^. IMA3E EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 Iff' I.I „2 8 t 1^ 20 1.25 1.4 |i6 < 6" — ► 1^ '/] ^ ^ /A *?V^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WrtST HUUN STIKT WHSTBtN V I4SM (71*) t71-4»03 V iV '^ is \ 4 ^'<^ <*-** O^ 4^^^^ V- L^ ^,^ . #> CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibllooraphic NotM/NotM tcchniquac ct bIbiiographiquM Tha Inatltuta hat attamptad to obtain tha baat originai copy avallabia for Aiming. 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Un das symbolas sulvants apparaltra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha. salon la cas: I* symbols — ► signifia "A SUIVRE". la symbols ▼ signifia "'IN". Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba fllmad at diffarant rsduction ratios. Thosa too larga to bs antiraly includad in ona axposura are fllmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, laft to right and tof? to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux da reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich*. il est film* i partir da Tangle supAriaur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas. an prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes sulvants lllustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 -fci No. n. mDIAN BULLETi:^ FOR 1868. CONTAIKISO A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF CHINESE VOYAGES TO THE NORTH-WEST COAST OF AMERICA. A\D THE INTERPRETATION OF !00 INDIAN NAMES BT REV. N. AV. .TONE?. m m> NKW TORT?:: PRINTED HY 0. A. ALVORl) 1869. The author takes this occasion to oxpresn his sincprc thanks to Iho numerous patrons of this work, and lo tlio following gentlornon for valuable documents and information. Rkv. Edwabd Ballard. D. D. Joseph Barbatt, M. D. E. B. O'Callaoiiax, Esq., State Historian of Now York. Hon. Eusha Dvkii, Ei Gov. of H. I. Hon. Ca&RUEs Polsom. Prop. S. S. Haldkjiajt. PRBDBRIC KlDDE.l, Esq. Hon. T. Bailet Metebs. John G. Shea, LL. D. Hon. J. H. Trumbull. Katere.I nccorllnj to Act of C.nyrcM, in tlic yew IStt3, by N. W. J..xr». in tli<« Cl.iV» Oltle* of tho Dl»trlol Court of the Ualtoa SUtei fur the Soutliern District of Nbw Turk. CHINESE VOYAGES TO THE NORTH- WEST COAST OF AMERICA. In the early part of the first century of our era the Seres (Chinese) traded to the island of Ceylon. A.D. 41, a vessel belonging to Plo<;lamus, the Roman farmer of customs in the Red Sea, was blown off the coast of Ara- bia, and carried by violent winds to the island of Ceylon. This accident led to the sending of embassadors from the king of the country to tiie court of Rome. These embas- sadors informed the emperor that the Seres formerly traded to their country, and exchanged their goods with- out the aid of speech. — See Macpherson's " Annals of Commerce," vol. 1, p. 149. Again, vol. 1, p. 225, we are informed that they traded at tlie same island, a. d. 622. These facts demonstrate sufficient nautical skill and daring among the Chinese at that period to make a coasting voyage of nearly 6,000 miles in length. In the year of our Lord 851, Chinese ships traded to Siras in the Persian Gulf. — Macpherson, vol. 1, p. 225. Whether the bold and enterprising navigators of East- em Asia extended their voyages to the shores of Amer- ica about the fifth century of our era is a subject worthy of investigation, and research. They certainly sailed far to the south and west— did they direct the prows of their vessels toward the east ; it is the object of this essay to collect some of the scattered rays of light bearing on this subject and present them for the consideration of the can- didreader. 13954. . '*', I I COKEAN AND CIIINKSK VOVAQES. "Besides, the traditions of the Mexicans, or rather their records in painting, confirm the Chinese nianuscripts, which Santini lias translated into the Italian language. According to him the Kitans in the second year of the dynasty of Tsin, emperor of China, declared war against the Coreans. Tlie Kitans were a powerful nation who in- habited Eastern Tartary, and dwelt in the north and north- east of tlie province of Pechele, in China. The Coreans were subdued by the Kitans, who afterward exercised such tyranny over the vanquished, that the Coreans un- dertook a voyage by sea in order to establish a colony in a distant land. "The course which they pursued was toward the north- east. During a voyagi of nine weeks they passed sev- eral islands, and arrived at a country whose bounds they could not distrover." Tiiis country some have sup-" posed was America. . A voyage of nine weeks in a north- easterly direction from Corea ought to have carried them to some part of the northwest coast of America. — See Macintosh's "History of the North American Indians." The following is an account of a country called Fou- sang, more than 40, <)()() Li to the east of China (a I^i is now one-third of a mile), as recorded in the Grand An- nals of China, translated from the Chinese into French by J. Klaproth, "Annaley des Voj^iges," vol. 51. M. de Guignes was the first to discover and translate the docu- ments, but Klaproth' 8 translation is considered tlie Vtest. " In the first of the years young yuan, during the reign of Fiti, of the dynasty of Thsi (a. d. 499), a chamman (a Buddhist priest), named Hoe-chin, came from the country of Fousang to Kingtcheou. He related the following : Fousang is 20,000 Li to the east of Tahan, and also to the east of China. In that country gi*ow8 much of a tree called Fousang, the leavt^s of which resemble those of the Thong (Bignonia Tomentosa). The first shoots those of the bamboo. The people of the country eat them. The fruit is red, and of the form of a pear. They make hemp of the bark of this tree. They also make from it cloth and garments. They manivfacture also stuffs from the flowers. Boards made of its wood are used in the construction of their houses. ** For in that country there are neither cities nor walled habitations. The inhabitants have a knowledge of writ- ing, and make paper from the bark of the Fousang. They have neither armies nor troops, and they do not make war. For the execution of the laws of the realm they have a southern and northern prison. Those who have committed small offenses are s«^nt to the southern prison, but great criminals are consigned to the northern. Those who are to receive pardon are sent to the southern, those to whom pardon can not be granted are detained in the prison of the north. The men and women who find themselves in this prison are permitted to marry among themselves. The male infants who are born of these unions are sold into slavery at eight years of age. The females at the age of nine years. The criminals who are shut up here are never permitted to depart living. When a man of superior rank commits a crime, the people as- semble in great numbers, and seat themselves in front of the criminal, placed in a ditch. They regale themselves at a banquet, and then take leave of him as of one dying. Afterward ihey surrohnd him with ashes. For small offenses the criminal only is punished. For a great crime the criminal, his children, and grandchildren are pun- ished. For the greatest crimes his descendants unto the seventh generation are enveloped in his chastisement. •* The name of the king of the country is called Y-khi, or Yit-khi. The nobles of the first class are called Toui-lou ; those of the second class, little Toui-lou ; those of the third class, Na-tu-cha. When the king goes abroad he is accompanied by drums and horns. He changes the colors of his dress at different epochs. In the years of the cycle kia and y they are blue ; in the years pi nff and tinff, red ; in the years ou and li\ yellow ; in the years keng and «m, white ; in those Avhich have the characters Jin and kouet, black. The cattle of that country have long horns, upon which they carry burdens weighing 120 Chinese pounds. In that country they use, cattle, horses, and deer attached to carriages. They raise deer as they do cattle in China, and they make cheese from the milk of the female. They find a kind of pear there red, which keeps all the year. There are many vines. Iron is wanting, but copper is found. Gold and silver are not esteemed. Commerce is free, and tliey do not drive hard bargains. • "Here they practice marriage. He who desires to marry a wqman establishes his cabin before her door. He sprinkles and sweeps the earth every morning and even- ing in front of her cabin. He practices this formality during a year. If the woman does not give her consent he leaves, but if she is in accord with him he marries her. Tlie ceremonies of marriage are nearly the same as those of China. At the death of a father or mother they abstain from eating seven days ; at that of a grandfather or grand- mother, five days; and only during three days at the death of brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, and other rela- tives. The images of spirits are placed upon a species of pedestal, and they address to them their prayers morning and evening. They do not wear garments of mourning. The king is not occupied with the affairs of government during the three years which follow his ascension to the throne. Formerly the religion of Buddha did not exist in that country. " It Avas in the fourth of the years Taming.^ in the reign Ili-ao-wou-ti, of the dynasty of Song (a. d. 458), that five Pikion, or monks of the country of Kipin (Cophene) went to Fousang and diffused the law of Buddha. They carried with them books, and the holy images. They established the ritual and the monastic habits. This caused a change in their manners and customs." Tlie Chinese historian from whom Ma-tuon-lin has copied this relation, adds tliat tliis was the tirst Itnowledge that tlie Cliinese had of Fousang. A little more than one hun- dred years later Ly-yen speaks of Fousang in a manner that iniplies that voyages were made to it by sea. Ht NOTICE OF FOUSANG GIVEN BY LY-YEN. I.y-yen, Chinese historian, who lived at the commence- ment of the seventh century, speaking of a country dis- tant from China more than forty thousand Li toward the east, says: "To reach this country they sailed from the coast of the province of Li*aotong, situated to the northeast of Pekin. Whence after they had made 12,000 Li, they reached Japan. From Japan, after a vo3'age of 7,(M)0 Li toward the north, they reached the country of Ven Chin. Five thousand Li from this last place, tow- ard the east, they found the country of Talian. From thence they sailed to Fousang, which was distant from Tahan 20,000 Li."— Tmnslated from the Chinese into French by M. de Guignes, "Memoires de I'Acaderaie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres," vol. 28, p. 504. TESTIMONY OF CHINESE MAPS. Ancient Chinese maps made before the arrival of mis- sionaries at Pekin, show, to the east and northeast of China, beyond Japan— marked under the name of Gi-peu (source of the sun), % confused mass of countries desig- nat4.>d as small islands ; among these is the celebrated country of Fousang. — "Annales de Philosophie Chreti- enne," vjI. 28, p. 102. The learned Jesuit missionary to China, P. Gaubil, in a letter dated Pekin, kov., 1755, says : — " In the ancient Chinese charts made before the coming 8 of missionaries to China and Japan, one 8e«»9 the conntry of Fousang represented as an island or islands, to the east of the islands of Lieou Khieou (Loo CJ'oo), to the south of Japan, or to the east of Jeddo." — "Nouvoau Journal Asiatique," vol. 10, p. 398. • FABULOUS ACCOUNTS OF FOUSANO. Chinese encyclopedias simply speak of Fousang as the country of the extreme east ; but the liti-rature o/ oiiina is full of fabulous accounts of Fousang, p* ilai' to those which prevailed in Europe respecting Amerii^a soon after its discovery. Some of these are worthy of attention as having some foundation in facts. It is stated that in Fousang grow trees several thousand feet high. The enormous pines of California could easily be the founda- tion of such a fable. Another fable is that in Fousang are found silkworms that produce cocoons of prodigious size. It has been announced within a few years, in the public journals, tliat there has been discovered on the Pacific coast of South America, trees bearing large quantities of silk. This affords a foundation for the silk fable. Again, it is said that in Fousang were men who could fly in the air. It is well known tliat the American Indi- ans were remarkably fleet, and fond of adorning them- selves with the feathers of birds. A light-footed Indian runner decked with the plumage of the feathered tribes, might originate the flying fable. CONCLUDING KKMARKS. Tahan was the extreme noi-thern part of Asia, of an un- defined extent together with some islands adjacent, since P. Gaubil informs us that he found on Chinese charts an insular Tahan. Kamtschatka was doubtless a part of the great country of Tahan. '' -Fousang must have been a country of great extent from north to south, since the Buddhist priest says it was east of Tahan and also east of China. Puravey says it is marked on Chinesu maps as northeast of Japan and China ; P. Gaubil a? south of .Japan. Some have titouglit that Fonsang 'v»»«j Japan. Tlie eastern coast of Japan might sometime;^ i'e called Fousang or country of the extreme east. But it was not the Fousang of history and fable, or ill tl»" Chines" writers, all the Chinese maps, together wiin the ^outv to it by sea clearly defined make it entirtily distinct In answer to the question, did the Chinese turn the prows of their vessels toward the east I we give the testimony of Ly-yen, v^iz. : — That they sailed more than 4(),()00 Li to the 'ast of China. — See Memoirea de TAcadoniie dea Inscriptions et Bellea Lettres, vol. 28, p. 504. It should be boine in mind that the testimony of Ly-yen is one hundred years later, and entirely independent of the Buddhist priest Hoe-chin. The length of the Li has varied very much at different epochs in China. But the same author (Ly-yen) says that it was 7000 Li from the coasts Leaotong to the island of Toui-ma-tao (Tsoosinia), situated near the entrance to the sea of Japan. Five thousand Li of the same length will lead up the sea of Japan, to alK)ut the central part of the island of Niphon. Thence 7,(KK) Li toward the north will end on the island of Saghalien. Tlu'uce 5,000 Li toward the east will touch upon an island a little south of Kamtschatka. Thence 20,000 Li toward the east will extend past the peTiinsula of Alaska to the island of Kodiack on the coast of Kussian America. This is a very favomble route, as it takes advjin^nge of the Japanese current. And the dis- tances as given by Ly-yen quite accurate. By this route they would be in sight of land during the whole voyage. As it is stated that Fousjing was not only east of Tahan. but also east of China, we justly infer that they followed the coast as far south as Lower California, opposite China central. They sailed from the Gulf of Pechele or Chelee, and from the immediate vicinity of the province Chelee, 10 and it is not improbable that they sailed much farther south and gave name to the provincje of Chili in South America. There was, also, in many particulars a striking similarity between the Peruvians and Chinese. The account given by the Buddhist priest seems at first view to have an air of fable, as the penal code to which he alludes is mostly Chinese. He also mentions horses as existing in Fousang ; but we should remember that this condition of Fousang was the result of forty years of missionary labor. For he says they caused a change in their manners and customs. Eminent Chinese scholars state that the Chinese word translated horse, will apply to the lama of Peru- He says that iron is wanting, but copper is found. It has never been proved that any iron tool existed in America before its discovery by Europeans, but copper was exceedingly abund&ot in many parts. He states that gold and silver were not esteemed. These metals were so abundant in Mexico and Pern that they were seldom used as money. They were mostly used as ornaments. When Captain Drake touched on the coast of California the natives had little regard for the precious metals. We find in Mexico the monastic habits and ritual to which he alludes. See a full account in Acosta, and Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico." The calendar, the astronomy, and the religious rites and ceremonies of the ancient Aztecs bear many indications of contact \*ith Central Asia. If Fousang was America, the account given by this priest solves Sv^veral important problems. The tree Fousang appears to be the Mexican Maguey, of which Acosta thus speaks : " Maguey is a tree of wonders, whereof the Notaries or Chapetons (as the Indians call them) are wont to write miracles, in that it yieldeth water, wine, oil, vinegar, honey, simp, thread, Deedles,aud a thousand other things." 11 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado relates that vessels were found at Quiver whose sterns were gilded. Father Melendes, in Acosta, spfeaks of the wreck of a Chinese vessel found on these coasts. — See Memoires de I'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. 28 ; ar- ticle Fousang. After a review of the main facts in the case and a cur- sory glance at a vast mass of collateral evidence which can not be given in this essay, we think there is suffi- cient evidence to wan'ant the belief that Chinese mer- chant-vessels passed over to America for the purpose of traffic, and that Buddhist missionaries came in these ships, and introduced the culture and religion of Central Asia. The Otomie language spoken over a large territory in Mexico has a singular affinity with the Chinese. — Pres- cott's "Conquest of Mexico," vol. 3, p. 396. It is generally admitted that the Toltecs were the au- thors of Mexican civilization. Clavigeio, after a labori- ous investigation, lixes the date of the arrival of the Tol- tecs in Anahuac, a. d. 648.— Prescott, vol. 1, p. 17, note. Civilization appears upon the plains of Mexico about one hundred and forty years after the Chinese became acquainted with Fousang. ■