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 6 
 
3Trii C...\.;i!Kss. ) ffOUSK OF KKPRESKXTATIVKS. ( Rki-ort 
 
 OAHDUK DEFENCES OX (JlfEAT LAKES AXD RIVERS 
 
 KEtiHiAiiv 12, lf*(;2.-l.ii.l on til.' table, ami ordered to I,o 
 
 pi ill U- 
 
 Mr. Ahn-i.i.d. iVuia thr select ccinmittee on doCciKv ..f trroat lakes and 
 
 rivers, mailc the lolldwiun- 
 
 The conmt'ttlec In trhiv/i 
 
 U 11. 
 
 «.v rr/'cr.s to the (h/envcn ami /ort{/i<vti 
 
 RE PORT. 
 
 •a.s re/'errril .som>'v/,q/' the PresuhnWs message 
 
 anil to idiie/i also tvere n/'et'red 
 
 'ons of (he f/reat kihn and 
 
 )iiorlals OH (his s)ihjee(,' havimj hn<l (h 
 "spext/tilhj siilimU (hefolhnciiHj ,rjH,,-( 
 
 var'mis resohidons. pdilions, and 
 
 sa)ne nmler considerate 
 
 rivers. 
 
 me 
 
 on. 
 
 ^ The line between the United States and the l]ritisl 
 
 X'orth Amor 
 
 iea, runiiin"- from tl 
 
 and extondiiio; west throuy,-li tl 
 
 ;idf of St. Lawrei 
 
 1 possessions in 
 th 
 
 Lake Ontario, X'i 
 
 uiu j;iiii oi .■^t. ijawrenee on tiie east 
 le river St. Lawrence, thence throuirl 
 
 the }>roat lakes, to and I 
 
 i;;ara river, Lake Erie, and th 
 
 enee westorlv.tl 
 
 boundary line, running- through tl 
 
 eyond the fn)ntier settlement 
 
 irouji-h 
 
 s, presents a 
 
 than three ti 
 
 lousand mdes m extent. 
 
 kese great lakes and rivers, of 
 
 more 
 
 The feeling of good neighborhood, of 
 
 of mutual good Avill, had b 
 
 reciprocity of interests, and 
 
 Hiice. had continued 
 
 een growing up, and, with slight di.sturb- 
 
 •since the clo.se of the war of 1812. ' 1 
 
 half a century wo have regarded our Canadian neighbv.. a. u,m 
 triends, with M-honi we desired to establish the kin.lest and 
 
 ors as our 
 
 intimate busin 
 
 commercial, and social relations. In tl 
 
 lines ot railway and water communication between tl 
 combinations and connexions 1 
 
 'or nearly 
 
 good 
 
 most 
 
 great 
 
 le 
 
 lie east aiid Avcst. 
 
 . -lavo been established of mutual ad 
 
 tage. A treatyof recij)rocity has been entered into. Some of 
 great thoroughfares of trade and travel have not avoided the C 
 
 van- 
 
 <lian t 
 
 erritorv, all indicatin 
 
 division line^ 
 
 aiK 
 
 1 to 1 
 
 I wdlingiiess to break down or d 
 
 c ot our 
 
 ana- 
 
 ivo on terms of mutual good will. During th 
 
 period the ^^w scattered and imperfect def. ,.„.., .,„u , 
 
 tions wliich_ had been constructed on the frontier had fall 
 
 sreii-ard 
 
 ensive works and fortifica- 
 
 decav, and i 
 
 forts had beei 
 
 n some instances the militarv reservat 
 
 We 
 
 that 
 
 1 converted into station 
 
 en into 
 ions around our old 
 
 Wl' 
 
 id come to regard it as scarcelv within tl 
 
 rounds and depots of railwav,- 
 
 should 
 
 neglect of the me 
 
 •0 to war with our neiiihl 
 
 le range of possibility 
 
 lorover tin? line. This 
 
 increased the danger and liability of 
 
 ins of defence recent events have indicated 1 
 
 verv 
 
 las 
 
 ^var ; so that it seems that tl 
 
 best security t..r peace is to be prepared for war. The defe 
 
 le 
 
 nee 
 
4 
 
 2 HAUllOU DKFENTKS ON LAKKS AND RIVERS. 
 
 the Ki-eat lakes iiiid imvlm-h, thercfi)rc, is sugK'estcd by the President to 
 the coiisideriitioii of Coiij:;ress as a measure likely to promote poiicetul 
 relations between the two nations. As such, and with the sincere 
 desire tliat notliinj^' niav . >'r disturb the peaceful relations so happdy 
 heretofore existing, and so important to the growth and development ^ 
 of both countries, we urge defensive measures on the consideration 
 of Congress. The rapid advance in the prosperity of the British 
 i.rovinces, and more especially of the Unit.-d States, since the close 
 of the Avar of 1812, furnishes a striking illustration of the blessings 
 of peace. The pojiulation of the United States in 1815 was 8,G38, 131 ; 
 in 18G0 it was 31,148,571. The States of Indiana, Missouri, Illinois, 
 Michigan, Wisconsin, Towa, Minnesota, and Kansas, have been ad- 
 mitted into the Union since that period, and in the following order : 
 
 Indiana in 1^1^ 
 
 Illinois in 1^ J^ 
 
 Missouri in l*^^]; 
 
 Michigan in ^^Vc 
 
 Wisconsin in ^'^■*8 
 
 Iowa in ^^f^ 
 
 Minnesota in 1*^"^^ 
 
 Kansas in 1*^^" 
 
 The northwestern States to-day have a population of 9,073,055. 
 The northwest has sprung into existence, and developed the pro- 
 ductions of an empire since the close of the war of 1812. 
 
 It mf V not be improper to take a brief survey of the growth ana 
 present condition of the northwest, and its commerce, to show the 
 value and importance of the interests we are now about to ask the 
 government to defend. Before doingso, however, a brief descnp- 
 tion of the lakes may not be uninteresting. 
 
 Nearly midland of the North American continent there extends a 
 vast chain of lakes and rivers, three thousand miles in extent, con- 
 nected on the east, by the St. Lawrence, with the Atlantic, and Na- 
 ture has provided that these vast highways of commerce may bo 
 connected by a ship canal across a narrow portage, with the Missis- 
 sippi river and its tributaries on the southwest. 
 
 Lake Superior is a vast inland sea of 32,000 square mdes, and 
 2,000 miles of coast, 420 miles long by 160 broad. 
 
 Lake Michigan, with 22,000 square miles of surface, 1,200 miles 
 of coast, 320 miles long by 82 wide. „ , «^ ., 
 
 Lake Huron, with 24,000 square miles of surface, 2,000 miles ot 
 coast, 200 miles long by 110 broad. 
 
 Here we have three great seas of near 80,000 square miles ot sur- 
 face, and 5,000 miles of coast. , t i c^ 
 These bodies of water find an outlet through the river and Lake St, 
 Clair and the magnificent straits of Detroit into Lake Erie, 90 miles 
 from Lake Huron. Lake Erie, 250 miles long and 60 broad, dis- 
 charges its waters down the Falls of Niagara into Lake Ontario, 180 
 miles long and 60 broad, and thence the waters of these great lakes 
 find their way to the ocean through the St. Lawrence. 
 
HAKHOH DEFKXCES OX LAKHS AMt KMVKRS. 
 
 3 
 
 It is ii vorv rumiirkiible fiict that the portage betweoii these great 
 lakes, and those streams which liiid an nuth't in the Gulf of ^fcxico, 
 is not more than eight to twelve leet above the level of Lake .Mirlii- 
 gan, and witiiin ten mih's of Chicago. The Chicago river, rniniiiig 
 into Lake Michigan, and the l>esj)lane river, finding its w-.^y into the 
 Missisrtijipi through tiie Illinois, are within a stone's throw of each 
 other, and, indeed, in high water, the Desplane linds an outlet into 
 Lake Michigan, so that small boats pass directly from ijake .Michigan 
 into the Desplane. This ])ortagc between Lake Miciiigaii and the 
 navigable \\aters of the Illinois river has been cut through by the 
 Illinois and Michigan canal, and needs but widening and deepening 
 to open a shij) channel from the Mississippi to the lakes, (he most iiu- 
 jnrtant loorl; for cifhcr military or <vmmercicd purposes yet sinjije.stiil on 
 tliis continent. This frontier line, from the west end of Lake Superior 
 to the St. Lawrence, is over three thousad miles in extent. 
 
 The committee now ask attention to the (jrmcth of the northwest ami 
 its present commercial itnportance. 
 
 The shores of these great lakes where now swarm the busy popu- 
 lations of tlie most active and enterprising people perhaps in the 
 world, were, at the period of the war of 1812, coTered with dark and 
 gloomy forests filled with hostile savages. Here ranged the great 
 Indian warrior Tecumseh, and on the shores of these waters he made 
 the last, desperate struggle for the hunting grounds of his race, now 
 80 rich in .igriculture, trade, and commerce. 
 
 The following table shows the growth in population of the north- 
 west since 1812 : 
 
"Sj 
 
 IIAHIIOK DKKKNfT.S ON LAKKS AND KJVEKS 
 
 ~ c-: ^ — '■■: ^ ''•- -^ ">' \h. *' 
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 IIAKIIOK ])KFKNCP:s O.N LAKICS AND IJIVERS. 
 
 5 
 
 Tiihh: s//oici/i!( Ihv pojiiilatioH of ihv foUowiiiii r'll'iis (uiil l<iini\ f'liiin IS^O /„ 
 
 ISGO, iiii]ii,sirc. 
 
 Citicn iiiul fowiiH. 
 
 1820. 
 
 0!),'j 
 
 1830. 
 
 i, 7o;{ 
 
 9, 2G9 
 
 Ortwcf^o, N. Y 
 
 Itoclifstcr, X. V 
 
 I}ii«al... X. Y ' 8,Go3 
 
 Dunkirk, X. Y ' 
 
 Ki-ic, I'a i 03.3 1 , 32!) 
 
 C'lcvclfiiiil, Oliio {JO(i |,()7(i 
 
 Toli'do, ( )lii() \ 
 
 Detroit, Mich , l,42.-2 2,222 
 
 Milwaukii', Wis 
 
 Cliic(i;,'(., Ill I , 
 
 St. Louis M(. I 10,049 14,049 
 
 1840. 
 
 1 8.30. 
 
 I, 
 20, 
 
 IN, 
 
 G(i.'> 
 191 
 213 
 
 112 
 071 
 222 
 102 
 712 
 470 
 4G9 
 
 12, 
 3G, 
 12, 
 
 20.3 
 403 
 2()1 
 
 17, 
 3, 
 21, 
 20, 
 29, 
 77, 
 
 S.38 
 034 
 829 
 019 
 OGl 
 9G3 
 8G0 
 
 I SGO. 
 
 IG, 81G 
 48, 204 
 81, 139 
 .3, G 1 .3 
 9,419 
 43,417 
 13, 7G8 
 4.3, 019 
 4.'3, 2.34 
 09, 2G3 
 GO, 780 
 
 Tabic xhowipg the true value of tJiv renl vxtate im<1 prrsnnal propirlii (irainllna 
 to the seventh census, 18;30, and the ris^hth 'emus, 18G0, respect i'reli/. 
 
 State's. 
 
 lieal and jjcrsonal. 
 
 Ileal and jK'Vfional. 
 
 IndiaiiJi 
 
 1 8 -jO. 
 S202, G.30, 2G4 
 l,3(i, 2G.3, 00(i 
 23,714,038 
 
 ISGO. 
 
 •s;328, 83r>, 371 
 
 S71,8(;0, 282 
 
 217,3.38,20.5 
 
 ;jl :j->7 S9;3 
 
 Illiiioi.-* 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kan.xfi.s * 
 
 Minnesota* 
 
 
 r,-> •->9I 11.'! 
 
 3Iis.«ouri 
 
 137,247,707 
 
 .304, 72G, 120 
 
 42, 0.3i;, r)9.3 
 
 .39, 787, 2.30 
 
 •301, 214,398 
 
 1 . 1 i)3, 898, 422 
 
 273,G71,G68 
 
 ■>-,'/ \i\'i ns3 
 
 Oliio 
 
 AYisc'ouriin 
 
 ^Ii('lii":an 
 
 
 
 
 1,12G, 447, r>8.3 
 
 3, 9:37, G04, G97 
 
 *X<> returns fur 1850. 
 
 f- 
 
6 II.\I{IW)K DKrr.NC 1> ON KAKKS AMi lilVKUS. 
 
 Tlif l'olli)\vili!X tiiMf slidus tlir |i..[)Mlatic>ii ainl urea nl' tin- linltli- 
 wc^t in l!<')0 aiTd IsDO. The tal>lf ..f i.ni.ulalioii in 1.^50 is copied 
 iVoiii til.' r..liiiKMi(liiilii of thr I'liitrd States iTiisils of ISfH), pago 40; 
 ll„. tal'l.' nf ai-.'as I'n.iii tlic saiii.' .lociiinoiits, lia}J,'t! .'Kl; tlio tal.lf ot 
 |M.iuilati(in ill IsdO IVoiii census returns: 
 
 StiUo, 
 
 l'ii)iul.'ilii>ii in 
 
 l'ii)iu'iiiliiiii in 
 
 Ann, ill square 
 
 Per cent. t>t 
 
 1 iN^jn. 
 
 iNin. 
 
 miles. 
 
 iuerease in 
 
 
 :i, ;i:59, rm) 
 
 
 populutiiiii. 
 
 I, i>s(), :i:.^0 
 
 ;J9, 96 4 
 
 18.14 
 
 i 9SS, ik; 
 
 l,:i.->o, .I7i» 
 
 Xl, 809 
 
 3(i.t)3 
 
 S.) 1,170 
 
 i,7ii,7r>:j 
 
 r>rj, lo'j 
 
 101.03 
 
 :i!)7,0.Jl 
 
 71i), 112 
 
 fM, 2Vi 
 
 88.38 
 
 :J0.",, :!0l 
 
 77-n S73 
 
 r,:i, 9:i4 
 
 l.^l.OO 
 
 li):i,.vMJ 
 
 (i7l,!)48 
 
 r;0, 914 
 
 ■2r,i.u 
 
 (J, (177 
 
 H;2,()22 
 
 ;j4,rj9i 
 
 ■2rA].-,.c>r, 
 
 (i8-i. Oil 
 
 I7;i,:il7 
 
 ()7, :iso 
 
 .12 
 
 
 107, 110 
 :>s, Sl-2 
 
 1 14, 79« 
 
 
 
 3:1';, 88:2 
 
 
 
 
 . .■,. .ur.i, ,v,i.> 
 
 ;i, 073. or>o 
 
 S 1:2, 910 
 
 07.0 
 
 Olii 
 
 Iiiiliana 
 
 illiuiiis 
 
 .Miilii;ian .... 
 Wisenusin .... 
 
 Iowa 
 
 ^linuesota 
 
 ^[issduri 
 
 Kansas , 
 
 Neln-.Mska ... 
 
 'I'etal..., 
 
 ;-», J03, r>9r, 
 
 Increase in 1 years 3, M9, 4<)0 
 
 Jt is estimutod that of this increase 1,329,000 is the natural ni- 
 erement; the balance. :2,340,:5!)4, by eini-'ration— the northwest 
 lilliii.u' up with the hardy, industrial classes coiniin^' hither from 
 Europe iind the older States. 
 
 Poiiulation of the United States in I80O. 23,191,870: m 1800, 
 31.429.891 — increase, 35. .")2 percent. 
 
 The increase of the population of the northwest during- the last 
 ten vears has been 07.9 per cent., while the ratio of increase in the 
 whole countrv has been 35. .52. The population of tlie northwest by 
 census of 1800 was 28.85 per cent., or nearly one-third. Of the 
 total increase in the population of the country, 44.07 per cent, was 
 in the northwe.st alone. An increase at the same ratio during the 
 ])resent decade will --ive the northwest in 1870 a population of 
 15,212.022— an increase of 0,139.507. Massachusetts, the most 
 densely populated of all the States, has 157.8 inhabitants to the 
 square mile. A like densitv of population in the northwest would 
 give us a population of 133. (111. 198. A density of population equal 
 to that of I']ngland (332 per square mile) would give an enumeration 
 of 279,840,120. 
 
 ^«^-. 
 
 .i«M^>»>i<».-.<^»' 
 
^Jsm;^ 
 
 ■*',**i winait^- 
 
 ii.McitDi; 1)i:fi;\( ivs n,\ i.akks and i.mvkhs. 7 
 
 Tlic fnllowiii-' talilf will show -cmiculiiil nf tin- ailviiiici- of the 
 iiortliwcst ill |p(iliticiil power; 
 
 Electoral voti:. Rcprtsi'iitiitivcH l'o|.iiliii vot I'ur I'lohident 
 in CoiifrrfHi*. 
 
 Stiitog. 
 
 1852. 18U4. iSSl. I 1861, 
 
 18S3. 
 
 18C0. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Tiiiiian.'i . . 
 ! iliiiois , . . 
 AIiciii;faii . 
 Wiscoii.iiii 
 Iowa .... 
 Missouri. . 
 ]Miiiii(\soiii . 
 Kansas . . . 
 
 11 
 6 
 
 r, 
 4 
 9 
 
 •21 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 ' .-(.W, 428 
 
 4 1 J, 111 
 
 i:; 
 
 ]| 
 
 11 
 
 is.'i, i;ji 
 
 •>',:>, \V\ 
 
 1.1 
 
 !) 
 
 l.-j 
 
 1;3.>, 107 
 
 ;j.{0, (io;t 
 
 s 
 
 4 
 
 (> 
 
 N2, o;jo 
 
 lo4,74!l 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 (i 
 
 (i4,7l2 
 
 \r,i, ISO 
 
 7 
 
 ■■i 
 
 .> 
 
 \iy,H\r, 
 
 12s, j.n 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 !» 
 
 (\C), ;J8<J 
 
 i(;.j, TjIs 
 
 • i 
 
 
 ] 
 
 '*• 
 
 .'i J, 70'J 
 
 1 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 S!) 
 71 
 
 Increase ]s 
 
 Total of U. States i 
 
 71 
 
 r>7 
 
 022, 141 ! l.US!), !)0:i 
 ' 0:2>, 111 
 
 1 t 
 
 7(J7, 7GI 
 
 :.';54 \2:i?> .'{, 12«, .'{OS .|,(J(;:.M7() 
 
 'J'he popiihu- Vote of 1S52 is e(i|)itMl I'roin tlio census coinpeiidiiim, 
 (1N.")0,) p. 50; that of ISOO, from the census returns. Under tho 
 ohl iipportionment (1850) the nurtliwest had 24.31 {)er cent, of the 
 inenihcrs of the House of Representatives, or a fraction hjss thanone- 
 fourth. Under tlic census of ISIJO she is entithjd to 30.47 per cent., 
 or nearly one-third. At the presidential election of 1S52 the north- 
 west cast 2D.4G per cent, of the po]niJ' vote. In the presidential 
 election of 1800 she cast 30.24 per ceni. o\' the jjopular vote — more 
 tlian one-third. In the electoral college in 1800 the northwest cast 
 23.14 per cent, of the vote for Tresident and Vice-President. In 
 1804- she will cast 20.23 per cent, of all the States, if ]iu new State is 
 admitted in the mean time. 
 
 Tlie followinsj: table shows the standin,i.'of the lonnj States in respect 
 to politit-al power in 18.)2 and 1800 : " 
 
 1852. 18G0. 
 
 Popular vote for President 2,583,018 3,805.040 
 
 Electoral votes 205 
 
 Under the new census 210 
 
 In 1852 the northwest cast 35.08 per cent, of the popular vote for 
 President in the loyal States, and 34.03 per cent, of the electoral 
 vote. In 1800 she cast 44.4 per cent, of the popular vote; and in 
 1864 will have 40.63 per cent, of the votes of the loyal States in the 
 electoral college. 
 
HARIIOR I)I:fi:NCKS on LAKKS and IMVKRS. 
 
 Cliiciij^'ti liciiij; (.lie (.r the ((.iiiirKTciuI coiitri-s of the iK.rlliwi'st, it 
 i» propi'i- tliiit soino s|iiux' slidiild l.o (levott-d tr> her (•oiiiirierce. 
 
 The total viilwe i.f imports iit Ciiiciinn in Isf)') SI'lC.OliO.OiM (10 
 
 Total value ol' exports from ("hica>:o in Is'^fj lil'i.ft.j.'i^Olil 88 
 
 •*40!),(ii;i.(iH(; 54 
 
 The value ot' imports into Chicago in iStlO, as per 
 
 Hoard of Trade loport, was !*f»T,0<M.(;iG 89 
 
 Value of exports lor same periml 72,7 liJ.lloT 24 
 
 Afcgro^atc value of imports and exports 109,771. ')74 l;] 
 
 The value of the imports into Chicago in ISfiS, as 
 rei)orted by Col. Gr.dmm (Senate Doc, part ii, pp. 
 890, 891, aCth Congress, 1st session,) to the United 
 States government, was ^q\\ 032 'M\2 12 
 
 Value of exports for same period 81,052 420 05 
 
 Aggregate value of imports and exports 180,084,782 17 
 
 The apparent deficiency in ISOO. as compared with 1858, is doubt- 
 less owing to the fact that the valuation of the articles is placed 
 higher in Colonel Graham's report than the same articles are valued 
 by the Board of Trade in 1800. as the quantities received and shipped 
 in the latter year greatly exceed, in most I'ases. those of 1858. 
 
 It is believed that the valuation of receipts and shipments in 18G1 
 greatly exceed that of the commerce of 18(J0, (although the (irioes 
 of produce are lower,) inasmuch as the rebellion has' diverted to 
 Chicago^ an immonse trade which was formerly concentrated at St. 
 Louis. Cairo, New Orleans, and other }ioints on "the Mississi|)pi river. 
 The following table, prepared by Seth Catlin, esq., secretarv of 
 the Board of Trade, shows the capacity of the Chicago elevating 
 warehouses for handling and storing grains, November 15, 18G1. 
 
 Capacity for storage, bushels (!. 115,000 
 
 Capacity to receive and ship per day. bushels 735.000 
 
 Capacity to ship per day, bushels •'- 2. 035. 000 
 
 °Soe CoUmel Grnljam's report. 
 
 n/.i 
 
 lift. 
 
 Yift 
 
 18.0 
 
 18G( 
 
 '^m: 
 
•*«»*»■"'■« ■ •t^/K^^h'- 
 
 HAUIlOIt DKl'FA'CTM ON I.AK':.- AMt KIVKRM. 
 
 9 
 
 Tilfiltt /'/ion f/ir luiiNil III' Tiftilr llijioi/, Jitiiiiaiil 1, |S(;l, n/nmiim ihc Ion- 
 iiilgr mill idhidliiiii of tliv rv.i.sfl.i r/iuugnl in 'lif iinmnvrir »/' tin' liikin in 
 lH5!t mill I'^GO. 
 
 Yiar. 
 
 18.0!) 
 
 NuinliiT and li"-. 
 
 AMKUH'AN' lUflTtlMS. 
 
 18G0 
 
 (is st('nlll(•r^< . 
 
 |N |iivi|K'll('rs , 
 
 'i'l lii;r^ 
 
 I.'t liark.-'. . . . 
 
 (il Itrijr-'- • - . 
 
 s.'!."J ,«('liiiiiii('rs. 
 
 1, l!ts. 
 
 Ill |)i'0])<'lli'r,x 
 
 1 7 tuffs 
 
 I ') Imrks. . . . , 
 
 11 lirijjs . . . . , 
 
 JiiV srliooiKTs. 
 
 ;jj.'i 
 
 1, I9S. 
 
 ?•'> stcaiiicrK . 
 l!l() ])r(i])(i]crs. 
 
 •1 1 harks 
 
 70 bi:i}^s .... 
 
 813 PC'IlOOMTH. 
 
 l,:il(i 
 
 77 steamers , 
 'i'l prfipellers 
 2'i barks.. . . 
 
 10 In-i^'s 
 
 2\.l Hcliooiiers 
 
 oGO. 
 I,:il0. 
 
 1,570. 
 
 CANAm.W lldT'ltlMS. 
 
 A.MKUICAN noTTdMS. 
 
 CANAOIAN HOl'TOMS. 
 
 Tiiniuitre 
 
 40, :>4(i 
 
 7,770 
 
 !», (;oo 
 I7;i, .iov 
 
 ,'i-i:;, i')(i 
 
 \, v.n 
 
 •>, !iril 
 
 ;j, rill;', 
 \i->, 198 
 
 o<», o«i;{ 
 
 '>(i 
 
 47, 3.13 
 
 57, -no 
 
 17, f)r>9 
 
 •i 1,505 
 
 17^, 5-20 
 
 Valimtinii. 
 
 .'^I,77!t, <M)(» 
 
 450, 5(10 
 
 4s->, SOO 
 
 45(i, (SOO 
 
 4, 37N, 000 
 
 0, ^ll,.->()0 
 
 ONO, a(JO 
 
 I 10, 500 
 1 Si,, SOO 
 
 i;m, ()(i(t 
 
 7S, 400 
 778, 300 
 
 .•!05, 300 
 
 0, s| I, /()() 
 
 310,503 
 
 :l, 430, 840 
 
 3, :250, 300 
 
 584, 540 
 
 484, :.'50 
 
 5, ;>33, 085 
 
 11,!tO:j, 105 
 
 25, 030 
 7,289 
 7,882 
 3, 815 
 
 31,702 
 
 1 , 490, ()80 
 
 407, 200 
 
 r=;40, 480 
 
 04, 380 
 
 898, 5G0 
 
 70, 717 
 310,503 
 
 3, 140,300 
 11,002, 105 
 
 303, 220 
 
 15, 138, 495 
 
 <■>*£,. 
 
10 
 
 JlAliltoU DKFENX'K.S <).\ l^AKKS ANJ) lilVKR.^^. 
 
 111.' lullowiiiu- i> t'nuu till' ivpurt ,,r (Ik^ IJnanl of Trade of JJulValo : 
 
 UXITKD STATKS AMJ CANADIAN' TONNAOK. 
 
 Slahmrnl „f //„■ liwiKiiiv iif th, norf/nnslmi l,ih;s aiul rirvr St. Linrrnirv a 
 rnmpdnl Jn,m the M,n-ni<' R,^l.sf,r „f thr Boanl „f Lakv Unihricriters fo 
 
 isill. 
 
 IS 
 
 for 
 
 Dosciiption. 
 
 No. Tonnage. 
 
 1.;. >r.\Ti> Tu.WAiiK. 
 
 Stc;iiiicr.-i 
 
 l'ni|H'll(rs 
 
 Hjirks 
 
 liH^s : : : : 
 
 Sfl[ii(iiicrs 
 
 Slddps 
 
 71 
 
 ■It 
 
 TO 
 
 7sn 
 
 10 
 
 Valuo. 
 
 10, \2r> , -SI, i9:], ;iO() 
 
 is, ;{.•{! 
 
 •io, (3i:{ 
 
 i; t, oio 
 
 34."; 
 
 147, .'JOG 
 
 407, (JOO 
 
 4, 49(i, 800 
 
 '), 7o0 
 
 Avfiiij^i- No. of Total 
 tons. men. men. 
 
 308 
 410 
 ^04 
 
 34 
 
 ao 
 
 12 
 11 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 1, lift 
 
 3, 640 
 
 528 
 
 770 
 
 7. 800 
 
 40 
 
 Total 
 
 «A.\Ai)i.\\ T(i\.\a(;f-; 
 
 l.I(i(i ;iO|). (i;j-j !), 147, Soo ! 14,(M3 
 
 Stc;|iiici-s . . 
 
 l'rii|Mllcrs . 
 Harks 
 
 l!ii-s . . . 
 Scluiiiiii rs 
 .Slootis . , 
 
 Tntal. 
 
 70 
 21 
 In 
 
 k; 
 
 200 
 
 24,;T11 
 1,74n 
 li, 7S7 
 4, 2.-,^ 
 
 ;iO, 88;> 
 .•*n;; 
 
 1, n.J, (500 
 
 207, SOO 
 
 ISO, ;300 
 
 !)3, r>00 
 
 7'>2, 100 
 
 (5. 100 
 
 •a I 
 220 
 377 
 2()0 
 lo4 
 •'>0 
 
 2') 
 20 
 12 
 11 
 10 
 1 
 
 330 ',[..-,[).-, 2, 414, (iOO 
 
 1, 000 
 420 
 210 
 170 
 
 2, 000 
 
 20 
 
 3, 732 
 
 Total (if Uiiiteil .States and Canadian tonnage: 
 
 Number of ve.<sels . . . 
 
 Total tonnag'e 
 
 Total value 
 
 Whole number of men 
 
 1.502 
 
 asi,i;]7 
 
 SI 1,802,400 
 18,375 
 
 Tl„. Tnited States toimage exceeds that of the Canadian as follows: 
 
 Hxcesv ill iniHiher of vessels 
 
 Excess ill amount of tonuage 
 
 Kxcoss in value . s!T.0;];).2r)0 
 
 rjX''ess in nuiuber of men • • • • 10 Oil 
 
 830 
 
 238, 1 27 
 
 
IIAUl'.OU DKFKNCl'.S ON l.AKKS AM) KIVHKS. 
 
 11 
 
 BiHow is LiivL'U till' imiiilicr of Uiiiti'il .States and Caiiadiiin vessels 
 now buildiii}:,' on the iiin-tlnvesterii l;.!ce~ and the I'iver St. Lawrenee 
 !it the present time : 
 
 Xtimlnr ij/' rr.s.sc/s hiilldnt^j,, Jtoi'niri/, lMJ-2. 
 
 n\ii. 
 
 NiiMila-r. 'loimauL'. 
 
 V'lilUf 
 
 IMTKI) STA'I'l'.S VI'.SSi;i.S mil.DlMi 
 
 1 
 
 , ni> 
 
 -': 
 
 ,640 
 
 
 528 
 
 
 770 
 
 7 
 
 ,800 
 
 
 40 
 
 L4 
 
 (M.3 
 
 1 
 
 900 
 
 
 420 
 
 
 2Ui 
 
 
 17(J 
 
 -. 
 
 000 
 
 
 20 
 
 Stl'MlU . 
 
 I'rojM'lh 
 Sail ... 
 
 Total 
 
 (AN.AIH.W VKSSKI.S lini.KlM 
 
 Steam 
 Sail .. 
 
 Total. 
 
 I'rcsful ('anadiaii ti)iinaj,'c 
 Vcssils Imildinj;- 
 
 Total. 
 
 3 ■ 1. :il() Slli), 000 
 
 22 ^,210 rj74.70O 
 
 ;i2 21.01!) 047,20."; 
 
 rri ;;(i, O-V.t i . (J lo. do.'. 
 
 'I'otal 
 
 'I'otal v. States and Canadian 
 
 Present United States toimafre 
 Vesstds huildiui;' 
 
 {)■> 
 
 344 
 
 410 2f5, 700 
 
 040 130. SOI) 
 
 I.IO 
 
 Hi.'). ;'iOO 
 
 ;;i. 4IM) I, soo, 4o-"> 
 
 1 . 100 .309, 032 : 0, 447, sr.O 
 
 rn : 30, o.'»9 ; i , oio, wr, 
 1,223 ;;io, ■','.)] I 1 1 , OSS. 7.')-'» 
 
 33(3 7],r,0.-) 2,414,0(11) 
 
 S ; ;!, l.')0 I Jli-l, -lOO 
 
 74. 9');') 2, 5S0, 100 
 
 The i'ollowin^' talde. copied IVoui Colonel Graham's i-e[)()rt, (Senate 
 E.\. Doe. No. H5.;!4tli Congress, 3d sessioii,p. 405.) shows the value of the 
 enumerated articles of rnerehundise and agricultural produce received 
 at and shipped from the various collectiou districts, ami which passed 
 over the St. Clair Hats during the year 185.5: 
 
 
12 
 
 iiAunoii 
 
 DEFENCES US LAKES AND IMV 
 
 ERS. 
 
 TAlJLi:. 
 
 I'istricts. 
 
 CJiic'iij'o 
 
 ^filwiuilii.. ...... 
 
 'I'olcd,,* 
 
 OIcv,.l,m(|+ ....'.''" 
 
 Krio I'm., (;;:>.:;., I ,„„;;;;i); 
 
 liiifiald 
 
 O-WC^'d 
 
 < •plcusliiir:;' .... 
 
 I{ic(i\c(l, 
 
 • -SOI, 771, 717 !is 
 
 II. ()<;.-,, o07 (IS 
 
 'i7(;, 7()4 ;"i() 
 
 Slii|ij)((l. 
 
 ■-^ S(i7, 407 10 
 
 l!l. .-200 GO 
 
 0, D 10 00 
 
 *.'i 1 , fi:is, .-,;io <)J 
 :n, 00.-,, !i;j(; ;.-, 
 
 !',:.' 17. S12 lo 
 
 lU;. !»;-,o 00 
 
 /■(>, 5(iO, 000 00 
 
 in,!MO, .-,.1.-, 1(1 
 
 i'-i9,2r,7, I GO 81 
 
 llJ,9io, .-,1.'; i(i 
 
 ■i'>l, 107. 70.-, 97 
 
 ,J;i il":n;«',!;";'^i;r'^'",^r?^,;^"!^ "-■■■^" "i^^-* ™"...- 
 
 Ihts i„ 1855, m!;. fVXv^-'i'j '"'''' "'P't^il n„.rest.,l in .^,. Cl.,ir 
 
 .-.S",:;^ t,7^5r;; '^.r;;; ■:rsx";;n;;; ?Sts -f?^'^^ *-■ 
 
 for tlK. lollowhig^'l'lls "' " "PP'-opnatH,n ol' tl.o a^ove Hu.ount 
 1. Tlio animal amount of coramorro -irKl „,,•.... f • • 
 
 »n"e ,>ussa,,^o ov.r St. Clair 1 t ( m > 10'. iKf '" '■'^"'•'"'>' '^ 
 alK.w.) ' ^' P* *'^''- ■*!"• "ggregate given 
 
 Srn'Xs.r'"'^'-^'""' "''*'• ^"^ "" «I5-«"0,000 
 
 ,. , „ , , ...ipiumts from 
 
 ( 1 Kit Colonel Graham's report, p. 
 
 'IS'- 
 
HARliOl't DKFKNCKS 
 
 l>AKES AM) RIVERS. 
 
 1 *■> 
 
 2. Tlic importiiiice of iinpniviii^ tlio cliaiinol over the St. Clair 
 lliits as a lU'cchsary uk'nicnt in tlic lailitarv (let'eiice of our national 
 frontier, (pp. 40!), 410.; 
 
 Col. Graham's Report (:\Iess. anil Dors.. 18')0-'(;0. part .'!.) ■j.ives 
 tiie following- as the ag;j,'regate imports and exports l>i/ lukr nl the 
 several lake ports in 1858: 
 
 Imports 
 Kxportf 
 
 $148, 77."). 2 1> iU] 
 1-J3.875.81:i (!0 
 
 Total lake commerce (American) in 1858 •• 272.(Jol.0.".l 2(! 
 
 lair 
 
 The following hhows the total commerce (by lake, vcaicl. anil rail- 
 road j of the various hike ports in 1858: 
 
 i»U>">'t^ $45(j, 149,4^2 id 
 
 l'^Xl)orts ;j74_ !.-,(; .y.yf, -,4 
 
 'J'"t=il 8;{0.30G.363 45 
 
 TcJilc of (i</(jrefjafe hnportu and exports of lake ioH-ns for thr ycor 1858, 
 ronipi/cd by Colonel Graham (Senate Doc, Ut sessi,,)! 3{',l/i Cowi ' 
 2)p- 910— 10!)0.) 
 
 f tucago S180, 084.782 17 
 
 Waukegan 1,2()5.500 10 
 
 •^'''"'J'*'''^ l,G3(;.L>f)5 05 
 
 Racine 0,924,297 15 
 
 Milwaukie 41,349,293 90 
 
 Sheboygan 1,002,22G 00 
 
 Manitowoc (jcjj oijj. ;^(j 
 
 Michigan City 5,f)G9!829 85 
 
 New JJuftalo 588,G09 30 
 
 ^f- Joseph 803,054 30 
 
 Grand Haven 4,702,34G 4G 
 
 Toledo G7.1G0.11G 91 
 
 Sandusky 54.3G1. 144 10 
 
 Cleveland lOG. 100,578 4G 
 
 I^'"'^' 15.275,955 35 
 
 ^>»"kn-k 57,327,845 90 
 
 Bullalo 202,019,298 82 
 
 Oswego 34.G10,87G G2 
 
 Ogdensburg 21.547,450 50 
 
 There are several other places included in Colonel Graham's sta- 
 tistics not embraced in tin,, above. 
 
 Coh)nel Graham's report (p. 128) .states that the losses on the 
 western lakes m 1855 amounted to j<2, 800,000. 
 
 The report of New York Canal Commissioner Samuel B. Ruggles, 
 
 Z- 
 
14 
 
 JIARMoit r)]:FEN(i:s c.X i^AlvKS AM) RIVERS. 
 
 m 1N,J cunrnnvd u, by Ca„al ("n.unnssinn..,- Charlrs II. Sh.rrill 
 (^. \. Ass. Dnc. IS.-,!., on ,,aKC- 20.) says tliat in I,S.^3 tl.u western 
 co.n.neree passu,- fl.ruud. tl,,- Erie canal was sl;'.(;.;^l,8 7;!4 o" 
 pa-e 11 tin. same repnrt says. --The pn-imrtion (of fn.vst pnuluets) 
 a ready ...ntnlM.led l,v Tana-Ia an.l the west irf uL- than ine-third 
 : the whole amount ul t „■ pruduets of the forest (ex,.ludin,' urdin.rv. 
 h no wood;ean.n.d on all rh. .anak inelndin^ even the Hanuph in^ 
 and the ratio .s .•onstan.ly and rapidly inereasin^ in lavor of th^ 
 AM'st. On paso 22 otth.s report Mr. Ru-.le, says, ••The west 
 IS amon- us and upo,. ns. in lull vi-or, defyin- all thepowerof party 
 nh ,e,ans however persevenn^^ to shut out the truth that within the 
 e.vt twent^y years the property to he earried throud. this State to 
 
 ot doHars. it not a much laip-r sum." Colonel (Iraham ui 
 ■ lahe eiiiiimerce exceeds 
 
 that 
 
 inipialiliedly 
 is 111 value our foreip'ii coin- 
 
 Mc 
 
 assert! 
 merce 
 
 The Ibllowiu^- extracts from [hnifs Merehaufs Ma^^i.me, eon- 
 •eled to be one oi our most reliable statistical journals of the country, 
 may be interesting : '"".^r 
 
 •' Westward movement of the centre of poj„dafio>i, commerce, and of hi- 
 dustriat poiver in North America. 
 
 '•In the rapidly developing greatness of North America, it is in- 
 teresting to look to the future, and speculate on the most probable 
 points ot centralization of its commerce and social power. IncludiiiL- 
 
 n'iuniK"''^ p"' "i ^°'"'i"^' "'• ''"P«'-t'">t part of its commercial com- 
 mumt\ the Canadas and contiguous provinces, the centre of popula- 
 tion white and black, is ;, little west of Pittsburg, situated at the 
 head of navigation on the Ohio river. The movement of this centre 
 IS north of west, about in the .lirection of Chicago. The centre of 
 productive power cannot be ascertained with uny degree of precision. 
 Weknow It must be a considerable distance east and north of the 
 
 waid Both in their regular progress will reach Lake Michigan. Is 
 It not then, as certain as anything in the future can be, that the 
 central power of the continent will move to, and become permanent 
 . Ih t^ 7"^ the great lakes? Around these pure waters will 
 g.ithei the densest populations, and on theii borders will grow up 
 the best towns and cities. * * * # % 
 
 "It can scarcely admit of a doubt that the .lomestic commerce of 
 ^orth America bears a proportion as large as twenty to one of its 
 foreign commerce. -^ 
 
 '•At the present rate of increase the United States and the Cana- 
 
 ^i''J •' -ir "■' l"."'" ^''!' ^''"'' ''■'" ''«"t'''" «^'«'- «"^' hundred and 
 twenty mil ions of people. If we suppose one hundred and five mil- 
 
 ons, and that these s la 1 be distributed so that the Pacific States s^ 1 
 h.ne ten millions and the Atlantic border twenty-five millions, there 
 AMll he left for the great interior plain seventy millions. These 
 seventy millions will have twenty times as much commercial inter- 
 
HAIiHOR DKFEXCKS ON LAKKS AN'L) IflVKKS. 
 
 15 
 
 course willi ciifli citlicr fis witli all tln' world licsidos. It is olivious. 
 tln'ii, tliiit tlicru imist be Imilt up in llu'ir midst tlic uToat city ot'tlic 
 continent: iind not only sn. Init tliat they will sustain several cities 
 ^•reater than those which can ho snstaine<l on the ocean liordei'.'' 
 
 The counaerce of the lakes dnrin.L;- the )>ast yinir has, in conse(|nence 
 of the blockade; of the Mississijjpi, Imiii tar jj;reatei' than any jirevious 
 year. The trade and coinnierci' of llie lakes has heeii nu-asured by 
 the njeans of trans[)ortation. Every railway \vas pressed to its 
 utmost capacity, and there was not a siuf^le vessel on the lakes Imt 
 was in service carrying" forward the products of the northwest tn the 
 seaboard. The receipts of papain at Chicago alone amount to the 
 enormous (piantity of r)4,0!).'5.'J10 liusliels. In bSGO the receipts 
 were ;-5(),504. 772 bushels. The increase at Milwaukie and other 
 ports lias lieen in the same ratio. 
 
 Accurate statistics of the ])resent commerce of the various lake 
 titwns are not at command : but the growth of Buffalo. Rochester, 
 Erie, Cleveland, Toledo, Detroit, Milwaukie, and Chicago, are all in- 
 dexes of the rapid advance of lake commerce and the agriculture of 
 the west, and in the aggregate reach a magnitude which is entitled 
 to the most favorable consideration of Congress. 
 
 Your committee have given but a very imperfect sketch of the 
 wonderfully rapid growth and present importance of the northwest. 
 It abounds" in all the elements of a great and prosperous country. It 
 has thus far been the great agricultural section, but, with its inex- 
 haustible supi)lies of coal, lumber, and metals, it will ere long become 
 a great manufacturing country. The iron and copper of Lake Supe- 
 rior are attracting the attention of the world. 
 
 Tiie northwest has grown by the energy and industry of its own 
 hardy, free people, receiving less aid from the federal treasury than 
 any other section. Its harbors, though filled with a connuerce in 
 corar)arison with which that of the now rebel ami latelv petted and 
 favored seaboard section sinks into insignificance, have yet been 
 neglected, because the water on which that commerce floated ivas 
 frciili. Its defences have been abandoned, and have fallen inti) decay. 
 
 As compared with the south, the northwest has literally received 
 nothing I'rom the luitional treasury. 
 
 The outh has had navy yards, fortifications, custom-houses, and 
 harbors, costing millions of dollars. There has been expended on 
 the Gulf of ^Mexico and the Florida coasts more millions of dollars 
 than the northern frontier has received thousands. The east, too, 
 has had, and very properlv; fortifications, forts, armories, navy yards, 
 depots, arsenals, and ships. The northwest asks simply justice, but 
 not even that at this time. In the midst of this war she asks only 
 that some of her most important leading and exi)osed points lie for- 
 tified and placed in a condition of defence: that an armory and 
 fbundery be established on the lakes to enable her to have the means 
 of arming lier citizen soldiers, and that navy yards be established so 
 that naval stores may be collected. 
 
 The committee urge these dei'ouces as not less important to New 
 England and the great middle States of New York and Pennsylvania 
 
 >i 
 
16 
 
 HAKHOH DKKENCES 0\ I.AKI 
 
 •^ AM) KIVKRS. 
 
 liiii to the iiort Invest itself. 'J'l 
 
 way to the Atlaiitir mIoii- tl 
 
 tl 
 
 West find tlieii 
 
 AViivs ruiii!;ii,i;- tlin)ii.,'li tliese .■>,„tes. 
 N(>\v y,,rk, pnssossiiifT the IJu,|s, 
 perhaps tiie most important 
 foiiMCM't it witli the 1 
 
 It' vas 
 
 t f'^-ricuitural pro(hict.> 
 
 )!' the 
 le ,L;reat canals ami rail- 
 
 '^"it river, (next to the M 
 
 tlie N, 
 
 N 
 
 lUe 
 
 '■iver in the Union,) 1 
 
 ississippi 
 
 ■\y York canals, and tl 
 
 ver lorty millions of doll 
 
 ii"< expended to 
 
 ew 
 
 - or 
 
 iv the commercial 
 
 it^ K'"t'iit Inkos, jia 
 
 "•s. The Hnd 
 
 son. 
 
 )roHp-lit into water 
 
 melropniisof the n;it 
 
 \'c ma( 
 
 ion. 
 
 •-■ the city of 
 
 f the Illinois and Mi(;l 
 
 coiiinniiiieati,,n with all the int 
 
 It has thus I 
 
 heeii l.roiii^-ht to her 
 ilncts not only of tl 
 
 those of tl 
 
 i^'aii canal and the Jl 
 
 linoi 
 
 wharves and warehouses tl 
 
 ic vast territ 
 
 )00U 
 
 orior.and I.y means 
 •■^ river there have 
 le 
 
 i^'riciiltnral pn 
 
 valleys of the M 
 
 iiVurative orator of New En^'land ((' 
 
 •■tnrylyin- around the lakes, hut al 
 '■^**''^si|)pi and Missouri. So that tl 
 
 wlien he described her as holdi 
 
 ((.'hoat 
 
 c) was scarcelv ext 
 
 the west, wliil 
 
 asrint 
 
 0. with the other, \ 
 
 ".ii' III one hand the vast 
 
 sei 
 
 enice like, -'she wedded tl 
 
 10 
 
 niva,ii,'ant 
 commerce of 
 
 ic over 
 
 Pennsylvania also has, I,v her canaK 
 t city of Philadelphia with tl 
 
 i'rea 
 
 am 
 
 d rail 
 
 wav; 
 
 i-itv of tl 
 
 icse waten 
 
 protection of our iu)rt 
 
 Old our national 
 
 lose great inland se 
 
 c(»iinec 
 
 Tl 
 
 tod h 
 
 er 
 
 to the oast as to tl 
 
 lorn Irontier, are quit 
 
 supremacy on tl 
 
 o socu- 
 
 lese 
 
 :ake 
 
 tl 
 
 u> 
 
 l>v til 
 
 10 west, and it i.s t 
 
 as 1 
 
 extent, i^ 
 
 governmenl that the sh 
 
 iiiio that the fact 
 
 niportaiit, thorefon 
 
 scarce 
 
 ly iiif 
 
 lore hue of the lal< 
 
 was recognized 
 
 trust that our friends of tl 
 
 orior in importance to the Atlant 
 
 ^■■■^. G,2ry{) miles in 
 
 est attained its majority ami that 
 
 10 east will recognize the fact 
 
 ic coast. 
 
 Nvith the cciisi 
 
 IS of 18G(). 0,11 
 
 ''hen asked to vote for del 
 
 iretl 
 
 Its provincial history t< 
 
 iron of the e; 
 
 We 
 
 that the 
 'rminate( 
 
 now l)(!ariiig to the oc 
 
 onces to these hikes, that th 
 
 St will not forc-et. 
 
 th 
 
 !■ mo: 
 
 a br 
 
 mil 
 
 oan such yast products, have boon tl 
 
 1' 
 
 ant naval triumphs which ado 
 
 i"n our history 
 
 ose waters, 
 
 10 scene of 
 
 r^'r^::i,'l-,-''|'r-"-"''i,„fioi,,"^'',,-,e 
 
 <lag and our 
 
 nationality I 
 
 M 
 
 jlantly the soldiers o"f Illinois, Ind 
 
 lave bei'ii drawn from tl 
 
 noo of the 
 
 11111 
 
 osota, and the oti 
 
 "iiiia, Ohio, Micl 
 
 10 northwest. 
 
 'attle-fiold bears its test 
 
 lor nortlnvestern rftat 
 
 Ti 
 
 inionv. 
 
 OS are 
 
 ligan, W 
 fight 
 
 fl 
 
 .o\v 
 
 iiu 
 
 iscoiisin, 
 over\- 
 
 The Atlant 
 
 niinblichas naturally tl 
 
 on th 
 
 ''•• on the east, the 1 
 
 irce groat systems of 
 
 iia\ 
 
 .'igabl 
 
 OS on the north, and the Mif 
 
 le ^^o.,t. hy moans ol the Xew York canals and 
 iHiigan canal these are all united by wat 
 It may not be out of place in this com 
 
 the lUino 
 
 o waters. 
 
 ppi 
 
 SSI SSI 
 
 IS 
 
 or communication. 
 
 and 
 
 )ur national affairs, t 
 
 10X1011, and at th 
 
 liich d< dared '' that tl 
 
 o recall the provisions of the ord 
 
 IS crisis in 
 
 areiico. 
 
 the St. L\\ 
 
 ciimmon liighways, and"fbre\^r"'fvi^ ^f 
 
 and tl 
 
 10 navigable waters of the M 
 
 inauco of 178 
 
 ISSISSI 
 
 ppi and 
 
 thereon, 
 west wil 
 
 Ti 
 ui; 
 
 lis gu 
 n- all 
 
 10 carrying places between thom! sl'all' b 
 ''"O'li any tax. duty, or 
 
 value and importance of tl 
 inagnilicont on the globe, have I 
 
 work of railw 
 
 ays. which 
 
 impost 
 south, the north- 
 insist upon. The 
 ommunications. the mo-^t 
 )oen immensely increased by the net- 
 
 iirantee of a free outlet, oast and 'f 
 circumstances and at any cost 
 
 lose vast wat(!r c 
 
 '•ver the vast inland, brii 
 
 extend from the lak 
 
 11' 
 
 iiig to these waters tl 
 
 OS south and west, all 
 
 10 agricultural 
 
IFAKIiOK nKKENTKS ON I,AKKS AM) IMVERS. 
 
 17 
 
 products of rnoiv than lialf the continent. Chi.^.-o aloiu. has no 
 k-s8 than thirteen grea; trunk raihvavs radiating' tVnm her as a eoni- 
 rnon oontre, and bringinK to hor .l.^rks the products of everv farm 
 between the hikes and the Ruckv mountains. 
 
 r'LAX OF TiRFENCE. 
 
 In regard to the general plan of tlie defences nf the lakes and 
 northern frontier, the committee have conferred with the -eneral 
 commanding the army and Brigadier General Totten, of the eniri- 
 neers department, and have adopted, to a considerable extent their 
 suggestions. 
 
 We respectfully urge uf)on the c(,nsideration of Congress the fol- 
 lowing plan ot defences of the northern frontier' 
 
 n,ii;'''" '^'''.;;;:^^"^!';;''''"^«"t of ■■''^'■' '^'^^''''''' "f «ome commanding- 
 positions. Ihis wdl require the erection of seme new fortifications- 
 and the repair and completion of some alreadv located 
 
 bmml Taking into considerati<»n the great superioritv in the 
 American merchant marine on the upper lakes (meaninji all the 
 lakes above the Falls of Niagara) in ships, steamers, and "tilors we 
 regard our supremacy or the lakes as dependent in a great degree 
 
 onshortnot.ee. lo this end the committee recommend the estab- 
 lisliment of a national foundery on the upper lakes, and three naval 
 depots one on Lake Ontario, one on Lake Erie, and the other on 
 Lake Michigan. 
 
 Third. We earnestly recommend for militarv. Tiot less than com- 
 mercial purposes, the improvement of the harbors on the lakes, the 
 dredging out and widening of the channel over the St. Clair flats 
 
 lourtL The enlargement of the Illinois and Michigan canal. 
 
 In regard to shore defences. 
 
 The entrance to Lake Superior is through the .Sault Ste. Marie canal 
 a work which cost about two millions of dollars, and it is too impo - 
 tan to be overlooked. The mineral region of Lake SuperT s 
 probably richer in iron and copper than any other in the wirld and 
 he iron has been found to be superior in qnalitv. for manv purpo es 
 to any other known. These mines have been rapidly developed and 
 now constitute a most important national interest. Old Po t Br- v 
 IS represented as commanding the entrance to Lake Superior and an 
 appropriation for its repair, or a new fort more eligib y situa e fo 
 the purpose, is recommended. ^ -'i"area loi 
 
 A military road from Ikajde Noqmt. on Green bav, to Mar<,uette or 
 
 Home her point, on LaKe Superior, and an earlvJompletion of lie 
 
 railroa. from App eton to Lake Superior, would afford additiona co i- 
 
 nunicafon with tin. great lake; and both of these are of g c t i - 
 
 portance for military reasons, and are earnestly recommended to the 
 
 avorable consideration of Congress. Probably the most import it 
 
 strategic place on the lakes is the Straits of Mackinaw. This straiTcon- 
 
 H. Rep. Com, 23 2 
 
18 
 
 HARBOU DKFENClvS ON LAKES AND UIVERS. 
 
 stitutes the door to Li.kc M.dngan, an.md wlurh lake lie the States 
 of M.c Mfia... Inchana, Illn.ois. an.l Wiscoiusin. witl, an apKrcKato o f 
 poi.ulat.on ainountinfr to noarly live millions. 0„ its ,|,ores are the 
 towns o (rand Haven Mnskepu,, St. J,.sepl, Mud.i^an City. C i- 
 c-ag.>, \^aukepu> konosha, Ha.M,... Milwaukie, and (Jreon Bay wi , 
 many ..hers nsm^ rapidly int.. in.,u.rtan.'e. The .•..mme.re'oV this 
 lake wdl e.xeeed $200.000, 000 per annnn,. The great grana y of 1 e 
 inion has its .lepots on the l.order ..f this lake. It can he defem ed 
 
 wl.r ^'^r! rn "1'"''''^:;'' '^'" ^^''"^^ "^' ^f-'l^i""-- ahout three miles 
 wide. Fort.heat.ons at the Stra.ts of Ma.'kinaw elose the opening or 
 nt anee into tins .,e:t .nlan.l sea. When the yast inteJests t^hu 
 seeuied are c.:.nsnlered it is obvious that Lake Miehigan. and all its 
 shores and cities, should be defen.led on the threshold at Ma.-kiiuuv 
 Theimp.M-tanee ..f haying a great inland sea. like Lake Michigan 
 conyerted mto a secure harl,..r. where fleets and navies ma> 1 k. 
 gathered ,n security: where may he collected magazines ..farms and 
 munitions an.l provisions, can s.arcely be exaggerated. Lake Michi- 
 uaii, entirely within our own territory, unapproachable by lan.l. and 
 inaccessible by ^yater by any lore.gn enemy, except through a nar- 
 10 v strait or entrance, is a p..siti.,n of immen.se importaucer and the 
 policy ot closing up its entrance is too obvious to need illustration. 
 Mackinaw- should be made the (iibraltar of the upper lakes 
 
 Upon the importance ot- this locality we insert the following extract 
 from a communication of General Totten • 
 
 T^enstbl,!'' ' T. '^'''"if I' ''T;^''" ^ •■""''^l"'' *^"" '-"^ Mackinaw to be indis- 
 IZ ij ! '' ^^''^ .P/''"^'P'^J watching point of the upper 
 
 In.l" ^^ I "^''^^^"^^'^ ^^'1 '^"ll to refresh, to communicate with 
 each other, to hnd shelter, to lie in wait. «S:c. 
 
 ''It IS har.Uy to be supposed that a hostile naval expedition coming 
 out ol Georgian bay would yenture towards the upper lakes, or down 
 Lake Huron, cc^iainli/ not into Lake Michigan, Avhile this point of 
 obseryation and rendezymis is occupied by our superior squadron. 
 The fort here mus be adequate to protect this anchorage, and the 
 defences of the island should be such as to defeat any enterprise 
 designed to wrest It iromu.s by superior force ■' 
 
 The committee are clear in their judgment tliat, in view of the vast 
 jmportanceot Mackinaw, and the interests there to be defended the 
 .government should take immediate means to close the Straits of Mack- 
 inaw against the entrance of any hostile fleet. Fort Gratiot fullv 
 commands the entrance to Lake Huron, and should be immediately 
 reconstructed and put ,n a condition to control tliis gate to Lake 
 Huron. The lower entrance to the straits or river Detroit from Lake 
 Erie IS already well guarded by Fort Wayne. This should be com- 
 pleted and receive its armament. The report of General Totten in 
 which the committee concur, recommends additional appropriations 
 and defences at Buf alo, to wit : the completion of Fort Porter, on the 
 bluftbetween Buflalo and Black Rock, and the mounting of its arma- 
 ment, lor the protection of the entrance from Lake Erie into Niagara 
 "J'L"' ;}!'l^ ^ '^' construction of a tower an.l shore batteries at the mouth 
 of Buflalo harbor ; also an appropriation for Fort Niagara, the con- 
 
 ■"mw^ 
 
lIAI.MtoR KEFKVCE.S ON LAKEH AND RIVKRS. 
 
 If^ 
 
 structioiK.f .Icfensivo works at the inouth cf the (ie,i..s..o rivur tiul 
 
 he repairs of Fort Ontario at Osuv,., ; .Is,, a,,,,ropriationH for otl e 
 
 (leons.v. works o„ Lakes Hrio an.l ( )ntario and the river St. Lawre , 'e 
 
 and lor the eonstrnet.on of Fort Muntf^omery, on Lake Ciia.nr.hdn: 
 
 ^;:.;;rn;i::;i^.:"' '-'"'' '""^ ^ -■■•^ '-^ ^^-« -'^^-t-- >-' 
 
 ft will l-e ohserv..]. in re^^ird to Lake Ontario, that we have no 
 aecess to that lake Ironithe upper lakes ,.x<-ept thronph fnrei<:n ter- 
 ntorv; onr snpenor.ty m shippi^^^ therefore, on the" upper lakes, 
 woul 1 be unava.lu,- on Lake Ontario. It is therefore important that 
 
 Hhould he made for secunn^^ and n.aiutainin- our supren.aev on that 
 
 on [".k/ h r""'') '•^'^•^>""n^;>'.'' tl'« estahlislunent of a naval depot 
 
 on Lake Ontario for arms, munitions, and naval stores. The posses- 
 sion of this lake IS of the utmost importanee. These ^-reat arteSs 
 of rade, the Erie canal and New Vnrk Cental railroad, are w t In 
 .1 day s march of nearly the length of Lake Ontario, and for a con- 
 s derable distance within a few miles of its shores. The imp, am e 
 o lake defences to the State of Neu- York has alreadv beer! allXl 
 to. It will not be forgotten that in the war of 1812 her borders 
 were the scene of bloody battles, lluffalo, now the nueen " , f 
 
 and Lake Champla.n and N. „ river the scene of some of the 
 most stirring events of the wa.. 
 
 We should j.ursue no aggressiv<. policy; ot, the contrary, cultivat- 
 
 ng amicable reh.tions with all nations, yet at the sa.ue time we 
 
 should look carefully to our defences '''Jue\\e 
 
 vo^^wl'^^f ;"'"'' '"-^^ '"'^'' ■'^^'"^ "">• "'^^'"" "^"Z ^'^^ -^i^l to 
 Ito I -it b ;'";;e«'-"' tempestuous seasons, when it fails to 
 s lou tiiat it has siieltered itself on the verv side from which the 
 stonn may possibly come." And th. President of the Unite States 
 
 Z^'^:^T" '""';'' "'^'^ '-'--a that some fii^fic;!;;: 
 
 ami depots of arms aiul munitions, with harbor and navigation 
 Zwrof :'! r"-'-^-> P-t^ "P-n our great rivers and t;^ 
 woi.hl be of ^leat importance to our national defence and preserva^ 
 
 IL 
 
 The second proposition, in regard to the defences of the northern 
 frontier, ^v t/>e esfabUshnmt of a national foundenj on ihe JZl^es 
 
 noiit> of the American lake marine over that of Canada on the 
 upper lakes. Li ISGl the number of American vessels of al de cHp! 
 
 nority was hM. Our superiority in tonnage was 238,12(3 tons. 
 Our superiority in sailors, 10.911. This sup'rioritv, without arras 
 IS unavailing, and would only invito attack, and tlie iumense m^r^ 
 
 gunboats. Great Britain has been collect; g -.n abundance of the 
 
20 
 
 UMimn DKl'KSVEH ON r.AKKS AND HIVKKs. 
 
 "Nearly .11 the steam vessels, ami umny «.ilinff v;Hse L 00^1 1" 
 PO.S » a,„l he ,,rf|„„vil t„ ..llkoi- „„d man II,.. vi..,.,.|, ,vl, .1, h^^ 
 
 oot^r;:r ='.;::j -i;'-;^: ;S-:; -i' .-.xr-,- 
 
 ^tenien "r n,S !' '"^V""''''''' "^'^^' '^^ *''- ^-n>>"und ^ tin 
 ^ovLiimitnt. tdluunsli the ordnance neeosHary to arm the fortifif, 
 t^onsnou- constructed, or in the process of coLtrnction Th o n-' 
 m.t ee. therefore, earnestly recon.nien.l the imn.e.liate cstabl hm t 
 
 ^z^r^r''^ ' fr' "^ ^-'^vXrerraft:!;;;.^: ^h;: ;j:^ 
 
 3 the g.eat centre of the region to be supplied with arms and f'u il- 
 t^ H lor cheap and rapid distribution are l.noquailcd. Shi. s d ^ W 
 
 non 01 the \se>t. Ihirteen great trunk railways radiate IVom "her .s 
 gitaieM rai\\a\ centres on the continent. She can obtain hv cl.,..,,, 
 
 "dZ::;:;^^'*"- ^r^'^^^r- ^'-^'-^ «- andmcS'Jrg^;^ 
 
 <uui espedaih the mcxhaustd.lo ores of Lake Superior wloVl. if 
 nZ L^a^ I-l-^<;''tl!e government to devei;,!:'" W ih " e 
 
 ^:i^:^ Z^' '," ''"• •'"''r'"'^'"* '^^' ^''^^ ^■o'n-nittee. con.bines 
 moio aa\antages lor the location than anv other p,.int 
 
 111 regard to the necessity of a manufa;t.)rv of ordnance -is nf n.-i 
 
 commil ulilti^ll^rG^ni;^;;^^^ " ''' '''"^^""^ ^'"-^^ ^''-^ ^'- 
 
 on tiru,!J^1.i;;!^^';i?'l'v"*' r^; '^n'-" ^^"^^ "'''^'- '"^'-^'^^^"^ ^esselH 
 be nron Hv '•^'^^■^' ("^,^' "'^'"0^ ^^^ke Erie, any portion of which may 
 be prom},tly converted into war vessels, greatly simnliHes defer.s ve 
 arrangements on the shores of these lakes^ B„ t 'tl i ' snt ri I^^^ 
 may be assumed with the requisite K^omptitudl bl^bre^hei^n":!^: 
 
 '^*^m$i f0*\r 
 
 ^M^m''^' 
 
HARBOR OKFENCES ON LAKKS AM) RIVERH. -Jl 
 
 have hoen surprised aii.i .lostrov..,! l.y tl... ourlin- rr.i.li r 
 
 Ac, into vossols nf war— that is to siv ..11 fl„. ... '^^y" '"^t^ '>in(>is, 
 
 plioH." Ac. ' iirinairu'iit mid its siij). 
 
 * " *' * * * # ^ ^ 
 
 tovvLs'Tr''!;"';" r;"" "•' "'I^T^'^'" proteoti.,,. or tl.is natur. thl 
 
 ^~^:>:i::>X:*^^^^^^^ -- 
 
 11.0 .omin.ttee ar. ponnitted to ,,,„>fo tl.. i'.llnuin- parairrn,), 
 from a conmiiinication of (Um'ral M,('Mlu„ ■ P-'raKiapli 
 
 '• ri.e a.-nH„Mlati.n ofordna.,.. matonal in appropriate loraliti.-s 
 iH hi'^hly mipurfaiit, and moasuros for the e.Mtaldi^ nn,„f ' '''.""•; 
 
 «eS'" r"''-""^ '^" ""'"'"'"* seJvioe of tho Lk:' s 'te- 
 
 sented as ot priniarv importance. ' 
 
 lliese measures are of the more importance because of the exist 
 enee ..I treaty stipuhitious between he United Ht^u^l ■,, T r I 
 Bruau^ limiting ar,ned vessels in the laL^ tL" n^^/'l , [.^Id 
 in 181., contains the foUou-in- provisions : ^' "X'tluded 
 
 "Ihe naval force to Ite maintained upon the Am(>rican l.L-,. • 1„- 
 
 "All other armed vessels on these lakes shall be forthuifh dis 
 mantled and no other vessels of war shall be bnilt. '''" 
 
 J' e'ther parley should hereafter be desirous oi annullin- this stinn 
 lation and should give notice to that effect to the otl.e Sl-tv t j 
 
 Whether this treaty in.'ludes Lake Michigan, which is entirelv 
 
 !«?ow/, may perhaps admit of doubt. tntiicl) 
 
 Great Britain has. by means of her Canadian canals facilities for 
 
 Tl.P 1 1 ^ '" ''^ '"' advantao-o not to be overlooked 
 
 These a<lvan a,:;-es can only be equalized bv the cnlaro-ement of tit 
 
 L. wr': "'' ^^'ffr """'• ^'' ''^""'^'^ '^'---'l the n ?^s o t 3 S 
 
 Oi'u is't ?; V' 'T^^r^H ''•'^'"^^- St. Lawi-ence to L,^ 
 Unt.no IM, t^.et Ion- 44^ teet. beam, and 9 feet drauo-ht The 
 Welland canal, around the Falls of Niagara, connecting Lakes Ontario 
 
 **»\.. 
 
22 iiAi H( 
 
 and Krit, \9 
 
 eFKNTKS (t* f.AKES AND HIVKRS. 
 
 tai.iil.lu ui imi!>aillj|? vi'MSfls I4J I','.., Um^, 20 r..,.t beam 
 a.Hl K l*^<t c(ra«Kht. It iH unck.r<t.K„l ,l,at tl.. K.Mish ,'nv.r„m"i 
 K;:;^. ^''^ """"'•"■ "*'^'""^=^-*^ '"P"!''^" '"■ ^'^i-K take. tlMo.,,!. 
 W^ .,.11^1 oouuxaixl thu outlet ni f.:,kr llurM,, „h,I tlir chtraiHu into 
 
 iHKt' uatt . ;, ||,r ,ift|><?r I.iI<vh. and l.v tliesu 
 tiiiii (Mir sii|i.Tiuii(v 
 
 »u> MIS jiofnri- and inuin- 
 
 III. 
 
 brin'. . ;.dvanta^^.s^.n.u,n^' out of the Canadian ranals 
 
 bri, ^s u> t(, tlu. roMsHl.'ratu.n ul tin- in.purtanco ..f the tnhr,,nnad of 
 tin llhnuis and Muhujm, rami fnr nnHlar,, ,,><rj,nsc.s. It will Im" ob- 
 nri"; " 7-^ '!- '""''i''"-' iV-> pU-i^. vessels of war In. 
 
 t laki., Gu'at britain a,n acxuinulato -unboatn at her i.loasuro on 
 tin" St. Lawreiur, and by her ranals brin- tluMn int.. Lak.- Krio. We 
 
 •i ; . p"""'"^'^'* authorized the State ..i' Illinois to open u 
 
 eanal throu-h the public landn t, eonneet the Illinois river with Lake 
 .ehi.an. I„ 1827 a ,uantity of land was .ranted to the State of 
 riljnois h.r he purpose of aidiiiff in openin- this eanal. 
 
 I lie work was surveyed and eoinineneed in 18;!G. It lie-nn- at 
 ^ hicagoand runs to La Salle the head of navigation on the Illinois 
 
 ieeder Ihe Avork was more than half coniplrt-l on this l,asis but 
 owing tu finaneiai diDieulties the ori^-inal plan was postponed, ami 
 was cnipleted m IS-IS on the high ievc-1, and fed bv\l.e Ca L 
 Chica-o, Desplane. Kankakee, and Fox rivers. " ^ """'^^' 
 
 t' ,?•/ ^ / '^^'■■'■""■'■''I'l" ;"• ""•'^"'•y ''"^^ foni.nereial purp..ses !, tin' ,,rmt 
 ma of the a.jr. J,, dleet, comniereially, it turns the Missis.ii.pi into 
 Lake .Michigan, and makes an outlet for the great lakes at \ew Or- 
 
 tuo g cat systems ot water communications of our conntrv Tlio 
 
 g.eat akes an.: the St. Lawrence, and the canals connecting the hikes 
 
 t the ocean on the east; and the Mississippi and Missouri, u^th 
 
 V st c^H, 1 ,r"?%"" ^'" r'^ ""^' '"^'^''- '^''''^ communication so 
 va^t tan J,e elfected at small expense, and with , i Ion- delav. It is 
 b« carrying out the plan of Nature. A great river rivalling- the S 
 
 ^r bv'Il '" nr "" "' "" f '^1^^ ^'"^' ""^ '"^'••''"•^^•'1 1'-om Lal^ Michi: 
 gan, b3 tne Illinois, into the Mississippi. Its banks, its currents its 
 
 islands and deposits can still be easily traced, and it onlv needs a 
 
 deepening of lu- nrcsent channel foi^ a few luiles to reopen t nag 
 
 nificent nver Iron. ' .da- Michigan i o the Mississippi. ' ^ 
 
 lad this ship c-vi. ]^..c>« open, its cost would have been nea -ly or 
 
 he exj.cnd.tnres oh ih. .....ippi. The gunboats fc.r thl Missis- 
 sippi expeditions .oukI ..va been rta-lily and cheaply obtained at 
 
 tt»,aiA*^->'*V^^:~' 
 
 ►•'■••- 
 
 «•# 5C?^u- 
 
IIARHOR nKFKNCKH (1\ LVKIS AM. RIVERS. 
 
 23 
 
 nvors, an.l tl... o,|,n- lor ,ho .lefonoo of tin |ak... vo„ „.,., mak • o, " 
 •>«• nnsun- l,o,|. purpose., an ...M-o.sity ,„uv r;.,,uir..; .," I 
 
 kMoat lak..,san.l 11,,. M>.>HSMppi an.l its tril,utari..s o,, either ... anv- 
 XV ...re, a. ocniHoi, in.sht requiro. Tl... oponinj;' of this canal wonld 
 
 ion. tl . Athw.tu. j.vcM, tl,.. n...ans ..f ,l..f..n,Ii„;;- tl... lakes an-l riv.-rs 
 ';,!1 I !"''"'" r KV"'', '*"«'»-''^v• t'xpen.lo.l luanv millions.,,. Ikm' 
 'mf^'"^ "r >'*l""l fi'lvantaKi.s at far l.'ss n.st. 
 
 :;;?:■:..';:',:,';■;;■,. -" '> "■' • > ..rr,.,„rr';,:^-. 
 
 . Tl... impn.venR.nt nf tl.o harkirs of tl... f^r.^at lak.'s an.l tl... ui,|..n- 
 
 mK a,wl .lo.-pen.ng .,f the ..l.annei a..n,Hs tl^ St. Clair Hats re ... 
 
 ""':.;;;; '"T"'^ ■-I--tan..e, ».,. less for n.ilitary than ...Mnn.o;. 
 
 .1 .ca>..n>. ^„ gj-ea .•onimercn.l interest in the worl.l has ever 
 
 Krown so rapi.lly a.i.l with s., little en.-ourag..n,..nt .mi th,. , •,'„(•] . 
 
 an;;;;;;; the VS. 'rv''^''' '■''"'"""•'•"•, '•'•'' --tr.ie/hj;;;':,"!.! , 
 
 1 ll : ., '^■'''■'' " """'■'' "'^^'"""' i" it."^ c;l.a..a,.t,.,.. and 
 
 Nh.d. b,.t aAvaits the return of pea.-e and pn.speritv of ,i,e c.;n,.t v 
 
 to receive tie att.'ntion of 0.,n-r..ss. '^ "> M.e L.)nntr\ 
 
 ..ttn- ;'lT'"l'p* ^'" "l•i'^'^'^Ii•^^i■"^i|•l•i. the c..nu.,itte.. .h.sir.. to call the 
 
 ina.i, naiai. li, 1,M,1, for the .•..nstrnotion .,f a niilitarv i.ost in ..i- 
 near e valley ..f the '-Re.! River of the N.,rth," ..r so Inn! r ho c 
 ..^ i...^l t 1... .lee,.,e.l necessary by the Secretary .,f War. Tl... Ir nj 
 
 M.e 01 In.ntier between Hritish N.,rtl. Ameri..a an.l the Stat. Mi ' 
 ne Ota ,s without protection by .ai,. goven.n.ent. while Gn.at ri a , 
 
 |a.stn., h.rts: ..ne on the n.>rth slmre of Luke Superior (F..rt Wi 
 ban.,) another ,Fort Gary; on the "Red River of the N il abo t 
 
 fifty miles n.,rtl. of the international line. In view of the ■ L't uid 
 
 W ."n tins ronti.r will receive the ..arlv attenti,,,. .,f the 
 
 .^^ll.'I^ETt:: ^'■"^''- '" ''' ■*"'*'^'"^"^ '' ^'- •■-"""^^■- it i^ 
 I'he Kivat interests which your c.niuiittee ask Con-ress t.. pn,t..ct 
 are peculiar lu their position and in their relations ?,> the re nblie 
 The northwest is nM. It has. as its great channels of co„W ii N 
 oa .u, to the ocean, the great rivers St. Lawrence and Miss^ " 
 and the canals and railways connecting the lakes and the ocean It 
 am never onsent to becn.e is.,late.l from either of these gi^tou 
 lets no f.m..gn territory m..f rcr intcrveue between it and the 
 .uoutl, of the Mississippi. Wi,I, ..ne hand it .lasp the e • id 
 
<i¥* 
 
 24 
 
 HARBOR DEFENCES C)\ LAKES AND RIVERS. 
 
 ™Jtv;hlM;r,^*Sw;l';;;';,;;;f;;;'?;;'> '* -f" »? !>- "'cod 
 
 All of which is respertfiilly siibmittt-d. 
 
 li^AAC X. ARXOIJ). ' 
 .lAMES M. ASHLEY. 
 .TXO. W. XOELL. 
 CYIIUJ-: ALDKICH. 
 ELIJAH IJABBITT. 
 AV. A. WHEELER. 
 E. G. SPAULDING. 
 February IC, 18G2. ^^- ^- ^^R^^^^^ER. 
 
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