CIMM Microfiche (IMonogiaplis) ICMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroraproductlons / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductions historiquaa Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checlwd below. D D D D D D D D D D Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur Covers damaged / Couverture endommagte Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaur^ et/ou pelliculde Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps / Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured inl( (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Relid avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seuh Edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / 1^ reliure senrte peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge int^rieure. Blank leaves added during restorattons may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, torsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas dt6 fiim^es. Additional comments / Commentaires suppldmentaires: Thia Ham la filiMd at tiM nduetkNi ratio dMcted below / Ca docuHMirt aat fHin4 au taux da rMudion Indiqu* ci-daaaoHa. L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exent- plaire qui sont peut-«tre unk^ues du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modifteatton dans la m«tho- de nomfmie de filmage sont indkiute ci-dessous. I I CokMjred pages/ Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages endommagdes n Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicuMes Pages discotoured, stained or foxed / Pages d^colortes, tachetdes ou pk|utes I I Pages detached / Pagos ddtachtes \y\ Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies / D D n Quality indgale de I'impresskjn includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl6nr)entaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilnwd to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont M filmdes & nouveau de fa^on k obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discotouratkins are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmtes deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. lOx 14x 18x 22x 2ex 30x J 12x lex 20x 24x 28x 32x Th« copy film«d h«ra has been reproduced thanks to tho s«noro«ity of: Library Afrieiiitur* Camdt Th« imagos appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poasibla considar'ng tha condition and lagibility of tha original c.«py and in Icaaping with tha filming contract apacif katiora. Original copias in printad papar covers ara filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the laat page with a printed or illustrated imprea- sion, or tha bacic cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printad or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated Impression. The laat recorded frame on eoch microfiche shall contain tha symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. IMapa, piataa. charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure ara filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many frames aa required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire fiimi fut reproduit grice i ia g4n«rositA da: BiMiotMqut Agrieuhurt Canads Lee images suivantea ont ttt reproduites avac la plus grand soln, compta tenu do la condition at da la natteti de I'exemplaire film*, et en conformM avac lea condKlona du contrat de fiimaga. Lea axemplaires originaux dont la couverture en pepier est imprim«e sont fllmte en commenpant par la premier plat et en terminant soit par la darniire pege qui comporte une empreinte dimpreaslon ou d'illustration, soit par la second plat, salon le eas. Tous lea autrea axemplaires originaux sont filmte 9n comment ant par la pramlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou dlllustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee symbolaa suhrants apparaftra sur la damiire image de cheque microfiche, selon le caa: la symbols -*> signifie "A 8UIVRE", le symbole ▼ signifie "FIN". Les cartea, planchaa, tableaux, etc., peuvent itre filmte i dea taux da rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra reproduit an un seui cilchA, 11 est film* i partir da I'angia supArieur gauche, de gauche i droite. et de haut an bas. en prenant le nombre d'imagea nteessaire. Lea diagrammes suh^ants illustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKXocofv mouniON tht chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. *" ^ /APPLIED IM/GE I ^^ 1653 East Mam Strtet r^B RochM(«r, Hum York U609 USA ^S (^'6) *82 - Oy- - Phofw ^ (716) 2M-5bo^-ro« DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DAIRY AND COLD STORAGE COMMISSIONER'S BRANCH, OTTAWA - . CANADA METHODS OF HANDLING BASKET BY EDWIN SHITH, B.S.A. J. M. CREEIMAN, B.S.A. Dairy and Gold Storage Series. Published by Direction of the Hon. Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. ■"a'>71— 1 OTTAWA PRINTED BY J. n« L. TACHfi, PRINTER TO THB KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1917 IXTTIB OP TEAIWMITTAI. To the Honouiable The Minister of Agriculture. ...» Warehouse. important information for fr-iit growers. I have the honour to recommend that these notes be published as Bulletin No. 52 of the Dairy and Cold Storage Series. I have the honour to be, sir. Tour obedient servant, J. A. RUDDICK, Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner. Ottawa, Ost., lOn. 18271— IJ METHODS OF HANDUNG BASKET FRUITS. The rlimax bfttlrct ii u«ed largely throughout the fruit ragioni of the northtostern •wrt of the continent in nurketinff summer or tender fruit*. In Canada the O-quart cliinnx baiket i* 4} inches deep, ISJ by 7 inche* at the top. and 13} by 5] inches nt th)' bottom, hold* from 6 to 10 pound* of fruit, and t. u.ed lartrely for di- away a purchase. Their di*iidvantnge« include fragility, with severe breoknge. pilfernge and loss in shipment, difficulty in making attroctivo pack*, poor prnteftion to fruit contained with resulting bruises and injuries, diffi- culty of handling in large quantities and difficulty in satisfactory carloading. When the Dominion Preconling ond Exp«>rimental Fruit Stnroge Warehouse at Orimsby wns put in operation in 1014, it wos necessary to meet the lost two problems, since the fruit to be received for shipment in the Kingarn district i* pocked in boskets, and the old practice of carrying baskets from the growers' droys and stack- ing had to be supplanted by imtirovcd methods. The foct thot in precooling, the fruit paekoges must be held up o space from the floor to give the cold air a chance to circulate throughout the fruit, and the task of receiving and shipping several thous- ond baskets daily, keeping different snipper?' stocks of the verious kinds and grade* of fruit separate, made this need of improvement imperative. The purpose of tliii circular is to show how these conditions were met and to describe the solution of the 'ifficultiea. Four 8wi^ ieel Trnoki. By using several types of four-wheeled slotted-platform truck*, their merits were combined in o composite which produced the plotform truck with four swivel costors shown in our illustrations and the diagrams 1 and 2 on page 9. To accoiii- mc 'nte both ll-quort and 0-(iuart baskets and various other fruit puekoges efficiently, ond still retoin o siie convenient for pa.ssing through corridors anvl t1.«)rs, a length of 5 feet 6 inches and a width of .3 feet 2 inches was adopted as standard for the jilatform proper. Tlie end racks extend out about 1 inch from the eiitl of the plat- form, are made from 1-inch gas pipe, and are 2 feet, li inches higher than the sur- face of the platform. They are securely bracketed to the body of the truck, so a* to give sufficient strength for handling loads. The platform is made from eight birch st ,}s 2} inches wide by I inch tliiok. and two outside strips 41 inches wide by 5 i'^h thick, spaced U inches aport, and supported on o birch frame mnde from li by 5-inch mat' ial, ha-ing four cross betl- pieces of the same material. The importance of having four swivel wheels, or castors, has been made apparent nt all times, since in L idling from one to six carloods of fruit per doy, it is ncccs- 6 ^ to Wr. .h. fruit on t,. trucW. whUe c^l«.. J"»* ^^« J^^J TJIt 'S ;S lo«kd tnK>k.. .nd r«n«vi.« them to '^^^ J J^^^ , , ^^ without .n-ut for th« •wW.U ou •..•h o«ri..r. it wouW be »nnv-»»wj w n ^^^^.^ ^^^ Urn In .pw. b«.u«. thry .Uow 'rm*. to be P'*;«^'" ^^(j'^. aifteulty would Sing .!.«*. .«d tur««i .bout .h.rp '"'^•; '" ' '"""^'^T^* wwTlt not for .wivnU ,t both end.; •>»>«'"««' '»*.^""^'3!^'*^,"'i l„ the ro«m.. The c.tor. »«• of type of truok were U .dapt-ble to «''«? 7'^"* 'V j^i, j, im,K„t«nt on ..•count rZ he.vy construction w^th ►'?»/"•'»'»•• ''^j:^^ piS when running o.er .UK of the he.Ty l«.d. carried cauMng ••»"'» °" ThMo h.. been the objection r.U-d „.i„.t ob.tacU.. or Into the »;■<.'»•»-'•»; Srilelh.n one with other kind of wh«.U. th.tthl.tyiH.of tn«kl.m..red«ruUtoh.nd^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ „,„^ SiS; X"^^?»c.tr trr:..?:;n t^^^^^^^^^^^^ i-. .-^ th. the ....... 1.600 p..und. per truck. On .ccount of d'""'"* «^« ^ ^^^^^ it „,,„iro* of receiving not .11 of the truck, .re *»" *J«" /^»X,i" *¥h'e roo^. .t the Cirim*»..v from fourteen to Msventen Injck. »" »'"»f « f ;„"iX„lty U cx,«rlencod in ..lu.inw ;;j^"r;Ct: oftr.i'CurLoiv'.'n^' -d. .r .....km. ... ...ing •""^T';::re U .lwa.v. .ome nec«-ity to h.ndle W - j-^.i^rrnA^ting'tU: i. accomplished by building ra.k* to accommodate thc*o pa ^"'C tr;Lr^TllWre.ch .nd can be manuf.ctured loclly. The " Oriaiby " Truck. owing to the employment "j^- i"^';::!;^^ ^ t:^:!:::"^. . .y.tem of t-ek-g w^Jen^nded U,.t^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ,,,,, ,, working out .uch «_ *y»**'^' .'*/",'?"7i",.,f,,,m or utand for the clamp* to gru.p. the uw of b.skeu by provjd.ng » " ^^^^J"^ ^''^f "^^ f.",g the fruit pac4c.ges off the which would at the Hame time «.rve ?'« P«'^*; ' tTr ugh the perforated floor and floor to allow the cold air for precool.ng ^P»\* "^ *';\' "f ^^e tru.-k. it nas found circulate freely thr.>ugh X'ln^^uZ^JZ^t't^.Tin the'il'-. -ation on advisable to provide it with an "*« f *^ /""f*^, ",..,, „« r-^e.! . ba.kttM -r page 13. which ...Itches umlerneath t»l« !»""^ ,°4^^„'^^' XsL it. and slides out Wes. lifts the Btack clear from the «»»' ^°' ^^^U ^;„'^^. the stacks of baskets when the proper location has been 7«;^^^;. J" ^ XT hey are taken directly z:s:^^i^:^^-^^-^ ^^^-^ -- - — ^^ '-' '^ ''- St^'iSTL the Orinisby wajouse^ri^^be pa. sea^^ useful and satisfactory The name app^.^ to J' tJ-J^^^^^^ ,,^ j^,„a for the that of the "Gnmsby" t'^f^" ^^°" ^/"f,* l,^, truck, are used first, there are '^rSi:rtl^^^ .:^":^^^^olr..a.^ by the W trucks and many hundred baskets are stacked on stands. Th. "Orim.b," .t-nd. Und their b«t pU«. in r.^t»"li r"J/'"'';* /T ' J^^^ of Ut"«.«i'ui« ki«d. ...a g«dw or (ruit.. when, it i. »"t -dv..«bU. »h. tb^r »'""" U viS t.«.th«f. Thi. nu.th.Hl 1. .„uv..nient in fl.. .hi... off. *':"» »''"j '»■' ,";; iTm^ihe .;«... Mt l» the centre of the ear f..r hr.oi„g «•"'}•''•••*.'*''".•'. i':! Xw til. Urge tru..k. to enter, where.* there i. .m.-le nn.n. to .hove ». the '' »« " 't."l More fruit .-an Im ,.l«eed in . ,.r.HHK.li.* ^M.m on "tlr.m.hy' .t.ud. tl «n on Le t ger t^ck.. 11. .were . in .A.pting . .y.tem of truekinK for u mw w.re.oUM, irollbi; the initial .-.-t of enuipnunt would ..a.ul m.n- in «»- -y-t- - f--^^ ^^ „„y other thing. The i-o-t of e.,ui,.ment for hnndling . ..rload <•' »'«'» * » » "oriS- truck, would not exo..ed IsJS. where... with the Urn- /';"'•*»"•*'' '.Jt th.7„T.iLe„t would .mount to $2T0. About the .am., amount » >«»:7 '* . J*'" ^f. to hnndle fn.lt on the.e truck, a* «n the large on..,. ''"'-,V' •""J/, " "'''^'',.'1^ »eee..arY to h«Te two trucker, root ng fni.t to the c.r. However, it U to be notim thT tT. lighSr wlrk to handle the "Orim^y" truck., .nd it i. ,K«..hle for on. t.. Ji mX .t the d.K,r .nd truck the fruit Into the room, without .«..Udo«. Th. Xtthod Xaploytd. It 1. neceM.ry to wlroMte the ge.ier.l w of thc«> tiu M with caution .inco they .„ .L, . "S;^ unl^the b..ket. u.ed .re very .trong. A. it i. "--7/" ^f, WkeU by two-, or three', o.. the -tand.. there i. u tendency for the whole lot to .t.rt cr^ninc. whereu,K.„ the bottom ba.ket. nag. .pring or bulge allowing « clrining to increa«,. much to the inju,y of the fruit in the bottom b..ket.. if no oT whole pile in c«.e of . toppling over of the .tack. Thi. difficulty u not me witl ill u.l,« tl.o large truck, .ince pile, have .uch a largo b«.e that the ba-U.U SS o tU^ch other in place like brick, in a wall, giving no chance for the .agg.ng or ca"*ning to .tart. To meet thi. difBculty, it i. advisable to u.e only ntrong bLketT In making the pile., place the ba.ket. cloM^ly t..«e.her ^ that the weigh of the ba.ket. cover, fully the edge, of the ba.ket. under.uuth; make .uro the hd. of the basket, are fn.t».ned at the .ide. to prevent bulging ; and in plac:n. ,... st„..k in the nrecooling n.om leave them tlose together »o t.at there i» no ...a u- of th • r Ui * oTer. In thi. co„nc<-tion. it i. to be noted that the ••C.rim.by" ^^ r-';^ toL clamp truck ordinarily u.ed with boxe.. .inco no r.n.m iuh^. to be left iHt^.e.. .tar. or^tand. for the removal of th« clamp, of the tru.k. and it ..h iM,.sMbl.. t. X them Ire clo.ely together. The " Grim.by " truck* are .mple to build u-.d muy be constructed by any local blacksmith according to the .'rawing, on . age raioirram 3) The stand, are mud.- from thrt>e 1- by 4-inch board* r • t^-*! »" 2- .■■ ^„e7™r^: n. ra L. Thee ore made to accommodate a thrc. - of «-MU«r' ba.ket. o a two-pile of 11-quart ba.ket.. The «.„uart baskets are customary .tacked "en hiffl.. making thirty baskets for each s^and. while the ll-.,u«rt baskets are .tacked eight hitfh. making a load of sixteen ba^kets. Hotel on Car Loading of Baiket Fniiti. In using either the largo trucks or the " Orimsby ' stands the fruit is not removed from the trucks or stands in the pre<-ooli..g rooms, and as s.K,n as P^'l-crly cooled, the trucks or stands are rolled into the refrigerator car and unloaded into '^"irth^iy^airbaskets should run lengthwise of the car to give free spaces for the pa8«age of cold air from the ice-bunkers to the centre of the car: baskets err nng tr'ar shut off these currents. In practice, it is difficult to do this, on account of different si^cs being loaded in the same car. and also due to ,njur>- inflicted on the fruit in so placinff. To partially obviate the fault of having basket* ruiming cross- wise of the car raised floor racks are used, slatted to accommodate the different «ized baskets, as shown in diagram 4 on page 11. These allow a current of cold air to pass freely from the ice-bunkers along the floor to the centre of the load. In loading a car of basket fruits, it is first necessary to know the number of baskets to be )oaded. Ordinarily between 2,400 and 2,500 &-quart baskets, or 1,200 11-quart baskets, are required to make the minimum carload weight, 20,000 pounds. Baskets are placed along the end of the car and down one side, as far to the centre as the load can be made and allow room for centre bracing. The heigiit of the load is then computed. In case the load is to be made partially of 0-quart baskets and 11-quart baskets, it will be necessary to " square up " the load of one type of baskets, placing them all in one block. Loading is then started from the bunkers and the tiers carrii^ out along the side of the car to the full height of the load. For rapid f r- T A - / i i \ Fig. 1. ShowiDg method uf bracing » car loaded with Climax Basket*. loading, operations may start at both ends of the car at once. It is necessary that the baskets be kept pressed firmly against the side of the car, and, as the load progresses, ever, basket should be put in place squarely and firmly so as to keep the baskets touching end to end anii the alignment perfect. This is necessary to get a rigid load and to have the load finish satisfactorily both towards the side of the car and at the end, where a bulkhead is to be placed squarely across the car. In finishing off the Inst two tiers, an alley will be formed in which it is difficult to work unless the baskets are squared up three-piles or four-piles (meaning that the piles are built up squarely on a base of three or four baskets). It sometimes happens that, due to an odd-sized car or odd-sized baskets, the alley will be too wide so as to make a " loose " load. This can be determined before the load has been made, when the baskets are i)laced across the end. In such a case, it is advisable to place several baskets crosswise throughout the car to tie the load. Basket loading does not require as heavy bracing in the centre of the car as boxes, since the handles are effective in tying the load. Six 2- by 4-inrh braces are sufficient. They need to be squeezed into place with a sledge-hammer securing the braces with blocks and spikes. The gates should not be farther apart than is con- venient for entering the braces — about two feet is sufficient. G^^. =FF ■i-i:- ..Ll_ Dia«nm 1, Sliowmg Truck with 4 Swivel Wbetls. 4^ /"»/#* mtnot^i s -f "BitenKe r ^ Diagram 2. Showing Truck with four Swivel Wheels. 11 \ ■3 •8 ■4 IS Fig. 2. Receiving Fruit for precouling at Uriruby, Fig- 3. Jwivel-wbeeled Trucks loaded with 100 11-quart boakets.