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AND OF TUFT J? j^jT^fr TlIEin MANNEBS M UELioiOUS CHARACTERISTICS '•'' BY Lt AUrnOB OP "ILLUSTHATED ^ Bev. J. e. WOOJ), I.A., F.L.S. NATIRAL HISTORY OP AWIMAIH," "ANECDOTES '"""""""■ "" ""-"■: "-•"»"--;;;=r:„'rL;-:j"--. WITH NKW DESIOXS BY AKCAS. DANBT, WOLF. ZVVJ,CKEI,, ^..., ^ TWO VOLUMES IN ONE. J- B. BURR AKD HARTFORD : COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.'. 1870. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year J8T0, by ' J. B. BURR & COMPANY PREFACE. rapher Imve been transZLJ * A ""^"^ 'nstances whole eronn« ?„t ^^^ *" .'"*^'' *'<'<"» onerous task of itif«r,.V i- ™-^ thanks to Mr. J R yZZ., ^ aiaries and port- ^lescribed in tSe worT ancfw'l""*?''''^"^ *'^« ^''"•'^»« «cenes'oJ'L'"''^ V-".^^-^^"^ the knowletlgeofthelubW? -Tk'** ^''""ght to that task a hLrl/ T ife which are The drawings of tho 1' '*''"!'* '''^'^^ t^e work would hZ^^ gfo^'-wHl and a wide specimens, most of wSS ""P''"»«"t«. «"ci «Sr:,;' i?f ^/"'h of its spirit, years, for the expresl nnrnn«! ^ ^^ *'^" collection, made throSh ^^°. '^'■°™ «^t»«l ^ That all uncfvSfzed Se?i .'^*r**"^ *'•'« ^^"-^ ^ " '''''' °'''"^*'''«' been the case wfth^AfS'^cr^" ^ ^'''''^' -rn^LTTs^Z''' 1"''''?'"^^ P««'"«' customs which in-Avnii • 'i ^^seqnence of the ovfrn^L- Especially has this orariver.a^^S^wy'^J^irSr":'' ment, manners or m .-." the other side we flndn;''' ""^ '•'^t«'ni«g but few of miseries ofS^^rt^/"^* ^"""^ «« ^erpijt '^^S' Jn'^''^^'^^''^^' g«^--rn continual ehange"to wiiclH 'ff ' f^' «'»ef charae'LSstic o? rci^./Vl »»!« «1"-lid «^orkmg their ^ay seawar 1 ft-om "/k-" •*• ^''°™'' bribes are warlTke aS ^"''"^ '^ ^he forming settlements on fLfr **'*' '"t^""''' earryfn.. tlieh- nw„ "^/*'^*'<'««' ^''^•''ys superstitions those of the trh ''"^'' *"^ ""'ariably add „' tr^^K *:"'*«'»« ^'th them, they become careless of t,,XnL"'"''"^'^''«™thej^hX^^^^ """ ''"^''^ «»d try, and are i„ their turn m.S f^ *'■*' ^^ '^bich theygaTned nn« " ^'''''^'' "^ t'^e with them. It will be seen th? / °*''"'"«' ^'^o bringS hahft?'T" °^ *»»« «■>""- ' stronghold of barbarism am i^^*^'^' '^^^ ''»" of '-ncident is nS *? ""^^ !"°^«« ^f life considerable portionTf'JheTirr """^'^^ '* « *<> ^-le ^'^Uit^^^^^^^^^^ AMERICAN PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. Tins work, which has boon nearly threo yours goiii^' throii-rli the press In Lon.lnn Dr \V,o!uvi''Tnvo; r\'''T''"l ■'"*^''^ '' ''"'' «"l'erior to the Kn^linh edition. ,n , m •< v^ A * " hv>i'[mu\ unporfeot an aeeount of the oharaeter, onstonis As f u ' •'■''*' ^"r^"'"' I"'"'"'«' «»<» the .ava.ir„ tribes of the Aretio • ' S Ah tl . wo k n-a. ,,sHne,l .n monthly parts of a Hti,,ulatod number, he nnvy I avM ,Zi s spaec Inn.t..,!, and acrordinoly on.itted a chapter re.pectinK the l.uli ,^1) U . had pronusec npon a preeo.linc; p.tjje. This 7'''''''' ^'"' ^''"-'"" ""^* '""'^^ •''"^' "■"'•'' " «^.>.nplete "Tour round 1 w . '.. ?',"'!"'' '^'"•^•"•V of the races "in all countries" which repres,., h uKe Ai'. '''i^^'>;i'l'led an account of the Maleniutes, InLn-letes and C o-V iko ,s ..^• Alaska An mtoresting chapter respecting the Tungnsi, .lak s (stiaks u S„dos of Siberia con.piled from Dv. Il^rtwig's Milar\v.S "^h d , ^ ' iMo u.-iefulness and va lie of sue . a work as (liiM niA ,r..,...n., i i '""" f^.'^*-"- \VoUu; '"""■'' '"'*^'"''' ""^ '"■" "*' t''« IJNCiVILIZEU lUCKS OK TIlL JiXPLANATION OF THE FRONTISPIECE. ILLfJSTRATIONS. Paob. 1. Piotoriftlropresontation of African races. 2. K„.n,-fn,r„,.,iMh„o,ltoago... """''''''>'''^'- 3. <)l(lr(.iiii(illi,riiiul wivi's ._ "'Ill wives n 18 '». Kalllr iKiHtiii 7. iriMiiarrird Kaffir girls «• Old |{„(|ir woim-ii. . «. 8„l,l|„rs lapping water ^''^'^ *'■ A Kaflir harp f "' ^7. Kx(..ri„r „|- „ Kaftlr "li'ut ]^ •**♦• *'l'""". I' .Nkimnicrs.. ?^ ISfl rarmod:;;;:;;; ,!!'*'-v^""''-^^^"'--i.iiN^.. ...■.'.■.■; t^^ an.... - -'•'•«■ A KaOirlWllx.uMO. '*' .-..<«_ _,". 21 r,i. N<'.ki:i,.. ......1., ...-..._ ■"■: IM a Kamr ..rna.„..Mts -ul^ll^ Mt[ ot^', [ 10. Kalllr i„H.dlt..s and Hl.oatlis 11. Arliclii.^of oo.sliiino 12. DolLs n.pn..sonMnK tho" If afflrdrrss 13. ""•••"•<'l,.tsn,ad,.ofthol„)ofoftliol,l 33 33 ;n 33 •^l. N,.,.kla,„ „.„do „{ |„„„a„ fi„^,„, ^„^.^ •>■>. I'lior Mian's pij,,, '"' •;«• Kaftir K..ntlom..n snioki.'.g '.'. ]'JL •W. Ti.e pioplu.fs srlmol. .... ^''^ .'Mi. Til,. pnijiliofH roturn . . ^^* .'>7. Old Kamr pn.iiliPts "■* j4. Apro„..n,,,f,,i^::::;:';---oK.. ^j^. a^i.Kafl,rr!rJJ:;;;;;;,::::: m 18. Ivory arnili'ts •«> j .W. Unfavorabl.. proidiecy m N,.rItla,.,.>,_|„,a,|.sand"tooth 17. VoiniK Kaffir in full dress 18. (Jirl in danciiiK dress 10. Kaffir ornaiiieiits 20. I>n'.s.s.i,„|„r„a„i,,nts.. 21. The Kaffirs at lioiiie. . . . 23. Interior of a Kaffir lint 23. A Kaffir kraal 3!) 3!) 43 43 4!) 4!) 57 03 prophecy ,„„ Irpsorvcd head j*";'f';'';^^;'"'iiirnca chief";;;;;;;;;;;;-; ^ „ ,, ,„ 203 < Kaffir monarch, at home.... 209 i>'"n nuarrelliii.r _„ 24. A Kaffir niiiki.iKhowi;;;;;; "i? 23. A Kaffir Iwer howl 20. A Katllr l.eer straine 27. A Kaffir water pipe.. 28. Woman's h.asket 29. Kaffir eattlo- training the horns... T. 30. letnrn of a Kaffir war party... !:^ 31. I'roee.M.sioiiofthohrido ''' 32. K,vffir passing his mothor;i.i.,a;;;;; fj 33. nrid(.groom on approval ^ W. K.-ifflr at his forge! '^ m. in. |;2. llnrialofKingTehaka'smothe '>.>. Dingan, th " W. Kaffir woin. O.'i. Hoftent. Hottentot Woman 'i7. Hottentot young man... ">" woman and child 4. Hottentots asleep 7,'>. no.iitiiiirii (jirl riMtiiijj gojj Portniit ol'Uviinilto ulrl ;(17 Oviimlx) wdiiittii iiiMiiiiliiiK corn .117 Ovainliu lioiixt'M ;).j() W. Mukoliilo liiiiMii liiiililinK 320 1»H. Clilldmi'H Kiiiiic'H aiiiiiiiK the Mukciliilu XU WJ. M'Hopo, 11 Mitki>liilii ciiii'f, ot hdiiiu .'i;i;i IW). HpciiririK thn lii|i|)u|ii>tiuiitiii ;m,t 101. Till" fliml attm'k ' .-y;) 102. lloaliiiK i'<'i'ii<' on tlio Bii-tlct-lo UiviT :«1 103. Iliitnkii Hiiliitiitioii .-jfji 104. Kiitiika iiKMi ;j,-,7 103. r.-lcli., or li|i ring, of tli« MuiiBunJns. , . . ;W7 10(1. IlipiiopotaiiiiH trap ;ig-^ 107. Axc.i of tho Haiiyai 3a;) 108. Th(i iiiaiiinl)a, or Afritaii piano 371 ion. ShiKiilar hcadi'ndM of thullaloiulu women. 371 110. WiiKogo groodliiciH 337 111. Arol.ltci'tiiro of tlid \V m'zcp ;j{j7 11'2. A husliaiid's we Ic nmc ainon^ thn'NV'ot'zec. .TOl 113. Hultaii rkuliiiia (IriiiklnKf poiiibd . ,'«)1 IM. llarvi'sl»ocii(< among tlio Wnnyamiipzl. . . 307 115. Salutalldii by tho W'atUHl 3S7 110 liiiMianika'M priv,ito band 40.1 117. Arrest of t)i<> i]iivcn 41;. 118. Itcopption of n visitor by tho Wajfanda. . . 417 119. The manii'laii of Unyoro nt work 417 120. Wanyoro culprit In thp shoe 4i;3 121. Group of Hani and Mudi 4:ti 122. Ilcmoval of a villaKo by Mad! 4;i| 123. Oroupof the Kytih trlbo 4.(7 124. Noam-Xam flgbtint; ^.j; 125. Wooden cliiefs of the Dor 440 Ifl'J. I)uhi>iuAa war druta qm I.VI. Wai kuiveH of tlie Fanti mm lfl4. l« Ih'II eonie* " oog 108, Dahonian nmazonil niju I.W. Anmzoii reviow 5711 l(K). The Dabomau kiuK** ilannu 070 1(11. The basket Haorilli'O iu Dalionio nH3 102. Head worNbip In Dahomi- 6113 KKl. Tbo attack on Atieokuta fliH 104. The Alake's (kinn of the K|;baH) court flOfl lOfl. MiimlH) ,lumlH> 0(is ItKl. A UmIk* nmrriaK" 013 107. K.iiienilKio man and wonmn 012 1('>8. WafdiiiiK day In AliysMinlu 017 16!). A ('(vnRo coronation 017 OKI 170. .Iu-,iii execution. 126. Soalp-lock.s of tho I)jihba,. Tattooing chisels tiki Mail of Torres Strait 723 Basket — .South Australia 722 Heads of Australian si«'ars 73^ Throw-sticks of the Australians 731 Boomerangs of the A ustraliana 731 201. Spooring the k.ingaroo 739 ."02 Catching the cormorant 739 Australian shields 742 The kuri dance 749 T'alti daiicM', or corrobborce 749 An .A ustralian feast 759 Australian mothers 759 Mintalto, a Nauo man 7^55 209. Voiing man and boy of South Australia.. 765 210. Hut for cure of di.seaso 703 211. Tomb of skulls .'' 7(5,-, 212. Tree tomb of Australia 775 21.3. Smoking bodies of slain warriors 77c 190. 197. 198. 199. 200. .>03. 204. 205. 200. 207. 208. , II'LUSTRATIONS. 214. Carved foiul.cr box **•' n \ -rra n 215. AuHtruli;.Mwi,|„w«,ui.lthHr...n. ll.lZ. H""*"'""« » P^eU T ' cap*. 781 ai«. Cuve with rmtlvt! (Iniwiinfi. ,... ygj ai7. Winter hcUij In Aimtriiliii !!!!!'. 787 'JIB. A HiiiiiMii'r HiicaiiipiiKiiit .'.'." 737 -m. N..W Zviiliiml,!- from .l.il.lho.Kf ti) oRe.! 71M U'-f). Woiniiti uiitl l.»y of Now Zeulaiid 8()t . '/Jl. A tattoo«.i.. . .,, '■"•"«'"« noiianco 1027 m nonKi-l,on„l. ..l.l,.f o, Walpa.. ..:•■• J^ ^ vm' ?";!;,'" "^"^"y '-"'"'J- .l im 227. M,u.ri..H,,r..parln„f„raf..Jt....:.. ^;? .'^- ^^^ "TJ" .'^"'«'""'" '-'""J- 1 .1^ "•^"•M--" '•"•"'-■'-"-«..... wCr^^^^ 21 229. Caunil.al..ookl.ou«o R^ ;,T m"! ""'""' IMl ^^- Maori pah ^ I f '• »«';"<''' "f KinRMnill iHlandcr, J^J 231. ar....nia,l«ornamont« oT? .'o.' Z^,""""*''' ••'''< '''•<'fM"rim,.n» 2.12. Maori woapon.^ " ' ^: I ." . l"'"'.'!""^""" 'I'ii'f 's hand 2.0. WixMl.Mi 1,11,1 1k,„o ,„pr„|g 2;M. Maori war daiico 2;«. To Ohii, a nativo prit-Ht. 23(1. A tiki at Karoorapah., 2;i7. Tiki from Wliakapokoko 238. Mourning over a. lead chief".. .Mt 841 847 mo] 8(iOj 8of ;,„. NhtuuK. '. Taliit ati.s prei^ntinK "10 cloth. •Jin. m Ur,..s.ln« the idol, by 8.K.i,.ty iHland;;.;; 2W. ri,., h„m,,„ «.„,ri»l,H, by Ta'.itun« 1041 1046 1046 1046 1046 lOM io.h 1061 ..-.. —"..... INK over a .lead chief.... ht.. 'uni n --•-—""" "j 1 a-iitann k^j 239. Tomb of K' Toki '" "^^ ^"'''""' '""' '''''''' mourner. 1^, 240. ituMKibaeta-H warhouHo:;;:;:;;:::: S\Z- w""' '""''^""'""k"". returning home:; osl 241. rnt*,rior of a pah or village JrU^^.' ^} """." "'" ""' '"'« "^ 8""-lwich l«l„nd« X ... - illairc 242. Maori paddle.s 243. Green jucje a• •^■^■■'r Z I»yak warrior and diisum . 311. Investiture of the rui)ack. l'^ Them »t«konhe-i,;ak;;::::::;::-- ?!, 1101 1106 1103 13 1113 1122 2.W. The eanoo in a breeze *"* ^!"- f ""'I'i'an'' "f the Dyaks. . ! ! ] ttZi 2m. I'resentation of the can.U: ." ."t* I f!.!" i'^^'K-il'lung of the Dyak,. . ! ! ." ! !!S 237. A Fijian feast 937 318. The kr.H or dagger, of the DyakH 238. The fate of the boaster ^^1^^' ^'"'^^'*'« "f J^i«k Holdi 259. Fijian idol. . 913 .120. A i>arang with charm »». The orator's |lap,H,r.' .■;.';;;■■ W9 321. A Dyak gpoar lera. cbarms... 2fil 2ftJ, 263. A F(jian wedding. .. . 264. ir,m.,e thatching by FiiJJu 2(w. A Rure, or temple, in Pi »». View in .Makira lu,rlK.r.'. 207. Man and woman of Vattf " " " 2fi8. Wo„,ai. and ehil.l of Vanik;;o: 2t>i». Daughter of To 1123 1129 1129 1129 i.iian .spear ..'.' W9 322. Canoe flght of the r)yaks'. '. "^ Fi.jianclul)s . W9 321 A Dyak wedding "® — im ADyak feast... ..■.;;;;; "» 323. A Borncaii adze axe. ^^^' 949 957 265. AnunSortemiVh. pir "'M ^ A Dyak village i . ■;;:.■.• ; "«3 • - *•' 963 327. A Dyak house... . "*» >'iKan chief... 9G3 973 973 Dyak House *»• J'uegian man and woman... 329. Patag.miau man and woman .«.». A Fuegian settlement 331. Fuegians shifting quarters.'.' ^f^ •«2. Ar.,ucania„ stirrups and spur ;; "„ ■133. Araueanian la.s8os. '" 1153 1163 I1C3 1169 270. Burial of a living kin./ "" g,|.n;teriorofaTonganho'use:.':.-::;:: z ^.i. The kava party iu T»n,>n ^1 --.i/o ^ 273, Tongan planta'tion ^^\^^- I''-'='Ko»ian bolas. . .' "^55 274. Ceremo„y„f ;„„,,.;•••••••••••••• ^ ^^. Spani,,h bit and Patagonian" fittings'. ■.■.•.■ "J 273. The tow-tow 991 .^16. Patagonians huntins same 999 337. Patagonian village "®° 1187. vi ILLUSTRATIONS. U 338. PataRoninn burial (»rf nnd 1187 330. A Maimdifc family 1201 340. Arauoaiiian marriage 1201 311. Mai>uelie medicine 1207 342. Mapuclie funeral 1207 343. Tho macana club 1212 344. Guianaii aii()"-.s and tube 1214 34.5. Gran Cliaco ndians on tho move 1218 346. The ordeal of the " gloves " 1218 347. Guianan blow i;uiia 1225 348. Guianan '>li'W-j;un arrow 1225 349. Guianan « ingcd arrows '.225 350. Guianan cotton basket 1225 3,51. Onianaii (|niver 1225 352. Gnianan arrows rolled around stick 1225 353. Guianan arrow.? strung 1225 354. Foathere(' arrows of tliu Macoushics. . . . 1231 355. Oass.iva di.sh of tho Macoudhies 1231 350. Guianan (juako 1231 357. Arrow lieiuls of tiio Macoushies 1231 3ot<. Guianii'i turtle anow 1231 339. Guianan quiver for arrow hfcn js fJ'M 360. Feathcv noron of the Mumiurucus 1231 3". ITeatl-di.',s.sos of the Macou8hi"8 12.38 362. (luianau clnl)S 12,'58 363. Guianan cradle 1238 364. A Warau house 1244 365. Lake dwellers of ihe Orinoco 1244 366. Guianan tipiti and bowl 1249 ?67. Guianan twin bottles 1249 368. Feather apron of the Caribs 1249 3()9. Bend ajiron of th'' Guianans 1249 379. The spatlie of tho Waraus 1249 .371. The Ma;juarri dance ]260 372. Slii
374. Battle of tb( Guianans 12(B .375. JU'-xieai' stirrups vitW 376. Iron and stone tomahawks 1265 .377. Indian shield and clubs ]2(a 378. JIaudan chief Mali-t.o-toii-pa and wife 1277 .379. A Crow chief 12^4 380. American Indians .loalpiug 1284 W. flint-hoadeALLiFE:;; Im XCVIL HELUiioN- Funebal Rites... 900 SOLOMON ISLANDS AND NEW HEBRIDES I XCVIII. Chabacteb-Dbess-Customs. 968 I Chap. Pago. TONGA, XCIX. Government- Gbadations op KaNK jjyg C. War and Ceremonies . . 934 CL Sickness -BcBiAL- Games."! 997 SAMOA, OK NAVIGATOR'S ISLAND. Cn. Appeabance - Chabacteb - Dbess cm. War "" CIV. Amusements - ' Ju^iAGB - Architecture 1028 HERVEY AND KIN<5SMILL ISLANDS. CV. Appeabance-AVeapons-Gov- ERNMENT 1008 1016 .1032 MARQUESAS ISLANDS. CVI. Dbess - Amusements - Wab — Burial. NIUE, OR SAVAGE ISLANDS. CVII. Origin - Costume BUBIAL .1014 • Laws 1032 SOCIETY ISLANDS. C VIIL Appearance - Dbess - Social Customs m— CIX. Religion .' JJf ex. History -Wab- FuNEB.;.!s- ^""knds jj^2 SANDWICH ISLANDS. CXI. Climate-Dbess-Obnammints —Women , cxn. wab-spobt-relioion:::;;S CAROLINE ARCHIPELAGO. CXIIL Dbe8s,-A «ch.tectube,-Amuse- ments-War ^,00 BORNEO. CXIV. The Dvaks, Appearance and fXV. War J CXVL WAR-Co»o/mfcrf VtI CX VII. Social Life , J^ --i-A. Iveligion-Omens-Funerals. 1157 fi CONTENTS. Ch«p. p,g„. TIERRA DEL FUEGO. CXX. API'BABANCK — AkcHITECTURB — MANUPACTDRE8 1161 PATAGONIANS. CXXI. Appeabanx'b — Weapons — Horsemanship 1170 CXXII, Domestic Life 1183 ARAUCANIANS. CXXIIL DiiKss — Etiquette — Govern- ment lino CXXIV. Domestic Life llSMi CXXV. Games— Social Customs 1204 THE GRAN CHACO. CXXVL Appearance — "Weapons — Character 1211 THE MUNDURUOUS. CXXVII, Manlfactubes — Social Cus- toms JO],') THE TRIBES OF GUIANA. CXX VI 1 1. Weapons joo] CXXIX. Weapons — Conc7«rfcd 1228 CXXX. Waii — Superstition 1239 CXXXI. Architecture — Social Cus- toms J04g CXXXII. Dress — Amusements VJ.W CXXXIII. Eelioion — Burial I2(i3 MEXICO. CXXXI V. History — Eelioion— Art 1271 NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. CXXXV. Government — Customs... i'>73 CXXX VL War [ [josi CXXXVII, Hunting- Amusements 1293 CXXX VIII. Relkjion — Superstition 1301 CXXXIX. SociAL^iPE 131(5 ESQUIMAUX. CXL. Appearance — Dress — Man- "Kns 1333 Chap. p,^ CXLI. HuNTma — Relioion — Buri- Ai- 1338 VANCOUVER'S ISLAND. CXLIL The Aiits, and Neighrorino Tribes 1354 CXLIIL Canoes — Feasts — Dances. ... 1362 CXLIV. Architecture — Religion — Disposal of Dead 1309 ALASKA. CXLV. Malemutes — Inoeletes — Co- yukons 1374 SIBERIA. CXLVI. The Tciiuktchi— Jakuts— TtfN- ousL.... 1377 CXLVH. The Samoibdes- Ostiaks 1381 INDIA. CXLVIIL The Sowrahs and Kiionus....138S CXLIX. Weapons 1395 CL. Sacrificial Religion 1407 CLL The Indians, with relation TO Animals i4ig TARTARY. CLIL The Mantciiu Tartars 1422 CHINA. CLIII. Appearance — Dress — Food, 1420 CIjI V. AVarfare i43;( CLV. Social Characteristics 1441 JAPAN. CLVI. Dress — Art — Amuse.ments. .1440 CLVn. Miscellaneous Customs 1458 SIAM. CLVIII. Government — Dress — Eeli- oion 1467 ANCIENT EUROPE. CLIX, Tub Swiss Lake-Dwellers. . .1473 ' CHAPITER I. ■>?' THE KAFFIR, OB ZINOIAIf TRIBES, AND TIIEIB PHV9I0AI, PECnUABITIRS-ORIOIK OF THE NAMK- T..EOUIES ASTOT„K„. LnEHENCE ,X HOUT.IER.V AFniCA-THE CHEF T.UUE3 A-ND THEmTo^I,. ITIES-TIIE Z.I.US A.VO T.IK.B A.-PEAUAXCE-TIIEIK COMPLEXION A.ND IDEAS OF ^EA^xvi POINTS OF SIMILITUDE AND CONTnAST I.ETWEEN THE KAFK,« AND THE NEOUO-MENTAL CHAR- ACTEUISTICa OF THE KAFF,U-,US WANT OF CARE FOIl T„K F.Tl-KE, AND UEASONS FOR ^ CONTUOVEHSIAL POWEI-.S OF THE KAFFIU-TIIH SOCUATIO M„D„ OF AUOUMENT-THE .HuIns OF A DILEMMA -LOVE OF A KAFFIU KOH AUCUMENT-HIS MENTAL TR.4ININ0 AND ITS COVSEOUEVCES -PAUTHIAN MODE OF AUOLING-rLVCADLB NATURE OF THE KAFFIK-IUS SI S ToF SEI F^ KKSI.KCT-,.-OM,.v.sS FOR A PKAcn.AL OOKE-TUE ^VOMAN AND THE MELON-^.'sWTALITV OF raOLI^UDr"""''""'"^"^"'' KAX.KEAND FONDNESS FOR CHILDREN -THE,™be: OV£u the whole of the Southern nortiun of th(! great Coutiueiit of Africa is spread a remarkable ami interesting race of niankiiul. ihougii (hvulod into numerous tribes, and dUleriii'' in appearance, manners, and cus- toms, tiiey are evidently east in the same inould, and belong (o the same groui) of the luinan race. They are dark, but not mo Wack as the true negro of the West. Their hair IS cnsp, short, and curled, but not so woolly as that of the negro; their lin.s, thougli large when c()mi)ared with those of J^uropeans, are small when eoiniiared to those of the negro. The form is liiielv modelled, the stature tall, the limbs strai.'lit the forehead high, the expression intelli- gent; and. altogetlier, this grou]) of mankind affords as lim. examples of the human form as can be found anywhere on the earth To give a name to this largo grou.) is not very easy Popularly, tlie tribes which comptj'^e It are kiievvn a.s Kallirs; but that term has now been restricted to the tribes on the south-east of the continent, between the se.a and the range of the Draakensber-' Mountains. Moreover, the nann, Kaffir is a very inappropriate one, being simply the term wlncti the Moslem races ai.plv f,. all who do not believe with themschV^.antl by which they designate black and white ,nen abke. .Some ethnologists have des!< u ud them l)y the general name of C:huaiuc word being (bo root of the well-kno'v n JJecbuaiia, Sechuana, and similar nauK-s- while others have preferred the word Uantu and others /imrian. whieli last wnd 1^ ner- liiips the best. A7hatever may be the title, it is evident that they are not abori<;ines, but that they have descended upon Southern Africa froiii some other locality — probal)ly from more northern parts of the same continent. Some writers claim for the Kaffir or Zingian tribes an Asiatic origin, and have a theory that in the course of their migration they mixed with the negroes, and so became possessed ol the frizzled hair, the tlii.'k lips, the dark skill, and other peculiarities of the ueirro rai'e. ° V/ho might have been the true aborioiintiiins and the sea are fonnd tlu! genuine Kutlir tribes. Tliere are other tribes belonging to the same gioup of mankind which are found on the western side of the Draakensben', and are spread over the entire country, froni Delagoa Bay on the cast to the (,)raiigo Itiver on the west. These tribes are familiar to read- ers of African travel under the names of BechuaniU!, Bayeye, Nannujua, ()vami)o, &c. But, by common consent, ihe name of Kaf- fir is now restricted to (hose tribes wliich inhabit the strij) of country above men- tioned. Formerly, a considerable number of tribes inhabited this district, and were sufliciently distinct to bo almost reckoned as different nations. Xow, however, these tribes are practically reduced to live ; namely, the Ama- tonga on the north, followed southward bv the A7na.swazi, the Amozulu, the Ama- ])ondi>., ami the Amakosa. Here it must be rem.irked that the prefix of ■' Ama " at- tached to all the words, is one of the forms by which (he plural of oerfain names is des- ignated. Thus, we might speak of a sin"-ie longa, Swazi, Zulu, or Ponda Kaflir; but It wo wish to speak of more than one, we lorin tlic plural by prefixing "Ama" to the Word. The other tribes, although they for the most part still exist and retain the ancient names, are practically merged into those whose names have been mentioned. Of all the true Kaflir tribes, the Zulu is the chief type, and that tribe will be first described. Although spread over a consid- erable range of countrv, the Zulu tribe has Its headquarters rather to the north of Xatal and there may be found the best specimens of this siileudid race of men. Belonging as do the Zulu tribes, to the dark-skinned por- ^tT^t:j£t^i^^^'-^^^ that dead,, letly black which is characteristje ot the Western negro. It is a more trans- parent skin, the layer of coloring matter does not seem to be so thick, and the ruddv hue of the blood is perceiitible through the black. It is held by the Kaflirs to be the perfection of hiimiin coloring; and a Zulu if asked what he considers to be the finest complexion, will say that it is, like his own, black, with a little red. Some dark-skinned nations approve of a fair comi)lexi<)n. and in some parts of the world the chiefs are so much fairer than the commonalty, that they seem almost to belong to diflerent rapes. The Kr.llir. how- ever, holds precisely the opposite oijiiiion. According to his views of human beaiitv the bljicker a man is the handsomer !•.(> is" con- sidered, provided that .some tinge of red be perceptible. They carry this notion so far that in sounding the praises of their kin-' an act at which they arc very expert, they he had liked. Europeans who have resided or any length of time among the Kaflir ribes seem to imbibe similar'ideas about the superior beauty of the black and red complexion They become used to i and Eh". ''"''• ''"■''^?'''*' '» i"Jivi(fu«l" Uioiigh to an inexjierienced eye the color would appear exactly similar in every per- son. Wlien they return to civilized society they fee! a great contempt for the pal., life- less-looking complexion of EuropJans and some time elapses before they learn to view .1 lair skin and light hair with any degree of admiration. Examples of albinos arc? occa- sionally seen among the Kattirs, but they •ire not pleiusant-looking individuals, and arc n(,t admired by their blacker and more tortmiate fellow-countrymen. A dark olive "' ''owever tolerably c(mimon, but the real hue of the skin is that of rather blackish chocolate. As is the case with the negro race the newly bom infant of a Kaflir is .WvL''"',^"''' ••' "?' "*■'' European, the dark hue becoming developed by clegrees. Though dark of hue, the KafHrs'are as lastidions about their dusky comiilexion as any Eurojiean belle could be of her own fairer skin; and the nri 1,1,'hts. and has reeonrse to evry evas v > caiynvliflt'lr"''''!,''''-''"''"^^"^''-'''-^''' can in\(nt. lie will mix linlh and false- I"K..I with snch in-ennitv that it is possihle to srparatf. tlicin. Jfe will ■he^' the qiieslion," and then hardly true )out no oin- to )ro- ant ro- ^.■.■ms,oe,yoyu„.,,.e,h;;;;;::;;:|;;',;;""""" < no resnient in Katliiland jnen i "" sev •ral instances of (he l^ideney of I Kaf r«" toward praeliealjokim,'. A la. h™ t mtot anveonrl in Kun.pe/unli.^sii; tj „ " '.'I'CKd, wl.ile the la,l stood hy, s e ri S^ "S tl.e operation, ai.,1 .u.ea.fy\.n oyi / „ joke A ter a whil.., the (riek was iC" n i'n'' "h""" "I'l"-'""''! ll.e ho ' . """^ "'■"" "■'- '■■ ''a.l fallen into the <;nmp.^e,lly as il" hi. ai-nment w.re a per- '-•••tlvh.irone. He will attack or defen.l, as 1 i' •, ,. "^ " '" "ii.ieiv or cielelKI as l-s( suits US own ease, and oftrn, win n 1,^ makes a stid,)en onslau-hl, heeoines in h s tnm he assailant, and'^marehes t o y etory of more than those who snare. Another aneedole. related hy Iho snn.n '"l'«"-,;^<:f".sasif it h„d he.-n 1 ni plamed •on. a First of April .eene in Ki,.r affi A I"-'-.l -Ihiinjensln A.riea.'was'hi:^! CT"? 'oad. A inisehieyous hoy ran has i|y ,, on iiei head, ami ran the well-known Katlir ehi^^ :^ wh;,m' wl shall le.arn more presently. And s" lyl . n face the man has-lu.w his Iroad o Jiallih his hiack eyes -leam from nn.Ier «r deep hrows. Half-naked saya,^. tl ,d vers wi I,".' •■' "•''.•>"■ """f'''- ixtl. .onlm- ^ii.s} with him will find no mean anla-o nist, and, whether the ohjeet he • | C or po ities, he nuM heware lest he 1 lumself suddenly defeated exacSy'in e ALU /ea and ,s „o ,uean ade,,t at ar-Mi- ment ami ,„ „,any points hears a « roi / rosomhlanee to (he KalHr eharaoter 15 t" .nacmUestofwitshetweenaMm:!.. J and a /nhi eonneillor, the latter wonid he nearly eertain to ,r,me otf the yietor As a rnle, (he Kallir is not of inl eharaeter, nor a reyenije- Tho Kallir is essentially hosi)i(ahlc On a MHU-ney, any on,, may Jl> („ ( . ! kra;i „ ' a «tran-er and will e,.r,ain|y he .,T and '0(lK.;f1, hoth ae,„r,lii,i; („ "his r, k mH 1'ositu.n. Whit,, men are r viye'l in tht ,^an.eh,.pi,ahl,. manner, ami' niiM heir .dnte skin ai,,l,lu.irp,vs\,n;..,]'L^^^^^^^^^^^^ £t^:/^;Si;^?^'•'''''^'■'^-'^'-^«.-«i llm Katlirs aiv sinir„larly domestic peo- I '' ?"••'. •'^'■nn-noina,| as (h,. ar,.. elin- wiHi S 'eat alleetmn to their sin.fde hnls. ('hi 15 n< warrmrsof ki...wi, nj/nt,. may hesflen ■n leir kraals, nuisin.an.l ron.llfn- tl oYr .In dren with no less alU'clion than is ex ,7, ted hy the niotlurs. Alloj^elher. (h.. Ka Jh- IS a social h^.inJ,^ II.. eani7o( en lure UxZ ;;';;, eam,.alon,..sniokin. alone. ,;.m alon,.. or ..y,.,, ..ookin- alone, hnt alwayl f some assemblaj'e exeeedin. te,:hin.:, " , j?";;' ^^"^ 'i'^t eontriyei t;;).;.,;; ,, Home raJ^s "• ma-ddm " Xo '';;;!:[';:r i: ! ^rll'' i!' *'"" ^''■'■'^" ""H-os.-. Day i. :' """.i'.r"^"' "'■ ''i^'"»v. On tL^.n^ Sk !i;T'''n''''^'''''''' '""' '""verse witli trarv.a Kallir .an he anion'- the n ist , .;//•"■'"":;" "' •"i".^' "'•l"'iiti..al affairs n ie.( of m,,nkind when Tu> wi^.s •£ i n.i ''"'"" ^'"■"'^>'^'>^ i» that schoo lo when there ,s some olycct in heiigsa' ij^ ' X3^"'"^"' ^^'"^'^ ''"« ^'''^^"y be™ ifit, like a true * liimsulf iiliout »i> mmt (hilt no II' wiliully (•„„,. lorn lu'Hitute to K.llicr — a pro- ■iiiiNc ot'iiiMiant )>*■ And, j>ro- i r Olio, no one 111' viciim. JIK iKiolln sov- ■ of I he Knfllrs l:i'l in liiH ser- "■-(•ountrynien 1' oil llio Eu>f- "ifllf (o kneel ! ii tt'i'lain dis- nalivcs, liocn iic'(((' equal to inlicsiiatingly , Kiilicrintincr. I'lijoyiny the ^ ^va8 (liscov- lllf boy's wit lien into the 'i.v (ho same li'iiii.sj)Iantc'(l J'^ii^'land. A nnij)kin, and, of c-arryintr iii.U it on her n liiistily to 1'. <'xclaimed, "•ad!" The II annonnce- lakc lau! f?ot s(r('aniin<,'. Iio.v picked it n recovered i(al)le. On le kraal of a 'c fed and lank and ivcd in the II virtue of iK'd kiiowl- chiefs, and iicstic pco- , cling with lis. Chiefs lay lie seen lling their II iscxhih- . tlic KaHIr lure living •', .«nullini,' Mi( always sseniblage Day by (Tse with cal affairs, school of ady been CHAPTER II. HIS DITTIES -KAFFIR VACCWATION -BIXOULAH TUKATMENT Or A CIIILn-A CHILD'S FIIWT 0«.N^VMK.VT-CUUI0tr8 S....K>U,TmON-MOTHF,U A.ND C.ULD-THB HKKV^UADLB- KSCUi™ OF A CUAD.B „KLO.V..,.Va TO A CHIEF'. W.KB _ K..VDNK.. Or rABK.VTS TO CuJJ^ZZZ flKXKS-THK rtrrcUKOFA KAKF.H FAMILY. AND TUB AnsE.VCB OF AN.XIKTV - .Tfavt."^™ m :;:i„Tt™^:™"^'^ "'^ ^^r^'-^^^'^ "ovhood-d.ff.bk.tt.i.o,hks i^;™"" ITSCllAUA(TKllA>OOmoi.V— iCHAKA'S ATTF.M.-TKD AI.OLITION OF TUB UITB -C. UIOCS IDPA OF T„B KAFFIUS, AND UKSUMPT.OK OF TUB .KUKMONV-A KAFKIU's DI.KAD OF a V ..AIUS YALUH TO THK KINO— THK CEBEMONV INCUMUKNT ON HOTU 8BXK8. J^J^N?Sl'\nce(l rapidly over the principal traits of Katlir character, we will proceed to trace his life with somewhat more detail. When an infant is born, it is, as lias been already mentioned, of a light hue, and does not gain the red-black of its parents until a ter some little time has elapsed. The same most grotesque-looking object it was ever niy fortune to beholtC \Vbat remained, being too precious to waste, was transferred to her own face." Not until all these ab- surd preliminaries arc completiul, is the child allowed to take its natural food; and it sometimes happens that when the "nu'di- own country. He does not trouble himself in the east about the mother, but devotes his whole care to the child, on whom he ner- torms an operation something like that of ^ccination, though not for the same obicct. He makes small incisions on various parts ot tlie body, rubs medicine into them, and goeslus way. Next day he returns, takes the unlmpi)y mfiint, deepens the cuts, and puts more medicine into them. The iiiuch- hr h!l'/i" ""'^ '? "i.''" '^'^'^«'' "^"d is dried wL^ fl*'' "''T'^ ■"'?°"' '" t»^« "moke of a ^moi'''\ ^l"-^'^".? tl»58 treatment by some singular tenacitv of life, the little crea- Snt'Vn'?';.''''""^'"^ ''^^'^"''•"J ^'th r^d of fh,: o 1 "''' proud mother takes her share of the adornment This paint is renewed as fast as It wears off and is not discontinued until after a lapse of several months. ; Once," writes Mr. Shooter, " when T saw tins paint put on, the mother had carefully 7^r- t^^'^'^^y V^y' •'^"'^ ™ade him clean nFl,^""'' u ^'>° ^^'''' ^^""^ »P the fragment rLa .^'■themyare pot, which contamed a rea nuid,and, dipping herfinffnrs intn !t nr"- ceeded to daub her son until he became the (17) makes little, if any, difference in the amount ot her daily tasks. And, considering that all the severe work falls upon the women it IS wonderful that they should contrive to do any work at all under the circumstances. The two principal tasks of the w(mien are, breaking up the ground with a heavy and clumsy tool, something between a pickaxe and a mattock, and grinding the daily sup- ply of corn between two stones, and either ot these tasks would prove quite enough for any ordinary laborer, though the poor v.'oman has to perform both, and i)lentv of minor ta.-,ks besides. That they should liavo to do all this work, while laboring under the incumbrance of a he.vvy and groVing child hung on the back, does really seem very hard upon the women. Hut they, havin^ never known any other state of tilings, ac" cept their laborious married life as a matter of course. .v.^^}*?} *,'*'' mother carries her infant to the field,^8he mostly slings it to her back by mrrtns ,-). a wide strip of some soil skin, which she passes round her waist so as to M TIIK KAFFIR. loftvo a (tort of pocket licliliul 1m wliicli tltc child limy li('. In iIiIh iiiiinitivi< cnulU' tin- little crciituro npontM in pttrt'cct ooiitciit, nnd not even tju! ultrupt niovenieiilH to which it U lU'ecHMiii-iiy Htihjected will diH- tiirli Hh HlunilxrH. The wife of ii chief or Wenllhy man will not, however, rest HiitiHiled with the mere Htrip of Hkin hy way of a cradle, hut hiw one of an elaliorale and onianienlal chara<- ter. The illuHtiatioii repicxentH a remark- ably lino examplt! of tlui South African cradle, ami i« drawn from u Bpecimeu in my cuUuctiuu. row toward thu hottom, graihiaily widen- II, Ki-n liche.i I CRADLE. illf,' until within a few iliclie.i of the oiH'ii- iiiK, when it axain contiuctM. Thin form very ell'ectually prevenlH an active or rewt- leiix child iVom falling out of its cradle. The hairy Hide of the Mkin Im turned Inward, ho that the little one lum a Holt and plcanant crmlli! ill which to repone. In order to uive it thin nhape, two "j;ore»" have hi en let into the hack of the cradle, and are Hewed with that inarvello.iH iicalncHH which chariusterizcH the workmaiiiiliip of the Kalllr trilicH. Four loiij( ntripH of the mime nkin are attached to the openiiii; of tin- cra- dle, and by nieaim of them the mother can bind her little one Hccurely on her hack. Ah far a« iiMcfulncHsgocM, the cradle in now complete, hut tlie woman in iiotHalislled un- IcHH ornament be addt d. 'i'hou;,'li her rank — the wile of a chief — j?ular rows. In tluH Hpe>;'"«». wliilo the others are of the color which are known as "chalk-white,"' and which is in ^reat favor with the Katlir-i, on account of the contrast which it allbrds to their dusky Hkin. The two central iowh are black. The cradle weighs rather more than two pounds, half of whicli is certainly due to the prolusion of beads with which it is covered. ExiTjit under jieculiar circumstances, the KalHr mother is a kind, and even indulgent parent to lii'r childn'H. There are, however, excei)tional instances, but, in these caseu, superstition is generally, the iiiovinj; power. As with many nations in diH'eient parts of the earth, alfhouKli abundance of children is desired, twins are not in favor; and when they make their aj)pearaiice one of them is sacrificed, in consecpjeiice of a .superstitious notion that, if both twins are allowed to live, something unlucky would hajipen to the parents. As the children grow, a certain dilTercnco in their treatment is ])erieptil)le. in most savage nations, the female childri^n are com- paratively neglected, and very ill treatment falls on them, while. the male* are consid- ered as privileged to do i)retty well w'.at they like without rebuke. This, however, is not the case with the Katlirs. The pa- rents have jileiity of respi ct for their .sons as the warriors of the next genenition, but they have also respect for tlieir daughters as a source of wealth. Every father is therefore glad to see a iniw-born child, and welcomes it whatever may be its sex — the It 18 nearly two feet in len ;«;- tv one n > boys to increase! tlu^ power of his house, tlia width, and IS made of anu-! .j , .'u, .■ a girls to increa.se the number of his cattle, the hair still remaining. Tiv ft. t .are of lie knows perfectly well that, when his lit- the maker lias been to construct a bag, nar- tie girl is urown un. he can obtain at lenxt CEIIRMONV IXCUMHENT OX IIOTII HEXES. 10 C'iuhtOdWH for h.r, iind flnvt, if n\u> hiippiMist U> tiiki! (lit! liiiicy "111 rich or powi'ifui iiiiiii, li(! miiv 1)1' I'ortun.itd ciiou).-!! to prociiiv •V. (111! Illlllllu'l-. ' ■ ' ■' • ■ ■ twi(!i! (111! mimluT. And, ii« (lu! price whicli iH piuil to the t'utlicr of iif,'irl dcpriidM very iniicli on her lookH and condidon, hIio ix not ullowi'd to 1)1! dctiiriorutcd hy Imrd work or lll-tn!iUniinl, Tliiso i,'cni'riilly comu alU'r in;uriii;?c, iind, ii.t (lio wilo doi-M not expect iinyliiiii;: hut mucIi treatnuMit, mIio doe« not (IreiiMi of <'(inipl;iinin>{. The Kiilllr is free from the chief niixietiei* that attend a lar;.'e family in civilized coua- tries. He knows iK.lliiiijr of tlie thousand nrlilicial wants whic! cliMter round ii civil- ized life, and need not fear |"st his olfsprinK Hliould no '.() uMe to Iind a snhsiHlence. Neither is lii> tr.)nl)led lest tliey shouhl sink helow that rank iM vliich (hey were horn. Not that there are no tlistinetions of rank in Kn(!irl.in(|. On the contrary, there are few paii. of the worhl where the distinctioiiH of rank are hetter appreciated, or more clearly (lelliicd. Hut, any one may attain the rank of chief, provided that he jmHsesses the men- tal or i)hysical characteristics that can raise him ahovi' the level of tliost- who surround liim, and, as is well known, some of the most liowerful monarchs who have exercised des- potic, sway in Southern Africa have earned H rank which tliey could not have inherit(!(l, and have created nionarchieH where tiie country had forinerlv been ruled hy a nuni- )ter of iiidepeiKleiit chieftains. These points may have some inll-ience upon the KaHlr's conduct a.s a parent, hut, whatever may be the motives, the fact remains, that amoii" this line race of suvajjes there is no trace o? tlu! wholesale infanticide which is so terri- blv m-evalent amonj,' other nations, and which iH accepted as a social institution amonj' some that consider th(!n»8elve8 amon;;^' the most hi,i,'hly civilized of nmnkind. As 18 the case in many parts of the world till! natives of South Africa underjro a cere- mony of some sort, which marks their tran- Bi tion from childhood to a more mature a"e Ihere has been rather a sharp controversy respectinK tlic! peculiar ceiemonv which the KalHrs enjoin, some sayins; that it is identi- cal with the rito of circumcision as prac- tised by the Jews, and others that such a cui^tom does iiot exist. The fm-t is, that it uaul to bo universal throughout Southern Africa, until that strftiige dniipot, Tchaka chose arbitrarily to forbid It amony the iiiany tribes over which he rulr-rl. Since hiN death, however, the ciistoin has l(e(!n Kiadu- iilly re-introduced, as the men of the tribes bell' yed (hat those who had not undergone thi lie were weaker than would otherwiwe have lieen the <'as(!, and were more liable to }?ray haiiM. Now with a Kallir a lioaiy head IS by no means a crown of jjlory, hut in looked upon as a sign of debility. ' A chief dreads nothing s« much iw the iipiiroai h of gray hairs, knowing that the various sub- chiefs, and other ambitious men who are risinj^ about him, are only too ready to detect any si«u of weakness, and to eject hini Iroiii his post Eiiro|)eans who visit elderly chiefs are aluumt invariably asked if they have any nreparatioii that will dye their Kiay linirH black. So, the dread of such a Calamity occurrinj{ at an early aj^'i! would b(! (juite snllUient to make a Kafllr"rcsort to any custom which he fancied niiL'ht pre- vent it. After the cere -ony, whicli is practised in secret, and its details eon assume the head-ring without the permission of his chief, and there is no gur(!r mode of gaining i)crniis- moii than by distinguished conduct in the field whether in open fight, or in stealing' cattle from the enemy. The necessity for undergoing some rite when emerging from childhood is not re- stricted to the men, but is ineumbent on the girls, who are carried off into seclusion hy their initiators, and within a vear from tlieir initiation are allowed to marry. \-. • CHAPTER III. A KAFFIRS LIFE, CONTDTOED — ADOLESCKNCR — BE AUTV OF FORM IN THE KAFFIRS, AND REASONS FOR IT — LIVING BTATCE3 — BENJAMUT WEST AND TUB APOLLO — SHOULDERS OF THE KAKFIKS — SPEED OF FOOT CONSIDERED HONORABLE — A KAFFIH MESSENGER AND HIS MODE OF CAilRY- INO A LETTER — HIS EQUIPMENT FOR X'lB JOURNEY — LIGHT MARCHING-ORDER— HOW THE ADDRESS IS GIVEN TO HIM — C'KLERITy OF HIS TASK, AND SMALLNESS OF HIS PAY — HIS FEET VND THEIR NATURE — THICKNESS OF THE :'OLE, AND ITS SUPERIORITY OVER THE SHOE — ANECDOTE OF A SU^K BOY ANO HIS PHYSICIAN — FORM OF THE FOOT — HEALTHY STATE OF A KAFFIR'S BODY — ANECDOTE OF WOUNDED GIRL —RAPIDITY WITH WHICH INJURIES ARE HEALED — YOUNG WOMEN, AN J THEIR BEAUTY OF FORM — PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS — DIFFICULTY OF PHOTOGKAPHINO A KAFFIR — THE LOCALITY, GREASE, NERVOUSNESS — SHORT TENURE OF BEAUTY — FEATURES OF KAFFIR GIRLS — OLD KAFFIH WOMEN AND THEIR LOOKS. When the youths and maidens are in the full bloom ot youtli, they afford as tine spec- imens of liumanity as can be seen any- where. Their limbs have never been sub- ject to the distorting intinences of clothing, nor their forms to tlie absurd compression wliich was, until recently, destructive of all real beauty in this and neighboring coun- tries. Each musc'.e and sinew has liad fair play, the lungs have breatherl fresli air, and the active liabits have given to tlie form that rounded perfection which is never seen except in those wlio have enjoyed simihir advantages. Wo all admire the almost superhuman majesty of the human form as seen in ancient sculpture, and v/e need only to travel to 8outhern Africa to see similar forms, yet breathing and moving, not mo- tionless images of marble, but living statues of bronze. This classic beauty of form is not peculiar to Southern Africa, but is found in many parts of the world where the inhabit- ants lead a free, active, and temperate life. My readers will probably remember the well-known anecdote of West the painter surprising the critical Italians with his re- 'marks. Bred in a Quaker family, ha had no acquaintance with ancient art; and when he first vi8it(!d Rome, he was taken by a large assembly of art-critics to see the Apollo Bel- vedere. As soon as the doors were; thrown open, he exclaimed that the statue repre- sented a young Mohawk warrior, much to the indignation of the critics, who foolishly took his exclamation as derogatory to the sliitu most fa- ction, and no in any way e that their so different ean women, : ; but, evoii ; finest and could ucvor (I.) rNMAlilill.l) KAFFIR (!IKr,S. (So.' pairo '.'4.) ^~ (2.) Ol.D KAFFIU ffOMF.N. ^-See p«(j« j;.) (•25) 1 fmimm il OLD KAFFIR WOMEK. 27 be called Imndaomc. People certainly do get used to their peculiar style, and some- times prefer the wild heauty of a Kattir girl to the more rellued, though more in- sipid, stylo of the Eurojiean. Still, few Eng- lishmen would think themaelves flattered if their faces were thought to resemble the features of a KafBr of the same age, and the same rule will apply to the women as well as to the men. Unfortimately, the rapidity with which the Katlir women deteriorate renders them very unsightly objects at an age in which an Eurojjean woman is in her prime. Among civilized nations, age often carries with it a charming mixture of majesty and simplicity, which equally command our rev- erence and our love. Among this people however, we find nothing in their old ago to compensate for the lost l)eauty of youth They do not possess that indefinable charm which is so characteristic of the old ago of civilized woman, nor is there any vestige of that spiritual beauty which seems to under- lie the outward form, and to be even more youthful than youth itself. Perhaps one reason for this distinction may be the un- cultivated state of the mind; but, whatever may be the cause, in youth the Kafllr woman is a sylph, in old age a hag. CHAPTER TV. JOKEBS ASO ORHAMENTS — DREBS OP THE MEX — PRESS DEPEJfDENT ON COT'NTRY TOR MATERIAI, — SKIN THE CIIIKK AUTll'LK OK DUESS IN SOUTHERN, AFRICA — KUU-PltOOrciNd AMM'I.S — A KAKOHS OB CLOAK OP MEKRKAT SKIN — ANOTHER OF JACKAL SKINS — NATIVE TASTE IN DKK.SS — rHO- FE9SI0NAL KAUOSS MAKERS — NEEDLE USED IIV THE KAPFIKS— ITS CLI'MSY SHAPE AM) DIMEN- SIONS-ITS LEATHER SHEATH — A FASHIONAllLB NEEDLE AND ITS UELT OF HEADS — TASTKIIL ARllANOEME.NT OF COLOR- THREAD USED IIY KAFFIRS — SINOULAll MATERIAL AND MODE OP I'REPARLNO IT — HOW A KAFFIR SEWS — A MAN'S ORDINARY DRESS — THE APRON OR "TAlLs" — SPECIMEN IN MY COLLECTION — IIRASS UUTTONS — THE "iSINENE" AND " UMCCHA " — I'OIITRAIT OF OOZ-V — OBESITY OP THE CUIEPS- PULL DRE8S AND UNDRESS- A K.UFIB .UDE-DE-CAMP. IlAVixa now described tiic general appear- ance of the Kiillirs from chilliood to age, we will proceed to the costume which they wear, and the ornaments with which they decorate their dark i)un-ions. The material of which dross is made depends mnch on the characteristics of tlie country. In some parts of the world linen is used, in another silk, and in another cotton. In Southern Africa, however, and indeed throughout a very large ))ortion of the continent, the dress, whether of men or women, is com- posed of the .skins and furs of animals. The country abounds in game, especially of the antelope tribe ; and the antelopes, the zebras and their kin, tiie beasts of prey, the monkey- tribes and the oxen, allbrd a va.st store fi-om which the Kallir can take his clothing, and vary it almost without bounds. The KatBr is an admirable dresser of furs. He bestows very great pains on the process, and arrives at a' result wJiich cannot be sur- pa.ssed by the best of European furriers, with all his means and api)liances. Katlir furs, even those made from the stilf and stub- born hide of the o.x, areas soft and pliable as silk; and if they be wetted, tliey will dry without becoming harsh and .stifl". For large and thick skins a peculi.ar process is required. The skin of tiie cow, for example, will become as hard as a board wlien dry, and even that of the lion is apt to be very stiff indeed when dried. The process of preparing such skins is almost absurdly simph and expeditious, while its efHcacy is such that our best fur-dressers cannot pro- duce such articles its tlie Kailirs do. Supposing that a cow-skin is to be mad.. into a robe, the KatTir will ask two or throe of his comrades to help him. Tlicy ail sit round the skin, and scrape; it very <;uflul!y, until they have removed cveiy pailicle occasions. The skin is now n ady for the ingredient that forms a succedaiicuni for the tanpit, and that docs its work in a vcjry short time. As till! reader is periiaps aware, tlu) aciveia is one of the conunouiist trees in Southern AtVica. TIk! sap of tlie tree is of a very as- tringent chara(!ter, and coininunicates its properties to tlie bark llirougii which it per- colates. In couscipnuce, the white inhabi- tants of Soiilheru Africa are in the habit of using the bark of the acacia just as in Eng- land we use tlie bark of tlu; oak, and llnd that it i)roduces a similar elfect upon skins that are soaked in a strong solution of acacia bark in wati'r. The native, however, does not use the bark for this purpose, neither docs he praiMise the long and tedious process of tanning which is in use amonf ourselves. The acacia tree supplies for him a material which answers all the purposes of a tanpil, and does leit reiiuire above a frac- tion of tin; time that is employed in ordinary tanning. The acacia treses are constantly felled for all sorts of purposes. The hard wood is used in native architecture, in making the fence rouiul a kraal, in making wagon poles, and ill many similar modes. The root and stump are left to rot in the ground, and, thanks to the peculiar climate and the at- tacks of insects, iliev soon rut away, and can be crumbU'd with tin- lingers into a reddish yellow powder. This powthsr is highlv a-stringeiit, and i-; used by the Kalllrs for dressing their ''..rs, and isapplied by assid- uous rubbing in with the hand. Afterwartl large stono, and awaited his coming. As he was Hearing the Hre, the Kallir Hung the stone with such a good aim that tin; animal was knocked over and stunned. The wa>'on started in an hour and a half from that liTne and the KalHr who killed the jiu;kal was seen wearing the animars dressed skin. The skin of this creature is very much prized for robes and similar jmrposes", as it is thick and soft, and the rich black mottlings alon<» the back give to the robe a very handsomo aiiiiearanee. •^Ih •s added, but not much, and » very carefully with waj's \/orn with the here is a modi? of is considered highly robe is comiiosed of a little this i,s the naiid. A lai'ge KV ■ furry side in., putting it on fashionable. If iii.j „ ^ ,^^^ .several skins, — say, for example, 'tlioVe of thejackil or leopard. — the heads are placed 111 a row alon^' the upper margin. When the Kallir indues his kaross, lie folds this edge over so as to form a kind of cape, anr food. Presently, he came across the sc(>nt of some steaks' that were being cooked, and came straight toward the wagon, thinkinii onlv of food, and be.. of the kaross, and arranged them so that they fade away into gray at the edges. This "is done, not by merely j)utlini; (he darker skins in the middle, and the lighter toward the edges. hut by cutting the skins Info oblong pieepd of nearly the same si/e, and sewing them together so neatly that tin- lines of juncliim are ipiite invisible. Ail the heads are set in II row al(mg the np|)er edges, and, lieing worked very Hat, can be turned over, and form a kind of cape, as has already been mentioned. The lower edge of Ihe" kuross hius a very liandsomi^ appearance, (he gray color of thi! fur rapidly (leepeiiing into black, wliieli makes a broad "stripe some four inches in depth. This is obtain' H liy taking the skin of (he jiaws, which a, very black, ami sewing them to (he cape o( (he I'nande. Of course, a fiadir has no knowlrdgo of gh)ve«, but there are seasons when he really wants sonu) covering for his hands. A crea- ture of till! sun, he cannot endure cold; and in weather when the while men are walking in their lightest clothing and exulting in the nnaccustoined coolness, (he Kallir is wrapjied in his thickesi kaross, cowering over the (ire, and absolulely i)aralv/ed, both bodily and menially, wilh" (he "cold. Ho (herefore makes c'erlain addidons to Ins kaross, and ,so forms a kind of sheKer for the hands. About (wo feet from tl;e (op of the kaross, and on (he ou(er edges, iu'e a jiair of small wings or proJcc( ions, about a foot in lengdi, and eight inches in widdi. Wlien the Katlir ])uts on (he kaross, he doubles die upper jiart to form (be cape, (urns (he furry side wi(hin, grasps oue of (lu se winglels with each hand, and then wraps it round his shoulders. The hands are (bus pro- tected from the cold, and the upper ))art of (he body is compledly covered. The kaross descends as far as the knees in froiil, and is about a foot longer ii( the sides and at the back. The whole edg<> of the kaross is bound on die inside wi(h a narrow band of (hill, but very strong membrane, and is thus rendered less liable to be lorn. The mem- brane is obtained as follows. A skin of some animal, usually one of (he anleloiies, is ndledupaiid buriell in (be ground until a cert^iin amount of puirel'acdon dikes place. It is dien removed, and (be Kadir splits it by iii(roducing his knife, and (hen. wi(h a (juick Jerk, s(ri])s o(r the membranous skin. If it docs not separate easily, the skin is re- l)hiced in the ground, and left for a day or two longer. This line siieoimen was brontrbt from SiKidiern Africa by Mr. Chrislie. whohashad it in constant use as a railway ruijand for sim- ilar purpo.ses for some foiirlceii years, and it is still as serviceable as ever. I ought to men- lion that both this and my own kaross were made by neehuanas, and "no( by Zulus, the latter tribe always usim; (or tlieir kaross a single hide of an ox dressed sof(. The peculiar mode of manipnladm,' a hide when dressing it is called " brayini;." jierhjips lie- cause it bears some reseml>!r\!!ce to (he "braying" or ruliliiiiLr of a sulps(ance in a mortar, as distinguished' from pounding it. NEEDLES AND SHEATHS. 81 A handful oftlu; liiiU; in tnkiMi in eiicli Imiid uml ^mIUlm'imI u|), ni) ii^ Id loi'iii two or tlircu ^v^•illkl^^■^ oil tliu lli'.sliy nidi!. 'J'Iid wrinkles me Ihi'n nil>bud ou each oiliur, with ii iiicn- liiii' Iwisiiii'^ niovi'nuMit, which i.i ulniott idiiulicd wilh thai ol' tint },'i/./,ard in graiu- uatiu^' I)ird4. Ol' similar .skins thu KufUi' makes a kind of lia;,' ill which he puts his \n[n:, tol)ac('<), and various other little eoinl'orls. 'I'liis ha;,', which is |)oj)ularly called a knansac^k, de- Serves more rightly the name of haversack, (IS it is not carried on the hack, hut sliin;^ to tin; side. It is ina le of the nkin of .sonii; 8m:dl animal, such as a haro or a hyrax, and is form, 'd in a viii'y simple luanncr. NVheii tlie Ivallir h;us killed the animal, he .strips olf the skin by making' a cut, not aloni,' the belly, as i.s the usual fashion, hut from one hinil leu; to tlu! other. IJy diut of pushinj,' anil pullini,', he contrives to strip olf the .skin, and of course turns it inside out in so (h>iii,t,'. much as is the ca.se when a taxider- mist ski us a snake or froj,'. The skin is tln^n -brayed" in the ordinary Ikshion, while the furry side is iinvanl; and when this opera- tion is completed, the mouth, cars and eye- lids are sewed up, and it is thiui I'eversed .so as to brim,' thc! fur outward. .Straps are attached to the two hind le,!,rs, so that the Wearer can .sling the bag over his shoulder. The natives put these bags to all kinds of u.SL's, SOU!.; of them being rather oild acconl- ing to our idea.s. It has been mentioned that the |)ipe, tobacco, and other little articles which a KalUr has, are kejU in the bag. If, jier- chance, the weanu' should discover a l)ecs' nest, he empties his •• knapsack," turns it in- side out, shakes it well in order to get rid of the scrajts of tobacco and other debris of a Kallir's pouch, ami then proceeds to attack the bees. When he has .succeeded in reaching ihe honeycombs, he removes them from the nest, puts them into the bag, and goes olf with his ju'lze, regar.Uess of the stale in which the interior of the bag will be letl. The skill of tlu! Ivallir in sewing fur is the more notable when we taki; into considera- tion the i)(!culiar necille and thread which he uses. The needle is not in the lea.st like the delicate, sliuider articles employed by Eur()|)eaii seamstresses. In the. lirst jilace, it lia,s no eye; and in the .second, it is more like a skewer than a needh!. If any of mv classical readers will recall to their minds the •• stylus " which the ancients used instead ot a pen, hi! will have a very good idea of a Kalhrs iieeiUe. As tlu> Kallir likes to carry hi.s needle al>out with him, he makes a sheath or ca.se ot leather. There is great variety in these case.s. Iho snni)lest are merely made of .slrip.s of hide rolled round the uoedle, and s*ewed together at the edges. The most ornamenlal needle that I have seen was brought to England by "the late Ii. Jackson, Esij., who kindly placed it and the rest of luH vaUialdo collection at my (li.H- jioital. This needle is reprcsentiHl at tig, I, in thu illustration "KalUr needles," page ;i;{. It is of llu! ordinary shape, though iiiucli larger than most that are u.sed; but it in upon the sheuth and its ornaments Ihat the proud owii'.-r Ium hivished his powers. The sheath is made of leather, but is modelled into a curious pattern, which may be easily imitated. Roll uj) a tube of jiapi'i-, about the third of an inch in diameter. At an inch from the end, pinch it tightly between the right thumb and linger, until it is siiucezed liat. .Still retaining the grasp, l)lnch it with the left band just below thu linger and thumb of the right, and at right angles to them. Proceed in this manner until the whole of it has been i)inched. Then, if we sujjpo.se that tlii; tube is maih^ of raw hide thoroughly wetted, that a well oiled needle is placc^d in it, and that the; leather in worked carefully upon the needle so as to make a sheath, ornamented with llatlencil lirojections at right angles to each other, wo shall set; how the wheath is made. The .siring of beads by which it is hung around the neck is put togethor with great ta.ite. Tlu; pale-tinted beads are white with rings of scarlet, and the others an; blue with large .spots of white, the whole forming a very artistic contrast with the skin of the wearer. The best point of this needle case is, how- ever, the ornament which hangs to it just by llm head of the needle. This is a p'ieco of rhinoceros horn, cut into the shajie of a bultalo head and part of the neik — very much, indeed, as if It had been intended for Ihe handle of a seal. The skill with which the artist —for he really deserves the name --has manipulated this" stubborn subslanco is really .ndmirable. The sweep of the ani- nwl's liiniw is hit olf with a bohlness of line and a freedom of execution tliat would .-scarcely ]h) exi)cctcd from a savage. That he should make an accurate re|)reseutati()n of the animal was likely enough, conshler- ing his familiarity with the suhject, but that he should be; able to carve with his a.s.'^agai- blade so artistic a design could hardly liavo been (jxpected from him. i$y the sid(M)fthis needle hangs another, which I have introduced l)ecaiise the sheath, instead of being made of leather, is a wooden tube, clo.sed at one end, and guarded at both ends by a. thong of raw Iiide rolled round it. As .It' Kallir.s employ needles of this de.scri|)lion, it is evident that they cannot use the same kind of thread as o'urselve.s, since a cotton thread would not make il.s way through the leather, a'nd therefore thu Kallir has recourse to Ihe animal kiiv- dom for his thread as well as for his gar- ments. The thread is made of the sinews of variau-.. aiiimals, the best being lu.ule of the sinews taken from the neck of a giratfe. One of these bundles of tliread is now bo. THE KAFFIR. fore mo, aiifl n rurions article it lit — nt!ir, aiijfuhu', ('IitMtic, iinil witli an iiivinciblo tuii- di'iicy to bcL'omi' ciituiiKlcd iiniong llio otiicr obJuctN of thu colU'ction. Few ihthohs to whom it is sliown lor tlio (Irst time will iM'lii'Vc (Imt it in tliri'iul, iiiid nioMtly ihiu-v timt 1 am ti'ylti<{ to lulcu lulvitntngu of tliuir igiioraucf. Wlitu tliis strange thread is wanted fctr use, it i.t Htecpi'd in liot water until it i.s quite soft, and it) then beaten bet\ve( n two smootli stones. Tliis jjrocess eauses it to sooarate into lllanu'ntH, wliieh ran be ol^- taincd of alnioHt any dejrree of slnnigtli or flneni'SM. 'J'lie sinew thus furnislics a tliread of astonisliing strenf^tli wlioii eoinparcd willi its diameter, surjjjissing even the sillc {^rass of (luiana in tliat resjject. Wlien a KalHr wishes to sew, ho prepares some of this tlircad, squats on tlio f^round. tiilvcs his needle, and bores two little holes in tlie edges of the garment on which he is worl.ing. He then nnshes the thread tlirough the holes thus made, and makes two more holes opj)osite each other. He continues to draw the slitelies tight as ho jjroceeds, and tlu.s gets on with liis work at a rate which would certainly not pay a seamstress in this country, but which is very well suited to Africa, wlier(; time is not of the least value. As he works with wet sinew iinon wet hide, it naturally follows that, in the process of drying, the seams become enormously strengthened, the sHtehes being (Irawii tightly by the contraction of sinew, and the contraction of the liide forcing the stitches deeply into its own sulnstancc, and almost blending them together. So, although the Avork is done very slowly, one of our sewing nwcliines being equal to a hundred Katlirs, or thereabouts, in point of speed, it is done with a degree of eflicacy that no machine can ever approach. I have in my collection very many examples of Kallir sewing, and in every instiuicc the firmness and solidity of the workmanship are admirable. Their fur-sewing is really wonderful, for they use very close stitches, very line thread, and join the pieces so pcrfcelly that the set of the hairs is not disturbed, and a number of pieces will look and feel exactly as if they were one single skiiu We will begin an account of KafBr dress with the ordinary costume of a man. Until . he approaches nianhooil, the Kaflir does not trouble him.selfal)out so superlluous a lux- ury as dress. He may wear be.ids and orna- ments, but he is not troubled with dress in our acceptation of the word. When lie becomes a man, however, bo assumes the peculiar apron which may be seen by refer- ence to any of the illustrations of Kaffir men. This garment is intended to represent the tails of animals, and by Euroi)eans is geueralh' called by that name. Thus, instead of saying that a man has put on his dress or bii> a-^ron, he is said to have put on his " talk" It is notable, by the way, that this form of dress ext4'nds over a considerable part of Africii, and is common tobothsexeA, though the ^ white, and the others scarlet, pink, or green. Its length is NECKLACES. 87 about ei se of the Highland dress, and forced the Iligldanders to abandon the picturesque costume which seems to harmonize so well with the wild hills of their native land. A Highlander in his kilt and tartan was not the same man when in the costume of the Lowlaiuler, and it was impossible for him to feel the same pride in himself as when he wore the garb of the mountaineer and the colors ot his clan. Many of the young men who cannot af- ford beads make bracelets, necklaces, arm- lets, and anklets from (he skins of animals. After cutting the skin into strips, they twist the strips spirally, so as to eonvjrt them into liollow ropes, having all the hair on the outside. When nifide of prettily colored skins, these curious ornameiil? have a very good, though barbaric ettect. (.See i)age 4'J.) By cutting the strips spirally, almost any length an be obtainecl ; and the conse- quence is, that the young men sometimes appear with their bodies, legs, and arms covered with these furry ropes. Another kind of ornament of which the Kallir is very fond is the tufted tiiil of an ox. A man of consequence will sometimes wear a considerable number of tins. Uiils. Some he will form into an apron, and thers will be disposed about his i)eison in the quaintest possible style. He will tie one under each knoe, so as to bring it on the shin bone. Others he will lix to leathern loops, and hang them loosel}' on his arms, like the curious bracelet worn by Jung Bahadoor when in England. Some he wiU divide into a multitude of strips, and sew them together so as to make fringed belts, which he will tie round his waist, or with which he will encircle the u])per arms. Others, again, will be attached to his ankles, and a man thus decorated h contemplated enviously by those not so fortunate. The ve"y fact of possessing such orna- ments shoA's that the wearer must be a rich man, and have sl.aughteivd his own cattle. It is hardly possible to obtain cow tails in any other method ; for the owner of a slain cow is sure to keep the tail for himself, and will not give so valuable an ornament to another. For the same reason, when the cow has been eaten u|), its owner fastens the skull on the outside of his hut. Every one who jiasses within sight can then see that a rich man lives in that ilwelling. Even when the tiiils are sold to Europeans, ail aijsuntly iiigh price is asked ibr tiiuiu. any of tlicra lh(3 ordinary ip luul (lisiip- ble to believe ntly (liflerent pussed away, iitesling with e latter couu- Ige of human 10 I sc of the I Highlanders ostume which vith the wild t llif^hlander he same man )wlander, and I'eel the same rore the carb colors ot his lio cannot af- ickluces, arm- is of animals, ps, they twist :;onv'jrt them le hair on the ittily colored ■ have a very See page 4'J.) •, almost any 1 the conse- !n sometimes ;s, and arms '8. of which the led tiiil of an ill sometimes jf tlu'S' tiiils. )n, and thcrs lerson in the will tie one ing it on the c to leathern on his arms, irn by Jung Some he wiU ijis, and sew 1 ringed belts, I aist, or with u])per arms. to his ankles, eontemplated nate. g such orna- ni!', as already described. As (he slit is carrn-d to the very end of the tail, the tuft is spread open, and therefore looks twice as large as would have l)een the case had it been left untouched. Each of these tufts representing a cow, it is evident that the possession of them shows that the owner must be wealthy enough, not only to possess eows, but to h'ave .so many that he eould afford to slaughter them. An illustration on page 43 represents a Kallir who is both young and rich, and who bus put on his dress of ceremony for the purpose of paying a visit. Under such cir- euinstanees, a Katiir will exercise the great- est care in selecting ornaments, and oceupv hours in putting them on to the best advan- tage. Among the furs used by the Katlh- tor this purpose is that of the Angora goat, Its long soft hair working up admirably into Iringes and similar ornaments. Feathers of dilferent birds are worked into the head dress, and the rarer the bird and the more brilliant the color the better is the wearer pleased. One decoration which is some- times worn on the head is a globular tuft several inrdies in diameter, formed from the featliers of a si)ecies of roller. The lovely plum.ige of the bird, with its changeful hues of green and blue, is exactly adapted lor the purpose : and hi some cases two of these tiilts will be worn, one on the fore- lu'ad and the other on the back of the head. Ivigles' feathers are much used among the ' Kallirs, a«, in .snite of their comparat?vely ' plain coloring, their firm and graceful shape enables the wearer to form them into very elegant head dresses. Ostrich feathers me also used for the purpose, as are the richly colored plumes of the lory ; but the gr.>at ambition of a Katiir beau is to pro- cure some feathers of the peacock, of which he is amazingly vain. On such occasions the Kaffir will wear much more dress than usual ; and, in addi- fio!' to the quantity of beads which he con- trives to dispose upon his person, he ties so many tufts and tails round Ms waist that iie may almost be said to wear a kilt. lie wi carry his shield and bundle of .spears with hiin, but will not take the latter weap- ons into the host's house, either cxchani-iiU them tor nnitative .spears of wood, or ta'kin-"? a simple knobbed stick. Some sort of a weapon he nmst have in his liand, or he would feel himself quite out of his element. When the "boy " ha.s at last obtained the c net 8 permission to enter the lionored class of " men," lie prepares liimself witli miieh ceremony for tlio change of eo.stumc ! which indicates his rank. The change does not consist so much in addition as in sub- traction, and is contlned to the head. All unmarried men wear the whole of their hair, and sometimes indulge their vanity in dressing it in various modes ; such as draw- ing It out to its fullest extent, and stitfenino- It with grease and shining powders, so thai It looks something like the wigs which bish- ops used to wear, but which have been judi- ciously abandoned. If particular pain.s are taken with the hair, and it happens to be rather longer than usual, the etlect is very remarl.able. I have a photographic iior- trait of a young Zulu warrior, whose hair is so bushy and frizzled that it mi<;ht be taken for that of a Figian ; and as in" his endeav- ors to preserve himself in a perfectly mo- tionless attitude, he has clenched his teeth lightly and opened his 'ves very wide, he lootcs exactly as if all his hair were stand- urn on end with astonishment. Proud, however, as he may be, as a"bov " of his hair, he is still prouder when he lias tlie permission of his chief to cut it olf, and at once re))airs to a friend who will act a.g hairdresser. The friend in question takes his best assagai, puts a fine edge upon it furnishes himself with a supply of "uin sinews, charcoal powder, and oil, "ami .addresses himself to his task. Ilis first earo IS to make an oval ring of the sinews, about halfaninchin thickness, and then to fit it on the head. The hair is then firmly woven into it, and fixed with the gum and charcoal until the hair and ring seem as if they were' one substance. Oil or grease is next liber- ally applied, until the circlet shines like a patent leather boot, and the rin-'' is then complete. The ofiiciating friend next takes lis assagai, and shaves the Avhole of the head, outside and inside the ring, so as to leave it the sole decoration of liis bald head The ring, or "issikoko," is useful for sev- eral ])urposes. It answers admirably to hold feathers firmly, when the courtier decorates his head for ceremonv, or the soldier for w.ar. It serves also more peaceful uses being the usual place where the smiflf.spoon IS worn. This mode of dressing the hair has Its inconvenience, for the ring eontinii- ally needs to 1)0 repaired and kept in order. As to the "issikoko" itself, it is too hard b» be easily damaged; but as the hair grows It IS raised above the head, and, when ne<'- lected for .some time, will rise to a hei"ht of two inches or so. Moreovin-, the shaven parts of the head soon regain their ooverin-^ and need again to be submitted to the i.riin- itive razor. No man would venture to appear before his chief with the head un- shaven or with the ring standing above it ; for if he did so, his life would probably answer for his want of respect. M '^u •' ''r/7*'"''^' ^^'itli wliieli a Kaffir reg.ards the "issikoko" is equal to that whieli an Ori- eiitiU eiil.ntains for his heard. Mr. Moffatt mentions a curious illustration of this fact 4a TIIK KAFFIU, A wfirHor of rank, an "luduna," or iirttv | cliif)', WHS l)n)uj,'lit iK'I'orf tlic kin;,', tlic ! (Irciuli'd MoHcli'kiitiM'hiii'^i'd witli an utrciuc j lilt" iiunislnnciilol' which was death, lie was I'DiKJiictcd It) till' kinj:, deprived of his speiir niid sliield. "He l)()Wed Ids line eiaslic lij,'iii'e, and kneeled hel'ore liie Jialj,'e. Tht^ (Mse was iiives(ij;at(Ml silently, whieli .i;ave Koleuinity to the scene. Not a whisper was heard anions the listeidnu audience, and the voices of the council were oidy iiudihie to each other and to the nearest spectators. The prisoner. thoUf;h on his knees, had Homethin;^ di,i,'nili(Kl and nohle in his mien. >ii)|, u nniscle 'f liis countenance moved, l)ul a l)riu;ht bliu'k eye indicated a feelin;{ ol'i'.iiense interest, which the swervinj,' lial- iince between life and death oidy could j)ro- (luce. Theciuse required little iiivestiijation; the cluirsjes were clearly substantiated, anil the culprit pleaded fjuilty. Hut, alas! he knew that it was at a bar where none ever lieard the heart revivin<{ sound of ^)ardon, i^ven for olleuces small compared with his. A pause ensued, durinj; which tho silonco of ih'alh i)ervailcd the assembly. '• At leiiijth the monarch sjioke, and, ad- dressiiiji; the nrisuner, said: ' Von arc a dead man; lint 1 shall do lo-day what 1 never did before. 1 sjiare your life, for the sake of mv friend and father,' nointin^'to whi're I stooil. ' 1 know that his heart weejis at the shcd- diui; of blood; for his sake I spare your life. lie has travi'Ued tVoni a far country to see me. and he has made my heart white; but he d: ' How can 1 live among tho dogs of the king, and disgrace these badges of honor which 1 won among the spears and .sliields of the miirbty':' No; I cannot livel Let me die, I) l*e/.oolul His request was granted, and his liaud.s tied urcct over his head. Now my exertions to save his lifi! were vain, lie" disdained the boon on the conditions otfered, [ireferring Iodic with tho honors he hail won at the [joint of the sjic.ar — honors which even the act which con- demned him did not tarnish - to exile and poverty among the i-hildren of the desert, lie was led forth, a man walking on cadi side. My eye followed him until he reached (hu ■ toj) of a high j)recii>ice, over which he wa.s iirecipilatcil into the deep part of the river neiieath, whero the crocodiles, accuslDined to sucli meals, were yawning to devour him ero ho could reach the bottom." The word '• issikoko," by which the Katlir denominates the head-ring, is scarcely to bo pronounced, not by Kuroneau lips, but by Kurimean jialales; for each letter A' is pro- ccdeil, or rather accompanied, by a curiotus clucking sound, produced by lint back of thu tongue and the roof of the mouth. There are three of these, " clicks," as they are called, and they will be nu)ro particularly described when we come to tiic subject of Kalllr language. Under nearly all circumatances n Katlir presents a singularly iiicturesquo llguie — except, ])erha|)s, when squatting im tho ground with his knees up to his cliin — and nothing can be more grateful to an artistic oyothan the aspect of a numbcrof these splen- did B.ivages ill the full panoply of all their barbaric niaguiliecnce. Their piouil and noble jiort, their dusky bodies set otV with beads and other brilliant ornaments, and the uncommon grace and agility that they di.s- play when going through the tierce mimicry of a light which constitutes their war dances, are a deli'dil to tho eye of an artist. I'nlor- tunately, Ills nose is all'ccted in a dilfereiit ^nanner. The Kallirs of all aujes and both sexes will persist in copiously anointing themselves with grease. Almost any sort of grease would soon become rancid in that coiinlry; but, as the Katlirs are not at all particular about tho sort of gre.ase which they \iso, nrovided that it /.s grease, Ihoy exhale a very powerful and very disagreea- ble odor. KatVir.s are clnirniiiig savages, but it is alwiiys as well to keep to the wind- ward of them, at all events until tho nostrils have become accustomed to their odor. This ])eculiar scent is as adhesive ns it is ])owerful, and, even after a Katlir has laid aside his dress, any article of it will bo nearly as strongl}' scented a.s the owner. Some time ago, while I was looking over a very lino collection of savage implements .and dress, .some articles of apparel weio I oxhibitcil labelled witli tickets that could i not possibly have belougod to them. Tho owner said" that ho snsiiccted them to be '■ .M'rican, and asked my o|iinion, which was unhesitalingly given, the odor having be- trayed their real country a.s soon as they I were brought within range of scent. j A few years ago, I ii.s.sisted in opening a HilVc llin liPo ' llDllll on lll(! 10 (111' with llio it of (lie sjnuir •I wliitli cdii- - to exile 1111(1 lit' llie (leseii. I,' (111 eiieli Hide, e reiiclied Ilie wliicli lie WiiH •t ol' llii^ river s, aeeiiKldiiied Lo devour liiiii iicli the Kiillir seareely to iio 11 lips, liiit liy etler A' is jiro I, by u eurioiirt \\i\ liiiek of tin* iioutli. There " iis they ar(! re purtieiiliirly tlie suhjeel of iiiices n Kallir Nijiie liiU.itll.-'' ji' (48) ( i I 1 e d tl 1) i"«-ence is, that the kin^ ca,; of AfiMoo .f" '" "'^^ ">«••« northern parts - 1 ! u J^UKmnd. for ex.amnio nothiro- urge I.,mp of butter, but in Abvsiinla no nil I '^V'""!!"" "''"'^'^ '""^Hcir fX, ressed ntil he has thus ,,ut the Mnishin.- |, ,, .j, to UeUsof the sun upon a black skin and a white one, as long m Kuroj.ean r,^side ts in .Southern Africa are abb, to w,.ar Ih- r ' „ and light garments, so lo„g .i ,., , ,!' ^,^"' Ijenso with gre.«e. JJ.it, if Ih. y w er.f sud •lenly deprived of their linen or <• tt , Z." mcnts and oblige.l to ,.|othe he ,C after the huihion of the Kalllrs, it is Tikclv tliat before many weeks had .'lapsed tl,v would bo only too ghul to resort t a cusS which ha8 been taught to the natives by tZ experience of centuries. Had not 1... L? tice of greasing the body iH-en 'od I^ti'^ "o? good their strong common sense w ,1 nonJ a^o^Kave induced the Kallirs to alsplZl In this, as in all other matters w„ m,,.* not jud^e others by su,.poM„' ti.^f, Tl* under similar conditions wiili n^oWos Our only hope of arriving at a true and unbia-ssed judgment is bv"„,n( II Lch^ ourselves m the same .ondi.ions as those of whom wo are treating, and lormin" our conclusions accordinglf. The knVm lo?lm?^^ this simple princi,,lels^the key , " fcf Lar success enjoyed by some LhotS while others, who may far surpass 1, m in mere scholarship, have failed' to earn' fi? themselves either the respect or thXe*^? called karosses. Ahn?.;:' n^- "S^' ^ «f,;:;:«/'^'-">e purpose of the ia os" ', Ue , who has a method of '•(«n(lerin.rn,'.r^„,7' be seen by referen(!e to the AalHrhut, on paffe 1.5.5 TUp nrt;^t\ "" " has .committecf /sli^t erroVT^^; "Tern? thc^gi^d andptlrL:;:;;^;',:?-;^,;^ or Australia, thoXst pm^^s „ ■' l.V. f "'"' ing is almost exactly t^o same Th ? l^T' quent processes vary gn'aiw' in «•'''''': T^rSTf ?L''° «>°'-' "-' clXn'ln t"n rnsXV'e°tT^^,r""''-^'"^ - «^"^» -« peans, have leiu-ned the viUuo of^biaSoii 40 THE KAFFIR. I mill will inoHlly wear a Rood blanket in pn-f- cronce U, llio (i.sl karosH. Hut to the older warriorH, or in "losc plucuo to whicli huro- Dcaii tradi iM ilo not pcmitruto, the Hkin karosH Mtill nluins its valiu!. Tlio ox is the annual liial most Kcneraily HUp|)iioM tiio karonH maker with «kiu, because it is ho large tliat the native need not Uike much troulilo in Bcwing. Still, even the smaller animals arc iu LMiat reiiuest for the purpose, an V. H X IS (49) CHANGE OF DRESS ON BETROTHAL. 01 have one largo white bead just above the knob, which prevents tliein Vrom uuravel- hng too much. The baud by which it is sus- pended is also covered with beads, and it is lasteiied by means of a loop at one end, and a large brass button at the other, lliese aprons are fixed in their position by two strings, one of which passes round the waist, and the other below the Iiips. Another apron is seen at the Hide of the illustration entitled "Dress .and ornaments," on }iage 4!J, fig. 1. This is a very elaborate allair,and is made ...i a totally different principle. It is wiiouy made of beads, the threads which hold them together beiu" scarcely visible. In order to show the in° genious manner in which the beads are strung together, a portion of the iipron is gi veil separately, the colors of these bcids are black and white, in alternate stripes, and the two ends are a trifle larger than the middle of the dress. The belt T)y which it is suspended is made from large round beads arrjin-'cd m rows of white, blue, and red' and the two ends are fastened to the apron by the inevitable brass button which has been so frequently mentioned, lu the sivme collection is a still smaller nv!',i'?' Iv ^'"Jl''^*^ ^"'' ^ yeun'i'i'- gii-1. This is m.iilo .vtter the siime principle, but the beads arc arranged in a bold zigzag pattern of back, scarlet, .and white, relTeved by the gi tter ot highlv polished brass buttons, lliis apron is illustrated in fig. 4 of "KatHr ornaments," page 4!), and a small portion 01 It IS given on an enlarged scale, so as to «how the arrangement of the beads. When the Kaffir girl is form.allv betrothed sue alters her dress, and, besides the small ajiron, indues a piece of soft hide, which reaches to her knees, or a little below them and this she wears until she is married wlien she assumes the singularlv uncr.acofiil attire of the matron. Imonrtire ^ulu tribes, she shaves nearly the whole of her head on the crown, leaving only a little tuft of hair. This is gathered together with grease, red paint, and similar substances and stands erect from the crown of her head' 1 he young wife is then quite in the fashion" It IS evu ently the feminine substitute for the ' issikoko ' worn by the men. So fond are the, married women of this rather absurd deconation, that it formed the subject of a ciinous trial that took place some years a-o Noie, the youngest wife of a native nanfed -Nongue, became suddenly disfigured; and ainon.' other misfortunes, lost tKe little tuft ot reddened hair. Poison was immediately suspected, and one of the elder wives wa"s sus lected as the culprit. She was accord- S&J'* "P before the council, and a U h,T «f«^«.l'«»«-s duration was accorded Eh.ahhe bad%T''^4'°"- •^''^•■^'•'^ J"-°^«'' -1. i.a.i .nil,, ptraseasiuii certain iioi- sons and that she had administered s,^ o deleterious substance to the young wife, of whom she had become jealous. The force of evidence was so great that she confessed her crime, and sUted that she intended to make Noie's hair tuft fall oft" in order that the husband might be disgusted with the appearance of his new wife, and return to his old allegiance to herself. She was con- demned to death, that being the punishment lor all poisoners, and was led away to instant execution — a fate for which she seemed perfectly prepared, and which she met with remarkable unconcern, bidding fai-ewcll to the spectators as she passed them. The curious respect paid by the natives to this ornament is the more remarkable, because its size is so very small. Even be- fore shaving the head, the short, crisp hair forms a very scanty covering; and when it IS all removed except this little tuft, the remainder would hardly cover the head of a child's sixpenny doll. Among the illustrations given on p. 30, is shown a remarkably elaborate apron beloncr. ing to a chief's wife, drawn from a specimeii in Mr. J.ackson's collection. It is made of leather, dressed and soflcnod in the usual manner, but is furnished with a pocket and a needle. In order to show this pocket, I have brought it round to the front of the apron, though in .'wtual wear it fiills behind It. In the pocket were still a few beads and a brass button. Thread is also kept in it. On the inside of the apron is suspended one of the skewer-like needles which has been alreadv described, so that the wearer is furnished with all appliances needful for a Kalnr seamstress. But the chief glory of the apron is it-s ornament of be.ads, which has a very bold effect against the dark mahogany hair of the apron itself. This ornament is made in the form of a triangular flap, quite distinct trom the apron itself, and fastened to it only by the lower edge and the pointed tin. Tiie beads are arranged in a series of diamond patterns, the outer edge of each di.aniond being made of white beads, and the others ot diflerent colors, red predominating. Figs. 2 and.'! in the "articles of costume," p. .!.'?, and next to the men's " tails," already described, present two good examples of the women's aprons, both drawn from speci- mens in my collection. Fig. a is the thong .apron of the women. It is made of an infinity of leather thongs, fastened to- gether in a w.ay rather ditferent from that which has been mentioned. Instead of having the upper ends fixed along the belt so .OS to form a fringe, they are woven to- gether into a tolerably thick bunch, some tour inches in width, and wider below than above. In many oases these thongs are ornamented by little scraps of iron, brass tin, or other metal, wranpnrl rnnnd tu^m •' and in some instances beads are threacicfi on the thongs. This apron would not belong to a woman of any high rank, for it £2 THE KAFFIR. Las no ornament of any kind (except a thorough saturation witli higlily perl'umed grouse), anil is nuide of nuilurials witliin tile reacli of every oiu-. Any odd slips of hide tlirown away in Ihii process of KatHr tailoring can be cut into the narrow thongs nsed for the purpose, and no very great skill is needed in its construction ; for, though strongly made, it is the work of a rather clumsy-'hand. Such is not the case with the remarkable apron shown at Hg. 2 of the same illustra- tion. This specimen is made in a rather unusual manner. The basis of the ajjron is a piece of the same leather which is usually employed for such purposes; but, instcacl of being soft and tlcxible, it is quite hard and still", and cannot be bent without danger of cracking. The beads are sewed lirnily on the leather, and are arranj^ed in parallel lines, alternately white and lilac, a few black beads being pressed into the service by the maker, apparently for want of those of a proper color. Even the belt by which it is supported is covered profusely with beads ; so that, altogether, this is a remark- ably good specimen of the apron belonging to a KalTlr woman of rank. The object rcj. resented at fig. 4 is a head- dress, which will be described when we come to Kalfir warfare. A general idea of a KafTlr woman's dress may be gained by re'l'erence to the illustra- tion "Dolls," page :V.\, re])resenting a Katlir an cen- tre of this skin a slrij) about six inches in width is deprived of hair, and on this denuded portion tlii^ wearer fastens all the beads and buttons that can be sjjared from other jjaits of her own costume. In one costume of a young Zulu wife, the bottom of this strip is covered with several rows of brass buttons, polished very highly, and glittering in the sunbeams. This article ot dress, however, is disappearing among the frontier Kallirs, who substitute European slull's for the skin garments which they for- merly wore, and which are ci rtaiidy more becoming to them. The same may be said of iJi-iny ntlirr arti."Ies of cli^thii)g. whirh, as well as the manners and customs, liave undergone so complete a modification by intercourse with Europeans, that the Katlir of the i)re8ent day is scarcely to be recog- nized as the same beinc; as the Katlir of fifty years a-'o. As to tl 'lotteutots, of whom we shall soon treat, iney are now a dill'cr- (!nt people IVom the race described by Lo Vaillant and earlier travellers. Married women are also fond of wearing bracelets, or rather gauntlets, of polished metal ; sometimes made of a single i)iece, sometimes of successive rings, and some- thncs of metal wound sjiirally from the wrist U])ward. Some of these ornaments are so lieavy and cumbrous, that they nuist greatly interfere with the movements of the wrist ; but in this country, as in others, personal inconvenience is little regarded when decorations are in the case. In the illustration at the head of 30th ]>. are shown some bracelets of a very peculiar fashion, drawn from Bpeeiniens in my own collection. They belonged to one of the wives of Goza, and were taken from her wrists by the purchaser. They are made in a very ingenious manner from the hoofs of the tiny African antelope, the Bluebok, and arc formed in the following maniKu- : — The leg of the antelope having been cut off, the skin was cut longitudinally on either si(le as far as the hoof, which was then separated from the bone, leaving the sharp, horny hoofs adhering to the skin. As the skin was cut so as to leave a flat thong attached lo each siile of the hoof, it was easy enough to form the bracelet into the shajie" which is seen in the illustration. One reni.arkable jioint about these brace- lets is their very small size, which slutws the diniinutiveness of the Katlir hand ; although the owner of these bracelets was a married woman, and therefore accus- tomed to tasks which would not be very light even for an English laborer. Both the bracelets are .shown, and by the side of them is another made from ordiiuiry string, such as is used for tying j)arcels in Kngland. AV hat could have induced a wife of so pow- erful a chief as tJoza to wear so paltry an ornament 1 cannot conceive, except that l)erhai)s she may have luu'chasetl it from one of the witch doctors, who has j)er- formed some ceremony over it, and sold it as a charm. Kaflirs have the most pro- found faith in charms, and will wear aiiy- thiiv:,', no matter how commonplace it may he, if they even fancy that it may possess magic i)owers. If the reader will refer to the "Kaflir orna- nu nts" on page :(.'{, fig, 1, he will see a cir- cular one, made of beads. This is one of the most cherished as to jJicNcrvc its shaiic. al- though it has to be worn round the naiat, COSTUMES USED IN DANCES. lificalion by nt the Katlir to bi', recog- Kiirtir of lilty ts, of whom ow a (lilHi- libed by Lo of wearing of polislu'd iiiiijlu jiiuce, and soiiie- y from tlio ornanieiils t they must iiciits of the I in otliers, le regarded id of 30tli p. (M-y pecuHar in my oAvn one of the n from lier are made in tiiu hoof's of IliU'bok, and ner : — Tlic 1 cut off, tlie itlier side as n separated larji, liorny \s tlie skin iif; attached •asy euoujih ijie wliich is bese l)raee- hich slutwa allir hand ; iuilets was fore aecus- lot be Very Drer. Both tlu' side of nary strin;;, in Kn;,'Iaii'd. of so pow- paltr, an ;xcept "lliat ied it fiom I) has per- aud sold it most ))i'o- wear any- ace it may lay possi^ss KalVir oriia- 1 see a eir- ,s is one (if of a Kaflir afforded liy ■nl circum- ■ inj^eiiious shajje, al- 1 the ^raitlt, and conseqiKjntly to bo forced over the shoulders. The centre of tliis handsome belt is made of leather, sewed firmly to- gether so sm to form a cylindrical circle, and plentifully imbrued with grease to ren- der it clastic. Upon this structure the beads are livstened, in regular spiral rows 80 that; the belt may be pulled about uiui altered in shape without disturbin"- the arrangement ot the beads. The priyector ol this belt has contrived to arrange the beads in such a manner as to present alter- nate zigzags of blue and yellow, the eflect of wlucU on the dark cJiocolato skiu would be very telling. 'f his belt may be seen round the waist of tlie young girl, whose Ukeness is given on page 4.}. The damsel in question is sup- posed to be arrayed for a dance, and. In such a case, she would put on every article of finery that siie possessed. Her woolly hair IS ornaineuted oy a quantity of porcupine quills, the alternate black and white of which have a very good effect. Porcupine quills are, however, not very easily obtained, limiting the porcupine is a task that belon'^s to the other sex, and is quite out of the wfiv 01 tlie women. "^ The animal is not a pleasant antagonist; and if his burrow be stopped, and he be inally driven to bay, he gfves his pursuer no .small trouble, having a nasty habit of ereeting all us quilLs, and then suddenly backing in the direction where he is least expected. A K dlir's naked legs have no chance agam.i the porcupine's (juills, and w 1011 several porcupines are simultaneously attacked by a grouj) of Kafhrs, the scene is exceeilmgly ludicrous, the Kaflirs leapiii- about a.s if bewitched, but, in reality, sprin.- ing into the air to avoid the sudden rushes 01 the porcupines. Unless, therefore, the parent or admirer of a young woman should hapiieu to present her with quills, she is torced put up with son.e other ornament UneraHiorcommondeeoration is byfasteiiin.r into the hair a number of the long, strai-^hl thorns of the mimosa, and so defending Her head from imaginary assaults as eirectually .vM^ >, r""'" 8"-l^'"«Pl'»y ia the dance ^ ev aonhnary,and it need bo so, when some of thein Will wear nearly fifty p„u,„Is' woi "ht .miunSs'''''^{'r"'^' '">^' •'?■ l^elts, amrothe J heir ,n •r"'"'''''^*''"' ">« knowledge of ten 1.7"; :''"'■„•*' •''"'1*''''^"^ ^» «^'"tain Snt ;.v,.. /^ '^' ' S'ythvow^h the most \ loleut exertions when displayin-r their -le- tivity in the dance. '' " ^ ''^ tiotllVw^'' *'•'""'' '•^^ •'■"«' l>«^n nien- tionul, I w;is anxious to know whether it There is another remarkable ornament of semi-belt. It is flat, generally made of stnn.^sand thongs, and%rnamented at in- tervals with beads arranged in cross- bands. At each end is a loop, through whici, a string IS pas.sed, so that the wearer can fasten it round her body. Now, the belt is only Ion- enough to go half round the body, am) the mode of wearing it is rather remarkable? Instead of placing the whole of the belt in front, as naturally might be supposed, tho wearer pa-sses it round one side of the body, so that one end is in front, and tho other behind. Str.ange as is this mode of wearing it, the custom is universal, and in every group of girls or young women sev- eriU are sure to be wearing a semi-belt round the body. Another of these belts is sliown in the illustration of "Kaffir orna- ments" on page 49, tig. 3. This is not so elaborate an article, and has only a few bands of beads, instead of being nearly cov- ered Avith them. •" ■ As for the necklaces worn by the Kaffir women, they arc generally nothing more than strings of beads, and require no par- ticular notice. There is one, however winch IS so different from the ordinary neck- aces, that I have had it engraved. It niav be seen in the illustration at page 49 firr g next to the handsome bead apr6a wliich^iuis' already been described. As may be seen by reference to the illustration, it is formed e.it.rely of beads, and is ornamented with six triangular .appendages, also made of beads The general c-olor of the beads is white, but the interior of the triangular appenda-'cs is cobalt blue; while the la"rger beads that are p accd singly upon the necklace are of ruby glass. When this remarkable necklace is placed round the neck, the triangular daps ■ fall regularly on the breast and shoulders and, when contrasted with the dark skin of the ^vearer, have an admirable effect. Irately two articles of dress, or rather of ornament, have been imported from Europe into Africa, and have met with great sue- cess among tlie chocolatc-colorecr I... lies of Kaffir land. Enterprising traders in South- ern Africa do not set uj) permanent shops as we do in England, but stock a wa "on with al sorts of miscellaneous goods, mid undertake journeys into the inteiTor, wiS they barter their stock for elephants' tusks ancf teeth, horns, skins, ost^h Lt hers and similar commodities. They have a niost ' , and act those vlio are chief I i iiij m S4 THE KAFFIR. cent profit on the original outlay. This seems rather an exceseive percentoge; but it must be remembered that tlie old adage ot high interest and bad security holds good in this as in other speculations. War may break out, the trader be speared, his wagon robbed, and his oxen contiscated. Ihe dreaded murrain may carry otT his cattle, or they may be starved for want of food, slowly killed by tliirst, or drowned by a sudden rush of water, which may almost instanta- ucously convert a dry gully into a raging torrent that sweeps everything before it Fasliions may change, and his whole stock be valueless; or some "prophet" may take it into his head to proclaim that the sound of his wagon wheels prevents the rain from falling. Moreover, he is unmercifully fleeced by the different chiefs through whose territories he passes, and who exact an extortionate toll before they will allow him to pass to the next chief, who will serve him in much the same manner. Al- together, if the journey be a successful one, the trader will ' make about fifty or sixty per cent clear profit; but, as the journey is often an utter failure, this is really no very exorbitant rate of interest on his outlay. The trader will, above all things, take plenty of tobacco — this being the key to the heart of a Kaffir, old or young, man or woman. He will take guns and ammunition for the men; also spirits of the roughest and coarsest kind, a better and purer article being quite wa.sted on his sable customers. Beads, of course, he carries, as well as but- tons, blankets, and other luxuries; also he will have the great iron hoc blades with which the women till the ground, that he can sell for one-sixth of the price and which are twice the quality of the native-made hoe. One of these bold wagon-owners bethought himself of buying a few pross of bniss curtain rings of the largest size, and was gratified by finding that they were eagerly bought up wherever he went. The natives saw at once that the bra.«s rings were better bracelets than could be made by themselves, and they accordingly lavished their savage trea.sures in order to buy them. One of the oddest examples of the vicissi- tude of African trade occurred some few vears ago. An English vessel arrived at the port, a large part of her cargo consisting of stout iron wire, nearly the whole of which was bought by the natives, and straightway vanished, no one knowing what had become of it. The mystery wius soon solved. Sud- denly the Kaffir belles appeared in new and fashionable costume. Some of them had been to the towns inhabited by Europeans, and had seen certain " cages " hung outside the drapers' shops. They inquired the use of these singular objects, and were told that they were the fashionable attire of European ladies. They straightway burned to possess similar costumes, and when the vessel arrived with its catgo of wire they bought it up, and took it home for the purpose of imitating the white ladies. Of course they had not the least idea that any other article of apparel was necessary, and so they wore none, but walked about the streets quite proud of their fashionable appearance. As the dancers are encumbered with such an amount of decoration, and as they exert themselves most violently, a very natural result follows. The climate is very hot, and the exercise makes the dancer hotter, so that the abundant grease trickles over the face and body, and inconveniences the per- former, who is certainly not fastidious in her notions. As to handkerchiefs, or anything approaching to the idea of such articles, she is in perfect ignorance, her whole outfit con- sisting of the little apron above mentioned, and an unlimited supply of beads. But she is not improvided for emergencies, and car- lies with her an instrument very like the " strigil " of the ancients, and used for much the same purpose. Sometimes it is made of bone, sometimes of wood, sometimes of ivory, and sometimes of metal. It varies much in shape, but is generally hollowed slightly, like a carpenter's gouge, and has its edges made about as sharp as those of an ordi- nary paper knife. In fact, it very much resembles a magnified marrow spoon. A specimen of the commoner sort is given at fig. (), in ''Kaffir ornaments," on page 49. The material of this strigil is iron, and it is attached to a plain leather strap. Sometimes a rather unexpected article is substituted for the strigil, as m.ay be seen from the following anecdote related by Mr. a. H. M.ison. He went to see the wedding of a Kaffir chief, who was about to marry his fourteenth wife, and found the bridegroom seated in the midst of the village, encircled l)y a row of armed warriors, and lieyond them by a row of wome.i with children. " Scarcelv had wo taken our station near the Umdodie (husband), when a low shrill chant came floating on the breeze from the bottom of a lovely vale hard by, where I descried a long train of damsels slowly wending their way among bright green patches of Indian corn and masses of flow- eriu" shrubs, studded with giant cactus, and the huge flowering aloe. As the procession neared the huts, they quickened their pace and raised their voices to the highest pitch, until they arrived at the said cattle-kraal, where they stood motionless and silent "A messenger from the X'mdodie then bade them enter the kraal, an order that thev insUntly obeved, by twos, the younge-st leading the way, closely fofiowed -v the rest, and terminated by a host of muinageal)Ie young ladies (Intombies), clustering thick around the bride — a fat, good-natured girl, wrapped round and round with black glaz.ejj calico, and deckel from head to foot nith flowers, beads, and feathers. Once withm DANCING. the kraal, tlie ladies formed two lines, with the bride m the centre, and struck up a lively air; whereupon the whole body of armed KaHira rushed from all parts of the kraal, beating their shields, and uttcrinff demon yells as they charged headlong at the smiling girls, wlio joined with the stalwart warriors in cutting cajiers and singing lus- tily, until the whofe kraal was one confused mass ol demons, roaring out hoarse war- songs and shrill love-ditties. After an hour dancing ceased, and joila (Kaffir beer) was served round, while the lovely bride stood in the midst of the ring alone, stared at bv all, and staring in turn at nil, until she brought her eyes to bear on her admiring lord. 1 hen, advancing leisurely, she danced before him, amid shouts of the bystanders singing at the top of her voice, and bran- tUshinjr a huge carvimj-knife, with which she scraped big drops of perspiration from her iieated head, produced by the unusually vio- lent exercise she was performing." It appears, from the same observant writer that wiiatevM- the amount of finery may be which a Kalhr girl wears, it is considered oalv consistent with ordinary gallantry that 11 should be admired. While Tie was Lild- iDg a house assisted by a number of KalHrs, tie found that his men never allowed the cnif.y "'*"*«"■'' t« Pa«8 within sight without Salutmff them, nr «ifnn,l!.,r, «.,:»„ <• ... BS with them. The material with wiiich the wounds are filled is supposed to be the ashes of a snake. During their dances, the Kaffirs of both sexes like to make as much noise as possi- ble, and aid their voices by certain mechani- cal contrivances. One ol"^ the most simple IS made of a number of dry seeds. In shape these seeds are angular, and much resemble the common Brazil nut in form. The shell of the seed is very thin and hard, and the kernel shrinks within it so as to rattle about with every movement In some cases the kernel is removed, and the rattlins sound is produced entirely by the hard shells striking against each other. When a num- ber ol these seeds are strung together, and upon the legs or arms, they make quite a loud rattling sound, in accordance with the movements of the dancers, and are, in fact the Kafhr substitutes for castanets. In some parts of Central Africa, a curious imitation ot these natural castanets is made. It con- sists of a thin shell of iron, exactly resem- bling m form that of the nut, and having a httle iron ball within, which takes the place ot the shrivelled kernel. Earrings are worn in KafHrland as well as in other parts of the world, and are equally fashionable in both sexes. The ears are lull in their path, so that eaTh ™iX'T ^J ^?^,^!:«^'l^?..'>ri»l!^8.'^'^"«t«d serie of bits full J., ?U --—,-,- ^..^.ug ijuiic lUUUOUieSS, full m their path, so that each might mutu- ally inspect the other. " Tims it frequently happened that troops of girls came in from the Kaffir kraals with maize, thatch, milk, eggs, wild fruit, sugar- cane, potatoes, &c., Scc^ for sale; knd „o sooner did their shrill song reach the ears of our servants, than they rushed from their work, just as they were, some besmeared with mud, others spattered with whitewash and the rest armed with spades, pickaxes' Kf'i' .b"«'^-'P°"\INO — PRSCAUTION AOAIMBT INUN- DATION — FBM ALU ABCIIITBCTS — MODS OF PIAKNINO A HUT — KAFFIB 08TBNIATI0N — FRAOILITY or THE HUT — ANECDOTE Or WARrAHE — THE ENRAQED EI4EPHANT, AND A DOMESTIC TRAQEDT — HOW THE BOOr IS 8UPP0BTEO — BMOKE AND SOOT — THE UUBDLE DOOR — HOW IT IS MADE SCREENS FOR KEEPING OrF THE WIND — DECORATIONS OF DINOAN'S BOUSE — AVEBAOE rUBNI- TUHB OF THE KAFFUt HUT — THE KRAAL, ITS PLAN AND FBINOrPLKS OF CONSTRUCTION — KNOWL- EDGE or FORTIFICATION— CHIEr OBJECT OF THE KBAAL — TWO MODES OF MAKING THE FENCE — THE ARATTIS AND TIVB CHEVAUX DE FRISE — SIZE OF THE KRAAI. — THE KINO'S lOUTARY KRAAL OR OARBIBON TOWN — TMIT TO ONE OF PANOA'B ^KBAAUI — THE HAREM, ITS INMATES AND OT OUARDLAHS. The architecture of these tribes is very Biniple, and, although slightly variable in ditlerent localities, is marked throughout by similar chi^racteristics. Ou looking at any Bpecimen of Kaffir architecture, the specta- tor is at once struck with one peculiarity, namely, that all his buildings arc circular. It is a remarkable fact that the Kaffir docs not seem to be capable of marking out a straight line, and wnethcr he builds a hut, or erects a fence, he takes the circle aa his guide. A Kaffir's attempts to erect a square enclosure, or even to build a fence in a straight line, are ludicrous failures. With Euroneans the case is dilTcront. A settler who (lesires to build a fence wherein to en- close his garden, or a stockade within which his houMC and property can remain in safety, invariably builds on the rectilinear princi- ple, and makes the fence in the form of a 8(juare. He would feel himself quite fettered it he were forced to build a circular enclos- ure, whereas the Kaffir would bo as much at a loss if he were obliged to build a square edi&ce. Indeed, though the European could, at the cost of some trouble, build a circular house, and would make his circle true, the Kaffir would utterly fail in attempting to make a building of a square or an oblong form. One of my friends, who has travelled much among the Kaffir tribes, and gone among villages whose inhabitants had never seen an Europnan building, told me that it was hardly poFi;ble to make th« natives comprc- tructsjro of an Euroi>can house. .1 ty,0 (06) The very shape of it puzzled them, and the gable ends and the ridged roof seemed so strange to them as to be scarcely credible. As to the various stories in a house, several rooms on a story, and staircases which lead from one to the otlier, they tlatly declined to believe that anything ot the kind could exist, and thought that their guest was try- ing to amuse himself at the expense of their credulity. They did beUevo in the possibil- ity of St Paul's cathedral, on account of its domed roof, but they could not be induced to believe in its size. They defended their position by argument, not merely content- ing themselves with assertions. Their chief argument was derived i^m the impossibil- ity of such a buildiuK sustaining its own weight The only building materials of which they had any experience were the posta and sticks of which their own houses were made, and the reeds whcrewitli they were thatched. Sometimes a very luxuri- ous house-owner would plaster the interior with mud, producing that peculiar stylo of architecture whitTi is popularly called " wattle-and-daub." They could not com- prehend in the least that stone could be used m building dwelling-houses; and the whole system of cutting stone into rectangular Eieces, and the use of bricks, was e(iua)ly eyond their comprehension. Mortar also was an inexplicable mystery, so that on the whole they decided on discrediting the tales told them by the white man. A Kaffir house (see page 155) looks just like an exaggerated beculvc. It is of pre- • 4,^li'N AOAIM8T INVK- XION — ntAOlLITT >IUUTIO TRAOEDT OW IT 18 MADE — -AVEBAOB FUKNI- ;0CI1ON — KMOWL- rsa TBS FBNCK — aOUTARY KRAAL IMMATBS AND ITS 1 them, and tho roof seemed so arcely credible. 1 house, several ist's which lead tlatly declined tho kind could guest was try- xpenso of their in the possibil- account of its lot bo induced defended their Qcrelv content- is. Their chief the impossibil- kining its own ; mutcriiils of ence were tho ir own houses herewith they a very luxuri- er the interior peculiar stylo jpularly called Duld not com- e could be used aud the whole to rectaiifjiilar i, was e(iually , Mortar also y, so that on screditing the nan. 155) looks just it is of pro- KAFKIUS AT lltlMlv vSoo pngc ro.) (57) ^^ KAFFIR HUTS. cist'ly the samo Hhano, la inmlo of tienrly the Bumc iiiuterialH, and lian a little arched door, just like the eiilrnucc of a beehive, through wliicli a mail can barely creep ou his hands and knees. The structure or these huts is very simple. A circle is drawn of souio four- teen feet in diameter, and around it are stuck a number of long, llexiblo sticks. These slicks are then beut over at the top and tied together, so as to form a framework very like a common wire mousetrap. A r ed thatch- ing is then laid over the sticks, , ,id secured in its place by iiarallol lash' .gs. These lashings are made of " mor.sey-ropes," or the creeijcrs that extend their mterminable , length from tree to tree, and are found of every size, from a cable to a packthread. They twist themselves into so rope-like a shape, that many persons have refusal to believe that they have not been artiticially made. The rows of lashing are about eigh- teen inches apart. In shape, the hut is ex- . actly like the well-known snow house of the Esquimadx. As, during the wet season, the rain pours down in torrents, the huts would bo swamped for several months but for the pre- caulir)n which the natives take of di wing round each hut a trench of some eigfiteen inches or two feet in depth, and the same in breadth. This trench is about six inches trom the wall of the hut, and serves to keep ■fu\"?,"r,''''y- '^'»" ^^•''^'^'T '"''y remember that all Luropean soldiers are taught to di-i' a trench round each hut while they are under canvas, the neglect of this precaution being sure to cause both great inconven- ience and unhcalthiness. The woman generally marks the outline of her hut in a very simple manner. She takes a number of (hxiblo sticks, and ties them together (Irmly with leathern thon-'s or the rough and reatly string which tTie Kaffirs make from rushes by tearing them into strips and rolling them on the Ic" wilh iiiiu snips alio roiling inem on tnc leg will the palm of the liaml. Three or cveii foui slicks are usually joined together, in order to attain sulHcient lenugh the uselesH barrier, and bej,'an fee])liant. The roof of the hut is not wholly de- pendent for sni)iiort on the lle.x.'hle sticks which form its walls, but is held up by a post or two, on the top of which is laid a cross-b<'am. This arraiii^cment also j)er- niits 1\h' owner of the hut to hang to (lie beam and posts sundry articles wTiieh he does not wish to he injured . by being thrown on the ground, such as gourds, baskets, assagai-shalls, spoons, and other inii)lements. Kaiiged carelessly round tin hut are the- rude earthenware pots, in which the Katlir keeps his beer, his milk, and present stores of grain. The lloor of the hut is always kept scrupulously dean, and is generally a.s liard as stone, being made of weli- kueadcd clay laid very smoothly, ami beaten until it is (juite hard. Tin; best clay for this purpose is olitaiiied from the nests of the white ant, which are beiiten to pieces, then poun interstices of the thatch, as may be seen by refer- ence to the illustration on |)ngi! — . Soma of it circles around tho walls and pours through the door-way, but (he greater part of it settles, in the form of soot, ujion the interior of the hut, blackening everything within it. When (he Kal- (Irs wish to season the wood uf their ivssagai-shafts or knobkerrics, they stick it into the roof of the house, just above llu! llrejdace, exactly as bacon is cured in the smoke. A curious reference to this custom is made ill a song composed in honor of ran{ Niliiliitzn, ranirtid of brnM, .Survivor iiloim of ;ill otlicr roilji; Otlicrs tliey broke, but left this in the $ool. Thinkiiit; tu buru it lomu ruliiy cukl Uiiy." Heferonce is here made to the custom of leaving sticks and shafts in (he sooty roof At night, tho entrance of the hut is closed by a simple door made of wicker work, and looking much like the closely-woven sheep hurdles which are used in some parts of Kiigland. With the exception that the Katlir always sits down at his work, the mode of making these doors is almost ideii- (ical with (hat which is employed by the shc)ilier(ls in this country. The Kadlr begins by choosing some straight and tolerably stout sticks, and driv- ing (hem in(o (he ground at regular dis(an- ces from each odier. Thesi- are intended as the supports or framework of (he door. lie then takes a quantity of iiiiant sticks, like the osiers of our biu*ke( nmkers, and Weaves them in and out of the upright stakes, beating (hem down condnually to make them lie closely togedier. AVhentho door is completed, the ui)right s(icks art- cut off to the proper length, and it can (hen bt li((ed (o (he hut. If the reader has any acquaintance with milKary ad'airs, he may remember (hat gabions are made in precisely (he same •manner, except (hat the upright stakes are place iiitcrNlicoH •II l)y rofiT- [D — . Homo t uiid poUTH lilt- f»ruiit('r nil ol' soot, , bliu'kciiiiig II Ihc Kal- )(l (iC llu'ir , they slick , jiiNt aljove is curL'd ill 4 custom is II honor of lies. Wlien r llic door. iiant sticks, linkers, and tlie niiiiji,'ht ntiniialiy to AVlieii the ieks ari! cut can tin 11 bt cr lias any irs, he may ill iireciscly the iiprij,'ht id not in a p llie wind uir liuts, the jilaced so ns screens arc as the door terials, and ■.s3 with every ''^1 '8 are built ^W 1 occupy at ■ - >n. In liiost h tlie finino, '^m namely, tho domed roof, supported Iiy four posts placed in tlie form of a «(iiiait), with tho lireplaeo exaitly in ti»e centre. The natives will oik'ii expend much time and trouitle ill deeorutln>{ their permanent man- sions, and Air. Christie tells m« that he has seen tho very posts thickly encrusted with heads. Of coiirso they soon biieome blackened by tho smoke, biit u ipiick rub of the palm of the hand brings out the colors nnew. Olio of Din^jan's huts, which was visited by Ildtief, the Dulcli colonist, was most beautifully built, and supported by twenty-two pillars, each of which w vas en- tirelv covered with beads, The huts are, from the nature of tho ma- terial of which they are made, cxceedin-'ly inflammable, and it sometimes happens that if one of tho hou.sosofavilla,!,'u take lire, the whole of them are consumed in a very short tiiiii;. Fortunately, they aro so easily built that tho inconvenience is not nearly so great jis is tho case when Eur.ipean houses are burned. Moreover, tho furnituro which they contain is so limited in quantity and so simple in material, that it can bo replaced withoiii, much (imieulty. A mat or two, a 1(!W baskets, a pillow, a milking pail, one or two riido eartheinvaro pots, and a bundle of' assagais, constitute an amount of property which IS not to bo found in every hut. The hutsof theKadhs aro general! v ffath- ••red to-ether into little ^r.-oups, whfcli are poi.ulaily calle:ide very strongly. Tho f..nce is about •SIX or seven feet in height, and is mmlc n simple and very elRictivc manner. The cnce which surrounds tho cattle and the huts ,s mostly made in one of two modes - at .111 events, in the more soutlu.rn part of ""' '•""■'try, where timber is e.vceedi^^- thoir tninkn dovorofl a few feet below the spot whenco the branches sprini/. A ureat numUir of those troo tops mo then arranged lau circle, the severed ends of tho stems I'e ng inward, and tlui branches polutiii« outward. In fait, tho fenco is exactly that species ot riu.id and ellectivo fortilication called, la military langiiago, an "abatlis." it the braiiches of a tree aro very lar«e, thev can bo laid singly on the ground. Just a« If they were tho entire Iioiuls of trees. In somo cases wliero tho kraal is more carelully built, the fence is formed of stout po OS which are driven into the Riound, in a double row, some throe feet apart, and uro then lashed together in such a way that their tops cross each other. In consequence ot this arrangemiiiit, the fenco stands very llrnily on its broad basis, while the crossing and projecting tops of the poles form a vhe- mux dcfrisc as elfectual as any tliat is mado by tho European s.ddier. If tho enemy try to chmb th(! fence, they can be wounded by .snears thrust at them from tho interior; and It they succeed in reaching the top, tho sharp tips of the poles arc ready to embarrass I thcni. Tho entrance to tliis enclosuro is (ust wido enough to allow a cow to jiass; and in somo places, where the neighborhood is insecure It is so narrow that there hardly seems to l)o space enough for tho cattle to iiass in and out. Each night it is carefully closed with poles and sticks, which are kept just within tlio entrance, so as to be ready to baud when wanted. Opposite to tho entrance, and at the further extremity, a small enclosure also with circular walls, is built. In this turn the larger calves arc kept, the youiiKcr being inmates of tho lints, together will, tho human inhabitants. By the side of this en- closure a httlegapis left in the fence, just argo enough lor a man to squeeze himself through, and not largo enough to allow even acalf to pass. This little aperture is the chiefs private door, and intended for tho purpose of saving time, as otherwise, if tho cluet were insiiecting his cattle, and wished to go to his own hut, lie would bo oblifred to walk all round the fence. The Zulu name lor the space within this fence is "isi-bava " Around the isi-baya aro sot the I'luts which constitute tho kraal. Their number IS exceedingly variable, but the general av- erage is from ton to fourteen. Tiioso which arc placed at either side of the entrance to .^J .1 .?A..!^J"'^lV'.*' ^^!'?^h opposite to it is <>r even mud, to till up the interstiLf Th':ISS^^^ nlTf' ''"■? "" *f"""»^"l ''>• »'« .viA "If. Z**^ one family and their depend southern tribes use nothing but wood and -ints Vom " i Y —." ""-•" "«l'en(i- form the walls by two drflerent Zth.tk k./n:'., *"f„''.^'''"^P'«' ^vf>e» "'e son of achief That which is cominonly employe,r,^ v^^^^^ omi Wv ""'"'7'' ;'""rq"e»'-« to possess sev- siinple. A number of trees u-e:V. ,. i ''?, thfr^fV ^"1 " ''f'.'^ ''^ '-'•'^t""- ''« «"''« that ' -^""Ithe patctuai kraal i» uot large enough to THE KAFFIR. afford to each wife the separate Imt to which she is entitled; so ho migrates with his fam- ily to a short distance, and there builds a kraal for himself, sometimes so close to that of his father that he connects them by means of a short fenced passage. The chief hut may easily be knojvn, not only by its posi- tion but by Ha larger dimensions. Some of the other huts are occupied by married men, some by his wives, some by his servants; while at least one hut is reserved for the use of the unmarried men, or " boys," as they are called. This is all that is needed to complete a kraal, i. c. the circular isi-baya, and the huts round it. But, in situations where plenty of wood can be found, the Kaffir archi- tect erects a second fence, which encloses all the huts, as well as the isi-baya, and has its entrance in exactly the same position, i. e. opposite to the chiefs hut. The dis- tant view of one of these doubly-fenced kraals, when it happens to be situated on the slope of a hill, is extremely curious, and would scarcely give a stranger an idea of a village. It will be seen in an engraving oppo- site, that the central portion of the kraal is given to the isa-baya, and that the Kaffirs devote all their enei'gics toward preserv- ing their cows, while they seem to look with comparative indifference on the risk of exposing themselves or their fragile hut'* to the inroads of the enemy. As has al- ready been stated, the size of the kraal v.aries w^h the wealth and rank of its chief man, and, owin,!" to its mode of construc- tion, can be gradually enlarged as he rises to higher dignities and the possession of more cattle. In shape, however, and the principle of construction, kraals are alike, that of the king himself and the newly- made kraal of a younger son being exactly the same in these respects. The king's kraals, however, are of enor- mous dimensions, and are several in num- ber. Panda, for example, has one kraal, the central enclosure of which is nearly a milo in diameter. This enclosure is sup- posed to be filled with the monarch's cows, and is consequently called by the name of isi-ba^ii. Practical! v, however, the cattle are kept m smaller enclosures, arranged along the sides of the isi-bava, where they can be w.itched by those \v\\o have the charge of Ihem, and whose huts are phxced conven- itntly for that purpose. The va.st central enclosure is used almost exclusively as a pa^ rade ground, where tlie king can review his troops, and where they are taught to go through the simple manwuvres of Kaffir warfare. Here, also, he may be seen in council, the isi-baya being able to aticom- modate an unlimited numner of suitors. Around the isi-baya are arranged the huts of the warriors and their frimillps, and are placed in four or even five-fold ranks; so that the kraal almost rises to the dignity of a town, having several thousand inhabitants, and presenting a singularly Imposing appearance when viewed at a dis- tance. At the upper portion jof the kraal, and at the further end from the principal er^ance, are the huts specially erected for the king, surrounded by the other huts containing his liarem. The whole of this part of the kraal is separated from the re- mainder by lofty and strong fences, and its doors are kept by sentinels especially set aside for this purpose. In some cases, the wamoi-8 to whom this important duty is confided are not permitted to wear clothes of any kind, and are compelled to pass the whole of the time, day and night, when on guard, without even a kaross to cover them. This rule lies rather heavily upon them in the winter nights, when the cold is often severe, and the wind sweeps chillily around the fence of the isi-baya. However, the young ladles will some- times contrive to evade the vigilance of the sentries, when their attention is other- wise engaged, as is amusingly shown in a few remarks by Mr. Angas. He had gone by Panda's invitation to see him at one of his great kraals: — "Last night we slept at the new military kraal, or garrison town, of Indabakaumbi, whither the king had sent word by mesrage that he would be M-aiting to receive us. The Inkosika.«i, or queen, of the kraal sent us a small quantity of thick milk and a jar of millet, and soon afterward made her appearance, holding two of the king's children by the hand, for whom she requested a present of beads. The children were remarkably pretty, nicely oiled, and tastefully decorated with girdles of blue and scarlet beads. The old lady, on the contrary, was so alarmingly stout, that it seemed' almost impossible* for her to walk; and that it required some considerable time for her to regain the harem at the upper end of the kraal was made manifest by some fifty of the king's girls effecting their escape from the rear of the eraglio, and sallying down the sloi)e to sta.. i at us as we rode away from the kraal. The agility of the young ladies, aa they sprang from rock to rock, convinced us that they would be all quietly sitting in the h.irem, as though nothing had liap° pened, long before the Inkosikasi gained her dwelling." At that time Panda liad thirteen of these great miiitary kraals, each serving as the military capital of a district, and he had just completed a fourteenth. He takes up his residence in these kraals successively, and finds in each everything that he can possibly want — each being, indeed, almost identical in every respect with all the others. As a general rule, e.ich of these militflrv Irrnnia fnrma fl>/^ «.Aaw].^H-« ^p ^ -.^ . ._ *„ ...... ..^....-t,^^ ,^j ^ Single regiment; while the king has many t rises to the '.ral thousand a singularly wed at a dis- jof tlic kraal, he principal Y erected for other huts 'hole of this From the re- nces, and its specially set ae cases, the tant duty is ivear clothes to pass the light, when )ss to cover eavily upon 1 the cold is eeps chillily will Bome- vigilance of on is other- ' shown in I. He had see him at 3t night we or garrison er the king t he would Inkosikasi, us n small ir of millet, appearance, Ircn by the a present remarkably y decorated )eads. The alarmingly impossible^ uired stmio regain the kraal was the king's n the rear n the slope Y from the img ladies. , convincea Dtly sitting g had hap- :asi gained en of these ing as the nd he had e takes up icccssively, lat he can ^ed, almost h all the h of these has many ^:mm ,B'^t' (l.J INTKIMOl! UF KAlIll! HIT. (S.^.' ijii-c .,!(.) I HAEEM AND ITS GUAEDIAlfS. others, which arc devoted to more peaceful objects. It has already been mentioned that the women live in a portion separated from the rest of the kraal, and it may almost be said that they reside in a small supplementary kraal, which communicates by gates with the chief edifice. As the gates are strongly barred at night, it is necessary that the sen- tinel should enter the sacred precincts of the harem, for the purpose of closing them at night, and opening them in the morning. For this purpose, certain individuals of the sentmels are told off, and to them alone 18 the delicate duty confided. The Kaffir despot does not employ for this purpose the unfortunate individuals who guard the harems in Turkey, Persia, and even in 68 Western Africa. But the king takes care to select men who arc particularly ill-fa- vored; and if any of them should happen to be deformed, he is sure to be chosen aa a ^amtor. Mr. Shooter's servant, when talk- ing with his master on the subject, men- tioned several individuals who would make excellent janitors. One of them had a club-foot, another had a very protuberant chest, while a third had bad eyes, and was altogether so ugly that he would never suc- ceed m procuring a wife. The matrimonial adventures of this man will be narrated in a future page. His uniform failures in pro- curing a legitimate wife were exceedinwly ludicrous and mortifying, and quite justiffed the opinion expressed by his companion. CHAPTER Vm. CATTLE KEEPING. THB ISI-BAYA AKD ITS PRITILEaES — HILKINO COWS— THE ClnMOtTS HICK PAIL — MODE OF MAKINO IT — A MILKINa SCENE, AND THE VARIOUS PERSONAGES EMPLOYED IN IT — I'UECAUTIONS TAKEN WITH A RESTIVE COW — KAFFIR COW WHISTLES — CHIEFS AND THEIR CATTF.E — JIANAOEMENT OF THE HERDS, AND CATTLE "iJPTINO"— A COW THE UNIT OP KAFFm CUKUENCV — A KAFFIR'S WEALTH, AND THE USES TO WHICH IT IS PUT- A K VFFIR ROB ROY — ADVENTURES OF DUTULU, HIS EXPLOITS, HIS ESCAPES, AND HIS DEATH— [ODD METHOD OF ORNAMENTINr. COWS — LE VAIL- LANT'S account of the METHODS EMPLOYED IN DECORATING THE CATTLE — HOW OI19TINATE COWS ARE FORCED TO GIVB THEIR MILK— A KAFFIR HOMESTEAD — VARIOirs USES OF CATTLE- HOW MILKI8PREPARED—"AMAS1," OR THICKENED MILK — OTHER USES FOR CATTLE — THU SAD- DLE AND PACK OXEN — aOW THKY ARK LADEN AND GIRTHED. The isi-baya is quite a sacred spot to a Kaffir, and in many tribes the wonitn are so strictly prohibited from entering it, that if even the favorite wife were discovered within its precincts she would have but a very poor chance of her life. During the day-time the herd are out at pasture, watched by " boys " appointed to this important office, but when night approaches, or if there is any indication of danger from enemies, the cows are driven into the isi- biiya, and the entrances fii iily barred. It is mostly in this enclosure that the cattle are milked, this operation being always intrusted to the men. Indeed, as is well observed by Mr. Shooter, milking his cows is the only work that a Kaffir really likes. About ten in the morning the cattle are taken into the isi-baya, and the Kaffir proceeds to milk them. He takes with him his milk pail, an article very unlike that which is in use in Europe. It is carved out of a solid piece of wood, and has a comparative// small opening. The specimen from which the figure on page 67 is drawn was brought to England by Mr. Shooter, and is now before me. It is rather more than seventeen inches in length, and is four inches wide at the top, and six inches near the bottom. In interior measurement it is only fourteen inches deep, so that three inches of solid wood are left at the bottom. Its capacity is not very great, as the Kaffii cow does not give nearly as much milk as the cows of an English farmyard. Toward the top are two projecting ears, which enable the milker to Hold it &rmj betweea the kaces. (66) In hollowing out the interior of the pail, the Kaffir employs a r.ithcr ingenious de- vice. Instead of hol;, as was remarked by Itetief, who was killed in l)attle with Dinijan, tlie Znln kinj,'. lie paid a visit to tli'at treaeherons despot, and w.as en- tertained bv dances in which the cattle had been trained to assist. '• In one dance,'' he says, " the people were intermixed with one hiindred and seventy-six oxen, nil without hoi-ns, and of one color. They have long fitrijjs of skin hangin.i;f pendent from the forehead, cheeks, shoulders, and under the throat; these strips being (;ut from the hide when the animals are calves. Tliese oxen ai-e divided into two and three among the whole annv, which then dance in companies, each with its iittendanl oxen. In this way they all in turn ajjproach the king, the oxen turiiing olf into a kraal, and then manreu- vring inallne from the king. It is surj ri'-ing tliat the oxen should bo .so well trained, for, notwithstanding all the startling and yelling which accompany the dance, they never move faster than a slow walking pace. Dingan showed me, as he said, his smallest herd 'it' oxen, all alike, .and with white baek.s. He a'luwed two of my people to count them, and tlieenai.ieration amounted to twothou- s:ind four hundred and twenty-four. lam informed that his herds of red and black oxen consist of three to four thousand each.'" I may here mention casually, that the same lashiiin of keeping animals of similar colors in separate herds is in force in South Amer- ica, among the owners of tho Vivst herds of horses" which thrive so well in that countrv. The KalTirs manage their cattle with won- derful skill, and the animals perfectly un- derstanil the meaninj' of the cries with which they are assailed. Consequently, it is almost as ditlicult for an Englishman to drive his cows as to milk them, and assist- ance has to be sought from the natives. This noisv method of cattle driving is the source of much dilliculty to the soldiers, when thoy have been sent' to recover cattle stolen bv those inveterate thieves, the KatVir tribes, who look ujion the cattle of the white man as their legitimate itrize, and .are con- stantly on the look-out for them. Indeed, thev enact at the present day that extinct phase of Scottish life when tlie inhabitants of the Highlands stole the cattle of the Low- landers, and euiihemistically deseril)ed the oper!ili(mas "lifting;" themselves not being l>'v any means thieves, hut " gentleman di'overs," very punctilious in ]iointof honor, and tliinkingtheniselvcs as good gentlemen as any in the land. The cow constitutes now, in fact, the wealtli of tho Kn(Hr, just :is was the ease in the earlv ));itriarehal days. Among those tribes which are not brought into connection with the white man, money is of no v.olue, and all wealth is measured'by cows. One of the great inland chiefs, when asking about the (^ueen of England, was natm-ally desir- ous of hearing how many cattle she po8- • sessed,and on hearing that many of lier .sub- jects had more cows than herself, conceived a very mean opinion of her power. Ife counted his cattle by the thou.sand, and if any inferior chief h:i(l dared to rival him in his wealth, that chief wouhl very soon be in- capacitated from possessing anything at all, while his cattle would swell the number of the royal herds. His idea was, that even if her i)fedecessor had beque.'ithed so poor a throne to her, she ought to assert her dig- nity by seizing that wealth which she had noi bta'U fortunate enough to inherit. The cow is the unit of money. The cost of anything that is iieculiarly valuable is reckoneJl by tho number of cows that it ^vould fetch if sold, anatedlv over the same spot, so as to mix tho tracks and bewilder the men who ^v^•ro sure to follow More than once he battled imrsuit by takiu" hisstoien herd hack again, and keVpiu'^ il 111 tile immediate neighborhood of the des- olated kraal, e.aleulating rightly that tho pursuers would follow him in tlie direction ot Ins own homo. The man's cunning and audacity were boundless. On one occasion, his own kraal wius attacked, but Dutulu was fcr too clever to fall into tho traj) which he had so often set for others. Instead of crawling out of his hut and getting himself speared, lie rolled up his leather mantle, and pushed it through the door. As he had anticipated it was mistaken in the semi-darkness for a man, and was instantly ])iercod with a spear. While the weapon was still entangled in the kaross, Dutulu darted from his hut, siiraii" to the entrance of liis isi-baya fully armed, and drove olf the outwitted assailants! Even in bis old age his audacity did not desert him, and ho actually determined on stealing a herd of cattle i'n tho day-time. No onc! dared to join him, but ho determined on carrying out his desperate intention sin- gle-handed, lie succeeded in driving tho herd to some distance, but was diseo\erod, pursued, and surrounded by the enemy. Although one against many,' he fought li'is : cs bravely, and, although severely wounded, ■lecceded in escaping into the b'ush, where tiiey dared not follow liiin. Undeterred by this adventure, he had no sooner recovered than he jdanned another cattle-stealing expoditi(m. His .diief dissua- ded him from (he underlaking. urging Uv.'.t he had quite enough cattle, (hat he had been .seriously wounded, and that he was bocoin- ing too old. The ruling p.assioii was, how- ever, too strong to li(' resisted, and Diidihi attiR'ked a kraal on bis old plan, Ictling (ho cattle be driven in one direction, killiirg as many enemies as he could, and (hoii running oifon (he opposite side (o (hat which bad been taken by the cattle, so as to decoy his pursuers in a wrong direction. However, his iwlvaiiced years, and perhaps his recent woiind-s, had impaired his s[)eed. and a.s there was no bush at hand, he dashed into a morass, and crouched beneath the water. His enemies dared not follow him, but sur- rounded tho spot, and liurled their assagais at him. They did him no luirm, because he protected his head with his .shield, but ho could not endure tho long immersion. So, fuKdng (h:it hisstrcngth wasfailinix, ho sud- denly IcH (ho morass, and dashed al his ene- mies, hoping that lie mitjht force his way through (hem. He did .succeed in killin"" several of (hem, and in passing (heir line' but he could not run fast enough to escape' and was overtaken and killed. ' So, knowing that men of n simil.ar charac- ter are hankering aHer his herd, their du.skv owner is only too glad (o have a number of young men who will guard his cattle from such cunning enemies. Tho love 'that a KafTir lias for his cattle induces him to ornament them in various ways, some of which must entail no little sufTenng upon them. To (his, however ho is qui(e inniireren(, often causing fiigluful torture= to the animals which hc'"'lovJs, m>t Irom the least desire of hurting them, but THE KAFFIR. j K '• from tho utter unconcern as to inflicting pain which is characteristic of the savage, in wliatover part of the eartli ho may be. He trims tho ears of tlie cows into all kinds of odd shapes, one of the favorite patterns being that of a leaf with deeply serrated edges. He gathers up bunches of the skin, generally upon the head, ties string tightly round them, auu so forms a series of pro- jecting knots of various sizes and shapes. Jle cuts strips of hide from various parts of the body, e8i)ecii,lly the he.id and face, and lets them hang down as lappets. Ho cuts the dewlap ana makes fringes of it, and all without the lea^st notion that he is causing the poor animal to suffer tortures. But, in some parts of the country, ne lav- ishes his powers on the horns. Among us the horn does not seem capnble of much modification, but a KafHr, skilful in his art, can never be content io leave the horns as they are. H t will cause one horn to pro- ject forward and another backward, ami he will train one to grow upright, and the oth..' pointing to the ground. Sometimes r observes a kind of symmetry, and has . ;:l. horns bent with their points nearly touchinjj the shoulders, or trains them so 'hat their tips meet above, and they form an arch over their head. Now and then an ox is seen in which a most singular effect has been produced. As the horns of the young ox sprout they are trained over the forehead until the points meet. They are then manipulated so as to make them coa- lesce, and so shoot upward from the middle of the forehead, like the horn of the fabled unicorn. Le Vaillant mentions this curious mode of decorating the cattle, and carefully de- scribes the process by which it is performed. " I hiid not yet taken a near view of the horned cattle which they brought with them, bec.iuse at break of day they strayed to the thickets and pstures, and were not brouglit back by their keepers until the evenin". One day, however, having repaired to thcTr kriuil very earl v, I was much surprised when I first beheld one of these animals. I scarcely knew them to be oxen and cows, not only on account of their being much smaller than ours, since I observed in them the same form and the same fundamental character, in which I could not bo deceived, but on account of tho multiplicity of their horns, and the yariety of their different twistings. They had a great resemblance to those marine productions known by nat- uralists under the name of stag's horns. Being at this time pei-suaded that these con- cretions, of which I had no idea, were a peculiar present of nature, I considered the Kaflir oxen as a variety of the .specicis, but I was undeceived by my guide, who informed nie that this singularity was only the effect of their jnvention and ta.ste; and that, by means uf a process with which they were well acquainted, they c uld not only multi- ply these horns, but also give them any form that their imaginations might suggest. Having offered to exhibit their skill in my presence, if I had any desire of learning their method, it appeared to me bo new and uncommon, that I was willing to secure an opportunity, and for several days I attended a regular course of lessons on this subject. " riiey take the animal at as tender an age as possible, and when the horns begin to appear they make a small vertical incision in them with a saw, or any other instrument that may bo substituted for it, and divide them into two parts. This division makes the horns, yet tender, separate of them- selves, so that in time the animal has four very distinct ones. If they wish to have six, or even more, similar notches made with the saw produce as many as may be re- quired. But if they are desirous of forcing one of these divisions in the whole horn to form, for examjjle, a comi)lete circle, they cut away from the point, which must not be hurt, a small part of its thickness, and this amputation, often renewed, and with much jmtience, makes the horn bend in a con- trary direction, and, the point meeting tho root, it exhibits the appearance of a perfect circle. As it is certain that incision always causes a greater or less degree of bending, it may be readily conceived that every vari- ation that caprice can imagine may be pro- duced by this simple method. In short, ono must be born a Kaffir, and have his taste and patience, to submit to that minute caro and unwearied attention required for this operation, which in Kafflrland can only be useless, but in other climates would be hurt- ful. For the horn, thus disfigured, would become weak, Avhereas, when preserved strong and entire, it keeps at a distance tho famished bears and wolves of Europe." Tho reader must remember that the words refer to France, and th.it the date of Le Vaillant's travels was ITHO-M. Tho same traveller mentions an ingenious niethod employed by the Kaffirs when a cow is bad-tempered, and will not give lier milk freely. A rope is tied to one of the liind feet, and a man hauls the footofT tho ground by means of the rope. TK-,3 cow cannot run away on account of tho .jian who is hohling her nose, and the pain caused by tho violent dragging of her foot backward, together with the constrained attitude of standing on three legs, soon subdues the most refrac- tory animal. Before proceeding to another chapter, it will be well to explain tho illustration ou page 57, called " The Kaffirs at Home." Tho spectator is supposed to be just inside the outer enclosure, and nearly opposite to tho isi-baya, in which some cattle are seen. In the centre of the plate a milking scene is shown. The cow. being a restive one. is being held by tho " man,'' by means of a RIDING OXEN. stick passed through its nostrils, and by means of the contrast between the man and tlic animal (he small size of the latter is well shown. A Kattlr ox averages only four hundred pounds in weight. Beneath the cow IS seen the milker, holding between ms knees the curiously shaped milkpail. On the right hand is seen another Kaffir emntymg a pailful of milk into one of the baskets which are used as stores for this article. The reader will notice that the ori- fice of the basket is very small, and so would cause a considerable amount of milk to be spilt, if it were poured from the wide mouth ol the pail. The Kaffir has no funnel, so he extemporizes one by holding his hands over the mouth of the pail, and placing his thumbs so as to cause the milk to flow in a narrow stream between them. A woman is seen in the foreground, goinu out to abor in the fields, with her child slung at her back, and her heavy hoe on her shouP Tif'u . "'■'''"■ *" ^''"^^ 'he ordinary size of the huts a young Kaffir is shown standino- near one of them, while a "man" is seateS against it, and eiijjaged alternately in his pipe and conversation. Three shield sticks «fHn",?f' V- "'*' ^^"'-■e.of the isi-baya. and the ^l^'f ,f ^^,''} ^^^s^cnded to the pole shows ,-inni " t'"'/ •"'■'" °^ the kraaf is in res- ftii.w^-i «heep, with their long legs and thick tiuls, in which the whole fat of the body seems to concentrate itself. Two «r« «L ''*™''''''l'"*' "■''^^ «f the courtry withS fh"'*-""'""'^' f " euphorbia standing, within the fence, and an acacia in the back" ' grourd. This last mentioned tree is some- times called Kameel-dorn, or Camel-thom because the giraffe, which' the Dutch colo-' nists ,«« call a camel, feeds upon its leaves. In the distance are two of those tible- ;«=Sn"^AT.s ---''--- poS^^LrrtTa'i'^a&t^-e ury which is very seldom, he feasts upon its flesh, and contrives to consume a qu^vnti^ty that seems almost too much for human fsS'milk "f"\7'^'^«- «"' *he chief die" is tne milk of the cows, generally mixed Jiffi^^ fi,-" l'9^'''S^ten in its fresh state, tfe ¥^^ A Ih'nkmg it to be very indigest 1 1 . X'lVSer tor " '^''^'^ "^'''^ ^^^^^^^^ a oeei-arinker looks upon sweet-Wort inA have an equal objection to drinkiS 'the liquid in its cru thrown over them. One man retains his hold of one end, while the other passes the rope round the animal's body. Each man takes firm hold of the rope, puts one foot against the ox's side, by way of a fulcrum, and then hauls away with the full force of his body. Holding his own part of the rope tightly with one hand, the second Kaffir dex- terously throws the end under the animal to his comrade, who catches it. and passes it over the back, when it is seized oa before. Another hauling-match now takes place, and the process ^oes on until the cord is exhausted, and l\w diameter of tlie ox notably diminished. In spite ol the enormous pres- sure to which it is subject, the iioiist seems to ca"? " 1 i, • it, aiul walks away as if un- 00 uclT' 1. U Journey is a long one, the r.'pfH arc gent rally tightened once or twice, (lie I iii,c drivers seeming to take astrango pleasure in the operation. The illustration No. 1, on jiago 73, shows the manner in which the Kailir employs the ox for riding and pack purposes. A chief is returning with his triumpliaut soldiers from a successful expedition against an enemy's kraal, which they hii n \,[t" as their Iftying is. In tlu iorcground is seen tho chief, fat and pursy, dressed in the full para- phernalia of war, and seated on an ox. A hornless ox is generallv chosen for tho sad- dle, in order to avoid the danger of the rtder falling forward and woundiii;.' himself; but sometimes the Kaffir qualifle.'* an ox for Siul- dlo purposes by forcing the horns to grow downward, and in many instances contrives to make the horns flap al)out quite loosely, as if they were only suspended by thongs from the animal's head. The soldiers are seen in charge of other oxen, laden with tho spoils of the captured krajil, to which they have set Are; and in the middle distance, a couple of men are reloading a refractory ox, and drawing tlie ropa tightly round it, to prevent it from sliaking oil' its load a second tim«. imgo 73, shows Wv cniplovstho '(OS. A chief is it boIiHlts from ist an enemy's n ,;>," as tlieir 11(1 \H seen tho (1 the full para- on an ox. A i;n for tho sad- der of the rider _' himself; hut i an ox for siwl- horns to grow nces contrives ; quite loosely, lied hy tlionj^s 10 soldiers arc laden with tho to whieh they klle distance, a refractory ox, y round it, to 3 load a second 0.) KAnii: f ATri,i;-Ti!Ai.M.\u iiu: uok.ns. (7;!) CHAPTER IX. MARRIAGE. POLYGAMY PRACTISED AMOKO TOR KAFFIM-OOZA AND HIS WlVEH-NnMnRH OP A KtVo's HARrM- i^n^^^'v^,'" "'"^'"='""« >^'>'"-">K K,X,. AND ...H HUCCRSSOIW - A HAUnAilOVS CUMT.^M - THK ™D''';?r "*■ ''°''"''"' *''""" "^"^ «'^"»«-'>«MKHT.O LIKE AN,. .T8 CUHT^.MB- u, ,-,l "" * WirK-ANKXDOTE Or A KAPK.U IIV.l.AND- JKA,.,C9V AND ITH or VMK, """'' '''"■" ^'•■" '"" '''"^•"■«"««-MlNUTK CODE .T ..A^V.LtHE LW Ora.MVn, '""'"' "«»"'««''"'^««— -"^ MASTE«S,„rOKT„E KHAA,.- ..UorK.r.ON TO T^.B 0UP..AN-01TAUDUNH, THEln DUTIES AND J-K.V.LEOEH- ,.HK...MINAU,KH TO MAUU.AOE - KAFK U TALB-UZINTO AND HEU ADVENTURES- IlEWAllD OF PEKaEVKHANCE.! CoNTRAnv to general opinion, marrin<»fi IS quite as iniportunt a matter anionf,' tfie Kathra as witli ourselves, and even tliougli 10 men wlio can aflbnl it do not coiitejit tliemselves with one wile, there is as much ooremony in tlic last marriapo as in the first. As to the number of wives, no law on that subject is found in tlie minute, tliough necessarily traditiomd, code of law», by wliieh the Kallirs regulate their domestic polity. A man may take just as many wives as he can afford, and the richer a man is, the more wives ho has as a general rule. An ordinary man has generalhr to bo content with one, while those of higher rank have the number of wives dependent on their wealth and posi- tion. Goza, for example, whoso portrait IS given on page 117 and who is a nowerlul cluet, has a dozen or two of wives There 18 now b(;fore mo a photograph represent- ing a whole_ row of hTs wives,^all sitting on their heels, in the attitude adopted bv K?ifflr him, and offer their daughters to him only too i)roiid if he Will accept them, aiui ask- nig no jiayment for them. The revereneo ("J'' .^"""»■•ty m"st be very strong in a Kalhrs breast, if it can induce him to lorego any kind of payment whatever, es- necially as that payment is in cattle. The king has jierhaps twenty or thirty large kraals in different jiarts of the conntrv and in each of them he has a considerable' number of wives, so that he is always at homo whenever ho changes his residence from one kraal to anotlier. In fact ho never knows, within fifty or so, how many wives he has, nor would he know all his wives by sight, and in consequence he is obliged to keej) a most jealous watch over his household, lest a neglected wife should escape and take a husband, who, although a iilcbeian, would he her own choice, la consemienco of this feeling, none of the inhabitants of the royal harem ever leave their house without a strong guard at women, and all looking rather surnrised bnnri i,non-,a iT ;."* '^"'"" "•' at the photographer's operations TS con^nlH ." "'?'"'""' "'^ «1''''«' '^'>« sense of the word, none.of ZT'havo Z w wL '" ""SH-^Pected places, least pretence to' be.auty S^ver miv LZhfel I'T"'' ^-'P*""* ^Z ""^ '^'»« the have been the case when^ hey Sre yo^^ ^ hS ^v/v -'%f • " "*". ^^'^ P*^""* "^ ""y girls, but it is.evi,h,nt that their ioiiitlus^ Kaffir til JK'^ '"'*' 7°" »afo for a band was satisfied with the r e) n^, .. ' ." ^,?^L}Z ^^1'}^ *" «»« «f these closely s' ,' - »'"■' ""■"K iiiuir loini nils- band was satished with their charms, or hoifsehold. ""' '■'*'*^" " P°''"°'^ *° ^^'^ As to the king, the number of his wives 18 Illimitable. Parents come humbly ))efore (75) guarded beauties, for, even if no guards are openly ,n sight, a spy is sure to be eon- ccaica at no great distance, and the conse- miencc^ of such an indiscretion would be that the woman wonld certainly lose her 78 THE KAFFIR. life, and the man probably bo a fellow suf- feror. That able and sanguinary chief Tchaka fornii"! an exception to the ordinary rule. Ke Would accept as many dark maidens as might be oll'ered to him, but he would not raise one of them to tlie rank of wife. The reason for this line of conduct was his hor- ror of seeing a successor to his throne. A Kaflir of rank always seems to think that he himself is exempt from the ordinan' lot of humanity, and will never speak of the possibility of his own death, nor allow any one else to do so. In a dependent, such a • piece of bad breeding would be looked upon as an overt act of treachery, and the thought- less delinquent would instantly lose the power of repeating the offence by forfeiting hiS life. Even in an European, the oftence would be a very grave one, and would jar gratingly on the feelings of all who heard the ill-omened words. This disinclination to speak of deat'.; sometimes shows itself very curiously. On one occasion, an Englishman wont to pay a visit to Panda, after the contra- diction of a report of that monarch's death. After the preliminary greetings, he exjiressed his pleasure r.t yeeing the chief so well, es- pecially after the report of his death. The word " death " seemed to strike the king and all the court like an electric shock, and an ominous silence reigned around. At la.st Panda recovered himself, and. Avith a voice that l)ctrayed his emotion, said that such subjects were never spoken of, and eause the very fact that a man possessed only one wife would derogate from his dignity, and eonsecniently from lii r own. 1'herc is another reason for the institution of polygamy, namely, the division of labfir. Like all savages, the Kathr man never con- descends to perform manual inl>. r, all real work falling to the lot of the women. As to any work that requires bodily exertion, the Kaffir never dreams of undertaking it. He would not even lilt a basket of rice on the head of his favorite wife, but would sit on the ground and allow some woman to do it. One of my friends, when rather new to Kaflirland, ha])peni'd to look into a hut, and there saw n stalwart Kaffir sit- ting and smoking his pipe, while the women were hard at work in the sun, buihiing huts, carrying timber, and i)erforniing all kinds of severe labor. Struck with a natural indignation at such behavior, he told the smoker to get U]) and woi'k like e. man. This idea was too much even for the native politeness of the Kafti'-, whf) burst into a laugh at so absurd a notion. " Wfrmen work," said he, " men sit in the house and smoke." The whole cares of domestic life fall upon JEALOUSY AMONG WIVES. le the fatn that 'ir prL'deccssors strango cftuots Ills cdiiCmed to iir«. that the work of .a Kathr wife is about twice as hard as that ot an English farm laborer, and that when her husband takes another wife, who ni:iy du'ido lier labors. Moreover, the first wite has always a ,sort of preeminence over the others, and retains it unless she forfeits the tavor of her husband by some pecu - arly iLagrant .act, in which case she is de- osed and another wife raise.l to the vacant ouoi. A\ hen such an event takes pLace, tlie hu:.baiKl selects any of liis wives that he happens to like best, without any re-ard for fie.uonty, .and, as a natural consilience, the youngest h.as the be.=t chance of beconii .; the chief wde, tl.us causing much jealousy anion,^ them Did all the wives live in the sauK, house with their husband, the bicker- ings would be constant ; but, .accordinn^ to Ivatm- law, each wife h.as her own hut tluat belonging to the principal wife boinr on the right hand of the chief's house " hoiuetnnes, however, jealousy will prev.ail in spite ot these pi'oventiyes, and h.as been known to lead to fatal resu ts. (no case (I .'""l^^alfd oth '■^"'""'>' ^""'» ">"""<>'"i (pag., ol), and others occur more frenuentlv than IS known. One such case was a rat h.^ remarkable one. There h.a'' day found h"'"abs'\V'^'"r'^ '" '- '«'»««'- lonnd h^r absent, and aaked from the 77 rhev''di,7n'?l,'''° '^"'•, '^'"'y '^l''''"l «'"t i 1 « ' ^"T'"' '""' *'>■*' when they went ley h <1 left her n, the kraal. DLatisfied witli tile answer, he pressed them m..rc ch,sely and was then told that she hud gono off to her father's house. At the first dawn that nothing had been heard of hc-r His next step was to go to one of the witch doctors, or prophets, and ask him what Jiiid become ot his favorite wife. The n.an an- swered that the two elder wives liad mur- dered her. lie set off huinc ward, but beforo ho reached his kra.al. the dead body of the murdered Wife had been diseoverdd by a herd boy. The fact w.os, that she had gone put with the oth r two wives in the morn- ing to fetch firewood, a quarrel had arisen, and they had hanged her to a tree with tho bush-rope used in tying up tlie bundles of As to minor assaults on a favorite wife they are common enough. She will bo beaten, or have her face scratched so as to spoil her beauty, or the holes in her ears will be torn violently open. The assailants are sure to suli'er in their own turn lor their conduct, their husband beating them most cruelly with the h St weapon that hapi.ens to come to hand. But, in the mean time, the work which they have done has been elFccted, and they h.ave at .all c its enjoyed some moments of savage vengeance. FLHus otten take placo among the wives, but if'tho husband hears the noise of the scuflle ho soon puts a stop to it, by seizing a stick - , — .. „i,v.j, lu 11, „y Hoiziiiir a stick and impartially belaboring each ccnnbata.it: Iho position of a first wife is really ono of some consequence. Although she has sUf 13 not looKed upon as so utter an article ot merchandise as her successors. '• When a man takes his first wife," says Mr Shooter '-all the cows he possesses aio m Ik tor the support of her family and after the birth of her first so.riu'y " e called his cattle. Theoretically 1 e^his- W 'fo,^?'] ."''" >^': «^^11 nor dispose of t em VK out his wiles consent If he wish to catUo fifrT '""'"' •''"^ i:^'1"''"" •-"'>• «*' tl'^«« coISrrenee. ^'''"^''''^ ^'^ '""^' "^''^'" ^''' " When I asked a native how this was to or rf'thaf?.! '. ^' f '^' '•>■ "?"«^y ■-»"'> -'^^i'i^ or 1 tlatd d not succeed, by botherin" her until she yielded, an.i teld him not t^^io so to-morrow, .. c. for the fnlure. Somet ines she becomes angry, and tells him to take a 1 for they are not hers, but hi.s. If she comn W furni rcilt^!'^"''^ '"J-^«''''"°"-^^^^ urnish catt e to purchase and indue a new wife, she will be entitled to her services and „Vi"~~"i V ' ', ' ""'^ ieccivcd lor i new wife'i eldest daughter. The cattle assigned to Iho 78 THE KAFFIR. second wife are Ruljjecb to the same rulos, and so on, while I'resh wives afo taken. Any wife may f-irnisli the (lattle necessary to add a now nienibcr to ihe liarein, and with the same cousequenees as resulted to the first wife; but it seems that the queen, as the first is called, can claim the right of refusal." It will be seen from this account of the rela- tive stations of the dilferent wives, that the position of chief wife is one that would be much jirized, and we can therefore under- stand (hat the elevation of a new comer to that rank would necessarily create a strong feeling of jealousy in the hearts of the others. In consequence of the plurahty of wives, the law of inheritance is most complicated. Some persons niay wonder that a law which seems to belong especially to civilization should be found among savage tril^es like the Kaliirs. 15 it it nuist be remembered that the KalHr is essentially a man living under authority, and that his logical turn of inlellect has caused him to frame a legal code which is singularly minute in all its details, ami which enters not only into the affairs of the nation, but into those of private life. The law respecting the rank held by the wives, and the control which they exer- cise over i)rope)-ty, is suliicieutly minute to give ])romise that there would iilso bo a law which regulated the shai'c held in the prop- erty of their respective children. In order to understan.l the working of this l,iw, the reader nuist lemember two fads which have been menti'med: the one, that the wives do not live in common, but that each has her own house; and moreover, that to each hous^' a certain amount of cattle is attached, in theory, if not in j)ractice. When the iuadman" of a kra;ddies,his prop- erty is divided among his children by vir- tue of a la\i-, which, though unwritten, is well known, and is as precise as any similar law in England. If there should be an eld(!St son, born in the house of the chie!' wife, he succeeds at once to his fatherV property and inherits his rank. There is a very coi'nmon Kailir song, which, though not at iUl filial, is characteristic. It begins bv saying. •• My father has died, and I liave all his cattle.''' and then proc.cds to expatiate on the joys of wealth. lie does not neces- sarily iiih'erit all the cattle ni the kraal, be- cause there may b<^ sons belonging to other houses; ui such cast's, the eldest son of each house woidd be en'itled to the cattle whicli are reco<_'ui/.((i as the jjroiierty of that house. Still, he exercis(-s .-t sort of paternal author- ity over the whol(% and will often succeed in keeping all the family together instead of giving (o each son his share of the cattle. and letting them separate in dilVerent direc- tions. Such n course of ])roceeding is the best for all parties, as they po'^scss a strength when united, which they could not hope to atttuii wheli scpiinited. It soinetimcs happens that the owner ot the kraal has no son, and in that cascthe property is claimed by his father, brother, or nearest living relative, — always, if possible, by a mendjer of the same house as himself. It sometimes happens that no male relation can be found, and when such a failure takes place, the property goes to the chief, as the acknowledged father of the tribe. As to the women, they very seldom inherit anything, but go with the cattle to the di(ferent_ heirs, and form ])art of their property. To this general rule there are exceptional cases, but they are very rare. It will be seen, there- fore, that every woman has some one who acts as her father, whether her father be liv- ing or not, and although the compulsory de- l)endcnt state of women is not conducive to their dignity, it ceriainly protects lliem from many evils. If, for exanqde, a girl were left an orphan, an event which is of very fre- (piont occurriMice in countries whore little value is placed on lunnan life, she would be placed in a very uni)leasant jiosition, for eitlur she would fnid no husband at all, or she would be fought over by jioor ainl lin-- bulent men who Avanted ti) obtain a wile without paying for her. Kaffir law. liow- evei', ]n-ovi(ies lor this difiicully by making the male relations heirs of the i)roiierty,and, conselaiis be well laid, will kill ev( ry male inliabilant. Even if all are not killed, tlie siu-vivors may be obliged to flee for their lives, and thus it may often liaj pen that a yinuig girl finds herself comiiaratively aloiu^ in tiie world. In such a case, she would goto another chief of her tube, or even to the king himself, and ask ])ernfis- sion to become one of his (lei)endanls, and many instances have been known where sucliritiige( s li.ave been received into tribi s not their own. When a girl is received as a dependant, she is treated as a daughter, and if she should I'appen to fall ill. her guardian would offer sacrifices foi- her exactly as if slie were one of Ills own daughters. "Should a suiliu- present himself, he will have to treat with the guardian exactly as if he were Ihe father, and to him will be"jiaid the cattle that are , oiise as luiusclf. K) male rulalioii 1 a failure takes the chief, as Iho ribe. As lo the iiherit aujtliing, ilifl'erent heirs, jjierty. To this itional cases, but be seen, there- ; some one wlio icr father ))e liv- > oomjiulsory de- lot conducive to )tects lliem from >, a s'l'l were left 1 is of \'ery fr(>- ries where Utile ife, slui would be nt jiosition, for usband at all, or ly jioor ainl Uir- t() obtain a wife ICaflh- law. Imw- cully by nuikinj; he i)ro]ierly,nn(l, ll'.o women; so tjleniatc relation I triuirdian. 'I'lie I conli nijilates ;i sts, numely. Iliac }a(l, or that lliey h a case as this irse of a war. fur «\vooj) down on a uell laid, will kill ven if all are not )e obliged to the nay often liaj pen L'lf Coniparatively such a case, she of her t! ilu', or and ask ])erniis- (lejiendaiils. and n known \vliere coivcd into tribes 1 as a dependant, liter, and if slu' !r ftuardian woiilil ■tly as if she were "should a siiiliir live to treat willi ic were the father, lie cattle lliat are Mr. Fynn nua- e Very tenatioas hat in manyeasis (y their rial rela- r'an},'ement» with Miship witli them. \'^ arises from the ouiu aavt: more BllIDEGROOM OJS"- APPROVAL. 79 respect for a wife who had relations than for one who liad none. As an example of the curious minutenoss with wl>ich the Kalllr law '^wa into the de- tails of domestic i)olit,T, it maybe nuaitioiied that if a female dependant bo married, and should afterward be fortunate enou,i!;h to discover her real relatives, they may claim the cattle i)aid for her by the husband. J5nt thev must r^ive one of the cows to her pro- tector as payment for her maintenance, and the trouble taken in marryintf \n;r. More- over, if any cattle have been saeriliced on her behalf, these must be restored, together with any others that may have been slaugh- tered at the marriage-feast. The fact that she is i)aid for by her husband conveys no idea, of degradation to a Katlir woman. On the contrary, she looks upon the fact as a proof of her own worth, and the more cattle are jiaid for her, the prouder she becomes. Xeither would the husband like to take a wife without paying the proper sum for her because in the first olace it would be a facit assertion that the wife was worthless, and 111 the second, it would be an admission thut ho could not allbrd to i)ay the usi^al price. Moreover, the deliverv of the cattle on the one side, and the delivery of the girl on the other, are considered as cou- stUutuig the validity of the marriage coii- tr;ict, and arc looolied upon in mt7eh the same light as the giving of a rwcr ),y the lii'sband and the giving away of the Tiride iiy lier father in our own marria<''e cere- monies. " Whiit that i)rieo may he is exceedin'Wy vanablo, and depends much v.- the beauty and qii:iliiie:itions of the iiride, and the rank ot her father. Tlie ordinary prii^e of an nniiiarned girl is eight or ten cows, while twHve or lilieen are not nnlre(|uently i);iid and ill .«ome cases the Imsbmid has been' obliged to give as many as (ilty before the lulher would part with his dan'rh|,.r Pn,- inent ought to be made beli.reliand 'f.y nutiiihe catUo have been transferred. This rule IS. howover, frequently relax.MJ.au.l the H:>mageHallowe,lwben-a.H,.tain uM uei lia.s been (.aid, logotber with a guaran- tee that the reinauid..r shall be fordu.oniii >■ ^h?iSrf;;s^s;iiithS'T;^:if not follow that :,e exerci^r, oclSvJ .£ ••^•"' •» ^".cepling or re.jecting a s litor t nay IH, seen tVoin the fbll.nWng ," "aJ,^ Shllnd^i^'-- "•''''•'^'- ™'-'^'-vork^n vvil'iT,'"'" '■' '"!^'«'"J ''as been selected for a Sul, she mav be delivered lo hi„, J/^H any iirevioii.s notice, and Afr ! e.iges that in «o.ne u.ses'thiJia'duill;^":]]^^ j usually, he says, she is informed of her parent s intention a month or .some lon"-er time beforehand, in order, 1 imagine, that she may, if possible, be persuaded lo think tavorably of the man. IJarbarians as they an;, the Kaliirs arc aware that it is better to reason with a woman than to beat her; and I am inclined to think that moral means are usually employed to induce a girl to adoi)t her parent's choice, before j^Uiysical ar'Hi- ments are resorted to. Sometimes vCry elaborate efforts are made, as 1 liave beeu told, to produce this result. The first step is to speak well of the man in her preseuce- the kraal conspire to praise him — Jier sis- ters praise him — all the admirers of his cattle praise him — he was never so jiraised before. Unless she is very resolute, the >Mrl may now perhaps bc^ prevailed on to see him, and a nii'ssenger is despatched to communicate the hopeful fact, and sum- mon him to the kraal. Without loss of time he prepares to show himself to the best advantage; he goes down to the river and having carefully washed his dark per- son, comes up again dripping and shinin.r like a dusky Triton; but the sun soon dries his skin, and now ho shines again with grease. " Ills dancing attire is put on. a vessel of water serving for a mirror; and thus clothed in Ills best, and carrying shield and assa<'ai he Si'ts forth, with beating heart and "al- lantstep, to do battle with the .•^cornfid btdle Having reached the kraal he is recei\u(i with a hearty welcome, and scpiatting down in the family 'circle' (which is here .^ioine- thing more than a fiirure of .speech) ho awaits the lady's aiijiearance. Presently she comes, and sitting down near tlu; door stares at him in silence. Then haviii" sur- veyed him suilicieiitly in hisi)resentaliltu(le she desires him through her brother (for she' will not speak to him) to stand up and ex- liilMt Ins proportions. The modest man is ("inbarrassed: but the mother encoura'^es him, and while the young ones lauch a'nd .leer, he ris<>s before the damsel. Slfe now scrutinies him in this position, and haviu'^ balanced the merits and defects of a fro'it view, desires him ff lirough the same medium as before) to turn round and fliv(»r her with a diflerent aspect. (See jiagc; !»7.) At lenrrfh lie receives permission to sfpiat a^ain when she retires as mute as .she came! Iho family troop rush after her impatient; to learn her decision; but she declines to bo hasty — she has not seen him walk, and perhaps lie limps. So,- next morning, fho unfortimato man api>ears in the cattle fold, to (.xhihit his paces before a larger .a.sseniblv A vell,>y of praisi contrarv is related by one of our clergv who rosided'for a long time among the Kat'lir tribes. There was one " hoy," long jiast the prime of life who had distmguishi>d iiimsel*' in war, and pi-ocured a fair number of cows, and yet could not be ranked as a'' man,'' ))ecause lie was not man-ied. The fad was, he was so very ugly that he could not find anv of the dusky beauties who would accept liim, and so he had to remain a bachelor in spite of himself. At last the king took compassion on him. and authorized him to assume the head-ring, and take brevet rank amon^' the men, or " ama-doda," just as am<)ng"'our- selves an elderly maiden ladv is addressed by courtesy as if she had "been m.n.rried. Sometimes a suitor's heart misgives bini, anod sense to withdraw his claims, the girl takes (he matter into her own hands l)v runniu" away, oil-.-n to another tribe. * Tliere is alw.iys a great excitement in these cases and the truant is hunted l)v all her relations. On(! of these flights look place when a "irl had lieen promised to th(.> ill-favored ba"'h- elor who has just heen uientioned. II,» offered a chief a considerable number of cattle for one; of his wards, and paid the sum in .advance, lioping so to clench tlie bargain. But when the s. ■' Now that the English have established themselves in Southern Africa, it is not at all an unusual circumstance for a iiersecu- ted girl to take refuge among them, tlnnigh in many i'- .!anc<':! .she has to be given up to her relations when they come to search for her. Sometimes the young damsel not only exerci.scs the rigiit of iil'usal, but contrives to choose a husband for herself In one such inslaiiee a man had fallen into pov- erty, and been forced to become a depend- ant, lie had two uiimanied daughters, and his {•hief jiroiHised to buy them'. The sum wliieh be oll'ered wa." so "small that the father would not accept it, and there was in coiisefpieiiee a violent leiily, and they refused (o be pnicliased, iust as their father refus d to accept .so nig- xanlly a smii for them. ve-y Giarr*.' so jiglyiinian. Neither cajoicmcnts, The cliief wa. ,, , angry, went olf to Panda, and contrived to extort an order from the king that the ^rirls should become the projiertv of the chief at the price which he had ti'xed. The girls were therefore taken to the kraal, but Uiev would not go into any of the huts, and sat on the groi'nd, miich"'to tlie aniiovanee of their new owner, who at last had them car- ried into a hut 1)v main force. One of the gir s, named Uzinto, contrived imrenionslv t<) Slip unnerceiv; I from the hut at dead df night, and esr/.Tp^.d from the kraal bv creep- ing through the fence, lest the dogs should he alarmed if she tried to open the door. n spite (*f the dangers of night-travelling, she inished on toward Xatal as fast as she could, having nothint; with her but tlui sleeping m.'it whidi a Katiir uses instead of a bed, and whicli can l)e nulled up info a cvl- iudor uad slung over the shoulders. On tier T" m had any eflect, with ropes aii(l ;;r. He took her hours she con- iuid fled lor rel- ighborins fliief' found a husband irnier i)ossessor ick {xrain, inas- or and v'-Hvered grounds i.". dc- aid for lier. So t not only 'lis ashamed of his lys concealed it lay. an Enylish- s history asked I; and, u"Uh()U{;h of his answt'r had not moral a bachelor, and lT of imaginary ivo established ica, it is not at for a jierseeu- n)e a (lci)cnd- iid daiiglilers, uy tlicm. The ' small that (lie 1(1 there was in el between the ver, the girls 1 inclination to bo already had be purdiascd, accept so nig- chief was ve'y d contrived to ; that the girls of the chief at ■d. The girls kraal, but tlicy L' huts, anil sat annoyance of had them c:ir- ■. One of the ■d ingeniously iiut at dead (if ;raal by creep- lie dogs should pen tlie door, ght-travelliiig, as fast as she her but the s(>s instead of up into a cyl- Iders. On lier way she met with two adventures, both of which nearly frustrated her plan. At the dawn ot the day ou which siie escaped, she met a party ot men, who saw tears in her lace, and taxed her with being a fu-ritive However she was so ready with the answer tiiat 8h() had been taking snuff (the Kaflir snull a ways makes the eyes water j.r,^- t -ourne ''""'^"'^ '''"' *" ^'™'''''''' "" The n(^'ct was a more serious adventure Hijvnig come to the territories of the Ama- koba tribe, she went into a kraal for shelter ■ night, and the inhabitants, who knew the quarrel between her father and the h rl/n :?' ^rl^";'' ''"^P'tably, and tlK."! t ed t^n the e net Inim whom she had escaped 8he contrived, however, to get out of ih kraal, but was captun.l agaTn by tlie w„' men. hhe was so violent with them ni ,1 her conduct altogether so stran-e h- t'ti. were afraid of iu..-, and let l.er"% her o vn way. From that time she avoided .all ,hve iug.s,and only travelled through the us ' succee, in:^ iu fordi,,. Uic Tugela rivei at Smdvl!^.''r'''''^^-''-'-'»^-tof x^.iiH.is pouei. Her reason tor utidertak- i"S his l(,ng and perilous .iourn.3yws two- fold ; first, that she might escape from n husband whom she did not lik nn-i ondly, f^lut she might cZai^^ h u ^J Whom she did. For in tlie 2s'atal dis r t was living a young man with w! o „ .>^ie had carried on some love-]iassa-es, a 1 1 who h^hersof.vasafi,g^tivefrom"^:^ J.»ii,|. After some diflieulty, she wis r." ceive, a., a dependant of a chief ami ^vT. "XV'!;: '""^^0 I- narrated hfiK^"' toward h ^'T'" .'""" ^^'^^ '-"tl'-^^r cool wl in ''f .'"'^'■"' «<" »oehinebutw"„!;^.;t', ,^-'^-w«-ttc y-Uoinsistin^rS'^S-Vl'yi young man objected that lieTd not kJol^ UZINTO AKD HER ADVENTURES. 81 how many cows the chief would want for hi-r,a„dt1mthehad not enough to„av for ever 'fiv ^''? '''"^ *'*'l"'^' ^° ">« oeca.io , Lw- ever, hxed btir own value at ten cows and ordered him to work h,.d unit ho' S earned them. Meanwhile her protector had made up his mind to take her for Ida own wife, thinking it a good onnortunUv f^ gam another wifl witlifut ],ay "g'tbr 1^ Lzinto however, had not g<^ne throuUi so et'ti 1^^"'' 'rt'^"'^ '"' whom sfen^d set .ici heart, and she went to the voun^ mans kraal appeared before the headman^ and demandec^ to be instantly betroU icd' He naturally feared the anger of the cldef aijd sent her ba^k again to his kraal wheij with tears, sulking fits, an^er fits nmf threats of suicide!, she' wonVed all the iS fm-'th."":''^''''''^> '''^^ "'^y J-'^W*^" " StSfSrt^^^^-^nir^r:^ St^^ifSSr^^^^'-'-^-"- fi.iT'f ? M """"1^'" in-'^tencc, whore a girl ftdl ardently in love with a young Kafir chief, as he was displaying his a-ribtv in a dance. He did not even k!iow h^- S was seS'Tt his' V r^l '''r ''''' presented her! scif at Ins kraal, and avowed the state of her affections. He, however, did m/t return hem, and as the girl refust^d to leave lis kraal, he was obliged to send for £ l)rotlier, who removed her by force She soon made her way back ag^ain a, d S is tnne w.-us severely beaten for L.r mrt'i ac! and in less th.an a week she a^.ain nresen^L' horself Finding that l^^s si^st^was 1 je ennined, the ifrother suggo. ed tluiT the" too-fase.nating chief had "better marry lo the noe.if?;! ^ '•'*' ^'''h' mined horiK-int, ?|^'Sr^Sg2to^1ii-« IniXs't^^rJ'^'^ il^apl^en^"^^ possess an intellect far superior \,' .a S er husband, and where si,e has gain^l i horoiigh iiscendancy over him ,im^ I'lm in all his transactions, hetl er of H'T.ce or war. And it is only ju^t to sav that in these rare instai.ces of feminine supremacy, the Imsband has s ib.n t d to "H wife's guidance through a coS ion hat ,t was exercised jtuiici.n.slv! a u not : ;"'"«i'''lV\r;"'^""^^ «f HiaracVe. oL his t . ■ t, or lU-teinper on hers. -.^ ^i CHAPTER X. MAimiAGE — Conclmled. ■WEDPIIfO CEREMONIES — rBOCKSSIOS OF TUB BRIDE — THE WEDDINO DUESS — THE OXEN — THE 'WED- BINd DANCE — Ml-TUAL DEPBEUIATIOX AND ENCOV HAdKMENT — ADVICE TO THE ItBIDEOROOM — MUTUAL KELATIONS OF HUMDANDS AND WIVES — A IC.IFFIB rETRUCIUO — THE OX OF THE OIRL — UZINTO AGAIN — THE OX OF TUE M-RPLU3 — ITS ISH'OKT — VARIETIES OF MARRIAGK CEUUM0NIE3 — tOWER OF DIVOHCE — COMr r.ISON OF THE KAFFIR AND MOSAIC LAWS — IltHESPONSIIILE AirTHORITY OF THE HUSBAND— CUItlOiTS CODE OF ETIQUETTE — KAFFIR NAMES, AND MODES OF CHOOSINO THEM — THE miiTH-NAMK AND THE SURNAMES — SUPERSTITIONS BESPKCTINO THK BIRTH-NAME — AN A>nT8I.\a STHAT ;EM— THE SURNAMES, OR PRAISE-NAMBS — HOW EAHNKD A.(i) "ONFERRED — VARIOUS PRAISE-NASIES '^ PANDA — A KAFFIR BOASTER — SONO IN PRAISE OF PANDA— THE ALLUSIONS EXPLAINED — A rtT. \NGB REfJTRICTlON, AND MODE OF EVADINd IT — INFKRIOH POSITION OF WOMEN— WOMEN WITH FIREWOOD — DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GIRLS OP VARIOUS RANKS. "When the marriaD;e- the kraal. About this jieiiod of the ceremony (licri thongs wliich arc hung about the bodies of chihlren by way of charms, and the present of the ox to the mother is made iu order to reimburse her for the expenditure in thongs during her daughter's childhood. The molliir does not keep the ox, but slaughters it and dresses it for the marriage least, and by the time that the wedding lias be( u liiirly begun, the Ukutu ox is ready tor the guests. Another ox, called by the cm ions luune of " Umipioliswa," is given l)y the I'lidegroi'in to the girl's father, uid about ibis there is much ceremony, as is nariatcd by !Mr, Shooli-r. '• The (hiy having considerably ad- \ anced, the male friends of the bii(■ curious nanu' of )y llio l>iidi'{,'ro(im about ibis there • uariatfd by 2Ir. iLT considcrnbly ad- it the bride i,'o to clTiini tlu- ox railed tvhieb I witnessed, ile, 'vilh a stc'i) dit- a sort of slow and imitation of their iriiii; the dross and utioned as ajipro- stivity. tbey bran- tlie 'u>ual"aeeom- lauec; while their itii u luouolououa ilii^wa, incliswa.' •ed the kninl, and, ;Ued the iirineiiwl i'Korts.sio.v ,,|.. 1,1,, ,„.,ijj^ I (88) » ii II; ^ 3 hut. Tlio father of the (jirl now called upon Uio bri(io;,'i;ooin, who wiw in.sidcs to como Ortli ail J «,v(! them Iho UnuiuoliHwa. The atter repluul that ho had no ox to present to them. Jle was then assured that the I)n(l«! would ho tiiken home; but he re- maiued invisihlo until other members of the party IkvI required him to appear Il^ivn,:,. left the honso, he hurri..! to the ^'atouav, and attemi)ted to pans it. His exit, however was barred bv a company of women aroa-ly in ,,088e8.s!,.n of the e - .nil ml .^'""'.'^ "''"='1"^ '^''"^ merely for- mal, and tliat ho was goinij throu-ri an nmShX'"""); T'^ lJmqnolis.;;;\v^ bride a party, who were bivouacking undi-r itt^ t, d '"i'"^l'./'f »»•«''■ ner%ister aiJcete,! to dcspisu it as a ])altry thin.' and fl? .n H ' :'!!"•"■ P''°'l»«'' '-» ''«tter. lie to" till 1,."'*",^' ""^ largest and the attel that he could procure ; but they were not ?h ,''r'H'~""^y *V""1<1 not eat it.-^Wn ly the lather put an end to their noisy bv-nl v' £"sciJ.^ma.''"^' ''''' ^ ^^■'"'^ "- in,?^'"' ''.'"*?"' ■'''■" ''"^^riwl an with the vio- ent aad almost furious energy tl a .seems to take possessiou „f a Kiinivi soul wh "n ^|^l|»f''«<'fnce,thean.HnZi£; » !nf r;'^!:r l3^^^ ssi;s-x.-;t^^r5r The process is then reversed, the b -i le i /' tm^ .lown, and her husband-8\ aiW hnei, .' beS;iir.^.;r'tEJoi^■^trx cowsforta-^J^-«;v-to,^Hu^^^ do a ,„an-io,l womairs work h'f ol •" ' rather plain than otherwise 'ami l.ni " marria^-e to Hi» i>..; i '""^; ami that her instance of condescen^nn"'" 'f •''^ ^vo.ulerful cheerful adS 'is ^^S,"!' "'^ ^'^''- This ^-od to ^:^i=r-rra- wlfenl^e bi^dit'pa^rr':' T'^^^ ' '^"•^ «ing, theymaketrri^''^f°tb°- *'■■"''•' "»'> "ity. Addressing LTarens^n'"' "!'''"'•''' ulate them on 7i,' .'''"'?' thoyconsrrat ji-ghte.bu^^ath^^-S";:^^;:';/'"^'-^ the verv inadenuitn n„r, i ^^'-h them on tho hridegmorims ai^'''T'^,''''"'^ ^^'"^'^ hride that she is thn' ^ . ?'"'>' ^oH the tiie tribe, that ]. 'r coLC '''7'-^ ^''^ '" lute pcrf^ction/^^a" ..i"' '-^' 'r*"." «''«"- THE WEDDING DANCE. 88 vitl A;'Vat"i '"' o?^' nucha hard bargain .;cih..'a'it/th,;;\sZ:;!U"^ ::;yffi (Iw^'iIh '""''' .''.'""=''• "10 leader -usually he father -addresses a speech to the con nxcte.l couple ; ami, if the bdd ■ .r ,U bo" taking a wife for the' llrst time, cm lantitv ''luo,™ " ^'''■•' H ''"'H-l upon im bj thfmoreexrKiriel.Jd'S^S^^':^;;-^^ I "wIoi;i 1 ^;'\ *•' ""^"">' «"cnti.^n k 1, V w V ' •'""" '^ '-'"-'iclor, he canno not to make too irequent use of the stick •y way of gaining of.ediencc. Men he is old, can manage any number of'' wive" without using per-sonal violence; but bovs arc apt o be too h,vsty with th'eir ia2s! 1 he husband of U;iinto, whoso a.lventum have a iva.ly been related, mmle a curioim stipu atioi, when thus addressed, and pron! se not to heat her if she did mt heat him. 'ic of 'It'"' • 'V^'^^^^y energetic cluJ: condithmtnS ^"'^ ""'^ ^""'^ « ^viso All (iiese preliminaries being settled i\m hridegrooni seats himself on°the r,' ;„,„t while the bride .lances before hi n. -^w ' .so doing she takes the opportun tv <.f c"l ^^^l "IlI"-l>>-ious .!,;ithets,'£:i<^ S in nis lace, disarranges li s elegant heid jr.-.ss,and tak.'s similar liberties^ y w ^ f letting h,m know that he is not her ml^t ^ su'h ^!^iSr '' """■'^'^ «'>" ^^'" '■'^'^ no iasj'':i^d';s:ri:^,;^--^e--Mho -::;.^;;^;ie£d£"-^"---^ (i>„ <„■ • l'"Mlegooi possessin<' a wiCo the tax IS more apparent tl an real" In fh' ihrst i.lace, he considers that aU hese ovJn form part of the price which 1^ pa ys f ,r Tie wfe in question, and looks upon Vhen much ;w&asl;tl^^trS'S.i^T^,t When a missionarv w.-w trvinrr in r.^ jnonstrate with a Katflr for lS"f. M .he" noting Zr^'or^rtinn^hh'"*'. '1" ""? I -Sen ?|^ IS St -SS :iif ;mS 86 THE KAFFIR. Himiile enough, and perfectly iinanswemlile. " White men do not btiy th(>ir wives, and llie two eiusew are not parullel." In fact, II Kiilllr husliand'M idea of a wife doe» nctt dilfcr very far from that of Petrnehio, nltliouf,di the latter did liappon to be an European — ^"I will bo iiiaHtor of what is iiiliio own; 81i<' is my ;;im>i1m, iii^- cliatti'ls, nliii is my hoiiac, My IkiiiscIiiiIiI Ntull, my tU'Ul, my liiini, My liorso, my ox, my ivss, my iiiiyt'iiiii;." And the Kaffir wife's idea of a husband is practically that of the tamt^d Katheriiu; — "Thy luisliaiid is tliy lord, thy kecpi^r, Tliy IkskI, thy HovcrtMun" — thoutfli she could by no niiiinier of n»eans linisii the speech with truth, and say that he lidiors for b(!r whili^ she al)ide8 at "home at ease, and asks no other tribute but obe- dience and love. The former portion of that tribute is exacted; the latter is not so rare as the eircumstanees seem to de- note. Tbe sums which a Kalhr pays for his wil(^ he considers as property invested by himself, and expected to return a <^ood inlerc)*! in the lonj? run, and, as has already been mentioned, there are often circum- stances under which he t.ikes credit for the amount, and ex])eets to hi; re]iaid. So, allh(iviL,'h a bri(le;,'room is obliged to part with certain cattle on the occasion of his wedding, he keeps a very accurate mental account of them, and is sure to repay him- self in one way or another. After the ()\ of the (iirl has l)een fur- nished, it is solemnly slaughtered, and this constitutes the binding portion of tlic mar- riiige. Up to tliat time tlu! father or fiwner of the girl might take her back a-ain, of course returning the cattle that had been naid for lier, as well as those which h.td neenjiresented and slaughtered. Our hero- ine, IJzinto, aflbrded an examjilc of this kind. The bridegroom had a natural anti- ])athy to the chief, who had tried to marry tin; iadv by force, and sliowed his feelings by Sending the very smallest and thinnest ox that could be found. The chief remon- strated at this insult, and wanted to anmd the whole transaction. In this he might have succeeded, but for a curious coin- cidence. The father of tlie bride had finally quarrelled with his chief, and had been forced to follow the examiile of his daughter and her intended husb.tnd, and to take refuge in Nat.tl. Just at the wed- ding he unexpectedly made his appearance, and found himself suddenly on the w.ty to wealth. His daughter was actually being married to a man who liad engagedi to jiny t«n cows for her. So he did not trouble himself in the least about the size of the ox that wa,s to be slaughtered, })ut accepted the animal, and accordingly became owner of the cows in question, miniiH those which h v\ to hv i)aid as honorary gifts to the dis- •ip|)ointed chief and the .-tuccescful lover, After the ceremonies are i>ver, the hus- band takes his wife liomc, tlie character of that homo l)eing dependent on Ins rank nnd weallli. Hut when the couple have fairly takru up llieir alxxle, tbe iatluT or previous owner of tlni wife always sends one ox to her husband. 'J'liis ox is called the Ox of tile Hurjilus, and represents sev- eral ideas. In the first i)laee it is Kuppo»( d to imply that the girl's value vi ry far ex- c(!eds that of any number of oxen wbicli can 1)0 given for hei', and is intended to let tlie bridegroom know that he is not to think too much of iiimself Next, i( is an a ■ disappoint- ed in his wishes for a large fainily of boys and girls, tbe first to be warriors anil extend the jiower of his house, and the second to be sold for many cows and increa.se his wealth. So curiously elaborate are tlie customs of the Kaflirs. that when this Ox of the Surplus enters the kraal of the husband it is called by another name, and is then entitled " ThV Ox that ojiens the Cattle-fold." 'J'he theory of this name is, that flic husband hits jiiiiil for his wife all his oxen, and that in couhc- (juence the cattle-fold is empty. Ihit flii' ox that she brings with her reojiens tin' gate of tlie fold. aii Knflirs will pretend that there is no ceremony at all, in order to put their interrogators off the track. T\w foregoing' account is, however, a tfderably hdl descrip- tion of the ceremonies that "are, or have been, jinactised by the ^reat Zulu tribe. A marriage thiis made is considered quit* as liinding a« any ceremony among our- .selvtis, and the KafUr may not put away lii« minuH tlioHO which ry jjitts to th«! dis- uccesclul loviT, lire iiviT, thi- hii«- inc, lh(! I'liiiraftcr iidi'iil on liiH rank the I'onplt^ have ode, till! iiithcr or \vit(! ulwaytt hciuIh 'J'hiH ox is calkMl nd rcpri'sciits hcv- aee it is siniiiOHcd value VI ry lar I'x- ir of oxen ■Nvliich nd is intended to w that he is not hiniHeir. Next, it ther'H Hide that he iisaetion, and that lit :ivenKe hininelf r'w iiisehold, and to I ■ disapjioint- i larjre I'anidy of t to he warriors )f liiH lio\ise, and for many cows Ih. So ciirionsly lis of the Kallirx, lie Surplus enlern id it is called liy en entitled " ThV fold." The theory husliand has ])iii(l and that in eonne- einpty. I'ut the her reo]iens the iioked upon as an it ai'e to h(! pur- 's which she may her married lite. ronfjly remind ii^ ii; the eountinjr nf liatelied. hut the I) that pi'iinaturv I than one. 'stand that thef>« ereinonies arc nut I'cisely the saiiic , especially wlieii iir any length (if 111 of wliile mill, ly ceremony; the rranKemeiU with r, the delivery uf r of the ])urehii.si'ii husliand. ^lore- r white men to hi' lies, and in many lend that there is rder to put their k. The forciroinn rahly full descriji- hat are, or have xt Zulu triljc. s considered quit* lony amonjj oar- not put away hi' POWER OF DIVORCE. wife except for cauHi that are considered valid hy the coiinfillors of the trihe. In- fidelity i.s, of urn punished hy instant (lisinis.sal of tl, mI thful wife, if not hy her death, the hu, i ,te invariably hefall- 111^' the erriiiir wi(^ ot a chief. As for the o[\u'v enlprit, the ,i^?Krieved hushand lias nun at his mercy, and soimiinies puts him to death, but Hoifietinies eoinmntes thai liunislnneiii torahc - v tine. Constant and Bysteinatie soheihiiice in also accepted as ft valid eaii ,. of divurce, and ho is ineor- riKiltle idlenes.s. The process of -■ soninL' IS, that the husband has bought I >vmnan in order to perforin certain tasks i,.r Jiim. If she refiisi's to perforin them tliroii"!, (Iisobei lenee, or iiinits to perform tlii^n throiiirh idleness, is clear that ho has paid us money for a worthless article, and is th.r. fore entitled to return her on the liiii ot the vendor, and to receive hack a I;,. proportion of the sum which ho has pant, bometimes she thinks herself ill treated and betakes herself to the kraal pt her father. In this case, the father l^an keel) her by jiayins •)ack the cattle wliich he hiw received for her; and if there Hhould be any children the husband retains them aa hostages until the cattle have been de- livered. Ho then transfers thein to the niotlier, to whom they rightly belong Another valid cause of "divorce is (he mis Ortuno of a wife biding childless. The uisband expects that she shall be a fruit- lul wiie, and that his children will add to Ins power and wealth; and if she does not lulhl this expectation, he is entitled to a divorce. Generally ho sends the wife to the kraal of her lather, who propitiates the siurits of her ancestors by the sacrilicc of an ox, and bea;s them to remove the cause of divorce. She then goes back to her hus- band, but if .she should still continue child- ess, she IS sent back to her father, who is bound to return the cattle which he has received for her. Sometimes, howwer, a modi ieation ot this system is erajiloyed, and the father gives, m addition to 'the wile, one of her unmarried sisters, who IS hoped may better fulfil the wishes of the husband, the father would rather fol- «.w this plan than consent to a d vorcc because he then retains the cattle, an 1 to give up a single ox causes pangs of sorrow ... a Kafllr's brea.st. Should tlu s st^r ^ «•<....« a fruitful wife, one or two of the cWl- dren are transferred to the former wm and ever afk^rward considered a:j belon^-' ing to her hou.se. "eion., All those dctfiils remind the ohserver of smular details in the Mosaic law of mar r.age,and, in point of fact,^the social con- dition of the^ Kaffir of the' present ay s" not very different (Vom that of the Is 87 gated through ;i,/: It T^^V^f^L ,, of the customs are IdenticaT, and in others there is a similitude that is almost startlinL' Hut, as far as the facility of divorce go,., the K.iHIr certiimly seems to looK upon niarn.. ■, even though he may have an unhmii i number of wives. With more reverence than did the. am i nt Israelite Miel he would not think of divorcing a wifj • 'b I, iner.- caprice of the moment ' saneiioiied by the traditions of the •Jews, tliough not by their divinely given Htill, though ho does not, as a general rule, think himself Jusliflod in sui^li arbi- trary divorces, he eon.siders himself •'ifteil with an irresponsible niiiliority ove"- his uives, ,.ven to the power of ||f,. und doatli. II, for example, a husband in a fit of passion were^to kill his wife — a circumstance that lius freipiently occurred — no one has any business to interfere in the matter, for a.'- cordiii;,' to his view of tiie case, she is bis prope. . bought, and pahl for, and he b.is .piat a.s iiuich right to kill her as if she were (me of his goats or oxen. Her fivther can- not proceed against the murdrr.'r, fo,- be has no further right in his .JMugbler, hav- ..19 Hol'l her auif received the stiinilatcd price The man has, in fact, destroyed valuable property of his „wn -p, oporty which might be soM for , ows, and which wfw expected to wo,; for iiini, and produce offspring oxchangealile for cous It is thought, therefore, that if he chooses to inflict upon himself so severe a loss no one ha.s an v more right to interfere ^vitli h.rn than if he were to kill a number of oxen m a fit of passion. Sometimes, how- ever, the chief lias been known to take such a matter in hand, and to fine the de- linipient m a cow or two for dostroviii" a sown, formed a unit in the strength of 1.0 tribe, and over which he, as tlTe ac- knowledged father of the tribe had aTuWs- hction. Ihit, even in such rare instances 1.18 interference, although it would be made ostensibly for the sake'of justice, wouK icality be an ea-sy mode of adding to his own wealth by confiscating the cattle which lie demanded as a fhie from the culprit. iJotween married jiorsons and their rela- tives a very singular code of etiquette pre- allowed to marry any one to whom he is related by bloorl. He may marry two or more sisters, provided that they come from ad.tferent family from his own, but he may .i<>t t4ikea wife who descended from his own ..nmediate ancestors. Hut, like the ancient tiebrews, a man may not only marry the wife of a decoa.sed brother, hut considers himself bound to do so in justice to the wh:;''t^Vn"h''""' ^'"''''••^" °*" •»« brother! iTotst'own"'"' *^ ^" '"^^'^^^ «»^ P- mei!t'i;„.^.?r'r'"' ^"^"f^^ whicJi has been mentioned lies in the social conduct of IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 2.5 2.2 i.8 1.25 1.4 III 1.6 ^ 6" .. V] />^ ■/# Photographic Sderices Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 v ■1>' \\ '' :^ >» ''itlve custom extends. In the case of a chief, his igama may not be spoken by any belonging to his kraal; and in the case of a king, the law extends to all his sub- jects. Thus, a Kalflr will not only refuse to speak of Panda by his name, l)ut when he has occasion to speak of the root impande, he sul)stitutes another word, and calls it " ingxabo." A Kaffir does not like that a stranger should even hoar, his igama, for he has a hazy sort of idea that the knowledge might be used for some evil purpose. One of my friends, who lived in KalHrland for some years, and employed a considerable number of the men, never could induce anv of them to tell him their igama, and found that they W(,ul(l always prefer to be called by some English name, such as Tom, or Billy. At last, when ho had attained a tolerable idea of the langu.ige, he could listen to their conversation, and so find out the real names by which they addressed each other. "When he had mastered these names, he took an oi)portunity of addressing each man by his igama, and frightened them exceedingly. On hearing the word spoken, thjy started as if they had been struck, nnd laid their hands on their mouths in horrified silence. The very fact that .s entirely discomfited this sort of tactics. In a song in honor of Panda, a part of which has already been quoted, a great number of isi-bongas are introduced. It will be therefore better to give the song entire, and to explain the various allusions in their order. It must bo remembered that in his earlier days Panda, whose life wa-s originally spared by Dingan, when ho murdered Tchaka and the rest of the fam- il,V, was aft(;rward obliged to flee before hiin, and very ingeniously contrived to get off safely across the river bv watchiu'T his opportunity while the army of Ding.an was eng.aged in another direction, ife then made an alli.ance an alli.ance with the white men, brought a large force against Dingan, and occasion If ;a tu .., i- r'"'. >- c^^^'iuercd him, driving him far beyond the occasion. It is then according to etiquette I bouudarica, and euding by having^ hhnself null 90 THE KAFFIR. E flS. "I ^?°^^ *^^ "»« Zulu tribes, llus hght took pliito at the Makonko ami of- Pamli or u. ^"i '""""^ praise-names "1. 2. 3. 4. 6. «. 7. 8. a :;o. ;i. 12. IS. 14. 15. Ki. 17. IH. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. ^'"/o,.rf:;f °^ '•'' ^'-■''"'''*' 'considerate A stmdlow which fled in the ski, ■ A Hwallow with a .vl.i.skerf.l Weasf Whose ciitt (( was ever ui h» h ii,irii.ti . TheyHt,nnb.edtor;oomrho rS^ar'"''' r 10 I la.se adoHT of the valor of a^.f.t „ 77i'.'//t oj the bulluck of Inhikcwini ^' Always jlelioious if only 'tis roast,',! .1 will always be ta.steless if |„^h.,i ' r .0 woman front Mankebo i,s de iL'hto.I ■ She lia.s .see., the leopards of Ja. ^l ' 1 >Klit...g toRother bet«-een the Makonko "'^v,"K■„£u^'=' ■"»'•'■*"-.. I.. black!" ' " '"o«acc/* who art lis nsscption that ivli.-n they canio to 2 .M 1 ..mla coiiqucroil Dinga,,. tin,", s",W,' « relate to .l,„ „„„„„t „f ,„^J^ J 'j " by langiiis lliem over the lireiS.S I,? which Paiitla reigned ; "the word -zZ'" nioan.ns cele.stial, and having n.uejfthn f..n4"';fva?.\i°£,irhir„"r,h°r i£,:a/l:rrtzrs'izi;;a';*;- \: "'.» ' itncr, with the word " son " Dri'tivn,! prai.se-name is .onti.!Sily \'ha ;?nf '' ""' Fortunately, the Zulu {-.nsua^e fs con, I'lex in Its structure, and its purity Ts tX which arc held, and the displays of ora o rv which a ways accompany th im."^ O her v^s/ this curious custom of .substitutiro- Spn' ril.v one wo-d for an.)ther St"have nn PHHiy that the natives who had left tl,,.!.. own country, and returned Xfal-iLnf mvv be ' Vh"'' ^\'''" "^ ^'« ««"'« ^Vive's notice, and she retires. But, when he is h? (iisatJvantaM, and cannot enter her own house until he has left it. This rule hou ever, is seldom kept in all its sT^ c^nes's ami 1 (Iced such literal obedience is hardly' nos j'oble, because the eldest son very sel.G" leaves his father's kraal iinti" he Ls iir • ed at least two wives. 1„ coiseom nr nf "e IhT kKT' '— n'ncTorthrJ I hm,,,i, n u ''''^■" «-ontrived to evade it The Serh^ ,'''''''" ""* "''^"'^ abandoned t.' tit:. *f 'Y'r-in-law presents an ox to his son's « fe an their several 3, that a man poles for the ives, in going to the Ham3 Spot, would be careful to choose a di lerent pith. AVhen he has cut the wood he walks olF, leaving his wives to per- Orm the really heavy labor of bringing it iDine, and no man would ever *^^hink of iwmstmg a woman in so menial a labor. -I here are now before me several photo- graphs representing women eairying bun- dles of sticks, and it is wonderful what huce burdens these hard worked women wTll carry. A man will not even lift the wood .on the head of his wife, but expects tha one of her own sex will "Assist her. Some- times, when a numlier of women are re- turning (rom wood cutting, walking in sin-de le' he.id "'A'';/"^''^'»' ■'' "boy ""will take me head of the procession. But he will a stick, and bears nothing but his weanons and perhaiis a small shield. weapons. The unceremonious manner in which httle less singular than the cheerful acnui- esceuce with wliicli they obevX en "aands of their sable masiis ^^Once w In niMU m a most peremptorv tone It turned out that Din^un had suddenly taken into h.s iiead to buiTd a new kraal and Ind ordered all the women into thf bush to , ro pons. In a few minutes a vast nTinil r r o female voices were heard i nitih- Tn ^ FoudT^ '»f,>°"^^' ^^Weh becam " oudfr an ou.ier as the numbers of the sin-ers^n- m-ased on their mustering ground a o bushes on her head, they werf siuS 'ong .a Uistance and so heavily laden Tlw> '• \ t. •;'■., .".'^'"'^"y consisted of one lin.. -nWS'asr^--t belong to the s no race Th''''^ ^^^"^ *" rule, are excei, n-illl «„"' "'•'"' "^ a humanity; and iS ^T- T'^'l™^"^ "*" bones, woolly lla'rS thick ^'^'' ''''^?«'^- aerveasmoditoril^;!;;,t^!^i.^-«;^ IXFERIOR P0SITI02^ OF 'WOMEN". 91 I is tall, their forms are elastic and muscular .;ind their .step is free and noble, as bWies' he gait of warriors. In all these respects luvy arc certainly not inferior to Europeans n„ the very best price is always to be obtained for ^he bes/ article int la, . l,,erofapoor man, or dependant s oblig,.,'. to work hard and' live ban a i the n.atuial consequence is, that she has scarce y anv real youth, and that her form m sjjoiled by the heavy labors which n^ nnposed upon her at an age whe all U o bodily powers ought to be employe in aid! mg to the jjhysical energy of her ■■mo Therefore, when such a gi^l is old e S to be married, she is thin, careworn and coarse and no one will give very much fbr her. Indeed, if she should be married she knuil of hex husband is little more than that of a purchased drudge. The daughter of a wealthy man on the con rary undertakes but little of the "call v hard work which fidls to the lot of her sei^ TLx%^^'\'\r' ""''^y """^^'^'1' but e^cour-' •iged to eat the most fattening food with "ls rudi nf ''''" ''O'^I'ared with the ordfnary ludge of every-c.a> life, she is by far tlib S'.'"'"''"'''"-.^'^'! ^"^^ f^''^"'- '« sure to btain a very much liigher price for her than would Imve been tin case if she hid been forced to do hard labor Thus ti o .ree great requisites of a Kaffir gid are tliat she should be fat, strong, and have a tolerably good-looking face. This hast q.iahfication is, however,''subordinate to the other two. That she is fat, shows that sho has not been prematurely worn out b hard tTnt'\.etn"he''HV^"''4^^'«'^«« V^S cnat she will be able to do plenty of work wnf. 'f .'"'''■'■'''«^'' "»^ tl»at the purchaser :.i'ted hisTouel:"'^ '^ ^'^^'^ ^' ^^ ^ CHAPTER XI. "WAR— OFFENSIVE WEi\J?ONS. THE KAFPIB Mn.ITABr SPIRIT, HOW GENERATED, AND HOW FOSTERED -DREAD OF TITE rJfKNOWN- ABTILLEUV-IT3 MORAI, EFFECT ON THE KAFFIIi-NATIVB NAJIE FOR CANNON - OR.iANMZATlON OF THE ARMY-WEAI.ON8 USED BY THE ZULU TUIBES-miMlTIVB FORMATION OF THE SITAul MATERIAL USED FOR SFEAR-HEADS - ZULU Hl-EAHS, OB " A88AOAIS " -THE ZULU A8 A 1.1 VCK" BMITH-SHAPE OF THE ASSAOAI HEAD-THE KAFFHt's PREFERENCE FOR SOFT HTFFI -THE KAFFIR KNIFE AND AXE-IUST-RESISTINO PROPBRTY-THB KAFFIR FOHOE AND l.FIK.WS- SMELTINO IRON-A KAFFIR CHIEF ASTONISHED -LE VAILLANT INSTRUCTING niE NATIVFS IN THE USE OF THE FORGE - WIRE-DRAWING AND WORKING IN BRASS -HOW THE KAFFIR CA'.TS AND MODELS BRASS - DIFFICULTIES IN IRON WOBKIN(i -HOW A KAFFIR OUTAINS FIRE -TEMPER OF ASSAGAI HEADS- ASSA" will con(|uer the country, restore to their king all the fugitives wlio have run awav froin him, iind inflame their own minds, and those of the young ami ignorant, bv glowing dc- scriptioas of the rich spoil which would iiill to the conquerors, of the herds of cattle, the tons of beiwls, the quantities of fire-arnis and ammunition, and, in fact, the unlimited sup- ORGANIZATION^ OF THE ARMY. OF THE rJfKNOWN — •iNON — OKI 1 A N I ZATION no.V OF TIIK SI'KAU — IK ZULU AH A m,ACK- K SOKT STinci, — THK {OK AND IlKI.I.Owa — IN;in« Tliolr men are organized into re-TJmenta cacli subdivided into eomj.anies, an I each' while the king, .as commanding g,>n.-ral leads his forces to war, disposes tliem i , 'batt arr.ay, ami personally directs lluii m vo- meiits. They give an enemv notice that they are .al)out to march against hini and bold ly meet him in the open ti,.l,|. Tlu-vX a military etiquette about them which some °lZ "'n ''""'•'" ^'''^''' '""■» •'^'•'^v t" '""K-r- stan I. They once sent a mess.ago to the English commander that they woidd "eome and brcakliist with him." lie Ihou-I it w.a8 only a .joke, and was verv I'h sur- prised when the Kaffirs, true to' their prZ- "o. came pouring like a torrent ovc'r the hills, leaving him barely time to get his .arnV.^" ''""' ^"^'""^ ''"' '^'''^ ^'^'^'"""' As, in Kaffir w.arfare, much stress is laid upon the weapons, offensive and defensive with which the troops are armed, it w be ecessary to give a des< lipti.m' of t lu^r we.apons before wo pro.-...,! anv further They .are but few and simple, and' con ist of '?r/i:!^T'''-''-;5''«i'''T''"'^"'^'''-^^ m!Lfl^r "''''' '"'''^'''^ '''■'^^'^ ^^' '^^^ Almost every n.ation has its distinguish- n- weapmis or, at all events, one weapon which IS held in greater estimation thai C other .and which is never used m skiKi 1 v a.s by itself. The Australian savage Is ^ boomerang, a weapon which cannot be used nghtly except by an Australian. M m y Jiuropeans can throw it so as to make it ner- orm some triffin.r evolution in the a r but there are none wlio can re.ally use it as an IheDvak has his sumpitan, and th" Maeou- . ue Indian his analogous wenp,.n, t Tar- il)atai a through which are blown 1 e flnv P"isone< arrows, a hundred of wh h can e held in the han.l, and ea,.], one o f 1 ieh as de.at^i upon its point. The (ihoorka has his kookery, the heavv curved kiiifl> uifK which he will killatijer In'.i.'^Siu^Vnd boldly attack civili;,ed sol,li,.rs in s t^ of their more elaborate arms. Then the Sikh has he strange quoit weap.,n r chSra which skims through the .air o, ri c eS from the ground, and does frightful "xecu tion o„ nie toe The Esquimaux 1 vMhelr harpoons, which will serve eitlu-r for eateh- mg seals or .assaulting the euemv. Tho Polynesians have their t(>rrible swords and gauntlets .armed with the tcelh of shirks each of which cuts like a lancet and in li tfo wound which, t^iough not dan4o ' "/ self becomes so when multiplied bv the seor„ Sjyf ^''^ "'^ "'-^ -"^^ sensi^ive'ir^c^- Some of these we.apons .ar(. neculiar in shape, and are not usJ.l in o her cm Srie? men'tw'"^ ""'' n^-'HHc.ati.I ..fof mpl^' ments of warfare spread over a great part of f 94 THE KAFFIR. ■ i the globe, and nltorcd in shape and size to Hint tli(( lociilily. Of such a nature is tlio K^ji't'iiil \vt':i|i<)n of (in- ICiidlrs inliiihiliii^ tlie >iaUil (listnct, tho sll>;ht-l(Hil\in^ but nioi^l t'ormidtiblo s]wtir or u.ssiigai. Thu tt|)i'ur in oni) of tb(! «iniiiii'Mt of all wt'upons, the HiiupicHl of all fxci^plln.q; ll\i) club. In its priinitivi' slato the; spear in nothinj» but a stick of Lfvcatcr or lender lcn;^th, 8har])cnc(l at one cud. The Ix^st example of tiiis prim- itive spear may Ik^ found in Borneo, wIuto till! \v(!apon is made in a few niintilcs by takimj; a piece of baml)oo of convenient len;j;tli, and ctittiiiL; oH" one end diagonally. The next improvement in spear makin<; wa.s to put the poitited end in the lire for a few moments, 'fhis ])rocess enabled lh(! s])ear maker to scrape the point more easily, while the charred wood was rendered hard, and capable of resisliuj^ damp better than if it had bet\n simply scraped to a [)oint. SjX'ars of thi.s kind are to be found in almost (^'cry primitive savaj^o tribe. A further improvement now takes jilace. The point is ariiu^d with some material harder than wood, which material may be bone, horn, stone, metal, or other similar substance. Some iial ions arm the heads of their spears with sharp flakes of Hint or obsidian. Some tiji Ihein with the end of a sharp horn, or even with the claws of a mammal or a bird — the kangaroo, emu, and cassowary beinj;; used for this singular jmr- pose. Ill many parts of the earth, the iiivorite s|)ears arc armed with the teeth of sharks, while others are headed with the tail spine of the sting-ray, which not only pcnetratis deejily, but breaks into the wound, and always causes death. These additions to the spears, together with oth- ers formed of certain inarine shells, arc neees.sarily the ])roducti()ns of tribes tliat inhabit certain islands in the warmer seas. The last and grenlest improvement that is made in the manufacture of speara is the abolition of all additions to the head, and making the head itself of metal. For this purpose iron is generally used, partly bo- cause it takes a sliarp edge, and partly because it can be easily forged into any required shajie. The natives of Southern Africa are wonderful proticient* in forging iron, and indeed a decided capability for the blacksmith's art seems to be inherent in the natives of Africa, from north to south and from east to wi'st. None of the tribes can do very much witii the iron, but the little which they require is worked in perfection. As is the case with all uncivilized beings, the whole treasures of the art are lavished on their weapons ; and so if wo wish to see what an African savage can do with iron, wc must look at his .spears, knives, and arrows ~ the latter indeed being but speara in miniature. The heads of the Kaffir's speara are extremely variable in form, some being a morn spiko, but tho gcneralltv being Idado shaped. Very few are bartieil, and the ordinary shape is that whi(di is seen several times in the illustration on page lO.'J. Still, wherever the blade is adoi>ted,"it has always one peculLvrity of structure, whether it be plain or barbed. A raised ridge passes along the centre, and the blade is convex on one side of the ridge, and concave on the other. The reason of this ciiriruis structure seems to be twofold. In the lirst place, it is iiossible that this structure of the blade acts niiich as the feathers of an arrow, or the spiral groove on the rifle balls invented by Dr. Croft, and which can be used in smooth bore barrels. (!olonel IjUUv Fox llnds that if a thread be tied to the point of an assagai, and the weapon be thrown with great care, so tliat no revolving force is given by the thrower, the thread is found spirally twisted round the head and shatt by the time that the weajum has touched the ground. That certainly seems to bo one reason for the tbrm. Another reason' is, that a blade thus slhajied can be sharp- ened very easily, when it becomes bhiiit. Nothing is needed but to take a flint, or even the back of a common knife, and scr .pe it along the edge, and, if properly d(me, a single such scrape will sharpen the weapon afresh. The head is always inado of soft iron, and so vields easily to the shariieiiing process. The reader 'may re- member that tho harpoons which we use for whale hunting nvo. always made of the softest inm; were they made of steel, the lirst furious tug of the Avhale might snap them, while, if they were to become blunt, they could not be sharpened without much trouble and hard work at the grindstone. Setting aside tlio two questions of rota- tory moti(m and convenienct! of nbarj)cning, it is ])ossiblo that the jieciiliar structure of the blade may bo owing to the fact that such a structure would jiroduci? the greatest amount of strength with the least amount of material. The sword bayonet of the Chassejiot rifle is made; on a similar juin- eiple. AVhether the Kaflir is aware of fliis princiide and forges his spear head in acconlance with it, is aiiothi'r point. The reader, better informed than the Kallir, may I)erha])s remember that the identical prin- ciple is carried out in the " corrugaled ' iron, now in audi general use for buildings, roofs, and similar purposes. Kaffirs have a great fbndncaa for imple- menta made of soft iron, and prefer a knife made of that material to the l)est blade that Sheffield can produce. They admit that for some purposes the steel blade is superior to their own, but that for ordinary woik nothing can compare with the soft iron. The ateel blade breaks, and is useless, while the soft iron only bends. Moreover, when they want to scoop out a hollow in a piece of wood, such OB the bowl of a spoon, the i m •iilltv hi'inrt Mudo l)iirl)(!(l, jiiiil llio :h Ih Hccn HCivcnil 1 i);ig(! 1(W. Still, iti'd, it Itns alwavH Pf, whether it ho sed ridife passcH l)la(l(^ iM cdnvex 1(1 concaves on (he curious .s|rn<'lur(i the lirst place, it tun; of tlu' Made * of an arrow, or lie hallH invented can he used in iloiud Lan(^ Fox ed to the point of 1 be thrown with 'Volving force is threail is found ! head and nhatt pon has touched ily siM'Uis to ho Another reason' ;(1 can he sharp- ; becomes blunt. ) take a Hint, or nnon knil'c, and and, if properly will sharpen thu is always made [Is easily to the reader may re- i which we uso ays made of the a of (sharjiening, iliar structure of to the fact that luc(( the greatest he least amount bayonet of the I a similar jirin- is aware of tliis spear head in her point. The II the Kallir, may e identical prin- le " corrugated '' ISC for buildings, tlnesa for Implo- ul prefer a knife e l)est blade that ■y admit that for (fade is superior • ordinary woik 1 the soft iron. is useless, while Moreover, when jllow in a piece of a spoou, the tl ' 'c n n.L . / " '''''''"'*'^" ^"'-V''' '"»'J muM i.in ni.ike, at a niouhuil's notice a «m,go NWlh any degree ,,r,urvuture Vile las n.she,fln.work,luHu.lsthe^b^^^^^^ on .1 ii.u stoiio, and beats t straii-iil il^iIm ... a ew seconds. The Kaillr kun^i ,*:," all Ike our own, but. is shaped just like tl '■ad of an assa-ti. 1,, using it, lu'g,'s ^..; hand e, just as artists reprcl^ent s^.s hol.hng daggers, and not J we hold k niv "s II.! always euls away from himself, s is •s own on pag, 7;i, }io. 1; aud, chnn, v , s . H ...ode of UHin. ;, knife may a.,.. 'a ■' |^..^ h .. en have often learned to appr "iale f, q7'iiu"Sii,r^--'-'-rd;: Iv'.m!-" wi' "'""''' !'" ^''° ^°"'« "Wde by a ;mTr- '^"'"P^i and used in Southern ^Atnea are still less useful. Bi'ln^ , ' i^qi.an.led with this fact, both tiSers nd Be ers are apt to sp'end .nu.'K.ne; W. u. tiud to be without the le.-wt Va e .^various countries, the axe may bowmen 'Country. EuiJ.Mnlus tl.,V^..,r , "* ''"'" used so universally in Kontl.,.,.., w- ■ • liPfsl iropeau make rr;a ' "^""^ ^ that of Eu- the pro Sy of i^shirn^^T'^'^'^'-^, ''"-^ rustiiKT. If •^,, p„;.^f' -^""S damp without % thelinest qlSyKfl h ';r^' ''''' '''' 'II night, and bv t^ie svii / 1" «P''n air a-'^ag.-ei, the forifiei wil be° '' "" f-^'»'"« g...st wfiile tJie latter! "a^br^^r'J.' ''''^ loach is the case win. n "">?nt its over. Vc brought ^^EiT-^anrTt T'^'"'-'. ^'^''^^ this freedom from rS mav be ^'T^^^^^^^ ,a process similar to hat XS :"^^'»r' '^-^ ii.i the manufacture of leoliill ,''™l''»ye'l namely, that wlii .. tl S<^"'os cal liammers, plunged iXoln,! ^Slei^f 'ihllS;'""^^'^"^'' "^ ^^^^^^^ Among ih., Kallirs, a blacks.nid, is a m-m « to prepare the bellows. The tbr i w M , h 1.0 uses prevails over a very la r n , , .|h m A(ri,,.a, an.l is seen, with son. f" w' d . ^, eve., among the many islamlT ''fc I >.iOH.a. It eonsisU of two leather., su'ks ,^ 1.0 uj.per e..d .,f which is a ha. d e To Jl n ')W."r end of each sack is atta.'iie I the ho ',., w).:, "'"" '""•''' commonlv used- (he bellows blower is ob.i.rmiV "'•>'., "O harder than woT.U ?n n " ' ^" V''"k ".tich JrecisHv" •* .?^^'VP««"« u-se! la 1 V owfof a If ' h ""ffi'^ter'","""" *• m THE KAFFIR. onrthanward tiibo, and tho hollows aro then tiiMti.ni'd in thoir placiiH, ho that llui nackH aro conv(>ni<>ntly (nHpoHi^d for tho hands oC tiio operator, who hIih botwoen thoni. A ohariitMl llio is thim laid in tho holo, and is Hoon liron<,'tit to a poworftd heat by moans of tho ItoilowM. A liir<{or Htono Morvon tho purpoHc of iiu anvil, and a smallor Btonc (loot* duly f<"" ft hainnicr. Homotlmos the hanimirlH inado of a conical plcco of iron, i)nt in inoul ciihch a wlono Is connhhirod snf- ilcU'nt. Tlic rouKh woik of hanunorinfi; the iron into nliiipo in gonorally dono by the chief blacksniitli's anHiHtiuits, of whom he has several, nil of whom will ponnd away at the iron in re^nlar Huecession. The Hhniiinjj; and linisliing tho article ts reserved by llie Niiiilli for liiniself. Tho other tools are Hn and simple, and consist of jnmehes and rude pincers made of two rods of iron. With lliesi^ inHtniinents tho KatJlr smith can cast brass into varions ornaments. Sometimes he jjonrs it into a cylindricoi moidd, so as to mal chief smith is at the left of the enj;ravin n.ssistant or apprentice blacksmith, busily iiannnerinj? witli a conical stone at tho spear head which is being forged, and at his sicie lie one or two finished head.s. Behind tljcm. nnollur smith is hard at work with a huge stone with which ho is crushing the ore. On the right hand of the illustration is seen tlie reed iVncc is supported by being lashed to a mimosiu Somo jars of beer stijnd witliin the shadow of tho fence for tho occa- sional refreshment of the blacksmiths. How the blacksmith contrives to work without burning Ids right hand is rather unintelligible. I have handled tho conical hammer, and find that the hiind is brought 80 close to tho iron that, when it is 'heated to a glowing redness, tho eflbct upon the fingers must be singularly unpleasant, not to mention tlie sparks that fly about so lib- erally when heated iron is struck. Some- times, when a native is making small objects, he takes a tolerably large hammer, reverses it, and drives tlie small end deeply into the ground. The face of the hanuner is then unpermost, and answers us an anvil, on whi(di no works with a hammer of smaller size. Although th" IwUows which a KafTlr makes ar(> sutllciently powerAd to enable him to melt brass, and to for^c! iron into various shapes, they do not s(>em to give a siilllciently strong and continuous blast, to enal>le him to weld Iron together. Mr. Moflhtt men- tions a curious anecdote, which illustrates this point, lie was visiting AIoselckatHc, tlu) king of the northern division of tlic^ Zulu tribes, and very much frightened tho savage monnndi by the sight of' the wagon, tlio wheels of which stH'med to his ignorant mind to be endowt^d with motion by some magic power. His greatist wonder was, however, excited by the tire of the wheel, as ho could not comprehend how such a piece of iron could be made without the jiuiction of tho ends being visible. A native who had accompaiued Mr. Moll'att explained to the king how tlie mystery was solved. He took the mis.sionary's right hand in his own, held it up before the king, and said, " My eyes saw that very hand cut those bars ofiroii, take a i)iece oif one end, and then join them as you see now." Alter a careful inspection, tlie spot where the iron had been welded was pointed out. Tlie ' king then wanted to know wlictlier medi- cine were given to the iron in order to endow it with such wonderful ])owers, but was t(dd that nothing was used cxcc)it lire, a chisel, and a hammer. Yet MoseUkatse was king of the essentially warlike Zulus, a nation which possessed "plenty of black- smiths who were well versed in their art, and could forgo tho leaf shaped blades of tho assagais with such skill that the be.it Euroi)ean smiths could not jiroduce weap- ons more perfectly suited lor too object which thev were intended to fulfil. Ia' Vaillant narrates an amusing instance of tho astonishment caused to some KalBr blacksmiths by a rude kind of bellows which he made nller tho European fashion. After paying a just tribute of admiration to the admnable work jiroduced by the dusky blacksmiths in spite of their extremely ri/d'e and imperfect tools, he proieeds to describe tho form of bellows that they used, which is just tliat which has been already men- tioiied, "I had great difficulty in making tliera comprehend how much superior the bellows of our forges in Europe were to their inven- tion; and being persuaded that the little they might catch of my explanation would soon escape from tHeir memories, and would consequeutly be of no real advan- tage to them, I resolved to add example to precept, and to operate myself in their presence. " Having despatched one of my people to our camp with orders to bring tiic bottoms m, of thti hiuiuucr Is rt'i'H us nil iiiivil, (111 lainiiiur of hiuuIIlt hich 11 Kiifllv makes ii'iiiililt' liiiii loinclt ito various shapes, ;ivu a Hiidleieiitly lasl, to eiialili! Iiim Mv. Miiflhlt iiu'n- , wliicli illustmU'8 itiiiK Aloselekatse, I'll (livision of tlio iieJi friKliteiied tho i.^lit of' till- \vaiiii>i:7) I 1 I M Ml iihi LB VAILLANT INSTIIUCTINO THE NATIVES. of two boxcd, 11 pioco of a sunv r knroM, a hoop, » t'uw Miiiitil riuilM, a h ler, a miw, uiid otliur Ntnsdl tool.i that I titiKht have <)(!ciiMi()n ft)!-, iiH Hooa liM li(s ruturiu-d 1 liiniii-il ill nn-iil liiint(% and in a very rii(i« iiiunniT, a |iiiir of bollowB, wliiiJi w«ro not nioio pt)wciriil than thoMo Keiitirally iwcd in our kitclimiM. Two piflceH of hoop wliich I placc'd in tlin insido ser/jBd to kwtp tlii! iikin alway« iit an oqiial distance; and 1 did not I forgot to niako a liolo in the Inferior part, ; to Kivo a roadier adniittttnuo to tho air — a j einipio mt'tiiod of wliich thoy liad no con- ception, and for want of which tliey were obliged to waste a groat dual of time in UU- |iuf< tile Hheepskin. " I liad no iron iiipe, but, as I only meant B make a model, 1 flixed to the extremity of nine a toothpick case, after sawing off one f its ondH. I then placed my instrument ^n tliu ground near the fire," and, having xed a forked stisk in the ground, I laid c-oas it a kind of lever, which was fastened 1 a bit of packthread proceeding from tl»e ellows, aiKl to which was fixed a jjieco of tad w sighing seven or eight pounds. To bnn a Just idea of the surprise of these Blllis oil tills occasion, one must have en with what attention they beheld aii -y operations: the uncertainty in which My were, and their anxiety to discover rhat would bo the event They could not iMist their exclamations when they saw He, Ity a few easy motions and with one and, give their flro the greatest activity by be velocity with which 1 made my machine Braw in and again force out the air. Put- ung some pieces of iron into their Are, I aado thorn reef hot in a fow minutes, which hey undouiitcdly could not have done in alf an hour. "This specimen of my skill raised their •tonishment to the highest pitch. I may Bnture to say that they were almost con- Wised and thrown into a delirium. Thoy ^nccd and capered round tho bellows- ch tried them in turn, and they clapped jieir hands the better to testify their joy *ev begged me "to make "them a present this wonderflil machine, and seemed to •wait for ray answer with impatience, not taaglning, as I judged, that 1 would readily live up so valuable a piece of fbrnlture. It frould afford mo groat pleasure to hoar, at •Ome future period, that they have brought hem to perfection, and that, above all, thov preserve a remembrance of that stranger "vho first supplied them with tho most esson- Aal instrument lu metallurgy " Mate of ty.o blacksmith's art In Kafflrland r ^r'.T"^ l'*^® ^°^ derived the profit from' Ue Vail ant's instructions which he so in- genuously predicted. In all probability, the bellows m quesUon would be confiscated bv Itho chief of the tribe, who would destroy ttUeir working powers in endeavoring to make out thtilr action. Moreover, the Kafllr is eminently conservative in his notions, and ho would raiher orefur ilie old shoetH skin, which only required to be tied at tho legs and neck with thongs, fo the coinpara- llvtily elaborate instrumint of the white traveller, which needed the use of woinlen hoops, nails, saw, hammer, and the othor tt)ols of the civiilz;cd workmiin. Tho KalHr Bmltlis have long known tho art of wire drawing, though their plates are very rude, the metal comparatively soft, and the wire in consequence irregularly drawn. Moreover, they cannot make wire of iron, but are obliged to content thcinselvoH with tho softer metals, such an briiss and copper. Mr. Moffat, the AlVlcan missionary, relates an amusing anecdote of au intervle cut from a tree which is popularly called " assagai-wood," and on iJ-.e average are nearly five feet in length. In diamete'- they are very small, selaom exceeding that of u man's little linger at .he thick end, while the other end tapers t;! the diameter of av- '^rdin.iry black-lead i pencil. The assagai-tree is called scion- ASSAGAIS. 101 lar stick be thus IS*; gradufilly slide ;li the point. The a be obhged to stop to tlie top, and be- lucli vahiable time, unite in fife mak- 3 other, and as soon iirade's hands have es down to tlie bot- Pes his own hands he movement, and Ills, the movement eked for a moment, sequently hastened, assistance is given keeping Ihe dust d the point of the part of the bellows, le to expend all his stick. lie one of the soft bee' I made. There jsembling iu sl.ape jns in a solitaire i(ios are black and fire, and in places friction. Some of ps remember that e equally indepen- flint ana steel, and !S of fire i-alsing. ce of soft iron on ith so.ne charcoal uriouslj'. The re- is evolved to light enable the black- T the native makes 't the native smiths ipoar heads of such it they take a very deed, that the assa* >r cutting up meat )r shavaig the head, at a ^iiod .specimen ! and ueaten straight itcd. th lias finished the [)ok8 something like ife l)(!forc it is iti- and has a straight 1 it is fasti ?aI into peg, or tang as cut- tched, so as to make ter. process. The spear him a number ot from a tree which agnl-wood," and on five feet in length, very small, selaom in's' little fmger at e other end tapci» 'irdiri.'irv b!a<'.k-!ea(i ee is called scien- tifically Curtisia Jaginea. and is something like the mahogany. The shaft of the assa- gai is seldom, if ever, sufHciently straight to permit the weapon to be used at once. It IS strai*^' "^ i<^ afforded no Igrasp, and the heavy shaft dragged on the ground so as to force the soldi^? to throw Sway his sliield, and to fight without it. ^ A very singular modification of the assa- |hief who lived but for war, and was a man &n".hfo'"' ?"-''^"^^*' daun«e;Xurage" |oid of compassion. Retaining the as8a<-ai le .a tered Its shape, and maJe it a mSch iliorter and heavier weapon, unfit for throw- Infir'^iV'; ""''^ '">. '>and-to'hand fthi^ m< ,1m» 1 ^"^ *''"'\"f'' ^"« troops with pLTmTde'of w3r' ''^ -"-'y altered |hev went into action, th^ey rfn hf acolac^ Ed toS/r"' ^'"^ thenSnTin ^ : nand-to-hand encounter. Their cor -,.. SS^:f'\!'^ii!-^d'>;Fo^ai 10^ killed by ihe chief, and the 8amu punish- mei t awiuted any one who return^^ Zm battle without his.spear and shield. Owing to these tactics, he raised the tribe of the Ama^ulu to be th.e most powerftil in the country. He absorbed newly sixty othe? tribes into his own, and extended liisdo- aK* "'"'^ ^ '^'■°*'' ^^'^ continent of He at last fonned the bold conception of sweeping the whole South Africai coast with his armies, and extirpating the white inhabitants. But, while at the zfnith of Ids power, he was treacherously killed by two ^hl'Ln'*'*^' ^'iPS''" "^^ Umlan^gane Z thrlir'^'"^ ''y- ^nd Dingan ascended the throne over the bodies of both his brothers. The sanguinary mode of govern- ment which Tchaka had created was not ?n n^n^« ^^/r^'"'^*"*' '" ^"'^h hauds, and ^IV °.w-'^!."#.'''\^'« a Ull °C^«»"g soldiers, and their reccptfon by the king. It must be first understood that Dingan was at the time in his chief gar- rison town and that he was accompaffe'l nL'"'/^^''™".*^ Indoonas, or petty chiefe one of whom, by name TamboozZ was a .JUff'^'f^ cross-grained individual Xse chief delight was in fault finding. After mentioning that a chief, name/ Gefrgo had Lravcilca lo the king's palace, at the head of a large detachment, for tho pur- pose of asking for shields, ho proceeded as follows: — "Their arrival at the principal gate of the town having been notified to the king, an order was soon after sent for their ad- mission, when they all rushed up with a shout, brandishing their sticks in a most violent manner, until within a respectable distance of the Isslgordlo, when they halt- ed. Dini^an soon mounted his pedestal and showed himself over the fence, on which a simultaneous greeting of ' Byate I ' ran through the line Into which they were now formed. Ho soon disappeared, and tho whole party then seated themselves on the ground they occupied. Dingan shortly after came out, the two Indoonaa and a numtar of his great men having al- ready arrived, and seated themselves in semi-circular order on each side of his chair, from whom ho was, however, re- moved to a dignified distance. Tambooza, who Is the great speaker on all these occa- sions, and tho professed scolder whenever necessity requires, was now on his legs; to speak publicly in any other posture would, I am convinced, be painful to a Zulu; nor IS he content with mere gesticulation — ac- tud space is necessary; 1 had almost said sufficient for a cricket ball to bound in, but this would be hyperbole — a run, however, he must have, and I have been surprised at the grace and effect which this novel ac- companiment to the art of elocution has often given to tlie point and matter of the discourse. " In this character Tambooza is inimitable and shone especially on the present occa-' sion, having di/l I'll l*/\ri t ^ A m Otilrri' /'if lu on his arms and throat. 'Amanka' (it is falro), was tho first word ho uttered. The various chivalrous deeds of himself and his men were then sot forth in tho most glow- ing colors, and a scono ensued which I scarcely know how to describe. Indepen- dent ot his own energetic gesticulations, liis violent leaping and sententious running; on the lirst announcement of any exculpa- tory fact indicating their prowess in arms, one or more of tho principal warriors woulcl rush from the ranks to corroborate the state- ment by a display of muscular power in leaping, charging, and pantomimic conflict, winch quite made the ground to resound under their feet; alternately leaping and galloping (for it is not running) until, fren- zied by the tortuous motion, their nerves were sufficiently strong for the acme pos- ture — vaulting several feet in the air, draw- ing the knees toward the chin, and at the same time passing the hands between the ankles. (See illustration No. 2 on page opposite.) " In this singular manner wore the charges advanced and rebutted for a considerable time ; Dingan acting behind tho scenes as a moderator, and occasionally calling ofl" Tam- booza as an unruly bull-tlog from the bait. At length, as though imperceptibly drawn into the argument, ho concluded tlie busi- ness in these words: — ^'When have we heard anything good of Georgo? What has Georgo done? It is a name that is unknown to us. I shall give j'ou no shields until you have jjroved yourself worthy of them; go and bring me some cattle from Umselekaz, and then shields shall be given you.' A burst of applause rang from all sides on this unexpected announci-ment; under which, in good taste, the despot made his exit, retiring into the Issogordio, while bowls jf beer were served out to the soldiers, who with their Indoon were soon after observed marching over tho hills, on their way to col- lect the remainder of their regiment, for the promised expedition. " I am inclined to think that there was much of state policy in the whole of these proceedings, particularly as the order for the attack on Umselekaz' was shortly after countermanded, and not more than ten or twelve days elapsed before the same party returned, and received their shields. At this time I was quietly writing in my hut; one of the shield houses adjomed; and I shall never forget the unceremonious rush they made. Not contented with turning them all out, and each selecting one, but, in order to prove thom and shake of tho dust, they conimonccd boating tltem im the spot with sticks, which, in connection with this sud- den incursion, occasioned such an unusual tumult that I thought a civil war had com- me need. Having now seen the Katlir wage war. When tho tho weapons used by warriors, wo will see how tlioy chief arranges his troops in order of battle, he places the " boys " in the van. and gives them the post of honor, us woll OS of danger. In this position tlicy Imvo tho opportunity of distinguisiiing them- selves for which they so earnestly long, and, as a general rule, display such valor that it is not very easy to pick out those who have earned especial glory. Behind them are arranired the " men " with their white shields. These have already established their reputation, and do not require further distinction. They serve a double purpose. Firstly, they act as a reserve in case the front ranks of the " black-shields " should be repulsed, and, being men of more mature age, oppose an almost impregnable front to the enemy, while the "black-shields" can re-form their ranks under cover, and then renew the charge. The second object is, that they serve os a very effectual" incite- ment to the young men to do their duty. They know that behind them is a bodv of skilled warriors, who are carefully noting nil their deeds, and they are equally aware that if they attempt to run away they will be instantly killed by the " white-sllields " in their rear. As has already been mentioned, the dearest wish of a young Kaffir's heart is to become a "white-shield" himself, and there is no prouder day of his life than that in which he bears for tho first time the white war shield on his arm, the " isikoko " on his head, and falls into tho ranks with those to whom ho has so long looked up with admiration and envy. In order to incite the " bluck-shields " to the most strenuous exertions, their reward is promised to them beforehand. Just be- fore they set out on their expedition, the young unmarried girls of the tribe are pa- rwled before them, and they arc told that each who succeeds in distinguishing himself before the enemy shall be presented with one of those damsels for a wife when he re- turns. So he does not only receive the bar- ren permission to take a wife, and thus to enrol himself among tho men, but the wife is presented to him without pay, his warlike deeds being considered as more than an eouivalent for the cows which he would otherwise have been obliged to pay for her. A curious custom prevails in the house- holds of the white-shield warriors. When one of them goes out to war, his wife takes his sleeping mat, his pillow, and his spoon, f? ono, but, in order I oJ" tho dust, they u i>n tho Bnot with tion with this and- (1 Buch an unusual civil war hud com. weapons used by will see how tlioy iRcs his troops In tho " boys " in the post of honor, us this position tlicy stinguisiiing thcm- Jarnestly long, and, such Viilor tiiat it ut those who have Behind them are with their white drcady established lot remiire further a double purpose, sierve in case the ^k-shields" should en of more mature |)recnable front to :)lack-shield8 " can ir cover, and then second object is, y eft'ectual incite- to do their duty, ^hem is a body of ;arelully noting nil equally aware that Avay they will be white-sllields " in y been mentioned, ig Kaffir's heart is ild" himself, and ' his life than that ho first time the rm, the " isikoko " ;o the ranks with } lung looked up y- bluck-shields " to ons, their reward rchand. Just be- r expedition, the the tribe are pa- fiey are told that nguishing himself e presented with wife when he rc- y receive the bar- wife, and thus to nen, but the wife it pay, his warlike 18 more than nn which he would cd to pay for her. ils in the house- tvarriors. When ar, his wife takes f, and his spoon, (I.) KAI'KIU \VAI!ICI()li.S SKIKMISIIINC;. (S... ,,iihc Id.',; (111) MILITARY DISCIPLINE. US iw'l han;»« thorn npon the wall of t)io hut Evory iu»ruiii>{ ut early dawn hUo gocH ami in.i|)oi!t« Ihuiu with loving iinxiety,uiwl lookR ti) MOO whuthur thuy ciutt » nhiuiow or not. As lonx iM thoy do so, Mho kno>vM thut hi>r hiHliiiuil iM alivo; hut it' no Hhiuhnv Nhtuhl h:i|i|)''ii »^) ho thrown hy thoin, shi els ciT- tiiin thiU hur huMhand ih (U:m\, and lanumtii hiM Ions aH if sho hml actually hocii hJH doml hody. Tills curious custom irresiMlibly re- minds tho roador of certain tjtlos in tho " Araliiau Nights," whoro tho life or death of an absont person is known by soma ob- ject that bolongi'd to him— a knife, for pxamplo — which drippcMl blood as soon as Its forinoi owner was dead. J'ufoio 7'chuka's invention of tho heavy Btiibbing - assagai, there was rather more H' ,se than execution in a Kaffir battle, tho ashagiiis being received harmlessly on the Hliiolds, and no one much tho worse for thoin. Dut his trained troops inade fright- tul havon among (ho enemy, ami tho de- struction was so groat, that tho Zulus wore said to bo not nu!n, hut eaters of men. Tho king's pliico was in tho centre of tho line, and in tho roar, so that ho could seo all tho proceedings witli his own eyes, and could give directions, from time to time, to tho fa- vored councillors who were around him, and who acted as aides-de-cam|), executing their commissions nt their swiflest pace, and then returning to take their post by the sacred person of their monarch. The commander of ciuh regiment and section of a rrgiment was 8up|)osed to bo its embodiment, and on him hung all the blame It It sulfercd a repulse. Tcdiaka made no allowance whatever for superior numbers OH the part of the enemy, and his warriors knew well that, whatever might be the force opposed to them, they had either to conquer or to die; and, as it was better to die tlght- iiig than to perish ignominiously as cowards alter the battle, thoy fought with a frantic valor that was partly inherent in their na- ture, and was partly the result of the strict and sanguinary discipline under which thoy fought. Afler the battle, the various ofBccrs are called out, and questioned respecting tho conduct of the men under their command. Reward and retribution are equally swift in operation, an immediate advance in rank taliiu" to the lot of those who had shown notable courage, while those who have been even suspected of cowardice are immedi- ately slam. Sometimes the slaughter after an expedi- tion is terrible, even under the reign of 1 anda, a very much milder man than his great predecessor. Tchaka him been known to order a whole regiment for execution: and on one occasion he killed all the white-shields," ordering the " boys" to as- sume the head-ring, and take the positions and shields of the slain. Panda, however, IS not such a despot as Tchaka, and, Suueeu, does not posscis tho irro«poni*nd« power of that fcing. No one ever dared to Interfere with Tchaka, knowing that to contradict him was certain »ieatli. Hut when I'anda has been dlNposed to kill a number of his subjectii his councillors have interfered, and hy their remonstninres liave succeeded in sloppi^ig the miMHocre. Homelimes these wars are carried on in tho most bl(KMlthlrsty manner, and not only the soldiers in arms, hut the women, the old aiid the young, fall victims to tho iwsagais and clulw of the victorious enemy. Having vanquished tho fo«, they press on toward the kraals, spearing all the inhabitants, and carryiii{{ off all the cattle. Indeed, the "litl- iiig " ot cattle on a large scale often consti- tutes tho chief end of a Katilr war. Refore stiirting on an expedition the sol- diers undergo a serieK of ceremonies which are siipnosed to strengthen tliolr bodies, im- prove their courage, and propitiate the spir- its of their forefathers in their favor. The ceremony begins with the king, who tries to obtain some article belonging to the person of the adverse chief, such us a scrap of any garment that he has worn, a snuff box, tho shaft of an assagai, or, indeed, anything that has belonged to him. A portion of this sub- shinco is scraped into certain medicines prepared by the witch doctor, and tho king either swallows the medicine, or cuts little gashes on different parts of his body, anr them by the witch dijctor. Next day they are treated to a dose which acts as a violent emeti('; and the cer- emonies conclude with a purification by water, which is sprinkled over them by the cliicf himself. These wild and sa.'age cere- monies have undoubtedly a great iiirtueiie(> over the minds of the warriors, who fancy themselves to be under the protection of their ancestors, the only deities which a Kaflir seems to care much about. As to the department of the commissa- riat, it varies much with the caprice of the chief Tihaka always used to send plenty of cattle with liis armies, so that they never need fear the weakening of their forces bj' hunger. He also sent very large supplies of grain and other food. His successors, liowcver, have not been so generous, ami force tl-.eir troops to provide tor themselves by foraging among the enemy. Cattle are certainly taken with them, but not to be eaten. In case they may be able to seize the cattle of the enemy, "they find that the animals can be driven away "much more easily if they are led by others "of their own kind. The cattle that accompany an expedition are therefore em])loyed as guides. They sometimes serve a still more impor- tant puri)ose. Clever as is a KalHr in find- ing his way under ordinary circumstances, there are occasions .ihere even his wonder- ful topographical powers desert him. If, for ex.ami)le, he is in an enemy's district, and is obliged to travel by night, he may well lose his way, if the niglits should happi'n to be cloudy, and neither moon nor stars be visi- ble; and, if he has a herd of the enemy's oxen under his charge, he feels himself in a very awkward predicament. He dares not pre- sent himself at his kraal without the oxen, or his life would be instantly forfeited; and to drive a herd of oxen to "a place whose jiosition he does not know would be impos- sible. He therefore allows the oxen that lie has brought with him to go tlieir own way, and merely follows in their track, knowing that their instinct will surely guide them to their home. When the Kaffir soldiery succeed in cap- turing a kra.al, their first care is to secure the oxen; and if the inhabitants should h.ave been prudent enough to remove their much loved cattle, their next search is for maize, millet, and other kinds of corn. It is not a very easy matter to find the grain stores, bticause they are du^ in the ground, and! al\er being filled, are covered over so ueatly with earth, that onlv the depositors know the exact spot. The '■'isi-baya" is a favorito place for these subterranean fttorcs, because the trampUnjj of the cattle soon obliterates all marks of digging. The isi-baya is, there- fore, the first place to be searched; and in some eases the iuliabitants have concealed their stores so cleverly that the invaders could not discover them by any other means except digging up the wliole of the enclos- ure to a considerable dej)th. Js ow and then, when the inhabitants of a kraal have re- ceived notice that the enemy is exjiecled, they remove th- grain from the storehouses, and hide it in tlie bush, closi'ig the grana- ries again, so as to give the enemy all the trouble of digging, to no purpose. Panda, who refuses to send provisi(»n8 witfi his forces, has sometimes caused them to sutler great hardshijjs by Iiis jjcnurious conduct. On one occasl(m they discovered a granary with plenty of corn in it, and M ere so hungry that tliey could not wait to cook it properly, but ate it almost raw, at the same time drinking large quantities of water. The consequence was, that many of them were so ill that they had to be left behind when the march was resumed, and were detected and killi'd by the inhabitants of the kraal, who came back fnmi their hid- ing i)laces in the bush as soon as tliey saw the enemy move away. In one case, Panda's army was so badly supplied with provisions that the soldiers were obliged to levy con- Irihutions even on his own villages. In some of these kr.aals the women, who ex- jiected what might hajjpen. had emptied their storehouses, and hidden all their food in the bush, so that the htmgry soldiers could not even find some corn to grind into meal, nor clotted milk to mix with it. Thev were so angry at their disapjiointment that they ransacked the cattle-fold, discovered an(l robbed the subterranean granaries, and, after cooking as much food as thev wanted, carried oft' a quantity of corn for future rations, and broke to pieces all the cooking vessels which they had used. If they could act thus in their own country, their conduct in an enemy's land may be easily conjec- tured. One reason for the withholding of supplies may probably be due to the mode of fighting of the Zulu armies. They are entirely com- posed of light infantry, and can be sent to great distances with a' rapidity that an ordi- n.-ry European sohlier can scarcely coniprcv- hend. The fact is, thev carry nothing except their weapons, and hav(^ no heavy knapsack nor tight clothing to impede their movements. In fact, the clothing which they wear on a campaign is more for orna- ment than for covering, and consists chierly of feathers stack in the hair. So careful are the chiefs that their soldiers should not bo impeded by h? g«««ral Enthusiasm.' ^ 1 hereupon the " boys " taunted the "men " ft with cowardice, and said that they preferred ?' Ware'"K!' '"r^**^ *? Iwdships of ' IT ) , . "men" retorted that.as thev ^ti *^""^n' ''^'^''^ ^^'''^ka aud Dingan as fwell as Panda, and had earned tlieir ad- '' Vaucement under the eye of chefs who killed all who did not llgfit bra/ely no one foiuP " '"^'' Ignorant of warfare, and were talking nonsense. These remarks werrtoo 8^mueh^fe°'• "'^^ '^"•""•^^'l '^e'^C" €a.e, undoubted right™ nd 11^" h^ ^'^'^ undoubtedly wronn- TpI Po„ i ^/^^^^ 118 as the use of their names implied a slieht upon himself. They night have priSed themselves as much as they liked, in the victories which they had gained under him, but they had no business to mention the warlike deeds of his predecessors. Perhaps he remeiiiDereu Uiat those predecessors had been murdered by their own people, and might have an uneasy fear that iiis own turn would come suine day. So he showed his displeasure by sending oxen to the boys as a least, and leaving the " men " without any food. Of course, in the end the men had to yield, and against their judgment went on the campaign. Durin« that expedition the smouldering llame broke out several times, the " boys '' refusin<' to yield the post of honor to the " men," wFiom they taunted with being owards and afraid to light. However, the more prudent coun- sels of the "men" prevailed, a"d harmony was at last restored, the "men" and the boys" dividing into two brigad -s, and each succeeding m the object for which they set out, \;ithout needlessly exposing them- ll^}^ "anger by attacking nearly impreg- Wk will now procned to the soldiers them- selves, and see how the wonderful discipline ot a KafUr army is carried out in detail, ^irst we will examine the dress of the sol- dier. Of course, the chief, who is the gen- eral m command, will have the place of ^,??f""'^"d^»'«„wi" therefore take tlie por- trait of a well-known Zulu chief as he appears when fully equipped for Avar. If the reader will refer to page 117, No. 1 he whlht "" 'T'"".',' ^^ ^°^^ •» the costume which he ordinarily wears. The illustration nn^'fx ' '''■"'^*^, ^^P^X representa him in full unifoiin and aftords a favorable example of the war dress of a powerful Kaffir chief He sh,VM 7^ ^"- ^"^ •'*'■'" '"« g'-^'-it ^hite war Shield, the size denotu,^ its object, and the color pointing out the llict that ho is a mar- Snnfh r?*^ "' ^"' head-ring is that of the svm ii^"'^'t" "■•'*"•'' •'*"'' '« « conventional symbol denoting war. There is in my col- ha/ w.f """'^ remarkable war headclress, Wimf ^''"' ''^' the celebrated Zulu chief frnnhi '/'•" S^i^'^ the English so much trouble during the Kaffir w.fr, and proved himself worthy of his rank as a warrior, and was further remarkable because he had tri- umphed over physical disadvantages, which are all-important in a Kaffir's eves. ' -It has already been mentioned that a de- the XUfr" '•' ''^•''^.'^'''^ ''''' seen among the Kaffirs, because infants that show sians of deformity of any kind are almost iimu-iably fvf5 .'!;'''«" «« horn, Sandilh was one tif r.»-v., unmfiunaco chilUreu, one of his less being withered as high as the knee so that ho was aepriyed of a!l that physical ^ilUy -i lie: THE KAFFIB. ii %'^ I that is 80 greatly valued by Kaffirs, and which has ao great a share in gaining pro- motion. By some strange chance tlie lll'e of this deformed infant was [.reserved, and, under the now familiar name of Sandilli, the child grew to be a man, rose to emi- nence among his own people, took rank as a great chief, and became a very thorn in the sides of the English colonists. After many years of struggle, he at last gave in his submission to English rule, and. might be often seen on horseback, dashing about in the headlong style which a Kaffir loves. The headdress which he was accustomed to wear in time of war is represen d in "arti- ticlcs of costume," page 33, at fig. 4. Instead of wearing a single feather of the crane, San- dilli took the whole breast of the bird, from which the long, slender feathers droop. The skin has been removed from the breast, bent and worked so as to form a kind of cap, and the feathers arranged so that they shall all point upward^ leaning rather backward. This curious and valuable head- dress was presented to me by G. Ellis, Esq., who brought it from the Cape in 1865. San- dilli belongs to the sub-tribe Amagaika, and is remarkable for his very light color and commanding stature. It will be seen that both Goza and his councillors wear plenty of feathers on their heads, and that the cap of the left-hand warrior bears some resemblance to that which has just been described. Tlie whole person of the chief is nearly covered with barbaric ornaments. His apron is made of leopards' tails, and his knees and ankles are decorated with tufts made of the long flow- ing hair of the Angora goat. Twisted strips of rare furs hang from his neck and chest, while his ri^lit hand holds the long knob-kerrie which is so much in use among the Zulu warriors. The portrait of Goza is taken from a photograph. The councillors who stand behind him are apparelled with nearly as much gorgeousness as their chief, and the odd-shaped headdresses which they wear denote the regiments to which they happen t3 belong. Those men, like their chief, were photographed in their Ibll dress. It has already been mentioned that the soldiers are divided into two great groups; namely, the married men and the bachelors, or, as Ihcy are popularly called, the " men " and the "boys." But each of these great groups, or divisions, if we may use that word in its military sense, is composed of seversl regiments, varying from six hundred to a thousand or more in strength. Each of these regiments inhabits a single military kraal, or garrison town, and is commanded by the headman of that knial. Moreover, the regiments are subdivided into com- panies, each of which is under the com- mand of an officer of lower srrnde; pnd so thoroughly is this system carried out, that European soldiers feel almost startled when they find that these savages have organized a System of army management nearly iden- tical with their own. The regiments are almost invariably called by the naiAe of some animal, and the soldiers are placed in them according to their physical charac- teristics. Thus, the Elephant regiment consists of the largest ana strongest war- riors, and holds a position like that of our Grenadiers. Then the Lion rejjiment is composed of men who have distinguished themselves by special acts of daring; while the Springbok regiment would be formed of men noted for their activitv, for the quickness with which they can leap about when encumbered with their weappns, and for their speed of foot, and ability to run great distances. They correspond with our light cavalry, and are used for the same purpose. There are twenty-six of these regiments in the Zulu army, and they can be as easily distinguished by their uniform as those of our own army. The twenty-sixth regi- ment is the equivalent of our household troops, being the body-guard of the king, and furnishing all the sentinels for the harem. Their uniform is easily distinguish- able, arid is very simple, being, in fact, an utter absence of all clothing. Only the picked men among the warriors are placed in this distinguished regiment, and neither by day nor night do they wear a scrap of clothing. This seems rather a strange method of conferring an honorable distinc- tion; but entire nudity is quite as much valued by a Kafllr soldier as the decoratiou of the Bath or Victoria Cross among our- selves The* first regiment is called Omobapan- kue, a word that signifies "Leopard-catch- ers.'' Some years ago, when Tchaka was king of the Zulus, a leopard killed one of his attendants. He sent a detachment of the first regiment after the animal, and the brave fellows succeeded in catching it alive, and bearing their struggling prize to the kinw. In order to reward them for their courage, he gave the first regiment the hon- Qrarv title of " Leopard-catchers," which title has been cA'cr since borne by the'.a. There are three commissioned ofHcers-- if such a term mav be used — in each regi- ment : namely the colonel, or "Indoona- e'nkolu " i.e. the Great Officer; the cantiiin, "N'genana," and the lieutenant, "K'ge- na-obzana." The headman of any kraal goes by the name of Indoona, and he who rules over one of the great carrison towns is necessarily a man of considerable aullior- itv and high rank. The king's councillors are mostly selected from the various In- doonas. Below the lieutenant, there are subordinate officers wiio correspond almost exactly to the sergeants and corporals ol our own armios. . , , „ ,^„ In order to distinguish the men ot tnc « » Hi b X ages have organized gcment nearly iden- The regiments are id by tlie naiAe of Dldiers are placed in sir physical charac- Elephant regiment ana strongest war- tion like that of our i Lion regiment is have distinguished ictfl of daring; while nt would be iornied nr activitv, for the they can leap about 1 their weappns, and t, and ability to run correspond with our ! used for the same X of these regiments they can be as easily inuform as those of i twenty-sixth regi- it of our household y-guard of the king, [\e sentinels for the is easily distinguish- le, being, in fact, an clothing. Only the J warriors are placed egiment, and neither they wear a scrap of 8 rather a strange an honorable distinc- ity is quite as much lier as the decoration •ia Cross among our- is called Omobapan- ifies " Leopard-eatch- o, when Tchaka was leopard killed one of lent a detachment of r the animal, and the id in catching it alive, puggling prize to the ward them for their irst regiment the hon- l-catchers," which title )rne by them, iimissioned offlcers — s used — in each regi- olonel, or "Indoona- t Officer; the cantaiii, le lieutenant, "N'ge- adman of any kraal Indoona, and he who great garrison towns f considerable author- 'he king's councillors Tom the various In- lieutenant, there are iio correspond almost ints and corporals of 'uish the men of the I Hi, .J fc ai ni di al di 01 bi fo of St: of do hi izi ch m th THE REVIEW AFTER A BATTLE. different reRiments, a peculiar headdress w assigned to each regiment. On these head- dresses the natives seem to have exercised all their ingenuity. The wildest fancy would hardly conceive the strange shapes that a KatBr soldier can make with leathers, and fur, and raw hide. Any kind of feather 18 seized upon to do duty in a Kaffir soldier's headdress, but the most valued plumage is that of a roller, whose glittering dress of blue green is worked up into large globular tufts, which are worn upon the back of the head, and on the upper part of the forehead. Such an ornament as this is seldom if ever seen upon the head of a simple warrior, as It 18 too valuable to be possessed by any but a chief of consideration. Panda is very fond of wearing this beautiful ornament on occa- sions of state, and sometimes wears two at once, the one on the front of his head-rin'T and the other attached to the crown of the head. The raw hide is stripped of its fur by being rolled up and buried for a day or two, and IS then cut and moulded into the most fantastic forms, reminding the observer of the strange devices with which the heroes ot the Niebelungen decorated their helmets. ^deed, some of these headdresses of the Kaffir warriors mig'.it easily be mistaken at a little distance for the more classical though not more elaborate helmet of the ancient German knights. The soldiers which are here represented belong to two different regiments of the Zulu army, and have been selected as affording good examples of the wild and picturesque uniform which is adopted by these dusky troops. In some ncaddresses the fur is retained on the skin and thus another effect is obtained. ' • y'^e object of all this savage decoration i'l*!T°^«¥i firstly, to distinguish the soldiers ot the different regiments, and, secondly to strike terror into the enemy. Both their objects are very thoroughly accomplished, lor the uniforms of the twenty-aix regiments are very dissimilar to each other, and all the neighboring tribes stand in the greatest dread of the Amazulu, who, they sav are not men, but eaters of men. Beside the regular regiments, there is always a body-guard of armed men whose duty It 18 to attend the chief and obey his orders. Each chief has his own ody-guard but that of the king is not only remarkable' for Its numerical strength, but for the rank of Its members. Dingan, for example, had a body-guard that mustered several hundred strong and every member of it was a man ot rank. It was entirely composed of In- doonas from all parts of the country under his command. Vith the admirable orsan- izing power which distinguishes the Kaffir mifi'i- ^,'''^,.'"■'■''*"l?°'^ '"8 Indoonae so methodically, that each man had to serve in the body-guard for a certain time, until ho 1%9 plan allowed the king to exorcise a peraonal supervision over the ruling men of his do- minions, and, on the other side, the subor- (liuate chiefs were able to maintain a per- sonal communication with their monarch, and to receive their orders directly from himself. It has already been mentioned that, afler a battle, the kin'| calls his soldiers together, and holds a review. One of these assem- blages is a most astonishing sight, and very few Europeans have been privileged to see it. 1 .lis review is looked upon by the troops with the greatest reverence, for few of them know whether at the close of it they may be raised to a higher rank or be lying dead in the bush. As to the "boys," especially those who are conscious that they have behaved well in the flght, they look to it with hope, as it presents a chance of their elev. ion to the rarks of the "men," and their possession of the covetted white shield. Those who are not so sure of themselves are very nervous about the review, and think themselves extremely fortunate if they are not pointed out to the king as bad soldiers, and executed on the spot. The review takes place in the great enclo- sure of one of the garrison towns, and the troops form themselves into a large circle. It is a curious fact that not even in military matters has the Kaffir an idea of forinin'uij3 of men acting in concert, and being directed by one mind, was one that hjid not Tdi™ ^ *'*** ^"®''® """"^ ^^^ *'"°® °^ When th.it monarch introduced a system and a discipline into warfare, the result was at once apparent. Individual skirmishers had no chance against large bodies of men. mutually supporting each other, moviif as it iwtuated by one mind, and, under the guiaanee ot a single leader, advancing with a switt but steady impetuosity that the undisciplined soldiers of the enemy could not resist. Discipline could not be turned against the Zulus, for Tchaka left the con- quered tribes no time to organize them. selves into armies, even if they had pos- sessed loaders who were capable of that task. His troops swept over the country like an army of locusts, consuming every- thing on their way, and either extermi- nating the various tribes, or incorjiorating them in some capacity or other among the Zulus. In truth, his great policy was to extend the Zulu tribe, and from a mere tribe to raise them into a nation. His object was, therefore, not so much to destroy as to absorb, and, although he did occasionally extirpate a tribe that would not accei)t his conditions, it was for the purpose of striking terror into others, and proving to them the futility of resistance. Those that had ac- cepted his oifers ho incorporated with his own army, and subjected to the same disci- pline, but took care to draught them of!" into different regiments, so that they could not combine in n successful revolt The result of this simple but far-seeing policy was, that in a few years the Zala tribe, originally small, had, beside its regular regiments on duty, some twelve or fifteen thousand men always ready for any sudden expedition, and at the end of five or six years the Zulu king was paramount over the whole of Southern Africa, the only check Jipon him being the European colonies. Tliesc he evidently intended to sweep away, but was murdered before he could bring his scheme to maturity. Tchaka's system was followed by Mosele'katze in the north of Kafflrland, who contrived to manage so well that the bulk of his army belonged to Bechuanan and other tribes, some of whose customs he adopted. The military system of Tchaka prevailed, as must be the case when there is no very great inefjuality between the opposing foi*- ces, and discipline is all on one sMe. But. when discipline is opposed to discipline, and the advantage of weapons lies on the side of the latter, the consequences are disastrous to the former. Thus it has been with the Kaffir tribes. The close ranks of warriors, armed with shield and spear, were irresist- ible vvhen opposed to men similarly armed, but without any regular discipline, but, when they came to match themselves against fire- arms, they found that their system was of little value. The shield could resist the assag.ii well enough, but against the bullet it Wiw power- less, and though the stabbing-ass.igai was a terrible weapon when the foe was at close quarters, it was of no use against an enemy who could deal destruction at the distance of several hundred yards. Moreover, the close and comp.ict ranks, which were so effi- cacious aguinst the irregular warriors of the country, became an absolute element of I weakness when the soldiers were exposed j to heavy voney.s Ji-om the distant enemy. me TTuule course of battle wi«ii IM THE KAFFIR. (•hnn;?o(l whon the Zulus foup;ht nffninst Urn white iimii iMiil hJM liri'-iiimn, and tiicy Ibimd UiciiiMclvt'N ()l)liir,.,| to n-vort to tho old nyH- tfin of »kiiini.s|iiii^r, thoii^'li tho HkiiiniMherH |')Uf,'lit iiiid"l>t'''l llie favorite Hervant ot lehaka. a man luimed Hopa, and having nrnuil themselves with unshafied heads of assiigais, which could Ix- easily concealed they proceeded to the kind's Imuse, where lie was Hittin;,' in conference with several of las councillors, who were unarmed, aecord- iii« to Kalllr eti(iuette. The treacherous JJopa hcKaii his tiLsk by rudely intcrruptiu.. the eouiicillors, accusing them of telling talsehoods to the kin^, and behavinir with au amount of iusoieucu to which liu well knnw they would not sulnnit. An fhcy roao 111 unxer, and endiuvurcd to seize the man who had insulteil them, J)in«aii and Umh- laiiKiuu st(de behind Tehaka, whose at ten- tion wiw occupied by the extraordiimry Hceiie, and Htabbe.l him in the bjuk. IIo atlempte.l to escape, but was aKaiii slabbed by Uopa, and fell dying ' ' where he was instantly IriKhled councillors tried to (ly, but wero to the slain. Kfouiid, 'J'he af- killed by the mmiu weiipous that iiud s'lalu their master. This dread H(;eno was terminated by an act partly resultiii),' from native ferocity and partly from superstition. The t\vo murderers opened the still warm body of their victim, and drank the ^all. Tlieir subsc(iuent (luarrel, and the lucessi.ui of l)lll^'an to the throne, has already been mentioned. The ik'w king would jiiolmMy have been murdered by the soldiers on Unit return, hmi he not conciliated them by re- la.xin« the strict laws of eelibaey whicji lehaka had enforced, and by grantiiK' in- dulgences of various kinds to the troops. As to the dead Miiaiide, the proximate cause o Tchaka's death, more wiU be said ou u future page. I i I I CIIAFTER Xm. n UN TING. tllE KAI-Klll'H UIVE roit TIIK CIIASK-TIIH (IAMB AND CLIMATB OK AKHICA -TlIK ANTKU>PES OF AKIlICA-III.NTim. TIIK K()()IHK) - IMKH OK THE I10KN8 - A SCENK ..N TIIK UMOKNIK mv»H- TIIK DUIKKH-IIOIt ANII ITH |-K.UUAUITIK,H — ITS MOI)K OK Km^VI'K AND TKNACHY OKIIKK- 8IN(H'I.AU MOI.B OK CONCKAI.MKNT - TllE KI.ANI), ITH VU'.m ANI. LAT - crlllotrH HIIPEHMTITK.N OK TIIK ZVl.V WAIlltlollH — TIIKai-TONdHKH — MODK OK III'NTINO TIIK KI,ANI> — THE OKMUMOK- ITH INDIKKEIIKNCB TO DllINK - LIKKI. II.TY OK IIIINTINO IT-IIOWTMK (lEMSIIOK WIKLniH IH IIOUNS-TllKIll I'HEH TO MAN-MODEM OK TUAmNO AND DKHTIlOVlN>;;tinst his ffainc, whether he ])ursiieH It siiiijlv, or wlieliier lie entices it into traps, he is "wholly ahsorhed in tile occupation, mid pursues 'it with an ontliiisiasin (o wliich a European is a stranjjer. Fiideed, in many cases, and cer- tainly in most instances, where a Kallir is tlie hunter, the chase hecoines a mimic war- fare, which is wa>j;ed sometimes auainst the strong, and sometimes atrains' tjie weak ; which opposes ilsell' eqiially to the tierce activity of the lion, the resi;,'am"e in 80 small a C(vm])ass, and wliich will 'serve to exercise, to the very utmost, every capacity for the chase that mankind can possess. iSonthern Africa possesses the swiftest the largest, the heaviest, the fiercest, tiie" mightiest, and the tallest bea-sts in the world. The lofty mountain, ihe reed-clad (iM) dell, the thorny l)ush, the open iilain. the liver bank, and the very water ilsell', are tilled with their iiroper inhabitants, simply on account of the variety of soil, wliiih always ])i'dduces a coriespondini; variety el' iiihai>itaiits. The dilleient kinds ol'herbMf,'e attract and sustain the animals (hat a?e suited to them; and were they to be extinct the animals must follow in their wiike. Tlie larger liirnivora are in (heir turn attracted by the herbiyoroiis inhabitants of the conn- tiT, and thus it happens that even a very s|ii,dit inodilicalion in the vei;elation has altered the wlmh^ character of a disliiit. Air. MoH'att has mentioned a curious instaiKc! of this fact. He and his companions Were in gre.'it .jeopardy on account of a (lisa]ipoiiiti'(l "rain-n'iaker." The country had orlirinallv been even remarkable tor "the (piaiitity of rain which fell in it, and for its coiiseipieut terlility. The old men said that their Ibre- fathers had toll>Ef) OF TIIK UMIIKNIK UIVKK — I) TKNACITY of I.I^-IC — -CI'IIKItlH NIII'KIIHTITKIN ANI> — TIIK (IKMHIHIK — B OKMHIKIK Wim.lllH IH ANTKI.dl'KH WIIOI.KSAI.r. (IIM.OVMKNT— KXriTINd ANI> TIIK IlllXilC — TIIR IT I'AIJTH OK TIIK KI.K- R IN A " 111(111 " CONDI- kNT— KI.KMII, KAT, AMi III* OK (lAMK — HI.AriJII- •" AM) TIIK " IIIMII "— N AND ITU HANdl'INAItY tho opon jiliiin, tin.' rv wilier ilstir, are iitliiiliiliiiils, .simply icly of soil, whiih spolKliiij; variety of •111 kinds ol'herliajie ■ aiiiiiiais lliat are I' (liey Id lie extinct, ill their wake. The heir turn attracted )itants of the eoiiii- IH tliat even a very llie Vei;elation lm"» iteter of u dislrict. (1 a curious instance ins Were in great >t' IX (lisa]ipointc(l iitry liad oriLrinaliy for the (piantity ef for its conseip'iciit f the floods of aii- illt sliowers whidi with verdure, niid s wliieh once .stuil- Tanihana hills and ley boasted of the Drs, with tliuir iiii- Pjwaahlo forrents, in wlilch tlic hippopotiinii plll>ed, whll(. the lowill!^ llerilMWiilked up to their necks in khiss, llllin« their m'lhiika.-^ (lailk-sacks) with milk, nuking evei v lieart to Miii>{ lor joy." Thiit siicli tiilcH wcro true was proved hy the iniineroiis stumps of Im^rc m iicia-||.,.,,.s thatshowed where the forest hiul stood, and' 127 r '" " "oiie iiie ioresi iiaii siooii, anil by the dry and iiarehi'd ravines, wliieh had CVldenlly hecnlfi(. beds of rivers, ami clothed With veKelatioii. For the (lroii«ht the mis- Bionaries were held responsible, a.rordiii.' to till! mvariahli' cnsloin of tlie rain-makers" Who are only too >{|,id to find sonietliini^ on which to shift thi^ blame when no ram ollmvs their iiieaiilations. It was in vain that Mr. Mollait reminded tliein that the «lroii«ht had been known Ioiil' before a wiute man set |,js foot on thi! soil A Hav.'w, African is, as a general rule, im- nervious to dates, not even haviiii,' the least Utterly. ' "'"' """' "" ^'''' '"'y'""^'"^ '''"''''I Ml. Mojlatt d.'teeted, and which lie tried in ii,".l'i' '" ''"1"'T "1""« tl'i! inhabiUinIs of the in 1(1. J hey tlieins(d ves, or rather their Ibre- latlicM, were r,.si.ousiblo for thu cessation ot ram and th(^ consequent change fnmi a lerlil,, land into a dissert. For the sake of buildiii. their kraals and houses th.Tl.a CU ilown every five that their axes co,, e and those that defied their rude tools tliey destroyed by fire. Now it is well known that trees, especially wh.-n in fn f la-e, are very powerful a-'onts in causin tmc (loatm.. ,„ the air, and ciuisc it to fiill to tho earth, instead of imssin- bv in s is pension. Every tree that is felfed .as some CI e(.t in rcdueii..; the .piantity of rain- d hen a forest is levelled witf. the gnu n^rkoJ'^rlr"""* "^" ^•""'^^" ^~ These tribes are invot(!rate destroyers of timber. VVhen they wish to establ Kern se ves in afresh spot, and build a ne w krmU they always station themselves close to Ue forest, or at all events to a laA e thick ef which in the course of time is Teve ed to the ffrojind, the wood having been a iLd or T.u.lding and culinary purposer Th their way into more favored re-ions I'li IS special y the case with fi^.? I' , '" telopes, some tliirty specL of ^hieh are known to Inhab t thin won.leriUl country. 1 hey .ire ol all »lzes, from tlie great elands an. koo,loos, which rival onr llncMt catll e i„ weight and stature, to the tiny .-iierieM which nimbit the bush,. Hid lum Jollies' SC.S arge. than II they were rabbit«. .Some '{ them are solitary, otl„.|s may he found ia Hinall parth.s, otr.ers unite in herd,-* of i,,. cah'iilable nii.nbers; while lliere a.'c several species that form associations, iioi „„ly with other species of their own groni), but will, giratles, zebius, ostriches, and other strange companions. lOadi kind must ho hunted n some special manner; .md, as Ihe^ antelopes are generally the wariest iw well as the most active of gain.-, the hunter must he thoroughly acipiaintc'd with his business b.fore he (nin hope for success. One of the antelopes which livi' in small parlies is the koodoo, so well known for its magiiilleent spiral horns. To Kiiroi.cans 111.' koodoo is only interesting as being oiio o» the most splendid of the anteloi.e tribe. I>ut to the Katllr it is almost as valuable aii animal as the cow. The lle:ih of the koo- doo IS well-davored and tender, two (fuali- lies wluch urn exceedingly ran, among .South Alrieai. antelopes. The, marrow lakrn from K.!ml'^ ."'"'■' "" **. ^'■'^^"^ '"^'"•y will' ll'o k, lliis whoare sofoiid of it that when they k 11 a koodoo they remove tlio le;: bone.s, bleak hem and eat th., marrow, n„t only vith.jnt cooking, but while it is still vvar.m Ilevoltingas su.d. a practice may s..em o "«, it has hem a.loi,ted even by English hunters, who have been sensible ImoiM to accom,no,kt., themselves to circumst^mces? JI.en, Its hjd,. although comparatively i ' . "'"S'"."-'y t""«l', an.l, when cut latui IS used for a var ety of nurnoses which a thicker hide could not fuliil. ' Tho ou.rhne.ss lu.d strength of these th, ngs arc a ;?'"•'"'■""' ""'' "'" tapi.litj^'with vhicli they are made Kcarcely less so I have seen an e.xperience.l skin.ln.sser'cut I Kin lialt a minute pro. uce a Ion-' delicate tlion^, about as thiclc as ordinary whii.cor 1 as pliant as silk, an.l beaiUifulVSrd' I have often thought that the inuch vexed ' question of the best leather for hoot^kcS Kde" 'i^^'^r'^'-"^ ">' ^''0 "-of koo! (100 Iliac. Such thongs woul.l be exnensive rem er them cheap in the long run. Ihe horns ol the koodoo .v^e creatlv v-il- ue. in this country, an.l comm^ mfrhS pi ce on account of their great bcautv ?han we do'' ''^'''''ir'^r'-^ "'^"^ ^'^*^» ""'re elan.I *1 . •• T^"^ '"" " """*^ ''"^' '»orns of thO elan.l to he about and perish, but those of the koodoo they carefully preserve C two special purposes,- namefv the for-^e ami the mTth"^in;^\,^\"'""«'> ^ Ka«v k- ox or of tho n/'^'^i '»»'•"« of the domestic ox, or 01 the eland, as tubes whereb" the 128 THE KAFFIR. it wind is conveyed from the bellows to the lire, he vei'y ii;ucli prefers those of the koo- doo, and, if he sliould be fortunate enough to oi)taiu a pair, ho « ill lavish much pains on making a handsome pair of bellows. He also uses the koodoo horn in the manufac- ture of the remarkable water-pipe in which he smokes dakka, or hemji. On page lf>7 may be seen a ligure of a Kaffir engaged in smoking a pipe made from the koodoo horn. Like many other antelopes, the koodoo is a wary animal, and no small amount of pains must be takei; before the hunter can succeed in his object The koodoo is one of the antelopes that require water, and is not like its relative, the eland, which never cares to drink, and which contrives, in some mysterious manner, to' be the largest, the fattest, and the plumpest of all the antelope tribe, though it lives far from water, and its principal-food is herbage so dry that it can be rubbed to powder between the hands. Each of the antelopes has its separate wiles, and puts in practice a dilferent me- thod of escape from an enemy. The pretty little Dniker-bok, for example, jumps about here and there with an erratic series of movements, reminding the sportsman of the behavior of a liushed snipe. Sud- denly it will stop, as if tired, and lie down in the grass; but when the hunter comes to the .spot, the animal has vanished. All the previous movements were merely for the purpose of distracting the attention of the hunter, and as soon as the little an- telope crouched down, it lowered its head and crawled away on its knees under cover of the herbage. It is owing to this habit that the Dutch colonists called it the Duiker, or Diver. This littio antelope is found in long grass, or among stunted bushes, and the wary Kaffir is sure to have his weapons ready whenever he passes by a spot where he may expect to find the Duyker, or Im- poon, aa he calls it. The creature is won- derfully tenacious of lite, and, even when mortally wounded, it will make its escape from a hunter who does not know its pecul- iarities. Other antelopes hat inhabit grass and bush land have v( ry ingenious modes of concealing themselves. Even on the bare plain they will crouch down in such odd attitudes that all trace of their ordinary outli!ie is gone, and they contrive to ar- range themselves in such a manner that at a little distance they much resemble a heap of withered grass .irid dead sticks, the former being represented by their fur, and the lat- ter by their horns and limbs. An untrained eye would never discover one of these ani- mals, and novices in African hunting can seldom distinguish Jie antelope even when it is pointed out to them. Whenever a practised hunter (aoe!; an untelope crouching on the ground, he may be sure tliat the animal is perfectly aware of his presence, and is only watching for an opportunity to escape. If he were to go directly toward it, or even to sto]) and look at it, the antelope would know that it is detected, and would dart olV while still out ot range. Ikit an experience,! hunter al- ways pretends not to have seen the animal, and instead of approaching it in a direct line, walks round and round the sjjot where It is lying, always coming nearer to his object, but never taking any aiiparent notice of It. The animal is quite bewildered 'jy this mode of action, and cannot make up its nnnd what to do. It is r.ot sure that it has been detected; and therefore does not tike to run the risk of jumping up and ojjcnly betraying itself, and so it only crouches closer to the ground until its enemy is within range. The pretty antelope called tlie Ou- rebi is often taken in this manner. Some antelopes cannot be taken in this maimer. They are very wary aninials, and, when they perceive an enemv, they imme- diately gallop off, and will 'go wonderful distances in an almost straight line. One of these animals is the well-known eland, an antelope which, in spite of its enormous size and great weight, is wondcrfullv .swift and active; and, although a large eliind will Le nearly six feet higli at the shoulders, and as largely built as our oxen, it will dash over rough hilly jjlaces at a pace that no horse can for a time equal. Eut it cannot keep up this pace for a very long time, as it bocomts extremelv fat and heavy; and if it be con- tinually hard pressed, and not allowed to slacken its pace or to halt, it becomes so exhausted that it can be easily overtaken. The usual plan in such cases is to get in front of the tired eland, make it turn round, and thus drive it into the eamiiing spot, where it can be killed, so that the hunters .save themselves the trouble of carrying the inc¥it to camp. Eland hunting is always a favorite sport both with natives and white men, partly because its flesh is singulai'ly excellent, aiui partly because a persevering chase is almost always rewarded with (success. To the native, the eland is of i)eculiar value, be- cause it furnishes an amount of meat which will feed them plentil'ullv for several days. Moreover, the flesh is always tender, a qual- ity wdiieh does not generally belong Id fSoiuh African venison. The Zulu warriors, how- ever, do not eat the flesh of the eland, being restrained by superstitious motives. Usually, when an antelope is killed, its flesh must either be eaten at once, before the animal heat has left the b.idv, or it must b(! kept for a day or two, in order to free it from its toughness. But the flesh of the eland can be eaten even within a few hours after the animal has been killed. The hunt- ers make a rather curious prepaiatiou from the flesh of the eland. They take out sep- is perfectly aware of ily watching for an If lie Were to go en to isto]) and look ild know that it is t oil" while still out cricncijii hunter al- ive ween the animal, ■hing it in a direct )und the sjjot where ning nearer to liis any a])parent notice [uite bewildered Sy : cannot make up its not sure that it has rclbre does not like ijing up and openly it only crouches 1 its enemy is within ■lope called the Ou- is manner, ot bo taken in this • wary aninials, and, enemy, they inime- will 'go wonderful raight line. One of .'ll-known eland, an of its enormous size )n(lerfully .swift and large eland will Le le shoulders, and as n, it will dash over pace that no horse it it cannot keep up time, as it boconies •; and if it he con- nd not allowed to !ialt, it becomes so e easily overtaken. 1 cases is to get in make it turn roun(l. the camjiing spot, ■o that the hunters ble of carrying the lys a favorite sjiort white men, partly lai'ly excellent, aiiii ing chase is almost success. To the |)i'culiar value, be- lunt of meat which y for several days, ays tinder, a qiial- lUy belong to South lulu warriors, how- iif the eland, btin;; IS motives, elope is killed, lis ■n at once, befuro he body, or it nuist in order to free it t the (lesh of the wilhin a few hours killed. The hunt- i prepiuatiou fl'Dlil ^hey take out sep- THE IIOPO, 129 arately the muscles of the thighs, and cure them just as if they were tongues. These articles are called •' thigh-tongues," and are useful on a journey when provisions are hkely to be scarce. Perhaps one of the greatest merits of the eland in a KafHr's eyes is the enormous quantity of fat which It will produce when in good condition. As has already been mentioned, fat is one of the necessaries of life to a KatHr, as well as one of the greatest luxuries, and a bull eland in good condition furnishes a suiwly that will make a Kaffir happy for a month. There is another South African antelope, whicli, like the eland, runs in a strai^'ht cour.se when alarmed, but which, unlike the eland, is capable of great endurance. This IS the splendid gemsbok, an antelope which 18 nearly as lar^e as the eland, though not so massively built. This beautiful antelope i.s an inhabitant of the dry and parched plains of Southern Africa and 1 ke thnw • "n / '^ Hopo is, in tact, a very large ^res nothing fi^lS.'diSni'an'" S "'5 ^"^,"^ -ths-at labor, anlca,;^- cares nothing for water, deriving all the moisture which it needs from certain succu- Jeut roots of a bulbous nature, which lie ludden in the soil, and which its instinct teaches it to unearth. This ability to sus- tain life without the aid of water renders its chase a very difficult matter, and the hunters both native and European, are often bafHed' not so much by the speed and endurance of with only a few minutes of life in its bodv it hfis been known to sweep its armed liead so fiercely from side to side that it killed sev- eral of the dogs as they rushed in to seize the fallen enemy, wounded others severely and kept a clear space within range of its' horns. E.xcept at certain seasons of flie year, when the gemsbok becomes very fiit and is in consequence in bad condition for a long chase, the natives seldom try to nur- sue It, knowing that they are certain to have a very long run, and that the final cap- ture ot the animal is very uncertain. As to those antelopes which gather them- selves together in vast herds, the South African hunter acts on very different prin- ciples, and uses stratagem rdther than .speed or force. One of their most succes.sful meth- ods of destroying the game wholesale is bv means of the remarkable trap called the ^y'P"_- /"« liopo is, in fact, a very lar^^e ble of holding a vast number of animals, Irunks of trees arc laid over it at each end and a similar arrangement is made at the sides,, so that a kind of overlapiiiii" ed-'e is given to it, and a beast that has fldloirinto It cannot possil)Iy escape. From this nit two fences diverge, in a V-like form, the nit being the ajiex. These fences are about a mile in length, and their extremities are a gemsbok are therefore much v.alue and ts fb. I .A'"f'"'''' '"•""/"y^ *^ ''*"^"y «'" ''^'ve splendid horns will always comiSl a i.^^^^^^ '"*°i^ treacherous space IH-ice, even in its own' con. t^^^^^^ They then form tliem- Europe they are sure of a sale, thi v nnV '"'''"" ■'\"'°f' ^'''^ °P°" «"'' of „ The horn.sof this antelope are abont^ tbr.o "'?„Li'"f "l™"^"^ slowly,. so as to urge the Ihe fiorns of this antelope are about three ^ head is rather curious. They are very I.wliln^.r '"' ?'"', ^''"» ^^'^ fo'-el'ead, so that ^ Sch'^^riil' '^i^_!:-^f'^-'- «P« nearly ^touch the back. li^irnr'th;;^ se '^^i^' b^ ,-thouglit to be deprived of much of thdr .capabilities, but the gemsbok has a rather fllnnU«n • "' '" '^V'^'-^' °^ to receive the assaults of an enemy, it stoops its head nearly loic-teet. The horns are then directed toward the foe, their tips being son e c2 teen or twenty inches fVom tlurgroiind "As >^oon as the enemy comes within reach the pemsbok turns its head stron-rly unwoiv. and impales the antagonist on fts horns which are so sharp that they setValnoT^; have^been pointed and poli^hedli/TtSial brir^ing l";:r';;|j; i^^ , h,^ ^^a in Even whr-n the animal has received a mor' I fnll vw-h," V V,' "" " '■""™vors, out others *al wound, and been lying on t^ ^r:Zi\Ti^::;!:':^^ ^^^^^^^ -^^^^ ^<^ Innl.a animals onward. A miscellaneous company of elands, hartcbeests, gnoos, zebras a.;! other animals, is thu^ ^-ivei'i neaiel: an nea.Tr to destruction. Toward the angle of the V, the fence .is narrowed into a kind of lane or passage, some fifty yards in length, and is made very strongly, so as to pro vent the afiViglited animals from break! njr through. When a number of them have fairly entered the passage, the lumters dash forward yelling at the full stretch of their powerful voices, brandishing their .shields and assagais, and so terrifyirTg the to d animals that they dash blindlf forwan^ "n fall into the pit. It is usele.ss for those fi^nt to recoil when they see their (""1^^ as they are pusln.l onward by their co , races, and in a few minutes the pit is full "f dead and dying animals. Many of the hen escape when (he pit is quite full, by pa.ss n o er the bodies of their fi.llen conmani ,">? but enough are taken to feast the wh."e tribe for a considerable time. Those on to outskirts of the herd often break w 1 1 v aw^y and try to make their escapfthroS the cordon of nmied hunters, M-.-v , f (hem succeed in their endeavors, but'oiiei-s 130 THE KAFFIR. Even such largo game as the giraflfe, the buffalo, and the rhinoceros have been taken iu this ingenious and most etl'cctivc trap. Dr. J.ivingstonc mentions that the small sub-tribe called the Bakawas took from sixty to scvent}' head of cattle per week in the various hopos which they constructed. The animated scene which takes place at one of these hunts is well described by Mr. II. II. Methuen, in liis " Life in the Wilder- ness." After mentioning the pitfall and the two diverging fences, between which a herd of quaggas had been enclosed, lie i)ro- ceeds as follows: " Noises thickened round me, and men rushed past, their skin cloaks streaming in the wind, till, from their black naked figures and wild gestures, it wanted no Martin to imagine a Pandemonium. I pressed hard ujion the flying animals, and galloping down the lane, saw the pits choke- full ; while several of the quajj;gas, noticing liieir danger, turned upon me, ears back, and teeth showing, compelling me to retreat with equal celerity from them. Some na- tives standing in the lane made the fugi- tives run the gauntlet with tlioir assagais. As each quagga made a dash at them, they pressed theirVacks into the hedge, and held their hard ox-hide shields in his face, hurl- ing their S])ears into his side as ho passed onward. One managed to burst through ti'.e hedge and escape ; the rest fell i)ierce(l with assagais, like so many jiorcupines. Men are often killed in these hunts, when buffaloes turn back in a similar way. '• It was some little time before IJari and I could liud a gap in the hedge and get round to the pits, but at length we found one, and then a scene exhibited itself which battles description. So full were the pits that many animals had run over the bodies of their comrades, and got free. Never can I forget that bloody, murderous spectacle; a moaning, wriggling mass of quaggas, hud- dled anil jammed together iu the most inex- tricable confusion ; some were on their backs, Avith their heels up, and others lying across them ; some had taken a dive and only displayed their tails; all lay interlocked like a bucketful of eels. The savages, fran- tic with excitement, yelled round them, thrusting their assagais with smiles of P".t- isf\\ction into the upper ones, and ''"iving them to suffocate those beneath, evidently rejoicing in the agony of their victims. Moseleii, the chief, was there in person, and after the lapse of half an hour, the poles at tlie entrance of the pits being removed, the dead bodies, in all the contortions and stiff- ness of death, were drawn out by hooked stakes secured through the main sinew of tlie nock, a rude song, with extemporary words, being chanted the wliile." The narrator mentions that out of one pit, only twelve feet square and six deep, he saw twciity '■'■ quaggu.'i " extracted. Sometimes pitfalls are constructed for tlic reception of single animals, such as the ele- l^liant, the hippopotamus, and the rhinoceros. Those are made chiefly in two modes. The pitfalls which .are intemled for catching the three last mentioned animals are tolerably large, but not very deep, because the size and weight of the prisoners prevent them from making their escape. Moreover, a stout stake, some Ave feet or more in length, and sharpened at the top, is placed in the middle of the pit, so that the animal falls upon it and is impaled. The pits are neatly covered with sticks, leaves, and earth, so ingeniously disposed that they look exactly like the surface of the ground, and arc dan- gerous, not only to the beasts which they are iritended to catch, but to men and horses. So many accidents have happened by means of these pits, that when a trav- eiler goes from one district to another he sends notice of his coming, so that all the pitfalls that lie in his way may be opened. Elej)hants are, of course, tlie most valu- able game that can be taken in these traps, because their tusks can be sold at a high price, and their flesh supplies a vast quan- tity of nie.at. As the elephant is a terrible enemy to their cornflelds and storehouses, the natives -wo in the habit of guarding the approaches by in ans of these pitfalls, and at first find their stratagem totally successful. But the elephants are so craity that they soon learn cautilves to death durinsT the roniainiug eisjrht diivs of {amine, but they will uever throw away anything i that can by any possibility be eaten. Even the very blood is not wasted. If a largo animal, such as a rhinoceros, be itilled, the black liunters separate the ribs from the spine, OS the dead animal lies on its side, and by dint of axe blades, assagai heads, and strong arms, soon cu^ a large hole in the side. Into this hole the .unters straight- way lower themselves, ar ^ remove tlie intes- tines of the animal, passing them to their comrades out- de, who invert them, tie up the end, and return them. By this time a great quantity of blood has collected, often reaching above the ankles of the hunters. This blood they ladle with their joined hands into the intestines, and so contrive to make black puddings on a gigantic scale. The flesli of the rhinoceros is not very tempting. That of an old animal is so very tough and dry that scarcely any one except a native can eat it; and even that of the young animal is only partly eatable by a white man. When a European hunter kills a young rhinoceros, he takea a comparatively small portion of it, — namely, the hump, and a layer of fat and flesh which li^ between the skin and the ribs. The rn aindcr he abandons to his native assistants, who do not seem to care very much whether meat be tough or tender, so long as it is meat. Tlie layer of fat and lean on the ribs is only some two inches in thickness, so that the attendants have the lion's share, as far as quantity is concerned. Quality they leave to the more fastidious taste of the white man. The intestines of animals are gi'eatly val- ued by the native; hunters, who lau^h at white men for th' .wing them away. They state that, even food, the intestines are the best parts ol the animal, and those Europeans who have had the moral courage to follow the example of the natives have always corroborated their assertion. Tlic reatler may perhaps remember that the back- woodsmen of America never think of reject- ing these dainty morsels, but have an odd method of drawing them slowly through the fire, and thus eating them as fast as they are cooked. Moreover, the intestines, as well as the paunch, are always useful as water- vessels. This latter article, when it is taken from a small animal, is always reserved for cooking purposes, being filled with scraps of meat, fat, blood, and other ingredients, and tlien cooked. Scotch travellers have com- pared this dish to the " haggis " of their native land. The illustration opposite represents the wild and . animated scene which accompa- nies the deatli of an elephant. Some two or three hours are supposeil to have ela]/sed since the elephant was killed, and the chief has jnst arrived at the spot. He is shown seated in the foreground, his sldeld and nssaijais stacked behind him. while his 'laije is holding a cup of beer, aud two of his ;y be eaten. Even aated. If a largo Bros, be killed, the Ihe ribs from the il lies on its side, assagai heads, and large hole in the -unters straight- . remove the intes- ing them to their ivert them, tie up 1. By this time a las collected, often es of the hunters, their joined hands ) contrive to make itic scale. )cero8 is not very 1 animal is so very ily any one except even that of the iTtly eatable by a opean hunter kills ■.ez a comparatively .ely,the hump, and hich li between rhe re I aindcr he j-ssistants, who do uch whether meat ong as it is meat, on the ribs is only kness, so that the 's share, as far as Quality they leave asle of the white lis are greatly val- ors, who laugh at them away. They the intestines are mimal, and those the moral courage the natives have ir assertion. The liber that the back- k^er think of reject- but have an odd slowly through the 1 as fast as they are intestines, as well 's useful ns water- le, when it is taken Iwavs reserved for illed with scraps of 'T ingredients, and vellers have coni- ' haggis " of tlicir Ite represents the e which accompa- phant. Some two eil to have ela]>Hcd Hod, and the cliief lot. lie is shown d, his sliield and ini. while his 'laire )r, and two ol his LOOKJNG ELKPHANT'S FOOT. (See page IK.) (133) i SLAUGHTER IN THE RAVINE. 185 chief men arc offering; him tlic tusks of the elephant. In tho middle distauce are seen the Kafllrs preparinj,' tiie oven for the recep- tion of the elephant's foot. Several men are seen engaged in rakim? out the emhers from tlie hole, shieldiii'T themselves from the heat by leafy branches of trees, while one of the rakers has ,just left his post, being scorched to the utmost limit of endurance, and is in the act of handing over his pole to a com- rade who is about to take liis place at the Two more Kaffirs are shown in tlic act ; •'■'^"' r"., *'^*^ '"'"« '■oo' to the oven, and strips of tlie elephant's flesh aro seen sus- pended from the boughs in order to be con- verted into "biltongue." It is a rather remarkable fact that this simj.le process of cutting the meat into strips and drying it m the air has the effect of rendering sev- eral unsavory moats quite palatable, takln.r mvny the powerful odors w^iieh deter even a Kaffir and much more a white man, from eating them in a Iresh state. niri,/'?" ^v'^^Tu '''Stance is seen the nearly demolished body of the elepliant, at which a couple of Kaffirs are still at work. It m.ay hero bo mentioned that after an ele- phant 13 killed, the Kafflrs take very great pains about making the first incision into the body. The carcass of the slain animal generally remains on the ground for an hour or two until the orders of the chief can be received; and even in that brief space of time the hot African sun produ- ces a partial decomposition, and causes the body of the animal to swell by reason of the miajitity of gas which is generated. Tlie fnuv"".- ^k'''''^"^'°" himself the onerous Usk of making the ftrst incision chooses his sharpest and weightiest assa"-.ai, marks thp direction of the wind, selects"tli'e best spot tor the operation, and looks carefully round to see that the coast is clear. Having made all his preparations, he hurls his weapon deeply into the body of the elephant, and '"" ^'"^':!"'''y H'-'^P'^ ««*'!« to avoid the result of the strokiTtheenclo^d^'^scr ";;?,;^'t'* a loud report, and pouring ouffn volumes of such singularly \,rtensi"ve odor X^:S£ir'''' '' ^ ^'^^^ - -t I have more than once witnessed a some- what similar scene when engaged in the pursu. o comparative anatomy" the wo," t examp be'ng that of a lion wWch had been dead some three or four weeks and Sst^'"''^^' consequence, swoHen o'u of all shape. We fastened tightlv all the win dows which lookc.,1 upon tlfe "Ird in wW i the body of the animal was !yin" amrhel iotict^Thr'^'" "^f ''''''' at"a"CieS hhi self wi it "'^^'.^turous operator armed nimseit with a knife and a li<'hted nioA leaned well to the opposite side''of tJe^ani: mal, dehvorod his stab, and darted hack to ! the door, ,vliich wivs instantly clpsod. The | result of the operation was very much like that which has l)een mentioned when per- formed on the elephant, though on a smaller scale, and in a minute or so the lion was re- duced to its ordinary size. Sometimes a great number of hunters unite for the purpose of assailing one of the vast herds of animals which have already been mentioned. In this instance, they do not resort to the pitfall, but attack the ani- n^ls with their spear.s. In order to do so effl'ctually, they divide themselves into two parties, one of which, consisting chiefly of the younger men, and led by one or two of the old and experienced hunters, sets off toward the herd, while the others, anned with a large supply of assagais and kerries, proceed to one of the narrow and steep- sided ravines which are so common lu Southern Africa. (See engraving No. 2, p. The former party proceed very cautiously, availing themselves of every cover, and bein" very careful to manwuvro so as to keep on the leeward side of the herd, until they have fairly placed the animals between themselves and the ravine. Meanwhile sentries are detached at intervals, whose duty It IS to form a kind of lane toward the ravine, and to prevent the herd from takin" a wrong course. When all the arran^e^ ments are completed, the hunters boldly show themselves in the rear of the animals who immediately move forward in a liody — not very fast at first, because they are not quite sure whether they are going to be attacked. As they move along, the senti- nels show themselves at either side, so as to Uirect them toward the ravine; and when the van of the herd has entered, the remain- der are sure to follow. Then comes a most animated and stirrin^ scene. Knowing tliat when the leaders o'f the herd have entered the ravine, the rest are sure to follow, the driving jjarty rushes forward with loud yells, beating their shields, and terrifying the animals to such a degree that they da.sh madly forward in a mfxed ZfnTf "*" '"^"^-lopes. qoaggas, giraffes, and often a stray ostnch or two. Thick and fast the assagais rain upon the aff-rightcd animals as they try to rush out of the rav^ine, but when they roach the end they find their exit barred Scllw?,"'^.''*'"'.*^ °*" !'""**''■«' ^^'>« 'l"ve them back with shouts and si)ea-<.. Some of them charge boldly ac the hunters, and make their ^!etl!:T^''' "*''"!:' "■"■* ^^^ •'«•»» through the kloof, hoping to escape by the same way ^they had entered. This entrance U.how^ wrnV ?"^"^*'-^ ^'y,^^^ '^"^•"" P^'ty, and so the wretchjjd aniinals are sent backward and for- n^^tir" ^'^'^'''^a'lly P'-ith until the weap- ons of their assailants are exhausted, and the survivors are allowed to escape. ,„.^''''«*l"J«'»".''8" foi-m as characteristic fr... tuies of .-souuieia Africa as do the table mouutmns. They have been well defined m THE XAFFIR. as tlie re-enterin;? elbows or fissures in a ningii ot lulls; iind it is a rciimrkiil)lo fact that the kloof is mostly clotlicd with thick bush, whatever may be "the character of the surrouiidiuj,' country. In (,'olonel E. Na- pier's "Excursions in .Southern Africa," there is so lulmirablo a description of the kloof and the bush that it must bo sivcn in the languauje of the writer, who liius drawn a most perfect word-picture of South African scenery: — "The character of the South African 'bush' has features quite peculiar in itself, and sometimes unites — while stron^jly con- trastinj,' — the grand and sublime wiih the grotesque and ridiculous. When seen alar from a commanding elevation — the undula- ting sea of verdure extending for miles and miles, with a bright sun shining on a green, compact, unbroken surface — it conveys to the mind of a spectator nauiiht save in"ia<'es of repose, peace, and tninqiiillity. lie lor- gets that, like the hectic bloom of a fatal malady, these smiling seas of verdure often in their entangled depths conceal treacher- ous, death-dealing re]itiles, ferocious beasts of prey, and the still more dangerous, though no less crafty, and more cruel Kaffir. " On a nearer approach, dark glens and gloomy kloofs are found to fence the moun- tain sides. These often merge downward just described — a sort of high, thorny under- wood, comi)o.sed chiefly of the miniosa and portujacacia tribe; taller, thicker, more im- l)euetrablc, and of more rigid texture than even the tiger's accustomed lair in the far depths of ah Indian Jungle; but, withal, so mixed and mingled with luxuriant, turgid, succulent plants and parasites, m — even during the dryest weather— to be totally impervious to the destroying iuHiience of fire. "The bush is, therefore, from its impas- sable character, the Katlir's never-failing place of refuge, both in j)eace and war. In his naked hardihood, he either, snake-like, twines through and creeps beneath its densest masses, or, shiehled with the kaross, securely defies their must thorny and abrad- ing opposition. Under cover of' the bush, in war, ho, panther-like, steals ujion bis foe; in pence, upon the farmer's flock. Secure, in both instances, from jjursuit, he can in the bush set European power, Eurojiean skill, and European discii)linc at naught; and hitherto, vain ha.s been every effort to destroy by fire this, his imi)regnablo — for it is impregnable to all save himself— strong- hold.'' ^ into deep ravines, forming at their base sometimes the bed of a clear, gurgling brook, or that of a turbid, raging torrent, generally shadowed and overhung by abundant vegi'- tation, in all the luxuriance of trojjical growth and profusion. Noble forest trees, entwined with creepers, encircled by parasi- tical plants and with long gray mantles of lichen, loosely and boardlike floating from their spreatling limbs, throw the 'brown horrors ' of a shadowy gloom o\»r the dark secluded, Druidical-looking dells. But jab- bering apes, or large, satvr-like baboons, performing grotesque antics and uttering unearthly yells, grate strangely on the ear, and sadly mar the solemnitv of the .scene • whilst lofty, leafless, and fantastic euphorbia' like huge candelabra, shoot up in bare pro- fusion from the gray, rocky cliffs, pointin" as it were in mockery their skeleton arms at the dark and luxuriant foliage around. Other plantJi of the cactus and milky tribes -;-of thorny, rugged, or smooth anil fleshy kinds — stretch forth in every way theiV bizarre, mi.sshapen forms; waving them to the breeze, ft-om yon high, beetling crags, so thickly clothed to their very base with grace- ful nqjebooms, and drooping, jialm-likc aloes ; .whose tall, slender, and naked stems spring up from amidst the dense verdure of gay and flowering mimosas. " Emerging from such darksome glens to the more sunny side of the mountain's brow there we still find an impenetrable bush, but diftering in character from what we have After a successful hunt, such as has just been described, there are great rejoicings, the chief of the tribe having all the slaugh- tered game laid before him, and giving or- ders for a grand hunting dance. The chief, who is generally too liit to care about accompanying the hunters, takes his seat in some open sjiace, mostly the central enclos- ure of a kraal, and there, in com])anv with a huge bowl of beer and a few distinguished guests, awaits the arrival of the^ame. The animals have hardly falhui befm-e they aro carried in triumph to the chief, and laid before him. As each animal is ])laced on the ground, a little Kaflir boy comes and liiys himself over his body, remaining in this position until the dance "is over. This curi- ous custom is mlopted from an idea that it prevents sorcerers from throwing their spells upon the game. The boys who are employed for this purjiose become greatly disfigured by the blood of the slain ani- mals, but they seem to think that the gory stains arc ornamental rather than the re- verse. At intervals, the hunting dance takes plafe, the hunters arranging themselves in regular lines, advancing ami retreating with the precision of trained soldiers, shouting, leaping, beating their shields, brandishiiig their weapons, and working themselves up to a wonderful pitch of (excitement. The leader of the dance, who facets them, is, if possible, even more excited than the men, and leaps, stamps, and shouts with an energy that seems to be almost maniacal. Mean- while, the chief sits still, and drinks his beer, and signifies occasionally his approval of the dancers. C't LION HUNTING. IJohkIps tlioso animals which :hi', Kaffir kills lor Jod, there arc otli^rs which h(( only attacks i ,r thi* sake of tliuir trophies, such aa the skin, daws, and teeth. The mode adopt(id lu aHsailing the tierce and active beasts, such a.s tlie lion, is very r,^marl— ^>""„, 'iiui, accorainr to h;s usual custom, tries to slii, olf unseen. so, and tiiat the circle of enemies is closint,' on hnn, he becomes angry, turns to bay, and with mcnacuicr growls announces his in- tenticm of punishing the intruders on his dom.ain. One of them then comes forwar L and incites the lion to charge him and as soon as the .animal's attention is occi^d by one ob,ect,the hunters behind him ac yanco^ With rage, and without a wound. Of course several soldiers lost their lives in the assault' but n.-ither their king nor their comriidps seemed to think that anything out of the ordinary course of things liad been done On one occasion, Dingaii condescended to play a practical joke upon his soldiers A traveller had gone to see him, and had turned loose his horse, whi(;h was fiuietlv grazing at a distance. At that time horst^ had not been introduced among the Kaffirs and many of tlio natives had never oven seen such an animal as a liorse. It so happened that among the soldic-rs that surrounded Dingan were somt! who had come from a distant part of th(> country and who were totally unacquainted with li"o'rses Dingiin called them to liim, and pointing to the dislant horse, told thcin to brinn- Rim that hon alive. They instantly started off and, as u.sual, one stood in advance to temnt the animal to ch.-irgc, while the others closed in unon the supposed lion, in order to seize it when It had made its lean. Tl - .. .. ...„. ...,„„, H5, jciij,, i'hoy .soon discovered their mistake, and came back he?r cfiief'^ "*''"''' "" "^' ^''""^ '"^''^ht of ami hurl a shower of assagais at hilrwiS S'^^il^ nao the gnnind. leaping at tile ^nJ uS^ Se S^^':;''^::.iS,;l^!^;^ " --% take one side. In lus r.oge and pain, the lion does not at the moment comprehend he deception, and strikes with hisSnighty n y at the bunch of ostrich plumes, which he takes for tlie feather-decke.l head of I^s assailant. Finding himself baffled, he ur s Zo"^ ' •';!'' '"•■'P-' "" "'« ""■'^'-''^t hunter who reneats (lie snmn i^..,..,..„„. i ^ . ' ..„«„„; ;; •"—i" "" ""^ ue.uesi, nuntcr, wli f,1?n./'"' /■'!"" l»''>c«««; and a. at every >irn the furious animal receives fresh wounds, he succumbs at last to his foes L„if '^ ^^ ^•'"" i'''"*' '» «»cii an affray the I hunters come off scathless. The least hes- litation m ,) anting the i.lnmed spear ami leaping aside entails tf.e certainty of a BuT'asThe'K\ffl'^ the probabMity o/death jjut, as the Katflrs seldom engage in such n liunt w.lhout the orders of tTicTr clh^' and are perfectly aware that failure to execute his commands is a c.apit.al offence ^ts better for them to run the ri«W ,.? i! • order much in H extraordinary :, :.:: "■"- ""•' "•^i", an n wm mostly take the initi.ative, and attack before its presence IS suspected. Its habit of livi,,,; in tho densest and darkest thicket remTers i a peculiarly dangerous animal, as it will dash from 18 concealment upon any unfortunate man wlio h.appens to pass near if.s lair and as Its great weight and enormously 'soHd horns enable it to rush through the bush much filter than even a Kafhr can gl do among the matted growths, there is H sma chance of esc.i'^e. AVeapoit are b t of httle use when a buffalo is ik question as ball, and perfectly impregnaI>lo against such weapons as the fefiir's spear, aiul the sud- if/ff ^l!° .^"'"'■f 'h ""* P'-irtieularly caro for its flesh, though of course they will eat it when they can get^nothing betti,r, they will hunt the animal for tho sake of^ its hide icathei. The hide is so tough that excent at close quarters, a ))ullet which 1.1^,10? been hardened by the admixture of some limes the Kaffir engages very unwillintli arc about a iiioiilli old, tin. i;n,uii(i N itKiuii io,.,l, and llu) wiu^ds aio then nulled uj. ai.d doHtroyod. (Jwin« to tlu, very !„,- porJuct iiuKJu ot c'ullivadon, tli.; soil prodii- 1 1 ckly .- ,""''"""' '""' »"»« fit ail of .■ ) vutij.i? tlio ground by manure. Irr -a- o. 1.0 leaves to the nal.n-al .showrs, am beyond pay.n^' a professional "rain-m- k •" ;,> charm the clouds for him, he l' es ft e any, trouble about this impurtant b, a, 'h 01 i ,M-,cuUuro. As to manuriui. s, i he in '"' '^ '«'>i>''fvnt of such a pn.ceed n ' i>ltliou,i,^h the henls of cattle which are k,^t ■« every kraal would enable him t,, 'end'. r tL T'^'f'^'f ''V"l 'narvellouslv le i le o.e",;t;h";.f''ir-'' ''', "'^"^1'"' ^'''^t whin one pateli of it is exlnuisted he leaves il and .roes to another; and for this reaso ' nbamloned gardens are very c..i unon S the lenee which encircled them, and by wl?i,.h"l""""" '"l"'" "'• I"""l'ki 1 I-lans roJ;u^a^sS°^^;^:}'^r.;«'j^„, «ome particular plant. Various kinds cn)^ are cultivated by the KaiEt^etin^ tipal bemjr maue, millet, pumpkins a I a kind of spunous su.'ar-cn .. .rV- f liie class of luxiipi<..j ti, ^ . " 'r two reas...is: it enables the uat.hc" to see to a considerable distanc.., mid acts a.s a protection .jKainst the wild 'boars u .1 other enemies which are apt t.. deviw- late the -aniens, especially if ihev are not Kuanle, by a fence, or if the ince ■should bo dama«c,n-o„,ui ,, .vattled on three sidVs, |,.av. in» ho fourth open. The object of this watllinj. .s twofold. In the first pla<'e, to structure is rendered more se.uir, ; and in (he second, the inmate of the 'o.vcr can >ake a lire and cook food without bein-' UKonvenienced by the wind. won ". "'•''',"'" "'" "^■'•'^ '« eominitt.Ml to the u h „h"" >■"""",«'•■'?' l''« »"■» thinking su(,.h duties beneath them. In order to keep otr the birds from the newly s ro iti com blades, or from the just ripe,-,ii,irV„"Vn •a very in-emous device is emplofea A S 'V""'r'" "/ *^"' slender 'pdsts aro H ck at intervals all over the piece of ai d, anl strin-s made of bark are led fro u pole to p,>e all the ends neinl.l are fnnu- meiable. There arc, in the first place, hosts of .win^rod foes, little birds a id i sects which cannot be prohibited from ei terin "' an{ to the proprietor to m>.v tlieni ^o oil' with a iiiiantily of Hpoil, hcHidoH tiie ainoiint which lliey have eaten. The ordinary food ol'the chacina Ih n plant railed llaliiiiiia. front tli(^ uho which the hiihodiiH make of it. It is a Miihtcrranean root, wliii'h has Hut propcrtv t)f lieing ahvayH full of watery |uic(^ in tlie drve.st weather, no that it in of' iiicalculahle value to travdh'rs who have not a larjje supply of water with thcin, or who llnd that the rcKular foiiiitainN art) dried up. Many KalllrH kccj) tjiinc chacnias which they have captured when very youn.'j, and which have ncarctdy Hccn any of their own kind. The.se aniinalH are very useful to the KatHrs, for, if they come Upon a iiliiit or a 'Vuit which they do not know, tliey olfer it to the bahoon; and if he cntM it, tliey know that it is 8uit4iblo for human ciuisuiiiption. On their Journeys the same animal i.s very useful in discoveri'nfi water, or, at all events, the hahiana roots, which HUp])ly a modicum of moisture to the system, and servo to sup- port life until water is reaehcd. I'udcr theso circumstances, the hnhoon takes the lead of the party, licin<; attached to a loni; rope, and allowed to run nhont as it likes. When it comes to a root of lialiiana, it is held hack iiniil the precious vefjclahle can he taken cut ire out of the ground, hut. in order to stimulate the animal to further oxcrtii)ns. ii is allowed to eat. a root now and then. Til search for water is ccmductcd in a similar mauncr. The wretched hahoon is inti'ntionally kept without drink until it is half mad wiih thirst, and is then led by a cord as before mentioned. It iirocecds with great caution, standing occasionally on its hind legs to siiilf the breeze, and looking at and smelling every tuft of grass. By what signs the animal is guided no one can even conjecture; but if water is in the neighbor- hood the liaboon is sure to tind it. So, al- though this animal is an inveterate foe of the Held and garden, it is not without its uses to man when its energies arc rightly directed. If the gardens or fields should happen to be near the river side, there is no worse foe for them than the hippopotamus, which is only too glad to exchange its ordinary food fo?' the rich banquet which it finds in culti- vated grounds. If a single hi|)popotamus should once succeed in getting into a gar- den, a terrible destruction to tlie crop take" place. In the llrst place, (be nniinal can cOlinUIIU! ah iiImiiimI iltillllliilile iililoUlit of green food ; and when it gi'ls iiinong such tlantien as cornllelilH and pumpkin patclieR, it liKlulges its iippelile inordiniitely. Morn- over, it damages mure than it cuts, as itn broad feet • and short, thick legs triimple their way through the crons. The track of any largi' animal would be injurioiiH to a standing crop, but that of the lii|ipo|iotiiiniiH is doubly so, be<;aUHe the legs ol either side an^ so wide apart that the aniiiiiil makcH a double track, one being made with the feet of i> n right Hide, and the other with thoRe of 1 1. 'left A ■.linst theso heavy and voracious foes, a fence would be of little avail, as the hippo- iiotamiis could fiu'ce its wav through the liarrier without injury, thniiKs b> its thick hide. The owner o'f the Held (h 'reforo encloses it within a tolerably decn ditch, and fnrtherinor(( defends Ibe ditch by pointed stakes ; so that, if a hipixi^iotainiiH did happen to fall into the tiiiich, it would never come out again alive. A similar dcf(>nce is sometimes inadi' against the in- roads of the (>lephants. 'I'hose animals do not otlen tike it into their heads to attack a garden in the vicinity of human habitations; but when they do so, it is hardly possible to stop them, cxcejit by such an obstiicle as a •liteh. Even tlu' ordinary iirotcction of a fence and the vicinity of bumau habitalioiiR is worthless, when a number of clciibants I'boose to make an inroad upon some Held; and, unless the whole )ioi)ulalion turns out of the kiiuil and uses all nieaiis iit their eoiii- miuul, the animals will carry out their jdaus. The elephant always cbooses the night for bis niarauding expeditions, so that the defenders of the crojis have double disad- vimtages to contend against. One weapon which thcv use against the elephant is a very singular one. They have an idea that the'animal is terrillcd at the shrill cry of an infant, and as soon as elephants ap])roach a krail, all the ( liildren are whipped, in hopcH that the elephants may be dismayed at tho universal clamor, and leave the spot. Antelojies of variiuis kinds are exceod- inv'ly fond of the young corn blades, an. I)i» miiiniil cnn lllitillilf llllloilill lit' it. ^i'Ih iiinoiiK Niicli I |iiiiii|ikiii |inti'lu'H, nriliiiMU'ly. Mori!- tliiiii it rii(M, iiH i(H hick IcvTM triinipio ■(•Its. The Iriuk of l)(> iniiiriiiiiH to n t' till' iii|i|iiiiMitiunuH Icu's of citlicr Hide lin> iiiiiiiiMl iM!ik its (hick the liclil Ih-rolon! iTiihly ilocn ditch, ids (he dildi liy it' II hi|ii)()p|inlali(in turns out iicaus at their coiu- irry out their jilaiis. )osps tlie iiii^ht for ions, 81) that the have (loul)li^ disad- inst. One weapon the eh'phaul is a ,' have ail idea that the shrill cry of an ^phants apjiroacli a • whipped, ill hopes JO dismayed at the ive the spot. kinds are i>xct'0(l- corii blades, and, if fence, are sure to iiibblo everv (ivevn jirouud. >fcar the cely less iiijiirioui*, meddle with: and •apable of workin;^ 1(1 swiiie, however, cauHe the most cou- ■den. Even a fence unless \'. be perfect r the pij;s can force mdi'rfully small aji- kcdjje-shaped head, touiih skins enable tliroii;;h thorns and niiy dmna^o. wild Hwine are nopij- 1 the hush; The " piKs," as tlie lurly eiillod, ulways coiiio from and when several kraals are hmit near a hUHli the .hielM o( each kraal axiee to make ft eiue ln;m one to the other, m, us to shut out the pijrs Irom all the eultivaled laud, il lis (eiice IS a viTy imeful edill(M., hut, at e sanie time, has a very lu.li.Tous iwpeel h eeu lol, that the Kalllr cannot .Iraw u B ru.^ht hue much less build a straiKht }"n:e; ami the cori.se(|m'Hce is, thai the builders continually llnd that tiie feiuu, Im ftMs iiminif the form of a se^fnient of a .Mrele 111 lie dir.uMioii, and thi^n try to (•orreet the a,u.J7 "■'•''""^ " ""«'n<^»t<>f ucirclo in the op ...site dirciion, thu.s makiutf the fenee very much ar«er than is necessary, an. « y Ah to the winded enemies of the «arden many mo,i of killing then, or driving ten nway .ire employed. One metho J (KJ " •« tho wind an>l when H ^ l''*'*''^''' "X with try cover:u^wTtl^si^^"K'''*™^'"'•«°»n- rallypa.s^onun lS''f!*''7 '^""''' "«t»- was^i^ol defiled witfs^nnr*^ ^''P"' ^^ich theymighrsettle^'^It^rHaidlr;^'"';'" were not know„ iu tlL"^„"SSs CIJUIOU8 KAFFIK LKOKXI). IA until iH'iU^ n„,l that thoy were sent bv thn supernatural power of ^^;,tMha,^amV iKlief n the DelaKou district, whoi.i Tc aka a Uu-ked and by whom 'the Zih warrior, were defeated, as hiu, alrea.ly I e.m m«n! ...ned on pa^., 1^4. The whole st ry w^ told to Mr. MhjM.i,,., who narrates it 1^,1,^ lollowiii){ words:— "" "When they had reached Sotshanjiana's oountry, the ;Culus were in Kreat wanU.f »"<;r "ars. Ast.misl(m..nt s..i.,.d the ho "t or, tlH.y never behel.l su.li an ap, ar t on iH-b.re; every man ask<>d his lud-J. ,or I, ,^ "'•"I'oouhl 'tell its,p,a!ity ornanie.' '( "„' ot their number at last thn-w s.,me light on the mystery. II„ had .se... tl,,, inS ' Makazana's country, an.l perhaps he to MS wan. ..ring companions that tl"y wen <;ollecte,l for tb.xl. U„t th ev^sZ loarned this from the people of Vh^kr^l who had only retire,! f'. escape tl e enS' and whose voi<.es were hear.l fro a nei2-' mring rock. In no case woul.l t .' f^S. t.yes have been likely to spare 1 1.^^ r lu S siji.'e they coul.l rail an,! boast an.l threS yith unpunity; but when th..y saw tS tieir to..d was in danger, they lilk-,! m their voices with d.-sperate .n.-nrv „,,, „J tere,! the t.-rrible ^lri^at tha,'ifVh*^^i,^ad i" ate their lo,.u«ts, others sluuil,! f..Il, w t liom home, and carry famine in th.ir tr i „ Tim Zulus were too hungry to heo.l the woe o? vu.tunis, an the l.icusts wer,! d.vouretl But when the army returned 1. , me the ^uEl."^'""'""^' """ '''' "'-'^ten'irg its How locusts, tho destroyers of food nrn i"£txt^?:;;n^er*"'"^"''^"'''^^''"''-- to^ti/t^^iu^^i^'^z'S^rzus Sva 'Zir.' ^t'J" «°-^>«mes'"n;ied hf S to niVt ^^'■""'' T"'"*'"' '' having laid t^ In 1 ''""'"'•■'». "nd forced his subiecta touche, the fruit themselves. In some fn^ ^ orcd districts the banana grows t.) a ^reat fo"a'^„r ^'"'^ '""'^'^ ^'^•"^' ^ '--/s J^ext in importance to food for mnn :<. THE KAFFIR. iHxuriiinpo that IcmlR to mnko It too mnk for oii(ll(> to i-ii(. When it Hist »priiiu;s up, it iH green, «wi'C't, and tender; but when It lias reaelied u tolenil>l(! lenj-th it beeonioH so \i irwli till!) the i'atll(! can liurdly eat it, T\w Kallir, (lu-relore, adopts ii plan liy wliieli Le obtains a.s mueh IVesli ji;r;v8S iis ho lilcos tJirouiiiiout llie season. Wllen !i jmleli of «nis8 has bnen fed upon n« lons8ion, he is able to give his be- loved cows fresh pasturage throughout the year. CHAPTER XV. FOOD. C0Mn,NAr,„j, or «rooN am, hn,,kk. ^x-t 70,,. Z «,^^^^^^ '"""'" "^"^'^'^'^-^ »'«>'''t>L AOK,.-,.„,;i,L.AHAN,.,.K OK T.,„ ....W. AN., K.s, vl „. , "'"'"'- '"^'^ ^"« '•»■•'>"""• •« MAN- .NNAT.= r.,V., or aUST,,:K-,„„;vT SPOON Kvjr, '''-''■^'""« "IXitinTK .N «,N,NO_ T..., INSKCT .N ITS l-IKKKUKNT BTAOK. Tnl"", '''"...KH - UXUSTH KATKN ,.V KAKnUH- TMK M„AT onTAIXK,, ,.N r^^VV^Z^J^Z^'^''"' ^"^ ''™««''- "■^-N'^HA.. ..t.XUTV OK «V T„K KAKKm_„ow HK ,.,.,NK8 WATK. K.ZU m v^^ «««"- VAU.OCH ,,mNKH ,;«eu -KKHMKNTAT,OV, «K,MM.XO, AN,, Sr,U,«,N' V->^'l and and maize are now put to ,.o no\ h'' M^""'-""'? '""fion rlnJos't'T;*::,"" '}',''' cover is lut.d d..wn.\s £ at|f j. ""' lF"!!«'«t<'"t pa.s,.. As f!,'' n'J ; " 'JV^'tr'.'''^ 144 THE KAFFIB. This fi)rin of mill Is perhapH tho earliest with which wo are acquainted, and it may be found in many parts of tlic world. In Mex- ico, for examjili), the ordinary mill is made on precisely the same princijple, though the lower stoiio is rudely carved so as to stand on tiiree legs. It is more than probable that tho opera- tion of grinding corn, which is so often mentioned in tiie earlier Scriptures, was performed in just such a mill as the Katllr woman uses. Tlio labor of grinding the corn is very severe, tho whole wciglit of the body being thrown on tho stone, and the hands being fully occupied in rolling and rocking the upper stone upon tho lower. Moreover, the labor has to bo repeated daily, and oftentimes the poor hard-worked woman is obli";ed to resume it several times in the day. Only suHicient corn is ground for tlu) consumption of a single meal; and therefore, so often as tho men are hungry, so often hiw she to grind corn for them. The boiled and ground corn takes a new name, and is now termed " isicaba ; " and when a suflicient quantity has been ground, the woman takes it iVom the mat, puts it into a basket, and brings it to her luisband. who is probably asleep or smoking his pipe. She then brings him a bowl, some clot- ted milk, and his fiivorite spoon, and leaves him to mix it for himself and titko his meel, she not expecting (« partake with bin), any more than she would expect him to help her in grindiufj the corn. As the Katlir is eminently a social being, he likes to lakes hif meals m company, anil does so in a very orderly fashion. When a number of Kafllrs meet for a social meal, thoy seat themselves round the tire, squatted in their usual manner, and always forming themselves into a circle, Krtflir fiishion. If they should be very lunnerouB. they will form two or more con- centric circles, all close to each other, and all facing inward. Tho pot is then put on to boil, and while the " mealies," or heads of maize, are being cooked, they all strike np songs, and sing them until tho feast is ready. Sometimes tliey prefer lovo songs, and are always fond of songs that celebrate tho pos- session of cattle. These melodies have a chorus that is perfectly meaningless, like the choruses of many of our own popular songs, but the singers become quite infat- uated with them. In a well known cattle song, the burden of which is E-e-e-yu-yu-yu, they all aly after witncssin;; I the impression Wiu ind: — small oil lamp I wns ish journal, ready for next day; and, while I, time stole away so »rc I closed and 8ealo«,?""?'»ns made by the poet below; thousands of insects wore chirnn' in nnif f- P«i:»l!'»r musical rlwthm merny; and therejouder than artlerc^^^^ ''" - S t^l'h^^r^^; ''"^' '■'^" «*• «<"ne score' huml ro ;..-i "''"'^^ penetrated three numiica yards or more into the bush when kffl""'rr''- '.' '"'•«« '^'"I newly erected Kaffir hut with a huge fire bhwin- in iti tint no(!re .t"^'^-''''S'' "^« ''"«"^ «moke hr a em ,"'■'? '■""' "^° ""'0 semieircu- ^r ape turo whioh served for a doorw-iv These h„s of the Kaffirs are formed^ ^f I trclhs-work, and thatched; in anneTran,?P ' f^hey resemble a well ro'nndecreycock being, generally, eight or ten feet hhh^t he vertex circular Cj form, and from wen tv fore ;fescHfi"'''"^*^^«'--'««'-^v-^'« be"- <^nl^"fi' f '' '^'^''. "^'*'" 'nidnight. it seemed l-^^n .'f '"•'^/""^ '»'sl»t not^^be alto-eSer Sn l''"„e,?Tr'''^i '« '"^-^ turnecf 'back IrL w "•'■^^ *'"' doorway mi.»ht hivn Irn tin° of H,"V T"'^ '^■■^^° attributed a irr i>tling of the bushes, at that late hour to ]je presence of a thief or wild beast ' I t ei-efore coughed aloud, stooped down lind liH-ust my head into the <.pen "rwav Ihere a most interesting silht^p'Sea • '"Fancy three rows of iet-bl'iek- K-iffi^o »•• i.i circles around tile int Hoi of^the' hut, sitting knees and nose altogether wav Ipg their ^vcll oiled. stron^Av Wilt fi-nm!: i "- -T.^" """ ^" "»t' back,vard and forward to" kcc Hf^^™"' ''*'""'* °* Alexander, tl IJeir favorite 'Dingan'sNvt-S,', . ' ' hrowT""'' ^""'"'''■^ ^ ''""l^^^- unt, iiiif-I an old gray-headed K.alHr f looking group A S^^^^^ 'lemoniac- expends more tron?,Ie nnnn •? T""' •'^"*^ |ionof'M,,]o;.a' M, omr?p7l-';-^''''''»^-^a^^ ot'ier artkle which C ""*" "^'°" "Thou needy offsprinR of Umiiikazi Kyer of t ,« oattio ofmen. ^ "^*' S ''i"*^ Maube, fl,,,..t UH a bullet, TW .' ?ri'"' !,"^ >>«•'"»"'"' I«"-ts. ' A nionHtor III size, of mighty nowor IJfivourorof Uugwuti of ,i,i4"nt race- Like heaven above, rafning an'd 8l,i„ing." hoiot'o'f Sd^tiic'^'Ts l°- "" «°"« ^"^ 90, he will see tt 2 oS.'ref mblance^H«? exists between the tw^oTles each „-" .f-'** some events of the herS'early Ufo Jef diverging into a boast of his grLt wealth aml^endingwithalistofhlswaxSlTh^^^^^^^^^ w£ SlL°tlde'^^tr'^of''Sk;-"" mc^eerl he was told l.y'^iZ rlowtefcCf nmiselt. it was composed after thit wn!^ will you go out to battle now?'' and tho V\ liere are you goiuR t,. battle now?" 148 THE KAFFIR. mistakable, and which points out the coun- try of the maker as clearly as if his name were written on it. The bowl, for example, instead of being almost in the same line with the stem, is bent forward at a slight an-le, and, instead of being rather deep, is nufte shallow. It is almost incapable of containing liquids, and is only adapted for conveying to the mouth the thick porridge which has already been described. Several of those spoons are represented on p.age lUJ, drawn from specimens in my collection. Ti" 1 is a spoon rather more than two feet ui length, cut from a stout branch of a tree, as is shown bv the radiating circles, denoting the successive annual deposits ol woodv Sbre. The little dark mark in the bowl sliows the pithy centre of the branch. The end of the handle is made to represent the head of an assagai, and the peculiar convexity and concavity of that weapon is represented by staining one side of the blade black, this staining process is very simply managed by heating a piece ot iron or a stone, and charring the wood with it, so as to make an indelible black mark. 1 art of the under side of the bowl is stained black in a similar manner, and so is a por- tion of the handle, this expeditious and ea'JV mode of decoration being in great favor among th(<. Kaffirs, when they are making any article of wood. The heads ol the wo° den assagais shown on page lOa are stained in the same fashion. According to En'Tlish ideas, the bowl is of unpleasantly larf'c dimensions, being three inches and a quarter in width. But a Kaffir mouth is a capacious one, and he can use this gigantic instrument without inconvenience. Fi". 2 represents a singularly elaborate example of a spoon, purchased from a na- tive by the late II. Jackson, Esq. It is more than three feet in length and is slightly curved, whereas the preceding ex- ample is straight. The wood of which it is made is much harder than that of the othor spoon, and is therefore capable of taking a tol(>rably high polish. The maker of Uus spoon has ornamented it in a very curious manner. Five rings are placed round the st'-m, and these rings are made of the wire- like hairs from the elephant's tail. They , are plaited in the miinner that is known to sailors as the "Turk's-head" knot, and are similar to those that have been mentioned on pa'-'e 101 as being placed on the handle ot the assaaai. In order to show the mode in which tiTcsc rings are made, one of them is given on an enlarged scale. At the end of the handle of the spoon may be seen a globular knob. This is carved from the same piece of wood as the spoon, and is intended for a snutf box, so that the owner is doubly supplied with luxu- ries. It is cut in order to imitate a gourd. and, considering the very rude tools which a Kaffir possesses, the skill displayed in liol- lowin" it is very groat. Round the neck of the opening is one of the elephant's hair rin"s, and at the bottom there is some rather deep carving. This odd snuff box is ornamented by being charred, as is the bowl and the greater part of the stem. Sometimes the Kaffirs exert great ingenu- ity in carving the handles of their sjTOons into rude semblances of various animals. On account of its long neck and legs and sloping back, tlic giraffe is the favorite. Fi". 1 on page 103 shows one of these spoons. It is rather more than a foot in lenffth, and represents the form of the ani- maf better than might be supposed from tlie illustration, which is taken from the front, and therefore causes its form to be foreshortened and the characteristic slope of the back to be unseen. It is made of the acacia wood, that being the tree on which the giratfe loves to feed, and which is called by the Dutch settlers " Kameel- dorn," or camel-thorn, in consequence. The peculiar attitude of the head is a faithful representation of the action of the girafte when raising its head to browse among the fohage, and the spotted skin is well imi- tated by application of a red-hot iron. In some examples of the giratfe spoon, the form of the animal i> much better •^hown. even the joints of the legs being carefully marked, and their action indi- cated. Sometimes the ^lafflr docs not make the whole handle into the form of an animal, but cuts the handle of the usual sliape, and leaves, at the end a large block of solid wood, which he can carve, into the required shape. The hippopot.i- mus is frequently chosen for this purpose, and so is the rlunoceros, while the hyseiia is always a favorite, apparently because its peculiar outline can easily be imitated in wood. . , ., The reader will probably have noticed the nn"-le at which the shallow bowl is set, and it .appears to make the spoon a most incon- venient instrument. If held after the Eu- ropean fashion, the user would scarcely Ije able to m.anage it at all. but the Kaffir has his own w.ay of holding it, which is perfectly etfectivc. Instead of taking it between the thumb and the forefinger, he grasps the stem with the whole hand, having the l)owl to the left and the handle to the right. He then dins the shallow bowl into the tenacious porridge, takes up as nui is it will possibly bold, and inserts the wli. .r of Ihr bowl intn his mouth, the convex side being upnermiwt In this position the tongue can lick the spoon quite clean, so as to be ready for the next visit to the jiorridge. If i, -lumber of Kaffirs am> about to par- take of a comnum meal, they always .use a common spoon. "Were each man to bring his own with him. and all to dip in the p<'t at once, it is evident tli.at he who luul m largest spoon, would get the largest share, Round the neck of the elephant's hair ;oni there is some riiis odd snuff box ; charred, as is the ,rt of the stem. exert great ingenu- aies of their sjJt)on8 of various animals. ncek and legs and iffe is the favorite. shows one of these nore than a foot in the form of the ani- , be supposed from is taken from the uises its form to be characteristic slope ;cen. It is made of being the tree on s to feed, and which h settlers " Kameel- in consequence. The le hiad is a faithfid action of the girafte to browse among the ed skin is well imi- a red-hot iron, of tin 'giraffe spoon, nial i> much better ts of the legs being 1 their action indi- he ilafflr does not ile into the form of the handle of the ;s,al the end a large which he can carve, ape. The hippopota- isen for this purpose, ros, while the hyiena ipparently because its easily be imitated in aably have noticed the allow bowl is set, and e spoon a most incon- If held alter the Eu- ser would senrcolv he. all. btit the Knftir has g it, which is perfectly tnkiug it between the ger. he grasps the stem having the bowl to the o the right, lie then \y\ into 'the tenacious nu IS it will posfihly \vli"if of thi' bowl in'ii : side being uppenmwt. ngue ran lick liu' spoon be ready for the next affirs aiK' about to r"''- e.il, tbev always .use a re each man to bring id all to dip in the pot t tli.at he who hud l''^ get the largest share. than which nothing would be more distaste- M to ti,e justice loving Kaffir, besides ^^irf. rise to a scene of hm-rv n,„i .,,.,.k..i,i" _ "" Lovi: or JUSTICE. 149 rkV fn •' r , "^ '^'^'"'■' "'->sides givin-' rise to a scene of hurry, aiul probably con° tention, which would ho a breach of .^ood manners. So the chief man present tikes nncL^r ' ^'"' '"'"^'^'f ^^ ^ mouthfilt d Thntfl '"'''■^'' 'J''"''' '" '"** n^^-^t neighbor riius thosnoon goes rou.ul in regular order none havmg more than another. ' went twice or thnco round the eirdn o,i,i i ing to one portion and taki I aw'iv fVo m M ve» by iiMking spoons of (I ,, most no, file name of ladlc^ a^s U s k /'?'"" !^''''"''^^« ©■■^liS E■TV-:!i-^^;; •nrnod rooml on its Jv ' ,„ I,, , S """"" ''" ^a 'e TiT Thi ,"■ '■■''""■'^ '"■'^ iliustrateu on J.^°^:to„ftosx"sieYirs pattern h.xs no pretence to elaborate detail • «^orough,y, and^r^^'^Si?- h- ^^^^^ made hTn^u ?'• "^'^ ''?'' ^^'^ file are inaae b^ a hr)t iron, and the under surf i.-.. of the bowl i.s ro-^v filled wi h K ^^; /''1*'"^'"'^'^«« have been 13 -on in.t'^.;n?/^KrX tI^«J0 180 THE KAFFIR. crowding upon it. As for wnlls, the insects care nothing lor tlieni, but Hurmount them, and even the very liouses, witliout suHuring a fliet'lf. Wlien they become perfect insects and g.'iiu tlieir wings, tliey jjrocecd, as l)et'ore, in vast myriads; but this time, tiiey direct tlieir course through the air, and not mei'ely on laud, so tliat not even tl»e broadest river can stop them. They generally start as soon as the sun has dispelled the dews and warmed the air, which, in its nightly chill, paralyzes them, and renders them in"cai)able of Hlght and almost unable even to walk. Toward evening they always descend, and perhaps in tile (lay tune also; and wherever they aliglit, every green thing vanishes. The sound of their jaws cutting down the leaves and eating them can be heard at a great dis- stance. They eat everything of a vegetable nature. Mr. Moftiitt saw a whole tield of maize consumed in two hours, and has seen them eat linen, flannel, and even tobacco. When they rise for another (light, the 8j)ot which they have left is as bare as if it were desert land, and not a vestige of any kind of verdure is to be seen upon it. A very excellent description of a flight of locusts is given by Mr. Cole, in hia work on South Africa: — "Next day was warm enough, but the wind was desperately high, and, nuuih to my disgust, right in my face as 1 rode away on my journey. After travelling some ten miles, having swallowed several ounces of sand mcanwliile, and been comi)elled occa- sionally to remove the sand-hills that were collecting in my eyes, I began to fall in with some locusts. At first they came on gradu- ally and in small quantities, si)eckling the caith here and there, and voraciously de- vouring the herbage. "They were not altogether pleasant, as they are weak on the wing, and quite at the mercy of the wind, which uncivilly dashed many a one into my face with a force that made my cheeks tingle. Hy degrees they grew thicker and more frequent. My prog- ress was now most unpleasant, for they flew into my face every instant. Flung against me and my horse by the breeze, they clung to us with the tightness of desperation, till we were literally speckled with locusts. Each moment the clouds of them became denser, till at length — I am guilty of no exaggeration in saying — they were as thick in the air as the flakes of snow during a heavy fall of it; they covered the grass and tlie road, so that at everj' step mv horse crushed dozens; they were whirled into my eyes and those of my poor nag, till at last the latter refused to face them, luid turned tail in spite of whip and spur. They crawled about my face and neck, got down my «1)irt collar and up my sleeves — in a word they drove rae to despair as completely as they diove uiy horse to stubbornness, and I was obliged to ride back a mile or two, and claim shelter from them at a house I had passed on my route; l\illy convinced that a shower of locusts is more unbearable than hail, rain, snow, and sleet combined. I found the poor farnua* in desi)air at the 1, itivea tiirli out in a body, with saoks, skins, and cvorythinff that can hold tho oxpoctcd pniy, those who poHsuss such animals hrinjflng pack oxen in order to boar tho loads homo. Tho locusts arc swept by niillious into tho sacks, with- out any particular exertion on tho part ot the natives, though not without some flanrjei-, as venomous serpents are apt to come for the purpose ot* f(>cding „„ the insects and arc sometimes roughly handled in the darkness. When the locusts have boon brought home, they are put into a large covered pot, such as has already been described and a htt c water added to them. The tire is then ighted under tho pot, and tho locusts arc then boiled, or rather steamed, until they are sulHciently cooked. They are then taken out of tho pot, and spread out in the sunbeams until they are quite dry; and when this part of the process is completed they are shaken about in the wind until the legs and wings fall off, and are carried away just as the chatf is carried away by the breeze when corn is winnowed. When they are perfectly dry, they are stored awav in baskets, or placed in the granaries just iw It they were corn. | _ Sometimes the natives eat them whole just as wo eat shrimps, and, if they can aflord such .-i luxury, add a little salt to them.. Usually, however, the locusts are tre.ited much in tho s.anic msinner as corn or maize. They are ground to powder by the mill iintil tliey are reduced to meal which 18 then mixed with water, so as to lorm a kind of porridge. A good locust sea- son IS always acceptable to th(; natives, who can indulge their enormous appetites to an almost unlimited extent, and in conse- quence become quite fat in comparison with tlieir ordinary appearance. So valuable indeed, are the locusts, that if a native con- jurer can make his companions believe that his incantations have brought the locusts he IS sure to bo richly rewarded by them' Aleat, when it can be obtained, is tho -M-eat luxury of a Kaffir. J3eef is his fawrite meat; but ho will eat that of many of the native animals, though thi^re are some in- cluding all kinds of tish, which he will' not touch. With a very few exceptions, such as the eland, tho wild animals of Southern Africa do not furnish very succulent food. Venison Avhon taken from a semi-domesti- cB drink should be of an intoxicating nature, therein following the usual instincts of mankind all over the world. There are few nations who do not know how to make iatoxicatimr drinks, and tlic Kallir is not likely to be nmch bchindiiand in Oiis respect. The only fi-.rmented
  • como thoroughly water-tight. _ (jne of thcHo baskets is in niy own oolU"'- tio'.i. It is most beautifully made, ami ci.'r- tninly .surpasses vessels of woot amount of grass is employed in its construction, the work is very close, and tho ends of the innumerable grass blades nro so n;ni(lc Hint Hwcct mIoi'i'Iidiino, y-Kuidi vol iiiitnrily ln'i'iuiNc It would p't, at (ho beo- (1 i)i liollow tri'cH, 1 HCCliri! l'(irlll'H8('8, n'lu'tnilc without .,..1 •iiii; ciiii; Hlroii<,'('r thnn (liiclty wiiiiU the lie licc-jrruliH, an" '"'«" «o are reptiles. Th " true 7„T, /■••'!';;'''•'' '-^"'1 any species of monkev °r^ '^^ h-'-'lr'^^'l ^n tins parueular we^can synUtS'with ,arti;irtn J!.' t.ve cattle, and the nnfortunn?; co m 't ,"? ,' -wsit^Sr:i;;fi^';;i;si;:;.S!^;f« i^e^Sie-S'-^Sf^^isi 106 THE KA.rriR. thought was beyond the reach of rumor. The chief man received him hoHpitably, promised to send one of his "boys" as a servant, and volunteered permission to beat the "boy" if h. were disoliedierit. He finished by saying tliat he only made one stipulation, and that was, that the "boy" in question should not be obliged to eat crocodile. It will be understood that these peculiar- ities regarding food apply only to the Zulu tribe, and that, even m that tribe, great modifications have taken place in later yeai'8. uld not be obliged CPIAPTER XVI. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS. QUETTK OF SNUFF TAKING - n.-rfv„ ' ^ ™"''"^' ''''° ""^"^ "*• "»'^(- IT-ETl- THE EAUIiOX— THE SINOIlrAn n,„„, *'''""^ NEU\ fcs— VAHIOU8 FOKMS OF SNIKF liOX — S.WF HOX-THE KlFrrN^^n^pTF "^ ~1oTK>rTL'''""" "'" ~-'— ™" THE SV.STE,,-THE POOR MAN's rn.F-C.uZrT' ' "''""-'■ ^"" "-^ ""^"AT.ON ON these luxuries, namely, beer is sc^urelv U nr r ^'V^ P"«-pose, and by conuoisscurs coasidored as such b/\hem but is m-i/ ll]'''''^''!!'''^ I'' '^^Y ^th^^ mktmal Wheii oneda.son,>„ffl„>.,..,.£„..^"M^^' '=LV'^lv- the snufr maker judges that the toba.co is suthciently ground, she spreads the „asto uimaafiut stone, and plaels it in he'nS until tn"^'"'''"' '"'""''^ ''^ ^I"'" '-"'^"^ea ot wood-ash is ti„.ii consi.lered.;r;u;;h'brtl^n',^t1s'a oned .^ one of the nece/saries of life. T lure Ifi n/,'V °"" «'-atiacation in «-hieh I o |2^thS^PSEauiri;;^.-)£ ully developed in the Kaffir, .xs i, ?,.'.' "//^l" Pr'P<»-t "n f„u„ I I • / . ""'^^"'' "*^'^i' tne world is fully deyelope([ in the Kaffir, a.s in a the savage tnhes of Afri.'u. For tolnec o o native undergoes exertions which no of r s' n?nr"n^ '"'^l'-"^' ''"" to undertake lie IS not at all particular about the miiUi\- K1ih'ff^™»-andi!isi;i;S: uie 10 pioduce tobacco that can bo tn,^ coarse, rough, or powcrf.d for his tas iLe na eo c "'"' ''" '^''^'^ "''^ f"» A'^vor of His snuli is made in a very simnlo man If' '"""'!r ""'■■^'^^'^'''s. Snulf (aking almost uer, and is mostly manufhditired bv M r"'"'"^'*' *^'^' ^■''■'"■''''^f'''- of a .solcmn"ito .am wonien. The lirst" process is ogriSl le ev-.TT n'^'""'''^ ^"tl» 'li«> thou, tb' s tobacco to powder between two stones ad ' '^"" ^'■"'■•"'—' " ''' ' ^'Xr^'ifS-:!!-!.f-aiittR£ .,111 i-'"i""i"^" oi woo(l-as 1 jf( tlien Se'"T;;^''t"T f:^""^ -T' *■''' -'"« IS made, ihe etleet of the ashes is to -nvi. oljt.iined from tlie pure tobacco. Of this snutl the Kaffirs are immoderately fouf and even European snulf takers ..I en pre- fer it to any snufl- that can 1... purcl aied I know one African traveller, wlio a..,,ui.v the habit of snuff taking among the K,t -s .Olid who, h.aving learned to make sm,, ' in K.afflr fashion, continues to manufiiclure his own snuff, thinking it superior to a ly tl t can be obtained at th,. tobaoc.uiists' shops Kim" "?'■"""''■ "*■ '■'*^"'"- ^'"'"''n among the IvafHivs, by no miyins the simple process in ^'r'Ji;.."^:: !-«»"'»• '''kiligaiinost v-'> acU Ociiisr one or iho ,.i.;„f ; i- ". erv Tsh h^V *"'^' ^ P"'"'' white fenMi: t,.i....o),i,. ;...;! -«• i "V, "'''l'^ "•* '" '"> a man OO a.h b.n, one or the chief ingredients.^ .aa;:^.;^Kt^;^^\^il SS evify of an European simlf taker. A KalHr ever thinks of taking snuff while stMn.Hn" but miLst needs sit down ft.r the purpose hi' some place and at some time w Ln e w 100 THE KAFFIR. These snuff spoons are very similar in form, althoujih tlioy sliglitly ditlbr in detail. They are made of hone or ivory, and consist of a small bo^\ 1 set on a deeply pronged handle. Some spoons have two^ron^s, but the gen- erality have three. The bowl is mostly hemispherical, but in some specimens it is oblong. I possess specimens of both forms, and also a snulf spoon from Madagascar, ■which is very similar both in shape and size to that wliich is used by the Kallir. Supi)osing him to have a spoon, he takes his snulf box out of his ear, or from his belt, and solemnly lills the bowl of the spoon. lie then rejilaces the box, inserts the bowl of the spoon into his capacious nostrils, and with a powerful inhalation exhausts the con- tents. The i)uugeut snuff causes tears to pour down his cheeks; and as if to make sui'e that thoy shall follow their proper course, the taker draws the edges of his thumbs down his face, so as to make a kind of groove in which the tears can run from the'^inner angle of the eyes to the corner of tiie mouth. This Hood of tears constitutes the Katlir's great enjoyment in snuff taking, and it is contrary to all etiquette to speak to a Kaflir, or to disturb him in any way, while he is taking his snuff. If, as is often the case, he is not rich enough to jiossess a spoon, he manages it in another i...iliion. Taking care to seat him- self in a sjiot which is sheltered from the wind, he pours the snuff on the back of his hand, making a little conical heap that ex- actly coincides with his wide nostrils. Uy putting the left side of liis nose on the snuil neap, and closing the other nostril with his forefinger, he contri - s to absorb it all with- out losing a grain of the precious sul)stance — an act wliich he would consider as the \ery acme of folly. The rules of etiquette are especially mi- nute as regards siniff taking. It is considered liad manners to offer snuff to another, because to oiler a gift implies superiority; the principal man in each as- sembly being always called upon to give snuff to the others. There is an etiquette even in asking lor snuff. If one Kallir sees another taking snuff, he does not ask directly for it, but puts a sidelong question, saying, " What are you eating ? '" The first answer to this question is always to the effect that he is not eatinu anything, which is th(> polite mode of refusing the request — a refusal to the first a))|ilieiition being part of the same singular code of laws. When a second re- quest is niaile in the same indirect manner as the tovnier, he pours a (luantity of snuff into the pahn of his left hand, and holds it out for (he iitiier to help himself, and, at the same time, looks carefully in apother direc- tion, so tliat lie may not seem to watch the quantity which is taken, and to apjiear to grudge the gilt. Or, if several be present, and lie it) a rich man, he helps himself lirst and then throws the box to his guests, abstaining, as before, from looking at them as they help themselves. Wiien a chief has sunnnoned his dependants, he calls a ser- vant, who holds his two open hands to is a w:)ndpr- ful organ. It is entirely unalVeeted by the abominal)le scent proceeding from the ran- cid grease witli which *lie natives jih'nte- oiisly !)esmear themselves, jind sulfers no inconvenience from the sfilling atinos]ihrre of the hut where manv inmates ar(> assem- bled. Hut, notwithstaiKliiig all tliese as- s.'uilts u]M)n it, conjoined with the continual snulf takiiiii, it can detect odors which are (piite imperceptible to European nostrils, and apjiears to be nearly as sensitive as that of tlie bloodhound. Heing so fond of their snuff, the KaflRrs lavish all their artistic power- on tin- boxes in which they carry so valual)le a subsfanre. They make their snuff boxes of various tua- ox to his guests, II looking tii them WliL'u ii clnuf liaa ts, he ciills a ser- icii himds fogetlicr, chief then fills his servant carries the IS they sit around, utioned that when inherent African black man man are perforce il ceremonial in its ' thought that the such (piantities of ngent a character, y nerves to such an I be scar(H'ly able 8iuh. however, is 's nose is a wondcr- • unalVeeted by the ling from the ran- he natives jilentc- es, and sutl'ers no stilling atmos|)hero muatcs ar(> asseni- ling all these as- witli the conlinual ct odors which are European nostrils, as sensitive as that V snutr, the Kaffirs ower • on th(- boxes doable a substance. oxcs of various tua- SNurr BOXES. terials, such as wood, bone, ivory, horn: and just as Europeans employ gems and the precious metals in the manufacture of their snuir boxes, so do the KafHrs use for the same purpose the materials they most value, and exhaust upon them the utmost resources of their simple arts. One of the commonest forms of snuff box is a small tube, about three inches in length, and halt an inch in diameter. This is merely a jouU of reed, with its open end secured bv a plug. The natural color of the reed is slimuig yellow; but the Kaffir mostly deco- rates It with various patterns, made by par- tially charring the surface. These patterns are dillerently disposed; but in general form thev are very similar, consisting of diamonds and triangles of alternate blai^ and yellow. fh.f n^-''L*?r''''T ''""'^'"^'' P»''P°«e besides that ot holding tlic snult and is used as an ornament The correct method of wearin" It IS to make a hole in the loboof tlie ear and push he snutr box into it. In that posit " 1 1 s always at hand, and the bohl blkck and yellow pa tern has a good etreet against the at tig. b of "dress and ornaments," on page Another form of snuff box is shown at fig. o on he same pa^e. This is a small ai t cle, and is cut out of solid ivory. Much Bki 1 IS shown in the external shapin"- of and verv nrp,■n^ .,ot; , t' " "' 161 which is preferred is that just above the fore foot. The foot bein^' removed, ho KafBr measures a piece o? the leg some four mclies m length, and cuts it off. From the upper part he strip the skin, but takes care to leave a tolerably broad belt of hide at the wider end. The bone is then pol- ishe( , and is generally dec(n-ated with a rudely engraved but moderatelv regular pattern, somewhat similar to that w"hich has been alreiidy described as placed upon the gourd. The natural hollow is much enlarged, and the opening being closed with a stopper, the snutt box is complete Sometimes the Kaffir makes his snuffbox out ot the horn of a young ox; but ho will occasionally go to the trouble of cuttin™ »t r Skin IS baked by the sun to a decree of ™"'%birf^ «1"'1J to that of ea;.then waie. This form of snuff box is much used. As the bottle gourd attains a "arge m which snutt is kept in stock, or by a chief of liberal ideas, who likes to iiand round a largo supply among his followers. In the i?':f''LZ[''''^' '' !? •"•namented in some sun to dry. He is very expert a? this art an(i, as a general rule, can imitate the va- rious animals with such truth that they can be immediately recognized. Of course he has bu little delicacy, and does not am at any artistic effect; but he is thoroughly ac- quainted with the salient points of The ani- ina) which he is modelling, and renders hem with a force th.at tr?nue, tly paS into rather ludicrous exaggeratio.u ' Ihenext process is a very singular one When a cow is killed, the Ivaffir^•emove3 the hide, and lays it on the ground with the hair downward. With the'sharp blade of his assag.ai he then scrapes the interior of the hide so as to clean off the coagulated blood which adheres to it, and collects it all m one place. With this blood he nixes some powdered earth, and works the blool and the powder into a paste. Of course a from ,?"*'? •'^' «f «»il»'-»l fibre is scraped fiom the hide and mixed with the naste and aids to bind it more closely tlSr! way or other. Sometimes theKaffir Ho<^rv I t^'".;, \ "', "■""' "' """"*^ cioseiy together «» .,,0 „,,„,„ „,,eH„r „u,; ^^^^^i^^^^^o^l;,^ S]?',lt u' tes rFtsroffSasr"'"'"-'"^"--- -. .e ... or»co„.n.ri»;sisrLrLrorst£0sE2 The Kaffir repeats this process until he has pbt^ained a coating about the twelfth of an inch m thickness. Just before it lias be- come quite h.^rd.. he takes his Tieed le or\ Uhl^ .» P"'"*«'^ ^^^.''g"'. «nd rises a 162 THE IC^VFFm. bear n rnli^ rcsomblanco to hair. When it is quite drv, tin- Kaffir cuts a round hole in the top or the head, and with his needle aided by sundrv implements made of tliorns, picks oiit llu! wliole of the clay model, leav- ing only the drv coating of paste. By this time the plaslic paste has hardened into a peculiar consistency. It is very heavy in proi)ortion to its bulk, partly on account of the earthy matter incorporated with it, and partly on' account of its extremely compact nature. It is wonderfully strong, resisting considerable violence without sulfering any damage. It is so hard that contact with shaip stones, sjjear heads, or a knife I)lade is perfectly innocuous, and so elastic, that if it were ilrojjped from the cloud;i upon the earth, it would scarcely sustain any injiny. My own specimen represents an elephant, the leathern thong by which the plug is re- trained being ingeniously contrived to play the i)art of the proboscis. Ibit tlie Kaffirs are singularlv ingenious in their manufac- ture of tlicse ■ ';rious snulf boxes, and imi- tate the form of almost every animal in their own country. The ox and the ele- phant are their favorite niodcds: but they will sometimes mi It a snud' box in the form of a rhinocero.!, anil the very best specimen that I have as yet seen was in the shape of a hartebeest," the peculiar re- curved horns, and shape of the liead, being rendered with wonderful truth. Modelling must naturally imply a mind with some artistic powers; and it is evident that anv one who can form in clay a recog- nizable'modil of any object, no niatter how rude it may lie. has within him some modi- cum of the sculptor's art. Tiiis implies a portion of the (Iraugbtsman's art also, be- cause in the mind of the modeller there must exist a tolerably accurate conception of the various outline.s that bound the ob- ject which he models. He can also carve very respectably in wood; and, as we have seen — when we came to the question of a Kaffir's food and how he eats it — he can carve his spoons into very artistic forms, and sometimes to the sh;>pe of certain ob- jects, whether artificial or natural. There "is now before me an admiralil}' executed model of the head of a butfalo, carved by a Kaffir out of a rhinoceros horn, the peculiar sweep and curve of the buffalo's enormous born being given with a truth and freedom that arc really wonderful. Yet it is a most remarkable fact that a Kaffir, as a general rule, is wholly incapable uf understanding a drawing that includes perspective. An ordinary outline he can understand well enough, and will recognize a sketcli of an animal, a house, or a man, and will sometimes succeed in identifying the individual who is represented. Yet even this amount of artis'ic recognition is by no means universal; and a Kaflir, on being shown a well-executed portrait of a man, has been known to assert that it was a lion. But when pcrspoetivo is included, the Kaffir is wholly at a loss to conqirehend it. One of my friends, who was travelling in South Africa, halted at a well-known snot, and while there received a cojjy of an illus- trated new.spapcr, in which was an engrav- ing of the iaentieal spot. lie was delighted at the opportunity, and called the Kaffirs to cmne and look at the print. Not one of them could form the slightest conception of its meaning, although, by a curious coinci- dence, a wagon had been represented in exactly the situation which was occupied by that ill which they were travelling. In vain did he explain the nrint. Here was the wagon — there was fliat clumj) of trees — there was that flat-topped hill — down in that direction ran that ravine — and so forth. They listened very attentively, and then began to laugh, thinking that Tie was joking with them. The wagon, which happened to be in the foreground, they recognized, but the landscape they ignored. "That clump of trees," said they, "is more than a mile distant; how can it be on this l!at jjiece of paper?" To their minds the argument was ended, and there was no room for further diseussicm. I liavo another snuff box, which is re- markable as being a combination of two arts; namelj', modelling and bead Avork, The author of this composition dors not seem to have been a man of original gen- ius, or to have possessed any confidence in his power of modelling. Instead of mak- ing a day model of somi; animal, he has contented himself with imitating a gourd, one of the easiest tasks that a child of four years old could perform. There is rothing "to do but to make a ball of clay, for the body of the box, and fix to it a small cylinder of clay for the neck. The makir of this snuff box has been scarcely more successful in (he ornamental cover "than in the box itself. With great labor he has woven an envelope m.adc of beads, and up to a certain point has been successful. He has evidently ])ossessed beads of several sizes, and lias disposed them witli some ingenuity. The largi-r are made into the eovi'r for (he neck of the box, a number of the very largest heads being reserved to mark the line where the neck is wa^'ked into the liody of the bottle. All the beads are strung iqion threads made of sinews, and are managed so ingeniously that a kind of clos(> network is formed, which tits almost tightly to the box. But the maker has committed a slight error in liis measareu'cnts, .and the conse- quence is that, aliixaigli the cover fits closely over the g ati'r jjart of the box, it forms several niiga'nly wrinkles hero and there; the jnakt. r having forgotten tlint, owing to \h. ;-1i:!iu!ar sbajie of the box, tl'.e diameter of the bead envelope ought to THE KAFFIR AND HIS PIPE. sert that it was a contracted with eacli row of have been bearls. The colors of the beads are only three — namely, chalk- white, {jarnet, and blue; the two latter beins tranMliieeut. The ground- work IS toruie.I of the opariue white beads, while tlu.se (.( tli(! other two colors are dis- lipse( 111 bauds running in a slightly spiral direction. ' There is now before me a most reniark- able smitr box, or '-iquaka," as the KalHrs ca I It, which peri)Iexed inc excecdin-rly. The form ,s that of* a South African gouril, and It IS furnish(>d with a leathern tliong alter the jnire African fashion, lint tlu' carvinj. with which it is almost entirely artist. 1 he upper portion is cut so as to resemb h., well-kn,.«n concentric i^',r ■ balls Av-liich the (;hines.. cut with such i i- mte labor, and a similar patt.u-n decora "s the b,a.so. But the bod- of the gounl is covered with outline car^ .iigs, one of w lich repr..sents a peacock, a I.n-d which does not belong to Kalfirland. and the rest of which are very fair reiircsentations of th(^ rose this le, aiKl shamrock. The peacock s really well .Irawn, the contrast between the close i>Iuinivge of the body and the loos ■ discomposed feathers of 'the tra i iS very bodly marked; while the attitude oT the bird, as it stands on a branch wilb reverted head, is very natural (Sec m-^e 10/.) Mnorltoss King, to who^e p,E tion 1 belongs, tells me that if he had ot seen it taken from the boriy „f a slain w^". rior, lie could hardly have believed hat t came from Southern Afri.'a. He tldnks tha It inust have been carved by a pa 'tuTllv c.y.l.xed Hottentot, or KalHr of ' eLSS ntclhgence and that the .lesii^n mus "ve been copie, from some En.^li^h dels or the gour'i: ■'^""••^^•■^"1 transferred it to The same gentleman has also forwarded to me aiu, her gourd of the same shanfH, 1G3 naniely, by cutting off a amall portion of the neek, 80 as to allow tlie air to ent..r and hu8 to cause the whole of the s ft' sub- stance of the interior to decay. The severed portion of the ne-'k is carei\.]ly preserved and tu stopper is li^ced to it in sul.l. a ma : ner that when the gourd is closed it seems at first sight to be entire. These goi rds are never washed, but fivsh milk is "ontii - ualy ad.Ied, in ord.T tliat it may be cd - tile vess d "'"''^" ^^ ^'"^* whicli is Mt in Next to his .snufj- box, the Kafflr vahtes his pipe. There is quite as much variety in pipes in Kaffirland as there is in Europe, an " possible, he material is cvn more varie ' Heed, wood, stone, Jiorn, and b„i„. are the principal materials, and th," rea.ler will see that from them a coiisideial)le variety can be formed. The eommon.st pip^s ar..made out of wood, and are forme.l l,n the same principle as the well-known wooden pipes of Europe But the Kaflir has no lathe in which he can turn the bowl smooth o-i the ext(!rior, and gouge out the wood to make whinrt'^'-T.^'"''"''" •'^''^ '"' tl'o drills with which the Eurojiean m.akcr i.ierces the stem, .or he .lehcate tools which si ve it so neat a Imish. He has scarcidy an v tools but his assagiti and his n.-edle, an.l >-et with these rude imidements he succeeds in making a very serviceable, though not a very artistic foi holdmg amasi, or eh)ttMl milk This s ..x'.me.i is ..hietly remarkahle Vom l ' foct (hat an acchlent has befiillen i mi V, ™i,- 1 1 " ■^'"'■'* '""''h r(-sembles tint has been fastened over the ho ' ¥ ,£0 ^1 the goiU '* '' "''""^* incorporated The gourd is prepared in M.p verv s!m-i manner that is In Le among the K-afC^l^ | pipe. . One of the principal poinls iv. pipe mak- ng, among the KafHrs, is. to be il . r™ as regards the size of the howl. Tie sn a k st Kathr pipe is nearly three times as 1 ' e as the ordinary ,,ipe of Europe, aiul is „Tther larger than the great porcelain pipes .so ' sed by the Germans is very mil.l. and is mplo.vcd more for its deli-'ale flavor 1 an ts potency; whereas the tobac<.o which Kaffir uses is rough, coarse, rank, and ex- tremely strong. Some of the pip,.,s u e 1 by hese tnlH.sare so largo tliat a casual oZ ^erver might easily take them for 1^11° and they are so heavy and un« ieldy esnc^ c.ally toward the howl! that on an .m ler'-emT a smoker might very efHrtuallv use h sS as a dub, and beat r.lf either a wild I is r a human foe with the improvised wea on. trenerally, the bowl is merely hoi nv^d and then used as soon as the wood s rr ut 1.1 some cases the c«i ol' lln> pm'i'Nl iimlici'. 'riii'OiTiiiiin I'dniis tlic liowl of III!' tiiii'Nl iiovci'ImIii, Mini mIoriiM it wllli iiix own roiil ol' uniiH, or willi llio poilniil of Hoiiic liDHiiin IViciiil, wliilo llii- Nli'in in diuo- r;ili'(l « iili ''ilkcn runlHiind IuhscIm of lii-illliinl iinil .HVinliolit';il cnlorH. Kvi'ii the Knjjiish- nmn, jiliiiii mill fiiiiplc iin an* Hit' tiu>lain woodrn or clav pipo to llii' ci'sllii'sl spt'i'inii'n (ha( uil cun fniniHli; hnl oihiTH priili' llii'insi'lvi's oiliu'i' njion Uic I'oili) inad'iialH \vill\ wllii'il lln'pip(> is made, or nil' iinanlilv of iroid and silver \vln'i'«'\vitli i( isdci'oiali'd. Ollicrs, a,i;ain, sitiii Io prc- CiT forms an irroli'sinu' and I'anlaslic as nnv (hat aro di"oiidin!ily lari;e sale. Tlic Norlli Ainericaii Imnaii lavishes all Ills artistic powers upon his pipe. As a warrior, upon a caiiipaii;ii he conleiits hini- Hclf Willi a pipe "contrived ii doiihle dt'hl to pay," his toniahawk heiiii; so fashioned thai the pipe howl is sunk in the head, while the handle of the weapon is hollowed, and becomes the slem. Uiil, as a man of iteace. he expends his wealth, his artistic powers, anil his lime upon his pip(>. lie takes a journey to the far distant spot in whicli the "i^acrcil rcdslone is tpKiriied. He ntler« in- vocations to the (ircat Spirit ; uives olVer- iiii;s, and hninhly asks permission to lake Hoino of the veiierati'd stone. lie returns home Willi his treasure, carves the howl wilh iiitlnile jiaiiis, makes a most eluhorale stem, and decorates it willi the wampnin and feathers which are tlui jewelry of a .savajje Indian. The inhahitant of Vancou- ver's Island shapes an entire liipe, howl and slem inchided. out of .solid stone, cov- ci'in'.j it with an intlnily of ;;rotes(jne iinaj;es that must lake nearlv a lifetime of lahi r The native o[' India t^irms the water-pip-. , or "hiililile-lmlihle." out of a coooa-mit shell niul a ]iicce of hainln>o and a clay howl; and ivs lontr .'IS he is a mere laborer, livina; on nothiiiir but rice, he contents himself with this simnle arranuemeut. Hut, in propor- tion a-s lie becomes rich, he indicates his incrca-siiiir wealth by the appearance of his pipe; so that when he has attair.ed atttii- cnce, the cocoa-nut shell is incased in gold and silver lilajrree, while tht> stem and mouthpiece are covered with j^ems and the jirecious imMals. It is likely, therefore, th.it the Knfllr will CXpuud bulii time uiul lubur upuu lliu diiuu- ralloii of bin pipe. Of artistic beauty he him very lltll(> idea, and is unalile to ^;lVl' Io IiIn pipi> the llowiliK curves wliieh are loiilld 111 the handiwork of llie Amerieaii Indian, ol- io produce the rude yet vil^oioic- dcsijjns winch oriiameiil Hie iiipeof New ( 'iiledoiiiii. The form of the Kalllr's pipe seldom \iirles, and the whole energies ol' the owinr seem Io be concelilraled on iiilavinv the lunvl with lead. The palleriis whicli he piodiiccs are not rcnmrkable either for beauty or varietv, and, indeed, are lillle more than repel ii ions of llie /i;,'-/.ay; en^'iavin>,'M npoii the siiiilV boxes. Then' is now before me a pipe wl> 'h liaH evidently beloii;,'cd to a Kiillir who was ii skilful Ninitli, and on which Hie owner lias expended all his metalliirjiie know l.'dj;e. The entire stem and the base of the bowl all' made of lead, and the edge of the bowl is furnislii'd with a rim of the same iiietiil. Till' pallcrn whiili is eiijjiaved upon it is composed of lead, iiiid it is a remarkable fact that the lead is not merely let into the wood, but that the bowl of the pipe is cut compli'lcly llirough, so that the paltcni is seen in llie inside as well as on the exterior. The pipe has never been smoked, ami tlni |iallerii seems to be imtiiiished. The skill which has been employed in making this pipe is very great, for it iiiiist reipiire no small amount of protleieiicy luilb in wood carving and metal working, to combine the two materials together so perfectly an to bo air-light. The hookah, or at least a modillcalion or this curious pip<', is in great use among Ihu Kallir tribes, and is (piite as ingenious a piece of art as the '• hubble-bubble" of Hie llidiiir peasant. It is made of tlnee distinct p.irts, Virst, there is the bowl, which is generally carved out of stone, anil is oltcn orna- mented with a deejily engraved pattern. The commonest bowls, however, are made from cartlieiiware, and 'I'vcry similar in shape to that of the hidiaii jiipe. Their form very much resembles that of a barrel, one end liaving a large luid the other a small aperture. 'I'hc next nrlicle is a reed some four or live inches in length, which is titled tightly into the smaller aperture of the bowl; th(> last, and most important jiarl, is the body of ilu> pijie, which is always made of the horn of some iinimal, that of the ox being most usual! v found. The favorite horn, however, aiii"l Hint which is most costly, is that of the koodoo, the inagnitlcciit spiral- honied antelope of .SoiiHiern .\fricu. A hole is bored into the horn at some little distance from the jioint, and the reed, which has been already attjichcd to the bowl, is thrust info it, the Junction of Hie reed ami horn, being made ivir-tight. (.''^ee illustration No. 4, page l.").").) The bowl is now filled with tobacco, or wilh ttUythci' mixuiro that will bo dcscribeil, Till'; I-()()U MAN'S IMPK. Irttic lii'iiiily lilt liiiH llllll' III f^lVl' li> \\\h liicli nil' liiiinil ill ni'i'ii'iiii liiiliiiti, III' Vil^iillill- lli'MimiM lit' Nrw ( 'iili'ildlllll. ipC MI'IdnIM Mirll'M, I' till' OVMHI' NCCIM iilavini; I 111' liinvl wliii'li 111' iniiilnri'H Id' I'm' licMiily or llllll' niiii'i' lliiiii ciij^raviiif^M iipon ' II |ii|ii' \\\' \\ liiiH Kiillii' wliii \vu« 11 I'll till' llWIIlT llllM Inrjjii' kiiiiwli'djtc. liiiM' of I 111' IhiwI ' (i(l^;f III' till' ImiwI if llii- unww iiicliil. ij;riiV('(l ii|i(ui it. is I Is 11 I'ciiiiii'kiilild lli'l'i'l\ Irl illl'i (lid til' (111' |ii|n' is I'lil; lint till' pntli'i'ii is lis (III till' I'slt'iiiiri r«niiik('il, mill tliii liiislii'il. Tlic nkill I'll ill milking IIiIm luiiNt I'i'iiiiiri" no lU'V lii'tli III Wtmil ij;, Id I'lniiliiiK^ till' ) lu-rt'i'i'tly iw to bo t, n iiuiililli'iilioii of 'ont use iiniiiii;; (lio IS in^jcniiiiis n [licct' ilijf" III' (lie IiKliiii liii'c (lisliiii't p.irtH. wliicli is >;i'iii'rnli_v ml is nlti'ii onia- I'li^'invi'il pnKcni. howcvi'i-, iirc iiindii I' very similar in iiliaii jiipi". Tlu'ir IS that of a luuTi'l, 1(1 tlicotluT a small ri'c'd some four or lii'li is tittcil ti.i,'liliy i> (if till' liiiwl; llio t jinrt, is till' liiitly ways made of tlu' a( of (lie OS lu'iiis riu' favorilo liuni, 1 is most I'dstly, is ina,tiiiitl('i'iit. spiral- itlicrn Africa. A oni at somi' little md till' I'l'i'd, wliii'h icd to (he bowl, is DU of (lie ri'i'd and it. (.'^oc illustration il with tobacco, or kt will bo dcsciibt'il, mid till' liitni iicarlv (lllcd willi wal.i "'.■'l<''- (o sinokn li.is pip.., thi'nntivi'pl.K'i.s "■^ '" I' <" Ibo I'lii.id. i.p,.,, ,.,,,1 ,\f III,, lioni prcssi'S lllii.'d-.'oflh,. i,prl|i„;r(„|,|H • iH'cks, SI. MH III ,'xi'liiili. ||„, air, and then 111 IMll'H Vl«l.l'IMIs|y. Tl,,. „, „, i, ,1,,,^ ;'';'7''; '",, l"'^,'^ !'" .'-d' Hic wmcr, .md is p:in ally ||',.,.,| iniin impuritii's licriir,. j| im III ri'.'ii'si', Il I'l'Mcllcy' III lips III Ihi' sllli.ki'l'. Dui'llljr IN Sl'f;;'''' f 'l';';vali'r,il.'a„s..sai:i„i| """"'"- ^' 'I. Wlllrl, is (l|,>||^;|ll. III aid III,' i;''''''^' "I ';ni"' siii-.k...'. I'l.n. lohacci. is, oniyi'i-, scldiim smnNcd in Uds pip,., and <'^l'"n:.llv aninii^r II,., |,„„,„,, ',,i,,;,/„ .•NC.'('(lll.«IV piKl'Ml liiixl,,,,, I, ,,„,,|„\,.,|. "I''"'-'" '^ n.si'd (ur III.. piirpoM,. ..rV'ivii..- I."'«(ri,s(iin,,.,| llavi.r, bill, ||,„ ..|ii,.r inT,-.;: I' I'" ' ; II" Dniiianis, ii,.ii|,„,. ,|„ ,|, ' |.-;y 1..^ inloxi..aliM« h.'mp ,„ .a^,' , (xlciMiiiMis.. (,,|,„.,,, rii.'ir w.'il.'r Ip," Moni.jlini.'s lasi,..„ i|,„ |„„v| n„i'ni,'.n..,ii y n l'^pl.i.;.'l.ym..nns„ra|,,,„.,i„, ,. ,'V I 'opo lllilc, on.' pair (if wllicji ,'lia,' ',''!''; '"' "■ l■;• lor cobii'. Ill' always .li.HiH,; Homi. pan „r III,. Hkin wlii.,',' u |,d,.mb N(n)i|i< cinlrasl „f |,i„. ,.^|h|^, """J Tlliivisay,.,'ysi,i;r|,|,„.|,j,„|„,. I ,, , si'.'iMs I,, Im. in „.,. ,.v..,. , ,.„„si,|,',.,|.|„ , „! """';'^:'" '" 'M'i.'a, Thcnaliycof |,s '■"""•'■y IS m.y..,' at a I.ims Ii.,. a pip,., an. if "':''Io.;h not happrn |„ |...s..,.ms ',„'„,'„(• n,,! l,'i|"'Miiior,|i,iary us,., |,..,.,,„,„„|,,,„„„i„'^ ;•^v n.iii„l,.s wli,.,',.y,.,. |,„ ,„;,y ,„.. ',!,;; biH Piin.,.^,. |„. ,i,.,.,|. „., I ,, 'i',,! ,.,.,,„i,,,,!, IOWOO,f,Hll.,.,., „|..,||,„,. ,„,,„,,i,,| „,',.|,i,., l"|'''x arc Ki.|,..,'ally mad,'. Tb,..,. is hc ..' aiiiKi'andi'i.i'.ibi.iK bis ii„(i„„ „|',i , ,;,;,, ,; I "^••"•iv.'l' Mil.,', .aril, inl,. tbal art .' ,. a , "';:„«''"'''i'i'^-'ifi .,iii..Hi,is idiia,.,.,',;,; ' "• m.'liod of making; tJiis pip,, is p.',.. ••'•^1 ly Miupi... Fi,.si, h,. ,„,„,, .,;„,„, „, ; <•!' tli<; !^r„nii,|, ,i„,| „|„|„',,, ,,, ,„•„,, pic. I lie pni'isc iiiaiiMir in wliicj, N nia.l,. is,|,.pi,.|,„| i„ |i,,o-,.„.(|,-., ,^,,, r of inn. I (bis pi,( lOWII liki. Ibos,. ofap,.rs,)iiatl,i,.k,..l of iiind al lb,. I .... '''"'• '"''''< mnil riib',. is il.n ''''••>"'"f"l ll'ofulnn- pip... Tl.,' <'<:c,lll,;,' is I,, pu.sl, ||„, ,|„,„,,. ol iiind III, lii ii(.xt pro- ., , .. •• iitio (li(. Iiiini) 1 . " ''''acbi.s (h,. siM'ar sbifi ■mil '//'."'''"•"'•'^'■''^''''''''"•'ilal.ayily ' ' " " mimilc or two wl.icb .,.VJ;." .V '7,'"" "'""'' ''avily is mad,., •■•""Mllic«r,H„ tt .s's . u . '""■'"''" "'■""• '-"^vl . "i.^'i Mloall,.w a nia.it 'i. (' i, n • '"'" ''"•"'""v wilb.lmwn, ix xt:^U' of ins.'iisiliilliy, , " ; , . J'' '': '^ ''ompb.l,.. Ill,, ,„,,.(•„,.,„,„ "■^ ''^liil si.licr ni,.,|.a,l,'l ,';,, ;, -; t/'^ Ibc st,..',.. A f.'w .. 1 1"',""!'.'* '" •'!'■. iHiniin.^ smib,.amM s..ill,',.s .,, ;y'i-is,.ai',|,osay,and.£\.^!'';!:;7t:; "":;■" sboni.l beany uralili.'ati.i, a •, ! M'nt.' ni,'x,,li,':il,|,. t„ ,„ K,„.„p.,',;'V „: •bisky snidkci's. bowv-r. .'c^.anl lb.' „i„. ,. M.p,^y,n^,.ii,...r,|.,..,,,,,,,,r,,,,,,,;j:!i/^ •mil "ill sacrifice almost eyerytbi scss it. • Althol|;rI, (|„ vi''tinis t,) this is iiij; to ]ios- namara (rib,, ai'o special pc.Miliar mo.le of smokiii" i !.s.-o,.p..d i.i, I,,, .,.,,,,,, I, ,.,,,^.,''\;^^^ "•x'ndia,„e(c,',aml two „,• ,l„.„„'\V,.;.p^ in. 'q'Ia<'...linlli,.b.il,.,,,,,,is,,.,i..,', |',^,;,X no a co,„p,n,.f „„„,. ^ ,,, i!,*^ ^^ ^'^^^^^^^ 'ilccn. li,.n( i„ ||„. |;„.„ p |,.,|,' 'r.' I '.-"id.ib',.fi,,,....j,,1,;:..';';|;. -I'jnn^ ;.■" '•"" I'oiiiiar mo.le of smokiii" it ii.,r ii, , ' Vi .■■••■'^I'o iiuoin.. bol,', ,.av- I 160 THE KAFFIR. 18 carpfiilly witlidnnvn.nnd nt the same time (he Ixnvl is in:iilc liv imsliiiii;; llic ^miil■r iii'tcr (lie (wij; mill widciiiiii; I lie lioli'. 1" such case tlie iiipc is "I' siuli -^ "iiturc liiiil an J-Jiiropi'iin I'diilil not smoke it, even it lii' (■oiilV"i.'l 'h; in ihf wiiv. ami his small il.li' :ii»s i'"iiil not Uikc ii'propiM- hol.i. I'.i;l the ^ii'i-lin<; iips 1' llic .Siuilh Aln- can native arc nihnir.ihly ailniited for the pin-posc, and cniiMi hin'i to pcrtbrni wilh case a task which would he physically ini- tiraelieahlc lo the Kmopcan. (Sec eugrav- in-' No. ;t. on oppo-itc pa^'c.) It is a rcniaikalile liicl liiat in some jjai'ts of Asia Ihe natives c.iiislrncl a pipe on llie same iirinciplc. This pipe will he descnbcd in its proper place. When the Kallirs can assciulilc for a i|Uicl smoke, thcv li:ive another curions custom. The strong', rank loliaceo cNcilcs u co|)ioiis How of .saliva, and this is disposed ot in a rather straiif.'e m inner. The smokers are furnished with a luhe al>out a yard in lcn;,'tti. anil ;,'enerallv a mil, or ( this tuhc tlu' smokers in turn dis- chariji' the suiierabiindanl moisture, and it i.s thoi:uht to be a delicate compliment to select the same spot that has been previously used bv another. Sometimes, instead of a h(de. acircular trench is employed, but the mode olnsim; it is exactly the same. The ilhislration No. 4, same paj^'c, rci)rc- .sonts a couple of well-bred fientlemi'ii — a married man and a •• boy "— indwlv'inn in a l)ipe in the cool of the evening;-. 'l"he man has taken hi- turn at Ihe jiipe. and handed it to his conu'ade. who inhales the smoke while he himself is eni;ai;eil with the Itilie above-mentioneil. Wishiii'j; to !,'ive some little variety to the occupation, he has drawn an outlined lii,'nre of a kraal, and is just K<'i"Ji bi form one of the huts. J'res- "ently, the boy will hand the pipe back aijaiii, exchan'jj;e it for the tube, and take his tiirn at the manul'aclm-e of the kraal, which will be comi)leted by the time that the piiie is linished. Major Ross Kin? describes this eurion.is procc'edinfj in a very amusin;; manner. '• Relainim,' the last draii_'lit of smoke in bi- moulh. which he fills with a decoction ol 1)ark and watir from a calabash, he squirts it on the s,'round by his side, thronuh a lon.u: ornamented tube,' perlbrmiii},' thereon, by tho aid of a roHcrvod portion of the liquid, a sort of boalswainV whistle, complacently rejrardins; the soap-like liubbles, I'le joint prodiiciion of himself and neinhlmr. •■On this occasion, lindinu' a blanketed ^;ronp silliu;,' apart in ii circle, smokin;,' the dat,'ha before described, at iheir invilation I scpialted down eross-lci,'i,'cd in the rim,', and rcccisini; the riidc cow-horn pipi! in my turn, took a pull at its eapacenis month, coiiudiinu' violently at the snllbcalini,' fumes, as indeed they all'did more or less, and alter tastinu' tile nasty dccoition of bark which Ibllowed round" in a calabash, took the )tolitelv oll'ered spi'tinir-lidic of my next neii,'hbor, siunallv failinI.^ In 'Vevcr. in the n.i.,|i : whistle,' to the nnboiinded delight Ihe rini'iies- wliosi. In rinirinii ol the rinfjoes, wliosi. hearty, luu;;hter was most contaj;ious." Tobicco is ;i)iid crop is a very valuable propertv._ A Katlir uithont tol)aico is .i miseiable beiuL'. I and. if it were only for his own sake. If ! ])iisser >ion of a snpplv which \mI1 last him I throui,diollt the vear is a subjeei of conftr.at- i Illation. 15nt an'y tobacco ihal is not needed for the use of hi'mself or his household is as fjood as moncv to ihe owner, as ther(^ an < few thint;s which a Kallii loves lliat lobaccn eaiinoi buv. If he sees a set of beads thai parlii iilariv jjleases him. and the owner >biinlil happen to be jioorcr than hiinsidf. he can purchase the linery by the saerilice of a little of his frajiiant 'stoi-e. Also, he can LMin the respeii of the '-boys," who .seldom pii>sess properly of any kind except theii- I shield and spears, and, by jnilieions irifts . ■ tobacco, call often make them his followi i -. this heili;,' the lirst step !ie\;ird (diicftaiu- ship. (ieiierally, a Kallir makes u]) the [crop of each ;s,'a"rden into a siiiLrle bundh'. !. sometimes weiLdiiiiL; liily or sixty pounds. 'and earefullv incases it' with reeds, nnuli after the fashion thai naval tobacco i> sewed u)) ill canvas. He is sure to jilarc these rolls in a conspicuous ]Sart of the I house, in order to extort the envy ami admiration of his companious. •lion of till' Ihin'Hl, -111', coinithicciilly hiiMili's, l!iL> Joiiil I iicinlilior. diiij.' II liliiiikctcd irclc, slliokill),' tile I ilu'ii' iiiviiiilion I •tl ill ilic liiii;, 1111(1 liorii |ii|i(! in my (':i|ia('ioiis inoiiUi, MllloCMlillLT riliiu's, (' or l('>s. iiiid al'Icr 1)11 of JKiik wliicli iliiliMsli, look llic liilic ol' my iK'Xl , liMWcvcr, ill tile lillmoiKlcd dtdi^iit uarlv. riiigiiiji LTioiis. Iiy Hi-vcral of the rii Afiica. luid i> ami' iiH'iliod its iv of llir world, llic " h<\\ ati'd," and jy njiprcciatf flu' I from Kuro|H'ans. di is inaiudactiircd very sui'ccssfiil in •CO. and lind that a iiddi' projicrtv. A a nii.-cialiic (iciiiLr. Ills own saki'. !!■ liicli v. ill last liini suiiiiTi of conftrat- ihiil is not needed Ids liou-eludd is a^ wner. as tliirt^ arc ives lliat tohaeco I set ol lieails thai 1. and the owner er than luin-(df. he til ore. e saeriliee ol Also, he can lloy^. will) seldom kintl exeept their y jiidiiion> rifts ) llic I hem Ins follow ( i lo'.\:ird ciiieftai lllr makes n] I) a siiiLTle himi' y or si.My poll with ree(" Is, iinieli naval tohaceo i> a V is sure to jilacc irt of llic rl tl le elivv and CIIAFrER XVII. V nELIGION AND SUPERSTITION. ANf. nm «■■, «tIW..«KI. lNKUKV,K-r.lIAKA'« VIHION-A KAFKIll NKKH oKr„,o .M^.,Mn.:^s-s^^v,.■,V, ;^ J^^ •'■•^"hx to n.s KAMn.v-s..,,..,,,. ™. ........V ... W.O..H..-JL WA.:.;:":;-^;::: "ii^^ri'-r;^" '"^^'^'•^•"'' -™ It is not very easy to say whotlior ii Knffli- posMfsscs ai.v ivlii-i.m at all. in our s.-iis,. of the woni. AVith siipiTstitioii hi' is (Ifcpiv imbued, and |,:iss,.s |,is lif.-tini.. in considrr- ahl.'diTailot uiichcraft and of evil .spirils iJut rcliiiion Willi h conv.'VM any senso of mora iTsponsibJiKy. seems to he inconiprc- heiisil. ,. lo thi- ordin:iry Ivatlir, and even Ins naturally loc. leal mind inclines hini lo pra.'- tieal atheism. As far as is known, the Katlir tribes hav.. a sort <.f tradition coneernin.' a wo,". 7.'' r '" ,"'">■ ' ■^" ''y " '•"•"l-nud Woid that may he trans|ate,l as the Great- l^reat, and to whom ihev altrihule the first oriKin of all (liin^s. Hut it is eertain thev oiler h.m no worship, ,.,„d make no prayers to him, and have no i,lea that they are por- fionally responsihie (o him for their nets Moreover inaiiy of the tribes do not even possess tins imperfeet knowled-e; and even HI those eases when- it does ."xist, its ori.ri,, IS very uncertain, and it is impossibIe"to aseertam w lether the tradition may not be a corrupted recollection of instruction r..^ ued from some European. Siu-h, in.leod, las been known to be the case amon-the Kaf- lirs.and it is prol.able th.-U the knowled.r,. of a Creator is really derived from Euronean onrees. At all events, such kno^leZ i «m„T '•"*;{"'' ""'Vi'i-S'-'I- and exercises such > (l(i9) stories conperninj? the Great-Great, relatln" to the creation of man, and to the duration of human life. The man is supposed to have been created bv .spliitinn- a reed, from wliieh Ibe (irst parents of Hk- human race i)ro- eeei ed. 1 his lejrend is probably due lo a double meanini,' of the word " siirnifviiiff "ori,i.'in and "create," which also si^Miify 'reed and " splittins,'." Another form (if the tradition deprives tlu- ({reat-Great of ail erealorship, and makes him to ho one of the tW() who issued from the split reed, so tliat lie IS rather the ^'l•eat ancestor of the huiiiaa race than its creator. The tradition coneerninfr the affliction of ileatli u|)on the human race is a very curious one, and was ndated to the missionaries by a native who had been converted to Chris- tianity. When mankind ha whole land, from file Draakeiisberg to the sea. In honor of this messenger from the shiides. Tchaka ordered numbers of cattle tip be slaughtered in all his military kraals, !.'Mve sumptuous feasts, and raiseil the de- seeudants of Umbi.i to the rank of Indunas. ()[' course, the nam" of Umbia was in all inouths. and, while the excitement was at its height, an old man siiddenlv disniiiieared froiu his hut. haviuir been dragged aw.ay, aecordiu'j; to his wife's account, by a lion. Tl;e affair was rejioited to I'chaka in coun- cil, but he atl'ected to fnke no notice of it. After the hqise of three moiiliis, when the immediate excitement had die(l ;i\vay, the old man ren]i])eiin'd before Tchaka with Ills bcad-rin;: torn off, aia' clothed in a wild an earth suildenly opened and swallowed them both U]). The lion aecomiianied him without doing him any harm, and brought him to a place where there was some red earth. This also gave w.ay, and he fell into another abyss, where ho lay stunned by the fall. On recovering, he found himself in a pleasant country, and discovered that it was inhabited by the spir- its of Zulus who h.'vd died, and whom lie had known in life. There was Senzangiikona, the father of Tchaka, with his councillors, his chiefs, his soldiers, his wives, and his cattle. Umbia was also fliere, and enjoyed himself very much. Since his departure info the sha'des, he had become a great doctor, and was accustomed to stroll about at night, instead of staying at home quietly with his family. No one seemed to know where ho had gone, hut he told the narrator that he used to revi.sit earth in order to see. his friends and relatives. For three months the narrator \\4as kept in the shades lielow, and was then told to go back to his tribe an(l narrate what he had seen. Tchaka pretended to disbelieve the nar- rative, and publicly treated with contempt the man, denouncing him as a liar, and send- ing for prophets who should '-smell "him, aiul discover whether he had told the truth. The seeis arrived, performed their conjura- tions, " smelt" the imin. and stated that he had told the truth, that he had really visited the spirits of the dead, and that he had iieen fetched bv the lion because the peoi)le did not believe the vision that had ajipeared to Tchaka. It is needless to oliserve that the wl-.ole business had been previously arranged liy that wily chief, in order to carry out his ambitious purposes. Unbounded as is in one respect their rev- erence for the sjiirits of tbeii ancestors, they atlr-buti' to those same sjiirits a very limited range of power. \ Kaflir has the very high- est respect for the spirits of his own ances- tors, or those of his chief, but pays not the least i-'gard to those which belong to other families. The spirit of a departed Kaffir is supposed to have no sympatli'' except with relations and iniiiie■••"• «ut the usual plan .s, (. r thoni to adopt (he shape of some animal ^ylu.•h is not in the habit of entering umiijn dwellings, and so to ai)pear under a boriovyediorm. The serpent or the 11. r shape IS supposed to be the favorite mark under which the spirit conceals its id-Uitv ' and (he man whose house it enters is letL to exercise Ins iiigenuKy in guessing (1,-. par- ticular sp.ni that maybe enshrined in the s range amm.il. In order to ascertain pr- eset the character of the visi(„r, lu, lavs a stick gcnlly on its back; and if it shows n sign o auger, hois ,pii,,. sure (bathe is iavoied wilh he presence of one othis dead a.M estors Th,.re are k^^v Kallirs lha( will make such a discovery, and will not ..ir,.,- a 171 sacriliceal_ once_, lor (he pivvalent idea in «;■;• '''"Hi .S that an .uVestor would n! luue taken (he (rouble (o come on ( irlh 'y^rTl%"l'''.!\ ^^''"'"'"^ tl.at, unless he ncie tieated with more res])ect, some -vil eon^cquence would follow. In c.msequence 01 this be lei; most of the Kaliirs I'.ve a great dislike to killing serpenls and Uy.mU not knmying whedier (hev may not lie act- 111^' ru.lely toward soin.. dead mices(or who AMll avenge himself upon them for theii w;iii( ot respect. . KhI!;.'"''' m7T "'■■■' Mif enter a lint, the Aiillir woiihl (ake no noii,.,. of K, as (hese nnimalsareii, (behabKofeiKerinu- Immnn dwclings: but it a sheep were (o do so ! oddnnnu.dialelylhney thai it was inspired uill', lord!' (inkosi.) Olfering ,„ vers to I'e shades, he .•onlin.u.s, • A blessing, let a Messing come (hen, since you have' ivally dc naiide. your ,,,w; let sickness depart "tleily Thus we offer your animal.' •And on our part we say, 'Let the sick man conic out, ••ome forth, be no longer sick aiKl slaughter your animal then, .since we have now consenf..d that he may have it for ii.s own use (;iory to thee, lonl; goo, 1 -ws c.mie (hen, let ns see him goin- about like otlu.r people. Now then, we have -Mven you what you want; let ns therefore see whedier or not it was enjoined in onlcr that 172 THE KAFFIR, he might recover, and that the sickness might pass by.' " And then, coming out, sjjear in hand, lie enters tlie cattle fold, comes up and stabs it. The cow cries, savs yehl to which he replies, ' An animal for the gods ought to show signs of distress'; it is all right then, just what you required. Then they skin it, eat it, finish it." Sometimes the gall is eaten by the sac- rilicer, and sometimes it is rubbed over the body. Another kind of sacrifice is that which is made by the principal man of a kraal, or even by the king himself, about the first of January, the time when the pods of the maize are green, and are in a fit state for food. No Kallir will venture to eat the pro- duce of the new year until after the festival, v.'hic'h may be called the Feast of First- fruits. The feast lasts for several days, and in order to celebrate it, the whole army assembles, together with the young recruits who have not yet been entrusted with shields. The ])rophets also assemble in great force, their business being to invent certain modes of preparing food, which will j-euder the body of the consumer strong throughout the year. At this festival, also, the veteran sol- diers who have earned their discharge are formally released fnmi service, while the recruits are drafted into the ranks. Tlie first business is, the sacrilice of the I'Ull. For this purpose a bull is given to tiK' warriors, who are obliged to catch it and strangle it with their naked hands. They ar" not even allowed a rope with which to l)ind the animal, and the natur.al conse- ([ucuoe is. that no small amount of torture is inllieted upon th(> poor animal, while the warriors are placed in considerable Ji'opardy of their lives. When the bull is dead, the chief prophet opens it, and removes the gall, which he mixr^ with other medicines and gives to the king and his councillors. The dose thus projiared i^J ••'Iways as unsa- vory a mixt)u-e as can well be conceived, but the Kaflir palate is not very delicate, and sutlers little under the iullietion. The body of the hull is next handed over to the '■ boys," who eat as much as they can, and are obliged to burn the reniiiiiider. As a general rule, there is very little to lie burned. The men do not eat the desh of this animal, but they feast to their lieart's content on other cattle, which are slau^'b- tered in the usual manner. Dancing. dritik- ing, and taking snutf now set in, and eoii- tinu(> in full force for several days, initil not even Katllr energy can endure more exertion. Then comes the part of the kins. The subjects form themsclv;>s into a vast ring, into wliich the kin^;, dressed in all tiie bravery of his dancing apparel, entei's with a bound, amid shoiifs of welcome from the peoj)le. lie ])roceeds to indulge" in oni^ of the furious dances which the KatUrs love, springing high into the air, flourishing his stick of office, and singing songs in his own praises, until he can dance and sing no longer. Generally, this dance is not of very long duration, as the king is almost invari- ably a fat and unwieldy man, and cannot endure a prolonged exertion. The crowning incident of the ffeiust now takes place. The king stands in the midst of his people — Dingan always stood on a small mound of earth — takes a young and green calabash in his hands, and dashes it upon the ground, so as to break it in pieces; by this act de- claring the hax'vest begun, and the peopk? at liberty to eat of the fruits of the new year. A very similar ceremony taktjs place among the tribes of American Indians, the conse- quence of which is frequently that the peo- ple abuse the newly granted permission, and in a few days consume all the maize that ought to have served them for the cold months of winter. The Katlir has a strong belief in omens; though j)erha]is not stronger than similar credulity in some i)arts of x to tlie sacrifices, and afterward came to the conclusion that n man wlio^e kraal could be visited bv such an iiilliclion could not be tit to live. He accordingly sent a juirly of soldiers to kill the induiiii, but tin; man, knowini; the chin- iicter o'' his chief, took the alarm in lime, and escap"d into ]?ritish territory in Natal. If a goat were to leap on a hut, nothing would be thought of it; Init if a dog or a slice]) wer(( to do so. it would be an onicii. ft is rather remarkable that ninong the North .American tribes the roots of houses form the usual resting-place of the doijH which swarm in c'.iuy village. If a cow wiu'c to eat ^'rain that had been spilled on the giouiid, it woulcl be no omen; but if she were to push oil' the co\-er of a vessel con- taining grain, and eat the contents, the act would be considered ominous. MENTroN' has been made onee or twice of the prophets, sometimes. I)ut errone- ously, called witch doctors. These person- ages play a most important part in tlio , flourishing his onga in his own e and sing no Be is not of very ,s almost invari- an, and cfinnot . The crowning kea place. The of his people — small mound of green calabash pon the ground, ; by this act de- nd the people at )f the new year, vcs place among lians, the consc- tly that the peo- icd permission, all the maize 1 them for the belief in omens; ;er than similar our own land, -out for omens, • them and their gur. Anything dinary course of or .good or evil, >n of a lvii(lir"f> the latter feel- lys, the modern uens in the ac- f the worst of a sheej) as it is years ngo this li l)elonging to ' or couneiiloris. suiimioned, and red to avert tlu; was so uneasy ;■ sacritices, and iiclusioii Ihac a visited l)v such tit to live. Tie r soldiers to kill lowini; the chin'- ! aliirni in lime, ritory in Xat.il. 1 a luit, niirhin;,' it if a dog or a dd be MH onicii. liHt ninong ihc roots of houses ce of the doi;s age. If a cow been s|>illi'd on nneu; I nit if she of a vessel coii- I'ontents, the act lU.>*. B once or twice es, but errone- These pcrson- nt part in tliu 1 '. (1.) THK PROPHET'S SCHOOL. (ScepaffCB 175,176.) (2.) THK I'HOl'UKT'S KKTUUN. («(.■• page 175.) (174) r.'ligioiia systein of the Kaffir tribes ; and altliouj,'!! their office varies slightly in de- tail, accordinir to the locality to which they belong their general characteristics are the same throughout the country. Their chief offices are, communicating with the spi-Hsof Uie departed, and ascertaining their wishes- discovering the perpetrators of crimes; re- versing spells thrown by witchcraft; and wstly, anil most important, rain-makin-A ihe othce of prophet cannot be assumed 'V iyny one who may be ambitious of such a distinclion, but is hedged about with many ntes and ceremonies. In the first place. It LTJ: '''"'''^' V-",'^ '^•>" '* cnfMcd even to ar V 1, '' '^i^'/'l'-l'ite for the office, which is £^ , W "r '"'"■^■' ^^ Pi'oplict must b,, de- .sconded troin a prophet, though he need not be a prophet s son. IndeedT as a genera u 1 nmi n "-'"' *\\"^°^'«l'olJ- the supernat- m.il alllatus gcMUTally passing over one "cn- ,.hce""; v"'' r""^'"'"^*' '''''■ I" t'-'« »''"t •laec, a \oiy long and. arduous preparation U lie passes successfully through it is sol- emnly adm Ite.l into 11,4 order'by a'co„nc 1 of seers, who meet for the purpose. '^ JVuself'h ?rf''V'';l''•'•l'''«^'>•'"^»•- Itsls Itself to a Ivalhr, he begins by losin- al h. ,n erest ui the events' of everv-d y life, lie becomes depressed in mind' nre- J-sso^,UH,.aocoinp,uiy;ofUMihaslhi;j;^ Its, an/I. what IS most o.xtraordinarv of alf loses his api,eliie. He is visited by- ,!•*., ins of an extraordinary character, ina , n i . tii'.^' to serj.ents, lions, hnena" l" ■nank and other wild beasts.' ay'by • v t' becomes more and more possessed until le perturbatio„.s of the ^pirV , iu S < themselves oj.enly. In this sta-e f his ovu.aie. the future prophet nttens te ri lie .^ell^ leiii.s here and there with astonishing vigor, and runs about at full sp^^od le ,, 5 aiul shrieking all the lime. \\ni;Mr E e.xeited he will dart into the I u'l, eat. h snakes which an ordinarv Kaffir wil ,t ';ueh ,e them round his neck, bohUv ti ' Mgm, es tile change of the oi;^r.;lS -^ ..ud the change of wime,- to sprin.r in spected seer, gives hun a. goat as tW ., 'j ^e';i.;•aJ:;;;i:;^u;^^;r;;,:f..;;'^;:r^v M-'plietandifhesueee.: : !:^i ,;;! ^v'llnseto unbo«nde.l power among hi^l PEEPAUATIONS FOR PROPHETSHIP. 176 I whf '.u *" .""'vei-sally contemned as one whom the spirits of the departed think to \^° u?"""'^ «* "''^'i- t'onficfence. Mr. bhooter gives a very graphic account i4her IT^Z^'Tu^' '' l-^"H't, who's ^^i:^ll^^lSnXSrma^^ " Soine of the particulars may be neculiir n°f r "¥'./"«! «"'"e due to^theSce of the individual. A married man fwhose mother >yas the daughter of a m-ophet) ad manifested the symptoms of'"ns' ra- tion when a youth; but his father not •.vilhng to slaughter his cattle as custom u'ould have required, emploved a .seer "f iHJputatton to check the growing 'change ' The dispossession w.^s not^ nowever n 'mn nent; and when the youth became a ni; hj inspiration returne.l. He professed o Lave cx)nstantly recurring dreams about Ins leopards, elephants, boa-constrictors, ai 11 anner of wild beasts; he dreamed a o i .MM, "5™/'"'''' ?"'' («"''">Sc«t thing f lo it. " •'' ''^''^''"^'"t desire to reUu-n "After awhile he became verv sick- his ™'*^^;k^r'---'iyi";^,i.our"ii watei over his prostrate person; and the chief, whose induna he was, sent k n e. s „- ger to a prophet. The latter declared hat 1 e ";j'V?«^««>'ni»y in.si>ired,and directs tJio chief to supply ai! ox for sacrifice. This \\as disagrceaf)fe, but that persona-e did not dare to refuse, aiul the an mal was sent he contrived however to delay ties eriice' in the mean tmie, the o.x should be returned Having begun to recover liis strenUl ou v growing prophet cried and nu^d' like a u teZS'Tf l/^S"-^^ "'^ ""° '« ente. hi' 'i"h-l nmf . I ""^IV^ younger children - lo see nun, t,ut Ijo did not nermit thom rw?f ;.|.'U * '•■^'^I'Pi-'"-'''' "1 the busli. The tuo ch Idren went after him; ami the bov (lis .sister having tired) evei tual ly Lo"^ cred him on the sea-shore. B.dbre the Si ;;»» -1 approac-h, the real or alfected nmd n a I'sappeared again, and ^yns seen no nor or two or three dav.. Ife then mu el home, a strange and frightful spectaS sadvness and fjstii,,. had mluced'h rn aU i'lost to a, skeleton; his eyes "lared an I stood out from his shrunken the? the r" ^ ■•<>"H.lete the hide^nis pi^^.n!;?!!^ ^e^ pent was twi.t.Ml round his n Vek Tr-ivi'; [;:::^i.:i\i^™ii:,^^ve,'- .Wives s-ji •'^" "'• I'iiuutes ui Sorrow, ho 176 THE KAFFIR. saluted lliom with fi wild nowl to this effect: ToDpld call 1110 iiiiiil, 1 liiiow Uiey Siiy I am mad; that is iiotliiii;,'; tlu- spirit^ arc inttu- cuciiig 1110 — llic sjiiriis ol' Majolo, of Un- hUivii, anil of my lather.' (See tho illustra- tions on \r,\le held liiiii back, and Ids son struck ill' aniiiKil wi'li sutlicieut force to disable but no to kill it. IL; was then allowed (() take the se, i cnt, which he i)l,i,ced round his lu'ck, anJ 'le party returned home. Stibseiiueutly havinjj; (as he ailei»ed) dreamed about a leopard, the people accom- panied him, and found it. The beast was slain, and carried in triumph to the kraal. " When our growioij projihet returned home al'ler his absence at the sea, he began to slaughter his cattle, accordirg to cirioni and continued doing .so at intervals until the wholes Were consumed. Some of thein were olfered in sacrilice. As the general rule, ■when there is beef at a kraal the neiglibors assemble to eat it; hut, when an embryo- seer slays his cattle, those who wish to eat must previouslv give him something. If however the chief were to give him a cow, the peojile of the tribe would be free to go. In tliis case the chiei' had not done so, and the visitors were oblii;ed to buy their entw- tainmeiit, one man giving a knife, another a shilling. An individual who was unable or unwilling to p.ay, liavinii: xentured to present himself with empty hands, our neophyti; was exceedingly wroth, and. siizing a stick, gave the intruder a signilieaui bint, which the latter was not slow to compri h< iid. During the consuniplion of his cattle, the neophyte disappeared again for two days. When it was tiiiished he went to a prophet, wiili whom he resided two moons his children taking him food; and afterw:i»l, to leeeive further instruction, visited another seer. lie was then considered qualilied to i)riictise." The reader may remember that the novi- tiate proplu t occasionally llings iiimself into water. lie chooses the clearest and dee])est pool that 'le can liiul, and the object of doing so is to try whether any of the spirits will reveal themselves to him at the bottom of the water, though tliey would not do so ard, that he may catch leopards, and of serpent, that lie"iii:is catch siM-jients.'' Not until he has comph'ted these jirepara- tions does he begin to jiraclise his [irofes- siou, and to exact ]iaynient from those who come to ask his advice. I have in my jiosvession a photograidi which represents a Zulu prophet and his wife. It is particularly valual)le, as show- ing the singtdar contrast in stature between the two sexes, tlie husband and wife — so small is the latter — scarcely seeming to beh'.i.g to till' same race of mankind. This, indeed, is generally the case tbrougbout the Kaffir trilics. The Katlir projibel alwa\s carries a wand of otlice — generally a cow's tail, iiistened to a wooden handle — and in his other hand he bears a miniature shield and an assagai. The engraving opposite represents two piophets, in the full costume of their jini- fe.ssion. These were both celebrated men, and had attained old age when their pia- traits were taken. One of them was peculiarly noted for liis skill as a rain- niak' r, an.l the other was famous for his kiiowiedge of medicin(> and the jiroperties ol iieii.'s. Each is arraved in the gal■nlenl^^ f thf) uniritH will at Iho boUom of iild not do NO on ; story of a pro])!!- •or (loCH not touch LM'vcnt's between mission into tluj ission can i)c mi))- ■lo Mr. (irout, by believer in the e i»ro])hets. lasts for a Ions irniinated at the r. lie then rulis clay, bedcekshim- I y;oes to a council II to the water be within reach ito the water, and iiin j;oes olf into irns, he is accom- is kvaal. bringing; re. lie does nol W are silent when and a ifoat bleats, animal which is iiiiisl cry out. 'ly saciilieed, lie fj;all-ba,i;s, inllates ■ them about his snakes which he 1 enters ])ools of its and aliii;ators. a snake, lie has atches h ii'opard, ■opard; or if he < seriient, he has isonoiis serpent. ces, (he degree of eh leopards, and catch serpents.'' (1 these jircpara- iclist^ his |)rofes- , from (hose who in a photograjih propliet and liis iluable, as show- I stature between 1(1 and wife. — so eely seeming to mankind. This, e tliroughtuit till' ■ projibel alwii\s ,'elierally a cow's handle — and iu miniature shield : represents two me of their jini- celebrated men, when their i)or- ! of them was skill as a rain- famous for his d the jiropertii's in the garmeni^ ¥ u OLD PKuniKTs. (Si'i> patfi- iro.) (177) M V f] ll s h h h ft 1g ol P< m DRESS OF A PROPHET. suitable to the luiNineHs in which ho is cnafaj^cd. Althou^'h the Himie man is gen- eiiilly a raiu-iuiilier, a witeh-liiider, a necro- mancer, and a |)ii.VHi(ian, lie does not wear the same costume on all occasions, but indues the ollicial dress which belongs to the dej)artment, and in many cases the change is so great that the man can scarcely be recognized, in one ciiso, lie will be dress(.(l njcrely in the ordinary Kaf- fir kilt, with a few iiitlated gall-bladders in Ins hair, and a snake-skin wound over his shoulders. In aiiotlic-r, be will have rubbed nis lace and body with white earth, covered Ills head with such (iiiantlties of charms that nis tace can hardly be seen under them, and ringe^d his limbs with the tails of cows, the long hair-tufts of goats, skins of birds, and nernf.tn . '""' «'^^''i^'" adornments; while a perpetual clanking sound is made at every movement by numbers of small tortoise- 179 shells strung on leathern thongs. His movements are equally changed with his clothing; and a man who will, when invok- mg rain, invest every gesture with solemn T, ''^''-f •■»';k pmcfi, will, when mating n« w tch-hnder, lash himself into furious ex- citement, leap high in the air, flourish his egs and arms about as if Ua.y did not belon- to him, fill the air with his shrieks, and foam at the mouth as if he had been taken with an enih-ptic fit. It is rathe?, curious that, whife in some KafHr tribes u man who is liable to fit* is avoided and repelled, among others he is thought to be directly inspired by the souls of departed chiefs, and is tp»o Jav.to entitled to become a Jtrophet, even though he bo not of prophet- ical descent. He is one who has been specially chosen by the spirits, and may transmit the prophetical office to his do- scendaiits. CHAPTER XVIII. RELIGION AND SUPEUSTITION— CoHtiiiua?. DUTIES OF TITP, rnOPIIKT— A I'llOPIIET AND HIS CMRNTS — mOHAIlLE ItlCSI-I.T OF TIIK INQnnY — A KAiriU's m;i.l|-.l' I.V lllAlt.MS — CIIAKM-STICKS and TIII U VAItlOl S IMlor'llUriKS — ( DlltAdE AND TIH-.NPKU ClIAliMS— A SlllTir AFHKAN TIlirNDKIlSTOIOl - LOVK, I.lllN, AND rATKil'K IIIAHMH — Tino KAi'i'iu lArn.K mx rou — ii.i,nf..-ih of a ciiikf — tiiI'; wi/.ahii simmonki) — kmf.i.mni TIIK \V1/.AIII> — A rMlliailM-; srUNK — KDN-a's IM.N'INS AVI) ITS l!F.-ilM.rS — a FKMAI.K rilOI'lll 1 AVO llUlt I'Uni'KKDlN'lH— I VliKNlDirS MDDF. l)F KXTOIM'IOX — I'lli; IMI'i isl'fUV; DKI'KC'rF.Il — IIKIlKIl- ITAItY CllAltAlTFlt OF I'liol'IIKCV — A IMtoI-IIKTKHH AT IKIMK — llI;Ml:A.Sdlt OF Fl .MAI.K PHOI'IIKTH — SVUdKUV ANI> MEDlrlNF. — A I'lil.MmVi: MODE OF ('CI'I'INli — A F AI.SK I'ltol'IIFT AM> IMS FATE — A 8IN0ULAU SUl'EUSTITION — IvAFFIU VAMI'IIIES— rili; NKilir ( 1!V — I'llOClUINO FVlDKNfE. to cull the visitors into liis 1 tlu'y iiuuu'fliiitt'ly join liini. )lu't asks for his 'assiigai' — a nri'ssioii for his too — wlicn the [liy ilial llicv have notliini; to III- atlir a wliilo, lli' y will sook io ' answers |iay lull) Willi. not (lisposi'i credit (■lie It llic • cvt'l i(Iy tr tW( Why don't you plnt says, • IJeat anil Kacli ot' (lie applicants I h ill The ips more mcclitiite ipl ■i. and rejiliei aiietimes, and lioinied by in atini; llie The iHophet now ]ireten(ls III. indisiiiict at lirst. hut 'lituailv clearer, until he sees inu' wliieh has oeeurred, 'J'liis I'esses lo dcserihe as it ajipcars may iniaijine him sayiii!.;, for •ow is sick — no. I see a man; •11 hurt,' While he runs on in il)l)lic.ants reply to evciy asser- i'4, as at lirst, and sayinir, 'I carefully alislaiu from sayiiifr ri'dit or wroii''; hut when he THK PIIOPIIET AND HTH rLIRNTS. F TIIK INOriRV — A IKS — ( lIlllAliH AMI) lATKar, CIIAIIMM — IM(iM;|) — SMKI.MNl; \ iK.MAi.r. ritopiii 1 iii:ii;('ri;i> — iiRitKii- ■ I'l .MAl.K riKIPriETH I'lll I' AN1> ins I'ATK HINd i;Vll)K>X'E. i visitDi's iiUii Ills L'llhitt'ly join liiin, his ' assiit;i\i ' — a is ti'( — when llic liavi' imliiiiii,' 1(1 lilo, llii y will si'ck li. '^i>,' answers 1 to frivo credit; -cvervliody tries you L'ive mo two n a small assaj;ai; , the weapon, and, ', savs, ' 'J'liKl is lad firouu'ht this ; that it does not ])roiiliet persists, o lio])e of extort- et says, • JJeat and of the applicants i.'s. 'I hear.' The id ])erhaps morc^ atinj; llie ijround et now ])retenils net at lirst, hut rer, until he sees s occurred, 'J'his •rihe as it aj)pears ,e him sayiii!.;, t'er ■ no, I see a man; hile he runs on in )ly li> cveiy asscr- 't, and sayinir, 'I iujr h ou.l, each d vision ■ 'lat class, ml^nvM. wliatever may he liki !, lali; a ^h!!. 'If he (ind 181 littlH on tho md... The snirlt want- »i..» '•"w; kill 11. and the hov wln,.;,.,Yv," ".,"'"* the m'!lle"if;h;''r' '"^' "'" •^I'-fHon, of mt Mvixi', It th(^ necromancer makes such "» mnmuucement, and any om of theVn won .1 he onl> too glad to ciM pound (or t|m sacn/lce of u ,...w, if he co„ I he s ,. ,^' oHcapim? accusation as a w./anl. 1,, tl case oi a "hoy," or even of a m rr e, nianol no jrreat rank or weaKh. sue wl .ocnr.oacow.aiK;i: ^;; :!:;; ri!.;';;"'' '••■'■"^-"S u.'n.att.7r.-^.;::^v-;:.::;';il;rs;'£ ::;H^^i^^ >^ .olerahly clever pracn.io„:. ^'iaii:^? .iL.lt 5'!;.;;;|;|;;!^ ^"^'' "» In (heeye <,ra Kalllr, any one "may ho a wi.ch or a w xard- l.o,h sexVs hein^^ ,';,„ dl? ';:'';'^''''''''''M'''^'''l'"V''''-'''''l''"^lmisulX c( t no man can trusi his nei-hhor. A hus- .•'•"•llms n„ ,i,i,i, i„ hisow,. wi(i.,an,lthe l.ithcr nnstrusis liis children. As a natura? taith in charms is coex- ., . -ic l>(dief in wilrhcruft, and M.ere IS scarcely a Kalllr who does n.,t arrv w.(h hnn a .vhole series of char ns '.^ '•«•'";,' l-Mne,l(oaver( s,,nn. particular evi 1 he charms are lurnlshed |„ (|„.,„ i,v .j,,, ["•oj-hots, and as they never are of a L t "":".sn. valine, and ar.. highly paid ,r h, .us,nessofa prophet is rallu.r'a .,' live ' '■• Anyllun- will serve as ,t , ha • n _ cih r;;'M" "■'7'T-;""'*'^'"- •'-"''•'-•" "^ [tun, lOOlS, illld |„(S of wood V k'llll. 7" '>"7' I'^u-.. ,a whole .strin- of s 1 '•li.inus hun,^- ronnd his neck an to "v^riudha";''''"''''"''^ '^='''''- '■''- ' >tiy iiKueroi s asneci (in,, ,,,..,. ■ '■--toiuvehecn^.c^'di^Hri^';:;;;^!!^ I'eeds thron ohvioim (I 'iiii.V, in till-, way, discover from (he •mnli and':ir';i:^;:.'"^'>'-'i';''i'p-'''o'^^^^ ;;;'-:nli:'p::pS\:S!;,-';:.;j-^^^ e have any nrevions kn..wledv of tV.ei 1 1 • cumstances. The following' skv( • I .ri Z ^'•;JJeatand h.'ar, my people,' ll"'y snap their lingers, m.d sav. 'I hear. '•'Altend, my pcoiile.' . ;;/»i;'.v i.eat, an.l say, ' I hear. Idonl know what yo,, w;,„|. to km)iv sonu'lliin- ahoni ,in ' n:iii'. A cow is sii wilh her y I ««iy, yon w.Tit fuiimal Willi whal's the miiiu.,. F- -.*"''" """I'llil I'll her side — , „>■ J ui wroiM', Acowislo^.!- ,""■"''<'<' — no, .Nay, Ihats not t, | ..s,.,. „„,... ,, »'oronsly; tl,,' thin ' lii.i * V ,1 ."' " ""■- "•"< iiscended ,■. ■, v...*v i, .i i'-'-'-'-mis ivainr lias often •■• Ii,..>i .,,,.1 I . • .a siol.-,. II,,. I. .. ""Ui iiie head of ' Jieat ami Hear, my jieople, f see now: ^ni;e' ;!.":;: k^'^y'T'^- "" '^-'■^' o'l-n. hi^i\^ .,;;::: ^::;;r.;fTr S-:;-riee '.^r 's, ;^;^; r;''- --^ -'^n;:w''h;::'t^::!:rh:i;;vv^''''' '"'" .-"in- to the l.iish l„ 1 ' *"''' " 'I, lie cannot walk, I see wile, • ''-'•ithetSj!'''^'''-''-'-''^"^'' v^'w i^:.'^ir-:;j-1, ''■"• £<<>; 1 see white, Whe: ■••snake, the I,.,, (I, „|' he is whal's s lather 'oy received was a hiack cow. ■I! is the white? a omi^!^^M^'!!tf^^;^^'^'^^^^~i^^^^l^^ 'III, I ., ; ■_••-". •■' yoiiiii; liippi,p,iiamiis :M.nsaivs,n,„.,,,,u.,.saine,hon^^vS; ' H>ads. m.edles, kiiivs, snutf I,o.n,.; ;,! en ^-,1 v'lli:.?"'"^ '"' " -'r'"''-"^ "•■''•f f^» i lint the Generality of eharms aiv made •'. various roots and hits „,• „.oo,l wj.i .k arelnin^r..imdthen,.,dc.aml, lilV; he w,-arer l,.,ds a iiecl „f (l„.i,. imhi, ,,, , :'x..;.l;:;ni'';Ln-^L^;ri/:!„f-,i;r an.l ,s afi-ad of nnvtin^^ irhosts h, |," ^Je' ,,' H .' I '•>''» ><:'!lies out iui,oi,| ,|i,(iance lol the shades belo^y. When he ha.s come IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^^ i^ V/ 1.0 I.I 2.0 u: 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 < 6" — ► \ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation m; S V % W^ .V •sj :\ \ 6^" ^> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 372-45C3 '<*. >> 182 THE KAFFIR. to his jcnrnoy's end, he finds that ho has met no ghosts, and, consequently, he has unlimited fhilli in his charm. If he should go into action as a soldier, he takes care to liavc his enemy-cliarm ready for use, and just before he etUors the battle bites ott' a portion of the wood, masticates it thor ourifhly, and then blows the fragments to turesque : never-ending plains of burnt gratis reeless, riverless, ho.isVless-such wLl the attrac ions (hat greeted my eyes. How any? thinjj in the vegetable or animal kiimlom milcl exist there seemed a perfect n ystery Yet the mys ery is soon explained. I was there when there had been a long-c nitinued &^r_?"^ "*■ tl'ose visitations to whic w>{^d the loe, conlident tliaihe i^'Vhu t^I S^cH^^ll^la are n"'*' '^'f'^T *° ^^^"^h ing away from the courage of the enemy day the cU,, fu h ^"''''"''^"y f"'>.i««t. One and adding the sulitracted amount to hh fell //,» .fi^ ^'-'" '" pathcr, the wind own.. The cmly misgiving which diturbs S'sa^L notice" oni:'''"'''^ hismmdis, that the enemy is diin possess a ,|ouble share of courage inc ontranc ^c^ll.rS^^^i.''"^'^'^'"""^^^ *— - ^^^^^ «tood before us that surrounded the entrance to the lis. Ireciuently, when a soldier has been thus disgraced his fnciuls abuse the .prophet for furnishing so impotent a charm. His reply, however, is alwavs easy: "Hi. only gave me a goat, and could" only exnect goa -charms; if he wanted ox-chV.rms lie ought to have given me a cow, or at kv,( a calf Even if an ad.'quate fee has been paid, the answer is equally ready -the man was a wizard, and llie sj.irits of his ances- tors wei-e angry will, him for troubling thi-m 60 much with his conjurations Very few Kaffirs will venture out durin'r the stormy season without a thunder-charm as a preservative against lightning. This object looks just lik<- any otiier charm and IS, in fact, nothing more than a small piece of wood or root. T\w Kaffir's failh in it is unbounded, and, in consequence of the awful severity of thunderstorms, the sale of such charm.s isa very hicrative part of the pronh- et s btisine.ss. We can scarcely wonder that the Kaffir has recourse (o such preser\a- tives. lor he well knows that no art of man can .avail against the terrific slorms of that country, hyen m our own country we often It migiit have been nfernal regions them- - us. Suddenly we pnW!\' ""^\"V«"t'l> '"iniense height (appar- Winded, while our horses snorted and turned sharp round from the glare. Almost at the same iiLstant burst forth a peal of thunder, I ke the arlillery of all the universe dis- toarged at once in our ears. "There was no time to be lost: w,> struck spurs to our horses' flanks, and galloped to ii mountain side, a liUle way 'behind us where the quick eye of my Ho.teiUot had observed a cave. In a few minutes — mo- ments rather -we were within it, but not before the storm had burst forth in all its fury One moment the country round us w-as black as ink-the next it Was a sheet of livMig tlame, whiter than the white heat of the turnaee. One long-ce.itinued, never- ceasing roar of thunder (not seiiarate claps as we hear (hem in this country) deafened our ears. and lach moment we feaied destruc- tion; for, more than once, huge ina.sses of rock, detached by (he lightning blast from the mountain above us, rolled down p.ast our cavern witlullie roar of an avalanche. The llottenlot lay on his fiue, shutting out the witness thunderslonns that (iiriiw/'lmVZ.V I cr.'/M" Vi'"'' '■'■*,'"""■•; '•'^■'^■- ■'"'I'tlmg out the with awe, while the veakrT n L , • i Ti a7 ' "'";-;'' '"■.^■""''' ""t <''^<'"|H' the sound, sexes eower in aKfvar "/''"* '!'"' f ^ '"!!"",' ^^'' •••'i"-^l'""f« I'urst forth, and to thund.T an.l th^'viVi, | ^ 'J fl'^T the wat.r .leluged the earth But (he worst ston ( at Tm L 1- o>^ "■"•!''''"' '>"|i«f'< Ne; suffice it, (hat thouirh in England or (he r,, t'd SHfes i " s "V''''^ '■""''"' ^''^^"^•i' »'••">" >'"■ >"a'-'^'c(ly aware. ' T.er, ''', ""^' P'-<.,,het is '■''•'.'•"1 a-.,i,Ht U'ear ,,,''/.'■ ''•^■'''"i''''' «ne which clearly .1,., ,.!,)' ^'"' <"'ficacv of ofthem.terbl''Cti;rr"'".'»'"I"^"2 q"'lc w-earv affr a 1- •"( *?'."''^' ^^''o was l'er.s„a,l.Hi Uy „„^ ' , .'■ V'* ^^d hun.in,., was '•It a liUie ofhisfi.tine'lw ■ V''''''^^ to IP'ycry bit,..., (Lot, V ;*,::"»" "•'-. aii.l He tne.l it, .,i,„,,| ,•" , '"t ">|) casantlv so. "^'•eeably surp, ,,,""; ';-"'f't>. an,]' u.^, minutes he fell i, ""' ">at ri a few '•csuin,. his fe,.i. . ,„ .; . " w-1-^ <;nal,l,.,l to wani, the e.xtre „ ! !^' ',^ •' 'I'-'^klv l.ome- f-' •'". W'tli the success f ,'",'""' """""g ■ f-'viNlcnt that the ,.m 1 " 'i''''""'"- '""' 't "«^:"''' »™ »•-■'»!• 'l".ia' , ;;,,- ""I« an. il ,lS'', S,,"; ;«■;. M,a,\.,;.',;" r-v^'"' ''"Si r --- ;" ^tivno-th of the knialo,,,';;-\/^' ■''''' '-i"'! -''»-e,orosacriacedt/;ile.;;'SS-;;| KAFFlirs BELIEF IX ciIAltMS. 183 •''Stress; remove it, since m'l " ■^'"' ^^'» an animal. We know nn? ''/'''''' °'^<^° you want, whether you still im''"^ '""'••' ^^^ more or not. Grant ns",..f •'?."'•' ""Jthing ■■">""clant, that n4 nn/ " "'?' '' '"''^y l^^ wantofanythin/sinc.^,;^'],;^"'' "''t be in what you want; Tl s kron ' "',''•'" J'"" yourself, lather, an.lX STv ""^ •" ^^ «h .your own kraal? H ,ii,i ^ •^''" ''"»'n- still hereabout mTv '; '^^ •^''""' ««sprin- knowledge of Vou-wl '■'■•"''■'*'-'' '"^'reasing powe.-."" ^""' whence cometh greal ^'^'^into'^h!;t"ll;e^;&^«-;'"xisthe„ one is allowe. to e„ i ■ ' "'"""'' ''"'l "« tnne, during wll-h' t ri J tr'''"'1"!'->™ble «';Pposed to be eatinV J >,t!'%?"''J« «•;« tlicn opened, the bc."f -J i . ^"^ 'looris are present pal'tak 'L "rlf' h'"'" *'^" ?^.'^° .tory sacrilice tails, a ,,ro i.of L' ^ !»"opitia- s. summoned, un.l I, I i n ""■""'"^ «'^ill im-baya, or central en '^^""V'^^ted in the fgainsthisa.rS Ils'nl^'^ '" ''^'H'less ," l',>?''t a lire i„ £ i-.^.r.l'n '■'"'""" '« eine upon it, fakin..- .. ,! • *i ""^'"■» '''efli- fhall Passover thecal, r '"' *''« ■'*'»"'^-° f?iri.rhten ,he evi •, "'' "'l^t proceeds ■'"niplo thou..h rem.r ■ 1 ""^ "' *'""'" ''V a t-^kv^ a lircirra, 1 „"}";: I"-;"'e"'ling. lie "' 'at in his m u ' i l."''" '""'^ ••' '""'P tirmly held while he t , '"^ animal is j^'^'Kandth^lrto^ :^';;';;J.<^>">-ticato P9 "M^-''"' 'iit and water ,.?k, ' "rebrand. ^■r'n.i? in the liice i.f Vi, , ' •'\"''''''f ''''"t- ^^■'•r"ied, and bursts .-V'"''' '^^''^'aCy mentors. ""'sts away irom its tor- "-''uff^;;;^;;:;r-|-i upon the entire .reaehed that s ;,;",,•„;':, """'T "'<\v ''avc 'f t irown „,„.„ :,;,i ,„"•.'!■ V' ""' enclosure 'lash out of 'it. 'a r''V;""' animals iv-raal rush aHer (b.Vm '"''al'itants of the ■^'"-"i'ls with ,,,.\^; ,",•"".» '"'at.'",? their '•attling <• dabashcs w i)' ■'""• ""' "■'""•'» voices. The ca ( wij ' ,""' ^"'"""'eir treated will, pe c, ar V ' =""'' ^-''erally !''>.?i'le tliemsci'vcs 'l',,, ''"""''^- T Vnto. " '« a <'onsiderable /','•;"'■'''''' ",i,',an,I •ecover (heir equ,„i,i ' t .'i'''' "'""y ^^n 'o l)e ralher a curio s,;. , 'V' '""y •'*e<.m calde disease, b t ,s r 'rcatin- the '« torleited if he n.'im k '' "' "'" P'-"Plu>t 'V ''^I•'•'>•''"".e , r^^ '"* ''^ '■■^"'^ 'lappens to be ill, 184 THE KAFFIR. and especially if *,he king himself should be ailing, no one hai the least doubt that sor- cery was tile cause of the evil. And, as (he chiefs are given to eating and drinking, and smoking and sleeping, until they are so fat that they can hardly walk, it is no wonder that they aiv vuii(l, iiiid breaking uiioii h.m a nes( of large aii(s, iio(ed for (he fierceness of (heir tempers, and the agonizing venom of (heir s(iiigs. How ruthlessly cruel a Kallir can be when he is excited by (he fear of witch- craft can be imagined' from (he following account of (he trial and execution of a suji- posed wizard. The resider must, moreover, lie told (hat the whole of the defails are not mentioned. The narrative is taken from tV>on f^ „„„ ««''<'n. the recoverv tim; lio" ' -.fl.i L, i "»';<".«cious vic- tere'd one of .is Vit T '..n'V •'"*' "'''"«''- <:ontem,.l,ilin.. 1?. '''''"';' .'\" was morrilv i'cfor" „ \"^, \"/.''r,'^'-'i'' than a.s to ^l.^p^f ,•;,''."" '" • "^T'" *^""*-^'-n I'is ehiof. ii ' ,! ,,S Y"^''''"''l tin. son of '■"^' '"Utter; uVl ;','"'' "? •"-■wiich- <;ution('i-.s .sai.l (hov n,,. . , His oxo- of nu-no.dIpJ.'^!:.,;' -:;;-• -".Is. and was for his r,ir( ,. "V • '^'■'"'?' '""> i( ""^cMitiu'l,..; H „/; ;::l"y'-'"'I.^.- •"clvos tin. trouhlo- as , ■ i,; ,' '^7 •^■""'•- can bear them i'n- i , ■ '"'* '""»<'■''• ' prav to he St .;, ,, """";->.t: I wo„ld would sav r ; , , ^'''':'''- ''."' "'•■'t von i:^S;?hS;;-s--::;r'|--^;"^^ also heated and pn.Heda.aU.stS'boSyl'"^ 185 it nnpossiblo to describe the awful effect of "TIn-ou-h all (his tlio heroic fellow still from h s body! and composed"; asked his ,n V , V^ '-epeated their demand but c reso utely assert.'d his innoce "e and smmmss m.;nceaatton..M.and"o'^,rended"^tTun: w.'Il-known kniir chief vvl.o !"'•?",' .*!?« English fi,rces £ ^;'i:,!;;^i"Ji, :f' ''^^'^ ^'^^ stra, ,,,!,; ''• 'I"'' 1/ seems rather too terrible to |„, d .scril. , Ti .^"""'.^y !!?^i"Sil- ;:;::;:er':: s "-"PonMi ma!"; •!; f; i"'!::^i -'S i:::;^ ""'1 >"mct nameless (or(, res o ,,i f . ' shows the ahiect i„;,- J.,' ■. , '"'^ ^''How, Alls a KamS mi,|;i" "' ^"'^'h^i-aft which' a Sa^'r '.!''■ '''•''''''^/ '^ ""'--'''o to hide <'I.Ii''ed to ' n'e ! '"^"""'"^ I''uy us, and r vigilance ito all her g scrutiny, at a quick ro she very box. Her t'uted one. slamfu had siniir box instead of 1 presented my predic- upper part • I'roni the herself in e had been it to that in ly as i)ossi- dug about I) fingers of arth out, at 8 with her ond, closed . the earth, ying to the " have been osure was, 11 (2.) UNFAVOKAHI.K PKOl'HKCY. (See pnge IW.) U88) DEMEANOR OF FEMALE PROPHETS. turmoil whicli Avas caused hy her manif it impoHture; and it is needless to Z a 8lio did not ask for the cows. ^ craft ''rro";hl^P'^'■'''"'■'' ^'" "'« •^'•t of witch- craft go through a series of cercmonicM cxn<;t y similar to thoso which havTbco, a ready described, and are capable of timsl] iv r *"/"y. "f ""•!«• 'loscendants he nvilcge of b,M-ng admitted to the sa e lank as themselves. As may be ffathcr d •om the preceding accountf thevSorn wom';'^ "w!7/l""^" •"■ !"■? •»'"^'' "« «lo ot r --, ...... I. iiTi iiiiiirica or 8in"lp- nnd if .^^^t'^Ti remarkable that, "otilr from cehhacy telng considered a neccssarv nua men «^ '^^"/''? «'«'''': "either mc'i^oTvo-" t-nlle^o nf •. ^^.'"'" ""'■« «l'nitt<^'l into the nnblic bvnf to msnire awo into the mdered at i&'^?";r5 I"'* t''<".V .■'vc con- sumptuary KU i^!'7 ^'■"'» t '^ "«'«! forced amon- The K-nrt^^ '". '" '''"'^tly en- according t^'their^.uHvM '''?'' •'"'.' t» •'••''^^ of the felnale ,, ran u '"■'*' ^'''^i"'"'"- ""« tain GiXlin ... l"*'!^'" '« was visited by Can- of tprri[)le fVonzv \Vltuli~ ^ '" ** V'^<='» ..of„,i ,..!*!. i-l'f"- V't" lier person dcco powerftUimpVe „,"'"' . • ''r'' '"^^''^ « dress .and l.rd^meanr" '"'"' '^""^ '^^ '^-■ witX"' airher";ni;on? "'^''^I^ ^ 'l"^"" «f craft, i, .„,, cons n •■''."'■?; '^'-^Peaks her fat were s isnonSl 1,'''!T''' '^'"'^''^ ^^'"1' Ju>rthick.-!, 't Xrin"r h.'.J"'''^'' ■^^''"" directions with /b7> "!/m ,' ? "^"^ "Z"" 'i aH re.-ison, she th(>n.rbt if ,!„ """''. f""" ■'^"mn Finding that %,,..• '^'''■''•''''■^ ^" oppo-""". ^etuai:^i;j:iwrie.^';;JK';'r rr '"t accompanied only by " it le ' J^^'^^'Vl^^ concealed lu-rself^ ob 'e tat^ ' ll"S' expiration of three or four rlnvJ ? ' ^^^ teriously returned- ami I. ?V' ''u "' '"^'s- apparerillv bleedil^ ft L J"'', i',';^ ¥' «!''<;■ in-etende/ to have' ee^rocc v^^'IT","''' tlie mod „„,„|'o"k ui^','« »'■,'■,,'" <■■■-<"; immpdatelv hpaip-I! pL' ' , wound her hiad to cr,;! E',;'"' T" '' '"'" prn,,,,e „„1<> in one Imnd, °, d hcT ^1 S could scarcely f()llow b, r ,.,5 ^' P"^ '■>" from w 1. 1 r "'^^'^y^s seemed startinc nnd,„^o„mi„i,..,Eiv;;?.a;™:^^^^^ Ihe Illustration No. 1, on pa-e 18f ren £t.t.rsst':!d'i^i^s:i|^ tioiuTs. ° ""' to the cxecu- ".o"''k,uv';;j,,zS;' -Si"!™ n"»" abourwiiTa bold f,.^r" t^p'tiS r' ^v-"^:« ■something .-.l.nost ,"4i ' ' '^ "" '' '" "'" '::'^t' l^;'l'!;:^-^.-9 "like when |l.ey are eleA.u;.r,;-p;:?i^,i^-;!^^ when l.m.me absolutely rlithLs In Ihell^pJJSj 10 and character Will avail ,Zr,tu.;:ti2a 100 THE KAFFIR. Ii(» willbp nr^/.Ofl nnd torturod to dcatli as iiicrcilcHsly as it' hu ucr»! out' of the lowest of tlU) ]ll'l)|lltt. Mixed uj) witli tlioso aupeiHtitloua doccp- lioiiH, tluTu is uihoiil; tho |)n)|iin'ts ii f<)u»id- erabli' aiiiouiil ol' skill I)ii(li iit sui,i(('rv ami inodiciiio. Partly IVom the (•(nistaiil sliuij;ii- tcr and cuttiii>?-up of cattle, and partly IVoni experience in warfare and uxeentions, every Katllr has a t()leral)le notion ol' anatomy — far greater, indeed, tlmn is possesxed by tlio fienerality of cdneated persona in our own eonntry, (."onseiiuently, lie can undertake various surgical operations with conlidence, nnd in some branches of tlie art he is quite a proficient. For example, a Kallir i)rophet J'.is been known to operate successfully in a case of dropsy, so tluit tlie jiatient recovered; while in tlie rediieina; of dislocated joints, the setting of fractured bones, and the treat- ment of wounds, he is an adept. A kind of cupjjing is much practised by the Kalllrs, and is'maiiagiHl in much th'c; fiamo way as amon^ ourselves, tliough with diO'erent and ruder instruments. Instead of cujiping glasses, tlicy use the horn of an ox witli a liole bored through tlio smaller end. The operator begins liis work by jiressing the larjjo end of the horn against the jiart whieli IS to be relieved, and, apjilying lii.s mouth to the other end, he sucks vigorously until he ha.s produced the recpiire'd ell'ect. A t't'W leashes are then made with the sharp blade ot an assagai, the horn is again applied, .and suction employed until "a sutlicieiit amount of blood has been extracted. As the Katlirs are acquainted with poi- sons, so arc they aware of the medicinal properties possessed by many vegetable i)roductions. Their chief medicines are obtained from the castor-oil plant and the male fern, and arc administered for the same complaints as are treatcil by the same medicines in Europe and America. Some- times a curious mixture of surgery and med- icine is mad(! by scarifying the" skin, and rubbing medicine into it. It is probable the "witch doctors" have a verv much wider acquaintance with herbi? and tlieir properties than they choose to make public; and this conjecture is partly carried out by the etll- cacy which certain 8o-, iMTson to whom the ine>tsa<'e in Siiiit. Wliniild till! wizard l»e (liHtiirlied in his iiieantatioiiH, Imfcm! lie has had time to translbrin the reHu.scitated l)ody, it wanders tlirouj^h till! coiintrv, powerl'iil/a m(>H8en>,'er i)t evil, hilt an idiot, utterin-r cries and menacc.i, hut not knowinj,' tlnur import. In conseijuence of this' hollef, no Kadlr ilares to be seen in eoiniiuinication with any creature ((xeept the reco^jnized donmstic animals, such as cattle and fowls. Any attempt to tame a wild animal would assur- edly cause the presumptuous Kafflr to ho put to death as an " evil-doer." A rather curious case of this kind occurred in Natal. A woman who was pa.ssin;r into the bush in order to cut wood, saw a man feeding a Mild-cat --the animal which is thoufflit to bo specially devoted to the evil spirit. Ter- r n.Hl at the sight, she tried to cscftpo uni-oon ; but the inan pcTceived her, pushed the anl- nal aside, and bribed her to 'be silent about what she had mum. However, she wei home, and straiKhtway told the chiera iie^l her husband, and from that wife, who told moment the man's doom was fixed Evi dmict; against a supposed wizard is always plentiful, and on this occasion it was fur- nished hhorally. One person had overheard a domestic quarrel, in which the man had beatiui his eldest wife, and she throutened to accuse him of witchcran; but he replied that she was as bad as himself, and that if 10 was executed, she would suder the same ate. Another person liad heard him sav to the same wife, that they had not been loiindout,and that the accusers only wanted their corn. IJnih man and wife were sum- inoned Ijclbre the council, examined after the usual method, and, as a necessary con- sequence, executed on the spot. CIIAP1T.R XTX. SUPERSTITION— CoMP^wlcd. m I, RADT-MAKINO-KFFKCTH op A I.HOI'OIIT-TnK IIKIURST omOK OF A KAmn rltOI-Iirr, ITM IlKWAnns AND ITH rK.llII.M-H..W TIIK IMKIIMIKT "MAKKM KAIN " — INOKNIOl H ^:V AHIONH- Mil. MoKKATT'iI ACCOl'NT OK A UAIN-MAKKIl, A.M> IIIH nilXKKPIN.W - Mt.|.p,WKI. l-dWIIW -IK KIIIOPKANH — KAF- FIll m.PIIKTS ly lai7-l-U().:UltH.H ok THK WAU, am. I'AI, llWMM^l: or TIM! lUKKin8- KllKI.I, THK KAKKIU .ITIKK, AM. l.H ALVISKIIH -HTUAN.IK MtoniKl Y AM. ITM 111 SII.TS- TUB rilOIIIKTH' IJKI.IKK IN TllKlll OWN I-OWKIIS - JIOIIAI, INPUTKNCK t^F TIIK IHOPIIl: TH — THK, . Kl K- BllATKI. nioniKT MAKANNA ANI. Ills lAUKKll-IIW IllMK, «l I.MINATION, AM. K \M,- MAKANNA's aATIIKUINd SON.I-TAMSMANIC NKCKLACK -THK CHAUM-HTICK OK TlIK KAH-II18 - WHV TUB PatU'llETS AllE ADVOCATKH OF WAU — A I'llOI'lllCT WHO TtKlH AI.V1CK. TnK hijjlicst and most important (liity which fiilU to tho lot of tho i.idplict.s is tliiit of riiin-maliinp;. In SoiUlurn Africa, rain is tlic very life of the country ; aiul, should it 1h' delayed beyond the nsiial time, the dread of famine runs tlirouf,'li the laiiil. The KatHi'H certainly possess storehouses, but not of sullieient «izc to hold enoii^di grain for the subsistence of a tribe thron;,di- out the year — nor, indecid, could the Kaf- llrs be able to grow enough food for sucli a ])Hrposo. During a drought, the pastun- fails, and the cattle die ; thus cutting otf the snj.ply of milk, which is almost tlie staff of life to a Kartlr — certainly so to his children. The very idea of such a calamity 'makes every mother in Kallirland tremble with alfright, and there is nothing which they W(jnld "not do to avert it, even to the sacri'lice of their own lives. Soon the water-pools dry np. then the wells, and lastly the iiprings l.egiu to fail ; and consequently disease and death soon make dire liavoc among the tribes. In this country, we can form no concei)tion of such a state of things, and are ratluu- apt to suffer from excess of rain than its absence ; but the miseries which even a few weeks' NM— Mil. MoKKAIT'iI K KrlioPKANM — KAF- t OK TIIK KAKKinH — ITS lil:sri,r»t — TUB OI'IIICTH — TIIK, t'KI.K- II KAI.I,— MAKAN.NA'h KAl'l'lllS — WHV TUB nn, iind tliore nrc ill \('iitiin! to at- 'f III' liiilmv, tliu 1 IMllpIt' in NOIIIC- 'I'lr ill |icili)intiiii; Willi nil iis.H;i<;iii, illi :i kiiiili-kcrric, ss of Icaiiiiij him r. « liii (Id succeed, very smiimit of aTcisc iiliiio.st mi- ll (rilic, mill over t iiol a iiiiii-iiiakcr kiiii; is tlu) only •isf any iiulliorily ■illi.'-* ; anil even • spot lliouirh lie wive III ijie raiii- inj; lii.s iiicanta- Htrnnjri' that the licit faith ill tho •s ; liiit it in a alois tiieiiixelves vers. Of coiirsu s where a raiii- < iiiijiosliire ; liut ■ driven to Huch a r tlio.se who nru frcneral fact, the iciiey of his own any of liis fol- nfjfiiisJied himself >wn liir and wide, aclice to his own district. Pot<\ntaU^« (Vom all partu of tho country Mend for hju, when llie drought con- tlniUiM, and Ih.ir own prophelH fail to pro- •luco rain. In Hhh, a.s in other counliies, the prophet lian more honor in another land tlian 111 hiH own, and the eonlldence placed ill luiil i.s houndlcMi. This .■olilideliee i,. Kioundiid on ih,. (net that a rain-maker from n dLslaiit laud will ol1..n produce rain when olhei-N at home have failed. 'I'he reason is ^t 'irt ;^!L^t,^±:'':}^i=BP:^^ IN .lri...i '?,»1'"''''"'"" ''T"'"^ ^y *'''" "^'"'■y'^r wa« w. .1 V I'l'*' " ?'■"'.■'•""« """j und many lon« week« ollowed without a Mi'm?U, ,.l„u,1, ana when thcMn did appear they^nlKl,t ho, imcH he «een, to the «reat n.orlilllcatio of lu, cmjnror, to .lis,1.ar«e their watery Iri'iiHurcH at an lmiuen«e distance Thi^ disappointment wa« in.;reased when a heavy '•"ud wojild pa.s. over with tiemendoiM tliunder, hut not ono drop of rain. Theru Uy the time that tho whole »..n.',s ot native prophets have ^one thronuh their Jiieanlalioiis, the tiino of dioii^ht is coin- ara ively near to a I'lose; and, if the i, '"? '".''>' '"•">"":" <■'> Htivve olf the actual prodncMon of rain for a few dav.f overhour'r"''''''''' •*•''''"•'" "'■ «"«■'-«,'»' every hour IS a posihve «ai„ to him. w,til , ''"I """^''l with the HiKiiM „f tl... V ather, as is alwayi the ea.se with tho.se who hvo much in tho open air The l.n>phets,eviden,lv, are mor'e 'vea her-wise thi-.i the KcneralKy „f iho^r race, and how- ever m.Kh a rain-maker may heli .'; H i^^. sef, he iKiVer williii;r|y undertakes a . .nission when the si.;s\,f the skvi ortJ, 1 a lut\lv'iv'''V-*;'''''''^1''- «''''"l'll«^'ei- iitely forced mlo iinderlakin- the l.ii.siueMs his only hope of escape fromlhe dilem i j,' o procntstiiiate as much as p....sil,le, while at t e .,ame tini.. he keeps the' people a we lie most common n.ode ..f pr,,'raHti mtl„ m hy reques in;, oerlain artil-le.s, wl.i h ! kn()WH are almost iinattainahle, and savin.' |l»;it nulii he has them his incantations will (l)r l><. i. .-■,-« "■• ,■'""■' "' 'ay mo d have no elfeet. Mr. Motfatt narr tes vorv m II n?'"""*',"' '"'^ '''^"'- <>"« ' Hiniisin- instance .,f the shiffs to whid a f lllin ' l^'""'"'' T''' ""*' '»>« »"»>• in-ophet is sometimes put, when the riii iwi ,.n I " ""' /■■"'" '^'"'^^'' « '»<'''vy PCL «otfiill,nndwheiiheiUoVmno w^^^^^^^ «t'"^k « tree in (he- town". "■"•"-- .... - 'v<>K(, It. 1^ X wn, and burnt to ashes. Soon after thU nnmeaning ceremonv, he got lar-'o bowls ot* oybi^ibf'Vll";;" ^^"'^-^ ""V^'' anSsioi 01 bulbs. All the men of the town then before him, when he sprinkled each with a ''" As an H •'""^"'S'^'^ 'lipped in the waS * A.S all this and much more did not sue- coed, he had recourse to another stratagem. 194 THE KAFFIR. He knew well that baboons were not very easily . ^ught among the rockj; gliins and shelvin precipices, theielbre, in order to gain tiiae, he informed the men that, to make rain, lie must have a baboon ; that the animal must be without a blsmish, not a hair was to be wanting on its body. One would have though*; any simpleton might have seen throug'> his tricks, as their being able to present him with a baboon in that state was imjiossible, even though they caught him asleep. Forth sal- lied a band of chosen runners, who as- cended the neighboring moimtain. The b.iboons from their lofty domiciles had been in the habit of looking down on the plain iienfiiith at the natives encircling and pur- suing the quaggas and antelopes, little dreaming that one day they would them- selves be objects of pursuit. They hobbled off in consternation, grunting, and scream- ing and leaping from rock to rock, occasion- ally looking down on tbc;ir pursuers, grinning and gnivshing their teeth. After a long pur- suit, with v/'Hinded l;ml)S, scratched bodies, and broken toc^, a jou'ig one was secured, ant: brought to the town, the captors exult- ii\g as if they had obtained a great spoil. The wily rogue, on seeing the animal, put on a counteuiince exhibiting the most in- tense sorrow, exclainiug, ' My heart is rent in pieces; 1 am dumb with grief'; and pointing to the eai" of the baboon, whicli was scratched, and the tail, which hiul losi some hairs, added, 'Bid I nov tell you 1 could not make rain if there was one h^iir wanting? ' "After some days another was obtained; but there was still some imperfection, real or alleged. He had often said that, if ihcy would procure him the heart of a lion, he would show them that he could make ra-n BO abundant that a man might think himself well off to be under shelter, as whsiu it fed it might sweep whole towns awiiy. He had discovered that the clouds required strong medicine, 'md th.it a lion's heart would do the business. To obtiiin this the rain-maker veil knew was no Joke. One day it was announced that a lion had attacked one of the cattle out-posts, not far from 'i" town, and a party set oft' for the twofold purj ose of getting a key to the clouds and disposii.g of adange^us enemy. The orders were ini- perativ., whatever the consequences might be, which, in thii instcnce, might have been very serious, had '''>'■ one of our men rho^ the terrific animal dea«l with .•< gun This was no sooner done than it was (-ui. up for roasting and boiling: no matter if it had pre- viously eaten some of their relations, tney at« it in ics turn. Nothing could exceed their enthusiasm when they returned to the town, bearing the lion's heart, and singing the conqueror's song in full chorus; the rain- maker prepared his medicines, kindled his tires, und might be seen upon the top of the hill, stretching forth his puny hands, and beckoning the clouds to draw near, or <. /en shaking his spear, And threatening that, if they disobeyed, they should feed his ire. The deluded populace belie ,'<",! " U this, and wondered the rains would not fall. "Asking aa experienced and judicious man, the king's uncle, how it was that so great an operator on the clouds could not succeed, 'Ah,' I'e replied, with apparent feeling, ' there is a cause for the hardheart- edness of the clouds if the rain-maker could only find it out.' A scrutini?irr>o to the conclusion that the mi.ssionaries civn make rain is r .tlier a curious one. As soon as tlio raw, cold winds begin to blow nf-d to threat'in rain, the missionaries were naturuily accustomed to put on their overcoatH when th(!y left their houses. These coats were usually of a dark fli KAFFIR PROrnETS IN 1857. 195 color, and nothing could persuade the na- tives but that the assumption of darlc cloth- ing was a spell by which rain was compelled to fall. It has ju!(henco of the people was tiie rea- son why tl... xvhite mo" \\' -iV-^ u \ .'^"' nn* ~f fk„ 1 V „ ^^".i - ''""^ "<-■<-•" driven ou. .f the land. But, iff ey would bo obe- dient, and slay every head of cattle in the country, except one cow and one goat, the spirits of the dea «f,ir,o. tion m,i only the country in general", biit themselves and iheir families, and a man ia J no THE KAFFIR. li not likiily l,() lit (or propluxuus which, if fulso, would redtici" him tVoiu woiillh to jjovorty. ntul coiuiciiin hiiimoH', hin lamily, mid lill tho cotmtrv to th(! iiiiHorios oC riiininc, dii)ho('loM to bi; tnio. Althougli tho iiilhioiUM! exorcisod hy tho projiiiol.s is, in many casos, wioldod in an ii^niious manner, it i« not onlfroly an un- mixiid evil. Imporfoct as tlioir roli^ious .systom is, and '''''»'> '"xl who ventured to oppose the p}nj;Iish forces, and in person to lead an attiick on (Jrahamstown. This remarkable nuin laid his plans with great euro and deliberation, and did not strike a Mow until all his plots were fully dovelopocl. In the tlrst placo ho contrived to obtain considorabhi military information by con- versation with tho soldiers, and especially tl> ■ oHicors of the rej;inu!nts who were (piar- tered at (iraliamstown, and in this maniu'r contrived to loarn much of the Kn5j;lish mil- itary system, as well as of numy nu'chanital arts. Tlic object which lio jiroposed to himself is not i>re'cisely known, but' as far as can Ix^ gathered IVonl his actions, ho seoms to have inU^ulod to i)ursuo a similar course to that which was inkvw by Tchaka nmons the more nuidorn Zulus," and to jjathor to;!;i»ther tho scattered Amakosa tribes and to unite them in one <;reat nation, of which he slionld bo sole kinp antJ priest, IJut his ambition was a nobler one than that of Tchaka, whoso only object was personal >\a- grandizenu'ut, and who* shod rivers ol' blood, oven among his own subjects, in order to render himself su])romo. Makanna wjis a man of ditforent nuudd, and although jier- soual ambition had mucli to do with his comhict, ho was clearly inspired with a wish to raise his i)i-oplo into n southern nation that should rival the groat Zulu monarchy of the north, and also, by the importation of European ideas, to elevate the character ot his subjects, and to as.-imilato thom ns far as possible with tho white men, their ac- knowledi;ed superiors in every art. That no ultimately failed is no woiulor, because he was one of those enthusiasts wlu) do not recognize their epoch. Most noople fail in being behind their dav, Ma- kanna failed in bemg before it. Enjoying constant int*'rcourse with Europeans, "and iuvariahly choosing for his companions men of ominenco amumr tbeiii. his own minrl liad boconui sulTlciontly enlarged to pcrcelvo the inllnlte superiority of Enropoun < iyili- zation, and to know that if ho coul.l only succeed in infn.Mng their ideas into tho njinds of his subjects, tho Kosa nation would not only be tho equal of, but bu far superior to the Zulu empire, which wafj erected by violeiict" and preserved by blood- shed. Conscious of the snperstiti(Hia char- acter of his conntrymon, and knowing that ho would not bo able to gain sutllcicnt in- lluence over them unless he laid claim to supornatunvl powers, Makanna announced himself to be a nrophet of a new kind. In this i)art of his lino of conduct he showed the same deep wisdom thi.t had chaructcr- i/ed his former iiroceedings, and gained much religions as well ns practical knowl- edge from the white men, whom ho ulti- mately intended to destroy. He made a point of conversing as much as jiossiblo with tho dorjiy, and, with all a Kalllr's inborn love oi nrgunu'at, delighted in get- ting into controversies respecting the bvlief of the Christians, and tho inspiration of tho Scriptures. Keen jind subtle of intellect, and possessed of wonderful oratorical powers, he would at one time ask (juestion after question for tho pmpose of clitangling his instructor in a sophism, and nt another would l)urst into a torrent of eloquence in which lu; would adroitly make use of any unguarded expres- sion, and carry away his audience by thosi)irit and lire of his oratory. In the mean while he was quietly working upon the minds of his countrynn n so as to prepare them for his llnal .stop; and at last, when be had thoroughly matured his plans, he boldly announced himself as a jn-ophet to whom bad been given a special commit^sion from Uhlanga, tlic Great Sjiirit. Unlike tho ordinary nrophots, whose utter- ances wore all of blood and sacrillco, either of men or animals, he imported into his new system of religion many ideas that ho had obtained from tho Christian dcrgj-, and had the honor of being the fust Kallir nrophet who ever dciKUincod vice and en- rorced morality on his followers. Not only did ho preach against vice in the abstract, but ho had the courage to denounce all those wh<» led vicious lives, and was as unsparing toward (ho most powci1\il chiefs as t<)ward tho humblest servant. One chief, tho renowned Caika, was dlro- »\illy oflonded at the proi)het's boldne.«a, whereupon Makanna, finding that spiritual wo.ipons were wasted (ui such a man, took to the spoar aiul shield instead. lo" 'nni'itfiined a iMhImJ'i^n'''T' ■*"'' »'^«"''vcte n?. .'^^' K "' """" «nihamstown the h ul .,?,l ■''^ ''"'"» "" »»«xpectcd tha I ino I ttle garrison were takcin by surprise- n Id Jio commander was nearly taken ,ri«: oner as he was riding with soine f liVoffl cers. More than 10,000 Kafllr warr ors were engaged m tl,o assault, while the defenders Unfr'Vj'r'^^O Europeans and a tw hscip lined Hottentots. Tlic place was vorv jmnerfectly fortified, and, alfcgh "al^ o if nn V™ '»«rahamstowu, tl.ev we.^ aelil. '""""' "''' ^'*^'''' ""^y "'^'^y forj coSli''!??''''"''',^" '""'■^ 8'illant than the nH.fi n8«a'l"uts and defenders. The b^ave 'rS^J r':"^«'''»'l constitutionally Dnive, lushed to the attack with wild war cries, hurling their assagais as tliev a - vanco.1; and when they cr^ne to close quar- ters, breaking their la.st weapon, and S hnnV '''■'7*''"^ ^'^''^ dcfendei^ on the otl.^ ^^^Stfsf S^^^^^^ the^mselt"^':!^r..™d " T" Z'^^^^'^^-l ti-Engiis.rha;rl!;^-,;J^^'^;:.i- ATTACK ON GEllMANSTOWN. i: 197 brief rcapito, and brought their field-guns to bear. Volley after volley of grape-shot was poured into the ttdckest columns of he enemy and the front ranks fell like irass heh.re the mower's scythe. Still, the couS "the Kafllrs, stimulated by the niystic utti-rances of their prophet-general w^is iio? quelled an.1 the un.laulued wardl.rsV^^S up to the very mouths of the guns, stabbinc with their last spears at the^irti leryme f Ihit brave as thc^ miglit be, they could not contend against the deadly hail (/grape-shot and musketry t .at ceaselessly poured in"o their ranks, while as soon as a header made lumsell consjucuous. he was shot by Boezak and Ins little body ot marksmen. Lkmna allied his forces several times, hut at l.isfc they were put to fhght, and he was obliged to accompany his discomlited soldiers. hliort as was this battle, it was a terri- bio one for the Kafllrs. Fourteen hundred bodies were found dead on the field, whilo at least as many more died of their wounds. After this decisive repulse, Makanna aur- rendered himself to tlie English, and was sent as a prisoner to Itobbc^n Island. Here lie remained for a year, with a few followers and slaves whom he was permitted to retain. One day he disarmed the guard, and tried to escape in a boat, but was drowned in the attempt The subjoined spirited renderinir of Ma- kanna's gathering song is by Mr. Prlnclo the poet-traveller iu Southern Africa. ^' MAKANNA's GATnERINO. "^^akk! Aninkosn, wake! Ami lirni yoiirwlves for war As oomiiiK wiiuls the forcso sli'uke I lit'iir a sduiKl from far: it fs not thundor in the sky Nor lion's lo.ir npon thcshill, But the voice of hi„, who Hits in higb. Ana bills mo speak his will! ^ ' "He bids mo call von forth, Hold Hons of KalittlH'o, To sworn, the White Man from the earth, And drive them to the twa: ' J-ho sPft, which liPrtvcd thoni np at first, t c.r Amakosa's curse and bane, Howls for tho l.roBony «ho nursed, To swallow them again. ' '^" i""""' y PJ'iBftains Iwld, With wai-|ilnni('s waving hiRh; wH.'/'T7 wnrrior young and old, With club and iwHagai. «*!m..mlK.r how tho spoiler's host Hid through the land like locusts ranee* Your bonis, your wives, your comrades lost, - Ifeinomber, and revenge! ' " ^'Jnff your broad shiolds away, B(>.)tl iss against such foes; But IiaiKl to hand we'll fight to-dav. And with tho bayonets close. " Gra«p each man short his stabblnir siwar. n«"ti • "Ik ? ^' "=y""'» e'lKo wo come, KuHl, on their ranks in full oarwr, And to their hearts strike liomo! 198 THE KAFPIR. "Woke! AmakMft, wnko! Ami III lister for tlm wiir: Xiw wiziird-wolvus tVoiii KcUi's broke, Tlio vulturoM fi-Din afar, Art' niillit'riiiK «* Uiii.anoa'h rail, Ami follow fiiHtoiir westwiinl way — ¥vr well thi!.y know, ere oviuiiiiK full, Thoy Hliali huvo gluriuu^j prey ! " There is now before me n remarkable necklnee, whiili wan tiikou I'rom the neck of a Kaflir who was killed in the attack of the 74th Ilisjlilanflers on the Iron M.ant (See illuatralioti No. 1, on p. 107.) This stronz- hold of tlic (lark enemies was peeuliarly well n(lai)ti'il for defence, rind the natives had therefore used it as a place wherein thoy could deposit their stores; but, l)y a false uun'b on their part, they i)ut themselves between two fires, and after severe loss had to abandon the post. The necklace belon}.?s to the collection of Major Hoss Kinjr, who led the 74(h in the attack. It has evidently been used for superstitions purposes, and has belonged to a KatHr who was either one of the prophets, or who intcmled to join that order. It is composed of human tinger- bones, twenty-seven in number, and as only the last' joint of the tinker is used, it is evident tliat at least three men must have supplied the bones in question. From the nature of the ornament, it is likelv that it once belonged to that class of whicn doc- tors make a living, by pretending to detect the evil-doers who liave caused the death of chiefs and persons of rank. As another example of the superstitious ideas of the Katlirs, I may hero describe one of the small bags which are sometimes called knapsacks, and sometimes ''daghasaes," the latter name being given to them because their chief use is to hold the " d.agha," or preparation of hemp which is so extensively used for smoking, and which was i)robably the only herb tliat was used before the introduction of nihacco from America. Sometimes the daghasac is made of the skin of some small animal, taken oft' entire; but in this inst^mce it is made of small pieces of antelope skin neatly joined to- {^ethcr, and havinn; some of fhe'h.air still left m the interior. The line of junction be- tween the upper and lower pieces of skin is ingeniously concealed by the strings of black and white beads which are attac-lied to it; and the same beads serve also to conceal a patch, which is let in in one side. The bag is suspended over the shoulders of the wearer by means of a long chain formed of iron wire, the links of which are nuide so neatly that, but for a few irregularities, they would be ta.kcn for the handiwork of un European wire-workor. From the end of the bag hang two thongs, each of which bears at the extremity a val- ued charm. One of these articles is a piece of stick, about three inches iu length, and about as thick as an artist's pencil; and the other is a Hmoll scu-shcU. The bone neck- lace, which hat) just been desoribed, dues really look like a charm or an amulet; but these two objects are so perfoetlv luirraless in ajujearance that no one would detect their character without a previous acquaintance with the manners and customs of the natives. Tlie stick in question is formed of a sort of creeper, which soenis to lie invariably used in the manufacture of certain charms. It has snuvU dark leaves and pale-blue flowers, and is found nlentifully at the Capo, grow- ing among tlie " Boerbohni;," and other bushes, and twining its flexible shoots among thoir branches. Major King, to whoso collection tho djv- ghasac belongs, possesses a large specimen of the same stick, five feet in length and perfectly straight It was taken from the centre <)f a bundle of jvssag.ais that had fallen from the grasp of a Kaflir, who was killed in a skirmi.'sh by the Highlanders. This stick was employed as a war charm, and probably was supposed to have tho double effect of making certain the aim of the assagais and of guarding the owner froni harm. Vast numbers of those wooden charms were issued to the soldiers by the celebrated prophet Umlangeni, who prophesied that by his meantations the bullets of the white man would turn to water as soon as they were fired. As the charm cost nothing except the trouble of cutting the stick to the proper length, and as he never issued one without a fee of some kind, it is evident that the sacred olflce became in his hands a very profitable one. As war occupies so much of tho Kaffir's mind, it is to be expected that the pi'ophets encourage rather than sujipress the warlike spirit of the nation. During times of peace, the objects for which the jirophet will be consulted are comparatively few. Anxious parents may come to the prophet for the inirjiose of performing some cerentony over a sick child ; or, with much ai)parent anxiety, a deputation from the tribe may call him to attend upon the chief, who has made him- self ill by eating too much beef and drinking too much beer; or he may be sunuuoned in case of sickness, which is jvlways a tolerably profitable business, and in which his course of treatment is sure to be successful; or if he should enjoy the high but i)erilous reputa- tion of being a rain-maker, he may be called upon to perforin his incantations, and will consequently receive a goodly number of presents. These, liowever, are the sum of the proph- et's duties in times of peace, and he is natu- rally inclined to foster a warlike disposition among the pe(>])le. The reader will remem- ber that when Tchaka found that his subjects were in danger of settling down to a quiet agricultural life, he induced one of the propheitt to stir up a renewal of the old UNFAVORABLE PROPHECY. mart al apfrit. And wo may be sure tliat he touml no linwillim? agents in the i)rophct8, at least three of wliom must have been enpged in the deception. In war, howev(!r, the prophet's services are m constant demand, and liis influence and his weaitli are equally increased. He retains all the privilenfes which he enjoyed m time of pciieo, in addition to thope wliicli belong to him as general adviser iu time of war. From the bcKiniiinj? to the end of the war every one consults the prophet. When the king forms the conception of makintr war he is sure to send for the prophet, and ask him to divme the result of the comin" contest and wliatcver his advice may be U. 18 implicitly followed. Then, after war ha.s been announced, another ceremony is neccs- ^ncLlnrf^'''; ^^ l"'"l''"'*te the spirits of ancestors, and cause them to fiirht for their descendants, who sacrifice so li oxen to shades below. Next comes the grand series mal4 oil: ' '"'"■'"''^ '"'' ^'■""^' ^''«" they In the mean time almost every soldier will will pay for it Moreover, he will Keneially owe the sacrilice of a cow,'or at least a goat If he return home safely at the end of a 5vm- paign, and of all sacrifices the prophet Re™ las share. The old men and'wfves who remaan at home, and arc sure to feel anxious about their husbands and children who are with the army, are equally sure to offer sac- riflces as propitiations to the spirits. When tL^'T^ ,'■'' u"""** ""■ prophet is still in request, as he has to superintend the various sacrifices hat have been vowed by the sur- vivors and their friends. As to tliose who 199 fell they have already paid their fees, and for tlie failure of the char n there is afwavs some excuse, which the simple people arc quite ready to believe. i ° »'« Mr. Baines has kindly sent me an account of one of these prophets, and the manner in wlHch he performed his office. Besides the snakes, skins, featluirs, and other stran-'c ornaments with which a Kaffir prophetls wont to bedeck himself he had huni? round fiis neck a striiijj of bones and skulls, an amulet of which he evidently was exceed- ingly i)roud. He was consulted by some of the soldiers about the result of the expedi- tioiij and straightway proceeded to work, lakm^off the necklace be Hung it on the ground, and then squatted down beside it scanning carefully the attitude assumed by (!very bone, and drawing therefrom his coii- lao^x*"" A . S^':'\ "''' ^''gr'iving No. 2, on page IH'J.) At last he rose, and stated to his awe- struck clients that before the war was over many of them would eat dust, i. e. be killed, llns announcement had a great efl'ect U|K>n the dark soldiers, and their spirits were sadly depi-essed by it. The com- mander, however, was a man who was inde- pendent of such actions, and did not intend to liavo Ins men disheartened by anv prophet. So he sent for the seer in ques- tion, and very plainly told him that his business was to foretell success, and not failure; and that, if ho did not alter his line of prophecy, fie must bo prepared to take the consequences. Both tlie seer and the spirits ol^ departed chiefs took this rather strong hint, and after that intimation the m^l^L'"''*?r "'''^ P'"'''"^ ^ ^^ favorable, and the soldiei-s recovered their lost equa^ CHAPTER XX. FUNERAL RUES. BUTtlAL OF THE DEAD — LOCALITIBB OF THli TOMBS— THE CHIEF'S lAST RESTINO-PLACE — SAOWFICEB A:;D LnSTHATION — BODIES OF CRIMINALS — KEPUQNANCB TOWARD DEAD BODIES — OBDINAUV • RITES — FUNERAL, OF A CHILD — THE DEATH AND BURIAL OF MNANDE — HER OENERAL CHARAC- TER, AND SUSPICIOUS NATURE OF HER ILLNESS — TCIIAKA's BEHAVIOR — ABSEMULAOB OF THK PEOPLE AND TERRIBLE MASSACRE — MKANDE'S COMPANIONS IN THE GRAVE — THE YEAR OF WAICHINQ— A STRANGE ORDINANCB — HOW TCHAKA WENT OUT OF MOURNING — A SUMMARY MODE OF SEPULTURE- ABANDONMENT OF THE AGED SICK — MR. OALTON's STORY. Closely connected with the religion of any country is the mode in which the bodies of the deatl are di-sposed of. Burial in the earth is the simplest and most natural mode of disposing of a dead body, and this mode is adopted by the Kaf- firs. There are slight variations in the method of interment and the choice of a grave, but the general system prevails tliroughout Kaffirland. The bo«* such n ,b,f,? ?^ '',*"r "^t""""' aversion to such a duty, and with full knowled-re of iC longhand painful fast which thI>yYust J^! 201 watched every movement, but dared not "When'Ln"'^'"'' "^ "'0 >»ournful spot f,.,„^ •.^".. ■*^'**' Pi-epured Kolelwa re ior ine oody — If ombuna, the mother stil? Fv^rlll"^ ^"-^^ concealed' among the tVees Everything waa conducted so sHently tha; I did not perceive their return untfl s rf (lenly turning to the spot I obseSed the" woman support ng the bodv sn n^t.Jv upon her liin*^ as slTe sat on tt ground ffi Chi d ^rii" •^'"PPP^''*' '* J^"'' been a livK Shed bvTiV''fh'''''^''''' /'^? ''«'^/^^"« fct washed by the father and then laid by him anything but =,a^--'^- ^~ Addressing the efdest son.^who has now mothers il he can keep them in o "ler wi iucel^'iaS; "^"'^ ^^ ^"- ^^ P- dren are co, ducto 1 1; n ^ funerals of chil- simpler ina uner , mav T"'' "^T^'l' ""'1 lowing extract fn.iT^nr''*'''? ''^ "''^ f"!" I Southern Afrca Ho i}'"^''^ .^^'''-k on ' funeral of a chHd" bol^m^i '. o ''k ',«" *-'\*^ Whom he was acquainteS'li'" '^ ^^'''^'' ''''^ win^Jfrait^itfeme n?S?'l^^ J^''^''»' -•^'^ stopped Innuir L?f H , distance, they imi'^hosorToS;!" :,Ei ""r ^"^ "^"^^ show us.' On bpino^ r™ P f 'Z^*'" n»ust left entirely for Cint'?'"'?'' "'^^ '' ^as » few pac ^ tlr l^er a 7';i,"^*'>' proceeded I one of the most ,ififr„ • ""^^ commenced witnessed, a fa"hi V fhhi^^ ""'r^ ' «^cr in« the ff (und wUh • ^',f ""^^ ''■'in'l opon- . . , ^^, ..iiiuu X reau a sclpctinn from the Burial Service (such portions onlv fsW «'™"y applicable); co^cluSS ^ 'J*°lf ^'"""t'lt'on to those who were'pTes- wui. T'"* '"i"'° °P*^"'nS ^^••'i« then fiU^d in with large fagots, ove? whicli cartl w.^ 1 rown, and above all a considerable ^1^^ thorny boughs and branches heaped in T^^SZ '^^ ^•^^"'^ ^^•''- "- ^PP-ach peSr^orSli!?S!;Srte^ ^^''"cb Tchaka celel)rated the funeral of hi{ rnoblier Mnan.le. It has already" e;i men! tioned on page 124, that Tchaka Avas sus pected, anci not without reason of ha^^'; been accessory, either actively or passrveh? to his motlier''s death; and it'^N-as o secret that she was a turbulent, quanvlsomo bad ri'TfT} ^"^rv""'' tbat^'clux'ka was've y glad to be rid of lior ivr-nvr ..ui I y &amr is much despTsed^Jr ;c'airfhis m When f 'r''*^ "^'^ ^^--^^t authori^ over worthy a^t than otfese' fb l";,?,.^"; more a chih}"' f '' '' '' l'™"^^ that hl?is no ^^1 J '""'' *^''c murder of a parent U sorry lor his mother's illness In £ Vi'I te' at whicil°J* ^ ^'""' cK'phantilthig kraal in which bis mother w."s,^sklnl « [set off at once, and arrived at homo kfV o middle of the following day. At Tc ,w2 request, Mr. Fynn weni to see Tl e niionV Of h r re^cove;;'"^!'!^-^ ^'"^^^^ w- J^V^'S vLwLrfi, ^'i ^^'^ account of the inter- fonows:- ^"^^^l"^'^' ceremonies ."as r,ylL'r^^\^^^f':^ .by an old chief, .nd aoS^ttsr£=?:^:^a M THE KAFFIR. to bi(l them retire, to enable mo to breathe within it. Her complaint was dysentery, and 1 reported at once to Tcliaka tlhat lier case was lioj)erics8, and (liat I did not expect tliat Hhe would live through the day. The regi- ments wliich were then sitting in a senu- circlo around liim were ordered to tlieir barraelcs: wliilc Tcliaica himself sat for about two hours, in a contemplative mood, with- put a word esc.iping his lips; several of the elder chiefs sittin-j also before him. "When the tidings were brought that she had ex- pired, Tchaka inmiediately arose and entered his dwelling; and having ordered the princi- pal chiefs to put on their war dresses, he in a few minutes appeared in his. As soon as the death was publicly announced, the Vomen and all the men who were present tore instantly from their persons every de- scription of ornament. " Tchuka now appeared before the hut in which the body lay, surrounded by his prin- cipal chiefs, in their war attire. For about twenty minutes ho stood in a silent, mourn- ful attitude, with his head bowed upon his shield, on which I saw a few large tears fall. After two or three deep sighs, his feelings becoming ungovernable, he broke out into frantic yells, which fearfully contrasted with the silence that had hitherto prevailed. This signal was enough: the chief and people, to the number of about fifteen thousand, commenced the most dismal and horrid lamentations, The people from the neighboring kraals, male and female, came pouring in; each body, as thev appeared in sight, at the dis- tance of half a mile, joining to swell the terrible cry. Through the whole night it contmued, none danng to take rest or refresh themselves witli water; while, at short intervals, fresh bursts were heard as more distant regiments jipproached. The morning dawned without any relaxation, and before noon the number had increased to about sixty thousand. The cries became now indescribably horrid. Hundreds were mng faint from excessive fatigue and want of nourishm.nt; while the carcasses of forty oxen lay in a heap, which had been slaughtered as an offering to the guardian spirits of the tribe. " At noon the whole force formed a circle with Tchaka in their centre, and sang a war song, which afforded them some relaxation during its continuance. At the close of it Tchaka ordered several men to be executed' on the spot, and the cries became, if possi- ble, more violent than ever. No further orders were needed; but, as if bent on con- ymcing thci<- chief of their extreme grief the multituue commenced a general massa- cre—many of them received the blow of death while inflicting it on others, each taking the opportunity of revenging his injuries, real or imaginary. Those who could no more force tears from their eyes — those who wore found near the river, pant- ing for water— were beaten to death by others mad with excitement. Toward tho afternoon I calculated that not ft'wer than seven thousand people had fallen in this frightf\il, indiscriminate massacre. The ad- jacent stream, to which many had fled exhausted to wet their parched tongues, became impassable fVom the number of dead bodies which lay on each side of it; while the kraal in which the scene took place was flowing with blood." On tho second day after Mnande's death her body was placed in a large grave, near the spot whore she had died, and tun of tho best-looking girls in the kraal were enclosed alive in the same grave. (See the illustra- tion opposite.) Twelve thousand men, all fuUv armed, attended this dread ceremony, and were stationed as a guard over the grave for a wlrole year. They were main- tained by voluntary contributions of cattle from every Zulu who possessed a herd, how- ever small it might be. Of course, if Tchaka could celebrate the last illness and death of his mother with such magnificent ceremonies, no one would be likely to think that he had any hand in her death. Ex- travagant a* were these rites, they did not (luite satisfy the people, and the chiefs unan- imously proposed that further sacrifices should be made. They proposed that every one should be killed who had not been present at Mnande's funeral; and this hor- rible suggestion was actually carried out, several regiments of soldiers being sent through the country for the purpose of exe- cuting it. Their next proposal was that tho very earth should unite in the general mourn- ing, and should not be cultivated for a whole year; and that no one should bo allowed either to make or eat amasi, but that the milk should be at once poured out on the earth. These suggestions were accepted; but, after a lapse of three months, a composition was made by large numbers of oxen offered to Tchaka by the chiefs. The last, and most astounding, suggestion was, that if during the ensuing year any child should be born, or even if such an event were likely to occur, both the parents and the child should be summarily exe- cuted. As this suggestion was, in fivct, only a carrjring out, on a laige scale, of the prin- ciple followed by Tchaka in his own house- holds, he readily gave his consent; and during the whole of the year there was much innocent blood shed. After the year had expired, Tchaka deter- mmed upon another expiirtory sacrifice, as a preliminary to the ceremony by which he went out of mourning. This, however, did not take place, owing to the remonstrances of Mr. Fynn, who succeeded in persuading the despot to spare the lives of his subjects. One reason why Tchaka acceded to the ■k. the river, pant- in to doatn by t. Toward tho not fi'wer thna I fullou in tliia sftcre. The od- iiany liad fled rched tongues, lie number or ■nch aide of it; ;ho scene took d." Vfnando's death rge grave, near and ten of tho 1 were enclosed i'e the ilhistra- usand men, all ead eert^mony, Liard over tl»o ey wore niain- itions of cattle !d a herd, how- Of course, if [1st illness and [h magnificent likely to think sr death. Ex- ?, they did not le cliiefs unan- her sacrifices sed that every had not been ; and this hor- f carried out, s being sent urpose of exe- hat tho very neral mourn- tivated for a ue should be at amasi, but ce poured out estions were three months, irge numbers y the chiefs, g, suggestion ug year any 1 if such an h the parents nmarily exe- 1, in fivet, only !, of the priu- s own house- consent; and ir there was I'UKSKKVKD I.KAD. (See p»i;u lUIO.) hK AD OF BIlJNUlKCCt'T rHIKK. IIUKJAL OK i'CUAKA'S MOTliki* ,c ^^mt.1% !, muiiihK. (bee jjujje au;:.; (203) ii fOii rerjiiest wns l,i« nnui«..n.ont nt the notion ''.l.L!" '""" »''"'"""« '■"•• tl'" lilV' «>»• The %yl.()lo of the nhle-bodi,.,! part of tlu AMANDOXMENT OF THE AGED. 205 ' , """'^■<'« me fti)ie-DO(llc( part of the tli.'ins.'lvvs 111, till) cTcinony. Tlu-v were nn:i".'K«;'l >M r..^inu.nt«, an.I, «.. «oo„- as tho liiiiwir.wi .1 1 l""i^i'. Upwan Of a iXr to rT'?;' •""■" "■^■■■'' '•'•"""'•'t ">- Mil (,r to MTiico tlio (UTi'inonv, their hcllow- t sTv.n ^'" '•''''."• «l"'"lia^r .„„i,lst T hal . r" '*''i'<"'i|wniint.nt to h?« voic,., (hitv li.in,, I • I ""^ "'" •toiini , as n "oon, a V Z^ n\ ^''*"' '!' ^''" "*''''■'- which Tclfil. .J ^ ^ ?'"" /''^' t'croniony by "'>tbepa^l:!uhlriittt''irrrr"' a "liort cut, ami wore a day and a half from ;""• wa«..ns when I ohservd sonu? „u?ko i" 'n'lU, an.I nxh^ to see what it w is A„ i;;;;..;;nso .,.aci.ti...r„ t... :J :ZJ^ ■m. . T ""' •'^I'P'^^^'-aucc of its havin j I'lnt lor a lonj,' tini... Uy it wcro tracks ! .at u.. could nmke nothin;, of'-uo (bot! V , ., I '"ll'»vcd th. in, anil found a wi,(,h..,l woman, ni..st hornlily cma.ial, d- both her fe..t were burnt .luite o/t; , i „' wounds were_ o,,en an.I ui 'l...ale,l. ' !r " otC r,. """' '"""^ ""■^•'^ ''•"•'^- «''"""» she v>M T '""•'>»1""«, tlure; an.I when SI e was asleep, a dry but shindin.r t,.,.,, s ,. u." ' '"'"■ ;""""« "« '"•'".•lies: thero ers,T. ;:','■",' '^'•'"'•",-'1" ••'""-,,yK,,.,KTIO PKUKOUMAN, r -;o„K ..\'vIvVT';'""''''"'"'' "" -"—«-■- -ru,MH.v.H-n.K. ••ua.V'In : Mo.r,K T K KAKKIUH_«„MKN TirK ONLV r..TTK,W_ „„W TUB IM.TH AUK MAI.K - ..KNK.KAI. KOl.M O, T K..OT. AN,,T.,.:,UrsK.-RAHT„K.V OUAIN-STOUKS -, ..HKSM.NO ..IT OHA.. ,.KK.,„„ HTOW- TH. w. I "'""'" "' ^''"'••^-^"« ^""«>- '^^" Tin,... ..UO,.KHr,KK-T..F. ..UArn.K-I.LA^T- THE WAIT-A-I.it, and HOOK-ASD-Hl-IKE TIIOUNS - MO.VKKV-IlOl-BS- VAIUOIK TIMl.KKS. f..| The sleeping nocommodation of a Kulllr is of the .simplest kind, and to Knropi.au minds forms about as uncomfortable a Net, of arti- cles as can be ima;,'incd. Indeed, with many of the youni; iinmarried men, (lie only perni;nien( aecimimodation for sleeiiinir IM that which is furnished by the lloor of the hut, or the \n,U' hii Uh,|IUv„uI.I l,„v;.. l,M,k...h,u...h „,onM.|..Ka„f ml he woNYii tl„, uuiU'vhiU instead ..f Tush-' «..,.. with Mtr|,,«l,,t ,1,0 KulJlr l.a« ->t tl .> „ ..(..Hi l,|,,i of w...-iviii«, ui„I ,,v,.„ cnt ill .iiilrivnt |,a,.,M „(■ t|„, „.,„-l,| V. ,i,t to IM, I .u.>,ii„ Sou.iu.n, AtVi.-a. ''*""' wo k wliitli 1,.. prolmiioiial ba.sk.'t-mak.T cai ovcM unilal.., nuich los« rival. I ,,, mSl.r'";"; '''"'•■"' "■"' "^'"^ "-hid, ar' „ l "m no l.M '"'';'"" !"""".'"'""•'•• iJut l.J "as not till! Ir.Mt w, ion of (|i,! vcrv ulini.l.. 5JH;raM,.n of w..avi„. (hn-all. inrdS fact it is. ' " '^ ^"^'i cm-JouN t^ . .ii 111 (,U('H(ion JK.in, tlio orclinurv thin n ttiVHs ,n ns., in tl„. Kast, whid, i.s .,,rea fliit on th.> -rounii wh,.„ i„\„,. and is rolin l'|. and ,,„t a^vay as .soon as h ;;i" !„,t ! l' 207 sleeping-mats, 5^j .,.,.«» ;s™i;;;'';r,,:r£S£' Slylll;u;:';:;;:l,;^*'^,;;'""!|-••.«| iio'ui IV I T )'" "" '"••liiiai'v Euro- cini.'n, wiiidi is ■ v.r, "• • ^'y<'"'» sp'' .....v.,,£;ri;;;;;l^:,r„^s,,",?''S' l..'.l h.-adlon^/ tfirond, fho do(,r „f tlu, huL "v nlercnro to th.-lnuHtrnthMi .", ,, u; , Zi are ...xtr..niH.v variaide. The «, edTne " hit sdid d 1: r.i'"'' "■\t'"y"''> «H.t out 0^ cunside^Me: ' '''" "'^'"-■"' '"''' '''" ^^-"^l" »• Upon the pillow the nmker has l)oslown,l «reat pains, and has earved the d«lt leuTi a very ..laborate nianner, ..,ittin«Tl en ''h.to P,V -anil, al patt..rns, and charri.tr '. 'lu' " "■•ite sides of ea.d. little pyrai Td s i ', « ,^ I' I IIS, aiKi tli.it a curiouH contrast eKistii lH'hv.vn Ins and.iteetnro an.l his 1.^? lliij m: wcli ,.„„„B I „',ii,.,| ,„ 11 ,, k-mS ^W t.. tlie Kamr, or .ovn'to'tho' va^e^No 1 liave known .several siifh fm,. ,, "^'^^''"'"- ;|^;o.n not only exte^ih^rllil':;;^ ;-;;>-» ish sleejunjjT accoininodalion.s („ th„TV.?i The illustration, "Dinc.in at l.n.,, « l«^?o 200, reprcson'ts tlll^nH.de M'Thi l°a feS5~;SrS5g nuilt at his jjarr son town Trknnr,;., i -upp^^irtcd oy tHcuty pillars. The lirVa^o '.' ' \ 208 THE KAFFIR. of this hut waa remarkable for its shape, w'lic'-., instead of being the simple circle iu general use among the Kaffirs, resembled in form that ornament which is known to archi- tects by the name of quatrefoil. A few of hih wives are seen seated round the apart- ment, and, as Dingan was «o great a man, they were not penhitted to stand uprisyht, or even to use their feet in anj way, so that, if they wished to move Trom one part of the hut to another, they were obliged to shuffle about on their knees. The illustration is taken from a p^ketch by Captain Gardiner, who was invited by Dingan to an interview in the house, and during which interview he rather astonished his guest by retiring for a short time, and then presenting him- self with his face, limbs, and body entirely covered with red and white spots, llie those Oii toy horses. The reader can form, from the contem- plation of this drawing, a tolerably accurate idea of th( luxuries attbrded by the wild, savage life which some authors are so fond of praising. A3 to music, the Kaffir has lather curious ideas on the subject. His notion of melody ing their polished bodies backward and for- ward as if they were one man, and aiding the time by thumping the ground with their knob-kerries, and bringing their elbows vio- lently against their ribs so as to expel tlie notes ft-om their lungs with double e'ri/Lisis. Some of the tunes whicli are sung by the Knfflrs at their dances are here given, the music being taken from the Rev. J. Shooter's work. The reader will at once sec hov boldly the Lime is marked in them, and how well they arc adapted for their purpose. Neither are they entirely desti- tute of tune, the last esiiecially having a wild and quaint sort of melody, which is calculated to take a strong hold of the ear, and to haunt the memories r,f tliose who have heard it sung as only KatBrs can sing it. Among some of the Roisjesman tribes a sort of harmony — or rather sustained discord — is employed, as will be seen in a succeeding page, l)ut the Zulus seem to excel in unison songs, the force of \\iiich can be imagined by those who are familiar with the grand old hymns and Gregorian tunes that have been sufl'cred to lie so long in obscurity. :*S::^^E^^. Andanttno. -0-0-0. \ Slow, f nf. :^: is but very slight, while his timing is perfec- tion itself. The songs of the Kaffir tribes have already been mentioned, and the very fact that several hundred men will sing the various war son^^s as if they were animated with a single spirit shows that tliey must all keep the most exact time. In this point they aid themselves by the violent gestures in which they indulge. A Kaffir diflers from an European vocilist in this point, namely, that he always, if possible, sits down when he sings. He and his compan- ions will squat in a circle, sometimes thrru or four rows deep, and will shout some well- kno\?r. song at the top of their voices, sway- Of course, the quality of a Kalfir's voice Is not that which would iiicasc iin European vocalist. Like all uncultivated songsters, the Kaffir delights in .strong contrasts, now using a high falsetto, and now dropping sud- denly into a grulV bass. It is a very remark- able fact that this method of managing the voice is tolerably universal throughout the world, and that the accomplished voeaUst of Kaffirland, of China, of Japan, of Persia, and of Arabia, sings with exactly that fal- setto voice, that nasal twang, and that .abrupt transition from the highest to the lowest notes, which characterize oiiV uneducated singers in rural districts. Put a VVillshlro ivard and fcr- ti, and aiding nd with their ;r elbows vio- to expel tlie ble e'ri/liisis. are sunn; by ! here given, the Rev. J. will at onco ked in them, ted for their iitirely desti- lly liaving a dy, which is d of tl)c ear, f those who ,fflrs can sing esman tribes or sustained be seen in a lus seem to •CO of \\iiich are familiar (1 Gregorian ;o lie so long m ^^.h m '-^^ia' ^M ■:t im wm fn-'s voice is n European 1 s<)ngsler8, iitrasls, now •opping sud- erv rcmark- inaging tiie )ugliout the icd vocalist 1, of Persia, tly that fal- that abrupt the lowest uneducated a VVillshlro (2.) WOMEN gUAKUKM, (209) 'J«0. (Scepaffox'iy.) tl li 1)1 la (1. 1)1 b( e^ 1)1 ev ev ar of th fir fin fai Til inn tifr] toil nro holl rati laborer and a Chinese- gentleman into dif- ferent rooms, Rl,„t ti.e d.fors so as to exclu 1p the pronuneiation of the words Lk tlSo smg one of their ordinary son.4 annh° I'oarer will seareely be able to Iceidewh c h room holds the English and wl cl he wiiicu have been given, the reader will Srof" '°r?' ^"^'^ *'^e .udden • se o •hop of a whole oetave, and also the cur o"--ly jerking effect of inany , assa "'s botn eminent y characteristic of^niis c"as' ner formed in country villages where mocfem I art has not modified the voice. ' ^IT'l^.}!}!^^'^''' "f tl>« Kaflir arc MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 211 -|y^;v,a;;dtho;eoFH:em;s':;;,^ni;;^ its nori i1 h. ",'" "'^'f'-tod from us noiinai duty as a mere wh stlc, to be<-oni(. n " 'S of 'n"r "'' ^^''^'■^''' a'thmigKtha aeeoinnan mn, V '"i ?"-'' ''"""""^ "^ ^ocal tones and vot ui f ■ -^ "'^ ''"'' '"«' '» '<« '•irc H. Jackson, Esn. to ulwn,, t ' • bow IS about live twl in Ion,//, i • ' ^'"' ' Thc'eonl is indc of wl ,"'."' •''^'•«'"5:'»'- Lll,.w g„uvd i/ finr. v' Ih T ''""' '^ ™""'' rather comphcat2;/;;L;£iii;;^S;i^ thongs. When the gourd is in its nlaco and the string is tightened to it.f nS Wh,?;* r '"^*':a'"ent is complete ^ ' '' When the Kaffir musician (lesir.is to use It, he holds It with the gourd unon his bro^wf and strikes the cord wfth a small tkk nro ' liT„lv^.'?t.''''"'''' "•'' ?"»"■" which are I- rl Sr ''"""■ nii'-^'ral than otherwise but which are so Jhint as to be scarcely audible at the distance of a few yards. AltlZi/h ^nfl^.. ' ^""^ i'"^*' '■•'^t''er than tone the Kv tbo'l''"''^ ^r'\?^' •'' •'^"'' will pla^ on t by the hour together, their enthusinsin being quite unintdligible to an Ellroiea" thn^f//,*""""^, • V ^'''-former is content with the (oms which he obtains by strin-in-r Vj/p bow to a certain note, but a.fexpert phjir IS not content with such an arranc,e„ ent Te attaches a short thong to the stri1. " an 1 iTho fi^r "^ "^'^V thong he fastens a^ wTc^ Ihc 1( refinger of the left hand is passt" through the ring, and the performer s able ZhV'^"^? /,° '"'''y "»« t«"« l>y alterin.. t le tension ot the strimr The obion^ mK I ealabash is to .ive deptl, a.ad S onance"to the sound, and?t is remarkable that a similar con iivanee is m us,, in manv parts of to world, hollow bamboo tubes,' eartl'e ware inThP mtTll"' '"''"' P'^I'^^P-^ remember that rie s in n J"''''' "'"* '•"'l^ed in some dil trv Tt w ? ■ '" '''"'^'* "■"'^'1 •" the conn- sto/r/rh • '" •'"■'"" to pass over it. In- » used liot , ,}. „„.„ ,„„ ,,„ ^1 I' S 1 ' ? " "'■ "''"'I' " «"••> l)V till' Knm.-. ™ ."..mT:.''!!';'','' '"• ''°"v"- ">»" »"i 212 THE KA-FFIR. seem to cease, and the pattern is as inferior as the material. Perhai)s thiw inferiority may be the result of tlie faet that basket- making l)eIongs to the men, who are aeeus- tomed to cut ])atterns of various kinds upon their spoons and gourds, when^as the art of ])ott('ry, which inijjlies really liard work, such as digging and kneading elay, is handed ov(!r to the women, who are accustomed to doing drudgery. The Katlir has no knowledge of ma- chinery, and, just as he is ignorant of the rudest form of a loom for weaving thread into I'nbrics, so is he incapable of making the simplest kind of a wheel by which he m:iy aid tiie hand in the shaping of pottery. This is perhaps the more rei'narkable, as the love of the circular form is so strong in the Katiir mind that we miglit naturally imagine him to invent a simple kind of whe(;l like that which is employed by the l)easants of India. But, as mav be conjec- tured from the only attempts at machinery which a Kaffir makes, namely, a bellowa whereby he saves his breath, and the ex- tremely rude mill whereby he .saves his teeth, the construction of a revolving wheel is far beyond him. In making their pots the women break to pieces the nests of the white ant, and, after pounding the material to a line i)owder, mix it with water, and then knead it until it is of a proper consist- ency. They then form the clay into rings, and build "up the pots by degrees, laying one ring regularly u\wn another until the rcfjiiisite shape i.," obtained. It is evident tlierefore, that the manufacture of a toler- ably large pot is a process which occupies a considerable time, because it has to be built up very slowly, lest it should sink under its own weight. The only tool which is used in the manu- facture of 'Kallir pottery is a piece of wood, with which tlie operator scrapes the clay rings as she applies them, so as t'> give a tolerably smootli surface, and with which she can apply little pieces of clav where there is a deficiency. The shapes'of these pots and jjans are e.\ceedinglv clumsy, and th.'ir ungainly look is incre.-i.sed by the fre- quency with which they become lop-sided in cDMseiiuenee of imperfect drying. Ex- amples of these articles may be .seen in seviTal Darts of this work. At the farther end of the illustration Xo. I, on j)age (i.'J, m:iy be seen several of the larger pots, which arc used for holding grain after it has been husked. The oiieration of husking, by the wav, is rather a i)eculiar one, and not at all pleasant for the spectators who care for their eyes — faces. The dry lieads of maize are thrown in a heap ui)on the hard and pol ished floor of the hut, and a number of Kaffirs sit in a circle round the heap, each being furnished with the ever-useful knoh- kerrie. One of them strikes uji a song, and the others join in full chorua, heating time with their clubs upon the heads of maize. This is a very exciting amusement for the performers, who shout the noisy chorus at the highest pitch of their lungs, and bent time by strikinff their knob-k'erries upon the grain. With every blow of the heavy club, the maize grains are striiek from their Imsks, and tljr aliout the hut in all directions, threatening injury, if not absolute dcstnv- tion, to the eyes of all who are present in the hut. Yet the threshers appear to enjoy an immunity which seems to be restricted to themselves and blacksmiths; and while a stranger is anxiously shading his eves from the shower of hard niaize grains, the thresh- ers themselves do not give a thought to the safety of their eyes, but sing at the top of their voice, pound away at' the corn cobs, .nnd make the grains tlj" in al! directions, as if the chorus of the song were the chief object in life, and the preservation of their eyesight were unworthy of a thought. After the maize has been thus separated from the luisk, a large portion is hidden away in the sul)lerranean granaries, which have already been mentioned, while a con- siderable quantity is jilaced in their large earthen jars for home consumption. In boiling meat, two pots are emi)loyed, one being used as a cover inverted over tlie other, and the two are luted tightly to- gether so as to preserve the flavor of the meat. Except for the three purposes of preserving grain, cooking food, and boiling beer, the Kaflir seldom uses earthenware vessids, his light baskets answering every purjiose, and b(!ing very much more con- venient for handling. From the preceding pages, (he reader may form a tolerable idea of the habits and customs of the tribes which inhabit this portion of the world, and of whom one race has been selected as the tvpical exam- I)le. Of the many other tribes but sliglit notice will he taken, and onlv the niost salient points of their character will ho mentidned. On tlie whole it will be ^(een that the life of a South African savage is not so repulsive as is often thought to be the case, and that, bating a tl^w iiarticulars, a Katlir liv<'s a toleraldy liapjjy and jjeaccfui life. lie is of course called ii))on to serve in the army for a certain time, but lie .shares this liability with inhabitants of most civilized nations, and when he returns alter the campaign he is rewardi'd for good con- duct by a step in social rank, and the means whereby to maintain it. Donu'stic life has, of course, its draw- backs among savages as .among civilized nations; and there .are, perhaps, times when the gallant soldier, who lias been rewarded with a wife or two for his courage in the field, wishes himself oiu e more engaged on a war march. 'The natural c.msequence of the low estee!)! in whicl', tlic women are orufl, bcntiniT lime c heads of nuiize. imisomcnt for tlie e noisy chorus at r lungs, and bent nob-kerri(!8 upon ilow of the heavy struck from (huir It in all directions, absolute destnv- lio are present in I's appear to enjoy s to be reslrie'tod liths; and whih^ a ing his eyes from ifrains, the thresh- ! a thought to tlu! ing at the top of [\t the corn cnbs, I al! directions, as g were th(! cliief icrvation of their ' a thought, jn thus separated ortion is hidden granaries, which lied, while a con- id in tlieir large ansumption. In e emi)loyed, one ivcrted over the luted tightly to- the flavor of the n't;e purposes of food, and boiling ises earthenware unswering every much more con- iges, the reader a of the habits hich inlia))it this f whom one race ' tyi)ical exam- tribes but sliglit only the niost laracter will bo I it will ))e ^seen frican savage is II thought to be K-w ])iirticuliirs, PI)y and jjeaccful d iipon to serve I tinn\ i)ut he labitants of most he returns alter I'd for good eou- :, and tlie means )ursc, its draw- imiong civilized ajis, times when < been rewarded courage in the .ore engaged on consequence of Hic women are viewed, and the state of slavery in which rel tierce y among themselves, and to venf tllTtlun-'n-'^I-"''" "N ^"-""o- of irriUtio Even among ourselves we see how this querulous spa-it is developed in proportion to waut of "uuivation, and how, i U rmos Sir =Ff '=£'£ irK=Sd^t^"i-;i-;S ^|.;^uKE.^fe;5 maKe an i^ughshman miserable. TIIOKNS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 213 ilSiiili Wh ch Southern \ ',;-.' -^ ^^ Acacias, in mmmm grazes ui)on its delicite" hi ,! ' ^^1"".'^'' native name is Moki. ^'^^cs; but its i« known 1 1 £ ;/';/'"'' ''-^ ^'''i' I't'e it dorn varies i color "*' "f ^'''^ '^'^^'"^cl- i'lf? towa 7, the ;. Irl l"'»k. a"'^'«''- is used in the maniifacturo nP i,„„u i. . and similar articles he chipf ,^r °^r^'','"'''°«' the handles of the f^nfi . "^ ,''''"'''' a™ which have alreadvl.i^n ''''■■'' •'''''^'' ""^^^s, chapter upon S.'^f 'Vre" Sis V" "' extremely pleMUifuI;b:;t"he;'are.fSr;m\-l a 8i;4C that the tree alf-ds but verv 1? icffy:^'''''''^^y. ^I'e wood-devour !; e^ lies, ai"e supposed to Iio fim , "'"-r. "u- where 1 , hv ;,,;,/' '"'° '' thorn-busli, Hpikes,andSat;mX"i^,eS^ t^-P '"any wounds. If the bush I,- , ) ' ' '"'' posed of such tl.orns as ih ,^e V hi'i'' l'"'"- been descrihed it wnnlVt i ■ '"' '' ''-i^" ■nore won.i..rV i 1 r*' .^T,L''r:". ' "'"^'^ «MH.d than to have'l^nishei"" '' ''''''' ^'«- i« eaLST'tf^-"' ti,:^,;"'";;^''";''"' -•-" ined rrnii. ..,. -1 '^"oiii-> niav be in:iir- the thor^s'penelr: . M^^J^^^r*!,;-- "^ ^"tseveraloft,^^U;:i'Kl: SZ -. -'jiiLa>'j.).uwujBii.ei. 214 THE KAFFIR. ii. skin, anil could not be touohed. These ciuised so violent an intliimiimtion that, iiJ'tcr Wiutinj; for twenty-lour hourH in liopey of »avin^ its lite, it was found ueceasary to put it to (Ti'iitli. Tlu.s thorn is very usi'ful for varinus rea- sons. In the lirst ])hu'e, its bark i.s employed in llie niunufiieture of the Hlrinj,'» with wliieh tlu^ natives weave their nnit.s togetlier, and wliieh thev often use in tyinjji toj^ether the llexihle stiek.s whieh form the framework of their huts. From the thorns of the tree the youn;; maidens form various ornaments, and Avith these thorns they deeorate tlieir head.i, if they should not be fortunate enouj;h to j)roeure the quills of the poreiipino for that jHirpose. Moreover, the dried wood makes Ml exeellent lire, burninjj easily and rajjidly, and throwiun out a brisk and glowing, thoui{h rather transient lieat. Several of the aeacias are useful as food- providers, the ijfum whieh exudes from tluMU bi'ln;^ eaten as a re]L;ular art iele of iliet. The reader may remember that tlie poor Damara woman, who was left to die in the wiider- iii'ss, was sup])lied with i^um as an artiele of food. Several of the trees supply th > j;;um in very large quantities. Mr. Biirehell, the Well-known traveller, thinks that the gum whieh exudes from these trees is so elear and good that it might largely take the i)laee of tlu^ guui-arabie t)f eoniiiu'ree, and fi>rm as regular artiele of merehaudise as the ivory, hides, and feathers, whieh Ibrui the stjiple of South African trade. "On the branches of these a(-aeias, which have so great a rcsem- blanee to the true aeaeia of the ancients, or the tree whieh yields the gum-arabic, an to have li'cn once considered the same species, I I'rcqui iitly saw large lumps of very goo(l and clear gum. '• Wherever they had been wounded by the hatchets of the natives, there most eoui- moidy the gum exuded; and by some sim- ilar operations it is prol)able that the trt'cs might, without destroying theni, be made to produce annually a large eroj). Aiul if a co!ni)ulation eould" be made of the (luantity that might be obtaini'd from those trees only whieh line (be banks of the (iariej) and its branches, amounting to a line of wood (reckoning both sides) of more (ban two thousand miles, on(i would feel inclined to suppose (hat it might be worth while to teach and encourage, the natives to coiU'ct it. This they eer(aiuly would be ready to do, if they heard that "tobacco could always be obtainCd in exchange. "Jbit if to the acacias of the river are .addled the myriads which crowd .almost every river in extra-tropical Southern Al- riea, or even between the (ape and the (iiiriep only, we may feel satislled (hat there are trees enough to supply a the wluile eou- sumption of (ireat Uri(aii Of the jirodue- tiveness of the Acacia L'u^jcnuiis aseouipared with thatof tho^ctt^'ja vera, I hnve no Infor- mation that enables nn; to j^ive an opinion; but with respect to the quality, I think wo may venture to pvonouneo it to be in no wav inferior." These are fair representatives of the straight-thornelo. \. on page ^47, represents a still closed seetl-vessel, and, tbrnudable as it looks, its powers are more than doul'led when it is open and dry, each half being covered with llun-ns pointing in op))osite directions. The thorns are as sharp as needles, and nearly as strong jis if they were maft five fo.t hl'h-fi ':'■-/'"'" *^°"' to me but 11^ I L-^ ' ""^ 1"''" unknown 011(3 .sloevo: WhilVt i'l-i.^'f f."^ ''"'•> •»' quietly with t,V,H, .",",'" «lison.:r)iK.> it eiitansloailiLm S.ui^i:M "^"'l^'"'' l>ataI.so, an,I convi /co,*,.'' 1 Sf '"•''' '"> noim.ssibilitvfoi- ..,,. fr. f fli.it (here was main force ,^„',"u,o J?" '"•^■'''"' ''»' ''y all niv cl„ I c" f thZ r'^''""""' "^ f*'"'-''"? mo by r.uttin,/oK'L:"^~ ■■»»'' '-''l™ wasliel.i. In rev, .r,.f''. ",?''. ,,''3' ^vhioli I I /let...rn,inoc o\', "^ to t '" ;"-'''^''»'"'"»f- ^vhich should s,M-v^. \« :■ ' ^"'c a "anu" oilers Hi? ; ' 1 ," i ?„ "I"""^- , *'"'•>'•« trav- ^'•'•0 ^vithin iff t^, ",?"'-^'; r-"* '" von- •nanii. to which •illii,; ^ , i' /''" "'""itorv tliatof^C'^; 'nZ Ir'' '"•-"'« i'^ species ofacaCh " ' '" "''''' particular 'ieS:''rb;:-^.£?i!!"'-'^ ^ ""« ^^hich thorn, a si)..ci,.s V(' /i '• -"^'"'^ '.' tlioTl.ree- co.nnion i , ,,,'(..»• i'''T'''"' "''"'■■'» *« very icct in lu'i^d t 1 f; '..'l^!"^ "»•«" "1- four '•if'iawyinton;;:,^,! :Sir'''^''?«^^'T alto-ether singular a nee Tl " '^!''''"'^ "»'' i-einarkal)le species .n, i"*^ is another «'<"■!<, or the llo ok- ;,H*i:'" ;,- '" "'-i^k-een- ■"I'o.^ies the thorns v'^JJ^ """'')• I" tin's '■allied. I-^rst c ,,.; , ' /'"'V curiously ar- aiul if the trav Z •' n,;t • '■'' ''""'^'''' tl">i-n; I)V (his hook m, .■ '""^'■'^■''■'' to bo cau-1 PARASITIC TREES. ai0 &.m;VlS^'»f™«'7«"vide« thorn those w liS Tear bo *"^,';."{"' /-•'?">««, and %sfh\k-w'ooli'''' . '"''•'' •••"."''mbor that the le Va l'l-);/?""r '•'" '"''^"""t wriSn by Jji- vaiiiant near y a centnrv -iryn tr •' When a traveller first (Miters a SnnM. "'•'>i'""T En^ish c^^i ^V\K'/|:T""" cases they aA fir i.,c .; , '^. '" '"""/ ss„i^%F£rF Pf^-'- of them to tleX'^f, ''";." :'''''?y'»^<''ns "'her,> the fr ( ^roSs T. "*^ '"' V-»n^>'cs for (he Diant fs r»: ^"^ "^"^"("ic name ai6 THE KAFFIR. young filaments shoot out. When rii)o it is sometliing like ft clierrv, und is of a bright crimson color. It goes by the popular name of "wild grapo." and is much liked by mon- keys, birds, and men. From the fruit a kind of spirit is distilled, and a very good pre- serve ci>n be made from it. These baboon-ropes are not the only par.i- sitie growths upon trees. In many parts of the country there is a kind of long, llbrous moss which grows ujjon the trees, and is often in such profusion that it comi)letely covers them, hiding not only the trunk and branches, but even the twigs and leafage. This mossy growth extends to a considerable length, in some cases attainin;^ as much iis ten or twelve feet. It is yellow in color, and when short is very soft and fine, so that it can be used for most of the purijosos to which cotton or tow are applied. But, when it reaches the length of six or seven feet, it becomes hard and wirj', and is com- paratively useless. I have now before rac a quantity of this tow-like lichen, which had been usetl in jjacking a large box lull of Katllr weapons and implements. There is a tree which furnishes a very useful timber, called from its color, "Geele-houl," a yellow wood. This tree is a species of Tcnm, but there are at least two species which produce the wood. The timber is much used for beams, planks, and building purposes gen- erally. Many tr.ivellcrs have tluuight thai (hose and sever.al other trees would lorm valuaMo articles of merchandise, and that they might bo profitably imported to Kuropc. 1'liat they afford really valuable woods, and that some of them would be extremely useful in delicate and fancy work, is indisputable. The oidy difficulty is, that to cut and transjuirt them at present involves so nuich expi'uso that the arrangement would hardly be sulli- ciently profitable for the iuvcstnieut of so much capital. , which had bi>x lull of There is a iful tiinl)er, t," a yellow Texun, but i(;h prodiieo •li used for rposL'S gcu- ; that those III Viilualilo the}- inijiht )|)e. 1'iiat H, and that Iv ii.set'ul in tahle. Tlio 1 traiis))(irt eh exijonse 11,V be sulli- nieut of so CHAPl'ER XXII. THE HOTTENTOT RACES. OF THE "OrrKN-roTS-nu,,, ,,, ^,,,;^j;;^ " °«7'' «" ^''^ "A.B-aENE.UL CAnACTTEB 8HKLL.S USKD AS A.V OBXAMKNT- V ,^„,7n, ''""'''' '^'"' ORNAMENTS -OSTRICH Ero THEIUMANU.KA,,Tim,-r„E,,0TTENTOTSP0or.v "'"'"'' ^"^ '''"'«-"'"« HOl-ES AND TOT AU<,.,„.nx.T.,„C-s,,„.LE MODE orAV^^O tK«M,v ' "•'-^■''"^'- »''^-MA.UN« -„o„Kx" -THE DIGOLNa-sriCK. AVOIPUJO VERMIN - NOiUD HAUIT8 OP THE HOTTENTOTS I?EFORE proccodinn: ,vi(h the .rennnl vim^i^rf ., uiinT"n"'"'^'"''^"^ "•'"'''' '"^^^^^^^^^^ ''''''' t« h'-vvc grown ntot ].s_ an invaluable ,.ow.)..>r,?' :.. „ ,'^°*: the whole : by varini;, in powerful niitid.,. collectively uiidr-,- was at Unit time t the land, of whieli lor a considerable period Wi,";>"./ the Hottentots Avr e , " /^ ' <"i'^''" or not M; but the I 'li '?' Vf:?' ''""'^t- ft-oni a .listant' so S^^ " Lr^h t f,,*'''^V'^''^'"'^ sessed the abo.-i..i„,.V .v ' I V'^ '•'fP"^- selves woi'e aftenvard ei^.'.^ I,''' '^'^ '''«'''"- and the Kat«,;s":;^i^2«'^«H'K.ffl.-s, pcans. ^ ' '.wucu oy the Euro !ca was iniiabiTelMtenfoMr^';'^''""'-"? *V ^'"« f^'^^H'is' •^ to a lar.o mid ; S y ,:7^^^^ eow-hercfin aland '"-n, n„w known He seems ' l,ff 1' T*^"'''""''' cow-stealers. of HottentotJahnls y "„1 7„V 1']''''^'"'''' "^ '-^ ^''"«r fi- and master of ni.Thf Ji,,,., ,1 ?"', ""'' ^^'^"1 "'» a dark " ^^S'^S^^'^^^SHA: It IS rather a remarkable fact that in ■cryeountrv nfn wi,i,.i. *i. . ^'\."''^P' »« Itants of a land in wli • , II, '"'''■^'^'''' "iliab- their footin.^ kI\^, «;»re(-!y have kept the masters Tl" V, 'v 17 T'"" f'*'"'""-'^ ' tnre the A .^-(r-,^,,' f •"'''" ^'^^ "" '-^"'l ^'»^- 218 THE HOTTENTOT. h all events inlmbittlio same land, thou>;h they may not lininnn to helonj? to tlic Hunio raci'. The niitivt!M of China ijavo tlicni jj;r('at as- Bislanco in tlio latu Cliineso war, and the servicca wliicli W'>re rendered ilieni l>y native forces (iurin<^' tlio great Indian mutiny can liardly hv. oV(M-rated. However nuieli tiui Hottentot may dislike tlie KatHr, liit^ feeiiiii; of anta<;(>nisni in reeinroeal, and liie vindielive liatreil liorne by Ine liefeated raee toward their eonquerorn in neareely less intense than tiie eonteniptu- ons rei)Ufj;nan<'e felt liy the victors toward the vaiKinislu'd. Neitlier in eolor nor general nspeet do the Hottentots resemble the dijrk raees around them. Their eomplexion is wallow, and much like tliat of a very dark person suffer- in!^ from jaundiee. Indeed, thi! <'oniplexion of the Hottentots nuieh resembles that of the Chinese, and the f;;eaeral similitude- between the two nations is very remarkalile. (See j)aj,'e 2'24.) One of my friends who lived lon<:f in South Afriea had a'driver who dressed like a Hottentot, and who, to all appearance, was a Hottentot. One day, however, he astonished his master hv deelarini; himself a Chinese, and proving (he assertion l)y removinf^ his liat and showing the long pig-tail twisted round his head. II(> was, in fact, a Chinese Coolie, wholiad been imported into Southern Afriea, and who, alter tlu^ fashion of his pc()))li', h;id acconnnodated himself to the manners and customs cf those among whom he lived. Mr. Mollhtl, the missionary author, mentions that he saw two Chinese ehildren. whom he would have taken for Hottentots liad he not been informed of their true eharaeter. The existence of tliis ligbt-eolored race in such a locality atlbrd.s a good proof that complexion is not entirely laused by the sun. There is a very popular idea that the liot sun of troiiieal countries produces the black color of the negro and other races, and that a low temperature bleaches the skin. Yet we have the Hottentots and their kin- dred tril)es exhibiting jiale skins in a coun- try close to the tropics, wiiile the Esquimaux, who live amid eternal ice, arc often so dark that they might ;,lmost be mistaken for negroes, but for the? conformation of their faces and the length of their hair. The shape of the Hottentot face is very peculiar, as may be seen by reference to any engra'-ings which illustrate scenes in Hot- tentot life. The cheek-lwnes ])roje(d sharply from th(> fiiee, iind the long chin is narrow and ])ointed. These characteristics are not so visil)l(! in youth, but seem to grow stronger with age. Indeed, an old Hotteu tot, whether man or woman, seems to have scarcely any real face, l)ut to bo furnished with a mere skin drawn tightly over the ^kull. ■ What wen- the manners and customs of the Hottentots before they were dispossessed by the Kaflir.s, or dclenorated l.iy contact with bad specimens of European civilization, is extremely dillleidt to say, as no trust- worthy historian of their doiiicslic economy has lived among them. Kolhen. whose book of travels has long been accepted as giving a true accoimt of (he noltentot. is now known to be utterly nuworlliy of belief, insonuieh us his information is sci'ond-hand, and those from whom he obtained it have evidently amused them.selves by imposing upon his credulitj-. Ah this work treats only of the nonnal habits and customs of the' various imrts of the world, and has nothing to '■ with the modifications of eiviji/ation, th, account of the Hottentot will be necessarily brief. In 8hai)e the Hottentots alter strangely according to their age. When chihircn, tliey are not at all agreeable ol)jects — iit least, to an unaccustomed eye, being thin in the limbs, with an odd\y ijrojecting stomach, and a corresnondiug I'all in'llie back. If tol- erably well ted, they lose this strange shape when they ajiproach the period of youth, and as young men (nid girls are almost models of perfection in foiin. though their faces are not entitled to as imich praise. Hut they do not retain this beauty of form for any long i)eriod, some few years gener- ally comi)rehending its bi ginning and its end. "In live or six years alter their ar- rival at womanhood,'' writes liinchell, " the fresh i)lumpness of youth has already given way to the wrinkles of age; and, unless we viewe oj SCIENTIFIC POBTHAITURE. not univprHnlly, xuhjcrt — a devclDpniont of which thd rt'luhiiilud " IlotUiiliit Vomw" ad'onlod III! (!.\(i'llint <'Xuiiijih'. A very ninu.sinji!liolil washirnc Tlioro wjn an intcrnntor uml ii Huh-intornrctcr, and aii'k('(l up tho lan- gna.;,'.' of llii! Daniani.s. Thii suh-iiitcrprctiT Wan niarrird to ii cliarMiin^f person, not onl}' n Hottentot in llj,'urc, l)iit in that rrs|)i'ct .a Venus anion;,' IfotlenlotH. I was purCeelly a^iha.xt at her development, and made in"- fiuirie.s upon that delicate point as far as I dared ainonj,' my niissionarv fri(>nd,s. The result is, that rhelieve Mrs. I'etrus to he tho lady who ranks second anions nil the Iloltenlols for the heaulil'id oullino that hor hack allords, Jonker's wil'o rankiu" as tho (irst; the latter, however, was sli'ditlv 2)(insc'c, whilu Mrs. I'utru.s was in full ctuboii- poiiit, " I profess to 1)0 n seluntiflp man, and was oxceedin;,'ly anxious to ohtain accurate niea- mirement of her sliaj)."; hut tlu're was a dillicultv in doiiii,' this. I did not know a word ot Hottentot, and could never, there- lore, explain to the lady what the ol.jeet of my foot-rule could he; and I reallv'dared not ask my worliiy missionary host to inter- pret for me. I Ihereforc felt in a dilemma a.s I "jazed at her form, that i,'ift of houn- toous nature to this favored race, which no manlua-maker, with all her crinoline and titullln;Lr, I'an do otherwise than hnmhly imi- tate. The oliject of my admiration stood under a tree, and was turning herself ahout to all i)onUs of tho compass, as ladies who wish to he admired usually do. Of a sudden niy eve fell upon my sextant; the hri'dit thou^jiit struck me, and I took a .seriei^of observations ujion her li.,'uro in every direc- tion, up and down, crossways, dia^onallv and so forth, ami I rejristered theiu carc- lully upon an outline drawing for fear of any m.slak,-. This hein- done, I holdly pulled out my measuring tape, and mea- sured the distance from where I was to the pace where she stood, an.l. havin- thus ohained hot. base and aiigles, I worked rhhmi." '■' ^^' '•■'«"""'»^''r>- "»'l lo^'a- This remarkable protuberance, which shakes like jelh- at every movement of he <)licity, and have contrived to iinbuo themsidves with the vices in which the a( vent of the white men enabled thcni lo intliilgo, wiihmit at the .same time im- proving their intellectual or social condi- tion. AVe will now ondoavor to see the Hotten- tot as he used to be before he was conquered THE HOTTENTOT. [<4 Ml by the Kaffirs, and reduced to servitude by the European eolonists. The general ai)peanuice of the Hottentot may be seen by roferenee to the illustration No. ii, opposite, whieh represents a, young man named Klaas, who was the favorite attendant of Le Vaillant, and of whom the traveller speaks in the highest terms. He has, therefore, been selected as a favorable specimen of his nation. The reader will understand that in the following account of the Hottentot tribes, they are described as they used to be, and not as they are at the present day. The ordinary dress of a Hottentot man can be tolerably imagined from the })ortrait of Klaus. Over his shoulder is thrown a large mantle, or kaross, made of cow-hide tonned and softened, and worn with the fur inward. This mantle is most in fashion, and when eng.iged in his ordinary occupa- tions the Hottentot throws it olV, so as to be unencumbered. Around his wai^t are a number of leathern thongs, mingled with strings of I'^ads and oiher oruiuncnts, and to one of tuese thongs arc fiistened two aprons, one in front and the other behind That one in I'ront is called the "jackal," be- cause it is generally made of a piece of Jackal skin or siinilar fur. The second apron, if it may be so named, is not universally W(U'n, though a Hottentot of taste does not consiiler hims'elf dressed without it. It is sim]>ly a triangular Hap of leather, barely a foot in k'ngth, two inches in width at the top, where it joins the girdh', and widening to four inches at the bottom. This curious append- age is ornamented with bits of metal, sic<'l. beads, and other decorations, and the owner seems to take a great pride in this odd arti- cle of dress. Of course it is not of the least use, and may be comjiared to tlie tails of a modern dress-coat, or the bag attached to the collar of a court suit. Some families auKmg the Hottentots vary the phajie of the "staart-rheim," as the Dutch Colonists call it, and make it of dif- ferent forms. Some have it square, and others circular or oblong, while sonu-, who are possA'ssed of more than ordinary in- genuity, make it into the form of a crescent or a cross. This article of dress still sur- vives .among some of the African ^ribe.'?, as will be seen on a future page. Hound the ankles are fastened thongs of hide. These articles gave rise to the .absurd statement that Hottentots wore the intcK- tines of animals until they became softened J)y putridity, and then ate them, carefully keei)ing up the supply by adding fresh thongs in the place of those which were eati'U. The real fact is, that these leathern bands act as .a dcif'enee against the thorns among which the Hottentots have to walk, and for that purjiose they are u.sed by both sexes. It is true that, in some cases, tlie wearers have been reduced to sueli a state of starvation that they have been ol)liged to eat the hide circlets Yrom their limbs, and eat them with the aid of wliat rude cooking could be extemporized. l!ut it will be remarked that the KiilHr soldiers have been reduced to eat their shields and the leathern thongs which bound the assagai-heads to the shaft, and no one would therefrom infer that the Kaffirs made their shields an ordi- nary article of diet. The feet are protected from sharp stones and thorns by a simple kind of shoe, or san- dal, which islittle more than apiece of stout leather, larger than the sole of the foot, and tied on by thongs. The feet of the card- players, on page 237, show this sandal. It is not worn, however, wdien the Hottentot is engaged in' his ordinary vocations, and is o)dy employed when he is on a journey, and the ground which he has to traverse is exceptionally rough and thorny. These san- d.als are in "use throughout a large portion of Southern Africa, aiid the best are made by the liachapins, a sub-tribe of the Bechu- anas. The dress of the women is essentially the .same as tliat of the men, although it is more complicated, and there is more of it. As is the ease with (he Kallir, the children of both sexes wear no clothing at all until they are eight or nine years old. and then the^girls assunui the little leathern apron called the •• makkabi." This ])ortion of dress is some- what similar to that whieh is worn by the Kallir girls, and is simply a Hat piece of leather cut into thin strips. The thongs are generally longer than those worn by the Kallir, and sometimes reach nearly to the kuee. Over this is ^(.nu■tinu■s. l)ut not uni- versally, worn a second apron of skin, orna- mented with l)eads, bits of shining metal, anil similar uchu is made, and one of them is a kind of fragrant croton, named by Hurchell froton rimti^KiniKm. from its pleasant aromatic odor. It is a hand- some bushy shrub, from four to seven feet in height. Hoth (lowers and leaves possess an asreeabl(^ scent, and the buchu is madi' by drying and pounding the latter, whicli are lance-sbaped, green above, and whitish below. The powder is used as a jierfume. which to the nostrils of the Hottentot is highly .agreeable, but to the European is simnly abominable, especially when mingled with the odor of ranciil gre.ase and long- worn skin dresses. Skins are prepared in some places after a did'erent manner to that which has been described when treating of the Kaffirs, and undergo a kind of tanning inxx'ess. When ii Hottentot wishes t(.) make a leathern rolie. or other article of dress, he deprives the skin of its hair by roUint; it up with thc\ furry side inward, and aIlowin<; it to undergo a partinl putrefaction. In the mean while he l)re]):n-es his tannin'4-vat, by fixing four stakes into the ground, connecting their toi)S with cross-bars, ancl lashing a toler.ably large hide loosely to them, so as to form a rude kind of basin or tub. A quantity of the astringent bark of tin; karroo thorn is placed in the vat together with the skin, and a sufficient qu.antity of ley is poured j over them until the vessel is ftill. The bark I of this acacia not cmly possesses a por/erftil tanning principle, but at the same time im- parts to the leather that reddish hue which is so nuich admired by Hottentots, and which is afterward heightened by the sibilo and buchu which are rubbed upon it. Mr. Haines is, however, of opinion that this mode of preparing skins, primitive as it m.ay appear, is not the invention of the Hottentot race, but is due to the superior! I y of the white settlers. The tanning-vat of hide .appears simple enough to have been invented by a savage race, but, as it is only used near Europcim settlements, the idea has probably been borrowed by the Hotten- tots. In places remote from the white set- tlers, and where their influence is not felt, the Hottentots do not tan the hides by steep- ing tliem in ley. but jirepare them by manual labor in a luauner somewhat similar to that which is used by the Kaffir. AVhen a large cow-hide is to be prepared, several men fake ])art in the proceeding, and make; quite a festival of it. They sit in a circle, with the hide in their midst, and work it with their hands, occasionally rubl)ing in some butter or other grease. They sing songs the while, and at regular intervals they grasp the hide with both bands, and i;ive it a violent pull outward, so as to stretch it eqn.ally in every direction. The cord or firing of which the Hotten- tots make so much use is twisted in a very simjile manner. The bark of the ever-nse- ful acacia is strip])ed from the branches, and divided into fibres by being steeped in wa- ter, and then pounded between two stones. Sometimes the ro)ie-ninAer jircfers to sejni- rate the fibres by chewing the bark, which is thought to have an agreeable flavor. "When a sufficient (piantity of fibre has been pre- pared, the workwoman seats herself on the ground, takes two yarns of fibre, and rolls them with the i)alni of her hand upon the thigh. She then brings them together, gives thi'in a quick roll in the ojiposite direc- tion, and thus makes a two-stranded ro])o with a rajiidity that could hardly l)e con- ceived, seeing that no tools of any kind are used. If any of my readers should happen to be skilled in nautical affairs, fliey will see that this two-stranded rope made by the Hottentots is formed on exactly the same jirinciiile as the "kniftles" which are so important in mi; y of the nautical knots and splices. Kope-making is entirely a woman's busi- ness, and is not an agreeable one. Probably it is remitted to tln^ women for that very reason. The friction of the rope against the skin is apt to abrade it, and makes it so sore that the women are obliged to relieve themselves by rolling the rope upon the calf of the leg instead of the thigh, and by the time that th(^ injured portion has recovered the fither is sore ; and so the poor women have to continue their work, alternating NATIVE FLY-TRAP. between one portion and another, until by Ions practice tlio sicin bocoinc,-, qiiito hard and ciiii cndiiro tlie IViction witliout beinn^ nijurcd by it. ° Among all (lie tribes of Southorn Africa the tiisto for hide roi)o.s is universal. Hones of some kind are ahsolutely noeessarv in anv 227 cause they are formed from that noble ani- mal the ox whereas ropes made of ignoble vegetable fibre are handed over to t e women. " „<,A r"!^^^'^^^^ substitute for a spoon i» used by this people. It consists of tlie stem ol a fibrous plant, called Umphombo, and is those which are in , "c n Eu,re buTrono^ f,,w /■;.••"''"'" " "'"^ '"*'"'''• 'i'''*^ '»«"- ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ «bre^:'i&.rreK.::!i iii'^ai^src S'Li^iiiiJ'r? unsuitable to the climate, and, as a natural consequence, they have been abandoned oven by European colonists. The mode of preparing the hide rones varies but little, except in unimportantTe- tails, and is briefly as follows: -The first proces.s ,s to prepare a vessel full of lev Which IS made by steci)ing the ashes of sev- remember tliat in Southern Africa as well as 111 other hot parts of the world, the flies are so numerous as to become a veritable plague. They come in swarms into the bouses, and settle upon every article of food, so that the newly-arrived traveller scarcely knows how to eat his meals. Bcinir eral plants, k,u>^^Vumie;•'The'^^c;u^e U^^^^ Salsola. The voun- .shoo s o? eso . n^,?I r" ' ""'^- '"" ''""-'' '"'« ^''e ^^^^P whife are collected tbr (hi, Zas ' l^Z-i'''^"'^ !!:??!"':': 'l.l» "'« '"^t ctf drinking The nllV , / '"^ I'Mued in cue tub of ley and hor' At^lJcSiSS'^S'Sf'^Ljl-r"^,^'"^ ^V« ^-- of the hut, and sufHcient number of (ho l(r ns are i,^n'n,^ "" •i'\''' '^'"'^ "''«!' "^ '>«y in milk, and tpgether, loo.sely twisted, ami passciTer I -"?^ ^^'^?'"- -^" ^'^« '^'''' "'■« "t- tiacted to It, and in a few seconds nothing can be seen but a large, seething inass of" iving creatures. A bag is then gently passed over them, and a smart shake given to tlie trap, which causes all the (lies to fall in a mass to (ho bottom of the ba^'. The passed between tl.;^ .sl^ami; wh^'le'bv (l.e'nll '''^ " "'^''.! JT'"«ved, so as to allow a fiS of die sticks they dr.nf liVn e nek tfrd ^ ^n^ '" ^""'^ »" tl^« hav wisp, and forward over the bT.ugli, [ever all,. 1, ^ u"l S ''" ^'T "^'' "'« "''^^ '>=^t«>» »'' «i'-^ '^ tr, rn.f „„ *. " ..' "•'^' ' alio „ ing IS kil ed, another is ready for immolation. thehon.ontalbranchofatrra haw weight being suspended from 4ch end lo as to keep the thongs always on the .stretch A couple of natives (hen set to work one s ation.ng himself at each end of Uie Ce ^li;^;:^„i^ j'^--- "f- '-hort s??;^ ., "' ' 'i'>^ 'Ji-ii)uu>s very i) ant and i out Us"le!;"H' '■•:ri"'^"-^ ^trk'he,' th.;^ug!i- out Its length, the regulari(y of the twist use""^ ^^''^^'" tl'^'y had been laid aside after In some parts of the country, the flies are captured by means of the branches of a bush belonging to the gentis Koridula. Ihis IS covered with a glutinous secretion. anl^lJf "':'"•■ ^'^'^ "'^'« ^'-'ttle upon it, (hey' ,p', "^ u..„:r,.i. o, .. K-mkin- " I nf h,- ""^r' f "' ''■'""''^ •^^^'-'^P^- branches setMor,"1,"' ,"'" '■"I''' '"»""« the E Sean art of '?h '"'"' f ^'^""'"^ '" •"""^^'-^^t those flies are ideiKical with the coninion housc-lly of En-land, but there are Inan? other snecies indigenous to the country. ' llie Hottentot is a tolerablv good carver in wood, not because he has much idea of t,„! J -J.., '^J '-"""i noi niaintn n their ^l•^ K.>t i -~"—-^ "y luvs luueii idea or holu of cho country. ■ Tiio reidi-r «, i\,„f- ! ^"^ "ccuusc he has Iiiiiii:ii)ie natieneo that the hide .-ones J^.±'„k?'''' ""f,''^« I '>n'l not the least idea of the v^ilue of time! wood, THE HOTTENTOT. mostly that of the willow tree, and the car- ver prefers to work while the sap is still in ' the wood. A kind of willow grows by the water-side, as is the case in this country, and this is cut down with the odd little hatchets which are used in this part of tlie world. These hatchets are matle on exactly the same principle as the hoes which have been so often mentioned, and which are represented on page 57. The head, how- ever, is very much smaller, and the blade is Bet in a line with the handle instead of transversely. They are so small and feeble, that the labor of several men is required to cut down a tree only eighteen inches or so in diameter; and the work which an Amer- ican uxeman would complete in a few min- utes occupies them a day or two. When the trunk has been at last severed, it is cut into convenient lengths by the same labori- ous process, and the different portions arc mostly shaped by the same axo. If a bowl is the article to be made, it is partly hol- lowed by the axe, and the remainder of the work is done with a knife bent into a hook- like shape. These bowls are, on the aver- ago, a foot or eighteen inches in diameter. Making bowls is a comparatively simple business, but the carving of a jar is a most laborious task. In making jars, the carver is forced to depend almost entirely upon the beut knife, and from the shape of the article it is evident that, when it is hollowed, the carver must work in a very constrained manner. Still, as time is of'uo value, the jar is at last completed, and, like the bowl, is well rubbed with fi\t, in order to prevent it from splitting. Generally-, these jars hold about a gallon, but some oi them rfre barely a quarter of that size, while others are large enough to contain five gallons. An Euro- pean, with similar tools, would not be able to make the smaller sizes of these jars, as he would not bo able to pass his hand into the interior. The hand of the Hottentot is, however, so small and delicate, that he finds no difficulty in the task. The jar is called Bambus in the Hottentot lansju'age. Unlike the Kaffirs, the Hottentots are rather a nomad race, and their huts are so made that they can bo taken to pieces and packed for transportation in less than an hour, while ,a couple of hours' labor is al! that is required for putting them up afresh, even when the architect works as deliberately as is always the case among uncivilized natives. Consequently, when a horde of Hottentots travels from one place to another, a village seems to spring up almost as if by magic, and travellers who have taken many Hottentots in their train have been v- 1 y nuuh astonished at tlie sud- den tranfTormation of the scene. In g.meral construction, the huts are made on the same principle as those of the liaP^ir, being formed of a cage-like frame- work, covered wilU iighter luateriaL A Hottentot kraal is illustrated opposite. The KatUr, however, interweaves the withes and reeds of which the hut is made among the framework, and binds thc^m together with ropes, when, if he is going to settle dc- terminately in one spot, or if he builds a hut in a well-established kraal, he plasters the interior with clay, so as to make the structure firm and impervious to weather. The Hottentot,on the contrary, covers Ins hut with reed mats, which look very much like the sleeping-ma(s of the Kaffirs, and can bo easily lashed to the framework, and as easily removed. These mats arc made of two species of reed, on" cf wliich is >'jft, and can be easily n other is hard, and giv maker. But the fornix tage of being very liab. lasting but a short time, '^'^''., wnilc the ouble to the ..K! disadvan- decay, an^ of whereas the latter is remarkable for its powers of endurance. These plants are called respectively the Soft Reed and the Hard Reed, and their scien- tific titles arc Cyperus tcxtilis and Smptm teyctalis. The method of making the mats is some- what similar to that which is employed by the Kaffirs. The reeds are cut so as to measure six feet in length, and are placed in a heap by the side of the mat-maker, together with a quantity of the bark string which has already been mentioned. Ho pierces them with a bone or metal needle, or with a mimosa thorn if he does not pos- sess a needle, and pnsses the string through the holes, so as to fasten the reeds together. Even considering the very slow and delib- erate manner in which the Hottentot works, the mats can be made with cmsiderablo rapidity, and it is needless to observe that three tlottentots do not get through nearly as much work as an average Englishman. In some cxses, the Hottentot substitutes the skins of sheep or oxen for mats, but the latter arc most generally in use — probably because the skins are too vnlnable as arti- cles of apparel to be ii)U)yed for the mere exterior of a hou>c. Owing to the manner in which these huts are nuule, they are more impervious to weather than those of the Kaffir, and, as a necessary conse- quence, are less c.ajjable of letting out the smoke. An European can, on a pinch, exist in a Kaffir hut, but to do so in a skiu- covered Hottentot house is almost impossi- ble. To a restless and ever-moving people like the Hottentots, these mats are absolute necessaries. A hut of ordinary size can be packed on the back of an ox, w'hilo another ox can carry all the simple furniiure and utensils, together with the young children; and thus a whole family can be moved at a few minutes' notic(>, without much incon- venience. The huts are, in fact, nothing but tents made of mats, and resemble, in many particulars, the camel-hair tents of the equally nomad Arabs. loaito. Tho withes and among tho ;;other with • sottlo de- hc builds a, ho plasters ^ make tiio to weather. , covers his very much KatHrs, and lework, and avQ made of ich is s-jft, , wnilc the nible to tho I! disadvan- cay, an' of 3 tho latter endurance. ely the Soft their scien- nd Smptua [its is some- mployed by it so as to are placed mat-maker, bark string oiied. lie 2tal needle, es not po8- ng through Is together, and delib- intot works, '■nsiderablo l)serve that )ugh nearly ;lishman. substitutes ats, but tho — probably ble as arti- ed for the ing to tho nuule, they than those >ary consc- ng out tho n a pinch, in a skin- )st impossi- iing people ro absolute size can be ilo another ■niiure and g children; noved at a uch incon- ct, nothing esemble, in ir tents of HOTTENTOT KUAAL. (See page ajs.) (229) 8l ir si b( re ill sa th sq NOMAD HABITS OF THE HOTTENTOT. 281 No one — not even the ov .cr — knows, on seeing a Hottentot hut, w .ether ho will ttnd it in the same place alter a few hours have elapsed. Sometimes, a Hottentot wife will set to work, iniU tlie hut to pieces, but, instead of packing it on the; hack of an ox, rebuild her house within twenty or thirty yards of its original loi'alily. The object of this Ntninge conduct is to rid herself and family from the lleas, which, together with other vermin, .swarm exceedingly in a Hot- tentot's house, and drive the Inmates to escape in the manner related. These un- . pleasant parasites are generally attacked in the early morning, the mantles, sheepskins, mats, and other articles, being taken out- side the hut, and beaten soundly with a stick. SutHcieiil, however, remain to per- petuate the breed, and at last, as has been seen, they force the Hottentot fairly to re- move the house altogether. As to the Hottentots themselves, they suffer but comparatively little inconvenience from the bites of these creatures, against which the successive coatings of grease buchu, and sibllo act as a piirtial defence! But, whenever -the insects are fortunate enough to attack a clean-skinned Euro- pean, they take full advantage of ihe oppor- tunity, and drive him half m.id. Gordon Cumming relates an amusing account of a small adventure which happened to him- self in connection with these insects. He was extremely tired, and fell asleep among his followers, one of whom compassionately took off the kaross which he was wearin" and spread it over him. Presently tire sleepei- started up in a state of unbearable irritation from the bites of the numerous parasites with which the kaross was stocked. He was obliged instantly to remove every single article of ai)parel, and have them all beaten and searched before ho could again resume them. As may be seen by inspection of the Illustration, the huts are not of quite the same shape as those belonging to the Kaffirs the ends being flattened, and the apertures square mstead of rounded, the door, in fact being simply made by the omission of one mat. The nomad life of the Hottentots is necessitated by their indolent habits, and their utter want of forethought. The Kaffir is not remarkable for the latter quality, as indeed is the case with most savage nations. But the Kaffir is, at all events, a tolerable agriculturist, and raises enough grain to supply his family with food, besides, in many canes, enclosing {mtches of ground in which to plant certjun vegetables and fruit The Hottentot, however, never had much notion of agriculture, and what littlo he attempts is of the rudest description. The unwieldy hoe with which the Kaffir women broak up the ground is a sufficiently rude and clumsy instrument, but it is per- fection itself when compared with the dig- ging stick of the Hottentot. This is nothing more than a stick of hard wood sharpened at one end, and weighted by means of a per- forated stone through which it is passed, and which is held in its place by a v/edge. With this rude instrument the Hottentot can break up the ground faster than mi<.ht be imagined, but he oftener uses it for dig- ging up wild plants, and unearthing sundry burrowing animals, than for any agricul- tural purposes. The life of a Hottentot does not tie him to any particular spot. A sub-tribe or horde, whicli tolerably corresponds with the kraal of the Kaffir, settles down in some locality which they think will supply nour- ishment, and which is near water. Here if the spot be fevorable, they will sometimes' rest lor a considerable time, occasionally for a space of several years. Facility for hunt- ing has much to do with the length of time that a horde remains in one spot, inasmuch as the Hottentots are admirable hunters and quite rival the Kaffirs in this respect even if they do not excel them. Thev are especially notable for the persevering obsti- nacy with which they will pursue their game, thinking a whole day well bestowed it they succeed at last in bringing down their prey. ° M CHAPTER XXIII. WEAPONS. I I 3 ■ =|ij A ll 1 i 1 I- ' 1' •1 : ■ ■ ^t _! WEAPONS OF TITE HOTTKyTOT AJfn THEIR rSE — mS VOnACITY, AND CAPAmOTY OP IIKAIIIVO HTmnElt — MODB OP COO ro — POWEH OP SLEKP — niHTfNCTION IIF.TWKEN HOTTKNTOT-l AND KAKHIIS — CATTLE AND THKIU I'SKS — THE HAKKLEYS OH PmilTINU OXEN— A HOTTENTot'm MUMOKV I'Olt A COW — MAni«Ar one of a horde of Hottentots succecils in kiiling a large animal, such as an ehpbiiat or liipjio- ])Otamus, and it baiipens lo be at a distiinco from tne kraal, tlu; inhabitants prefer lo strike their tent-like houses and to I'linovo them (o the animal ralber than trouble thenisr'lves by making re)ieate(l journeys to and fro. The cliief reason for this slr;inge conduct is. ibat.if they took ibe latter alter- native, they would jleprive tbtinselves of one of the gri atesi luxuries which a IIol(<'n- tot can enjoy. Seldom tasting meat, tliey become s( mi-intoxicated under its iulhn nee, and will g KAKHIIS — I ,MHM()IIV I'dlt A \N(11 Adi: UK TIIK NIOTS — HINOI.NO NTS UK.HTItlCTKU )KE — INAIIILITY e on an almost I. ))Ul, when ;its will) a cnii- thiit is aliiiiist ins luit liltic, milcd .su|i))lies iiiscir wlu'llicr cviT 0111' of n 4 in kiiliii;; a liUit or liipiio- i^ at ii (listani'O nis iirit'cr to nil to I'linovo tiiau tniuhlo 'd Journeys to r tills slianije le latter alter- [lieniselves of licli a IIol(<'n- 11,' meat, tliey r its iiilhu nee, the ndiiost er tlie I'a^liion swallowed ii 11 -.rorge theni- nain. estraonlinary \ tlijit the hot ly so raiiiilly it is ealiii at tots are otlen ' titan tainted, at( st ailmirer with liorror. 1 to trouhle , and devour US if it were pprfectly ft-psh. AVhatever may bo tlin oriijiiial of the evil atm(is]iherc of their huts, the Hottentots are compamoiiablo even in their sleep, and at night the lloor of a hut will bo covered with a number of Hottentots, all Ivim' fast asleep and .'■o mixed uji together that it is scarccdy possible to distinguish the various bodies to which the limbs belong. The illustration -No. .!, page 247, gives a good idea of this singular custom. _ The cattle of the Hottentot.* have several times been mentioned. These, like tlu' KaHlr oxen, arc used as beasts of burden and tor riding, and are accoutred in the same manner, /. e. by a leathern rope passed several times round the body, and hauled tiglit by men at each end. Perhaps the reader may remember that in days loii" gone by, ■,vlien the Hottentots were a now" erl\il nation and held the commni!d of South- ern Africa, their kraals or villages were defended by a iieculiar breed of oxen, which were e.specia!Iy trained for that purpose, anr! Which ansuercd the same purpose as the watch-dogs which now beset the villages These oxen were said to be trained to guard the entmnce of the kraal, and to know every inhabitant of the villuge, from the oldest iiiliabitaiit down to the child which could only Jiistcrawl about. Strangers they would iKit permit to apiiroach the kraal except when escorted by one of the inhabitants, nor would they sullbr him to go out again except under the same protection. This story is generally sunnosed to be a mere fabrication, and I'xi.ssilily may he so. There is, however, in my collection an ox- horn wiiicli was brought from Southern Africa by the Ilev. Mr. Shooter, and of which no one could give an accounl. It is ( vi- dently very old, and, although the horn of a domesticated variety of cattle, is (piite unlike the horns of the oxen whiirh belong to tlie native trilies of the iirescnt dav, being twice as large, and having allogetircr a diHerent a.spect. It is just such a horn as might have belonged to the oxen aforesaid, and, although it cannot be definitely said to have grown on the head of one of "these animals, there is Just a possibility that such may have been the case. lake the KafTir, the Hottentot lias a won- derful recollection of an ox. If he but sees one flir a minute or two he will lenieiiiber that ox again, wherever it may be, and even afl(>r tlut lapsi; of several years. Ho will recognize it in the midst of a'lierd, even ill a strange place, where he could have no expe<'tation of meeting it, and he will re- member its "spoor," and be able to trace its footsteps among the tracks of the wlioii herd. He has even been known to discover a stolen cow by seeing a ealf which she had produced after she was stolen, and which ho recognized from its likeiieie is a ino.st elaborate and circumstantial descrip- tion of a Hottentot marriage, (l.tailing with needless precision a number of extraordi- nary rites performed by the priest over the newly-wedded jiair. Now, inasmuch as the order of priests is not known toliave exi.'ted among the Hottentots, and certainly did not exist in Kolben's time, (be whole narra- tuc falls to the ground. The fact is, that Kolben found it easier to describe second- hand than to investigate for himself find the consequence was, that the Dutch colo- nists, from whom he pined his information, amused themselves by impo.-ing upon lii.s' credulity. Polygamy, althongh not prohibited amoii" (he Hottentots, is but rarely practised. Sonu' men have several wives, b'nt this is the cx- cejition, and not the rule. As they have no priests, .so they have no professional doctors. Tliev are alfadejit-j in the very slight amount of"me(licaI and sur- gical knowledge which is required by them and have no idea of u separate order of men 9M THE IIOTTEXTOT. I I 5 who practise tho hoalitiK art. Unlike tlio Kallirs. wlio iiic tlic most MuptTHtilioim of iiiniikiiiii. liif Ilottciitdtx am fiilircly free iVitin NujH'rHlitioii, iiiaMimicli hh llicy liavc not tin- loiisi conception of any roliKionn Hciitinii'nis wliulHonviT. Tin- ini-Hcnt worltl forms lilt' jimil of all their ideas, iind they Kcem, HO far as is known, to lie eijnally i;;no- rnnt of a Creator anil of the innnortality of the Honl. Tlu^ lan>;uago of the Hottentot races in remiirkalile for a iieeuliaritv which is, I he- licve, restricti'd to themselv<'s and to the snrroundin;^ trilicH, who have evidently learned it from them. This is the presence of the •• click," which is fonnd in almost all the trihcs that inhabit Southern Africa, with the exception of the Ama/nln, who are free from this cm'ious adjunct to their liuiiiuaj^e, anil speak a tonj^iU! as soft as Italian. Tliere are three of these " clicks," formed liy the tonjjue, the teeth, and the palate, and each ol' them alters the si'Miili- catioii of the word with which it is used. Till' lirst, which is in f,'reatest use, is made hy pressing! the tij) of the t(>n",nie against the upper front teeth, and then smartly dis- enjjn^inij; it. The sound is exactly like that wliich is produced l)y some persons when ■they are annoyed. The second dick is forined hy pressinj,' the tonjiue against the roof of the namlh, and then shari)ly wilh- drawinii it, ho as to produce a sound like that which is used hy jirooni.s when ur).;in^ a horse. It has to be done, however, with tlie least possible force that will nroduce the etleet, as otherwist^ tlie dick and the sylla- ble to wliich it is joined cannt)t he wounded simultaneously. The last dick is nuich louder than the others, and is formed l)y drawiuii the tongue hack as far as iiossible, and pressing the tip against the back of the palate. It is then forced rapid ;\ toward the lips, so a.s to produce a much deeper and more nonorous sound than can be obtained by the two former modes. In the few words which can be given to this l)ranch of the sul)ject, we will distinguish tliese several sounds by the titles of "clack," "click," and "cluck." The reader will find it very difticult to produce either of these sounds .simultaneously with a part of a word, but, if he should desire to make him- self understood in the Hottentot dialect, it is absolutely necessary that he should do HO. How needful these curious adjunct.s are has been well shown by Le Vailiant. For instance, the word Aap, without any click at all, signifies a horse, but with the click it signifies an arrow, and with the clack it beconu's the name of a river. It is, of course, impossible to reduce this language to any known alphabet, and the necessary consequence is that hardly any two travel- lers who have written accounts of the Hot^ tentot tribes have succeeded in spelling worils so that they would be recognized, or in Hueh a manner that tiio reader would ho able to pronounce them. The geiierul mode of expressing these dicks is by pre- (ixing the letters in or ;/ to the word, und the reader may find a very familiar example in the word (Jiioo. which ought really to be spelt without the f/, and with somi^ prelix which wiaild denote the kind of click which is used with it. The amusements of the Hottentots con- sist chietly of singing and dancing, together with jilaying on a <'iuio!' itislrument (mlled tlie Gmira. This insln nl, however, be- longs rather to the Hosji ;uan group oi' the Hottentot race, and will therefore be de- scribed in a future page. Their songs are also evidently di'rived from the same source, and their melodies are identical. Kxamples of nosjcsman songs will be ])resently given, together with the description of the (ioiira. In the words of tlu^ songs, however, tho Hottentots have the advantage, as they always have some signification, whereas those of till! IJoMJesmans have not even tho semblance of meaning, and are eiiuivalent to the ih>, »T, mi, &e., of niodern music. Le Vailiant mentions that the subject of the song-i which the Hottentots saiin; was almost always some adventure which had liaiipened to themselves, so that, like the, negroes, they can sing throughout the whole night, by the simple ex|iedieiit of reiieatiug the words of their song over and over again. They prefer the night to the day for this puriiose, because the atmosphere is cooler, anil the tasks of the day are over. " When they are desirous of indulging in this amusement, they Join hands and form a circle of greater or less extent, in pro- portion to the number of iiiaii! and femalo dancers, who are always mixed with a kind of .symmetry. .When" the chain is made, they' turn niund from one side to another, separating at certain intervals to mark the measure, ami from time to lime da)) their hands without interrupting the cadence, while with their voices they aceomiiany the sound of the instrument, and eoniinu- allv chant * Hoo! Hoo! ' This is the gen- eral burdi'n of their song. ".Sometimes one of the dancers quits the circle, and, going to the centre, perforins there alone a few steps after the English manner, all the merit and beauty of which consi.stin performing them with equal (juick- nessand precision, without stirring from the spot where lie stands. Albr this they all quit each other's hands, follow one another carelessly with an air of terror aud nidan- cholv, their heads leaning to one shoulder, and "their eyes cast down toward the ground, which they look at with attention; aud in a moment after they break forth in the live- liest demonstration of Joy, and tho most ex'rav.ngnnt merriment. " They are highly delighted with this con- trast wlien it is well performed. All this is THE MELOX DANCE. 988 roiulcr would Tlie KL'lUTul Miiii|ilo t ri'iilly Id 1)0 )si)iu(^ prclix r click which ttputots ron- h\)f, toHotlier llUII'Ilt (^llfll llOWl'VlT, lic- ;^roiip of lliu I'i'ore \w (lo- 'ir hoiij;h iiro Manii! MoiiiTi', I. KxiiiiiplcH ■sciitly Kivcn, A' the (ioiira. lowcvcr, tho \ts Hiuiji; was V which liiid hilt, like till) mil the whole , of ri'iii'iiting IT niid ovor t to the iliiy ) atmosphiTo liiy iiri' ovrr. iiulul<;in<; iu kIm and i'oriu ;tL'ut, ill pi-o- e and il'iiialo d with a kind ain is niudo, Ic to anolliiT, 4 to mark thu me ilaj) their the cadi'iui', y acconijiany and i-oniinu- is is the geu- ccrs quits the lire, performs • the En-ilish duty of which li I'iiual fpiiek- irinj5 from the tills they all V one another ir and melan- one Khoulder, rd the ground, tinn; aud in a ii in the live- iiid tho moat ftt liotlom hut an allernate assemlilage of Very ilroll and ainusiu}; pantomimes, it must l)i( observed that the danecrs make ii hollow nioniftonoiis kind of humniini;, which never ceases, e.vicept when they join the Hpectators and sin;,' (he wonderful chorus, 'IIoo! IIoo!' which appears to he the life and soul of this ma^'nidceut miisie, Thi'v usually conclude willi a general hall; that is to say, the ring is broken and they all dance iu eonl'usion as each chooses, "and upon this occasion they display all their strength ami agility. The most exjiert dancers repeal, hy way of deliance to each other, those dau'^eroiis leaps and musical iM altered. Mr. i.iinuM ii;irrate.s u little corroborative ineideni. He was travellin;^ in n wa^on, aeeoinpanied. aH usual, by Hot- teutols and their iUinilies. The latter, uicslly Ceniales, were walking 1)y (he side ol' the wnjjon, wearing no eonUuue but the Hlijjtht leathern )i;irdle. It so happened that some old fihoes wore thrown out of (he wa;j;oii, and inuuediately appropriated by the women, who have an absurd hankerin;.' atU'r Eui'opean ajjparel. No sooner had tlu'v |)iil on shoes than they looked naked. They had not done so before, but even that sii^jht amount uf civilized elothinjj seemed to suitj^est that the wholt^ body had to be clothed also, and so slronjf was Ibis feeliui,' that Jlr. IJaines Hunul means of removing the obnoxious articles of a|>parel. The Hottentots have a remarkable game which (hey call by the name of Card-play- inu\ a|i|)areully because no cards are used in it. rids triimo Is simiily an cxhibillou of activity and quickness nt hand, beinic souie- wlcit similar in prir.dpl*^ to our own bov's game of Odil and Even. It is illustrated on the op|>osito page, and is thus iKiscriU'd by IbncUcU: — " .Vt oiu' of the fires an au\uscment of a very singular and nearly miiulelligible kind was the source of great auuisement, not only to (be perfornu-rs themselves but to ail the bystanders. They callenu' particular expressions in (heir own lauijuage: liuigh- iug violently, throwing llieir bodies On ejilier side, tossing thcii' arms m .ill direc- tions — ttl one moment with their hands (•lose together, at another stretched out wide .apart; up in the air at one time, or in an instant down to the ground; sometimes wit'i them closed, at other times exbibilimr (hem onen (o their opponent. Freipiently in tho heat of the ganu' they si.irtcd uiioii their knees, falling back imniediatelv on (he ground again; and all this in such a quick, wild, extraordinary manner, that it was impossible, after w.'itchlng their inv- tions for a long tune to discover the -natiirw of ilieir game, or to comprehend t.he princi- ple on which it was tbimded, anv more tlian a |)erson entirely ignorant of the moves ai chi'ss could learn that by merely looking on. "This is fv genuine Hottentot game, as every one would certainly siqjpose, on see- ing the uncouth manner in which it is played. It is, they say, of great antiquitv. and nt present practused only by such as have preserve 1 some |)ortion of tlieir origi- aul custum.s, and they incteud llmt it is not every Hottentot who j)o.sse.ise8 the talent; aece.sMary for playing it in perfeetion. " I found sonu) dilHeulty in obtaining an intelligible explanation, but learned at last (hat the i)rliiciple consists in concc.iling a ninall pieou uf stick in oik^ hand so dexter- ously that the opnonent shall not be able, when both closed hands are prescntiMl to him, U) distingui.sli in which it is held, while ut the same time be is obliged to dc'cide by sonu) sign or modon either on one or (be other. As soon as the oppoiuait has gained II ci^rtiin number of guesses, he is ('onHid- ered to have won a game, and it then becoiues his turn to taki? (he stick, and dis- play his ingenuity in concealing it and in (li!ceiving the oilier. In this nianner the games are coulinued alternately, often the whole night long, or until the i)lay('rs arc exhauslcd with fatigue, in (he coiirsj of (hem various little incideids, either of inge- nuity or of mistake, occur to animate their exiM'tions, ami excite (he rude, harmless mirdi of (heir surrounding friends." The reader will probablv see (he close resem- blance between (Ills game played by tlu! Hottentots of Southern .'vfrica and the well- known gami^ of " Mono," that is so ]iopular in several parts of Southern Europe. Tlu' Hottentot seems to be as fond of a practical joke as tl:e Kallir, and to take it as good-huinoredly. On one occasion, when a travidler was passing through .Vfrica with a large ])arty, several of (he Hottentots, who ought io liavi^ been on the watch, contriveil to draw near the (ire, and to tiill .'isleep. .Some of (heir comiianions tlelirmined to give (hem a thorough fright, and to recall to their minds (hat they ought to have been watching and not sleeping. Accordingly, they went otV to a little distance, and shl)t a couple of Hosjesman arr(pws clo.se to the slee))ei's. Deep as is a Hottentot's slumber, he can shake otV sleep In ;i monieiit at the approach of danger, and, although the loudest sound will iu>t wake him, provided that it be of a harmless character, an almost inaudible s(aind will reach bis c'.rs, pro- vided (hat it presaiic danger. .\s soon as the sleeping Hottentots heard the twang of the bow, they sprang up in alarm, which was not decreased iiy (he sight of the arrows fallini; close to (lu'ui, sprang to the waiTon for their arms, and were received with a shout of laufihter. However, they soon had their revenge. One dark ev<'iuiig the voung men were amusing themsrlves wil)i setting lire to some dried reeds a t\'w hundred yards from the camp. While they were enjoying (he waves ot (ire as they rolled along, driven by the wind, the Hottnitots stole behind the reeds, and with the shell of an ostrich egg imitjited the roar of an ap|iroachtng lion so accurately, that (he young men began (o shout in order to drive the lion away, and i at last ran to the camp screaming with tor- OS tlio talo.iit ^rl'cotioii. (>l>tiiiiiing an tiirtiiMl at liiHt coiiccalinji; ii iiul HO (lextiM- I not 1)0 iilili', jn'i'scntod to m lu'l(l,\vhiIo to (l('C'i(l(\ by n OIK) or til ntl iiM ii;siin(>il ho is consid- 1111(1 it tlion 'tick, iind dis- iii^ it and in iiiaiiiicr tlio I'ly, ofloii tlio lilaycfH arc lio oonrsj of itiicr of in;;c- aiiiiiiutc Hicir idc, liiU'inlcss iciids Th close rcscin- liiycd hy (lio mid the well- is so ]iopular iiropc. as fond of a 1 lo take it as iisioii, when a Africa willi a Kcntols, who ch, contrived fall si. I'tcrininci ind t 1 ( o recall to have hoeii Accordiii;;ly, ice, and shot close to tile ot's shiinhcr, inicnt at the ltliouL,di the iin, |iroviiicd er, an almost iro- IS C'.l'.S, As soon as the twanjj of ilariii, which lijiht of the pranj; to th^ ere reco" ivod lOir reven^je. r men were liiii' tin lo I vards from I'lijoyiii^ the ij,' (in veil I )V I behind the ostricli v'^if I'hiiij,' lion so '11 Ix'jran to n away, and ng Willi tcr- (See |)«go aafl.) 1^0 SiiOori.Nu CAI'TLE. (Soc pago 251.) as?) 1 ] < I a h a Si SI a: tl di c< h. V,' gf Ba loi ar m. no tbi be »t noi wh the coll - &U(i ent as i nia! tho of 1 niul of 1 S)1)()I moi] -ii moil . divis INABILITY TO MEASURE TIME. ror. Of course the songs that were sung in the camp that night were full of refer- ence to Bosjesinans and lions. The Hottentot has a constitutional ina- bility to compute time. A traveller can never discover the ago of a Hottentot, partly because the man himself has not the least notion of his age, or indeed of annual computation at all, and partly because a Hottentot looks as old at thirty-five as at sixty-five. He can calculate the time of day by the position of the sun with regard to the meridian, but his memory will not serve him so far as to --able him to com- pute annual time by -3 height of the sun above the horizon. _ As is the case with most savage races, his unit of time is the new moon, and he makes all his reckonings ot tune to consist of so many moons. An amusing instance of this deficiency is given «^. fT'"\?'J*'''E''"'^'""' "' ^'8 "Travels in houth Africa" : — „."'*\.I^"'tcnto(, fh particular, engaged our attention by the simplicity with wldch he to d his story. After he had harangued for a long time in broken Dutch, we collected so much as that he agreed with a colonist to serve hini for a certain time, at fixed wa^es as herdsman, but before the time expil-ed tliey liad parted by mutual agreement. The dispute was how much of the time remained- consequently, how much wages the master had a right to deduct from the sum which ^■rn^" 1'!!^'° ^''°" I'''"'' *■"»• ">e «-liolo time. „o„ ' "■'^/'?f" ""-^ '"'■^"c'"' "'c Hottentot gave us the following accDunt : — My Baas ' said he ' will have it that I was to serve so long (.and here he stretched out his left arm and liand. and laid the little finger of ;his ri.rlit hand directly under the arm) • te>in/ J'tf' ^J-'^"i'"« '-'gilt hand upon 'he ,„,it of the loft. Apparently, he meant r this to si-nify that the proportion of ae tune he had served with that he had ;reed to serve was the same as the propor- on ot wh.at he pointed out of the arm to 'e whole length of it. At the same time it every ull moon, he had made a little f£^^'''. "''"'••'' ''""'''« ""« ^t the full moon **"hen he quitted the colonist's service. As 10 lat er u as present, and several of the lolomsts an, Holteiitots, who attended as auditors, could ascertain exactly the ne of internig on tlie service, the conclusion wis nns';;- ':^i,rr"""'^ "^? '^'^ that bothTe n astoi and the servant were somewhat in Of th.'"};;; "''' •'"',""? '•''^'^""''^'l t«° >»"ch ami fh.f '''^;'-"'''''' *'•'' "'her too little ; and that, according to the Hottentot's mode m:f'of^;;;s;i"£t[;?i^£ months nn/1 il.va . t""- ••«-- . •I'' '"".'" ^".' J "f^vi: iio idea of the asks a Hottentot how far it is to such a place, he either makes no answer, or points to a certain spot in the heavens, and says. 'The sun will be there when you get to it "' Warfare among the Hottentots scarcely deserves the name, because we can hardly use such a term as "warfare" where there is no distinction of officer or private, where there is no commander, and no plan of action The men who are able to wield the bow and arrow advance in a body upon the enemy and are led by any one who thinks himself brave enough to take the command. When they come to close quarters with the enemy every one fights in the way that suits him- self best, without giving support to those of his own side, or expecting it from his com- rades. Even the chief man of a horde is not necessarily the leader, and indeed his authority over the horde is more nominal than real. A mere boy may assume the leadershii) of the expedition, and, if he is courageous enough to take the lead, he may keep it until some still braver warrior comes to the front. It evident that such warfare is merely a succession of skirmishes or duels, much as was the case in the days of Hector and Achilles, each soldier select- ing his own particular advers.ar3% and fight- ing him until one of the two is killed, runs away, or renders himself prisoner. As far as is known, the Hottentots never made war, according to the usual accepta- tion of the word. If insulted or aggrieved by having their cattle stolen, they wbuld go off and niake reprisals, but they had no idea of carrying on war for any political object ihis IS probal)ly the reason why they were so completely overcome by the :feafHr tribes who had some knovvledge of warfare as an art, and who drove them further and further away from their own domains,, until their nationality was destroyed, and they were reduced to a mere aggregation of scattered tribes, without unity, and consequently with- out power, •' However nationally unwarlike the Hot- tentot m.y be, and however incapable he may be of military organization, he can be miide into a soldier who is not only useful but unapproachable in liis own peculiar ime. Impatient, as a rule, of military dis- cipline, he hates above all things to march in step, to go through the platfion exercise, and to perform those mechanical move- ments which delight the heart of the drill- serge.ant. He is, .as a rule, abhorrent of ■inyihing like steady occupation, and this tendency of mind incapacitates him "from being .an .agriculturist, while it aids in ouali- tying him for the hunter's lif(>. Now as a rule, a good hunter makes a good soldier especially of the irregular kind, and the training which is afforded by the pursuit of the rteet, powerful, niwl danssroiin division of the dky'into'houi;" Ifa mi','; h!.'/-""''' "'akfs the Hottentot one of The i w iiouis. II a man I best irregular soldiers in the world. 240 THE HOTTENTOT. t f But he must bo allowed to fight in his own way, to choose his own time for attack, to make it in the mode that suits him best, and to run away if flight hapiicns to suit him better than hattie. lie has not the least idea of getting himself killed or wounded on mere points of honor ; and if he sees that the chances of war are likely to go nuuii against him, he quietly retreats, and " lives to fight another day." To this mode of action he is not prompted by any feeling of fear, but merely by the common- sense view of the case. His business is to kill the enemy, and he means to do it. But that desirable object cannot bo attained if he allows them to kill him, and so he guards himself against the latter event as much as possible. Indeed, if he is wounded when he might have avoided a wound, he feels heartily ashamed of himself for having committed such an error; and if he succeeds in killing or wounding an enemy without suffering damage himself, he glories in his superior ingenuity, and makes merry over the stupidity of his foe. Fear — as we understand the word — has very little influence over the Hottentot sol- dier, whether he be trained to fl^ht with the white man's fire-arms, or whether he uses the bow and arrow of his primitive life. If he must fight, he will do so with a quiet and dogged valor, and any enemy that thinks to conquer him will find that no easy task lies before him. Mr. Christie has narrated to me several incidents which show the obstinate courage with which a Hottentot can fight when pressed. One of them is as follows ; — "During the Kaffir war of 1847, a body of Hottentots were surrounded by a large party of Kaftirs, and, after a severe strug- gle, succeeded in cutting their way through their dark foes. One of the Ifottontots, however, happened to be wounded near the spine, so that he lost the use of his legs, and coul'i not stand. Even though suffering unaer this severe injury, he would not sur- render, but dragged himself to an ant-hill, and supported nis back against it, so that his arms were at liberty. In this position he continued to load and fire, though com- pletely exposed to the bullets and assagais of the Kaffirs. So true was his aim, even under these circumstances, that he killed and wounded a considerable number of them ; and, when a reinforcing party came to their help, the brave fellow was at the point of death, but still breathing, though nis body was completely riddled with bul- lets, and cut to pieces with spears." This anecdote also serves to show the extraordinary tenacity of life possessed by this race — a tenacity which seems to rival that of the lower reptiles. On one occasion, Mr. Christie was in a surgeon's house in Gr.ih.imstiwn, whf'« .". Hottentot walked in, and asked the surgeon to look at his head, which had been damaged on the previous night by a blow from a knob-kerrie. Ho took off his hat and the handkerchief which, according to custom, was wrajiped round his head, and exhibited m injury which would have killed most opeans on the spot, and .certainly woulu nave prostrated them utterly. On the crown of his head there was a circular wound, about an inch in diameter, and more than half an inch deep, tho bono having been driven down on the brain by a blow from the heavy knob of the weapon. The depressed part of the skull was raised as well as could be done, and the remainder cut away. The operation being over, the man replacctl his hat and hand- kerchief, and walked away, apparently little the worse for his accident, or the operation which succeeded it. On another occasion, the same gentleman saw a Hottentot wagon-driver fall from his seat under the wheels. . One of the fore- wheels passed over his neck, and, as the wagon was loaded with some two tons of firewood, it might be supposed that the man was killed on tho spot. To the surprise of the beholder, he was not only alive when free of the wheel, but had presence of mind to roll out of the way of the hind wheel, which otherwise must have gone over him. Mr. Christie ran to him, and helped him to his feet. In .inswer to anx- ious questions, he said that hs was not much hurt, except by some small stones which had been forced into his skin, and which he asked Mr. Christie to remove. Indeed, tliese men seem not only to be tenacious of life, but to suffer very little pain from injuries that would ""arly kill a white man, or at all events would cause liim to be nearly dead with pain alone. Yet, callous as they are to bodily injuries, they seem to be peculiarly suscei)libl(' to poison that mixes with tlie blood, and, if bitten by a snake, or wounded bj- a poisoned arrow, to have very much less chance of life than a European under similar conditions. We will conclude this history of the Hot- tentots with a few remarks on their treat- ment of sickness and their burial of tho dead. When Hottentots are ill they obey the in- stinct which seems to be implantecf equally in man and beast, and separate themselves from their fellows. Sometimes tlxiv take the trouble to have a small hut erected at a distance from the kraal, but in all cases they keep themselves aloof as far as jjossible, and do not mix with their companions until their health is restored. Of professional physicians they know nothing, and have in this respect a decided advantage over the Kaffirs, who are horribly tormented in their hours of sickness by the witch-doctor, who tries, by all kinds of noisy incantations, to drive out tho evil M)irit which is tornienting the sick man. There are certainly some SICKNESS, DEATH, AND BURIAL. 241 men among them who possess a kind of knowledge of pharmacy, and these men are '.Iberal enough of their advice and prescrip- tions. But they do not form a distinct order of men, nor do they attenipt to work cures by superhuman means. Tliey are more suc- cessful in treating wounds and bodily inju- ries than in the management of diseases, because in the former case there is some- thing tangible with whicli they can cope, whereas they cannot see a disease, nor can they produce any immediate and visible ef- fect, as is the casu with a bodily iiyury. Sometimes a curious kind of ceremony seems to be performed, which is probably analogous to the shampooing that is in vogue in many parts of the earth. The pa- tient lies prostrate while a couple of women, one on either side, pound and knead him with their closed fists, at the same time uttering loud cries close to his ear. This apparently rough treatment seems to have some amount of elHcacy in it, as Sparrman mentions that he has seen it practised on the apparently lifeless body of a young man who eventually recovered. Of all diseases the Hottentots dread noth- mg so much as tin; small-po:; ; and if a single member of the horde be taken with it they leave him in his hut, strike all their habita- tions, and move ott" into the desert, where they remain until they think that the dan- ger s past. All ties of relationship and affecLon are broken through by this dread malady, for which they know no cure, and which always r;i: .s with tenfold violence among savanjes. Tlie husband will abandon his wife, and even the mother her children, in the hope of checking the spread of the disorder, and the wretched sufferers are left , to perish either from the disease itself or from privation. VV^hen a Hottentot dies the funeral is con- ducted* without anv ceremony. The body is disposed in as small a compass as possible, — indeed, into the attitude that is assumed during sleep, and the limbs and head are firmly tied together. A worn-out kaross is then rolled round the body, and carefully arranged so as to conceal it entirely. The place of burial is, with certjiin exceptions, chosen at a distance from the kraal, and the corpse is then placed in the grave, which is never of any great depth. Earth is then thrown on the body ; and if there are any stones near the spot, they are mixed with the earth, and heaped above the grave in order to defend it from the hyamas and jackals, which are sure to discover that an interment has taken place. If stones can- not be found, thorn-bushes are used for the same purpose. Generally, the grave is so shallow, and the aUmes are so few, that the whole process of burial is practically ren- dered nugatory, and before another day has dawned the hyoenas and jackals have scat- tered the frail defences, dug up the botly, and devoured it. Should the headman of the kraal die, there are great wailings throughout the kraiil. These cries are begun by the family, taken up Dy the Inhabitants of the village, and the wholt, night is spent in loud bowl- ings apd lamentation. His body is usually burled in the middle of the cattle-pen, as it is a safe place so long as the cattle are in it, which are watched throughout the night, and over his remains a considerable pile of stones is raised. CHAPTER XXIV. THE BOSJESMAN OR BUSHMAK OBIODT OF THE NAME — THEORIES 11E8PECTIN0 THEIR ORIGIN — THEIR LANOUAOE AND IT8 PHCULIAB- ITIES — THE aESTL'IlE-LANOUAOB— SMALL SIZE OF THE B08JK8MANS — THEIR COMI'LEXION AND tlKNEUAL AI'PEAKANX'E — A STKANOE VISITOR — THE I108JE8MAN's PIPE AND MODI! OF S.MOKlSa — SAID TO HAVE NO NAMES, AND NO ni9TINCTION8 OK HANK — SOCIAL LIFE AMON(i THE 1108JE8- MANS — MATRIMONY AND ITS TROrULES — INDIVIDITALITV OF THE IIOS.IESMA.N — HIS INDIFFER- ENCE TO PAIN — A CULPRIT AND HIS PUNISHMENT — DRESS OF llOTU SEXES — THE DOSJESMAN VROU 1NF^U>'CY TO AOE. i i We now come to a singular race of human beings, inhabiting various jjarts of Southern Africa, and I).'iiig evidently allied to the Hottentots. They are called JJosjesmaus by the Dutch settlers. Tiiis word' is pro- nounced Hushes-man, and is popularly con- tracted into Bushman, — a word which is, indeed, an exact translation of the Dutch title. As, however, several groups of sav- ages in diU'eri'nt parts of the world arc called ]3ushmen, we will retain the original Dutch name. Respecting the precise relationship there nre three distinct theories. Tlte (irst is, that they are the aboriginal inhabitants upon whom the Hottentots have improved; the second is, that they are degenerate otl'shoots of the Hottentot race; and the third is, that they form a totally distinct grouj) of man- kind. On the whole, I am inclined ratlier to accept the theory that they are a variety of the Hottentot "race, which they closely resemble in many ))articulars. The peculiar form of the countenance, the liigh cheek- bones, the little contracted eyes, and (he long narrow chin, are all characteristics of the Hottentot race. The color of the skin, too, is not black, but yellow, and even jialer than that of the Hottentot, and tin- women are notable for that peculiarity of Ibrm whicli ha.s already been noticed. Their laugua^'e miu'h resembles tihat of the Hottentots in sound, the characteristic "click " being one of its peculiarities. IJut, whereas the Hottentots generally content themselves with one click in a word, the Bosjcsman tribes employ ii with uvery ^yi- (24: lable, and have besides a kind of croaking sound produced in the throat, which is not used by the Hottentots, and which the find the greatest dilliculty in imitating. But though their tongue resembles the language of the Hottentots in sound, the words of the two languages are totally diiVerent, so that a Hottentot is quite as much at a loss to understand a Bosjcsman as would be a European. Even the various tribes of Bos- Jesmans dilfer much in their language, e.acli tribe having a dialect of their fi\vn,nnd even changin" their dialect in the course of a few years. This is accounted for by the fact that the hordes or i'amilies of ]5osjesmans have but little intercourse with eacii otlier, and remain as widely sejiarated as jjossible, so that they siiall not interfere with the hunting-grounds of their fellow-lribesmen. In their conversation among ciich other also, they arc continually inventing new words. Intellectually, tbiy are iiut children, and, like children, the more voluble conde- scend to the weakness of those who cannot talk as Well as themselves, and accept their imperfe(;t words as integral parls of their language. So imperfect, in(le((l, is the lan- guage of the Bosjesmans, that even those of the same hm'de often find a dilliculty in understanding each other without the use of gesture; and at night, when a i)arty of Bosjesmans are smoking, dalieing, tmd talk- ing, they are obliged to'keep u]) a liK so as to be able by its light to see the explanatory gestures of tluar compimions. Like many other savag' '"''"^'^ """'• t""''t w : . 7, ™'^ ^}''' '•""'*'' •>*■*»"' fi>-e over which hey love to crouch at niHit and when they are performing. tI,o ope^S wiiich aiey are iileasad to consider as cook- 1 ing, the smoke settles on their bodies and covers them with a sooty-bhick hue that makes them ajipear nearly as dark as the Kallirs. There is generally, however, a tol- erably clean spot under each eye, which is caused by tlie flow of tears consequent on snulf taking. But when well washed, their skins are wonderfully fair, and therefore the Bosjesmans who visit this country, and who arc obliged to wash themselves, give very little idea of the appearance of these curi- ous beings in their native state. Of the ordinary appearance of the Bos- jesman in his normal state, a good descrip- tion is given by Dr. Lichtenstein, in his well-known work on Southern Africa: — "After some hours two Bosjesmans ap- peared, who saluted ns with tlieir T'uheh asked for tobacco, and, having received it! seated themselves behind a bnsli, by a little lire, to revel at their ease in the delights of smoking. I devoted a considerable time to observing these men very accurately, and cannot lorbear sayiii:,' that a Bosjcsman, certainly in his mien 'and all his gestures, has more resemblance to an ape than a man. "One of our present guests, who appeared about flUy years of age, had gray hair and a bristly beard; his forehead, nose, cheeks, and chin were all smeared over Avith black grease, having only a white circle round tho eye, washed clean with tears occasioned by smoking. This man had the true physio"- nomy of the small blue ape of Kartraria. >V hat gave the more verity to such a com- parison was the vivacity of his eves, and the llexibility of his eyebrows, which he worked up and down with every chan^o ot countenance. Even his nostrils and tfio corners of his mouth, even his very e.irs moved involuntarily, expressing his ha.sty transitions from eager desire to watchful distrust. There was not, on the contrary a single feature in his counteiiiince that evinced a consciousness of mental powers or anything that denoted emotions of the' mind of a milder character than belon-s to man in his mere animal nature. "When a piece of meat was given him. hall rising, he stretched out a distrustful arm, snatched it hastily, and stuck it imme- diately into the fire, peering around with ins little keen eyes, as if fearing lest some one should take it away again. All this was done with such looks and g(>stnres, that any one must have been ready to swear that he had taken the example of thera entirely from an ape. He soon took tho meat from the embers, wiped it hastily npon his left arm, and tore out with his teeth largo half-raw bits, which I could see goinj' entire down his meagre throat. At length, when he came to the liones and sinew, iis he could not manage those with ni« reetli. hf aad rrcourse to a knife which was hanging round his neck, and with this 244 THE BOSJESMAN OR BUSHMAN. he out off tho pince whicli he hold in his toeth, close to the mouth, without touching his nose or lips — n feat of dexttsrity which a person with a Celtic countenance could not easily have performed. When the bone was picked clean, ho stuck it again into the lire, and, after beating it between two stones, sucked out the marrow. This done, he imnicdiatelv filled the emptied bone with tobacco. I offered him a clay pipe, which he declined, and taking the thick bone a lonjj way into hia rnoutn, he drew in the smoke by long draughts, his eyes si)arkling like those of a person wlio, with more than usual pleasure, drinks a glass of costly wine. After throe or four draughts, he handed the bono to his coun- tryman, who inhaled three or four moutli- fu'ls in like manner, and then stuck it, still burning, into his pouch, to be reserved for future occasions." This very simple pipe is preferred by the Bosjcsman to any other, prob.ably because he can liikc in a larger quantity of smoke; at a single iidialation than could lic the case if he wore to use the small-bored i)ipe of civilization. Keeds, liollow sticks, and sim- ilar objcc(s are used for the same; purpose. Someliuu's the Bosjcsman inhales the whole of the smoke into his lungs, and takes draught after draught with such eagerness, that ho falls down in a state of insensibilitj', and has to be restored to consciousness by being rolled on the ground, and having water thrown over him. This is certainly an economical mode of consuming the to- bacco, as, in this manner, a single pipeful will serve to inU^xicate several smokers in succession. As is the case with other sav- ages, the Bosjcsman has but little idea of using a luxury in moderation. The chief value of tobacco is, in a Bosjesman's eyes, its intoxicating power, and he therefore smokes with the avowed intention of being into.xicnted as soon as possible, and with the least exiienditure of material. It is stated by old travellers who have had nnicli inlcrcourso with the Bosjesmans. that tliey have no names by which different individuals are distinguished. This ma}' possibly be the case, and, if so, it denotes a depth of degradation which can scarcely bo conceived. But as the Bosjesmans are not without tho average .share of intellect which, in their peculiar conditions, tlicy could bo expected to jjosscss, it is possible that tho statement may be rather too swooping. It is well known that among many savage nations in different parts of the earth, there is a "roat disinclination to allow the name to be known. As bas already been mentioned, the Kaf- firs will not allow a stranger to hear their true names, and, if asked for their names, will only entrust him with their titles, but never with their true names. It is there- fore very probable that the Bosjesmans may bo actuated by similar motives, and protend to have no names at all; rather than take the trouble of inventing false ones. They have not the least objection to take Euro- pean names, mostly preferring those of I)utch parentage, such as Kuytcr, Kleinboy, Andries' Booy, &c.; and as they dearly comprehend that those names are used in order to distinguish them fVom their fol- lows, it seems scarcely possible to believe that thoy have not some nomenclature among themselves. Whatever may be the case with regard to their names, it is cerlain that the Bosjes- mans have no idea of distinctions in rank, differing, liowever, from the natives which surround them. The Kaffir tribes are re- markable for the elaborate code of etiquette which they possess, and which could not exist unless social distinctions were deli- nitoly marked. The Hottentots have Ihoir hoadinen, who possess supreme nower in the kraal, though thoy do not exhibit any external mark of dignity. But the Bosjes- man has not the least notion of rank, and affords the most complete example of an- archic life that can be conceived. In the small hordes of Bosjesmans who wander about the country, tlivro is no chief, and not oven a headman. Each horde, as a general rule, consists of a single family, unless members of other hordes may choose to leave their own friends and join it. But the father of the fsmiily is not recognized as its head, nuicli less does ho exorcise any power. .The leadership of the kraal belongs to the strongest, and he only holds it until some one stronger than himself dispossesses him. It is the same with tho social relations of life. Among the Kaffirs and Hottentots — especially among the former — the women are jealously watched, and infidelity to tho marriage compact is severely punished. This, however, is not the case with the Bos- jesmans, who scarcely seem to recognize any such compact, the marriage tie being dissoluble at the will of the husband. Al- though' Ihe man can divorce his wil'o when- ever he chooses, the woman does not pos- sess the same power — not because cither f)arty has any regard to tho marriage tie, )ut because lie is the stronger of the two, and would beat her if she tried to go away without his permission. Even if a couple should be pleased with each other, and do not wish to sepamte, fhey cannot be sure that thoy will be allowed to remain to- gether; for if a man who is stronger than the husband chooses to take a fancy to the wife, he will take her away by force, and keep her, unless some one still stronger than himself happens to think that she will suit his taste. As to the woman herself, she is not consulted on the subject, and is either given up or ret.nined without the least reference to her feelings. It is a curl- , nnd protond LT tlitm take oncR. They take Euro- a^ those of cr, Klfinljoy, thoy clearly are used in 111 their tel- le to believe lonienelature ith regard to the Hosjes- ions in rank, atives which rilies are re- i of etiquette •h could not s were defi- ts have their lie nower in . exnibit any it the ]5o.«jes- of rank, and mple of an- ved. In the who wander 10 chief, and horde, as a in{;le family, s may choose join it. But •ecoj;nized as oxeicise any krnal belon^'s holds it until f dispossesses 1 relations of [lottentots — -the women delity to the ly punished, vith the Hos- to rocotrnizc ge tie being iisband. Al- s wile when- loes not pos- cause either marriage tie, r of the two, I to go away I if a couple >ther, and do mot be sure remain to- tronger than fancy to the ^y force, and it'ill stronger that she will man herself, dtjeet, and is without the It is a curi- WAGOX-DllIVING. 840 ous fact, that in the various dialects of the BoHJesmans, there are no words that express tho distinction between an unmarrieil girl or wife, one word being indiscriminately used. In this extraordinary social condition the Bosjesnian seems to have lived lor <;entu- ries, and the earliest travellers in Houthern Africa, who wrote accounts of the inhabi- tants of that strange laud, have given de- scriptions which exactly tally with narratives which have been published within tlio last lew years. The character of tho true Bo.sjesman / seems to have undergone no chan"e for many hundreds of years. Civilizati(m lias niado no impression upon him. The Kafllrs the Dutch, and tho English liave in turn penetrated into his country, and have driven him further into the wilderness, but ho has never submitted to cither of these powerful foes, nor has he condescended to borrow from them any of the arts of civilization.. Both K.'ifflrs and Hottentots have been in so tar subjected to the inroads of civilization tliat they have placed themselves under the protection of the white colonists, and have learned from them to substitute the blanket lor the karoHs, and the gun for the spear or arrow. They have also iieted as domestic servants to the white men, voluntarily liiriu<' themselves for pay, and performing their work with willinonoss. Hut tho Bosiesman has preserved his individuality, and while the Ilottentots have betome an essentiallv subservient race, and the Katlirs have nre- terred vassalage to independence, he is still the wild man of the desert, as free, ii-s un- tamable, as he was a thousand years a<>-o KafHrs, Dutch, and English have taken young Bosjesinaus into their service. The two torinur have made them their slaves- the latter have tried to educate them into paid servants. But they have been cquallv unsuccessful, and the "Bosjesiuan servaiit cannot, as tho saying is, be' trusted further tiian he can be seen, and, by a wise master not so far. His wild nature is strong wi thin him and, unless closely watched, he is apt to throw oil all appearance of civilization and return to the privations and the free- dom of his native state. The principal use to which a Bosiesman servant IS put is to serve tho office of "fore- louper, t. e. the guide to the oxen. When a wagon is harnessed with its twelve or four- teen oxen the driver sits on the box — which really is a box -and wields a most ft.rinidable whip, but has no reins, his otHco being to urge, and not to guide. His own department ho fulfils with ,- -est all is own His terrific whip, with a handle like a salmon-rod, and a lash nearly as Ion- as Its line can reach the foremost ox.m of the longest team, .and. wh.ui ,vi,.lded ?% "a experienced driver, can cut a deep gash 'in tlic anim.ars hide, as if a knife, in| not a ■Mp, had been used. A good driver can d. -lycr us stroke with equal certainty upon the furtliest ox, or upon those that are Just heneath lum, and .so well are tho oxen awaro ot tins, that tiie mere whistlo of the plaited cord through tho air, or the sharp crack of Its lash, will cause every ox lu the team to bend Itself to its work, as if it felt the sting- ing blow across its back, and tho hot blood trickling down its sides. But tho driver will not condescend to guide the animals, that task being consid- ered the lowest to which a human being can be put, and which is in consequence handed over to a Hottentot boy, .or, preferably, to a Hosjesman. The " foro-louper's " business IS to walk just in front of tho leading oxen, and to pick out the track which is iiuist suit- able for tho wheels. There is now before me a beautiful photograph of a harnessed wagon, with the driver on his seat, and tho lore-louper in his place in front of the oxen. He IS a very little man, about four feet six inches 111 height, and, to judge from his face. may be of any age from sixteen to sixty. How the fore-louper will sometimes be- have, if he thinks that liis master is not an experienced traveller, may be seen from tho following account by a traveller who has iilrciidy been quoted :. '• My ' leader ' (as tho boy IS called who leads the two front oxen ot the 8i)an), on my first wagon journey, was a JJnshman; lie was about four feet^hi-di and decidedly the ugliest specimen of tlie human race I ever behold, without beinsr deformed in body or limbs; the most promi- nent feature in his face was the mouth, with Its hu"e, thick, sensual lips. The uose could scarcely be called a projection; at all events. It Wiis far less distinguishable in the outline ot the side face than tho mouth; it was an inverted (or concave) Roman, — that is to say tlie bridge formed a curve inward; tho nostrils were very wide and open, so that yon .seemed, by means of them, to look a consider.ible distance into his head '•AVith regard to the eyes, I am guilty of no exaggeration when 1 assert tfiat you could not see the eyeballs at all as you looked at Ills profile, but only tho hollows which contained them; it waslike lookin^r at a mask when the eyes of the wearer are far removed from the orifices cut for them in the pasteboard. The cheek-bones were im- incnse, the cheeks thin and hollow; the fore- head was low and shelving — in fact, he could .scarcely be said to have a forehci^l at a 1. He was two or three shades from bcinir black, and he Iiad even less hair on his head than hhs countrymen generally; it was com- posed of little tight woolly knots, with a con- siderable space of bare skin betw.-en each. ho niuch for tho young gentleman's fea- tures. The expression was diabolic.iUv bml .-inrt his disposition corresponded to it. f irmly believe that the little wretch would have been guilty of any viUany, or any 240 THE nOSJESMAN 0« UUSIIMAN. M i cruolty, for the mere love of either. I found tho only way to keep him h. the i .inhtiHt control was to inspire him with bodily ((-ar — 110 easy tjwk, seeing that liis hide was so fejugh thiit your arms would aelie long be- fore you produced any keen seninu of pain by thnuilunj,' him. " On one occasion the wagon came to the brow of a hill, when it was the duty of tlu! h!ad(!r to stop the oxen, and Mee that tlie wheel wiw well locked. It may readily l)e imagined that n wagou vvhic^h rcciiiircs twelve oxen to draw it on level ground could not be held back by lico oxen in its descent down a sleep hill, unless with (he wheel locked. My interesting Ihislnnan, however, whom I had not yet offended in any manner, no sooner found himself at the top of the hill, than he let go tho oxen with a yell and ' wliooj),' which .set them otf at a gallop down the precipitous steep. The wagon Hew from side to side of the road, destined, apparently, to be smiished to iitoms every moment, together with mvsisje»mans,one of whom wore tho head of a secretary bird, and the other that of a crow. One of these little men seemed to be rather a dandy in his costimie, as ho also wore a mnuber of white feathers, cut short, and stuck in his hair, where they ra- diated like so many curl-pajiers. As for dress, as "we understand the word, all that the Bosjesnuui cares for is a kiml of small triangular ajiron, the broad end of which is suspeiuled to tlu^ belt in front, and (he narrow end passed between the legs and tucked into the belt behind. Besides this apron, if it may be so called, the Bosjesman liiis generally "a kaross, or mantle, made from the skill of some animal. This kaross is generally large enough to hang to nearly the feet when the wearer is standing uji- light, and its chief use is as an exteni- jiorized bed. Like the Hottentot, the Bos- jesman rolls himself up in his kaross when he sleeps, gathering himself together into ,i very small compass, iiinl thus covering hiiii- silt completijy with a mantle which would be quite inade(iuate to shelter a European of e([ual size. As to (he women, their dress very mucli resembles (hat of (he Hottentot.' They wear a piece of skin wrapjied roimd (heir heads, and the usual apnin. made of leather cut into narrow thongs. They also h.ave the kaross, which is almost ( xacdy like th.'it of the men. Tliet^e are the necessities of dress, but the female sex among this curious race are etiually fond of finery with their more civilized sisters. Ilaviiig but I Itlc sco])e for ornament iu the apron and kaioss, they ])lace the greater part of their decora- tion on tho head, and ornament their hair and countenances in the most extraordinary way. Water, as has been already observed, never touches their faces, whicli arc highly polished with grease, so that they shine iii the sunbeaiiw with a lustre that is literaliv dazzling. To their hair they suspend vari- ous small ornaments, like those which have been mentioned as (oriTiing part of theTucn's dress. Among these ornaments, the money- cowrie is often seen, and is much valued, because (his shell does not belong to the u count. l)ut is used oney, and pa.ssed over a very great j)ortion of Southern Africa as a sort of currency. (>.) GRAPPLE PLANT. (Sec page ai4, »- »• A. (2. WOMAN AND rillM). (800 p.fj^ m) (^M HOTTKNTOTS ASI.KK.-. (Soo p„ge 233.J f4.) BOS'K^MAN^^QniVER AND (See pa^et ;'o7, afli.j (247; (i.J fKO.NTLKI-. (SefpaKfiilja8,i«4); ^ 1 e s c t n II s (I fi Ml W 111 8f CC 13 fo til ill th wi IIK rej chi nm nai qui rat ply cloi rem sni: thu nnd fife'U T as r in a thi(v less! fhom infancy to age. A curious and very Inconvonient ornamont is moiitioncd l)y Ifurclu'll, uiid thti render will Hfo (liivt ii lieupH Momo rcNcinbianco to Uio Irontict wliicli is dniwii on page '247. riio f?irl will) w.iM woiiririf? it liad I'vidciiMy (I «roat idi'ii of licr own attnictions, and in- deed, aceordiii;,' («> tlie writer, Hlie liad Home j,'roiinds lor vanity. She had increased the power ol' her eliarni«i l)y rul)hin« lier whole droHs ,111(1 per.M„„ thickly witli Krease, while her arms and legs were ho loaded with leatlu'rn rin.'^s, that Mhe evidently had an mlinn-er who wiw a sucecssful himter, aa in no otiier way could hIic ohtain these coveted deeoratioiiH. II,.r hair was clotted with red ochn-, and glittering with sihilo, Willie her whole person was perfumed with ouchu. Her chief ornament, however, was a ft-ont- iet composed of three oval pieces of ivorv, about as large a.s .spi,i-row\s cggH, which were .sii.speiid.Ml from her head in such a way timt one fell on her no.se, and the otiier two on her checks. As she spoke, she eo- quettishly moved her head from side to side, Rrkncii<'.*imi<-., 1.1..... I'll • * 240 nearlv clo«o,l i„ order to exclude the Band- lies look as 1 they had rctrent.-d into tho hciul, so completidy are they hidden hv the pro,|..cting cheek-bones, and the fat thalsur- rounds l.em. Their heiuis arc pn-U^rnati.. rally ugly, the skull projecting exceedingly behind, and the short woolly hair growing so low down on the forehead that they look m If they were atni.ted with hydnuTphalus. In fact, thev warcely seem to he human in- fants at all, and are absolutely repulsive inst(-iul of being winning or attractive! riiey soon quit this stage of formation and become thin-rimbed and pot-bellied' with a prodigious fall in the back, which' i.s in Jact, a necessary consequence of tho other delormily. It is astonishing how soon the littlo thincs learn to lead an independent life. At a. few months ot age they crawl on the sand like vellow toads of a larger size than usual, and by the tinu. that they are a year ol.l they rnn ab.mt freelv, witl. full us'e of arms as veil a.s egs. ivcii before they have at- so as t., ^make thes, glU ,: ! Xnam "^i T wnt M.;r' "17/"}^ ,'^"r""^' '" «»'«'''^»' swing about i„ a "iann..r wliier, .si e co s i J , "P w th their the writer quaUlV Xrves " « vi^;i v '.'! w' "'"' " "l'"'!' ''\''^- ^"'""^ •'!«"'' to and alleetatl.m, L'lvat a. .'cv ' -LI'" :\ .'"" ^" •'''^'''"^t« ^'^ «••'' "ge at whicl? these .luce any alteration in the tone ot-Ti t v, ke 11.7 r ml es,^^^^ "'"' -^ ^'^ ""««"«-"' for the astoiiishiug .juantity of meat ;S,' sm.k / ' T-'""'' '^"'>"»' ''avinj sheswallowe.l.lowTi, ui.lthe 4 .rsswih A. «ivV "'" '■''P"l«'^« attributes of age which she callcl ou't to her a tSu t S mmks'o f n?re":.'nT'r" "'7 '''■?'■" to 8hS« more, showed her to bo resolve, ,^n^ ."'^i' „/.."?.''..""'' <'«ni th'«t time to the more, .showed her to bo resolved that no cS"' ''" "'"*"''' '"''-"'■'■^''•'^ on tliis oc As is the case with the Hottentots, the foriiied while slie ... ,„„„„ y^ears is almo.st n model ol>vminetry show end ot flicir hfo seem to become moro and more repulsive. At the age when oi? youths begin to assume tho attributes of Bosiesman iemale is slightly , mil uSie;,teb^ an'i'wHJ-Jl.-veloi'ed'muSlJ'Srt" i ^''"'"' Hut ji,„ "" " '""nii Ol .sviiimetry. jJut the season of beauty is very short, an he flSh,,.^''"'"' ''"^■'" "Gaining' womanhoo tlic features are contracted, sharpened and Wnnk ed, while the limb.s look like sticks pfii.i • ? '• J^o^Jt'-'^'iian woman with her c lid, wi I give a good idea of the apnear- natura«v"H "n^" '"'"l"" P>-e>ss to tin; chase of the eb'phant, tie rhinoceros, tlie lion, and the leopard. Tl e former animals whose skins are loo tough to be ])ierc(d with his feeble weapons, he entraps by sundry ingenious devices, while the latter fall victims to the deadly poison witli which his arrows ai(! imbued. The skill of the Bosjesman is severely tested in the chase of the ostrich, a ))ird which the swiftest horse can barely overtake, and is so v.ary as well 08 swift, that a well-mounted hunter, armed with the best ritle, thinks himself fortunate when he can kill one. The little Bosjesman has two modcs(if killing these birds. If he happens in iiiui one of their enormous nests wliile the parent birds arc away, ho aiiproachcs it very cautiously, lest fiis track should bo seen by the ever-watchful ostrich, and buries himself in the sand among the eggs. The reader will doubtless remember that sever.al ostriches deposit their eggs in one nest, and that the nest in qiustioii is simply scraped in the sand, and is of enoiinous dimensions. Here the tiny hunter will lie patiently until the sun has gone down, when he knows that the jjarent birds will ri^turn to the nest. As they api>roiu'h in the dis- tance, he carefully tit's a i)ois(jned arrow to his bow, and directs its point toward the advancing ostriches. As soon as they come within range, he picks out the bird which has the plumpest form and the most lu.xu- riant plumage, and with a single arrow seals its fate. The chief drawback to this mode of hunt- ing is, that the very .act of discharging the .arrow reveals the form of the hunter, and frightens the other birds so much that a second shot is scarcely to be obtained, and the Bosjesman is force i to content himself with Olio dead bird and the whole of the eggs. Fortunately, he is quite indifferent as to the quality of the eggs, lie does not very much care if any of them should be addled, and will eat with perfect composure an egg which would alarm an European at six paces' di.stance. Xeither d(jes he object to the eggs if they should be considerably ailvanced in hatc'hing, and, if anything, rather fancies himself fortunate in procur- iii" a young and tender bird without the trouble of chasing and catching it. Then tiie egg-shells, when the contents are re- movedrare most valuable for many pur- jioses, and especially for the conveyance of water. For this Tatter iiurpti^c they are shnply invaluable. The liosji sniaiis always contrive to have a su|ipiy of v.ater, hue v.o one excei)t themselves has the least notion where it is stored. If a Hosjesman knwl is att.acked. and the ea|)tiyes interrogated ius to the spot where the supply of water has been stored, they never betray the jjiveious secret, but always pretend that they have none, and that ihey are on the ixunl nf dying with thirst. Yet, at some iiuiet liour ol the night, a little yellow woman is tolerably sure to creep to' their sides and give tlieiii a plenti- ful draught of water, v bile their captors .ire tryiiifi to lull their thirst by sl.'ip. IIow they utilize their egg-shells of water, ilio reader will see in auolher place. The eyes of the ostrich are keen enough, but those of the Bosjesman are keener, and if the small hunter,' perched on his rocky observatory, hapjiens to catch a glimpse of a number of ostriches in the far distantre, he makes up his mind that in a few lioiir.'S several of those liirds will have fallen be- fore the tiny bow and the envenomed arrow whicii it pfiiject.--. \l:\ ini'.aedij'.lely crcps back to his "apology for a hut, and there velloi apiiroachcs it Lck should bo os^tridi, and noiijj; Uio e^f^s. jiiiuinber that ir ('j,'gs in one i much that a ! obtiiinod, and luitont himself > whole of the lito indifferent He docs not horn .should be foot composure m European at • does he olijoet )e considerably I, if aiiylhiii!,', latc in j)roour- id without the liinj; it. Then )nlents are re- for many pur- conveyance of rposc they aie ;]( sniaiis always i' water, buc V.J the least notion jesman kriwl is ton'oy;nted ius to watoi' has bocD ))reciouH secret, ley have none, uV>f dyiu!^ with lur ol the nijrlit, )l(rabiy sure to > them a plenti- heir captors are ly sloi p. How s" of water, iho [)lace. re keen enough, are keener, and d on his rocky lb a glimpse of far distance, he n a few hours have fallen be- ivononu'd arrow '.o'.!i:ile!v crcps hut, aiid there OSTEICII-IIUNTING. finds a complete hunter's .suit which he has prepared in readines.s for such an occasion It consists of the skin of an ostrich, without the legs and having a stick passed up the neck. Tlie skin of the hodv is stretcJied over a kind of .saddle, wliicirthe maker has adapted to his own shoulders. lie first rubs his yellow legs with wliite cha k, and then fixes the decov skin on his back, taking care to do it in sudi a manner, that, although it is quite firm as Ion" a.s it has to be worn, it can be thrown off in a inoment. rbe ivason for this precaution will be seen presently. He (hen takes his l)ow and arrows and sets off in pui'snit of the ostriches "using all possible pains to ap- proach them .11 such a dirocti.ui that the wind may blow from them to him \V<'re he to neglect this precaution, the watchful Dirds would soon detect him l,v the scent foTlInv'thoir^ "■""■' ''" '""'^' not possibly As soon as the ostriches see a strano-,. bird approaching, they cease from f eedin<' %ith,> 253 In this wav are procured a very large pro- porion of the ostrich feathers which i^ro sent to the European market, and the lady wh(. iidmires tJic exquisite contour and lieau- tiful proportions of a good ostrich i)!nme has seldom any idea that it wn.s procu. rd bv a little yellow man di.sguised in an ostrich .-kin, with bow and arrows in his hand, and his legs rubbed with chalk. ' After he h.as plucked the feathers, ho has a very ingenious mode of preserving them mm injury. He takes hollow reeds, not tnicker than an ordinary drawing oencil and pushes the feathers into theni'a.s far -s they will go. lie then taps the end of the reeds a-'ainst the ground, and, by decrees the feather works its own way into the nro- tecting tube. In this tube the featlu'is are carried about, and it is evident tliat a con- siderable number of them can be packed .so a.s to make an easy load for a man. When they kill an ostrich, they lu-epare from it a substance of a rather remarkable ch.aractcr. Before the bird is dead, they cut togetber, a,.! gaze su^pic^;;;; v at f .[^ j; i;^^';K;i Sf'lb^'^- "' ''J-'"^"'' "'"^ "'' po,sed companion. AVore the disy th,s method of hunting., but it so meVi ,s !>i'Ppon.s (hat (he birds ,ris.ov,.r tl t i -e IS something wromj, and make an tackVm < l>" apparent stranger. A n a«saul fmm s povverful a binl is no trilie. as a low from IS eg ,.s ,.„„„.,, ,„ ,,,,,„^. ^,,„ ,;^^ ,^v m eiful man, much more of so smalland fe o .n l><.rsnn(i.r,> ,ir, „ tj ■ ■■■oil ..111! 11 01)10 'nu --•••■■■■' ""^'"■■1 iioiiii, ui view. -The Shell of the ..strich egg is nearly as va)- ii.ii'le to tho Ho.sjesman as its contents and in s.,„ie cases is still more highly valued. I13 ••iMof use IS as a water vessel, for which it is admirabl.y a(la,)tod. The women have tho (ask of 1, l.ng these shells; a task which is .£, S vc y laborious one when the water is scanty tri hesT',","" "■'"' ^''"•^' '^''^ho kindred" ti ihes, hey have .a curious method of obtain- g watoT when tliere is apparently notliiu- but mud o be found, 'riiey take a lorn, reed, and do rouiiil one end of it a quantity f dried gra.ss. This they push as deeply a^ tliey convomontly can into the mud'>'r lips to (1,0 tube, and draw intotEr a per.sonage as a IJo.sjosman huntJr Then I ,.,..■,(!. ' " T '""■' """" '"»» tneir comes the value of the precmtio.V ,. i,; .1 V '"" "'•« as much water as they can contain just been meutione,l'v^':,'"i'"'i"l''^''\'''}H '',•'' /''•« di.soharge it into ar^ty S shell by means of .another reed; or, ff (h;?v .no possess a secomi rood, a 'slight stick c r;"'" ^"'•^ r""-!'""'^ if manage.1 oare- ."■V ^^ '•;:". «ll'"l- '-ced''i.,to it" aiKl the women have to undertake the labor hr.u\ hoiVioiVard. i > i ii! (li 254 THE BOSJESMAN OB BUSHMAN. The Bosjcsmana are singularly ingenious in acting as spies. Tliey will travel to great di.stanees in order to find out if there is any- thing to be stolen, and they have a method of CDHiinunicating with each other by means of the smoke of a fire that constitutes a very perfect telcgrai)h. The Austridian savage has a similar system, and it is really remark- able that two races of men, who are certainly among the lowest examples of humanity, sliould possess an accomplishment which implies no sm.-iU amount of mental capability. Property to be worth stealing by a Bosjes- man must mean something which can' be eaten, and almost invariably takes the shape of cattle. Thus, to steal cattle is perhaps not so difHcult a business, but to transport them over a wide desert is anything but easy, and could not be accomplished, even by a Bosjesnian, without the exercise of mudi forethought. In the first place, the Bosjesman is verv careful of the direction in which ho makes liis raids, and will never steal cattle in places whence he is likely to be followed by the aggrieved owners. He prefers to carrv off aniuiiils that are separated from his own dis- trict by a dry and thirsty desert, over which horses cannot pass, and which will tire out .any pursuers on foot, because they cannot carry with them enough water for the jour- ney. AVhen his plans are laid, and his line of march settled, he sends the women along it, with orders to bury ostrich egg-shells full of watOT at stated distances, the locality of each being signified by certain marks wliich none but himself can read. As .soon as this precaution is t.aken, he starts off at his best p.ice, and, be-'ng wonderfully tolerant oi thirst, he and his companions reach their destination without unking any very great diminution in the stock of water. They then conceal themselves until nightfall, their raids never taking place in the daytime. In the dead of night they sliiik into the cattle pen, silently killing the watchman, if one should he on guard, and select the best animals, which thev drive off. The whole of the remainder they either kill or maim, the latter being the usual plan, as it saves their arrows. But, if thev should be inter- rupted in their proceeding's, their r.aid is not the less fatal, for, even in the hurry of flight, they will discharge a poisoned arrow into every animal, so that not one is left. (See the engraving Xo. '2 on p.age 237.) We will suppose, however, that their plans are successful, and that they have got lairly off with their plunder. They know that they cannot conceal the tracks of the cattle, and do not attempt to do so, but push on as liist as the animals can be urged, so a.s to get a long start of their pursuers. When they are fairly on the track, some of their number go in advance to the first station, dig up the water vessels, and wait the arri- val 01 tile reuuiiuder. The tattle are sup- plied with as much water as can bo spared for them, in order to give them strength and willingness for the journey; the empty vessels ai-e then tied "on their backs, and tliey are again driven forward. In this nianner they pass on from station to sta- tion until they arrive at their destination. Should, however, the pursuers come up with them, they abandon the cattle at once; inva- riably leaving a poisoned arrow in each by way of a parting gift, and take to flight with such rapidity, that the pursuers know that it is useless to follow them. The needless destruction which they work among the cattle, which to a Hottentot or a Katfir are almost the breath of life, has exasperated both these people to such a degree that they will lay aside for a time their difterences, and unite in attacking the Bosjesman, who is equally hated by both. This, however, they do with every jirecau- tion, knowing full well the dangerous char- .octer of the enemies against whom they are about to advance, and not attempting any expedition unless their numbers are very strong indeed. Of .systematic warfare the Bosjesmans know nothing, although they are i)erliaps the most dangerous enemies that a man c.in have, his first knowledge of their presence being the clang of the bow, and the .sharp whirring sound of the arrow. Sometimes a horde of Bosjesmans will take oHence at some Hottentot or Katfir tribe, and will keep up a desultory sort of skirmish for years, during which time the foe knows not what a miiet night means. The Bosjesiuiuis dare not attack their enemies in open day, neither will they ven- ture to match theihselves in fair warl'are against any consideral>le luimber of antago- nists. But not a man dares to str.ay from the protection of the huts, unless accompa- nied by armed comrades, knowing that the cunning enemies are always lurking in the neighborhood, and that a" stone, or bush, or tree, will aflbid cover to a Bosjesman. These tiny but forniil,>ss, an lev .re "tLomt as teuible foes as can be met- )n« ing all sense of fear, an.l fig li, J "uh , es p(Tnte courage. A small ban.l ,,? he , ,.'" such occaaion, all had been killed except one man, who had ensconced himself so closely behind a stone that his enemies could not manage to inflict a mortal wound. With his bow he drew toward him the spent arrows of his fallen kinsmen, and, though exhausted by lo.ss of blood from many wounds on his limbs, he continued to hurl the arrows at his foes, accompanyinff each with some abusive epithet It was not until many of his enemies had fallen by his haiid, that he exposed himself to a mortal It is a curious custom of the Bosjesman. who likes to have his arrows reaef wf b..'"'''- " ''^- '^"^•''» '"to one end places this peg against his right shoidder so that the wood is under his body, and helps I 1 . 18 856 THE BOSJESMAN OR BUSHMAN. to support it. How this machine works liiny be seen from tlic following iinecdolo by Dr. l.iditenstuin, which not only illustriites the point in question, but presents the IJos- jusnians in li more umiuble lij^ht thiin we lire geuenilly necustonied to view them. " A hippopotamus hail been killed, and its body hwhed to the bank with leathern ropes. TJie stream, however, after llie fashion of African streams, had risen suddenly, and the current swept downward with such force, that it tore asunder the ropes in question, and carried otl" the huge car- ciss. Son»e Bosjesmaus went alonji the bank to discover the lost animal, and at last found it on the other bank, and liavm;,' crossed the river, carrying with thenj the ends of some stout ropes, they tried unsuc- cessfiillv to tow the dead animal to the otiier side. Some other means of accom- plishing the proposed end were now to be devised, and many were suggested, but none found practicable. The hope of re- tiioving the prize, however, indu' ! a young colonist to atlemiit swiinming over; but, on account of the vast force of the stream, he Avas constrained to return ere he h.id reached a fourth i)art of the way. In the iiieai) iii>\o, the two Bosjesmans who had attaineu tJie other side of the water, having made a laiU'c fire, cut a (luantity i>f fat olf the mon- ster's back, which they baked and ate most voraciouslv. "This sight tempted five more of tlui Bosjesmans to make a new essay. Each tooiw a light flat piece of wood, which was fastened to the right shoulder, and under the arm; when in the water the point was placed directly across the stntam, so that tlie great force of water must come upon that, while the swimmer, with the left arm and the feet, struggled against the stream, in the same manner as a ship with spread sails, when, .nceonling to the sailor's lan- guage, it sails before the wind. They ar- rived quicker than the, first, and almost without any eflbrt, directly to the opposite point, and immediately aiiplied all their strength, though in vain, to loosening the monster from the rock on which ithun". •• In the mean time, a fried slave, belong- ing to the Governor's train, an eager, spir- ited young fellow, and a very expert swim- mer, had the boldness to attem))t following the savages without any artificial aid, and got, thoimh slowly, very successfully, about half-way over, ifere, however, his strength failed him; he was carried away and sunk, but appeared again above the water, strug- gling with his little remaining powers to reach the shore. All efl'orts wn-e in vain; lie was forced to abandon himself to the stream; but luckily, at a turn in the river, which soon presented itself, he wiis car; i.;d to the land half dead. ''The Bosjesmans, when they saw hissitsi- ation, quilted their lire, aud, hasteuiug to his assistnneo, arrived at the spot just a« he crawled on shore, exhausted with fatigue, and stiffened with cold. It was a truly atfecting sight to behold the exertions made by the savages to recover him. They threw their skins over him, dried him, aud rubbed him with their hands, and, when he be- gan somewhat to revive, carried him to the lire and laid him down b); it. They then made him a bed with their skins, and put more wood on the lire, that he might be thoroughly warmed, rubbing liis benumbed limbs over with the heated fat of the river- horse. But eveniuji was now coining on, and, in order to wait for the entire resto- ration of the unlbrtunate .'ulventurer, it was necessary for the whole party to resolve on passing the night where they were. Some of the Bosjesmans on this side exerted them- selves to carry the jjoor man's clothes over to him, that he might not be prevcutcd by the cold from sleeping, and recovering strength for his return. " Early the ncxi morning the Bosjesmans were seen conducting iheirjj/'otiyc;' along the side of the slre.im. to seek out some more convenient spot for attempting to cross it. They soon arrived at one where there was a small island in the river, which would of course much diminish the fatigue of cross- ing ; a quantity of wood was then fastened together, on wliiih he was laid, and thus the voyage commenced. The young man, grown timid with the danger from which he had escaped, could not encounter the water again without great iii)prehensions; he with the whole parly, however, arrived very safely and tolerably quick at the island, whence, with the assistance of his two friends, he commenced the second and most toilsome part of the undertaking. Two of the ]5osjesmans kept on each side of the bun- dle of wood, while the young man himself exerted all bis remaining powers to push ou his fioat. Whiu tluy reached a bank in the river, on wliieh they were partially aground, ha\ ing water only up to the middle, he was obliged to stop anil rest awhile ; but by this lime he was so completely chilled, and his limbs were so benumbed with the cold, that it seemed almost inqjossible for liim to jiroceed. In vain did bis comrades, who looked anxiously on to see the tcrmina- tiou of the advimtiire, call to him to lake courage, to make, without delay, yet one more etlbrt ; he, as well as an old Bo^jes- nian, the best swimmer of the set, seemed totally to have lost, all ])resence of mind. " At this crilieal moment, two of the Bos- jesmans who had remained on our side of the water were induced, alter some jn r'^ua- siou, to undertaki' the rescue of th'.se 'iU- fortunate adventurers. A large boudle ot wood was fastened together 'vith the utmost despatch ; on the end of tins tliev laid theui- ; selves, and to the middle v e nisteiied a 1 cord J this was heid by those uu shore, su whii 4pot Just 08 he ;(! with lUtiguo, It was ft truly exei'tioiui nuide 111. They threw liin, nud rul)bed il, when he be- •ried him to the it. They thou • skins, aiul put at he mif^fht bo T liis benumbed fat of the river- iiow coiiiiuf^ on, he entire resto- 1 venturer, it was fty to resolve on ley were. Some Je exerted tliem- ,n's clotheH over be proveulcd by and recovering the Bosjcsmans jjcoiiyc;' along the out some more iting to cross it. vvliorc there was , whieh would of fatigue of cro.ss- [is then fastened j laid, and thus riie young man, ;r from which he iiunter the water elisions; he with r, arrived very : at the island, nco of his two second and most •taking. Two of h side of tlu^ bun- uig man himsilf owcrs to jmsh on died a bank in • were partially up to Ihe miilillo, rest awhile ; but impletely chilled, lumbed with the st inii)(issil)le for lid his coinradi'S, sec the lermina- 1 to him to take t delay, yet one IS an old IJohJes- ■ the set, seemed I'uce of mind. „ two of the Bos- d on our side of ter some pi rsua- :(ue of th'.si' ua- large bmidle of V ivith thr utniost is tiiev i:u^"» "•'^'^■s ^vith such (leatily (.(h-ct are constructed with V(M-v great care, and the neatness with whicli they are made is really suri)rising, when w<- 287 which is llrst redncc.! to the consistency of Slue, IS spread thickly ov.;r the entire K ot he arrow, including the base of the heaA i e ore it has dried, a short spike of iron or qui 1 IS pushed into it, the point being di- 1 ected backward, so ns to form a barb If the arrow strikes a human bein- and l,o P"lls 1 out of the wound, the imn |^( e° which IS but loosely attached to the head is nearly sure to come off and remain in the woun,I. The little barb is added C llio same purnose, and, even if the arrow itself bo immediately extracted, enough of the poison remains in the wound to cause death. But It IS not at all likelv that the arrow will l)e (ixtracted. The head is not fastened per- manently to the shaft, but is only looifcly slipped into it. Conseqnentlv the shaft i^ pulled away easily enough, biit the head i.s ictt ill the wound, and alTbrds no Iiandlo whereby it can be extracted. As may bo age, a considerable amount of the poison is Msed upon each arrow. This little barb, or barblet, if the word n ay ho. used, is scarc-ly as large as one nib of an ordinary qml| pon, and lies so close to the arrow that it would not bo seen by an inexperienced eye. In form it is trian-ular the bro.ader end being jiressed into the poi- son. MIK fllo l.r. r,f,>.l „.,.l .1-... ^. , ■ . l'"i ^ke into co„sid,.ration e sin^n^la y nef^' ^^^li^d '"^f ""• ^r^" ^'T"'^ into the poiJ ficiont tools which are used ^ T^ ■ "S '"""''"' '^"'' ''''^'''tod backward safootortliirleen inches long, and not as thick .as .an .•nlmary black-lead peii.Ml. This s formed Iroin the common Katiir reed A 1 •';,"''"'"''''>■•'" both stron- and li-dit" At either end it is boimd tirmlv with "the Bpl.t and llattened intestine of some a inal which IS put on when wet, an,l. when dry shrinks elosely, and is very hard and stiif ji >-. , ..,...., I 1.^ ,,-, J iiaro and stilt ^■-ttnn"' " '^"VV ••'"^ ""■ •••"^•^versely, and' now stung. Xext comes a p ceo of bono usually that of the ostrich^ Xut fc •lies in |e„,.th One end of it is passed Into he open en,l of the shaft, and over th other IS slipped a «hort j.i.-ee of reed over Sen^d■uS''^T;"•'H!'''''"'"*■'"^-*'"'^^- true h ; .P n '"'"'"' ''' ''''^''^ ^''^ the line he.Kl of the arrow — the piece of on trich bone h.iug „ni, intended to °ive t hj nee( tul wei^d.t to the weapon. " ' The head itself is made of ivory and is .hatHcanbe^i;;ilS.^j';^::!r^i;^' ; he oth.'r IS (irst bou„d with Intestine i ell J;" ';""*'■"' =■'''"."* ^'"^ oighth of ' 1 an deep, is mad — ., ,■ ::-■•""■ '-"'"•111-, .om .so allows the barb, which is very slightly inserted to .•cmain m the wound.- a pwtion of Son of course adhering to its base l'"'»oQ iriw' lly\'f '"""• "trnotnrc of a good a io«, but the weapons are not exactly •dike. Some of them have only a sin-Io l.ioceot'bonebyw;,:of;',;;;a,;^-^,^^ are not armed with the tri.angnlar blade fbi war n,? '""""^ ""■%'""'•" ''''' '"'''"'l^ ■ ,!,; • " ' ?'■•' ""' employed ii, the peace- pursuit of game. Hunting arrow, have the lead shaped .mu'h like a sj.indle, or to spook more familiarly, like the'strcct boy's <^|t' being tolerably thiek in the m d, lo and tapering (o a jioiiit at each end. WlJn not in actual use, the Bosjesman roveS the head, so that the poisoned end is re cc.yed into the hollow shaft, an, tlms h debarred from doing „sel..ss i.arm. Tlpso heads are n.t ne.arly as thick as t lose noed'\."''' "r"' •'■'"• ''^'^ neitherl hey need as much poison. •' ■n.rTni„^!"''ri"-''" 'I"'^''^'' ^"'1 nn'ows which are illustrated on i)ar'e •>t7 «-err> tii-^^ a the dead body o/' their 'o,nr,*t7 were kmdly sent to me by H. Dennett. fZ. * 258 THE BOSJESMAN OR BUSIIMAIT. ting. Then comes a rood with a piece of bone inserted in one end. On tlio next specimen a small socket is formed nt the end of the bone, in order to receive the ivory liead; and so the arrows proceed until the i)erfect weapon is seen. As to the poison wliich is used in arming tlie arrows, if is of two kinds. Tliut wliich is in ordinary use is nuule chiefly of vcfjo- table substances, such as the juice of cer- tain euphorbias, together with the matter extracted from the i)oison-gland of the putf- adder, cobra, and other venomous serpents. In procuring this latter substance they are singularly courageous. AVhen a IJosjesman sees a serpent which can bo iised fo'* poison- ing arrows, he does not kill it at once, but steals quietly to tl:o spot where it is lyin,", and sets his foot on its neck. The siiake] disturbed from the lethargic condition which' is common to all reptiles, starts into furious energy, aui. twists and struggles and hisses, and does all in its power to intlict a wound on its foe. This is exactly what the Bosjesman lin-ea, and he excites the serpent to theutmost fitch of fury before he kills it. The reason v/f this conduct is, that the desire to bite ex- cites the jwison-gland, and causes it to secrete the venomous substances in large quantities. The Bo.sjesmaus say that not oidy is the poison increased in volume, but that its venomous properties arc rendered mons deadly by excituig the anger of the reptile before it is killed. The materials for making this jioisou are boiled down in a prunitive kind of jiot made of a hollowed sandstone, and, when thoroughly inspissa- ted, it assumes the color and consistency of pitch. It is put on very thicklv, in some parts being about the eighth of an inch thick. In some arrow.s, the little triangular head is only held in its place by the poison Itself, being merely loosely slipped into a notch and then cemented "to the shaft with the poison. In this case it acts as a barb, and remains in the wound when the arrow 18 withdrawn. In our climate the poison becomes hard and IS exceedingly ))rittle, cr.icking in vari- ous directions, and being easily pulverized by being rubbed between the fingers. But in the comparatively hot temperature of bouthern Africa it retains its soft tenacity, and even in this country it can be softened" before a fire and tlu; cracked jxirtions mended. It is very bitter, and somewhat aromatic in taste, and in this respect much resembles the dreaded wourali poison of tropical Guiana. In some places the poison bulb IS common, and in its prime it is very conspicuous, being recognized at a consicl- erable distance by the blue undulated leaves which rise, as it were, out of the ground and spread like a fan. Soon, however the leaves fall off and dry up, and notliin<' is seen but a short, dry stalk, which gives lit- tJe promise of the bulb below. In some fiarts of the Bosjesmans' country the juice of amaryllis is lised for poisoning arrows, like that of euphorbia, and is then mixed with the venom extracted from a large black spider, as well as that which is obtained IVom serpents. An antidote for this mixed poison is not at juesent known to white men, and whether the Bosjesninns are acquainted with one is at iJiesent un- known. It would be a great boon, not only to science, but to the inhabit.uits of thiit part of Africa, if a remedy could be discov- ered, inasmuch as such a discovery would at once deprive the Bosjesninn of the only means whereby he can render himself ter- rible to those who live in his neighborhood Property would then lie rendered compnra- tively safe, and the ju-esent chronic state of irregular warfare would be exclinn"<'d for peace and quiet. The twotiild noture of the jioison, however, renders such a discovci'y a matter of exceeding difli( iilty, as the jiiiii- dote must be eipiallv able to'eounleriicl the vegetable poison as well as the animal venom. Terrible as is this mixed jKiison, the Bos- .jesnian has another which i^ I'lr more cruel in its eflects. If a human being is wounded with an arrow armed with this ])(iis<.n, ho sull'ers the most intolerable agony, and kiou dies. Even if a .small jiortion ofihis iioi^en should touch a scratch in the skin, the result IS scarcely less dreadful, and. in J.ivin"-- stone's grai)hic words, the sufferer " eu]s himself, calls for his mother's I reast, ns if he were returned in idea to his childhood again, or flies from hiiin.'in lialiitiitioiis a raging maniac." The lion snlVers in imu h the same way, r.agins: (lin.ui,di the wood-! and biting the trees and tlu' srrouud in the' extremity of his pain. The poison which produces such terrible etl'ecls is simply the juice which exudes fidin a cert.iin gnib called the N'gwa. or K'aa — tin. iormcrtitlj being used Iiy Dr. I.ivingstone, and the hit- ter by Jlr. liaines, who has attention to this dread insect, of the insect is as follows: — There is a tree called th('Afrnvini papcerie wliich is about the size of an oidinary elm,' but which has its .stems and biiuichcs eoy- ered Avlih thorns. Th" -tood of this trc(i is of very soft texliue. I'pou (he JMarnru papeeric are found the poison irrubs, which are of a p.'de flesh-color, something like (hat of the silkworm, and about three q'larlers of an inch in length. One cuiious [loint in its habits is the singular covering with whicbit is invested. " Wc were nun^h jiuz- zled by a covering of green matter similar in color to the lisaf it iov'»'"'^^« ^''^ ^h^t t'u' only nnti- At length we were enabled to decide that it Tnfiir 'i" '.-^''';»'""^nt "'th" creature, issu- ng not on y fn (he usual manner, but from the nores that are scattered over nearly the Whole ot Its body. *' " When the u'nib attains a length of three quarters of an inch, this matter is more Bpanngly distributed, and is of a brownish color. In a short time the grub drops from the tree, and, bnryin.n: itse-if jibout two feet below the surface, forms its cocoon of a thin Bhell of earth agglutinated round its body Its entrails, or rather tho whole intern'al Juices, ar- - ■■ ■ tho inosl contact with a cut, or sore of any kind cause the most excruciating a"onv.'' Ihroiigh tlu! kindness of Mr.' Haines, who enncluM^ my collection with some specimens ot thoNgwa,! am enabled to present my leaders with some ligures of this dread rOISOX GKUB. isect Fig. 1 shows the N'gwa, or K'la of js natural size. The specimen was dry invelled and hard, but K enreful adminis^ •ation nf mo ttn>.,> ,.,.,, „„.i .-i . •"•"""in Insect, its sh tration of moisture caused it to reiax'Us stiffened segments, and the wrinkled skin to become plump as in iiCe. '"»'^'^'» sKm to Fig. 1 shows the under surface of the e rub, (US ,1 appears when lying on it, back and exh.l.its its six little legs, the d.ark lead and hornx, and the row^of spiracles or entw . ' h'-.«arno grub, as it appears when coiled up inside its cocoon, and icrycs als dote is fat.:-Tlu:y -h.;;^ a'i^^ZrZ fin^fnf "°""'1°<> ''S"';,'« in its attemi,ts to Hud fat. Consequently, when a person i.s wounded with .a poisoncul arrow, tiicy satii- [hat ffVZ'f ""'/• H"-"''' <''t, and think that. If It can be applied in time, and in suf- ficient quantities. It satisfies the N'gwa and saves the man's life. ° ' " The Bosjesmans themselves deny that there is any antidote, but this they mfVd.t bo expected to do, from their natural i„iwTllin.t? ness to part with .so valuable a secret It ?s no light matter to possess a poison which keeps every enemy in terror, as well it mav when we consider its eff'ects. Dr. Living- stone mentions that the ellleiency of this poison IS so great that it is used against tho ion After w.atching the lion make a full meal, two Rosjesman hunters creep up to the spot where the animal is rej.osin- n^ eording to his custom, and apDroacti so silently that not even a cracked' stick an- nounces the presence of an enemy. One of both hands, while the other iirenares his weapons. When all is ready,\a Ssonel resented of their natui" 1 sT,. '"'^ '"'^P- Wfien the Rosjesman wis'hn.. t^ ^^- that his skin is n^t^S^,'^.^ ^ f Vf";" scratch. He then fakes a mM^il^ V "^ ''''?''' finL'ers..nnrl «„„ '."„„ :1'^ "■ S'-nb between his agonies. When the N'gwa is used for poisoninn- arrows, no other substance is used .and^S consequence the head of the weapo' ,4^ sents a much neater appearance than wVen It IS armed with the pitch-like euphorbia or serpent poison. This substane.. bein^of so terrible a character, its possessors woVl^ naturally be anxious to disL^T^sono 2 ^!^,r; 1!!^^."!^ "\'^ht use in ease onS 9M THE BOSJESMAN OR BU8IIMAN. they had heart! was used by them for that imriioHc, tlic JJiisji-smau.s yielded tho point ""iu *'»'**■ •■■*•;< » -" - ,1 . ' li i I silid that while men knew overvthinj,', and (iuit it was useless 'to conuoul tlieir knowl- edji{i'. The antidote is called by tho luuno of Kila haudwe. and is (■liiclly made from n .small 8ott-st(;mmcii plant, "^riic (lower i.s yellow, Btar-nhaped, and has llvo petals. T'lie sta- men.s arc numerous, ami the calyx in dividi d into two seiials. Tlio root is " .somethinR between a I)ul)) and a tuber, rouiih ami brown outside, and when cut is seen nr.irked with coneenlrii! lines of liy;ht reddish lirown and ijurplf." The leaves are two inches and a halt' in li'u.tfth, and only a quarter of an inch wide. The mid-rib of' the hial jiro- jects on i\w under surfac(N and forms a depression on the upper. There are, how- ever, two other plants which bear the same title, and are usud for the same ]»urpo.se. One ol' them luw a bro.ider leafand a larj,'cr flower, and tastes somethini; like sorrtd, while the third has a waved or wrinkled leaf. When the Kala haetlwe is used, the root or bulb is chewed and laid on tho wound, and is followed by tho applicaiion of jdenty of fat. J may hero mention that the word '•kiila" si-nilies '-friend,"' and is thereforo very approjiriate to the i)lanl. This is not the only use which they make of poisons. If they are retreatinn; over a district which th( v do not int(^nd to visit for some time, they h.iv.^ an abominable cus- tom of poisoniili^ every water-liolo in their track. Sometimes they select one fountain, and mix its waters wiih poijon lor the i)ur- ])ose_of destroy iiijr aanie. The substance that is useil for poi-onin;.; water is generally of a ve<,'elable nature. The bulb of the poi.son-root (AmanjlUs loxkaria) is much employed, aucl so is the juice of the euidior- bia. Mr. .Moflatt nearly fell a victim to this cusiom. After a l(>n;4 and tedious ride under the hot sunbeams, he approached a JJo.sjesman villaije, near which his horse discovered a small pool of water .surrounded with busies. Pushintf his way throuijh them, Mr. :Mon;ia lay down and took a loo:,' drauifht at the water, not havin^' understood that the surrounding buslics were in fact a fence used to warn human bciiiijs from the water. As soon as ho had drunk, he per- ceived an umisual taste, and then found that the water had been jxiisoned. The clfects of tho jjoison were rather irritable, thoui^h not so painful as might have been imauimHl. • I bej,'an to feel a violent turmoil within, and a fulness of the system, as if the arteries would burst, while tho pulsation was exceed- ingly quick, bcinj,' accom](ani( ,1 liy a sli'dit giddiness in the head."' Fortuiiatidy, a pro- fuse perspiration came on. and ho recovered, though the .strange scusationa lasted for sev- eral days. To the lienor of the Bosjosmans, it must be said that they displayed the greatest aolieitudo on tlii.s occasion. One of thom cftine running out of the village, just after the water had been drunk, aiid, liot know- ing that the mischief bad already been done, tried to show by gestures thai the water iiuist not bo driiiik. Tiiey then ran about i'> ''" " ;.i •. seeking for a n^mcdv: and W!.«r= (.. ! )■ tou.;., that the re.sull would not be, tittal, lb ■> showed extravagant joy. Tho -e.-icji]!- \,ud ,1 very narrow one, a« a /.ebra I laid died on the previous day Irom drinking at tho same fountain. This anecdote, when taken in conjunction with Jpr. J.iehtenstein's narrative, shows that this despised race of peofde are not, as sonu! seem to think, devoid of all hiynan affections, and there!>', I •_ .,de,; below the level of tho brul. beasts. Subjected, as they arc, to oj)i)ression on every". side, and equally persecuted by th«^ Ibiftentots, the Kallirs, and llie white colonists, it is not to be 8Ui)i)osed thai they could be remnrkablo for the benevolence uf their disposilion, or their kindly feelings toward the hostile peo- jde with whom tley are surrounded; and, I whenever they (inl« which is sh :.wa on la-e Jl IS „( th,' latter material and is to ron. a specimen in my own Se^ ti Ml. 11 IS made very stron-lv, an.l is an siiip. I he iudo ot which it is made is tlid of .so.ne ar«e animal, such as th. o4 or l i iland, hut as llu, hair has been carcdonv re "lovod no clue is Idl as to the v • Sud mal which furnished the skin, the woo oi 01 the aloes (Aloe dtrhotowi), which Ic.s hr'lS^e'of^-rV'T"''".-'^"^'^'''''^''"'^^^ UH. name ot "• Ivokerhoom, ' or oniver-iree J^.^.onal]y,howevM^theyarcladei m the karree tree, a si)eeies of lUnis ^^ hie grows on the banks of river.., an h 1 ■ lit' a.jJiH;i..araneemuchi.esembies\iJi:!3:i: moi'hod^^of'''""''" ''''*^ ^ '-^'y in^'^^nious &c^^si'i""''^^"^''^^"'^"''''""-^vcr;i.sa Kiuu 01 skin ease in w iii>ii i>,. .i v. wea,.ons. Sometimes iurn-XSeaU..:;: 2«)1 at ol.JectH at mono than a few yards' dli- ance. It s mostly madn of ./species of "■■* 'OfitenuF, HO that it bo particular about tolerably ela.Hic. Neither is he ■ii;;udi„UH Hbout us mz.., which is seldom mo?e ' hm- leet in lenjjth, and ollen less; nor about Us shnp,, ,oj. t,,^ ^.^j.^,,, .^ ■^'» ivmcly urcKular, the thickest iK.rtion of An.\ httle boy can make, with a stick and a |H«<) by the liosjcsnian. In usinjr it, tho Josjesman does not hold it verticaTly, after I'^manner of the ordinary |„n<.-bow, hut .'"montally, as. if it were a cro'ss-how_„ hict w iich explains the cxtrein. ly iudiif,.rent aim which can be taken Avilh it ' rrni l!nMi^''''"""l «<:."c>-:'lly carries nnai.fla- Kai, hut It IS not «( his own manufacture^ iw he is (,uile i-iiorant of Ibe blacksmith's .lit. iven the httle tnan!,mlar tips which are placed on the arrow-heads are hammerer with inlmilo labor, the iron hein-r laid cold on one slone, and beaten perseverinHv with another, until it is at laM llall,,';; /f so rtenn,,. ,t by heat the Uosjcsman know.s )'"thin,-, nor does he possess even the rudo , jns.ruments which are necessary for h..ati. " the iron to the softenim; point. Tho 'issiC [gaiis usually the work ol' the Hecluanas .; u IS mnchosod fr.m, them by (he liSs-' ass.ijrai s seen in the Imnd of the Hosies- inaii, and in this ease it is generally par of been'kil ' 1 "■"■' ' "' "'"'r'"''' "^vn..^Lvin^ 1)1 en KUhd by a iioisoned arrow. From thn same source also is derived the knife which b ' liosjesmaa usually wears hnn.'in" by a >on^ round hi.s neck, the instrument"!.'?,." aim St iiivanably of IJeclmana manufaclurc' u;,h, ••"'","''"', ""'^'^'<'' "lakes nothin.^ ah his own hands which is not absolutely Kiule ai,. rath, r luxuries than necess-iries au. are obtaincl fr.mi siran rs. The l o^ • au'l l)»isoiu.,l arrow, howev., with w Idc l.o hshts human enemies, or ,le.: ,vs th,. la .^er animals, are absolutely nece.s.su-y o 1 -fm and so is the knob-korrie, with wbicl o obtains the smaller animal.^ and bi,'!.!^ I e Mltis It a necessary artude of jiroperty on 'at .score also. These, there'ore, everv 1 osjesmrm :•.■,., mak,. for liimself. amlcon- f I CHAFIER XXVL THE BOS JESM AN — Concluded. 'I ' AHUSEMKlfTH OP THK MOSJKSMAN — HOW HR HMOKK^ — niH PANCK — CUHIOrS ATTITrDKS — IlAIf- CINU-IIATTLKS — TUB WA TKU-miUM — HPKl'IMKNS OK I1()S.IK.'*MA.V MCSU!— lit) MINCiri.AU WCAI.E AND I.NTKKVAI.S — mOCKIlANK.llM KOIl A IIANDKKIICIIIKK — A TKAVKIJ.KIi'h OPrNlOW OK TlIK IIANCK AND HONd — TlIK (lOlUlA — ITS CONSTUUl.TION, AMI MOUK OF VMS<\ IT — BV IT — A ll()*IKHMA>( MKLODY AH I'UKKOUMKI* ON THE (lOIIUA — TIIR JOfM-.IOlM AND TFIK flCUKORMKR — HOoTIIINd KKKKCT OK TlIK INSTIU'MK.NT — AUT AMONd TUB not.H.HMANU — Mil. L'niiisiTii: .1 nKMciiii'TivK hkktcii— Tun iioh.i Roman's unvBH and colohh — uih ArriiE- C'lATION OF A DKAWINO — A-NECDOTEU OF BODJESMANS. TriK nmiispmeuts of tlio Bosjcsnians aro very similar to tlioso of llic Iloltiiitots, luid can 1)0 genorally coiiinriscd in two words, nnnu'ly, sin;,'int;" and (lancing. Jlotli tluso words are to ln' iindorstood in tlicir Soiitii African sense, and are not to be taken in an European signilieation. Perhaps sniokin;? ought to he included in the cnteKiu-y of nmusements. How a IJosjeHinan smokes «Rer a meal has already heen narrated. But there are Hea.sons when he does not merely take a few whill's as a eonehision to a meal, hut ('''liherately sets to work at a smokiuK festival. He t^ien takes the .'^moke in sueh quantities, swallowing insdad ol' ejceting it, that he is seized with violent (•'oughing fits, Iteeornes insensihle, ami falls down in convulsions. Ilis eonipanituiH then take upon themselves the duty of restoring him, and do so in a rather singular manner. As is usual in smoking i)arties, a supply of fresh water is kept at hand, together witli reeds, through whie'i the smokers have a way of discliarging the smoke and water after a fashriu w'.iieh no;»e hut ♦hemscdves can perfectly ac( omplish. TVhe.n one of their num-ier lads down in a vt oi' convul- sions, his companions fdl their inou':hs with water, and then sjiirt it through 'he tube upon the hack of his neck, Mowing, with all their force, so as to produce as great a shock as possible. This rather rougli treatment is efficacious enough, and when the man has fairly recovered, he holds himself in readi- ness to perform the like olliee on his com- panions. The dance of the Bosjesman is of a very singular character, and seems rather oddly calculated for producing amusement either in pcribrracrs or spectators. "One foot," writes Burehell, "I'cmains motionless, while the other dances in a (juiek, wild, irregular, manner, 'hanging its place but little, though the knee and leg are turned from side to side as much as the attitude will allow. The jirms have but little motion, their duty being to su])port the body. •■ The dancer continues singing all the while, and keeps tinu' with every move- ment, sonu'linu s twisting thi^ boace enough in the centre for the danc.r to move in. In order to assist him in mark- ing time, he has a set of rattles which he ties round his ankles. They arc made of till' ears of the springbok, the edges being sewed togetlu!!-, and some fragments of os- trich shell placed loosely in the interior. They are lied on the outside of the aukle. (202) BOSJESMAX MUSIC. I V '^'"''';^ ^*''"''> I l'iivi> H(!(>n pcrforrno'l I).V tlio U()s|<..Mi,m„M r,..si.inl.li.,| lli,m.> d,- m;rll).M l)y liiirdi.H, ||„, ,|a,„-,.r Hunnortin- • imH..It ..I. a Ion;, stick, il,„u-li I,,' ua. in tlic oi»'ii iiir, ftiKJ (HTiiHionully l),.utiri.r time Wl h (ll(^ stick llpoi) tllO grolllld to tll«! |M'- ciiliar no.HJcsiimi, lucuMur.., Tlio spcctiUors wiicthcr men or women, iicconijjiinv Hio •nincLT m lii.H Honx liy u sort of niddily of h.Mi; own and l,y dappin- tli..ir hands, or n.tin- Mirk.s on (he ground, in (in... with 1111 It ';"l'i"^' nioro than a wo.Mlen howl, or '•'"i"'l;u^.' A littlo water i.s previ. ,h!v loured .nto the bowl, and l.y its ai he wVh, m \vi't ;;"'"i"""iiy wet. rt is hia ', SS n ;"•'•""""'• "'■ <•'•' '-i.d.t hand, and i kept to tho proper pitch f)y pressing the 963 Illesk'in "'' ''"'*"''"8"'' "f 'ho loft hand upon Not being Hkiiled in the HosJeHman'. Ian- giiwe I was nnal)le to distin«nish ,i ninulo but Mr. n,nch..ll glvc.s them as foilovvs I he daiuer iises tlio word '• Wawa-koo 'i n-l)eat..(l eontinually, widle tho speetutors 1. t syllable ami brin«inK tl,..m sharply toge her at the second. The ..|re,,.t „f j,^ eombined voi.vs and dances may ;,. seen by he b'll-.wiiuj notation, which was taken by Hurchell This strau^^e eon.bination „f sounds whicli IS so opposed to our system of ninsic, IS gratefnl to ti.e ear of most Sontii ,n nTv"'r';l''''.''-','''''''7''''' '** l""VHl».'iU among many oj the tribes, thouirh tliere are ditrer- ences in their modus and measures. SPBOTATOU. Danoeb. Aye O aye O ,, _ _ »y» O »ye eh Bye O O O WATEU-DnUM.l ^i^jv «- naiue, the dancer seems «„ com detelv yrappe.1 up in his part, that h s , o lon^ht except to coiitiiuie his p^bSui^c i' ^: ""'^^ 'M'l"- ."'"■^'^^ . »i„ULs himselt, the more he seems to enjoy habits." ^^'^ ^^^^"^ to treat' of their" stand the Bosjesnmn is forced to yield hia place to another, and to become one of tho Hpoetat.M-s. Before doin^ so, he takes off th« as> lines them as essential to the dance and e^^i;Si;;tSSt-£-rlH|^"- The Compant. Daucmb, Wateh-Dhum. „ Aye O aye O av« n .t!^ ''' T~f— * ^^ ■It,- aye O aye O, aye eh aye O O O ^^ a tay Lolc a ( a lay 1 =f^i-"t:=t=:t:z::t M :1 11 : It 284 THE BOS.TESMAN OR BUSHMAN. It mny seem strange that such odd music could li.ive .iny charms for an European who knew anything of music. Yet that such can be the cjis-, is evident from tlie words of the above uHuitioned traveller. '"I find it im- possible to j^ivc, by any means of mere description, a correct idea of the pleasing hnprcssions received while viewing this scene, or of the kind of effect which the eve- ning's amusements produced upon nij' mind and feelings. It must be seen, it must be participated in, without whidi it would not be easy to imagine its force, or justly to conceive its natin-e. There was in this amusement nothing whicdi can make me ashamed to confess that I derived as much enjoyment from it as the natives themselves. Tliore was nothing in it which approached to vulgarity, .and, in this point of view, it ivuuld bt^ an injustice to these poor creatures not to phice them in a more resjiectable rank tlian that to which tlio notions of Europeans have g.nerally admitted them. It was not rude laughter and boisterous mirth, nor (hnmken jokes, nor noisy talk, which passed their "hours away, but the peaceful, calm emotion of hariiiless pleas- ure. " Had I never seen and known more of these savages than the oecurreiu'es of this day, and the jjastimes of the evening, I .should not have hesitated to declare them the hap])iest of mortals. Free from care, and pleasi'd with a little, their Hie seemed Howiug on, like a smooth stream gliding througli tlowery meads. Thdughtless arid unrelleeting, they laughed and smiled t'-.e hours away, heedless of futui'ity, and forget- ful of the past. Their musicf softened all their passions, and thus they lulled them- selves into that mild and tranquil state in which no evil thoughts api)roach the mind. The soft and delicate voices of the girls, instinctively accordant to those of the wo- men and the men; the gentle elajipiug of tlie haud-i; the rattles of the danei'r; and the m"'low sound of the water drum, all harmo- niously attuned, and keeping time together: the peaceful, h;ipi)y countenances of the party, and the cheerful light of th(! fire, were circumstances so combined and lifted to pro- duce the most soothing elVects on the senses, that T sat as if the hut had been my hom(\ and felt in the midst of tliis horde as" though I had been (uie of thenr. for some few mo- ments ceasing to think of sciences or of Europe, and iorget ting tliat I M-as a lonely strau'^er in !i land of untutored men." Nor is this a solitary examiile of the effect of native musii; in its own laud, for other trav- ellers liave, as we sliall se(>. writ ten in equally glowing t^-rms of fh(! peculiar charms of th'e sounds prodn(!ed by the rude instruments of Southern Africa, acconip-inied by the 'uunitn voice. Wo now con;e to the instrument wliich is, par excellaice, the characteristic instrument of Soutliern Africa. The water-drum is a rather curious musical instrument, but there is one even more remarka1)le in use among the Bosjesmans, which is a singular combi- nation of the stringed and wind principles. In tened and cleft. This quill being opened, form', a vei\v long isosceles triangle, about two inches in length; and at the base of this triangle the hole is made that keeps the string fast, the end of which, drawn back, is tied at the other end of the bow with a very thin thong of leather. This cord may be stretched so as to have a g'"eatev or less degree of tension according to flic pleasure of the musician, but when scM'ral gouras play together, they are never in uriison. ''Such is the first instrument of a Hotten- tot, which one would not suppose to be a wind instrument, though it is undoubtedly of that kind. It is held almost in the same manner as a huntsman's horn, with that end where the quill is fixed toward the per- former's mouth, which he apjilies to it, and either by as] iration or inspiration draws from it very melodious tones. The savages, however, who succeed best on this instru- in(>nt, cannot i)lay any rcLular tune; they only emit certain twangs, like those drawn in a particular iniinner fi'om a violin t)r vio- loiicellii. I took great i)le!isure in seeing oiu' of my attendants called .b.ihn, who was accounted an adej)!, regale for whole hours his companions, wlio, transjiorteil and rav- ished, inlerrui>ted him every now and then by exclaiming 'Ahl how channiug it i>; begin that .again.' John began ag:;in, but his second performance had no resemlihuiec to the first; for, as I have said, these peoole cannot i)lay any regular tune uiton tliis instrunumt, the tones of which are only the effect of chance, and of the (jualitv of the quill. The best (|uills are those w"liich arc taken from the wings of a certain species of bustard, iiud whenever 1 hajipened tu kill one of these birds. 1 was always solicited io make a small .sacrifice for the support of our orchestra. " In jilaying this remarkable instrument, the jicrformer seats himself, brings the (juill to his inoutli. and steadies himself by re-t- ing his elbows on his knees, and jintting the right forefinger into the K)>Tes])on(ling imu', and the left forefinger into liis wide iicstril. A good performer uses much cxcilion in order to bring out the toxwH properly, and it is a curious fact, tliat an aeeoinplished playef THE JOUM-JOUM. A contrives to producn octavos by blowin-^ the flulo, a,i instru.neiit on wliicii tlie sound of the goiiiM can be tolerably represented. 205 are stretched three strintrg, made of tlie twisted intestines of anha-ds Tl' c strings are attached to pegs, by which tl ey ca" ife tightened or loosened so ns to product the .Li?£t: * f: :£ *■ :fef:!if^l^^|y^||g^^jj dou-l'^i'^™' traveller contrived to write St;:nnplayin,.\,;-!S^^>-,^- S;.l %h?.^' ?■"•/';:•' •''/' '"^'-i' '« '»«'fi "• thS'urSu.rSu'^^^^^'^-^ription those of n,e .Mvs I n,'^i'''-' ^T ""t "nhkc in volume Mid v^d'h 'i, Jl" ■''' "?';''''^'' '>""! JJoth the ir, a m n'^' ^, H?"''. '"^f'.inent. loarn to man-,.- i . ,• ' ''''«.!> ■•^'i»ms soon count of its s, rill ';'"■';''■"■''' ■'""'' '^" '"- t^>'iiit^,ith.;^':illi^';;;;i:;;rnj;-*p-- goura. ""!•<- rstiied the native w.S'^i^r'hvT!:;'^!"^™'"''"'^ "'-'^ "-• native guitar o J{ ..^,?"'''''- ?!'" '^ *'»« what resen.bi;H^,JV ;S'::,'^''"^'J, ^"'»c- board, furnished u^," ^ K^!!^^' '"'^';'5 f ' u.L.^t, Over which required note. As Le Vaillant f,uniutly ob- pioduce some music from it ami r •» IcHt ='greeal,h., but the native is c. i t -A \v U '>"""Hug „u the strings with his '„ V aS:!^:;fS;::!5.'"~'^«-^'-i"iiy The last instrument whicji these natives possess ,sa kinll drawn as those i)roduced so phmtifully by the American Indians. They almost invariably represent figures of men and beasts, and in many cases the drawing is sutHeieiitly gooil to enable the sjiectator to identify thi^ particular animals which the native artist has intended to delineate. Tlie following account of some of these drawings is taken from the notes of Mr. Christie, whicli he has liberally placed at my disposal: — " I cannot add inueh to what is written of them, except to allude to what are termed Bushman paintings, found in caverna and on flat stone surfaces near some of their permanent water sui)plies. I have only met with two instances of the former paint- ings, and they were in a cave in the side of a krantz, in the north part of the Zwart lluggens. I came upon them while hunt- ing koodoos. One side of the cavern was covered with outlines of animals. Onl^ the upper part was distinguishable, and evi- dently represented the wildebeest, or guoo, the koodoo, quagga, &c. The figures were very rudely drawn, and the colors used Avere dull-red and black, and ])erhaps white; the latter may possibly have been a stalac- tite deposition from water. " The other instance was near an outspan place on the Karroo road to Ciratf Reinet, known as Pickle Fountain, where there is a perin.anent spring of fresh water, near the course of an ancient stream now dry. On a flat piece of siiiulstone wliich bad once formed part of the bank of the streuni were the remains of a drawing, wliidi ni:iy have been the outline of a man with a bow and arrow, and a dog, but it was so weather- worn that little more couhl ))e made out than the fact of its lieing a drawing. The _'olors used, as in the caAc, were red and black. At the time of iny seeing the draw- ings, I had with me a Busbniaii, named Booy (who was born near what is marked in the map as the (Jonnuissioner's Salt Fan), but he could give nie no iiil'ormation on the sui))eet of the paintings, and I am r.ather inelined to tliiiik that they are the work of one of the Ilntteutot tribes now extinet. "My Bushman was a very slivewd fellow, but, aUhough I had been at that time for some years :imoiig the natives, I had not become aware of llie jiovcrty of their intel- lect. I had shown tiicm drawings number- less tinus, had descriljccl tiuMU, and listened to iheir remarks, but luul not tluii discov- ered tliat even the most intelligent had no idea of a jjicture beyond a simple outline. They cannot understand the oossibility of perspective, nor how a curved surface can be .shown on a flat .sheet of paper." Together with this aecouiii, Mr. Christie transmitted a coiiy of a siiuilar drawing found in a cavern in the (ieorge district. The color used in the drawings is red, upon a yellow ground — tl:e lattir tint being that of the stone on whieb they were delineated. Tlie subject of the drawlni,' is latiier ob- scure. Tlie figures are evidently intended to represent men, l)ut tliey are unarmed, and present the peculiarity of wearing head- dresses, such as are not used i)y any of the tribes with whom the, IScsje.snian.'; could have come in coulact, 'I'luy might have often se(m the Katlirs, with their war orna- ments of feathers, and the irottentots with their rude skin eai)s, but no South African tribe wears a lieatldress which could in any way be iden ifu'd with those. Partly on this account, an,! partly beau., the tiguras are not arnicul with Ijowh and arrow., a" is usua^ •> figures that are intended to re preS JJo,s,esn,an.s, Mr. Christie i.s of opin m that h>!!lL^'"''V^"'* ''' ^"■''''' c'•ew^na lave anded on the coa.st, and tliat the k.sies- iiHs ioeK-])n;ture. •' siiSo '"n'' 'i'" """ P"S)<'8man artist are simple enough, eonsisting of a feathor dipped ,n greiuse, in which he iL mix^d colored clays, and, as Mr. Haines we oh no n e s J I • 1'" ^''^f'7 ^''^'"I'l'-'nient of J;«. K. the least Slu^otea;^;^";,! aL~S if .";::;, "'""^ orhombehi,^ To' ^™"''^ ai)i)ear to the eve M. an-?^,-'"-";''-^'""''V ''allier dillers^ fron, now,M.l v.? "»'"'■ '^'^t"»-'i'i">i of the artistic ^•""^'i-."* '"-^ osjesman, and his eapal i^Ly ANECDOTES OF BU.SIIMEN. 267 ETpo^k DnlJ.l.i'?"',' '.;'»'"/'.'''''' lL,iK i;uttn, to eat with a knife nnrl fm.L- tune tlio Bhshhoy disannearp.1 Tr;!, , 1-..1 wore founrl. in thi, stabV.^; in tiie place if\' horse which he had taken w h £ The hJ"^J'l^}^^'fA^^ «io youth ^e^n.;;';; t!i~^^ - -- von .erdaint thebit.,f wl .TaulV; ',rfj^:f"''*'^^^ foot, il , ofher wm/"'" ' 'V '''"' ^£Kn;:!,!^'S^r'^^''^-;-'pSi and 0x0 Cv , , i •" 'r"'' "^ "'"'V '.•"'•■•^^'■^' tlicyliad no din af^-i;;;'^"^''^ '!'':', ''''wers tiling tiiev fi P , • "'"'•, '"111 tlio only markwa? i vl „'Im "'^' T^ «f *''« }f;his,therc3'Si Jo^^de'v!^'''^"' lyinn' on fill. uii,.f, ■->.'" 'ne desert, Were ii^i.m.u;\t,N' ;r'ki;o,v":^r™"-'>Eng^ a little disfan', fl„\ ;] \ '",'" '' 'fo»c ■'^t FoS on th snoor'TM •■'''^'^' ""^^''-^ ''^'• liushmnn. ' H,'^ I' n '. ? ''''''^' "^ the ni„. ..!' "'-^ "ot lonsr ffone' sairl cadyforwhaiy li„q„ir„i/ ^^^ieadytosh,..,ttheschelm.' \\onld you shoot hiniy Tasked 'Just so as I would a snake.' '• They had an idea „^- if' , '""""'"'' S"oo- liorso was stoir 1, n . ^'"■'-■*'' "'•^p'^" tJ>e sai Quiekl nul n - "",'>'»'■"• "e followed " '^'^ '^ ^=''^^»^' ^^'^ I think «o too; but iu^ 14 i' 268 THE BOSJESMAN OR BUSHMAN. only useful in its place. A puff-iulder is useful where there are too many toatls or fro^s: but when he comes into my liouse hots out of place, aud I kill him. A Bush- man near my farm is out ot place, and 1 shoot him; for if I let him alone he poi- sons my horses and cattle, and very likely me too.' , ,, , " Only twice did I ever sec the Bushman at home; on the first occasion it was just after a fearful storm, and they had sought shelter in a kloof near our quarters. Thev emerged about three hundred yards in ad- vance of us, and immediately made off like the wind. Not to be unconventional, we sent a bullet after them, but high over their head; they stayed not l\)r another. On a second occasion I was close to them, and was first made aware of their presence in consequence of an arrow strikhig a tree near; not aimed at me, but at some Daas, or rock-rabbits, which were on the rocks close by. "With no little care and .some speed I retreated from the neighborliood ot such implements as poisoned -nTows, and then by aid of a glass saw the Bushmen first find their arrow and then my St oor, at which latter thev took friglit, and lisap- peared in a ncigliboring kloof." !> ' ;h over their thor. On a o them, and presence in khig a tree some Daas!, n the rocks e iind SOUK) ;hl)orh()0(l ot •uTows, aiul he Bushmen my sj oor, at , and hsap- CHAPl'ER XXVII. THE K0R.1NNAS A2^D NAMAQUAS. NOMAD CHARACfEBOP TITE THmR-THKItt OEVKRAT .... LAX. 8VN«"_„=NAC.OUS MBMOUV OK A VOCV« KOUAvr/"" "^""^'^^ ALPHALKT- - AUU, FONDNESS KOU MED.CNK -TH,T NAMAQUA T,m L - CH^^^^^^^^ ""OTESQL'E A.-PEARAXCE- VICSSITrDESOKTHECUMATE-EPEECXot- Tr INhV^tTv. "" """"^ ''AMAQUA-LAND- -DRESS OF THE NAMAQUA8- THE.R IDEAS orLuorovrr^""'''^''"' ^"^ "" "■'^^""V- QUA HUNTER ANO A BOSJESMAN WOMAN-R^XNHVK.r^.^r "''"*' "'^^''^ "^ ^^ ^AMA- PANACEA -POLVOAMV AKD mvORCE-CATrtE-TRrLv ^ "^ '''' ""'^ «ICK-T„E DOCTOPB AOBD- ADOPTION OF PARENTS. THALNLVa - CRUBLT V TOWARD T«B INrntJl AND In accordance with the nlnn of (i>!e ,„^ %. , ■ we will now .lance slil'ht^y t a SwofTe rM,**' f*^ '^' n^^v wonder. At the si.ht more conspicuous tr?bes whicl inLV, ? °L '''"•wing, th.'v behaved much f i par. cular locality iV.r'tC Id' heS^es'ilt ne n V' '""' "^t to the toudi. ertobeenVf^Si . '''"'''l '"'^ ""^ '"th- hannenp,! t-. JU^I^?. to.to'fc it back, lie I .ini.,hi,^..: "^ "';.'^' ' ^*''o "i-t' their nearest Wlion Vi. '^ ™'<'''e h.ji VjiV. ""' "'oi'e ndus When the owner came to take it h.Jt ,"^- M" >es. With these, who n',. n and the RnsiJL L.^"^^"'*« '>''tween :he liteor .are 270 THE KORANNAS. M ' SI I -. i crronooiisly confoundiMl with tlio IJosjos- maiiH, hut thpy aro ii totally distinct ix'oph;, haviiii;' their' in-incipal resiilciifo on the banks of tho Xarb and Vaal rivi-rf, north- cast IVoni whcro we now were, and .soutli of the Ueclumnii country. They are divided nito Hi'veral tribes, tlie principal of which are called the Khareniankis and the Kliun^- mankis. In their size and corporeal struc- lun; tluy resemble the Hottentots very nuicli. but the cheek and chin bones arc less jiromiiient, and the whole face is more oval I ban some o her of the Hottentot tribes. They have all a kind of voluptuous expres- sion'about th(> mouth, which, united with a ))eculiar wild it>ll of the eyi-, and a rough, broken manner of speakinii, j^ive them alto- iiellur the ai>pearaiu'e of intoxication, nor indeed ari' they falsitied by it, since ihey are truly a voluptuous race, dclicient in bodily strentjth, and destilule of martial coura";'^. "Their clothins; consists of a mantle of prepared skin, made either from the hides of their cattle, or from those of tho ant- !)|)es: i( is smader, and of a somewhat ditl'erept form from that worn by the l$eclinauas. and I- never made of se\eral small skins sf vessel somewhat in the form of cans, which are cut out of a j)ie''(^ of solid wood, with some caialiashes and banilioo canes, compose the whole of their household furniture. ^losl of them wear a knife of (he Heehuan.i manuliictory, in a case sang round their necks, with ;i small leather bair. or the .sliell of ii tortoise, in which i.s the pipe, the tob;/r.o, and the flint f(U^ striking tire. " They have no fixed h:tVyttation, but often move I'rinn one place to another, alway.'' car- rying wilh them, as is the custom among the other tribes, the >.tiisc.s and mats of which their huts are built. All their goods and chattels are iiacked togetiier within a verv .small eompiuss on the back of the patient ox; and thu.t a whole Koran village ts struck and in full march in a few mo- ments. Their Ibrm of go\trnment is tlie same a.-, "vith the other Hottentot tribes; tho ricliest person in the kraal is the c:ii)tain or provost: lu' is the leader of the parly, and the siiokesman on all occasions, without deriving from this ollice any judicial right over the rest. His authority is exceedingly circumscribed, and no one considers liimself as wholly bound to vield obedience to him, neither "does he him -elf ever pretend to eonimaral ihem. Only in case of being obliged lo defend themselves against a for- eign enemy he is the first, because, being tlie richest, he siilfer.s most from the at- tack. ■ Plur.'dity of wives is not contrary to their institiitiona; yet I never heard of any- l;. 'iv who had more tiian one wife. They aie tiy nature good-tempered; but they are indolent, and do not take any great interest for others; less cunning than tlie Hottentot, therefore easy to be deceived in trallieking with them; and, from tlieir simplicity, I'asily won to any purjiose by the attraction of strong liquors, Ujbaeco, and the like luxu- ries.'" On the next page is an illustration of a Koianna chief dressed as described liy I.icli- leiistein. The kaross worn by the individual from whom the ])ortiail was taken was so plentifully bedaubed with red earth and grease, tliat it left traces of his presence wherever he went, and, if the wearer ha])- [lened to Kan against anything, he caused a slain which could not easily be removed. Suspended lo his neck is seen the all-per- vading Ih chuana knife, and exactly in li'ont is the shell of a small tortoise, in whidi ho li( pt Ills > The 1. . ihern ca)> is univi r al among tin m it his Muilf. leri as among other Hottentots, and as tlie lur is retained, it can be jnit on with some tU'gree of ta.-te, a.s may be seen by reference to the portrait. The use of sil)ilo is common among the Korannas, and, like other Hot- tentot tribes, tin women load their hair so thickly with this substance, that they apiiear to be wearing a metal cap. Their language i.- full of clicks, but not .so thickly studded with them as that of the Hottentots, and in a short time any person who undiirstaiids the ordinary Holte;itot dial-et will be able to learn that of the Kor.innas. These tribes have a dance which is very similar to that of Hosiesuians, a drum being used, niaile of u joint '.f aloe over which iii Ti |t 3 i an undrcRscfl sheppskin is stretched. The women Hit on tlie ground in a circle, with their linns stretclied toward the dancer, and « a"'":.?, ""i"*; ^'■'■>' '"'"'' reseinhling the "Ayc-tJ" of tlio Ho.sie.snmn.s. The dancer leans n,u;ain.st two ,sticl'' '"^''^ l'«'>'« t» that ext raordiniLy conformation which has the Hottentot, and ,o Kuropeau eyes tlieir' beaii^Ms n,,t inerea^ed by it,'thouj^l^v naf ve sees nothinn; remarkable in it. It is a euri- m.s act that this development should oec „• in the eoimtry wliic h produces an analo.'ous f .rmation ,n the sheep, whose bodls^are thin and meagre, but whose tails are of enormous size, and little but masses of pure tained. nicknames, g.ven to them on account of any remarkable inci.ient that may Jiave ha)>p..ned to them, and, in eonsehie e,^ variable from day to day "'""^'lU'-'itLS n vor..^{'-"i'"' speaking a^s a missionary, has a very high opinion of the Koranna tribe He found them docile. go<.d-t,Mnpe xhI a, d ganiing knowledg... After i)reaehinrr and tu. began to teach some (jf the yoiin-rer Ko rani.as the rudi.nents of iearnini wd ? . some of the j.rme.pal men heard of the m-ocee irisr, and insisted on bein^- taught aL'Ti' whole scene which followed .^.s very anuls- "It was now late, and both mind and body were jade.l, but nothing would sat"s"v e3^ I ;"'"1 *-'■'' them^dso. AWa se.aich I found among some waste inner a com'se 1 IN";''"' " ''"■'■•'^ '•""»'• iCand of couiso (he letters were v cwed by some iiist upside down. I commence.l pobt "\i S «lf t ^.V''"'',' ^^'^''" I in-onouneed one letter wi(h ?- . that perhaps we mi-Iit man-a-e i^tts ;'";::'' ;t'^'«^ "'•;-'""« '••■pnod ti^t would h s . ' '""''''■■ '"' '•"■'^'•'^'l-tl'« sooner 'Te 'ashnn-n^'i^T' ao'-ustomed to the bt( fis, ,ia he called the letters. n,v ho ''"■"« F';owing late, I rose to straighten my back, which was beginning to tii .,, when MUSICAL ALPHABET. 273 I ohscrvecl some young folks comin^ dancimr and skipping toward me, wlio, withou" m f ceremony seized hold of me. '(],' .'./.^ us he A J3 C with music!' every one cried giving me no time to tell them i w.^ too ate. found they had made t is dircoverv ihrough one of my boys. There were S cntly a dozen or more surrounding me' and res st^uice was outof the question. ^l"ra^" ! { and pushed, I entered one of the m7est mtive houses, which was instantly crSd I.VC 'r'"'' «"cceeding round was joined by s iceetvl.ng voices until every ton-'ucMvi, voca and every countenance L me w ih eartfelt .satisfaction. The longer t".esoiff the more frc'dom was felt, and 'A J a n's village. Ihe strains which inspire nleasi • Hble emotions int.. the sons of tL' S rs.rh'''%r''"'S''''v'"T'''^''-'^'i^" til. bou h. Ihose wh.) had retire.l t.. their evenings slnmbei, supposing that we were 'ol.i.ng .a night service, canre; for m • 'c it i.s said, charms the s.avage ear. It c'riah.lv .Iocs, part .ailarly the ila.ives of S , | S Africa, who, h.,wevcr .legrade.l tl.ev m ay "After two hours' singing and jiufting, I nine, permission, th.uigh with son... d f. I 111 > o c.nsent, an.l greater of egress, to t u-,« ;■"' "'?' ^■"'"l"»-ativcly pr..lieient. I «a.s etween tw., and three In th.. inoni- III':: ,,)^ "'■» «!'t 'u inin.l and b.xly, I laid iinil .all, just to hav<> a few hours' sleen niv paratory to .lep.arture on the can li .i I, • As the music-hall' was not far Iran iV ^ n:nv"f:;? :r ""'" ^"'"^- o*- «;.':." j =aHe.lran;Jl]^'lV'^-;^--^-.^ ..Gloats House. The company at len.'th att.'i a biiet repose, I wiis i: ,t a little sur" prised t.> hear th.> old tune in ev.'r n.n.er an.l the boys ten.linir the calves, were h.im •mng the alphabet ov..r a-aii •' IV • J Ins tine old tune may be i k'o poratj, i o Konuina ,nelo,lies,Just.xsthestoryof-. ./^^ •D rn,Mlf'"'"' •""'■" '•■"""sArabt.a^ Ml. Moflatt observed a singular instance of .•etentive menu.ry. He had just fi, i e.I a sermon, an.1 was explaining port iisfi'? w, IS atti acted by a young man who w,« holding forth t.> a crmv.l o> attenth h u^ e s (Jn approaching the spot, he was more than surpriscl t<, find that this youm^ nn n wa.s preaching the sennon second-hind o his au. hence, and, more than tls w^ re" produang, with astonishing' 8^^!^):' no r n 974 THE NAMAQUAS. only the words of n discourse which ho hnd lu!iii(l l)iit oiico, l>ut tsviru tlie gcHturus of tlic H|)cnl(('r. Whuii coinpliinoiUcd on liis Wonderful powers of uit'iiuirv, ho did not Hocni at ill! Iliittt.'rt>d, l>ut only touched his foieluMMl with liis finger, saying, tliiit wlion he licard nnytliing great, there it remained. Tills reniarliatjlc yoiitli died soon ntlerward, )i;iviug bi'cn previously converted to C'ln-is- tianitv. Wlien preaeliing, lie presented a singular, not to say grotesque iii)pearftnce, Ixiing dressed in part of one le," of n (pion- dain pair of trouserx, a enj) nuide of tlie sivin stripped from a zebra's liead, witli tlie ears still attached, and some equally fantastic ornament about his iu'ck. The contrast be- tween the wild (igure and the solemnity of the subject, which he was teaching with much earnestness, was most remarkal)le. It has been mentioned that Mr. Molliitt wa.s engaged in attending upon the sick. This is au invariable part of u missionnry's duties, as the natives have unhonnded faith in the mediciiiul powers of all white men, .".nil iiiiiirally think that tliose who come to heal their wmls must know how to heal their bodies. Fortunately, their faith makes them excellent patients, and is in itself the best euro for atVeciions of a nervous char- acter, to whiili till men seem liable, no mat- ter what ni.iv be the color of their skin. They are passionately desirous of medicim^, and it is impo.saible to mix a draught that can be too nauseous for them; in fact, the inore distasteful it is, the greater they think itsellleacy. On one occasion, a woniiiii canje for some nu'dicine for her husband who was ill, and two very httle doses were given her, one to be taken at sunset and the otlii^r at midnight. However, she settled that point by immediately taking both draughts herself, slating that it would equally benelit her husband whether bo or she Imp2)euud to ttiku it. THE NAMAQUAS. The termination of the word Namaquas shows that it is a Hottentot term, and coii- seiiueiitly that the people who hear that name belong to the Hottentot nation. The sullix Qua is analogous among the Hotten- tots to the prefix Ama among the Katllr tribes, and signities " men." Thus the terms Namaqua, (iriqua, Koraqua, (Jonaiiua, &e., signify that those tribes are branches of the Hottentot nation. Namaquas themselves, however, prefer to be called by the name of Oerlain, a word of uncertain derivation. The Namaquiis, unlike the Korannas, can be referred to a totally distinct locality, their habitation being a large tr.iet of cjun- try on the southwest co.ist of Afrii'a, lying north of the Orange River, or Gariep, and being e.-jlled from its inh.ibitants Grout Nam- aqu.i-land. It is a wild and strange country — dry, barren and rugged, and therefore with a very thinly scattered population, .ilways suffering from want of water, and at times seeming as parched as their own land. For several consecutive! years it oflen hap- pens that no rain falls m a large district, and the beds of the streams and rivers are as dry as the plains. Under these circum- stances, the natives haunt the dried water- courses, and, by sinking deep holes in their beds, contrive "to procure a scanty and jire- carious supply of water at the cost of very- great l.^bor. Sometimes these wells are dug to the dejith of twenty feet, and even when the water is obtained at the expense of so much labor, it is in comparatively small quiintitiea, iind of very inferior quality. Branches of trees are ))laced in these pit* by way of ladders, and by their means the Namaquas liaud up the water in wooden pails, first flllinf» their own water-vessels, and then supplying their cattle by pouring the water into a trough. Tliis scene is always an animated one, the cat lie. half mad with thirst, bellowing with im|iationce, crowding round the trough, and tinusting one another asidis to partake of its con- tents. A similar scene takes place if a water-hole is discovered on the march. A strong guard, mostly of women, is jjlaced round the precious spot, or the cattle would certainly rush into it in their eagerness to drink wliat water they could get. and tram- ple the rest into undrinkable mud. In this strange country, the only supplies of rain are by thundei'storms, and, much as the natives dread the lightning, tli(\v wel- come the distant rumble of the thunder, and look anxiously for its increasing loudness. These thunderstorms are of lerrillc violence when they break over a tract of country, and in a few hours the dry watercourses arc converted into rushing torrents, and the whole country for a time rejoices in abun- dant moisture. The efl'ect on vegetation is wonderful. Seed that have been lying in the parched ground waiting in vain for the vivifying inoisture spring at once into life, and, aided by the united influence of a burn- ing sun and moist ground, they spring up with marvellous r.ipidity. These storms are almost Invariably very partial, fallinj; only on a limited strip of" country, so that the traveller passes almost at astep out of a barren and parched country, with scarcely R blade of grass or a leaf of herliage, into a green tract as luxuriant as an English meadow. The geological formation is mostly gran^ ■*# il A THE CHIEF, AFRICANER. I scuttero ^o pn.li, \y ov.-r tho gurftu'c, thnt Journey af. "...n can saircelv oi.Ja I.Ih ovoh ,m u 1. " . '•" "verym.lo. 1„ nmny •hi I, r" *'"'""'"' ' , ""'"•«>^'»»lt'' 'vith nitr.s M Id loniiH ., Mjiinik,, iacniHtiitinu, aiH \l^T '>'J""^'*'''l''. •'Vin in the vidnitv - an H . lif" ''""''" '",^'" '"^ inli'ibit.a, trav.. an. ,vludi oau.so nu.iv wondor tlmt liuiuiin beni-H can bo fo.ni.l who can cmlnrc (,„• their whole liven . inanil .1 urS'in''n/'' ''''''^ W..'U. luKIy ver;yr lil<,.iy i,;it th^y ,yj, , , uot exchange their dry an. barren land for thonSlT- tile c.nntry in (he world. '"' vines b.H'''r'''''-,'''''^''"''''''''^« 'n U'" m- V lies but, lr..ni Km poiR.,„„nH natnre a.lds I ttlo to th.i conilurt of th.- traveil.. T,C,» - h,.m,y, winch tlu,wi\Vbes"^-p^^^^^^^^ 270 an they Hlcpj, killed numberH of them and recovered! al his own cat.l,., (..«ethe^'wi?h th080 belonKinK to the «H.«ailan(s'^ It wi I I o i, ryJ ' N-"n.upia eharucl> . , |„,t that li avvS it!"'"''*^^" *"' ^■'"" "«' «"'»« «"«» beJil 'I'w'^rliS-^'n'!'"-^ ""'y ''""""'"y havo >etn ,1 warlike nation, iniwinii.h m t\u>y ■ ,"• "■•••■"'■I, iiiiiniiiii.'li aH tile .H8e8...l ratln.r peculiar weap.n.s, nanielv U! bow mill ni-1-....r .....1 ' ' '""."> ly, eld nSu:ii';^;;Ze-.;fS£!iSSr tiou-sly «waIlow..,l, an, the bnrnhiV h, u IZ ''^::n^'' '"'1"""^ aliS'iiit.ll r- micl « "^ '"'^.'''y '""''"li'rable, but in such a place as Naina.]iia-land what Vie torture must be can scarcely be cSved t olf until r ;. ; . '''° "V'lPto'''^ E '.;? ,, , •••.w.... i":i;iiii.ii weap.dis, nann he bow and arrow, ai„l an enorinoui « made of the entire Hkin of an ox f< led .singly. Thov itlso used the assagai; I ut iu u, pr,ss,.nt .fay civilisation Ikus «., r pe„ ■ tra cjl a,„.,„^, them that the only wJm on which h.y use i8 the iruii, an.l it^is m nv years Hince a Nan.a^jua has been seen S the ancient weapons .,f hi.s nation fon^l nf'u''''''"""/:"'"^'*' ""' Naniaquas are tond of wear ng European apparel, and as ill... men are nua-oly translbrmed from ' "ctable savages into disrcpiital.lc vajra- ' and to them it is not so v.ry niiHuit- abl.., but to the wonu.n it is peculiar v so owing l„ the 0.1,1 ,„an.i,r in w 11 Ih? v' panit their fac-s. A girl, ,lr..s,sel i i 1,.^ btt e sk.n ai)r,)n an,l ornam,.nle,l with .•oiN o leathern thongs, may i.aint her f ce s nuch as she pleasi's wiilmui app, aring gro- tes.iuc.. Hut ....thing , u look'more rfdfci". o IS than a gii in a stripd cotto.. "s" with a re.l hamik, nhief rou.i.l her he. I ai^a' the on hn,.s of her checks, .losc, an,l SS de/incd with broa,l stripes of bl,, ,a ? r.e costume of the men' resembles th t of the womc-n „u-„».s the skin ap.-on. the lace iiioigs. Ihe x\aina,pias are very fond of S^r Th"v ""'"'Y ^°'"'' '^^'' '■' "•'<^r n.' ^a Mss 1 " -^ "'r ""' !;""'''»t^''' '""«''' ''f polished fron biass, and coppei-. They al.«o tattoo ll.ei; ^^, and maLe great usLf the buchu'pc"!: ««.^^H'^ ^amaquas have not been accus- ton ed to exercise their minds on any sub- joct except those immediately co.mccS with thcmselvs, it is found veiy ditJicult to drive any new hleas into their heads So.t,^ writers say that n«»nv of hem have ^^^ names, and not a single one his Hw. i „ * J ears. Iua..e»|, ewunting at all is an ! tT ectualexe»*i«tt that is positively pahiSt ^/-" IMAGE EVALUATION TE3T TARGET (MT-3) ^ // ^/ ^^. ^^-»/^ 4'<^ ^^5 &^ ^^^ 7a 1.0 I.I 2.5 2.2 ■- IIIIIM ill 1.8 1 1.25 1.4 1 A -^ 6" — \ ^ c*l Photographic Sciences Corpomtion 4^ iV k '*':,♦. "^"^i* "^O^ s^ ,,*, W>s^ ^^ f^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0 (716) 87J-4503 .^r V^ /i 270 THE NAMAQUA8. IM of his fingers is scarcely to be found nnion<» them. Such statements are often the result of Ignorance, not of the savages, hut of their visitors, who must needs live among them for years, and be thorouglily acquainted with their language, before they can venture to generalize in so sweeping a fashion. Mr. Motfatt, who did live ainop.g tlie Nama- quas, and knew their language intimately . says that he never know a m;ui who had not a name, and tliac mere children are able to count bej-ond the number ten. Of religion they appear to have but the faintest glimmering, and it is more than suspected that even their rude and imper- fect ideas on the suljject are corruptions of information obtained from Europeans Superstitions they have in plentv some of them resembling those which are held bv the tribes which have already been men- tioned, Their idea of the coming of death into the world is one of these odd notions. It seems that m former days, when men were first made, the hare had no cleft in its lip. The moon scut a hare to the newly createcl beings with this message : " As I die, and ■" "gi*'"' so you shall die and be'born am 1)01 again." llie hare' however, ddi'verccrthe message wrongly, ''As I die and am' not born a.'ain, so you shall die and not bo born a^ain." The moon, angry at the hare's dis- obedience, threw a stick at it as it tied away from his wrath, and .si)lit its lip open. From that time the hare has a cleft lij), and U always running away. In consequence of this legend, the Namaquas will not eat the hare. They have such a horror of it, that it a man should iKippen even to touch a fire at which a hare has been cooked he IS banished from his community, and not readmitted until he lias paid a fine. During the terrible Ihiinderstoinis which occasionally pass over the country, the Jfamaquas are in great dread of the light- ning, and shoot their poisoned arrows at the clouds in order to drive it away. This IS illustrated on page 271. As iiiav be im- agined, there is no smnil danger in "this per- lormance, and a mini has been killed bv the lightning flash, wlii<'h was attracted by his poiBted arroAV. Other tribes have a similar custom, being in the habit of throwing stones or other objects at the doiuls. '^ As far as can be ascertiiined, their onlv notion of asu])reme being is one who is the author of death and iii(li('ter of pain and one consequently wiioin they fear, but can- not love. Still, all statements of this nature made by savages must be received with very great caution, owing (o the invincible renu"- nancc which they feel toward reveal! n^aiu' portion of their religious system. They will rather state anything than the truth, and will either invent a series of imaginative stones on !he siiur of the mnnient, or sav w^atever they think is likely to please their interrogator. Even if they arc converted to Christianity, suiHcient of the old nature re- rnains to render them averse to speaking on tiieir former superstition, and they will mostly fence with the question or evade it rather than tell the whole truth. Being superstitious, they have, of course, sorcerers in plenty. Besides the usual pre- tensions of such personages, they claim the power of voluntary transmigration, and their followers implicitly believe tb.at they can assume the lorm of any beast which they choose to select. They fancy, however, that their own sorcerers or witch doctors share this power with (he Bosjesman race. Mr. Anderson nuotcs the following legend in support of this statement. " Once on a lime a certain Naniaqua was travelling in com- pany with a Biishwomau carrying a child on her back. They had proceeded some dis- tance on their journey when a troop of wild horses (zebras) appeared, and the man said to the woman, 'I am hungry, and as I know you can turn yourself into a lion, do so now and catch us a wild horse that we may eat ' The woman answered, ' You will be afraid ' '"No, no,' said the man, 'I am afraid of dying ot hunger, but not of you.' "Whilst he was speaking, hair began to apjiear at the back of the woman's neck, her nails assumed the appearance of claws, and her features altered. Siie set down the child. J he man, alarmed at the change, climbed up a tree close by, while the \W)p.ian glared at him fearfully; and, going to (uie side, she threw oir her skin petticoat, wiieii a perfect lion rushed out into the plain. Il bounded and crept among the bushes toward the wild horses, and, springing on one of tlicin, it fell, and the lion lajiped its blood. The lion (hen came back to the place wlicic (he child was crying, and the man called' iVom the tree 'Lnough! enough: J)o not hurt me. Put 0(1 your lion's shape. I will never ask to see this again." The lion looked al him and growled. 'I'll remain here (ill I dl,.!' ex- claimed the ninn, Mf you do nol Income a woman again.' The liiain and Ijiil hegan to disappear, the lieu went toward the bush where the skin i>etticoat Iny; it was slipped on, riid the woman in her proper shape took up the cliild. The man descended, jtartook of the horse's Cesh, but never again asked the woman to catch game for him.'' Their notions about the two chief lumi- naries seem rather variable, though there is certainly a connecling link between them. One account was, that the .■"^ ^^"rse nor better than 277 ticular consequence, a goat or a sheen will t7Sf V'f™V^'"J?''*" '^^ «houW happen to be a chief, not a disease will condescend to assume bodily form unless instigated by an ox or a cow. " -^ The witch doctors have anothc theory of disease, namely, that a great snake has shot an invisible .irrow int<. the suflbrer Of course, this ailment has to be treated in a similar manner. The reader may perhaps call to mind the very similar superstition H.nl ,\m'''' P''«^«"e i>ple, and liescencc with tions an instance fco an S" •"'^"■ whom he found in a most p tiaffe 21!^,^^ ^"7'Jg. refused to be takin S.Vbyhim no;'\ii:;^^ii^'S."''^'^^''-'^'-^^^ Then- amusements are so similar to ih^.^ ADOPTION OF PARENS. 279 go and look for food and water Th„, i, an odd way of conin-irinVI, , ^^ ^»vo with tlie Vornis of Vh r ** '"*'*»,^^J>« works comparison rs?^ou/ht^^ .!.T''-'k "•"*' ^^^^ son w,y , „,„"rould not'^ork"*""*^"* '''^ th KaJ-ar'^Thor'T P'-?^''*"« "-"ong expected to adm,t a fvfj.or''' T'^ "^'^"^ «»•« the newlv-nvid . r?.in • " """"^ mother, and l»ave therpronerti n"^ "'" '"PP«««^1 '<> ciiAPi'ER xxvni. THE BECIIUANAS. liS THEIR NAME AND LANOUWE — THEIR DRESS — SKILL IN THE ARTS OP PEACR — THE RECHCANA KNIFE — SKILL IN OAUVIN(!— THE IlECHUANA ASSA<1AI, OH " KOVEH " — INOENIOUS IlELLOWS — A METAL APKON— DRESS OP THE WOMEX, AND THKIlt FONDNESS FOR METALLU; OKNAMKNTS — (:ilAItA( TER OF THE ItEOIIttANAS — TIIKIU TENDKNCV TOWARD LYINO AND THIEVING — 1>1SRE<1ARD FOR IllMAN LIFE — REDEEHINO QUALITIES OF THE liEClir ANAS — MODE OF (iOVERNMENT — THE NATIVE I'AR- LIAMENT — MR. MOFFAT's ACCOINT OF A DERATE — I TSTOMS AFTER RATTLE — THE ORDER OP THE SCAR, AND MODE OP CONFERRINO IT — A DI8A1TOINTED WAIUUOR — AN rNPLEASANT CERE- MONV — MODE OF MAKINO WAR— THE UECHUANA BATTLE-AXE. i We now leave the Hottentot race, and take a passiiiij; jrlance at the appearance of a few • other tribes. Clnef among tliese is tlie very lar»■'« a very cut thr. V. • ""■'' «"»l>lo instrument arc . TWi., ^""""•' P'l^orns witii wl.ich t e Somotlnies the bowls nf *i,« tern so i-i„ fi " ^'^ ^'^'^ incised pat- fCec i-crsr? Tl, . , ,fr " "'' *^'"' «"nictime,s ficatio7of ^ic'S^M::?,-;;^"^ '» ->'li- eu.vesare^.3Uh!^St^-.---^o arUs\°ii?H? •';■'' specimens of Bechnanx on ar^.iveni^^'\::V.uKl '>'?''';;' "'^"^l' en^ravin- The i ,1,^;,. li •^,'" "'" '"'^'"u tire head'of the !^;' "-"'•" ^'''^"'s the en- shaft, while the otliez- rr ron.' "''"? ."*' ''"' the barhs on a larS " t le ^ of '"^'*^''^»'' "^ one of these weanons ; '^'.r 1?" ''xamining tliatthe nock of tie a^^^-"'^' 'n ''^ ■'^«'>» forced square, and tho,fH 'j''''./"''' ''''c" baAs liave been nr do f, ' 'i^' "^^- '''^"I'le into the, not.d';;ia"S.I'^""!»?:'''^?'>"?"y THE BECHUANA KNIFE, 283 cnmo ITnm „„„.« ....nKlSb" " "°"l«"» I'ver, the tenijiorarv 10,^0.' f i. '^'' '"''^- lives do not use it pvr-,.i,t ,>..' '"•' 1'"" """ Ti. .• t'Xi-upt on special occn- ll«e native name for it Is "kdveli " sion.s. barbs thus into the n.^Qa^dt^.l^'Sitlr obtained. TJiis is vorvnr ^ ■ V '"""■^ "»"s Jar-ed i.'uro of fl„ . "' *'^''''" '» the en- oti;^risi;i:^£;5f^^;;^^Pon 13t,,, an amo.nit of metallm-r.?o 'h,,'^" ^ "i^'^l^'ts I'ai-dlv be cxpecto, -^ ,?,? " "'''"''' ^''X'''' These nssaSt^r.f'^^^^^ to some arr,,ws V ie , n 1 ""1 '■^'fcmblance ; ■ r "^ '■■"i»u name lor it is " L-.lv,.!. )> and it is popularly called tli» 'L ^"^^"'l torture." It is .'enernllv , io,i f 'T'- "' tbrust down the ° throat ^o'T^ %i^^ =^ Soat, hen sew up the skin, so as to n ik- i;;;--nate,, indating 1.i5'tiij;:,^-;/J;y i"|;S.l?t^';ie^;^.'^° -» in tho " J'a dosed"n./"iSt ' 'T'T'^ ^^^^ ""' "Pon on Zr.£";,^^''^f. •' <:on,plete.y fthotastens 'i^^t'Sk y^*'"'^'^ ai,i '0/1 1 "'■'"•;?'''''''" ''o ^^a" tl'e fire in t lo t " ^ ^' 7' '""' '''•^^^■'■"'J wants to e cot the i '"iw f "'"^ ^^'^"^'^ ''" the sticks io."t 1, r Tl ' ■" "'•''>' *° l»'««-^ 'laneun. f, i"v ,,;,/' ' '"-f,"'""« s"«;c- workthebelio;s'asf^'t"!;;\'««"^ move them -ux] ;,V '^ "■'^"''s can P'oduco'a n\uc 'V; eerS''r' '" 'V' '"stained by the or.l'i^'rj^'*^!,,"'''^" '''' ^' Avhich they can work in metals tI • ' woman's apron about n f•^ '""^'^'s- it is a of a piece of K-,t e ent " "'"•'•■'^^' *""»«l I'cad,^ But inst,- 1 „f . • '^ ''?•''*-' '"'''i ^^''fh heads, the maE i xsl "r "" T^'^'^y S'^^s ofme'tal. lt"r atJ™^^^^^ '"'"!« formed of iron be-i s 1, ?^, "" '?I"'*"> '« 284 THE nECIIUANAS. Thig specimen is in the collection of Col. Lano Fox. In tlie same collection is nn ornament Ingeniously made fVom the spoils of sla. nictnlteys. A part of tlio upper jaw, con- taining tlie incisive and canine teeth, lias been cut olf, cleaned, and dried. A whole row of these Jaws has then l)een Mewed on a strip of leatlier, each overlapping its pre- decessor, so as to form li contniuous Ijand of glittering white teeth. As to dress, the Bechuanivs, as a rule, use more covering than many of the surround- ing tribes. The women especially wear several aprons. The first is made of thon-'s, like those of the Kaflirs, and over that^is generally one of skin. As she can atlord it slie adds others, but always contrives to have the outside apron 'decorated with bea*ls or other adornments. This series of aprons, however, is all tliat a Hechuana woman considers necessary in the w.iy of dress, the kaross being adoi)ted merely as a defence against the weather, and not ftom any idea tli covering to the body is needed for tlie purpose of delicacy. In figure they are not so prepossessing as many of the surrounding tribes, being usu- ally short, stout, and clumsy, wliich latter defect is rendered still more conspicuous by the quantities of beads which they Ijang in heavy coils round their waists and necks, and the multitude of metal rings with which they load their arms and "ankles. They even load their liair as much as possi- ble, drawing it out into a series of little twists, and dressing tliem so copiously with grease and sibilo, tliat at a few yard's they look as if their heads were covered with a cap composed of metallic tags, and at a greater distance as if they were wearing bands of polished steel on their heads. They consider a jjlentiful smearing of grease and red ochre to be the very acme of a fashionable toilet, and think that wash- ing the body is a disgusting custom. "Wo- men are the smokcrs'of the tribe, the men preferring snuff, and rather despising the pipe as a woman's imnlcment. The Beehuanas can hiirdly be selected as exami;les of good moral cliaracter. No one who knows them can believe a word that they say, and they will steal every- thing that they can carry. They are singu- larly accomplished thieves, and the habit" of stealing is so ingrained in their nature, that if a man is detected in the very act he feels not the least shame, but rather takes blame to himself for being so inexpert as to be found out. Small articles they steal in the most ingenious manner. Should it be hanging up, they contrive to handle it care- lessly and let it fall on the ground, and then they begin active operations. Stimdin-r near the coveted article, and trying to loolc as if they were not aware of its existence, they quietly scrape a hole in the sand with one of their feet, pvsh the object of their desire into the hole, cover it u'p again with sand, and smooth the surface so as to leave no trace that the ground has been dis- turbed. They steal each other's goods, whenever they can find an opportunity, but they are only too glad to find an opportunity of exercising their art on a white man, whose Iiroperty is sure to be worth stealing. A traveller in their country has therefore a hard life, for he knows that there is not a single article in his possession which will not vanish if he leaves it unguarded for a lew minutes. Indeed, as Mr. Haines well observes, there is not an honest nerve or fibre in a Bechuana's body; from the root of his tongue to th . tips of his toes, every nriusde is thoroughly trained in the art of thicviii''. If they merely sit near an article of moderate size, when they move oft" it moves with them, in a manner that no wearer of trousers can conceiye. Even Mr. Moilhtt, who had a singular cajiacity for discovering good qualities which liad lain latent and unsuspected, writes in very for- cible terms respecting the utter dishonesty of the Beehuanas: — "Some nights, or rather mornings, we had to record thefts committed in the course of twenty-four hoiirs, in our houses, our smith-shop, our garden, and among our cattle in the field. These they have more than once driven into a hofj or mire, at a late hour informing us of the accident, as they termed it; and, as it was then too dark to render assistance, one or more would fall a prey to the hyienas or hungry natives. One niglit they entered our cattle-fold, killed one of our best draught oxen, and carried the whole aw:iy, except one shoul- der. "We were compelled to use much meat, from the great scarcity of grain and ycgetables; our sheep we had to iiurchase at a distance, and very thankful might we be if out of twenty we secured the largest half for ourselves. Tliey would break tlieir legs, cut olf their tails, and more frequently carry off the whole carcass. "Tools, such as saw.s, axes, and adzes, were losses severely felt, as we could not at that time replace them, when there was no intercourse whatever with the colony. Some of our tools and utensils which tliey stole, on finding the metal not what tliey expected, they would bring back beaten into all shapes, and ofler them in exchange for .some other article of value. Knives were always eagerly coveted; our metal spoons they mc-ltecl; and wlien we were supplied with plated iron ones, which they found not so pliable, tiiey supposed them bewitched. "Very often, when employed working at a distance from the house, if there was no one in whom he could confide, the missionary would l)e compelled to carry them all to the place where he went to seek Is, wliencvor hut Uicy iiro portimity of man, wnose ik'aliiiK. A tliLTcToro a ere JH not a I which will iiarded lor a Haines well st nerve or oni the root s toes, every II the art of ar an article move oft" it ler that no ive. Even cajiacity for L'h had lain in very i'or- • dishonesty ornings, avo ted in the our houses, among our • have more r mire, at a accident, as I en too dark e would fall ?ry natives. cattle-fold, t oxen, aiKl one shoul- use much P grain and lo imrchase \l might we the largest break llieir : frequently and adzes, •ould not at tliere was Ihc colony, which they what they ick beaten I exchange le. Knives our metal 1 we were which they losed them employed e house, if lid confide, ed to carry ent to seek a draught of water, well knowing tliat if they were left they would Uike wings before he could nfturii. "The following hKJicrous circumstance once ha|i|)('U(.(l, and wiw relatiul to the writer by a native in graphi(; Mtyle. Two men had succeeded in .stealing an iron pot. Hiivnig just taken i: In.ni the (ire, it was rather warm lor hamjing conveniently over alence, an.l by doing .so it fell on a stone, and wa.s cracked. -It is iron,' said they and oil they m-.nt with their booty, resolv- 1 ing to make the best of it: that is, if it would not serve for cooking, they v.ould transform it into knives and Himirs. After uiu!,V!r' '':"'. ''''W^'''!, and the hue and cry about the missmg pot had nearly died away, It was brought forth to a native smith, wlfo' hml laid HI a stork of charcoal lor the occa- sion Ibe pot was further bn,ken to make t more eouviiiiieiit to lay hold of with tiie te.f";'' ^' '^'-^ «-'-^»y '"ade'o? !l e uaik ot a tree. The native Vulcan uu'ic- quain te, with cast iron, havii g "ith his good he" "r- "•" '" "■•^'^^' •-"> 'produc-eJ a IMS utter amiueineut, it (lew into pieces peep into the rude hut'ilat w^S'^seTfi r a ehui-ch, in order to .see who wL nro J ng, and would tiien go olF to the nri^^.^ ' house, and n,l. i^ ..t ?i,..r.. . „ """J .'''^''lii'rs DISREGARD FOR HUMAN LIFE. ». V/' ^'i^'^'cnstcin, who certnlnlv ha-l to ook on the best side of the r wild flocks have very l.ttlo to .ay in their favor aS nlenty to say against them. They seem to .e as heartless toward the infirm and ^™d S le Nama.,uas,ane of a war-song is sung, the same amies are Ibeii pertornied, and again universal silence is commanded. . . . '• When several speakers had delivered their seiitimeuls, chiellv exhorting to una- nimity and crokeu in |)ieccs.' "Then aildressing the warriors, 'There are many of you who do not deserve to cat out of a bowl, but only oul of a broken jiot; think on what has been said, and obey with- out murmuring. 1 cominand you, ye chiefs of the IJallajiis, Hatlarcs, Ikimairis, JJaro- longs, and Hakotus, that you aciiuaint all your tribiis of the pi'occcdings of Ibis day; let none be ignorant; 1 say again, y(t war- riors, prepare foi' the battle: let your shields be strong, your (luivi'is full of arrows, and your batlle-ax(!S as sharp as hunger. . . . J{e sili'nt, ye kiiliiey-eaters " (addnssing the old men), ye are of no l'artli(u- use but lo hang about for kidneys when an ox i.s slaughtered. (1.) lli:(Itr.\.\A I'Altl.IAMKM. '"*!'{' pn^c 'jMi.) ii'iiirs, 'Tliero (It'M'rvt! to t'.it :' a iMokcn jiot; and (il)iy«ith- I yon, ye chiefs iauiairis, JJaro- (I a('(|uaiiil all i;s norable'^.sca;' upon the thighs." He is here alludin' ^"^ '"«'•« "s^ful to for each enemy that has been shin and «m?. t" "'"" V,'° '^'''"" «''"'''• distinguishedVarriorrStlie ir Vr^s Zo! mi!^'^^^^^ lutcly striped with scars. As he woundTs ami nv^n " ">e. "'oiVhI'"'! without mercy, a tolerably deep one, and as L es are in . ever, butehering the Inoffensive women tifullyruf,bed\-ntoit,the ca reS ^'« '^'^^'^^^^ P0«ses8 the life, and ,s more cons .icuous thaH woul 1 cau ? of it ,sT of success is probably the f,''\f» European, leaving a white talck I ^1" .?..°/. i^"..'^".^''''^«^n*'««- I" «ome di- upon the dark skin. In spite of the severity of the wouiKl, all the successful warriors join 1.1 adnnce, which is kept u a . [.^ht ajid o..y terminates at s„..r se.^No one i« allowed to make the cut for hi.nself and f.:i:?."?J^l° 'l'"«tration' ^do k «'■" n** .'"«''' 'leprt'ssion on each' 8 de. In the Bechuana.; shield, however, t 18 depressmn is scooped out so dcepW that the shield is almost like an hour-Xs in Shane. The assagai, whiil, h.,« already been (fescr.bed, is „ot intended to be usej tothcpri;;t,;Lwthe''tr::?^;T;^'rrl!''^^^ I-rovcd, ana then take their fee roun„ ..„..,.!.," F^^^ I f;'^'^"^) precisely similar in appearance waji found under the wagon. Being iiresse'd on the subject, the confurer admitte.i that the? were not the same l.eads, but said that thov had been sent sujicrnaturally to replace those which had been broken. ^ Ihe same ojierator was toleral)ly clever at tricks with cord, but had to cori'ss that a nautical education conferred advantages in that respect to which his supernatuml FnvUed Mr 'n -^"n^' *° y^"'- He oS skill in the evening. " A circle oLgirls and women now surrounded the wCrd, and char'ni'*''^- ^ .l^'-'^T^ '"'* monot,;noi,s --thii. througi;^;-^--::rxnh^i;: '"?F^ ;i^-.ulyshaken,out.^UhijSiSoZ^ any "S ^rS^'^Jiir^^^-'- «-»«•. I -i^lS^lf '^ 'Kll'^^^ld '& <^ acquaintance with the '^t^^S^l^^^^^^^^^^^^ oral of ^- ^^"r "^ "'"^'' '"«» exhibited^ev- e al of his performances to Mr. liaines, and a ' 'in:. T rV'\" "'««n"ity in (he m.ag e ait. Ills first trick was to empty, or to .il)pcar to empty, a skiu bag and an old hat and then to shake the bag over tl c nt when apiece of meat or hirie fel from he former into the latter. Another peHbrm ance was to tie up a bea.1 necklace i n a wim of grass, aiKl hand it to one of tl cUit oThe r.,'r '"'■^\ ,"« "»'» P-^«"i the bag to (he most incredulous of the snectators h\ri7j ^ ■ *"'' ^^^ ^vas be nf this bush )ple. Both d in an odd Whicii tile l7 V 1 % SPARTAN PRACTICES. men evidently enjovcd, and the boys had to look as If they enjoyed it too. Each boy wn^ furnished with a pair of the ordinary hide sandals, which lie wore on his hands instead of his feet At stated intervals, the men put certain questions to the boys respecting their future life when admitted into the society of men. For example* " Will you herd the cattle welll" " 'asks the man. "I will," answers the boy, at the same time lifting his sandalled hands over his •!^u, . ..^, ^"■^ t'>"^" l«aps forward, and with his full force strikes at the boy's head. I fie blow is received on the uplifted san- dals, but the elasticity of the long switch causes it to curl over the boy's head with such force that a deep gash is made in his Si,^"*-'"" ^^^.^^^ ?"" eighteen inches in length, from which the blood spirts as if it were made with a knife. Ever aflerward, the lesson that he is to guard the cattle is supposed to be indelibly Impressed on the 2if5 that the ceremony h rather of a civil than a religious character. It is illustrater o," the previous pa,ge. The other stage of the rite, which 18 called by the generaf nmne of Boguera, is also of a secular character. It takes place every six or seven years, so T.f„<.« n"'^^^- '^T}'.^' °^ '^oy* «••« collected. These are divided into bands, each of which IS under the command of one of the sons of the chief, and each member is supposed to be a companion of lils leader for life. Thev are taken into the woods by the old men. where they reside for some time, and where to ludge from their siSrred and seamed backs, their residence does not appear to be of the most agreeable description. When they have passed through the different siaces of the boguera, each band becomes a reci- meut or "mopato," and goes by iia own name. '' According to Dr. Livingstone, " thev rec- ognize a sort of equality and partialcom- muiiion afterward, and address each other bov'smind. " - " k"Ti'"" '"'^'=' ";","' """ ^f'l'ess each other then comes another question " Will vn,, oL a f'T*' ""^ Molekane, or comrade. In lard the chief well? '' *1"''^"*'°' ^^'" ^o" ''f^es of ofTonce against their rules, as eating II T ....11 ., ,. ' . alone whon nnunf flioiV .i«™ 1 I ... .*• guard the chief well? fifrlL'"^'"'" '■''P"^? ">° ^^y- '^n'J another stroke impresses that lesson on the bov's whole series of questions has been asked and properly answered. The worst part of the proceeding is, that the boys are obliged under penalty of rejection, to continue theii' dance, to look pleased and happy, and pot to wince at the terrible strokes which co'-er v,„oc^ wi uuuuui! iigainsi; ineir rules, as eating alone when any of their comrades are within call, or in cases of dereliction of duty thev may strike one another, or any member of a younger mopato, but never one of an older band; and, when three or four companies IhTfl m" '"'?•'•'' ^^^ ""^^^^^ »o longer takes the field in time of war, but remains as a guard over the women and children. When a lugitive comes to a tribe, he is directed to their bodies" wUh'bloodra^d seam Their ^Tt^^:!!' i^TlT'"' '"^ "^'^^ *« whicfiih his hSr''V'-%%*'** '•'^' throuSa their member '' ""' ^^^°«S^' '^"^^ 'l«es duty as a the'r'ader'^^'us'tUT tffi'„\ thS h nlX' wlS^sf "'f ""if *" ^^' '^ -''-l "^ « -™- so formidable to the Beclu.aSs .^ it wm id Sd^^^^^^^^^^ before they are a..l- be to Euronoans. Tn H,„ fi,.cf „ii„„ !1."^ 'n«e(l among the women, and can honfi tn be to Europeans In the first place, the nervous system of an European is far more sensitive than that of Scith African na- tives and injuries which would lay him prostrate have but little effect upon them[ suroTJ'f.i'"/'" '^'?' fpm constant expo- sure to the elements, is singularlv insen- sible so that the stripes do not U eta tenth part of the pain that they would i^ suffered by an European. ^ «„^."'^i'i'' °''l°^ ""'" •"^'■e allowed to take part m this mode of instruction of the bovs and If any nian should attempt it who^< i ,. _ .- ^ ^^ ^-nnv ut»»w mo/i^. li 800 THE BECHUANAS. marriage those tasks which are sure to fall to their lot afterward. Cajmbilily of euilur- itig paiu is also iusistcd upon, auu the moni- tress tests their powers by scorching their arms with burning charcoal. Of course, all these severe labors require that the hands should be hard and horny, and accordingly, the last test which the girls have to endure is holding in the hand for a certain time a piece of hot iron. Rough and rude as this school of in- struction may be, its purport is judicious enough; inasmuch as when the girls are married, and enter upon their new duties, they do so with a full and practical knowl- edge of them, and so escape the punishment which they would assuredly receive if they were to fail in their tasks. The name of the ceremony is called " Bogale." During the time that it lasts, the girls enjoy sev- eral privileges, one of which is highly prized. If a boy who has not passed tnrough his ordeal should come in their way, he is at once pounced upon, and held down by some, while others bring a supply of thorn-br.anches, and beat him severely with this unpleasant rod. Should they be m suf- ficient numbers, they are not very particular whether the trespasser be protected by the hoguera or not; and instances have been known when they have captured adult men, and disciplined them so severely that they bore the scars ever afterward. In their feeding they are not particularly cleanly, turning meat about on the fire with their fingers, and then rubbing their hands on their bodies, for the sake of the fat which adheres to them. Boiling, however, is the usual mode of cooking; and when catin" it, they place a lump of meat in the mouth, seize it with the teeth, hold it in the left hand so as to stretch it as far as possi- ble, and then, with a neat upwanl stroke of a knife or spear liead, cut off tlie required morsel. This odd mode of eating meat may be found amon"; the Abyssinians and the Esquimaux, and in each case it is a marvel how the men avoid cutting off their noses. The following is a description of one of the milk bags. It ia made flora the skin of some large animal, such as an ox or a zebra, and is rather more than two feet in length, and one in width. It is formed from a tough piece of hide, which is cut to the proper shape, and then turned over and sewed, the seams being particularly firm and strong. The hide of the quagga is said to be the best, as it gives to the milk a peculiar flavor, which is admired by the natives. The skin is taken from the back of the animal, that being the strongest part It is first stretched on the ground with w^ooden pegSj and the hair scraped off with an adze. It is then cut to the proper shape, and soaked in water until soft enough to be worked. Even with care, these bags are rather perishable articles; and, when used for water, they do not last so long as when they are employ I'd for milk. A rather lai'ge opening is left ut the top, and a small one at the bottom, both of which are closed by conical plugs. Through the upper orifice the milk is poured into the bag in a fresh statu, and removed when coagulated; and through the lower aperture the whey is drawn off as wanted. As is the case with the Kafilr milk baskets, the Bechuana milk bags are never cleaned, a sniiill amount of sour milk being always left in them, so as to aid in coagulating the milk, which the natives never (liink in a fresh state. When travelling, the Bechuanas hang their milk Jbags on the backs of oxen; and it sometimes happens that the jolting of the oxen, and consequent slinking of the bag, causes the milk to be partially churned, so that small pieces of butter are found floating in it. The butter is very highly valued; but it is not eaten, being reserved for the more important office of greasing the hair or skin. The spoons which the Bechuanas use are often carved in tly; most elaborate manner. In general shape they resemble those used by the Kaffirs — who, by the way, sometimes purchase better articles from the Bechuanas — but the under surface of the bowl is en- tirely covered with designs, which are always effective, and in many cases are absolutely artistic from the bolcfness and simplicity of the designs. I have several of these spoons, in all of which the surface has first been charred and polished, and then the pattern cut rather deeply, so as to leave yellowish- white lines in bold contrast with the jetty black of the uncut portion. Sometimes it happens that, when they are travelling, and have no spoons with them, the Bechuanas rapidly scoop up their broth in the riglit hand, throw it into the palm of the left, and then fling it into the mouth, taking care to lick the hands clean after the operation. Music is practised by the Bechuana tribes, who do not use the goura, but merely em- ploy a kind of reed pipe. The tunes that are played upon this instrument are of a severely simple character, being limited to a single note, repeated as often as the per- former chooses to play it. A very good imitation of Bcchuanan nistrumental music may be obtained by taking a penny whistle, and blowing it at intervals. In default of a whistle, a Key will do quite as well. Vocal music is known better among the Bechuanas than among the preceding tribes — or, at all events, is not so utterly opposed to Euro- pean idea.s of the art. The melody is simple enough, consisting chiefly of descending and ascending by thirds; and they have a sulfi- cient appreciation of harmony to sing in two parts without producing the continuous discords which delight the soul of the Hot- tentot tribes. TheSO Iced pipes, Culled " lichoku," SfC Of SUBSTITUTE FOE HANDKERCHIEF. long ns when !\. rather loi-ge I a small ono are closed by upper orifice )ag in a fresh iguiated; and the whey is the case with ecliuana milk mull amount ri in them, so ilk, which the state. huanas hang of oxen; and ihe jolting of laking of the ially churned, ter are found 3 very highly eing reserved ) of greasing manns use are orate manner. jIo those used ay, sometimes he Bechuanas le bowl is cu- lich are always are absolutely 1 simplicity of r these spoons, las first been n the pattern ive yeilowish- rtith the jetty Sometimes it ravelling, and he Bechuanas in the right n of the left, ;h, taking care le operation, chuana tribes, it merely em- lic tunes that lent are of a ng limited to n as the per- A very good nneiital niusic )cnny whistle, In default of s well. Vocal he Bechuanas )es — or, at all osed to Euro- ;lody is simple escending and ' have a sulli- ly to sing in he continuous ul of the Hot- various leagths, and are blown exactly like 1 andean nipcs, i. e. transversely across the oritlce, whi(^h is cut wiUi a slight slope. iMch individual has one pipe only, and, as above sU'ited, can only play one note. But the Bechuanas have enough musical ear to tune thou- pipes to any required note, wJiich tliey do by pushing or withdrawing a mov- able plii.r which closes the reed at the lov/er end. AVhen a number of men assem- ble tor the purpose of singing and dancing, S;.s;'r K.ifr=£HS f^^trl^FP:^-^ great puuw in getting the precise note Which they want, and being as careful about U as It tlicy belonged to a European or- chestra The general effect of these pipes, played together, and with certain intervals IS by no moans iuliarnionious, and has been rather happily compared to the sound of sledge or wagon belfs. The correct method ot holding the pipe is to place the thumb against the cheek, and the forefinger over the upper lip, while the other tlfree fin- gers hold the instrument firmly in its place, ihese little instruments run through a scale ot some eleven or twelve notes. tTic dances ?L /^,f 'i"''i»»» are somewhat similar to thoseof the Amakosaand other Kaffirs; but they have the peculiarity of using a rather remarkable headdress when they are i full ceremonial costume. This is mmfe from por- cupine qmlls arranged in a bold and artistic manner so as to form a kind of coronet. None of the stiff and short quills of the 897 and others dancing for hours in succession, merely retiring occasionally to rest theii^ wearied hmbs. The dancers scarcely speak at all when engaged in this absortinff amusement, though they accompany thei? reed whistles with native songs. Round the dancers is an external ring of women and girls, who follow them as tKoy revolve and keep time to their movements by clan-' ping their hands. ^ ^ As is usual in this country, a vast amount & t ,"?."'"^ ^.'*^"^«'" 1"'"s Which julorn the neck of the animal, and, in consequence ovpr tl f ""f proportionate length, bend over the back m graceful curvel. These headdresses are worn by the men, who nli^.n^ *'^<-:™««l^'e« about so as to cause the pliant quills to wave backward and forward, and so contrive to produce a really grace- In 'if 'v T'' I'^r'-'^''^ >« notcoLiKd an essential part of the dance, but is used on special occasions. in a Wn/'tn"!'^', t^ey. arrange themselves troifhHn''r*^ "« "^"^ "^ con enting . P-. m the dance fur a few iuiautes,! display an ingenurt/in thdr ^"nSctioa led THE BECHIJANAS. . I that is pprf«>ctly nHtoninlilng. "Wlioncc thoy ilorivtui thfirarchitcctiinil kiiowln(lgi<,n(i niio knowH. Why (lit^ KultlrH, who imt iUho incii ul' lilt) soil, should not Imvo loni'iiiMl IVoiii tht'ir iiciKhiioiM how to huild hotter Iiouhcn, IK) orio nil) tiill. Tho tact rt'iniiiiiH, timt tlu> Jtci'hiiium is Hiin|)ly Huiircino In lUThitrc- tiiiT, iind thoro Ih no ni'ljjh boring Iriliu that Ih tivt'U worthy to bo runki'd itt tlie Bocond chiHH. \V'<' luivo iilrcadv si-cn that the houHn of Pinjjati, llu- (iiTut KalHr di!«|iot, was (^xarlly like that ol" any ol' his snhjt'cts, only larj^cr, and the supportinj; jio.s'ts coviivd witli beads. Now a Hi-chuana of very niodci- utit rank would be ithhanied of nucIi an edithc by way of a residenee ; and even the j)oor — if we may use the word — ean huild lionsi's for thi inselves »juite as j^ood as tliat of Diiifjan. Instead of lieiiifi; ronnd-toppetl, like so many wickorwork luit-hills, as is the ease witli the Katllr huts, tim houses of tho IJeehuanas are lonieal, and the shape may he rou^^hly delined hv saving that a lieehuanii's hut looks something like a huge whii)pin>{-toi> with its jioint upward. The artist 1)114 represented them on \miivt 287. A man of moderate rank makes liis house in the following? nianner — or, nither, orders Ins wives to huild it for him, the won)en heins the only arehit(>ets. Fii'st, a number of posl« are eiit tVom the kameel-dorn aeaeia- troe, their len^'th vaiyini; aeeordinj; to the otHee which they have to fultll. iSupnosinjj, for example, that the house had to he six- teen or twenty feet in diamete)*, some ten or twelve posts are needed, which will l)e about nine feet in heijjht when planted in the j;rom)d. These are placed in a circle and tirn)ly llxcd at toleraldy equal distances. Next conies a smaller circle of much sn)aller posts, which, when llxed in the giound, n)eiul- dom in the exact centre, so that the hut always looks rather lop-.sided. A roof made of reeds is then placet! upon the rafttsrs, and the skeleton of the h(>use is complete. The thatch is held in its place by a number of louf? and thin twigs, which ai'e bent, and the end thrust into the thatch. These twigs ai-e set in parallel rows, and hold the Oiatch lirmly together. The slope of the roof is rather slight, and is always that of a de- pressed cone, as n)ay be seen by reference to the illustration. Next come the walls. The posts which form the outer circle are conuecttid with a wall someti))ies about six feet high, but fre- quently only two feet or so. But the wail whii^h connect*) tho Inner circle is eight or ten feet in height, and sometimes reaches nearly to the roof of the house. These walls are generally made of the mimosa thorns, whh^li are so ingeniously woven that the garmentM of those who piuts by are In no danger, while they etlectuully prevent oven the Munillest animal from creeping through. The inside of the wall is Mtrengthened as well as smootht!)! by a thick eoatmg of clay. The fan)ily live in the central coiiiiiarlniei)t of thti house, whilt! the servantjt inliabit the outer portion, which also serves as a veran- dah in which the family ean sit in the day- tinie, and enjoy the double benelit of fresh air and shade. The engraving gives an idea of the or- dinary construction of a Biuhuana hut. Aromxl this houstt is a tolerably high pal- ing, mad(< in a siniilar fashion of posts and thorns, and within this enclosure the cattle are kept, when their owner is rich enough to build an (^xlosui-e for their especial use. This fence, or v.all, as it nuiy properly be called, is always very (Irmly built, and some- times is of very strong construction. It is on an average six fet-l high, and is about two leet and a half wide at the bottom, and a foot or less at the top. It is made almost entirely of small twigs and bi-iinehes, placetl upright, and nearly parallel with eachotlier, but so lirmly interlaced that they form an admiiable defenct! against the assagai, while near the bottom the wall is so strong as to stop an ordinary bullet. A few inches from the lop, the wall is strengthened by a double band of twigs, one band being oiitsidc, and the oilier in the interior. Tho doorways of a Hechuana hut are rather enriously constructed. An aperture is niMdo in the wall, larger above than below, so as to suit the shape of a hmiian being, whose shoulders are wider than his feet. This formation serves two puiiioses. In tlie first place it lessens the size of tlu; iiperture, and so tliiuinishes the amount of (Iraught, and, in the next place, it forms a better defence against an adversary than if it were of larger size, and reaching to tli(> ground. The lireplaee is situated outside the hut, though within the fence, the Bechuanns having a very wholesome dread of tire, and being naturally anxious that their elabo- rately built houses should not be burned dowii. Outside the house, but williin the enclosure, is the corn-house, 'i'bis is a smaller hut, constructed in much the same manner as the dwelling-house, and coniain- ing the supply of corn. This is kept in jars, OIK! of whict) is of jtrodigious size, and wouhl quite throw into the shade the celebrated oil jars in which the "Forty Thieves" hid themselves. There is also a separate house in which the servants sleeji. This corn jar is made ot twigs plaited and woven into form, and strengthened by sticks thrust into tlie grouiKl, so tlint it is irromov- CONCENTRIC MODE OF BUILDfNa. 290 Rblo, PVfin If Its hiiR** (lltnitiiHiiiiiH Hii] not nriHwcr timt i.iirpose. Tli,^ )iir Im pl.wtiirdd l)Oth on tliii oiitHJdo mill Mw inti'iior with diiy, Nti thiit it forms an ii(lnilnil)l« protcrt- tion fr)r fhfi corn. 'I'lioHd jurH me minidlinu'H MX ((M^t in hcluiht mid Ihn.ii in width, and t icn- Mlmpo itlnio.st (ixm'tJv rcscnililt.m tlmi of tlio oil jars of Kuropo. 'fhii l>cst Npi>('inini.s m-() nilscd Hix or hcvcii inihoH thmi thn |?ronn(l, tht^ NlukiH wlilcli lorm their miillold- inp; imHwcriiif? tlu- purpoHn of |,.jrH. Kvcrv housi! has ono Hiifih jiir; mid in the iihodc c'.f Woiiltliy pci-Hoim tlierti in ucniiriilly (nii; larL'c Jar and a miinlu'r ofHiuallor ouch, all packed toK(!tlu«r clow.dy, and soinytinies ontlrdv nlhn^' tli(. Htoro-housn. '' Ah is tho case witli tho KafflrMho IJc- c iiiaiias l.uild their houses mid walls in a cimilar („rin, and h.iv.. no idea of niakinK a wid or a lence in a strai-ht line. Mr. Hnr- ci«ll accounts (ijr it liy 8nj;;.estiiifr that they have discovered the greater capacitv of a «urcle coinpariMl with any other /i./ure of fqiial circumfereneo, and (hat thev make cifciilar houses and catlle-peiis in order to ncc-.Mnin.>date the greatest 'number of n.e or cattle in tlw^ least possible space. I rather ' «^onbt the truth of tilis theorv he.-anso I ! . people cannot build a HtraiRht wal r a square house, even if th.-y wish.Ml to do so hint ;;""• ";''•'"" '•""' *'""«" »""' ' looked lor in their mental conformation. Wo will now exmnino the illustration rnpresontu that part of the biiildiiiir which covered hy thu nwif. 'J'he H.'rvantH' hoi is also seiiarati riKht of.tlie plan. PLAN OF HOUSE, lilfSSSS :hitl Jkhiho and may be seen on tJio by he small eircle Just below the .rooH wall "ii the riKht hand of the hiaii. In tlu, mid- er, cu with the most reekk'ss ^xlnZ «ance of material, an.l piled in lbrk..d ti-unks stil standing in the earth, a« if the d.-sig,^ of the builders had been to give the leiwt possible amount of shade witTi (he great ^t expenditure of material. . . . Mo.^t of (1,. nien were e.,i,,loyed in (he niamifi^t i o 800 THE DECIIUANAS. having cut tho itkind Into Bhane with their knivcit or aHHiigivis, wuro slowly nnd care- fully Bowing tlicm togothiir. One nmn wan tiulilinm; with a nlcco of mick on tlw Htring of a bow, to which a calubaHh had b«cn tlcs, and tho actual funeral begins. Tho relatives dig a grave, generally within tho cattle fence, not snape TION — MAN'h IllIKSS — TIIK PKrl'LIAIl MANI>AI,S, AND M()I>K OF AlM)I{NINO TIIK IIAIIl — WOMEN'S Illtl'.SH — COSTl'ME OF rilK OIlll.S — I'OllTUArl' OF A DAMAUA OIUL IIKHTINO IIKIttlKI.F — HINiill.All C.W OF TIIK MAUUIKI) WOMKN — FASTlDIOl SNKSS CON(KUNINAMAUAH — "cUOWINd" Foil HOOTS AM> WATKll — AUClllTKCTrHK AM) Fl'llNITUllK — INTF.I.I.KCT OF TIIK DAMAUAS — AltlTlIMKTKAl, DIFFICII.TIKS — WKATONS — TIIK DA.MAIIA ASA SOI. DIKH — TIIR DIF- FKUKNT ( ASTKS OK KANDAS — FOOD, AND MODK OF COOUINll — DAMAUA DANCKS AND MISIC — MATItlMONIAI. AFFAIHS — VAKIOI'.-4 Sl'I'F.IWTITIONS — THE HArUKD FIIIE AND ITS rillESTKSS — Ari-AltlTIONS — DEATH AND IH'RIAI. OF A CHIEF — CEIIEMONIAU ON THE ACCRSBION OF III8 SON — THE DAMAUA OATH. If tlio roador will rofcr to a map of Afriod, and look at the wostorn coast Just bolow lat. 20° S., Ill- will st'c that a larjicportion of tho coimtrv is occuiiifd bv a lu'oplo called Da- maras, this word hciiiL; a cuplioiiious corrup- tion (>f the word Daimip, which sij;nilics "Tho People." Who tlu> I)ainai-a.s oriiji- iially were, liow loiii; they have occupied the land, and the place where lliey oi-igi- nally cnin<' from, arc rather diiliious, and they themselves can throw no light on the sulijoct. '[""he trilie is a very interostiuj? one. Once of {ircat jiowcr and imixirtance, it spread over a vast tract of country, and developed it.s own peculiar manners and customs, some of which, as will lie seen, are most reinarkahle. Its day of jirosoerity was, however, hut a short one, as is the case with most tribes in this ]iart of the world. It has rapidly siuik from its hi<,'Ii estate, has suffered t'rom the attacks of powerfid and relentless enemies, and in a few more years will probalily perish otf the livee of the earth. So rapid havi- been the cha'.j;es. that one traveller. All. Anderssen. remarks that williin liis own time it has lieen liis fate to witness the complete ruin and down- fall of the once iireat Daniara nation. Such beiuii the case, it is my intention to {live a brief account of the trilic. iiotieiiii; I only those peculiariiies which serve to dis- ! tiiiKnish it from other tribes, and which nii^^ht in the course of a few years be alto- gether forj^olteu. The account Lriviin in il-.e following pages hn.s been partly taken from Mr. Anderssen's " Lake; ><^ami," partly from Mr. (ialtoirH work on Southwestern Africa, and i)arlly from (be well-knowu book by Mr. J{ain(>s, to whom I am .also indebted for many sketches, and much verbal and written infoniialion. As far as can be asceitaiiu'd, the abo- rij;ines were a race called, I'ven by them- selves, llie (Jliou Daiuup — a naiiic ((uite untranslatable to cars ])oiite, and therelore euphonized by the colonists into Hill l)a- maras, thoiiLjh in reality there is no connec- tion between them. The (Jlioti I>amup say that their jj;reat anc( stor was a ludmoii, who married a native lady, and haii a immerous projieny. 'J"he union, Iiowcmt. like most iiiUMpial m.atehes, was not r> liappv one. the mother jiriding liers.df on her family, and twiltiii;r her sons with their low coiineetions on the paternal side. 'Hie end of the mat- ter was, that a sjilit took place In the family, the sons li(diavinj; so badly that they dared no lonjicr face tlieir biL,'li-born Hottentot connections, and lU'd to the hills, where they have ever since dwelt. The Dainaras may be roiifihly divided into two bodies, the rich and the poor, the former Ihmii'j; those who possess cattle, and live chiedy on thi' milk, and the latiei- those who liavi' either no cattle, or only one or two, and who. in conseiiueiice, live !iy the chase and on the wild root.s which Ihev dii,'. For the Diunaras are not an a>;ricu1tural .ph '■■>j their net, as (31)4) cr(f""°™' »■"•". adapted for the raising of mo looki'il (Iowa u|)()ii by tliu rich, ■• sort an. n.ii^.tr.a..iL.ifil..,;:,;;;';,;,s V if. .'""■ ""V l'"«'li'>» '■« tl>i»t of «,.r- «• '"'■"■' '■'!'"' «'"-Vii..(.s, punish tlu,ni A on . (,ik,. tlu.ir Iivos. Ii will l,,, „,.,,„ ^•[;!;t;:.'="'V!M^''''i''-"''i''vo«in;,i"i; ot 111,, .sava-o li((. ix „„t priMtlHi'ly „f an Ar- n 1,(0,1 to hiiropoiULS for all tlu.ir vic's Sor soini, un,l,.uht(.,lly tli,.y arc and Is 'I.y .-i .sn.^n.lar aptitu.lo in ao.n.ir n ' th, ? f.ut naost of the ..-..atoHt evils 'of "lu, i • ' 8>>'h as -Irunkonnj.ss, cnu.Uy, innnorali y' APPEARANCE OF THE DAMARAS. 808 (W in Europe. I„ the month of Augnst when onr aunnner niav hi. sii/l <, ,'^"''/ > ;""«, "ot westerlv wi.I^W ' w .1 .' luSki;; !>,'»ch up an.l ,fes,ro.y th„ yV^.ta!!,;!!!"- a^ dishonoslv, lyiri" sluvi-n,- .m,!' n, ri (,» I.,. I' •'/ .'"',. ^''^".Vi an'l tno ik(\ an. to he (oun.l in full vlj,,,,- anion.' siv r . "at.ons an,I existed mnon/ Ia.,„"'7,'i7 mine, ly i.s h„ bent on attainipg thl n. ■ t" n.iiue Atnoan boor, uh eh is -w il,i,.i, ™l|iM.-.y B„„.,, „r l,.,\vi|l ;, , k i VJI^S, ' sr:'„'iii;;,r" »■"'■'• '•""»'S'«"h'i::'." means a (h's.'rac,. SM?. •*' '• "' "•>' »o '"ife'htily a no ,;,.v^'''' '''•>'' '^-if'"". ' hri ves knS,vn^fa ift'^.^i-r^ '^ i« « well- the earth ^'' ^''''^^ •^" "^e face of of very la -go ev ont 'Vv"''' '''"',?"«'' '' ''^ tion is mostly of 1.^ I,"''''- T"* ^^'^'"ta- t-«oa3ousaro-uatun;i,J^"Il,^^^;!i;-^ the san.o ijne, whirlwi;;; s ;;?^ : 'ZV tb,^ oountry with trenxnulous v,", ei y Tl .[vh, " ';!""« vast oolumns of san.l, „ S tjllZ .I.an.e er an-l seyeral ln„.,lre,r 1 f K^h .nlyf 's,S ';.■ '"•''"" •''^'^■■^" '^<''"'»' « amurasd.;s,,MKactlHMn<)rukun,b-:nWH.;a oi, Ran.-bnn.^,rs, a most ai.nn.priate nine' rains Ll'.""'^'^ """"'" ^"^^ '''^'•"••*' "'""'•«' viviil''li!'blni.r"''"'"'""""^^ ^'^ """"''"• «"d vn K iij,'l tnni,!,', are not unusual in tliH "'""i'.sof«..pt..nberan,l()ctolH.r I t lo W.Iar ra.ns ,lo not set in till 1).,. ■ „1 !" .UKl January, when (hey e„„tinu(. wit II nt u .: ' 'V'""? "•"*t<''-'y winds prevail feel, I V , .• . "i ''''^•••'■'^■k, '""1 tlH. kin h^.o .-^ • '"^'■'''- <'>"-iW'onally at tliis tnne, tropical ranis fall, but they d., nioro ■»•'".=». good, as s'u,lden <.^1. \ ™ ^^'Sii'a^^^^ ,iHa.:i^i5 «vory »I,.MI,„ „r ,l,i. liaSra „4/ 'K »■' 806 THE DAMARAS. for them seems almost non-existent, and an iiyury which wouid be fatal to the more nervously constituted European has but little eflect on the Damara. The reader may remember the insensibility to pain manifested by the Hottentots, but the Da- maras even exceed them in this particular. Mr. Baines mentions, in his MS. notes, some extraordinary instances of this pecul- iarity. On one occasion a man had broken his leg, and the ft-actured limb had been put up in a splint. One day, while the leg was being dressed, Mr. Baines heard a great shout of laughter, and found that a clumsy assistant had let the leg fall, and had re- broken the partially united bones, so that the log was hanging with the foot twisted inward. Instead of being horrified at such an accident, they were all shouting with laughter at the abnormal shape of the limb and no one seemed to think it a better joke' or lau(jhed more heartily, than the injured man hnnself. The same man, when his in- juries had nearly healed, and nitrate of sil- ver had to be applied freely to the parts, bore the excruciatui" operation so well that he was complimented on his courage. How- ever^ it turned out that he did not feel the application at all, and that the compliments were quite thrown away. On another occasion, a very remarkable incident occurred. There hatl been a mu- tiny, which threatened the lives of the whole party, and the ringleader was accordingly condemncll8,and they graduated regularly in size until the lowest .'md smallest were barely as large as hazel-nuts. He was very proud of this ornament, and refused to sell it, though he kindly offered to lend it tor a day or two. "^ His headdress costs him much trouble in composing, though he does not often "o through the labor of adjusting it. He di- vidcs his hair into a great mimber of strands, which he fixes by imbuing ilieni with a mix- ture of grease and red ochre, and then allows them to hang round his head like so many short red cords. A wealthy man will some- times adorn himself with a single cockle- shell in the centre of the forcheiid, and Mr. Baines remarks, that if any of his friends at home would only have made a supper on a few pennyworth of cockles, and sent him the shells, he could have made his fortune. Tlie men have no particular hat or cap; but, ai *ping at night rosa cannot bo lid so he has to I again, sucli as tlie poorer Da- ifflciently uutri- rtion, and he is r rations. His asli at worlj, to ys, and then to his strength by ion. is rather pecul- !cially so. The 8s is a leathern Idom less than nies exceeding This is wound , 80 that it falls 1 of grace. In s, knob-kerries, it it serves the ;, and a dress, sandals, made 3echuanas, and milar manner, gth, projecting very much bc- t reminds the its which were i times. Somc- e of these san- ; holes in the mall articles of ppcd, and then 1 the .sand, iient, and place rpose, fashion- d polishing it he sunbeam.s. and they are which may be ire they. One lis which hung •ly to his heeliJ. out as large as ed regularly in ist were barely as very proud ed to sell it, ud it for a day uch trouble in not often go ig it. IIe(Ti- i)cr of strands, m with a mix- iid then allows like so many lan will some- single cockle- head, and Mr. his friends at . supper on a I sent liim the fortune. The ' cap; but, a« h (308) '/&, t Vft '^ 1 li'iy, ^ in '/i/ H f: if J: '-« [ /i*' w ( S v? 1 3 < M -^ • m ^ I ^ ^ < Q I ^ 1^ - ii J/i Iheyarc very fastidious about their hair and r'afl?v",.r'"'' "."''r'^ destroy all the e labo- rate v-(Ires,sw locks, they use in rainy weather a p.ece of soft hide, which they place on their heads, and fold or twist into ■ t"luM,f "'tn f ;"''^3^,'"'«?' •"««* convenient to tlieni. Ihe fat and red ochre with which he a/ orns us head is liberally bestowed on tl e Who e body, and affords-'an ind(.x to to WlKM. a Daniara is well and in good spirits ho IS all r,.,l an.l shining like a mirror and e?ther;ri^' •'' T*^" J"-*.'".-'"" ''uH he isC? either to be in low spirits or bad eircum- staices. As a rule, the Damaras do n t wash themselves, preferring to renew the r beauty by pa.ut and grease,'and the na ura consequeuco is, that they'dilfuse a odor wlueb IS ar from ag.eeablo to Eu",, ean nostnls. though their own seem to be h. sensible to it. Indeed, so powerful are t J £\" /''« African 'trib'es, that any one wo ventures among them must boldly abnegate the sense of smell, and make un hismuul to endure all kinds of , odori just a.s he nmkes up his mind to endu e the tmvel n a r """'1 '\ "'"''""^ I^ardshi-ps of %^ ^ lureign land, * abh^ noJ''fa' "'' "'*^.^^'"'"cn is most remark^ tours spoiled bj- bar wo I'k ' t T ''■'"■ ft r^ .St'f^h^^''''^"^'*^ "^"''« "^rS ■ bu 11 IS a point of honor w fh tlm t-»„ "»' ^'"t and women not opll down ?"*■";■" S'""'^ lier head, she has raised it onhf.tK V ,''*''"'' and thus " rests " hers ■ f v^ ^T ''"»''«' her walk or putting down her bu./'''"^'"" back, c,.Lsisti . of "fo'fj"-'''' *'«'l toiler Dam'ara girls ak, very ?oml T'^P"'': 'T'"' make great pets of th^m trLr ''"1',^"'"' """^ they were blxbies^a I c l/i^ni"?. ""-''";'^'' '*" exactly as the mvirioH ^ ^ "'*''" '"^bout children "^'^ '*'"'»«" carry their it in any'aTt'o^'t'^o 7orl,r T*^'"? l'^^^ waist the woman wi "is S ' ,;f """^^ '>«r laac rope, hke that w'or;"SSrai",!'d COSTUME OF DAMARA GIRLS. 809 motals, such L brass o^ ev n "^ -C^ nngs are verv simni.. V r "• J^hcse thick rods cut to lu '^"' ''f"'" '"'■'•'^'y rudely into form ,n , A""''", '^'"r"'' ^^^nt the li^ib b^he hammer TI,'"''"''^'"'* °^^'- have cost som« r!f IV • ^''*^*'' ornaments wc Shan presenUy see •■ "'""'^ very dear, as ml T,?n" r*=,'' '''''^"•^"d the 1 1! 'S flTtnii '''^V"«l^ of this cap is attac led a iiat tail, sometimes tln-..^ r.. V "n;^^ci;^.^4,5";;i;^d rK^^ wearr-Vi;r;t"^of tl'" ^^'"^'^'^'^ " "^ tl'e cars is r n.I :;^ • ^ "^"J'' •'^ ^*''''i «3 ochre. So rauc for h'"' ^'"">''^ '^"'^ "-^'^ I'owever is^npnJ^^^ i"'*" H«!> "-^clf. which, This is n' \t '"'Complete without the veil leaherwte 'rr,"V'"" '""^ ^^^^^^ can. m'd if ;! ""f ^1 1'^ *'"' '■'•ont of tho 'alVoveVthe 2^ once-u" it'^Tr' ""'"* en, however, only w^ T'^^^s foV'^ Z"t 810 THE DAMARAS. time, and then roll it back so that it passes over the foroht'ad, and then falls on either shoulder. Heavy and inconvenient as is this cap, the Damnra woman never poes without it, and sutlers all the inconvenience for the sake of beinjj; fashiofiahle. Indeed, so hic;lily is this adornment prized by both sexes that the husbands would visit their wives willi their heaviest displeasure (i'. e. beat them within an inch of their lives) if they ven- tured to appear witliout it. (^ne woman, whose portrait was beint; taken, was reeom- mendcd to leave her headdress with the artist, so that she might be sjiared tlie trouble of standing while the elaborate dec- orations were being drawn. She was liorri- fied at tlie idea of laying it aside, and said that her husband woidd kill her if she was seen without her proper dress, If she wishes to carry a burden on her head, she does not remove her cap, but pushes it olf her fore- head, so tliat the three pointed ears come upon the crown instead of the top of the head, and are out of the way. However scanty may be the apparel which is worn, both sexes are verv particular about wearing something, antf look ujion entire nudity nuich in the same light that we do. So careful arc they in this respect that an unintentional breach of etiquette gave its name to a river. Some Baniara ■women came to it, and, seeing that some berries wei-e growing on the opposite side, and that the water was not nnicn more than waist-deep, they left their aprons on the bank and waded across. While they were engaged in gathering the berries, a torrent of water sudniplov it for many purposes, such as digging uj) the ground-nuts, on which tliey feed largely, excavating for water, and the like. Tliey will sometimes " crow " holes eighteen inches or more in deiith, and barely six inches in diameter. The word i' crow " is used very frequently by travellers in this part of Africa, and sadly puzzles tho novice, who does not in the" least know what can be meant by "crowing" for roots, " crow-water," and the like. Crow-watc.-, of course, is that which is obtained '■ 'I"- ging holes, and is never so good which can be drawn from soun; ojieu or stream. "Crowing" is verj' useful in house-bullvf ing. The women imicure a number ot tolerably stout but pliant sticks, some eiglit or nine feet long, and then " ci'ow " a corre- sponding number of holes in a circle about eight feet in diameter. The sticks are planted in the holes, the tops bent down and lashed together, and the framework of the house is complete. A stout iiole, with a forked top, is then set in tho middle of the hut, and supports the roof, just as a tent- |)oIe supports the canvas. IJru.shwood is then woven in and out of the framework, and mud plastered upon the brushwood. A hole is left at one side by way of a door, and another at the top to answer tho pur- pose of a chimney. When the (Ire is not burning, an old bx-hide is laid over the aperture, and kept in its place by heavy stones. Sloreovef, as by tne heat of the outsi.lc It various cra<;k.s make their nr.near- ance in the roof, l,i,U-s are lai.l h.'r ■ and nearly covered with hides. Tlie.so act a« fnvar ,1 Wr'^ '" ''"^ "''^"' ■'»'•, alin...st u ins t (. m-hi,anr sullboation, the Dan ras ahv ivs nTd?,e'lv"' '";■■" -i".'^'^' '""■'?'"" ^•-•-^v- thctiso5ves'" m!!i"''' , "'1 ^^■•"."•''^•''^ ^™"W'^ itV Tv.Vhin H i''^"' ™'^'' ••* 8"|K!r(lu- seS\;t'of ati^'hi^;^':;^^^ ''- "«t events, it has m^t I e rL\,l S' ?"•' '^.V'" «oom to fail most complete in arUh.n^th^ and cannot even eou ,t beyond a cm^^^^^^^^^^ number. Mr. Galt.-n gives i ve y amusi " description of a Damani in di Hculks vvitK a question of simple arithmetic ""' We went only three hours, and slent it hSl'^'Somr'v "^'-'''^^^ "^'^^ ilansTid I ;;.remostnrovoking?!iiiS;'te:i^^ i^^|^^Xt';o.r=r--£- f^triiziv-'bfJrvfdii^'-' :^hJ^li'^^'^^ l« Ht.le; tie next! islt IGNOUANCE OF ARITHMETIC. 311 mains to grasp and secure the flngerg that are required jor 'units.' Yet thev seldom o«e oxen: the way i„ which try^.lf™" the 088 ol one is not by the n.iml'er of The ;^a^i::;:i,jTnr''''''''^"^'^^^''-''-'- two sti..K^ of lobar io'^^e tl ^'nUeTcT CKUige for one sh,...p, it woul.l sorely pu^ ze a l)am;.ra to take two sheen and p i vn ""• four sticks. I have done ^, ^^^ man hrst put two of the sticks i.urt, and t..ke a H..M.t nv„.. them at one of tf.e ^\iTp ShS:;/;^'^^-''i^^^"iani" p5,'^^'s?;rr^,rtt'^^^i^'^ have a very poor notion of tine If i.'i^ !^{,' 'S"PPo«o ^ve start at su r se where will the sun be when we irriw.'"' fi ' ^"*^^^ the wildest points in M,e«k-vH "^''-I'^Jike are somethiV' of ns m.l^' "'""-■? ^^''y names to se 4d sta?s TW if^ ""'' ^"^' of distinguishiiKT c :? ,!• ,?^r3' have no way m:;^SvS:jy:pg^,^-t how Ignorance of all num.-rical ide"s?s .^i-v "^ "oyng.. In practi.-e, Xtever th,^P '?"" possess in their langua-e thev eowi'^i "■''>' no numeral "-reater ( Im Vi.. ^ '''^^t^Jnly "«c wish to exprtslu '^^ey' tX tl't^^.-t'^ gers, which arc to the u w form;,!.?.. ^ ' .''"" ments of calculation al a siK an English sehool-boy. £^,2 *" '" '" niuf'h after fivp hr^^. ^ puzzle very i-i-n alter five, because no spare hand rd- idf'^Srf'^*'''"' "'^ving-saii^ii^iliiZ silt that Ihit one was honestly i,aid for and 'n < ing to his surprise that exac v tw count iir"ti::r' ;," ""V "^ «'-'"'"''- - ^}lS.f;;it Ii;^^,^'aj::^,-S!n^ !^f.Siek;nL:rre:^;a^£ Sfzsest-rthS ai..! he broke otf the transact! n nuiltu!,' sticks were put into his hand, an oe sheen It out, and comi,lains the next day ^ "■' s e^S ;r -^ "°^ ^^'-'^ «"" '«^- '"n- isne Kept puzzling and runniiKr i.,.- eyes over them l.ackwanl and f rwa d h, f Although the Damaras managed to over- 312 THE DAMARAS. fe ^1 I run tho roiintry. (lioy rnnnot l)o considorcd 11 wiirlikt- iicoplt'. neither Imvc tlicy been nhU\ to liDiil tiir any l(Mip;tli of liino tlio very iniinvitini; laml llii'V nuKiucM-cd. Their Avi'iiponrt are lew and ttunplc, l)itt, nucIi a.s tliry arc, nnicli |iaiiis are taken in liieir niannraelurc, and tiie Daniani warrior is a.s earel'iil to keep Ium rude arni!< in ^ood order as is tlie disciplined soldier of lOnrope. The chief and distinctive u'ca)ion of the Daniara is tlu! assagai, which has little in eonnnon with the weapons (hat have already lieen deserilied nuiU'V that name. It is ''out six feet in lenuflh, and has an enornmu- lilade, leaf-shajad, a tool or nion^ in lenjilh, and pro- ))()rtionalely wide. It is made of soil steel, and can lie at. mice sharpened Ity scrapiuj^ with a knit'c or stone. The shall is corrc- spjly stout, and to tlieceutre isattaehed (uie of the llowinir ox-tails which have al- ready hei'U mcniioncd. Some of these assa- /^ais are made almost wholly of iron, and have only a short piece of wood in the mid- tile, which answers tor a handle, as well as an attachment for the ox-tail, which seems to ho ail essential p.irt uf the Duiuarn ussa- fiai. The weapon is. as may he emiji'ctured, an exceedingly incllieient one. and the hiade is oflener used as a knife than an otfensive weapon. It is certainly useful in the chase of the el(>pliant and other larj;e t;anie, because the wound which it makes is very larjie, and causes a };real tlow of blood; l)ut aj^ainst human enemies it is comparatively useless. The Dainara also carries a how and arrows, ■which are wretchedly inetfeetive weapons, the nuirksman seldoin hittin;^ his object at n distance greater than ten or twelve yards. The weapon which he really handles well is the knob-kerrie or short cKub, and this he can us(; either as a club at short cpiarter.s, or as a mis.sile, in the latter case hurlinsj; it ■with a force and precision that renders it really formiilable. Still, the Damara's entire nrmiunent i.s a very ]ioor one, and it is not matter of wonder that when he came to match himself a;;ainst the jtossessors of lire- arms he should be hojielessly defeated. In their contliets with the Hottentots, the unfortunate Damaras sulfered dreadfully. They were literally cut to pieces by far in- ferior forces, not tlirou;;!! any particular valor on the part of the i-nemy, nor from any esjiecial cowardice on their own, but simply because they did not know their own jiowers. Stalwart wari'iors, well .nrmed with their broad-bladed assavrais. miiiht be seen par.i- 1. zed with fear at tlu' sound and etfccts of the muskets with which the Ilrittcntots ■were armed, and it was no nnconnnon oe- curronce for a Daniara soldier to stand still in fear and trembling while a little Hotten- tot, at twenty jiaces' distance, deliberately loa Damn ■",,'';".'' "I'-.^n-thmu /ho diiof Ohio' "'"rhis ;';;■■'" """^"■'^ "'■■'^ animals. Th^H ho ,k^,. m" /'* ""^ ^'•'^'•i""'' •"kill, .ho to-srof 4Si^^,;iish%"''''' ^'T--^' ''cinsr the inutatioi of M .' V '' ""i^'oian th«> hahoon. * "'*" ^''"•"•''3' canter of n,.^'';;!:^^;;^;'^,^^ rrjally rnmarkahlo ,, j «tn.in;lv (hrou.'h iV ^U' . V '^ i" " '"''•''"' -«i„.r,.,| ,..„.aJ. „:,r ; , , „ " 5;;';;'; ""!k!"« othcrn, uiid whoxc tddest hoii i» (■oiisidorod the lu-ir to his Ihlhor'H poxxcH- MiOHM. Thoiij^h tho DiiiDiiriiH hiivo no rcnl rcli- jjion, Ihi'V hiivf jilcnty of miprrslilioiis pnic- ficcs, oiH' of wliicli l)('ars a slrikinj^ rt'scni- to the sacn'fl (Ire of the aiicitntx hia Till' chicf'M hut is (li!<(iiij,'iiislu'd Ivy a lir(> which \h alwavM kept bnrniiiL;, outMidc the hut ill line weather, and inside aniara chiuf is reureseiiti'd n paf.;e •(112. Now and then a chief orders ottieially ()nilauj;ere. She performs vari- ous riles ill virtuo of her olllc(! ; such as spriukliiij; the cows with water, as tlu'y ;,'o out to feed; tyiiui it sacred knot in her leathern apron," if one of them dius ; and form, and u siron;; fence uf thorns and slakes liuilt round the hiil. The funeral cereiiionies beinsj completed, the new chief forsakes llu^ place, and takes the whole of the penph^ under his oom- other similar duties. .Should the position I luand. lie remains at a distance for several of the villajje he rhan^'ed, she precedes the j vears, duriu<,' which lime he wears the sijiii oxen, curryinur ix hurniiii; hniud from Ihe | 'of mourniuj,',!. c. a dark-cidored conical cap, consecrated lire, and taking,' care that she j and round tlii> neck a thou;;, to tlu^ ends of rcplivcos it from time to time. If bv any I which are liuuj' tw chance it should he extinguished, jjreat i the lamentations. The whole tribe are xhell. o sui.ill jiieccB of ostrich When the season of mourniiiliy. Tlio how, of lllO (IciM'IIMl'll t. Liirfjo Nto;i(>H l)ov<) iiiul uroimd if lliorriN JH iiUo to keep oil" tint I' to iWk up iiDil 1' lollowii)^ (lay. ufis reitrcHiMilcd II Ik cliit't' ordiM'H I llJH own llOllMC, n cicvidtMl plut- ul' Ihoi'iiH and icins? comnlptiMl, piiu't', Mild takes under liiH coin- tiiiicc for Hcvcral ■ Wears tlio Hij;ii •red conical caji, :, to the ends of iicct'8 of ostrich ninjj is over, tho chief, who jjoc'H kneels over it, turned, (ojjether b'hich his fnlher lor his |)arent's , and fron) that liich his father re then slaugh- nieniorv of the ' the livin;.'; one; partakes of the y the chief hiin- kniholically par- conjile of twijis ticniar eantla to 1 are considered til this einhlein Oied lieforo the e manner, the iiwn is t4ikcn to it. ; rifjhtly per- t anew, and is hat which had iiff built on the ire beiiiff taken cKcnjiy exactly V did before tlu? xile. The hut the east side of iigular kind of the tears of my so poetical and jly great moral that could in- CIIAPI'EU XXXI. THE OVAMBO OR OVAMPO TlilBE. kVs to'VLtliVe" '°''" '« '•'''^"S'"-". '"uch i)iar!irfc;:i't'r?''™""- keep a watcl f^ i.T' "'''"huaniw, „uist he posse tsanc?t"rr'"^ "'■''''''' ^'"^'' exposed for ' a moment '?f ^'^«,"».V olyect vanish in some mv '■ ' '^'" l"-"l''»l'ly ..ever bo se 7 J J^^'*''^^'?'! '"''""V""- ''"^ Ovainho tribe me ti.wH"/'?;''''^^" "*" "'^' tlK.rougldy 1 .nest tl' 7 m, '''' "',7 '^'-'''^ «« touch W ot- 1.^ ,,rol . 7 T;;"1'' not even «'on, mudi less sto^l' W^ ^ "l"'"'""' '"■'•"»«- eion when 1 is serv !.!'.""''' °" «"^ ««<^^'i- som,; trilling a,^ic^'f„^'';\f>l'7>«'l to leave Kround, messen r. rs 1.^^ i '" '"".^ '"'mpinR ^vith the nussi,TyiS,''^'T^''''^'l '"'""' RPivna n.„r» :_'„''„i'^cii-ies. Ainonjj them- selves, theft is fiilli- 1.,„>,.„. • —,■■■""« mem- uvanibos iikI o *- " iT —.*■'""•"""» oi mo and they have Sved T'f ' "^ ".•"'•ime, with he' fact till lu\"' ". ''l^'""- «"-"«I^ civilizn(!«n .K.. " 'y.V'- **' ®"^"h a pitch of Uxoentionn fv .; ^' ""though this tribe is ^Sr.!^!!!™ -e. ap- he;:dr7^ll^ "1 i!! -!!^ •'--">« vast civilization that ooyiain .' " »""" "i I exoentionnllv r!,.i, .J, "T,";"*'" """ ""'"e is pointed to act ft, mnll? l''''"^""« '"^ ap- herds of ]e,»o /" '^'^"•c, ,.ossesslng vast cognizance of ']?„.?,^''*'''ate8, and to tal^e tl e r on v ! f, .'' '^ ^"Y- ""'"'''^ '»"'> Soats are cr/nos.//f /J;;t - -11 af of other ¥K^^^^^^^^^^^ cognizance of th.^ef"'' \°^ """ ^o ifiKo I tlieir nni,- ,...,. ' ■" -"•• ^""n imii goats are »f .iBali,,;. ; m , 7;,'; •<"""?'' I" lh« «.l 10 a ,lisH ,™ rL™ M ,'''""° »™ ""' »"S 310 THE OVAMBO OR OVAMPO TRIBE, T 10 licrrls of swine, however, are never iiilowcd to come near tlic houses, partly for tlie rensoiis ahvmly siven-, and partly on acronnt ot their niischievou« proju'iisities The first en^ravinj,' on i)a!>;e ;W'e iar standing on supports, and covered witli a tliateh ot rewls. In the background is a owl-house. Poultry are much ?)red among the Ovambos, and are of a small (h-scription •.■arcely larirer than an English bantam, ihey are, liowever, prolillc; and lay an abundance ot egg.s. The dress of the Ovambos, tliough scanty IS rather remarkable. As to the men, they generally shave the greater part of tlie head, but always leave a certain amount of their short, woolly hair upon the crown. As the skull of the Ovambos is rather oddly formed projecting considerably behind, this fashion ^ives the whole Iiead a very curious ettcct. liic rest ot the man's dress consists ohielly ot l)eads and sandals, the former bein-r prin- cipally worn us necklaces, and the'"' latter almost precisely resembling the Bechuanan sandals, which have already been described Ihev generally carry a knife with them, stuck into a band tied round the upper part p the arm. The knife bears soni.' resem- blaiice in general make to that of tiie Be- cliuanas and is made by themselves, they being considerable adepts in metallurgv-. The be lows employed by the smiths mirch resembles that which is in use ainono- the Bechuanas, and thev contrive to procure a strong and steady fclast of wind by fixin" two sets of bellows at each forge, and hav" nig them worked by two a.ssi.stant.s, while the chief smith attends to the metal and wields his stone hammer. The metjil, such as iron and copper, which tliey use, they ob- tain by barter from neighborin>r tribes" and worn it with such skill that thdr ...r.pons ^xes. and agricultural tools are employed by them as a medium of exclKinge to the very tribes from whom the ore had been pur- chased. ' The wonien have a much longer dress than that of the other .sex. but it is of rather scanty dimensions. An oddly-shaped apron hangs in front, and another behind, the ordi- nary l()rm much resembling the he.-ul of an axe, with the edge downward. The portrait on the next page was taken f om a sketch by Mr. Baines,nnd represents fl.e only true Ovaniho that he ever saw. ^> hile he was atOtjikango Katiti. or " Little Barman," a Hottentot chief, name.l Jan Aris, brought out a young Ovambo girl, saying that she was intrusted to him for education. Of course, the real fact was, t hat she had been captured in a raid, and wh.s acting as servant to his wife, who was the daughter of the celebrated Jonker, and was pleased to entitle liers. f the Victoria of [ Daniara-land. The girl was about Iburleen, and was excetuliiigly timid at the sight of the .stranger, turninj' her back on liiiii, hid- iiig her face, and bursting into tears of tright. This attitude gave an opportunity ot sketching a remark;'l)lc dress of the Ovambo girl, the roun.ied piece of hide being decorated with olue beads. When she was persuaded that no harm would be done to her, she turned round and entered into conversation, thereby giviii" ar oi)por- tuiiity tor the second sketch. Attaehl'd to the same belt which sustains the cushion was a small apron «)f skin, and besides this no other dress was worn. She was a good- looking girl, and, if lier face had not been disligured by the tribal marks, might have even been considered as jjretty. The headdress of the women consists chielly of their own hair, but they con- tinually stitlen it with grease, whicli they press on the head in cakes, adding a verinif- lon-colored day, and using Ijoth substances in such profu.sion that the top of the bead looks quite tiat, and much larger than it is by nature. The same mixture of grease and clay is abundantly rubbed over the body, so that a woman in full dress im])arts a portion of lier decorations to every object with wliich slie comes in contact. Round their waists they wear such ma.sscs of beads, shells, and other ornaments, that a .solid kind of cuirnss is made ^f them, and the centre of tlie l)ody i.s quite covered with these decorations, ilany of the women dis- play mueli taste in the arrangement of the beat'- — ' ' " " • • [Is and shells, forming them into pat- terns, and contrasting their various hues in quite an artistic manner. Besi "'^ servants, and partly as amount of labor ovno.,T'V'-'''' '^*^»■'*t *h« palisade ean'Si;rS^i,;:,,'"fe,t each bdn^^ a loa 1 C '''""' •"« ^^utness, These are fixed ht?o„" '"'/''"•'iry laborer vals from each otl.er MiT'^ ''*,' "''^''^ '»*«•- means of roiJlasl.hi.V""'^ '^'■'"'^- ^'^'^"'•'^d l^J department"" o'f"l:Kf7„;^'\«, the lighter herds of cattle ai ,1 L ? V ,^?"*^ ^o the tions among tile J?,,?i^ J " *7"»^ "^Pedi- The first ot^l !«e 1 ; r ' '''"? «"'««• tribes. - the land is wonSi^Vrtur'^T' a tolcivai.le load Thi to use, one hoe being i« a flinty sS soil tf"'"/''"'^ f "^^ ^'-"""i^ beneath is 4" i-'-^t ^ «ho.rt distance to be very ric? an to l^n n ' 7'""'^ "i'^''''' plants wfthou ' u a S "^ *° "^""■'*'» the small hoe is u' e 1 fo, nlf ' f »"re«. A very bos merely ,],. iUfi^ "il:"/'^ ^' t"« Ovam- a handful of "^,„i^.*'"^'' '"^t intervals, drop and leave the " Tliis h'v' ^"^? "^"'^ "P, formed at the end f tbo^ '' '"'^^''^^^ ?«"- that the ground s ft , 'p° "'^'"7 ««'-»«««, so young bhules . oon ' hL""'''"''^' '*"'! the then thinned on tuul , " ."?' ^^"y "re ^Vhen the e. ' is ri, e' 7.^' "^P'^^-'-'tely. possession „f it „,,,, 7/'?' *"" ^^'om^n take Cjvtch elephants .r iff LT" ;r ^'"^ to their tusks, an, i Jon lo ' "'° '''"^^ o*" ^vilh the iv- (ms ",r-^'''"^^-^Pf'ditions prain is bea . , ,. , of fu^T'f .^^'"'n the in the storehouse S'^i,', ",^';:■;'^••^ it/s plae jnade of pm,,, i,,,;^^ 7 ^ept m huge jars blin, those Of the i.edaulnasfa^;t/u;^- WOMEN'S WORK 319 with stones, but by nSof a rn 7 "* '^?"^ A tree trunk is ho^lS „u sot'tTf*^'' The illustration No. 2 on na^e 117 ;, f. an ong na sketch l.v t Vi ■ " .. trom exhibits a domestic scene" Jm?''' "^^'I-' ^"^ homestead. Tn^ worn n T. "" •-»» Pvambo in one of tlfdr mortar *:^°""'^'-" ''°''" tlieir children On the ll'.''^""!'"'"^''' ^Y may be seen a seWe/of Zun^;:,''^^ are scars produced by cut? n^ '' T ''f'* and rubbin.r dav int , fi.n , ^ V'^ ^lieeks thought to-^bf L\'i rien ^r'i'f tir'''i "•" fruitofaClab Se^vr,Mf', '"^''" "^ the the rind and tli'^ puh, «te^z^\n[r "'ll!" a note attached to his skx-tcl. Mr rt^*- " states that this is tie nni ' ^'•,"a'ne3 lighting one lar-e fZn,^fl^' ^n^tead of ;s«.ej;uarcl;::{;:;,^Vi,e^SSsti''r loot a number of stones n -..,V , to col- I'Hcks, and Mith thS to l"« '"■"^"^ ''I circular firenia^„= J,;,„- o lanid a senesof tor. These firenI«PoL' '■'" '"'^^ '" '''ame- THE OVAMBO OR OVAMPO TRII^E. lers make uj) their primitive couches. This is a really ingenious plan, and especially suited to the country. In a place where large timber is plentiftil, the custom of mak- ing huge fires is well enough, though on a cold wuidy night the traveller is likely to be scorched on one side and frozen on the other. But in Ovambo-land, as a rule, sticks are the usual fuel, and it will be seen that, by the employment of these stones, the heat is not only concei^trated but econ- omized, the stones radiating the heat long after the fire has expired. These small fires are even safer than a .single large one, for, when a large log is lurned through and falls, it is apt to scatter burning embers to a considerable distance, some of which might lall on the sleepers and set tire to tlieir beds. The Ovambos are snccossfid cultivators, and raise vegetables of many kinds. The ordinary Kallir corn and a kind of millet are the two gr.iius which are most plentiful, and they possess the advantage of having stems some eight feet in length, juicy and sweet. When the corn is reaped, the ears are merely cut otf, and the cattle then turned into the lield to feed on the sweet stems, which are of a very fattening character. Beans, peas, and ■ iiilar vegetables are in great favor with thr Ovambos, who also cul- tivate sueeessfidly the melon, ))umpkins. calabashes, and otlier kindred fruits. They also grow tobacco, which, however, is of a very poor quality, not so much on account of the inferior character of the plant, as of the imperfect mode of curing ancl storing it. Taking tlie leaves and stalks, and mash- ing them into a hollow piece of wood, is not exactly calculated to improve the flavor of the leaf, and the consequence is, that the tobacco is of such bad quality that none but an Ovambo will use it. There is a small tribe of the Ovambos, called the Ovaquangari, inhabiting the banks of the Okovango river, who live much on fish, and have a singularly ingen- ious mode of capturing them. Mr. Anders- sen gives the following account of the li.sh- traps employed by the Ovoquangari: — "Tlie river Okovango abounds, a.s I have already said, in fish, and that in great vari- ety. During my very limited stay on its banks, I collected i: arly twenty distinct species, and might, though very inadequately provided with the means of preserving theiri, unquestionably have doubled them, had suf- ficient time been afforded me. All I dis- covered were not only edible, but highly palatable, some of theni possessing even ah exquisite flavor. "Many of the natives devote a consid- erable portion of their time to fishing, and employ various simple, ingenious, and highly effective contrivances for catching the finny tribe. Few fish, however, are caught in the river itsel£ It is in tlie numerous shallows and lagoons immediately on its borders, and formed by its annual overflow, that the great draughts are made. The fishing season, in- deed, only commences in earnest at about the time that the Okovango rciiches its highest water-marl' that is, when it has ceased to ebb, and l.ie temporary lagoons or swamps alluded to begin to disapi)ear. " To the best of my belief, the Ovaquan- gari do not employ nets, but Irajisof various kinds, and what may not inajitlv be called aquatic yards, for the capture of lish. These fishing yards are certain sjjots of eligible water, enclosed or fenced off in the follow- ing manner: — A quantity of reeds, of such length as to suit the water for which they are intended, are collected, put into bundles, and cut even at both ends. Tliese reeds are then spread in single layers Hat on the ground, and sewed together very much in the same way as ordinary mats, biitby a less laborious ])r(.cess. It does not nuicli matter what the length of these mats may be, as they can be easily ngthened or shortened as need may requiir. ^ " When a' locality lias been decided on for fishing operations, a certain number of these mattings are introduced into the water on their ends, that is, in a vertical position, and are placed either in a circle, semi- circle, or a line, according to the shape of the lagoon or shallov.- which is to be en- closed. Open .sjiaci'S, from three to four feet wide, are, however, left at certiiin inter- vahs, and into these apertures the (oils, con- sisting of beehive-shaped masses of reeds, are iitroduced. The dinmeti'r of these at the iioutli varii > wilh the depth to which thi\ have to deyceiul, the lower side being firmly fastened to the bottom of the water, whilst the ujjjier is usually on a level with its surface, or slightly rising above it. In order thoroughly to disguise these ingenious traps, grasses aiid weeds are throwa care- lessly over and around tbeni." The Ovambos are fond of amusing them- selves with a dance, wliioii seems to be ex- ceedingly agreeable to the peitoriuers, but which could not be engaged in by those who are not well practi.se"»- As i^he c 4 ; t ,n!!;'" '!^ ^"vernnicnt. king beeonu's euonlu "■lv'''''T- ^'''^*'''' "'e the only obese Zi' *='f' ""'I '« generally wi^w:i^kin"";;:;:,'^,i'---5-^angor^ Katfii- n?:.^,''^fr7».;^:;^f«l Panda, the was re.hiced toan i, ,v « , n ^^^ "''" '''« ^^ait was so sh„ -t haTlie v^l'^^'n'"' '''^ ^''^^^'h at every fow acesa ."^ 'p" '' *« ''alt *^vo eonseeutivfSenees wUh ' I'"^ .^P^^""^' .reat in,.,„venieiiersoHnH '"''!* ''""^'•■i"? versalion liis part ,nosn r n '"."'"'.'"'^'•.v f""- ?.Vllabic grunts Co Lw ''''''' °'' '»"»"- » contrast to those Sm'"", •'''''' ''^^ """''l' »« person. He 'vas "V"^'"'='"^ "« "'as individual — soihVi. ^- ^^^>' "npleasar.t Atler wiSess^!^to«r^V'*;]'^ '^'^^^ used by his wh7te visi ors he " V'^*''-''"™'' to prove tlicir weai)r.,Ti,v«r' I- '^''K''^ them Had they fidk^nl^ « /be ?"^"'° ^ ''I'''ants. laid for hen. he wonl, i ^'''^\ '"'"«'» was departure by a k „ s l.f ?'•, f f'^^^*""! "'«'!'• • lie work of e ep an( sL ^r''^''''^' '^^'P' "P '^.en all the ivo^'TiliS "^'' "'"' ^«^« orders (x. kill them aU tV« '" """"' "■*"' «'.e party, liowevei took „ ''?"\'"ander of inismon-probab V from I." •'"''''*^. *" I'l** the effect of eonicafi.M ". '7'"" witnessed white men ~rn7tnT '• ** ''■'"'" ^"^^^ l>v the One party, how" ^'t^'ir '/ 'T'" ^^^'^ a.tigJit ensued. Mr Gr^., f'f, fortunate, and Vimted Nangoro. and ^i'..^"!' l^f ' J'-l^'n-ls 1^-P^tably. But, just hefbi^^^'th^ ^^r^ OvaiJ,bo8,l„,e«ghundrpH^- '^'■''^°*■ ^^e well armed w th thHr nnT- '" ""mbor, all bow, the knob-kcrrie and /r ^^^P?""- the tha armed EurSns w.t^ l'"?''?."^"' ^''"o number. ^"™P^^°s were only thirteen in -^^Stl^t^tm^ '-* entirely liapi)eue' """«* at ^Mvat pain. ^W e nsse,?:^' '''"^ ^="'«^<1 ,iokc, though, as to '«' '" "^ •'' i;''"<=tical pointed stick. lie UeS: was s„„p,y ^ agreeable to its victim Thn '"'Jf'""? l>ut tl'is sudden assault *« tb- 1 \r""' [''f "" ^^^ had refused t.) A" „. IkJ/L':'' ^^^•■- '^"derssen which he had i^f^Jie' "'*- ^'"S ««»ne request oomo.iS,;a;^^•;-^^^andtooka visitors in every vav t ,"""'"- '"'' white -lephants, an Mo ul de.d "[, 'f''f ''> '^''"ot tl'e hum. while he wi nl; e ,M ; ""'^''•'^^ "^ wa.s a never-failing 'op -''"f *'"' l"-«fit-% direct then ^„ ', ' i"^,':'*'^''^*' '«'• ■'Jnidf s to ■7inR that those X.K Phantsforhim sho„ i i! " ' shoot ele- I'ini. In ti le he ke t "" ?'"''"'' *"'-fm ""til he ha exacted fnn:'",l'" '"" '"""ntry Which they could'gl/rh n "^Z, •7'"-.Vt'.inJ i^oyal remuneratioir :. fi " '• ''>' "'"}' of them a small I ask 4 '? "'"" ^' V' ""«'^ ^^-nt Rlad to get rid of ,1^ ""'"•-. ,'!'' was then that he shoiXl b^'ve ';^^":/'Y";'"tlv ^^'aring way of evir.w- !i ^'^ ''•^•' "'oin, and. by thc^ir departure witlPa*;?r«:'"T-';/^P«'''t«l from his own stores h.Af ''"' f '*•""• "ot Blares, but from those of his 882 THE OVAMBO OR OVAMPO TRIBE. subjects, and which, moreover, arrived too lixtc. Jlis trcachiTous coiiihict in sending ftfter tho Kuropoiin party, and the faihiro of his plans, iiiivi' ah-cady ficcn mentioned. Tno ()\4iunl>o tribe are allowed to liave as many wives as (hey please, provided that tli(\v can be pni-chased at the ordinary price. This price diHers, not so nmch t'n'mx tlie charms or accomplishments of the bride, as from the wealth of the suitor. The price of wives is much lower than among the Kallirs, two oxen and oni^ cow beinj; considerecl tlie ordinary sum which a man in humble cir- cumstances is expected to p"-, .'••v''^ ti '.nun of aonu! wealth cannot purchf. ■ : . rader tlu'ee oxen and two cows, ll vcep- tion to this rule is alforded by ti ijj; him- self, who tiikes as many wives as he pleases without, payiui,' for them, the honor of his alliance beini,' considered a sulJlcient re- muneration. One wife always takes tho thief ])lace, and the successor" to the rank and projierty of his father is alwavs one of •her children". The law of roval succession is very simjile. When the kinj; dies, the eldest son of his chief wife succeeds him. but if she has no son, then the daujjhter assunu's the scejjtre. This was the case with the fat kiiig. Nangoro, whose daughter CliipauKa was the he ceeded him ipansa was the heir-apparent, and afterward sue- ^ It is, however, very ditllcult to give i)re- cise information on ".so delicate a subject. The (.)vanilio tril)e cannot endure to speak, or even to think, of th(! state of man after death, and merely to allude to the successor of a chief jrives dire otl'ence, as the mention of an heir to ]u-operty. or a sucees.sor to rank. imi)lieslhe death of" the present chief. Por the same reason, it is most ililHcult to ex- tract any inl'onnation from them respecting their idests of religion, and any questions upon the subject are instantly checked. That they have some notions of religion is evident enough, though tliey degr ' ■ it into mere superstition. Charms"^of vai ms kinds they value exceedingly, though they seem to be regarded more as safeguards against injury trom man or beast than as possessing any sanctity of their own. Still, the consti- tutional reticence of the Ovambo tribe on such subjects may cause them to deny such sanctity to other.s, though they acknowledge it among themselves. As is the case with many of the South African tribes, the C)vambos"make great use of a kind of coarse porridge. Thev always eat it hot, and mix with it a quiintity "of clotted milk or .semi-liquid butter. Tfliey are quite independent of spoons at their meals, and, in spite of the nature of their food, do not even use the brusli-spoon that is employed by the Hottentot'*. Mr. Auder.ssen, while travelling in the land of the Ovambos, was hospitably re- ceived at a house, and invited to dinner, nu t wmie men were excepuonal Demi £io spooiw were provided, and he did not | not subject to tJie ordinary laws of Natu see how ho was to cat porridge and milk without such aid. " On seeing "the dilemma we were in, our lu)st quickly jjlunged liia grea.sy fingers into the middle of tin; sliiam- ing mass, and brought out a handful, which he dashed into tho milk. Having stirred it quickly round with all his miglit, he next oper.ed his capaciou.s mouth, in which the agreeable mixture vanished as if by magic, lie linally licked his lingers, and siiuvcked his lips with evident satisfaction, looking at us iLS much as to say, 'That's the trick, my bo'-s I ' llawever unjjleasant this initiation i.iight have ajipeared to us, it would have been ungratetul, if not ollensivc, to refu.»y t tliis initiation it would liave »ivv, to refuse, larni'st, accord- tlio dish, and ngiTs, to th(3 nlhy friendH." traveller, wlio >aniara,s, fell in o gave them a millet in ex- js were equally no animal fooil V liaving livinl re thorouiflily the innnedialc ig in the nn- llie J'^uropeans I) obtain some resenililed all ceremony wivs irty, and suh- liamara.s liad It, before they leal, oxw of the ni, and, after sjjirted a little ly was invcn- len ho WiU) a ther sui)er8ti- a tliat anianiH eraft at nieal- iir a wizard to e with whom iKe(|ueiitly, all mjiloyed,' and, rented by the his loyal sub- e throughout s charm was r. Gallon first alarmed and • white man to 1st he agreed anointing his t, as soon as beciimo sus- kc of it, nor a it was being isentcd to the V happy idea PLEASANT CUSTOMS. 323 p»rofThelir'i?\"'r,"«'' i'"' ^-«'^'" '"t<. tin, pr.ii ^ irktS?""'" ""'"^ '-" Hho,l|„ appear hUl^!^^ '[J^;;:^^^ hehey.,,l,ul,asMr.(;altonrenLL^''liS oi-f f^idiiat^^,!—--"'^^ „.,,.... ,., ^ ,. .^ ^^Si.']^e.::,r^':vsSu'^:^'t;;^^s Mil ■••" ■■^.iiiui;. 314 LrM/rV,"''-^ rememhor that on pa^o sen went to vim' x^. ' ' -^''- ^"ders- Ovamb, . , a me ^n f u'' ''"^ '^"'n "«' ""^ ional bei >f "NT..*!! ■iiiture. I CHAPTER XXXn. THE MAKOLOLO TRIBE. MSB AND PALL OF AFRtCAV TRinFS - OBtOIN OF THU MAKOLOLO TRIBE - OROAKIZATTON BY SEBITUANE -INCAPAflTY OF Hrs 8tICCK8S0H, SEKELETU- MODE OF OOVEBNMENT- APPEARANCE OF THE MAKOLOLO- T.IEIR GENERAL CHARACTER - HONESTY -OUACEFUL MODE OF MAKING PRESKNTS- . MODE OF SALUTATION -FOOD AND COOKING-A MAKOLOLO FEAST- ETIQI'ETTE AT MEALS- MANAGEMENT OF CANOES -THE WOMEN, THEIR DRESS AND MANNERS-THEIR COLOR-EASY LIFE LED 1.Y THEM - HOUSE-HUILDINO - CURIOUS MODE OF RAISING THE ROOK-HOW TO HOUSE A VISITOR- LAWSUITS AND SPECIAL PLEADING-GAME LAWS -CHILDREN'S OAMES-A MAKO- LOLO VILLAGE -M'llOPO AT HOME -TOBY FILLPOT- MAKOLOLO SONGS AND DANfES -HEMP- 8M0KLNO, AND ITS DBSIKUCTIVE EFFECTS - TREATMENT OF TUB SICK, AND BURIAL OF THE DEAD In the wliolc of Africa south of tho equa- tor, we find the great eveiils of the; civilized worhl repeated on a smaller scale. Civil- ized history siieaks of tho orisia and rise of nations, and the (K'cadenee and fall of em- pires. Diiriiis a course of manv centuries, dynasties have arisen and held' their sway for generations, fading away hy d<'gr('es before the influx of mightier races. The kingdoms of Egypt, Assyria, ]5ahylon, Greece. Home, Persia, and the like, have Ja.sted from generation after generation, and some of them still exist, thougli with diminish(>d powers. The Pharaohs have passed from the face of the earth, and their metropolis is a desert; but Athens and Rome still retain some traces of tlieir vanished glories. lu Southern Africa, however, tlie changes that take place, though precisely similar''in principle, are on a much smaller scale, lioth of magnitude and duration, and a traveller who ])ass(!s a i'aw years in the country may see four or five changes oPdvnasty in tliiit brief period. Within the space of 'an ordi- n.ary life-time, for example, tho fiery genius of Tchaka gathered a number of scattered tribes into a nation, and created a dynasty, which, wlien deprived of its leading spirit, fell into decline, and has yearly tended to return to the original elements 'of which it was composed. Then the Hottentots have come from some unknown country, and dis- possessed the aborigines of the Capo so completely that uo one knows what those aborigines were. In the case of isliinds such as tlie Polynesian group, or even tho vast island of Australia, we know what the aborigines must have been; )tut we liave no such knowledge with regard to Southern Africa, and in consequence the extent of our knowledge is. that the aborigines, who- ever they might have been, were certainly not Hottentots. Then the Kaffirs swept down and ejected the Hotlentots, and the Dutch and other white coloni.sts ejected the Kaffirs. So it has been with the tribe of tho Mako- lolo, which, though thinly scattered, and by no means condensed, "has contrived to jiossess a large portion of Southern Africa. Deriving their primary origin from a branch of the great IJechuana tribe, and therefore retaining many of the customs of that tribe together with its skill in manufactures, they were able to extend themselves fiu- from their original home, and by degrees con- trived to gain the domii'iion over flic greater part of tlie country as far as lat. 14° S. Yet, in IWil, when t)r. Livingstone passed through the country of the Mako- lolo, he saw symptoms of its decadcMice. They had been organized by a great and wise chief named Sebituane,' who carried out to the fullest extent the old J{oman princijile of mercy to the sulmiissive, and war fo the proud. Sebituane owed much of his success to liis practice of leading his trooiis to battle in person. When he came within sight of the enemy, he sitrnificantly felt the edge of his bat'tle-axe, and said, Aha! it is .".harp, and whoever turns his ^oa '■iri'.'.n'^''''" '"""-•'^'"^'ly a.ss„n.h,j,, , t children of the i iof -,, ?i. "'7 ''''''' "» of head c efs a." nnlfv" rrSiJ'"''^'' system tln-oui^h whom Sp .R?. ^ '-■ '"•''^ "'"' t'J'l'"-«, fairsof I, Vu „, ^''""»'' l^ne^^ -lU the af- held to-roE M knnr '^""^' ^'^'^ '''-^n'! tha Wd fai? o Mve Uv "u7'"f, '""^""'^•'' ''"'l and successor- Sekofetu.?""'^''- "'" «»» ft)llowinir the examni, 'nf T- '"'^'^J'^We of allowedlhe projudk-ei of J"' ^''^ '"'•• «« •loveloped, and'bsto«-d H ',"• ''"^ *¥"'" Btudioisly'exc idh^„ nil x.""" hinKsclf by Makololo^S SiKie.nT,;;!^^''''*^^^^."'" "one but Makoiolo men t^, See '''"'"''"« «11 Makoiolo lonth! V .! TJ'' ^^'''^''^ •'•""S confldoncc of Hw ' j ^ '^""^'^ "»' enjoy the thus tile °han„o , rZr '-^^ tnbisf am was broken imwtho'r'"" "^^ Sebituane rulers, a pe, e Umnt ?^/'^"^^ tion as a 3? .V^?- ' '■'"^'»'» "leir posi- foiftitiL tRa onnfi.'""' ""'J SekeletiLin own haml "the °,^^*i7*;?' ^''PpeJ with hs Discontent bganSlSitli ''i /•'"•"»«• pie drew unfavoinhi? . '■^•''^' ''*'"1 his pco- rule a,id S of ,is ^arr'':^''' ^'"''^''^ ''^ •»g whetlier soweak a d '.r"'" ^^^ ''°»l^t- could really be tff Z .^f .r^'^f'' ^ »'«» chief, the " Great r inn » "^i"eir lamented "In his da;.? said th,^f ^ey called him. chiefs, and iftt e Sfs a7d ou" ^""'^ S""""* on the government an!l ?i? *''*^*''"**' ^ ^arry Jtuane, know tS'XftlTK'^r^^ ««^- f'y was wisely ruled n\.^ '"'''"''^ '^""n- .. Ihen Sekek'tu fell iii •'nf „ . .. , •f flgurin. diseasershS llf J.^I.^^P --fl HIGH CHARACTER OF THE MAKOLOLO. 325 mitted to tlic noonl(> Ri.f m tired of being Vu 1.^ bv de«. ' "" '°" «°' organized, which never c, i T""' r'« done under the all-nervnj/ ' '*^'^ ^e^n tuune, and sev.S'of th " '""l" "'" «'-''^- '•"Idlyset their kil at ,le ..n''"'""; "'."'''■'* its Nukclelu lived t^. k inl ''• ^''' 'on« """''"■■d, though ;„t a r r "■ r''""'"' » "■'"'in H yeal^afW i.s 1 "'t/''"';' ''"^ curred in 18(!4, dvilva's '':,"'"'-•'' ''''- every side; the kin- do n tb.ii ' ^'> "J' '^^ weakened, 'and ,„,al7le to re U V,"'"-'^ """^ sions of surrounding tribes an iV'" "??"- the space of a very ?e w v^nVl ""' "''"''" kololo empire fell to I' .f,' ''"^ J'-e'^t Ma- to Dr. Livi'n.r,stone (il I ."'''• Recording bo regrett."i:' « ;„tV ^-'''^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^^ '« not slave-dealers, w ere 's the h'! "'" Y?'"« everttually took possession of "'? '" "^''^ were so /and, as tlu' , sw I "xt. J^i'^ ''^"'^ so largo a territoi-v if », -^ ^-^'endcd over the ab",minab e 8 aio Jnm *'' ^''■''" '^"°» that led to exist '"*"'= "■"*' not permit- and'arfiiglSitir ,f '"^.™- «f -en, ing tribes: bdng ot' !|" ^' ^u'Tound-' rather thai black- imlM-J., '"^T ''''"^'n, iar in their it "tL rather pecul-' «ynaWe slowlfSSe^ly ""'■'"» ^-''^ toS^iS^f^-Si;;if''-'''--nis bear com,^ri°o"n\S he'ov4r'"''n^ "'" they have proved themseh-es I ? " • ^^'"''''■e victories, thoueh it krVii/,^ ^ * '^''r niany they do ,\ot Say the ^mo';""''''"'''^^ 'r' opposed to the ion -^sui^ ? <'<>ura.'c wlion fare against tU^rm^!^r^\r ""''''■ not without coura.'-e n.ui r>^' ' *'"'y are in the hunting-S tho i m'""?*^ "* '"'»'' of beasts seems tfVvS ";5:^''-*'«^.kins jlisflgnrinrSJ^" J of a horrible 'ouse, anj wouW not s Im "*?"■ ."^ '" *""« •ng no one to come tar S'J"r^^' ?""^- »te, through whom his o K^erT ^aT of beasV^'T;^;"^^;'' '''7'?^ the dread kin. ence oyer them tha the?? '"?'' '^'^ '"""^ inroads. The bufTik, ifr/if''"'' *•" '''^^^'^^t his to be dreaded al the ll'^*''''"r 1'"^'' "'' ni-.ch iolo are compantivelll^'rA-'^ ^'''' "'« -Mako- «uing it. X aniS/";''"*''-''nt when pur- '•abitof doulL; back lTitT\ ""l"«asant •ng in the bush aJWh I m ^'■?"' erouch- Pa^^s its hi,linl-p'lace a f I''' 'l""*^'-^ to «"ddenlyatthc?n wUlJs^cJ.nf" ''^ *''""•?« that it scatters the bushes if^r''^^""'' ^"rv lonff rush like ', f» f ''''**re its hefi'f- wind. Yet the Mn-ni"',' '■"^'^*' before "ti.o M 1 : '1 896 THE MAKALOLO TRIHE. mal, but lotip behind a iToe iw it phnr<»p»«, iiiul thill liiiri Ihflr spears as* it tinssen tliem. ll(is|iiliilily i« <>»*' <>*" tlieir tliief virtues, ami it is exercised with a ni.xh'sty which is riitlier reiiiarlvuhle. "Tlie peojije (if every villajje," writes Livin^'stone, "treated us most lilieraliv, preseutiuj;, l)esides oxen, but- ter, iiiill<. ai'id meal, more than we could stow away iu our canoes. Tl\e cows in this valley are now yieldinj^, as they Ireciueutly do, inore uiilk tlian the people can use, and liotli men and women i)resenl butler in such (piantities, tliat I shall be able to refresh my nieii as we go alons. Anointinij the skin ]irevents tlie excessive! evajioration of the fluids of the body, and aota as clothing in both sun and shade. '• They always made their presents f;raco- fully. When lui ox was j^iven, the owjicr would say, ' Here is a little bit of bread for voii.' Tills was pleasini;, for I had been accustomed to the Ucchuanas presenting a miseralile goat, with the pompous exclama- tion, ' Heludd an ox!' The women persis- ted in giving me copious supplies ot shrill praises, or • lullilooing,' but although T fre- quently told them to modify their '(ireat Lords.' and MJreat I^ioiis,' to more huml)le expressions, they so evicleiilly inteiideil to do me honor, that I could not hel)) being pleased with the poor creatures' wishes for our success." One remarkable instance of the honesty of this tribe is atlbrded l>y Dr. Livingstone. In 185:), he had left at" lanyanti, a jilace on the Zambesi Hiver, a wagon containing pajiers and stores. He had been away from Linyanti, to which place he found that let- ters and jiackages had been sent tor him. Accordingly, in 18(')(», he determined on re- visiting tile spot, and, when he arrived there, found that everything in the wagon was exactly in the siline state as when he left it in charge of flie king seven years before. The head men of the place? wen- very glad to see him back again, and only laniented tliat he had not arrived in the previous year, which happened to be one of special jileiity. This honesty is the mori- remarkable, be- cause they had good reason to fear the attacks of the Mfitabele. who. if they lind heard that a wagon with property in it was kept in the l>laee, wenild have attiicked Linyanti at once, in spite of its strong position amid rivers and marshes. However, the Makololo men agreed that in that case they were to light in defence of the wagon, and that the first man who wounded a Matabele in defence of the wagon w.as to receive cattle as a reward. It is jirbbable, however, that the great per- sonal intluonce which Dr. Livingstone exer- cised over the king and his tribe had much to do with the behavior of thefic Makololo, and that a man of less capacity and exjieri- ence would have been robbed of everything that could be stolen. When ualives travel, especially if they should be headed by a rhipf, similar cere- monies take jilace, 'the women being In- trusted with the task of welcoming Iho visitors. This they do by means of a shrill, prolonged, undulating cry, produced by a rapiil agitation of tlu! tongue, and expres- sively called " Itillilooing." The men follow (heir example, anil it is etiiiuetle for the chief to receive all these salutations with ])erfect inditfereiice. As soon as the new coiners are seated, a conversation takes place, in which the two parties exchaugo n<'ws, and then the head man rises and brings out a cpiantity of beer in large pots. Calabash goblets are handed round, and every one makes it a jioint of honor to drink as fast as he can, the fragile goblets being often broken in this convivial rivalry. Hesides the beer, jars of clotted milk arc producertion among his immediate followers. The proccNS of cook- ing is simple enough, the meat being merely cut into strijis and thrown on the tire, OTOn in such quiliitities that it is nearly extin- guished. Ibt'ore it is half cookeil, it is taken from the embers, and eaten while fo hot that none but a practised meat-eater could endure it. the chief oljcct lu ing to introduce as much meat as jiossilde into the stomach in a given time. It is not man- ners to eat after a man's comiianions have finished their meal, and so each "uest i als as much at\d as fast as he can, and acts as if he had studied in the school of (Sir Dugald Dalgetty. Neither is it manners for iiiiy one to take a solitary meal, and, knowing this custom. Dr. Livingstone alw.iys con- trived to have a second cuj) of tea or coflVe by his side whenever he took his meals, i-o that the chief, or one of the principal men, might jcin in the rejiast. Among the Makobdo, rank has its draw- i backs as well as its privileges, and among TUE ,™.«,.:^ SUPE„,o„ TO MOST OP TUT. T,.,„E,. Ilk.. .. 1. . ._ 1 -•^ '"; ■'•".•!'S itti n:'.j :;:i'v s on. . ,„..,.l tl... wh,,lo ..f the ,,; i «"' c fianlv rir-n ....•■ , "" Mako o o area 327 "..■....*;, „rni:;;!:'-:.,a: •:;»"'' """' ■» I't' a load f • « crli "'■ '"■"''""^'''f^ to io^^H,had..i.i;^..!;rls,:fs;;ii,,\;;'r'' tliu'k as a niauN fln-^er •md i,v • ' ''' "** iv'"" ixTieft. sh.uui.i' :;''■'''■ '""»'- ••'"K above ,.a
  • oad.s round • «. ? ' i '"'"■"' '"""' w ••'•^'iiar;<;.mhu:av^; ;:''-i;'^ •'":■'•"»- "'" rin^H on her Z Z^'o .f, 'if";'.'" '^"*■ waBoblisod townn, «oa^^"^""l'^!^*' ankles, f ",ldor t lis u •"r7"'i" '■''■''■« ^er t'ouid walk but uvw ;: 1^ "' ""'"'' ■"ho proved i self " LoH^r ' '^^ M 'a^hion Makololo worn ' „ ' f, *" '?'» "■'"' this sisters. ""' "'^ '"»""o' l>w European MaaC'^^te-r";'.^;""-"' "'"""'-- the thi' tribes, a^i" ;,,"''":;■"": '" "'-^^ of to the li.ht warm ^'"'Zr''' ,""'' tl'oao of he Al^^oloio ',"''?■ ^^'''•"■•■''' tn''c", ra.s.V life, havin!; c ';' ,' '', ■''•'■"'"Para'ively' ''.V their husbwis uL ^' ' '''''""'^ ■'*''''"-''l Kround, . I oti;'!'" "''','" '''"ff.^'i'-jr the the doniesti ' work i, i ""'' ''"''^- '•'^'e" tl'an by he „ltrl^ he afterward died ^^'^ ''"^'^«« of wJu'eh !hJSa2^;i:i;!;:VS/^>';ftothe,otof '"ff, whieh is left e 1 iroi ''; * hous,.-b„ii,,. wrvauts. The mole oJ- '!"» '^'"^ their .rather remark',.""" T 1 T^T '> house is Ouiid a eviindri...." ;,.,. .^ husim-ss is to 328 THE M^KOLOLO THinE. feet In height, the walls niu\ floor boliia HiniMitlily |)liwti'rml, ho im to prevent tlii'in trotn liarl.oriii^' iii.ifcts. A larj^ro conical roof is tlicii put tojfctlu'r on tlni ground '••"I • ipii'tcly IhatcluMl willi rocdN. It is then lilted by niuny lianiK and lodg.-d on top of (hr I ircular tower. As the roof iiro- Jects liir licyoud tho <'i>ntral tower, it i.s nup- porl<'d by .slakcN, and, jw a general rule, tlie Mpaees between (lieNc stuke.s are lllled nii with a wall or fence of reeds iilaxtered with mud. This root' Ih not |)erni.'nentlv ll.ved oither to tho Hujtporting stak or tlu' een- ViM *""■'■'■' ""'' •""' ^>^ reniov, ., ut pleiiMure. VVhen a visitor arriven ninong the Mako- lolo, he IS olKen lodged bv the .simple pro- cess of lillinnr ji finished "niof „(r an uillin- ished house, and i)utting it on the ground. Although It IS then so low that a man ean scarcely sit, nuKli less stand ui)right, it answers very well for Southern Africa where the whole of a.tive lifi; is spent, as a rule, in the open air. anil where houses are '-•nly used as slecping-boxcs. The door- way (hat gives admission into the circular chamber is always sniall. In a house that was assigned to Dr. Livingstone, it was only nineteen inches in total height, twenty- two in width at the floor, and twelve at tlie top. A native Makololo, with no iiarticular encumbrance in the way of clothes, makes Ins way through the doorwnv easily enough- bill an Kuropcau with all t'he impcdinieiils ot dress about him finds himself .sadly ham- pered in attemi)ting to gain the i)ene"tration l,,.i.. .1. .nuiiipung lo gam the penetration ot a Makololo house. Kxeept tlirou-'h thi,- (loor, tho tower has neither light nor venti- lation. Some of the best houses have two, nnd even three, of tliese towers, built con- centrically within each other, and each hav- ing its entrance about as large as the d«)or of an ordinary dog-kennel. Of course tlie atmosphere is very close at night, but the people care nothing about that. The illustration No. 2. upon the next page IS from a sketch furnished by Mr. I3aine.s.' It represents a nearlv completed Makololo house on the banks of the Zambesi river, just above tho great Victoria Falls. The women have placed the roof on the building, and arc engaged in the final process of fixin" tlie thatch. In the centre i.s seen the cylinffrical tower which forms the inner chamber, to- gether with a portion of the absurdly small door by which it is entered. Round it is the inner wall, which is also furni.shed with Its doorway. These are made of stakes and w-ithes, upon which is worked a quantity of day, well jiatted on by hand, so as to foiin a thick and strong wall. The clay is obtained from ant-hills, and is generally kneaded up with cow-dung, tho mixture producing a kmd of plaster that is ver) solid, and can be made beautifully smooth. Even the wall which surrounds the building and the whole ot the floor are made of the .same material It wUl be seen that there are four concen- tric walls in fhi". building. First conies the outer wall, which encircles the whole prem- ises. Next is a low wall which is built up against the posts that Mipporl Ihe (.nds of the rafters, and whiv'h is partly .supported bv tJiem. Within this is a third wall, whi.h eii- closes what may be called Ihe ordinary living room of Ihe house ; and wilhin all Lslhe in- ner ehainher, or tower, which is in liict only anolher circular wall of much less diumeter and much greater height. Ii will bo seen thai the walls of the house il.self increase regularly in height, and decrease r.gularly in diameter, so as to correspond with the conical roof. On the left of Ihe illustration is part of a imllet-lleld, beyond which are some com- pleted houses. Among them arc some of the fan-palm« Avith recurved h ave.s. That on the left is a young tree, and retains all its leaves, while that on the rigid is an (lid one, and has .shed the leaves t(tward the base of th(^ stem, the foliage and the thickened por- tion of Ihe trunk liaviiig worked (heir way 5,'radually unward. More palms are growl- ing on the Zambesi Uiver, and in the back- ground are seen the vast siiray clouds arisini' trom the Falls. '' llie comparatively easy life led by tho jVIaknlolo women makes polvganiy h sh of a hanlshij) to them tluiii is the case amoiiossil)le .system. Another reason for the jilurality of wives, as given by themselves, is that a man with i{. First cnmo.n tho I'M llir wholf jiri'iii- I whirli i.s Iniilt ii|) ii|'l""'l lli( In of illllly MI|)|iltlTrd by liiil Willi, wliii-licn- tlicordiimryliviiijr kviliiiii all i.H thu iii- liiili i.s In liict only nncli liMM (liiiiiu'tcr I. 1 1 will lit) MCCU iiMc ilMcir ilUTflWO ilc(rn!i,H(' njfularly iri'.siKiiiil with tlic ration in part of n h arc Honu! coni- liciu aro Nonio of \1'(1 IcilVCN. Tllilt , and retains all it.s ■i;,'lil in an old oiu«, loward tlif Imse of Iho thickened jjor- worked (heir way l)ahns ai'e jjrow'- ■, and in llie Imek- |iray cIoiuIh arising y life led by tho i()Iv/,Mniy I( cH of a i the ease anionij,j (321)) LAW-SUITS. '881 that the 5lL',;te„ iL' 1h rr^.r in°!2,^db"''^""'-^ «V'"'- -«iSTJ Vlii hard work Ti.w i.>,,,i , , "^'' ""''re in tlie bein" ncedt-fl Imf Hw. „' i """'"*'' not 'The wt^esscsM: V Z &"!:'. -^J'?!ng. fortablethau=tti ..\Tri 'f "'°""'' *^"'"- and n,a,;a..e Sir '"it "ll'lJr;^"^'"^ r^ce Thowit;;^^to,vf;;:^.sr?:!feS';r- acrclc w.,y ho c«„ nSMlT'.,!";:'""?.* il'"?t« that, on one ve ^l t... VI '",''* Proceeding when a strfomnnl ' '^*^"'.''"* occasionally. sonStt^^^tS'^I^^J'-th, while his teen and b„t rZylaiiTl^ T\f '^'s''" nvalnanu.! UmJ.X.uJ\^^2 throne, a say 'Bv n v fWMVl ' 1"f t'oned, a man wfll so.-' ffie"r\ruthf" .r ^^ "'"^ '^'»»'f' ''t » .-3 quite^'errffiiriir'J,-.^ -iothc. government is such thi(TB'„Ii.i 8.\i>tcm of m a position to realfze it^re^"' A "' ""* nval'nanu;d'Mne;;/,';{;Xn.'''' *'^^"."''^'« °"'"'" '" am*'ai[onSuS'?"''^H*'«'^"«^ « '^h bySebituanecnef;,ra°l iif^rV.CP"'"'^*' U"^^^^^ asX mk. ill ° ^'""' "" "'«« «o a-spired to the thr, nn Jl f"" "'^the tribe, the offenee of Ti^ k ^^^'^ accusation,' as if pretensions by su "ntitS ' '''"•"''^?»'''J '""« Ugains he soo ' ^J°''i^r*' ?'' '" ^'e one someyoarsaWoV ' "v'!.'J'''"S'»eld for referred to h«T/h^ ^^'''^ '''« individual .\t.. ¥ i 832 THE MAKOLOLO TRIBE. alone has the privilege of speaking wliile seated. There is even a series of game-laws in the country, all ivory belonging of right to the king, and every tusk being brought to him. This riglil is, however, only nominal, as the king is expeeted to share the ivory among his peoi)le, and if he did not do so, he would not bo able to enforee the law. In fiu't, the whole law praetieally resolves itself into this; that the King gets one tusk and the hunters get the other, while the flesh belongs to those who kill the animal. And, as the flesh is to the people far more valuable than the ivory, the arrangement is nuieh fairer than appears at lirst sight. PractiOAlly it is a system of make-believes. The successful liunters kill two elephants taking four tusks to the king, and make believe to ofler them for his aeeeiilance. He makes believe to take them as his right, and then makes believe to present them with two as a free gift from himself They ac- knowledge the roy.il bounty witli abuiidant thanks and recapitulation of titles, such as Great Lion, &c., and so all parties are eciually satisfied. On page 319 I have described, from Mr. Baines' notes, a child's toy, the only exam- ple of a genuine toy whicli he lbun(l in the whole of Southern Africa. Among the Ma- kololo, however, as well as among Euro- peans, the spirit of play is strong in ciiildren. and they engage in various games, chifHv \ consisting in childish imitation of the more serious pursuits of their imrents. The fol- lowing account of thi'ir jilav is given bv Dr. Livingstone:— " The children have n'urrv times, especially in the cool of the evening. One of their games consists of a little giri being carried on the shoulders of two others. She sits with outstrelchcd arms, as tliev walk about with her, and all tiie rest clap their hands, and sio])ping before each hut. snip pretty airs, some beating time on their little kilts of cow-skin, and others making a curious huinniing sound between the songs. Excepting this and tiie skipping-rope, the play of the girls consists in imitation of the serious work of their mothers, buildinjr littk- huts, making small jiots, imd cooking, pound- ing corn in miniature mortars, or lioeiu" tiny gardens. "The boys jilay with spears of reeds Eointed with wood, and small shields, or ows and arrows; or aimisc! themselves in making little cattle-j)ens, or cattle in clav, — they show <,'ifit; m^'cnuitv in the imita- tion of v.'iriously shaped horns. Some too are said to use slings, but, as soon as tliev can watcli the goats or calves, they ari' sent to the field. We saw manv bovs ridiu" op the calves they had in charge, but this fs an innovation since the arrival of tlu' English with their horses. Tselane, one of" the hulies, on observing Dr. Livingstone noting Observations on the wt>t and d>v ''ulb thei- niometers, thought that he too was engaged in play. On receiving no reply to her ques- tion, whicli was rather diflicillt to answer, as their native tongue has no scientilic terms, she said with roguish glee, Toor thing! niaying like a little child! '" On the ojipositi^ ])ag(! 1 jireseiit my read- ers with another of Mr. Baines's sketches. The scene is taken from a Makololo village on the bank of the river, and the time is supposed to be evening, alter (he dav's work is over. In the midst are the young girls playing the game mentioned by jilr. Anders- sen, the central girl beiusj: ciii'ried by two others, and her companions singing and clai)ping their hands. The dress of the young girls is, as may be seen, very siini)le, and consists of leathern thoniis, varying greatly in length, ))ut alwavs s(') slight and scanty that they do not hide (he contour of the limbs. Several girls are walking beliind them, carrying ]iots and l)undles on the head, another is breaking u]) the ground with a toy hoe, while in the Ibreground is one girl l)retending to grind corn between (wo stones, another pounding in a small model mortar, and a third with a rude doll carried as a mother carries her child. Tlio jiarents are leaning against their houses, and looking at the sports of the children. On (he left are .seen some girls building a miniature hut, the roof of which they are just lifting upon the posts. In th(! foreground on the left are the boys engaged in (heir pardeular games. Some are employed in making nide models of eat- tle and other animals, wlii'e others are en- gaged in mimic warfare. In (lie background i.sa boy who has grarv wives, according to (he custom of the coun'trv, (he girls being at the time all aliseiil. and en- gaged in ceremonies verv similar to those which have been described when treating of the Becliuanas. (?!| a too was engaged reply to her qucs- illifiilt to answer, Iiiis no scicntilu; ;uisli glee, Toor ehild!'" jiresent my roail- IJiiiius'.s sketelies, Makololo village and tliu time in ler du' (lay's work I' tile young girls (1 by Jilr. Anders- ,' eai'ried by two ona singing and lie dress of the seen, very simi)le, thongs, varying iy>i so sliglit and lie the contour of e walking liehind idles on the head, I' ground with a round is one girl tween two stones, ill model mortar, doll carried as a The jiarents are s, and looking at On the left are I niiniatui'e hut, just lifting upon left are the hoys r games. Some le models of cat- e others are en- 1 the background lo fetcli the llock kiug in front of ■ge. A singular luscs and is very fAliiea. In the Mdsaawe. and by 1 has a leal'some- a. and the hlos- langing side by ell resembles a liiiiit lis ealaole. itlier sketch by diiiuestic scene ■ hou-" hehings , who uas very his companions, 'cinieii of a sav- xceedingly hos- ily feeding them rs (if ))ombe, or • (ibliged to con- l>y deputy. Ik hty t( )ller •mi)oi'ary wives, he country, the ibseiit. and en- imilai to till when treating U.) ClllLUUKN'S GAMKS. (.Se7p„.. ,3, , i THE MAKOLOLO DAJfCE. form ii sIi.iHoV cone. Tliu iusl,],.' nf m.- stnnn .,.;fi, 1 i"<-^tiue(i Ur. Jjivinj;;- seutod oxou milk »' I , '''^''" ^"l"^'" Pre- w.;;ry'SS'^^- their Joy an. oppS.^S^,:-S-S;^o cypress her not NO u-'lv s'liil «l>n . I ^" -i"cy wore AI..Iutl4'^f^^;;'i^,,J;^';ac expected considered them ni n,...i " ' "'"' '-^'''I'luiv of cattle. It viVLnTn''^"''' '" <'"' '"-'f^ man really ha'it,"s. "' ''''"'^ "'e white sit'tinl^m the f.ro',„,|"'''[i';;; ^V.?' 'T ■'''•''" «calp entirely sha" I a> ,: f "jl''" ','=••" ^'^''• P™io..lydiversi,ie,|'j::!;M:-,"l]-,'-- and thevle" ve o .t, , ' " ''"."' •'»-'''^^'"''' vim,!'i;w;::;i;;\::r':.:^!^/"'-«'ii''ah.na.ic oil- (lie exee^ vA^ :r • '' '"*'""*' "* '''"" g Hut ..re 'nnv he-^^l'' '"'"'""^^r the brain^ w 396 THE MAKOLOLO TBIBE. Ifotebe, Sekeletii'8 father-in-law, for saying that it is very nice." Many of the Makololo are inveterate smokers, preferring hemi) even to tobacco, because it is more intoxicating. They de- lii^ht in smoking themselves into a positive frenzy, " which passes away in a rapid stream of unmeaning words, or short sentences, as, 'The green grass grows,' 'The fat cattle thrive," The fishes swim.' No one in the group pays the slightest attention to the ve- hement eloquence, or the sage or silly utter- ances of the oracle, who stops abruptly, and, the instant common sense returns, looks foolish." They smoke the hemp through water, using a koodoo horn for their pipe, much in the way that the Damaras and other tribes use it Over indulgence in this luxury has a very prejudicial effect on the health, producing an eruption over the whole body that is quite unmistakable. In consequence of this effect, the men prohibit their wives from using the hemp, but the result of the prohibition seems only to be that the women smoke secretly instead of openly, and are afterward dis- covered by the appearance of the skin. It is the more fascinating, because its use im parts a spurious strength to the body, while It enervates the mind to such a degree that the user is incapable of perceiving the state in which he is gradually sinking, or of exer- cising sufficient self-control to abandon or even to modify the destructive habit. Se- keletu was a complete victim of the hemp- pipe, and there is no doubt that the illness, something like the dreaded "craw-craw" of Western Africa, was aggravated, if not caused, by over-indulgence in smoking hemp. The Makololo have an unbounded faitli in medicines, and believe that there is no ill to which humanity is subject which cannot bo removed by white man's medicine. One woman who thought herself too thin to suit the African ideas of beauty, asked for the medicine of fatness, and a chief, whose six wives had only produced one boy among a number of girls, was equally importunate for some medicine that would change the sex of the future offspring. , , , , The burial-places of the Makololo are seldom conspicuous, but in some cases the relics of a deceased chief are preserved, and regarded with veneration, so that the guard- ians cannot be induced to sell them even for the most temptiuj^ prices. .11 e body, while a degree that ang the state ig, or of oxer- a ubaiulon or re hnbit. Se- of the henip- at the ilhiess, " craw-craw " avated, if not mokiiig hemp. bounded faim tliere is no ill which cannot cdlcinc. One 00 thin to Buit asked for the lief, whose six boy among a iiportunato for lange the sex Makololo are )rac cases the areserved, and hat the guard- them even for CHAPTER xxxnr. THE DAYEYE AMD MAKOBA TRnJES. THE BAYEYE TRIBE. «.luoe,l to oomp,„,i;rA,m'Tr» ;."'''' querors ea le«l them Il..t„i ■ ' "'« *i«n- ^■S TSi »'iJS'. »^?!»l- »!i ..„9" «n« notable occns?onV,?i'' „„.... '^'^'^^^^ nientioni that, hv , n„ ' *:.„ ^t'\^'' make the warrior T ,„•; u- 'i^" ''o<^» "ot the troubirto LnS h*''''"^''''''' taken ?oin/i,l^ ^u=js^i!^ -- -5 'S C^;,^!::r'7::» -h_.pnra^;^ boasted of' tlir ;;rrefrw,jici;' th' ^"""^ gonig to show. UnfortLn/X p '"IT '^*''"*= marauding? partv of tl n a? i ^ f"'" "'f"™, a sight, wheli t e va iant Makololo ca.no in about their "hid i " ..'^ "i^"''. ^'''S^t all canoei,_and ££,' ^' ™P?,' '»*« their canoei, and paddZi o',™'''', "'*« their down the rivif until t^/^^ '''"'' "'gbt "™^ to blow retained b„t few of thcJot^n'"^'" *" h'-^^e not restored *''" '*"'"'" I'^I'^'ty was 338 THE BAYEYE TRIBE. iiili |i i conduct vms not mpntlonod to their chief LcchoU'ti'ho. T)ie goods tn'in^? ri'Htored, purilon \v;».s (ji-iuitt'd, with the ninark thiit, if iinythin}; were stolen lor the future, Mr. Audersseu would Hhoot the lUHt man wlioni lie saw. This threat was ail-HulHcient, and ever atlorward the Bayeyc left liis goodw in peace. In former days the Bsiyevo used t(» Ih> a bucolic nation, liaviuj; larfie "lierds of cattle. These, however, were all seized hy their conquerors, who only i)erniittvd tlicui to rear a few f^)ati<, whieli, however, they value less for the tlesh and milk than ior the skins, which are converted into karosses. Fowls arc also kept, but they are small, and not of a good breed. In conscquenco of the deprivation of their herds, the Hayeye are forced to live on the produce of the ground and the llesh of wild animals. For- tunately for them, their country is particu- larly fertile, so that the women, who are the only practical agriculturists have little trouble" in tilling tlTe soil. A light hoe is the only instrument used, and willi this the ground" is scratched r.ither than dug. Just before the niiny season; the swd deptwited almost at random imnUHliately aller tlie lirst rains have fallen. Pumpkins, melons, cala- bashes, and earth fruits an; also cultivated, and tobacco is grown by energetic natives. Thei-e are also several iiictigenous fruits, one of which, called the "nioshoma," is largely used. Tli<> tree on which it grows is a very tall one, the trunk is very straight, and tlie lowermost brnncbes are at a great height from the gi-ound. The fruit ctui therefore only he gathered when it falls by its own ripc"ness. It is first dried in the sun, and then prepared for storage by being poundeci in a wooden mortar. When usimI, it is mixed vrith water until it assumes a cream-like consistency. It is very sweet, almost as s^veet a.s lione\% which it much resembles in appearance. Those who are accustomed to its nse find it very nutritious, but to strangers it is at first unwholesome, being apt to derange the digestive system. The timber of the inoshama-tree is "useful, being mostly employed in building canoes. Tlio Haveye are very good Inmtsmen, and are remarkable for their skill in capturing tisb. which they either pierce with spears or entangle in ilets made of the libres of a native aloe. These fibres are enormously strung, as indeed is the case with all the varieties of the .aloe plant. The nets are formed very ingeniously from other plaiJ^'O besides the atiie, such for example as the hibiscus, which grows plentifully on river banks, and moist j)laees in general. The fioat-ropes, (. e. those that carry the upper edge ol the nets, are made from the''ifc" (Sunsen'rrc Amjolcnuis). a i)lant that some- what resembles the common water-flag of England. The floats themselves an; formed of stems of a water-plant, which has the pccnliarlty of l)eing hoUo^r, and dfrided into cells, about an inch in Icikgth, by traii»- verse valves. The mode lu which the net is made is almost identical with that which i» in u.se in KngLiud. The sluifl of tho spear which the IJayeyo use in catching li.h M niadt! i>f a v«rv light wood, so that, wht a the fish Ls struck, the sliaft of the sjiear adcends to the surface, and discharges the double duty of tiring tiw. wouivlee is not at all considered. If the troo trunk which is destined to be hewn into a canoe happens to be straight, well and goc-d. iiut it sometimes has a bend, and in uiat rase the canoe hiis a bend also. The BaycyR are jjardonably fond of their canoo' , no'; to say proud of them. As Dr. li' ingstono well t>bserves, they regard their rude '.ea- sels as an Arab does hia cameL "They have always fires in them, atvd prefer sleep- ing in them when on ii journey to spending the night on. shore. 'On land you hi VQ lions,' say they, ' seipf'iits, hyrcnas, as your enemies ; but in you., canoe, behinil a Sank of reeds, nothing cau hiirni you.' " "Their subm»s«.ive dis])osition leads to their villages being frequently visited by hungry strangprs. We had a po'" on the fire in the cauoo by the w-ay, and when wo drew near the villages, devoured ihe con- tents. When fully satisfied ourselves, I found ihst we could nil look up«m any in- truders 'With much comidaisance, and diow tho pot In proof of iMiviug devou'-ed tho iixat, morsel." They are also expert at catchiAgthe larger nvumals in jjitfalls, which tlicy ingeniously dig along the 1)anks of the risers, so is to entrap the elei)hant and otb'r animals as they come to drink at night. They piant their pitfalls so closely together that it is scarcely iwssible for a herd of elepliauts to escjipe altogi^ther unharmed, as man^ as thirty or forty being sometiintvi dug in a row, and close together. Although the old and experienced elephaiivs have learned to go in front of their co..iiadcs, and sound the earth for concealed traps, the groai % nnd (Ifrided ik<;tli, by tranc- whidi thu net ith tliat which .; sbiifl of tho ill ciktchinK ti.- h , »o that, wht a of the spear ave learned to [Ics, and sound aps, the groat K^s^ihl l'!"^" '■•-.^lu.rons pits often ni^.<8 tlicho .i(;cau(,„„.s useless. ^" ho;r.^e'i, '';.:: ri;, l^'""^^- '="""-' tioiiu ♦!...» ii ' '""■^" '""I oiiKa decora. tons of .ti,.ks w, . u- ti ; "''i "";■■" ?•"'''-' amusem.Mits 'm ,1 . »'«-<'i|)e refuse snu/f i " i ,, '"..r',"'''" ^'^ '^'" whole, setting as ' t| .ir ,.v Z'' /^i' "'« "f Htealing and yi„lr ,, ."'i'^,!-" « ''"Wt« f" (eel aim. i'^ f . , .'■'""';? "'.« "•'^vellor though he " , bli" .^H '■' '."'' "'f'»' even Toward the east nc t .,i.„ v . . is a river called Ihc H.? ^^ m"^""' "»'^''° westward , lu ., - " '," '^*'" '"i'-eetions, ous chan.r, low,; /,;;'''■':'' ^''i'^^'" this curi- district are call d I ,L i "'"' '"'"'Wt this allied to the By V. .^v''' "'" ' ^''•■» '*" "»' with them I,??oJtf '"'T'' "' «="'»"'"» pearanee they I .,i m ,- ■'""' ?''""'-al ap- Bechuauas. ex . ', ' ' '^'''"Waneo to tl.c blacker com ,'w ,, ti 'T '""'' '"'■^f'''''' »*" " sometimes" si of . ' ' ','"''?."* "'« """" or seven fi.!jf,,r""^'°?'^i'' «f"»o six inches in ,vi 1 I, t > ,' ''""' "'"'' "'' «ix square a,,ron m,,! 'V;''j;|,V! "'^''^ -"^ ^•"''H With tha^i;^;;^^::™,'-:;;;-.^ par sive, irrelleetive kii .iVv'" ,.' '""""'y. ""Pul- re vengeful wl ■ ,' ,,,•';.''''!' .""' "'"^^cd, there 'is no.V.i ^ '^"^ and honest when' the behavior (.f s, ..f , f ;, ^" •'}"'.'?<' troai they are ,.,.,r ,' • . ^ ''"> ^fako ba men while, if'-o,h;!^?:.,:'f'""^'^-f' and ehurHs^T;' are siniple. ^oo' n^,*::''',''' a sam,,le, they' lavages,' imim "c uu f le"!" , '"f P'tabl^ same tests as W( ul„ . '"',:'" '«i'rop..rtv,ku, .,'.;' ;'';'■••" "' i^'^^ess-: would tiiko bv rcc ^„ ... 'V" ".''.I'l-es-sors bapiiencl to cove' t • ":. ^'^ "'"'ei', tl'oy '■'•wed that lbo,l s the nh I- T ''omi'Ietely At first, tlu.J are InV "f'^'''?,'' ''^''ered. above n.V.nti,fn"di;, ""'.,,[''';, "'^ '•ea«"n8 tin.l that tlu.y are mi, n."/,'"''^' '"'-•» '« and allowed lo rcL.^, , • ''''"' services, '>/ Pr'>porty b egif.^^ ",, '^''•..f !"'es. tbe ide^ ' liuntin- or lishin^ ^ ®''"**^ ''Sbt as .^fc'dSiS,±,;!l!!!«'»-i«oftenac. describing them as perfectly' honesf''"'! ' '') ''' "»' ebeat" a. ' f""* ''{JiV-''^* '"'^' '""'« y honest, and , do.cal as it may irti.'U'r'^ t^V^ilJ^ 340 TIIE MAKOBA TUIIIE. mnnt of roj?ut«r}' Is a iiroof tliat Hio sttviiRpd in quo.slioii Imvc not noon donionili/^cil, Cut liuvu ut'iuriliy bcoii riiiticd in thi^ nofial »a\U'. Mr. ( Uiitpnian'H cxporifnci^H i>t' tlu; M.i- knba tribi! wcru unytliin^ hut iijjri'Ciiblc. Tlioy sfdiii, and tlu'y lii'd, and tluy clicutud him. iln had ii lar^o car^o of ivory, and found that hiH o.\cn wiirc; f^^\it'man('ini^ oxorbilant, huuis, and to thfiir widlh, and appear to Iki «o frail that hey I'ould hardly rudino Ibo wii^ibl of a ► uglo iiunian biini;. Yet tlu^v aro niuoh li'HH iK>rilou« than lluw look, and llicir wifcty i.s as iiiucli owinj; to their eonstrurtion an to (he Hkill of tlu ir navii^ator. It is HCiiriely poBHible, without having Keen the Makobft at work, to appreciato the wonderful nkill with which they nianai'tj their frail barka roiiitnii; nim wl 'never they could, knowiny; that he could not well i)roeeed widioul their n.ssislanee. .\t last lie succeeded in liirin^j a boat irt which tho main part of his v.w^t) could be carried iilm;;^ the river. Hv one oxeuac and another the Af ikoba chief de- layed the start until (he liy:lit wau;on had Rone on past imm-diate recall, and then said that ho really could not convey the ivory by boat, but" that he would be" very f•cnerou^, and tike his ivory acii>at the river to the .same .sidi^ as the \vut;on. Pres- ently, the traveller (onnd tbiit tlie chief had contrived to o]ien a tin-box in which hi^ ke|)t the beads that were his money, and had stolen the most valuable kinds. ".Vs all the trade de|)eudeil on tlu! beads \h\ saw that delennined nu'asures were needful, presented his rill(> at the breast of tho (duet's son, who wii-s on board durinjj the absence of his father, and assumed so nien- lU'in;? an as|)ect that the vonn;^ m;tn kicked aside a lumn of mud, which is always j)las- tored into the bottom of the boats, anil dis- covered some of the missiuj; i)roperty. Tlu; rest wius produced from another spot by means of the mmc indueenu'ut. Ah soon as the threatening muTizles wore removed, ho •j;ot on shore, and ran oifwiili a rapidity that convinced Mr. (Jhapinm that some ror is chani^'cd into a series of whirlinij eddies and danj;er- ous rapids, the former boini,' ajjijravated" by occasional back-tlow of the waters. Tlie canooR are like the raciiij; river-l)o;its of our own country, enormously long in proportion and the enormous earj;oes which they will take safely through (he rapids. It often hup* pens that the waves bn^ak over the side, and ' rush into the canoe, .so (hat, unless (h(! watei- were baled out, down tlu; ve».s<'l must go, Tli(! Makoba, however, do not (ake tho (rouble to s(o|i whin engaged in baling out (heir boa(s, nor do (hey usi- any tool for this purpose. When (be canoe gets too fidl of water, Ihn boatman goes to one I'ud of it so as UxleprcHS it, and cause the water to run toward Iiim. With one (imt he then kicka out the water, making it lly from his instep as if from a rapidlywieMe"d Moop. In fact, the canoe is to the Midsistant. He has been hunting up the river, and has killed two .sable anieloiics, wliicli he is bringing home. The canoe is only lifltM'n or sixteen feet long, and eighteen inches wide, and yet Zangneilah ventured to load it witli two laj'ge iuid heavy anteloiies, besides the weight of iiimself and' assistant. So small are some of (he.se canoes, that if a man siLs in (hem, and ]daces his hands on the sides, his lingera arc in the water. if > lid ao frail that III) \vi'i){lil of a llicy lilt) imii-h and tlu'ir t*itl'cty itstnii'tidii KM to It is HCiirtely 'II tlio Mal«ilin Wdiidcrtiil xldll mil- (Vail IvirkH, viiich llioy will <. IlorU'ii lui|)> er llh) Hiili, iiiid mli'xs (Ii(! wiitci' •ttwl must go, I not lalvc Dio I ill haling out IIIV tool till' tlliH ,'l''tS t()(l full of IIIC VU<\ (if it HO wali'i' to run lie then liic'kH him Ills iiiHlrp I'liiili. Ill I'act, lilill I lie cailUil to tile ('(imilll- (c'l'l an iiifcii- laNli'i'ti w lioii on aiitius \vai'liiv« 1 liiivo proviul iiit ^hi'ii oiu'o llio laiiids of r till' lakf, tli.j iiatidit.nnd tim i'i\ il lo llu'iii. tliis tritu! Wild Iman of iv vil- li 1)1! tilt! best ivor, o.s|)('cially '. vhiisi' of the lion No. 1 on y ^Ir. Haiiu's, I and ifraoeful s iiiana]trt! their rli the Kkeich {ii-tl('t-lti I ivcr, of tho canoL'.s, liroiiifh wliii'li ;o (lic'in. Tho HOC is a cide- mii'd Zaiijiucl- ilii' lalti'i' pur- iirl-yai'd wcro •■ hipfiopotaiiu «ii hand. IIo nor, and i;uiil- t si roll!; pole. a»iistan!. IIo and has kiilod (' is lirini,'iiij? M'n or sixtc(.-n wi.,M, montiom-d that M..Vk< ""'^"•. "'"l hoinnr m tt. . '''T'""' '" •'«'''h mk'htv hiiiKi.r .,a , n ^ ^•^'^'*^''i ^V'os a Tho oI.i,.,.f ^-l ? '""'' loosely arranged ma.u,e,mi;;^;;,;i: v«;-;''^,,«j^H m the il... ,:;;;s wl^i. Kff whh'il''"'" r^^'S tifil m a l.iinters lif,. iu'is , ^i n ^■'?«»: '' ciiisol, and woiill ,.„; ?i '' !""" "'"'H) ai ga'no is tho I.ipp.ip,V us'rio^n^^ t 0™;^ any single pa-OS will Ik. „iV ,„' f, ';,„/,''" ""^t f«w sure to si.arno t h™^"^ "' ^ ''" '"'imalla •nanlike mode . if 1 , ; ,1 ,, '• '""' ''P°'''-^- "'<> wou / 1, „ "^ "-""'' '^'' ""»» '^ I'c feels Ijocome ento.ri-,1 '^ "i<' laid, they only ^''•■oh,er;\:e^:.lVhrhoh"Vri,'''^^T''' c".tes (la^o c .livlT '''"' N'irit wfuoh ''.y one who was Zevo Vil;!''" ^''■''^''ttaUm} artist. "-^ e-wjtno.ss as well as an Aecordiiinr ♦« r-ji. t : • pie are str/m-vlv fi'.i^f^l"";'^:',"'''.*''^'' P«"^ thovmeef. «-i7i. •:,.,!.'."!"' "' "'o Hon, wliilc 843 THE MAKODA TRIBE. fVont is soon the lioad of a liipnoiMiluimiH nn It usimlly iippciiiM when tho luiimnl is wwiin- iniiij;, till' only portion Boon above tlii^ wiitur bi'liii; tin- iiirn, tho oyim. and tho iioHtrils. It in II rcinarkaiilti fiu-t tiiat when tlui hip- potainiis is at liltortv in its nativo ulrcani, not only tlic viirn ixiul tlio noMtriis, hnt I'von till! iiil;,'o over the eyes arc of a l)ii;,'lit Krar- Ji't color, NO hrilliaiit inilocti tliat color can scarcely convey an idea of tlie iiuc. Tin- Hiu'cinicns in tliu Zoolo;^ical (Jardcns, ai- tnoii;,'li line examples of llui Hpccien, never exhibit this brilliancy of color, and, indeed, are no njorc liki? the Inn])()potanius in its own river than a prizo hog is liico a wild boar. A very characteriatlc nttitudo is fdioun in tho second animal, which In riipresented as It apijcars when liftin;^ its head ont of tho ^vater for the jiurpo-io of reconnoitrinjj;. The horse-like <'xpre,s.-,ion is easily rccoj?- nizablc. and Mr. IJaincs telLs nie tliat he never understood liow ai)propriatc wa.s llie term Hiver llorso (winch fr; tlie literal translation of the word hippopotamus^ until he .saw the animal.s disportnig themselves at liberty in their own strt'ams. In the front of the canoes is standing Miikiitii, aliout to nhmgo the harpoon into tho buck (if the hippoiiotamus, wliile his nssistants are looking after tho rope, and keei)ing themselves in readiness t(» paddle out of the wav of the animal, should it make an attack. iVrfeet stillness is rcipiired for plantini; the harpoon i)roperly, as, if a splash were made in tho water, or a sudden noise heard on land, the animals would lake flight, and keep out of the w.iy of the canoes. On th(! left is a clump of the i.iU reeds which have already been mentioned, accompanied by some ])apyrus. The huge trees seen on the bank are baobabs, which sometimes attain the enormous girth of a hundred feet and oven more. The small white flowers I that are floating on tin; surface of the water ' are the white lotus. They shine out verv ' con.sj)ieuously on tho i)os()m of tho clear, doop-blue water, and .sometimes occur in j such numbers that they look like st.irs in the l)lue lirm;uuent, ratlier than mere flow- ers on the water. It is rather curious, bv ' the way, that the Daniaras, who an; much more familiar with tlu; land than the water, call tho bippopotanuis tho Water Uhinoco- ros. M-hereas the Makol)a, Ratoka, and other tribes, who are more at homo on the water, call the rhinoceros the Land IIiii])opotamns. Now comes the next scene in this sav.ago and most exciting drama. Stung by the sudden and unexpected ]-,ang of tin! wound, the hippopotaunis gives a convulsive spring, which shakes fho head of tho harjioon ont of its socket, and leaves it onlv attached to the shaft by its manv-strandod rope. At this period, the animaf .selihmi shows light, but (l.T-shes down tho stream at its lull speed, only the upper part of its head and l)iuk being vlsllde ahovo tho stnface, and towing tho canoe along as if it were a cork. Meanwhile, tho harpooner and his com- rades hold tightly to Ihc rope, imying out if necessary, ami hauling in wlienever possi- ble—in fact, playing their gigantic prey just as an angler jdays a large llsh. 'riioir object is twofold, flrsf to tire llio uinmal,and then to get it into shallow water; for a hip- popotamus in all its strength, and with tho advantage of deep water, would be too much oven for thest! courageous hunter.s. Tho pace that tho ainmai attains is something wonderful, and, on looking' at its apparently clumsy moans of jiropidsion, the swiftnoss of its course is really astonishing. Sometimes, but very rarelv, it happens that the animal is so active aiid fierce, that tho hunters are cddiged to cast loose tho rope, and make off as thev best can. They do not, however, think of al'iandoning so valu- able a prey — not to mention the harpoon and rope — an1>''; I'il.VillK out If wliiiicvi'r pOHNi- •ir K'K""ti'' proy liUKf (InIi. 'riieir re tlu; uiiiinal,niMl water; lor n lijn- i<;tli, ami witli tho ■ould he (()() much iiH liiinlers. Tho In.M in something ; at ilH fljiparently on, llic Hwil'tness :)iiiHliing. urelv, it happens f aiiil (ierec, that lo caHt looso tho V liesl can. They landoiiin^'so valu- tion I lie harpoon H Well as they eai) ;lit. At tho ear- iddle toward tho le Weakened aui- niost dant;croii8 fluliii),'. and with lies at the canoe. I) child's piny hu- I' evervlliin;^ ))ut III riislie.s at tho ])ie('(s l)v lilowH ir seizes the edL'o the side. Shonid >r destnninj^ tho 1 anxious time to ninial can {j;rii)o laws, the curved, riain death, and unlbrtunate man PS Huceeed in np- it, the men liavo ient. They divo er, and yrasp a : that will keep I liolil on as lonj^ I'ln. The reason lyheii (he animal ■iver, it raises its and looks ahout iiies. Jt has no irt'aee, and il" it uoks like a man, the hunters lo to the air. In inal, spears arc irust at him by Javelins. They larin, unless one eye, which is so penthouse that invthinf; excejit luiijt! mass of 1 that oven iiru- * ■■■-^ (1.) Sl'KAIUNO Tin.; HII'I'OfOTAMUS. (Sec paifo :H2.) (■••■■) illE KINAI. ATT,\('k (Sec piijre 345.) (im) DANGERS OF HIPPOPOTAMUS HUNTING. arms make little impression on it, except in one or two small spots. The hunters, there- fore, cannot expect to inflict any material damage on the animal, and only hope to deter it from charging by the pain which the spears can cause. . The last scone is now approaching. Hav- ing effectually tired the animal, which is also weakened by loss of blood from the found, and guided it into shallow water Jcveral of the crew jump overboard, carry the end of the rope ashore, and pass it with i a double turn" round a tree. The fate of the animal IS then sealed. Finding itself suddenly checked in its course, it^makes new ellorts, and fights and struggles as if it were quite fresh. Despite the f,Sin, it tries to tea.. Itself away from the fatal cord; but tUe rone is toostromr hi hn i.,.-,i.„„ ,1 ^i. _ 345 ;i,o ,. • V '"^''yi'om tne fatal cord; but Wi> ?f-''rlM'^''^"7 *" ^« '^™l^en, and the P bnvi"^ '"«^' f ^h l"PPopotani'u3 holds t e barb so hrmly tliat ev.Mi the enormous cause It to give way. Finding that a fierce pull in one direction is useless, it rubles h' another, and thus slackens the ro,.e, vhic ^^ immediate y hauled taut by tl, 1 u iS shore, so that the end is much shoSe 1 an lie animal brouglit nearer to the bank Each struggle only has the same result the unters holding the rope fa.t as To ^ :^ there is a strain upon it, and haulin-Tt hi as soon as it is slackened. The rea leT- ma easily see how this is done by wa cl in sailor make fast a steamer to the eV ■' S;Zs"^^"«'''^^<^^°--^'''-s^ . cii^rn^KKr^i^'^::;;!;:?^ incuts liniited, the rone is m.Tl. tl ] the luuiters all conibirfor t le aH ^J ^^ S^ iffinn|-a^''^Lf ffi to tlieir canoes, and are able to att'ick fh. TKn „ '1 ■,, ''"'*'i never to rise a^'iiii ihe second Illustration on in.ro -ii- , liold. Some of tl 1>, nf ' ? ' '"''"" ">^'''" ... .„ I- pa.... 11 lound the trunk of the tree, aHailin*"^? "*■ .*•'"'* comrades are boldly It'' Tt"i"y'"" *'»"« "f cSi' lion, ihe shall is made of Iio poles beams, nor other supports aro h t'liidf f 'tI"' '^'' ''''^' Jush^ftojether water S10.T}?"? '"fely flung o^-n the form 7W . '"^ entangle themsorves into " mmm 346 THE MAKOBA TRIBE. Hi ? and docs not alarm the wary animal as much aa a boat would be likely to do. When the natives use the rait in pursuit of the hippo- potamuB, they always haul their canoes upon it, so that they are ready to be launched in pursuit of the buoy aa soon as the animal is struck. The same tribes use reeds if they wish to cross the river. They cut a quantity of them, and throw them into the river as if they were going to m.ike a rail. They then twist up some of the reeds at each corner, so as to look like small posts, and connect these posts by means of sticks or long reeds, by way of bulwarks. In this primitive fer- ry-boat the man seats himsclt, and is able to carry as much lugga§[e as he likes, the simple bulwarks prcveutuig it from falling overboard. It is rather a strange thing that a Mako- lolo cannot be induced to plant the mango tree, the men having imbibed the notion from other tribes among whom they had been travelling. They are exceedingly fond of its fruit, as well they may be, it being excellent, and supplying the natives with food for sevei-al weeks, while it may be plucked in tolemblc abimdance during four months of the year. Yet all the trees are self-plantod, the natives believing that any one who plants one of these trees will soon die. This superstition is prevalent through- out the whole of this part of Africa, the Batoka being almost the only tribe among whom it does not jivevail. The Makololo have contrived to make themselves victims to a wonderful number of superstitions. This is likely enough, seeing that they arc essentially usurpei-s, having swept through a vast number of tribes, .ind sotUed themselves in the country of the vanquished. Now, there is nothing more contagious than superstition, and, in such a case, the superstitions of the con- quered tribes are sure to be added to those of the victors. The i? he had no fears, for that he could sS liS a fish and that, if by any mischance he should a low Mr. Jiaiues to fall overboard and be drowned be should never dare to show his face to Dr. Livingstone again Mr. Biiines remarks in his MS. notes that Mantanyani ought to have ma de ^n good saiior, for he was not only an ade t at the mniiawment of ImMt« i.„f ,.„.., "-P"^ ** THEIK SKILL AS BOATMEN. 849 the mnnagem.-nt of boats, but^-oul 1 a,?, re ciate run. .■,« well as any liriUsh tar TL happened thut at night, after the day's boat- ing was over grog was served out to the men, and yet for two or three ni..l,ts Man tanyan would not toucli it. AccordSv one^inght the following colloq^^'a "i^onqiiero."" (I cannot.) r'orqiioi iion niiero KroirV" (Whv nnn not you take grogv) " (Wli> can- 1 'A?"^'''','-"* ,'""'"• Zambesi munta." fThe bottle IS l.tlle and (he Zambesi is bi-r.) ^ , The Znmhes. ami its Tribut^irios" Th canoe belonged to a man „ ,, led Tubi Mokoio, or 11,0 "Canoe-.smasher " V rVt o, ominous Inu_ npparen.ly undes.u'ved ( He ina.smuch as h,. p,,,v,.d to be a most skilfni and steady boadnan. He seemed also fob modest, (or he took no credit to hi'mTelf fo Sireiv';^T'''-,'r'- •'".'■''^"^•-''^ I'i "success t rely by a vast^a/'/i i^H !e,Tr fy in r"""'' ''T "e 'KHl of tiu, ZanilHisi " ''^ '" ^"" "''^'^^- iiefore entering tiie race of water, we sense in the reouest of t..i - ^^^^ ^*^"°^ reason assignedl"^f n'J uifc Ztff tt to the steersmui TnUo i ".''".' *" *-'•''" «"* saveVis"vom 'LT"""^- '^ '^ ""'J^ins could l.«ir fi,ll of «»"r i," rm„, ™ • T ,..""° '.. ,^'4"c; the accident was owini.; out " Kina-bombaikina-bombii! " that ho never could accustom his eyes to like the spectacle of great naked men wal- lowing on their backs and slapping them- selves, and tried to stop tiiem. They, how- ever, always thought that he was not satis- fled with the heartiness of his reception, and so rolled about and slapped themselves all the more vigorously. This rolling and slapping seems to be reserved for tlie wel- coming of great men, and, of course, when- ever the Batoka present themselves before the chief, the performance is doubly vigor- ous. When a gift is presented, it is etiquette for the donor to hold tlie ])resent in one hand, and to slap the thigh witli the other, as lie approaches the person to whom he is about to give it. He then delivers the gilt, claps his hands tof^ether, sits down, and then strikes his tliighs with both hands. The same formalities are observed when a return gift is presented ; and so tenacious are they of this branch of eticpiette, that it is t'lught regularly to cliildren l)y their parents, They are an industrious peojjle, cultivat- ing wonderfully large tracts of land with the simple but effective hoe of their country. With this hoe, which looks something like a large adze, they not only break up the ground, but perform other tasks of less im- portance, such as smoothing the earth as a foundation for their Ijeds. Some of these fields are so large, that the traveller may walk for hours through the native corn, and scarcely come upon an uncultivated spot. The quantity of corn which is grown is very large, and tlie natives make such numbers of granaries, that tlieir villages, seem to be far more populous than is really the case. Plenty, in consequence, reigns .nmong this people. But it is a rather remarkable fact that, in spite of the vast quantities of grain, which they produce, they cannot keep it in store. The corn has too many enemies. In the first place, the neighboring tribes are apt to send out maraudiii'j parties, who prefer stealing the corn which their industrious neighbors have grown and stored to culti- vating the ground for themselves. Mice, too, are very injurious to the corn. But against these two enemies the Batoka can tolerably guard, by tying up quantities of corn in bundles of grass, jilastering them over with clay, and hiding tlit-m in the low sand islands left by the subsiding waters of the Zambesi. But the worst of all enemies is the native weevil, an insect so small that no precautions are available against its ravages, and which, an we too often find in this coun- try, 'o w (hnnf • enterraiu4 When l^'^l^, Ua'SJ^'I^Jl. the ni-iit, the inhabitants turn out to miko h.m conifbi-iablc; some r.iiinin<. fek-h ire wood, others l„.i„.i„. j,„,, of^vater vhih some e,~ tlu.,ii.elves in pre,,arhi.i e bed,^ and erecting a fence to' ke^ of? the They are skilful and fearless hnii(,.r« and are not afraid even of the elopS "' anS' *^'""r /!!1.''1"'"3IV to these fo n Sbb OBDEAL OP THE MUAVE. 888 A complete svste.n of ffunedau^s is mEa tion amonar the Ihtok"i nnf «•..„ '^ '""I'tra- ofl.rolubi^n.tl,eSt'remin::;^;Kt whcm'^kileHl '''".'•' ^'" '';-^l''-^'o"lheSame 3^^i;^Lt^^p;i;-^^^^^^^ britin.;';:!vJ'S.ts"-^-^^^ flicts the fttid womiVbo, .!;' ?^;„^^'!,° »- "otice,e:^.l?nS Sa^S,^;;:.^-'^ corsned and sSh i^'iils of ? r^'"" V" ">^' of EnglaiKi. The 1- V, ;,f u 1 ^ ''l^j'^ ''?«'« stron- here as n M? '"''''iwaa is very Africa; biu'amon/Xtltl'""*'''''-" has the opportnnitv ^f ^^-itoka the accused drinkinc; ^ noi " -on/ .'"■"'''' "'"*^'»' '>y muave." Some? ni.^J"^L '""•'■""•'''tio" oallefl the (hau-ht .nT?n ^h" J"''-''»^ Honndt'd l»y littlu \ni'jH, uiid not by the (InjjprH. Kvoii aiiioiij^ this one tribe tluTc nrv <;r«mt ditl'croncuH in tlie for- mation of till! HUUMII. Till' tia«f ind mecanie (luile a lonij ixle. Tliere was an evident rhvtlmi in il,eacli line cousistiui,' of five syllables. Another native poet was in the liabit of solaciu;; himself every cve- nin^i; witli an extempore son;;, in wliiVh lie enumerated everytlnuf; that tlie wliite men had done. He was not so accomplished a poet m liis l)rotlier ini|irovisatorc, and occa- sionally found words to fail him. However, his sansa lulped liiin when lie w.as at a loss for a word. Just as llie piano lu-lps out an unskilful siiiger when at a loss for a note. They liavu several mu.sic.al instruments besides the sansa. One is called the ma- rimlia, and is in fact a .simple sort of liar- monicon, the place of the; jjlass or metal keys j being sui)jdied by strips of hard wood fixed on a frame. Tliese strips are large at one end of the instrument, aniu|Ui're(l parly ackuow ledge their de- feat by sending ii dei)utatiou to ask for the body of their comra\(\ \h fouinl tliorc, (ind li.; will nJimirrdly unswor in liio iimriiiutivc. 80 Iw. will If lio l»(! luskcd whctlu r iinicdriiN llvo in IiIh coniidy, (»i- wliclluu- lie Known of 11 rncc of tiiilcd un'ii, hcitii; only nnxi.ms to jilcuHe, and not llilnkin« tlml, llu; trulli or liils.liood of tliii answer can b<' of the louHt (■onMcqneniH!. If the vvliKe Mportsniiiii -iioots ut an animal, , and makes iv palpable niiw, his dusky alteud- 1 800 antj) arc jmro to wiy that tho bullet w. nt tliroutfli ti.e milmars heart, and that it ordv bounded away for a short distan(c. " He jg our father," say the natives, "and he would be disnleased if we l.)ld him that lie luul missed. U is even worse with (he slaves Who are oIIcmi iis.^d as interpreters ; and it ii hardly possible to 1, hue tliem to interorot with any modicum oi .ruth. THE MANGANJA TRIBE. On the river Shire (pronounced Slieereh), a norlhern tributarv of the Zaml)esi, there is a rather (uu-ioiiM tribe called the Manf,'auia. J he counir' which they inhabit is well and Jiilly watere.l, aboiiiidiiifr in elear and cool Streams, wliii h do not dry u]) even in th(^ dry season. I'astura(,'e "is conse(nicntlv abiiiKlant, and yet the people do not trouble themselves about catth', allowing lo lie un- used tracts of land which would leed vast lier(lsofoxen,nottomeiiti(msheepandKoats. 1 heir mode of Koveniinent is rather curi- ous, and yet simnle. The coiinlrvis divided into a mmiberof (lisiricis, (he head of which Koes by the title of Hundo. A great niim- oer o( villa<,'es are under the coiivnand of each Hundo, thounrh each of the di\'|sions is indopen lent of the others, and they- do not ajjknowlr,|n-e ,„,,, common chief or kin-', ibe clueltainsbip is not restricted to tlPe male sex its in one of t(,o districts a woman named Nyango was the l?iin(lo,and exercised her authority Judiciously, by improvin.' the social status of the women" tlirou-'hout her douHnioiis. An annual tribute is iiaid to (he Kundo by each villa-c, mostly consisting of one tusk of eaclj elephant killed, and he in should they be threatened or attacked. iiu! Mangaiijas are an industrious race, being orood Workers in metal, esp dallv iron, -rowinj,' cotton, makinj,' bnskc s and cu .vat.n;,Mhe^roun,l,inwhUoec, /atjlm bh sexes eipially slmre ; and it Is a leas- dl at work to;re(her in the fields, with ner- ot.i bush llu.y clear the forest Kround e.xac ly as is done in America, cultinidow he t ives with tlieir axes, pjljn.r "»,, ,1h> auches .and trunks in heaj.kL.ri.TiJ ,em an.l s,-|iltermg the ,asl,. s over the .rrorn 1 Iv w.ay of manure, n.e stumps are Yeft to rS mthe ground an''^n?st<)no, "then sit ilown in tVont of the chief nny two clnim, a third by stiir more dappinj;, when each touchcH the ffround with hoth hands placed together. Then all rise, and lean forward with inean- ured clap, and sit down again with clai), clap, clap, fainter and still faintttr, until the liMt dies away, or is hroupht to an end, liy a smart loud clap tVom the chief. Thev keep perfect time in this species of court etiquette." This curious salutation is valued very hi-pli('ation of gradual pressure should be apjilied to per.sons wlio.se teeth i)roJcct forward, not knowing that such a plan has lonitj been i)ractised l)y dentists. IIow this frightful ornament came to be first introduced is unknown. The reasons which they give for wearing it ari' rather • amusing. A man, say tluy, has whiskers and a beard, whereas a woman has none. " What kind of a creature would a woman be, without whiskers and without the pel- ele? She would have a mouth like a man, and no beard!" As a natural result of wearing this instrument, the language has undergone a modification as well as the lijis. The labial letters cannot Ive ))ronounccd properly, the under lip having the whole duty thrown upon them. In different parts of the country the pel- ele takes different shapes. The mo.st valued pelele is a piece of pure tin hammered into a dish-like shape. Some are made of a red kind of pipeclay, and others of a white These latter ornaments iire gcner- "^ • nnrt 'imtidioiiH with I II iiioHl Hingu- lU;." Tlii8 ut a liu our or uonu, Kivei to till! iiumt rt'puldivu has illiiHtratvd 'living oil ))a;;u iindc of ivory, inch ill tiiiek- tcr, xdiiuUiinoH H. WIll'II tlu> r lip iH i)i('rc('(l II ))iii iiiHortcil ioHinu. When fill 1)111 Ih willi- trouiicM'd; and rs, until at lastt I Worn. Icle is niiido of ici! viM\ lij);lit. elo Riiiiles, or ractiiiii of tlio ml, H(i lliiit its f the I'ves, thu iniddi;-. Th.) 'd hy (liis ino- ionahlc way in chipjii'd, and, ri'»t'nii)lt^ thts One old lady, id a pflclu so x'low nor chin. I could <'(inse- ) valuable an alters the nat- c natural state lire set in an ■r of the peU'lo rc'^sure ol' llio i\ then tIattenH vingslone sug- on of grsidnal persons whose rtiiiH that such 1 by dentists. lit came to be The reasons it ari' rather • has whiskers lan huH none, oiild a woman tliout the ))el- h like a iiuin, iiral result of language has .■ell as the \i\)». e ])rononnce(l ing the whole mntry the pcl- le ino.st valued laniinered into made of a red s of a white n<« iire geni^r- (1.) I'KLKLU, OU LlP-aiJi(U. {Seo pnifc ajO.) ^^ (X.) BATOKa iii;:,-. (8w pa^ 3M.} («»7i • 5 n 1 1 I i !'. 1 p 1 M " ■ M !| L ■ i i ll illl TATTOOING. ally c.v mdrrcal in form, so that, ns hm been we I obsfirvcd, the wciirer looks uh if siio Iiail an incli or so of wax-aiiidlo thrust tliroii^'h tlio lijis, and projcctiiiL' beyond tlic noso. Some of llicm arc so detennincd to be fasluonablo that they do not content th(!nvselves witli a nelelo iu the upper lip !.'ut also wear one tii the low(!r, the effect m upon the expression of couutenanco beinj/ better iina^jiiied than described. The pelele IS seen to the greatest advantage in the lake tlislrict, where evcuy woman wears it, and where it takes the greatest variety of form Along the river it is not so uiiiversaMv woin, and llie form is almost alwavs that of the ring or disli. In (Ills i)art of the country the sub-tribes are diHtinguij,!,,.,! I)y certain marks where- witii they tuttoo tli(.mselves, and therebv Bueceed in still farther diHrtgurini' couiite- naiiees which, if allowed to remain un- touched, would be agreeable enough. Some ot them have a fashion of pricking holes all over tlu'ir faces, and treating the wounds in such a way that, when they h.^a!, Um skin is raised in little knobs, aiid the face looks "^" '^T'-'"o foverevi witli warts. Add to this liishion the i)elele, and the readier may tonn an opuuon of the beauty of a fashion- able woman. .If the ol.jeet of fashion be to conceal i!ge, this must be a most successful lush.on, as it, entirely destroys the lines of lie countenance, and hardens and distorts the f(!atures to such an extent, that it is dif- icuit to jiulgc by the flice whether the owner be si.xteen or sixty. One of the women hiul her body most curiously ao wils'aimut'" peak to them, she retired to her hut r. m>ve. he pelele and, while speaking *hd /"i. ^ • 'M'Hi'ire 111 her lii). Cleanliness seems to b.- unsuitable to tlie M ugan,,a constitution. Thev could m,t in Ssh llf """''■'^''"•' '''^'y f-avelh.rs s^, ». ^ish themselv-s, and seemed to be person a^Iy Ignorant of the process. One verv n man, hovvev..,-, said that he did rememl^^ onco to l,ttv« waslied himself- b. t "•>? could drive him away. Ho insisted nii aceojnpaiiyiug them, ^and annoyed ihem grea ly by proclaiming in every ^vUlage to [..,'» i7 ''" "." '^""^ ^^''erc they arc Koing. If,, was driven off repeatedly • but as soon as the march was resumed ti.'r.h: ^'Svt'i.rV'^, "'^^•;,' '« over'hi''shou'l,.^ and never nuule his appearance ^l^ail,.'""'''' rnuss, skin diseases are r fe amoiiL' the Manganjas and appear to bo en il ff'con- t.4'ious and durable; many j.ersm s 4viZ white blotches over their lodies^a 'd 3 wteT i"'"*'' ''""'"^.^'^^ ^'"' ■'' «<»-t of leprosy^ wh h, how,;ver, does not seem to troubfc "■'» i)ar iciilarly. Kven the fowls are lia! I lo to a .similar disease, and liave their fe^t eer is tot,alf_y unlike the Engl 1, IrinK In the first nlace.it i«ni,it-. «i.i,.i, A . """'"»• i.Hi.o«rstp,ace,rtis,uiteiiuJi;';:;;doZ;i::- md looks nu„.. „„,. „ It is miMle by ,,ounding the vegetatTnLrff^^in' old ii i, 1^ ''*'" '^ '•'' »*'"'"' two days s v.tisb PflT^ ''"'","?''' l>aving a slightly s vtetisli-a cid flavor, which lias the nronertV I immediately quenching thim' ' d is ( u.refore most valuable to the (rave lor f r whose refreshment the hosjiifable ,00: Plo geiK'ially jiroduce it ^ ror tfie:i intemperate hab ts. They do not i\.JZ\ Iv '>t'"-,aiid in cmisecHience Vi i'.?'"'^^^^^ "•consume the whole brew- ng Mtl in a ,]ay or two. When, therefore ass, nible and by d.iy and night th'>v con- ..nue drinking, drumming, danc na and ^i«ting,ui,t I IA.VO«OVE SWAMP- -THE ''■'■AnOO"-c.n«OU.- ,,E;LvE«-rrr "" ""^ "ANVAr-.OEA ABOUT T,„rH™ On the south bnnk of the Zambesi soitip whore about l.t. 1(J° S.an.l 1«„^,. •jo'e' th^.t isaliibe culled the JJanyai wo tulZ tract of counliy enlle.I Slii'i.; '^^^ va. are a HMuarkably fh.e race of me bS tall well ,na, e, a.ul a-nle, an.l are more,,' ^ lation into their own tribe. Traders fmm Their aiipearancc is rather pleasing and U^; h:jvo a,.„no„s Lshion of ,L^ ^jg hair, whuli ,n.ul. resembles that whieli w^I^ Ttn .. ■■■"-' "'" living. Mmmm thedeputau:;;^ll>:^^^i,°;^-;:f™'«;vi.l. •so nnwortbv to fill .1, 7 ,. ' ^ Prison and .me ,;f th,: 1:^ ''. and hang •„„„„ ..xf."};^ JLI ,?! J"»; ?^^.n .V'^"»t'-y, wf.o make ■ (801)"' "" " ^'"'^""''^"S' aa^ *viieu theyoiiug THE BANYAI TRIBE. chieftain has built his village and fairly set- tled down, he sends a body of his own sol- diery to offer his congratulations. If the young chieftain receives them with clapping of hands and humble obeisance, all is well, as the supreme authority of the chief is thereby acknowledged. If not, they burn down all the village, and so teach by very intf'lligible language that before a youth dares to be achieftani he had better perform the duties which a vassal owes to his sovc-- eign. There is a system among the Banyni which has a singular resemblance to the instruc- tion of pages in the days of chivalry. When a man attains to eminence, he gathers around him a band of young hoys, who are placed by their parents under his charge, and who arc taught to become accomjjlished gentle- men idler Banyai ideas. While they nva yet in the condition of pagehood, they arc l«cpt under strict discipline, and obliged to be humble and punctilious toward their superi- ors, whom they recognize with the hand-clap- ping which is the salute common through- out Central Africa. At meal-times they arc not allowed to help themselves, but are obliged to wait patiently until the food is divideil for tliem by one of the men. Tliey are also instruct.. i" in the Banyai law; anil when they return to their parents, a case is submitteil to them, and the jirogress which they have made is a.. They do not care for boldly chasing (he hippoi)otaiuus, as do the tribes which have already been mentioned, but they prefer to resort to the ])M'i\\\ and the drop-trap. The pitfalls are always dug in places where the animal is likely to tread; and tiie pits arc Tiot only numerous, but generally placed in pair.s close to each other. On one occasion a white traveller happened to fall into one of these i)its, and after he had recovered from the slioek ot findinji himself suddenly (lei)rived of tho light of day and enclosed in a deep hole, he set to work, and after many hours' lal)or managed to free himself froin bis uni)leas- ant position. But no sooner had he fairly got out of the pit than be unlbrtunately stepped upon its coiniiauion, and fell into it just as he had fallen into the other. The most ingenious nv de of capturing the animal is liy means of the drop-trap. For this luirpose the native cuts a rather long and heevy log of wood, and, in order to make it still heavier, a couple of large stones are tied to it near one end, or a (luantity of cl.ay is kneaded round it. At tho loaded end a h(dc is made, into which is set a spear- head, sometimes that of :\ large assjigai, but mostly a sort of harpoon like that which has been 'described on i)ag(' :i41. \ rope loop is then fastened to the other end. and tho weapon is ready. Tlie hunter now W)es to a hippopotamus track, and looks out for a branch that overhangs it. (rciierally he can find a branch that will suit his jxirpo.^ie; but if not, he rigs up a sort of gallows on which lie can suspend the armed loi;. AV'lien ho has found a convenient binncli, ho takes a long rope, one end of which is fasteiK'd to a stick, places the stick across the braiuh, and hangs the loop of the harpoon upon tho other end. He next passes the cord round a peg at the foot of the tree, about eighteen inches or so from the ground, draws it across the path, and then makes it Wvt. The engraving No. 1, opjiosito, will ex- plain how the whole business is m.inp.ged. The tree on which the weapon is suspended hut; lie goes Iliire he Is pocial servant wood ibr lior in (lenieaiior. of life, and be { do so wlien- elinquiHli wife ,y the parents compensate !ieleBs, this is istoni of buy- here are few ueed to prac- long many of le ilesli of the , and llie cap- uutly a matter jare i'or Ijoldly do the tiMljes lentioned, but e i)iliall and ire fihvays dug likely to tread; lumorous, but •lose to each rhite traveller liese i)its, and the slioek of prived of the 1 deep hole, he ,■ hours' labor n bis niii)leas- bad he fairly nnlbrtiinately and fell into it [>th('r. •, of capturing the drop-trap, cuts a rather ind, in order to of large stones !■ a quantity of the loaded end R r«et a spear- ne assjtgai, but that which has \ rop(> loop is end. and tho ir now gpes to loks out for a ■nerally he can s i)urpose; ))Ut lows on which loi;. AV'ben lie icb, bo takes a s !'asten<'d to a be branch, and loon upon the he cord round about eighteen di-aws it across )osito, will ex- SH is m.iiip.ged. in is snsiitntled (,at») }8 the mnriffrove, a tree utterly unlike any of those vvluch we liave in this land. The extraoidinary vitality of this tree is well shown by the sketch, which was made by Mr Haines. The trunk litw been broken o« but tho up,>- part ha.s fallen against another tree a-.d been supi)orted by ft It has then thrown out a number of roots which have de.scended to tho moist ground' and give the tree a new 8up,)ort of its own' In such a case, tlie branches that tend down- ward wither away au'!, which mangroves love, and there remains. Tli.. objcc.t of this curious provision ot .Mature is, that the seed shall not be washed away by the periodical floods « which uuindate the country. _ 111 s;ch a soil there is no difliculty in find- hei-v"\ri ,"'' ""' '»iPl>"potamu.s, for the heavy an.l chMnsy animal leaves a tr.ack which could he Ibllowed in the darkest night. Owing to ihe frrcat width of its body, the f.etof the opi^.site sides ar se rather wider apart than is the case w tl lighter animals, so that when the hippopot amiis walks through grass it m.ake.s a dis tinct double path, with a ri.Icro of ,rrl ii^ the Yiid.ne. When it walk.? on th^ sol^ muddy sod of the river bank, the anima makes a most curious tra.'k.the feet sinkin- ( eenly into ;iu. earth, and fonninV a i"r ""f .lonble rut stu.-ded with holes at the diSce of an inch or two lh„u each other a rid-o .some two inches in width dividing the nts There is no path m irynii: to a trave t as a hippopotamus track, fn The blow releases the harpoon, which falls with tremendous violence, Liry, 3 S ead deep into the animal's back ^Kow and ■ind in that case the animal fidls helnless on the spot. Usually, however, the womKl is rus 1 s to the nvcr, hoping tlui.s to shake Wm mi Ian!f' «''''''''" ^''''^'> """> tort., ed ,nl r? ., *"oner or later, he is sure to who T HV' ''T'.""'' ^'"J thcA the na ives .(iireo, tnat the native .nfrru'iiHii..!of„ " ' the habit of imitating In s ;'.'^ n'mUn" mangrove seeds, bits of sticL^ !^'i i. " !">jects, to the brandie.s'of1 H^Vre ";'knor ng that the wary animal will kee'n "e^v Jp'*;''"-/'f «« tlangerous-looking a 1 ca^u/ rie trap has to be set with "eons iemble skill and much care must be tak.Mi to con ceal the rone which crosses the path orTho animal will not strike it. Large .'inVvv and apparently clumsy, as he s, he ca S .LA "'" '"^ across hs iiath he will S/;s^;^:^t,;^^:;j^^^;j-f- compels p..,ym,ml, for the pas e ,-..,• * K ^ow^ 'ng tlmt tlu.ir permis..io ,, amH .„ n"i,T '"';.-;'%';""••*■"/" f'"^^"'" thro igh'',: 0,1 ,»ry, they set a very high price nnn their scrvuvs, and will hot allo,^ o t^y llor topro,.eed imtil ho has compli h1 with ur demands. Fc-ling sure of heir posN tion, thevare apt to be violent ns u,.Vi o. extortionate. fli,V,ing d.,.;.' tf of f r 1 un with contcmptn.Kis gestures, and alnuW their yictmis with a wonderful flow of Xs? Iparaging lan-ruage. lcoJlriii'''5"'r\' knowing their customs, contrived to get the better of the Hanvi in a iilace where they were accustomn?)^;!^ eanoe men, he anchored in the mid ?, of the stream, and had couches madeon I^ard iTl ns of 'the T,'r'-''1^ d-co„cert<.d the (M.-iiH oi tile iJanv.ai- wbo "'■-nrc*"-! *)~ ' -li^Ts to come u.shoro, and, of course, Voiud THE EANYAI TRIBE. hayo kept thorn prisonerH until they had paid a lieavy toll un- permission to embark again. They even shouted invitations from the river bank to come and sleep on land, but dared not attack a boat tilled witlj armed men commanded by Europeans. The odd- est part of I he whole proceeding was, that the Makololo and Batoka boatmen, who were accomnanying Dr. Livingstone, had never thought of so simple a device, and roared exultant jeers from their boat to the Banyai ou shore. The country in which the Banyai live furnishes various kinds of food ot' which au European would be ignorant, and there- fore would run a great risk of t«arving in a place where the JJanyai would be revel- ling in plenty. Ant-hills, for example, almost always furnish huge mushrooms, which are at once palatable and nutritious; aud there are several kinds of subterra- nean tubers that arc only to be found by striking the ground with stones and lis- tening to the sound. One of these tubers is rem.irkable for the fact that in winter time it ha« a slight but perceptible quan- tity of salt in it. The Banyai, like other African tribes, have their peculiar superstitions, such as pouring out the contents of their snufl' box as an oll'uring to the ppirits of the dead when they arc engaged in hunting, hojiing thereby to iiropitiate them .nnd procure their aid. One man who had performed this act of devotion was quite scandalized at the irreverence of hunters who belonged to other tribes, and who, as ho said, di(l not know how to j)ray. The same nuui took to himself the credit of having destroyed an elephant which had been killed by "others, his prayers and snufl", and not tlurweapons of the hunters, h.aving, according to his idea, been the real instruments by which the animal fell. The particular animal, by the way, was killed ill a manner jieeuliar to some of the tribes in this part of Africa. These native hunters are very Ximrods for skill and courage, going aYter the elephant into the de])ths of his own forest, and boldlv coping with him, though armed with weaiions which an Eurojiean wf)uld desjiise. The chief we{ii)ou which is us(>d by these tribes is a kind of axe. It is made inueh after the fashion of those used by the Bechuauas described on page '200. The '• tang," howi'ver, which is fiwtened into the handle, is at least three feet in hmgth, and the haiull(! is sometimes six or seven feet long, so tliat the instrument looks more like a scythe than an axe. The handle is made by cutting off a branch of convenient thick- ness, and iilso a foot or two of tlie trunk at its Junction. A hole is then bored through the piece of the trunk, the tang of the heatl inserted into it, .and the rough wood then dressed into shape; thus the necessary weight is gained without the expenditure of valuable metal. The illustration Ko. 2 on page 863 will make this ingenious process cUuir. Fig. 2 represents part of the trunk of a tree, marked A, from which starts a couvonient branch. Seeing that this branch will an- swer for the handle of an axe, the native cuts across the trunk, and thus has a very rude kind. of nuvllet, jiossessed of consider- able weigl/t. A holi! is next bored through the part of the trunk, and the iron tang of the axehead thrust through it. The sui)er- abundant wood is then trimmed off, as shown in the cut, the branch is scraped and smoothed, and the simple but etl'ective axe is complete. Figs. 4 and 6 represent a convertible axe which is much used by this people. As in their work they sometimes need an adze, and sometimes an axi;, they have ingen- iously made a tool which will serve either purpose. The handle and butt are made exactly as has already been described, but, inste.'id of piercing a single hole tor the iron head, the Bany.ii cut two holes at right angles to each other, as seen in the dia- jjram, fig. 4. The iron, therefore, can bo tixed in either of these sockets, and, aix-ord- ing to tl»e mode in which it is inserted, the tool becomes either an axe. or an adze. At flg. 4 it is placed in the horizontal socket, .and iiccordingly the tool is an adze; but at fig. 5 it is transformed into an axe, merely by sliilting the iron luad into the perpen- dicular socket. It is a curious fact that the Water Dynks of Borneo have a very similar tool, which tlu^y use ill boat-liuilding. It is much smaller than the Biinyai nxe, being only used in one hand, .and the heiid is tixed to the handle by an elaborate binding of sjjlit rattan, which is .so contrived that the head on be turned at pleasure with ii« edge par- allel to or across the han(IIi\ Fig. .'{ represents a ratlier curious form of axe, which is sometimes I'ound among the Banyai and other tribes. Tlie head is nuulo very lonjL,', and it is made so that, wlien the owner wishes to cany it from one place to another, he does not trouble himself to hold it in his hand, but merely hangs it over his shoulder. The (elephant axe is shown at fig, 1, but it is hardly long enough in I he handle. In one part of Central Africa the head is fiustened to the handle l)y means of a socket; but this form is exceedingly rare, and, in such a climate as is aflbrded by trop- ical Africa, is far inferior to that which haa been described. The hunters who use this curious weapon go in i)airs, one having the axe, whieli luis been most eareliilly sharpened, ancl the other not troubling himself about any weapon, except ])erhai>s a spear or two. When they liavc found au elephant with good tuskH, thoy sepamte, and work their way roinKl a wide circuit, «« as to con e upon lum from different quarters, the axe- man alvvays apj.roaehing from Ixdu.ul, and the assistant comin- toward the Iront Z soon as tiay kno'.v, l.y well-understood si^- nals, that tf.ey are near the anin.a tK begin the.r work. Tiie assistant be" „8 to rustle among the branches at some dTs aneo in trout not in such a manner as to ah.rm the elephant, but to keep his attention S and make him wonder what the sin-'ula ' movements can mean. While he i« "■ gaged with the man in front, the axeman steals gradually on liiin ,Vom' behind J with a sweei) nf li « Iin.T,> ,., ' "'" SUPEIiSTITIONS OF THE BANYAI. mi wi 1 a sweej) of his hu-o weapon severs the tendon of the hoek, wl.ieh in the elephant IS at a very short disUnce from the «ro in From thU; moment the animal is heln "s Its eiK,nm...s weight requiring the i| fse of all Its limbs; and the himt/Ts can f tl ey choose, leave it there and go after loth,/ being quite sure that they w m f li d , '' lamed animal in the same place w re it was left. Even if the axe b ow^ho Id nof' quite sever the tendon, it is sure to iu so ileeply that at the first step wh eh he nT -nai^Uvkes tlie tendon gives W with' a 'loud Bim-ii''''"Th '° "'° '"f "'""'^ notions of the hunters hn iL,/ /. '""' '" "">>" i» tbc The iWnj„li „^ vc S'Tl''' "r°- tlio/ hmnchtis of- i. i 7''/'i'" ''''''=«•'' '" would be at onee afflieted wifl? ' "',' soon die. The reader wil« I "'''' ""'* ogous superstit on to i^' u,u'''''n;.''V'V.'"'- of Polynesia. ^'"' "' **^oo. The hives are made simply cnou-rl, Two rXunv:"f^'''"''''^'''^'-"'»'^^e -lii^^usHry.:, 'St s-r' •''?"'"''"- (he other Th-. '"t."oni one incision to comes from Loanda is coUeetedUi'tieso THE BADfiMA TRIBE on?of tL^^m^ii'; Si;?an"?!| ^"^^"^ "^ i'apirve k bettTfho™S"''^^*''^^'"t« busbandmen, and eu th-nf,. ^ „"''" '""'''^"l "t t"l)aeeo. m u "« n i ..fff •^".'•''11 /fuantities ij'gors to si. ;p,;;^^„S:;;;'"^!^"'«^"- clever sportsmen 'uid m ,w . -^'"'-V are "en as well on" ti e 1 nf f "/jf ."■^^ "f the Tor fishimr th..v i>.,,.' ?. '? "i" '^'ater. Tor fishing thev"b.,v'"" T- '? "'" '^'-'^t^'' wfien ^^J^^.:^ 1^-^ .Of casUn, , . .„..„,,,...„„,, ,„.. „._ ■r-, -eal their stores in ■thrhiUs.aud^l^k^; "ot and wfien tifey ^'oil^ .ll.;:!; !:^?^"^i -rn. " Con^e,;;:;;;,//';!;!;::^:!. „.,._ , ^ tr ? lin^^ ""'"'^'^ thoy do so by «>t' raving nn.l th ""'^ •"''^ "'''"•"^^ """'^ts tbei^ Tb, " 1"'''" '''■'\'"S tl»esame into h>"'»""c.u'A-:;.t;r made of baobab bark, oflil^e^^^vhel ;^,^i:?S"l'^'-'y in? <^n,ous mode u:'?;*^^^ rir"!:' "'-'":••« '■"!'«i«t- of a small portion in their huts, Ju for tlio .,.OH.TV-M.U>NKH8 OF TKM..K..AMBNT- AN ATTK.MPT AT KV ^kZT' """'■'' '■"""'^-"^'-•"'"A M,-S,0-MANnNKO .N COMMAXO- KATKr ,N,^« i.hAHKn-.„vn OK cArr,.P-roo.. ok t„k nA..0N.,A-F.s...,,AT,.ON AND „X„.H-A W,U, LKOEND- FrNKHAL\^^"V MS- F CUP...NO-8UrE,«TIT.0N«-MAUR,AUBS AND FUNEUALH-Da LIV.NOSTONE'h SUM M mV Ue now come to a mtl, r important tribe Ihiit ivcs very closo to tlie equator. This IS called tlie Balondo or Balonda tribe, i. c the people wlio inhabit Londa-land, a verv largo district on the western side of Africi A great number of small tribes inhabit this country but, as thev really are offshoots of the one tribe, we will treat of them all under the common name of Balondo • The chief ruler, or king, of the Balonda tubes IS Matiamvo, a name which is hered- itary, like that of the Czar or Pharaoh. He has absolute power of life and death, and one of them biul a way of proving tliis au- town muf "'=;"^'''""«lly ™»»i"g about the town and beheading every one wliom he net until sometimes quite a heap of human eads was collected. He said that his peo- ple were too numerous to be i)rosnerous an.l«o he took this simple metliocl of'^limh': no doubt that he was insane, and his neonle thought so too; but their reverence CTis ntZ^'T '" ^r-'^' '''"* '•« ''■^'^ «"«^ved to puisuc his mad course without check, and n ..-;.'? 1 '^'"'^ Vf^^^^^h, instead of being niuideied, as might have been expected. condn^7n!i.®r"' «'''jy«-'l?'»ler, and used to nierchantcamo to h/s town, he took .Shh lotko iT T'' "!il^°'-t''>"«>, rind ho does visitor's property, and kept' him as VguS n al fS^,/l/'"""r A'^'"^* ""«'>' «^"^e foi a week or ten days. After that time SSn"V • '•'"**'. "'"-^'^^^^ having shown his hospitality, he sent out a l.k ,iLnii^ ^i ^f %/ -'>" >^^' ^ x^ «v V Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 872-4S03 870 THE BALONDO OR BALONDA TRIBE. is in full force, and where people may be kidnapped and sold under any pretext that may happen to occur to the chief. As is frequently the case with African tribes, there is considerable variety of color among the Balondo, some being of a no- tably pale chocolate hue, while others are so black as to rival the negvo in darkness of complexion. They appear to be a rather • pleasing set of men, tamted, as must be the case, with the ordinary vices of savage life, but not morose, cruel, or treacherous, as is too often the case. The women appear to bo almost exceptionally lively, being full of animal spirits, and spending all their leisure time, which seems to be considerable, in chattering, weddings, funerals, and simil.ar amusements. Dr. f'.ivingstonc oft'ers a sug- gestion that this flow of spirits may be one .reason why they are so indestru'ctil)le a race, and thinks that their total want of care is caused by the ftitalism of their relig- ious theories, such as they are. Indeed, he draws rather a curious conclusion fron their happy and cheerful mode of life, considering that It would be a difficulty in the way of a missionary, though why a lively disposition and Christianity should be opposed to each other is not easy to see. One woman, named Manenko, afforded a curious cx.ample of mixed energv. liveli- ness, and authority. She was a cliief, and, though married, retained the command in her own hands. When she first visited Dr. LiA'ingstonc, she was a romarkablv tall and fine woman of twenty or thereabouts, and rather aston'-hed her guest by appearinsx before him in a bright coat of red ochre" and nothing else, except some charms Inuitr round her neck. This absence of clothing w.as entirelv a volunbiry act on her jiart, as. being a chief, she migiit have had any amount of clothing that she liked; but she evidently thought that her dignity required her to outdo the gcneralitv of Balondo ladies in the scantiness of .apparel which distinguishes them. In one part of Londa-land the women ai-e almost wholly without clothes, caring noth- ing for garments, except those of Eurojjean manufacture, which they wear with much pride. Even in this latter case the raiment is not worn so much.a.s a covering to the body as a kind of ornament which shows the wealth of the wearer, for the women will purchase calico .and other stuffs at extrava- gant prices. They were willing to giye twenty pounds' weight of meal and a foul for a little strip of calico barely two feet in length, and. having put it on, were quite charmed with their new dress. The fact is. they have never been accus- tomed to dress, and "are all face," the weather having no more effect on their bodies than it does on our faces. Even the very babies are deprived of the warm fur- clad wrapper in which the generality of| African mothers carry them, and the infant 18 as exposed to the weather as its mother. Ihe Londa mother carries her child in a very simple manner. She plaits a bark belt, some four inches or so in width, and hau-'s It over one shoulder and under the otliei-, like the sash of a light infantry officer. The child IP partly seated on its mother's hip, and p.artly supported by the belt, which, as 18 evident, does not afford the least protec- tion against the weather. They even sleep in the same state of nudity, keeping up a fire at night, which they say is their cloth- ing. The women tried" very hard to move the compassionate feelings of their white visitors by holding up their little naked babies, and begging for clothes; but it was ciear that the real destination of such clothes was for ornaments for themselves. As is the case with several other tribes which care little for clothes, they decorate their heads with the greatest care, weaving their hair into a variety of patterns, that must cost infinite trouble to make, and scarcely less to preserve. They often em- ploy the " buffalo-horn " pattern, whiere is one type of knife, which undergoes various modillcations according to the par- ticular district in which it is made, and this type is as cliaracte:istic of Western Africa as the Bedniaua knife is of the wuthern parts. Their curious form is almost identi- cal with that of woa])ons taken from tumuli in Europe. The sheath is alwavs very wide, and IS made with groat care, being mostly ornamental as well aa useful. Heavy rinfjs of coijper and other metals ire as much in vogue as among the Dama- •ras; only (he men prefer to wear them on their own limbs, in-itead of handing them over to their wives. As wealth is mostly carried on the person in this country, a rich JJalondo man will have six or S( ven great copper rings encircling his ankles, each rin" weighing two pounds or so. The gait of a rich man is therefore singularly ungraceful, the feet being planted widely apart, so that the massive rings should not come in con- tact. TJie peculiar gait which is caused by the presence of the treasured rings is much admired among the Balondo, an^ is studi- ously imitated by those who have no need to use it. A young man, for example, who 18 only worth half a dozen rings weighin" half an ounce or so each, will strut about with his feet wide apart, as if he could hardly walk for the weight of his anklets. The ornament which id most prized is made from a large species of shell belonging to the genus Conus. The greater part of the shell is chipped away, and only the flat and spiral base is left. This is pierced in the middle, and a string h passed through the middle, so that it can be hung round tno neck. Dr. Livingstone tells an anecdote which shows the estimation in which this ornament is held. Just before his departure the king, Shinte, came into his tent, and passed a considerable time in examining his books, watch, and other curiosities. At last he carefully closed the door of the tent, so that none of his people might see the ex- travagance of which he was about to be guilty, and drew one of these shells from his clothing, huii^ it round his host'a neck, with the words, " There, now you luive a proof of my friendship." These shells are used, like stars and crosses in England, as emblems of rank; and they have besides a heavy intrin- sic value, costing the king at the rate of a slave for two, or a large elephant's tusk for Ave. The very fact that they possess insignia of rank shows that they must possess some degree of civilization; and this is also shown by the manner in which inferiors are bound to salute those above them. If a man of low rank should meet a superior, the former im- mediately drops on his knees, picks up a little dirt, rubs it on his arms and chest, and then claps his hands until the great man has passed. So punctilious are they in their manner, that when Sambanza, the husband of Manenko, was making a speech to the people of a village, he interspersed his dis- course with frequent salutations, although he was a man of consequence himself, being the husbandof the chief. There are many gradations in tho mwle of saluting. Great chiefs go through the movements of rubbing the sand, but they only make a pretence of picking up sand. If a man desires to be very polite indeed, he carries with him some white ashes or pow- dered pipe-clay in apiece of skin, and, after kneeling in the usual manner, rubs It on his chest and arms, the white powder being an ocular proof that the salutation has been nropcrly conducted. He then claps his hands, stooiis forward, lays first one cheek and then the other on the ground, and con- tinues his clapping for some little time. Sometimes, instead of clapping his hands, he drums with his elbows against his ribs. On the whole, those travellers who have passed through Londa seem to be pleased with the character of the inhabitants. Dr. Livingstone appears to have had but little trouble with them, except wlien resisting the extortionate demands which they, like other tribes, were apt to make for leave li :| 874 THE BALONDO OR BALONDA TRIBE. of passage through their country. He writes : — '' t)ne cDuld detect, in passing, the variety of cliaracter found among the owners of gardens and villages. Some villagLS were the picture of neatness. We entered others enveloped in a wilderness of weeds, so high that, when sitting on art ox-back in the mid- dle of the village, we could only see the tops of the huts. If we entered at mid-day, the owners would come lazily forth, pijje in hand, and leisurely puff away in dreamy indidorenco. In some villages weeds were not allowed to grow; cotton, tobacco, and dilferent plants used as relishes, are planted round the huts; fowls are kept in cages; and the gardens present the pleasant spectacle of different kinds of grain and pulse at various periods of then- growth. I some- times admired the one class, and at time.i wished 1 could have taken the world easy, like the other. " Every village swarms with children, who turn out to see the white man pa.ss, and run along with strange cries and antics; some run up trees to get a gootl view — all are agile climbers through Londa. At friendly villages they have scampered alongside our parly for miles at a time. We usually made a little hedge round our sheds: crowds of women came to the entrance of it, with chil- dren on their backs, and pipes in their mouths, giizing at us for hours. The men, rather than disturb them, crawled through a hole in the hedge; and it w.is common to hear a niuu in running oif say to tlioin, " I am going to tell my uinmma to come and see the white man's oxen." According to the same authority, the Ba- londii do not api)ear to be a very (,-irrel- some race, generally restricting themselves to the tongue as a weapon, and seldom re- sorting to anything more actively otl'ensive. The only occasion on which he saw a real quarrel tiike plaiie was rather a curious «ne. An old woman had been steadily abusing a young man for an hour or two, with vl>"' singular fluency of invective with wh those women seem to be gifted. He endurvJ it patiently tor some time, but at last uttered an exclamation of anger. On which another man sprang forward, and angrily demanded why the other hixd cursed his mother. Thev immediately closed with each other, and a scuttle connnenced, in the course of which they contrived to tear off the whole of each other's clothing. The man who began tlie assault th m picked up his clothes and ran away, threatening to bring his gun, but he did not return, and the old woman pro- ceeded with her abuse of tlie remaining combatnnt. In their quarrels the Balonda make plenty of noise, but after a while they suddenly cease from their mutual invective, and conclude the dispute with a hearty laugh. Once a most flagrant attempt at extortion was made by Kawawa, a Balonda chief who had a very bad character, and was in disfa- vor with "Matin'nvo, the supreme chief of the Balondp. lie sent a body of men to a ferry which they had to cross, in order to prevent the boatman taking llu'in over the river. The canoes were reinovccl; and as the river was at least ii hundred yards wide, and very deen, Kawawa thought he had the strangers at his mercy, and that if the cart, the ox, the gun, the powder, and the slave, which he required, were not forthcoming, he could keep the strangers until tliey were forced to comply with his diinnnds. How- ever, during the night Dr. Livingstone swam to the place where the canoes were hidden, ferried the whole jiarty across, re- placed the canoe, together wit'i some beads as payment for its use, and q'intly swam to the side on whicii tlieir party "were now safely landed. Kawawa had no idea that any of the travellers could swim, and the whole party were greatly amused at tlio astonishment which tliey knew he must fi'cl when he found the travellers vanished and the canoes still in their place of concealment. Some of the B.ilonda have a very clever but rather mean method of extorting money from travellers. When they ferry a party over the river, they piiri)Oseiy drop or leave in a canoe a knife or some other object of value. They then watch to see if any one will pick it nj), and, if so, seize their victim and accuse him of the theft. They alwavs manage to do so Just before the headman of the partj' has been <'crri('d across, and threaten to retain him as a hostage until their demand be paid. Dr. Livingstone once fell a victim to this trick, a lad belong- ing to his party having i)ickcd up a knife which was thro\vn down as a bait by one of the rascally boatmen. As (he lad hfii)i)ened to possess one of tliose precious shells which have been mentioned, he was forced to surrender it to secure his liberty. Such conduct was, liowever, unusual with the Balonda, and the two great chiefs. Shinte and Katema, behaved with the greatest kind- ness to the travellers. The former chief gave them a grand reception, which exhib- ited many of the manners and customs of the people. The royal throne was jilaced under the shade of a spreading banian tree, and was covered with a leopard skin. The chief had disfigured himself with a checked jacket and a green baize kilt; but. besides these por- tions of civilized costume, he wore a multi- tude of native ornaments, the most conspic- uous being the number of copper and iron rings round his arms and ankles, and a sort of bead helmet adorned with a Large plume of feathers. His three pages were close to him, and behind him sat a number of women headed by his chief wife, who was distinguished from the others by a cap of scarlet material. mummm LIVrNGSTONE'S RECEPTION. In many other parts of Africa the women would hnvo been rigidly excluded from a public ceremony, and iit the best might have been permitted to see it from a distance; but amon^r the JJalonda the women take thoir own part in such meetings: and on tlie present occasion Shinte often turned and spoke to them, as if asking their opinion. Manenkos husband, Sambanza, intro- duced the party, and did so in the usual manner, by saluting with ashes. After him the various subdivisions of the tribe came lorward in tiieir order, headed by its chief man, who carried ashes with him, and sa- inted the king on behalf of his company, ilien came tlK; soldiers, who diished for- ward at the wiiite visitor in their usually impetuous manner, shaking their spears in ins liice, branilisliing their shields, and mak- ing all kinds ol menacing gestures, which in this country is thoir usual way of doinc ealulod the king, and took their places. JN ext came the speeches, Sambanza march- ing about before Shinto, and announcing in opn !'\^'"""'. ^,°'*;" '""* ^'"» measured ac- and t.w '"'°'" '»,^tory of the white m.n ana their reasons for visiting the country to Das'?ro.f f^'o^'T^ •''"' travellers^ he h^^ ;„ ^- '''IV'*' '"''"» certainly said that conS. ?'"'/'"; "'*' P^H'o.^e of opening the rel Bi n tl^^ Vi'*"'^ '""^'''"? '*»«•» ^ better telliC 11 »/''•!'■ '''^"- I'«riiaps he was telling lies; lor it was not easy to believe that a white man who had such treasures It tome would take the trouble of coSn "out of the sea where ho lived for the mTe nurnos. l^h&as^tiSLl^Suietej^te perhaps more consistent with Shin^e's chT a«ter as a wise and humane S that he sVorr,*\r'"" ""■' ''»*-' jBetween the sreeches the women filled un w^ ev i?„ ?'^''''l^ ^*y* •» the proceedings ancFwhen the drum-heads be«)mo slL-v A?^ ' are tightened by being held A, 'fe 37ft ]9 The most curious part of these drums in «io use of a small square hole in th ™kle which seems to serve the same purpose m SenfTnr",'*?'" '" "•'' Europe^a.?in8trS! nient. Instead, however, of being l«il onen It ;s closed with a piece of spK web' winch allows the neeclful escape'ol'aiVwTit' U seems to have a resonant eflect. The 5 which IS used for this purpose is taken fmn IS of a yellow color, rather larger than a cro vn piece in diameter, and is of wonder- fu t^JUghness and elasticity. The custom of using spiders web in this^manier prevails il ."v.*?« ? ^"'7 '"■«^ ""'•"«» «t- Afrfea' and Afw^" f""!"^, '" "lose parts of Western Africa which have introduced many Euro" Ced"!""/."""' ?'r"« "»"«« wK be- longed to them before they had made acquaintance with civilization. ^^° f„„ .i" '■"'"? ""<^ marimba are played together; and on this occasion the peifom- ors wa ked round and round the enc losu?^ producing music which was really not unplea^an even to European earg The marimba is found, with various modifica- Afnl"' r-"«''''^f "J« ^rhole of this par of Africa. Generally he framework is straight and in that case the instrument is .3;' placed on Uio ground, and the niusSa . ftr «.7A'^' in a sitting or kneeling pos^ ture. But in some places, especially where ^ '" 1° t P>>'^*^ '^3^ the musician on the march, the framework is curved like the tire of a cart-wheel, so that, when the fnstru" ment is suspended in front of the performer he can reach the highest and lowest keva without .lifBculty. lie illustration on S 371 represents one of the straighf^framtd niarimU, and is drawn from a specime ™in Colonel Lane Fox's collection. Afler this interview Shinte always be- haved very Wndly to the wliole pm-ty'and ,o?,r?\ ^ "' P'"e''«o"6 Shell ornament oelore hit. Uepaiuire. As to Shinte's niece, Mancnko, the female chief, she was a womali who real y deserved her rank, from her bold and energeUc ch^. actor. She insisted on conducting the parTy sb. Ifo'^'r,"!'?""'''"' '^"'^ '^^'"^ they set^^S she headed the expedition in person It ' happened to be a singularly unpleSone the rmn falling in torrents, and yet this very enercetic lady marched on at a pace thai^ coulcT bo equalled by few of the Cn and without the slightest protectl^on from the weather save the coat of rod greasHnd a charmeci necklace. When asked why she did not wear clothes, she said that a chief ought to despise such'luxuries, and ought to set an examnle of fortitude o the rS S the tribe, ifearlv all tlie memberl of the expedition "complained of cold, wet and hunger but this indefatigable lady pre* M ^o^'!!irf Ty "Shtest mSrching or/er! and aot until they were aU thorougluy weiried 9n THE BALONDO OR DALONDA TRIBE. would she consent to hnlt for the ni)?ht. Her liusliaud, Hainbnnza, had to mnrcli in her train, accompanied by a man who had instructions to beat a drum incessantly, which he did until the perpetual rain soaked the skin-heads so corapfuLeh' that they would not produce a sound, bambanza had then to chant all kinds of invocation^ to the rain, which he did, but without any particular effect. She knew well what was her dignity, and never allowed it to be encroaciied upon. On one occasion Dr. Livingstone had presented an ox to Shinto. Manento heard of it, and was extremely angry that such a gift should have been made. Sre said that, as Aw, was the chief of the party who had orought the white men, the ox was hers, and not theirs, as long as she was in command. So she sent for the ox straightway, had it slaugh- tered by her own men, and then sent Shinte a leg. The liitterciiief seemed to think that she was justified in what she had done, took the leg, and said nothing about it. Yet she did not forget that, although she was a chief, she was a woman, and ought therefore to perform a woman's duties. When the party stopped for the night in some village, Manenko was accustomed to go to the huts and ask for some maize, whicii she ground and prepared with her own hands and brought to Dr. Livingstone, as he could not eat the ordinary country meal without being ill afterward. She was also careful to inform him of the proper mode of approaching a Balonda town or village. It IS bad manners to pass on and enter a town without having first sent no- tice to the headman. As soon as a traveller comes within sight of the houses, he ought to halt, and scud forward a messenger to state his name, and ask for permission to enter. The headman or chief then comes out, meets the stran'jer under a tree, just as Shinte received Dr. Livingstone, giving him a welcome, and appointmg him a pla(;e where he may sleep. Before he learned this piece of etiquette, several vill.iges had been much alarmed by the unannounced arrival of the visitors, who were in conse- quence looked upon with fear and suspi- cion. Afterward, when thej' came to visit the great chief K.atema, they found him quite as friendly as Shinte had been. He received them much after the same manner, being seated, and having around him a number of armed men or guards, and about thirty women behind him. In going to or coming from the place of council, he rode; on the shoulders of a man appointed for the pur- pose, and who, through dint of long prac- tice, performed his task with ajjparent ease, though he was slightly made, and Katema was a tall and powerful man. He hml a great idea of his own dignity, and made a speech in which he compared himself with Matiamvo, saying that he was t!io great Mo(«ne, or lorij, the fellow of Matiamvo. He was very proud of a small herd of cattle, about thirty in number, mostly white in color, and as active as anttilones. Ho had bred them all himself, but had no idea of utilizing thorn, and was quite delighted when told that they could be milked, and the milk used for food. It is stningo that the Balonda are not a more pastoral people, as the country is admirably adapted for the nurture of cattle, and all those which were possessed by Katcina, or c.vvn by Matiamvo himself, were in splendid condition. So wild were Katema's cattle, that when Iho chief had presented the parly with a cow, they were obliged to stalk and shoot it, as if it had been a buftalo. The nativ(! who shot the cow being a bad marksman, the cow was only wounded, and dashed off into the forest, together with the rest of the herd. Even the herdsman Avas afraid to go among them, and, after two days' hunting, the wounded cow was at last killed by another ball. The Balonda are not only fond of cattle, but they do their best to improve the breed. When a number of them went with Dr. Livingstone "into Angola, they expressed much contemptuous Avonder at the neglect both of land and of domesticatcil animals. They themselves are always on the look-out for better specimens than their own, and even took the trouble of carrying some large fowls all the w.^y f'nmi Angola to Shiute's village. When they saw that even the Portuguese settlers slaughtered little cows and heifer calves, and made no use of the milk, they at once set the white men down as an inferior race. When they heard that the flour used by these same settlers was nearly all imported from a foreign country, they were astonished at the neglect of a land so suited for agriculture as Angola. " These know nothing but buying and sell- ing; they are not mm," was the verdict given by the so called savages. The food of the Balonda is mostly of a vegetable character, and consists in a great measure of the manioc, or cassava, which grows in great abundance. There are two varieties of this plant, namely, the sweet and the bitter, t. e. the poisonous. The latter, however, is the quicker of growth, and con- sequently is chietly cultivated. In or"n<» '•« cleared of properties of tins mead, and recommendetl It to Ur. l,ivingHtoue when he w.as very ill with a fever : " Drink plenty of mead," said he "and it will drive the fever out." Prob- ably on account of its value as a febrifuge Shinte took plenty of his own prescription. ' Ihey have a most elaborate code of eti- weew' ounces of melt on a Just before the waters retire tL^lSa 'S-n^'"T-'^^^ ''^ «*' «" the grass constriiPf n n„^i ^ ^^y^, y^e unioma. beside Dr. Livingstone. "He had iiever fbp nn n'f " r™>'" ""^ «*••""'" »'anks across the outlets leaving only small apertures for Sir/r ^'« ''•'"■' *''™"Sh- '"these aper- f Lf th'"'^ i''^ '■'■•'i''' "•■ ''"«kets, so n^ade that the fish are forced to enter them s S, '^""IJ^'^r -f-^"^ ^Y'-^ters, but, once sat on tlie ground during the late Mati- amvo s reign and was not going to degrade himself at his time of life." So he seated himself on r. log of wood, and was happy at his untarnished dignity. n>3 »^ One of the little sub-tribes, an offshoot of in, thoy cannot get out iv'ain s'omptimnT i tu^/n i" V"' """^ ^"o-trines, an offshoot o insteacf of earthen walls, they pla" t S fn^ ^^'r'""' 7^'r"•'»'•'^•■^^ never eat- of mats stretched betweerstiS wS .I^p h,l"" 'i''""'''^" "-y I'S "'"^ cattle are answer the same purpose! ' Cll '*",t?" "'""'' ""^^ '•^*' «* home like ^ '■ 1™^"- (There are -^ J tribes who will not II 378 THE BALONDO OH BALONDA TRIBE. kiMip cattle, brcnuic, ns thoy rightly sny, the oxen brlii)^ oncmles nnd war iiimii tlu>ni. But they lire uhvayH ijlad to eat oecf when tliey can got it.) Thin trihe 'eniH to be unique in its abntinenco. Altnough they liave thiH idea about cattle, tlu-y will eat without compunction the tle.th of most wild animals, aiul in many cases dl»phiy ureut injjenuity in hnntini; ihem. They stnlk the animals through the lonjj graas and brush- wood, disguising themselves by wearing a cap made of the skin taken from the head of an antelono, to which the horns are still attached. When the animal which they are pursuing begins to be alarmed at the rustling of the boughs or shaking of the grass, they only thrust the horned mask nito view, and move it about as if it wc't the head of a veritable antelope. This dovice quiets snspicion, and so the hunter proceeds until he is near enough to deliver Ills arrow. 8ome of those hunters prefer the head and neck of the jabiru, or gfout African crane. As far as is ''nown, the Balonda are not a warlike peopi.j, though they are in the habit of carrying arms, and have a very formidable look. Tlioir weapons aro short knife-like swords, shields, and bows nnd ar- rows, the latter being iron headed. The shields are made of reed.s plaited firmly together. They are square or rather ob- long, in form, measuring about five feet in length and three in width. The architecture of the Balonda is simple, but ingenious. Every house is surrounded with a palisade which to all ai)poarnnce has no door, aiid is always kei)t closed, so that a stranger may walk round and nnind it, and never find the entrance. In one part of the palisade the stakes arc not fast- ened to ea(di other, but two or three are merely stuck into their holes in the ground. When the inhabitants of the huts wish to enter or leave their dwellings, they simply j)ull up two or three stakes, squeeze them- selves through the aperture, and replace them, so that no sign of a doorway is left. The reader may perhaps rememlier that the little wooden bird-cages in which cana- ries are brought to En>rland are opened nnd closed in exactly the same manner, some movable bars supplying the place of a door. Sometimes they vary the material of their fences, and make them of tall and compara- tively Blight rods fastened tightly together. Shinte's palace was formed after this man- ner, and the interior space was decorated with elumps of trees which had been planted for the sake of the shade which they af- forded. That these trees had really been planted, and not merely left standing, was evident from the fact that several young trees were seen recently set, with a quan- tity of grass twisted round their stems to protect them against the sun. Even the corneM of the streets were planted with HUgar-eanns and banaiiaa, so that the social Hysteni of the lialoinhi seems to be of rather a high onler. One jietty chief, callt^d Mo- zinkwa, had nitide the hedge of his encloHuru of green banian braiieheM which hud lukuii root, and so formed a living hc-dge. It is a pity that so much cure and Hi.ill should be so often thrown' away. As the traveller pasties through the Loiida districU hu often sees deserted houses, and even vil- lages. The fact is, that either the husband or the chief wife has died, and the invaria- ble custom is to desert the locality, and never to revisit it except to make offerings to the dead. Thus it happens that p«Tmanent localities are inipossihie, because the death of a chill's wife would cause the whole vil- lage to h' deserted, just as is the case with a house when an ortlinary man dies. This very house and garden underwent the usual lot, for Mozinkwa lost his favorite wife, and in a few months house, garden, and hedges had all gone to ruin. The Jialondu have a most remarkable cus- tom of cementing friendship. When two mini agree to be special friends, they go through a singular ceremony. The men sit opposite eat^'h other with clasped hands, and by the side of each is a vessel of beer. Slight cuts are then made on the clasped hands, on the pit of the stomach, on the right cheek, and on tlie forehead. The point of a gifws blade is then pressed against each of these cuts, so as to take up a little of the blood, and each man washes the grass blade in his own beer-vessel. The vessels aro then exchanged and the contents drunk, so that each imbibes the blood of the other. They are then consideriid as blood relations, and are bound to assist each other in every pos- sible manner. While the beer is being drunk, the friends of each of tlie men beat on the ground with clubs, nnd bawl out certain sentences as ratification of the treaty. It is thought correct for all the friends of each party to the contract to drink a little of the beer. This ceremony is called "kiisendi." Alter the ceremony has been completed, gifts are exchanged, and both parties always give their most precious posse.'sions. Dr. Livingstone once became related to a young woman in rather a curious manner. She had a tumor in her arm, and asked him to remove it As he was doing so, a little blood spirted from one of the small arteries and entered his eye. As he was wi|)ing it out, she hailed him as a blood relation, and said that whenever he passed through the country he was to send word to her, tlnit she might wait upon him, and cook for him. Men of different tribes often go tliroui^h this ceremony, and on the present occasion all Dr. Livingstone's men, whether they were Batoka, Makololo, or of other tribes, became Molekanes, or iViends, to tlie Balonda. As to tlieir religious belief, it is but con- RELIOION AND JDOLg. related to a i*Me(l nml hnzy ntlll It oxnrclnpH n kind of InriiifliiTO over thfim. They hiiv<^ a tolerably rloar iU'n of n Hupiemn Heinj,', whom they call by ditliirent nntnes Br(!or(linff to their dlalrct. The Hiilon.la ti.ie the word Ziiinl)!, I»iit Moriino ifl one name which in underMtood' tliroujTJi a very lar^n tract of country, 'J'he Halonda believe tliat '/^ambi rnlcH over ail other «i)irits and minor deities JuHt as their kini? Matiamvo rules ovor the greater and lenHiT chiefs. When they undergo the poi- Bon or(l(-;il, which is used as much among them Its in other tribes, they hold up tlieir Imnds to heaven, and thus appeal to the trrent Hpirit to judge according to right. Among th(^ Hiilonda we come for the first time among idols or fetishes, wliichever may be the correct title. One form of idol is very common in Halondavillagen, and is called by Iho name of a lion, though a stranger uninitl- at(Hl in its mysteries would cerlainly take it for a crocodile, or at all events a li/.ard of some kind. It is a long cylindrical roll of grass plastered over with clay. One end rei)resents the head, and is accordingly fur- nished with a mouth, and a couple of cow- rie shells by way of eyes. The other end tapers gradually Into a tail, and the whole i.s supported on four short straight legs. The .native^modeller seems to have a misgiving that the imitation is not quite so close as might bo wished, end so sticks in the neck a number of liairs fVom an elephant's tail. Which are supposed to represent the mane. 1 heso singular Idols are to be seen in most JenreS,t^lh''«T'u-'^''"'y.'*™ ""Pr"'"' '" over d1™ ° ''f "T ^''" havo'(lominion oyer disease ; and wiien any inhabitant of he village is ill, his friends go to the Ii„„ do and pray all ni-rht before it, beat " noi e wS ""'• l"-";J"»;inS that amount o7 noise which secerns to be an essential ac- S'" SomlJ'n r"«'"»«/ite« among A(H- cans. Home idols may be perhaps more properly called teraphii;., as b^^ their nu-a^s the medicine men foretell future jvents bearfaS' rr?"^" '''' «» ^ »'ori.ont i nea,n fastened to two upr ghts — a custom which IS followed in Dahom^ whena huiS acnl^ce has been made. The me, dno men 1 ev rri- "°"^u**>'*' ^y *»»'»• ministrations t liaf t^ms'^h?/*'^ *"'"'''.'"" ^ ^P""^, and ti re tL '^^ are acquainted with the fu- 8ition in war-time, when they are siinnosed to give notice of the enemy's appn3'^'' linf„-T ''''''' ■^'^*' ^*''»»« 8h,»pes. Some- times they are intended to represent certain animals and sometimes are fashioned So the rude semblance of the huma nhS When the superstitious native does not c^e an idol, ho takes a crooked stick, fixes it in the ground, rubs it with some st anie com" pmmd, and so his idol is completed.^ Trew aie pressed into the service of the heathen worshipper. OlFuringB of n««e or mnioc m root arc laid on the branches, and IncislonB are mmie in the bark, some being „,"„ knife-cu s, and others rudo outlines of the human face Hiicks, too, are thrown |iuiiviioH whoii cio.-m to tiiii l)iml(ut, llit> «lo('U>r luliniiiiNlcri'd ji ttliiirp ivpnKtt', lii» iinxiouri gluiKuti ut tlin luwiiut sliowiiiu tliut ho wiM rt'iilly in t'liriii^xt. II N4I hiipni'iicd llmt uiiotUJr t'ciiiulo i.tiiof, lulicU i*Jyaiii(Miiiii, wuH ol' tlui purty, uiiil. wlieii tliuy liiMi to croHg n Mlitwiiii Hint piiMHiui l)y lusr own villiiKt>, ulio wouiil not vunluiu to do HO until tliu doctor liud wavod lii.s (JiuriiiM over lior, nnd uhti liiul I'mllior forti- liiul lierHclf l)y taliinjj some iu lu'r humlM, and huiiKinfr otliist'H round liur iietk. As tilt) Imlonda lu'lievo in a Suproniu i)oiii>;, it is uvidcnt tluit llioy aloo I>uliuvu in tilt! iuiinortality of tin; huiiian sj^iirit. Iluni tlii'ir belief Iiiih a Hort of I'on.iiMtuucy, mid oppoh«8 a furious jhstaelo to thu I'llorls of niiHsioaarioa; oven Ur. J.iviiijjstono biiinK uiiahio to niaku any n-al iniprcMnioii on tliuni. They fancy that when a iialonila man dies, ho may perhaps take tho form of Houio animal, or ho may aswunio his plaio aiiiDiij; tho liariiuo, or inferior di'Itic*, lhi.t word hoiuK int rely tho plural form of Alor- imo. lu either ciwe tins eiifranelii.sed spirit Htill bolougM to earth, ami has no aspirations for a higher state of existence. Nor can tho missionary make any lm- l)res8ion on thoir minds with regard to tho ultimui.0 destiny of human souls. Tliny admit tho existence of the Supreme Ueing; they see no objection to the doclrino that the Maker of mankind took on Himself the humanity wliieh He had created; they say that they always have believed that man lives after tho cfeatli of the body; and appa- routly allbrd a good basis for instructitui in tlio Christian religiou. But, altliou;;li the teachers can advance thus far, they are sud- denly checked by tho old objection that white and black men are totally dillentnt, ttud that, although the spirits of deceased whito mull inay go Into n mystorlous nnd iiicoinpreheiisihle iieaveii, the docunMi^d Ua- loiiua prefur to reiiiaiii mar thoir viilaguN which were familiar to thiiin in life, aiidto assist those who have succeeded tluin iu their iluties. This idea may probably ac- count for the habit of deserting their hoUHCtt after the death of any of the family. During Hit! funeral ceremonies a perpet- ual and deafening clamor is kejit up, the pojiiilar notion seeming to be, that the inoro noise they can make, the g.eater honor in due to tho deeeiMed. Wailing is carried on with loud piercing cries, drums are beaten, and, if llroarnis have been introduced among them, guns are (Ired. Those drums are not beattii at random, but with reguLir measured beaU. They are iilayed all night long, and their sound has been compared to the reuular beating of a paddle-wheel engine. Oxen are slaughti^red and tlit^ flesh cooked for a feast, and great (|uaiitities of beer and mead are drunk, Tho cost of a l\iiieral in these' parts is therefore very great, and it is thought a point of honor to (ixpeiid as mi' h weallli as can bo got togi^lher for tl.^ purpose. The religious element is represented by a kind of idol or ligme covered with feathers, which is carried about during some parts of tho ceremony; and in some places a niau,* in a strange dress, covered with feathers, dances with tho mouriu'rs all night, and retires to the feast iu tho early morning. He is su^)po8cd to be the representativo ol" the Darimo, or .spirits. The position of the grave is usually marked with certain objei'lL'. One of these graves was covered with a huge cone of sticks laid tof'ether like tho roof of a hut, and a iiali- sade was treeted round tho cone. Tliero was an oi)eniii^ on one side, in which was l)laced an ugly idol, and a number of bits of cloth and striugs of beads were bung uiouud. THE ANGOLESE. Westwakd of the counti-y which has just been described is a large district that em- braces a considerable portion of the coast, and extends far inward. This country is well known under the name of Angola. As this counti'v has been held for several centuries by the Portuguese, who liave extended their settlements for six or seven hundred miles into tlu; interior, but few of tlie original manners and customs have sur- vived, and even those have been modified by the contact with white settlers. As, however, Angola is a very imiwrtant, as well as larije country, a short account will be given ot the natives before wo proceed more northward. Tho chiefs of the Angolese are elected, aad tho choice must be made fi-om certain families. In one place there are throe families from which tho chief is chosen in rotation. The law of succcBsion is rather remarkable, tho oldest brother inheriting l)roperty in preference to tho son; and if a married man dies, his children belong to his widow's eldest brother, who not unlre- quently converts them into property by selling them to tho slave deiders. It is ill this manner, as has been well remarked, tliat tho slave trade is supplied, rather than by war. The inhabitants of this land, although dark, are seldom if ever black, their color being brownish red, with a tinge of yellow; and, although they are so close to the coun- try inhabited by tho true negroes, they have but few of the negro traits. Their features Tin: MANIOC ROOT. *ro not thodn of iho noaro, tho noun holnir rnthcT ftqiiilliic, iukI Itroml itt lmHo,th"ir liuir woolly, but tf.lcmhiy Ion*? ami vory iilmn- (Iniit, iin-t their llp^ inodcrntely thick. The hmiil« nil.! (Vet me fXinil.iitoly 'M,>aW, a„,l, „„ Mr. Uoiulo ohNcrv.'H, An«ol(!M« HJnvnn iiltonl n Imld poritniMr, with thoHti who nro broiiirht from thi' Oonj^o. Of thi' women tlie wntno Irnvnller wrUoM ii\ lerms of coiiHiileraliht prainH, lut fnr m their nersoiml iipiienriuice t^oeH. There nrn ffirln In thai eountry who Imve Mueh noft (Inrk (-yi'n, niieh nweet umlleH, nnd Hiu-h prneefiil wiiys, timt Ihey Involuntivrlly win n kind of love, only It Ih that sort of netnl- love whieh Is extended to ft doj;, ft horno, or n bird, anil ba.-t in it nolhinjj of tho intelli'.et. They are gentle, and faithfnl, and loving in their own way; bnt, thon),'h they can in- Bplre a passion, they eannot retain tho love Of an Inlelloeluai man. Am Ih the ease with thn Balonda, the An- gole.se live greatly on manioe rootn, chletly for the same reason as the Irish peasantry live 80 mneli on the ()ot.ito, i. f. because Us CJilture and eookinj,' (,'ive vory little trouble The lireparali.in of the soil and planting of the Hhrnl) are the work of slaves, tlio true AnRoIes(' havini,' a very horror of hard wyrk. (1on.se(|n,.ntlv the labor is vory mpci-fectly iterformed. tho (rronnd bein^ barely scratched by tlii) donble-bandh.d li„o which Is used by dragjrinj,' It alons; the ground rather than by striking It into tlio oarth. ° The manioc is, however, a far more nse- Ml fill pla.it than the potato, especially the "sweet" variety, wbia, isfree from the pois- onous principle. It can 1)0 eaten raw, just roasted or boiled. Sometimes it is partially tcrmenled then dried and^rround into meat, s»wvr,and nmde into a.sortof eonfectionerv i 10 leaves can be boiled and eaten as a voTi'- fn . f' ?i' '* ,"'"y '."' "'"'''' '<» K'«t«i tl»e Iftt. „' 'V"'l''' '"""it'Ji'l supply of milk. The wood atTords an (>xcollunt fuel, and, when burned it furnishes a lar,.e quantity of ^ Rsh. On the averajre, it takes about a year rlZ.s ? 'V''*'^^'"'? ? Angola, „„d ^^ tilne. ^^Qdod once during tliat The me.al or roots cftnnot be stored as ^<7 are liable to the attacks of ii weevil moThe2"H '''''•'''";!T ""^'"'""'l 'heTefore nnothcr plan w followed. The root is Sr s' . r, ''■^'■-"™'-". and laid onTeSoth no rid o "''T V^'f. ^^«*'-'^ '« «'«" ,..„ii 1?",'''**'"' "'P ^^'"to ahavinss are well rul)b<.d with the hands. Ail the starch- globules are thus washed out of their cells ami pain the end of the horn, introduces his (iiiger into his mouth, presses tho wax flnnly on in,. I! " !'l'^'""':" ?<> '«* t" exclude the air, and then allows the Ijorn to remain adherent >y the j)re.siiure of the atmosphere. Tho blood of course runs into the horn, and in a short tiine coagulates into a flat circular «ni •.P*'.'^"'' '? *''^'" removed from the end ol the horn, tho latter is taken off, tlie uilte of l,lood put aside, and the prwess lepeated until the operator and patient are StltlSflCCl. Dr. Livingstone mentions a case in wliich this 8t:range predilection for the cupping horn clearly hivstened. even if it did not pro- duce the death of a child. Tlie whol^ story 18 rather a singular one. and shows the state 01 religious, or rather superstitious, foelinc amons the native Angolese. It so happt-nca that ft Portuguese trader died in a villaRe. and atler his death the other trailers niet and disposed of his property among thein- se!v_es, e.wi man accounting for his portion to the relations of the deceased, who lived at iiounda, the principal town of Angola. Tho THE ANGOLESB. generality of the natives, not undfjrstandinji; the nature of written obligation", thouglii that the traders had sinipiv sold tUo goods and appropriated tiie money. 8omo time afterwai\l the child of a man who had bought some of this property fell ill. unJ the mother sent for the diviner in order to tind out the cause of its ailment. Aftet throwing his magic dice, and working himself up to the proper pitch of ecstatic fury, the p ophet announced that tl.^. chi.d was being killed by the s^iirit of the docciwed trader in revenge for his stolon property. The mother was quite satisfied with (he rev- elation, imd wanted to give the prophet a slave by way of a fee. The father, however, , was less amenable, and, on learning the result of the investigation, lie took a friend with him to the place where the diviner was still in his state of trance, and by the appli- cation of two sticks to his back restored him to his senses. Even after this the ignorant mother wou'd not allow the child to be treateu with European medicines, but in- sisted on cupping it on the cheek; and the consequence was, that in n short fine the child died. The Angolese are a marvellously super- stitious jieople, and, so far from having lost any of their superstitions by four centuries of connection with the Portuguese, they seem rather to have infected tl-eir white visitors with tliem. Ordeals of several kinds are in great use among them, especially the poison ordeal, ' 'ieh has extended Itself throufih so lai-R, a portion of Africa, and slays its tliousands annually. One curious point in the An jfolese orcfeal is, tliat it is administered in one particular spot on the l).s. If one man kills another, the murderer oilers sacrilices to his victim, thinking that if when he (list (iuds himself a spirit, instead of a n.an, he is treated to an abundant feast, he wi", not harbor feelings of revenge against the man who sent him out of the winld, and deprived him of all its joys and jjleasures. It is said that in some jiarts of the count rv human sacrilices are used, a cerlain sect existing who kill men in order to oiler their icarts to the spirits. Marriages among the Angolese still retain simie remnant of their origiii.il eeiemonies. The bride is (akoii to a hut, anoinied with various charmed prepar.itioiis, mid then leit alone while jiraycrs are oll'ered Cor a happy '/mrriage and plenty of male children, a large family of sons being one of the greatest blessings that can (idl (o the lut of an Angolese household. Daughters are comparatively despised, but a woman who has never presenti'd her husband with chil- dren of eilher sex is looked upon with the greatest scorn and contempt. Her more fortunate com])anioiis are by no means slow in expressing their opinion of her, and in the wedding songs sui.g in honor of a bride arc s'lro to introduce a line or two reflecting upon h"r usel( .ssiiess, and hoping tlia* the bride will not be so unjiroli table a wife as togive neither sons nor daughters to her husbiiiid as a rec- ompense for (he money which he hn" paid for her. So bitter are these -.voids, that the woman at whom thisy were aimed has been more tlian once known to rush oil' and destroy he-self. After several days of this performance, the bride is taken to another hut, (Uotlied in all the finery that she possesses w can bor- row for the occasion, led out in public, and acknowledged as a married woinun. She then goes to her husband's diselling, but always has a hut (o her.self Into their funeral ceremonies the Ango- lese contrive to inlroduee iniiny of their superstitions. Just belbre death (lie iVieiidf; set up their wailing cry (w'lieh must bo very con. .latory to the dying jjerson), and continue this oiitcry for a day or two almost without cessation, accompanying themselves with a i)e"culiar musical instniment which produces tones of a simi'.ir cluuacter. For a day or two the survivors an^ ciiiployed in gatliering materials for a gran I feast, in lieir prop- inipo\erisIied for which they expend so nnuli oi erty that they arc often inipo years. They even keep pijj.s and t)ther ani- mals in case some of their friends might die, when they would be useful at the j funeral. True to tlu- Idea Ihal the sjiirit of dead find that their living Inends do not I the dead partakes of the pleasures of the liv DR. LIVINGSTONE'S SUMMARY. ing, they fop^t continually until all tho food IS expended, interposing their rcvellini? with songs and dances. The usual drum beatinjr goes on during tho time, and scarcely one of the party is to be found sober. Indeed a man who would voluntarily remain sober woidd bo looked upon as despisin-' the incmory of tho dead. Dr. Livingf.tono"men- tions that a native who appeared in a state ot uitoxication, and was blamed for it remarked in a surprised tone. "Whv mv mother is deadl " ' '"•''"'y They have a curious hankering after cross-roads as a place of interment, and although the Portuguese, the real masters of the land, have endeavored to abolish tho cus- tom, the} ..iivo not yet succeeded In doing 80, ev(Mi though they inflict heavy Hues on those who disobeyed them, and api)ointed places of public interment. Even whcm the interment of the body in the cross-road Itself has been prevented, the natives have micceeded m digging tho grave by the side 01 tne path. (Jn and around it they plant certain species of euphorbias, and on the grave they lay various articles, such as cook- "ig vessels, water bottles, pipes, and arms. hi r!f'H"'''''w''' '''■° ''" ^''«''e» "I'l^l useless, being thought equally serviceable to the no^onf f I- '^'"''^'''1 ?l>eeinieus, and aflbnling no temptation ^o thieves. A very remarkable and striking picture CO. n?rvT"' •'*'' t'/""' «"Perstition8,and their coi ntry, is given by Dr. Livingstone in the lo.lowing passage:— •" "«. "When the natives turn their eyes to the ftiture world, they have a view cheerless enough of their own utter helplessness and Vl&7:ii '""'•^ '■'^"7 theSsdvef co^^ hS '"/'o,P"^vcr o^ tho disembodied h?win'; nf ^ '''"^, "I'"" "»° P™«Peet of fol- lowi g lu,in as the greatest of misfortunes. wrath „f"7 ''■^'=?n«t"ntly deprecating the wrath of departed souls, believing thlt il 383 j!!*'LTi^P'?'"\^''<^' *''«>■« '8 no other cause of hrcharms!''''''''''^' ^'"•^" """y '"' "^•''t^d AnZ'r '^''"'°,of f'o colored population of ^Kvf.r '"H *?"'««' gross 'superstitions but have the opinion, notwithstanding, that ^vhLT■'V^ '"J'"«« ™''»"^"'-« than^'their ne««nf'l^ !''"'■•''• ^'^^'^ *"''« '''»« '' eonsciouR: thTi.f f """""i^ ''' °^'» ''^'^t interests in t fn^f I'T- ,/''"y *•■« ^y ""means desfl- te of that self-esteem which .s so common hantom, and have half-developed ideas and S whaT %fr 'Z'^'"" ""■ '!•"'''■' ^hey know not wiiat. The pleasures of animal life are ever present to their minds as thrsunrome Rood; and, but for the innumerable i""S! mahl n7 ""^"'' '^"••'"y ^''^•"- "'xurious c . It" do. "* '' " ^'"'"'''''' ^''"' ™"n " I I>ftye often thought, in travellinff through the r land, that it ,,Vese„fs Sof of beauty which angels might enjov. IIow often have I beheld in still mornings srene^ the very essence of beauty, and all bathed in a quiet air of delicio^s^varmth! yet tl " occasional soft motion imparled a pleasing sensation of coolness, nn of a fan.' C ireen grassy meadows the cattle feeding, the -oat« Krowsing, the kids skipping; tin" groun" of henlboys with miniature bows, anCs' and spears; the women wending their way to oir hnn' T'"' ^^'''*<^'-P.o'« l'"i^ed .lanntily on their heads; men sewing under the sbadv banians; and old gray-headed flu.ers s tS on the ground, with staff in hand, listening fin! mo'ning gossip, while others can-y trees or branches to repair their iK.dges; anj 8hinr'.n?rr' '^/f»\t»'e,I.rif,'ht Afrieau'snn- shino and the birds singing amono' thp branches before the heaf of the day K become intense, form pictures which can never be forgotten." Il 111 CHAPTER XXXVII. THE WAGOGO AND WANYAMUEZI. THE MANY Am) TBAN8ITORY TRIBES OP AFBICA — UOOOO AND THE PEOPLE — UNPLEASANT CHARACTER OF THE WAOOGO — THEFT Atl' warfare will be changed, and in course of time the whole pcojile will undergo such modifications that they will lie an essentially different race. It is the object of this work to bring togelhei', as fur as possible in a limited space, tlio most remarkable of these jierishing usages, and it is therefore necessary to exjiend the mt)st space on the country that all'ords most of them. The line that we now have to follow can be seen by referring to a map of Africa. We shall start from Zanzibar on the cast coast, go westward and northward, pass- ing liy the Unyamuezi anrds most of lo follow can p of Africa, ou the cast iward, pass- Wahunia to ■re we shall inuel Uaker, 1 northward ed. es wliicli wc come upon j;o, a district E. Here 1 language of some of these tribes is so different that the people cannot understand each otlier in most o( them the pn^flx "Wa" indicates plurality, like the word "men" in Eno-. lish. Ihus the people of Ugogo are the Wagogo, and the mhabitants of Unyamuezi THEFT AND EXTORTION'. 385 o..,. ti. Wr — •"■"". wviii-a ui unyamuezi me the Wanyamuezi, pronounced, for brev- ity s sake, W^eezee. An individual of the Wagogo IS called Mgogo. The Wagogo are a wild set of people such as mi>'ht be expected from the countrv in which they live. Their color is reddish- brown, with a tinge of black ; and when the Bkm happens to be clean, it is said to look like a very ripe plum. They are scanty dressers, wearing little except a cloth of some kind round the waist ; but they are excee seize coni,f in' ! "l oi ' irrftorf '"fi "T*^','"'-'^ ^^■''" tiix or ''hoZ" xS' . I^<;«"''' the usual J.ermissiou "7";,,ss tuT-h^'Tr'^'' /"■• tji^;de„iam,aiLort;;:}^^:Li!ter::;£ t-^ap^^^irb;;iS£^Sc^s; the owner Immediately claimed as com-pn satmn something of ten times its vnlu™' Magomba, the chief, j.rovcd himself an reside rf T^^^*"' '•«1»««ting Ca,,taiii Speke to hSh trr,"'"^" ''""'°' ''"' "»'' fla'ttering rio^uf 1 '^T'^*!™"^ proposal was at once tnis part of the country are small and in iX'wuh^'S" "•'."""' '»-" tb." m :i nura with flat-topped roofs, this khwl nf "2mbe """in'^r '^■^"';^ '/^ «" >-- " lemoe. in the next pace, the cliif-r* ^T. ^^ «r.i^«ntly to iiolat, Se ^eadS of the expedition from his companions and so to have a hold upon him. Tl is le con^d walled'l'^f V"' '''' villages are sUvm" y Tl \ ?° .V^^* ^ traveller who is once ont r."* ''^!^'' *'''^'" <^°"1'1 "Ot escape vv h! uuiis. Unlike the villages of the Soiiihom Africans, which are invarial.lv <'ircuru 1 eV. are invariably oblong, and both he wall 4d the houses are made of mud ""'^ nomhf f?''^ Magomba had drunk so much Which, of course, meant one of t\fenfv times Its value. llaviiKr secure (l.k V'^ proceeded to further extort "|^/ « ^.i:^ Ca,,t:un Grant of having shot a li.a d o ^ stone which lie was plelvsed to cal sacn,i So too, none of them would -nve anv infi ' mation without bein- naidl.r f/^ f V because they thought- tffth .• %to^l was not sumciently successfu they ,c veuged themselves l,y tellin- the ,fati\^ porters such horrifyin;^ tales of L i?, S;^''"^\/^^«^;^'*^«"'^-tto'^is?aJi;^ Snn- to^„^ '/""^ '/jn.^^vay, some for- „ecnng lo put down the r loads Tlu-xn tactics were repeate.l at every v 11 ..^e near Koods which would have l)e,.n iit at -in pv orbitan rate, but. when the 1 eador. if L' l^xpedition shot game to su . to j tt )ii.i"V '-t" ''^•'T''' '"''" ^""h his arms. an,l wM«n fi ' ""'"'''■■'' *"""'vllen they were sadly in want of Ibod Spl S80 THE WANYAMUEZI. tain Spoko went at night in search of game, and shot a rliinoceros. liy earliest dawii he gave notice to his men that there was plenty of meat lor thoin. " Wo Iiail all now to hurry back to the carcass bol'ore the Wagogo could And it; but, though this precaution was quickly taken, still, before the tough skin of the beast coulii be cut through, the "Wagogo began ivssyniljling like vultures, and fighting with my men. A more savage, filthy, dis- gusting but at the same time grotesque, scene than that which followed cannot be described. All fell to work with swords spears, knives, and hatchets, cutting ami slashing, tlmmping and bawling, lighting and tearing, up to their knees in filth and blood in the middle of the carcass. When a tempting morsel fell to the possession of any one, a stronger neighbor would seize and bear off the prize in trhimph. All right was now a matter of pure might, and lucky It was that it did not end in a light betwi^en our men and the villagers. These might be afterward seen, covered with blood, 8camj)eriug home eacli one with his sjioil — a piece of tripe, or liver, or lights, or what- ever else it might have been his fortune to get off with." The artist has represented this scene on the next page. It mi'dit be imagined that the travellers were only too glad to be fairly out of the dominions of this tiil)e, who had contrived to cheat and rob them in every way, and had moreover, through sheer spite antl cov- etousness, frightened away more thnn a hun- dred porters who had been engaged to carry tho va.st quantities of goods wit!; which the traveller must bribe the chiefs of tho ditl'er- ent places through which he passes. THE WANYAMUEZI. The next tribe which we shall mention is that which is called Wanyamuezi. For- tunately the natives seldom use this word in full, and speak of themselves as Weezee, a word mucli easier to say, and certjiinly simpler to write. In the singular tho name is Myamuezi. The country which they inhabit is called Unyamuozi," The CounlrV of the Moon. TTnyamiiezi is a largo dis'- trict about the size "of England, in lat. 5° S. and between long, li" and 6° E. .Formerly it must have been a great empire, but it has nowsuftered the fate of most African tribes, and is split into a number of petty tribes, each jealous of the other, and each "liable to continual subdivision. For many rejusons this is a most remark- able tribe. They are almost the only jieo- i)le near Central Africa who will willingly leave their own country, and, for the sake of wages, will act as porters or guides to distant counti-ies. It seems that this capa- bility of travel is hereditary among them, and that they have been from time imme- morial the greatest trading tribe in Africa It waa to this tribe that the porters belonged Who were induced by the Waiiogo to desert Captain Speke, and none knew better than « themselves that in no other tribe could he find men to supply their places. The Weezee are not a handsome race, being inferior in jiersonal ai)pearance to the Wagogo. though handsome individuals of both sexes may be found among them. Like the Wagogo, they arc not a martial race, though they always travel with their weapons, such n» they are, i. e. a very inetti- cient bow and a couple of arrows. Their dress is simple enough. They wear tho ordinary cloth round the loins; but when they start on a Journey thev bans over their Shoulders a dressed goatakiu, which pasSes i over ono shoulder and under the other. On account of ita narrowness, it can hardly answer any purpose of warmth, and for. the same reason can hardly bo intended to servo as a covering. However, it seems to be the lasluon, and they all wear it. They decorate themselves with plenty of oriianicnts, some of which are used as amu- lets, ami the others merely worn as decora- tion. They have one verv curious mode of making their bracelets. They take a single hair ot a girafte's Uiil, wrap it round with wire. Just like the bass string of a violin, and then twist this compound rope round their wrists or ankles. These rings arc called by tho name of" sambo," and, tliough they arc mostly worn bv women, the men will put them on when "they have nothing better. Their usual bracelets are. however, heavy bars of cojjper or iron, beaten into the proper shape. Like other natives in the extreme South, they knock out the two central incisor teeth of the lower jaw, and chip a V-liko space between the correspond- ing teeth of the upper jaw. The women are liir better dressed. They wear tolerably large cloths made by tbeni- selves of native cotton, and cover the whole body from under tho arms to below the knees. They wear the sambo rings in vast profusion, winding them round and round their wrists and ankles until the limbs are sheathed in metallic armor for six or seven inches. If they can do so, thev naturally prefer wearing calico and other material's brought from Europe, partlv because it is a sign of wealth, and partlv because it is much lighter than the native-made cotton cloths, thoiierh not so durable. Their woolly hair is plentiAilly dressed with oil and twisted up v.ntn st a littlv di-- tance they look m if they had a headdress mi)h. All Jiiiflit i<;iit., und liiiky I lij^ht b(>t,w(!(!n Thcso iiii;^ht il with l)loo(l, fith his Mjioil — lifj;lils, or wlint- his fortiiiui to lOS rcprt!8untiHl f the travcllors Irly out of tli(i had contriv<'(l 3Vcry wiiy, and spite iiiid cov- )rij tliMuahun- igas;e(l to carry A'it!; which tlio s of the diU'er- paases. the other. On it can liardly th, and for. the ended to servo Jonis to be tlie ivilh plenty of ! used as amii- )rn as dccora- irious mode of .' take a Kin<;le it round with Iff of a violin, d rope round i^sc rings are ," and, though nen, tlie men have nothing are. however, , beaten into er natives in w out the two )wcr jaw, a!ul e correspond- ■csscd. They idc by theiu- ,'er the whole ;o below the rings in vast d and round he limbs nro six or seven ley naturally u>r materials ccauso it is a so it is much otlou cloths, fblly dressed t a little di=- a headdress (1.) WAOOOO (;i{||.|,iv|,m. ,u ■■) ARCUITKCTLKE OF THE WEkviu (887) al St ni to of wl foi ov W tit th( sui of bl«!k-beetle shardg. Sometimos thev screw It into tassels, and haug beads at the on of each tassel, or decoraie them with httlo charms madt of beads. The manner 8mni;'''Th"'' ."'''SV: T '""d" •« very 3 M ^- '■'' .^' " ^'"^ °f "^""ian tree on mt!%'"i'""^' ?".*^ fr*"" ""« are cut a quantity of slender twigs. These twigs are then spilt longitudinally, the outer and inner bark separated, and then well chewed until the iibres are properly arranged. At flrst they are much lighter in color than the black woolly hair to which they are fastened, but they soon become blackened by use and grease. They use a little tattooing, but not much, making three lines on each temnle am another down the middle of the nose.' liinos of blue are often seen on the foreheads 01 both sexos, but these are the permanent thl^ "" ^'1^ headache, and which, with them, seems to bo effectual. ' The character of the women is on thn dSr'/'r "'«y ""-^ decentTnd'we'r-coi! cleaninM.'i'i ''"*''""''' i^?^' though scarcely acconmanl H P-^T"^- T^^y wilfsometimes accompany their husbands on the march and thefrKkVSir7wo"rnJ Sl^ZZ SULTAlf STIBABOUT. act as cooks as' sooT^ thLV'haU: pSiiS ^vrrj£^.'?.«*''>-'>«?^heiH'urands^ Ti ^^ f^^ory V..CU VI nuina ror tnelr husbanHq They have a really wonderful practica"knowl odge of botany, and a Weezee will ve in com Sa vf 'll^'r ^T another trIbo"S" «Liviii'^ "° huts made of boughs in a strong Jence S^'n' «4"-«»nded with -^/i£B^«-:«-vyth^« are decorated wUh hl hv « "", '" a m<>st artistic innner firs/ by a covered way, then a quickset hedge of euphorbia, and, lastly, a broad drv ,mnh ^- Ztn ^'^r'""'*"^ "•« S is ZiU S in sr^vLrof^i^w^-^^--^-^^^^^^ ha?/c-i^pl^te^c»r Sj'u^ettT^Te'* gers. u a chief receives anothnr chief hn gets up quite a ceremony, a8senblin--Ult« people of the village with thei^ drmns aid to honoTfr' '"«?'-"'n«nts, and causing them M nmnh 'h«.coming guest with a dance, and ^« r^» """.* ^. ^n he e.Ktracted out of their meagre band. If they have lire-arms *hey ^\» ?''"harge them as long a^ tS solve 'wuTf'h'?''' •'• °°'' "^^y «'"'enTtS lo.wi tin 1 '■"■ ^°'?®^' which are naturally sirument that they may possess. But, whatever may be used, the drum is a necessity m these parts, aii.l s ind spensi^ ble to a proper welcome Even when th^ guest takes his leave, the drum Ts a lessen! tial accompaniment of his departure- and. accordingly, " beating the druui " s ajlhrS which IS frequently used to signify &! turo from a place. For exam,)le' if i trave!! lor IS passing through a district and is bar- gaming witK the chief for the "bongo"' which Tie has to pay, the latter will Xn hrea en tha unless he is paid his demands in full, he will not " beat the drum " i e will not permit the traveller to pass o".' So we up their burdens until they hear the w7l come sound of the drum, this Ins rument often calls to war, and, in fact, can be S Euron^it'"''"^- "' *=°nipletely ^ the bu^e of Jiuropean armies. e ° "» When ordinary men meet their chief they bow themselves and clap the r hands' twice, and the women salute himry JaWng This hn'J ^' """^ ^ ^°y huly It court! 1 his, however, is an obeisance which ia no [vr«'^"^l ^ ^"y ^••^»* chieft the petty chiefs, or headmen of villages having to content themselves with the simple clap? ping of hands. If two women of uueouai ran^ meet, the inferior drops on one knee and bows her head; the 8uperiorTa% one. hand on the shoul.ler of the other; 3 thev reniam in this position for a few m" onts^ ton? %7 ""l]'"^' '■'""' ^«"'« •" aTuuder - *onf- , They then rise and talk freely. io judge from Captain Grant's account of «ie great chief Ugafee (i. e. Stirabout), who mfn oTfi*'^"?.*' singularly favorable speci- SlledfI«H^f '*""'' *' ^'i^^^ r^'^ chiefs are calle^tlie deference paid to them is given to theofflce andnot to tlie individual wfoLlda iihaf k""i k' '"'" "^^^ "'" ""««t specimen that had been seen, was supposed to be a I clever man, though he did not know hi^ 890 THE WANYAMUEZI. own n^o., nor could count above ten, nor hiul miy names I'or the day of the week, the month, or the year. " Alter w(! Iiiul been about a month in his district, SuKan Ugalee arrived at Mineenga on U>e aist of Ajiril, and was saluted by llle- flring from our volunteers and yhrill cries from the women, lie visited us in the verandah the day fallowing. He looks about twenty-two years of age; has three children and thirty wives; is six feet high, stout, with a stupid, heavy expression. His bare head is in tassels, hanks of fibre being mixed in Avith the hair. His body is loosely wrapjicd round with a blue and yellow cotton cloth, his loins are covered with a dirtv bit of oily calico, and his fec^t are large and naked. A monster ivory ring is on his lefl wrist, while the right one bears a copper ring of rope j)attern; several hundreds of wire rings are massed round his ankles. '• He was asked to be seated on one of our iron stools, but looked at first frightened, and did not open his mouth. An old man spoke for him, and a crowd of thirty fol- lowers squatted behind him. Speke, to amuse him, ])roduced his six-barrelled re- volver, but he merely eyed it intently. The book of birds and aninials, on being shown to him upside down by Sirboko, the hea . and left without any exchange of pres- ents, being thus very dilferent from the grasping race of Ugogo." It has been mentioned that the Wanya- niuezl act as traders, and go to great dis- tances, and there is even a separate mode of greeting by which a wife welcomes her hus- band back from his travels. The engraving No. 1, on the next p.age, illustrates this wifely welcome. As soon as she hears tliat her husband is about to arrive home after his journey to the coast, she puts on all her ornaiiients, decorates herself with a feathered cap, gathers her friends round lior, and proceeds to the hut of the chief's principal wife, before whose door they all dance and .sing. Dancing and singing are with them, as with other tribes, their chief amusement. There was a blind man who was remarkable ibr his powers of song, being able to send his voice to a considerable dis- tance with a sort of ventriloquial effect. lie was exti-emely popul.ar, anr. rs aro nshered illagc, and here can l)e appro- voiinj:; men all hear tliu news, ble talk which f a native Afri- indjy oilices to lit the hairs ol' with their curi- the teeth into Ron the (;lieeks ks which desig- leloiifj." ? of iron, most lit so as to give o go on largely youths indulge these games is has heen intro- l)layer has a ihort, which he )nt of him. A '■ of a gourd and le corn-stumps, to knock down ilversary. Tliis its niuch noisy only from the spectators who [lances an! con- some respects mentioned on rlbrmers stand . A long strip »n the ground, emselves ahJiig ing the place of leii they have ummers strike ind the dancers is more like a low their lieads ir hips, stamp think that they tators stand in mds liy Joining wunieii siaini (39i; "•nisip"':: AMUSEMENTS OP THE WEEZEES. behind nnd look on silently. Each dance pnds with h >f(>noml Hhoiit of liuijjlitor or niipliiiiso. iiiid then ft fresh set of dnuccr» tuko tlifir pinco on tbo strip of altin. HoMuitiincs n varioty in introduced into tlioi.- dimccH. On ono occiwion tlio cliicf Imd ft nunilxir of howln (llled witli pomlni and set in ft row. Tlio people! took tlieir unmn bowls anil (lili'd tlieni H>• ^I"'-' - ovei as they are not a cleanly race and are sociably Ibnd of making their evenh I e Close by and to windwar.l of (he travell ' r4 t.'nfc, they are o'ten much too near t Le agreeable especially as they alwa^ de c ii e "tShrjiieiii^^r^"^^"'^'-''^^'-^ manage to make thImselVes h.'pp. and do not become bomcsick. as is the'^'ILn wm mcu oi orfier tnbes. Moreover, from their 305 loc«.motivo habits, they aro oxcellont miides and they are most iweful assLstants in hunt' ing, detectinjj, and following up the spoor of an animal with unerring certainly They are rather too ant to steal tho llesh of the animal when it is kill d, and quite sure to steal the tat, but, as in nine ciwes out of tea It would not liave been killed at all without their help, they may be OMrdoned for these acts ot i.etty htrceny. They never seem at ft loss for anything, but liavo n singular power oJ supplying themselves out of the inost unexpected in.iterials. For example. It ft Wanyamuezi wants to smoke, and hiuj no pipe, he makes a pipe in a minute or two roin the nenrest tree. All lu; baa to do ia to cut ft green twig, strip the bark oif it aa (.oys do when they make willow whistles, push a plug of clay into it, and bore a holo through tho clay with a smaller twig or a gra.ss-blade. ** Both sexes aro inveterate smokers, and. as they grow their own tobacco, they can gratily this ta.ste to their heart.s' content, tor .sinoking, they generally use their home- cnred tobacco, which they twist up into a thick rope^ like a haybftnd,and then coil Into a tiattened spiral like a small target. Some- times they make it into sugar-loaf shape. Imported tobacco they eiiqiloy as snuH' grinding it to powder it it should be given to them in a solid form, or pushing it into their nostrils if it should be in a cut state, like '• bird s-eye " or " returns." The ftinnsements of tho Weezces aro tol- erably numerous. Uesides those which Imve been ineiitioned, the lads are fond of a mimic fight, using the stalks of maize in- stead ot spears and making for themselves shields of^ bark. Excei.t that the Weezee ads are on foot, insteacl of being mounted, this game is almost exactly like the -dierid'' "'."r/."'"''^' '"»'! '8 quite as likely to'inllict painful, It not dangerous, injuries on the careless or unskilful. Then, for more sedentary people, there are several games of chance ami others of ftkill. Ihe game of chance is the time- honored "nitoh and toss,' which is played Its eagerly here as in England. It is true hat the Weezee have no Jialfpcnce, but they can always cut discs out of bark, and het upon the rough or smooth side turninir uppermost. They are very fond of this game, and will stake their most valued nos- sessions, such as "sambo," rings, bows, ariwvs, spear-heads, and the like? Ihe chief game of skill has probably cached thein through the Mohammedan traders as it is almost identical with a game long familiar to the Turks. It is ailed Bao, and is played with a board on wich are thirty-two holes or cups, and SI ,'.I.l'f/"'^"7" '"■''' ''^ "''^3^ of counters. hhould two players meet and neither i)o.s- e.iR .•» Dnan!, nor the proper .seeds, lu.iliing 18 easier than to sit down, scrape thirty-twS li 3U4 THK WANYAMUEi^L holuN in the Krniind, Helect Blxly-four ntonoi, and tlion bt'^iii to piny. Tim riin(i<>r niuy pHrhapM cull U> mind tint old EnKliah giimn (if Mt'ndli'H, or Ninis-nten'H Morriit. which can hu iilayi'd on an uxteniporiztid bourd cut in tlic turf, and with Mtunes inatuttd of connttTH. Thu moHt invetdratd gnmhU'rii wore the lift'KUiii'dx of the Multan, Hoinis twenty in ninnher. They were not a^jreeahle |)ui°Hon- ajj[0H, l)ein>» olfenKivelv Bupereilious in their manner, and tiatly refuHinK to do a Rtroico of worlt. Tiie extent of tlieir duty lay in oseortiii)? their <'hief fVoni one place to another, and eonveyin)/ his orderH from one village to another. The rest of their time Vfixa spent iti gambling, drum-beating, and ftiinilur amusementH; and, if they distin- guished theinselves in anv other way, it was hy the care whieh they hestowed on their dress. Some of these lifeguards were very skilful in beating the drum, and, when a number were performing on a row of sus- pended drums, the principal drummer al- ways took the largest instrument, and was the conductor of the others, just as in a society of bellringers the cliief of them takes the tenor bell. For any one, exccnt a native, to Hleej) in a Weezee village wliile the drums are sounding is perfectly imnos- fiible, but when thtsy liave ceased the place is quiet enough, as may be seen by Captnin Grant's description of a night scene in Wanyamue/.i. " In a Weezee village there are few sounds to di.sturb one's night's rest: the traveller's horn, and the reiily to it from a neighboring villaj^e. are aeciuenlal alarms; the chirning of crickets, and the cry from a sick cliihl, however, oceasionally broke ujjon the still- ness of one's night. Waking early, the first sounds we heard were the crowing of cocks, the impatient lowing of cows, the bleating of calves, and the chirning of sparrows anil other unmusical birds. The pestle and mortar shelling corn would soon after be heard, or the cooing of wild pigeons in the grove of palms. " The huts were shaped like corn-stacks, supported by bare polos, fifteen feet high, and fifteen ta eighteen feet in diameter. Sometimes their grass roofs would b( pro- tected from sparks by ' michans,' or framed uf Indian corn-siaiks. There were no caipot', and all was as dark as the hold of a s' i" .*. few ear'.hern jars, made like tlie lauiua 'gurrah,' for boiling vj'getables or stirabout, tiittered skins, an old bow and arrow, some cups of grass, some gourds, perhaps a stool, constitute the whole of the furniture. Grain was housed in hard boxes of bark, and goats or calvt's liad free access over the house." Their customs in eating and driuking are rather remarkable. I'erhaps wo ought to ^tran.sfer those terms, drinking holding the first place in the mind of a Weezee. The inn ?hsch he cares »l>out native beer or " poinbd," and ninny of tho tiativeii live almost entirely on pumbe. Ink- ing iicun:ely any lolid nourishmcnl what- *!Ver. i'onibO making is tlii^ work of tho women, who brew large (|uuiiliti('H ut a time. Not being able to build a large tank in whieli the waUtr can be heated to the boiling point, the pomtie makttr tu!ies a number of eathern pots and places tliein in a double row, with an interval of eighteen inches or so between the rows. U'IiIh inter- mediate space is filled with wood, which is lighted, and the fire tended iiiilil the beer is boiled simultaneously in both rows ot jiots. Five days are required for lomple- ting the brewing. The. Sultan Ukulinm was vt ry fond of jiombe, and, indeed, livi I nriiicl|ially upon it. He used to begin with u bowl of his favorite btiverage, and ci.iitinu ilrinking it at intervals until be went to his tiny sleep- lUg-hul for the ni :'. Though he was half slupitfied during tiie day, lie did not suffer in health, but was a fine, sturdy, halo old man, pleasant enough in manner, and rather amusing when his lu^ad ha))pened to be clear. lie was rather f'oiul of a practical Joke, and sometimes amused liimself l>y begging some (luinincj inixii'g it slyly with jwmbe, and then ei\joying the consternation which api)eared on tlie countenances of those who partook of the l)itter draught. Every morning he used to go rt)und to the diftereut houses, timing his visits so as to appear when the brewing was finished, lie always partook of tlie first bov» 1 of beer, and then went on to another house and drank more pomb«5, wliich he sometimes sucked through a reed in sherry -cobbler fashion. (See page Hl'l.) Men and women seldom drink in company; the latter assem- bling together under the presidency of the sultiina, or chief wife, and drinking in com- pany. As to food, regular meals seem to bo almost unknown among the men, wlio "drop in " at their friends' houses, talcing a small potato at one i)lace, a bowl of pombtS at another, and, on rare occasions, a little beef. In(leed, Captain Grant says that he seldom saw ine".i at their meals, unless thiy were assembled for poinbe drinking. W'o- iner however, who eat, as they drink, by iV'cii. selves, are i ir ■ regular in their meals, i.mi ,vt stated times have their food pre- pared. The grain from which the pombe is made is cultivated by the women, who undertiikc most, though not all, of its preparation. AVhen it is green, they reap it by cutting olf the ears with a knife. Just as was done by the Egyptians of ancient times. They then carry the ears in baskets to the village, empty them out upon tho ground, and spread them in the sunbeams until they are thoroughly dried. The men then thresh Wh. n lhro«hp.l, it U stored away In varl- «to.|(lle«' „• o„r o,v„ f,irn,v„r!lH ZtT- Hm.a a iml„ Ih st.i.'k into tho\.ftrlh, ami e corn .« (.oun.l ,„„n,l It at Homo ',llZn c," from fic; groun.l, ho that it r(.H,.nihl,.8 an anL'l..i-'H ioat of «i.,„,ti,. dim io„,. Th" 0(l(l«8t, thoM«li perhaps th., saf.sHt, way oV pack n- Kra.n ,s to tlo it up in a bu.uli" and iian- it to (!„, |,r«n,li of k (r,.,. Vnu'n wanto.l lor us.., it i. poun.1,.,1 in u woo, e mortar liko llu.s., of thu Ovuuibo tribo in onior to boat oft' the lumk, «n,| llnally /t |" Rroun. l...tw..on two stones. A lulrvcst «c..ne, llluHtrating thcHc various operations is (jivon on the ;tl»7th pagn. ' «'»»"ns, TiKi Wanyamuezl are not a very supersti- tious neop]o,_at all events thify are n t mich slavos o superstition as many other iihes. As tar as is known, they fiavc no Idols, but thou they have no reliKlorsy". toin, ex,,.pt i)orliap8 a fear of evil snirlt^ of m^of'tb"'"' ^''"•'■•''- ^ r"' "'''•'"•"t tain Grant exorc.sms is given by Cap- ExoncisiNo AX Evir. sprniT. 800 the sultana pr.'ceded and followed by gnenr Cr-stlll h r*^. "}" •'"! "''" ^"'^« '«?t^ fo w,.Vl f"' '"'•"'. "nd attended by several or 'ran- H'ingn.'- An old woman is ai.poinVed' to ick whicli she iliiils I'W'V'ncT The sultnn sits at (lie doorway of his hut which is deeorat...! with lion's paws ' His (lauLfhler the possesse.l, is opposite to him coni|)le(ely hooded, an.l L'uar 1 d bv two Watus wo,n..u, one on .■aeh'^sUu' hold- tus the cu-ele. Pombii is spirted un in he air so as to fall upon them all A ', ,w s then brought in with it. mouth tiirhtlv l^ound np, almost preventing tlu, Zs S£ F^fif^iHtSi- ti 3 ^« ^'^e^-srhi^srannoS- thepo^stlser;M/''^''r* ^^J^' ^^'^' "f her littleLTn S p,r^''''\^ *'"' »''«°'> receive it. Sister ..nn'f"'?' "' '" '^'''-'^'l <" ...I.:..:. ^""'" "er seat, utt^rinc » -nrf -.f "■"'""ff '^r^', and walks olf to thi house of 20 wrestle with her for a broomstiek whiel, «h„ ™rrie„, and finally tho stick is len "Late in the afternoon a chanffn 1« !!•;;''*;''';, "he appears as In onli Sf but with her tace curfously painted in t\\7L,l way. .She sits withof.t^.nin L'"o roee v« ;S"on*tef;;f IV'","^-'' - ^^ h,,hoh|puS;htfai!rttne:^:iSi£ V7"T ''" **'""'»'"; ^''''«h..utout/(^K)Xo (eow), ,„. some otJur ridiculous ex, re" oA l'|i.-Uod .,,1,1, ij l„.,.„'^f,„Slofl,?..""- 210. ftilly l„,||,,,„ ,,,„, ,,, ' "■ "'" Wee. "lU'LiTall m.i,l Imv,, lj,,.„7he So ,r ,h.' tied, e..nvu-ted. and killed. The tn.th^f he verdict was confirmed by the f h t hnf H-^hy.en.a« did not touch tL^'body'Sr' oe ine result. Consequently, the skin wo« o«t, ami only a skct<-i preserved Thesn Se u./a?7""'' ** ""••^y '^f Another ffi ealTt oil'ttVot" ^^^^- «'"• ^" ^^^ ^' -d except himself, and'h'e '^eSi^Hl':?,.!'^.'," iijf,' With the paw.s and other soojiii "TVia may be expected, as the lion 4^ couTkl! 386 THE WANYAMUEZI. la-ed as an cmbli^m of royalty in other lands beside Ai'rica. iJut there is a cudous super- stition about the lion, which prohibits any one from walking round its bouy, or even its t kin. One day, when a lion had been killed, and its body brought into the village, Cap- tain Grant measured it, and was straightway assailed by the chief priest of tJio place for breaking the law in walking round the ani- mal while he was measuring it. He gave as his reason that there was a spell laid on the lions which kept them from entering the villuges, and that the act of walkin"' round the animal broke the spel), He aauf, however, that a payment of four cloths to him would restore the efficacy of tha spell, and then he would not tell the sultan. Cap- tain Grant contrived to extricate himself ver^ ingeniously by arguing that the action which broke the spell was not walking round the body, but stepping over it, and that he had been careful to avoid. Alter sundry odd ceremonies have been performed over the dead body of f lie lion, the flesh, which is by that time half putrid, is boiled by the sultan in person, the fat is skimmed off, and preserved as a valued medicine, and the skin dressed for regal wear. TheWauyainuezi have a way of " making brotherhood," similar to that which lias already been described, except tliat instead of drinking each other's blood, the newly-made brothers mix it with butter on a leaf and exchange leaves. The butter is then rubbed into the incisions, so that it acts as a heal- ing ointment at the same time that the blood is exchanged. The ceremony is concluded by tearing the leaves to pieces and shower- ing the fragments on the heads of the brothers. The travellers happened to bo in the country just in time to see a curious mourn- ing ceremony. There was a tremendous commotion in the chiefs " tembe," and on inquiry it turned out that twins had been born to one of his wives, but that they were both dead. All the women belonging to his household marched about in i)iocession, painted and adorned in a very grotesque manner, singing and dancing with str-^nge Ijesticulations of arms and logs, and looking, indeed, as if they had been indulging in pombe '•ather than afflicted by grief This went on all day, and in the evening they collected a great bundle of bulrushes, tied it up in a doth, and carried it to the door of the mother's hut, just as if it had been the dead body of a man. They then sot it down on the ground, stuck a quantity of the rushes into the earth, at each side of the door, knelt down, and began a long shrieking wail, which lasted for several hours togeUier. '•**.•: he newly-made on a leaf and • is then rubbed acts as a heal- i that the blood ly is concluded IS and shower- heads of the to be in the 3uiiou8 niourn- a tremendous imbe," and on vms had been that they were Blonging to his in procession, ery grotesquo ; with str-^nge 8, and looking, 1 indulging in )y grief. This evening they h'ushes, tied it :o the door of had been the lensotit down y of the rushes the door, knelt irieking wail, •s togetlier. (1.) HAKVKST SCENE. (See page 395.) '^^mm^^^^imumim^ (•■!.) SALL'TATION. (sicc p,,;,^. 4uM. Gl CHAPITER XXXVIII. KABAGUE. MCALITY OF KARAOUE-THE DISTINCT CLASSES OF THE INHAniTANTS-THFrn n^»„=.r TEH-MODE or SALUTATION -TIIK KULINO 0A8TK OH Wum«A .„! <"''"=«*I' CHARAC MO„E.N„A-LAW OP SUCCESSION -T„E rLTrnUMANIK^l^'llirK.MTLV TAU"™' "" [* Passing by a number of tribes of more or less nnnortance, we come to tlio coun- try called Kakaoue (pronounci-d Kah-rali- fTto^i ^^'",^'*. occupies a district about h-; r * -^"'^ '""J?- /'^° ^- The people of this district are divided into two distinct classes, -namely, the reigning race, or VVahuma, and the peasantry, or Wan- yambo These latter were the origi ml inhabitants of the land, but were dispos- sessed by the Wahuma,'who have tnS them into slaves and tillers of the ground Among the Wahuma there is auotlior dis- r«,^^ *? ?^^ ,Wanyambo, althougli they are reduced to the condition of pe':asants,^and aye been compared to the ryots of India thm. seem to preserve their self-respect ^LiZl\^'"''^ °! government Sg' dtecte eVv ''nr"!' 7 ^''''^S «livided into ernor ThoL ^ '^•"'^^' ^''^^ '^ "^^ gov- ernor. These men are called Wakunco consistfn^n(^"^"r''^.'^ '7 "^ «°^* "^ ""ifonn,' consisting of a sheet of calico or a smlnf blanket ii: addition to the ordinary dress riicy are an excitable and rather quar- Sr'tlfeT^'^'n'' "'"• '^••^ 1"'^« capable of taking their own parts, even against tlie Z ThovT '";""* fl>ey occasionally qua - timjally,HketheWi;4o;:;;,tI^'^-^i- r""''f?ii",L"'*^'V««lves with a stick K The mode of spluting another is to hoM out the stick to the friend, who touches the knobbed end with his hand, and repeats a ew words of salutation. Yet, although they do not habitually carry weapons tlu'V are very well armed, their bows boin.' ex- ceedingly powerful and elastic, more 'than SIX tcet in length, and projecting a spear- headed arrow to a ^. jat distance. Spears are also employed, but the familiar weapon 18 the bow. A bow belonging to M'nana- gee, the brother of Rumanika, the (hen head chief or "sultan" of Karague, was a iJcautitul specimen of native workmanship. It waa SIX feet three inches in length, i. e. exactly the Iieight of tlic owner, am! w.as so carefully made that there was not a curve m It that could offend the eye. The strin" was twisted from the sinews of a cow anil the owner could project an arrow some two hupdred yards The wood of which it waa ma(le looked very like our own ash. . .The AVanyambo were very polite to Cnp- tain Grant, taking great care of him. and advising bim how to (u-eserve his health, thus aftording a practical refutation of the alarming stories respecting their treachery and ferocity of which be had been told when determining to pass through their (r.untrv. 1 he Wanyamix) are obliged to furnish pro- visions to travellers free of charge, but although they oliey the letter of the law employed in greeting a fdcud ^ ' themselves abundantly. They do not^ how- ^ 'ever, possess such an evil odor as other (399 J 'I 400 KARAGUE. 'i fi greaae-using tribes, as, after they have anointed themselves, they light a fire of aromatic wood, and stand to leeward of it, so as to allow the perfumed smoke to pass over them. The Wahuma are of much lighter com- plexion, and the royal caste, or Moheen upper divi- the women's reduced to a the inclined through the Mit quantity leveral times then passed ition. Some and jhrown lion, and the SULTAN KUMANIKA. het also. His very elevation to tlio throne was, according to the iu-count given by him and his friends, entirely due to supernatural aid. When his father, Da- gara, died, he and two brotliers claimed the throne. In order to settle their pretensions a small magic drum was laid before them and he who could lift it was to take the crown. The drum was a very small one and of scarcely any weight, but upon it were laid certain potent charms. The con- sequence was, that although his brothers put all their strength to the task, they could not stir the drum, while Rumanika raised it easily with his little finger. Ever afterward he carried this drum with him on occasions of ceremony, swinging it about to show how easy it was for the rightful sovereign to wielJ it. Being dissatisfied with such a test, one of the chiefs insisted on Rumani- ka s trial by another ordeal. He was then brought into a sacred spot, where he was required to seat himself on the ground and await the result of the charms. If he were really the appointed king, the portion of the ground on which he was seated would rise up m the air until it renehed the sky; but It he were the wrong man, it would col- lapse, and dash him to pieces. Accordini^ to all accounts, his own included, RumanikS took his seat, was raised up into the skv and his legitimacy acknowledged. Altogether, his family seem to have been \Vhl Z^*" <•!'?''''■ supernatural qualities. When his father, Dagara, died, his body was sewed up m a cow-hide, put into a was allowed to decompose. Three ma\ atuta tribes had invested his village for six months; and, when all the cattle and other provisions were eaten, they took the vil- lage and killed all the inhabitants except himself Ilim thev could not kill on account ot the power of his charms, and, although they struck at him with their spears as he lay on the ground, they could not even wound him. The Wahuma believe iu the constant presence of departed souls, and that they can exercise an influence for good or evil over those whom tlu^y had known in life. So, if a field happens to be blighted, or the crop docs not look favorable, a gourd is laid on the path. All passengers who see the gourd know its meaning, and set up a wail- ing cry to the spirits to r,ive a gooilcrop to their surviving friends. In order to propitiate the spirit of his father, Dagara, Eumanika used annually to sacrifice a cow on his tomb, and was accustomed to lay corn and beer near the grave, as offerings to his father's .spirit. In Karague, marriage is little more than a species of barter, the flUher receivin.^ cows, sheep, slaves, and other property for his daughter. But the transaction is not a final one, for if the bride does not happen to approve of her husband, she can return the marriaire gifts and return to her father. Ihere is but little ceremony in their mar- riages, the principal one seeming to consist or tying up the bride in a blackened skin, and carrying her in noisy procession to her husband. The Wahuma women lead an easy life comi)ared with that of the South African women, and indeed their chief ol)ject in life seems t« be the attaiuuieat of corpulence. Either the Wahuma women arc specially constituted, or tlie food which they eat is exceptionally nutritious, for they attain dimensions that are almost incredible. For example, Kumanika, though himself a slight and well-shaped man, hiul five wives of enormous fatness. Three of them were unable to enter the door of an ordinary hut, or to move about without being supported by a person on either side. They are fed on boiled plantains and milk, and consume vast quantities of the latter article, eating it all day long. Indeed, they are fattened as sys- tematically as turkeys, and are " crammed " with an equal disregard of their feelings. Captain Speke gives a very humorous ac- count of his interview with one of the women of rank, together with the measurements which she permitted him to take: — " After a long and amusing conversation with Rumanika in the morning, I called on one of his sisters-in-law, married to an elder brother, who wa.s born before Dagara as- cended the throne. She was another of these victims of obesity, unable to stand except on all fours. I was desirous to obtain a good view of her, and actually to measure her, and induced her to give me facilities for doing so by offering in return to show her a bit of my naked legs and arms. The bait took as I wished it, and, after get- ting her to sidle and wriggle into the mid- dle of the hut, I did as I had promised, and then took her dimensions as noted. " Round arm, one foot eleven inches. Chest, four feet four inches. Thigh, two feet seven Inches. Calf, one foot eight inches. Height, five feet eight inches. All of these arc exact except the height, and I believe I could have obtained this more accurately if I could have had her laid on the floor. But, knowing what difliculties I should have to contend with in such a jjiece of engineering, I tried to get her height by raising her up. This, after infinite exer- tions on the jiart of us both, was accom- plished, when she .sank down again fainting, for the blood had rushed into her head. " Meanwhile the daughter, a lass of six- teen, sat stark naked before us, sucking at a milk-pot, on which tlie father kept her at work by holding a rod in his hand; for, as fattening is the first duty of fashionable female life, it must be duly enforced with the rod if necessary. I got up a bit of a flirtation with missy, and induced her to rise and shake hands with me. Her features were lovely, but her body was as round as a ball." In one jiart of the country, the women turned their obesity to good account. In exchanging food for beads, the usual bar- gain was that a certain quantity of food should be paid for by a belt of beads that would go round the waist. But the women of Karague were, on an averacre, twice as large round the waist as those of other dis- I arc specially ch they eat is r they attain icrediblo. For liinselfa flight five wives of of them were 1 ordinary luit, g supported by ley are fed on I consume vast e, eating it all ittened as sys- e "crammed" nr feelings. humorous ac- ! of the women measurements take: — conversation ig, I called on ed to an elder e Dagara as- is another of able to stand ! desirous to lid actually to ;r to give nie ig in return to )gs and arms. Eind, after get- into the mid- )romised, and )tcd. leven inclies. Thigh, two le foot eight ; inches. All iieight, and I 'd this more I her laid on dirticulties I ; such a j)iece er h('ight by nlinite exer- was accom- ?ain fainting, cr licad. V lass of six- sucking at a kept her at liand; for, a« liishiouable iforced with p a bit of a 'd her to rise ler features ts round as a , tlie women iccount. In 3 usual bar- tity of food beads tJiat ; the women ze, twice na if other dis- » ' HI!!, I IlL'MAXIKA'S rinV.VlK UAM). (Sec pngc ioj.) im) nUMANIKA'S PRIVATE HAND. 405 .-ftLt -T^A ^^•- -. ^:Wi Iricts, and ttio natural couanquonco was, that food practically rose oiio liundrud pur cent Inprice. .DcHpito tlioir oxcopdinR fatness, their fea- tures rediiii much beauty, tlie lace being oval, and (Ik^ v.yi)H i)eeuliu'rly tine and iutel- ligeut. Tilt! Iiif,dier class ot" women are very modest, not only wojirinj? the cow-skin jietti- coat, but also a largo wrapper of l)laek cloth, with which they envcloi)e their whole bodies, merely allowing one eye to he seen. Yet up to the marriageable age no clotliing of any kind is worn by either sex, and both boys and giils will come up to the traveller and talk familiarly with him, as unconscious of nudity as their (Irst parents. Until they are married tliey allow tlieir hair to grow, and then siiave it oil", sometimes entirely, tfci and Romclimcs |)artially. They have an 0(.,i habit of mdving cans "of cane, which they cover on llic oiUside with the woolly hair shaved otf (heir own lie.ads. Mention luv* lieen made of various musi- cal instruments used in Karague. The inost imporlant are the drums, which vary in size iis much as they do in Kngland That whicdi corresponds to our side-drum is about four feet in length and one in width, and is covered at the wide end with an ichneumon skin. This instnnnent is slung from the shoulder, and is jjlayed with the fingers like the Indian "tom-tom." The large drums used at the new-moon levee are of similar .structure, but very much larger. The wiir drum is beati'u by the women, and at its sound the men rush to arms and repair to the several quarters. There are also several stringed instruments cmploycKl in FCaraguo. The principal of these is tin; nanga, a kind of guitar, wdiich, according to Captain Grant, may be calleil the national instrument. There are several varieties of the naiig.a. « In one of these, played by an old woman, six of the seven notes were a jierfeet scale the seventh beiu'' the only faulty string. In another, plave'd by a man, three strings were a full harmoni- ous chord. These facts show that the peo- ple arc capable of (!ultivation. The nan^a w-as formed of heavy dark wood, the shape of a tray, twenty-two by nine inches, or thirty by eight, with three crosses in the bottom, and laced with one string seven or eight times over bridges at eitiier end bomctimes a gourd or sounding-board was tied to the buck. "Prince M'nanagee, at my request, sent the best player he knew. The man boldly entered without introduction, dressed in the u.sual \Vaiiyambo costume, and looked a wild, cjtcitefl creature. After restin,'roiind in order to take part in tho ayatcin of oonunerce, which is so larcelv devolojied in this country. Their viilatres are mostly built on the li{|| spurs, and they cultivate, as far as they can, thc! fertile lands wiilch lio between them. But the continual THE WASAOARA TRIBE. lhrMave'"'''V'"'y ^'"'t »" HlaviiK i^rTy lu stance s never even thou«ht of and it io banlly possible to induce the AVasa '-ar o de! Hcend tl.e hills „„til the caravan ha" wVefl CoMHoquently it is scarcely posb to' Zdi ft Wftsa-araas a K.ddc (hrou«h his c m trv It, however, the traveller do^s suc.-ee In «« ; o'nff, he inds that the man is (rustworthy comiianion. The miin iieem to h^^ «ood hunt- ftiid trackiiij,' ^'ame. Owiiif; to the nrerVirK |..m nature of their lives, the Wa ' ^^ara h ve but little dress, a small strip of doth round the Wtttat being the ordinary costume. " I in ':-■'% CHAPTER XXXIX. THE WATU8I AND WAGANDA. tOCALITT or THK WATtTHI TflinK — MODB Of I>mtSS — A WATttSI WOMAV — THEin VALnR AS IIBIU)8- MKN— HAI.l'TATION— WATIHI DANClNd — TIIK WAdANDA — UOAI) MYHTKM OK IKIANDA — OOOIt OF KTlgl.KTTK -n.SKKdAUl. OK HUMAN I.IKK - CHIEI.TV - IIIK WIKK-Wllll- - AN AHUCAN ULUK- nKAIll>— UKK IN IIIK I'ALACK — IlKVlKWINd TllK Tltool'8 - OHKIIN OK HIE WAOANI.A TltlllK — KIMEIIA, AND IIH MOOK OK (lOVKIINMKNT — HVSTKM OK 011.1ANI/.ATION — TllK LAW OK Hill'. KHSION — M'iKSA, TIIK I-IIESBNT KINO, ANI> IIIB COUUT — TllK IIOIAI, I-AI,AOK — OKNKUAL AHCMITKCTIIHK OK TllK WAOANDA — KKIBITION OK A UUKHT— TIIK llOYAL WALK-A COl'NCII, — HlII-Kll»riTIONII — THE WAIKIIHIMIIIT ANI> IIIX IIIOII flllEST - UKUdlON OK TIIK WAOANDA— HUMAN HAlltlKICES — TIIK SLAVK-THADK- BUUVUfUOllOUNBa OF TIIK WAOANDA. Thkuk is 0110 tiilio wliicli, (houph Htimll, liiLs Hiilllcii'iit inilividimlily to dcsi-rvt* a hrid' uutUi'. The ^VATl^sl mt' ii race of lu'iils- incn, who live on cillior side of the cquiitor, luul, jUTonliui,' lo I'aptahi (Jriuit, rosciul)le thi! Soiiiiili.s ill i^'ciKM-al appoamiico. They {^c'lU'rally take ncrvico in thi' Iiouschoids (if wealthy jicrsSiis, and dcvoto thenisi-lves nhiiost I'litiifly to the eare of the cuttle. They have jiU'iitilul and Avoolly hair, and the men whave their heards with the exeep- f ion of a ('reseeiit-sliaped patch. Thev have nn odd fashion of stainiii},' tlieir sums' hlaek, iisinj,' (or the purpose a mixture o'"the tama- rind seed ealeined and powdered, and tlien nii.xed Willi a salt of eopper. The men carry their wea|M)ns when walkinpf, and Hcldoin appear without a how and arrows, a flve-feet- loii!? btick with a knob at ouo cud, and a liipe. When they moot a friend, they hold out the knohhed end of the stiek to him; he touclies it, and ilie demands of etiquette are supposed to he fullilled. This knobbed slick i- quite an institution amonj? the tribes that liave recently been mentioned, and a man seems to be quite unhappy unless he baa in his baud one of these cu'rious implements. They are fond of ornament, and wear inulti- tiidiuous rinfrs upon their wrists and ankles, the latter lieing generally of iron and the former of bra-ss. They are a (Ine-lookinK race, and the women are ecjually remarkaltlo in this re- spect with the men,— a phenomenon rarely 8oca in thi" part of the world. They arc (408) tall, erect, and well-featnrod, and, as a rulo, are decently clud in dressed cow-skins. 'J'lio general aiijiearance of the Waliisi womeu can be gathered from Caiitaiii Giant's de- scription. ')iie morning, to my surprise, in a wild Jungle we came up(m' cattle, tlicn upon u ' bomair or ring fence, concealed by beauti- ful umbrageous large! trees, quite the place for a gi|)sy ca ,ip. At the eiitrv two strap- ping lellows met me and invited my ap- proach. I mingled with the peojile, mtt water from them, aiwl was asked, ' Would I prefer some milk V Tliis sounded tome more civilized than I exjiccted from Afri- cans, so 1 followed the men, who led me up to a beautiful lady-like creature, a "Watusi woman, silting alone under a tree. "She received me without any expression of surprise, in the most diguiticd manner ; and, aft<'r talking with the men, rose smil- ing, showing great gentleness in her man- ner, and led me to her hut. I bad time to scrutinize the interesting stranger : she wore the usual AVatusi cosliinie of a cow's skin reversed, teased into a fringe with a neculle, colored lirowu, and wrapped round her iiody from lielow thi! chest to the ankles. Lappets, showing zebra-like stripes of many colors, she wore as a ' turn-ovi-r ' rouiKl the waist, and, except where ornamented ou one arm with a highly polished c()il of thick brass wire, two equally bright and ni!v.ssive rings on the ri),'ht wrist, and a neck pen- dant of brass wire, — except these, and hel becoming wraiJiJt-r, ahc was au nalurdle. INTKr.LKJRNCIi: AWD POMTRNRSS, I w,i8 Htni.k wiHi l.or |u-.ullu,lv.f„,„u.,| "•■■","""'«'■' "'"oHKr ,u.<'k ; tho LoHy t KT llr... ,.y..N. ,„„utl.. aii.l nn.s., ; th,. .nmll .. of tin' nl)i.(li\ A i;.»).l-i.,i.kin« woman Hat rockinL' a Kounl h,.hv,.,.n h.-r kiiocs in tlic process i>f ohuniin;,' hull,.!-. Aft..rtl.e fair on.! ha.l exanuiii'.l my skin and niy cL.tli.'s I ...x. pressed ^.r.'Mt r..j,nvt tluit I had no l.ca.ls i,, present t.. h..r. 'They are not wanted,' sh.. said; sit .I.nvn, drink this hnllerniilk, and I lUM-o !» also some l.utter f..r y(.u.' It was' r''}7'' "•' » ;■ " '••id-. I Hhook hands, pat- ted her .•h,.,.k. ami to.,k my leave, hut mmu beads wen. sent h.M-, an.l she pai.l ni.- a visit 4» i,„, . • ■" '' '•"" noe pai.l ni.' a visit. )nnf,Mnn; h„,t,.r and l.nttenniik, and askini; tor nior.. pivsents, wiii.di she of <;..iirse ir..t an.l I had (he -ratilieation to see her eves' spark .;, a( (he .i^ht of them. ^ Ihis was one ..f tlie IVw women I met Nme':,.- '(h ";'";!" •'""';v'^^ "'''^ ^ ■•'•""''"'i ri,,',,i I "'-^ '''•''■" "^ '' 'lillcrent cash. Wlwii ...ws skins were not wT..;. Mu.se' ne.i.is and their iii'ek ornaments showe.l of I^". i ■ ""^ I)''-'')"!!!!- were a striin^ S,i . ^"f^""'' «!'I>ores of marld.-s "ed wJiite jmrcdain, an.l trian'['"' y ornament was a neck- wranti^anT '>eads; she wore the usual &:;^Sir;r.fcv^-£--sr cnos were prohahly left it homl '/«i TvoKinii ,aP h t , >' '"' "ome. The f^i«I.u>npro,inei„.^'^J;^:;^''^^ =-;-<>;- over ff' y'""/,''^''^ '^•"i Which te passes The w»n.-a of the Wfttnsl tril.e for tho management of ih.- eatlh. aiv simido '•"""kI.. Half (he milk is (h, i,s, anll'S u cow in tlicHe reclons Is sin-nlarly del], ••init II inilk pr...lu.dnK a I'mh- pii.t per diem (1... h.r.lsni.'n have hut small rewnnl «')r (h.dr la ...r. Th..y are very ,.l..v..r nt inan.iK n« the animalN phi.c.l u.i.ler their control, re (luiy have to ,|riv.. an unruly ...w, they simply tie a cord (.. (h.. hock of <•<;'";• hill, h.j;,, and walk l.,d.iiid it h/'I'I'/'fT the en.i of tlie cor.l. This vorv «imi.le procesH has the ,de,t ..f sulMluinu Ih. cow, wh.. yiei.ls as if to a charm aid walks .p.ietly in whatev.-r .iir,.,..i„ "i„ « tol, o«... (>oatsarol...ll,y,,Kin.Mipono d the fore lejfH i„ (he Iian.l, wImii it U '••"'"I that the animal walks ai,.n,r ui,.tly "I tlie lourth hml) h,.,n;; no particular Im- peilim.'iit. F'erhai.s on ac.-..uiil of (his nias- Icrv over th.' ealtl.., even the Waiiyainiie/i Shoul.l m..,iihers of th..se trihes m....( tho We..i,ee press..s (he palms of his Ikiu.Is to- {,^-ther, an.l th.. Watusi K.'ndy ,la..i,s h.-m n h.s own, nintt.-rin;. „t tii..'.a.n..' time a tew wor.ls 111 a low ton.- of v..ice. Jf « Watusi man meets a woman of (he sam. tril .. sh.. allows her arms t.. fail l.y h..rsi.le an.l he K<'ntl^ pre.s.s...s her arms (...low (hj shoulders h\n- an illustratioi, .,f (his nio.lo pl^e'.'K ' "'° ° ongmvin« Ao. -2 ou an.l inako nsin^j a f '« . ' -■(.<-■•", umi .iiiin^r ii(.arlv as niuch of tho work with th..ir. A h I wi h their hands. They also wvrk in nielar a.., have a kind of bellows made (,( wood,' with caiio iiandl.'S,— very s.iull. I.iit ofH- cient enough lor the purpose. Th- d iticea with which the Watusi 'amuse (iKiHs'l^e' n he evenin- are^ as simpl.. an.l i„.acef\il as h._ dancers an. w..nu.n tak,. ..qn.l part wi(h the men in them. Th-.y array thein- flclv.'s in a circl.., .sin.,'in«, au.l clappina hands „, tune Pres..„ily a w..,nan imss..* into the rinir, .lances al..iie, an.l then mak- iiif? a >,'rac<.|ul obeisance t.. some fav.irite in the rini,', she retires backwar.l t.. h.r place A yoiin;? man then conu.s forwar.l, ./oeii tbr..UKh a number of ..v..lulious. hows to one of the girls, and tlu.ii mak..s way for * a successor. •' Captain Grant always speaks in the liijrh- est terms of the Watusi, whom ho .lesig. nates as his fav.,rite ra..c. II,. states that thev never will p..rmit themsehvs to bo sold into slavvry, hut prefer y are also remarkable for their neatness an.l personal cleanliness, in wliich they pr.-sent L strong They are an in.lustrious jieople, considerable s(.iM" ^•/•'-■•'•^, .tail .iiiin^f l)aski.Ls with j contrast to the ueighboriiig tribes 410 THE "WAGANDA. THE WAGAKDA TRIBE. Passing still northward, and keeping to the westward of the Victoria N'yanza, we come to the Uganda district, the inhabit- ants of which are named Waganda. This country is situated on the equator, and is a much more pleasant land than mi^ht be supposed from its geographical position, being fertile, and covered with vegetation. It is a peculiarly pleasant land for a traveller, as it is covered with roads, which are not only broad and firm, but are cut almost in a straight lino from one point to another. Uganda seems to be unique in the matter of roads, the like of which are not to be found in any part of Africa, except those districts which are held by Europeans. The roads are wide enough for carriages, but far too steep in places for any wheeled con- veyance; but as the Waganda do not use carriages of any kind, the roads are amply suflacient for their purposes. Tbe Waganda have even built bridges across swamps and rivers, but their knowledge of engineering has not enabled them to build a bridge that would not decay in a few years. Like many other tribes which bear, but do not deserve, the name of savages, the Wa- ganda possess a curiously strict code of eti- quette, which is so stringent on some points inat an offender against it is likely to lose his life, and is sure to incur a severe penalty. If, for exrmple, a man appears before the king with his dress tied carelessly, or if he makes a mistake in th(> mode of saluting, or if, in squatting before his sovereign, he allows the Jeast portion of his limbs to be visible, he is led off to instant execution. As the fatal sign is given, the victim is seized by the royal pages, who wear a rope turban round their heads, and at the same moment all the drums and other instruments strike up, to drown his cries for merJjr. He is rapidly bound with the roi)cs snatched hastily from the heads of the pages, dragged off, and put to death, no one daring to take the lea.st notice while the tragedy is being enacted. They have also a ck.C.s of sumptuary laws which is enforced with the greatest severity. The skin of the 8erval,a kind of leopard cat, for example, may only bo worn by those of royal descent. Once "Captain Speke was vis- ited by a very agreeable young man, who evidently intended to strike awe into the white man, and wore round his neck the serval-skin emblem of royal birth. The attempted deception, however, recoiled upon its author, who suffered the fate of the daw with tlic borrowed plumes. An offlcer of rank detected the imposture, had the young man seized, and challenged him to show proofs of his right to wear the emblem of royalty. As he failed to do so, ho wnj? threatened with being brought before the king, and so compounded with the chief for a fine of a hundred cows. Heavy as he penalty was, the young man showed his wisdom by Acceding to it; for if he had been brought before tlie king, he would assuredly have lost his life, and prob- ably have been slowly tortured to death. One punishment to which M'tesu, the king of Uganda, seems to have been rather par- tial, was the gradual dismemberment of the criminal for the sake of feeding his pet vul- tures; and although on some occasions he orders them to be Killed before they are dis- membered, he Bometimrs omits that precau- tion, and the wretched beings are slowly cut to pieces with grass blades, as it is against etiquette to use knives for this pur- pose. The king alone has the privilege of wear- ing a cock^s-comb of hair on the top of liis head, the remainder being shaved off. This privilege is sometimes extended to a favorite queen or two, so that actu.al royalty may be at once recognized. Even the mode of sit- ting is carelully regulated. Only the king is allowed to sit on a chair, all his subjects being forced to place themselves on the ground. When CapUiins Speke and Grant visited Uganda, there was a constant strug- gle on this point, the travellers insisting on sitting in their arm-chairs, and the ting wanting them to sit on the ground. On one occasion, when walking with M'tesa and his suite, a halt was ordered, and Captain Speke looked about for something to sit upon. The king, seeing *b\s, and being deternnned not to be outdone, called a page, made him kneel on all fours, and then sat on his back. The controversy at last ended in a com- promise, the travellers abandoning their cliairs in the king's presence, but sitting on bundles of grass which were quite as high. When an inferior presents any article to his superior, he always pats and rubs it with his hands, and then strokes with it each side of his face. This is done in order to show that no witcherafl has been practised with it, a.s in such a case the intended evil would recoil on the donor. This ceremony is well enough when employed with articles of use or apparel; but whcii meat, plantains, or other articles of food are rubbed with the dirty handa and well-greased face of the donor, the recipient, if he should happen to be a white man, would be only too happy to dispense with the ceremony, and run his risk of witchcraft. The officers of the court are required to shave off all their hair except a single cock- ade at the back of the head, while the pages are distinguished by two cockades, one over each temple, so that, even if they happen to be without their rone turlijitis' (h and authority ore at once indicated. When h the chief for ;he young mean ling to it; for e uie king, he life, and prob- ired to death, 'tesu, tlie king jn ratlier par- icnnent of tlie ig his ^)et vul- j occasions he e they are dis- ts that precau- gs are slowly ados, as it is } for this pur- ilege of wcar- the top of his ived ottl Tliis 'd to a favorite syalty may be 3 mode of sit- 3nly the king 1 his subjects ielves on the ke and Grant onstant strug- '8 insistinff on und the king )und. On one Vl'tesa and his Captain Speke to sit ujjon. ig deternnned ge, made him t on liis back. )d in a com- idoning their but sitting on |uite as liigh. any article to I and rubs it 8 with it each e in order to een practised intended evil Ills ceremony 1 with articles cat, plantains, bbed with the I face of the lid happen to ly too happy ', and run his required to 1 single cock- liilc tlie pages ides, one over ey happen to is, tlwir rsTtk ;atcd. When AUIMM i)i rill. o I.-.,.... I,. J. ,,„ wou d be heaped upon them, and thev would roceive from their royal master plenty of cattle and wives. But if they behaved badly, the punishment was equally certain and most terrible. A recreant soldier was not only put to death, but holes bored in his •lody with red-hot irons until he died from dheer nam and exhaustion. Now and then the king held a review, in which the valiant and the cowards obtained the;r fitting rewards. These reviews offered most picturesque scenes. "Before us was a large ojien sward, with the huts of the queen s Kamraviona or commander-in-chief beyond. The battalion, consisting of what might be termed three companies, each con- taining two hundred men, being drawn up on the left extremity of the parade grouncl, received onlers to march past in single file from the right of companies at a lone trot 'lid re-form again at the end of the square. " Nothing conceivable could be more wild or fantastic than the sight which ensued- the men all nearly naked, with goat or cat skins r'tesa is well dc- .scribed by Captain iioke: — " A more the- atrical sight I never saw. The king, a good- looking, well-formed young man of tWenty- flve, was sitting upon a red blanket, spread upon a square platform of royal grass, encased in tiger-grass reeds, scrupulously dressed in a new 'mbugu (or grass-cloth). The hair of his head was cut short, except upon the top, where it was combed up into a high ridge, running from stem to stern, like a cock's comb. On his neck was a veiy neat ornament — a large ring of lieautiftilly- worked small beads, forming elegant pat- terns by their various colors. On one arm was another bead ornament, prettily de- vised, and on the other a wooden charm, tied by a string covered with a snake 8kin. On every finger and toe he had alternate brass and copper rings, and above the ankles, half-way up the calf, a stocking of very pretty beads. "Everything was light, neat, and ele- gant in its way, not a fault could bo found with the taste of his 'gctting-up.' For a handkerchief, he had a well-lohlcd piece of barkj and a piece of gold-embroid- ered silk, which he constantly employed to hide his large mouth when laughing, or to wipe it after a drink of plantain wine, of which he took constant and cojiious drauglits from little ^'ourd cups, administered by his ladies in waiting^ who were at once his sis- ters and his wives. A white dog, spear, shield, and woman — the Uganda cogni- zance — were by his side, as also a host of staff officers, with whom he kept h[) a brisk conversation, on one side; and on the other was a band of ' Wlchwezi,' or lady sorcer- ers." These women are indispensable append- ages to the court, and attend the king wher- ever he goes, their office being to avert the evil eye from their monarch, and to pour the plantain wine into the royal ciiiis. They are distinguished by wearing dried lizards on their heads, and on their belts are fas- tened goat-skin aprons, edged with little bells. As emblems of their office, they also carry very small shields and spears, ornnnieiitcd with cock-hackles. M'tesa's palace is of enormous dimen- sions, and almost deserves the name of a village or town. It occupies the whole side of a hill, and consists of streets of huts ananged as methodicallj as the houses of an European town, the line being preserved by fences of the tall yellow tiger-grass of Uganda. There are also squares and open spaces, and the whole is kept in perfect order and neatness. The inner courts arc entered by means of gates, each gate being kept by an officer, who permits no one to pass wlio has not the king's permission. In case his vigilance should be evaded, each gate has a bell fastened to it on the inside, just as they are hung on shop-tloors in Eng- land. In the illustration No. 1, opposite, the artist has selected the moment when the visitor is introduced to the immediate pres- ence of the king. Under the shade of the hut the monarch is seated on his throne, having on one side the spears, shield, and dog, and on the other the woman, these being the accompaniments of royalty. Some of his p.-^ges arc seated near him, with their cord turbans bound on their tufted hcadu, ready to obey his slightest word. Imme- diately in front are some soWiers saluting him, and (me of them, to whom he has granted some favor, is tloundering on the ground, thanking, or " n'yanzigging," ac- cording to the custom of" the place. On the other side is the guest, a man of rank, who is introduced by the officer of the gate. The door itself, with its bells, is drawn aside, and over the doorway is a rope, on ■ffhich arc hung a row ol charms. The icnt, and cle- iiilt couUl bo 'gcttiug-iii).' a woll-)ol\«r.'^'"*^»* ^ "le Jion-step of the Uganda king. Aft^r M'tcsa had received hii white visi- 21 tor, he suddenly rose and retired after the ro^al custom, and, as etiquette did not per- mit him to eat until he had seen his visitors he took the opportunity of breaking his fast " Round the king, as ho sits on his grans- covered throne, are his councillors and ofH- ccrs, squatted on the ground, with their dresses drawn tightly around thein, and partly seated on the royal leopard skins which are strewed on tho ground. Tliore is also a large drum, decorated with little bolls strung on wire arches, and some smaller Uruins, covered with beads and cowrie shells worked into various patterns Outside tho inner circle sit tho ordinary officers, and wlule the king is present not a word is spoken, lest ho should take oftence at it- and not an eye is lifted, lest a casual glance might fall on one of the king's women, and "e the nrecursor of a cruel death. The Waganda are much given to nupcr- Ktition, and have a most implicit faith in cliarms. The king is very rich in charms, and, whenever he liolds his court, has vast nuinbers of them suspended behind him besides those which he carries on his per- son. These charms are made of almost anything that the magician chooses to select. Horns, filled with magic powder are perhaps the most common, and tl.cso are slung on the neck or tied on the head it small, and kept in the huts if largo. Their great object of superstitious dread IS a sort of water-spirit, wliieh is sur.ijosod to nihabit the lake, and to wreak his ven- geance upon those who disturb liim. Like the water-spirits of the Rhine, this goblin hiis supreme jurisdiction, not only on the lake itself, but in dl rivera that communi- cate with It; and the people are so afraid of this a(iu.'.tic demon, that they would not allow a soundinj'-line to be thrown into tho water, lest perchance the weight should happen to hit the wat. r-spirit and euniao bim. The name of tliis spirit is Al'gussi, and lie comaumicates with the people by mean.s of his own .special minister or priest, who livtf, on an island, and ia held in neaily ivs much awe as his master. M'tcsa once took Captain Speke with him to see the magician. Tie took also a num- l>er of hi.T wives and attendants, and it was very anuising, when they r.niched the boats, ta see all the occupants pimp into the water (lucking their heads so as to avoid seeing the royal women, a stray glance being sure to'incur immediate di-atli. They proceeded to the island on which the wizard lived. ''Proceeding now Uirough the treos of this beautiful island, we next turned into the hut of the M'g.is.s3's familiar, which at tlie further end w.as decorated with many inystic symbols, among them a paddle, the oailgeof high office; and for some time wo sat chatting, when nonvbe w:i.". hio-.s'-'bt -■■:■•.' the spiritual medmin arrived, fie ' was in I III i; m TIIE WAOANDA. dressed WMm6A fashion, with n littlo white KOiifskiii anmii, mlDrned with ViiriouB clmrnw, luid iisud a iwddlo for a walkinj,'- stick. lie wiw not nii old ninn, thoiijrh he aftceled to lie .it), wiilkiii^' very slowly and delilierately, coii^rhinj,' iwthnia'tically, glim- mering^ with his eyes, and ninnihlinR like a witch. With Miiich iitleeted difflcidty lie sat nt the end of the lint, henido the synihols nlhided to, and continued hiH roughing full half an hour, when his wife camo in in tI>o Biinu^ manner, without saying a word, and lussiimed the sanu^ alfocaed stylo. "The king jokingly looked at mo and Iftughed, and then at tliese strange rrea- t-ures hy turns, as much as to say, ' What do you think of thcm'i" hut no voice wius )iL;ud, save that of the old wife, who croaked Jike a frog for water, and, when some was brought, croaked again because it was not the purest of the lake's produce — had the Mrst cu]) changed, wettecl her lips with the second, and hobl)led away in the same man- ner as she )>ad come." On thi'ir pathways and roads, wJnch arc very numerous and well kept, they occa- sionally i)laco a long stick in the ground, with a shell or other charm on the ------ ■•■ "■• iiii: top or susijcnd the shell on the overhanging branch ol a tree. Similar wands, on a smaller scale, are kept in the houses, and bits of feathers, rushes, and other articles are tied behind the door. Snake-skin is of course much used in making these charms, aiul a s((uaro jjioce of this article is hung round the neck of almost every man of this coun- try. The religion of the Wasjanda is of course one inspired by terror, and not by love, the object of all their religious rites being to avert the anwr of malignant fjiirits. Every new moon has its own peculiar worship which is conducted by hanging drums, re- plenishing the magic horns, and other cere- monies too long to describe. The most ter- rible of their rites is that of human sacrifice, which IS usually employed when the kin-' desires to look into the future. " The victim is always a child, and the sac- rifice is conducted in a most cruel manner. Having discovered by his incantations that a neighbor is projecting war, the magician flavs a young child, and lays the blecdinn- body in the path on which the soldiers pass to battle. Each warrior steps over the bleeding body, and thereby is supposed to procure immunity for himself in the ap- proaching battle. When the king makes war, his chief magician uses a still more cruel mode of divination. lie takes a lar-'c earthen pot, half fills it with water, and then places it over the fireplace. On the inouth of the pot he lays a small platform o* crossed sticks, and having bound a youu" child and a fowl, he lays them on the plat" form, covering them with another pot, which lie inverts over them. The fire is then lighted, and dulTorod to hum for a gf von time when the upper pot is removed, and tlio victims inspected. If they should lioth tie dead, it is taken as a sign that tlie war must be deferred for tlu^ present; but if either should be alive, war may be made at once. Speaking of those and other black tribos. Captain Speko very rightly obsejves: " JIow the negro has lived so many ages without advancing seems marvellous, when nil the countries surrounding Africa are so for- ward in comparison. And, judging from thn progressive state of thi! world, one is led to suppose that the AlYican must .soon either step out from his diirknoss, or lie superseded by a being superior to himself. Could a government be formed for them like ours in India, they would be saved, but without it I fear there is very little chance. For at pros- ent the African neither can help himself nor be helped hy others, because his country is 111 such a constant state of turmoil that ho has too much anxiety on hand looking out lor his food to think of anything else. " As his fathers did, so does he. He works his wife, sells his children, enslaves all ho can lay hands on, and, unless when flghtin" (or the property of others, contents liimserf with drinkiii":, singing, and dancing like a baboon, to drive dull care away. A few only make cotton cloth, or work in wool iron, coiipcr, or salt, their rule being to do as httlc as possible, and to store up notliiu" beyond the necessities of the next sensoi" lest their chiefs or neighbors should covet and take it from them." The same exiierieiiced traveller then pro- <'eeds to enumerate the many kinds of food which the climate affords to any one of ordinary industry, such as horned cuttle, sheep, goats, pigs, fowls, ducks, and jiigeons not to mention the iilanfain and other vege- table products, and expresses a feeliii--"of sur])rise that, with such stores of food aPhis command, the liJack man should be so oflen driven to feed on wild herbs and roots, dcx's cats, rats, snakes, lizards, insects, and otirer similar animids, and should be frequently found on the i)oint of starvation, and bo compelled to sell his own children to jiro- ciire food. Moreover, there are elephants rhinoceroses, hippopotamus, buflhloes, ''><'f'' Of the Waganda arc rati or elaborate. Captain Grant had tho curlofl ty to outer one .{f them, and de^'rlK it as lol ows: "Two huts on a heigT. an! .eiired devoted to the remains of the dcaS itni^'fl'"'^ T'\ "'" '«"«« surrounding shut o, I h ' ''""■*^ ^J^'^rcm of bark cloth sniit out tho view of tho Interior r.m can ' (■ r .!„ 1 '""'?! •* "''^'•' »'<"»'^tt-ad of KrasH Vor. ?'' "•" '* ° "'"«'« »* ^'^'i oe sticks w ?h '""«a<'!to, «pears, charms, w^'"tCrV"n"'^"' '" '^' ^"terCbut no one mm.soIeun\.""' "''' ''''' '''" ">'»' '^ ^^ "» Many of such houses were seen on tho mnf;^"" ^''\''* elaborately built! Usually they were littlo more than snuaro patches of ground enclosed with a reed & 'These were called by the name of "Loo^l liih, or eacred ground. CIIAFfER XL. THE WANYORO. CnAnACTien or THH WAmrORO XniBB-DIRTY IIABITS-MODE of OOVERNMlCNT-KtNO KAMI.ASI- Jim DKSWmC CIIAUALTKU-HW I.OI.V-OUAIU. AN.. T..E.U PHIVILEOKS - 1..H rKHSONAl. AITKAJl- ANCK-.im UUAHI-im. 8KLKIHIINK8H-A IK.VAL VWIT- KAMHAH.'h COWAIIUIOK - KXlC.irnON OK 0HIMINAL8-KV. \ m PnorKKniNo «tin iinrtlnvanl, wc come to the Innd of Unyoro, from wliicli, as tlKs roailtr will rcniomlicr, I lie country of Uj^iuida was separated. Tlic inhaliitauts of Unyoro form u very unpleasant eontraMt to those "of I'^anda, beiuf,' dirty, mean-lookin>', and badly dressed! The country, too, is far inferior to" Ujjanda, which mi^ht be made into a i)eri)etually blooming garden; for, as the traveller leaves the c(iuator and i)asHes to the north, he linds that the rains gradually decrease, and that vegetation tirst becomes thin, then stiuited, and lastly disappears altogether. The same structm-c of language jirevails here as in Uganda, so that the people of Unyoro are called Wanyoro, and a single person in a M'yoro. The character of the Wanyoro is quite on ft par with their appearance, for they are a mean, selfish, grasping set of peoi)le, sadly lacking the savage virtue of hospitality, anil iilways on the lookout for onportunit'ies to procure by unfair means the property of others. They seem, indeed, to ))e about as unpleasant a nation as can well be imagined, and in almost everv point afford a strong contrast to others which have already been d(>scribed. They are singularly dirty in their domestic habits, their huts being occupied equally by men, goats, and fowls, and the floor, which fs thickly covered with straw, is consequently in a most abominable condition. It is so bad, indeed, that even the natives are obliged to make a raised bedstead on which to sleep. Even the king's palace is no exception to the general rule ; the cattle are kept within the enclosure, and even bis very sleeping- hut is freely entered by calves. To visi the " palace " without stilts and a respirator was too severe a tusk even to ho hardened a traveller as Captain Speke, l)ut the kin" walked about among the cows, ankle-deep in all sorts of horrors, and yet perfectly at his ease. The government of this country is pure despotism, the king possessing irresponsible and unquestioned power. The subject can really possess propertv, but onlv holds it by the king's pleasure. This tlieorv is coiitimi- allyrednced tooractice, the king (akiii!,'fr(mi one nenson, and giving, or lalher lending, to another, anything that be cbooscs, — land, cattle, slaves, Avives, and children being equally ranked In the category of prop- erty. The king who reigned over T'nvoro at the time when Cajitain Siieke visited it was named Kamrasi. He was a man who united in himself a singular variety of characters. Merciless, even beyond (he ordinary (vj)o of African cruelty ; capricious as a sjjolled child, and scattering death and torture around for the mere whim of the ir.onient • inhospitable and repcllant according to the' usual "Wanyoro character ; covetous and grasping to the bust degree ; nnibitious of regaining the lost portion of his kingdom, and yet too cowardly to declare wai', he was a man who scarcely seemed likely to retain his hoid on the sceptre. Yet, although contemptible as ho was in many things, he was not to be despised, ond, although no one cared to meet him as a friend, all knew that be could be a most dangerous enemy. For ho possessed a large share of cunninor, which stood him in stead of the nobler virtues \v)>!cli nnrrV,f (r> n.i.,„n (4a2) KING KAMUAST. ft throni", ftml rii!(!(| Wn nuhJucU by a mixtuni ot'crafl 1111(1 loici!. IliH Myntoin of uniiionuifd a rospirntor NO ImrdoiHMl lilt tlie kiiii,' , iinkle-dcep licifdctly nt itry is pure rro!'|)onsil)lo Kullil'Ct Cllll ' lidlds it ]>y V is ('(iiitimi- (ukiiiiiCroni !• Iciidiiij;, to ii.siH, — liiud, drcii being y of prop- tiyoro nt the itcd it wns who united cbaracters, iliiiary (ypo :>H il H]l()lic(l nd torture (' Uioment ; ilinj; to the i-olous and iiliitious of s kingdom, ivni', be wns ly to retain bo was in spised,nnd, , bim as a be a most ?«ed a large m in stead would biive done honor to M. do Hurtinen, and there wiis nothing lliat happened in bin' eoniitry that hu did not know. T\w wliohi land was divided into distrieU, and over eaeb dislriet was s«t un ollleer who was n!spouMil)l(« lor everything wliiidi (•(•(•urred ill it, and was bound "to giv(' inl'or- nmtion fo the kliiK. The least liiihire in (bis respect entailed death or the " shoe," whieh w»M ni'ail^v as bad, and often tcrniinatod in death. '1 he " shoe " is simply a large iukI heavy lo^ of wood with an oblong slit eiit through it. Into this slit the foot aro passed, to torn CULPniT IN THE SHOE. and ft stout wooden ])cg is then driven throu.di the log and between the anklos, so as to bold the teet tightly imprisoned. As to the exact position of the peg, the cxeeu- tioner is in no way particular ; and if he ^ should happen to drive it against, instead of I between, the ankles, bo cares nothing about ; It. Conse(iueiitly, the torture is often so i great, that those who have boon so imnris- I o"fl'>'\vc died of sheer exhaustion. w thoiit having , a chance of disobedionce, he Kept a.ruani ot armed soldiers, some five ed.'es^Sn /"m' ''"''','■'^7 «»""-P' «'«J their edges defended by a sheath, neatly inmlo of Then.P.",''""''^'''"'' '"«''"'«•' ^viH> thongs for ex,„n .?- ^V^"y"r" are not remarkable tliroiS^h "»"""• heads which aro Imwked uirough the country are bought by tho Wa- ganda, who are a ril-hor peopTe! ^ ^" Ibis body-guard is dressed in the most extraordinary manner, their chief obleet seeming to be to render themselves iiMun- lik'» men and as like demons iw possible I bey Wiiar leopard or monkey skins by way ot tunic, strap red into my ittle hut. I had a very rude but servicea- ble arm-chair that one of my men had con- structed -in this the king was invited to sit. Hardly was he seated, when ho leant back, stretehed out his legs, and, makin- some remark to his attendants concerning' his personal comfort, he asked for the chair BS a present I promised to ha\e one made for him immediately. This being arraiK'ed he 8urve_yed the barren little hut, vanilv endcavonnc; to fix his eves upon sometliincr that he could demand. Kut, so lh.il l.ss was his search, that he langhiiigly Imwil to his people and said, 'How was il that they wanted so many porters if tlwy have iio(hin<' to carry r My interjin'ter "explained tha't many things had been spoiled