* fnend of
su^.^mfnim'l'sf -.iTrV- "^ P^^vus ;
fel at Cannae, -216 b.c. (") Ouintna
Mmucius, consul 197 K.(' in tK^H
Se ""'"""''^ '«"'i«lnnen't"from*S
tr^S^diS,,.-"^' "^^""t^"^' -
seP?'k"s^.' ZT "•'-'• 9f Pamm (which
rnVnu^if no ' p. ^"^I'^.^.r "f
minu^ pro&tVVsr^'::;ft^---^e
mirabil-is. -e, adj., wonderful.
mir or. -ari, -atus sum, v. tr deu
admire, wonder at. '•'
mir-us, -a, -um, adj.. wonderful
sli'any:e. marvellou.s. "unuerrui,
miser, -era, -erum. adj., wretched
unfortunate. j > "icicuki,
miser-eor, -eri, -Ttus sum, v intr
•lep. (w,th geniti^■e, p. I4(i), fe^piiy for'
miser-esco, escere, no perf no
tr°?mntr.®^Vl?'?' '^^' "itum est, ^.
tr. impels., it (hstresses, t excite» i)iVv
me tui miseret, I pity you (p ic^j ^ '
misericordi-a, -ae. P., pitv com
J^-HiilfK^-j^ri-:^!^^:
VOOAMULARV,
on military service,
im, Illil^.s;millepas-
|■t^ or ],(J16 yards (see
I Uioiisaml liinos.
-V., -Milo, a friend of
e, M.,Miltiado8, arele-
iieral.wlioconiniaiided
le battle of Maratl.on,
iii. mlnutum, v.
mit-is, -e, adj., mild
451
v.??!"°;d."'^"^'-^' '"•='i. niissum.
na6bmt.as..atls,F.,ac.tivif;,,H,,c.ed.
mobll-is, -e, a.ij., easilv n.oved.
'"^^^a;5rl;«^l^-— r.
coS^^"-^' -ae. F.. n>ode,st,, .elf-
peck. "''"^ '^'1"'^' I" ""•' I':n,-li8h
mddo : see modus.
modn o^o^ • ° ™Odo, l.y no means ;
-ffiado'^rTiv'.:) "" "^'"'-"'^' °f -'
ferre.to,;.a';Lye!?.?t'[,ta^.vKr"
8oi;fe°!a^fo,^^V -^' ■^^'«- ->i- fou-e-
moll-is, -e, adj., smooth.
mol-o, -ere, -ui, -itum, v-. tr., grind.
Mon-a, -ae, ^^, Mona, the /s/<. <./•
^,?':; ^''!^!''V' ^^ai also ca led Mona
-lS"S..S,d"^' ■^'"™- - ^^-
rnon-8, -tis, M., mountain • snm
poKrsl?o«r'-^^^"'-*"«^--tr.,
toS?"""'^"*-"'"' ■^"' N-, n>o„nn,e„t,
mor-a, -ae, F., delay.
mor-a, -ae, v., a mora, or division ^t
t% '^^'' ^""i'' '-•«'•«i«tin°' of ( (K, oot
and 100 horse in Xenoj)ho„'s tinin
morb-us, -i, M., sickness, disease
mordeo, mordere, moiuordi
morsum, v. tr., I.ite, hurt. ""™°r"i>
'■-.-e^-,;^l-— -;-^;a.
-"'^'cfS.Sy.-^'""^""^- -"'^'••
mor-8, -tis, R, death.
™°f • '"oris, M., enstoni, usage • nl
Meatus ««"l"'^""'' '■•'■■^•••'"•t^i-. >"anne?s:
Mos-a, -ae, F., theMosa(nowjV«H«P^
ar.veroftialliafJelgiea(de.scTibed,.ivS
mo-tus, -tijs, M., motion, evolution '■
Galliae niotus, an uprising in'oaul
moveo. movere, movi, motum
I- tr., move, set n motion • Hrrno
movere, to take up an «"belh^
movere, to undertake a war'- caif^
movere, to break up camp °^stra
wa^i^is.^' '"''■' P'<'«^"tly,soon ; then, after-
mul-a, ae, F., a she-mule (p. (i -,)
-aKe,'p;nt^V^-^^'«°^^'-'«-'™«lta.
fin^Snish.' •^"^' •^^'' -^t""^' V- tr-
muli-er,-eris,F., woman,
^^multitud-o, -inls, F.. crowd, multi-
mult-o, are, -avi -ar.iiTn v *«
fine, punish (same afSulcto) '
tnes) adv., much, bv much L'reatlv-
multo melior.. .nu-eh better '(S '
plus ; sup. , plurimum). "^
multum adv. (not used before com-
}^'"lr'^' «th^'-^ise same as multoV
aoatur, he was often emploved hi
private suits (N. t. !)• multilrn =,Jl
in yenatlonlbus 'th?v''*a^e"',.S
addicted to hunting (e. iv, 1). f''^*^'.^
muIt-us, ■&, -urn, adj., much manv •
|^".e.,^plU8(p..46);s4\p,|iS8
mund-us, -f, M., universe, world
(p'^"")."''""^' "^- ■"'"^- ^^i" '-''^'ish
ificSr^"'"^'-^-'^'-''^f«"-e.forfc.
mun-ifo, -ire, -IvI, -itum v f,
protect, defend ; iter ri.unirSWbJi'ilj
452
VOCAHULARY.
munitl-o, -onis, F.,,lefence
mur-mur. -murls, N., ,nu,mur.
mur-us, -i, M., wall,
mua, muris, M., mouse,
musca, ae, P.,afly
•a, -um, adj., blunt,
«i-eckod (,v. r. ". ^' ^"^' '" •'«•' «'"P-
M., a sailor.
^ miitil-us,
broken.
"flj-. of or
pugna
a sailin)f ;
My-us, -untis (acp., Mvuntni p
Myus. a town of Caria in AKi?*?.^' ^'
dep,
N.
„il?°<^'^S. -a, um, perf. part,
nanclscor, havin- obtained '
statement. ^"»"»'"3 some previous
namque, conj., for indeed, for truly
are, -avi, -atum, v. tr..
nar-ro,
tell.
?£ff&;t?U'^4-a.i„.3-
dies
tribe, people,
na"Sfi:fctd,«?.^' -*a.. birth
na-tio, tionis, v
nation.
int"r^8*?im.-*^^^' ■*^^'' •*&'"", v.
natura tnquetra, tri^anguL i'rlfi
na-tus, -ta, -turn, fnerf .1 •*■ ^
a ".ostlllSu^tamnnlfTrg' '''""^
ab^bf wVtb*"?^^'iA4f -Jy in the
tors; minore8naKdes?elda;.ts:"'"
nau ta, tae
V Pa".ticu.s, ca, .cum
beloMKing to shii,.s, naval.
naval-is, -e, adi nn,,!
navalis.asea-tlKht.^- '"'■''
navlgatl-o, -onis, K
"avifration. '
navlgi.um,-i,\., a vessel, ship.
^hK",»!?,??,"™--™--*, to .Cot
AeS SVa'."Jh«'.' ^^"^"V" island in the
*''-'"' •^''«' ; the largest of the Cvolades
lestlp'TsI- ■!!".".",' elanse3> that not.
iu i^v" '' "^f ' (lifter verbs -* fpniM.i,-i
.n^,^onleru,K, con.mandini.) not to (J.
t e spn !n' ' ° "'^^ '" "effutiNe iinpera-
do thirip'"'/;!'-^ ^"^^ ^■^'"^''^' ^°"'*
c!.'^®'j-'"^'''"''"ff- enclitic particle In
double (luestions, -ne an whl U "
• • • or (p. 287, 5). "*^ • • • an, whether
nec : see neque.
avSbi;"^^'°' ^^^- '^--os..rUy, un-
+ "ramMnf \'''"- '"'J- ("^^-^ ^^-'t'' est
ine'viiable! nee-Jn.r'''^^''^'"^' ""-«idable.
^. n6ces8it.as, -atis, F., need, neces-
[■JjiiC.
VOCAUULAKY.
<ij-, 11,'iViii; pug-na
nis, F,, a sailiiiff ;
necessarily, mi-
F., need, neces-
■&, -urn, adj., wicked,
n6fa,rl-u8,
atrocious.
^io"SSl^,:t!;iS- «"--•• -^^p-
;;Sr'r^«--tft;;i^:^'
near the iiKxIerii^ynVM, "«-'«nine,
thn.t^'*^' > 'V!^ ^°'">' ''««• i" the sin" •
nemo. «o,nebo<iy ; n'^nio'nonVe"?;'
me"an^"^^"«™"'^'*^-"°t«taIl,byno
not; neaue nfi/V,io ^' "°''' «^n^»
neither ^."^.^r • n^c^mfi««!?®° " " " "«C
(C. iv, 20)- neo'nff Si?i^'®'^"^'"' "« «"e
(c. iv, 20): ^ ® QUidquam, nothing
nequidquam, adv. in vni.i f^
purpose. ' " ^'^"'' *o "o
-sS?uS°v.;?^StoS^--"'-
neu ; see neve.
. n^^r (p.- iTcf)! °' "^" • • • "^"' '"-^'"hcr
vioSd.S^^'^-d'^'^^hjg-erallva
nlhi? "*■• ;f^' Tt"°^' ^^'^' b'a*, dark.
that f nihlf haWquod 'VCave^nlJ
reason that (p. 296, 5 fa"? iion nihlT
453
soiiiefhinjf ; nihil nn«
nihil e#ri,,';:!Z„".?':i,,t,;i;' ■,";■'«:
niKS?',V;:;S~""""-»-i™.»
nimlo, adv., too nn,ch, exceclinfflv
nimls. adv., too much, exccssivel/"
exS.'r- -^- ■"™' '^"J- too nu,ch,
v.h!M;,"'"^^'-e, ninxit, no sup.,
•■ ""pels., It snows (p. iiii, ]) ^'
"JSl. f()nj.,)fnot, inilc,3(p. ;j(i() i)
V. "n'r°ck.p'"*,^;,^*f "« (°!: nixu8)'sum.
ni^ r,? V i^ ' "• •'''"■'^^' «"Jeavor.
nix, nivis, F., snow.
fatnou?^"*^' '^- •'^'^J- "ohle, noted,
no-bilit-as, -atis, F., nohility.
...?d°a^!n)'adf ";&• ''-'•. '" "oceo
a criniinal ''■' ^ ^ ' ""'''' ''* ''^ "o""-
v.'??tf[^;iSt?f;e"?f.i;"ocrtum,
hurt, ham., injme ' ' '^' '°°^ "°'^>-
us"°i?^"'l'''" ?''' ''''''• °' obsolete noct-
us,^^us. use<Iasan)adv., by nigh t° at
-BK-;^?ht:i;oca.-'- - -
nodus, -i, M., knot.
no^ny^f- eS^ ^---eA;
lnS"t^4?care- t6^' T""'' "°^-
Pressly (c. v, 4) '^" summon ex-
namr^"°' ■^''^' ■^^'"> atum, v. tr.,
non niti\i,"oL"};'i^,?S;nSv:'
a general afflrn.ative is fonneS.^^^emo
454
VOCAHULAUY.
non, evoryhmiy; nunquam non,
every tune ; nihil non. evtrythinj,'.
th?^?AV^?' ■'^r'"^ '•'• ■•'- the nones ;
thf fifth (lay of each month in the vear
exeent March. .May, July, October
V oh ,t was the seventh. It wan so
(.ailed hecause <t was the ninth (nonus»
tl e thi.teenth, except in tlie four months
before named, when it fell on the tlft jenth.
nonaginta, num. adj.. ninety.
nondum, adv., not yet.
j,y".°""«' 'i''^-. interroK. particle (p.
nonnihil, indecl. neuter pro,, .some-
thinjf; often used adverhiallv: to S(,me
extent, somewhat; nonnlhU tem-
pons, some tune.
nonnullua, ■&, -urn, adj., «ome-
J;™">- '" P'-. nonnull-i, -ae, -a,'
nonnunquam, adv., sometimea.
nonus. -i1. -um. num. ord. adj.
nos, pi. of ego (i). 101, i).
noaco, uoscere, novi, notum, ^ .
tr., become ac(|uamte<l with, learn ; of
novi, I know (p. I4r>).
no8t-er, -rA, rum, poss. adj. pro
our, otu-s, our own; pi., nostrl, our
troop.s, our men (militea understood)
no-tltl-a, -ae, K., fame, lumwled-e.
.„!!.r'^P' '^^S' '^^i' -atum, V. tr.,
mark, disrej.'ard. '
not-us, -a, -um, (nerf. part, nass of
nosco used as an) \ldj., lnow!rwel[
novem. num. adj., nuie.
^^nov-i, -isse, v. defect., act, know (p.
nub-es, -la, F.,aelond.
tr.,
noy-us, -a. -um, adj., now, fresh
recent, strange (no comp. ;'sup. novis
simus) ; agrmen noviasimum tfo
nnvL^^"'^ primum, the "}"'res
novae, a chai.-e m affairs, a revolution
n^nf« IISS^'^' ^•' ."'l-'ht, darkness;
prima nocte, at n ..htfall • media
•ove, o ' • L"^^"*^*^ node, undo.-
<o\ei of nitfht (.v. ii. 5); adver^in
nocte, in the face of night (c. h-7J«T
nox a, -ae, P., crime, ofifence.
nosi-a, -ao, P., hurt, barm.
p."i:&o^):r;r;!i;!!;::;'-'--"-
Jium. interroLT. ipart;cle(p. 20).
Nura-a, -ae, .M., Numa, /.,.. Numi
f'<mipdms, the second kin- of Home
^,.num-en, -Inla. k, will, power,
numer-u8, -i, M., mmiher.
Nilmld-ae, -arum, pi. m., the Nu-
Notihe m Africa, west of Uarthajre cor
ifspoudui- to Al!/aiu. "-""*<'-. '01-
nummus, -i, m., money nm
nummo uti, to use us moi.ey^c: v,^i-;°
nunquam, adv., never.
nunc, adv., now.
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum v tr
announce tell, narra.c'; nunt atur'
■0 „' "'""^'"' nuntiatum est
word was l)rou!,'ht ^ou,
nunti-ua, -i, M., messenycr. ti.linK's.
nuper, adv., lately, recently.
nupti-ae, -arum, pi. f.,' w .ddi,,,,
marnaifo [p. L'.il», 2, (4)J. *"
^,'J,'J«qnam. adv., nowher. , in „0
r^^t]^^^' "'^^' -y- '"''*' command ; ad
nutum, a .lod or signal (c. iv, 23).
O, interj., o! oh!
I f„.°.^' t'"''''- ^"■"^•^ ^''''■■'>' "" account of,
for, ob eam rem, f)r this reason-
quam obrem, wherefore, accordin!,dy.'
fn°m"^,"^?' •'^"cere, -duxi, -duc-
tum, \. tr., cover over, cloud; nocte
Obducta, under cover of niifhtCN-. 11. s).
V intr (with dative, p. 278, foot note);
obey, listen to. ''
Ob eo. ire, -iv i (or H), it;im v tr
go towards; mortem obire, to meet
■urn, iKlj,, hurtful,
, a finud,
s. nupsi, nuptum,
H', |i. -27^, font \u)U'),
'Mi'Hi'lf f„r u liusbami
voiimu, fo marry ; a
s.orem ducere or
atrliuonlum du-
&vi, atum, \, tr.,
1. a<lj.,l);ire, (lestitiKf
1. adj. (fordeulfiiHioii,
iiu, i]() one.
article (p. 20).
■. Niiina, /,,'., Nuiim
i<l km;; of Home.
N., will, i.ovver,
., miniher.
im, pi. M., the Nu-
uiliiiitijr Niimidia in
St of Uarthajfu, cor-
'.t.
M., niont-y ; pro
• as money (c. v, VI).
never.
tvi, -atum, v. tr,
ale; nuntititur
luntlatum est,
nesaenirrr, tidings.
■, reeeiitly.
, pi. F., wi'ddinjf,
nowheri , in no
od, command ; ad
ignal (u. iv, '23).
), on apcount of,
f.)r this reason ;
cfore, accordinjfly.
5, -duxi, -due-
r, cloud ; nocte
■ of nijf ht (N-. II. 5).
-divi, -editum,
-78, foot note);
fi), Itum, V. tr.,
obire, to meet
VOCAIIULAUY.
;|;-!l;;offlciaoblre. to attend to one'H
obltus, -itua. M., death
,,obJique.adv.,ol.li,,,,,,,,i,,,,,,,,i,,^
455
oSagsr;JL:^S4'vr=
Ob-8e88l.o..6nis,R,8ieK0.h|„;.kade.
Ob sideo, -sldere, -sedi, -sessum
V- ti., hcsiege, blockade. aeasuni,
ob.Sldi.o,.oni8.F..siefe.e, blockade.
v..Jnt^«S!;n^>^S;-tra8tftum.
withstand. 'b'"""!. ll^/Ht, opjiose,
ob-so„r.um,.f,N ,.^,,
obstinate, adv., .irndy.stubbondy
<'^° t Vrf ?'^8tand '!• "° ■^""- f" ''f'
"Ppose ''' *"*'"' "«'"'ist, resist,
ol'ey, conform to ~ ' -^' ''""'I'b- «itl,
, obtrectati-o -6ni<a v i .
<''spara^'em",t. ' *. ''t't'-''t'tion,
obtrect-o, -ar« htti -*
.f., draw i„ difTerent'di^vyti. "^*"'"' ^■•
mter 86 obtrectare t ''"' °''''"«' =
each other(.v. A 1) ' '° '''* ^PV^sul lo
Obviam, adv., in the wt, t^
obviam ire or r^hT/i.^,^ ■ ' *"."'i«ls;
'o meet him oi.°'. ?f ^'""^ venire ei,
occasl-o. -onis. P., an opportunity
OCCaSUS, -us. M,, «Pftin-
oOx-8, Buiiset, W08t(c. iv, 28).
occldo, -cidere, -cidi
-■iXSUS
i"-t.';:':;,';;:.!';'lv;'=occrden«8oi,
^ oc-cido. .cidf,re. -cdl, -cisum.
.•on.val"!.'"^' -^- •"'". '"'J- l.idden,
occupatu8 in mmi r mn« ''"'' "'"' •'
^^^i^Vit: V, l,--') 'o'titying of the
occfipatl-o, onis p i • ■ .
"ill., busiiuss flff.?!! . • ^' '"■'"»•' '""«fed
tuK S"°' •^'■«' -^^i- -^tum. V. tr.,
""•el,oppo,se. ^ '''"•'• *■"" t" "leet,
6c6an-ua, -i \\ .i, .
«iorman Ocean (u i» i;,, '" "^''^^"" = the
OCtaV-U: nrv. i
eiKhih, ""^' '"'''• "iini. adj.,
OCtinweilt-f .BO S , 1
liKht hundred. ' ' '^' '■'"■''■ '"""• «'J.,
octo card nun,, adj., ei^ht.
° oS^''''?''"'"•"^■-^^'''-"•
^^^.;^J-ta,..rd.nnn..ad,,ei,hty.
oda-,.isse.v.tr.,.efcc..,hate(p.l45,
(c. iN , 12). '""». nt raced the eneniy
offlcium"p'?aeitar«r*l'' ^"^«iancc;
'".^ al, or in service ("v 7) '^ ""
--l?«.fe°^^^''--P. V. tr..
olim adv., at sometime, h
rnierly.
eafter.
■casum,
ntefiKiffi».r«n
456
VOCAHULAKY.
.lif
f'
; ■;-
S»SKS',f?J'*p"». ■■■•'•<> ■■«»■■
omnino, adv., i,, all, altogether, in
general ; after negatives, at all ; nihU
pmnmo, nothing at all ; with nnnierals
m all , aecem omnino, ten in all.
r^JS^il"*^'^"^' '"■^J- '^l'- "'e whole;
omnes ad unum, all to a man-
maritimaomnis, wholly maritime or
on the sea(c. v, 14). ""iume, or
6n6rari-u8, -a, -um, adj., of burden •
navis oneraria. a transport (c Tv,"
loSi"^^"°' "^^®' '^^^' -a*"™' V. tr.,
on-us, -eris, N., load, burden.
opera, -ae, F., toil, aid- dare
operam, to take pains (n. t. 7 • c v 7) •
• mea opera, by my aid. ' ' ''
oper-io, -ire. Hi, -turn, v. tr., cover •
summas (amphoras) operit, he
covers the tops (of the jars) (n. h 9)
opini-o, -onis, F., belief, notion;
opinio timoris, the impression of fear •
praeter opinionem, contrary to ex-
pectation ; celerius omni opinione
sooner than any one expected ; opinio
populi Romani, the reputation of the
Roman people(c. iv, 16); utfert opinio
Ulorum, according to their ideas (c. v
. °POrt-et, -ere, -iiit, v. intr. impers.
(p. lb>, 4) ; It IS necessary, it beho\ es.
oppidan-us, -a, -um, adi.. of a
town; p.l oppidan-,-, -orum 'town's
people, inhabitants of a town.
oppid-um, -i, N., town.
tn°m'^°?r°' -Po^ere, -posai. -posi-
stand' against, oppose, with-
opportune, adv., favorably, suitahly.
opportunit-as, -atis, F., fitness,
advantage. '
9PPortun-u8, ■&, -um, adi fit
suitable, advantageous. ^" '
op-primo, -prim#re, -pressi
pressum, v. tr., burden, crush, destroy.'
atta^k^"^"^*''"^' """^^' ^' ^^''"'t'
op-pugn-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., storm, attack. "^> *•
o4fw?f^i^ "O'l'. wanting ; gen., opis (p.
240,(1), h., might, power, help; pi., opes
wealth, resouices ; domesticae opes'
his own resources (n. n. lo). "f°o.
optime : see bene.
optimus : see bonus.
opus, -eris, N., work, labor, majr-
n?.J'Ji^^^ "*■ »»agnopere, greatlj' ;
quanto opere, how greatly ; tantd
?.?fH® "' tant9pere. so ni'uch, so
gieatly; egregie et natura et
h? ) n^i °?""ltV^' .splendidly fortified
dLnces(J.'t,9f"'"' '^°'"'''" ^'"* '''
opus, indecl. neut., found only in the
expression opus est, erat, etc., there
8^7(^-283 5l)."""^' '* " °' ''"' "''^'^«■
6r-a, -ae, F., coast; ora maritima,
sea coast (c. iv, '20). "^^j»,
H^^!;^°' °^^^' ^- * speech ;ora-
(c- "1f^ Percipere, to hear a speech
orat-or, -oris, M., speaker; modo
oratoris, as an ambassador (c. iv, 27).
v,P^*^i^' "^-^' J^^' ^* '=''''''''' ; orbis terra-
Mediterranean, the whole world to the
early Romans ; orbe facto, forming a
c-acle; corresponding to our forming
square to resist an attack (c. iv, 37). ^
prhedT" '^' ■"°'' ^'^^■' ^"''"' '^^^
ordior, ordiri, orsus sum, v. intr.
dep., begin ;ab initio ordiendum
lTfe('N"T if " "'^^ *"' ''«g'""in& of his
r^nU^iP' ■''"*!>'• *'•■ "" arrangement ;
rank, line ; ordines servare, to keep
the ranks (c. iv, 26). '
^n^^^f'h^^' "^® "^" ■^»' *-•• Orestes,
son of Agamemnon, who avenged his
cttenfneS' '^ '^'"'"^' ^- "-^her
orien-s, -tis, (pres. part, of orior
used as an) adj., rising ; sol oriens the
rising sun, hence, the east (cv, 13)
ri=o^'^°^' 'K^' •*"« sum, v. intr. dep.,
rise, spring from ; orta luce, at dav-
ti?Lt''' ^\' ^"*^"8 orti ex clvi
rn I 10?' '^"'^ ^P''""^ ''■°"' these states
ornament-um, -i, N., ornament.
ornat-us, -ft, -um, adj., equipped
adorned, ornamented. l"'PPea,
ornat-us, -us, M., ornament.
.J^^^'°'^f^?>. •S'^i'- atum, V. tr.,
?^T U ^*^'*"S oi-nare, to enrich
i" V ii elephantus ornatus, an
elephant fully e,,uipped(y. u. ;{? '
or-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., pray
!e bonus.
N., work, labor, mag-
magnopere, greatly;
e, how greatly ; tanto
itppere, so much, so
gie et natura et
us, splendully fortified
tural position and its
neut., found only in the
3 est, erat, etc., there
eed, it is or was neces-
;oast ; ora maritima,
3. F., a speech ; ora-
)ere, to hear a speech
3, M., speaker; modo
imbassador (c. iv, 27).
acircle;orbis terra-
f lands, i.e., around the
ie whole world to the
'be facto, forming a
iding to our forming
attack (c. iv, 37).
im, adj., bereft, de-
;, orsus sum, v. intr.
initio ordiendum,
U the beginning of his
M., an arrangement ;
es servare, to keep
or -is, M., Orestes,
3n, who avenged his
killing his mother
ris, M., Orgetorix, a
pres. part, of orior
in)? ; sol oriens, the
he east (c. v, 13).
8 sum, V. intr. dep.,
orta luce, at dav-
ibus orti ex civi-
mg from these states
•i, N., ornament.
I., ornament.
atum, V. tr., pray
eSra' ^ ^«^5« Orant. they
?8. oris, .v., month, face.
OS. ossis, >f., bone.
8um'ro?tum')"",^T' :*«"'*•• -ten-
declare. '' ' *'•' show, display
^wum, -i,.N., leisure, ,,i,ict
9V-l8,.is,F.,asheep.
OV-um, -i, N., egg.
PalSjS-"^'"'''""'""''-^'^"-"-'
getting fodder. ' *•' '«'"atfing,
pabulat-or, -oriss \r c
_-^,_, ' *-""=) -u., a forager
^oS:S^;^'-^t"«sum,*;.dep.,
pabulum.-i,N., fodder, forage
subdue, pacify ' ^^' -atum, v. t,.,
Sd !"""■-■"• ''••"*'"-^<^""^"^ bargain
theclKV^r'ontaly' ''"""^ ("°^^- ^«)."
Paene, adv., aln.os;, nearly
woKill^xiit.s'i;. ' hrFr^.'^"'"" = *he
Pays de Calai, ^ *'^^'"=h paijs, as
a&e«£;S>-. £?««,.. pa,.
VOCABULAKV.
457
parc-U8 -A
thrifty, frugal ™' *^J-' sparing,
usfd aa^Vobfet.'''*'^- °' Pareo
^ par-6o, -ere i-i? rt.
(withdat.,'p.^l';,1;9)"^-,^;.Jtum, v. i,ur.
P&tum,'v^?r "?,H?^''J' Partum or
obtain. ' • ''•• ^'""S forth, produce,
parl-es. -Ptia \r
a house. ' ®"^' '"• a partition wall of
Paro, -are -n»ri ;:;i.
■"•epare. get reV^e^ui» ""nrn"' ^" *••■.
Par-s fcia «•^'^"'P'P'^ocure.
maxim'am 'partem ''i**^''^*. region ;
part (C. iv, 1) ; una^' r^2i^ *•>« >"OSt
s'de(c. iv, 3); per om»^^'^*^' °" °ne
every direct on (oi^'^.^flPartes, in
dam ex Rheno retpnP»^'''? <l"a-
«•j-yng a certSntrflmPta, after re.
srs£'iV2^l=p^- p-^^^^^^^^
„ , ■ "' "iu, uuj., pale
hand.^"'-^'-^«'F'-PaI»-(ofthe'hand),
Palus, -udis, F., marsh.
Palus, -I, Ji., stake.
s»,?aTpVeaW-- pan-
Pf -nis, -nis, F., bread.
is R^f;'r%^?^pT'= par ««*•>•*
drawn battle (.v t Qf.^i^„Proelium, a
the same extent (c.' v, js)^ "^ Spatio, of
o'Sr^"SaSn)\T'^Pr- ^T' P^^^-
parcrtu^mTo'r^a^rl?,^?' ^'?'" Parsi),
3at., p. 105. 9), spare "™^' ''■ '"'•-. (with
,,pm.ior,.iri,.ituss;An,^.tdep
<«^^:SrS^/'su;i!-^|ii^§'itt,e;
"'St'^f-dS.S't?vo^'l^- P^^'- ^«^
from the heel to he san.LT'', '■f.'='^'"'ed
two military steps.o.-flio^''*''' ^'^^ ''»'•
orj^y^S^ffi-^e^y^i:
Paten.s,.ti8, adj., open,
bef n-k„1ff^3n^I- ^^^ ^. mer..
fat^f"'sen?e';VtS."i.P'-^,-*''es.
familiae, father oUftfni/^^^^las o;
Patrenter, adv.. patiently
be?,^^!fe""^' •^«' f- endurance, for-
458
VOCABULARY.
}'^\Hft J^^'opedl non pati. to pre
jentthe barbarians from advancing any
farther (n. t. 3). ^
patri-a, ae, K., fatherland, native
land ; patria pellere, to banish (n. a. 1).
n^fo^^^^'^^' '^' '^™' "''•I' P'*''"cian,
patri-us, -a, -um, adj., paternal,
paucit-as, -atis, v., fewness, small-
pauc-U8, a, -um, adj., some, few
(generally in pi.). "' ' '
paulatim, adj., )j:radually.
paulisper, adv., for a short time.
paulo, ady (abl. of paulus), by a
little, just a little. /> .' *
paululum, adv., a little, gradually,
paulum, adv., a little.
paul-Ufa, -a, -um, adj., little.
Paulus : see Aemilius.
pauper, -peris, adj., poor (comi).
pauperior, suj). pauperrimus).
paupert-as, -atis, F., poverty.
Snar^.^rf^"''"*^! "^u®' *'• Pausanias, a
Prpplc. nf^p,"?™' ""'^? «ominanded the
t«reeks at Plataeae, 47i) n.c.
oris, M.
pavor.
fear.
.pax, pacis, F., peace; pace tua
with your permission; pace uti fo
remain quiet. f^K^a uti, to
pecco, -are,
do wronff, sin.
•avi, -atum, w intr.,
pectus, -oris, N., breast.
pecuni-a, -ae, F., money, wealth,
pec-us, -oris, N., cattle (collectively).
P§C-U8, -udis, P., cattle (singly)
pI§S^ina3^-^^°«'-«°'^'-:P'-
pedest-er, -ris, -re, adj., on foot on
land ; copiae pedestresVlard forces"
copiae navales, naval force."
pedltat-us,
t.vely).
pei or, us, adj. (comp. of malus ■
sup., pessimus), worse. ^»^"8 ,
pell 13 -is, r , skin, hide ; pellibus
vestiri, to clothe themselves ^?i!h '^ins
pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum
souih 01 the iathmus of (Jorinth."
-us, M., infantry (collec-
nr^hn,f ^:®?'. "^"?^' P'- *'■• t''e Penates,
or household ffo.ls, presidinj; over the
house and all that it contained
sun^v^i??; pendere, pependi. no
sup., \. iiitr., hang, be suspended
sj^"^°trsi;.a^ E
art^nc^rpa:^"''" '' ^^^''■'^'-^ °"*
penes, prep, (with ace), in the power
of, in the possession of.
plSly!'*"®' '^''■' '"*'''"• •^"ti'-elv, com-
per, prei). (with ace), thromrh bv
IKjUiyr^Jr? ^°"'''°^"-- *'-"^
perago, -agere, -egi, -actum, v.
l;.'„f^'^°"'P''®''' *"■'"" •» •'in end ; con-
7c v^^ Peragere. to hold assizes
percipio, cipere, -cepi, -cep-
turn, V. tr., tal.e in, learn, perceive-
per-contatio, -onis, F.
percurro, -currere,
-cucurri), -cursum, v.
through, run along.
perdisco, -discere, -didici, no
sup., learn by heart. '
per-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -due-
turn, V. tr., complete, bring to a des-
f{.?=h°" ■ ?^I^.^ Perduxit, he brought
the ships to their destination (c. \ , '23).
, per-6o, -ire, -ivi (or -li), -itum v
intr., perish, die. ' '
p§r-equit-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., ride, ride through.
, enipiirj'.
-curri (or
intr., run
•a, -um, adj., very
per-exigu-us,
small.
per-facil-is, -e, adj., very easy,
fr^?r;P^?'"^®"'®' -^^l*' -latum, v.
tr carry, bring, report ; endure ; per-
nflVi^J^^^iu^^^u ''■'''' »''-o"»ht; fama
pel lata est, the report was spread
(N. T. 2); Doenam perferre, to en-
te" P^P'i't-v <''. A. 1); consilio per-
Siv;2r) "* ''''■'" ""'" '■«P"^'^'^
V Hf^V°'^°: -ficere, -fed, -fectum,
piete.' ^''^''"*^' accomplish, finish, com^
perfidi-a,
treachery.
perfug-a, ae, M.
awav.
■ae, F
faithlessness,
a deserter, run-
per-mgio, -mgere, -fugi, -fiiiri.
-1, ti., lit?! , I .„ apg li'uiii, desert.
per-fiigi-um, -i, N., refuge.
vithiri, entirely, coin-
:iere, -didici, no
^ Pericl-es, -is v ,, . ,
Athenian statesiila,',. ' ^'-'''''es, an
trerous. "' **• -"ttl. adj., dan
VOCAIiULAUY.
459
pfSSS'^^n^ii^S^-^f^-e
pent-US, -a iirv, .. '••'*'-^>'
acinainted xviti,'- ri? mnl;' "•'^'' W'*^"-
tus. skilled in miliLo.ffit^"« »^^"^-
,,rfar^^^»-"«- -^. -um, adj., .3,,.
to adhere tTti^t'jX ('^ ^,^^™^"ere.
fldei perm ttere '«f enV."^ ?i"8
fortunes to hia proLjtion (c 'v' Hf *''«'••
iE^^°^., rS:^i^:,--.
V- tr. dep., be';;- EA'^^^^"^^ sum,
sta^,tS:P^*"°- "d^--. continually, con-
B«-r?,S.tef.i5v-"^. adj.. con.
ever(c. iv, a/) ' '" Perpetuum, for
•rK^K^.,,--Per.^-rap,
Per-saepe, adv., very often.
■BcrlitS!^' ,;^<^^eve, -scrips!,
Kive a full™'count «r ' '"^ '"'^P"''' '" f»'»;
aven-e. *^^P'' '«"ow up, pursue,
Pf^rs-es, -ae, M., a Persian
^ Per-sever-o, -are otti s*
*«••. persist in, persevwe. ' ^^""^- ^^
^erfr-A;^'-"'"'^^^- Persian,
i'ers-ia, -idis, P., Persia.
tu^mfn^:°;:fPSe.-spe,,,pec-
-ram perspicS^^^-rS^
,sSiru"S^.f°;,t;«S"t. •^"^«•■
foot note); persuip ,"'•''•■'*•- >'■ 278,
.r^iJSnC?;i»;Srg-— r.,
to have that'ekme te/} °.Per."nere,
PertineMhis;i,°tte&';c.V^J3^°
Srturb^"^--^"^^'^^-'-"^"^on.
t^r^tS^'r^^SVelf-' -n
suTvrt?.!^ovSf ^. -vertr, -ver-
fe?r|; t^^Atl' il'^i . P«^«"^ re-
passus. (See passu??' " ^^'^^^^
V. ^^ ^a?e^*fr kiK'^Jw P!«*"«^.
••each; ask, seek *' ^-''*^'^' ^ry to
infolid^TO^umn.^^®' ^■' * ''*"'' "^ ««Idiers
"f Athens, con,^S\ifh° h"'^ '.^"rhor
lonK- «alls. """^^^^ with the city by
an alliance with i/nMn i J \''J''' ^0'"'^'«
did not prosecute the .^; ''"^'''' ^"'"a-^
200 B.C., jc twr. .. "^r against hini till
Zania. When thev h'J'"^'" «^e battle "
thage, they M i\^arti?h P^h'.?''^'' ^ar-
lasted from 200 b " to or^"'P' ^^'"'«h
he was defeated «f n ^^^ "•''• when
••^laminituis Cynoscephalae by
Phnosophl-a. -ae, F. philosophy
Pi.iio«opu-U8,-i,M., philosopher
A-rcou^f^'^'-ft-to.he%ods,
"enee. piety, patXV/fllkLK^--
460
VOCABULARY.
iV
A.,
piget. pigere, piriiit, pfgltum
est, V. tr. mipers. (p. 281, 13), it, vexes,
troubles; me huius stultitiae piget
I am vexed at this man's folly.
pil-um, -i, N., pike, javelin.
ping-u-is, -e, adj., fat.
pinna, -ae, F., feather.
Pirae-us, -i, M., the Piraeus (now
J ortoDracone, or Porto Leone), the port
of Athens, about five miles from the city
with which it was connected by the "Lonir
Walls. ^
Pirustae, -arum, M. pi., the Pirus-
tae, a tribe of Macedonia, on the southern
border of Illyricuin, in what =:> now the
modern Herzegovina.
Pis-o, -onis, v., Plso, an Aciuitanian
noble (c. V, 12).
pisc-ia, -is, F., fish.
pix, picis, F., pitch.
plac-eo, ere, -ui, itum, v. intr.,
please; often used iinpers., placet
mihl, I am pleased, I vote > ea ; non
mihi placet, I vote nay ; placebat,
supply eis, they decided (.n. i\S).
piaclde, adv., quietly, calmly.
placo, are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
appease.
plagr-a, -ae, F., region, distiict ; pi.,
plagae, a net. ^ '
plane, adv., clearly, entirely.
planitl es, -ei, P., plain, level ground.
plan-us, -a, -um, adj., flat, level.
^ni^/^/w ■^®^ -arum, pi. F., Plataeae
(now PalaeoCaxtro), a city of Boeolia,
near which the Greeks defeated the Per-
sians in 47!) H.C.
Plat-o, -6 \is M., one of the greatest
of Greek philc jophers (n.c. 429 (o B.C. 347).
plebi-SCit-um, -i, N., a depree of the
people ; scisco, approve.
plebs, plebis (plebei or plebi),
!•., the common people, the commons.
plene, adv., fully, completely.
P.len-U8, -a, -um, adj., full (with
genitive, p. 281, 9). ^
plerique, pleraeque, plerftque,
Pl. adj., most, several; interiores
plerique, most of the nland people
plerumque, adv., mostly, generally,
usually. • '
plerusque, plerftque, plerum-
que, adj., most ; generally plerique.
plumbum, -i, n., lead; album
plumbum, tin (c. v, 12).
plures : «ee multus (p. 57, 4).
vow'- K ^V ^^Pe'e plurimum
vaiet, is by far the most powerful
\y V, i).
maSJ^p^fit'""'"''^'^'^"''"'-"'
plus, adj.,comp. of multus (p. 57,4).
pocul-ttm, i, N., drinking cup.
i.i^°®?'^' '^®: ^' compensation, pun-
ishment, penalty; poenas dire,
P°®»^s Pendfre, poenas persol:
,e.^^l\ P?^"*^?^^"^^^«' ^° «''«■«t a
f«w^; 'o,P""'s'': poenam per-
lerre, to endure the penalty (n. a. 1/
r.?f?®" *' o™™. pl- M-. tlie Poeni or
Carthaginians.
. poenit-et, -ere, -uit, nosup., v. tr
impers., it repents ; me facti poeni-
tet, I repent of the deed (p. 105, i).
poeta, -ae, M., poet.
poIlic-6or, -en", -itus sum, v. tr.
dep., promise (p. 110).
P6iybi-us -i, M., Polybius, a Greek
hi.storian who lived 220 k.c. to 122 B.C.
Pompei-US, -i, M., Pompey ; Cneiua
Pompoms Magnus, a Roman general,
born 106 B.C., consul 70 k.c, 55 and 52
defeated by Caesar at Pharsalia, 48 b c
and afterwards assassinated in Egypt. ''
p6m-um, -i, N., an apple.
pond-US, -eris, N., weight.
pono, ponere, posai, positum,
V. tr., place, put, lay down; castra
ponere, to pitch a camp.
pons, pontis, M., a bridge; pon-
tem facere, to build a bridge (n t 5) -
pontem dissolvere (n. t. 5) or pon-
tem rescindere (0. iv, 19), to destroy
a bridge •'
p^PO^iti-fex, -ficls, M., high priest,
^u,"^;"^' "^' ^'^■' P^ntU8(on the Euxine
or mack Sea) included Pontus Proper
Cappadocia and Lithynia. '
populatio, -onis, P., devastation,
ravaging.
p6pul-or, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.
dep., devastate, lav waste.
uKSr-^"'^''p^°'''^'»''-p°p-
port-a, -ae, F., gate, door.
port-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
carry. '
porfcorl-um, i, N., toll, tax, duty.
port-US, -us, M., port, harbor,
a-Mtj.
dv. (super), of mul-
; longre plurimum
ir thu most powerful
, -um, adj., superl. ol
>.ofmultus(p. 57,4).
N., drinking cup.
\, compensation, pun-
; poenas dare,
•e, poenas persol-
i penalty, to Ije pun-
sumere, to exact a
;ii ; poenam per-
lie i)enalt.v (n. a. 1)
, pi. M,, the I'oeni or
poet.
i, -itus sum, v. tr.
I., Polybius, a Greek
220 K.c. to 12-.2 B.C.
M., I'oiiipey ; Cneius
a llonian general,
il 70 B.C., 55 and 52,
at Pharsalia, 48 B.C.,
isinated in Egypt.
an apple.
N., weight.
posiii, positum,
lay down ; castra
camp.
M., a bridge ; pon-
ild a bridge (!*. r. 5) ;
jre (N. T. 5) or pon-
c. iv, 19), to destroy
S, M., high priest.
v.^bS,^SfaJ?P°«-— P..
PossessI.o,.6nis,F., possession.
su^mf vll.l^-Jrtet''^"^^^'- P°««es
'•'"'"> set possession of.
posse, to ha'e ';?af'f "= °i"ltum
-umpos3e.t^oh^a^Tve^--,K^^^^^^^
^fof' S,r/e'rknno= ^°r!'"i "''*'' '«^^
afterwards; paucl's ri^«^°^'' ^ ^■^•''••
few days afterSl'(p 8-'l)''^ P°^*' ^
POStea, adv., aftem-ards
Posteaquam.co„J., after that, after.
■•nrnSr:"fco^V"™'-'J.,..>efo,,ou.
Postremus) • ;■ p^oste^rn^''^ ^""■•
descendants. '* ' POS^er-i, -orum
nnsfVis^ „,1-
VOCABULARY.
461
prae-acutus a i-,^ j,
enedattheend?Join,'e;"°'' "^^' '^'''^'
praeb eo, -ero i-,? y*
off«r, show, funJifh ' "^*"™' ^" *'•.
««v:S°-gS--sf--
joS1^f^P^^eciS^^^-'j•..head.
hostes aWere n f, '• P^aecipites
headlong (a^til) "^^ '^^ enemy
Praecep-t'or,:t6ris,M., teacher,
.praecep-tum ti v f u-
vice, order, ccnmund' ' ^'-■'''°'""&. ad-
^i?S^l.?)Sa-,;C^,-eept-
".t'^^^ns^Sd^ -f «' -a^^-. -turn. V.
,^praeclpae. adv., especially, particu.
descend
heKS.°' '^'•' ^f^^'" ""■«. hereafter.
-S:^^°',;K^-o-;;P6.
wh^enlp^Sfs™-/'^- '-^fter that, after,
postremo, ad,., at last, finally
POSt?/S-S. -• -m. adj. (see
'lay (c. V, 10). mane, early „ext
POStulat-um, -i, N., ciemand
postul-o, -arp .«^Tf f.,-
a«k, den,a„„; r^li^st^^ir^tfe;.!''-
Poten-8, -tis, adj., powerful.
^I^potenti-a, -ae, F., power. n>ight, in-
0P?orStr' "^*'"' '•■ •'°^^'«^^' '"'■fc-'-n
imFsesin.f' 7"i' "^'"^"S sum, V. den -ret
sr';^«?5;;:';:rr^-y^'^--
V^^Xf^^^r -P-'- Chiefly
,,,,9°""S' ^^J^'. rather. i,refprab!v •„
!■■ '•'■ PuLiBsimum ; no positi" " ' '"'
wiR'S^S ''"•^- '" -"P-'-n
Prae.crpa.u8..a,-um,adj.,espedal.
tin?;.trcS^"-"'^' -^- -""^. adj.. dis-
Prae-co, -conis. m., ^ herald, crier
I ''Pfore, outstri,, ^^"^- '• '"f-. run
praed-_a,-ae.F.,booty,p,u,„er.
Catum, V. tr., proclaim, Ix.ast' ''^^"
t^^^X;^^-' -d-r. -dic-
P. W."^ e'ndo^eAvir' ''^'^" ^'''''^ ^"^^'
tim?^?ae'd^S 'ieVVr."'" = ^^''i-
(N. T. 2). ''"""6=' sea rubhers, pirates
trS^e^,e.-^^^,K--"^"-
^^Praefect-US. -f, J,., a„ ofllJe'r, over-
v.?r:f^fb"e?ArefSV-'"^''-^^t"»^.
v.'^!'S^°i;?^S?--ffeI. -factum,
(P-278, C.). ' P"" '" fo'i'inand of
praeflxus.-seepraeflgo.
Praeliumrseeproelium.
ir-
i6S
VOCABULAHV.
! ;
I'M
praemfum, -i, N., reward.
trSSt''^' •^'■«' -^^'' ■at"^^. V.
a^^w^^^'^O' -scribere, -scripsl.
■ScHptum, V. tr.. order, direct, com:
str^ucUorr^^P^-""^' •'"' ^^' -'^-. i-
praesen-s, -tis, mlj., at hand, present.
praesenti-a, -ae, F., uresenr.. • in
present (n. t. 8); in praesentiarum
(-in praesentia rerum), for tf^
present (n. h. 6). "^^ ""v. 'or me
praesertim, adv., especially.
praesidi-um, -i, N., g-uard. defence
garrison ; praesidio nivibiis esse
to guard the ships (c. v, 9" ^^®'
«tPL^^f^°' /Stare, -stiti, -stitum
stand be ore. show; perforni, make ™a
fi^niri?;.^- 10) ; Praestare ceteros
impera,tores, to surpass the other
fZ'TtTt ";.^): ofecium prae-
Stare, to fulfil a duty (c. iv 25) ^ °
da?ivrD^!^-T'm®?^®' -^^V^- '»*r ("i'h
of- a.fr'v^rU;:.^)' '6 over, have command
to'hn?H fh™^® imperii praeesse,
tar^^lt the supreme conmiand (n. t. 4) •
tantis rebus praeesse, to have
n«3-i^'"'^ important matfers V. as)
Ka'tSr^r^sr' *° '"" ^*"^*-'^ °^
praetere-a, adv., besides.
praeteri-tus, -ta, -turn, adj naaf •
tempus praeteritumVpast t^ne*! '
praeter-mitto, -mittere .mi«i
-missum, V. tr., letpTss, ffiip.'"'^''
beS*®'''^''^™' ''^'■' ^'''^^P'- "^««^de^.
praeter-vehor. -vehi -veof-na
praet6rl-u8, -a. -iim. odi of or '
Conors praetoria, the general's body !
nenYn;» ^°^'^. Pi'aetorla, the gate
near tlie general a tent.
niSf^""'^' '^®' ^^- "'^°ffl^'« of con..
prae-video, videre. -vidf, ■ Visum,
against. "''*''"''■■' ^" ^'^''^ precautions
prat-um, -i, N., meadow.
gen. sing.) ; pi. preces, precum, etc.;
F., prayer, re(|uest (p. 240r(2)).
■hlnti^"v°tV -^.endere, -hendi,
nensum, v. tr., seize, grasj., snaK'h.
um^'t")?' P^ei^ere, pressi, press-
um, \. ti., press, harass, crush.
nSr®v"H°'P^®"^^r^'P^endi,pren3-
um, V. tr. ; sec preliendo.
preti-um, -i, N., price, value • im-
6^"f?)^''®''°' ''' ""' extravngant price
see pre^'i.^^^^^^^' ^' «"I'Posed form ;
pridie, adv., the day before.
primo, adv., at first.
nl^.p'^yii^' '""'';■• '^''"^'J'' i" the first
nn l^ ^v/ Pl"imum, as soon as ;
quum pnmum, as soon as possible •
S'^sll)"'"'"^ Primum, as^oon as
prim-us, -a, -um, adj., sup. of the
comp., prior, no positive (p m 'M
prima luce, at daybreak; prima
nocte, at nightfall ; primum agmen
the vanguard ; m primis, especially.
chfeuSf' -^'P^^' ''■' ^'"^^ »-"'
ity^ iS^ii;:^"' -^^' ^- ^»'-' -thor-
princlpi-um, -i, N., beginning.
prior, prius, adj., comp. (nn positive-
Zus.^""'"^^^*- '''• ^^' ^onLrXl-
pristin-us, -a, -um, adj., old, former.
fM?^^"P', ''''^'■•' ''"fo''^. sooner, earlier-
followed by quam and often wri t,-,;
)ore' liC^Zr^'' Priusquam, be-
conj., before, sooner
fore, before that.
priusquam,
than (p. 2'J!), 8).
^^^privatim, adv., privately, individ.i-
privat-us, -a, -um, adj., private.
de?"^:°' •^''®' •^^^"' -^t""!. V. tr..
lX«'. T^- -^"''"' ''^'•>' "' ^ront of,
before; for, m proportion to; pro
praetorla, the irate
tfiit.
i, F., the office of coni-
Idere.vfdi, visum,
to take picicau lions
, meadow.
im, adj., crooked, ill-
1. precS (no rioni. or
Bces, precum, etc.;
(p. 240, (■>)).
hendei-e, -hendi,
'eize, jfras]!, siiat(;h.
ire, pressi, press-
larass, crush.
ere,prendi,prens-
ehendo.
r., price, value ; im-
an extravngaiit price
F., supposed form;
day before.
irst.
firstly, in the first
lum, as soon as ;
an soon as possible ;
imum, as soon as
m, adj., sup. of the
positive (j). ,')!), 2 ;)
daybreak ; prima
pnmum agmen,
'imis, especially.
is, M., chief man,
s, M., chief author-
N., beginning-.
,comp. (mo positive;
)i 2) ; former, pre-
aa, adj., old, former.
re, sooner, earliei';
and often written
priusquam, be-
j., before, sooner
>rivately, individii-
a. adj., private.
i, -atum, V. tr.,
'hi.), in front of,
jortion to ; pro
iWerlto eius .as v,» ^
pro tempore etnro,f''''^' ^"^- '' ■*):
thne and the comrnV" ^^/ ^*""^'' '" 'ho
minus probafiia I '^•'^l'I"'°^e of;
than he o, <7ht to ,?p T '"'''''J'^''*'''''- '>•
(v. T. 1). ^ "' '" '^e ; hence, displeasing'
Pr6b-us,.a,.um,adj.,good
uK^^^-.S^e.-eessi;.eess.
Pro.cer.us..a,.un,,adj.,'tall,hi,h.
tr?sh°oSX-,^:-^re,.avi,.atum.v
co^s^id'-'^^rfe^^i;!' .-^onsulis, M., p.o.
the ffov'en me, rof"^",'" '"?"' «""«"" •'"«
to ;ii,n. ""^ °f * provmce entrusted
VOCABULArn-,
463
Procu], adv., afar, at a distance.
c^a^K^W^^^ao---^.
hc^?i;^K;f-;,;f-'.atum,v.tr.,
haste., foiw"!^."""' '•""'■•• ••"«hforwa.-d,
. prod eo, -ire -fvi / ?,-^ -^
'nf.. Ko forward a<ha,,ee- 1*"""' ''•
tionem populi nrnH^ .f ' }^ ^°n-
hefo,.ethe?ssi^:;'^f,?/?jfe^|«-pjoa,,,
Prodesse : see prosum
tra^-iS^""-°'-°»i«-'f'-. treachery, be-
?Sdo°^-°^^«-^^'*-'^0'.hetrayer.
pr'oder;%'a„ "/«'"."^T = memoriae
•■own hy tradi ion (""/"'l^r'''^'' '"""<
Pr^uctus'ad nr^,'^''''' '''''^'' '«>•"'?;
hattle(N ,, 5)^^ Proeimm, enticed to
I Srfr'°'';'^"'°'-''^''^''Mndeed.
trn^?^;.;S/:^;e.„im^iatum, .
v.raa:e;^&--'^Ci;.|ectum,
fectum arbitratncf i; ■''P'.*'^ P™"
-.oughhadb°Sn^'(c"v'1i;;^' ">''^
stS^fSn^p„3S^K;pa;^ctus
v-??^S!S^e2*S^;,;f-- sum,
str?^'e°t^o'^h°e S,;^^,;^*""^- - ^^-
throw. b'ound, Vanquish, over-
Pro-fugr-us, -f, M., dcso,ter, exile
^,.Pro-g„at.us. -a, -urn, adj., sprung
|roeli.or,-ari,atussum,v.int,-..
«-U4taSlfc,^.P-
not
■um, adj..
pro-fanus, -a,
aured, profane.
8et^,>,totf '^•^' °"i«' F- '-* departure.
^5f|!5r: ad-Si ^es^S
t^^^^olJSS^-^SSt^^^^-
tr:^l^u^;SS^;,;!^«^'-iectum.v.
Pro-inde, adv., henceforth, therefore
ttS^T^!^;?f°3'--6vi,.m6.
prompt-US, -a, -urn, adj., readv.
Jne, adv., headlong, leaning for-
^r^^^;^^.:^X^' -turn, V.
exE^^8:-o, -are. avi. -atum, v. tr.,
'•f:S^Sus;--:,-Sim^-=
StK^f:^lr^iS?pn;^^l„h?"^
, propere, r.dv • ' '
haste.
quickly, speedHy, in
-S ine^^r.£^i^tS^- -*un..
v. tr.
464
VOCABULARY.
viS?ffi^^-^"«. ^- nearness.
. propinquo, -are, -avi.
.n£^(wuh dative, -ccne^'
•atum, V.
near, ap-
nocte prMi: Iast'ni.ft!^°^*^"« •
propms: see prope, and propior
Krom^hi'''°P°?.«''®' *° hoist the
nag from the Reiieral's tent (praetori-
um) as a signal for beginning a battle "
vrS/"'T^°''' ■■^°'''^' *^-. the pro-
S|ier^ -r S^rs^.;^ .^
^^^JtSlSvbicri^S^r'"?'""''-
paSat^ecuL:"'""^'^^-^-'— .
ofS°c?SuS [:? "^ -''■>' - ~t
..P^'oPterea, adv., for this reason
therefore; propterea quod, because'
prKPoll.^"^°"^-"^' ■^"' N.. defence.
tr.^fif hr^°-°' •^^«' ■^^^"- -atum. V.
propuls-o, -are, -avi, -atum v
tr., drive off, ward off, repel. ' '
pror-a, -ae. F., prow.
after, follow, attend. ' ^^- '°"°'''
pro-spec-tus, -tus, M.. view, sight.
prosper-us, a, -um.adj., fortunate.
Pi'ospicio,-spicere,-8pexi -qnpio
turn, V. tr.. look forward, talTecare^^"
J .ifi: 1' ;• ^*^'^' '"^ °f benefit to. benefit
(with dative, p. 279, 9). ' "'''"^"''
. protinus, adv., at onrp fr>i-f»„.;n,
immediately ;' ex hac fi^ga protinua
immediately after this deffat (a v, 17) ^*
pro-veho, -vehere, -vexT ' -vfir>
a^rg:;■oa^s\•^-^>-°-^^=^"^-^^^^^^^
v.?r?Se° ta\?Sf: ■^^"^'"' ■^^"^""^•
pro-vid-us, -a, -um, adj., foreseeing,
provinci-a, -ae, F., province.
pro-voc-o. -are, -avi, -atum, v
tr., challenge, summon. '
proxlme : see prope.
proximua: see propior
see^nj^®"-^' •"«' ''''J- Prudent, fore-
ehfeSfs^."-^' ■^«- ^- '"--eBignt.
«"rdr'etS'd Wm'." "" ""^" '^"'»""'
Bfa^J:^^"°®' *^^' 'n the name of the
state, as a state; publico n,it-o«*-
they, as a state, consider (c.^v P^'^nt,
wealth /•.> O'jia.P ^J?^' the coiiimon-
apuWii'plfn'^' P"^^'°° ^°"«i"o. ^^^
s5Sk,""'^' "'"• ^^- ''"'^""^= ««« RufUs,
pud-efc, -ere, -uit (or .ituin eat^
V. imp.. It causes shame (p. 165, i" ^''
pud-or, -oris, M., shame.
piiella, -ae, F., girl.
ioH""®^iJ^"' ^^- child, boy nuern.
ianua, the porter (n. h. 12). P"®ra
Pueril-is, -e, adj., of a child or bov •
o^fto^oS"'-^^^^- ''' ^*-- of"c1in^h'o^'
piieru-lus, -II, M., a mere boy.
Pug-na, -nae, F., fight, combat.
h.?r."!gr: aSerlSna"t1frest-
beSfS'''' •'=^^' •^h^"'"' ?dj..
pulv-is, eris, M., dust.
pu^Eh."^°' •'"^^- ■^^^"> -"«m. V. tr.,
PUppis, -is, F., stern of a vessel.
purg-o, -are, -avi, -atum v tr
clear, make clear, free rom blame •' ani
purgandi causa, for the pZo'sf o
clearing themselves (c. iv, l.'j). P"^P°^^ °'
thlJl?*;°' "^''®' rS'^J' -atum, v. tr
think, fancy, consider. •'
Pydna, -ae, F., Pydna, a town of
Macedonia near the Thermaic Gulf where
llsSjof'^'"' /'^^*^^^*"! Perseus thi
last king of Macedonia, 168 B.C.
frifnWSstr- '"' ^^'^^^' '^«-«'^.
Pyrenae-us, -a, -um. adj,. usuallv
P^rellees^'-' ^^''^^^ei moi^tes! th'e
> prope.
Be propior.
8. a<Ij.) prudent, fore-
■ae. F., foresight,
. M., Prusias, kinj?. of
Wiiior, who hospitably
in his exile, but after-
in the name of the
; pub) ice putant,
nsidor (c. iv, 3).
. ayf, -atum, v. tr.,
publicare, to con-
■um, adj., public,
Diica, the cninnion-
iDlico consilio, by
Publius;seeRufus,
ait (or -ituni est),
inie (p. 165, 1).
[., shame.
girl.
J., of a child or boy •
le age of childhobd
'., a mere boy.
, fiffht, combat,
navi, -natum, v.
pugnatum est,
Dught (c. iv, 2(3; p.
'. -chrum, adj.,
I dust.
'1, -itum, V. tr.,
em of a vessel,
^i, -atum. V. tr.,
s from blame ; sui
for the purpose of
iv, i;i).
, -atum, V. tr.,
Pydna, a town of
eriiiaic Gulf, where
ited Perseus, the
, 168 B.C.
Pylades, a Greek,
ira, adj., usually
>i montes, the
VOCABULAHY.
Italy. 275 B.C "°""'"« -^''^ driven fro.n
ess^^f ^teph^®' ^V i\« Pythm. or priest-
Delphi was 'pytho "°'""'" '""'"^ '"'•
Q.
Q- = Qulntus (which see)
orro?Sifo?-<5-iYr2^]^-'''---
orTr^c^tlJ.I?:^'^^;^^;.- Whatever way
quadraginta, num. card. adj. fort\-
qua^e^si^Sin.'i^trfrel; ,ol"f"«^^J'
enquire. ' ^"' '°°^ ^o''. ask,
ti(,S'"°' -«"is-^-. enquiry, inves-
qua^rs"*^r;e'*^,^fe,.f : T'''"'- the
quaest-us, -us, M., gain, profit.
?"!'^'^'-^''*"j-°f^^ hat sort or kind.
joined with prins nn=t "^ = "^^"^^"
quam, postquam. ^°^*' '^ P"^^"
quamdiu, adv., as Ion" as
wh^erS^^^'^r ' "'"■ '"'•""^■■'^'^ — '.
^.o^4\^^^,l^d^^,-^-'l;;*h-s»'.aithough,
(p'^W «""n;,»*!"-. '^°"^^' although
how few (p.^3oS ^''"°'' "^* "'"'"^••
quando, interrog. adv whpn?- ,.„1
adv., when, wlienev4 "'^•' ^^"^n?, rel.
(p. 105, 4). • • • so , tne . . , th(
quantum (ace. of ouantne^ n^,
how much, how far. a., fT m ^^' '^'■'
465
t5S"a^S^;,^-'^avis, quan-
for^e.^why! ""'-■'•'■"*''• •^»J' '•adv.,where-
fo?«r"*"^'-*^'-*""^-°«J—>«.adJ..
quasi, con j., as if.
quattaor, card. num. adj., four
foK"""'''*^^*"^' «^"'•'J- "'"". 'adj.,
to i. ; .-Wmllv^o^^r;rrd''ot;r
clause or to the word it "m',;!^ *'"
wa^hoT''"^"^"'^' -'-. '■" Which
so that he ( ,"i88 i^"";;V"<''- ,'?*' ')•
wherewith (.V. a. 3). • ^"^' '"^" "''^ »'''•.
quicquam: 8eequisquam(p.i3'' 3)
quodc"u"m"^Srin3cr,L^"^,Q"e:
whatever(p. ii!o, 9) ''°-' whoe\er,
qu^Sm,- ^.Tf^^pr • ?"°f ^^"^ -
pi., some, certain? ^ ' '^ ''''''*''"' ""e;
qSr'-l:;;.^[-^.^,|east:^.^.
-J^.wayspla^^i„At„^hat.
qmes..eti8,R. rest, repose, quiet.
that(n 188 m- „ff "^^ ,"' suspicion,
'■"'-'. etc., transhted bv r^"'" '^f Prevent:
in ■>"!; (P 18", 2 nn.o( "'" '"•'^'^ ^^rbals
i-'t'^enorji^o^w^f^^^'^Quod.nam,
(P-12VJ,note)."""'^'"'^^-' ^^ho, thenV
quindecim, card. num. adj , fifteen
fl^? h!mE*-'' -^^' -^' ''''■''■ "»"'• -ij-i
quinquaginta, card. num. adj.,flftv.
qumque, cai.l. „„„1. adj., five
^.^qumt-us, -a, -um, ord. num. adj.,
Quint-US, -i. M., Quintus : see Atri-
m
m i
VOCARrLARV.
i(i
quia, quae or qua, quid or quod,
interroitr., who? ^ ^' '^' '^*
quisnam, quaGnam, quldnam
i»l rrog. ,„0., ul,,., , ty y (p. H:" "r™.'
quisplam quaeplam, quod-
n,?a"i?^"'^°^!^ quaequam, qulc-
K^ ?,J,?"'dquam, in.lff. "pro" any
o er K ^^' ^^^"-^^ qulsquam .,o-
ouSm®' j^lV^^Q"®' ^"idque or
quoaque, uidef. pro., tauh. everv
every one; with superlaMves u sin/'
all : optimus quisque, all the best
«,?i'i*®'^^U^' Quaequaeor quaana
S,^idquid. quicquid or quoaquod:
indef. rel. pro., whoever, whatever
quivls, quaevis, quldvis or
Sesrs-. '""'^'- p^«- ->■ -- yo^i
place, 10 any point, any wher" ' ^
quo (abl. of qui), final conj., used
with coinparative.s followed by subiunc
tive; in order that (p. 183. f.). """•'""'-
quoad, adv. (with indio. in Caesar)
onnfl^ir- ""/^'' *'" ' quoad SUbsido
egerunt, till the cavalry tnistinK- in
the reserves drove, as they did the
enemy headlong- (c. v, 17). '
/■wfth^*^'- I""-*-' '"'<'a"se, inasmuch as
^^ilV"^'*- ■* "^ O"" subjunctive, p. 297, HY
E^O-Pterea quod, 'because ; quod
mat (with the indicative, p. 203, 2).
quominus, conj., that not; often
est translated by /voir after verbs of
1 h vpl.?,?i '''■«^'«.'^'n*?. etc., with an Kng-
iich verlial noun m -iiif) (p. ig,"., 2).
^^quondam, adv., once, formerly, some
be^a^use^'Rs)":""^- ''"''' ''"'"^ *''"'•
'vtf >?^®,' '^^- (following the emphatic
■vora of a clause), also, too.
nr3^Ph '"(lecl. adj., how many? often
oorrelatwe of tot; tot...qAot. a^
quotannis, adv., yearly, every year.
ev?ry%f^"-"^' *• -""^' «^J., daily.
tlS'ie?"^''®' "''''■' ''''^'^ ^*^' ^^^^ °°-
quoties, adv., how often?; often cor-
rs'Xn;:s.'°*^^"=*°"««-q"o"«8.
so?v'.!?is"X!.",;.s?"^' ''"^- ^""^^ '■»-
iH^i . . quota hora est ', wluit hour is
quum : see cum (p. 203).
radix, -icis, F., root; montla
radices, the foot of a mountain
shaff °' ^^^^''®' ^^si, rasum, v. tr.,
ramus, -mi, M., branch, bough,
ra-na, -nae, F., frog.
rapidus, a, -urn, arlj., swift, quick.
roSy"'^' "^®' ^" ^°°^y' Pl""'^"'
rapio rapere, rapfli, raptum, v.
tr., snatch, seize, hurry ofT.
. rar-us, ■&, -urn, adj., few, scattered,
in small parties.
ratio, -onis, F., reckoning, calcula-
tion, account; rationem inire, to
form a plan (x. n. lo) ; ratio atque
usus belli, the theory and practice of
war=the systematic practice of war
Ik '^' ,1); eqaestris proelii ratio,
the style of the cavalry battle (c. v. IG) ■
ratio pontis, the plan of the bridge
(L'- IV, 1"); reimilitaris ratio, niili-
tary science (c. iv, 23).
rat-is, -is, F., raft.
ra-tus, pcrf. part, of dep. reor
which see. "^ '
Raur6c-i, -drum, pi. Jr., theRauraci,
a people of the Upper Rhine (near the
modern Basle).
re, red, an inseparable particle used in
composition, again, back.
rebellio, -onis, F., renewal of war,
uprising ; rebellions facta, by a re'
newal of the war (c. iv, 30).
r6bell o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
renew the war.
r§-cedo, cedere, -cessi, -cess-
um, V. intr., go back, withdraw.
recen-s, -tis, adj., fresh, late, recent.
re-cep-tus, -tus, M., retreat; ex-
■&, -urn, adj., <Iaily,
, every day (aee co-
low often ?: often cor-
totiea . . . quoties,
.le, adv., how often
im, adj., wliat niini-
a est :, wliut hour is
a (p. 203).
R.
F., root; montis
>f a mountain.
•asi, rasum, v. tr,
, branch, hoiiffh.
frotf.
;is, P., swiftness,
m, adj., swift, quick.
''., booty, plunder,
'apini, raptum, v.
rry off.
adj., few, scattered,
reckoning, calcula-
ionem inire, to
10) ; ratio atque
ory and practice of
" pra(!tice of war
is proelii ratio,
ry battle (c. v, 1«) ;
plan of the brid^'e
taris ratio, mili-
t. of dep. reor,
. pi. M.,theRauraci,
■r Rhine (near the
ible particle used in
ick.
F., renewal of war,
3 facta, by a re-
, 30).
vi, -atum, v. ir.,
i, -cessi, -cess-
withdraw.
fresh, late, recent.
M., retreat; ex-
VOr,\ni!KAJ(V.
Pedftus receptua
'ffreal (c. iv, ;j;t). ^'
convenient
V. trSM^rSj^^f Pi. •^^Pt"'".
recipere. tot I'ke .n wl'".' '"Adem
". T. «), or to reeei , i '.'-'''.'''■°'^''''''»
tbe Hijriu (c. iv -^w'®,' '"/"'over fr„n,
recipere.^o'a7l„lI,'to^f.SSr^"^
react abid!' '^""^' •^^'' -atum. ;. tr.
"'aSS,:^''®' -^^^' -^tuni. V. tr.
rec^lKi°^: ■^""' •^*"^ «Um, V. tr.,
recte, adv., rijfhtly,
rrcu?AV'°''''''J-'^''-'^'»''ht,r.-,ht.
quui orquoiiin"u8(p!'^,'^;?fi;;«l ^y
whett)^' '^^' ^- * ^afe'gon (with four
red-do, -dere -dMi /i-*
K-vj back, restore remtV^fL'"™.' ^'^ *'•..
reddere ci vltatem v/®''°''.'orem
«tateniorewarlik^K'of '''""'" «i'e
. f^-eo, -ire, -i vi (nr Xi\ -^
'ntr., go back, return • DGonn'i*"'"' '•
ex metallis redibit Vi?'^ ^"^^
wh.chcan,cinfro.!?RinestT'"r'^'
trT redfc°e: ''&'■ •^V,;^^!"'»- '-•
ores inflrmioresaLm ^i*? humili-
they reduced them to !fiede?erunt,
■•"Portance and Zngth (cTv 3 '""' '^^
v.t?.!^i?rbk;rpt^'hri.-emptun..
v.'f.^S^^.^:^,e^'e. -avi, -atuu..
redi-tus, -tus, M.. return.
tumTt?.:i;^§ll^- duxi, -due-
to retuA; thlUsfgffim^^f ferre,
..ped^r«--SS(c'^.. I
^^£^»-SJeS.'1^0):
v-t'Sr.^^r^- -feci, .fectum: I
46;
ffi° if^,..;?:-te,-n^. the
dpr^SsV^A o'^re';;!!; V"''>' '">-' =
classiarll re» h.?",'"'"'"'' I'«'"''f;
re^ante:^^;i--K;;;...e;^Xe,.xe
!.'fL"''™:;"'"' ^- '<'"*rdon,.
I'ectum, V. tr.,
rufe^^°' ^'«erere, rex
re-grijdror, -a-rfirlf ~«„
sum, V. del., intr n ft„ „V .if^esaus
[ rac^,-, • '^''''^^"t- withdraw.
«cr';SfV^;,-°af^^ re!i,do„. reh-,io
fe'ion; mkiorerteone with "^ '■^•"•
nanct ty (.s , Hr.fiY."^' '"th greater
pediri. to L kmSlTY'^'^f- ?™-
scruples (c. v, 6). "'1"^"'"' ''y religious
relIqui.ae,.arum,pi.,,,ro,nainder.
ttS-rr'a?"fe,-iiqui,.iic.
hind; relinquebatur "it"' i^'^ '',"
course left was that ((•^.yii^.^' '^« «"'^
-S-S^^-„;^^S!awa^-«i.
remex, .igis,M.,arower.
^^rem-igr-o. -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
recall. ' *^" •''^^' ')> rt'iiieniher,
remiSfoSs fri-^??HH"'^-' ':^'»«^' ^
cold is less iEe^^^.^^^^'^^- «'"«e the
■niisT, -mis-
retreat, escape
v^anS^^1ieJ^^.;fu8l-
. escape. °r a^ity,
reerin-a, -ae. P., q„een.
regn-o. -onis. P., district, county;
sum, v.t-., send ba.'k
no'J.rv.«fn"t?.\-^°i\rstff''l"''^^'^^
weak. "etonie soft, become
re-motus. -mots -i<=i<-.i,^, j,
remote, far off — "'''^' «^otum, adj.,
re-mu8.-mi,M..oar. •^'"''°''
468
VOCABULARY.
Romunls"^' *"• *'•• '"'"""'• ^'""'^' of
re£"^^'°' "^™- -^Vi. -atum. V. tr.,
rSpento, adv., suddpuly.
petltum, V. tr, 8, fk ajfain, dentand.
lnrr?c?;e?P^''^' ^«P«'' '-ePtum. v.
(N H 7>f ' ''°'" '" '''^ treasury
caS-K;°' ■^'•«' •^^■' -atum, V. t....
rSi: -P^^hensum, v. tr.. blSnf,
tr.!t?e^.f °' -^r^' -^Vi. -atum, v.
taris, i.uhtary science; res novae a
,,%%? ^^^1,^^'" ''•''f''' commonwealth
^n ZVl^^ "^^^1"«. a sacred rite (n i.
/c'i^ ^7V^'U?®"^£"«" «"I'P'-*- °f corn
(c! iv,'28) ^*®^"^' °" ^'^'^^^ t"'"8
sum, V. tr., cut down, destroy.
re-scisco, -sciscere, -scivi for
sen), scitum, V. tr., learn. ^
reaerv o, -are, -avi, -atum v tr
keep, save, preserve. "'•'"m. v. tr.,
dJui'VTs' ,?»'?ff;„"'^hs,and (wi'th
resistere, to halt on the march (c. v,
re-spons-um, -i, N., answer, reply
res-publlcA, rel-publlpno k ;/
deoIennloM, i> 2.i8) «/„?;,':,' ®' '^•,<f"""
mrT^iV^thP^"} capessere, to take
restat, reatare, no perf.. no sm.
"npers., It remains (p, l.s2, 4) * '
re-stltao, stltnAre,' -stltiSi -sti
tutum, V. tr., rebuild, restore. ' ^
rate, r jtls, Jf., net.
rS-tineo, tlnere, -tlm^i .fonf-n^i
V. tr., restrain, detain, k "p hac^'"'"'
r6-traho, -trahore trnvi f„o«
turn, V. tr., dra^v "u.k^;avef,frls;rve'''
retro, adv., back, backwards.
heS'dii^::;:^;.t<^--tion:
r6-verto, -vertere, -verti vor
sum, v. tr., turn back, relun, '' ^®*^"
V. iS.!';^?.^^^^''"' '•«^«rsussum,
r^\ffS!,^ie.f^'V^„^'-S
were elected annually^ In H,u,' ibai's hv
they seem to have held no ni r ,'m'
niand, 80 his election to the oh' ew«" I
withdraw him from the army (!!!,[ "j"'"''
rhed-a, same as reda (which see)
Rhen-us,-i,M,, the Rhine
Rhodan-us,-i,M., the Rhine.
Rhodi-i,.6ru.Oi,pl.,M.,(heRhodians.
th?s W^L^^'/j^'/X'.^'hcKles, an island off
iiie o. *Y. coast of Asia Alinor.
rideo, -ridere. -ri^f iMcmr.-,
and intr.; laugh, lauj," at. ' '^"«^' '■■ ''■
ripa, ae, {'..abank.
ris-us, -lis, M., laughter.
riv-us, -i, M., brook.
rob-ur, -oris, N., oak, strength
roS."^*-"^' -^' -^^' «rfj-. strong.
rogr-o. -are, -avi. -atum, v. tr., ask.
Rom-a. -ae, F., nr.me.
R6man-us, -a. -um. adj.. Roman.
Pfc^re. spexi, -spec,
•spondere, spondi,
Ii i, X., answer, loply.
rel-publlcae. l\ (for
>, state, coniriion wealth •
capessere, to tuke
iiiinistratiuii of public
re, no perf., no sui.
S(l'- 1^-', 4). '■'
ItiV^re, -stltai, -sti-
l>iiil(l, restore.
, net.
're, tlnai. tentum,
uiii, kuej) back.
■here, traxi, -trac-
inwk, Havi', iireserve.
k, backwai-ds.
i pftrty to an action •
n'lHoner.
tere, -verti, -ver-
atk, return.
rti.reversussum,
•avf, -atum, v. tr.,
■I., king. The term
to the two hiKhcst
la^e by the Romans.
!<j Suffetes, a word
Hebrew Shophelini,
I'tr to Xepos, thev
>'■ Inllainiibal'sday
L'Ifl no military com-
I to the otHce'would
he army (.n. n. T).
I'eda (which see),
tlio Rhine.
M-, the Rhine.
pl.,M.,theRliodians.
thwlea, an island off
I Jlmor.
'isi, -risum, v. tr.
Ii at.
mk.
lighter.
k.
oak, strength.
lim, adj., strong,
-atum, V. tr.,ask.
•iiie.
m, adj., Roman.
VOOAUUf.ARV.
R6man-i.6rum,.V. pi, Romans
-»!^an;i-Ae-r;;!-it."-
roaa, .ae, K.,r,w.
aw°^fS;.:^!;.i^;,;/-;^.['.o..oakor
r6ta, -ae, R, wh..!
4(J9
intr.,
.Mm-eRubrum iheTted "s'^' ^' =
I'"'''"'"'' ""t onVv'th li 'v ''''• '"'"'•''
'•''t«l«o,hel'ers!in<;ulf('s'',^:,7''"t''-''-'
St™""''^"""'"'''''^'"'-''''''-^'-
a^'..on.en;'see'Minuciua"l) "^ ^'"""'"
bus ^erv'ire ^o be 'th ''!'" ^' = ''"'"«'•i-
('■• iv, .--r): ®' """^ theslaveof idle tales
rns'l?°' ^'■^^^«' '-'^i. riUum. v. i„tr..
rup-es. -Is, F., rock, cliff
rursum, adv., hack again, anew,
rursus : see rursum.
toTf^^e^tow^^i^citv/oDniH,?' "^ "P'"'^^''
t'v'e), i„ the couiitr V • r,,;/"," ^'"l*-
country; rua /n.rV.\' T .^' ''■°"' «fie
(P.8a,3j. ^"''''■^' '° 'h« country
S. .
TiSS?^^/„;^ one':;l"?^'«= S'""tus
tenants in Ga I I L „„ C'}«'?a'-« litn-
treachery of AmbioHx, re. m''"'^''''^
chaKte- ■^"' ^- ^ --*" temple,
asf,fo!^.'s^acV.a"Sru^' '^"'>' ^"-«d ^
sacrifice. ^' -O^^m, sacred rites,
prS^I^^ «• ■"«. M- or F., priest or
oaKte^«K7,-„^N.. the military
chief obligations we ' '."''i'-^'- The
the commander loyaltv to rh'^'""'" '«
etc. ' '"J'^'ti to the country,
8acrarI.um,.i.N., chapel, shrine
8acn-nc:.uni,.i,N., sacrifice
tr.!tac7iSce."°' '^''^' "^^i- -atum. v.
ven^T.fH.^:|\'-- ""*'" : minlme sa^r^e,
saepissime. '""''' «^^i^ius; sup,'
saepgnumero, adv., frequently.
saev-fo. ire, ivf, -Itum
t'c cruel, rage, bo furious. '
eaev-us, -a. um, adj.. ,ruel, fierce,
sagltta, ae, K. arrow
saerittarius.i.M.. archer.
Sajruntin i, orum ni m .i
•"habitants of .Saguntum ' ' ""-'
r®S.« .'••v:;-''8agi.nt.u«,
'--^edUninni'':;;;;!'^ :'r '"' '•"'''•
m?ni?T^'s„/" • •^■='«''<«cc. saift.
'-a,rof Attica"'""" ' "" '«'""" "» the
w<KKliddfflle.-*"^' •''•• ^"°''- 'orest.
saium, i. .N , surf (of the sea).
ea US, .uti8,K, safety, health.
greet"ah?te;^^^' •^^^' •«'"»«. v. tr..
8alvu8..va,.vum, adj., safe,
oamus, or -OS -i i.' c
S'^i;r'-'^-"'--e^:7Zt^j
tr!^^aaa.?^:--r"---
sofenn,''*-"^' '^' -"^' «JJ- sacred,
sane, adv., truly,
sanguis, -mis. M., biood
n.in?Uoo^d";c,;s^e"^' ''• ^'""'^"-« °'
"'K?m&,-S^„^tum, V. tr..
pro sano far^'^' "/'- ' ^"""^'' healthy ;
pro sano facere, to act as a sane man'
86plen.8,.tis, adj., wise, Judicious,
sapienter, ui\-., wisely
sapientl-a, -ae, F., wisdom
<J^w°: ?f P^^^' sapivi (or sapli)
unde/staud!'- '"" '"*■•■• t"«te, be sensfbg
arm™^ "^®"*»' the baggage of the
sarment-um, -i, n., twig
p,S.«"-es,.Itis.M. or F.. attendant.
i
470
VOCAUU/.AItY.
M'\ I
aatis-Mcio, -facere, -feci, -fac-
tum, V. intr. (with dative, p. -178, [,),
satisfy ; in pass., satisflo.
sauci-us, -a, -um, adj., woundwl.
sax-um, -i, N., a rock, stone.
seal -a, ae, F., ladder.
scando, scandere, scandT, scan-
sum, V. tr., climb.
scaph-a, -ae, K, boat, skiflf.
scelerat-us, -a, -um, adj., wir!:t'd.
scel-us, -eris, N., wickedness, sin.
schol-a, -ae, v., school.
scien-s, -tis, adj., knowing, skilful.
SCienti-a, -ae, K, knowledge, skill.
SCil'cet, adv., evidently, certainly,
forsooth. ■"
scindo, scindere.scidi, scissum.
V. tr., cut, tear, destroy.
scio, scire, scivi, scitum, v. tr.,
know.
Scipi-o, -onis, M., Seipio, the cogno-
iiien of two remarkable men in Rohian
history: (1) Pul.lius Cornelius Seipio,
surnamed African us, who defeated Han-
nibal at Zania, 202 n.c. (-J) Publius
Cornelius Seipio Aemilianus, called Afri-
canus Minor, who took Carthatfe and
razed it to the ground, n. c. 146.
8Cit-um, -i, N., an enactment, vote,
aecision.
scrib-a, -ae, M., a writer, clerk.
scribo, scribere, scripsi, scrip-
>'Um, V. tr., write, compose; legem
scribere, draw up a law ; multimo-
ais apud plerosque script um
est, various accounts have been given
in several writers (n. t. 10).
scrip-tor, -toris, M., writer.
scutum, -ti, N., a shield (of oblong
shape, while the dipcus was round),
se : see sui (p. 10.5, 6).
se-cerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre-
tum., V. tr., separate.
sec-o, -are, -ui, -turn, v. tr., cut.
secreto, adv., apart, secretly.
secre-tus, -ta, -turn, adj., seps-ite.
secret, private.
secundum, prep, (with ace), alon>'
next to, according to. "'
s6cund-us, -a, -um, adj., folic, ing.
second, favorable.
secur-is, -is, F., axe.
secius, adv., (comp. of secus);
nlhilo secius, less by nothing, ne\ er-
secus, adv., otherwise, differently.
sed, coiij.,but, yet.
sedecim, card. num. adj., sixteen.
sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum,
V. intr., sit, be encamped, settle.
sed-es, -is, F.,seat, abode, settlement.
sed-iti-o, -onis, F., dissension, dis-
cord.
seges, -etis, F., crop, harvest.
Segontiaci, -orum, .V,, pi., the
Segoiiliaci, a British tribe belonging to
Ifimpshiro.
Segova-X, -cis, M., Segovax, one of
the petty princes of Kent (c. v, -li).
segreg-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
separate, remove.
se-iungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunc-
tum, v. tr., divide, separate.
sell-a, -ae, F., seat, chair.
semel, num. adv., once, once for all ;
non semel, notoncc, i.e. several times-'
semel atque iterum, once and again,
repeatedly.
se-men, -minis, N., seed.
sement-is, -is, F., a sowing.
semit-a, -ae, F., a path.
semper, adv., always.
Semproni-us, -i, M., Sempronius;
(1) Tiberius Sempronius Longus, consul
218 li.c, along with Seipio; (2) Tiberius
Sempronius Graechus, consul 215-213
killed in Lucania in 212 li.c.
senator, toris, M., a senator. »
sena-tus, -tus M., senate.
senec-tus, -tutis, F., old age.
senex, -is, M., an old man (p. 46).
sen-i, -ae, -a, distrib., num. adj.,
SIX each, six a piece.
^J"'^"?^.' PF^^ (^'"'"P- of senex,
p. 58, note), older.
sen P'TS,-sus,M., feeling, disposition,
sentent-ia, -iae, F. , opinion, decision.
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum,
v. tr., think, know, observe.
se-paro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
separate.
sepel-io, -ire, -ivi, sepultum,
bury.
sep-es, -is, F., hedge.
sep-io, -ire, sepsi, septum, v. tr.,
enclose, surround, encircle.
septem, card. num. adj., seven.
septentrion-es, um, the Seven
stars, the constellation of the Great Bear
(Ursa ,M,ior); hence, the North ; vergit
VOCAJIULARY.
471
rise, differently.
11. adj., sixteen,
sedi, sessum,
ed, settle,
abode, settlement.
'., dis.scnsion, dis-
•op, harvest.
im, M., pi., the
ribe beloii<;injf to
., Scffovax, one of
nt (f. V, 2i).
vl, atum, V. ti-.,
e, -iunxi, -iunc-
larate.
chair.
nee, onee for all ;
i.e. several times;
Q, once and ajjain,
, seed.
a sowing.
)ath.
•8.
M., Sempronius;
9 Longns, consul
ijiio; (2) Tiberius
consul 215-213,
B.C.
, a senator,
senate.
''., old age.
Id man (p. 46).
;rib., num. adj.,
lip. of senex,
sling, disposition.
ojiinion, decision.
3ns!, sensum,
r\e.
i, -atum, V. tr.,
i. sepultum,
septum, V. tr.,
If.
idj., seven.
ini, the Seven
F the Great Bear
North ; vergit
ad septentriones, U, faces the North,
has a northern exiwsure ^c. iv, -.'(i),
septim-us, -a,
seventh.
septingent-i, ae,
adj., seven hundred.
septuaginta,
seventy.
-urn, ord. num. adj.,
-a, card. ninn.
card. num. adj.,
sepulchr-um (or sepulcrum) i
N., tomlj, sepulchre, "'^i'"^^'^"™^' i-
Sequani, -orum. pi. jr., the
hcquani, a people of (iallia C'eltiea. Their
chief town was Vesontio (fJosanron).
nufX^^' J^^"^^' secutus (or se-
quutus) sum, v. tr. dep., follow
seonfiU^^f.'^^ commutationem
^^ V l^"?; ^"""«•'.'if.' tlie turn of the tide
t\\\tA Caesans fldem sequi, to be
lo,\ al to Caesar (o. v, 20).
s„PpTh"^n' -^onis, M., talk, language,
sofv^l^anf ^^^' ^^^^"' «^*^^- '■ tr-
sero, serSre, serui, sertum, v
tr., sew, stitch together. '=*''""^>
sero, adv., late, too late.
serpen-s, -tte-, v., snaVe, serpent.
"ervil-is, -e, adj,, slavish, servile.
Serviirus, -i, .M., Servilius ; Cneius
hervilius Geminus who was c nsul '^17
B.C., and slain at Civ.niae, 21(j .,.(
sery-io, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, v. intr..
L"r!.H'^1=VP- ^ ' **• ^^' '"^ "^ «'"^-^ *"' '-advance
amicis fH,maeque Servians, advan-
cmg the interests of his friends and his
own reimtation (.n. t. 1); rumoribus
servire, to be the slave of idle reports
(C. IV, ,')). '
j^servi-tus, -tutis, F., slavery, servi-
serv-o, -are, avi, -atum, v. tr.,
Ktep, save, p-eserve ; servare ordines
to keei) the ranks (c. iv, 26). "'"«a
serv-US, -1,51., slave.
sese, reduplicated form of se (see
sesterti-us, -i, M., a sestertius- a
coin worth originally 2,^ asses, or about
i 1 1 c CjC 11 lS,
sevoc-o,
call aside.
seu : see sive.
sexaginta, ™rd. num. adj., sixtj-.
sex'-enti, -ae, -a, raiYl, num. adl.,
Si, conj., if, whether.
sic, adv., thus, in this manner.
-are, -avi, atum, v. tr.,
siccit-as, -atis, F., dryness, drought,
sicc-us, -a, -um, adj., dry.
Sicili-a, -ae, F., siciiy.
Sic-ut, adv., so as, just as, as, as if.
Sid-US, -eris, N., star, constellation
tr^Sf'° °' ^^®' -«-vi' -^^nm, v.
ti . y llltilll,
8ign-um, -i, N., sign, mark • siffna
militaria, military standar.ls (J. fvfiof
silenti-um,-i,N., silence.
Silen-us, -i, M., Silenus, a Greek his-
torian who was ill the camp of Hannibal
an.l wrote a history of liis wars.
silv-a, -ae, F., wood, forest.
silvestris, -e, adj., woo<ied.
,i.,f^}H?4 t' '"'J- ^'^'-'' *^"""'"- (with
iilim^ii^li7;'^;"*"^"*°^='^"p-'
simul, adv., at the same time; simul
atque (ac), as soon as (p. 298, 2).
simulacrum, -i, N., image, statue.
simulatio, -onis, F., pretence, feint.
simul-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr
pretend (prcteti.i that a thing is what
It IS not, dissimulo, pretend that a
thing )8 not what it is).
sin, conj., hut if.
sine, prep, (with abl.), without.
Singillatim, adv., one by one, singly.
singular-is, -e, adj., extraordinary.
singul i, -ae, ■&, num. distrib, adj..
one by one, one ea(;h, one apiece.
sinis-ter, -tra, -trum, adj., left;
f,^^^sinistrarelictu8, behind him on
sino, sln6re, sivi, situm, v. tr.,
allow, permit, let. '
siquidem, conj., if only.
inttplace^'^^^'^' ««*'"•" «t^*^. v-
sive (seu), conj. , or if ; sive . . . sive.
or seu . . . seu, whether ... or (p. 191, ,-;).
soc-er, -eri, M., father-in-law.
SOCiet-as,-atis, F., fei;owship,leairue-
fOC|etatem facere.to form aTeiL^ue
socl-us,
associate.
•ii M., companion, ally,
Soci^t-es, -is, M., Socrates, the father
Of (.reek philoaopliy. and the instnirtor
nntpf a;.; '''•"'''"'"' Alcibiad..s and other
noted Athenians (469-;i99 ii. c).
sol, soils, JI., sun ; sore orient.*»
soils ortu, at sunrise; sole ^cl^
472
VOCABULARY.
dente, soils occasu, at sunset ; ad
soils occasum, to tho Weat.
. soleo, solere, solitus sum v
intr., semi-dep., to bo acjustoined, be
wont.
SOlitudo, -iniS, !•'., solitude, desert,
loneliness.
soUicic o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
stir up, incite.
sol-um, I, N., ground,
solum, adv., alone, only, merely.
sol-US, -a, um, adj. (for declension,
p. 20, 1), alone, only, single.
solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum,
V. tr., loose, unbind ; solvere episiol-
am, to open a letter (n. ii. U) ; solvere
navem, or naves, to set sail (c. iv
22); naves solverunt, sell, funes,
the ships set sail (c. iv, 28).
sonitus, -us, M., a sound.
s6r-or, -oris, F., a sister.
sor-s, -tis, v., lot, fate.
Sos!l-us, -i, M., Sosilua, a Spartan
who instructed Hannibal in Greek and
also wrote a history of his campaigns.
spati-um, -i, N., space, time ; longo
Spatio, for a long distance (c. iv, 10).
speci-es, -ei, P. (gen. and dat. pi. not
found), show, appearance, form, view.
specto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
look, observe ; ad orientem solem
spectat, it faces the East (c. v, 13).
specula-tor, -toris, M., scout, spy.
speculatori-us, -a, -um, adj.,
scouting spying; navigia specula-
toria, despatch boats, rowed with a
single bank of oars, generally ten in
number, on each side, and er;;»"loyed for
reconnoiteiing purposes.
8p6cul-or, -ari, -atus sum v. tr.,
watch.
sper-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr
and intr. (with fut. inf., p. 110, 1), hope,
expect.
spes, spei (gen. and dat. pi., rare),
F., hope; in spem venire, to have
hopes, to entertain hopes.
spirit-US, -us, M., breath, air, pride.
splend-eo, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
V. intr., shine.
spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
strip, spoil, plunder.
spolium, -i, N., spoil, booty.
sponte, of one's own accord; sua
Bpontfi, of one'.s own accord.
stabilit-as, -atis, F., firmness,
steadiness.
j stag-num, -ni, N., pool, pond.
. statim, adv., instantly, at once,
immediately.
stati;0, -onis, F., outpost, picket,
guan ; m statione esse, to be on
guard (c. iv, 32) == in stationlbus
ease (c v, 15); in stationem sue-
ceaere, to take their i)la('e on guard
(c. IV, 32).
stat-uo, -uSre, -m, -titum, v. tr.,
place, determine, resolve.
statura, -ae, F., height, size,
stell-a, ae, F., star.
stipendi-um, -i, N., pay, tax,
tribute.
sto, stare, steti, statum, v. intr..
sUu. 1 ; cost (p. 1,50).
Strepit-us, -us, M., noise, din.
struo, struere, struxi, struct-
um, V. tr., build.
stud-eo, -ere, -Hii, no sup., v. intr.
(with dat., p. 105, 9), be eager about,
aim at; novis rebus studere, to
•Mm at a change in the government
(c. IV, 15).
studiose, adv., eagerly, zealously.
8tudi-um, -i, N., zeal, devotion.
Stulte, aav., foolishly.
stultiti-a, -ae, F., foolishness.
stult-us, -a, -um, adj., foolish.
suadeo, suadere, suasi, sua-
sum, v. intr., recommend, advise (with
dat., p. 105, 9)
sub, prep, (with ace. and abl., p. 222, 2),
beneath, under, near, just before, at the
foot of; sub sinistra, on the left
(c. v, 8) ; sub bruma, at the time of
the winter solstice (c. v, 13).
sub-duco, -ducere, -duxi, due-
tum, V. tr., draw up on shore ; navem
subducere, to beach a ship (c. v, 11).
subductio, -onis, F., drawing up
on shore, beaching a vessel.
sub-eo, ire, -ivi (or -ii), -itum, v.
tr., come up, appruach, enter ; suffer.
sub-fodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fos-
sum, V. tr., stab from beneath.
sub-icio, -icSre, -ieci, -iectum, v.
tr., place near, expose; hiemi navl-
gatlonem subicere, to expose his
voyage to the winter, i.e., to run the risk
of sailing in winter (c. Tv, 36).
sub-iect-us, -a, -um (perf. part.
pass, of subicio), .v.i|., udjueenl, near;
insulae subiectae, islands lying near
(c. V, 13).
VOCABULARY.
>J., pool, pond,
nstantly, at once,
?'., outpost, picket,
e esse, to he on
in stationlbus
stationem sue-
eir place on jjuard
■m, -Utum, V. tr.,
5lve.
height, size.
ar.
[, N., pay, tax,
statum, V. intr.,
tl., noiss, (iin.
struxi, sti'uct-
ii, no sup., V. intr.
), he eager about,
3U3 studere, to
1 the government
gerly, zealously.
zeal, devotion.
hly.
, foolishness.
, adj., foolish.
"6. suasT, 8ua-
inend, advise (with
. andabl.,p.222,2),
just before, at the
itra, on the left
la, at the time of
V, 13).
re, duxi, due-
3n shore ; navem
!h a ship (c. v, 11),
S, F., drawing up
essel.
[or -ii), -itum, V.
I, enter; suflFer.
re, -fodi, fos-
)ni beneath.
iecl, -iectum, v.
o ; hiemi navl-
■e, to expose his
'.c, to run the risk
. fv, 36).
•um (perf. part.
|., adjuoeiil, near;
islands lying near
473
siSb-rgo, -Igr6re, -egi, -actum, v.
tr., subdue, conquer.
SubitO, adv., suddenly, quickly
re»^v5.'^^^°' ■^''®' '^^^- ■^^'^^' '-■ f-
sub-ministr-o, -are, -avi, -atum,
V. tr., supply, provide. '
«n,!^^;™.'"°' ■'"'"ere, -misi, -mis-
aum, V. tr., send secretly.
subm6veo,-m6vere,-m6vi,-m6-
tum, V. tr., dislodge, draw off
sub-ci.es, -oils, F., posterity, race.
sub-ruo, ;ruere, -rui, -rutum,
V. tr., undermine.
subsequor, -s6qui, -secutus (or
-sgquutus) sum, v. tr. dep., follow
closely, follow.
8ub-sidi-um, -i, N., auxiliary trooiis-
reserve, aul ; ad omnes casus sub-
sidia componere, to make provision
for all emergencies (c. iv, 31).
8ub-8isto, -sistere, -stiti, no sup.
V. intr., halt, make a stand; neoue
ancorae funesque siibsistunt,
neither the anchors nor the cables hold
out (c. V, 10).
.u^^'^:^"™' ^®S8e, -fui, V. intr., be at
the bottom ; dolus subest, there is
deceit at the bottom (n. t, 4); aequi-
noctium subest, the equinox is at
hand (c. v, 23).
subter, prep, (with ace. and abl
p. 222 2), below, beneath, underneath!
' L> by. '
sub-venio, -venire, -veni, -ven-
tum, V. intr. (with dat., p. 278, 3), come
to one said, help.
sue cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
sum, v. intr., approach, t.-ke the itlace
of ; ad alteram partem Ubil suc-
cedunt, the Ubii border on them on one
8i(ie(c. iv, 3); ad Stationem succe-
dere, to take their place on guard (c. iv,
suc-cendo, -cendere, -cendi,
■censum, v. tr., kindle.
suc-censeo, -censere, -censQi
■censum, v. intr., be angry with (dat.).
suc-cido, -cidere, •cidi,*cisum,
V. tr., cut down.
suc-cumbo, -cumbere, ciibiii,
•cubitum, V. intr. (with dat.), submit
to. bow the knee to.
sud-es, -is, F., stake,
sud-or, -oris, M., sweat.
Sueb-i, -oruni, M., pi., the Suebi
a poj.ulous tribe of (ierniany consisttnL;
of .several smaller tribes. The name st.
exists in the modern Suabia!
suf-fero, -ferre, sustilli snh
latum, v. tr., bear, endure ' "°"
V ^I:^^^n^^°V"^^°^^®' -feci, fectum,
Pnn«, ?'-o^i'^'"i''''^'^ °f °"« deceased-
consul suffectus, one elected consu
to serve out t_he unexpired time of a ccn
sul who had died in office. ' " l<- "
suf-fragi-um, -i, N., vote; testu.
arum suffrages, by the votes of the
lues. I.e., by ostracism (s. t. 8).
Sugambr-i, -orum, pi. si., the
Sugambn a German tribe ^in Caesar's
oy^JShZ"'*'"""'"'""""^'"^''^^
sui, reflex, pro.
itself (p. 105, (J).
n n""«^;, '^^' ^^' S""a,: Lucius Cor-
ncli s .Sulla, the great dictator, supporter
wn, nf .h''^'"'"'^''' ■*' '"' opponent Marius
«as of the democracy. He lived b.c. 138
CO 7o B.C.
Sulm-o, -onis, M., Sulmo, a town
A. E. of Rome, the birthplace of Ovid,
the Latin poet. '
P„^r^P''I^V".^! ■'"• ^^' Sulpicius: (1)
Piiblius Sulpicuis Galba, con,sul 211 b c
200 n.c. (2) Sulpicius Blitho, a Roman
Hn n«""' ^' '/• ^'■^^' <^^ I'ublius Sulpicius
Kuf^us a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul (c.
of himself, herself.
suc-curro, -currSre, curri, -cur-
sum, V. intr., (with dat., p. 278, 3), help.
sum, esse, fai, v. intr., (p. 261), be.
summa, -ae, F., total, whole ; gen-
eral administration, control; summae
imperil praesse, to hold the «unrei >e
command (.n. t. 4); summam im-
perii ad eum deferre, to confer on
him the supreme command (n. n 3) • do
summa imperii dimicare, to fight
for supremacy (n. h. 8) ; summa im-
penibelllque administrandi per,
missa, the supreme comniand in con.
ducting the war being entrusted (c. v,
summoveo : see submoveo.
summus, -ma, -mum, adj., high-
est, greatest, very trreat, chief fsupcr! r.f
superus) ; summus mons, the top
of the mountain ; summa amphora,
the top of a jar (n. ii. o) ; summa res,
a most important matter (c. iv, ,"■,)
474
VOCAUULAHY.
sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sump-
tum, V. tr., take, assuiiii; ; poenas
sumere, to exact a penalty.
sumptuos-us, -a, -um, adj., costly.
SUmp-tus, -tus, M., expense.
super, prep, (with ace. and abl., p.
222, 2), above.
Stiperbe, adv., proudly, haughtily.
Stiperb-us, a, -um, adj., proud,
haughty.
siiperior, -is (comp. of superus),
higher, previous ; nocte superiore,
on the previ<us night ; superiore
aestate, in ine preceding summer (c.
iv, 21); in loca superiora, up the
country (c. v, 8) ; locus superior, a
height (u. V, 9).
siip§r-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
concpier, defeat, suri)ass ; Euboeam
superare, to sail round Euboea(N. r. a).
superstiti-o, -onis, i'\, suiierstition.
super-sum, -esse, -fui, v. intr.,
remain, survive; nequo multum
aestatis superest, and not much of
the summer is left (c. v, 22).
siiper-us, -a, -um, adj., high,
(comp., superior ; sup., supremus,
or summus) ; see superior.
suppell-ex, -ectilis, F., furniture.
SUp-plex, -pliciS, M. or F., sup-
pliant.
8upplicati-o, onis, F., thanks-
giving.
SupplicTter, adv., humbly, sup-
pliantly.
Supi lici-um, -i, N., punishment,
execution.
supra, prep, (with ace), and adv.,
above, over.
sus, suis, M. or F. , pig.
sus cipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep-
turn, V. tr., undertake.
suspici-o, -onis, F., distrust, sus-
picion ; in suspicionem venire, to
be suspected ; in suspicionem regi
adducere, to bring under the sus-
picion of the king (n. h. 2).
sus-picio, suspicere, suspexi,
suspectum, v. tr., suspect.
suspic-or, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.
dep., suspect, distrust.
sus-tineo, -tinere, -tinCii, -ten-
tum, V. tr., bear, check, v.ithstand.
sil-U8, -a, -um, adj. pro., his, her, its,
their.
3yrfi,cus-ae, -arum, pi. F. , Syracuse,
c city on the east coast of Sicily.
Syracusan-us, -&. -um, adj., of or
belonging to Syracuse, Syracusan.
Syria, -ae, F., Syria.
T.
T. Titus, a Roman praenomen;
see cognomen.
tfi,beliari-us, -i, M., a letter carrier,
messenger.
tabernacul-um, -i, N., tent.
t&bul-a, -ae, F., tablet.
tucSo, -ere, -tli, -itum, v. tr. and
intr., be silent ; pass over in silence.
tacit-US, ■&, -um, r.dj., silent.
taed-et, -ere, liit (taesum est),
impers., it disgusts, wearies; me libri
taedet, I am disgusted with the book
(p. Iii5).
talea, -ae, F., bar; taleae ferreae,
iron bars (c. v. 12).
t&lenttim, -i, N., talent; a Greek
silver talent is variously estimated ut
,t235 or .t24.{ 15s. sterling," from $1,100 to
81,200; a gold talent was ;en t'uies tnis
value.
talis, -6, adj., such.
tarn, adv., so (before adverbs and ad-
jectives); tarn — quam.asmuch a»
(II. N. 10).
tamdiu, adv., so long.
tamen, adv., yet, still, for all that,
however, nevertheless,
Tftmes-is, -is (ace. Tamesim), M.,
the Thames.
tametsi, adv., although.
Tamphilus, -i, Jl., Tamphilus; see
Baebius.
tandem, adv., at length, finally; in
(luestions, i)ray? now? as quis tan-
dem? who, pray?
tango, tang§re, tetegi, tactum,
V. tr., touch, border on.
tanto, adv. of comparison, by so
much.
tantopere, adv., vehemently.
tantul-us, -a, -um, adj., so very
small, so slight, bo trifling ; has tari
tularum rerum occupationes,
this business consisting of such fiflc
(civ, 22).
tantum, adv., only, so much, so far,
merely.
tantus, -S, -um, adj., so great, so
large, such.
tarde, adv., slowly.
VOCABULARY.
8, -&, -um, aiij., of or
iiise, Syracusun,
, Syria.
T.
lomaii praenomen;
•i, M., a letter carrier,
m, -I, N., tent.
^, tablet.
ui, -itum, V. tr. and
is8 over in silence.
im, r.'lj., silent.
uit (taesum est),
s, wearies; me libri
igusled with the book
liar ; taleae ferreae,
N., talent ; a Greek
arioiisly estimated at
terlint,', from ail.UX) to
ent was ;en t'mes tnis
such.
l)efore adverbs and ad-
quam.asniuch a»
!o long.
yet, still, for all that,
less.
(ace. Tamesim), M.,
although.
f, M., Taniphilus; see
at lenfjth, finally ; in
now? as quia tan-
.•e, tet^gi, tactum,
r on.
comparison, by so
!., vehemently.
-um, adj., so very
o tritlini;- ; has tan
m occupatlones,
isting of such fiflt
only, so much, so far,
m, adj., so great, so
vly.
475
V. tr.,
tard-o, -are. avi. -atum,
check, delay, impede, hinder.
tard-u8, ■&, -um, adj., slow.
m^n''?„"P'^""^.' A ^'- ■ia'-'iJi". a name
given to two of the Roman kini:s ■ (1)
Tarqunnus Prises (Tarquin the J-Mrst)
who reigned 610 b.c. to 078 c.c; (2) Tar
qmmus Superbus (Tarquin, the I'roud)
who re.gned 534 B.C. to 510 b.c. Sr
kingly'^rule."^ '""^ ^°'"'"'« '^''°"«*>«^
taurus, -i, M., bull.
Taximag-iil-us, -i, M., Taximagulns
one of the petty kings of Kent (c v, 22)! '
Tectosag-es, -um, M., the Teoto-
sages, a division of the Volcae, who lived
in the western part of the Reman province
?'o&).^''^"-^'^P"'''^-Tolo'-C.ow
tect-um, -i, N., house.
tegimentum, -i, N., covering.
tego, tggere, taxi, tectum, v. tr
cover, protect. '
tel-um, i, N., weapon, dart.
inSef "'-^^' -^' ■"'"■ -'^i' -h,
pu*rSffc^iv'.%."* ''^"''°'"' ^"»'°"<^ -
tSmertt-as, -atis, F., rashness.
tem-O, -onis, M., pole (of a chariot).
niodeS^""-^' -^^- ^- ««"--«"trol.
temperat-us, -a, -um, adj., tem-
?w„''r'''*,' ^"'^^ sunt'tempera-
tiora, the chmate is milder (c. v, 12).
temper-p, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.
ana intr with ace, rule, manage ; with
dat., restrain.
tempes-tas. tatis, F., weather
storm; reici tempestate, to be driven
back by a storm (c. v, 5).
tem-plum, -pli, N., temple.
_tempfc-o (or tent-o), -are, -avi
■atum, v. tr., try, attempt, attack.
tem-pus, -poris, N., time, season
occasion; in reliquum tempus, fo^
the future; omni tempore, alwkys-
tempus ducere, to protract the time
(N- T. 7); annuum tempus. a year's
time (N. T. 9) ; tempore dato, at an
appointed tmie (n. ii. 2); ad tempus,
at a moment's notice (c. iv, 23) • cro
tempore et pro re, suited to the time
and conditions (c. v, 8).
teSo^;'' '^^*^' ^^^- ''''^'"« '^''
Tencteri, -orum, pi. M., the Tenc
ten, a German tribe ou the Rhine, who
crossed the river along with the Usipetes
and wei-e defeated by the Romans Tbev
occupied the districts of Utrecht and
Guelderland of Holland.
tendo, tenders, tetendi, tentum
(or tensum), v. tr., stretch, extend
tSn-eo, -ere, -fii, -tnm, v. tr., hold
possess ; navem tenere in ancoris
to keep a ship at anchor (n t 8) '
(^"fsum tenere, to hold -n its coursJ
ten-er, -erg,, -erum, adj., tender,
tento : see tempto.
t§na-is, -e, adj., thin, weak,
teiius, prep, (with abl. or gen.), up to.
as far.»»; usually after the wci-.| it gov-
or«i^*^«^P'*® *^?""«' "P to the head ;
ore tenus, up to the lips.
ter, num. adv., thrice.
T "J?^®"^?""^' ■'• *'•' Terentius; Caius
Ainihus I'aulus m 21(1 u.c, when the
unfortunate battle of Cannae was fought
against the wish of Paulu.s, who was slain
Varro escaped with a few horse.
teres, -etis, adj., smooth.
. ter-gum, -gi, N., back ; a tere-o
in the rear ; post tergum, behind the
back ; terga vertere, to flee.
terni, -nae, nft, distrib. num. adj.,
three each, thee apiece.
t6ro, terei rivi, tritum, v. tr.,
wear. '
terr-a, ae, F., land, earth, country.
, *tV^eo. -ere, -ui. -itum, v. tr.,
frighten, terrify, alarm.
terrestr-is, -e, adj., of or belonging
to land ; exercitus terrestrls, land
se'a'forc^''"'"^'^ to exercitus navalis,
tol^r^*'"', ;^^®' •«•^'> -atum, V. tr.,
terrify, frighten. '
terror, -oris, M., fear, dread.
tertio, num. adv., i;i the third
place.
tertium, for the third time.
thirT*''^^' '^' '^^' """^" °^^^- '^^••
test-a, -ae, F., sheil; see note on
Nepos, Them., Chap. 8.
^^testament-urn, -i. N., will, testa-
teetlmoni-um, -i, n., proof, testi-
niuiiy.
test-is, -is, M., witness.
test-or, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep..
witness, assert. *^
476
VOCABULARY.
teatud-o, -inis, F., a tortoise, a cov-
ering formed by the shields of the soldiers
held above their heads so as to ward off
the weapons hurled by the enemy ; so
called from the fancied resemblance to a
tortoise shell. The term was also applied
to the different kinds of sheds under
which the soldi' rs worked when at tacking
a town.
testul-a, -ae, F., tile, piece of pot-
tery ; sufR*ag-i'-5 testularum, by the
votes of the dies, i.e.. b" oiiraoisni
(N. T. 8).
Teutoii-es, -urn and Teuton I
■orum, pi. M,, the Teutons, a ^'iFilfc oi
Germany.
Themistocl-os, -isor-i, M., T'^ein-
istocles, a celebrated Athenian sla;. !.-
man who lived 514 B.C. to 44i> b.c.
Thermopj^l-ae, -arusr', ()1. P.,
Thermopylae, a celebraieil pass jn Gieeee
near the Maliac Uulf, between Thessaly
and Locris. Here Leonidas and his f^;iar-
tan band fell 480 i;.c. It obtained the
name " Hot Gates," from the warm sul-
I'hur springs near it.
Thuc^did-es, -is, M , Thucydides, a
GrtsV historian who wrote nn account of
the t.loponnesian War dow ii to 411 B.C.
HelivH'U7l B.C. to 401 B.C.
Tiber- is, -is (ace, Tiberim; abl..
Tiberl), .M,, the Tiber, the river of
Rome.
Tiberi-U8, -i. M., Tiberius : see Sem-
pronius.
tign-um, -i, N., beam, log.
ti(rn-6o, -ere, -vii, no sup., v. tr. and
!:Ttr., it-ar, be afraid.
timide, adv., fearfully, timidly.
timid-US, -fi,, -um, adj., fearful,
afraid, timid.
tim-or, -oris, M., fear, dread.
Tituri-us, -i, >I , Titurius : see
Sabinus.
Tit -us, -i, M., Titus: see Labienus,
Gracchus.
tog-a, -ae, F., gown,
the distinguishing dress
citizen.
toler-o, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
bear, support.
toUo, toll6re, sustilli, sublatum,
V. tr., lift, raise, carry away, destroy :
ancoram tollere, to weigh anchor
(c. iv, 23).
torment-um, -i, N., military engine
for throwing missiles against the enemy.
torr6o, torrere, torrui, tostum,
V. tr., scorch, burn.
The toga wp.s
of a Roman
tr.,
tot, indecl. adj., so many ; tot. . .QUOt,
as man\ as.
toticlem, indecl. adj., juatasmniiv.
tot-ua, S,, -um (p. ;.f'i. adj., whole,
all, entire ; (i'ten with : '. .■ -.iSverbial force
of whollv, e iLrely ; totAKVV se dedidlt
republicae, he devote(i himself wholly
to the interests of the state (s. t. 1)
trab-8, tnVois, F., bea '-, 'imV^r.
trad-o, -ere, idi, -itum, v. tr..
iiand over, give over, deliver, surrender:
iiaiid down to jiosterity ; traditur, it ia
suid : traditum est, the tradition s.
tra-dvco, -ducSre, -duxi, -due-
turn, V. tr., lead across, transport
(p. 277, ei).
tvaho, trahere, traxi, tractum,
V. tt , draw, drag.
traicio, -icere, ieci, iectum, \ .
tr., throw across, lead across, pierci'
(p. 277, 8).
tra-iect-us, -us, M., passage, cross
ing over.
tranquillit-as, -atis, F., calm
weather ; summa tranquillitas, a
dead calm (c. v, 23).
trans, prep, (with ace), across, over,
on the other si''e, beyond.
transduce : see traduco.
trans-eo, -ire, -ivi (ii), -itum,
V. tr., cross over, cross (p. 277, 7).
trans-fSro, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
V. tr., bear or carry across: summam
imperii transferre, to transfer the
supreme power (N. a. 2).
trans-gredior, -gr6di, -gressus
sum, v. tr., pass over, cross (p. 277, 7).
trans-igo, -igere, -egi, -actum,
V. tr., pass through ; tempus transi-
gere, to pass the time (n. t. 9).
trans-itus, -itus, M., a going or
crossing over, passing, crossing.
trans-mftrinus, ■&, -um, adj.,
across, or beyond the sea.
transmiss-us, -us, M., passage.
trans-porto, -are, -avi, -atum,
v. tr., carry over, transport.
Transrhenan-i, -orum, pi. M.,
those living across the Rhine (c. v, 2).
TrAsimen-us, -i, M,, Trasimenus
(now Laijo dl Perugia), a lake in Etruria
■here the Romans were defe i t>'
' :.'nnibal, June 23, 217 B.C.
Ireboni-us, -i, M., Trebonius . '»ir;s
Irebonius, one of Caesar's lieutei;. . - in
Gaul.
Trebi-a, -ae, M. or F., Trebia, •> .,
Trebbia), a river of Gallia Cisalpina, on*'
VOCABULARY.
nani;tot...CiUOt,
47:
traxi, tractuiT),
M., passage, crosB
of the rri.hcrn tributaries of the Padus
(/0), wiuio Hannibal defeated the Ho-
mans, 218 b. c.
*i,^^^u®"J^'^"', "^®- •»• card. num. adj.,
three hundred. •* '
tredecim, card. num. adj., thirteen.
fcrea, tri^t, card. num. adj., three.
Trevir i, -orum, )>I. M., the Treviri.
a peo!..P of (iallia Belgica, who dwelt
' etwten me Meuse and the Rhine ; their
capital TNas Augusta Trevirorum, now
h Jn^'^^r^^'"' -oi""™, pi. M., the Tri-
broci, a (Jernian people of Gallia Hcltrica
,rf^"''"' ?';°""^ VosjJesand the RhLre (i^i
moaern Alsace).
».-K^'^i?"'"^' ■'• ^^' * commander of a
tribe ; hence, one of military officers, six in
number, attached to each legion.
tribu-o, -6re, -i, tributum, v. tr.,
firive, assign, ascribe.
trib-U8, -us, M., tribe.
tribut-um, -i, N., tribute, tax.
fiS^.^^"'^'""' :i: ^- ''I'-'^ce of three days;
cnaui via, a three days' march (c. iv, 4).
yearl®""^""™' '^' ^' ^^^"^^ °' ^'^''ce
trierinta, card. num. adj., thirty.
TZ^^l^n?^"'"^^' F"^' ^^- "•. the
rnnobantes, a people of liritain who
occupied Essex and part of Suffolk.
tripertit-O, adv., in three divisions.
tri-plex,-plici8,adi., threefold, triple.
triquetr-us. a, -um, adj., three-
cornered, triangular.
■^ul^i?"^'?^' :^^< ^' trireme, a vessel
with three banks of oars.
tris, num. adv., thrice.
trist-is, -e, adj., sad, sorrowful, de-
jected. '
tristiti-a, -ae, F., sadness.
T.T ez-en, -enis (ace. Troezena), F.,
Trot, en (now Dun,ala),ac\ty in the south-
ern part of Argos in the Peloponnesus.
Troi-a, -ae. P., Troy.
Troian-us, -a, -um, adj., Trojan.
tropae-um, -!, N., trophy, i.e., a
niemorial or monument of victory ; hence
victory. • ' '"-'"'-
trunc-U8, -i, N., tmnk of a tree,
tii, tlJi, pi. V08, thou, you (p. 248). I
tuM^ "' ^°' ^■' t"""I>etCvith astraight
,JJ^^°^'}^^^J' *"itu8 sum, V. dep.,
preserve, defend, protect.
turn, adv., then,
diso^rd^r"^'-''^' •"«• *'•• disturbance.
tflmul-U8, -i, M., mound.
tunc, adv., then, at that time.
turma, -ae, F., a troop of ;iO cavalry ■
the cavalry (ala) of the legion was di
vided into 10 turmae.
turp-is, -6, adj., base, disgraceful
.rS.W°r: •'"*"• ^•'•'^^^•'-- 'I-
turr-i8, -Is, F., tower,
tute, adv., in safety, safely.
tut-U8, -a, -um, adj., safe, secure.
tu-U3, ■&, -um, pro. adj., thy, your
tyr£f,fy""'^^' "^^^^- ^- *''«°'"l« P°«er.
t3^rann-U8, -i, M., tyrant.
U.
lib-er, -6ri8, N., teat, udder, breast.
Ub-er, -eris, adj., rich, fruitful.
fibi, adv., where, when ; ubi nrim.
um, as soon as (p. 298, 2). P"m-
ofY-^i;^"' o^um. pi. M., the Ubii, a tribe
of h„ PK- «•^.'•"'■'l".'. "" the right bank
n.odern\^l^;;.'r'" ^'^'^^^^'^^-^ "f the
libiqvie, adv., everywhere.
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultu8 8um, v.
tr. dep., avenge, punish. '
uU-us, -a, -um (p. 132. .3), adj., any.
Ulter-ior, -ius, comp. adj., further
bcyon.l, more remote ; sup., ultimus '
niosuKf.' -^' •"«^- '^'^J- f-'hest.
ultra, adv., and prep, (with ace ) be-
LTondril'r'^''^'''^'="^^'-^«^«^.
Ultro, adv., of one's own accord-
without provocation ; bellum ultro
mferre to make War wHh^u" pro
vocation (c. iv, la). '
ul-tus, -ta, -turn, i)erf. part, of ul-
ciscor, having avenged.
umb-ra, rae, F., shade.
umer-us, -i, M., shoulder, arm.
umquam, adv., ever, at any time.
n,?,S^'.f'''-' •''""">'' "'th ; usually with
wih^L"P^^"^ ^is lesratis: along
o«/L H^ T'°^'^ V' '<5) : una cum
ceteris, along with the others (c. v, "):
unde, adv., from which place, whence!
undecim, card. num. adj., eleven.
478
VOCABULARY.
und6cIm-U8, •&, -urn, ord. num.
adj., eleventh.
. undique, adv., from all sides, on all
sides, everywhere.
■&, um, adj., whole, all
4^
univers-us
(in a body).
unquam : see umquam.
un-us. -a, -um (p. 244), card. nnm.
adj., one, alone ; uno tempore, at one
and the same time ; omnes ad unum,
all to a man ; unus omnino, only one
(c. V, 18),
unusquisque, unaquaeque, un-
um quldque, indef. adj. pro., each,
every.
. urban-US, ■&, -um, adj. , of or belong-
ing to the city.
urb-8, -is, F.,city; the city, i.e., Rome.
urgdo, urgere, ursi, no sup., v. tr.,
press. '^ '
Usipet-es, -um, pi. M.,theUsipetes,
a German tribe near the Tencteri, on the
ower Rhine, in Utrecht and Guelder-
land in Holland : but originally found in
Saxony, from which they were driven out
by the Suebi. They crossed the Rhine
into the borders of the M .napii, in Gaul,
but were driven back by Jaesar.
ursus, -i, M., a bear.
usquam, adv., anywhere.
usque, adv., all the way, all the while,
until ; usque ad urbem, up to the
city; usque ad meum tempus, up
to my day. ^
US-US, -us, M., use, experience, prac-
tice, advantage ; usu venire, to come
by occasion, i.e., to happen (n. ii. I'')-
ratio atque usus belli, theory and
practice of war, i.e., the .systematic prac-
tice of war (c. iv, 1): magnousui sibi
esse, to be of great advantage to him
(c. IV, 20); ex USU, of advantage (c. v,C).
USUS, indecJ. noun with est : there is
need (p. 166, 2); usus est mihi cibo,
I have need of food.
at (or uti), conj., as, how, that, in
o;i'er tbat (p. 293, 1); so that (p. 295, 1);
th""fe'h (P- TO3, 1, (b)) ; ut. . .ita, as. .'.so
vp. oUo, 1).
Ut, as ; accidit ut (p. 293, l).
ut-er, -ra, -rum (p. 27), interrog.
pro., which of two? **
uterque, utrSque, utramque,
adj. jiro., each (of two), both : ex utra-
que parte, on both sides.
utervis, utravis. utrumvis, adj.,
pro., either of the two you wish,
uti : see ut.
util-is, -6, adj., useful, serviceable,
fit, profitable.
utnit-as, -atis, F., usefulness, advan-
tage, service.
iitlnam, adv., o ! that (p. 288, 5).
utor, uti, usus sum, v. intr. dep.
(with abl., p. 116), use, employ, enjoy;
alacritate uti, to show dash (c. iv, 24).
utpote, adv., inasmuch as, seeing
that.
utrimque, adv., from or on both
sides.
utrique, pi. of uterque.
utrobique, adv., on both sides, in
each place; Utrobique =et mari et
terra (.v. n. lo).
Utrum, conj., whether; utrum...
an, whether... or; often not translated
in direct questions (p. 287, 5).
uxor, -oris, F., wife.
Vacaius, -i, M., the Vacalus (now
Waal or Wahal), a branch of the Rhine.
. vacati-o, -onis, F., freedom, exemp-
tion. "^
vac-o, -are, -avi, atum, v. intr., be
unoccupied, lie waste.
vacii-us, -a, -um, adj., empty,
vacant.
vad-um, -i, N., ford.
vag-6r, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr.
dep., wander.
valen-s, -tis (pres. part, of valeo
used as an) atlj., powerful.
vai-eo, -ere, -lii, -itum, v. intr., be
powerful, strong; have power or influ-
enee; quo valeret, what it implied
(N. T, 2) ; hoc eo valebat, the purpose
of this was(N. T. 4) ; longe plurimum
valet, is by far the most powerful
(c. V, 3) ; quam plurimum v^alere,
to be as powerful as possible (c. v, 4).
vaietud-o, -inis, F., state of health
(good or bad according to context) ;
valetudine premi, to be afllicted
with bad health (n. ii. 4).
vallis, -is, F., valley.
vallum, -i, N., rampart, breastwork
of a camp.
vall-us, -i, M., stake, palisade.
vari-us, -a, -um, adj., different,
changing.
Varro : see Terentius.
vas, vasis (in the sing., 3rddecl. : in
VOCADUMKV.
4-9
seful, serviceable,
usefulnesa, advan-
lat (p. 288, 5).
ixn, V. intr. <lep.
;, employ, enjoy ;
)w dash (c. Iv, 24).
much as, seeing
roin or on both
rque.
n both sides, in
ie=et mari et
her; utrum...
?n not translated
J7, 5).
he Vacahis (now
h of the Rhine.
freedom, exemp-
bum, V. intr., be
I, adj., empty,
I sum, V. intr.
part, of valeo
um, V. intr., be
power or infiu-
what it implied
Jat, the purpose
ere plurimum
most powerful
mum valere,
ble (c. V, 4).
, state of health
? to context);
to be afflicted
Liart, breastwork
palisade.
adj., different,
us.
g., 3rddecl. : in
the pi., vasa, -orum of the 2nd), N.
vessel; vasa flctilia, eartbenwaru
vt'ssels (N. H. 10).
vast-o, -are, -avi, atum, v. tr., lav
waste, devastate.
vast-US, ■&, -um, adj., vast.
va-tes, -tis, M. or F., a soothsayer,
prophet, propheti'88.
-V6, enclitic conjuiiclion, or ; jjivinL'
a choice between two or more thinj^s.
vectig-al, -alis.N., tax, toll, revenue.
vectigal-ls, -e, adj., trilnjtarv ; as
a noun; vectigal-es, -jum, pi. M.,
tributary ))eople.
vectori-us, -a, -um, adj., adapted
for carrying ; navigium vectorium,
a transport ship.
Veh6men-8, -tls, adj. , angry, violent.
V6h6menter, adv., vigorously, reso-
lutely.
vehicul-um, -i, N., a carriage.
v6ho, v6here, vexi, vectum, v.
tr., bear, cany, eonvev ; in pass., vehi,
to sail in a ship (sell, in nave, n. h.
v61, con/., or ; vel . . . vel, either. . .
or; with su,)., even, indeed; vel optl-
mus, the very best.
velocit-as, -atis, F., swiftness, speed.
yel-ox, -ocis, adj., swift, rapid,
active.
vel;um, -i, N., sail; dare vela
ventis, to set sail (.\. u. 8).
y61ut, adv., just as; velut si, just
as if.
venal-is, -6, adj., for siile.
venati-o, -onis, F., hunting; mul-
tum sunt in venationibus, they
are much given to hunting (e. iv, 1).
venat-or, -oris, M., hunter.
yen do, -dere, -didi, -ditum. v.tr.,
sell, offer for sale; pass., veneo (which
see).
venenat-us, -a, -um, adj., venom-
ous, poisonous.
venenum, i, N., poison,
veneo, -ire, -ivi (or ii), -itum, v.
pass, (see vendo), be sold (p. 158, note).
ven^r-or, -ari, -atua sum, v. tr.,
adore, worship.
V6netic-us, ■&, -um, adj., of or bn
longing to the Veneti, a tribe on the west
coast of France, north of the Loire, in the
vicinity of the bay of Quiheroii. Caesar
subdued tlieni 57 "n.c. " I
venia, ae, F., favor, forgiveness.
v6nio, v§nire, veni, ventum, ■ I
intr., come ; in suspiclonem venire
regl, to be suspected by the king.
yentit-o, are, avi, atum, v. intr.,
visit, keep coming ; multum ad e08
mercatores ventitant, meichantB
frtiiuently visit tbeni (c. iv, :i).
vent-US, i, M., wind; dare vela
ventis, to sit sail (.n. ii. 8).
Venusi-a, -ae, F., Venuaia (now
I cn<if!o), a town on the borders of Apulia
and I^ucania.
ver, veris, N., sjiring ; prlmo vere,
at the iK'giniiing of spring; extremo
vere, at the end of spring.
(ver-ber), verbSris (nom. dat ace.
sing, not found), N,, stroke, blow.
ver-bum, -bi, N., word ; in pi., con-
versation ; dare verba, to give empty
words, hence, to deceive (n. ii. 5); his
verbis, on these terms (n. t. 10).
vere, a<lv., truly, in truth (conip.,
verius; sup., verissime); verissi-
me iudicabat, he formed the most
correct judgment (n. t. 1).
verecund-us, ■&, -um, adj., modest.
ver-6or, -en", -itus sum, v. tr., dep.,
fear, dread ; navibus veritus, fearing
for the safety of the ships (c. v, 9).
yergo, vergere, no perf., no sup.,
V. intr., incline, slope; ad septentri-
ones vergit, it has a northerly slope
(c. IV, 20). *^ ,
vero, adv., in truth, in fact, truly,
certainly ; but, indeed.
Verr-es, -is, M., Verres, a notorious
proconsul of Sicily, impeached by Cicero
for plundering this province.
verso, -are, avi, atum, v. tr.,
turn often, change.
vers-or, -ari, atus sum. v. intr.,
dwell in, be occupied with, engaged in •
multis in privatis iudiclis ver-
sari, to be often employed in private
suits (N. T. 1); tuto versari, to dwell
in safety (N. t. 8).
versus, -us, M., line, verse.
verto, vertere, verti, versum,
v. tr., turn, change; terga vertere,
to turn their backs, flee.
vertor, verti, versus sum, v. intr.
dep., turn, change.
ver-us, -a, -um, adj., true.
vescor, vesci, no perf. or sup., intr.
dep. (with all]., p. lic), feed, live upon.
. ves-per, -peris (or -peri). M.. even-
ing; vespere, or vesperi, in the
evening.
Vest-a, -ae. P., Vesta, the Uoman god-
dess of the hearth and home.
480
VOCAPtbAUY
:^4
llll
m
1 1
11.
you^^*'®''' •'"*• ■^"°>' '''^J- pro-. y->-,
vestigi-um, -i, N., f„ot track, triune
sTot ^ifh'o*?,?"' yestigio. in tho June
tlglo, at once, promptly (c. iv, 5)
Vestimentum. -i, N.. >rarment.
vest-io, -ire, -ivi "-inn >• ♦..
clothe. .Iress; pellTbua^v" stiri to
clolhe onc'self in skins (c. v, U) '
vest-is, -is, F., dresK
vestit-U8, -us, M., cl<,f',ing, dress.
Vet6ran-U3, ■&, .urci, udj old • a^
a noun v6t6ran-i, -ori^S' P M
veteran troops (scil. inilites)
prSt°'-^^^'-^''-^^'«-^''-.'orbid,
'onip., sup., veterrimus.
vexlll-um, -i, N., flaK, standard
vex-o, -are, -avi, -atum. v tr
harass, plunder, waste. ""'"'"• '• "^••
(c iv^i). ' ^""'■"''^' °' ^*»'"^" 'i^'y^
11. adj.,
Vla-tor, -toris, ST., traveller.
.tA'each.-^^'-^''^'^''-'''-""»'
tuSth™-"^'-^'-"™>°^^""—'J.,
Vicles, num. adv., twenty times.
vicinitas, -atis, v., neighlwrhood.
Vicin-us, -i, M., nei-rhlior.
V!cls feenitive), vifcem, vice F rno
non. s,ns.). change ; i„ vibem?in turn
victJm-a, -ae, F., sacrifice, victim
'as'^n^ad^'vf ^""^'^' *'•• ^''=^°''- °on<l"eror ;
as an adj.. victorious.
victori-a, ae, P., victory.
Vlc-tus, -tus, M., living, food.
Vic-US, -i, M., village, hamlet.
forks''®*' ^^^' ""*"if««tb-. of course,
vid^o, vldere, vidi, vlsvim v tr
r^^i^^'^r- videri, visussum intr
dep., seem, appear.
Vidua, -ae, F., widow.
.vlgecyigere no perf., no sup be
vigorous, thrive, ,!.iuiish. '"""P-. oe
Viglli-a, -ae, F., watch, guard. The
Romans had four nicht watches : prima
V gr ia,from6p.Hi.to9p.m. ; secundl
vifirilla, from 9 p.m. to 12 p.uL te^tit
Vlgr 1 a, from 19 p.m. to 3 a.m. buai^t
Vlgrilia, rron, 3 a.ni. to 6 a.m. ; secunda
i"o,KiUfK'.v:^:l')^''^^'"'''"'f°'»»'«
Viginti, card. num. adj., twenty.
Villa, -lae, F., a country house, villa
vi-men, -minis, v. * !er
tr.!S°' -^'^^' '-"^i. v.ncLum. .
tr.TJomple?"^^'"^' ^'°'' ^l^tum. v.
Vincai-um,-f,N.,chain;lnvincula
conlcere, throw into prison '^
vlndico, -are, -avi, atum v tr
claim, set free, punish. "''''•'™' ^- *•■•.
sh^i"w,"?h' 'f^'- ^^' " «'^«'''; a movable
sned with sloping roof of rlanko nr,H
HI. I<s of wl. kcrwork and covered over wi h
ude.,. U was usually 8 feet high and
feet long. Cnder it the soldiers advancwl
and worked the battering ram '""'*"^«'
vinum, -i, N., wine.
Viol -o, -are, -av\ -atum, v tr
violate, injure, harm. """"^- ^- "•.
Vir, viri, JI., man, husband.
virg-a, ae, F., twig.
Virgo, -inis, F., maiden.
viridit-as, -atis, F., greenness, vigor.
viril-is. -e, adj., manly.
virtus, -tutis, F., manliness, virtue.
^rwl%Y^^' ^-^ st-^ciPrth, power (p. 45)'
11^ /«^ere. o offer violence vio^
.^oLy'°^ expngnare, to taitV by
anTiuick1:J"„«V,?*"^''«- ^» -i^^'«tan5
-^^e,'''s^''^' ^' ^»«"°^. - f..
Vita, tae, F.,life.
viti-um, -i, N., fault, vice.
av^itsiu,;?'"^' -^^^' •^<^""' -• t'.
Vitrum, -ri, N., w<ud ; :, „iant
T'u '° botanists as Isatis tinctoria
which ,,roduced a blue . ... Tdl the
introduction of indi-oii, U'e iTtbcenhirv
It was largely cul- ted. century
■iv itum.v. tr.,
vituper-o,
abuse, revile.
Vivo, viver. vixi, ictum v
>ntr live; iiberu-a Vivere, to H^e a
viv ,Tt'".V- I ^>'- lacte et came
(^!T-^4).' ^^ °" '"'"^ and flesh
viv-us, -a, -urn, adj., alive, living
sca'^rSiy.'"''- ^'"^ ''"«^""^' hardly,
sumnfo?.'-^''^'-^^»"'-^*"^'^-^'--.^'^».
VOCABULARV.
vici, vlctum, v.
ha£-°* •^^«' -^^»' ■^'"m. V. tr.. fly.
desire. ' ''" ^villiriK, wish,
fliSf.t°' •^'■^' •^^'- -at""^. V. int .,
voia.cer.cri8. -ere. adj., wiM,.e,..
voar^'^''^-^'^'-^'-"'"--'J..wil,in.,
voluntarl-us. -i, M., a volu.itecr
tr.T?ow.°' ''°^^'" vovi. votum. V.
V03 : sec tu (p. If .
vox, vocis, P., V ,.•
voce, in a loud voioe (c. n, 2fi).
Y'ulcan-us, -l, Ji., Vulom fh
god of the Romans. *"'C'".th
481
magrna
woTuKuH'-^^^'-^^'-atum.v.tr.,
vulpes, is, F..fox.
cha..,.coftheprov,.Keof'Ar!„"'«Sn'r'
vult-ur, -urls, M.. a vultun .
teJa"!;;*"^' ''"^' "- «''P'-ession. ooun-
X.
visum, V. tr.,
im, V. tr., call,
eq
qu
all
<
Ui
rel
(
bj
t
£
Bur
8
a
adv
nei)
abi
cen
and
a
fora
a
abs
a]
a., :
frO]
a1
al
(p. s
tilco
a\
ac
turn.
ac
dat.,
ac
den
ac
•feci,
turn.
ac(
ob, pi
ac<
ac(
ac<
281. 1;
KNGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
A.
a. Renerally uiitraiisluted ; when a ia
aliqua, all(|uid(,). i;i2). if = 8bme or if
mea.iiMK one, hy unus (p. 27) ' '
i«^^*"?9"'.""'""' ••'»'■«. -iivl, -atuni (n
16 , 1, note); dOser-o, -Cre, -oi, desert.in •
relln.i-uo, -ere, reiiqul, rcil-tutn. *
h^f H®^^5^', h "^" (^''^' "*''•) : I abide
by the decision, ludicio sto.
ability, ingcm-um, -i, n.
able, adj., itftttna ; 1 am able nos-
sum, posse, pOtfil (p. 201) ^' * °^
abode, domicilium, -1, N.
about, prep., circa, circlter, apud •
ody. circiter. fere, paine; about (in the
ne,Kh borhoocl of) Rome'. ci?!S Roman, ;
?pnH^ oK^°*^^^^''ed. circiter du-
centi about (-almost), fere with adj.
and adv., paene with verl).
about (concerni(iK), prep., de(p. 222),
foro8.^°*^' '"'"''"*' ^P' ^>: '"'•'8 «"•
absence, abscnti-a, -ae, F. ; in mv
absence, meabsente(p. l6(), 6). ^
absent, adj., absens, absentia; I am
a., absum, abeH.se, abfoi ; lam absent
irom, al)sum at). ^•^'^•^u
abundance, c6pi-a, -ae, p.
)^,J \, ^^' ",^°. SP®»^ i" of, male-
dico, -(llcCre, -dixi, dictum (p. 278, 5).
abuse, maledict-um, -i, N.
tum°°^^^' ^°'^^^^°' -^^Pfirc, -ccpl, -cep-
dat:?p®i?f 2)® *^°' ^'■*'""^' "''• •"'" <«'th
accident, cas-us, -us, M. ; by acci-
dent, casu. •' "^^^
fJ^T°°P°?P"^^'.^.' con-flcio, -flcere,
tu^i "•" ' e'-"cio, -fIcCre, feci, -fee-
account (pn account of), prep..
Ob, propter (with ace). *^ ^ '
account, on no, nullo modo.
_ account ( = reckoning), rAfi-n -Cini.-i
28f*12V^®' '*''''"''°' ■'""■^' ■•''v^ -at"'" (P
tu^(r28i,"i2r""' ■'°"'''' ""'''• •'""•
across, prep., trans (with ace )• bt>
(^acc.°.^^' "'"'"■*°' ■"■•'• ■'"'■ (•"'• •""'"
fac^O?e*',^cV>:Ctur"''*''''"*"™='^^"'-
»tr^e^K^'.ar!im?a?[.' ''^""'' '''*"'' =
address, Oratl-o, r.nis, F. ; v.. verl)a
facio." ^ »^^''688 you.ipud vosverl^
admire, admlr-or, -ari, -.itus sum.
i«?'*l^**' ^",' »"*«'■ onme.s constat (p.
162, i) ; concedltur. ^'
admonish, ad-mOnOo, -niOnOre
■mOnni, iriftnltum. '"om-re,
adorn, v., orn-o, .«re, -avi, -stum-
dtcor-o, rue, -avi. -iitura. '
Adrumetum, Adrumetum, -i, N.
8um*^X,^?P?; '"■"^'■i^''"»'-. -tfCdi, -Krcssus
sum , pro-ccdo, -cOibre, -cessi, -cessum.
advantage, commod-um, -i, n.
(..^i^J^ntaere- It is of, interest, rOfert
(p. 106, .{); pro<ie,st (grreat = multinn).
adverse, ad; ers-us, -a, -uni (adj.).
adversity, res adversae.
advice, consili-um, -i, N.
advise, m«n-eo, -cre, -ni, -num.
Aedui, Aedn-i, -Orum, M., pi.
Aegrina, Aegfn-a, -ae, F.
affair, res, rel, F. .
afraid, be, tIm-Co, -cre, -i-ii, no sup •
met-uo, -cre, -ni, no sup. ; vc;e-or, -crl
(|)."l85""V "* "■■ "" '"''' «"bjunctive
after, prep., po.<t (with ace. ; p. 222. 4)-
adv., post, postea (p. 62, 3). ' ''
after (with verbal nouns), post-fnf
part; after the founding of t^e
city, post urbem conditam ; or use abl
abs., or after that. "«^aui.
after that, postquam (ji. 201, 5).
p.ii/Orwards, :itiv., postea.
again, adv., mrsus ; iterum (a second
iS. ***^" ^^^* ^^^°' "^^p*-"' ^p-
483
484
VOCABULARY.
against, contra (ace), in (ace).
Agamemnon, AKamemnoti. -is. m.
age (time of life), aet-as, -alls, F.
age (old), scnect-ns, -fitis, F.
•Imif M *^°®® °^ ^*^ °'^"' 'lequales
age, a boy two years of ouer
duos anrios nalus (p. L'S5,6) ^
agitate, peiturb-o, -,are, -avi, -atum.
ago, ahhinc ; ten years ago. ah-
nine (leceiii annos or aiini.s(ab]., p 284, r>).
ii-^^''^.^'.^;T"'?*'" = agreed by all!
It IS, constat inter omnes (d ig-' -i)-
convcnit. ' ' ' '
aid auxili-uni. -i, N. ; come to a.,
p. id4, 1 ; v., ad-ifivo, -ifivare, -ifivi
-nituni (with aec); sub-vc-nio, -venire
-voni, -ventiini (wiihdat.).
air, fiLT, aeris, M.
alarm, pav-or, -oris, m.
all, onin-is, -e ; cunctus, -a, -uni ■ uni-
versu8, -a, -uni ; tot-us, -a, -iini'. '
allpw, I, sino, sinere, sivi, sltuni ■
»Ti';fr i."^*^' f '.■^•. -^^^^^*"' -eessum ; I am
allowed, > .:hi licet (p. i63, r,).
ally, s(5ci-a.-i, -I, M.
almost, fore, paene.
alone, .sOl-us, -a, -um.
along with, una cum.
Alps, Alp-cs, -luiii, F.
already, iam, adv.
idfm(°2.'i.*'?" ^'"^''■^' ''"°''"' ^'"^^•^:
nwL*^?>^?^.l''"''''"1"'^™' quamvis, licet,
uc (p, 190, .')-;).
always, semper, adv.
ambassador, lOKiit-vis, -i, m.
ambition, ambiti-o, -6ni;i, F.
among, inter (prep, with ace.) ; apud
(preii. witTi ace); in (pre)), with abl.).
amount, what ; usoquantum+gen.
.^^j^tmscade, ambush, insidi-ae,
ancestors, maiOr-iH, um.
ancient, antrqu-ua, -a, -Tim ; vetus,
•Cria ; priscusS-a, -uiii (ad j.).
'Omnis, all without cxe^ejition, (>pnosed
to nemo or uiius ; cunctus, p. stronger
term than omnis, ",all toifether ■ uiii-
yeraus all in a body, opposed to .si,i<ruli ;
totus, the whole, as oi)i)osed to a i)art
« Antiquus, old and no longer existinir ■
yetim, old and «til! existin- ; priscus, old-
fashioned ; pri.stfnus, beloiiLdnL' to an
earlier ajje.
Ancus, Anc-us, -i, M.
and, et, -que, atque, ac.
anger, ira, -ae, F.
angry (be), Ir.ascor, Irasci, ir.atus sum-
(with~): "■"""■''■ ■^•"'^"'' •''^"«"'"
animal, ftnlm-al, -alis, N.
annihilate, dol-co, -ore, -ovi, -etum.
announce, nunti-o, -rue, -avl, -atum.
another, aii-us, -a, -ud (p. 2(;) ; one
another, inter se (p. 223).
answer, respons-um, -i, N. ; v., re-
spond-C'o, -ere, respondi, respoiisum.'
Antonius, Antonius, -i, M.
anxious, be, capio, cfipCre, euplvi
(Ii), cupitum.
any (after negatives), quisquam, nuid-
quam ; ull-us, -a, -um (132, 3) ; (affirma-
tive) qun is, quaevis, quidvis ; quilibet,
quaehbet, (juodlibet; quia, after si, nisi,
ne, iium, (|uo, (pianto, (p. 188, 6, note).
anyone, p. i.S2, 3.
anywhere, usquam, adv.
apiece, distributive numeral [p. 69, 8,
appeal to, I, obtest-or, -ari, -.itus
tnTo' } «iPPeal to you not to do
tnis, te obtestor ne hoc facias.
appear, I (seem), vycor, viderl, visus
.sum (p. 28!), (1). .us
appear, I (come in sicht), ap-pardo,
■parere, -parfil, -parltum (used as pass, of
video). '
applaud, I, plaudo, plaudCre, plausi,
plausuni (dat.).
apple, pom-um, -i, N.
appoint, dico, dicOre, dixi, dictum ■
appoint over, iiraeficio, -fIcOre, -foci'
-fectum ; I appoint an officer over
tne camp, logatum castris (dat.)
praeflcio (p. 278, (1).
apprehension, ini5t-us, -us, M.
approach, advent-us, -US, M. ; adIt-us,
■us, M. ; v., appr(5pin(|u-o, -are, -avl, -atum
(witfi dat., or ad with ace.) ; ag-tfrCdior
-grodi, -gressus sum ; ad-Oo, -ire, -ivl(or 11)!
-Itum. ' ' \ /I
approved, spectat-us, -a, -um ; iiro-
bat-us, -a, -um(ad,j.).
^ ardor, for, stiidi-um, -i, n. (with
aright, recte (adv.).
Ariovistus, Arlovist-us, -i, M.
j.,^^'|«tocratic party, optima-tea,
arise, Orlor, Orin, ortus sum.
VOCABULAKY.
i, M.
ue, ac.
or, irasci, iratussiim;
'; -censfli, -censum
-iilis, N.
;o, -C'le, -Ovi, -etuni.
i-o, -ure, -fivl, -atuni.
a, -ml (p. 2ii) ; ^ne
11. 223).
-uni, -i, N. ; v., re-
ndi, responsuni.
liiia, -i, M.
ipio, cfipdre, cuplvi
es), quisquam, qiiid-
n (132, 3) ; (afflrnia-
', quidvis ; (luilibet,
; quis, after si, nisi,
), (p. 188, 6, note).
am, adv.
>-e numeral [p. 69, 8,
)test-or, -ari, -atus
you not to do
oc facias.
vjfloor, viderT, visus
in sipht), ap-pardo,
nn (used as pass, of
Id, plaudOre, plausi,
N.
Jere, dixT, dictum ;
3io, -fioOre, -foci,
an officer over
jm castris (dat.)
iCt-us, -us, M.
us,-fis, M.; ttdlt-UR,
-o, -are, -fivT, -iituni
ace. ) ; af,'-ff rOdlor,
1-eo, -ire, -lvi(orii),
-us, -a, -um ; pro-
■uui, -i, N. (with
st-us, -i, M.
fty, optima-tea,
tua sum.
"') ^'- ; v., arm-o,
arm, brachl-um.
•are, etc.
armed, armat-us, -a, -um • n n r,f
arnio ; light armed : see next Z-d °'
levifS-urarP" "^ ^'^^*' -'"'<^«
armor-bearer, armig-.cr, -Cri, m
arms, arm-a, -nrum, N, pi.
army, exercit-us, -us, M. (in trainincri •
around, circa, circum (prep. -t ace )
arouse, inclt-o, -are, -avi, -alum,
arrival, advent-us, -us, M.
•ven-
485
tum"'^^®' '*''"'''^"'o> -venire, -veni,
arrive, at, per-venio, -v&nire -voni
■ventum (ad with ace). ' '
arrow, sasitt-a, -ae, F.
art, ars, artis, F.
as (p. 127, 2) ; (in place of), pro ; as
SO, ut w.th iia in the main clause ; as ' '
as, tani....,,„a,n ; such... as, talis
■ • ■ quahs ; as if, velut si (195, 3)
quafi•(p^^l95^T^^' ^^ '^' *''""""'"'
as (=- while), dum (p. 201, 3).
as many as, tot quot.
rimf °^^"^ ^^ possible, quam plu-
as much a^, tantum quantum,
as often as, quotius, cum (204, 4).
29»;%^°°" ^®' ^*"" " ac(oratque), (p.
n6^^*^SSn°°^"°''^°' '''^^"«««Cre, co«-
ashamed, be, pndet, ere nit (or
-nun> est); I am ashamed of mv
Asia, As-la, -ae, F.
int^??' ^ ^5^°" ^ question), to rogo or
interrof^o; ex or a te quaere (quaerCre
quaesivl, (luaesitum). vMU'verLie,
/ ask, I (request, hetf, yon), te rogo, ore,
S^-i,-pe;;tuT^^^'''^'^''""^^^^^^;
ask for, I, posco, poscOre, pdposcr.
assault, oppujfn-o, -are, -avi, -aium.
assemble, v„a., convOc-o, -are -avi
■atuiii ; v.n., con-venio, -venire. -vOni'
■ventum (iiitr.). ' ''"''
assembly, oontio, -onis, F. ; eonvent-
U8, -us, M.; com;lli-um, -I, N. ''"""•""^
subt.^m^'"^'*^'""'-^''^' •^^'. •^^tum(acc.)
an lavo, -invare, -nivi, -iQtum (ace).
,vifi:' "^ (Pi-ep. with ace); ai)ud (mei,
with ace); or locative. Seei 85 S wt '.
yen. of .notion, say to (p 85 1) comP
Athenians, AthOnienses, -lum, M.
Athens, AthOn-ae, -arum, F.
attack, v.,atr-frrC'dior, -crodi -ltphkh^
sum : ;s;''^'^' '''■'^^'"^- ■^'^'■'- ""'"
nupet-U3, -us (on -^m-f-acc.) M.
■veftum"ad)°' '""'""°' ■'"''''' ■^•-".
attempt, v., con-or, -ari, -fitus sum •
eu,pt-oortent-o, -a.-e, -avi, -atu.n ; n or'
n>t., nisus or nixus sum; incept-um, -
N. ; conat-us, -us, M. or cOnat-um, -i, N.'
attribute, attrib-no, -nere, -ni, -utum •
tnhno, trlbnore, tribm, tributuni '
toH^J°!;^*;^.p'**^^'---««-F.;auc-
autumn, autumn-us, -i, M.
auxiliaries, auxlll-a, -ornm, X. pi.
avarice, avariti-a, -ae, F.
avenge, ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum
^ avert from. I, prohib-oo. -ore, -qi,
f.^SK'acJ:). '''■''''''' ■'^"'^'^^-' -f"^'.
..-^j^^oid, I (a danger), vit-o, -are, -avi,
away from, a or ab, with abl.
B.
«.^acks, to turn their backs in
flight er«a in fugan, dare (d^da "
sull; '^■^*"'"*' ^*^'"'''* ^•"-''O. -tt'i'e, -ti,
bad, mal-us, -a, -um (comp., poior-
Blip., pessimus); imprOb-us, -a, -um.
peSe.^' '""'= "'""•^- P^^'"^; «"!'•.
baggage, impcdiment-a, -orum, N. pi.
bane, pemici-es, -oi, F.
. banish, I, ex civitatepelloorexpello'
in exilium pello (i)ellcre, popoli, pulsum;.'
banisliment, exUi-um, -i, N.
bank, rlp-a, -ae, F.
p^j^^,^^®*^' epf'l-um, -i, N. pi., -pnlao,
ai.dT)^^^**"' '""■^'*'-"^' -a. -"Ill (adj.
barbarous, crudol-is, -e (adj.).
iSQ
VOCABULARY.
<jir
(Of a tree) cortex, cortlcis, M., liber, llbri,
base, turp-is, -e (adj.).
baseness, turpitud-o, -Inis, F.
battle, proeli-uip, -I, N. ; pucn-a.
;^^^ i^° ^.^«iP a battle, proelimn
comniittere; m battle, in b. arrav
in acie. ' '
be, sum, esse, fm (p. 24).
beam, trabs, trabis, F.
t,.}?®.^^' """^""^A ■'' ^'- : "■' ^ei-0, ferre,
tail, latum ; port-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
beautiful, pulch-er, -ra, -rum(comp.,
pulchrior ; sup., pulcherrimus) ; amoenus
a, -um (of scenery).
i..?v®°^P^®' '•""'^' fl""''- quoniam (p.
li)S) ; often expressed by part. (p. 2-20, i).
become, no, fieri, f actus sum.
becomes, it, decet, dCoerO, dficnit
(ace.) ; e.st with gen. (i>. 124, 1).
beech, fagus, -i, F.
before, ante (prei>. with ace.) ; conj.,
anteciuam, pnu8(,uani (p. 201, 5) ; adv.
ante, antoa, antehac (p. 82, 3).
as'k ^' ^' '^^*'''°' '^*^^' ■'" '' ■'"''^"'"" ^^'^
begin, I. in-clpio, -clpcre, -cOpI, -cep.
tum;coep-i, -isse ; begin a battle,
proelium committere. «i^wo,
beginning-, the, miti-nm, -i, N. ; at
the Ijegmning of winter, prima
hieme, inita hienie.
behalf of, on, pro (prep, with abl.).
behold, asplcio, aspIcGro, aspexi
aspectum. '
behind, post, prep, with ace.
Belgae, Belg-ae, -arum, M. pi.
belief, opini-o, -onis, F".
•!l®y®79' ^' '"■•^''1-°' ■^^■'•e, -Id), -Itum,
v'lth dat. (p. 105, 9). ' '
belong, per-tlneo, -tinoro, -tlnOI, no
sun ; see p. 124, 1; belonging : say
which belonged. ^
beloved, car-us, -a, -um (with dat. ; =
dear to). '
^^^eneflcial, saiutar-is, -e ; utll-is, -e
benefit you, I, tibi prosum (pro-
desse, profiii). "^
besiege, I (by blockade), ob-sidao
-BldCre, -sodl, -sessum ; (by attack), op'
pugn-o, -are, -fivl, -atum.
best, p. 57, 4.
bestCW. liirif-Ior -TH -ifno o.,.v.
betake myself to, I, me conferoad.
betray, I, pro-do, -dere, -dldi, -ditum.
better, melior (comp. of bonns» • it
S^luS^^^^^^^^^^^erSisS
between, inter (ace).
i^M^t' P""'^- "'"■'■ *■•""«■ «^*'^
bid, ifibCo, iabCre, iussi, iussum.
bill, r6gatI-o, -onis, F.
bird, avis, -is, M. or F.
bitter, acerb-us, -a, -um (adj.).
blame, culp-a, -ae, F. ; v., culp-o
-■atum."""' ■"""'"= ^i^mr-o, -a're, Iv?:
blessing, bon-um, -i, N.
blind, caec-us, -a, -um (a<ij.).
bloody, crdent-us, -a, -um (adj.).
blot out, dol-Oo, -ere, -Ovi, -etum.
boat, linter, lintris, i-'.
body, corpus, -6ris, M.
body-guard, satell-es, -itis, M.
bold, audax, audacis (adj.).
boldly, audaciter or audacter, adv.
bond, vincul-um, -i, N.
book, llber, llbri, M.
booty, praed-a, -ae, F.
born, be, nascor, nasci, natua sum.
i.,^°^^',"*<^'"'i"e, utraque, utrumt.ue (p.
1.J2); ambo, amba:, ambo (like duo, (38, 4).
both. . and, it . . .et, que. . . .que.
fin'i?"»^-''" " ^''•'ograpliieal sense), con-
tmeo, tlnere, -dnni, -tentum.
boundaries, fm-es, -lum (pi.), m.
boy, pner, M. ; ft-om a boy, a poero.
bow, arc-us, -fis, M.
branch, ram -us, -i, M.
brandish, iact-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
brave, fort-is, -e ; bravely, fortlter
bravery, fortltud-o, -mis, F.
break, frango, frangCre, fregi, frac
turn ; b. through, per-frint'o, -fringOre
-fregi, .fractum ; b. one's word fldem
fallo(fallfire, fefelli, falsum) °' ^*""
bridge, pons, pontis, M,
briefly, brovUer; as b. as poss».
Die, quam nrnvio»iiiie. " ""
brigand, latr-o, -onis, M.
VOCABULARY.
48'7
lo, -dere, -dldi, -ditum.
(foiiip. of bonus) ; it
en better, satius or
bright, clar-us, -a, -urn (adj.).
bring, I, dfico, diicCre, duxi, duotuin
a person); affero, afferre, attf.li, allatuni
(a thing); brmg up, erudio, 'ire, -ivl
■ituni; bring back word, rOnunti-o
f^Sk'^'''^' "''*"'", = t>ring a person be-
v^».^SJ^9^' ^'' ,'^ al'(|uem adducere ;
S^^rr^Zeil^.,.^"^' ^°^'^"'"'^'"
Britain, Britanni-a, -ae, F.
Britons, Britann-r, -Orini, M. ])1.
broad, lat-us, -a, -um (adj.).
brother, frater, fratris, M.
Brunduslum, Bnindtisi-um, -i, N.
Brutus, Brut-US, -i, M., one of the
conspirators against Caesar.
build, aedlfic-o, -are, -avi, -atuni.
building, aedlficl uu), -I, N.
burrten. Onus, SnCris, N.
burdensome, molest-us, -a, -um •
«rav-is, -eCadj.). ' ' '
burn, erf ni-o, -are, -avi, -atuni
00, incendore, incendi, incensuui.
bushel, niudi-us, -I, M.
business (the), res, roi, F,
tiuui, -i, N.
but, sed ; verum (emphatic) ; (oidv)
tantum ni.Klo; (unless), nisi; (except)
praeter (pre)), witli ace). ■ ^ ''
butcher, trfieid-O. -are, -avi, -atum.
buy, emo, Cmcre, emi, emptum.
by (of a person after a passive verb) a
or ab (I.. 71, '^) ; dat. of agent (173, 4) ;
t^^°lf'f r" ^''' ^^' ^- («-''-(Prep. with
h^L-i-hf'"'- •■'*:':'"' = t>y day. interdiO ;
Dy night, noctu.
C.
candidly, libCre, aperte, adv.
nannae, Cann-ae, -arum (pi.), p,
noqu-co, -Ire,
incen-
nC'go-
Caesar, Caes-ar, -aris, M.
calamity, ciiamit-as, -atis, f.
c,f;^^Ly'""""' :'*'■''• -'''"'• •''*""' ; can to-
ge'iher, cwivuc-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
calling (after forbid), use inf.
:^!L^ name, appell-o, -are, -avi,
calm, traiiquill-us, a-, -um (adj.).
calmness, tiamiuilht-as, -atis, F.
camp, castin, -Oru!i< (pi. N.).
can, possum, posse, nrttui (p. l42^ •
(=-lnu.v), licet, impers. wit!» a dat (n
162. ;| ; 163, 5) ; 139 («), (iu deliberative
(|ueslions).
OHiidid, iiicrr, -era, -fruni (adj.).
candidate for, I am a, pct-o, -Ore.
■Ivi, -ituin. ' ".
cannot, non possum
Ivi (or li), -itum.
capital, caput, capitis, N.
caprice, Ilbid-o, -inis, F.
capture : use take.
care, cur-a, -ae, F.
.careful for, I am, caveo (oavcre
trKL?'"^'^^°^«^r«^lforyou:
carefully, diUg-enter, adv.
turn ; i.ort-o, -are, -avi, -atun • carrv
on war, bellum gOro (gerere, gefsf
trestum); carry out, ex-lonuor -sS'
-secutus sum; con-fic^io, ficore fOc '
-.ire, -avi, -atum ; carry out of the
country, export-o, -aref-avr-atum
Cassius, Cassi-us, -i, M.
casT^^'R^nt'"' f'<'f' ■''^''^' •''''=*""' :
Caaticus, Casti-cus, -i, M.
catch, capio, capOre, cOpl, captum.
cattle (in general), i)Cc-u8, -«ris, N. •
(of a single head), pOcus, pOcildis, F.
-f'c^>?^?A,.fT'^' '"^' f' v.,'ef-fIcIo
equ^lf^s!'?^;-"' """■' ""■ '''■ ' ''^-
cave, antr-um, -l, N. ; cftv-um, -i, N.
cease, I, de-sino, -sinOre, -sivi (sin
Cecrops, Cecrops, CecrOpis, M.
. celebrated, clar-us, -a, -um ; insign-
;^?, -e (adj.) ; the celebrated Cicero
Cicero vir claris-simus or ille C. (adi°'
are not added to proper name.s).
central, mCdl-us, -a, -um (adj.) ; a
central place, locus medius
centurion, centnrl-o, -Onis, M.
century, centi1rl-a, -ae, F. '
certain (sure), cert -us, -a, -um (adj )
quoddim." ^°"^^' *' **"'''*'"• 'l"aedM>.,
Chain, catena, -ae, F.; vincfll-um.-i.N,
Chance, cas-us, -us, M. ; fortuna, -ae!
t- ; by Chance, forte, casu.
change, I, iii-jt.(} .,-ijc, -avi, -atum •
n., Gomniutatl-o, -Onis, F.
Character, turn by » dependent
clause (p. 18},, 1). *^
488
VOCABULARY.
Character (ifood), virt-us, -utis F
character (.node of life), n.r.r-Gs, .„„,,
n^orFLhum^ ^^e^^««^ character,
^^characteristic of, it is: see p.
charge (accusation), crTinen, -Inis N
Charge (of troops), i.^pot-us, M. ;
-vasi, .\asum; nnpotiim faoere (on = iii)
Charged, I am (with), accfis-or,
-an, -iitus Slim (p. 281, V>).
■u?sr'°^' ''''"'•"'"' ■'■> N. ; curr-us,
Charioteer, cssOdar(-us, -i, jr.
da?^pw\"'^^^"'"-°'"' ■^"' -'itus sum (with
da ve ,*^"'l'^''-"- :"^. -av. -atuin with
clative) , coeic-eo, -ere, -ni, -Itum.
cheer, cUim-or, -oris, M.
Cheer, v. a., hort-or, -ari, -atus sum.
.re°fad?.).^' """■"''' "" ' ""''''■''' ■'''•
cheerfully, facile, adv.
cherish, tnoor, tucri, taitus sum.
^chief, priiiceps, princlpis, M. Oi. and
Child, pfior, pncrl, M.
^Children, pueri, M. ; HbOr-i, -Orum,
choose, I (like), mihi lil,et (inipers )
tuin , cre-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
Cicero, CicOr-o, -Onis, M.
Cimon, Clm-on, -Onis, M.
circumstances, res, roi, F. • j yield
to circumstances, tempori c(X
citadel, ar.x, arcis, F.
citizen, clv-is, -is, M. and F.
city, urbs, urbis, F.
Civil, civil-is, -e (adj.).
civilization, hununlt-as, -atis, F.
Civilized, human-us, -a, -um (adj )
Class, gCn-us, -frls, N.
•a.^'^ul^'ilidj;"'"'' '"' """' '' '"^^""^«*-"«'
Clear, it is, appar-ct, -Cre, -uit ; mani-
festum^estu». 109, 1); I clear invself
or i.iic o-uarge ; i.ie de crimiue lor
simply criniine) purgo. ^""""e (or
Clemency, clementl-a, -ae, F.
clerk, Bcrib-a, -ae, M.
client, my, hie (p. i:8, 2).
f.in«°t^'-r1-'' -^f' ^' ^^^ military
Cloak, paliidanient-um, -i, N.
»nnf°^®i ^' f^''i"'lo> claudOie, clausi, clau-
, »!* ^1°^^ "P' "'ter-cludo, -cludere,
clusi, -chisum. '
Close to, prope ad (ace).
Close at hand, prope, iuxta.
Clothe, vesti-o, -Ire, -Ivl(li), -itum.
Clothing, vestlt-uB, -us, M. ; vest-is,
"18, i' . '
cloud, nub-f's, -is, F.
n,fr?H,n*' "If' '"^' ^'- ' »®a- coast, ora
maritinia ; lit-us, -oris, N.
coast along, v., praeter-vehor, -vehi
■vectus sum (with ace).
cohort, cohor-8, -tis, F.
coUeague, collejra, -ae, M.
collect, compar-o, -are, -uvi, -atum.
colony,' c(5lonI-a, -ae, F.
column, colunm-a, -ae, F.
come, yOuio, vonire, vOni, \ entum •
C. away, discOdo, -cOdOre, cessi, cessum.'
. command, n., impCrl-um. -i. n •
impcrat-um, -i, N. . , xi. ,
command, I, impdr-o, -are, -avi
Br»:5a^:;!'»^*'^^'^'»'-dor);prae:
commence, in-cipto, -cipCre, -cepi,
■ceptuui ; coep-i, -isse. ^ '
commencement, initi-um, -i, m.
commit, I (a crime), facinus admitto
(-mittere, -misi, -inissum).
common, commfm-is, -e, adj.
, j^commonwealth, respublica, reipub-
communlcate, I ( = impart to), com-
munico, -are, -avi, -atum (cum).
companion, 86CI-US, -i, m. ; sodal-is,
-IS, M. ; cfim-es, -Itis, JI.
al)??°^^^"^ With, in, cum (prep, with
compare, con-fCro, -ferre, -tali, col-
latum. '
compassion, mlsCricordl-a, -ae, F.
compel, cOgo, cOsfure, coe^i, coactum
^^complain. quOror, quOri, questus
complaint, p. 219, (g).
VOCABULARY.
189
comrade, commilit-o, .Onis, m.
conceal, cel-o, -are, -av,, atuni(92, 3)
concerning-, .le (prep, with al.l )
(fo'J^K^nT'^' eondenin-o, -are, avi, ..atuin
toniitLor, -fiten, -fussus sum.
_confldence, fiduoia, -ae. r. ; f„it..,
riuert', -fisu.s sum ; fldem alicui hal.co
hoc°rac??nV^f *^' ' ^- yo" on this,
conqueror, victor, oris, M.
^^conaistof, consist-o, -rre, -stlti (i„ +
consolation to me, it is a trreaf
magno solatio niihi est (p. m,^. »reat,
conspiracy, coniuratl-o, -Onis F
conspire, coniur-o. -are, -avl, 'atu.n
consul, cons-ul, -fili.s, M.
consulship, consulat-us, -us • in the
C. Of Caesar, Caesiire oonsQle
temf""^"*' «°"tine„.s, -ti, (supply
contrary to, contra, prep, with aco.
1,^,'??^®'^^^^'°»' serm-o, -onis M • T
convoke, oonvdco, -.%re, -avi, -atum.
Cormth, Cdrinth-ns, i, P.
corn, frument-um, -i, N,
costs, it, Stat (p. ISO, 1).
cottage, casa, -ae, F.
council, concili-uni, -i, F.
could : see can (p. 163, 5, note).
count, I ( = 1 number), nfimero, -are.
•;m, atum; (.-.I hold), habeo, -Ore, -Qi
Itum ; duco, duccre, duxi, ductum.
country, one's, patn-a, -ae, F.
country, the (= the state), respub-
Ilea, reipubhcae, F. ; cu it-as, -atis, F.
country (as distinct from the town)
vTreZTv t^^Vi?""™ ^^^ country,
i^ th«^^ *°.*^® country, rus (ace )
in the country, n.ri (locative ; p. sd).
countryman, cJv-is, -is, M.
.courage, Mrt-us, -ntis, F. ; fortuod-o,
course, I take this, haec facie,
court, aula, -ae, F. ; iudlci-um, -I, N.
cover, tOgo, tOKOre, texi, tectum,
coward, cowardly, ignaxus -a
-un, ; tuuld-us, -a, -urn (adj.).*' ' **
cowardice, ignavl-a, -ae, F.
S""'^ ^°''' ^' '^^«^''"•-o. -are, -avi,
I.o?e'I1'*^^^®' ^* ^^ scarcely, vix credi
credit, fSma, -ae, F.
-Ms!^^' '^"'"•"«' -^"^' N-; scei-us,
criminal, sceierat-us, -a, -um (adj.).
■<5H?N.®' *''''■'">■«"• ■•"'«- N. ; temp-US,
-n°m (fccj- *''"^'''' ■'"'' ■''■' «^- •").
crowd, multrtfd-o -;nis, F. ; turb-a,
-toumVsei.°"'""'"*""''°' ■'""'^"'■^' -'"«^^;
regnuT^i';^:''"-"'-^^'F-=< = '^'''''»dom),
(a.ijT"^^" '■"'"""■''• -^ ; «*«^'-»s. -a. -iJro,
crr.'Jly, crudsllter; 8ae^e, adv.
uZ-^r^^' '^•'^^"'■^> •'^"8. F- ; saevl.
ar*; ^^\^' ' ';'*^"'-°'"' ■'""•«, SI. ; v., clam-O,
-are, avi, -a ini.
c.;h '•^u.te, cOlo, cdiere, poim, cuitum.
•at*?" f"^®' """"""' '"^- ^ '• hunianlt-ae,
Cures, Cur-es, -lum, F.
Curiiis, Curi-ns, .=, m.
cut, seco, secare, sCcftl, «ectum.
490
VOCAUULAUY,
i' : ii
r
dagger, ptlK'-o, -Onis, M.; sic-a, -ae, K.
daily, (|iiotidie ; with coiiii)aratives or
words ilenotiny increase or diinimition, in
(lies.
danger, pOricni-mn, -i, M.
dangerous, poricQlOs-us, -a, -uin
(adj.).
dare, audOo, audere, ausus sum.
daring, aiulax, audaui» (adj.).
dark (metaphorically ai)plle(l to
crime), atrox, atrueis (adj.).
dark (literally), ater, atra, atrum ;
ohsciir us, -a, -uni.
dart, tolum, -i, N. ; iacfil-um, -I, N.
daughter, fili-a, -ae, F. (p. 6, 2).
day (ojiposed to night), dies, diCT, M.
or F. ; (opposed to darkness), lux, lucis,
F. ; daybreak, i>rinia lux ; day after
day, diem ex die ; the day before,
pridle ; for the day, in diem.
deadly, morti-fer, -fera, -fCruni (adj.).
dear, car-us, -a, -um (adj.).
death, mors, njortis, F.
debt, aes ailonuni ; gen., asris alieni.
deceive, I, de-clplo, -cipere, -cOpi,
-ceptum.
decide on, I (resolve), constltfio,
-stltuCre, -stltrii, -.stitutnni (inf.) ; statuo,
statflere, statnt, statatum ; (pass judg-
ment on), ifidlc-o, -are, -avi, -atum ;
de-cerno, -cernere, -crCvl, -crOtuin (de).
decision, ii"id!ci-um, -i, N.
declare, dlco, dicere, dixi, dictum.
declare (war) I, indico, -dicere,
-dixi, -dictum.
decree, I, v., de-cerno, -cernCre.-crOvi,
■crOtum ; decrCtuni, -I, N.
deeu, -tricln-us, -oris, N. ; fact-um, I, N.
deep, alt-US, -a, -um (adj.).
defeat, n., clad-es, -is, F.
defeat, v., vinco, vincere, vici, vie-
tum ; sfiper-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
defend, defendo, defenddre, defendi,
defensum.
defile, n., angustl-ae, -arum, F. ipl.) •
salt-us, -us, M.
delay, v., ni«r-ot-, -an, -ntus sum
(tr. and mtr.) ; cunet-or, -liri, -fitus sum ;
mOra, -ae, F.
deliberate, delibCr-o, -are, -avi,
deliberation, there is need of,
opu« est consuUo (p. ice, 2).
delight, I, delect-o, -are, -avi, -atum
(trans. ) ; gaudOo, gaudCre, gavlsus sum
(intr.).
delightful, anioeiuis, -a, -um (oJ
scenery) ; pulch-er, -ra, -rum.
deliver (hand down), trado, tradore,
tradldi, tradftum ; reddo, -dure, -didi,
-dltum ; (free), lihCr-o, -are, -avi, -atum ;
deliver a speech, orationem habere ;
after the speech was d., abl. aU.
(220).
Delphi, Delph-i, -Orum, M, pi.
demand, iwstnl-o, -are, -avr, -atum ;
ti.igito, -are, -avi, -alum ; posco, poscere,
l)r>poscI, no sup. (p. U2, 3).
Demosthenes, Demosthenes, -is, M.
dense, dens-us, -a, -um (adj.).
deny, I, nOg-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
depart, I (=go away), ab-eo, -ire,
■ivf (-11), -itum ; dis-cCdo, -cedCre, -cessi,
-ccssuni.
descend, de-scendo,-scendere,-scendi,
-scensum.
desert, desfiro, -sCrere, -sCrili, -sertum.
deserter, transfilg-a, -ae, M. ; per-
fi'ig-a, -ae, M.
deserve, I, mCrOor, mPrOrl, merltus
sum ; mereo, nigrere, mOrfii, murltum.
deserving of, dignus, -a -um (with
abl.).
design, n., consIII-um, -I, N.
designedly, consulto, adv .
desire, I, cfiplo, cOpCre, onpivi (in,
cOpitum.
desirous, be d. of, ccip-io, -ere,
-lvl(-n), -ItumC+inf.).
despair of, I, despOr-o, -are, -avi,
-atum (ace).
despatch, litter-ae, -arum (pi. r.);
v., laicto.
despise,con-temno,-tenmere ; -tempsi,
-temptum ; de-spicio, -spicfire, -spexi,
-spectum.
despoil, spOlI-o, -are, etc.
despot, domiii-us, -1, M.
despotism, dominat-us, -fis, M.
destined, fatal-is, -e (adj.).
destiny, fat-um, -i, N.
destitution, Ogest-as, -.atis, F.
destroy, dOl-eo, -ere, -evl, -etum ;
vast-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
destruction, exiti-um, -i, N. ; per-
nlcl-es, -GI, F.
detain, rc-tinCo, -unere, -tinul, -ten-
turn.
deter, deterr-Co, -ere, -fli, -Itum.
VOCABULARY.
■o, -are, -fivl, -atun>
udorc, gavisus sum
;mia, -a, -um (of
a, -rum.
vn), trado, tradCTe,
eddo, .(lore, -didi,
, -are, -avi, -atuiii ;
orfitioneni habere ;
was d., abl. abM.
iruin, M. 111.
, -are, -avI, -atum ;
111 ; posuo, poscere,
eniosthunea, -is, M.
■iim(adj.).
•e, -avi, -,1tum.
iway), ab-fo, -Ire,
do, -cedore, -cesiii,
3,-scendCTe,-sc(;ndi,
Lire, -sCrftl, -sertuin.
?-a, -ae, JI. ; per-
ir, niCrOrl, tnerltus
iiOrCii, niOrituin.
rnus, -a -um (with
am, -I, N.
Ito, adv.
nlpOre, caplvl (II),
of, cfip-io, -Ore,
!spOr-o, -are, -avT,
e, -arum (pi. F.);
-tenmere ; -tempsi,
-spioere, -spexi,
e, etc.
, M.
it-US, -U8, M.
e(adj.>.
N.
as, -atis, F.
3re, -Cvi, -etuin ;
um, -i, N. ; per-
iiOre, -tinul, -tun-
;, -fli, -Itum.
491
f n?®a*f?f'^*"?' '".""•«"'«io. -siltfiere, -atl-
tul, -stitutum (-fiiif.).
devastate, vast-o, -are, -avi, -atum
(wftffi.?. '^^^'''' ^°' '' °'-™" "^
devour, dcvOr-o, -nro, -avi, -atum.
dictator, dictator, -oris, M.
did : see do.
did the boy wound ? Use utrf . of
wound.
die, morlor, mOrl, mortfius sum.
«,.?^??^' ^liS'^"'"*'' '"'^'-■'•'■e, <listfdi, no
sup. ; to differ from each other,
inter ae differrc.
difference to us, it makes no
nihil nostra interest (p. 100, 3).
differently from, aliter ac.
diflflcult, ditflcilis, -e(adj.).
diflQculty, difflcult-as, -atis, F.
diligence, dillgentl-a, -ae, F.
diligent, diligen-s, -ti3(adj.).
diligently, dlligenter.
din, strOpIt-us, -us, M.
dinner, con-a, -ae, F.
direct, iabeo, inbere, iussi, iussum
(ace); nnpLT-o, -are, -avi, -atum (dat.).
directions, in both, utrimnue; in
different d., diverse; in all d
undlque. ■
disagree, I, dis-sentio, -sentire, -sensi
-sensum. '
disagreement, dissensl-o, -Onis, F.
disaster, cas-us, -us, M.; caiamlt-as,
discharge the duties of, I
lungor, fungi, functus sum (p. lie).
discipline, disciplln-a, -ee, F.
discourse, serm-o, -onis, M.
discover : sff ascertain,
disease, nmrb-us, -I, M.
disembarlE, I(act.),e.x-pono, -poncre
-posui, -posituni ; neut., egredlor, esredi'
egressus sum ' '
dissatisfied, I am d. with my-
self, mui nie poenitet (p. lO.i, ij ^
dissemble,
-atum.
dissininl-o, -are, -avi,
tudS^f^is.'^"'"'"'-*'-*"' ^-^ *"••?'-
disgraceful, turp-is, -e(adj,).
dismay, pav-or, -oris, M.
dismiss, dI-mir,to, -mittOre, -misl
-missum. ' •
dlsDleaa^j, dis.niineo -{^U'-e-p -i.
-piicltum. ■ •■■■■ • >-i'"^""'.
dissension, dissensi-o, -Onis, F.
distance, siiatl-um, -i, n
-es^5rfat)'^°°^'^*"^^"t«-'^'-'".
be^d.SnT'"'"'"-"'' ■"• -"'" ^'"'i-y'
distinguished, clar-us, -a, -i.n. (adj )
(wftlfSf.1' ""-"^°' ■"'^^■-. ■"— um
disturb, turb-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
ditch, foss-a, -ae, F.
Divico, Divic-o, -Onis, M.
divide, di-vldo, -vidcre, -visl, -visum.
divine, dlvm-us, -a, -um (adj.).
Divitiacus, Divitiac-us, -i, m.
do, facio, facCre, fOcI, factum (p. 216, 1)
dog, canis, -U, M. or F.
doom, fatum, -i, N.
door, ianti-a, -ae, F.
doubt, v., dftblto, -are, -avi -atum •
there is no doubt that 'non est
dubium quin (p. 188, 6). ' '
doubtful, ddbl-us, -a, -um (adj.)
drag, I, traho, trahere, traxi, tractum.
draw, I, traho. See above.
draw up a law, I, legem sonhn
(scnbere, scripsi, scriptum). ^ °'
draw up an armv, I acipm in
after Wp^I;, ""^ "^ instSn ":
a^Sst^r^ufta^ri W ^^^ "P"
dread, I, reform fd-o, -are, -avi, -atum
dreadful, atrox, atrocis (adj.).
dress, vest-is, -is, F.; vestlt-us, .Qs, m
drink, hib-o, -Cre, bibi.
(P.'^oo"?"^' ^°°^ ^°^' """^ b»'^""°
iso. agere, egi. actum. '
due, use pass, of dob-eo, -Ore. -ai, -itum
ae^";^!l"":'H^^^'•<^-?': '^" through),
act., p. 8., 4 ; d. the reign, p. loo, f>.
dust, puiv-is, -Oris, M.
jr, v5tie!-Uii:, -i, r^.; gee p. 124
dwell, hablt-o, -are, -m, -atum
^dwelling, aedlflcl-um, -I, N.;tect.um,
I
492
VOCABULARY.
B.
•'in, .M.
in early-
each (one), quis(|ue (never first in
sentence), (inaeque, (|iio(l(jue (adj.i and
ciui(l(|uo(«ul)st.); unu8(|uis(|uo; (oftWO)
utoniue, utraiiue, utninuiue (p. lyji; inter
Be (p. 223). "
each other, alius alius ; alter
alter (p. 20,) ; intur se (p. 223).
eager for, avidus, -a, -um (with gen.).
eagle, a(iull-a, -ao, F.
eagle-bearer, a(itiilif-er,
early, matur-us, -a, -uni ;
spring, vuro novo.
earth, the terr-a, -ae, F.
easily, faoil-o.
east wind, Eu.-us, -i, M.
easy, Mollis, -c (p. &7, 2).
eat (p. 100).
educate, ednc-o, -are, avi, -atnni.
. effort, cOnat-us, -us, AI. ; conat-uni,
■I, N. '
Egypt, Aegypt-as, -i, F.
eight, octo.
eighteen, duodeviginti.
either . . . . or, aut . . . ant ' ; vel , .
elect, crO-o, -are, -avl, -atuni
elected, fio, fieri, factus sum.
elephant, elophant-us, -i, M.
eloquence, elOquentl-a, -ae, F.
eloquent, eld.quen3(-quentior, -(lutn-
tissunus).
else, or, aut.
embark (trans.), in naveni iinponere-
(intr. ) naxeiu conscendere. '
emergency, temp us, -6ris, N.
empire, imperi-um, -i, N.
employ, utor, uti, usus sum (p. 283, 10).
empty, Inan-is, -e ; vaca-us, -a, -um
(adj.).
encamp, castra pOno (ponfire, pOsQi
pOsltum) ; castra l6oo (are, avI, atum). '
enact (a law), promulg-o, -are, -avi
-atum; porfero.
encourage, adiiort-or, -ari, -atus
sum.
end, fin-is, -is, M.: at the e. of
summer, e.\trenia aestate ; v., con-floio
.vel. 2
; be
".>ne alternative exciuding the other-
as, Aut scrlbit aut legit, he is either
writing or reading.
-'"'Yng- 3 choice ; ;ts. Par erat vel mOrl-
bus vel fort una, he Was equal either
m character or in fortune.
-ncCre, -feci, -fectum (tr.); fin-lo, -Ire.
-Ivl, -Itum (ir. and intr.).
endeavor, I, cOn-or, -ari, -atus sum ;
nltor, niti, nisus or nixus sum (p. 21(1, ;i).
endowed with, praedit-us, -a, -um
(withabl.).
endure, t<-)lOr-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
enemy (private), Inlnnc-us, -i, M. ;
(public), host-is, -is, M.
engage in battle, prnelium eom-
imtto, -miitOn!, -mlsi, -missum.
engine (of war), tormentum, -I, N.
enjoy, fn'ior, frai, fructus sum (with
abl., p. 110) ; (- to have), habeo.
enmity, Inimiclti-a, -ae, F.
enough, satis, adv.
enquire : see inquire.
enquiry, gcnmd of enquire.
enroll (soldiers), con-scrlbo, -scribCre,
•scripsi, -scriplinn.
enter, inCo, -ire, -HI, -Ituni (ace,
p. 277, 1).
enterprise, res, rei, F.
entirely, tot-us, -a, -um (p. 20, l).
entrust, per-mitto, -mittCre, -misi,
-missum.
ennni6r-o, -are, -avi,
enimierate,
•atum.
envoy, icgat-us, -i, M.
envy, n., invldl-a, -ae, F. ; in-vid6o,
! videre, -vidl, -visum (dat., p. 278, foot
note).
Ephesus, EphCs-us, -I, F.
equal, aequ-us, -a, -um ; par, pSris
( = equal to); I make e., aequ-0, are,
-avi, -atum.
equally, parlter, aeque.
err, I, err-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
error, error, -oris, M.
escape, ef-fQgio, -ffigere, -fugi, fiigi-
tum.
establish, confirin-o, -are, avi, -atum;
statQo, statnere, sta*ui, statutum.
estimate, aestlm-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
estimation, aestlmatl-o, -Onis, F.
eternal, sempitern-us, -a, -um (adj.).
even, etiam ; qu6que (used after an
emphatic word) ; before an adj., vel; not
...even, ncquidem (with the empha-
sized word put between"! ; ne unus quideni,
not even one.
evening, vusp-cr, -erig, il.; in the
e., vespurl (or -e).
ever, untjuam,
VocAniiLAnv.
(tr.); rin-lo, -ire,
ar, -ari, -atus sum ;
iissuiii(i). -l<>. 3).
)raedlt-us, -a, -uni
e, -rivl, -atuiii.
Inliuic-us, -I, M. ;
B, prneliiiiii coni-
llliHSIIIU.
luentimi, -I, N.
rriictus Hum (with
;), hal)eo.
•ae, F.
ire.
enquire.
i-scrlbi>, -scribCre,
-ivl, -Itum (ace,
, F.
•urn (p. 2«, 1).
-niittOre, -inial,
6r-o, -are, -avl,
I.
ae, F.; iii-vid6o,
lat., p. 278, foot
-I, F.
•uin ; par, pSris
e., aequ-o, -are,
lie.
, -atuiii.
■6re, -ffig!, -fllgl-
-are, -avl, -atum;
batutuni.
are, -avi, -atum.
I-o, -Onis, F.
I, -a, -urn (adj.).
(used after an
natlj.,vel; not
ith the empha-
leunusquidera,
3, ii.; in the
493
©Very (-all), omn-is. -o; qiiignnp
quaeque, (|ui(l(|ue or iiiioihiiiu (p. V.i-2) '
every day. See daily,
evident, mamfest-us, -a, -ni,, (:„ij.)'
It Is e., apparet, -ere, -nit.
exact (punishment), sumo, mwOro
sumpsi, sumptuni. '
excellent, optlm-us, -a, -nni ; excel-
len-8, ■ti8(adj.). ', exm
except, praeter (ace).
except (to), nisi (ut).
excessive, nlml-us, -a, -um (adj.)
exchange for, I, mnto, -are, -iivi
atuniip. luo, 1, note). ' '
excite, exclto, -are, -avl, -ntum.
-fOcI,
execute, con-ficlo, -frcore,
-fectuin. '
exercise, v., exerc-So, -cre, -ni, -itum.
exhort, hort-or, -an, -atus sum.
/„f®„^^'®'. ?.'?""'• ■*''''^' *^' ; exlll-um. -i, \.
(of a condition).
exist, I, sum, esse, fQr.
expect, ex-spect-o, -are, -avl, -atuni •
sper-o, -are, -avl, -atum.
expedient, utii-is, -e (adi > • it i^
expedient (p. 103, 6). ^'' ^
expediency, utilft-aa, -atis, F.
expel, pello, -Ore, pepnii, pulsum.
Cnti^a^^aTr^' """^' ■'"*■ ''■' ^^P"'"
-pOsftmif "' ^""P"""' •P""*^''-^. -Pusfii,
extent, p. 69, 9.
riif^^^Fu'^"' ?;ei'etund-ae, -arum, F. i)!.
lit. of things that should be got back
(repeto); supply n iiiinj. '
extreme, extrem-us, -a, -urn (adj.).
exult, exult-o, -.ire, -avl, -atimi.
«,17®;^!:'^'""'' •'• *'• : ^ saw it with
my own eyes, ipse id vidi.
P.
..,t?^®' y*\pris, N. ; facl-es, ci, F. •
V>llt-US, -UB, M. . , r. ,
fact, res, rei,F. (p. 181, 2).
faction, factl-o, -or.is, F.
fail, de-ficio. -ffcere, -fOcT. -fectiim
(used with or without ace); de-s n
-esse, -ffii (with dat.). '«sum,
»^'^f^,'/P"'''^"^''' r""*' ■'^"•; amoen-us,
'"■r ' {'''•' ^"enei-j";,
faith, fid-es, -Ci, P. • I nut fnith i"«
you, tibi fi<lem habeo. ^ "^ ^"
faithful, f Idel-is, -e (adj.).
faithfulness, fid-cs, -ei, F.
4„^fl;y;li"'°' '"^'•'^■'''^' «■ocidi, ciisiim ; fall
fRlMn^L^' ••'"■",',"• •"•''• -'^' <"■• "»' ■"•""
.,M,i .,w P'*I"i','';i"- ■!;',''' '■^■- •*•"'( (with in
"i"l iiir.) ; fall headlong, j-raeclpit-o
;;"e, -avi -atinn ; fall info ruin cor!
nio, corruure, cornii.
false (of per.Moii^i), mend-ax, -acis •
!un. '*''"' "'• '""' ■"'" = «'-'*•"''' -''•
falsehood, mendacl-uni, -I, N. • to
.,fi f,f falsehood, ment.or, mentlri,
meiirltus Slim.
falsely, speak, ment-ior, -in, -itun
fame, fam-a, -ae, V. ; gjorf-a, F.
family, n., famili-a, -ae, F.
family, dfimestl-cus, -ca, -cum (a.lj.).
famine, fam-es, -is, f.
famous, praedar-us, -a, -uni (iulj,).
far (= distant), longinqu-us, -a, -um
WIJ.).
far, by, multo.
far off, adv., prOcul, longe.
far and wide, lato.
farmer, agricOl-a, -ae, M.
farmhouse, villa, -ae, f.
farther, ulterior, -is (from ultra).
fate, fortiina, -ae, F. ; sor-s, -tis, V.
fatal, perniclos-us, -a, -uin (adj.).
father, jiater, patris, M.
father-in-law, socer, sOicerf, M.
fault, ciilp-a, -ae, F. ; vlti-uni, -I, N.
-av^^mlin. ^""^ ^- "^^*^' °"'P-°- -="•«.
-atmn.^'' ^ ^°^^^^ ^' Pet'c-o, -are, -avl,
^ favor (== kindness), lioncfici-um, s,
(with dat., p. 278, foot note).
^^fear, n., met-us, -f,s, M. ; tim-or, .-,ri,s,
fear, I, v., metno, mettiere, metni no
supine ; tim.o, timCie, timr.i „o slip •
vereor vercrf, veritus sum. " '
feast, ccn-a, -ae. F. ; fprd-um, -I, N. ;
pl., epiilae, -arum, F. (p. 242).
feather, pinn-a, -ae, F.
features, vuit-us, -ws, m.
feei, Btiifio, sentire, sen3l, :;ensi i
feeling, rinim-us, -t, m.
fellow citizen, civ is, -is, m
fertile, fortn-is, -e (adj.).
i04
VOCAHULARY.
*t ;
fertility, cOpia, -ae, F.
fetters, caten-ae, -arum, F. (p).).
few, paiK-i, -ae, -a ; very few, ver-
pauc-l, -ae, -a (adj.).
fidelity, ftd-es, -oi, F.
field, ajfcr, a{rrl, M.
field of battle, &r]ea, ttoiei, k.
field, in the (opposed to "at home"),
nillltiae (p. 86).
fierce (spirited), f6r-ox, .6cig; atrox,
atrocis; saev-us, -a, -urn (adj.).
fiercely, ferooiter ; atrOciter ; saeve.
fifteen, «luindOcim.
fifth, quin-tus, -a, -uin(adj.).
fifty, quinquagirita.
fight, piiRti-a, -ae, F.; proeli-uni, -i,
N.; v., pugn-o, -are, -avi, -afum ; dimlc-o,
-are, -avi, -atiini.
fill, com-pleo, -plCre, -plovl, -plGtuni ;
replC'o, -plore, -pIOvI, -pletuni.
find (after a search), rCpCrlo, rCperrr"
rupOrl, repertum; (come on euddevni!
in-vGnlo, -vCnIre, -vCnl, -ventum.
find fault with, culp-o, -a»-; r.
vltilper-o, -are, -avi, -atum. '
find out, reperio. Sen find.
fine, pulch-er, -ra, -rum (adj.).
finish, con-ffcTo, -fIcGre, -feci, -feotum :
nn-Io, -ire, -Ivt, -Itum.
fir, ables, al)iOti8, F.
fire, ign-iB, -is, M.
fire and sword, with, ferro et igni.
firm, flrm-us, -a, -urn ; (of character),
fort-is, -e (adj.).
first, prlm-us, -a, -um ; I was the
first to do it, hoc primus feci.
fit for, apt-US, -a, um (adj.), (with
dat., p. eo, 2).
five, quinque.
flagr, sign-uni, -I, N.
flank, lat-us, -Sris, N.
flash, fulg-ilr, -firis, N.
flee, voi-o, -are, -avi, -atum; fngio,
fQgere, fflgy, fdgltum.
flee to, advOl-o, -are, -avi, -atuni (ace).
fleet, class-is, -is, P.
flesh, caro, carnis, F.
flight, fflg-a, -ae, F.
fling at, prolclo, -Icfire, -Kci, -iectum;
r. away, ab-lcio, -IcOre, -iecl, -iectum.
flock, gru.\, grcgis, M.
flourishing In wealth, opftient-us.
-a, -um (adj.).
I flow, flfio, flMre, fluxl, flii.vuiii ; flow
down, de-floo, -flnore, -rtnxi, iiuxum.
flower, HoH, floris, M.
fly, yOl-o, -are, -avi, -atiim ; filglo.
fflgure, fugi, fQgltum. " '
foe (pulilic). host-is, -is, M. or F •
(private), Inlmicus, -i, M.
follow, sOnuor, SL'qui, stcfituB Hum ;
it follows that, sequitur ui.
follower, use pres. part, of sequor.
tvff"?^"^'^^^!,'''*'^ postCrus; on
5?stridS^°'^'"^ ^^y- ""'' P"«'"°:
folly, stultltl-a, -ae, F.
fond, avidus, I, -um (adj.;.
food, viot-U8, -iiH ; cib-us, -i, M.
foolish, stult-us, -a, -um (adj.).
/ • 'rn°?^ Of hill, tree, etc., use Imus
(p. 59, 1, note).
foot-soldier, pedes, pCdltis, M.
for, prep., pro. (with ahl. ; p. 224); (on
account of), prae (abl.) ; of time, p. 6ij, 9.
i forgold, al)I. (p. l.r,o, 1),
for, conj. nam ; enim (after first em-
phatic word).
r,/?r« ^f^?, *^™® past, iamdudum
[p. 216, 2, (6.)].
forage, pabQl-or, -art, -atua sum.
forbid, veto, vC'tare, vctai, vetltum.
r^SSJP^' "'■'^' ^- (P- 45); (army),=
lorces ; v., cogo, cogOre, c6egi, cOactum.
forces, c;uplae, -arum, F. pi.
forefathers, maiOr-es, -um, pi. M,
foreign, extem-us, -a, -um (adj.).
foreigner, peregrln-us, -I, M.
foremost, primus, -a, -um (adj.).
^foresee, pro-splcio, -splcTe, -spexi,
forest, silv-a, -ae, F.
foretell, prae-dloo, -dicGre. -dixi
-dictum. '
sum y^^Hfi °7^'^^'^°°''' oWivisci, oblitus
form a plan, consilium ineo f-ire,
-ivi (or -II), -Itumj. ' •
form a league, foedus ferire.
form a line of battle, aciem in-
struo (-striiere, -struxi, -structum).
former, pri-or, pri-us; of former
days, pri8tln-u8, -a, -um.
formerly, olim.
fort, caStell-um, -i, N.
fortify, mun-Io, -ire, -Ivl, -itum.
VOCAni'LARY.
ixl, fluxmii ; flow
, -Hi'ixi, -tliixum.
M.
VI, -fttimi ; fng-io,
«, -is, AI. or F. :
»1.
lul, sfcutu» Hum ;
iltur ui.
part, of sequor.
OS postCrus; on
7, (lie postero ;
F.
I (adj./.
b-U8, -i, M.
•um (adj.).
: on f., use alil.
e, etc., use Iinus
pCdItis, M.
al)l. ; p. 224); (on
of time, p. 6'J, 9.
.1).
1 (after first em-
ast, iaindudum
, -atus sum.
vtUW, vetltum.
45) ; (army), =
, c6eg:i, cfiactum.
, F. pi.
8, -um, pi. M.
, -urn (adj.).
IS, -I, M.
t, -um (adj.).
-splcdre, -spexl,
-dTcure, -dixi,
blivisci, oblltus
ium in-eo [-Ire,
IS ferire.
;tle, aciein in-
tructum).
; of former
495
N
VI, Ituin.
fortress, arx, arcLs, F. ; castell-um, -T,
fortunate, fclix, folicis; fortunatus,
■a, -um (adj.). '
fortune, fortnna, -ac. F.
foul, foed-us, -a, -um, udj.
foully, nff;irre.
found, con-do, -di^re, -illdl, -dltnni.
four, quattuor.
fourteen, quattuordCoim.
fourth, quart-US, -a, -mn, adj.
free, a<lj. Iil).(.r, -Ora, -Onin. ; cxpcrs
OMK^rtiH(w.thal,l.;p.(i4,4); v.. lil,'ero
ire, avl, -atum.
freedom, llbert-as, -atis, F.
freedwoman, libert a, -ao, f.
fresh, n'feus, rOeentis, adj.
friend, i.ic-us, i, M.
friendly, amic-us, -a, -um (adj.).
friendship, Smioltl-a, -ae, F.
frequer.t, crober, crebra, crebrum
««Ij.).
frog, rana, ranae, F.
J, from, a or ab (with abl.) ; de (abl.); p.
fr^Kfr'uV"""^''-^"*^^*^»»
frost, frlg-us, .(5rls, \.
fruit, fruct-us, -us, M. ; frujr-es, -um,
fugitive, fiiRitr- m, -i, m.
full, plOn-us, -a, liin (with gen. or abl.).
funeral, fun-us, -oris, N.
further, adj., ulterior, -oris (adj.).
fury, Ir-a, -ao, F.
future, the fiUfir-a, -orum (N. pi.).
. future, in, <>r for the, in futfirum ■
in postOrum.
O.
.grain, Sm<51flment-imi, i, N.; hicr-um
-1, N. '
gain, possession of, pOtfor, pfitirl.
IJOtitus sum (with al)l.).
games, Ifid i, -orum, M.
garden, hort-us, -i, Ji.
Garonne, Oarunm-a, -ae, M.
garrison, praesldl-um, -i, N
gate, porta, -ae, P.
gather together (tr.aiis.). oomprir-o
-.ire,-Hvi,-atum;(intr.),oon-vCiilo, -vonirt'
-voni, -ventum. '
Gaul, the country now called Prancr,
Galll-a, -ae, F.
<ia*H^w,^'.i M "" '"'"*'''''"'* "' Oallia,
gaze at or on, Hpecto.
-.Itum.
•are, -uM,
impi'rat-or,
greneral, dux, dnds, m
iins, M.
Geneva, Of nov-a, -ac, F.
gentle, mit-is, -e; lonis, -e (adj.).
gently, lonitcr.
German, German-us, -a, -um (adj.).
get, ac-(iurro, -qulrere, -(lulsivi, .,,uiHl.
tum ; asai (|iior, -sOciul, -secutus sum.
gift, dtJnum, -I, N.
girl, priell-a, -ae, F.
,l,»!^f.' , "''■'"■"• ■■"•e. •■'vi, -ritum;do,
fn, ' '.'■''''''•'""" ■ « notice, say "iri-
• Ifif -didi -diium; ( .hand .lown), tra-
do, (bio, -dkii, -ditum.
glad, laet-UH, -a, -um; liben-s, Ilbentis
(a.ij.);Iamg.todoit,hoclibenterfacio
gladly, laete, lilieriter.
globe, orl)is terrarum.
glorious, praeclrir-ua, -a, -um (adj.).
firlory, f;lorI-a, -ae, F.
to)!?;.n4,'r"'''<-"^'-""'" = (*'^'^^°"'
go away, ab-fio, -ire, -hi (-ii), -itum.
go out, excOdo, -cederp, -cessi -ceH.
sum ; ex-Oo, -ire, -ivi (or -II), -itum.
God, DOus, OOi (p. 13, 2).
goddess, do-a, -ae, F. (p. 6, 2).
gold, am- um, -i ; for g., p. 150, i.
golden (f,'old), aureus, -a, -um, adj.
good, bomi'i -a, -um (p. 20): comn
""'•or; sup.,optinms. "^.comp.,
faOOds, merx, mercis, F.
govern, rOgo, rCgCre, rexl, rectum ;
uubern-o, -are, -avi, -.aturn.
governor, i)raefect-us, -i, m.
gradually, paulatlm.
grandfather, r. is, avt, M.
Granicus, Gramc us, -i, m.
grateful, «-rat-us, -a, -um (adj.).
grain, frument um, -i, N.
gratitude, ffrati-a, le, F. ; I show
gratitude, frratian, reforo (ref.rre
• etnlj, relatmn); I feel g., gratian
bah-fO(-ere, -ri[. -Itum).
great, masn us, a, -um; of great
size, mgens, ingentia (adj.); so g..
tantus. J 7 > =»« g.,
greatly, ma},'noi)ere (adv.); comp..
mayis; sup., maxime.
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496
VOCABULARY.
I
Greece, Graecl-a, -ae, F.
firreedy, avldus, -a, -um ; ftvar-us, a,
•uin (adj.). '
Greek, Graecus, -.1, -um, adj.
greenness, vlrldit-aa, -atis, F.
grief, d(5l-or, -oris, M.
groan, gCmo, -ore, -ili, -ituni.
ground, hfun-us, i, F. ; on the
erround, hmm. ' "
grow, crese-o, -Cre, crSvi, crCtuni •
viroo, virure, noperf., no sup.
guard, cust6<i-io, -Ire, -Ivt, -ituni ; u.,
see next word. '
guardian, cust-08, odis, :.I.
guide, dux, dncis, M. ; v., cuberno
■are, -avi, -atuni.
guile, yccl-ua, -Cris, N.
. gruilty, noxl-us, -a, -uni ; be ft. of.
in se adnutto (ace).
H.
habit of, I am in the, soiecsoiere,
8011tU8sum(+inf.).
hair, c6ni-a, -ae, F.; cipill-MS, -I, M.
hall, aula, -ae, F.
halt, come to a halt, con-siato,
-aistere, -stltl, -stituni.
Hamilcar, Ilamilcar, aria, M.
hand, manua, -us, F.
hand, I am at, adsum, -esse -ffli.
hand over to, per-mitto, -mittere,
-nilsl, -misauin ; niand-o, -are, -avl, -utuni.
handmaid(en), ancill-a, -ae, F
Hannibal, Hannibal, -.Ills, M.
happens, it, accldit, accldere, accldit,
no sup.; conting:it, continjfere, contlffit,
no sup. ; evOnit, evCnire, evCnit, no sup.
happiness, beate vivere (p. 108, 4).
.„^*??y.' *''^'at"9, -a, -um; lucky,
felix, felicis (adj.). ' ^"^"■J''
harbor, port-us, -ua, M.
hard, adj., dfir-us, -.1, -um (adj.).
hard, press, i)rCino, prOmerc, presaT,
preasuMi.
hard to say, or tell, it is, difficile
est dictu (p. 175).
hardly, vix (adv.).
hardship, lab-or, -oris, M.
harsh, asper, aapfira, aspCrum (adj.).
harvest, messis, -is, P.
«-HSf^^'v,"^^''^"*'*^' ■"'''*• f'- ; there is
neeaoth., (>pu8estproperato(p. I6(i,2).
hasten, pr«p6r-o, -are, .a\I, -fitun. ;
matur-o, -are, -avl, -atum j fest-Ino, -are,
•avl, -atum. '
hate, Odl-uni, -i, N.
hate, I, odi, odisse ; I am hated,
odio sum (p. 1()C, 7, note).
haughty, superbua, -a, -uni, adj.
have, hab-eo, -ere, -ni, -itum.
he, p. 168, 3.
he himself, ipse (p. i2.s, c),
.. ^?^^' ""P"*' '^''''"''»' N- ; In the h.,
p. tfO, J.
head of. I am at the, praesum,
•esse, -fill (with dat.).
headlong, prae-ceps, -clpltia (adj.).
heal, incdoor, niOduri, no perf., no sup.
health, I am in good, valeo, vai
trc, vi\Ifii, vftlltuni.
hear, aud-IO, -ire, -ivi, -itum.
heart, cor, coruis, N. ; (feelings)
aninuia. ^ " '•
heat, aeatua, -us, M.
heaven, ciel-um, -i, N.; p!. M., cael-i,
-oruni ';p. 242).
heavy, griiv-is, -e (adj.).
heir, hcro-s, -dis, M.
help, invo, iavare, iuvl, ifitum ; ad-
lavo, -ifivare, -ulvl, -iutuni ; n., auxUI-um,
-1, N.
Helvetians (Helvetii), Helvctii,
-orum, M.
hem in, con-ttnCo, -tmore, -tlnfli,
-tentuui. '
hence, henceforth, proinde, hinc.
herald, praec-o, -onis, M.
here, hic.
here, I am, ad-sum, -esse, -ffti.
hesitate, dablt-o, -are, -avl, -atum.
hidden, occult-us, -a, -um, adj.
hide, cOlo, -are, -avi, -atum.
high, altus, -a, -um (adj.).
highest, sunun-us, -a, -um ; with in-
tereat, use niasfni (p. 166, 3) ; of price,
p. li)0, 2. • r I
l^iKhly, I value, magni aestimo
hill, coll-is, -is, M.; nmna, mentis, M.
him ; p. 168, 3.
hinder, imped-lo, -ire, -iv>. -itum;
ob-sto, -stare, -stiti. -statum (dat,).
. ^*^,V,?''J^' ^""^ (f- ^<58- 3); often omit-
ted ; l(i!), r>, note 2.
historian, rerum script-or (-oris, M.).
atum ; fest-Ino, -dre,
N'.
sse; I am hated,
lote).
■us, -a, -uni, adj.
!> •til, •Hum.
<P. 12.S, 0).
ti8, N. ; In the h.,
at the, prae-sum,
epa, -cipltis (adj.).
Crl, no perf., no sup.
I good, valCo, val
-ivi, -ituin.
lis, N. ; (feelings),
M.
-i, N.;p!. M.,cael.l,
(adj.).
I.
?, iuvi, ifituin ; ad-
ituni; n., auxlllum,
Ivetii), Helviiti-i,
o, -tinore, -tlnfli,
"th, proinde, hinc.
nis, M.
Ill, -esse, -fill,
•are, -avi, -atum.
•a, •uni, adj.
v\, -atum.
1 (adj.).
, -a, •uiii ; with in-
166, 3) ; of price,
3, niagiii aestiiiio
mono, niontit), M.
, ipsa, ipsuin (p.
•Ire, -lv>, -Ituni ;
atum (oat,)-
68, 3); often omit
!ript-or (-oris, M.).
VOCABULAnv.
497
hither, citer-ior, -ioris (adj.).
hold, habeo, habOre, habfi., habltuin ■
tCneo, tOnere, tenOI, tentuni ; ci'mic,'
capere, cepi, captum ( = contain).
home, doiii-us, -us, v. ; at home,
rtonii ; (to) home, doniimi ; ft-om
home, domo.
Homer, HOmerus, -1, M.
honest, prOli-us, -a -um (adj.).
honor, fTdes, fldel ((food faithl, F. ■
honor, -oris, M. (distinction).
hope, spes, spei, F.
hope, hope for, I, spCr o, -are, -nvi,
•atum.
Horace, HOratt-us, -i, m.
horse, equus, eiiui, M.
horseman, Cciues, cquitis, M.
host (opposed to guest), hospes, hos-
host (a multitude), mnltltud-o, -Inis.F.
hostage, obses, obsidis, M.
hot, be, caiC'o, caiore.
hour, hor-a, -ae, F.
hoUBe, d(5m-u8, -us, F. (p. 62, 6).
how, quani (p. 176, 3).
however, autem, vero ; p. 196, 7,
note. ' '
how many, quot.
how much, quantum ; with com-
paratives, quanto.
how often, quOttea.
human, human-us, a, -um (adj.).
humble, hnmll-is, -e (adj.).
hundred, a, centum.
hunger, fames, famis, F.
hurl, con-lcio, -Icere, -iecl, -iectum
(at = in-facc.).
hurry to, con-tendo, -tendCre, -tendl,
•tentum(ad withacc).
husband, vir, viri, M.
I, ego (p. 104),
if, sT (p. 190) ; if . . . , not, nisi, si ... .
non (p. 190, 3) ; unless, nisi (p. 190, 3).
ignorant of, I am, isnar-o, -are,
-avI, -atum ; ne-scio, -scire, -sclvl, -scituni.
ill, I am, aegrot-o, -are, -avI, -atum.
lllu8trioU3, praeclar-us, -a, -um(adj.).
_ ill-will, maigvolentla, -ae, F.
imitate, Imlt-or, -an, -atus sum.
Immediately (adv.), atatim, oonfes-
tim.
Immediately after the battle,
confi'stim a proelio. «i-i^io,
immortal, iiiimortrd-ii<, -c (.idj).
impart, I, rommunloo, -fire, -avi,
•atuiii.
impiaty, impiotas, -atis, F.
implore, implOr-o, -are, -aM, -atum.
importance, it is of: p. kk;, .!.
important to me, it is, mca inter-
est (p. mi, :{).
important, gi-r. v-is, -e ; r.iagnus (adj. ).
impunity, with, impnne.
Impute this to you as a fault,
I, lioc tii)i vitio verto.
in, prep., in (with abl. or arc; p. 222 ")•
In company with, cum ; in the
power of, Junes (w ith ace.) ; in turn,
invicem; m order that, ut ; in order
that not, ne (j). 183, 2).
inasmuch as, quum(-f8Hbj. ; p. 203,
1) ; qui (p. ]()!), 5). "^ '^
inclination, v6Iunt-as, -atis, F.
inconsistent with, alionus, -a, -um
(ab-fabl.).
increase (trans.), au^rCo, augere, auxl,
auctum ; (intrans.), cresco, crcsciJre, trOvI.
crOtuni.
incredible, incredlbllis, -e (p. 175).
indecisive, anccps, ancipitis (adj.).
inexperienced, impcrit-iis, -a, -um.
infant, infans, infantis, M. or F.
infantry, pcdit-es, -um, M. pi.
influence, auctoritas, -atis, F.
Inform, (.■ertiorem facere (of = de).
inform him about these mat-
ters, I, ego euiii certioreni de his rebus
facio.
inhabitant, incftl-a, ae, M. ; i. of a
town, oppidanus, -i, M.
injure, nCcCo, nOcOre, nOefil, Itum
(with dat.).
. injury, iniurl-a, -ae, F. ; damn-um,
-I, N.
innocence, innOcentla, -ae, F.
innocent, innocen», innocentia (adj.).
inquire, quaero, (luacrtre, (piaesiM
((uaesitum ; rOgo, -are, -avI, -atum.
insist on, flaglt-o, -are, -avI, -atum.
instantly, contlnuo.
institution, instuut-um, -i. N.
instruct, Orud-Io, -Tre, -Ivi, -num.
Insult, conti1melI-a, -ae, F.
intellect, mens, mentis, F.
49T
VOCAnULARY.
If
i» 1:1 I
I
Intend, p. 174, 1.
Intentionally, consulto.
(p. IOC, S) : (high = mapii or ninltmi)).
Inte'pretar, interpres interprOtis, M.
Into, i.j (with ftcc).
Intrust, I, oer-initto, -mittere -iniHi
•mi88u:u; mand-o, -art, -avi. -atum '
infSftun?). '^""'" '"'^^ ('"'--.
inventor, invent-or, -Oris, M.
Invite, I, invit-o, -i-re, -m r, -atani.
irruption, an, inourslo, -Onis, F.
Island, insni-a, -ae, V.
issue, Ovent-us, -us, M.
it. See he.
Italy, Itall-a, -ae, F.
its, eius ; referriiiL' to gtibieot simi
sua, suum (p. ifio, f,).*' '^""Jeot, suus,
itself, ipse, ipsa, ipsuni.
J.
January, lamlarl-us, -a, -urn farll •
menma being understood). ^ ^' '
javelin, toium, -i, n. ; pii-um, -t n
t-vif.jre, -vidl, -visum).
join, iungo, iung-Ore, iunxl, iunctum.
joint, art-u8, -Qs.
journey, iter, ItlnCris, N.
joy, gaudl-uni, -i, N. ; laetltl-a, -ae.
joyful, laet-us, -a, uni (adj.).
judge, iudex, ifidicis, M. ; v., iudico
-re, -avl.-atun>; arbltr-or," -aVl, '-.Uus
trSif^N"*' ''"'''''•"•"■ •'> N. ; arbl-
Jug-urtha, lujnirth-a, -ae, M.
June (month of), ifmi-us, -a, um.
Jupiter, lupiter, lOvis, M.
jury, iudlc-es, -um, M. pi.
just, aequ-us; iust-us, -a, -um (adj.).
just ihen, lam turn,
just as though : say as if.
justice, itistltr-a, -ae, F.
Jura, lur-a, -ae, P.
K.
Karthag-e Karthilg-o, -Ini?, F.
5.]?,*«^?'^*"^^°^' Karthaglnienses,
•luni, M. pi. '
keen, accr, aci.j, acre (adj.).
keep, servo, -are. ■',1 ..t.,,,- . 1,
S^??S)."''""'^- ^'-^ -^i^-:
keep back, arc-eo, -ere, -ni, -itum.
1", Itum ; arceo, arcOre, arcai(+ab! )
keep my word, fl.lem .servo r-nre
•••'.. -utun.) ; flleu, prae..to(..staro?.stm)'
keep off, dcfon-,lo, xlfre. -di, -sum.
oeSdo ''','.[ i-""''°\;^^'''^' ■f'^ci, -fectutn;
o( cuio, -ol icre, •(■idl, -cisum.
kind, gen-US, -oris, N.
kind, adj., boncv61-u8, -a, -um • com»
beaevolentlor ; sup., l-CnOvSlentisslmus'
oMS^gc.nSs.^^^''^' °'""'«' ■•'"''iJ-»:
(P.^18"^)°' ™^"' *^®' "«^ lualis
n^i?^-'' ^*" *^*^' huiusniddi; of that
kind, emsmodi ; talis.
kindness, bonef loi-um, -i n
^king, rex, regis ; king's,' rOgi-us, -a,
knee, gCn-u, -us, n.
no^f^^o^'^' """'^ «F"-e s,.ivi, 8citum (a fact);
nosco, -ivi, notum(aptrsoii).
kno jt-us, -a, -uni (adj.).
• ^"0«,> ^IgP. selentl-a, ae, F,- (learn-
ing), doctrm-a, -ae, F. •■., „earn
Labienus, Labicn-i,.^, -i, m.
Lacedaemon, Lacodaem-on, -dnis F
■a,''^mSu1°^°°*^"' Lacedaemfni-us;
lack, I, niihi deest.
p. c1l?4 !"f 28i;''9);'' "•'''■*-'"^ «"''"^ '^^'- :
lake, lac-us, -ur,, m.
lame, daud-us, -a, -um (adj.).
lament, lament-or, -arl, -atus sum •
dOlOo, dOlOre, dolai, no sup. '
land (the soil), ^gcr, .Igri, M. • (a
^^''ae^F' "?;/• ' "^**t« '^»<1-
i'rra.';arup',e'' ^^ 8^«- and land,
land troops, milites in terram ex-
pono (-ponure, -posili, -posltuni).
language (tongue), lingua, -ae. F •
(oonversatioM), sL-rm-o, -onis, M. ' '
large, magn-us, -a, -um ; ingen-g, -tis;
SO ]., tant-us, -a, -um (adj.). '
acre (adj.).
■e, ••..I, .ntmr. ; k.
S13 (al)I.) 8to (stare,
eo, -Cre, -ni, .itinn.
ra, i/fuliil o, -C've
:Ore, arcf;I( + abl.). '
, fidein scrv-o (-firf
•ae-sto (-.stare, -stlti)!
0. -(ii^rc, -di, -mm.
core, -feci, -fecliini ;
-ctsuin.
, N.
!-u9, -a, -um : coiiip.,
lunuvOleritissliiuis.
)OniJfTcI-iiiii, -I, N. ;
omn-is, -e (adj.) ;
the, use qualis
iusmfidi; Of that
1.
I-um, -T, N.
king's, rOjfl-iis, -a,
'ivi, scitum (a fact);
111 (a pt rsoii).
■iini (adj.).
tl-a, -ae, R; (learn-
iK-i, -I, M.
i?daem-on,-Onis,F.
LacOdaemOni-u8,
pert-is (with abl. ;
im (adj.).
-ai'i, -atus sum ;
iup.
'•i •tffri, jr. ; (a
; native land,
sea and land,
's in terrain ex-
Osltuin).
liiiffu-a, -ae. F. ;
tins, M.
m; iiigen-9, -tia;
VOCAnuLARY.
499
lea^t (of a number), ulttm-us, -a, -unr
(iieartst: as, last night), proxliii-us, -a,
■uiii ; most remote, extrom-us, -a,
•inn; at last, dOniuiri(=: then and not till
then) ; tandem.
late (recent), rOcer>s, recenti8(a(Jj.).
late, too, adv., sOro.
lately, nuper; sup., nuperrlme.
law, lex, logis, F.
lay waste, vast-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
lead, duco, ducure, duxi, ductuni ;
lead acroBs or through, tran.s-duco,
■«f-'"'®' ■^""' ■«•"Ptuiii; lead back,
re-duco, -d icere, -duxl, -ductuni ; lead
out, Cduco, -ducCre, -duxi, -ductuni.
lead, plumbum, -j, N.
leader, dux, docis, M.
learn, disco, discCre, didici, no sup. •
(ascertain), coKnosc-o, ere, cognovi, coir-
nitum. '^
learned, doctus (p. p. of dOceo, teach).
learning, doctrln-a, -ae, F.
least, at, saltern ; I at least, ego
leave, rC-linquo. -linquGre, -liqui,
-llctum ; (a place) ex-cOdo,"-cedere, -cess!
-cesoum (with ace. or abl. or with ex ) •
discedo, -cCdere, -cessl, -cessuni (ex) •'
prOflciscor, proflcisci, profectus sum.
left, sinister, -ra, -n n (adj.).
legion, legl-o, -onis, F.
leisure, oti-um, -i, n. ; at leisure,
otios-us. -a, -um (adj.).
less (adv.), minus; less than two
nundred fell, minus ducenti perior-
unt. Minus, with numerals (like plus and
amplius, more) has no effect upon the
construction.
less, adj., minor, minus (p. 57, 4).
lest, ne (p. 185, 3).
let, sino, sInCre, sivl, situm ; or use
hcet (163, 5).
letter, epistOl-a, also CpistQl-a, -ae, F
littGr-ae, -arum, F. ipl.). '
1 J^J^.' "•• fJ^'ect-us, -US, M. ; I hold a
levy, delectum habeo.
liar, niendax, mendacis, M. or adj.
liberality, li^eralit-as, -.atis, F.
libei'ate, llbCr-o, -are, -avr, -atum,
liberty, lilort-as, -atis, F.
lie, iac-eo, -Cre, -m, -Itum ; (speak
ralsely) mentior, mentlrl, mentltus sum.
lieutenant, ic-gat-us, -i, Ji.
life, vlt-a, -ae, F.
light, lux, lucis, F.; lumen, lumlnis, N
lightning fulgur, fulgiiris, N.
. ^'.^?> simll-is, -e ; comp., similior ; sun.
snuillnnus (dat.).
Hkely ; use 174, 1.
line of battle, .ides, aciCT, F. ; line
of march, iter, itlnoris, N.
lion, leo, leonis, M.
listen to, aud-io, -ire, -ivi, -ituni (ace).
little, parv-us, -a, -um (adj.).
live, vivo vivCre, vlxi, vintum ; I
live on milk, lacte vescor (\esci, no
perf., no sup.).
living, be ; say live,
load : (5nu9, OnCris, N.
load, v., (-.nCr-o, -are, -avT, -atum.
/.,'^?o^^^*'^' '^°"*' •"■■""'• ^'*'- !>'• o' locus
(p. 242).
lofty, alt-us, -a, -um; excels-us, -a, -um
Hi^^^i'""^'"^' •?' ■"'"; for a long
time, dm, lamprldem (21(1, 2, b}.
look at, spect-o, -are, -.avi, -atuni.
look down on, de-spicio, -spiccre.
-spexl, -spectuni. •- • t i
look for, exspeot-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
lord, domin-us, -i, M.
lose, a-mitto, -mittCre, -misi, -missum •
amlfto^" opportunity, occasioneni
cllSmlt-as,
loss, damn-um, -i, N.
-iVtis, F.
lot, sors, sortis, F. ; fortun-a, -ae, F.
lot, it falls to my, mlhi accldit;
niihi contmgit.
loud, magn-us, -a, -um (adj.).
dillgcre, dilexi, dilectum. *^ '
(id°7^^^' ''"'°'"''"' Pu'chi-a, pulchrum
lover, amans, amatitis, jr. or F.
low(ly), hnmll-is, -e, adj.
lowest, Imus, -a, -um, adj. (59, 1).
loyal, fidel-is, -e, adj.
loyalty, fides, fidel, F.
Lucca, Lucc-a, -ae, F.
luxury, luxflrl-a, -ae, F.
M.
mad, I am, faro, farOre, no perf
no sup. * '
mads, I am being, fio, fiori, fac-
tus sum. >= . , cv
J magnitude, use quantus (see p.
600
VOCAIUlLARV.
P"el|..i, -ae, R; virR-o,
maiden,
-Inis, K,
maintain, sim-thioo, tiiicre, -timli
-teiitmu : Mmll.M). -iuo, -uvr, .atu.n.
make, f.u-io, fr.ciTe, feei, factum ; (,i
magistrate), crO-o, (-are, -avl, .alui.,1 ■ ( var
IJl-oti), bell,,,,, i„.,er„, [iui^riv, i„tnll
facio (mc6i-e, feci, fact,,,,,), or nimpU
aKjfrtVllor. .^rO.li, .^re^ii.s niii„ (ace.)
Malta, Mellt-a, -.ic, F.
ai. ort. (ahunia,, being).
maniple, m:\i,ipn].„s, -i, m.
manners, mores, mrinun (pi,), >[.
„J^2"^' '""'*•'• ■''^- -'*(«''J.,rl.):manv
erood men, imilti et bo„i homine" ^
marble, mami-or. Oris, N.
marble, inari,i0reu8, -a, -um (adj.*.
march, iter, !tlneris,N. ; to make a
march, iter facio (fac'c-e, 'fo °,^?tumf
_ Marcus. Marc-us. -i, M., a Ron.an
Marius, Mftri-ns, -i, m.
market-place, for-mn, -i, N.
Marseilles, Masslil-a, -ae, F.
marsh, pal us, .,-i<ii8, f.
master (of boys), maRist-er, -rl. M •
(of slaves), dOuiln-us, -I, M. ' '
matter, res, rel, F
ii « 5 V I'ossuni, posse, potni (p U->)-
in final clauses, ut+subj. p. ua) '• of a
wish (p. 138, 4, <•). ^ ' • °' *
May (month of), Mru-us, -a .„in
aflj. (n,eMs,s being understood). '
p meal, cen-a, -ae, F. ; epul-ae, .arum,
mean, v., sibi volo (velle, volui).
means of, by, abi. (p. 71, 3).
meanwhile, interim,
^measure, metlor. mCtm, mensus
Medes, Med-I, -orum (pi.), M.
(d™f fre. ^" enemy, obvlam hostibus
roM^umf *^' '''°''"'' °''-'^° f'r«- 'VI
veK.*'?sV"'"""'"' -'• ^- -"•
memory. mSmftrla, -ne, F.
merchant, niere.lt-or. -Oris, M.
I merchantman, navis oneraria.
Mercury, Mercnn-us, -i, m.
mercy, mlscrlcordi-a, -ne, F.
mere, ipse, ii)sa, i|)sum (p. 12,3).
message, tmnti-us, .1, n.
messenger, nuntius, .|, m
middle of the plam, in luedia pian-
itie; in the middle of the niiht
media nocte. "iS"!-.
midst of, in the. inter (with ace),
might, use licet (163, 5).
mild, nilt-is, -e (adj.).
tT^'J^Siiri"^ passu.im or mille passus;
twomlles,duo„iiiiiapa88uum(p.09, 10).
milk, lac, -tis, N.
mind, anliu-us, -i, m.; mens, mentis, F.
(ati?)^®^*'^^®' "''^^'■' '»"»'-''■«. nilsdrum
modesty, mMesti-a, -ae, F.
money, pOcunl-a. -ae, V.
month, mens-is, -is, M.
moon, lunar, hlnae, F.
morals, n,ores. mOrum, M.
more, plus (p. 57, 4), of amount-
mSSilr^^P-^'^'^^^'-ethan:
moreover, praeterta, adv.
morning. In the, mane, adv.
mortal (dyinif), mortal-is. -e(adi)-
(deadly), „,ort,-fer, -fera, -fOrum (adj.) '
(ad?°^*' P'*^''"''!"^' Plcraeque, plOraque
most part, for the. maxime.
mound. a,i,'-grer, -gtris, M.
mount, v., a-scendo, -scendGre
-scendl, -scensum. si-ennere,
mountain, mons. montis, M.
Ififreo, lugcre, luxi.
mourn over,
luctum.
mouth, 08, Oris, N.
J^^If' '"^veo mOvure, mOvl, motum •
move forward, pro-mOveo. '
much, niult-us, -a, -um (adj.); with
^e^pS"'- '"""*" "^- "«»e,'/nuUmn
multitude, multltild-o, -inis, F.
murder, caed-es. -is, F. • after f-h«
murderof Caesar, CaesaVeinterfecto
must : p. 172, 2 ; 173, 5.
my, mc-us, -a, -um (adj.).
myself (emphatic), ipse.
VOCAUULAHY.
501
I, navis oncraria.
rirl-us, -i, M.
rtii-a, -ai', F.
ipsiini (|>. 123).
"H, I, N.
lUiis, .(, M.
es> -el, M. ; tempus
■us, -a, -uiii ; in the
Iain, iti inofliii plan-
lie of the nisrht,
>, inter (with ace).
163, 5).
Ij).
iim or mille paasiis;
iapa88uum(p.C9, 10).
M. ; mens, tnentia, F.
r, mlBCra, nilsCruni
i-a, -ae, F.
-ae, V.
is, M.
■ F.
Orum, M.
''. 4), of amount ;
1 6) ; more than,
rCa, adv.
. niJne, adv.
iiortal-is, -e (adj.);
ra, -fCruni (adj.).
lOraeque, pleraque
le, niaxime.
!ris, M.
sendo, -scenddre,
iiontis, M.
reo, lugore, luxi,
re, niovi, motum ;
■ni6vco.
•urn (adj.); with
!• time, inultum
id-o, -In is, F.
'. F. ; after the
./aesare interfecto.
5, 5.
idj.).
pse.
N.
name, nOm-cn, -Inis, N.
name, good, Mm-a, -ae, F.
Naples, N(.ap61-is, .i.s, F.
nation, pripal-us, i, m. ; oivit-as, -at is,
1-. ; natl-o, -onis, F. (of f( "fi(,'ii nations).
native land or country, patria,
-ae, F. .» > I .
nature, natur-a, -ae, F.
near, pr<.(if, ad, or apud (with nof., ;
be near, adsum (dai ).
nearest, proxlnms, -a, -uni (adj.).
nearly, itaene, fere (adv.).
necessary, noccssarl-us, -a, -uiii (adj.).
necessity, nocessitas, -ati», F.
need, opus est (ji. um, 2) ; I have
need of food, opus est mihi dim (ahl.);
egOo, C'Kere,0>;ni (+al)l. or gen., p. 28-i, 1).
needy, ogcnus (r,7, a, note).
neglect, neg-lCgo, -iCgere, -IcM, -lee-
tuni.
_ neighbor, viclnus, -l, M. ; finltlinua,
neighboring, fmitim-us, -a, um
(adj.).
neither .... nor ; ncque . . . nooue •
nee nee. '
neither (Of two), neuter, neutra,
neutrum (p. 26).
nest, nidus, -i, M.
never, nunquani.
new, n6v-u8, -a, -urn (adj.).
news of, there is, nuntiatur (;>.
161, 2, note 2).
next, the, proxIm-uB, -a, -um (adj.) •
next day, dies postcrus ; on the next
day, die postero, postrldle eius diei.
night, nox, noctis, F.
no : p. 29, 4, note.
noble, praeclar-us, -a, -um ; nobil-is. e
(adj.).
noon, noonday, mcridi-es, -ci, M.
no one, nOmo (gen., nulllua; p. i;j-' 2;-
null-u8, -a, um; and no one, nee
quisquani (132, 3).
nor, neque, nee ; owing to the Latin
love of connectives, used instead of non
to introduce a sentence ; nor. anv
p. 132, 3. ^'
not, non ; with iniperat., p. 138, 4 (b).
not yet, nondum.
nothing, nihil.
nourish, nutr-Io, -ire, -Ivl, -itum ; aio,
aiere, aioi, alltum (or altum).
now (of tmie up to the present), iam ;
(at ttie present moment), nunc; ( = to-
<la.v), ho<!ie.
nowhere, nus(|uam.
number, nnmor-u.M, -i, m. ; j). 181, 1.
Nuinidia, Numldla, -ae, F
O, interjection, () ; omitted usually
)',^o' ?''''■'"'• <^' that, utinam; see
p. l.jo, 4.
oak-tree, i|uere-us, -m, F.
obey, par-eo, -ore, -ai. -itum (dat.) ;
<"-nlio, -odire, -Odivi (OdI!), -0<lilmn
(dat. ; p. 104).
object, v., rCcils-o, -rire, -fivi, -fitum.
object, have an o. in view, ago,
agere, Ogi, actum.
obscure, obsour-us, -a. -um (adj.).
obtain, I, adipisior, adipLsci, adep-
tus snm; potior, |)Otiri, pfnitus sum •
(a request), impctr-o, -are, -avi, atum.
occupy, I (hold), ton-eo, -ere, -W.
■tum. '
ocean, ocoan-us, -i, m.
Octavlanus, Octavirm-us, -i, m.
of, expressed by gen. or abl. ; do, prep.
wiMi abl. ^
offence, pecc.at-um, -i, N.
offer, I, defero, -ferre, tnli, -latum,
office, magistrat us, -us, M. ; I hold
Office, magistratum hal)eo or obtineo.
officers, the military, centuriones
tnbunique militum.
Often, saepe ; so often, toties.
old, anti(|u-U8, -a, -\nn ; vOtus, vOtOris-
Oldest, muximiis natu ; see ancient.
old age, sonect-us, -utis, F.
old man, sOnex, sOnis, M. •
Olympus, Olympus, -i, M.
on (of rest), in (al)l). ; (of motion), in
(ace), of time. abl. ; on this side,
citra (prep, with aec); on this ac-
count, quam ob causam ; on the side
of, ab (with abl.).
once, somel ; more than once,
seniel ac saepius.
once (formerly), quondam ; Olim ; at
O., statim.
one (numeral), fm-iis, -a, -um ; one
Of the soldiers, unus c militlbus.
one, some, aliquis, aiiqua, aliquid or
alifjuod ; quIil.-Tu, quaedam, <|Uodaain or
quiddam (p. 132).
one, not, nemo, gen. nulllus (p. 132, 2) ;
ne unusquldem,
602
VOCAUULAKY.
ik»w
one. the other, alius.. alius; alter
..alter (of two).
one and all, ounot-i, -ae, -a ; omnos,
one day, aiiiiuando.
only, taiittiin ; solum ; mfldo (all
placed after the words (lualifled) ; not
only, non solum, non iiiOdo (but also sed
etiani).
onset, impct-us, -us, M.
open (trans.), pfttc-fncfo, -facfre, -fOcl,
■faetuin; (it,tr.), natOo, patOre, pfttfii, no
sup. ; open ranks, orJines laxare.
openly, p.aiani.
opinion, stntentl-a, -ae, F.
opportunity, occas-lo, -lOnis, F.
oppose, oc-curro, -ciirrOre, currl
-oiirsun. (with dative); ob-sto, -stare'
■stiti, no sup. (with dat). '
oppress, vex-o, -are, -avi, -atuni •
op-prlnio, -prlinorc, -pressi, -pressuni.
or, aut ; vel.
or not, annon in the second part of a
principal alternative question am
qutsifor('p':'l77: ^,.'^''"^"'*^"* •'•'"-"^e
oration, oratl-o, -onis, F.
orator, 6rat-or, -oris, M.
^u-ffh'*®^' y- ■'^^'^^^ ''^''^'■e, iussi. iussum
(with ^acc.);.„.p.r.o. -are, -av,; -atun.
cept^^umy-...^ ""'"'''*■"'"• -''N.iprae-
order that, in, ut (p. 183, 2; p. igs, 5).
origrln, gCn-us, -eris, N. ; of humblo
origin, humili loco natus. "'^^D^e
»it?*^?K' *^® <°' *'^°>' a'*»' ; others
am ; other men (-the rest), eeten
ought, debco, -ere, -ni, -rtum (of moral
S S'4)!v"r7^!i- "'"'"•^*' ■'''' ■""
our, ours, nost-er, -ra, -mm (adj.).
oiu-selves, nos ; p. i04, 5.
out of, 0, ex (with abl.) ; ex before
vowels and consonants, e before conso-
nants only.
outward, exter-us. -a, -um.
p. 222, 2); trans (ace).
vi?n^®'*°°?^®' "'"'P^'":"' ■*•■«. -av^-atum;
vmco, vincere, vui, victuni.
overthrow, -evert-o, -6re, -i,--suin.
Ovid, Ovidl-us, -i, M.
owe, deb-eo, -6re, -tli, -Itum.
own, (fen. of ipse ; mv own boolc
'neii-s ipsMis liber (12J, Oh v. p^20, a
OX, bos, bovis, M.
P.
pacify, I, place, -are, -avi, -atum.
pain, dolor, -Ori.s, M.
panic, i)avor, pavoris. M.
pardon, n., vCnl-a, -ae, F.
parent, parens, M. or F
-at?.nf;Vro."^'' P''°"'»'f°. ••"«, -av,.
pass by, praeter-<.o, -ire, -ivl. -Itum
pass over, trans-eo, -ire, -ivi, -ituin
atuuK^ the winter, hie,n-o, -are, -avi,
passion (anxer), ira, -ae, F.
passionate, Iracundus, a, -um (adj.).
passionateness, iracundi-a. -ae F
past, praetent-us, -a, -um (adj.) ; the
past, tempus praeterltum.
patiently, patlenter.
pay, pendo, pendure, pependi,pensum.
pay, merces, mercGdis, F.
pearl, marj?arlt-a, -ae, F.
peace, pax, pacis, p.
Peligni, Pelign-i, -orum, M. pi.
. people (a), popoi-us, -i. m • (meni
homines, (M. pi.) ; 164, 2. ' ' ''
perceive, intellcgo, -Idrcre -Ipvt
-lectum; sentlo. sentire," seiisf si'nsum '
Pericles, PCricl-es, -is, M.
perish, per-eo, -ire. -ivi (or II), -Itum
permit: see allow; you p me
niihi per te licet (p. 163, 5). ^ ®'
permitted, I am, niihilicet(p. 163 5)
Persian, Mcd-us, -i, m.
persuade, persuadeo, -suidere
-siiasi, -suasuiii (dat.). «uiaere,
Philippi, Philippi, -Orum, M. pi.
philosopher, phiiosoph-us, -i, m.
philosophy, philosophi-a, 'ae F
leS' ^^""^ °^*' ''«°' J^^^'-^. 1^8'.
pine, pin- us, -us, F.
VOCAUULAUY.
503
oniul(f-o, -are, -avi,
pirate, pracd-o, -ndis, M.
n.mlfR.^ «■ camp, 'cantra p.-ncrt. or
pity, mIsCrlconll-a, -ae, F.
SIMM, «ith tfuri. ; I pty you me tiii
place, Idc iiM. -T II . „1 i„„j ,,
and lo«i, N., p. 242. ' ' ' ' *'•
place, v., l,v.o, -are, -avi. -atinn
Caio.), pimo, pruKre, i)0»rii DOsltiirn •
fen>.°''^''= '"'"■"^•'"- ■"-■'" fOc.:
plain, (•aiiip-u8. -I, M. ; plaiiltl-eH, -01. V.
(a(?j!r^" <*•■*'''"-'"'>. '"anlffst-us, -a, iim
plan, coiisili-uin, -I, N. (form ineo).
play, 1ml us, -t. M. ; ins-us, -us, M •
v., lud (>, -Ore, -si, -uui.
pleasant, iucund-us, -a, -uiu(adi)-
Kratus, -a, -uiii (adj.). ' Huj / .
please, deleet-o, -are, -avi, ..aiu,„
iib^iMM^tunl'iri: ''''°°""*- ■""'^' '"«^*-
pleasing : see pleasant,
pleasure, voiupt-asi, -atis, F.
plough, n., aratr-iuii, -I, N.
plough, v., aro, -fire, -avr, -atuni.
ploughed land, arvum, arvi, N.
pluck, carpo, carpere, carpsi, cari>tuiu.
plunder, praeda, -ae, F.
poet, poot-a, -ae, M.
point out, nion.str-o, -are, -avi, -.ituin •
oatendo, ostendOre, ostendi, ostentui;>. '
poison, vOnOii-uni, -i, n.
Pompey, Pompoi-us, -i, M.
pool, stagnuin, -I, N.
poor, pauper, pauperis (adj.).
populace, plebs, plebis, F.
nnn?f ^®f~?^°"' Obtain or gain, pfttior,
potlri, potitus sum (p. 116).
possible, use possum ; all n., oimies
quas potest ; as many as p m am
plunnii (p. 143, note), "^ i"' *«»«»
poverty, paupert-as, -atis, F.
povsj'er, impM-uni, -i, n.; p6test-as,
■atis, F ; potentl-a, -ae, F. (undue
power). vuiiuue
powerful, patens, pOtentis.
practice, usus, -n?, JVI.
praise, n., laus, laudis, F.
praise, v., laud-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
praiseworthy, laudabil-is, o (adj.).
pray for, r.r-o, -are, -aM, -atum.
prayers, pne-es, -um, F.
prefer (wish rather), main, malle
■> alul. no st.p. ; antep„M<), -i»,ncre, - ,' t
m, •l..^8ltu.n (witl. a!.,., and' dat ; ,,rae
fero, -ferre, -tilll, -latum. '
prepare, iKlr-o, -are, -.ivi, -atum,
present, a, donum, -i, n.
I . present, I am, ad-aum, -esse, -fni-
inter-sum, -esse, -ffil (at - <lat.).
presently, mox, brevj.
preserve, conserv-o, -are, -avi, -.atum-
serv-o, -are, -avi, -atum. '
pretend, slmnl-o, -are, -avi, -atum:
•iisslmulo, -are, -avi, -atum.
him 'fil^l'^''^*" ""''■ -^'i'-'i'"" : prevent
hmftom doing, I. prohibeo eum
«inominus faciat (p. is,-,, 2).
previous, prior, prius.
price, prctl-um, -i, N., p. 150.
pride, superb-ia, -ae, F.
prince, princeps, princlpis, M.
prison, career, carcOria, M.
prisoner (of war), captlv-us, -i, M.
private person, privat-us, i, M.
prize, praeini-um, -I, N.
promise, pro-mitto, mittOre, -nilsi
ilXlUlii!:^';"??^:^,-"''^^'--"^"--";
promise, promiss ..,., t, n.
proof, indlcl-um, -I, N
,>l^''r?P®M*yu^ *'*''"'• ^- P'- ; fortunae, F.
pi., rea, rel, F.
proud, 8fiperl)-us, -(>, -um (adj)
providence, providenti-a, -ae, F.
^Py<ied that, modo, dannnOdo
province, provinci-a, -ae, F.
laStTS^' ''''^°' '^««««c'rejacesslvi.
prudence, prQdentIa, -ae, F.
punish, punio, -ire, -ivi, -itum.
punishment, poena, poenae F •
supplici-um, -I, N. i"«->iai., r.,
pupil, discrlpnius, -I, M.
^^purpose, for the p. of. causa
purposely, consulto.
pursue, sequor, sCqui, secutus sum.
pursuit, Btadl-um, -i, N.
50t
VOCAIIULAUY,
put, porio. imiiOrc, |HVini, jtOsltinii.
.put to death, inttifico, -fii-.re
Pyrenees, PiTCnaci Moniia.
quaestor, (luaust-or, -ori», .M.
quantity, copia, -ne, R; vis. K.
queen, riKina, -ue, F.
question, I ask a. nvir., :„i. -nvr
quickly, «liTltor.
R.
race (kind), ffCn-us, .iris N • t'ld
numan race, Kt'ims liuiii.imiiu ; 'r. "of
men, jreiuH hoiiiinuui.
rage, ir-a, -av, K; fnr-or, -oris, M.
rain, plavia, -ac, K.; iiu Lor. -bris, M.
raise, tollo, tollere. sustull. sublatmn.
rank, onl-o, -Iriis, M. (milltarv term).
rather, potius.
Ravenna, Ka\enn-a, -ae. K.
reach, porvoiiio, .venire, .vOnl, veii.
turn (ad wiUi occ).
read, lCf,'o, Icgcyre, lOjfl. leotum.
read aloud, rCclt-o, .are, -uM. -atum.
ready, par.it-u», -a,
dat., or ad. and ace).
-uni (Willi inf..
really, vOro ; re vera (in truth).
rear, terR.uni, -i, N.; ft<om or in
the rear, a twno.
py^^ason, causa, -ae, F.; p. 181. l (use
jy^eceive, acclpio, -clpore, -cOpi, -cep-
recent, rfcens, recentis (adj.).
recover (intr.). se reclpio.
refrain, de.sisto. -sistore, -stlti, -sti.
tuni (abl., or aid. witli a).
refuse, nolo, nolle, nolfti; recas-o
•are, .avt, -atuni.
tunf^*^*^' ^*''^°' '"^'''^''■''- *"^*"">'. ''ftfil-
. reign, v., reu'n-o, -are, -Svi. -fttuni •
""f't*:'-'"". -'". -''•; di-u-ing the r., see
p. luu, 0.
reject, repndl-o, -nre, .avi, .atum.
rejoice, gaud.eo, .ere, ^'ilvlsu9 sum.
relate, narrn, .firr. -:V,-1 -"tiuis • it is
related, narmtur ; it is related by
tradition, traditum est.
relying on. /rOt-us.
(with al.l.).
•a, uni (adj.)
remain, mftn.eo, -in, -si, -gum.
remarkable, insiKn-ia, -e; exlniLua.
•a, inn (adj.). '
remember, p. 14,'i ; 140, 7.
remind, adnmn-eo, -ore, .nl, .(turn-
(•onn.i.,n«.ftteio, -facCre, .feci, .factum
(p. ll><).
-inu'?'®"^ Of my folly. I. me meae
Hlultitiae iicenitfl (p. 1«."). i).
reply, v., re-»iK>ndeo, .spondCre.
■spoiKh, .siK)nsum ; respons-um, -I, N.
report, nnntl-o, -are, ..ivl. -atum:
nurr-o. nre. .avl. atum. '
republic, regpul.lica, roipuhllcae, F.
iJOSist, re.siato, .gistOre, .«titi. -stltum,
resolve, con.stltno, .stitnore. -stltQi
-slitutuni. ' '
retake, re.clpio, -clpere,.cepi,.ceptum.
retreat, se recljiore.
return (j,'o I,ack>, rCd.eo, .ire, .ivl(or
■dliuin"" ' ^ '^' "''■''°' '^^'^' ■'"'^'>
revile, milledlco, .dicere, .di.xi. .dic-
tum (dat.).
reward, praemi.um, -i, N.
Rhine, Rhonus, -i, M.
Rhone, Rhadiin.us, -i, m.
rich, dives. dTvitis; dis. dltis ; opu-
lentus, -a, -urn ; coj^os-us, -a, -um (adj.).
rierht, iustus, -a, -um ; aequ-us, -a,
■uni (adj.). •
right ( = on the right hand), dexter
■tra, -trum ; right hand, manusdextra!
right, n.. ius, iuris, N, ; fas, N. (p. 239).
ripe, niatiir-us. -a. -um (adj.).
rising, Orlen.s. -tis (adj.).
risk, perlctll-um, -i, N. ; discrlm-en.
river, flflm-en, .mis, N. ; flQvi.us, -i
M.; rlv-us, .1, M.; ainn-is, .is, M.
road, via. -ae, F. ; Iter, ItlnCria, N.
rock, sax-uni, -I, N. ; rup.es, -is, F.,
scrtpnl-us, -1, M. t . , ,
Roman, Roman-us, a, -um (adj.).
Rome, Roiii-a, -ae, F.
Romulus, Romii! UK. !, M.
root, radix, -Icis, F.
rose, rOs-a, -ae, F.
t-its, a, -mil (iidj.)
-fire, -si, -sum.
liifii-is, -e; exlmI-U8,
«.I ; 140, 7.
;o, -Ore, -Oi, -Itmn ;
ire, .fCfi, •factuiii
folly, I, nil' meae
!(!.■), 1).
x>ii<ICo, -spondOri!,
L'!<i«)iis-uin, -I, N.
-art', -avi, .fttum;
Ml.
lea, roipuhlieae, F.
store, -stiti, -stituni,
10, -stltQCre, -stltQl,
1". ; the r., reliqui,
ll)ero,-cfi|)l,-ceptum.
■e.
rCd-eo, -Ire, -Ivl (or
red-do, -dere, dldl,
•dicere, -dixi, -dlc-
m, -i, N.
,M.
, -I, M.
I ; dTs, dltis ; opu-
J-U8, -a, -um (adj.).
-uin ; ae(iu-u8, -a,
fht hand), dex-ter,
rUd, nianusdextra.
N. ; fas, N. (p. 239).
iini (adj.).
(adj.).
I, N. ; discrlni-en,
9, N. ; flovl-us, -I,
-is, -is, M.
iter, ItlnCris, N.
>f. ; rup-es, -is, F.,
-a, -um (adj.).
F.
IS, !, M.
VOCAIIULAUV.
005
rougrh, iiNp-cT. .(..fa, .friiiu (adj.).
route, Ni-u, -lie, !••.; II,.,-, itini.rU. N.
ruin, exltl-mn, .j, .\. ; ,K.riii.i-,..s. -,-.|. k
.,.,^"'®' *■• '■^'«"•o. -luc, -lut. ntiiiii ■
(a^N;.'ii'::o;d:'^^^r-,ci:':f;;;.;r '
secret, (Kciilt-us, -a, um (adj.).
see, video, \ Kj.rc, vi,li, visum ; cemo
"•t-ii.'ie, crovl. uretum ; «pirto, arc, -.ivl
•atiiiii. ' '
s.
(adjj'*' ""'''■''■"'*• ••■'. ■>""; tri:.t.is, -e
safety, s.al-us, -utis, v.
said, it is, p. uu, h.
sail, voiuiii, -I, N.
sail, v., iiiu !;;■„, urv, -avl, atuin.
sailor, iiaiit a, -ao, M.
sake of. for the, oau.sa ( i L'en V
^or my sake. m,.. ean.sa for the
fp^^^f, o;Pl"ndering, i.raedandi caas!
e f^uuZ' "•'•'*'-°- -'""•'« : make a s
e-runipo, -niiui.oie, -nijii, -ruptum.
salt, sal, s.llig, M.
salute, v., saifit-o, -are, -aM, -atuiii
same, idem, orulem, idem ; aameas,
satisfy, 8.atia-mcIo, -fft-r>.p .fpcj .f.,,,
turn (withdat. ; p. in.'!, -i. ' ' ^'"
savage (wild), f^Mis, ,, ,„„
save, .ser\ -o, -are, -avl, -atuin.
say diro, dicere, dixi, dictum; s.
not, m;;.o, -are, -avi, -atuiii.
scholar, discipni-us, -i, m.
school, 8chul-a, -ae, F.
-ae^^K "^®' '''^"■'"■»> -^e. P- ; st-'lentl-a,
Scipio, ScTpi-o, -cinis, SI.
-or^°o°it*'\r^'""''''°'' """'• ''^'-«Pf'^f'^'t-
Sea, ni5rc. in.lris, X.
sea, of the, niiUitlm-us. -a um • the
sea coast, era maritima, lun.s. '
season, tempest-a-s, -.-itis, F. ; anni
tempus (ttnipori.s). ' ' "
seat, scd-cs, sodls, F. ; sella, sellae, F.
seed, semen, semlni-s, N.
seek, <|iiai'r«, Muaerere,(iune.sivl,(iuae
seem, video,', vidori, vihuh Kum ■ it
seems that he was good, ille vide
tin- bonus fuiM.se (p. Kli, ;i).
seize, oceup-o, -are, -avl, -atiim (a
)-liue); arrlplo, arilpfre, arripui, urrep-
turn (a person). '
select, dulijr.o, litfCre, -le^i, -kci
sell, vendo, -dCie, -dldl, -dltiim; tobe
SOta, vuiieo, vemre, venlvi (-ii>, vemluni.
senate, sonat-uH, -us, m.
send, miUo, mittore, misi, niissiini.
send forward, prae-mitto, -mittcrc
-misi, ■niis.snm. '
Sequani, Soiiuani, -orum, .M. (pi.),
serpent, serpen-.s, -II.H, .M.
servant, servus, -i, M.
service, fitilit-as, -atis, F. ; be of s
prodes^^e; U;!, (2 meat :=multum).
sesterce or sestertius, sesterti-us,
set (of sun), solis occasus (us, M.).
set our, pro-fleisoor, -flei^'i, -fectus
sum (forbad).
seventh, septlm-us, -a, -um (adj.).
severe, gravis, -e (adj.)
severely, graviter.
shade, umbra, -ae, F.
shall, siifu of fut. ; (in deliberative
question), 189 (a).
sharp, ucer, acris, aere ; .lent us, -a
■um (adj.). • '
ship, nav-is, -Ls, F.; navl),'l.un), -T, M •
8. of war, navis Um<s:n.
shore, Or-a, -ae, F. ; litus, -oris, \.
short, brev-is, -e.
shortly, Iirevi.
should (ought), p. 173, ,>>.
shout, clani-or, -Oris, M.
shout, raise a s., v., olani-r>, -are
•iivi, -atuin ; p. 104, 2, note.
shudder at, horr-eo, -ere, -ni (ace.;.
Sicily, SIcill-a, -ae, F.
Sick, aeg--er, -ra, -rum (adj.).
sick, I am, aegrOt-o, -are, avl, -atum.
Side, pars, partis, F. ; latus, laterls.
noc.
vo(.'aim;lai(y.
m
r r
ji I
N. ; on all Hides, iiridiiiiic ; on both
aides, utriiiiiiiii' ; on this s. of, citra
sleere, obsidi-o, -oiu», K.
8lgrht, COIIMIItllHH, -118, AI.
slgrnal, HiKiiiiiii, -i, N.
silence, mli^ntiuni, -i, N.
silent, I am, tatoo, tftccic, tacni,
tAl'IIUIII.
silent, tilcltuH, -a, -mil (adj.).
silver. iirKentiini. i, N.
silver, of, iirKoiil-ou.-i, -oa, -ouin.
since, adv., abhiiic ; ten years
since, abliiiic decx'iii aiiiios (or aiiiiis).
since, conj.. (|iniiii. ciiiii (p. L'o.!) ;
ilMoiiiaiii, (|iiia (p. IDS) ; p. i!)i), ,'•,,
Singr, canto, are, avl, .atuiii ; criii-o,
fitiiore, (■Cclni, cantiiin.
single, not a, ne umis (lUidtin.
sister, soror, orin, F.
sit. sCdC'o, scdcrc. sodi, sessuiii.
six, Hex.
six hundred, nexeiriti, -at', -a, nuni.
size. iii!i«iiitud-o. -iriis, K. ; uneauan-
tUS (p. ISl. 1). VI"»"
skilful. pOrlt-us, a, -inn with (uoiii-
tive).
skill, sflentl-a. -ac, F.
skilled. ptTit- us (ill = gen.).
skin, pelli.s, -is, F.
sky cael-iiiii, -i, N.
slave, serv-us. -i, F.
slavery. servitiLs, -uti.M.
Slay, iiiter-flolo, .ficeie, feci, -feotuiii :
truuido. -are. -avi, -atuiii.
Sleep, soiiin-us. -i, M. ; v., doriii-io.
•iro, -Ivl, •itiiiu.
slip, liiiior, labt, lapsus suin.
sloth, iijiiavi-a. -ai'. F.
small, pp.rv-us, -a, -um (p. r,- ^, .
iNlftn-us. -a, -iiiii (adj.).
smile at, rideo, ridOre, risi. risuin
(ace).
snow, ni.\, nivis, P.
SO, adv.. ildf-O (with adjs.); ita. sic (in
tills way) ; SO . . . as. ita . . . ut; so that
lit (p. lS();duiii, duiuniodo (p. 194 3)- oq
much, tan 1,11111. taiit)pc're ; so great
taiit-us, -a, -iini ; so long-, taiiidlfi ; so
many, tot.
So /rates, Socr.1t es, -is, M.
soil, sol-iim, -I, N. ; flger, igri, M,
solace, sOlati-uni, -i, N.
Bold, be, vcn-fo. Ire, -ivi (ii), -ituni.
soldier, imlf», -iiiH, M.
some, alicinis, .(|iia, all(|ii.)d (p, i.tj) •
«liiidaiii, i|iiafdaiii, (|iiidilaiii or iiuodiiaiii
(!'■ 1-t:!) ; some . . . others, alii . , . alii :
sometimes, iiiicidiiin.
some, there are : p. 18s, r,, (a).
son. fd ills, -ii, or -1, .M.
.N.
song. cant-US. -Qs, M. ; canii-cii, -Inii,
son inlaw. kPhit, -Crl. M.
soon, siatiiM, ciinfcHtiiii, iiiox, brOvi.
sooner, matfiriiis (coiiip. of nuUiirf
carl.N ). '
Sophocles. Sophocl-cs, -is, .M.
sorrow, dul-ur. .(,ris, M.
soul, ruuiiiiis, -I, .M. ; aniiii-a, -ae, K.
sound, nnnit us. -us ; v., soiio, soiiire.
Hoinii, soiiltuin.
sovereignty, reKniim, -i, N.
sow, soro. sfi-cro, sOvi, natiiiii.
space, spatiuiii. -1. \. ; within the
space of two daya. bidiio.
spare, paico. parcfc, popercl, parol-
tiiiii or parsiiiii (with dative ; p. Id,-), <)).
sparrow, passer. jJAssoris, M.
Speak. Inquor. dico.
speaking, dicerc (inf. used as a noun-
ms, 1) ; ars Jieciidi.
spear, hasta, -ae, F.
speech, oratl-o, -onis, F.
speed. cclorit-a,«, -atis. F.
spend, coiisuiii-o, -ere, coiiKumpsi.
consiiniptriiii. ^ '
spit, vei-ii, -us, N.
splendid, splendldus, -a, -11111 (adj.).
sport. II.. Ifid-us. -i, M. ; liisus. -us
M. ; v., ludo, IfidOre, lusi, lusuiii.
spot, lOc-us, -i.
spread, spar^^o, spartjOre, sparsi, spar
Hiiiii ; Hteriio, sternOre, stravf, stratum,
spring, ver, veris. N.
spy spOcQlat or, -Oris, M. ; e.xplOrat or
iiris, M. '
stand, sto. stare, stoti. st.ltniii; s for
pet o, -ere, -ivi (-ii), -ituni ; ;;. near ad-
sto, -stare, -stlti.
star, stell-a. -ae, F.
start : see set out.
state. ci\ it-as. -iitis, F.
statue, statCi-a, -ae, I'.
at.°y : srr remain.
step, pass- us, -us. M.
VOCAnULAUV.
507
; ciiriii-c'ii, -iiiiB,
I. used a» a noun;
M.; I'xpIOrat or,
Mtlll, triiMi|iill| iiH, .« .Min taiH \ •
(novL.rt},oleH,,tanu.M;V'»w. nZ).K.'
•tone, liipiM. iftpidis, SI.
■tork. ciconla, ac, F.
Btorm. teiniH-Ht-aM, -litig, F.
Btory, f:il)iil-a. -ac. F.
stream. rivMw, .|, m. ; rtrivius \i ■
•niiiix. is. M. ; fifnn-c-n, -iriiM, N. ' ' '
Strength, rr.i.-i.r. .,vN,' n. • vnvs
i>in^myif:I""'"'' "'^'■'' ■"""' """"; """•■. ^
iiHi, iiisus 01 nixiis Miini.
subdue 8fip,.,-„. .,i,.e, .avi, .,it,„„ .
Mnco, viiiccre, vici, victiiiii.
such, tilia, -o; of such il. IclnH
euisni.Hli (in conu-iiipi). ^'"^'
sue, p. isn, .I.
SUfTer, prilior. i.ati, pnHsussiini
Sulmo. Snlni-o, -Onis, M.
summer, aest-as, atis, F.
summon, convric-o, .rue. -iUi -ntinii
arccHHO, -cessori', -«..sslvl, -cessitmii.
sun, sol, Moiis, M.
sunset, soiis occasus (.f\s), M.
sure, cirtiiH, -a, -mil (adj.).
.surpass, siiporo, -iuv. -avl .atum-
viiico, viru'Ore, vici, vicUiin.
surrender, trrido. .df.,.(. .,ii,ii
-dituni ; do do, -dii,.. .,|idi, .,|if,„;„ „, "'
sway, iiiipcr-iiiiii, -i, \.
swift, cO\fr, , olcriH, colore ; rai.Idiw
-a, .11111 ; swifter, Ocior, ocius.
swim, iiut-o, -iire, -,avi, .atuni.
swine, sus, snis, .ai. or f.
sword, Kladl.u8, -l, M. ; forrum, -i, X.
j^templo. templ-uni. -i. N.; mUm,
ten, dpcoiii,
teii h, dOcini-UH, -a, -inn.
terrify, terreo, .crf, -ni, -itutn.
terror, terror, -oris, M.
than (afiiT conipimitivfs), (,iiaiii (p.
.1.1, .1^,
table, nieiis-a, -no, F.
take, papio, caporc, -oopl, cantuni •
Sum ^ ^^°''°'' "■^f'"^"'°- -^'•'S -^" I.'
talent, inKinl um. -t, N ; (,a weight
or a sum of nionev), (aiont-iiin, -r, N.
, tall, altus, -a, -mil ; procOr-iia, -a. -uin •
uiBuiis, iii;feiitis(adj.).
teach, ddc-Oo, Ore, -nr, -tuin.
te,achor, nKi^Hgt-cr, -rt, M.
tear, lacrlm-a, -ae, F.
tell, narr-o, -fir,!, -rui, -atm,, ; dico,
•Uicirc, -diM, -diotiini.
thank, jfratias aifOrc (.lat.).
that, p. Kmi, 1 ; i,t (U>;i; 1S7J,
that, illf, ilia, illud.
the, p. 4, n, note ; (.niphatic), p. 188, i.
theft, fiirt-mn, -i, .\.
r. noli!-' ''■ ^*^"' " ' °'"'" "'"'"»'•'. V- 169,
them, they, ics, 3.
then, tmii.
there, ibi ; bet.,ad8uni.
thick, dins.u!<, -a, -mil (adj.).
thing, res, rel, F.
think (fanc'\/, i>fit.o, ■■'ire -ivi --iinr,. .
(retleca),.,.o,.,o;:aVe. .avl,^:,t; ,V hoi
an in opinion), cens-eo, -Ore, -ui. sun •
(Ji.ltfH.arl.itror, -an, -atnsNum. '
this, hi( , hace, hoc (p. J 17).
thou, tu, toi.
thougrh, 11)6, 5.
thousand, mille, i,„u.<.|. in .;nir ; in
the pi., nnllia, niilllm,,, niilllbus (i.. tin,-,)
three, tros, tria.
three hundred. trCeenti. -ac, -a.
threshold, limen, -mis, N.
througrh, per (ace).
throw, iact-u.s, -fis, M.
thy, thine, tn-us, -a, -um(adj.).
till, p. 201, 4.
timber, matorl-.i, -ae, F.
time, temp us, .("iris, \.
timid, tlniidus, -a, -uni (adj.).
to prep., .id or in with aee. ; (of pur-
pose), IS,--,, 5 ; to no piu-pose, f ruJtra,
necimdiiuani. '
to-day, liodie.
to-morrow, cms.
tongue, liiitruu, -ac, f.
too (with conipar.), p. 188, .'-.. M ■ too
great to be told, .sa.v greater than
which can be told iss, ."(c)
508
VOCABUI.AHV.
li !
top, culm-en, -Inis, N. : fastlffl-uni. -I,
N. ; the top of the hill, collis suni-
iims; the top of the mountain,
nions suiunius.
torn, 1.1-oer, -cOra, -cCnini (adj.).
touch, tanjro, tangere, totlgl, taotuni ;
t. the heart, aniinum rw'Jveo.
tower, turr-is, -is, V. ; arx, arcis, K.
town, oppldum, -5, N.
track, vestlgl-uni, -I, N.
traitor, prodit-or, -Oris, M.
treachery, perfldl-a, -ae, F. ; pro-
(llti-o, -oiiis, F.
treaty, foed-us, -Cris, N.
tree, arbor, arbOris, F.
tribe, trib-us, -us, F.
troops, c6pl-ae, -urum, F. (pi,).
Troy, TrOi-a, -ae, F.
Trojan, Tr6ian-us, -a. -uni.
true, vGr-u8, -a, -um (adj ).
trust, frdo, fidere, flsussuni ; conftdo,
-fldere, -flsus sum (with dat. ; p. 105, 9).
truth, vorit-aa, -atis, F. ; vGra(n. pi.).
try, c6n-or, -firl, -atus sum ; iiitor,
niti, nisus or iiixus sum ; p. 216, 3, note 1.
twelve, dnikiecim.
twenty, viginti; twenty at a
time, viccni, -ae, -a ; twenty times,
vicies.
two, dno, dttne, dno (68. 4).
two hundred, dilcent-i, -ae, -a (adj.).
U.
unable, I am, non possum (posse,
p6tni) ; !iequ-Oo, -Ire, -Ivl (-ii), -ituin.
vmcertain, incert-us, -a, -um (adj.).
undertake, suscipio, -cipere, -cGpT,
-ceptum; I iindertake to do this,
suscipio me hoc facturum esse (p. 110, 1).
undertaking, nCgoti-um, -i, N.
understand, intel-lego, -lugfire, -lexl,
-lectum (literally = pick up).
undying, inmiortal-is, -e (arlj.).
unfortunate, in-folix, -folicis (adj.).
ungrateful, ingratus, -a, -um.
unhappy, in-folix, -fC'ltci3(adj.).
unlike, dis-slmllis, -simile (adj., dat.).
until, p. 201. 4.
unwilling, invlt-us, -a, -um (adj.) ;
I am U., nolo, nolle, iiOlfii (p. 147).
unw^Orthy, indignus (04, 4).
tipon, in (+abl., of rest; -f-acc, of
motion).
use, fitor, fitl, usussum(116).
used; p. 216, 3, note 1.
useful, Citll-is, -e (adj.).
V.
valley, vall-is, -is, F.
valor, virt-us, -litis, F.
value, I, austim-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
value, the, aestlmati-o, -Onis, F.
Verres, Verr-es, -is, M.
Vergil, Vergil-Ius, -ii, M.
very, expressed by superlative when
with an adj. or adv. (p. !jH, 6); before a
noun, ipse : the very man, ipse vir.
Vesontio, Vesonti o, -6n:s, F.
veteran, vGteran-us, -a, -um (adj.),
vice, viti-um, -i, N. ; scel-us, -eris, N.
victory, victorl-a, -ae, P.
view, conspect-us, -us, M. ; v. spect-o,
are, -avI, -atum; your V. Of the
matter, say, what you think (sentio) of
(de) the matter ^loi, 1) (sentio, I hold
a view).
vigor, vig-or, -oris, M.
vigorously, vehementer.
village, vic-us, -i, M.
violation, use violo (-are, etc.) ; p. 219,
(b).
violent, violentus, -a, -um (adj.).
virtue, virt-us, -utis, F.
visit, ad-eo, -Ire, -ivi(n), -ltum(acc.).
voice, vox, vocis, F.
vote, sententl-a, -ae, F.
W.
wage, gero, gerCre, gessi, gestum.
waggon, plaustr-um, -i, N.
wait, expect-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
walk, ambfil-o, -are, -avI, -atum,
wall, mur-us, -I, JI. ; moeni-a, -uni,
N. (defence) ; ixlri-es, -Otis, F. (of a house).
wander, err-o, -are, -avi, -atum.
war, bell-um, -I, N. ; carry on w.,
bellum gOrere.
ward off: say keep off.
warlike, bullic6s-us, -a, -um (adj.).
warm, calid-us, -a, -um (adj.).
warn, inoneo(of = i'8).
wa.5te, lay w.^-ste, v.-iRt-n, -are, -.avT,
-atum ; w^. time, tenipus eonsumCre.
watch, v., observ-o, -are, -avT, -atum,
custod-io, -Ire, -Ivl, -ituni.
VOCABULARY.
509
watch, custo-s.
-ae, F.
•(Ii8, M. ; vlgllLa,
water, Squ-a, -ae, F,
wave, fluot-us, -UB, Ji.
waxen, coro-us, -a, -um (adj.).
m no w., millo nioilo.
duTtf8^(S5.I' '"""'*-"^' -^' -"» : ^"^««.
weep, liiorlni-o, -are -avi -ifim. •
«Co, flere, flov!, flotuin. ' ' '" '
flemfs®^'"^' ^"■"''' •"«• ^^- ■' ^<'J- "«IS,
weight, pond-US, -Oris, N.
welcome, grat-us, -a, -iim.
n J^^P." Ki'"' = S'""''-' '"^""«; super!.,
optime; Dew., bene esse.
well-known, notus, -a, -urn (adj.).
What (interrog.), quid; (rel.), id quod.
h,,^^?"?' n""'".(P- 203) : often expressed
^ I'f *• (l'- -^-f-i) ■■ as, When the news
was reported, re nuntiata; interrog
quando (never, quuiii). '
whenever, p. 204, 4.
where, ubi ; w. from, unde.
whether, num ; whether or
utrum . . . . an (p. 130, G ; 177, 5). •
/nf^!?^?^\''"'^' 'l"^^' luifl (interrog.) ;
120 '• " ' ' ""■""'• <"■*'•>• ^^^ ^*'
While, dum (p. 201) ; quuni (p. 203, 2).
White, alb-us, -a, -uni (adj.).
qui^^p°'lg '• ""' ^^- '26); (interrog.).
why, cur, quare.
•Wicked, spOlerat-U8, -a, -uni (adj.) ;
W. deed, say crime. '^ '
Wide, lat-us, -a, -urn (adj.).
Wife, uxor, uxoris, F.
wild, fCr-u8, -a, -uni (adj.).
orl^.'l74!'^" °^ ^"'' ' '°'° ("f intention).
Will, voluntas, -atis. F. • ao-ninsf
my w., me invito! ' ^««'^"S*
Willing, I am, voio, velle, v6liii.
wind, vent-UH, -i, M,
winding, curv-us, a, -um (adj.).
Wine, vin-um, -r, N.
Wing, ai a, -ae, F. ; corn-u, -us, N.
Winged, vOlCc-er, -ris. -re (adj )
Winter, v., hiemo. -are. -aM, -atum.
Winter, hiem-s, -is p • thci<- -m
r-S2.i;allw.,acc. • • ^'^^^ ^■'
Wisdom, saplentl-a, -ae, F.
Wise, saplen-s. -tis (adj.).
vel^e!'^5if■^'""""• -""^' f"- = v.. volo,
«t^}}^' *^"?' P''^P- ^ith aW-. written
after personal and rel. pronouns : mecum
quibuscum (105, 8; 12fi. 3, note 2) -of
military accompaniment, p. 12, 3.
Withdraw, se abduco.
Within, p. 82. 2 ; intra (acc-X
'inT^i^^S^^' -VH^'^ 'P''eP- w>'l» ace.); p.
^«M ; be without, expers esse (abl.)
-stmim^.^^i^'^f '■^''«'°' -Sistere, -stiti,
(dat.K • "'^'■^* "^'"' ^*""'»
wolf, hlp-us, -I, M.
woman, mnller, -is. F.
wood, lign-um, -i, N.
wood, a, silv-a, -ae, F.
woody, silvest-er. -ris. -re (adj.).
oi^°t^:.« '■''■""'.• "'• ^- : (promise), 'fides,
(sVare^^stS,^^,):^- "''^"^ P^**-"^
work, 6p-us. -eris, N.
workman, fab-er. -bri, M.
workmen, operae, M. (pi.), fabri.
world, mund-us, -i, M.
worse, pcior, peius ; detfiri-or, -us.
worst, p. 57. 4.
^^ worthy, dig.i-us, -a. -um (adj.) (p.
wound, vuln-u8. -cris. N.
wound, v., vulnero, -are, -avT, -.atum
p.Ki8"4)'^ that, fltlnam (with subj. ;
-jcir®*°^®*^' "''"' ■*••""': i"'cii-x,
tii^*®' ^'"'"'°' ^'^■'■"'^'■^' scripsi. scrip-
writing, scribere.
. wrong, inifirl-a,
indecl.
ae, F. ; nefaa, N.,
wrong doing, maieflcl-um, -I, N.
X.
Xenophon, XPnilph-oii, -ontis.
510
VOCABULARY.
year, annus, -I, M.
yearly, annu-us, a, -um (adj.);
(every year), quotannid.
yes : p. 29, 4.
yesterday, hen ; dies hestemus.
yet, tamen, vPruni ; as yet, adhuc ;
not yet, nonduni.
yield, cedo, cedgre, cessi, cessuiii ;
(surrender), se dedo, dcdere, dodidi,
dodltum.
yoke, iog-uni, -i, N.
yonder, ille, ilia, illud (p. 118, 4).
you, tu (the Latins used the sing, to
refer to one person, not, like us, the
plural : as. You arc calling', boy, Tu, puer,
v(j(!as) ; pi., vos(p. 104) ; you yourself,
tu ipse.
young man, iftvenis, adOlescens,
Tidolescentis (also written adulescens).
younger, iunior (p. 68, note).
your, yours, tuus, -a, -um (referring
to One); vest er, -ra, -rum (adj.) (re-
ferring to more than one) ; p. 118, 3.
youth, iilvent-ns, -utis (body of) ;
ii1vent-a, -ae, F. (time of).
youthful, pQCrTl-is, -e (adj.).
Zama, Zam-a, -ae, F.
hi
LATIN PRONUNCIATION.
ROMAN METHOD.
Vowels.
Letters.
Latin i\ long as in calo, manare,
slioit as in calor^ mdnHo.
E long as in nedum,
secedo, die.
short as in 7igfas, s^co,
arc^.
Hong as ill si, sin, ride'o.
short as in stne, sttls,
rlgidus.
O long as in comis, oin^n.
short as in co/na, opus.
U long as in una, iividr.
short as in titSr, humus.
Y long as mgyrth,Hfdm.
short as in cy/uda, Ifrd.
Pronunciation.
as Eng. a in ps^^lni, s<«lve.
the same sound shortened.
Both ^?and a are found in aha!
N.15. d in Latin was never pro-
nounced as in mate, nor a as
in man, mat.
as Eng. e in gr^-y and sk^in.
as Eng. e in sp^d and m^t.
N.B. Lat. c was never pro-
nounced as Eng. ee in see.
as / in mach/ne, ee in {ee\.
N. B. The Latin t was never the
i in f/ne.
as / in f/t, p/n.
as (9 in bone, bne. '
nearest representative Eng. is o
in \\o\., xoqV.
as « in r«in, r«de.
N.B. Lat. u was never pro-
nounced like u in ac«te, m«le.
as U in f//'l|, r;<; in fo^;t.
N.B. Lat. «never as Eng. rf in
b«t, c«t.
as I long.
as/in beautj, ladj.
Diphthongs.
The pronunciation of the diphthongs is best learnt by first sound-
mg each vowel separately and then running then, togethe " Thus •
611
512
FIUST LATIN BOOK.
Iff
ae as ah-eh ; au as ah-oo ; oe as o-eh ; ei as eh-ce ; cu as eh-oo, and
ui as oo-ee.
AE in tacdae
AU in laudo
OE m/oedus
EI in hei
either Eng. a in iavG or as ai in <e/sle.
Eng. oil in browse.
N.B. Avoid the pronunciation "feed-us."
Eng. ey in gr^j^, ct in skt'/'n.
. EU in seu, neuter ) The general rule, as given above, is a
UI \n aii, huic j sufficient guide.
Consonants.
C as in cdno, clcini^ circa, condi- always as Eng. k ; never as j' nor
CIO. as c before c, i.
Qu in mquit. , as Eng. qic in quick.
G m gatideo, g^nus, gtgas^ agS. always as Eng. g in ^ot, ,^et,
be^'^in ; never asy or,^ soft.
N before c (k, qu), g, as incJpit, as ttg in ■si)ig. Thus : ingkipit,
itiquatn, congero. ingquani conggero.
R in ringi, rCirus, dator. tiilled r as in French or Scotch.
S as in sus^ acctiso, tristes. always voiceless, as in hii\y, hijt ;
never voiced as in ha^ (haz).
J or I consonant, as in tiiguin, as Eng./. Thus: /ugunij/akio.
idcio.
V or U consonant, as in udiius, as Eng. iv. Thus : w^rhnus,
uis, scruo (i.e., vanus, 7'/'s, wees, ser^co.
servo).
N.B. There is no ancient authority for spelling / consonant as j,
or u consonant as v. The Romans used one symbol for both
vowel and consonant.
B, D, F, H, L, M, P, T
X as in saxum, exulto.
Z as in gaza^ Zephyr us.
as in Eng.
N.B. T is always the same.
Edi/io is not to be pronounced
edi^hio.
as Eng. ks (x). Thus : ez&julto,
not e^^julto.
Probably as ds in ad^'^.
Double consonants should be carefully separated in pronuncia-
tion, as Sig-ger, ^os-suvn, pi«-«a.
VMMni..
:e ; cu as eh-oo, and
r as ai in uis\t.
nciation "feed-us."
cfz'n.
given above, is a
g. f: ; never as s nor
c, i.
\ quick.
k'cr asy or,^ soft.
'". Thus : ingkipit,
onggero.
I French or Scotch.
ess, as in \\\ss, \\\s\. ;
;d as in hajr (liaz).
luis : ^iigum,_;'akio.
. Tluis : ?mhnus,
g / consonant as y,
e symbol for both
always the same.
3t to be pronounced
). Thus : e/w'julto,
o.
Is in v^^ze.
ated in pronuncia-
1 • M