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ID 1 2 3 32 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 FOI tM FOR] TO ACC PAPERS AND REPORTS UPON FORESTRY, FOREST SCHOOLS, FOREST ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT IM EUROPE, AMSRIOA, AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS, ANH OPON FORESTS AS PUBLIC PARKS AND SANITARY RESORTS. OOLLKOTBO BT MR. A. KIRKWOOD, A TO ACCOMPANY THE REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON FOREST RESER. VaTION AND NATIONAL PARK. PSINTBD BT r^DER OF THE LEGISLATIVE AaSBMBLT. TORONTO : PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS. 68 and 70 FRONT STREET 1893. WEST, 9I&/Z. 0393^6 TABLE OF CONTEiNTS. 2 Introduction tAOK, The Utility of Forests Capital Enii)loye(1 Precipitrtions or Rainfall T-lvaporation Mechanical Effe ct of Forests " * * Hygienic Effects of Forests ' ' \ ^^ Deforestation in Kussia A Plea for Planting " Trees for Shelter ......'.' *^ Forestry Bye products ^^ Geographical Distribution of Forest trees of Canada ^* Levels of the Ottawa, Mattawa, Lake Nipissing, etc!.. !!!!.! ! ^^ Forest Protection and Tree Culture on Water Frontages.!!! !.!....!' ^ Systematic Management of Forests ... ' Forestry in tlie Colonies and India i ^^ Notes on Forest Management in Germany ! *' Forest Destruction, its Causes and Rt'sulta ! ^^ United States Consular Reports on European Forestry ..!!!'!.!!!! If Forestry in France ^'■ Timber Resources and Timber Trade of Canada !!!!!!!! ''^^ Recent and Existing Timber Regulations in Canada !...!!!!!!!!!!!! Jqf Ontario Fire Act and Fire-ranging System !!!!!!! Rocky Mountains Park of Canada !!!!!! ^^ The Adirondacks and Adirondack Park, etc !!!!!!!! ^^^ The Yellowstone National Park ^^ California Public Park ,!!!.... ^^^ Ancient Forest Laws ^°^ Forest Lands of the United States . ^^^ 282 INTRODUCTION. ♦• A great State was a desert, and the land Lay bare and lifeless under sun and storm, Treeless and shelterless. Spring came and went. And came, but brought no joy j but. in its stead, The desolation of the ravening Hoods, That leaped like wolves or wild cats from the hills, And spread destruction over fruitful farms ; Devouring as they went the woiks of man, ' And sweeping seaward Nature's landly soils. To choke the water-courBes worse than waste. " The forest trees, that in the olden time- The people's glory, and the poet's pride- Tempered the air and guarded well the earth, And, under spreading boughs, for ages kept Oreat reservoirs to hold the snow and rain, From which the moisture thro' the teeming year Flowed equably but freely-all were gone. Their precious bales exchanged for petty cash, The cash that melted and had left no sign ; The logger and the lumberman were dead ; The axe had rusted out for Uok of use j But all the endless evil they had done Was manifested in the desert waste. "Dead springs no longer sparkled in the sun ; Lost and forgotten brooks no longer laughed Deserted mUls mourned all their moveless wheels The snow no longer covered, as with wool. Mountain and plain, but buried starving flocks In Arctic drifts ; in rivers and canak The vessels rotted idly in the mud. Until the spring flood buried aU their bones ; Great cities that had thriven marv'lously. Before their source of thrift was s. .,,t away. Faded and perished, as a plant will die With water banished from it- roots and leaves - And men sat starving in their treeless waste. Beside their treeless farms and empty marts. And wondered at the ways of Providence 1 " 01 \v w yi tu qii tni tir is sul tio th( the for pul of cul gro amc thai and tal met! grea duce valu one one '. cese old s woul one 1 after Indian Forest On his TIIK UTIUTV OF i.X)HE8T,S.- or fl thlt'o? tX2 "7u '" '"""'' "' •'',™" '.'"> P"i"' "t vie.,. „f the owner which .„„y ,,„v. upon the c„X!;:,.i''r!,;ii!,^\?r,vi,:Tr™''''"" "'° ""^''» is still indLsponsablo an 11^0 Iv^ n-nZf so ' 'pt ''''"' ' "r'?rtheles.s: wood substitutes for firewood has hnwpvl'v • ^ ""!'' -*'"''™' introduction of tion of timber irprcSence ' to firew oo F "••''?'"' "^J.''\"'^" *« ^'^"^ P»-°^"«- the Saxon State Foresronlv 3 ", n7r n^n ' '."'*''•?'",• ? ^'^" ^^^'^^ P»-«J"«« «f the proportion has Hsento 7? p'r^ en in 188^ "mT^ ^"' ';-'"^"- ^" ^^'^<^' ^'"^ for the consumption of wood £ve sDrun. nn ,.i n'""*' '"""' "'^^ ^'^™^"^« pulp for the ma^nufacture of paW I """estimaS.hnf Ih P'-^^'P^'-'^.^'"^" "^ ^°-^- of wood in this industry in CWn J,, i ^"**^ the annual consumption cubic feet. ^ " Oern.anv alone amounts to upwards of 40,000,000 Forests as Objects of Industrv. growing' sSk Vw?irV" 'TZcSf' ^r^p-^'i^ ''. *^« -" -^ ^^- and consiL o,rCiir;r tLVpT^^^^^^^^ amo.fnt. tal off^i; ""tkt Xortfon' of Th'^'^^^nf *^^ '""^^^^^^ --shifting cupi- method of trLtment/Tn^ oests tre^^^^^^ '^T""^' chiefly on the greater than the movable capS but nl- ^ f ^^^ V^ocls the fixed may be duce timberof^ome size the shifiin^oin-^f' forests where the object is to pro- value than the so^ An exan n e w^T f f generally of considerably greater one hundred acres is tteated aT ?plh n '^ !-'^k' ••-^^^""^'"g ^''at an area of one hundred years, with So obiect o? n^J^ ' '™^'' ^'^T*' "'^^^^'^ "^ ^"^^^^^^ «*" case one acre must bl stocked with 1, 1 ?f """ n- ''"^"^^ "^l"*' ^'^t"^" ! ^^ that old seedlings, another wTth X: e yeS S7i^ '''^^"•^' T"\^^" ^^^^^ '^^« ^^^^''^ would be stocked with trees one hnndJl *^''"''f"^^ 1« «» *« "^e last acre which one hundred years old L out over ^nHfh/ ""l^' ^"^''^ -^"«^' ^he oldest wood affp.. fu„ ...h;. "'^ ."'" ''^ p""^ ovei and the area at onc.fi r^stnctpd T.,™pj:-x^i,. f!!L^^!!:2^^^!!:i^^^ stocked with t^ees rising inTgefrm'a Foreat Department of the Goveri^ment of inH?f «^^' =,, ' ^^hl'oh spent upwards of twenty years in the On h. return fro. India he ^^^"^V^fJ^^^ T^^tt^^^^^^ 8 mtCl th^;:;::^:::; CUli :f,^l^- - -"^l the normal growi„, atock. that fagots would not yieUl a^.y" ,ono! retC'''"^'.'''?"'^ ^ ha« been a^sJlnod p.ecasof threo inches Imrn.te7j r^^^^i tul £■''' ^''/'^^r, including all P«nce per cubic foot un.ler a rotation '7 Li * "" *^'" T^' '^''"''^ ^idd two pence nor cubic foot undo a t^ on one fu£7' «f r"^. '"'^'"e *« «^« adapted for the u Lnth "'?.'"" ^ha^ the trocs mochanically chiefly „n other mucl> mo e io;.' i al ncL h"" '"""''•'''" ™'"*"'^" ''"P^"*^^ effect of forests iHHmall. NumemuriZr.„r" ;'«'"P'^':'««n ^'th which the but only a certain po tion Cs^far Z ^n-^'^''''^ ^'^"« been made, which seem to indicate a decided effect .,fSJ'r' '"^^ ^}r^fortym,my those very reliable. The -reat Seulkv f^ 1 *«'-est,s on the rainfall are not always forest statiunn (that i to safst" on^^' -^^^ '"'"^ ^•''"''' "^ ob..ervHtion.s It ordinary meteorological sta? on cons ,t in tie "!r^r /'T'*'\^'*'^ *'"^«« ^^ ^^e affects the rainfall mont powerfidlv 'w„. • , ^''** «lovation above the sea become more frequenrtirh olevatfon "'' """'' °" "''"« ^"'^ precipiUttion* a^iv^tt Sl^SXtjV^r SS^^ ^ «-' — ^- - be of isr ovTt rrg^'^aSrz ts ^c'"^? ^'^ -^jr«^ ^--e ordinary meteorological stations : ^ """"^'^ *" ^^'^l^^" f'-o™ the Excess of rainfall in forest station over that of onen country, m per cent, of the latter ramfall- ^ Between sea leveUnd 328 feet elevation. . . . ,25 per cent. " 1.969 " 2.297 " " ••• ]P "„ " 2.297 " 2.626 •• - ;:;; II' seemlltdTc^tt'rhat'TnTheTfai^^^^ iSt *'^ '''''t'' '^^'^ ^' '^^ «-«. they fall, if any at all but that thifr^nfl u''''''^ '^^''^ "^"« effect, upon the rain- elevation in mountahLSrcountries""' ^''^"'^ considerable wifh increirg show?Si^,l— ^^^^^ two stations near Nancy feet above the sea, one in the middle nfVn! • ^ stations are situated 1,247 of^^oy. the .K. i„ „„ aCm-^ -nrr.r-L«?o-?i^'„r.te The results were as follows • '""Sl/St'^tl;!"--' »-'•»' - *» «P«n in per February to April . . May to Juiy ' per cent. August to October"'.'. JJ November to January . .' .' .' .' .' .'.■.■.■.'.■;.; o? '•'< Mean of year Evaporation. 10 H I i 1 ^^^^:rL:i^:::i^::;-^:::^i,z-L!'k^t^- iSt.itions, Quantity of water evaporated from a frw surface of water, height in iriche, . In tlie open. Bavarian . Prussian 23.53 13.16 Mean 18.34 In forest, 8.61 5.98 Le.s.i in loiosc. Less in forest ex- presaed in ptr cent, of the j total quantity i E . aponited in tlie I opnp. 7.2(1 -14.92 -7.18 -11.05 -6S -55 -00 in JopT/countT '''' ^-p-^*-" - ^he forest "was onV^;;;;:^^i;;^i;7t point, ext.„,Ji„g over ifve ye^^shr^he Wwl'nTS ?.'"™"™' ™ '«» Water eviiporated from soil in tlie open loo nart, i-vaporation from forest soil, without leaf mould 47 " mould.." " ■'"' f"" loj"'- o"e"l 22 " Altitude in of stations feet. E.\ceg8 of rainfall over evaporation in inches. Peroentaffe of rainfall which evaporated. In the open. Tn f.ori^t. In the open. In forest. 0- 328 12.02 12.69 12.20 36.96 47.10 50.77 12,32 j 13.84 ! 17.65 1 30.79 43.08 1 46.34 1 65 53 68 22 15 19 328— 666 .. . 37 984-1,312 30 1,969-2,297 25 2,B40 18 3,050 9 11 'I. Liiiuu u wiL itaves. iJiu quantity tluis consumo( .s not known at iiiN.«r.nf l.nf ,-f vvo-fifths of that rainfall which rated. In forest. 87 SO 36 18 9 11 MECHANiCAf. Effect of Foue.sts. (a'^ deeding of springs and rivers. fourths fall upon a layer oThumn 7^1^^^^^ ""^ *^'' *'"'''' *"^ *'^« "^^er three- water and toSaLtf for a tiZ Hl^^ £T"T " f'^* f'P""'^ *« ^^sorb of the species i^ypntt^u whic ..row unTr^r ^7""^ tor instance, that mosses five times their own wXTit of wafpr Zfl \ ""^^ of conifers, can absorb up to to seven times, Zl the leaf moukltnl J^? T-'"' "* 5']? ^^'^"^ Sphagnnr^up beech wood canXrb and retTn 1 ^ ,•' i''""^.^V^,'°!.'idle-aged well-preserved water thus absorbed penetrates Lt^, bl T "T"^*^/ ? ^^' ''''^'''- ^^'^ «f "^e feeding of sprin£rswh^LfV,pr.f^^^^ becomes available for the In thfs STwIlll—ved & LS'? ''"^ ^^y/".^° 5''^ «-^"^«^ stream sustained feeding of sE^ l^the "odp Jf "'^ f ^"'^^'^ f''*' "P°" *^« When, however, the humu^h;s been satZtedw?!; ""^ '""^^T ^""^^ '^ "^'«^«- effect of forests as regards iniindfltilf! with water and rain continues, the tonow. the la.s of fe^tTn-dtXits^^l^Tr^-^X^f '''"■™" "'^ (b) Protection of the soil. <(ci,ris collects in rivei ami to™; „hi.? i' ""'''=^1 valueles.,. Frequently the of the bed and eroIT ^^^^Cr^^:^^:^^'}^'"' ''3' « "-«-»" depends on tlie o-eolo-acal orio-in n..,l fKo w T^ ''t w.uch tins prGee,>,s proceeds 12 ill in "the Alps from FScetHustrkm ''' ™"' • ™?r^''^^° ^«"S««' ^"^^ ««?«"«% estationsLvetXHLe thpii; ^^^^^V" these parts, extensive defor- series of torren s in all Dlles wh2''^ ?*' \T ^^' ^'^^^^^ formation of a denuded areas at a SonHavwl efforts are now made to re-afforest the afforestation^' not Ssfb^ ,Tmn!^ h« ''"'' *>.T^ \"' ^^^" ^^^^^^^^ immediate •likes, walls, etc to steady the .o?ln f),''''^''* ^^ ^'^^ construction of dams, to establish itseft and otVmore^i^ forest growth has had time the soil not only n the ^11.^ „li^^- J , *^^ ^"^^'''^^ ^°''- ^"''^sts protect called moving o^ shifting «lnH«? .J" W lands, wherever it consists of so- countriT Tlie actionTn^^s .^^^^^^^ ^ '" *he interior of the air currents and nJ^i I i ^ '? due partly to their moderating the force of the ?ormS of hummus an^^^^^^^ the soil together through tleir roo^by France have from a Srearv wa.t. hLT °^ "^T^""'-^- ^° ^^'' ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ oi sected by cultiVa^ed fieTd7 converted mto extensive forests inter- (c) Protection against air currents. iaford alao shelter to Z,e id u»fuT h^""'Tr " ?' '^'^ "'°'''- Woidlands should not be overlook treoJe^nliV^K- /"><"!■. ™P»'^"=e in this respect injurious insects, de°^nS oton^onrhaTofwtlLt'* "" "^ ^'" ™'""'' ■" Hygienic Effects of Forests. in,pofCt^eLy™rtL°p™dSn„^t''' the vegetation of the earth, are an carbon dioiPde. Krect oteervation, h.v T" t*"""!? ^^ ""> ■l'»»mpo»i«on of is.uch.herino.o::fttn7htro^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ against SnjuriJuJ"?; 'cm-r^rYhrmav ''''"^'^^ T'''^ '^"'»«" ^^^i^^t-ns healthinesi of adjoiiinsr lands InsTn^n^I """""'r ' ?-'°'^''*' ^^^°^ "P^--^ the to have given pritecL^n against th^^^^^ p °° '^*°?"^' ^^^'^ forests are said they are said tl have Sd fhT^p JLit? effecf ""tT' ^"' t'^'.':' *■''« '^'^^^'^^ ^^^^^ some cases the medical authorit^rS mn> . ^*' "^ ^"^'* " concerned, in planted, and in Ss to be Tnf T ^^tST*^^^^ to be 13 le soil against the any rate for a time I of obstacles are, ty and force, or at icial effcQt of tree iges, and especially s, extensive defor- lal formation of a ; of hard rock ; the at the base of the •nly in France but to re-afforeat the created immediate truction of dams, ^th has had time . Forests protect it consists of so- n the interior of iting the force of jh their roots, by vay the Landes of ve forests inter- i this way afford ids. Woodlands in this respect great enemies of le earth, are an ecomposition of lir (like sea air) lly of towns. lan habitations ffect upon the forests are said ■e others where s concerned, in i forests to be ecies, such as thus remove I required in a 'orest question in the following table, "^ ""'*'' ''"'" '" » """^^ of countries a«Xwn Countries. Area under forest, in acres. Percentage of total area of country under forest. Forest aiea Distribution of forest area. aocordingr to ownership, i? percentage of total forest area. Servia Kussia-in-Europe Sweden Austria proper Hungary """"•"y ( 34.350.000 ^'"^"^ 18.920.000 Turkey, including Bulgaria. iJosnia and Herzegovina.. 5,166,000 627,427,000 42,366,000 24,161,000 22,603,000 Roumania . Italy Switzerland Spain France Greece Belginm Holland Denmark I Portugal 20,612,000 4,888,000 14,236,000 1,930,000 21,345,000 20,760,000 2,026,000 1,073,000 654,000 477,000 1,166,000 Great Britain and Ireland ( 2 Total for Europe ( ygg jUnited States of N. Amwica. . JEast India, British I ^q, area per head of phei en».C«'Sl,-;L^-"^-r^^^^^^^^ 14 m area than is necessary to supply thinni with a sufficient quantity of forest produce At the same time, they are all sea-bound >.'Muntiies, and consequently subject to conditions, which differ altogether from tliose found in continental countries ; most of them are under the influence of uiojst sea winds, and all are favorably situated in respect of importation by sna. Intimately connected with the area 'inder forest in a country is the state or ownerships. Forest owners in Europe may be ojrouped into the following three gi'eat classes : (a) The State or the Crown. (b) Corporations, endowments, etc. (c) Private persons. Where forests are not required on account of their indirect effects, and where importation from other countries is easy and assured, the government of a country need not, as a rule, trouble itself to maintain oi' acquire forests, but where the opposite conditions exist, that is to say, where forests are necessary to produce climatic and mechanical effects, and where the cost of transport over long dis- tances becomes prohibitive, a wise administration v.-ill take measui'es to assure the maintenance of a certain proportion of the country under forest. This can be done either by maintaining or constituting a certain area of State forests, or by exercising a certain amount of control over private forests. In most of those countries where corporation forests exist they are subject to the control of the State, though the doa:ree to which such control is exercised may differ. Private forests are free froui control in some European States, and subject to it in others. In all such cases the State is only justified in interfering when the welfare of the general comnjunity requires it. The extent to which interference may be carried depends on the special conditions of each country, and on the proportions of the forest area belonging to the State. Thus, of the Swiss forests only 4 per cent, belong to the State, while 67 per cent, belong to corporations, and 29 per cent, to private owners ; at the same time a large proportion of them are so-called pro- tection forests, and in consequence the Government exercises an extensive control over both corporation and private forests. Of the Oerman forests, 33 per cent belong to the State, 19 per cent, to corporations, and 4S per cent, to private per- sons; the corporation forests are under State contiol, making with the State forests 52 per cent. This being more than one-half of the area, the control over private forests has of late years been considerably reduced, and in some parts abolished altogether. It is worthy of notice that only 20 per cent, of the Swedish and 12 per cent, of the Nor'*egian forests belong to the State, while the bulk are private forests, over which little or no control is exercised by the State. Large quantities of timber are exported annually from these countries to Great Britain and other countries, and it may safely be expected that these supplies will con- siderably decrease in the course of time. i i\'i m i.llll III? DEFORESTATION IN RUSSIA. The following article appeared in a recent number of the Literary Digest. It was translated from Prcvss'uhe Jahrhucher for July. When treating of the Russian famine of 1891-92 in the April number of | this magazine, we remarked that this was not to be regarded as a passing incipient, I but rather as the inauguration of a chronic condition of affairs traceable to 1 15 the general deforestatfon " 7" o^Xv n i'o„T^'%"! ^ ^'°.'f''^'' '^''^^' «°d *« and protected enterprises. The ffionsfouences'n 'fF'""'^'' ""^ m-e now generally appreciated, thoHhruZT.Zlf^'^^'^'''''^'^''^^^^^^^ the country, and growing arid ty of the climatp „ff r' ^"*^?,"«ble rivers of neither be overlooked or gainsaid c^'mate, affording ovidonce that can The regions of the mightv vjvers thp no„ m ^ arten.s of Russia, were fo?nieHy fr nid J^th '^^^^^^ ^"V'^' ?"^^P«'' ^''- great whole upper ana middle coursers, S she, Jed f^'^ from evaporation throughout tho yeaT ilSoiflf''' ''""'''l ^"'^ tributaries disappeared. Mile after mile ^lie travpW ^"'^'*\t^^e now for the most part melancholy .stumps in unbroken successSnZ^"M*^^l"^ ^f ^"^ ^'^'•"bs and shallower ; the steamers find scarcely sevTorei'htl?''. ^^ ^'^ " ^^^^^ ^^^^^ly and the femes pursue their snaU-liL course f,n?n J f/'^'^^^"" '" mid-stream, ever-shifting channel. The D„n wlthZf-T ^""^ ' *'' ^*"^ ^" search of the the Dneiper creep downward and I \li:f'';r^r"' 1"'^^ *'- ««-•««« o with a flow of some 220 Knolish mi^les tnJf^f^' *^^ °"'^ "<^b''^' ^orskla The city of Polt 1 '"^ ^°'" '"""'''^ '° '"°»th Swedish Army .surrendZl torl'^/the^'Sea; '"^h!" T "' 'K'^''^'^ <^hat the J'road region, supporting a nunierous ponulatlon l^l ''''^'"' ^'^''''^ ^^^-tiJi^ed a run dry, but with all its .sprino-s e"haus?pi 1 '.,•*' ?" '"ore-not temporarily from the map. Of the B/tiug:anothe" • 4r ?n K S ^"'"'^ '' '"^^ ^e L-icken has wholly disappeared-vaflefand beda eSlStofh^^ region the upper course As if by magic, wide, fertile lands a e bn 1 1 ^ ^i^^"""^ "^'^^ »and and earth desolated. « There has been," s^s Wit j'll- T ^''' *'" '""'^'' ^"^ ^^^^-^l^ tillages ion of natural conditions. ^hiX threaten^ /^^ropy. " an unparalleled revolu! the heat and aridity of the Central A^h.? f ''''^* P^^ °^ *»^« «o»ntry with our black earth regiL is so seri",is a.^" £ £'?• V'' P''^^^"* cmdition of possibly escape the serious attent on ot^he Tov^? '" dangerous, that it cannot husbandman, to whom the furtl o° rWn] ! ^'''I^^'l'^ent, the scientist and the que,stion of life and death." ''''^^''^ '^^^^^opment of the situation is perhaps a ^^^'o^'^^:^^ catastrophe to the he absence of any systematic provffion oi co.? T'""^ '^"^^ existence, and, in heart of the forest, and, after hUn' consuZ :? ?F^' '^7^'' ^^ected in he distance, their plant was actuallv .om^K .^ ^ ?^ available fuel within easv originated the system of wSesale de rnTn ^'T^^'''^ *° ^'^'^ «eld. Ss the network of 'railways buir to main " n?''^' •^^'''^ ^*« "berally furthered by marts o commerce and provide geSyJothP T™'"""'"'!^'^" ^^"^ *he great past forty years thousands of locomS 1.1- *'^.*"?P"'-t oi produce. Fo? the :S"y^'t\wood without a thougKe^^^^^ '^*ve been run almos tion. The extension of the railwav^s •ifrnSi ^ '^"•'^ provision for reproduc- tortunes from the '' worthleS ''Lef Th?°^'P°''"''^^^'''-«^t'-^'^t^ also; so the fate of the Russian w . ^"'^ were the manufacturers' view, devoured the woods." ^"'''''" ^"'''^^ ^'^^ ^^^^l^d. " The machSes have ' tW( in And the Governme.'it and neonlo nf R.,..- i i , ""'"""""'l-e Imperial SocietFS'S the following 16 if mics: 'There are now living people who remember when the present limitles* expanse of sand-waste along the banks of the Donez was covered with almost impenetrable forest, interspersed with lakes, which have since dried up or are fast drying up. Our region is flat, deforested, and exposed to all winds. The fatal east wind finds no impediment, and brings ruin in its train, This wind will perhaps at no distant date prove fatal. The Grecian colonies went under pro- bably from the same cause. Protect the forest ; so plant forests ; protect them ''•ii u^T"/ ^*''^- '^^® ^°'«* *"^ ^°" '^^^ a" the rivers of southern Russia will be silted up and disappear unless the "'orests be protected." More fatal even than the drying up v he streams is the cessation of the spring and summer rains. This is the immediate cause of last year's harvest failure and on it even depends the current year's harvest. There have been local rains, but not nearly enough. This reversal of old conditions has been coming on gradually with the denudation of the forests ; and emphatic warnings, as we have seen, have been uttered. The only result has been the appointment of commissions which have done nothing. Remedial measures on a large scale are now contemplated Are they too late ? A PLEA FOR PLANTING. The sixth Earl of Haddington, in a work in the form of letters to his grand- son, published in 1773, says : " When I came to live here (1770) there were not above fourteen acres set with trees. I believe that it was a received motion that no trees would grow here on account of the sea air, and the north-east wind ; ao that the first of our family, who had lived here, either believed the common opinion, or did not delight in planting." He continues : " I had no pleasure in planting, but delighted in horses, and dogs, and the sports of the field ; but my ■wife did what she could to engage me to it, but in vain. At last she asked leave to go about it herself, which she did, and I was much pleased with some little things, which were well kid out and executed. These attracted my notice, and the Earl of Mar, the Marquis of Tweedale, and others admired the beauty of the work, and the enterprise of the lady." After his lady had planted several orna- mental clumps in the shape of wildernesses, she proposed to plant a field of about three hundred Scotch acres, called the Muir of Tynningham, a waste common of very little value. From this all her ladyship's friends, as well as her lord, tried to dissuade her, but in vain ; she planted this likewise. In 1707 she began Ben- ningwood ; the prejudice of the country being still against her, they continued to deride her, telling her it could be of no use. Success, however, always gave her encouragement. The next was a large tract of ground, mostly dead sand with very little grass, and very near the sea. Here her ladyship participated in the com- mon prejudices, and thought it would be of no use, but as a gentleman from Hamburgh, being there on a visit, told her he had seen timber growing on such land, she immediately formed a resolution of putting it to a test ; plaated sixty- seven acres of it ; and the trees grew to the astonishment of all who saw them. Thus her ladyship, to the honor of her sex and benefit of her lord and her country, overcame the prejudices of the sea and the barren moor being pernicious, and of horses and dogs being the best amusement for a nobleman ; converting a dashing ■on of Nimrod into an industrious planter, a thoughtle.=.fi .spendthrift into a frugal patriot. His lordship goes on to say the next was a field, which he had oftenlet to tenants, who could do nothing with it ; and further, that he had a great deal 17 TuEKs FOR Shelter. Fuller in his "Practical F(jreHtrv " vorv trnH.fnll^r .«,.. u t. • heav y wooded reaiormarfi nun n IK, ■'^- / tnuutully say.s that pioneers m obtaining land for cul ivaTion fn ! Tw '' 'r' "''?''^>' ^"'' ^'^« P^^^P-^^e «f it is ripo. andothl-wise^ca^L'tX^nVhT ^^^ ^«^- any I^l^^S^Z:^^:^;^:^:'^'' 7''] ^^ '-eh greater thau U,atof the moisture of heatZphere i. ?«niff ^^' -'''f'' ^"'""'^ "^«""^'«' absorbs mon earth. The co^densT on of ^anZ K "^ ''u^ '\^'-'r Vm^^^'^ion than com- Bequently elevates th^etemDemtuLo?Z ^ '^^,^.'^rP^!°^ '^')'^^'>P^ heat, and con- of\ir in contact with the surface VoiTS" h^t*''' f'T^'' '^' *°"«^'^^'' ^'^^ that ground thus raised from 68° to 80° F tb«f nf •^"°,*^.*'^f temperature of sandy TK .• i , •' *^* °^ ^°^' ""h in humus from 68^ to 88° F presen^sffjot to:;?eZ"ali^^^^^^^^^ -^^ 'T^.^^'^'^"\ ''oes not, in the primitive forests are disappearing so rapidlCr: ^klT^^^^^^' ""'^^P'^^' '^^ we shall never be able to estimat wi?vf „„^ betoie the axe ot the woodman that natural wood, though a^l t e nhv^ «1 T"T^ ^^% climatological action of the doubtless, one day raptroximSX^ °' ''''^''^ P'^"^^''«- -"' agency alone is iraportanrenoufh toLt fv '^^ abundantly established, and this which do not enjoy^his^;dl7edSe' ptitfon"^ P'""^^*"" ^" ^" «'^""*"«^ 2(F.) Iti i " 1 ' ^li 18 FORESTRY BYE-PRODUCTS* It has been said that there is in flio TirifJcU t i that either never has yielded or at the nreW^ !f *" '""""'."'^ '^•"^^ ^^ l«°d tural rent, but which fnighrbecome of vE wLiT '^^T^ "°^ ^''¥' ^"•>^ ««"«"!- with timber trees. "® '^^'^^ '^''P»**l invested in planting it beenTenltdlarC^r^^^^^^^^ British production of timber ha, it can be shown that timber wHI vet in ^1°?^ ^ ^^-^T ^'^'^'ff" competition, capital. ^®^' •" '"^^^^ <^'^^°''' yield a very fair return for ways';- '""' •"°'^"" °' ^^^^' «"^-" - -inly applied in the following sound'timbl'r. "' '^«^*-^"''^""?' P^ers. bridges, etc., requiring much large and 2. Building, scaffolding, etc. 3. Railway sleepers. 4. Pit props. 5. Fencing. 6. Furniture ; mainly chairs of beech, yew. etc 7. Hop poles and agricultural implements. ' 8. Bobbin wood. 9. Fagots and firewood. 10. Charcoal for gunpowder, pitch, etc. 11. Bark for tanning. for tl: ;tent I^^arlu^ne^^^^^^^^^^^ f'"^^ ^--^« o^ Scandinavia, of profit to the P?oducers^Calt irivei^^^^^^^ '"°Ji«"» The rent charges on land, the costHneL of !„L; J /""^? ''"'^ "^ ^^^ market. Britain, may b% contributing cauts^ this ts^irb^^^^ ''''''''' ''^ ""'^^ fact that the sending of crSoked or heavH v ! W '^ v u '^'''^° apparently the British foresters is a^othe^reason forX^;fI^tP'^■*'^^'';•^"'^^ *^« "'^''ket by best means of meeting foreigrcomnetition ^^'''i^f^t ?car.dmavian trade. The of production, coupled witlT exce ence o^ iL^ffi'"''''"! *° "'''"^^^^^ ^''^"O'ny is probable that the^utilizati mTSe%ubs?rnli7 ' ft ^ '".°^^«^ ^''^des, it the'^chief key to economical p?oducUon Hon It *"'^ ^^rP^?*^""*^ '"^^ ^rove bobbin-wood are locally among the iremTnF^J?' ^S"C"ltural implements, and the main question with refe"Lce T hem S ' ° °^^ ^ utilization of waste. ^"^ ''^'"« economy of prodnction and by our farmers. Chemical substitutes fVir w! ^^^^^^^^'e should be considered th^e exclusion of the natural biti-^M^t^X successfully used to manufacture of textile products, or o7paDer THp Sn -T^^ ^! '''^'^ '» ^^e larch are largely grown^r hop-pole's i^E south ofTi^i"*""'' "'' ""' used by wheeWts:arapi dl^^^Te'. ''""'^ '^ ^'^"^'^ '" considerably' 19 purposes might also be extended ense area of land 'ield, any agricul- ted in planting it ion of timber has eign competition, 17 fair return for in the following much large and of Scandinavia, *lle> bein, preferred powdl"^trwhS*;ur^^^^^^^ manufacture of g.„. light spongy woods o^vadoufhT.n«f^^*''' ^"'''•^>'' ^"''^'^'^ '' "bt«*ned from requirei to be as ? ee from aT.v or ninr.'nl^' '^.f '"' '' ""^"T'^'^^' '■•^•l"''-^^ = ^^ coal is absolutely pure carbon "onerar.t J. • ^""'' ?i' ?"'''^^'' *'^''"«b no char- oxygen, as well as m'S'aT For fl?" "" "' '^\'"'^^^ Mrogen and pared by the priraitiv^ method of IZ v '""''""■ ^''^"g^» ^^^'^ ^"'^^^Y P™- £ prefeibly mLuiSr^t' rl^^linie iT Tt^ts ^ l^i ^^^ far more economical and yields a mnrA n«;f^ •etoits— a uiethod which is distilled from the wood ai conrj-l / ™ '"'"''• P^ inHammable gases retorts, so that an Tmmense saSfin /.^iP'^''' «•"*" ">« J"'"^^-''« below the ligneous acid, etc., are onden ^d fni c^ et'd T^; "^^'^ /'^ ''''• P^''^" the wood is charred exercises a mp«rrff ^, ''^''*^^'- ^^"^ temperature at which The higher the tempeS? the^mnv?? 7^) ^^'' Pf^P^'-ties of the charcoal, of the wood driveroff and t ! Zr "'^'"Pl^ f y ^^e the hydrogen and oxygen while its temp"rl?ure of "i Son L :L''"v ^u^'^'' '' '^' ''^^"'""f? ^^arcSal, charcoal retains more^Ltile Zh.// higher m proportion. Slack-burnt able and more hygroscopfc ' '°^*"'' ''^^''^' '"^^^ '^^^ily inflamm- twelv'e grSus'TelTof ITXw kinds' ?^'. ^^'^^^ ^^^'"^ ''*' ^^^P^^-' cubic inches of gas (CO,) in the tISf :- '^''''°*' ^'^' *^« ""'"ber of Dogwood (mawnus frangula) oo ^„u:„ ■ , Willow {Salix alba) ^Z ^"bic inches. Alder ^ I' " Filbert '..'.'.".".'.■.■.■ l^ ", Fir, chestnut, hazeL. '.".".'." If " 00 " " perhaps other species are no ^common rsEi't.^^^^^ «a;Aar ^^ ^''- of great vauelL^filJ^rSg n nd volatile portion »ses, has lonff been roducin;^' countries, le value of Swedish vith charcoal ; and it upon the wood itli centuries. For 3al bein;^ preferred nufnctiire of j»un- h is obtained from rally HMjuired ; it e, tliouyh no char- )ine hydrogen and still largeljr pro- th tnrf, charcoal niethod which is inHammable gases unaces below the lie the tar, pyro- orature at which }s of the charcoal, 'ogen and oxygen e'sulting charcoal, ion, Slack-burnt readily inflamm- ins of saltpetre, e the number of 310 inches. for the purpose, catharticus, and alder-buckhorn, rers. Rharanus about an inch more than six a very explosive es. Willow and phen about four lamed species an bark is in the lue as a filtering? Volatile Products. B^^iJ''^ a certain amount of tar, and the inflammable gases which as has Zd o? :''''f ''n'^ "V"'' I" '^'' ^^"^'•'^•^'^' """'ufacture, ::ven th smoke ha. vu i.om the letort in a i.,ui.l h)rm, aoeompaniod by acetic acid. This crude ist.llato >,s known as " wood vinegar." uno Scots , ino r/ tTne." where it is obtain^ from he cfu'ter ■!/:"; p" """^' '''"' '^"'•'''"^"'^ ^''-I'^n- «iru«hurg turpentine i. .)bta?ne W "^ " i vCr^'«r m^^^ ^^^«'• ^P^'''^- .V.-n» e turpentine" from the huoU (f ■ *^r (Abu-n p>'rtinata), and «nnihu. prorhfct fro.n ^/>ir/>,,/ L , '1' ^r'',': «Y"/"^"0. , Canada halsa.n is a cluHter pine (/'. pi,,,,,„,^ on e sau.l nl 'T^fT'', ^^" e^'tiv-ttion of the example of the conver.on JJ ori/S ^*"'»«'^ of Bordeaux is a ifoo.l source of profit from soil formeHy vrn^T' IJ!^ '''""^Tr!'"'? '"'"^«»'-« '"'« a tho forests of Souther,. Fraricrf/S ,. "h 1 '''' , ^hether the felling of not originally the cau.se of thtarid r nn 1 l'"''' f "'' .•''■""J?''t>^. ^vas or wa^. up the natural .Irainago a..d slX„. n and t " 'f ^'"" '^ '^ ^''"^' ^'^^ •''^"•""<'- wastes, the a.lvance of which w^onlt ?^mU T ^l"nes produced swau.ps „,i pines. Originally planted v iMhia Ztec i^Je . • ^ ^'l" •^''".'''"^' "'"^'^ "^ these urpentine and tar.has rendered hem rsoi?^^?r'^''''';'^'f''*."^' ^'^"'^^'•- I'^'-k. tha we have in our own country co"li?hal|e tre^l''' '''''^' :''""'"> ''^""'"'J "^ ful •llum.wat.ng oil containing from J^to 02 ner n«n^ ' *'^ '*"^ ^''»'^'^^- ^ "^e- by M. Oudlemara from the rfsin W the Ij,!?;:,' .^J;,^''^^" ^as been obtained Minor Pro ducts. turpS^::;?s;^-E-r ^^:;;:rira^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ -'^- ^- p^^«'- discovery has demonstrated in the pa^Tl mat ""^ commerce, chemical frequently in the future, the presence of s.b?^ ' '-^Pf ^'"^ ^'^ '^""^ «till more form sources of proHt For^llZ^T f '""^H t''"''^^ '" tiees which mi.rht well larch felled in su'n.mer, bird" J ^i 'Ta'^ubsTa^' '^ ^''''' P'"« -"^ ^^^^e obtained, which yields " vanillin "lb!? oV- f^'-'^^tance known as " ooniferin " is an expensive -^stance trpepare tl^^Ts ^onsTr^'^lir Thougi: Winch resists the action of air and acTd? ^n?l l\^ m ''^''' ^'"""'"^^ " 'atex," the durability of india-rubbe^or gutta ^rX even'i^- ^ ' considerably increase a small proportion. As in the salt min^rj «/ r ^ '",'''"'' ^''^h them in oulv formerly wasted bye-prXtftJiesaklnl if '''^"'"^ '^ ^^ '^^"' ^" '"d that f .■ not more so, and as ii Mich g^n the .'^IC-t*'"' ^' ''t ""■' "^ - ™<=k salt, u charcoal, so the development of new chemica in fT-'^ ""^ ^*'"'^'''« ^^an the ouces . this vanillin an^d gutta-pStrrlutS tS SetmbTrlS: Leaves, Sawdu.st, Etc. Ir 8:., spring, ;,v, and use^ v ii ^ . ^ , .d . antage as . " J fo. ca^tt Si.v^l'^f ?ne-twenty-fifth of salt, dnedlee.-.. oi . V. poplar have lonXcn "id f f 'f ^" 'V^^"°•'^'^ ^^^ ^^aly the bears out their value for this purpofe When nS ""^ f f^^i' T^"^ ^^^™^'=** *"a'y«i* leaves make an excellent littL. a^nTanaTi%ToteS^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 23 the fi'Mnkincoiiiie Hideivi) !u quantity B Scots ))ino (P. Bonloaiix turpon- n«l other species. I p'-rtinata), arul ia. 10 no 4.2H (1.20 2,:/'.) lb. lb. 9.32 3.28 3.28 1.61 6.72 1.87 4.» Saxony in the previoas ear. methods used in eS" X ZTn K- .''I been made in the machinerv and «bre. The fibre, of th," w^n 1 ? "^'"^ H^'°^ *« P'"^^"'^''^ "' longer and iner revolving grinds one n contact'with '" T"^ k^ '"echanical pre.ssu^e again.t a is nece.s.sfry. thronlVrenTrement .ffh" '•- ,^° chemical treatment of the . ood water-pow^; and suLbnaernS^^^^ '" '"^"'''^ ^""^ '''^^'^P ^^°-'' abundant conif^rs":l;^i:;?^t^i^:;^jS7 i^^;^' T't' ^--y '^-'y ^^* objects exhibited in tho Norwpo-inn «!!>/• ^ "^^^ °^ ^^e most promine it made in this way rompiLwood"^':*'^" T\^ P''\V^' ^"'^ ^' P^P^er raacl.'. pannellings, etc iK been foi.nd In ''^to cardboard and various moulded Pine tree trnnk_K;;X„ !" J?""^' '."oreover. that in this way the whole of a waste. Saplings, which Tt would „orn„*,tT''*'t i"" T''^'"'^'^ ''^^^ P*P^^ without ^^:2!^ed_|^^^V to c»tfor firewood, are now profitably • By G. F. aree„;-^ir^,„,7a^J^ie,a;:^^ IS mac 24 obtained as a bvc^-Drod.iPf nn?w\ i , "^'^ '' '^^^'^^ *he tannin in the oak is aid than aJ.ii'e^Jo^SLra ^^nr^^^'uT tmd'tl 't'^^ ■"'"? "*" » wrapping-paper. It forms (accordino- to uf p Tf ,' *'''^ *"'■'' ^"'^ "'"'"^ '^'"f's of or filler up, and bleaches L a iXh llov F ^^^'- ^.'^ ^" ^^^^^^'^^^^ succ.rfane. exclusively from acid pulp ^ *'"' f^""*« ^""^ ^'«o manufactured chea^?SS^nn.S-s^1r^;;^^^^ in the manufacture of news, made from it without anyXn^i.n.dion l ^ '"''T^ ?''^'"''^ '''^^^^^ °f P^P^r pine pulp, and various se f-cl/od ™^ v,z wood-pulp middles from white sometimes styled patent pulp '"^PP'"^'^ ^"^ tinted wall-papers from brown, brownroS^V"h? latS bdnlUl^dtr 'P '^^^^^^ ^^ f-^'^^ " Patent " or white pine-pulp. ° pi educed from brown pme-pulp and the former from Mthrd3\i':tvrj,ziro,'':eeXr:t '"'°^""" ->-°- »- Bess ^riT:! Ji^t "ine'E °at "'1^0?' .T^' '■^"' S^""""' -=' " *ick. Younger wood is ■LetataWeWohemiUlSLt,'?/':; '"''' 1°,'"' "" '^^ nt^and'^^Lr-eT-L&E?^^^^^^^^^^^^^ s-onS";t"sr^^^^^^^^^ tint,aLLl/3trftll\S^ P'"^'"'"P'« '»-»'» P«Plo by 4tsrtiT™c'r;:7rdfvJ^dtto"r^^^^ p-if '"» -"^ ing, choppinffi crushing, boilin" or dims in. Z,l„l '°"?r'°f .--Baking, saw- sale as half-stutf, and £da recovery. * *' * "'' '''«»'=lii»e. treatment (or Hemlock Extract. i.i8jrc!;\tt^Snis;^^^^^ <5lu8ion was come to. after a n^v^r ^^.f/fH con"i^^^^^^ '^^ unless some steps were soeedilv tnt^nTT ^i, ^'^"^^^^^"''ioij or trie question, that of eo„sun.p.io„^he„ ll-^^^^^tt 't^^uT^l^ S^ZTI^i '£ 25 distinct processes^ irns of a purple Large quantities in Drummond and Aithabftsk'.i • fi'vo U...1 ^ i • • , mixed g:Lft^?,*ttpt^LTr^'nf^^^^^^ " 'IS""™"*' ™«-''''J bva P»rpo»s ; even f SanS •?' fS;2 ^'7"' Y^T "" '^''»''"1 '<>' '"™ing «ne-,«lh„t the tim^TidlLnehrif of Their™''' '■'''' ''''''''"'' 'o"*"^ '» .hehllSoffLts;;Tiutt[L°°pirr, °' '"'?'°°^ «/"-' -"«"-»' their tanneries into the ruXlSr^h;" ^'""P'l •""l'''""'"™" to remove of W., and consequent,,:; tX" ^L-^'Srfh^^^^^^^^^^^ charged on bark, and a eoSmbrLZe d^tv o„"T^'' '?»''■''" rP-^'-i^'y exportation. ™'' ""'y <"■ extract manufactured for bark^^X?4rw'r;°3?Ser'atCrt'™"' /'" '" '«'™ -'* »' «ord for felling and »1 per cord for CrtinV '^" * ™'' '^y- "* *' P" QuebeS' ""'' "' '"""°°'' '""■'"'<«' "2« -«<= feet) is worth S8 at Montreal or wng''lTattr^^pTdl;'5:p"ii::i\tl"°^^ care and forethought the SJSeZ. iZo fl^f ''"^".l; »?<'*'" ""i'hout proper * (referring to dipping .bSrUtcetrnTS ^^d^^^ell^r™ " Mat kT'P'k '^"^ '"i'^^ *^^ cruBhed to jret, May be a barren desert yet " «-tti-ltrSr:S.=-^dXt&^^^^^^ 26 if ! jji il; w i liji THE GEOGRAPHICAL ^DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOREST TREES OF ^y^'^BttR^Zl'SlT^^^^^^^ t^-ere is a paper northern limits of the pvinZT?ore7S.Zr ^f """^ °? ^^'""^ *'»^ g«°«ral tains are represented. Dr Bell says •- '^'^ '*'' ^^ ^'^^ Rocky moun- Abou?34o''dT^SspL^^^^^^^^^ --ty of forest trees, we have in Canada. ^anountTn" to ^t n W '''• ^^"^''- ^11 the kinds which slope, are also met with in Zt countrv So.r« ^' "^^'"^'"g ^hose of the Pacific fused but are also persfstent over J^eatTrS^^^^^ within the limits of their distribution wisi/Tv. bemg found almost everywhere Bive range, are nowhere very cou^mon « n^ i ^*'^^'-«' ^1*^0"^^ having an exten- ble interval. Others again are SnTd fi'V""'*'"?' ' f '""' ^^^^ ^ ^onsidera- general rule, the more northern ?n.„" comparatively small tracts. As a while the southern ones are p°ogS^^^^ the greatest extent of country, more rapid ratio than would b^SSh/.r ^"^^^^^e restricted, even in . north to south; this isZing to tZ ™t^d ff! "^^'"'^^•"^ ?^ "^^ continent frou. ditions in going from easT t? west if ft "''" experienced in climatic con- northern borders of^he fLsts of u " -^i" ^^^''^^ .latitudes. Along the ^:t:::^orftr^"^^^^^^^^ ing fea"uZ:f to the ^LriSTuSX''" f'^'t ?^''' ^^^^ ^^^ ^^-est- almost every indivLfanDecierof /iA^^^ i'' ^' "^"^ *' ''^g^rding that there is no materia chanS fntl7Zn^^Tu '""T^^"' I* ^'" ^e observed area, embracing aboVt 600000 so uarp^^l f''°}'Sh<'»i the great triangular line between the RoSv MountaZ „nH T ^' « "^'""^ }^^ °**^«"*1 boundary Rocky Mountains and LanrpnS„n w-n ^^'^^ Superior forms the base, and the the aL beingTthTmoutr o7*E Sa UT Rh-f/ t T^ ^f. '^'' ''''^' of this area, a number of snpr.ip« ilt o!f^ i 7 \u , • **^^ southern part of throughout i makHp the buTof fh. f .^'"^ *? '^^ ^"^^^ ^^'^^ everywhere are found to fc^south^f the North Sn^/.H '^"^ again few trees of any kind local peculiarities orcWditiontheie is r^^^^^^^^^ '*?^ '^f'^'^'S ^"^^^"'^^ f«r epru.s.l^,'balsam-^^^^^^^^ dozen^; L's%trrouthwLf n-ki^ng the northern limits of about a eastern side of the va fey of Latp T"'- ^^''' ^,«l«rn limits on reaching the boundaries of the spec^^^^^^^ S' ^'^ ^'^''■' «'hile the tendency to turn soSwardfn «nT^ if -^ *.t ^^^ ^°"*^ ^' '^««« '^'^o manifest a above i-eferred tHre tt whfff T '"^/^^^ ^'T'^' °^ *^« ^««t. The species maple, yellow bich red oak wh?e?sh''i; ^^^l l'^' .^^^*^ ?'"«• ''^ Pine, sugar boresceJt variety) and white S ^«*'' hemlock, beech, ironwood. red cedar (Ir- palClyTe^f,^"^^ itCmZeTTt '^ ^l^ «"^ oth^lt t^oSl continuin^g their gene^^l^tSr^^S ^p^r -"i^^:^ nltli^a^rpt 27 EST TREES OF features of forest distHbutioi sfovt IhatZ •'^''"'' well-marked wood landare of very ancient date The evidenc^eSThVS'"' 1^^ f^'''^ ^"^ of certain superficial geological conditions!:ifprnt1cS'tJ.elate7oSu:ior' ^'^^ foJ'diattro^^^Hrtr^^^^^^ in regard to most southern trees of Ontario belono such J?hi^ ^^ ^''^''^'^ ^he ory, hackberry, and Kenti ^k/Se trel f >. .f ^^ ""^v^hell-bark hick- moner trees of the northern sSes and of O.' w north-western limit of the com- red cedar (arborescent variety) iron wood %ltl T'' ,^"*'^'''«' ?»«h as white oak. red oak, yellow and black hi../j?' ^^^''' ''^nilock, white aah, rock el.n western boundL/es of some of thr.f' '""^t' ''^ '"(^f'^^' ^^'^' P^"'" et«- He Northern Ontario such as?he whit T T^T "?''^''"^" ^'»"ts pass throucrh the soutbern.limits^?thrmo:t no^Vr^f ^iCtcTudint th ''l f' '^' ^'""^ ^ large Banks an pine balsAin fir i.<.ic„ *' i^' including the white spruce, the eastern limits of'sc^ne of the^eJim Sde?"^ T' ^l!'^ ' .^"^ *'« ^^neU green ash, burr oak, and Cottonwood ^ ' '^ *' ^^' ash-leaved maple. .idJ:;petrtatt^^^^^^^^^^ unfavorable influence of the sea on eitSr LI t t^ '^ ^"^^ P*'"^^^ *o ^^e of the central depressions in ^^S^::^:;:!^;^^ ^^^3!^ r^P^^!^^^^^^^^^^^ -rth of th°e St. Law- boundary of the trees. And ft mav hav. hnH 'T '"'""^'"^ ^^'^ "^^thern ward range of a number of species ' A south ^ T' '^'"^ in limiting the north- the longitude ot Ottawa is marked tv a Jort "T^ '° ^^^ watershed about Again, where a great depressirotL [n thrd^.'-^'^^'l^''^" ^" *h« *••«« li'^^^- which in such c^ses may be apDroachin,i th«- ?"^' ?'^*'^"' ""'"^ «f ^he trees - ijnogan. o? ^^^^^f s^S b= J^ ^ft^^^^^^^^ years^;3^m£S^oritr„St;^^^^^^^^ "^T ^^^:;^"' ''^^ ^^'^^ «^- -ap- elevation above the sea. llif SaTuenav 1 ^K '!Z'r!'^''^S *° « sufficiently low renee is really a narrow anxi of S sef 'anJ £^^ '''? «»'«^ ^''O'n the St.Law- St^ John at the head of the river is onl'v slithH "7"^'"3^,^" the vicinity of Lake a fertile .soi], although surroZeVL a^n.S^^'''''''''^-''^"^^ '^' 1^^«1 ^"d has isolated colony of basswoorsul maniT Z h""'. ''»'""• ^''^ ^« ^nd an trom the rest of their speciel^n thi nn5. '1' ^T^V ««»«i^^erably removed north of the City of oiebeo th.U 1 " '^"^ ^"^^ °^ ^""^^ Huron, and to the instances the tree Les^eartkselat^^^^^^^^^^ T^'^' -^ in both than elsewhere. latitudes are more closely crowded together 1 difficult to drawiny definite bnundan^Thr'^ "?''' T\'''''^- ''""^'''^^S abruptly. The latter ^habit is raoreTharactliif. %'''''• .1!'^"^" ''^^^'' ^*"i«h species so far as the Dominion is rncernerTh?-''^ southern than northern more gradually as they ran<.e nmhwarrl il .»,"''''' 'P'"'^' ^PP^^r to die out regions, ^ "°=® northward in the western than in the eastern 28 r. ^"""ff •'■^^^ ^*^* ?^^® ^^''^^ Mountains may be divided into four "roups as regards then- geographical distribution within the Dominion. " ^ ' sian nint LT*'''''fl ^'^"P' including the white and black spruce^, larch, Bank- cZr^ E« V fT ^r* "'P?"' ^'^''*™. P°P'*»'' «*"«« birch, willows and alder These cover the vast territory down to about the line of the white pine. thu \-^ ^^"^''*J- ^'■^"P o'" about forty species occupying a belt of couritrv from the white pine line to that of the buttonwood. i-ouniry nora ies cheslntb-'n f/rP' -T^'^"',"^ "'" buttonwood, black walnut, the hickorj wLh?.; fn;,!?]! •' I'^'^'^'y/^h, sour-gum, .sassafras, and flowering dogwood^ ^hich aie found only in a small area in the southern part of Ontario. 4. A western group consisting of the ash-leaved maple, burr oak cotton- Ts ons wesfoTLd^'il "'"'^ Tr T''^.^^'' ?P^""»'^ °^^^ ^^e prairie and "ooded regions west ot Ked River, and Lake Winnipeg. In the western peninsula of Ontario the°forests present a remarkable rioh as many as htty different kinds may be counted on a single farm lot A more 29 into four « I^'leau canal to he iwfswampi "^ =-^'^^ '" *•»« «'<»-" «=»-»' to lock. .11. .10 .10 .10 10 .10 .10 .10 Fall from Dow's Swamp to Chaudi^re lake. . . 18 h^n'r .^^iSUl'^'^ '"•'^ ^'°"i "»« f°»t to Fitzroy har i • !S^ titzroy harbour to Chats lake, as ascer ^,"}?l^ •::;*'', ^*'t '^p *»>« Mi8sis8ip^roh»„„e _ by the Board of Works in 184B. 4fl Ofl ^t "i^'f ^'''i" ^^^^ ^'^^ the headoFthe'RapideBdM 90 10 13 23 ••4 64 6 25 16 Rise. Total rise, ft. & In. ft. & in. 12.9 44.9 0.6 3.0 0.8 8.0 4.0 36.0 9.4 63.0 2.1 50.0 1.3 12.9 57.6 68.0 61.0 61.8 69.8 73.8 Montreal, Lachin Carillon, 108.0 118.0 Grenville, Ottawa. 181.0 I Chaudi^ro. 188.1 233.1 234.4 Chat*. 30 I V u ll II n! I ;i ! li! 11 Levels of the Ottawa above the waters of the St. Lawrence at Three ; ^lyera.— Continued. FnrfTf*''*' '"'" "'''"' <^''«'"'«« 'o Portage du *ort, a strong current prevailing all the wav sm>. posed to be 12 inches per mile. ^' ^ Kise m the rapid at Portage du Fort the^oot'o? It ^csTl "f ^°''»R« du FortVapid 'and tne foot of the Sable a strong current prevailing ^ all the way, say one foot per mile r«v»'"ng . lem the Sable rapid and two small riunleB ahov«' f.,« whole P^ *° be6 inches per mile. . . . of the Mattawa river" '*' "'^''^' *" '^^ "'""'h distance «u^pT,^" to" b^eSspermr Ri8_efrom tne foot of the M^tt^«.Z}TL?yi: 18 " to mo mouth I ''B?,/uTon*'r: jrvi"/:-'-''^ ^*^« '^ '"«■ ''>«^ "'^the '* Rise in the cave . , I Rise in the Chaudr-in: ::;:;::; fil^l I inches per mile. Ki^fromthef^tl^XIZf^'^Mouniain ,„.'»P d8, ofY 2f inches per m«e .°^ ""' ^"'"^ ^»'"* Prapr- ""* *"*''' ''^"^ °f ihe'Long Saui 1st or lower leap „ „„ Intermediate if mile .■.■.■.;. 2'^ 2nd leap • • • «.oO Intermediate 1 ^IS mile ! " ". '. ! ! ! ! ". S" ^ 3rd Crooked rapid. , ."f'* i.5termediatei2-i2miie;:;::::;::;:;;;;;«;|j 8th Upper rapid ^S-83, Miles. 34 17 12 66 492J 30.4 9.0 6.0 0.10 11.9 i 1.0 13.0 1.0 5.6 3.6 48.5 3.0 4.8 606.6 Levier. 514.5 519-5 I Mattawa. 620.3 Cave. 532.0 633.0 646.0 547.0 562.5 555.11 Cbaudron. Erables. Mountain. C04.4 LongSault. 607.4 612.0 Galere. Temiacaming. 82 ' I Nil Levels of the Mattawa from its junction with the Ottawa, 519 feet 5 inches above the surface of the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, to Trout or Turtle Lake. Heigh above Three Rivera, . , p1»!''T^*''". ""'"■'; •'^"'? Mattawa to' the foot of i'lam-Ohant rapids, including a rise of I foot 8 inches m 2 small rapids, alfowing 4 inches per Rise from foot to'head of Plain-Ciiant'rapidg • ' ' i".f 15.08 ^taJi? V'"?J*!J* ffom'the head "of 'Plain Chant rapids to the foot of Portage a la Rose, say 3 mches per mile < --j " Rise from the foot of Po'rUge ■a'ia'Rose'tothe'h'e^ of Fnrtage dit Rooher above Amable du Fond river • 1 i'ortago a la Rose rise ... r, qn Intermediate .'.'.'.'.'..".'" 20 2 Portage de la Oompagnie. 5 go Intermediate a'dX 3 Portage du Rocher .....'.'.'. k^k Rise from the head ot Portage dn Rooher'to'th4' foot ?n»HJ[f*'* ?®* Parresseux say 3 inches per mile in addition to a email fall of 4 inches f!f rT.u ^^^"J"' "' Portasre des Parresseux to ih^ foot of the Talon or Hang falls : 1 Portage des Parresseux rise , ... 33 9 Intermediate ''' ' " ' n'oK 2 Portage de la Prairie rise « 55 Intermediate '.'.'.'.W.'. O.'gfl 3 Portage rise g qa Intermediate "'".'_' q'iq 1 No Portage rise .' .* ' ' .'.','.' 3 '3 j Intermediate o'ss ^!)?TaZn\aki°°' °^ '^*'°" or'Ha'ngf'aiis'tot'he foot 1 Portaifc de Talon rise , 42 23 Intermediate .'.' q'jk 2 No Portage rise .' "ga Rise from the foot to the head of lake 'Talon by the old canoe route, say 1 inch per mile Rise from the head of lake Talon to the "fl)i)"t' of Lower Trout lake, the difference of level ascer- temed by the new oanoe route, the distance bv the old route, viz : ' Rise from lake Talon to Lao des Pins 42 19 t all from Lao des Pins to Lower Trout lake. 10 89 Rise from Lower to Upper Trout lake, say 1 inch per mile in addition to a rise of 1.1 at the outlet of the Upper lake Rise from foot to head of Upper Trout lake ...... Levels from the surface of Upper Trout lake. 690 feet above the waters of the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, to the surface of lake Nipissinir height of Upper Trout lake. .. ;.. itiso fiom Trout lake to the height of land between it and the Vase river on the canoe Portage Fall from the height of land to the Riviere a la'Vase at the end of the Portage ' F^l from Trout lake Portage, on the 'vkik' to" lake NipiHHing : Fall at lat Portage , , 3.14 Intermediate ..7 XOd Pall at 2nd Portage '.'.'.'.'...'..'.. .'.'20'88 Intermediate .!!'!!!'.!!! llso Miles. 24 i 2 3i 28 7 4i 3i 8 39J 4i Feet and m . , inches. I ^"'a'- 2.t! )7.7 1.4 17.9 1.2 63.9 43.4 0.7 657.5 31.3 1.4 0.0 24.6 22.11 26.6 519.5 621.11 539.6 540 10 658.7 569.9 Plain Chant. Du Rocher. 013.6 Foot of Talon. 656.10 688.8 690.0 690.0 690.0 714.5 691.6 665.0 Lake Talon. Lower Trout lake. Upper Trout lake. Height of land. Vase. Nipigsing. 33 • feot 5 inches above ' or Turtle Lake. .5 •> 11 6 Plain Ch»nt. 10 7 Du Rocher, 9 Foot of Talon, Lake Talon. Lower Trout lake. Upper Trout lake. Height of land. Vase. Levels from the surface of Lake Nipissing, 665 feet above the watere of the St Lawrence at Three Rivers, to that of Lake Huron, at the mouth of the French River. ^of^ivfr^'wl" ^/P'^r'."* "(O-eeably to the estimate of Mr. Wm. Hawkins m his report to the Com- iS'm8"\7«" n""•^« Huron and Ottawi Survey in 1838, the falls on the French river are — i Xt""'1'*'* f*"8 (upper) 10 2Chaudiere " (lower) i6o R»P>d8 aX 8 4 " 6 6 7 8 9 10 8.0 3.6 3,0 8.01 2.0 8.0 6.0 ^mXf?™'f "'I }^Pi>P'^ K«««V siop;'of inter mediate parts of the river, say 6 incheg>er mile. . To the level of lake Huron . . atwJ^f ?)!•'"*•* ^'''^^*. °* ""^ surfii; of iali; Huron atoye the sea, according to the Micuigan Survey Making a dififerenceof Nipissing. 3(F.) 8i FOREST PROTECTION AND TRFF PrrrTTTnt. AGES WITH THE VIEW "^^^ pi^B^vn ? ''^''^^ ^^^^T- STEADY SUPPLY OF WATER FOnn^u^,^ ^ CONSTANT AND FRESH-WATER pj'^^jj ^^^^R. iOOD. SHADE, AND SHELTER FOR tion. It is the 'question of Se protection n on. 'P'''"' '^"''J^«^ ^"'- *»fc«re Ba- lorest and brest trees in localit?as wher^^o ,r?r'"''"'''^"'^ cultivation of aad a supply of water to lakes and ofC fl u } ^^"^ ^""'"^^^ «' creeks, rivers forest land in Canada with which htoLlM T^T' . '^^^ ^re^iz^^i par ofTe the State, but there are no law n 3ence^?v?'' *' '''*' ''^ ^" '^^" possession o tion and proper .nanagemeat of Sese forS^ ^ * ^"''''"*^^ ^^^ ^^^ P«-«^erva- Bteady'^t^'pf/TutnXsetn^^ '" -ter-eourses.and insure a floods, is a fa(t so oft^n d^scZed l.d ;^^>4^d'^.£?"r' 'f''^ '^"^ ^'^-^'ou; here There is still a great deal of u IXntv tL t "''1 °"^^ ^^ ^^f^^-red to forest on he rainfall, and it is only brver mim t. • '^^'"' °^ ^^' ««^«<^ "^ a MSting of the same species of trees in v^trJoS, d ? , ? "'-"f 'T'^^'on« of forests, con- results can be obtained. Still there is i^'^ altitutit i that series of trusf worthy orest in conserving the wate^harfal roi tlfaTti;7h"''-V^^ '' *''« effect of the forest IS considerably larger than that of the al of f h?"^'''^ "^ '^'^ *"• ''^^^^ ^ nients in the south of France shnw,.,l fL^ !i, • ^^^ ^P^^ country. Exneri- with that in the open country Cn the n '■^'?-''" I" ^ ^«'-'^^^' '^ "ompS evaporation in the forest was only on ^th^ld STuT'"'' '^^^^ ^^ '^-^■'' ^'"Ke result of this is tliat the actual water received 1,1 TT'fr '" '^'' *>P«"- The 18 nearly 50 per cent, greater in- a forest than fT«. '^*^^'"."«d fi'o.u the atmosphere plains. Numerous observations have ato est^tl if. T^f '^"^ '''^^"'^'^ ^^Y the ready conductors of electricity influent (-I?: ^'1 *^^ *^°* ^^'^^ ««e forests as action is felt far above the aSiarhegh o CS:L"' irT' ''''' <^'>'^' ^he the clouds into rain by lowering the tomllL f " ^''^" ^''^^ they condense severity of storms ; all this we know bySai? v e'vn""-^ "'' "' ^'^"'"^-^ against "he want of forest protection may 1,*^ nmsf In '/P'^"*'"f« *"d observation. That sadly proved, and I need onl^rernd you o[£ '"^'^ ^''^" «« «««" and and long droughts in Spain. Lut^of ^France Sel^^'rcrr '^ ^''^^ ^^ods many other places, and you will errant thTi,l' ?^' ^'"''' ^^^"' Mauritius, and Mui^ia Valley the river ^was redL^ed?Ja sucSio .'0?.^' *''^^l"-tion. Tn 2e the summer heat developed malaria fZor^ a ■ ^* .stagnant pools, which dur- to life and health, and fu^4t„g bufs a^iT b«"!'*''' exhalatfons. detrimentel remaining fish. ^ ""'^ ^'^^^^ ^^'^ bad accommodation for the few becam'e"t::,rg"^;rt\l^^^^ ^n fact nearly all the valley, ■ on the nmges and mountain« ha^J K° " j ",- Pr^?"'^^' ""d all because the fnr« Jj ■ them As a question of national ecoVomV arrn„"''f-''^'''.'''*'''«^*°"'^ protecVii' "* «6 daim to the attention of the Legislature. The forest, with its number- less roots and decaying vegetation, retains the rain water, ^nd prevents itTom rushing to the nvers and the .ea, while it gives it off to these slo Jy and « teaS^Sy It acts like a great sir 'e and retains the fine particles of the «oiI which the infln «nce of the air and sun, the frost and rain, and the action of Z nuSr ess roote have decomposed, thereby fertilizing the land and forming a laye of mould o^ humus, m which insects, worms. larv«, and other animalcules live and bioed. «. flo^"^ ^'!i'"°?* '"^^''f *'"/ paper o" fish diseases. Prof. Huxley said that drought ficialt^ tile Lf " ""' '^" ^aprolegnea* but that a steady flow was bone- x„i i i^f „^''"J°*' ^"Ponntendent of Fish Culture, Canada, in the discussion vhich followed pointed out that the disease nearly always Appeared wK he Regularity of the supply of water had been disturbed by {he Suction of th^ I presume, therefore, that bgth these learned and nractiral m.nH«m.„ -n wo™, .„d grub, a« constantly supplying the J^SL Se^Z ''"°'" '""' "»" and hT:e'2r„irod thetre'StTon ^'sffa^e t^^h? r'^r ^ ""f ">' «*■ But not only a, regards (reHllwi^sZnfL^Zli ""'.*"^/ ''^0 »« » »t™»m. m particular where the trees, as is often the cLe in t hit J^, t°™' ""* are not so sevcrel? "e It „ r a .L.i!, T°''^ "'» j'"°K«'' "' temperature effect upon tLSrscTen greater It uTS:,,,? "" '•' »!«" PW"». "d *» s;sVLirng*rs;r;£S^^ i^^rhrstd^arse^SH^?^^^^^ was above the woolwS ' ""'" *PP^*' *' *'^«*'' ^^^^ pure as it to inl:::t7t:',Ts^^:r^^^^^^^ of exlstingforests ing them by legi.slation. ^ Rnf^ ^?i7 J °^" if,-''°'J -*° • ^' 'I*''?'" ^'^- "^^ P^otect- cultivating-forlts on places suitaWe fo^r Se suTpT/'o? watt ^n^'^'^f*" *A fuDguB or mould. ~ ' ' 86 :,...: evaporation, supplying food for Hah, and providing those with shade against the rays ot the summer sun, and shelter from the pelting rains, the hail and the teinpists. Salmon fishing and all fresh water fishing depend upon proper attention to this matter, and I feel certain that if the true causes were properly investigated where fish were said to disappear from a stream, in half the cast-s it would ho found that the shade and shelter of the forests or protecting border trees had been taken away. It was said at the reading of Sir James Gibson Maitland's excellent paper on the " Salmonidie " that it was not enough to place spawn and fry m a water; they must be provided with proper fooil, nnd the best means to do this is to preserve the border trees anrl insure a steady supply of water and food by preserving the forests from whence the supply of water is derived. But, as before remarked, it is not enough to preserve the present forest. New forest must be cultivated on the barren ranges, and many a stream, now nearly empty during dry seasonn, will be refilled and soon teem with fish and food for the many. So far for the piinciple of the conservation of. the forest. I will now briefly mention the most suitable trees and their culture. But, before entering upon this, I uutst draw your attention to the important condition to be observed in the management of such forest areas as are preserved for the sake of conservation of water. This condition is density. In the dense shade of a well closed forest are developed all these atmospherJc conditions on which depend the greatest effects of the forest in regard to climate and water conserva- tion. The so-called periodical thinning out in these areas should be carried on with the greatest care, and might with advantage be nearly dispensed with, if the economy of the management would permit it. The result would be, besides the effect on the water conservation, that tall straight trees would be' reared, yielding timber most valuable for all practical purposes. Nature itself would do the thinning out, and do it in a better way than we could hope to do, while the ground would be kept moist and in a state favorable to the decomposition of vegetable matter. It is deisirablc, therefore, to frame regulations regarding such forests, deciding the minimum to be preserved of the number of trees per acre, due regard being, of course, paid to age. species, altitude and locality. For these reasons it is highly important that all such forests, whether private property, commons, or belonging to the State, should be placed under the control of the State. The diflferent trees have naturally a different effect as regards conservation of water and production of food and shelter for fish, as 1 will here briefly point out. To simplify matters, we may divide all forest trees into two large groups, the deciduous and the evergreen trees. The deciduous trees, of which, so far as Great Britain is concerned, the oak, elm, beech, plane, larch, willow, and poplar, are the most prominent, have a decided advantage over the evergreens. I need not here enlarge upon the fact that the full shady foliage during summer is far more effective in preventing a large evaporation, and that the branches of the trees of this group are more spreading than those of the other. The energy of life .seems to be far greater in these trees towards effecting our objects, and, for direct border trees to a water, they are undoubtedly the best suited. The great amount of foliage and branchlets yearly thrown by these trees forms a prominent factor in the economy of nature, and their decaying vegetation is full of teeming life and food for fish. That this group is eminently suited for water conservation, was illustrated in a forest in Denmark, where an area of firs and pines was cultivated with beech and oak. After a lapse of about fifteen years, a mill stream, which, during the ■^ii time of the evergreon trees, had dwindled down considerably, aHsinned such pro- portions that the irrigation of a conHiderahlo area was atft-ctod \>y it, besides 8uppiyin>? the mill wi( i an abundance of water. As regards the evergreen trees, the first cultivatinri ol barren ranges on high plateaus might iidvantngeously bo undertaken with these, on nccount of their ability to resist the severity ot the climate in those exposed localities, and to grow on stony and poor soil. But, oven on rocky ground and in high altitudea, the larches, birches, and other deciduous trees, will often do well and serve better for the end which we have in view, the water storage and the pisciculture. In such localities, where only the most hardy trees can be reared, it would be practicable to cultivate along the watercourses, in the valleys and ravines, or any lower ground, a few rows of deciiluous treea as soon as the other trees had attained sufficient height to protect them from the storms and the frosts. Several objects may be gained by doing so. First, the shade, shelter, and other beneficial effects for the fishes ; secondly, that more valuable tiinber could be reared, as these trees have, as a rule, a greater pieferenco for damp and moist localities than the ever- greens; and thirdly, because the deciduous trees permit more freely a luxuriant undergrowth of Shrubs and annuals. All fresh-water fishermen will agree with me in the advantage of having a good growth of annuals, as watercress, nettles, etc., near the bank, and have ol).served that during feeding time the fish always seek such places. There is a vast variety of shrubs and annuals that might easily and with great advantage be introduced and grown on the river banks, but it t^ould be outside the bounds of this paper to enter fully on the theme, However, I may only mention that many fodder plants and grasses from other countries might be a source of wealth to the population, and greatly benefit the fish as well as the owners of the land, if cultivated on the banks. The Pricklv Comfrey, e. g. {Symphytum asjierrimum) which yields such u splendid forage by its abundant foliage, and many others, are easily reared, both from seed and cuttings, and should do well in the low lands, while on the sandy beaches, near the outlet of rivers and creeks, the cabbage radish (Pringlce anti- scorbutica) would cover these barren an(i desolate places with vegetation, and furnish an object of merchandise by packing them for the use of fishermen and sailors in the Arctic regions. The plant, when cooked, is a good substitute for cabbage, and has a most wholesome ettect on persons suffering from scorbutica. By a judicious forest management, the land can be kept covered constantly and always in a state favorable to the purpose of storing the water, but it is important that both sides of the stream should be planted instead of cultivat- ing twice the distance on one side. A great many American treea might well be introduced, as, for example, the Swamp Cypress {Taxodium distichum), a great tree yielding a fine-grained timber, hard and durable, and the Lever wood tree, Hop-hornbeam, Ironwood {Oatrya virginica), which, besides excellent timber, furnishes a relished forage from its rich foliage: these, and a great many more might have a good efiect on the river fishing, besides other advantages But it is particularly the willows to which our attention should be drawn. The pre- ference which these trees have for water, and particularly for running water, is well known, and points directly to the practicability of placing them in tho.se localities so well suited for them. The fish like willows, and 1 have oftentimes in Australia seen the best fishing places clo,se to where some weeping willows (Salix babylonica) had taken the place of the indigenous and «ven more shady wattles (Acacias). I I if! 88 The yearly consumption of osiers in England is far greater than the national supply, and as the basket industry is constantly on the increase, it would also on thig account be advisable to further the cultivation of the osier willows. For light, snndy banks, the best willow should be Salix purpurea, and as it is so easily propagated, it will well repay the cost of cultivation, besides binding the banks, making them firm and adding to the health of the locality as well as that of the water. For more clayey soil, S. viminalis and the more celebrated S. caprace, so much sought for powder factories, should be the best. The cuttings must be taken from the one to two-year-old shoots, and be put 1 to 1 J foot apart, in double or treble rows 2. to 3 feet apart, care being taken to leave only half an inch or less above ground. There are many localities where comparatively vflueless land, close to the mouths of rivers and canals, might be made highly profitable, at the same time as the cultivation of it with the before mentioned trees and plants would improve the state of the fishing, and, before placing spawn and fish in any water, I con- sider it important to pay great attention to this question. Where few or no trees exist it will be necessary to cultivate them, and I feel certain that such proceeding will enhance the chances of the success of pisciculture. I will not here enter further upon the practical details of the qeustion. These are bound to vary with the locality, and the local foresters will know how to deal with them. In drawing the attention of the conference to this question, it is with the sincere hope that it may enliSt your sympathy, and that the public opinion may- be won for it. That it is important for all fresh-water fishing is evident. That is one more reason added to the many why we should regard the forest a3 a pre- cious heirloom to be deeply revered, properly used, and, through careful main- tenance, descend improved and enriched to posterity. 89 SYSTEMATIC MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS* The Model Forest. i Imagine a uniformly productive tract, divided into any number (n) of divisions, or compartments of equal area; the first stocked with trees one year old, the second with trees two years old, and so on in an ascending series up to the nth compartment stocked with trees n years old. And let the revolution or age at which the trees of any compartment are to be cut be 71 years. The land will then be parcelled out into a number of compartments, equal to the number of years in the revolution and each one will be stocked with trees one year older than those of a compartment im- mediately proceeding it in Hge, so that there will be a complete series of groups ot all ages from one to n years old If, now, all trees n years old, that is those in the nth compartment, be cut, and the land immediately restocked with young ^owth, it IS evident that, at the end of twelve months, the group of trees next, in order of age, or n minus one year at the time of the first cutting, will have advanced to maturity, while the plants on the firsb coupe will have taken the place of the youngest group in the series, and the plants of all intermediate com- partments have advanced one year in age. At the expiration of twelve months trom the time of the first cutting, we may therefore again cut a group n years old, and so on forever, cutting a group n years old once a year without demolish, ing the standing stock. The yearly produce thus obtained is, in fact, the annual growth, or interest of the material standing on n compartments, and is called the sustained yield and a forest so organized is called a model, or ideal forest, because it represents a state ot things which is theoretically perfect, if never quite attainable in practice. * If, in the case just considered, we were to cut more than the sustained yield in any year, we would be trenching on the capital stock and unable to maintain an unvarying yield If on the other hand, we were to cut less, we would not be working up to the full capability of the forest and would have a certain amount of -capital, m the form of trees, lying idle, and for the time being unremunerative. A forest ma,y, therefore, be regarded in the light of a capital producing by Its yearly growth a certain interest in wood, just as a sura of money which is lent out produces interest ; and, in estimating the growth of a forest viewed as a productive money capital the rate is calculated in precisely the same way as in ordinary money transactions. '' Trees of about the same age and height, growing together in a mass, or trees, growing in a sub-compartment are called a group. A compartment may con- tarn one ormore groups; if more than one, the area occupied by each group ia called a sub-compartment. The group is the smallest unit of mass, and the sub- compartment is the smallest of area, in regular forests. The Revolution. The term revolution is used to donate the period of years which is beinff fiMd to elapse from the time of the production of a tree, or group, to the time ol Its being^eut down. It does not necessarily correspond to the" age at which a tress is harvested, because trees sometimes have to be cut. or fall from natural causes, before the revolution fixed upon is completed • Maogregor ; Organization and Valuation of Forestg. p 40 The length of the revolution may depend on many things ; such as the kind ot tree, and the method of regeneration to be followed— subjects which are fully exammed in books on sylviculture— and the special objects of the proprietor. The principal objects of the latter may be classed as follows :— To obtain from tlie land the largest possible average annual return, (1) of material, (2) of money, (3) of interest on his capital invested; or, to adopt the revolution best suited to (4) natural regeneration, or some (5) special, technical purpose. Revolutions fixed with a view to make such special requirements are called, respectively :— The revolution of the largest mean vearly yield, (1) in SniSal '"''"^'''' ^^^ ^^^ tinancial revolution, (4) the physical, and (.5) the Choice of a Revolution. For private owners there can be no doubt as to the most favorable revolu- tion—the hnancial. But when it is a question of forests belonging to the State It is frequently urged that cost what it may, it is the duty of a |overnment to provide tor all possible requirements of the community, and to prevent a diminu- tion of the supply ot any kind of material. No doubt a good deal may he said m favor of this view. In the first place, it is undeniable that forests that can be t5Ut down any day may take years or even centuries to replace, and that it would never do to rely on private enterprise for the supply for the largest timber, more particularly as it seldom pays to grow it. Again, experience teaches that private individuals cannot be relied upon to provide even small timber, or fire Wood, which does pay; the temptation to exceed the capability of the forest or to convert all the standing stock into gold, whenever money is required by the proprietor, is irresistible, and not to be restrained by other people's ideas of moral obligations to themselves and posterity. Now, without denying that circumstances (as in the case of protective for" ts) are conceivable which would render it advisable for a State to keep a forest standing after it had reached financial maturity, advocates of th? financial revo- lution may reply as follows :-As a general rule, it is the business of a govern- ment to make the most of the property entrusted to its charge, rather than to anticipate and provide for highly improbable contingencies which, if they ever did threaten to ari^e, would certainly not in these days take everybody by The government timber forests of all civilized countries are of vast extent bpain perhaps alone excepted. They are are all systematically managed, or rn a tair way to be so, and could not therefore, be swept away as if by maSic, nor the atandmgstock suddenly r<>duced to a great extent, because that would involve the sale ot largely increased quantities of wood, which could not be quickly dis- posed ot without greatly depreciating its value. In a well-regulated forest therefore, the financial revolution would act as a self-adjusting measure of the requirements of the people, and act as a regulator of the supply in sympathy with their most pressing wants. "^ Natural Regeneration of Woods.* In forests naturally regenerated by seed, the mother trees are only ffraduallv Tomoved. and several cuttings goon at once. In every rational method'of working • g torest, reproduction ought to be t he result of the cuttings themselves. *BAKnerig : Elements of Sylviculture. 41 This IS one of the essential objects of the science and art of sylviculture. Thus m the different kinds of high forest, reproduction is obtained from seed shed by the trees under conditions favorable to germination, while in coppices it is obtained just as naturally, by means of the shoots principally and secondarily by means of the seeds furnished by the standards. But whatever the precautions taken, in both descriptions of forest there are often spots where seedlings do not come up, or where stools die and leave blanks. At other times it may happen that the reserve does not contain a sufficient proportion of a given species, a mixture of which is necessary, or that this species has disappeared owing to indiscreet operations or the total absence of all operations. In each of these different cases recourse must be had to artificial means in order to restore the good condition of the forest or a satisfactory composition of the crops. But such means ou^ht to be the exception not the rule. It cannot become general and take the place of natural methods. To abandon natural reproduction is only to retrograde, to return to the infancy of the art; it is tantamount to claiming to supersede the torcesot nature; above all it is simply wasting money under the false idea of economy, only to arrive in the end at results which are at the best doubtful. Nevertheless, artificial restocking cannot be totally proscribed. It forms the necessary complement of natural regeneration, but it must remain only its complement. Hence it is necessary for the forester to know how to do it well, iiesides tins, it is the only method of stocking extensive treeless wastes. Regeneration by Seed.* .nr^r^^^^f f 'u" ^J,'^®"^ i^ applicable to all species ; that by shoots and suckers applies only to broad-leaved species; since the power of reproduction of conifers by shoots IS either absent altogether, or so feeble that it is useless for sylvicultural purposes. •' Under natural regeneration by seed is understood the formation of a new wood by the natural tall of seed, which germinates and develops into a crop of seedlings, fhe trees which yield the seed are called the mother trees: they mav either stand on the area which is to be restocked, or on adjoining ground. A distinction is made between— J s e """"• -«■ (1) Natural regeneration under shelter-woods ; <2) Natural regeneration from adjoining woods. In natural regeneration under shelter-woods the area is stocked with seed- bearing trees, and the new generation springs up under their shelter ; for some time at any rate, the area bears the new crop and part of the old one. The system is that which occurs in primeval forests. When a tree falls liT. A^y ^'•o^her cause and an opening is thus formed in the cover overhead, the seed falling from the adjoining trees germinates and develops into seedlings iTh Jr/^ T^^l ^^^ ^¥^1 "^ *^' «^^^^ ^''''- »°til they in their turn become mother and shelter trees. In this manner primeval forest, if undisturbed, goes on on regeneratinflr itsftlf fnr f»niioroH«nu tuV. n-v. :-.^.a,^ »^, guco uu -_-_ 2 -ii , o - --- D— ' — "U '■ *"^ pioccaa 13 asiuvv one, as the youngr S?nT . ^ ^ develop When sufficient light is admitted by the fall or death of the old trees. In sylviculture it is accelera ted by the artificial removal of a * Sohlich : A Manu*! of Forestry. i 42 'ir I ' I I 'I' i i > 5«^o? °^ ^'jf^H •*•'«««• ^l^en they have become fit for economic purposes Bv mSod;!^ ''' ^'"'^ introduced which lead to a number of distinct (1) The selection ay stem. (2) The group system. ■ (3) The compartment system. (4) The strip system. good for an' °^ ^^^'^ ^^^^^ "'"^ *'^'^*'" ^^''^''''^ conditions of success which hold Under the selection system, regeneration goes on in all parts of the forest bv found" No nart oVf b 't '^T'' '"T^' °^ \'''''^' *^^«^' ^^erever they a% tound. JNo part of the forest is ever at rest ; advantage is taken of all seed veara for the restocking of small holes cut into the cover he?e and there byTeremC? neriSdicIllv ^f ^'''- ^I *^1 ^^'^' ^r"*^*^^« ""^ '^'^ ^^ich fall^annuaS^ or periodica ly to the ground, only a small portion finds conditions favorable for where'I]d?r°* "^^"!J•^ *'"'"'= ^^^ ^''^''' ^'' ^^^^^ '^'^^^y i« those parts where old trees are sanding, or where the cover has been interrupted. Here httle groups ol seedlings spring up. which must be assisted by cuttngs eSher final or intermediate, to afford them the necessary light. ^"'-""gs eiiner Choice Between Direct Sowing and Planting. Formerly the artificial formation of woods was chiefly effected bv direct sowing, planting being restricted to special cases where the other method was not likely to succeed. The reasons for this were that sowing was considered to be more certain, cheaper, and that it was generally the custom to use too large transplants. In the course of time the raising of plants was elaborated, smaller plants were used, and the expense considerably reduced, so that now far more planting than direct sowing is done. •* I^^^.u *^"°*^ always a foregone conclusion that planting is better or more suitable than direct sowing, since many different conditions and factors affect the ultimate results. The effect of some of these factors is as yet somewhat obscure but in rnany respects experience has taught the forester which of the two methods is preferable under a given set of conditions. Sowing and planting are costly. The outlay on the latter can, however be mrthod'"^ reduced by planting small plants according to a simple and cheap Where artificial regeneration follows clear cutting, the young plants are exposed to damage by frosts, drought, insects and weeds in a far higher degree than if the regeneration is conducted under a shelter-wood. In fact, tender species must be raised in the latter way, so that for them clear-cutting is excluded liisects frequently become formidable to coniferous woods raised in clear-cuttings" while experience has shown them to be less dangerous to natural seedlings es- pecially when these are raised under a shelter-wood. ' In the case of clear-cuttings, the laying bare of the ground for a series of years may seriously affect the fertility of the soil, so much so that the method is hardly admissible on inferior soils. Natural regeneration involves less expenditure than sowing or planting In some cases the outlay may be absolutely nil, but in most cases some artificiai help has to be given either by working (wounding) the soil, or by sowing arid 43 iccess which hold planting Still the outlay is considerably smaller. It -must, however, not be overlooked that in the majority ot cases natural regeneration requires much time ; as long as the shelter trees increase sufficiently in size and quality so a, to make up for any loss on this account no harm is done, but where this is not the case I artifacial regeneration may be actually more profitable. «:^«.?Kr*^^ by frost drought, and weed growth is avoided, or at any rate con- siderably reduced. The same may be said as regards damage by insect., though perhaps not to an equal extent. "J' "=«-"". "-""ugu Summing Up. all timl*^'/^ ^\ *''"'^''*- ""' ?^ "''^"'^^ ^"'^^"^ °f regeneration is the best at diorLn i?] 7^''^'''TT*^°-"^''' ''"^^ ^ considerltion of the local con- ditions can lead to a sound decision as to which is preferable in a given case LVZslrltionr- °~ ^'^ forester must chieflyUe the foIlo^n/^potTs (a.) General objects of management. (6.) Species to be grown, (c.) Condition of locality. (d.) Available funds, (e.) Skill and capacity of the staff. Labor Required in Forestry. Forests require labor in a great variety of ways, which may be broimbf under the following three headings :— ^ brought in the foSr'*^ administration, creation, tending, harvesting, etc.. or work done (2) Transport of produce. (3) Industries which depend on forests for their prime material. (1) General Administration. The quantity of labor required in the forests differs considerably according to circumstances, the value of th"produce and the consequent degree of the minuteness of the system of management G;eatdiffi culty IS experienced in obtaining accurate statistics on this S but five davs' work annua ly foreveiy acre of land under forest may be accepted as an apnrS S^-roi--. Js!festl%^:s ^r.s?{?is-S earned by water wherever practicable. but°,,l»> exVeo. "if- '■" -laT^-^T, th» head the mm of at least 1(19,180.000 is paid anaually-in'^erm^ny *" (3) Forest industries. The labour which is rftoiMfari i-^ „, i i.t. 44 IV'M saw-imlls, building, ship-building, carpentry, coach-building, engineering, turning carving, paper pulp manufacture, match-making, the manufacture of cases and boxes, round and square, from the largest packing case to the smallest toy box trames ot sieves, drums and cask hoops, wooden-ware for table covers blinds pencils wooden nails, instruments, tools, plates, shovels, spoons, shoes, lasts,' saddle-trees, brushes, harrows, and gunstocks. toys of thousands of patterns, and endless other branches of industiy, some of which can only exist in and around tores ts. 4i-iAo{^.^r.Z^"^^ ®*™^^ ""•^®'' t'"s head amount in Germany to something like »1*6,100.000 a year, maintaining 600,000 families or 3,000,000 people. S*-^'"?-i°°^ *he three heads of labour together, it has been estinmted that something like 12 per cent, of the population of Germany is employed in forest work transport of forest produce, and the working up of the raw material yielded the forests. An important feature of the work connected with tlie forests aw their produce is, that a greater part of it can be made to fit in with the requirements of agriculture ; that is to say, that it can be done when field crops do not require attention. Hence forest work oflTers an excellent opportunity to the rural labourer or small farmer of earning some money when he has nothinc^ else to do, and when he would probably sit idle, if no forest work were obtainable. Organization of the Personnel.* This will depend in a great measure on the extent of the forest concerned It IS evident that the degree of division of labour which is possible in the man- agement of forests comprising a million acres could not be applied with advantage to an estate of a thousand acres, and that private individuals will seldom bo in a position to adopt the elaborate systems followed ia the State Forests of European countries. ^ The following plan is that usually adopted for the management of forests of Jarge extent, such as those of most European countries. The establishment consists of an inferior and a superior branch. The former consists of (1) guards and (2) rangers. • i, ^^l ^^^'"^^ <^^ Under- Foresters.— The duty of these is, as the name implies m the hrst place, protective. But, besides this, they are employed in the execu- tive work ot their beats, as, for instance, in supervising work of regeneration and (2) Rangers, or range-foresters, who have immediate charge of the executive work ot a range, and are responsible for its proper conduct to the assistant con- sGrvQitior. The superior branch consists of (1) Assistant-Conservators, (2) Deputy-Con- servators, (3) Conservators, and, in certain cases, of (4) an Inspector-General. (1) Assiatant-Conservators.—An assistant-conservator has charge of several ranges, called collectively, a sub-division. Besides the general management of the work of the sub-division, the accounts of each range are audited, and have to be passed by him before payment is made. (2) Deputy-Conservators.— A Deputy -Conservator has charge of several sub- divisions, called collectively, a division. His duty is purely to control, and he does not, as a rule, interfere with the e xecutive work of the Assistant -Conserva- • Macgtregor ; Organization and Valuation of Forests. 45 tors ; but It IS his business to see that the general provisions of the sanctionp,! working schemes and yearly budget of hi3 division are vvom^wVttldZl^^A to audit and pass the accounts of'the sub-divisional offiS ^ ' """^ onuSV ^'''*^''«7«'«^«-A Conservator has general control of several divisions collectively called a f^ircle, comprising all the forests of the State or if fW « ' very extensive of a Province oiSly. He is the immedilte advt; of governmei? in all forest matters concerning his circle ; holds in fact, in this respecf murS ri'rSSvTrnmtr^"^'-^ "^ '^'^ ^^ --"^ ^^ ^^^^^^ti^l (4) Inspectors-General— kn Inspector-General stands in the same relation to a supreme government a. a conservator to its local government 3 exerdZ a general supervision over the whole system of a country exercises Memi.rs of the inferior establishment do not. as a rule rise hicrhpr in *Ko «v,de„t that, other thing, being equal, a 'S^Sy^^Li^'^MZ^Zi wXon'I iT ""[f '?'!''= «"!» --'""ay comm„„ie.ti„„ thar»heTSlS Choice of an Organizer. ?re°pl;r :,*' n^rt If f --"''- "^ -p^^^-k:," i' eft z In regard to this question, opinions are divided. Of course it is nn« ^i,- u Els :™K' " '= -;rri».£f:i?S his own programme than that of another carrying out of career ; that\y constant prS^«.°%TeW b™ ch w^MTttfiTtTf. '"' """^ protoency , that if the wor^ i, done by^ . smaU ,;S'yTnien:'iUa"mori!£r^ 4fl M if I' I 'III be uniformly carried out than by a number of different persons ; that the officer in charge is not the proper person to revise his own work ; that he will be always there to assist and advise the organizer. A large majority of countries, including India, have adopted the system of having works of organization carried out by a separate branch of the service • and some have gone still further and constituted a distinct survey branch as well as an assessment branch. As a rule the separation of these two departments is not desirable. Perhaps it conduces towards efficiency, if a part of the staff" is exclusively employed in surveying and the other in assessment, but the work of the two 18 so intimately connected that it is expedient they should both be under one head. The composition of the organization staff depends on special circumstances Sometimes a good plan is to have a board of senior officers, presided over by the principal officer. All organization schemes are submitted for the approval of, and have to be passed by, this board, tije members of which carry on the work in addition to their ordinary controlling duties. Under the board is the working staff, which carries out the works of organization, and which is recruited by drafting men into it from the orr'inary briinch of the service after they have served a few years and become thoroughly acquainted with the workin" of a sub-division. ° This system is only suitable for districts in which the headquarters of the controlling officers on the board are all in one place. Each member looks speci- ally after the working of the plans in his own division, and generally conducts the revisions in person. An important duty of the organization branch is to collect and work up statistics. The businessof collecting statistics and diawinggeneral inferences is best done by a central institution of this kind, and much useful work would often be lost without a trained staff, whose special duty is to work up details collected in dif- ferent parts of the country ; the " Bavarian tables," which have proved so useful, not only in Bavaria, but throughout Germany, are a case in point ; they would probably never have been constructed if there had not been a central organiza- tion department at Munich. Speaking generally, the bent of the argument appears to be in favor of having this kind of work done by a special branch ; but not always, as circum- stances may without doubt arise which render the alternative course advisable, as, for instance, when the aggregate area of forests requiring to be organized is so great that their organization could not be accomplished within a reasonable period by a necessarily limited staff, or when the methods to be employed are so simple that their execution does not require any special skill. 47 \\ the working of a FORESTRY IN THE COLONIES AND IN INDIA.* A circular containing questions relating to colonial timber was addressed bv the Secretary of State for the Colonies to the administrative heads of the varioS British possessions ,n 1874, from the replies to which it appears that in none S the .IX Provinces of the Dominion had measures been taken to secure the repkn? ing oi cleared areas, or the afforestation by natural reproduction, notwithstandTna an enormous and growing consumption. "n-uatauuiag In the Province of Ontario more than 87 h per cent, of the timber annually cut was exported, and looking to the magnitude of the timber exrortsTwis [iT^hlt ^•^'*^ '^ '''a' ^'^i^'?." ^P"« *« P''*^^^"^ *he threatened eSusionlt the chief article of trade m the Province. ua.u.inuu oi In Nova Scotia the amount of timber annually cut was estimated to exceed by 2o per cent, the amount which could be cut each year without pennZnt miurytothe orests.whilemPrince Edward IsIandtheamountannuaC^^^^^ conllptlon "" ''' '^"'"^''^ "^^*^^ ^°"^^ ^^P^«««"* ^ prSeit rate of The timber resources of British Columbia were declared by local authorities o be practically inexhaustible, but it is probable that, should the whole strZ of the demand be thrown upon British Cofumbia a few vears would mil. The importance of this trade to the commercial nrns!r.ftrif,r r,f ^\.^ t\ • • the &ist:d„:i^4rvr/er3r4l8'rt "•' "°™ *"''■" ^^^'^^^ '» Articles. Value. 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 9 5,282,667 2,814,003 Total. Timber and wood 9 4,218,661 3,003,104 9 5,220,296 3,898,204 9 5,706,567 9 4,206,046 9 Corn and grain 24,633,226 3,697,616 3,124,066 16,536,983 Timber and corn (grain) are the chief exports of the Provinces of th. n •' nion. but the value of the timber exports exceeded the vXe orthe com ei^ST' more than one-third, and constituted nearly one-haK of fL fnlli T W ^^ exports from the Dominion to the United Kingdom ^^^^^ ^'^''' "^*" *^« i_ — r;7'" ^ "Ction to 3t : y tne mauencea at work to d«mt,mv th^ ;^a-' ^ forests, which constitute, in many instances thfi nrrnnlnoi * ^ i • l^^^'genous • Sohlioh : In Proceeding, ol Royal Colonial Institute, vol. xxi.. 188990. ' " 4H 'i ! Hi. .ii a mere encumbrance to the land, and the finest tinibor is that first selected for destruction by fire, by ring barking, and other rude and wasteful methods in favour with settlers. It is probably not possible in newly-settled colonies to put restraints upon the clearing of the most fertile soils, although it wouid seem to be advisable to leave belts for protection against the winds, and to enact tliat all the liills should be preserved in perpetual forest to protect the sources of the springs. In many cases the reports of surveyor.s-general and other officials demon- strated the possibility of preserving, and even of re-toring the forests, by the constitution of a small but energetic forestry department, but nothing worthy of notice had, up to the date of these returns, been done in the nature of forest conservation. New Zealand. e iu'^1?.^ f"b.ject of forest conservation appears fii-st to have engaged the attention ot the Colonial Legislature in October. l-sGS, when a motion was made and agreed to that "steps be taken to ascertain the present condition of the forests of the colony. In the course of a parliamentary debate in 1873, it was remarked with reference to the Kauri wood, that extensive districts which were once covered with that wood were then totally destitute of it, and that its extermination pro- gressed from year to year at -uch ^ rate that its final extinction was as certain as that of the natives ot New Zealand. Another speaker maintained that " unless great care was taken, there would not be a Kauri tree in the colony in the next generation.* As the result of the agitation of this question, an act was passed bv the colonial Legislature in August, 1874, entitled " An Act to provide for the estab- lishment of btate forests, and tor the application of the revenues derivable there- from. The Dreamble recites that "it is expedient to make provision for preservino- the soil and climate by tree planting, for |>roviding timber for future industrial purposes, for subjecting some portion of the native forest to skilled manacrement and proper control, and for these purposes constitute State forests." ° The Act provides that an annual sura of £10,000 for thirty years is to be paid quarterly out of the Consolidated Fund into a special fund, to be called the "State Forests Account," and all receipts from State forests are to be paid into i this account. The money is to be expended in managing and plantint^ State ' forests and nurseries, and the establishment of schools for instruction in forestry ! The department is placed under the supreme control of a minister of the Crown who IS to be assisted by a " conservator " and subordinate officers. Lands may! from time to time, be set apart as State forests on the recommendation of the super- intendent or of the Provincial Council of any Province. Power is taken to set! aside pastoral leases or licenses over lands so selected. The Governor-in-Council may make, alter, and repeal bylaws and re»ula-' tions r ./ o ! Prescribing the duties of officers. To regulate thp form and issue of licenses. f Kauri, £aOT7mtra Austr.ilis. A Conifer, the largest and luog^ valuable tree in New Zealand Attam. > a height of 120 feet and diameter ,jf lO.feet to 15 feet Grow* in Province of Aukland only Exudll law quantities of resin, known as Kauri gum. Weight, 38 lb. to 41 lb per cubic foot ; growi on ola^f soils. The above remarks as to the " Ifam-i " i»!ii .r..j» !•«. -^.,- .i ...i..1l.i- S; i" " '. if'"^? .°''_9'*yi Walnut). "" »•?■?,'• .,"«"»"»• *«» ">• «> *i 10 PBf cubic foot; grows on cUy Kauri wUl apply to our moit valuable hardwood tree (the Black 49 y-laws and regula- To control the management of the foresta. To determine the Measonn for the cutting and removal of timher and bark lo prevent waste and unnecessary destruction. To prevent the danger and spread of tire. To prohibit trespass and regulate access For «,„.t™ti„g road, .„d tramway, i„ the f„,e«t, and charging of toll, AUSTUALIA. i parts in a tem%rate at^lude sXondlv b«f^ '" a tropical, and the southern centml plain is daily heated in summer ^f^K^l^T '*"«*«^«« <^''« enormous lifted, and flows away on all skies Tusin^ IJ-'^^ high degree, the air expands, is I forced to rise on reacWn^ the hi^h pn3*? mdraught of moist sea air. This is degrees. Owing, howev^XtLSt dTtlnrf' '^?i!'\'* """'^^^"^ i" ^»"0"« |or.oc,o/d,aZnooC:::otK^^^^^^^^^ succeed in passing overthe mLf ™™""'»». •■?«'ever sufflcient mases of clouds. north coast has the advantage thlT he a"? dr.tl.Tfrl'ThT^^"'''''^- Z''" the equatorial regions, the g?eat reservoi? Jf mokturl '"''' °°""'' '"■» c^^t^'riot^'I'nVaV'ng a'^'rS'onhe rtKe::'^ "«'■' "■<- ™ "» "«* all. Thus it happen, that IhVra nfa?l at fU l. f°^„^" ■>» mountain range, at 8 inches ; at Adelaide, it. McZrae 26 Poi?.n/<,?''= T' ""'' '' ""'y « »» **: Brisbane, 4» ; and ^t-Bj^lZlX'^^^^g'ltt'' *'' '*°"~"=> |thatLr^-ti^e7,'i°.Lrsis'trii?i--,z'Sjt^^^ partl^^htlESXtr tistrir^a""' ""^ """?"■ ^' ■»^''«™ |d^ rahr. Sydney, J ...rl-'^^?^^, ^rd^-' 'Z^S^! % ft is Sd ™rrc'r,3^d*:i^t^^?riSg f„i;;:r "■« "- ^ I South Australia was perhaps first in the field *n infw^^., law, *^ *^ ^oK lu i-ne neia to introduce a separate forest 4 (F.) 50 1 i In Victoria a new Land Act was passoij in 1884, which providtH, amongst others, for the following matters: (1) The formation of State forests. (2) The formation of timber reserves. (3) Tlie management of both. (4) The management and disposal of timber and other forest produce on the unalienated Crown lands not included in the State forests and tinber reserves. Under this Act the State forests can only bo alienated with the consent of the Ooveriior-in-Council. The tintber reserves shall not be alienated in the first instance, but as the .several parts become denuded of timber, they may be added to the pastoral or ajjricultural lands— in other words, thrown open to selection. The timber reserves are, therefore, only temporary reserve.s. The forests generally are worked under the license .system, regulated by rules made under the Act. There are licenses for felling, splitting, clearing under- growth, the erection of saw-mills, grazing, removal of wattle bark, etc. For each of these licenses certain fees are paid. Penalties are provided for breaches of the law, or any regulations i.ssued under it. The question is whether, and in how far, effect has been given to the policy which is indicated in the Act. Mr. Vincent, an expert and a trained forest otBcer of known ability, who served in the Indian Forest Departments since 1873, gives the following description of forest management in a report to the Governor of the colony, as existing in 1887. The area of State forests and timber reserves then stood as follows : — State forests 664,7 10 acres, Timber reserves 690,732 " Total 1,355,442 acres. Equal to 2,118 square miles, or about 2 per cent, of tli • .!\rea of the colony. Mr. Vincent visited a number ' i-'uded theit'faXro^gh™''""'' '''"■'"'' '°'"' '""•»""- "'Wl' -Ul-tUe India. thao county can p.bably I mrtollTl ^^Z^^^^^^fJS ™''- the producing capital must ensue A? loL i f ^f . . '■««»oyed a reduction of vate\arties,k;are at alSe" litbl ^^ " overt^td "haV is' to''"^ ^' P"' than the annual increment is taken out : and itTeZ to spp l„i • ^^' '"''^^ tively short time the forests must cease to yield timb?r eIJ^^ if '°"'P''''%- over and over again that this is generally the result If ^XIT ^^ ^"^^"^ our children the forests in an unimpaired condition JU,! \u ^ T¥ °^^'' ^ tematic manner, and this can. as7rX oXte" hie?e??or ^L'^r't^A^^" by State interference. But the mere theory of such T, hJ^ ^ '°^^^ t ^'""^ Nominal interference on the part of the Statp .".ffi^^ ^ T^^ sufficient. In that case the forests are lookS at L common nL^^^^^ Tn? ^^'^'^.^T'/.^ *"' get the most out of them and into hL own nooTJTr ^' ul^''^''^^**^ *"«« *« appear faster than ever, " P*'"'"'*' *^^ '""""^^ ^emg that they dis- If the State, as such, has arrived at the conclii«iinn *V,nf *i,„ • j. under forest of a certain proportion of the «rlnT!i ." i * }^^. maintenance also, once for all. decide £ doX is necessary to ecur'. fh'„/''''*^'%'^ """^^ that it is managed in a systematic and orderly^naLer^ T^^^^^^^^ "•'^ ^ ''^ of doing this. Either the State establishersUeTre.ts bv sSftnl IT"' Z^^^ areas at its disposal for forest purposes, or if pLeriaws^^^^^^^^^ ^''^^ ''^?*'° supervise the management of Lm^munal and e^en^rrvlte Torests C' fo' *^ alternative is much the best wherever it can be adonted !ns prevail during ™„„e>- and la„d re.*d„ri4 wll; """^ ™"''' "" ih, wUS^^' "'■'"l' *^" J"''* oompriae the months of March April and M«.v as the south^/west 'n^^^^^ ZL^nnnJ 7 "?^«T' V«Pi""« rainfall^ known lorestHare dense; where it is unfavorable; production pmS ^ Again, the nature of the rainfall governs' the charaSterof the ftests Wht« the rams are heavy, the country is generally covered w th ever Jeen fists MB 55 1 during winter, where It is less copious the forests are deciduous ; under a still smaller rainfall they become sparse, and more dry, untiU they gradually end in desert. Conse- •luently, the evergreen forests are found along the moist west coast of the penin- sula, in the coast districts of Burma, Chittagong, and along the foot and lower slopes of the eastern Himalayas. The deciduous forests occupy the greater part titj^'^TAf^.^f Burma away from the coast. Dry forests arl found in Kajputana, and the Punjab, while deserts are the principal feature of Sind * With rising elevation m the hills, the forests become gradually temperate, and then Alpine until they disappear altogether on approaching the lower limit of the eternal snow. These details on the great variety of climates prevailing in India are given, because some idea on the subject is necessary so as to understand the forest policy, which 18 indicated m the case of that country. The main issues of that policy depend on the following three points :— ^ (1) Forests in relation to climate and rainfall. (2) The regu ! ion of moisture, and (3) Forest produce required by the country. The south-west monsoon must for ever be the main source of moisture in li^r 'IT*' ^f "-'"i^" ^^ *^« ^"'^^^^ P'^i"' ^'^d of the peninsula, are generally . ; oct to other influences, in comparison with which the effects of nThS ' . '-^vajs remain small. On this account then, afforestation caiinot be pushed u. Che case of India. It must, however, be mentioned that the shade and Srylfke India "" """'* gratefully accepted by man and bea«t in a hot f n f J"f.?i/'T''f ""['"it^^ "^' ^^^^ ^J '"^^*' *he evaporation from an area exposed «r.t iS^ iu' '""?' '' P'^^bably not less than four times that from an area which is covered by a dense growth of forest vegetation ; hence afforestation ill f^'''* ™Pf tance wherever the rainfall is limited, or unfavorably distributed over the several seasons of the year. Then, there is irrigation to be considered, No less than 30,000,000 acres of land are artificially watered in India by means of canals, wells, lakes, and tanks. Unly three million acres depend directly on the melted snow of the Himalayas, nri i^'l ""^^^-^^ understood of what importance it is to keep the areas wfiich provide the remainder of the water properly sheltered. The lai^er the proportion of the catchment areas, whence the irrigation water comes, is shaded by forest vegetation, the more favorable and sijstained will be the supply of water. On this account, then, forestiy in India has an important mission to fulfil. The mechanical action of forests in regulating the flow of water from hill- sides also is not without importance in India, and^ cases are by no meZ mre which show the mischievous effect of reckless deforestation. L th"s reTpect 3e K'Vnn •'r*"%**^%"*'i.1 case of the hills behind Hushiafpur n Z Pu^ab Jrt L ?H1 !f ^ ""{^ ^"^^^! T^' *"'•« '^^^ ""*". ««•»« forty years ago Jttle KlnTZ f *^-'" r^ destroyed the forest and other vegetatiof. Since then a process of erosion has set it, which is carrying by degrees tie hills into the plains, where they appear as huge sand-drifts whici We alread^^overed enor SHia-Tr "'-'f' ''"?''"'**"'- land, and even destined part 'ofT?ow„ of on tKnd h.Tff ''^ ^^''l Ta "^ ''^^'•^"'* ^y preserving the natural vegetation on^hejan d, but, if once started, specia l measures are required to meet it In the leBB re^lMy ^.XJd."" '"'"'""'' '""^"' """°*' "« -tuUel ..„ the b,„k, of the Indt^^Unl^r^^r )- V:' i.. ; I ^ i' *: -I f w ! and planting mit bTdone S«1.7h?' S ^ *? '??"' °P • "•"«'^' """ing Sd f s Kn n^d '^iriT'z^ t ».?Tr~'^' ' '^' -ri" : for a series of v. -. ik. . ? s*"** i bn' '« it hau been allowed to mow o?theStote ^' "• *"«!«■'«'» ofcUkingtheevil may be beyond the m^^ action t'ret'rd'XrS:lir1tltiTK"^°°' 'V"?'" '» ^P'" »' «>- account of the produS^hSh tteH te ninc^hrf "If "'"l^'v indispensable on rys€She'i» ^^FITr^^^^^^^^- rhat'Sn^od'-z EiHrfr^ wooda fell under the axe no innni^'v Ll ^ ' T't ™*°^ '^^ **^« remaining taneously with the eTe^sronoT^H^^^^^^^ '^^ ultimate result. Simul- annual requirLenV of tlXr .^ ^ f'"" ''''^ *^^ increase of population, the herds of SeTatfaf a*r': de'ter^^^ ^Iti^yin, ■ came, and with their extension th^ ft^rUf ^1 '^^™**""\S torests. Finally, railways ever, partly on accountTf thrincrealed ^^^^^^^ "f ^^**^^ ^^P^^''^^ ^^an and firewood, and partly on accounTof thl fr«i ^ timber used in construction both sides of the line. ^1 have watched ttiis I f nZ''"' ^T? '^ «"'«^»«on on personal experience how fXl rrwav exte ^ i/fT^^^^^^ u"*" ^^''^^ ^^^"^ to proper control and proteSion ^ extension is to forests which an. not subject .comm'^rnce'To pth.^^ffi^uTtr Ir^te^^^^^^^^ ''' ^"^> ^"t^'^^» ^»^« ^»^- timber for public works sleenerfliLJS".^^ ""^1'"^ ^^® d^y^B.nds of in the general int;reflt of the countr^ ^ ^^^ ^"^ ^''"^^ * ««««««ity The forest question commenced to attract attention in the earlv narf nf .i,,- i 67 i..\.^^^l T ^°'^' '? *\^ IT ^^^^' ^^- ^"°"y' ^^o^ec'or of Malabar, plantmg In 1848, Captain Frederick Conyers Cotton caused the appointment of Lieu- ijrJn- T- ^'t^u ("o^Major-General J. Michael, C.S.I.) a*8 Forest Officer in the Anamalais which post he retained for seven years. Dr H. Cleghorn became TvTto^of F^^ forest conservancy in Mysore in 1847. and he waTapVointed Con! In? of f^'^^t^ in Madras m 1856. He was on special duty with the Govern- The iorth wf .*^°''^- ''^ r^" ^^T^^ '^^^^ ^« '"q"i^d >°to the forest mattersTn fcr^ wll « ^;™*>*^y^ *"d elsewhere. In the Central Provinces Colonel f careen was the first Conservator who took up forestry in a business-like manner. t^ hrl fCT Ki- '^*^?",^^ localized, caused tL matter to be discussed and kept betore the puWic and It led ultimately to the organiztion of a general depart- ment by Dr. D. Brandis (now Sir Dietrich Brandts, K.C.I.E.) The latter^w^ Sd'Dalho'uSr°n°'^«"' ""l^"''''' '^P^-V. '"^^^^ by '^'^'^'^^^ admfnLtralT iZk fnrin f*-- Brandis was principally instrumental in saving the Burma mi wK K J"n^'*'"'*^'^''by enterprising timber merchants-that is to say- estates which yield now a gross revenue of some £250,000 a year. In 1862 he ToiS^^^F*''' ??^T"'^*^ "^ ^'^'*^*' '^'^^ ''^ 1«64 Appointed the first Inspec! Indkn Foli i^"""t *"" *^*^ Ck,v«rnment. He then set to work to establish the Sw^ Affl ^^f'^^^e'^*. a°4 *« introduce a systematic management of the Inf .V 1 A- ^"* ^ devoted himself to the Provinces directly under the govem- rToro^nSjl! «"^«f ^^^J^ ^e waa twice deputed to Bombay, and heTotalhr "nJETlnt^^rind?^^^^^^ " "'^'^^ ^" ''''■''' ^'"™ '^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^« ^liarZfl^ffi,**"^^ "^ the new department was to ascertain the extent and in £ „t^ the Government This inquiry was not of special difficultv. except in 80 far as a sufficiently trained staff was not available at the outset. m.J^lT''^ '*'l-^^\}'' ^^^ *'^^ ^**^ f^''^^^^ ""^der protection and manage- ment, and now difficulties arose. There were no doubt some administratrve officers who soon preceived that it was to the true interest of the peo^ to pri! serve a suitable forest area, and who cordially assisted the new department Ct the majority of the officers of the State failed for a long time to acceptThat view principally because the idea of forest preservation wis new to theL and the^' teared complications from the facts that the rights of government in iheforeste Z:rT„t?nrT'''li?'^"'^'"?'.*^'^i*^'^ P««P^« ^•'*'-«d extensive rUteby prescription, and on other grounds, in the areas which were the property of the menf'^m?ir^ Y''''' ^''"f * 1*^ T' P*"'^*^ '" ^^^^ ' ^^ provided that the Oovern- sTch Zfi f?*'**'^ *7, '^'^d belonging t^ it a Government State forest, and that 71 bt thn«; r^ T* "^'-i^' ^""^ "«'^'. ^''^^ ^y P"^^*« persons over such areas , but the Act did not provide power to inqu re into and Wallv settle thp wLt^ *hird persons in the State forests. UnL this Act cons demblep^^^^^ the ^Z^Tu^- ''-"-™ ««"^''«ons prevaUed, and where the rights claimed by thLw.i'f^ ^ or wrongly, were extensive, the benefits of^the Act sooJ l^d^and ^ff^r*"' ^'^'i- ^'- P°'»««4'^«»«y fresh legislation was soon contem" plated, and after years of discussion, a new Act was passed known as the Indian I n I ) ^1 • 68 rightlll't alritrtZr '^^^"^"^ *° ^^^ '^^^«' ^^^ «^«^ -»^'«^ ^»^« state ha. forest?.^ '^^ P'''^''^" ^"^ ^^'^ P''"P^'" P-^otection and management of the State notiit^,nteth'e%elt^^^^ -^"^'— ^^^ ^— forest* i^po^tlnlr^h^e^l^lnt^^^^^^^^^ P"^'^^« forests, which are of special (6) To provide for the protection of forest produce in transit. ^^^ (7) To provide for the adequate punishment of persons breaking the forest out p^eTSi v'e'ThL"tT f'o^'' P7,^i«i«"«' I «hall only add that the Act is through- operaSr^Str j;L7qul^^^^ ^^^ P^^^— -^^ per cl^f of fhrBHnlT ^ff^^^ ^^«"t 55 000.000 acres, which is just under 10 Forest bfoartm^nf.^^^^^^ ^'^ ^T ^'°"S^* "•^'^«'- *he control of the Indian fores? that i?rr„ J *'^''^y-*^^^f /"^"i^" acres are so-called reserved State nrnent fteiifS T, ""i'"^ ^^""^ ^""" «^* ««'d« ^^^ ^^^ "managed as per! Tn « n V X ®f*^^«8; ^h'le the remaining twentv-two million acres are as vlf ec fon un^'tnK h' ""j'^ff^S^ate forests, enjoying a limited extent of pC tection until it has been finally decided whether they are to be incorporated wiHv brr^hrn^ThelS^oltfTh^'Dl^^^^^^ ^'^^'^ ^^^ ^^ - -^^^ ^- per cent'^of ^hJ'iS^f ^^^\?^ ^''^°*i ^^^' ^""'^'^^ falls considerably short of 20 a descr ption. that it is not fit for permanent cultivation, and may be exnected to Hence Sir Dietrich Brandis recognized at an early stage the Daramoimf Jmnn.. tance of providing a competent staff of officers, /e oSST-Tk - 7?6' the sanction of Government to a scheme, under which Tv^rvetr a liuLb.; of youiig Englishmen are selected, and trkined in foJest scieLe and vZ^l before they proceed to India to take their places as officers of the Forest D.^^^^^^ 59 ch the State has it of the State iking the forest ment. For many years these young men studied forestry in Germany and in France Gradually the difficulties of studying in a foreign country and in a ?S^, ?2ff^'T'^^v*J'r'^'''''r''' '"'• more felf. until it was decided to start, m 188s, an English forest school in connection with the Royal Indian Enj,nneenng Collegeat Cooper's Hill. Under these arrangements, some 110 officers have been trained and drafted into the Indian Forest Department. At the presen. moment we have twenty-two forest students under instruction at Cooper's These young men are destined to recruit the superior or controlling staff of nffl.1?^ '!? ^u *'^'^!?' developed, so that it now turns out annually some Ini^fK?! forest rangers These are almost entirely natives of India; they enter the executive branch o*^ the service, but those of special merit are e ipible for promotion to the controlling staff. ^ The organization of the department may be shortly described as follows :- 3.^\iX """ T'*^'*^^°''ll'' J^" ^"*<^ «^ *^« department, and responsible 00 the Government of India The department in each Province is presided over ?/.t?"'-Kr!^'.u^ T°''t^*^°' *^°' """^ ^^«" ^^^^^ »» tJ^« large Provinces) who 18 responsible to the Local Government. He is assisted by deputy and assistant or'othJrnT.'; T^ f "'>''"' controls the management of the forests in a district f^„. ^ffl P / ^ ^'■?^i"««- .Subordinate to this controlling staff are the execu- tive officers divided into various grades, and they in their turn are assisted by thousand^ '"^ consisting of foresters and guards, numbering many l««.f !!!,!l!j^ "r"^'" ^ ^""-org^-nif d department has been built up during the nrnnif ■ r ""'"^'y* '^^''''2 ^^^ ""'^«'' '^^ ""^^'S^ a" immense government property consisting at present of some 55,000,000 acres of forest lands Some of tt\T rJ!^'''" '" ^^°'^, ^^^""'^ *^«y 1^*^ ^^^"^ destroyed, but by far the fui^Ll ?^ ^T ^"^ ^^^P ''^^'' ^° ^ '•^^"^^'i a"*^ «^en min«d condition, fhl S? ^ V J" *^- * *'^°*i"'^ '' """"^y * •''^^•■^ P^"o^ '« the life of a timber tree, PV ^Z^ of protection and systematic management are everywhere apparent forrrr^ '"ril"*'^'?'r.^'*"^>^^""^'^'*'d"^«d'* ^^'Se proportion of th forests ,s succes-sfully protected against the formerly annually recurring forest, sowi^r^n? ^Tl^ '' *'"°'''^- ^^ 'P""^ '*P ""^^^ *^« protection now afforded ; Si/ ^"/.Pla'^ting are carried out when required; the forests are managed ?h.„nl.T Vi^T-'t7^*^x.T'^'°"P^*""; ^"-^ *" this without interfering with f^flJnff ?^'^"^*'*^?[*^'.P"'^Pr'^^° "-^^^'^'^ ^^'^y year enormous quan- tities of forest produce, either free of charge or at comparatively low rates In many parts of the country the people have come to recognize the importence to sSl extendi ^''*''''"' P''^'^''^**^^" ^^^ * suitable forest area, and this feeling is What I have said above refers to British territory. Space does not permit mLtt^H^v'"''? ^T""^ ^" ^"^^^"^ ??*««' ^«y«"^ me^tionfng that of Tate^ea^ many native rulers have commenced forest conservancy in their States, with the assistance and advice of officers of the Indian Forest Demrtm«nt on lin-"hnila? to those ioiiowed in the British territory. ' ^.UKnill "^""^ *^^'?"®'*'*",^?*y "^f" ^ a«ked.how about the cost of all this elaborate organization and the works of protection and improvement ? m It r 'n ■ 60 ficur^^^Thft n«f ^*"'^i *''°'/ xu" P/'??"* J:**" "^'^^ ^hat I consider satisfactory Net Revenue of Indian State Forests. Jsefc?!' ''''"^^' "°""« "'' '•r'^"^ ^106.615- 1872-77.' •• .. .. 133.929 1877-82 " .. .. 219.919 1882-87 " .. .. • 243.792 384.752 thatlnhrp^rfilTserfinn/Ti"^ 'h P'"°^ ^?^2-87 was nearly four times figur^S-tKa^lSS?^^^^^ •" possession of the detailed rellized in th/li7j ^^ 1888-89. I may state that the gross revenue ^aS-on PI 1.5 year surpasses that for the period 1882-87 by about smKt ?h}^t^vJrA\7^f^^ "«* °f '^« for««t« the revenue i7aJ ye Trls w lit fou? S .r^'' '^ T^' *''** t'^^^t/'five years hence the Jet P^^erls in thl ?nw r^ present amount, provided the Government of India Sf «j«r torest policy as developed in the past. I'he ciowth of tress « It^ZT"^' • "^ "^u^" ^^"^^^^ «^ "^« administration of a^country the fo^e ? w?rCnl^ay^f*:cL"?" ^''^"'"^'^-^ ^'^^^ *^- -^ °*h- b7the wS BURMA. Extracts from Rules Relating to Reserved Forests. snares anTno'"..* ^"''^'f TT"" "^ ?'""" «h*" Poi^"'^ "^^ter or set traps or Xin r. Pfr*" f ^'^" ^''°*^' «^°°* ""f fish without a license. Anv peLn wate^ or sertrloHr'^n" '''^y'^''-^'r^^ ^^is rule, hunts, shoots. Hshesf pSs S mlv e^teTtn rS '' P"T^*^L' ^"'^''' «'«*'*^° 2.5 of the Act ^ith fine, in whose Wal iSl^^ ^ f ^^^"^ ^^ **?" ^^P"*^ commissioner or forest officer maraUowT nHn^ nv T 'T 'T'^' '' l^*"*^^*^* ^''''''^^^ ^^at no such license for the iSft W: '" ^' " '"" P""'^''' ^"'^ "^ ^«« °^ ^«- 1<> ™*>^ ^ charged -Koii*" •5-''?®" '^?, 5th day of January and the loth day of June no person shall, withm two miles of the boundaiy of a reserve, leave any fire buS unless he shall have taken the following precautions, namely?- ^ ^ nf v,/"^ * ^*- '^**"'f ' ^®^' °?® ''®®^ before kindling such fire, have given notice of his intention to do so to the nearest forest officer *^ (6) He shall have cleared of inflammable matter a belt of „ron«^ r.f ..„* ZhC "'^ ''"' •" ^''*^'^ '^°"°'* ^'^^ P^'"^ ""^^''^'^ he p;o|oses"to kindie 61 i. thfdi,^«:!;1', 'Z'^f ■°°'" *" " ' «"■' ">" - ««'' WW i. blowing ill 'i iif iill ll I 'I it 62 NOTES ON FOREST MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY* The following extracts are made from a work published by Sir Dietrich brandis to facilitate the instruction of 8. nior Forest students at the Cooper's Hill Koyal Indian LnKineering College, England, and deal with the subject of Forest Management m Western Germany. Though intended primarily for Indian Forest 1 tlicers, they are not without a bearing on the subject of Forestry in Ontario ;— The character of modern forestry may be said to consist in this, that each portion ot the forest is treated with special regard to the peculier conditions of the Jocahty and the requirements of the growing stock, while due attention is constantly paid to the systematic arran-^ inents of the entire forest range The working plans prepared at the present time are elastic, and they are carefully trained to adapt themselves to the circumstances of the case. Baden Fohest Administration ; Blocks of the Wolfsboden Range. Block 1 (compartments 1-72.) Aha, 2,053 hectares, comprises the valley of the Aha stream, as well as the northern slopes of the range which separates the Alb valley from the Schluchsee, and the head waters of the Aha stream, 884 to 1,300 m. Spruce is the prevailing tree, with silver fir at lower elevations and beech near the top of the ridge. Pinus montana and Scotch pine in and near peat bogs at the head of the lake, and on the head waters of its feeders. Block 2 (compartments 1-61.) Alb, 1,679 hectares, occupies the south-western slopes of the range mentioned under Block 1 above and opposite to St. Blassien, and a small area situated between the two branches of the Alb above their junc- ture, elevation 770 to 1,270 m. Spruce is the dominating tree, with silver fir here and there, occasionally up to one-fourth of the growing stock. Beech more abundant near the top of the ridge. Scotch pine in a few places on steep and dry slope, with a south-westerly aspect (compartments 7 and 8.) Very good natural reproduction on the piece situated between the two branches of the Alb, over- looking the northern branch, in compartments 40 and 44. Young poles of excellent growth, mainly spruce, with a little beech and silver fir, 430 cub. ni. per hect., at 950 m. mean elevation in compartment, 28. Fine old forest though not completely stocked, spruce with 25 per cent, silver fir 100 to 150 years old, with 100 cub. m. per hect. in compartments 32 and 33, on opposite sides of the small valley leading to Muchleland. Also near the southeast end of the block, at a similar elevation part of compartments 7 and 8 stocked with spruce mixed with silver fir and beech, 70 to 150 years old, with 650 to 800 cub. m. per hect. A large extent, the greater part of compartments 14, 15, 23, 24 with portions of the adjojuing compartment, nearly 100 hect. of mostly pure spruce 60 to 100 years old on the top of the hill called Botzberg, which overhangs St. Blassien between 1,100 m. and 1,270 m. The forest is completely stocked, the soil is good! with a dense covering of moss, the climate very moist, but the trees are short.' The growth is slow, and hence there is not so much timber upon the ground as there might otherwise be, 300-350 cub. m. per hect. The reason is the high elevation and severe climate. At a lower elevation the growing stock of the same age in such a locality would be much larger. According to old traditions the trees were habitually, felled while the snow was on the ground, and this agrees with the remaius of the stumps 2 m. high overgrown with moss, standinc' in these and other compartments. On the tops of such stumps the seed of the •By Sir Dietrich Brandia K.C.I.E., Ph.D., P.R.S., late Inspector-General of Foreats to the Govern 68 spruce has often germinated, and the young plant has sent its roots over the n'w^';i''"™P •"'*' the ground The stum^p'has perished, and the tree sLds now, as It were, upon stilts in the air supported by Us roots. Block 3 (compartments 1-4.) Kutterauer Halde, 90 hect, a small detached :Svtfir^°ndtJch':itht\SieTaf ''" "'"^^^ '' Hochenschwand. Spruce, .lnn.?°^^^* (compartments 1-3.) Schwarzathal, 616 hect., occupying the slopes on the right side of the Schwarza Valley, below the village ofHochen! itTh^f Jr'"' '''r"" 1' *"^ beech, with a little oak in the lowSt parr Mo?e han half of this area h^ been acouired within the last fifteen years chiefly bv spm'ceiraJch^""*' '""'' *°'^ P"'""^ "''*'' "«" ''' PJ-'^^d "p - "^ Pint nJ^'J^JaTrl^ZV^^^^ hect.,aretwosmalldetached blocks. The total area as here stated, 4,617 hect. for Wolfsboden, and 3.14 1 hect for its to the Govern Utilization of Fouest Produce. With so large a forest area, the question naturally arises whether there is a suffacient demand for all the timber and wood annually produced. For charcoal there was former y a very large local demand for the numerous iron and gS works which existed upon these hills. The names of places such as 5jthutt? eS Th'^rf '^' /T," ^""*^°? '' ""^ ^"^-*r'' which is now neJ;?y Ised n ISfi'. "t ^'^"f '^••^ble iron works belonged to the State, and these were « osed m 1863 ; soine glass works existed until 1877. The completion of works elsewhere using mineral coal, and favorably situated near iXays and iTveis was top posverful. and the struggle of these small e.slablish.rHmK,ated £ rom rivers and railways in out of the way and difficult mountainous dUtridts against such powerful opposition was hopeless, though the abundLt water power availabhB and the cheap and plentiful supply of charcoal gave thZ impoTtan ndvantages. Quite lately I am informed, a p\osp> =t has arisen of ^eS We ^^uantities of small wood for making charcoal which is wanted by large ir?n works in Switzerland. On the other hand, th. construction of roads has ereSv facilitated the export of forest produce. The road up the Wehra Valley to Todt^ moos was built m 1848-49, and that from St. Blasien down the Alb Valley was conipleted in 1861 and it is now proposed to construct a road from the Schluchsee along the valley of the Schwarza to the Rhine, which will greatly facilitate the ^xporto timber from the forests in the basin of the SchluchsL an in Je wiulh fhin V?'T '"^?' the country around has long been connected Tr l^f T ^S^^ V ^"^ "'1. "^r^^^ '^^*'*' but it ascended the plateau with a rise of nearly 300 metres and then continued with numerous descents 3 ascents to Walshut. For the export of timber, roads along tTe vaWs wfth an •even and gentle gradient are indispensable. The construction of cunvenien? mam roads has been supplemented by a system of well designed carrroad, tfaxvu^xio-a. u-iu loresc, and cnus it has become possible as already mentioned to ttl f '^r'T ^'"^ '"""', ^^ '^' ^^'•^^^ as hop-poles. The ^construction of these forest roads commenced in 1860 and every year new lines are added in order to complete the system laid down in the programme. 64 to facilitate the floating of tirr.ber on t^he En.:, ^t^ tur^WMacCZ Ki '"*' nversin the northern Schwarzwalrl. were unknown herfA/Sr.f^wu^^^^ Heems difficult to understand. But the rivers of Jhesouthitl ^t "^^ ^^^' parHcularly those here in question the Alhl. > w l x ™ Schwarzwa.d. and to'a great eSt tSd byThrOberfSrsTerj^^^^^^^^^ t'.. business, pricked, ing to circumstances, with from 8 to 15 timCcutter h« t T^?' ""'^V'- m many cases, unsaleable. The spruce and silTr «r f^ . ^f?. ''"^ ^""^ tions of the Black Forest which adjoTn the Rhine vSlevL^'f.K* v''^'' P*''"- the other side of that river sunilv nolL Tr *ll i^ J"* the Vosges on Baden at lower rates TCforesLof^S RU«ii *., P.^'"'''^""' .°* ^^"^^ ^"^ cases only, enter into compet ufon with them tL nZZ T ' '"^ T^P"^'^*! ts^fLr^* ™*^-^^-"^ely th^aVhXVs'^iirbTl^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ brougit to the road^de. . As already rent?oL':rt°er%,^n^^^^^^ ?urmarv"tl a certain extent at least, in old times, but in those days chfrcoS was the Z^ n article produced, and the timber was at once cut nn fnr Vhi T ?, ., ™*'" billets which were easily moved T s?edgesovet tL snow AtTe Ln °' l"*^ large timber is the chief article producedT winter tmnsnor^' ,•« nnf f! "ki ""^"i ^s^t^'' '--''' ''''' --^eiiing'hr,::;rtrg;rar4r^^^^^^^^ The first operation is to bark the trees. Of the sonirft h«rlr o ««„ a ui portion is sold for tanning, that of the silver fir r'u::d^a^uertm^^^^^ of prime quality. wh«th«r nnmna «- oJi..^- p- :- i-^- • . . ®'" ^"noer and for such timber the'^ntr^^toris^aTd ior^ I^lh^ rlS ^ •>'"'^ f P^''^!" 95 ami 22 cm. (9 in) respoctivelv, whilo loi?s of flu. tUi,..\ „i ■ , 'VmueU'v of 17 cm. at 16 ... 'f on, ho butt Th A u" '""' '*'"'"."'^'' *'^ ^'"'^ " Lattonkiotze, i,s c.t into conve i"n I.,n"lL . ' ''-""'^" ''" "^«:,'olranel.,.ftlictra.l.J„al-;Tlvt\^di n^^^^^^^^^ ^''""^'''.^ "'^ ^" ^''i" '^P^'cial an.I those nut sosnitah tW Zi ■ l. 1, M 'j^'^^'^"" '<'^^ ^vhich .sph't .va.lily Ht the .sale. Thu ■ in th Alb ',.;;• Trelu of'st'" R! '"' ' '"."^■'' '^H'""' ''^^^ conp,M.s of B>.rnau ,lraw their o .i. /nr'Tth.^ h?!' ^T?' *'■"'" '^'''«'' ^'^« Ht for .splitting ,soM i„ , mHo for 21' i^i> ..d J ^ . f .U" "T^ "* '^«^ ^'""" tively, while or.lina.y k.rs fettC/i '-xnlv j S Ud. ^foP"" ';''' '"^'^''^ ••«''1"'C- figures were 19.9 l/r, and 14 1 '/J » r' '^'tr.'' '^ "lailcs. In 1880 t"'3 ordinary timber ' ''" "' '^''' '^f''^^'"^' «'"' 15.9. 13,8. 10,1. for The Oherforster of St. Blasien ro-ula.-ly emplovs one of fl. Bernau in order to mark tho lo.rs fit for st.iiiHn r I ''i n f , " '" *'"«" sold separately. I .pent a day in the Ct witTn '^'^ "l"^ '"*'''^'"'' -^'-^ characters upon wl. ch he reli." ThfhW nn^• '''I,'" ^'■' "'' *" '^''^'•" ^he regularly .s4ed and eloan. wiilJut k'illt d Sn t^ kUtllv th'^f """^ '^« not be much twisted and if twisted af n.11 H,n f^rilr V' '^^'^ '"'"3 • tlnhbres nuist l>arked lo,s the twist is Jv^Ln ty iT^^^^^^ ^« 'ef t. On 7^^;.^r'- '^ — '- "^ 4o,ni^d:tr\j;i tt!l;s,j:r i:^:i;: nearly so. Down a slope, however the Sber Mowl " ' ^" ^"'""'2^^ '^ ^^"^^ «^ tools used fortius purpos.^ are of the si nnl»!f • ^ '^' "^''"' ''^ '"OP^^' T'^e long, a strong ir,.n Lorwi^, a rin. t Thtt 'f'^^'"^' '' "^^'^"^ '''^P" ^^^ ^^^^ an.ra kind ol pick (krem^e the vfo de^tlt 4"-:.^ i^"-'- Vf^''^'^^'^^' inches long. "anuio t >,o -ti feet and the iron 18 the logstrseTd^r tr :L7Lwar1 Two '''' ^"b' ^^^^^'l'^ ^-" ^"'^ -^ generally slung round a tree^vh e four or'fiv7n eiT-n "^^"^.'^^^ ^'P^' ^^'^'^ ^^ alongside the log. lifting it ove uneven pllces in the ;.'™'V''^^*''^^• ^^'^ ments, stopping it whife th, rone is «^nnL ?. '" ^'^f ground or other impedi- generally Zecting its cours . irisl fi„"e^si"h Vo"^'" 'TJ'^'^^°^^" ^"^ « with which this ditficule work i^a^ecorn'p^listr^^^^^ port 'is tn ia^d^r trz^'::^^^^^r^'^'''''' ^- - Switzerland. Alsace, and France TMs man rf«,/-ff*^^ ^?^' westward, to realized at sales in tb« WVbr'fhL ^^ '"- A'l*?^^ff*^ l*««Jf i" ^he higher rates State forests range, which have to'brcrrtednearw'Tbf ""'"'"", "' '^^ ?^- ■^^*«'«'^ reach a railway "station. In the Wehra foiffJ^fi f 'f™^ f '''*"^« ^^^^re they 17.9 and in the'^Albthalforl 16 8 mk ;:r?ub met" 1^887.^ T' '«'«*^^^ were 19.4 and 15.9. ^ ^" ^^^^ *^^e figures were 5(F.) 66 colWfcZ nf Znfr i,"^'" ^*? ^^^ underground wood, are unsaleable. The ?« K?.L V Tk ^'^'''^ '■'''"^ '' permitted, and, where practicable, the condition W permission granted that what Remains on the gmund mast be Of the larger branches and of the poles obtained by thinnings small ouanti t^es have us already mentioned, latterly been sold as hJp-poir^A Tw dZand for small wood has fortunately arisen through the erection of plerS factories from wood the first of which was buift in 1874. There are foSr such factories now in the vicinity, and to these it is due hat inucli of the small The yield of minor forest produce in these districts in insignificant Here as elsewhere m the Black Forest, the spruce was formerly extenS Tapped S resmand in Wolfsboden the collection of resin in a few placerwheieTe old rees formerly tapped are still standing, is still let out, but this wmronc'ase as the old trees are being cleared away rapidly. ' r .. Regeneration of the Forest. f«nnpJ fn""^ *^^'''' ^''' ?u*^^"'^ "^^^''^ * '*''g« proportion of old trees formerly rTi T"" fn "'' /^^ ^'■^""^' '^ '« necessary to clear and plant buT^ a rule the system followed is to rely upon natural reproduction as much as possible tJ VaTI^^v^' ^^^ ^'^^"^^ «""^"S of the mature stock. It has aTreadv 5ears Whe^thet'^^^^^^^^ "'"^ the timber in these forests is cut "S years, wnen the time arrives for commencing cuttings i-> a comnarfmpnf x^hiJ^ has attained that age, the first operation is to clear awl^'all ofTwoods and use ind Yh'ltr''^' Ti *^ ^l' Vr * ^""y ^^^^"'^^ g»'«^th thit may be onlhe ground produced ^AfTer this'Sf ' •' '°''" ^^'' '^ the young foLt intendef to be C:r ?K -After this follow m succession a series of luttings more or less heavy, the beginning being made with the removal of all oppressed damaS and diseased tree.. These successive cuttings are generally ^ontSd in tSe Zfl?r^^ rr^ f f"'" ^^ *° ^^ y'^^'- ThL in 1/08, X^a pre im! nary cutting had already been made, compartment 31 of Block 2 in WolfsbXn was socked with a forest of two-thirds spruce, and one4hii^silvmTrcontahi ing 800 cub. metres per hectare. 11,432 cub. feet per acre. Inl 864 Jhffi't AffJw'T"/ '''"'^'^- ^"^ '''^- ™«^^^« P^'- hectare (2.860 cub feet per acre) Afterwards five successive cuttings w re made, which only left 80 cub metres .(1,143 cub. feet per acre), n 1887. Meanwhile the ground Ls got well stocked W iS^^s w':;'^ -"f T'^'^^ ^^ ''''' -^ probably lecKe?^^ f/flAAM r 1«"8 Pt,"od o{ regeneration is necessary, because seeding vra,^ in the cold climate of these districts are scarce, in the case of spruce and sZei fir every fourth or fifth year, and in the case of beech once in 8 to^lO years But there IS anothenipbject besides, viz. the great increase in timber of the trees lef iZt:''1 ^ '"°';« -elated position after each successive cuttYng hence he practice is to keep the most vigorous trees to the last. In the case of the silver fir groups of younger trees or single trees are left standing after the sereso? q rSfe,^rwh'"t- ^""'V r^'^ '"'^ P^^* ,°^ ^ "^" ^^'-^ growing un and 200 year 01 more " "' ' " '^"''' '■"""'^' ^^^''^^ '^«" attainedan ageof 67 Forest Ranges Forbach (I and II) and Herrenwies the Swtr 'S ^iZ^;^^^^S^-^^ «Pecia.ly relate a. Forbach, I. . Forbach, II. Herrenwipg. Productive forest area, in hectares. Annual yield in cubic metres. 3,(i09 4,977 3,459 Sanctioned. 16,720 32,000 21,000 Actual, 1886. Total. 18,906 29,267 18,894 Per hectare 6.24 6.88 6.46 Of these, Herrenwies, which is pnfirolir g*o* e paters of the Raumunza^h, and ocSes a "-^^ "^ '" ^^' ^'"^ Murg Forbach I comprised the communa' CS Z^.' f^^^ ^««t of the Gausbach. and a few other villages as wpN „! Ihl^ -?-^ ^^''^^^h' Langenbach of 860 hectares (2,1 24 acres), which' i^ tL propert S'thf rt^' (Saints'^For::?) In these forests the Oberforster has the manatmfnf^ u^'^u'*" P*"^^ church manner as in State forests. In regard howeverTftS-^'' H'^^' '" *he same by him, the communal authorities? and the trustees o? t^T^ ""l "^« ^««d cut to make their own arrangements. As a mattp'r !? % . ?u "^"'^^ *^^« »* "berty selves of the Oberfor.ter'l services iTthis part of hl\ '^ ^^"1^>^ ^^^" 'hem^ proceeds of these communal forests roads sp1.S I ^ business also. From the -e ouilt.and the income from hesf for tf^s'^^^^^^^^ expenses of the municipalities, so that th? memberf J h*' ^'^'"^^ ^^^ ^t^fr Srf°J%'?5™""^^^ ^••°'» a" l"cal rates and taxes h"^>'' ^^'""Junities not for thmr children. Part of the firewood which forms flf«" ff^.°° '"^ool fees is distributed among the villagers snfhof fi? u *^® J'^®''^ o^ these forests For timber and othe? wood tht™^jt^\f^^y ^*^« ""ost of their fuel free most of the communal foritsTn^ifean^ei?,^^^^^^^ '^' money yTeld of certain surplus is divided annually amo?. ^re;-!/ '« «« ^ ^idera>,le that a Gausbach and other villages have thk year r J. iT''" J^"« ^^e people of amounting to 70 mk. (£3 10s.) each houseffler *" '^^'' "^ the surplus, Bade^'an3f?nX'o^^^ G-d Duchy of those who have to deal with forest maSeTi^ Ind^„ ?"°1'""'^ instructive^ for the success of the endeavors which of laS vears i' ' ^^^'V' ""^ <*o»ht that stimulate the development of local self JfverZpnf^-rf.P'r^'''^^ ^^^'^ ^^^^ to India will to a great extent, depend upon thT«i. i-^"'"'^ ^'■°^'"««« o*' efforts to p ace the self-governmeSt of ?owns and vS/J ""^'"^ ™^^ ***«»d the by organizing a good management of such landed nri^? "Pon a stable footing, possess, or may hereafter be able to acquire. ^ ^^'^^ ^ *^"«« communities The income derived from the Heili£.«nwoM u.. ^f , , —^SS •" ; 68 one-half, of the shares, and since that time (1886) the management of these forests has been intrusted to a State forest officer. As already mentioned, the prevailing trees are spruce and silver fir, the latter being more abundant at lower elevations, while the spruce predominates in the upper portion. With them the beech is associated at all elevations but in varying proportions, for while in some places it forms a large portion of the growing stock, it is almost absent in others. The Scotch pine is found in the granite region, chiefly upon dry, steep, rocky slopes with a southerly aspect, while in the sandstone region it occurs almost eveiywhore, sometimes scattered, and in other places forming an essential element of the growing stock. A remark- able feature here is the occurrence of mixed forest of Scotch pine and silver fir, the latter foi-ming a kind of high underwood under the former. Although these forests present great variety of soil and other conditions, yet upon the whole it may be said that in places the growth of the species mentioned is magnificent. The tliree conifers attain a height of from 40 to 45 metres, the stems carry their girth well up to a great height, and are, as a rule, regularly shaped. Seed years occur frequently, and the reproduction is generally very good. A marked difference is, however, noticeabn^ especially at lower elevations, between slopes with a southerly and northerly aspect, the latter showing much better growth and more abundant reproduction The disease most frequently observed consist* of tiie irregular swellings on the stem of the silver fir, commonly known under the name of cancer. Con.sidering the enormous area of unbroken forest, on both sides of the Murg Valley, chiefiy composed of conifers, it is remarkable how little damage by insects takes place. Storms and snows do some damage, but upon the whole it is insignificant. At times the pressure of the masses ot snow is so heavy that large trees are bent down gradually and uprooted. There re not many species of subordinate importance, and those which occur are .scarce upon the whole. Along the valley from Gernsbach to Forbach, and even higher up, the oak forms a fringe at the lower edge of the forest, and a few oak trees are .seen scattered over the whole granite region. The hornbeam is found here and there, associated with the beech, anri single specimens of the sycamore are now and then met with. On peat soil at high elevations, and on the top of the two chief hill ranges, a considerable area is stocked with the mountain pine, and in such places the birch is also common. Of shrubs there is no great variety. It may be justly said that the lorest is everywhere too dense and too well stocked for much subordinate vegetation. In old and dense forests, where there is not sufficient light for the young growth to come up, the ground is fr( nently covered with vaccinium, brambles are almost absent, and the wild ra8pb(ji ry is scarce. From time immemorial these forests have been treated on the system of selection fellings (jardinage), and this sy.stem is still followed in the two Forbacli ranges. Here, therefore, the character of the fore.st is extremely varied, trees of all ages standing on the ground together. Formerly, the practice was to select the finest and most accessible trees for felling. In this respect a great change for the better has now taken place, for the aim at present is to cut out all unsound and badly-shaped trees first, so as to leave more room for the young growth and the more vigorous trees A rational treatment of fore.st on the selection system cannot easily be brought under precise rules ; the manager must consider the requirements of each plot separately, and this is being done at present in these forests. 69 tent of these In order to determine the annual yield of forests manac'ed under the selection system It ,s necessary to measure the old timber over fhe en"."' area and the work cannot be shortened by the examination of sa.npirplots Thus at t"es anTlt m 1 'r'"'^'"? -P'T '"" ?^ ^^^'^-^^^^^^^-^^ ^o-sS in' 1 886. alHarse of fli To n rr?-' ^ ^ '"'''''' ''''•* upwards) were measured on 85 per cent of the^total area. Tins was accomplished in tw(, workinj,. seasons by two valua tion ofhcers, an immense and most difficult piece of work, consideriL the dense underwood of young growth which in most places covers tLciroTrundev the tllT .^^^^°'"'».^ " the smaller trees was estimated, and the to al" ow „' stock by 2,i2,(,88 cubic metres. The rotation for this forest range was fixed at or/^To'r^ "f " '^'''' ,^"*^ *^^ '^"'^"^' y'^'^'^ ''^^ «^*^d at 32.000 cub c metre! metre' but''in"ma?vP'' '"'i"''' . ^\^ *^">"^ ^'^'^^'"" «*««k was 382 cubTc metres'per hecta"'*"^ "'"'"""" " ''^ ^"^""" ^^' ^''"^^"^ «-^^''« 700 cubic ,.,. J"i ^^^! *''\ sanctioned yield of the Schitfer.schaff forests was not fullv worked up to, whereas, in Forbach I, there was an excess of 2 200 cub"c metres Siv ll '""''^T^ ^•?-^^' ^"'"^'^ ^^''-y by the timber cut f iZl Hiaktg partly by some extraordinary requirements of the village of Forbach. "^' follinlV\l?^'"''r'>T T'"' *^^ ,P'^" ''' "«t t*' ^«"ti"»«> the system of selection tellings, but gradually to introduce the system of felling bv comnartmeits ttnSttht^;;"^^ T "r P"'""^ °' '""'^ '^''S' consitleraV7S^.t ha' been made in this respect. Large areas are now stocked with uniforni thickets up to twenty y^ars old, while others are stocked with pole forests so thattn places a regular gradation of ages has been brought rboutThi's has been accomplished by the gradual removal of the old trees,\nder tL sheUer Swh ch the young growth had come up. vears^L'tkTntM'f/r ^^e two other forest ranges, has been fixed at 120 years, and it is intended that the period assigned to the cuttin<^ out of the old hmber and the regeneration of the forest is eventually to occupj thirty to forty Considering tlie enormous area of the forests, it is remarkable that all the timber in hem can be sold. Underground wood, however, finds no purchased unStXr '^T '"7,«ts,and only in the vicinity of the Villages wrpeopL The remov ? 7f "^ ^V .'^"'7' °" *"'^'"8 ^^^^^^ ^^' «^««d wfthout payment Ihe lemova of tops and branches is free throughout these forests The bark n oE of thin' •' '' T '''^' ';" i '■""°^'^'' ^'••^^ ^i*'^ the branch wood The Rt?in! V ?i ^^'''"'"f formerly tound a ready sale in the hop gardens of the Rhine Valley, but the cultivation of hops has of late years greatly dimin shed panel n'Sntdn rf 71°r? ^^"^'^ ^•'^"^^" unsaleablJif nufneroifs fXfes of tTJiTK , • "^Z^ ^^*T y^^'^ ^So. been established in the Murg Valley nr««i. .1?^"^ * "T ^'"'"'^'^ '^•^t only for poles but also for small trees At present the paper pulp factories have a decided preference for spruce and vtv more for clean stems without branch knots. ^ ' ^ ^ i..r.;t^ Schonmunzach, already mentioned as the first village of Wurtemberff te ritory, is a large glass factory, which works with gas made from wood anS this factory consumes annually a very large quantity of s.nall wo .? It is not improbable that hereafter fchfi inf^.-fo^ tV"'^^ ->? .-c-d -n r - T i, « te*d,-o,.,,t, „, India, which at pr^ent are u„«l,;We, q'SlS tl ^rpT hi 'ill i 70 full?" ?f f*«/»^"•o« smelting, and that thus it may be possible to revive the ^S::^£LZSl£'V^ Indian foJstoilce. will doTeVt in thi vl&rlh^'p M.f ^'"'Y ll ^'?*'^ 'acilitated by the numerous saw railb MuraCM.Lii ^^"'^ T.'^ other rivers, and most of the timber from the S fV I "°^ ^•'^P^^ed in the shape of beams and boards. Of tlie princioal kinds of t.mber sold spruce and silver fir command the same rates whib Scotch pine generally fetches a somewlmt higher figure. voun! ™Vh'unLl-Ti';"/P""° ^".^ '"•"^?^'''- ^° ^"'*^«*^« "^« t''^«« ^'ith much young growth under the trees, great care i^ necessary and is used so as nnf tn. injure the mass of seedlin„-s and saplings on the gromid In dSn' the t"mbe? much attention is paid to this, and as a further "safeguard the bmnch.^ of the tt^s' wfthTelid 'T?!^,^^f«- f^l'-!- This is doSe by mLi who climb h Dfenni^e a trJ A IZ^T'''' *"^ ^^^^ ^''^ P^^^^ ^t the late of from 20 to 30 4s Id a dlv V f T' '*" ^'P *'" *« ^^^^^'^ trees, thus earning from 2s. .0 *s. bd. a day. Formerly the custom prevailed to lop ths branches of tree* th'e sS'^ff "^ ^T'^ V"'^"'^^^ *« '^"^^''^ «" <^he ground Tasto diminfsh because tt wl fouC' T; .^^^^f^*-'. ^^ «f Jate years here been abandoned ditiZ other Jpi^^ are narrow dragging paths, some in their natural con- dition, others levelled and built up. The timber is brought to the edcre of these dragging paths, and there the sale takes place. The lo°s are dra^^ed c,eneraliJ oft":'th"''""^''^"^''^'^^P^' '^P'"-^^ wheels. lccVdingTole1?:S ^l.^i^/'^'^l^'" of carting roads, however, is being steadily extended over the tw.W V*' ^"^ *^' ^r?^'^' "^'•^^ '""'^y ^^'•y beavj loads measuring up to ten or loni «?1 'w'^'"''' -i^i^f ^^' ^''''''^ practice the stems are bfouSht ou? Z IheLw K '' ^n^^"^ ^^'y T '^"^'i' ^^' '' i« f««"d that the proprietors of the aw mills pay higher rates when they can cut up the logs according to^their Soned iT w 'ir'"?'"*^' /«^t''»''«'- ^^rk on the dragging piths, as already men- SnthH „h!. °;?n'T,^'T-*;' ^^"^'-^"^ emjlojed, and from sprig to fn l«TfK '^'^^^•\a^«^'l Of large timber carts, on which huge logs, up to 30 m in length, are carried down the valley. ° ^ Coppice Under Standards Near Kippenheim, in the Rhine Valley. onW K^^ '"''"?!? between the unbroken forest of the Schwarzwald, interrupted nf ^h ' Pk"^ *^T \ '^'''°^^\^^ fi«ld, not very productive, and the rich pla na ^rounH ^nT T''^ '''"•'"" '^^'""^'^ ''''^'' ^'^^ luxuriant meadows on low ground and extensive vineyards on t le hills, is exceedingly striking In the laZ 7"«y'.b«^7«« Freiburg and Off-enburg, one of the mit ferti le^por ionfof Baden, there IS not much forest, but what there is produces large quantE of most valuable material. Here are situated the forest districts of Kippenheim and SstSTf ?,^V°«»P"f;. th« S^ate and communal forests sitnate^f n the d^U district of Ettenheim. Kippenheim, where the Oberforster --esides is a large village situated at the foot of the hills, which rise into the Schwarzwald Like some the other v llages in this district, it has forests both inThe outer hill! o^Jnf^^K ^^'f y?^l'«y-. The produce of these communal forests is sufficient In he case of this and other villaires in th^ vJeirJf" to oovsr -'1 n,,--;- i that the inhabitants have to pay no"local -l^le^^SlichTorfr^ TXresS m the plains are of special interest, and particularly those which belong to the Kippenheim forest district. They form a compact block six kilometers "ong and 71 wild cher;;s"s,:^' '',^„,o ;°^,;t?znf°'Sr^^ Coppice and Field Crops m the Sieoen District. The Sieg, which flows into the Ehine below Bonn, drains a lar«e area of Z^tT'" """"i"^' IT« 1° ■"»'■ ^»" »■■ (2,800 feet);the rS, of w^hiX clav Siegas well a, on the headwaters of the Dili a tribntarv 4 t° e Lahn River . In the narrow vallevs of t.his mmiTifQi'T,/.,,^ p~,,_i„,. .., - . . mines, and iron works^orne oFthTm" of S^Snl fo^^^^^^^^ water-power now mostly with water-power and steam. sTrrounded bv we ] we f wl?!?'^"T' ^^? ^r^ "™'*«^ «^^«« «f fields and gardens The hmrare well wooded, and. as already stated, almost exclusively staked w th ode In the In ■ f I ifiv <*■ ■ if 72 m dst of the u: coppice, on the slopes and ridses, are numerous extensive fields with rye, the pale green of which in early summer contrasts stran^^^lv -viU, the dark green color of ti>.e oak forest. These fields change their posittu from yea.- j-o year, so that the traveller who ri,its these hills in two succe- -Ive ^-virn L>U JlnJ^^TU V- ^c ''^"J^cape chan-od, though its general chara- !„ r ; ..mains the same. Ihe high forest which covens the tops and ridges belongs io tb.; Ht.at6 or to large private proprietors, but the vast areas of coppice which o.^^py t!ie m. in portion ot this tract of country do not belong to the Stat ; or to private pr.^prie- tors, nor to town or village communities but to public cornoratioii.;, commonly regarded as thu remains of the old " Markgenosseu- ehaften," whu-h in the words of cne late toir Uenry Maine, were "an ...ganized, s^ll'-acting group of Teutonic tamries. exercising a common propri 'Maship ovo ■ i definite tract of land, its mark, cultivating its domain on a common system ».nd S'taini,' itself by Uie pro', uce. Ihe coppice is managed on rot. ^non of froin l? to i.'0 yours (19 voars on an >, vo rage), and the area assigned to each year's cutting ii Ireaied iu' ihh mannPr. Lar ly in spring (March. April) all soft woods, birch hazel. , srsen, and others, as well a ' m mo«t slender shoots of the oak copi.ic;, ^re o-u'out the operation proceediir^ x-:oiu h,' bottoj.' af the valley upwards. At the same time tne poles intended to bn pe. itni are cleaned by cutting oft the lower branches As soon as tne season w -i <>l-iantlv' advanced for the bark to come off readily, gen- erally 1,1 aiay or ,Tun3, L'u' poles ,vre peeled standing, the operation bein.^ per- formed as follow..,— J.r..-n a cut made breast high the the lov.er portion of the DarK is taken oft downwards, while the upper portion is pr 'iod upwards the upper end renmininy attache.l to the pole. In the case of high -.olos ladders are used, and weak poles are bent down in order to peel them. TLo naked poles remain standing until the bark is dry. Long strips remain hanging smaller pieces Are tied up in bundles and are hung upon the poles. In the case of poles which fiave sprung from seed, either natural or planted, the rule is strict] v observed to ring them close to the ground by a circular cut going through the bark only the bark then comes off down to the girdle only, and this promotes the <^rowth 01 coppice shoots from the stool. The wood is cut as near the ground as possible, the cut being smooth and slanting without splitting and without injuring the roots. The poles over 5 cm (two inches) diam. are cut one to two inches above the ground by means of two opposite cuts slanting upwards. Seedlings, whether natural or planted, not yet fit for peeling, remain standing so they may not be damaged by hoeing and when tfie corn is cut. The wood is placed on the ground between the stools with the butt end rr 73 i iUi: ;ensive tields '■-ly 'vith the >u from ytar ;Maiain3 the th^' >State or \.y the main 'iito pi'uprie- .. coiniuonly the words of of Teutonic of land, its iself by Uie rs no ytifirs lied ill thh , .-.'.ipon, and cut out, the e same time ranches. As eadily, gen- i being per- ■tion of the pwards, the ladders are lakej poles nailer pieces 3ole3 which observed to ) bark only. the growth smooth and over 5 cm. Bans of two I, not yet fit and when e butt end the young d poles are of peculiar gathered in 3S are then idcast. iar kind of vs or oxen, cots of the bhe harvest mg coppice System of Managkment : Its Origin. The management of the forest estates here .ie.scribed is entrusted to commit- tees, elected by the shareholders for a period of six years. Each committee consists of a chairman and one or two members. The current duties are conducted by the chairman alone, but certain matters, such as the appointment of the guard who is intrusted with the protection of the estate, are by law and custon assigned to the full committee. In order to maintain the coppice well stocked, cultural operations are regu- larly carried on in most of these estates. The old established practice is to dibble in acoins in lines about 2 m. apart, either with the seed corn in autumn, or in spring with the young crop, or in the second autumn into the stubble. Where sowings haye been made the broom is cleared away when it threatens to choke the young pknts. Cattle are excluded until the plants are sufficiently advanced to be beyond damage. Where it is not possible to ke.'p the area closed so long, strong siiplings U t) 2 m. high are are planted about 3 m. apart, and in order to provide a sufficiency of such plants suitable nurseries are established for each estate. The chief civil officer of the circle (Landrath), together with six share- holders who are elected for a period of six years by the whole body of hauberg associates, form a board of control for the management of these estates throughout the circle (Schotfenrath). This board appoints one or several forest officensr who have the supervision of the management of these estates as far as regards profess- ional matters. The board also assigns the area to be subject to their inspection, and is empowered by law to decide all matters relating to these estates that may be referred to them. At present there is one forest officer (Hauberg Sachver- standiger) for the entire circle. His chief duty is to watch over the due observ- ance of the treatment laid down by law, and generally by his advice and personal influence to promote the good management of these estates. All these matters are governed by a special law ba^ed upon old ordinances and customs existing in regard to these estates. The law which is in force at the present time was passed by both houses of the Prussian Parliament in 1879. The system under which these forests are managed is very old. The oldest document preserved regarding it is of 1447, and a detailed account exists of 1553, from which it appears that in its main features the system then was the same as at present. The peculiar development of the system" must be attributed to two circumstances, the requirements of the mining and iron-making industry, and the insufficiency of arable land in the district. Formerly, all the iron works in this district were worked with charcoal, which the forests furnished, and for this purpose coppice was the simplest and most convenient mode of treatment. The poles, whether oak, birch, or other kinds, could readily be utilized for charcoal. Tlie mines and the iron-works in this part of the country in former times were always owned by associations (genossenschaften) and in some cases these associations may have also owned the forest lands adjoining the works. In any case, the organization of the " Hauberg genossenschaften" has developed in a manner similar to that of the mining associations. At the same time, the population, though never dense, as compared with the plain country, nevertheless did not produce corn enough for their maintenance, nor was there sufficient litter for their cattle. In this manner the neieesity arose to utilize the fore.«t for the tem.norarv cuitivation of corn after the coppice had been cut over. These temporary fields furnished a large portion of the corn and straw which they required. In 1862 the total area of the circle, 64,653 hectares (159,800 acres) with a population of 48,479, consisted of 74^ per !l ( ! I , 74 trfierant:;!':"'^^^^^^^^ r tr- -/^ ^^ P- cent fields. Of that the addition'Tf about 4 4^ JcZ^^^ r '^' ^^"1""^'°" «*" «°™'- of coppice annually cut over and nnuivTiir ^^u '''' ^""^ "^"^ ^^« aggregate area to the corn-producC and p"ven hin K ""'^^ ''^'' ^-^^ '^" important "addition and now. with a vaftlv^n^rpnli 1 ^«^«^«!:= «?•"»>" was imported largely, of Srain'h^ lately Lre^^^^^^^^^ 7/1*^" 1««'5) the importation the corn consumed in he Strict hL. I ""^''^ .*^*^"* P"^"'""* three-fourths of f the system here des^'^Lrfrintri:,^ l^:^^:Z^^' ^"^P^^-- letti„V\\:S;rL"up';S,ai"aftor'^^^^^^^^ "T-"' corn on forest land, and of tainous countries ?f an nLtfTFtnL """Tf- '• ^'1 ''"'='«"* «»«t«™ '» «««»"- in most other parte of t^he world JErnS- '"'^ • 'T^''^ *" ^"""^P^' '^"^^ '« f«»"d as jhum in the east asdhvaTn r;nf! l ja-^ '^ |\.^^«^° ^s kumri in the south, and as toungya i^ Bur^a fn Sn^^^^^^^^ *' ^'' m the north-west Himalaya developed, that the wood whinh^ P' ^If^^'T"'-. the system has in so fai^ to furnish ^^i:t2f^,it^z'^:z "^^ ^" ^-^---^ in.port:d!td'ZLTf1h^^^^^^^ "P by railways, coal was crop as far as the wood wal conrpS k , ^'' dimmished the value of the forest whfch was important^r;^o ,Tt,-3 fi^^^^^^^^ ?' *f°°''^^ '"^"^t^^ larger scale, and at DresenfcLr? J« f\ ^^^^^^^h century, developed on a much Freudenberg Sieirand « wli ^ ^""t ''*^■"^^'" P''^^"'^^ ^^ <^hese lands. At receive hi5ef'fro3l part of the wn^!5 '^a ^f' ^^^ge tanneries exist which them in all dire^tfoL Th/n«l ^l^ *"^ ^'"? T^^ **^« ^^^^^er prepared by 86.000 cwt! a year ^*'^ P'°^"'''^ ^^ *^««« ^^ods amounts ta Coppice and Field Ckops in South Germany, Austria and France. sands^r TBuX'tndltro? STof '"7.^ 'T^'^' ^^^^"^^^ -«- - ^he between the rivers CnanSNit .^^enwald, the mountain ranjre situated and Baden Here thT kTnH^f ' •" <'^^^'**"d Duchies of Hesse D.-.rmstadt Further 4uth,t ?he vall^sof the K^ill? '' 'f "^\""der the name <- hackwald." the Schwarzwald, i? 's known 'as '^^SSfd^'^'^.' °" 5^' f/''' ^"'^ ^''^"•'^ ^^ practised in WurtembergrdsLe parts oSwitrrL"^''^'p- ^^^ 'T' "*?^« ^' ** respects are similar to those eSfnKf^! ^J'^^^^'^^^^'^f . Circumstances in some The arable land islLitedrndt?efor!r„^^^i^^^^^ °" *^« ^Io««»e- of the forest land foTthe prodttiro • ^rn '^^ . ^''^''.'^^ ^'^"'^ *"^ "^"'^« P^^t been cleared by cutting th^copp^^^^^^ '' ''"^ ^""^ '''^'^' ^^^«"«^«r the ground ha. The practice called sfihiflPpin wbjoT, »v^«..^ju :_ XI. . . ill the plough or kept as meadow land is either high forest, or coppice or schiffel land, which ,8 allowed to remain fallow for twelve years, betwZ?woc.oDS of corn and dunng that period gets covered with a dense matUng TgrZand bushes of broou. and juniper. It is here the place to ment on the s^vsTem of sartage wh.ch prevails in some mountainous districts of Belgium and France par icularly in ho Ardennes, the continuation to the south of the " Hohe Venn '= Sartage resembles the system here described, except that the coppice h worked under a longer rotation (twenty-fbur years), and that what is calEen air firing IS more generally employed, that is. the sods of turf are not burntTn heaps but small wood and branches are spread uniformly over the ground and are f red during calm weather, with the needful precautions against'spreading of the fire The system IS well described in that excellent work of Lorentz " Cours eleraen taire de culture des bois," 4th edition, 1860. p. 424. eleraen- 1882^n ^;/,^'« *^«**«4 ^'^ Bagneris' Elements of Sylviculture, English translation. 1882 p 12o Bagneris remarks, that the system is dying out in France Zealous foresters, in Germany, as well as in Francef have often c!n(LmLdThe svstern of ombming coppice with field crops, as barbarous and indefensible ThfsYowever ar as the'Trowtrof f'^ '^'^ ^^' ^^^'^™ ^^' ''^''^'^ P««'"-« advantag s ^ tar as the growth of the coppice is concerned ; moreover in many distrfcts it ^n? witi^^t'P'V'?' •■•'^ '^' requirements of the population Wi^h duet « and with the aid ot diligent sowing and planting, the coppice can under this system be maintained in excellent C(;ridition.^ On L other hS where itTs no? carefully supervised, the system is wasteful and unprofitaX IsTmatter of fact m some d.atnc s the altered circumstances of the people Ly perhaps e.n- tua ly lead o a gradual extinction of the system, whereas in other districts ?t High Forests and Field Crops. The raising of cereal crops between two crops of hidi forest or as an operation preparatory to the formation of new forests on was e lands ha^ Lph practised centuries ago in different parts of Europe. On?LZ h- western port^^ "Bat\X" W7d""=' "^j*^^ separates Bava'ria from Bohemia known^afS: fifteJn hcenS ■ ru^^ T l^'tT "^^"''"'^^ '="^*"'-« ^^^ «^'sted since the mteenth century. The forest which here chiefly consists of birch is cut a number of trees being left standing for s.ed. During one or two years rye m Set pTtoes and oats are raised on the ground, which had been fertilized b7thrasl ;? of th« tops and branches. The birch seeds plentifully an 1 regularly, ^nd the ground on gets covered with dense young growth, partly seedlings, paXircopf c" stoots Where cattle have been kept out, the young forest is large enouVtfbtcut and burnt after the lapse of twenty to forty years. Often, however these areas which are mostly private property and are known under the Tarn "of "fitr ken berge. Birken reuter," are indiscriminately opened to cattle. ^o . ^* .?-^ ^^^^? ''P''"*',® ^^""^^^^ ^"^ ^^® mountains of upper Styria durintr the first ^lelttTtotfi • 'Lm ""*^'"J '^:'T. ««"--tedo'f itrgVholSe Clearances into whcr. cattle were admitted immediately after cutting no <.fpm being taken o fac.! uoe reproduction. When gradually ^therapTdKopmeSt of the iron nidustry ip fbnao p-^fo r.f A,.„i..-1 „. , ^ """ i,»pia aeveiopment voinoKi^ ^„„„fi.u c r " ' ^ustua made wood (lor charcoal) more valuable, one of the first measures to accelerate the regeneration of these forests ^ain and'/°°'''?/'^'''P^'"^"'?^"^"«^^' ""^ ^° ^'' ^^' *»>« cfearlces for cS i-' vation. and to .sow the spruce seed with rye. The stems were used for timber or charcoal, but tops, branches and trees without value were burnt ThrsVstemf [;■[ I Mi I II i I, 76 wiMi .stockeu toil st luiH l)een rai"-' m this: .nanner. connSuo!rwTfrrfr'''i*^ ' ' ■»^^^'''''' -^hich have already l,een mentioned in CiENKKAL HkMUIKS ON THE Sv ,rEM OF HeAVY TlilNMNOS. undemooTt'^ f ''""T ''^'""J''^''^ '" '"^''' f'^'-^^^^ combined u-ith the raising of ^^,1 n^l' "\*« P';«;'"'ce as It were a t.,re.st oon.si.stingof tvvo«t..ue,s, tho upper .storey of tre.-. w uch, hke the oai< and the Scotch pine" ro.n.ire nmch i h Td the lower ot .sr.x, o supporting trees, such as beech and siive/fir, ha ^ a e p ain " h St been app 1 d m a meti>odical n.anncr and upon a large sc Ue to the oak and and beech ,:, the Spessart about forty to fifty tears ag.V It is not inmos^fble bcautitul fm sf^-clad mouutam range, situated cxst of the Spessart niav have Srieecr 't'lZ'rrr''''' T^r*' "' ^^^^^^^ ?•- ^^y >noa..'of anund rwoo'd SnIlW „ 11 P"'V'''^*=°'^ ^>rest the principle was applied about 1830 in the nZr^'ln ll^^^^^^^^ of red sa. Istone, situated east of the Wese • Kiver In these forests, which were burdeh..! with heavy prescript^v. ^hts of Shtho"lS'in ri'" '^S^M.'""^ found difficult to satis?, ^herequI;en;en o neVds w tloi ta It :■ "^ r«' ;. «"V'''*' ^''^' ''"'' "^" "'eeting immediate needs without at the mine tune impairing the productiveness of the forests a no h cTntrnl 'T r'"'r'''\'''^''T'* H^ Christian von .Seebach. who a Imt t me Ll the control of those forests under the Government of the foi'mer kingdom o7 Ha over. Ihe period of rotation was 100 to 120 years, but all compartments which suy to commence cuttings in forests 70 to cSO years old, of which foilunatelv there was a large area. In the areas taken „ hand, ai out three fith of th^: trees were cut, the ground o, f cox ered with a ense growth of self 'sown seedlinas wih a few coppice shoots, , ' thiri. , to fort> .earslatei the crowrof the ?ef ' left standing had again closed and had fo.med a complete canopv In th manner a portion of the crop was cut by way of anticipation and wTJt remained .tunTr^nSralfTth f^^?;^ ^ ^^^^^ «P- gi' - to"he^rs!tSe piouna rtniaining all clothed with what may '.,>■ termed the n ' t The old Scotch pine tro -s .st-u.ding over the youn;,^ grovah of oak in Kafcr "nne (2a) have already been mentioned. In this ca«e the expediency . ,F the me., is somewhat d.)iibtful, the Scotch pine bein.' rather a n I ? ! matter of fact, a portion of these o'ld trees have alread'" boomed,; a U " V. bS removed. n compartment Scheerwald (7) (Oberwald). which is un le renew 1 al present, and where the last clearance is expected to be made in 1 8«. planted chiefly where'stumpf have In the regeneration of these forests, night frosts are one of the chief difficnlties and ,t may here bo mentioned that this is felt throughout the tract with c^^^^^^^^^^^ .ve y dry chma e. which extends from the foot of the Taunus range to tWR^ru- In the Rhine valley, near Darmstadt, I am told that there is haTdly a mon o spring and summer when night frosts do not o.cur, and it is not iinposs b e .It •v'cUmat?""rhr'' '''"T" '\ '''T''''' "^ "*"'^^ ^'"''^ '^"'^ - cLpai^titdy uiy climate. This circumstance has. to so.ne extent, inHuenced the treatmmt (if th..' . forests. Species which are readily damaged by frost, such as the b. ■ h L , .su fir, car. here only be raised under cover, and even tlie oak greatly pr.Hfc, while voung by a certain amount of shelter. The combination of field cron^ with sjdvic, , are, the system of partial clearances with underwood, and the mefh Jl of allou ag ,;lder trees to stand among the young forest, all these meas, .-s have a Eaget >! 1;:, jr '^^- ^"^^-^ ^ ^°""« '^-^^ ^--^^^ - - --^^ 4-1%: Great stress is justly laid in this forest district upon the early ^^uttin^ out of brushwood ot soft and inferior woods, and of woods which have served ?helr object in acting as nurses to the more valuable kinds. A considerable an ount of l^uning a so is done, always with the saw. Thinnings are commenced eu Iv and under ordinary circumstances. ar.> repeated once in ten ye... The necuirar treatment of these forests, which ..suits in mixed forests, cm. ,stinolUr v,ioj,o{,„^ — „i4 -r-'^t ■ . . , ^„«»„ ,„:(.u 1 at. 1 -L ' *^ "if^r.ctgT^G, rruUid witfiuuc injury, aud even with benefit to its permanence and growth, yield a regular income ikr-er than the present value of the fee. '«*'o°» •Msrsh ; The Earth as Modified by Human Action. ! .SO ,;,ri: ^1^ ;• ;; The collateral advantages of the preservation of these forests would be far greater. Nature threw up those mountains and clothed them with leafy woods that they miyht serve as a reservoir t.. supply with perennial waters the thousand IZZlt T f^-r f';* ^^'^^ '''''' '^""^ ^""^^^ «f *'^« Adirondacks. andasa screen foi the ferile plains ot the central conntios against the chilling blasts of the north wnid which meet with no oth.r barrier in their sweep fVom the north pole. The climate of northern New York even now presents greater extremes of temperature than that of southern France. The long-continued cold of wmter IS more intense, the .short heats of su.mner even fiercer than in Provence and hence the preservation of every influence that tends to main- tain an eqiuhbrimn of teniper.it.iro and humidity is of cardinal importance. The felling ot the Adirondacks woods would ultimately involve, for northern and central ^ew \oik con.sequences similar to tho.se which have resulted from the laying bare of the southern and western declivities of the French Alns and the s[>urs, ridges and detached peaks in front of them. ' It is true that the evils to be apprehended from the clearing of the i^oun- tains of New York ma^y be less in degree than those which a similar cause has produced in southern France, where the intensity of its action has been increased by the inclination of the mountain declivities, and by the peculiar geological constitution of the earth. The degradation of the .soil is perhaps not equaUy promoted by a combination of the same circumstances in any of the Atlantic btates, but .still they have rapid slopes and loose and friable soils anou-^h to render widespread desolation certain if the further destruction of the woods is not soon arrested The effects of clearing are already perceptible in the compara- tively unviolated region of which I am speaking. The rivers which ri,se in it flow wi h diminished currents in dry .seasons, and with augmented volumes of water alter heavy rnins. They bring down larger quantities of sediment, and the increasing obstructions to the navigation of the Hudson, which are extending themselves down the chan.iel in proportion as the fields are encroaching upon the forest, give good grounds f ' <- the fear of irrepa.able injury to the commerce of the important towns on the upper waters of that river, unless measures are taken to prevent the expansion of "improvements" which have already been carried beyond the demands of a wise economy. In the Exstern United States, wherever a rapid mountain slope has been stripped of wood incipient ravines already plough the surface, and collect the precipitation in chpnnels which threaten serious mischief in the future. There is a peculiar action of this sort on the sandy on rf ace of pine forest and in other soils that unite readily with water, which has excited the attention of geographers and geologists. Soils ot the first kind are found in all the Eastern btaces; those ot the secona are more frequent in the exhausted counties of Mary- land, whe j tobacco IS cultivated, and in the more southern territories or Georgia and Alabama. In these localities the ravines which appear after the cutting of the forest, through some accidental disturbance of the surface, or, in some forma- tions through the cracking of the soil in consequence of great drou^rht or heat enlarge and extend them.selves with fearful rapidity. 1, ,1" ^*^^';^^«,fnd in Alabama, Lyell saw "the beginning of the formation of hundreds of valleys lu places where the primitive forest had been recently cut down. One of these, la Georgia, f. soil composed of clay and sand nrndupg'^l by the decomposition m situ of hornblendic gneiss with layers and "veins" of quartz, "and which did not exist before the felling of the forest twenty years previous he describes as more than fifty-five feet in depth, three hundred yards in length, and from twenty to one hundred and eighty feet in breadth He refers 81 to other cases in the same States "where the cuttin-r down of tho fr^.^. «.h- u Woodlands in European Countries. pe J^oJSl^'St;:"'''''' *° P""""-""™ "' """""-" " "iff-"' Euro, Norway nc- nn Sweden ?^fO percent. Russia ....■..■:.■:.":::::.■::::: SS i' Germany '^^,9 Belgium 26.08 " France ?-52 " Switzerland Z ??JS " Sardinia *- J^SJ " Neapolitan States '.". ^tH " Holland 2t^ ' Spain ; • !-!2 " Denmark e-?2 " GreatBritian V."". ^nn " Portugal ,^?0 " *= 4.40 Nor Jra ■'jrr.pU' fzSi:st^^ ^"isrt^^ ^-^s copper works ot Sweden consume eharooaf very 1 "rJlTtlin' T,^ l^"" '"'' d.,m„,shed rapidly enough .o produce very se„snl''SSi?:/:;r,^«- g Forests of Great Britain. hand'^^ESffi^;: • lS;?i;^ — ^ on the one but where, on the other, the abundL^rcoalwhi;!^' ? ^ ?n'Sneous material, fuel, the facility of i.nportatirof Sber ^om til "Tn"l tL' "'"^rl"'^^ climate and surface combine to reduce the neceSarv mmnH v .? ^""ditions of lowest expression. necessary quantity of woodland to its With the exception of Russia, Denmark and parts of Germnnv «^ v countries can so well dispense with the forests nSr ^®™*"y; "» European influences, as England andlreknd The ?^nsuilr n^if '^P^'\^y^.l conservative abundance of atiSospheric mo stuix ; tL ^1 nS^^^^ ^'H*"'^'- ''''''' ^" ^ii^pi^^isi^^ aSafn:rth^:rcL^^^^^^^^^^ 6 (F.) I ii l''M 82 i: ilr I • ^ue proportion of wood and m England and Ireland is, therefore, a question not of geographical, but almost purely of economical expediency, to be decided bv land'''''"^'' pecuniary return from forest growth, pasturage and plough In England, aboriculture, the planting and nursing of single trees has, until comparatively recent times, been better understood than sylviculture, the sowing and training of the forest. But this latter branch of rural improvement noS receives great attention from private individuals, though not, so far as I know from the JSational Government, except in the East Indian provinces, where the torestal department has assumed great importance. Many laws for the protec- tion of the forest as a cover for game and for the preservation of shi,, timber, were enacted m England before the 17th Century. The Statutes I Eiiz c XV XIII Ehz. c v., and xxvii Eliz. c. xix.. which have sometimes been understood OS designed to discourage the manufacture of iron, were obviously intended to prevent the destruction of large and valuable timber, useful in ordinary and naval architecture, by burning it for charcoal. The iujury to the for-rcs was accidental, not the purpose of the laws. t « lui^cs was In Scotland, where the country is for the most part broken and mount linous. the general destruction of the forests has been attended with verv serious evils and It IS in Scotland that many of the most extensive British forest plantations nave now been formed. *^ It: ! Hi, jl v; Forests or F".ance. fo F^n" P[^''«"^,f ^°." «; t>l« woods was one of the wise measures recommended to France by Sully, m Uie tune of Henry IV., but the advice was little heeded, and th.. destruction of the forest went on with such alarming rapidity, thit two generations later, Colbert uttered the prediction :" France will porish for want of wood. Still, the extent ot wooded soil was very great, and the evils attendinre profitably devoted to the growth ot wood than to any agricultural use. The conservative action of the woods in regard to torrents and inundations has been generally recogni.-5ed by the public of France as a matter of prime importance, and the Government has made this principle the basis of a special system ot legislation m the protection of existing forests, and for the formation of new. The clearing of woodland, and the organization and functions of a police tor Its protection are regulated by a law bearing date June 18th, 1859 and pro- XT„,r' :rl'o.f ..^.'•^^";!i^"fe' ^^. restoration of private woods by 'a statute aaop.^a u.. the ioth ,;aiy, loOO. This latter law appropriated 10,000.000 francs tobeexpendol,atthe ratoof l,Oi)0,000 franc, per year, in e.Kecatiag or aiding the replanting of woods. ^ ^ 88 1Sfin^nri!fr*^'' Legislative Assembly passed a bill a.nendatory of the law of 1860, providing, among other th.ngs for securing the soil in exposed localities bv In lfS63 France imported lumber to the value of twenty-five-and-a-half mihons ot dollars, and exported to the amount of six and a half mniions of noonnn '" T^'^'i «onsumptio>. of France was esthnated in 1886 at 212- 000,000 cub.c teet for building and manufacturing, and 1,58«,500,000 fur fire- wood and ch.rcoal. The annual product of the forest so 1 of France does not exceed 70.000 000 cubic feet of woocfHt for industrial use, and 1,300^S5 OoS cubL feet consumed as fuel This estimate does not include the product of scattexed trees on pnyat. grounds, but the consumption is estimated t J exceed the pilduc t.on of the forests by the amount of about twenty millions of dollars. The timber for building and manufacturing produced in France comes almost wholly from the lorest-s of the State or of the communes. FoifKSTS OF Italy. According to statistics, Italy had 17.64 per cent, of woodland in 1872 a propor ion which considering the character of cHmnte and su See Jhe Jrea? amoun of soil which is;^fit for no other purpose than the growth of tree« and the fact that much of the land cla.ssed as forc^st was then .itLr very mperf^ct^v wooded, or covered with gjoves badly a.lministered, and not in Instate of pi-o^ gressive improvement, might advantageously be doubled ^ , r'^.^" denudation of the central and southern App..nines and of the Italian declivity ot the western Alps began at a period of unknown ant q dty bu 5 does not seem to have been carried to a very dangerous length untiUhe foreign conquests and extended commerce of Kome cre.t'^d . greatly increased demafd lor wood tor the construction of ships and for military Material. The eastern Alps the western Appenines, ond the maritime Alps retain their forests much later ; but even here the want of wood, and the iniurv bv It F \ T\ i^'', "^^ig-^tion of the rivers by sediment brought d'owj by the torrents, ed to legi.slat.on for the protection ot' the for.sts bv the RepubTi^ that of (xenoa, as early at least as the seventeenth, and both these Government^ Although no country has produced more able writers on the value of the forest and the general consequences of its destruction th.n Italy, yet tl specific geographical importance of the woods, except .ts a protection ai nst inundEns has nut been so clearly recognized in that country as in the States bZednH iTd noM ri ^"i"'" • /' ™'f ^'' remembered fhat the sciences of observXn did not become knowledge^o^pr actical application tUl after the mischief "°^ I iiU!i r :^ I ' I'l'J \H. llr I 84 already mainly done and even forgotten in Alpine Italy, while its evils were just beginning to be sensibly felt m France when the claims of natural philosophy as a liberal study were first acknowledged in modern Europe. The former political condition of the Italian peninsula would have effectually prevented the adoption ot a genero,. system of forest economy, however clearly the importance of a wise administration of this great public interest might have been understood. The woods which controlled and regulated the flow of the river-sources were very otten in one jurisdiction ; the plains to be irrigated or to be inundated by floods and desolated by torrents m another. Action under a single government can alone render practicable the establish- ment of such arrangements for the conservation and restoration of the forests and xor the regulation of the flow of the waters as are necessary for the full develop- ment of the yet unexhausted resources of that fairest of lands, and even for th© maintenance of the present condition of its physical geography. Forests of Germany. Germany, including a considerable part of the Austrian Empire from character of surface and climate, and from the attention which has long been paid in all the German States to sylviculture and forestry, is in a far better condition in this respect than its more southern neighbors ; and though in th& Alpine Provinces of Bavaria and Austria the same improvidence which marks the rural economy of the corresponding districts of Switzerland, Italy and France has produced eflfects hardly less disastrous, yet, as a whole, the German States must be considered as in this respect the model countries of Europe Not only is the forest area in general inaintaintd without diminution but new woods are planted where they are specially needed, and though the alow growth of forest trees in those climates reduces the direct pecuniary returns of woodlands to a minimum, the governments wisely persevere in encouraging this industry. The exportation of sawn lumber froni Trieste is large, and in fact the Turkish and Egyptian markets are in great part supplied from thi» source. As an instance of the scarcity of fuel in some parts of Bavaria, where, not lo'-.g- since, wood abounded, the fact may be mentioned that the water of salt sprin^r i is in some instances, conveyed to the distance of sixty miles, in iron pipe" to reach a supply of fuel for boiling it down. ' The Austrian Government has made energetic effV)rts for the propatration of xorests in Tyrol and on the desolate wastes of the Karst. In 1866 upwards of 400,000 trees had been planted on the Karst, and great quantities of seed sown. The results of this important experiment ate said to be oncourao-inff {Ghronique Fdrestiere in the Revue des Eaux et Furets, Feb. t870) Later accounts state that the Government nurseries of the Karst supplied between 1869 and 1872, 2(5,000,000 young forest trees for planting, and that of 70,000 ash trees planted in the Karst scarcely one failed to grow.* Forests op Russia. Russia, which wo habitually consider as substantially a forest country, which has in fact a large proportion of woodland, if, beginning; to suffer seriously for want of wood. Jourdier observes : — " Instpud of a vast territnrv wif.h ■Tprncr-i^e forests, which we expect to meet, one sees only scattered groves.' thinned by the^ • For inforniBtion respecting the forestn of Gerniftny, as well m otlier EuropfMW countries ieaTjTi. very valuable Manua'u d'Arte Forettale of Siemoni, 2d, edizione, Firsnze, 1878. countrieg, nm the 85 wmd or by the axe of the moujik, grounds cut over and more or less recently cleared for cultivation. There is probably not a single district in Russia which has not to deplore the ravages of man or fire, those two great enemies of Muscovite sylviculture. This is so true, that clear sighted men already foresee a crisis which will become terrible, unless the discovery of great deposits of some new combustible, as pit coal or anthracite, shall diminish its evils." Hohenstein, who was long proffi.ssionally employed as a forester in Russia describes the consequences of the general war upon the woods in that country as most disastrous and as threatening still more ruinous evils. The river Volie forest adduces facts in support Marchand cites the following instances:— the Sof,Iorfh'''r-^'"\"^ ''^S^' ^^"'^^ rV^'"" ^'^« '*^*^ f*^^^ y^a^'^. i» the valley of re^ufarlmi ^'A. V^^'^^^^-^'^-Mounm and the Little Valley, the Some furnished a regular and sufficient supply of water for the iron works of Unterwvl which wag almost unaffected by drought or by heavy rains. The Some hinow become I torrent every shower occasions a flood, and after a few days of fine w^ath'r the S" f S e oTl'"" '^' \' ^"^ boen necessary to change rhLater whSsb; aute to Tnf , i n! ',^"'^^'-'^*^*'y» ^'-^ "" ^^"ger able to drive the machinery, and at S watel- -' "" '"^''"^ *' P'"'''"*^ ^^" •^^^PP*^^ «f *he works for want^f one of'^t^heTe7in*Tr''''^""J'''' '". ^^' """"•"""'^ ''^ '^«^^^<^'^' ^'-^^ ^^11 known as tTfoc ^^®,T "^ *^^ country; it was remarkably abun.lant, and sufficient in the severast droughts, to supply all the fountains of the towA; but as soon ^ cons derable forests were felled in Combe-de-pr^ Martin and in the val ey ^ thrTacS:tTtt^:nT7"^ ^P""- 7^''\ ''''. ^^'°^ *^-« --ds, has become a Ir tnread of water, and disappears altogether in times of droutrht." examJe'^'of^bl^ ■^ft'"^' '" r\l ««'»T"' "^ ^^"^^y- famishes a remarkable example ot the influence of the woods upon fountains. A few years a^o this spring did not exist At the place where it now rises, a lall thS of r'ltr Z^nT"'- l''' "'"i'^i'^^f '•"''^^' ^"*^ '^' «t-*™ disappeared wth the mlJ!^ P * ' lu *^^ '"*'^^'' '^^ * ""^^y «*^"«P pasture inclin ng to the south ttV:!;ZT-;'^.\r]'Z- '' • '^"'' P--l-"^ *»-t y-ng «- were shooSn. -„ ... .jj,j,,.r pa.t^oi It, duocnuined t» let tlieiu grow, and they soon formed a nkco o/??/'"''-- ^'^ T" '^^ i^'^'^ r^^^ ^«" S^^^'^' ^ «"« «P""g appeared in Inrfnl Zr^""^^ ".t *"^ furnished abundant water in the longest droughs For forty or hfty years this spring was considered the best in the Clos duffls 87 ThlTniSr^'r'""^' ^'^^f ''oyt^f feiied, and the ground turned again to a pasture. The spring disappeared with the wood, and is now as dry as it was ninety yeara Importance of Snow. The quantity of snow that falls in extensive forests far from the open country has seldom been ascertained b^ direct observation, because there are few meteorological stations in or near the forest. According to Thompson the proportion of water xyhich falls in snow in the northern State.^does not exceed one. fifth of the total precipitation, but the moisture derived from it is doubtless con^ ft?yi!r'^T Vu^' atmospheric vapour absorbed by it. or condensed and rrozen on its surface. Though much snow is intercepted by the trees, and the quan- n„;f n?f^ ^■T'^ '1*^' rfV' °«"^«q"e"tlv less than in open land in the first part of the winter, yet most of what reaches the ground at that seaso- remains under the protection of the wood until melted, and as it occasionally receives new supplies the depth ot snow in the forest in the latter half of winter is considerably greater than in the cleared helds. Measurements in a snowy region in New En-- land in the month ot February, gave a mean of thirty-eight inches in the open ground and forty-four inches in the woods, but the actual difference between the quantity of snow in the woods and that in the open ground in the latter part of winter, is greater than the measurements would seem to indicate. In the woods the snow, which remains constant, is consolidated by a pressure, while in the open ground, being blown off, or thawed several times in the course of the winter it seldom becomes as densely packed as in the woods, except in the bottom of valleys or other positions where it is sheltered both from wind and sun Iho water imbibed by the soil in winter sinks until it meets a more or less impermeabeor a saturated stratum, and then, by unseen conduits, slowly finds Its way to the channe s of springs, or oozes out of the ground in drops, which the^el" '''' '' conveyed to the larger streams, and by them finally to Importancs of Summkr Rains. In countries like the United States (and Canada) where rain is comparatively rare during the winter and abundant during the summer half of the year, common observation shovys that the quantity of water furnished by deep wells and bv natural spring.s depends almost as much up..n the rains of summer as upon those 01 the rest ot the year, and, consequently, that a large portion of the rain of that Son ^ ^^'^ ^^^ "'*" ^^^^^"^ *°^ ^''*''' ^^^ ^^^ ^'^*'^'' ^"^ ^^ ^^^i^d by evapo- According to observation at one hundred military stations in the United states, the precipitation ranges from three and one-quarter inches aC Fort Yuma in California, to about seventy-two inches," at Fort Pike, Louisiana, the mean for the entire territory, not including Alaska, being thirty-six inches. In the different sections of the Union it is as follows:— Northeastern States '. 41 inches. New York. gg Middle States .*..'.......'.". 40A " Ohio ...1!!...!!........!!...........!. 40 ■■ Southern States 51 " S. W. State.s and Indian Territovins "oi ^ Western States and Indian Territories .!....!........ ...30^ " Texas and New Mexico 24^1 " California .'.'...*...... ISA " Oregon and Washington Territory ."...."...............50 " ii I !• I ■ i If i* 11 i 88 the QM ^r^'i^S^^^^^f*" ?f the Southern States, bordering on the Atlantic and than «ffv L -""r" ""u.^^" i^^^^^n of the whole United^States, being no less inches ^ ' ""'' °" *^' ^'''^^' *'''*'^ '* "-'^"g^^ f'-«'» fifty to fifty-six Inckkased Demand for Lumber. new Si.'nZ''fl"5fPT^f '''' T^ *^' development of new industries come ThJv„?/i^f«r- ? fo.f «ts from the many arts for which woori is the material, armamfnt. ?n T ''^T^r '.^^ manufactures and the n,echanical arts, of military SnfV.i' y^'f^y «' the commercial fleets and navies of Christendom, but for i-mn^f " "?"-"'^ have incredibly augmented the demand for wood, and toted tLs,lZ;-' ;':,T*^"."';¥ ^^^ ^^' "^"•''^'"" "*' "•°»> ^^Ich have facili- almif p "" ""^ *l'l^ '"f *^' *"'' ^°'^'^' the last twenty-five years would have almost stripped Europe of her last remaining tree fit for these uses. Let us take the supply of timber for railroad ties. According to Ciav^ foTlhf ? 1\«?' 9.000 kilo,„etres of railway in operation, 7 OOoTn c^ns ruc- Satrtl-f«f"; !•' '%,^"''^ T'^'^ !J ^''''^^' ^'^'^- Adding turn-outs and at 1 200 n fL t r'' /'" ""'"her of ties required for a single track is stated France 58 000 000 iT"' T -'.^^V^ computes, ibr the entire net-work of Lull 9iS f .rAnn'''?o? ^^''^' ^"^ 16.000 + 8.000 for the double track 2 000 S 7 ' J 'i T"^ ^^A^^."" ^•^?^ = 28.«00.000. Gandy states in 1863. that i the tls mnt h '''' ^'"'^ , t' ^"'■"^'^ /^^^ ^''' ^^' the French railroad.s and «fv.i,f!i ^ ?f«J''' occassionally renewed, and new railways have been con- structed since 1863. we may probably double this number. The Y"'t®J States had in operation on the first of January. 1872 61 000 milas. or about 97,000 kilometres of railroad. Allowing the same p ropokion Is «es ?n"''' 1^' ^"'*'^ States railraods required 116,400.000 ties. The number of «nn„!r ^^'!'l'''''^/ ^^' *^^'•' railways was estimated at 30.000,000. The S^SooOOOr ^r f"' ^T^'^'i ^!^*'''^"^^' '-^P^"-^ '^"'1 '^'^ ^^^^ estimated at atS dSS 000 ^°°«^^°*^^^« *"«»' at the rate of 19.000 cords of wood per day. AmP^ilJlT'""* ^'^-^^ ?u'' f".^*^^^ ^''^ ^'•a^°« to furnish gunstocks to the nor.«^n^ consumption of wood for lucifer matches is enormous, and thousands of Tse' ' The Unif.T^rr^ a''^ "'^^ ^'^}''^' ^°^^'^ *^° supply timber for this pur- KOOOOO n^ States Government tax, at one cent per hundred, produced Aiw' Pf'.y^"';' ^hich shows a manufacture of 20.000,000,000 matches. wood or^Sfi''*. o'?? /r '""f^^'.^^r T-^^'""^ ^^^y "^^^'^'^ to the cubic inch of wood or 86,41 to the cubic foot, making in all upwards of 230.000 cubic feet and as only sti-a.ght gramed wood, free from knots can be used for this purpose not less than three or four thousand well-grown pines are required. ^ woodtn'^wrifin'V^^'"P^^^u^''°°^ ^'"' telegraph poles, wooden pavements, Zn.tt V tapestry paper, shoe-pegs, wooden nails, and wood-pulp and other lecent applications which mgenuity has devised, and we have an amount of con- ^a^A^^F '" " "'" ■" " F""Fy"=' "'^^i^" '« rcaiiy appaumg. Wooden field and fonsumnfrnrr """'^ P'^Tu*"^ "'"^ ^" ^™^"°*' ^"'^ ''^'' have estimated the consumption of wood for this purpose as not less than that for architectural US6S* m amount of 89 anrl S^n"^''K °"'' ""^f P«P«lation is Jodged in wooden houses ; and barns material^ out-houses ot al! .^ .criptions are ahnost universally of the same fnr.w!ri"rT-'?° o^r*"^/" the United States asfuelfoi domestic purposes, Indtanv o/l^r '"''' f\^ ''™e-kilns,for brewe.ies and distilleries, for steam-Lts EulTfU^vf "''''^'^'r^'S-f'"^*'^"' '^"'li'^ vastly greater than is employed in Europe for the same ends. For instance, in rural Switzerland, cold as is the ZfnLt''"?;''^^' whole supply of wood for domestic fires, dairies, brewer es, distillenes, bnck and hme-kilns, fences, furniture, tools, and even house-building of frSllr ""'' '.^'^1"^'^^ «f t^ «'"all qu'^ntifcy derived from the trimming! SLl nnf '' ffP" /'"^'' ^^^ H"''^^'"'' ''"^ ^'■°'» 'i««ay«d fences and buildinns. pet household The annual consumption of firewood by single families in France ks been estimated at from two and a half to ten Paris cords of 134 cubic The report of the Commissioners on the Forests of Wisconsin. 1867, allows three Te oflrr r ' "^'^' "f ^"" ^'\ ^'T'^'^i' «^-^^ ''^''''' Taking f;,nilie's at an aver! age ot fave persons, we have eight times the amount consumed by an cmal number n C. -r '" ^7'V'f'^'"r^^ I"'" *^1^'^ ^"^ ^^^ '^^her purposes to which thi ma er^al S r/4 soTi^'o?Sio't^ '• ^\ -^l- ""ri '^^'''"'''^'? '^''' ^" '''' ^^'*1 °'^«»^t« ^^ Sweden lation '£ 'oo^e cubic teot ot pine or dr are required par head of the popu- lation. Ihe consumption in Norway is about the same. nn«. ^J'*P^",<:'-e«3 '"-e thoughtlessly destroyed in immense numbers for the pur- pose of decoration and on festive occasions. Thrifty young groves of ever- green of considerable extent have been completely destroyed in this reckless France employs 1 500,000 cubic feet of oak per year for brandy and wine wholW ''•'' '«.f«^fc'j^ll>f annual consumption of Ithat material ; and^it Ts no a Tn nait, nTr'^"''"'^ ^f^ that according to Rentzsch, the quantity of wood u ed the^exnort nF^'^r^-^'.''?*" carvings and for children's toys is so large that In fin So "°^ ''^•r^' ^r'" *^'^ *°^" «f Sonneberg alone amounted in 1858. to 60,000 centner, or three thousand tons weight. In an article in the Revue des Eaux et Forets for November 1868 it is b Pari ff '''''-'l^^f /^o^^""^ '''• ""^y^ --- manuETred 'per month m Pans ; this is equivalent to 28,800,000 per year, for which 56,000,000 drum- 7WO0O,OOo'''"'' consumption of matches in France is given at Effects of Forest Fires. Only trees fit for industrial uses fall before the lumberman's axe, but Whiir£, ''^^i, rff Indiscriminately, every age and every species of tree. ZZI ^^''"'.^^'thout fatal injury to the younger growths, the native forest will - bear several "cuttings over" in a generation^for the increasing value of lumber Sl'i" "'^' ^'■^,''3^/?.^ ««• fiv? years, a quality of timber which had been before rejected as unmarketable-a hre may render the declivity of a mountain unproductive for a century. j "•■ «■ uiuuui,am Aside fro.11 tiic destruction o£ the trees and the laying bare of the soil, and consequently the free admission of sun. rain, and Jr to the ground, the nrnnt A ^''!-^' ^"^ miportaut infiuence or Its texture and condition. It cracks and sometimes even pulverizes the rocis and stones upon and near the surface; it consumes a portion of the half decayed vegetable mould which r\ I** 1 ^.m 90 1 J IS Hit' lin ii ] plante; it supplier, in the ashes whfh it deposlts'n the su So imnortauT f «lves farthest to The nwS "^"^ '''° "'°"' "'"* Pl-'P-Wo ""em- ^^The birdi, the larcl,, and the lir, bear a severer climate than the oak or the is „„'[''^'"®«""y°' ?.'»'«'«"? "■"."oods against aecid.nt.1 or inceadiarv (ire> Crar/ the dr/f.r' ' I if"' '" '»»S,'J™"«I''» *» super&ial l.yer of S^^r^S^^ir sometil/cansed. . .a"„rire"S,Sf their clmtewiHy/and'^lerXnlh'^Wk^ Biological character.and partly f?om the ZateV iTA™' P^''^^" "on'equenoe of phy surface, diflferently affected by ruri„i' fifes***xhe whiL ni^^ "^^hioh their roota habitually lie below tL also perha™ the Jost delicote tree of the Am^ricaXrest w^MI«' if '""* '^"*''*"/i ** " '? ""' "»«' valuable, is ^ii/eVa, sJEjs injured by fire than any oVher tre" of ou^ countr^ 'TJTJ^.^nTr*'^^"' I-'t^h-Hin". Pinu» the growth of this pine was «ven accelerated by ^Vre br sk°eno;jh tf d^t":r»l1 otZr ~ "*'"'**" ""*' TNITEl The! forestry Wasliing have bee To the Co Geni quediona especial a sen^p, as subject ia 1. I private ar 2. C pasture is 3. C 4. K forests ; p 5. F organizatii 6. D 7. R 8. S( any, and c 9. Gi district. 10. 1 of the dist! the Consul 91 TNITED STATKS CONSULAR REPORTS OX EUROPEAN FORj^STRY. There is a great deal of useful information respecting European svstoraa of ^restry contained i,. a volume entitled •< Forest y in Eu^rope ' puEri at Tave'S^m-tT "" "' '''"""^ ^®^«' ''''' ^^^^ ^^^^ theTlLw^it:!: tracts Cop\ OF ClHCULAR. Department op State, Washington, Nv .uer30, 1886. } To the Consular Officers of the United States : ' aueJonIn!''pnrl7n''n '"'' *^^f '?t'^''' to prepare a report covering the following quetitions on Fores Gailare and Forest Preservation. I ivould aJc >,oa to devote X./^«?>/riV /• '^^''•^••^^''■''^^•^ k7--/" «$> /, ^; *^VtC>\.v ^/ /. y /APPLIED J IIV14GE . Inc .jar 1653 East Main Street .^^ j. Rochester, NY 14609 USA _^=--= Phone: 716/482-0300 .^='.^= Fax: 716/288-5989 1993, Applied Image, Inc., All Rights Reserved c^^.";^^ ^•^v^ p^t^ lii iM 92 Weights, Measures and Cuurencv. Cental Equals 220 pounds. Centner meter " 221.6 pounds. Florin " 35.9 cents. Franc " 19.3 cents. Hectare " 2.471 acres. Joch ' " 1.42 acres. Kilogram " 2.2046 pounds. Mark " 23.8 cents. AUSTRIA HUNGARY.— IIEPORT OF CONSUL-GENERAL JUSSEN. Government Control. Tlie forest laws of Austria prescribe and control not only the culture of the forests belonging to the imperial domain, but also all woodlands which are the property of municipalities, private corporations or private individuals, and are based upon the theory of paternal government. If the law as it stands is enforced not a tree can be cut nor a load of dry leaves gathered in a forest which is situated in Austria except in accordance with certain rules and restrictions, and although there may be much in these laws which may seive for framing future forestry legislation in the United States, the freater portion of the enactment is in direct conflict with the American idea of ome government and propertj' rights. The Austrian Empire is unusually riiih in forest lands. There is no lack of dense woods in any of its Provinces, except in Dalmatia and Istria and in the territory near Trieste, and the culture of forest lands may be called exemplary, especially in Bohemia, Moravia, Upper Austria, Silesia and Salzburg. The yield of these vast forests, although it is said to be on the decline, still far exceeda the home demands, and large quantities are exported. Areas Under Forest.s, Public and Private. The latest statistics place the total area of the productive land of the Empire at 28,406,530 hectares ; of these total numbers of hectares 9,227,061.20 hectares are forest lands, and these again are divided into imperial (State), municipal and private forests, as follows : — Imperial forests, 952,089.96 hectares ; municipal forests, 1,297,238.21 hectares. The private forests, theiefore, cover about 32 per cent, of the total area of the productive land of the Empire. Common Forests and Privileges of the Population in Them. 1. As common forests of the Empire only the woodlands belonging to the several cities and villages can properly be denominated. The residents of these cities and villages undoubtedly enjoy certain privileges as to the use of these forests, by virtue of the local laws and regulations. I am not in a position, however, to have access to these local regulations, which undoubtedly differ in the different communities, but are one and all subject to the general law on forest culture and preservation hereinafter cited. This general law, if strictly enforced, furnishes the means of ample protection against any injury that may possibly threaten these common forests by the wasteful or careless exercise of any privilege granted by local enactment. ounds. pounds, snts. ents. acfes. eres. pounds, jnts. SEN. 1 1 'are of the lich are the jals, and are i load of dry jrdance with 1 these laws id States, the rican idea of is no lack of and in the I exemplary, decline, still f the Empire .20 hectares unicipal and I ; municipal bout 32 per rHEM. ging to the nts of these use of these 1 a position, dly differ in leral law on V, if strictly ry that may exercise of 9^ OUGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT FOREST BUREAUS. The cultivation and preservation of the forests of the Empire of Austria and the administration of the laws with reference thereto are entrusted to the Xz^^':f^:\j:s;;!^t::l:T''' '—• '^ -^^^^" -"^'-^^ ^-- Under the supervision of the Minister of Agriculture the several Provincial presidents (statthalters) are authorise I to e.xecute the forest laws and rec^ulations and as next m authority to these sintthalters the several district capUins are empowered to enforce he laws in question, and to exercise a general authoritv nrnf'frr^'r^''"* ^7^"" ^^^^ subordinate officers charged with the execu-' IwL ffl "'• ^'^'' *'^'\^"r«t po ice regulations. This subordinate class of forestry officers is composed of two classes :— 1. The officers who have entered the service permanently, after passing/ the requisite examination, and are in the Hue of promotion, like officers of the regular 2. The volunteer officers who for the sake of pursuing their studies and addmg practical experience to theoretical knowledge, accept the position Tn the orest service as an honorable distinction, but receive a salary in oropori ta the extent of their held of action and responsibility. , f t uu to- This latter class, however, like the first, must have passed cer.^ain examina- tions, proving their qualifications before they can enter the service as such vdun- follows^-i ''*^^''^'*'"''^ ^"'^ ''^^"'*'' ^'""^^'^ *'®''®''^ '" *^^ ^'"P^*"^ ""^^ classified as A. Foreat Inspectors. 2. Chief forest counsellors (called oberforestrathe). 5. Forest counsellors (or fo.-estrathe). 7. Chief forest commissaries (called oberforestcommissare). B. Forest Technicists. Forest inspection commissaries (called forestthechniker). G. Forest Wards Belonrjing to the Category of Servants. Forest wards, class I, salary per annum, 500 florins. Forest wards, class II, salary per annum, 400 florins. Forest wards, class III, salary per annum, 300 florins. The forest inspectors are charged with the duty of superintending the'execu- tion of all forest luvvs. of examining the condition of the forest, fostering an-l furthering instructions in forest culture and acting as adjuncts to the'Statthalter From early sprin- until late in the fall the forest inspector should visitTand sSaS-r '" ' "^ '"''* ""^^^ "" '^P*""^ ""^ ^"""^ inspecting tour'to the The Statthalter may al.so order the forest inspector to oiake special inspecting tours m addition to the regular tour! i^cv.wxig The forest inspector is required to inspect the offices of the district captain* with reference to forest afluirs. f «*■»» t i n ^1 J. I 94 The instructions to forest inspectors contain sufficient points, elaborately presented, to fill a moderate-sized pamphlet, and the gist of the whole matter is that the forest inspector acts as a paternal adviser, and if need be as an imperative commander to all owners of forests iu the empire, as well as a superintendent of imperial forests. He controls and commands private owners as to the manner and order in which they shoidd cut their timber, as to the necessity of replanting, the preventing of waste, the preservation of timber againt^t floods, and us to the danger and injury threatening from insects, as to the fitness and capacity of the subordinate forest inspectors and hunters and forest wards to bo employed by these ownera ; in short, there is not a single act of ownership which tlie holder of the titled deeds of woodland could possibly exercise over his own domain which is not directly under tiie control, and which does not require the approval of the forest inspector. In the light of these instructions it is not at all paradoxical to say that the owner of forest land in Austria must exercise extraordinary care not to be guilty of trespass upon his own lands. There can be no question, however, that this paternal control has achieved most excellent practical results, though it is said that the discipline of forest officials has been lax, and that the laws and instruc- tions have not been enforced with uniform strictness. The forest technicists and forest wards are the subordinate officers of the forest, instruments by which the duties above enumerated and imposed upon the forest inspectors are practically performed. ' Forest Registeu (Waldkatasteu). In pursuance of a decree of the Ministry of Agriculture, under date of July 3, 1873, the respective forest officers are requii'ed to keep a forest register of each district, which specifies the number of acres covered by forest, its condition, state of growth, etc. In connection with this register maps are prepared and kept open for inspection at tlie offices of the distnct captains upon which the condition and extent of the several forests in the districts are sho\vn. At the close of each year a report about the progress of forest culture, etc., is to be made to the Ministry of Agriculture, which report is to be publishe'1 in the Landes Zeitung. The total number of forest officers of all grades, public and private, employed in Austria, reaches the respectab'e figure of 81,826. Revenues from Government Forests— Cost of Maintaining ou Managing Forests — Profits of Forest Cultivation. On the point of the profits of Government forests there are absolutely no statistics published in the Empire, so far as I have been able to ascertain, except those given in the budget under the head of forest revenues and expenditures. The last budget published places : — The forest revenues, p. a. florins 3,951,6.')0 The forest expenditures, p. a. florins 3,546,240 Profit of State forests 405,410 These net proceeds of an area of government forest land, containing 952,689.96 hectares, certainly seem very inconsiderable, but in order to estimate ■», elaborately ole matter is an imperative rintendent of and order in lie preventing ;erand injury rdinate forest e owners; in i titled deeds 3 not directly )f the forest say that the t to be guilty /er, that this ugh it is said I and instruc- iclinicista and 3y which the e practically nder date of 3st register of its condition, !pt open for ondition and culture, etc., publishefl in ite. omployed u Managing ibsolutely no rtain, except jxpenditures. )l,6o0 16,240 )5,410 I, containing r to estimate 95 S £ in.?ll ««nseque„t benefit to agricultural land, as well as to the health of the population, should be taken into consideration. A direct J.enefit also results to the population from the employment of numerous ofhcers at end ng to the cultivation^^and preservation of theTe fomsS all of whom are paid and supported by the profits derived from the culture. It cannot be contended, therefore, that the people are taxed in order to f h.,f fr!l"l''m''" examination of tlie meagre statistics to which I have had access S'ty yeai^s " " '" '' "''' ""^^^''^^y increased during the last The Kataster (Real Estate Register) shows that in Lower and Upper Austria ! "I'L^rrii P";--'°''' ""'^^ estimated at 1.41 Horins in the year 1830. while in the year 1880 tins estimate rose to 2 62 ttorins per joch, an increase of almost 100 per .ent.. an incontrovertible proof that the forest laws of Austria, which were pass.,d m 18.^2. have been of great practical benefit to forest culture. „ This benefit is proven, not only by the increased net proceeds of a given area of orest lands, but also by the growth and greater extent of the area itself. FoBEST Planting and Culture Methods.— Bounties if any.— ScHOfLs their ORGAriZATION AND COURSE OF StUDY. The method of forest planting and culture prevailing in Austria are quite particularly prescribed in the forest laws. There are no bounties paid in the limpire tor planting or replanting of forests. Schools. The schools for forest culture were transferred in 1378 from the Minister ot Agricultuve t. the Mnnster for Culture and Education, but all organic order nnd appointments of professors are made by the Ministers of cTilture and iliducation with the concurrence of the Minister of Agriculture. While there are undoubtedly numerous provisio s of the forest culture law which cannot be applied or enforced in the United States, the system inaugurated ui Austria to ht and educate young men for the ^'uty of enforcing this law seems beyond all question worthy of imitation to the fullest extent. These Austrian schools for forest culture consist of : A. University (hochschule). B. Middle or preparatory schools. C. Elementary or lower schools. n. The university (hochschule) is situate in Vienna; it was founded in vJctober, 1875. ^ Its aim and purpose i.s the highest possible scientific education in land and .orest eaiture AH expenditures are borne by the State. The semesters (terms) are limited to six— that is. complete instruction is not perfected under six aeuesters. i ii (II j, ' ^1 1 i ^1 ] i'H t^^H ' -1 ^. ! ;^^| ^'^^1 I i' If- I \l i 96 The Students. The studerts are either ordinaryfor extraordinary hearers. The ordinary hearer rnust produce a testimonial as a 'graduate of a gymnasium (college) or high school {obe,'eal8chule)—& testimonial which would also admit the students to any university. Whoever does not possess the qualiecatioii of an ordinary hearer may be admitted as an extraordinary hearer if he is eighteen years old and has that lectures P^®''*''**"''^' education which will enable him to understand the Guests may be admitted to single lectures on notice of the the'dean (rector) AH hearers are subject to the dicipline regulations of the university.' Immatriculation, Tuition Fke, and Labouatouium Tax. The immaMculation fee is five florins for all hearers. The ordinary hearers pay a tuition fee of twenty-five florins at the beginning of the semester (terra). Extraordinary hearers pay 1.50 florins (per week) for each lecture. Ordinary hearers, if poor, may, as a reward for great'diligence, be released Irom the payment of tuition fees if the college of professors .'so decides. The laboratorium tax is five florins for fifteen hours. Certificates of Att'endance. The attendance at lectures is certified to at the end of each semester. In case of non attendance the fact is stated on the certificate. The certificates are to be delivered to the dean for examination. Examinations and Testimonials. dean'(rect^^*™'°**^°"^ *^^ ^"^^'° *"^^ conducted under the supervision of the In deciding the deofree of succes in examinations, not only the written school examination, b-it also the labor in the laboratory and the authenticated studies in chambers are to be taken into consideration. if he^srdesi'rel'"'"'^''^*'^'' *"*' ^^^ ''^^^ ^"^ ^^ admitted to the state examination Regular and full diplomas are only issued to ordinary hearers. Extraordinary hearers can claim only a testimonial certifying to their attendance at lectures, good conduct and general progress in their studies. Terms of Examinations for Diplomas in Forest Culture. First Oroup. 1. Physics with climatology. 2. Chemistry 8, General and special botany, 4. Mineralogy and geology. 5. Mathematics. 97 lie ordinary- ego) or high students ta rer may be nd has that M'stand the 3an (rector). lary hearera ier (terra), e. be released Hester. In ificates ara aion of the itten school ted studies lamination ? to their lies. IE. 6. Geodesy. 7. Mechanics. S. Geometry. 9. National ftconomy. Second Oroup. 1. Forest culture. 2. Forest felling with forest technology. ■i- Forest preservation with forest zoology. 4. Forest laws 0. Forest yield, regulation and management. G. Forest statistics. 7. Forest engineering. univet^-fS^ro'eiLr:/^X5lt'''"' year,' c„„«e in .he If the student desires to enter the servioft of flio «fo* i. , ^ national economy. ^ S^'^'ogy, higher mathematics, geodesy, and of fo^rr„tti™iaibtt°rtoTftsif^^^^ laws. ^uiaiions on values of forests, forest machinery, and forest Jcc, '^^^^i ^^^l examinations are conducted orally and in nubbV Tha q* . issues diplomas to the successful candidates. ^ "® ^*'*'® Middle or Preparatory Schools for Forest Culture. at E^x ^^r^2w:J:?:^r XrSt^lSb^ ^^^ ^-'^- - The conditions of admission to the Eulenberg school are the following- 1. Ihe applicant must be a graduate of a lower ffvmnMinm /nr,^.- " Slum, or unterreahchule, preparatory college.) gyn»na«ium (under gymna- 2. He must have served with grood success for f wn n^ o* *v, i , year, as the apprentice of a forest ffficial ' *^' "^"'^ ^'^'*' ^'^^ years'oH ™"'* °'' ^' '"^ ^^"'^ ^^^^^'^^'^ -"d not more than twenty-four 4. Must be in perfect health and vaccinated, suppo'/"'' ^''^'''^ '''''"*^ "^ *° '"^'^"^ required for instruction, clothing and 6. Must pass a preliminary examination by the teachers of the school Ihe scholars, whose numbers shall not exceed twentv t/> fwAr,t,r a annum, reside at the institute. twenty to twenty-five per 7(F.) 'M^ '1! >' IS liun. lU 98 The branches taught embrace mathematics, field engineering, drawing, natural history, forest culture, forest laws, business coorrespondence, office routine business, and hunting. The conditions of admission to the other two middle schools are of about the same character, and nearly the same branches are taught there, all calculated to fit the student for admission at the university at Vienna. In all these schools excursions are made by the scholars under the guidance of the teachers, for the purpose of combining practical illustration with theoretical knowledge, in the branches of natural history, forest culture, preservation and valuation. Examinations take place at the end of each semester (term). Elementary (Niedere) Schools fob Forest Culture. The Ministry of Agriculture has established four of these loWef schools, one m Tyrol, on 3 in Styr, one in Galicia, and one in Agglsbach.- Course of ^ cared for in the same manner. i. an offence against the regulations is repeated three times, dismissal follows. Strict moral conduct is enforced, and the scholars are continually under the direct control and supervision of one of the teachers, who is also charged with the duty of visiting the scholars in their rooms. All moneys belonging to the scholars must be deposited with the teachers, who supply the depositors with the amount actually needed from the deposit funds, and the parents are advised of this regulation. The regulations of discipline are too voluminous to be cited here in full. They also differ somewhat in the different schools, but on the whole they are framed ia a strict military spirit, which looks upon obedience to rules of conduct AS a first requisite to a successful course of study. 99 A young man who has graduated from an elementary to a middle forest school, and from that to the university, or high school of forest culture, who has obtained his diploma at the latter, ancf has also passed the two State examinations, may be said to be thoroughly fitted for his profession, and besides undoubtedly clean, healthy, robust, and thoroughly manly in a physical as well as in a moral sense. Extracts from General Forest Law of Austria in Force since January 1, 1853. Cultivation of Forests. Sec. I- Forests are distinguished as (a) State or Imperial forests under the control ot the State authorities. (6) Common forests, belonging to the city and country communities, (c) Private forests, belonging either to prfvate individuals or to corporations, or to orders, monasteries, benefices or prebends. Sec. 2. Nu forest can be withdrawn from cultivation and used for other purposes except by consent. This consent can only be granted with reference to State forests by the proper authority, and if questions of strategy or military defence arise the concurrence of the Ministry of war is required. With reference to common and private forests the consent of the district au. .orities is required, and all parties interested are to be heard on the application dvirudT interests the matter is to be submitted to the proper The arbitrary use of forests for other purposes is punished by a five of five florins per joch. (1 joch equals 1.42 acres). y «- uve oi nve +5m«T!!l*T *?u' ^^'^^^'I'^^'i *? improper use must be replanted within a certain time, to be fixed by experts. In case of default the fine is again imposed. wifhfn^'!" ^^^^yc^f':*^'^ *'-acfc« of State or common forest" must ba replante i W^ JZ T''- / '?""'' *;™' ™^y ^' ^"'^^^^'^ f^»' *^« replanting of private section 20 '^°^ *^^ circumstances, and in pursuance of the provisions of Sec. 4. No forest should be devastated ; that is, so treated that the cultiva- tion IS either jeopardized or made impossible. If the cultivation has only been sTb?!!^ ^T 7/^^' ''"P^'"^ in accordance with section 2. and the replant n^ 1. to be enforced. If however, cultivation has been impossible, a fine up to tea florins per joch will be imposed. , « lo up to con i ^t°uv ^ <'"j*^iy*"o'i which exposes neighboring forests to injury from winds IS prohibited A strip of woods at least twenty Vienna klafter ^SK;^b^ left when such danger exists, along the margin of the neighboring woods untfl the same is m full growth. In the meantime tliis wind-cloak can only be thinned. Sec. 6. On sandy soil and on steep mountain slopes the timber can only be cut in narrow strips or thinned out, and must be immediately replaced The woods upon the summits of mountains must only be thinned. '^^P'*°^''- ^^^ nf rnSr ^"i^" *!u ^^''''^' ''V^''^^ "^^''^ ^'^ ^a'^e'' 'f the shores are not "-mposed of rocks, and on the slope., of mountains where land slides are possible greTcare repaired "''"^' '°^ '''^ '"'^ '"^^ ^' ^"^ '^ ^^^ fi^«»^« i« ir^mlfiSy 200 florin!' ^i?'*"°"' °f «^°"°°' 5, 6 and 7, are punished with a fine of from 20 to .200 florins. Damage accruing to others to be paid by offender. I t ft ' 1 !l 100 limitation and IMl nffinifr*'" \ Pf^V'^''' ^"" °"'*'vafc'«» oi common forests and for official control of j^razinj,' and other privileges and uses place vi grazing t., bo done with due regani to the prose. vati.)n"7f the fo.^st if necessary a circuitous route is to be taken. ^luon ot tnc roiest , it Sec 11. Bedding of dry leaves and moss must be gathered only with wooden "p::mT;ter' ""'^'"^ "^^ '""^ ^^''- ^" ^'^""" ^••"^-- - .atherLrof bTdSi Sec. 12. From felled trees all the branches ihrv bo o„t ■ t,. * j- selected for future cutting, the lowe; trth^ri^^^ tan he™ tt? 'S young shoots between the strong branches must be Dreservfid FVm» f . u- u are not to be felled immediately^he branchrls bT^u betwelr L rnSof everv thi Jlvlar' ^ vlln""^ K^ ^."^^'"= T °"^>' ^'"^ P*^nnitted on the same ground owner ^ ^ '^°°*'' '"*^' ^°^^^''*' ^^ gathered with permi&on of the ^Ki^s^^^£3Sj;^¥i^-\^-^^ Sec. 15. Provides for the different marks on timber to be felled mtTbp":''^ '"'?'''i"%*."u *^^ gfthering%nd transportation o beddinrwhTch must be removed out of the woods within three months. "«"uing. wnicft Sec. 17. All products of the woods must be removed on the road designated by the owner The time of removal as agreed between owner aXufchter of timber to be requested; if not so requited owner may give fourteen d^s' notice and dispose of products if notice is not complied with '^""^e'^ ^^y^ Sec. 18. Provides that forest officials (political authorities) shall decide all for damages arise they are to be settled according to law. Sec. 20. Provides manner of proceeding for the purpose of taking such possession, examination of experts, etc. wsmg sucft Sec. 21. As a rule no partition of common forests can be made 101 rlm.nf!.f„^?f'^^!P°'''.u''' authorities are charged with the general superinten- dence of all forests m their respective districts. ui'«nin-«n Transportation of Forest Products. acrosfS„nJlf""'°";i!' •■^^"j'^fd.to Pe'-'«it forest products to be transported Jxpensfve. " "" * i« convenient, or if other transportation is too accruTn^STe'paid" ""'^^ '" "'^'"^'^' "^*' ^''^'^ ^^'''^^'^ '''' ^^-^S- third'^n.frfl!!' */*"*' *"tho"ties decide whether such transportation across lands of to dLmi.« „.^^„nrT^ ^f !^r ^'^ *T""* «f damages, from which decision as to damages an appeal may be taken to the courts. roads^lk^^" ^''''''"'^■''^■«'J""'"^'ction with reference to transportation over public boom^M'r;^^ J''^ transportation of wood by means of rafts and the building of booms reqmre special permission by the authorities of the district. If the usi nf pnvate waters is required proceedings must be had according to section 24. r.nr*St^' ^^ v^ ^'^ f^^^^ ^^ ^^^ icgulation of rafting, marking of timber trans- ported by rafts, use of rivers and other waters, public and private, for rafting, etc. Forest Fir en and Damages by Insects. Sec. 44. The greatest care must be exercised in igniting fires or in usin-^ Sec"t to usn T'"* '^r T^'^' '''''''■ "■ •^*"^«" *"«« i- consequence of rhSL^cf^n T^-T^ ^^' ^^'"'^f' must pay all damages, and may according to ?;rr^. •''' ^ •**^'' prosecuted under the general criminal code or fined fn.m 5 to 40 florins, or imprisoned from one to eight days. +h« J!f; tf' ^""^'Z .P«'^«".^^ho finds a deserted and unextinguished fire in or on a Llf «rl L • 't ' m'?"'' •'^ ^ extinguish it if possible. If^ person observes thl road wmI ? Y"^ V ^»;:;r°*'*' *? ^^^ "«^<^ inhabitants in the direction of S tt. n7 ? 1 ' f'*''!u- -7.^^^ ?*'**"' '" "^'^^fi^d are required to give notice ^dals authorities and to thff owner of the forest or tS his forest Sec. 46. AH surrounding villages can be required by the owner of the forest or his forest officials, or by the local authorities to extinguish the fire Thepo'se ^nl^ ""'TfP^l' *^, **^^pl^««.of the fire with the necessary fire-extinguishing apparatus. The local auttiorities and the forest officials must accompany the n^.r.^^' tl Unconditional obedience is to be paid to the superior officer com- m^ «nL ' PT" T^^°*her local officials must preserve order among the fire- men and cause the execution of the orders. After the fire has been extinguished the place where it occurred is to be guarded from one to two days, or longer if necessary, and the necessary number of men must be furnished for this purpose. 5 to fo'fltlnf^Tn-! ^^f?'^"" '''^'' neglect to perform their duty will be fined from b. /«^.?°J^!;t 1 i^-T"' ^^^^'•^.f"^^ to °bey their orders will be punished nj A Ti,:^ ot iiom o 1,0 lu fionns or by imprisonment from 1 to 3 days. fi™c^' ■ f-pan»a^es to property of third parties, caused by extinguishin.. these fires are to be paid by the parties for whose benefit the pLe w5 called" unless this third party was protected against still greater loss by the eft-ol of tS; po se t i-i 11. I 102 I TV, ^1^' ^^' v'^^^ •J'^maKes caused to forests by insects are to he closely watched i I nrevontTn?/ IZ * , ^^V «'?P'?3^««« "'^ '^^'^'^'l in case they cannot succeed HI prevont.iiK to »jpread of such damnpre to adjacent woods, or on their own O^fctT o^«0 1? P""'''"^ ''""'°'*''"'* -^^ ^"«"' «'• •" ^^^'^^ thereof to^ay a hne oi from 5 to 50 florins. Every person is authorized to give such notice nnn«?!L^V '^^'^ P'^Iitical authorities, witii the assistance of experts, must at once take the proper nieusuros to prevent this damage by insects. AH owners of submU 7. r "^7^' r^ ^' i" ^'^"««^ '''' ^«""^» '" ••^"^I"^ assistance and to the™ordert authorities, who are herewith authorized to enforce dim J!lnn ''^IT •'•'*" ^^ P."'"^ ^y ^^^ ^'^"'^'■^ °*" t*^« ''off«t« in proportion to the dimensions of their respective tracts. /bres^ Preservation Service. f«... ?®^" ^?-.^''oy.''le8 for the organization of forest guards to be attached to the forest administration service. These guards, whether employed by the State by communities or by private individuals, to take the oath of office. (Form of oath fequi?V ''''^ *° performance of duties in preserving forests as law Sec. 53. These sworn guards to be regarded as public guards, with all richts irri!!f '" •P"^"''- "?r"'u^y 'r- ^"^^ '^»*h°"^«d fc« «""y the usual ams U-very persons is required to obey their orders given in the line of their duties. Sec. 54. The guards shall use their arms oily in case of self-defence To wear unitorms. v »«. .^w rr....fr.lfi '^^l guards are authorized to order suspicious persons to leave the Jarfv^n i ^^^fif**/ all tools used for gathering forest products if the parties carrying them in the forest cannot give a satisfactory explanation. in the for^t ^°"^^*^*^°" °^ ^°^^^^ products in possession of suspicious party tnn^fn*; ^^ ^^^^^l^r who are strangers to the guards are to be arrested ; offenders known to the guard are to be arrested only iu case they attack or abuse him S ™^f r' .T -5"^ ^*'""' ^^'•'^"^ arrested to be delivered at once to the competent authorities. • Sec. 58 In case the offender was caught in the act and tqok flight he may be pursued beyond the forest and the stolen product attached. ^ Miscellaneous. Wo 5"!tP*Y ^^^ contains an enumeration of minor forests offences not hereinbe- fore particularly mentioned, and fixes the punishment. These offences are : Gathering of loose wood and twigs, marking and barking of trees, using climbing irons, boring into trees, appropriating bark from felled timber, exposing the roots of trees, cutting or tearing o/limbs or twigs or leaveT oH!"-?rf^*' i\"^ ?"* r""^ trees,grathering twigs for brooms, gathering tree juiS of all sorts, gathering tree seeds or sponges or rotten wood or diggine out roots gathering bedding of all sorts, especiafly if gathered with hoe^ron rJes *SS h^eZ '*°°^'' *""* *'**'^' minerals, or cutting sod. or mo ^ing foreste^bvcSr\^^ P'^'*^' ^°', Proceedings and estimate for damages U> forests by cattle. Chapter six provides for mode of procedure and proper tribunal to fix damages. Chapter seven provides for proceedings on appeal P^- "''""*' 103 KINGDOM OF I'Rl'SSIA ; REPORT OF CONSUL WAMER OF COLOGNE. FoitEsT Ahea in the Prussian Mon-rchy. The total area of tho Priissinn Monarchy amounts to 35,479,530 hectares.* Of thiH amount 8,124,521 hectares are foreats, being an eciuivalent of 23.33 per cent. o{ the total area. It may bo Htated that this estimate includes all land devoted to tho culture of wood. The apportionment of the forests is a.s follows : — (a) 29.4 per cent., equivalent to 2,374,03'J hectares belong to the State. (6) 11.9 per cent, ecjuivalent to 983,727 hectares belong to tho Communes. (c) 1.5 per cent., equivalent to 122,759 hectares belong to institutions. (d) 2.1 per cent, equivalent to 170,063 hectares belong to corporations. (e) 55.1 per cent, equivalent to 4,473,933 hectares belong to private mdividuals. Under the same heads the Rhenish Province and the district of Cologne have the following area respectively : — Rhenish Province. Hectares. (a) 143,284 (b) 321,019 (c) 7,149 (d) 15,303 (e) 342,687 COLOONE. Hectares. (a) 11,766 (b) 7,358 (c) 1.778 (d) 1,201 (e) 98,284 The forests of Prussia stretch from the Baltic coast over the mountains of the Sudeten, Hartz, Thuringia, Teutoburg, Meissner, Taunus, Rhiin, and the slate mountains of the Lower Rhine. According to a rough estimate, 4,043,800 hectares of forest area are level, 2,089,500 hectares are hilly, and 1,991,200 hectares are mountainous. Government Supervision Over Communal Forests. ■ Although the Communes are left free to manage the Communal forests, the State government reserves for itself certain rights over the general administra- tion in order to prevent any mismanagement or abuses. For instance, in West- phalia and the Rhineland, which embrace this consular district, the communities and public institutions are left free to administer their own forests, but at the same time the government gives certain instructions regarding the culture and utilization of the forests, which, the local iauthorities are bound to carry out without anj^ alteration on their part not first consented to by the government Whether it IS considered best that the Commune should appoint the officials intrusted with the supervision of the forest is left to the discretion of the government. In leaving the election of the fore.«it officials to the Communes, they are to elect •Consul Warner g»v9 :— ConBidennsr thn vnHt nmoimt: nf <'a/ whom the government, Sher by ^rtueon^^^^^^ .^' ^« the duty of the into any chanfferma£hithr,^L^^^^ '^'"' 'P*'*''''^ reason, to examine Bgainst all adfersn^mSiistraSTv T '^•*''' Communal forest, and to proceed tutinganyother7u5idorXutioa ^°^ ''' '"'""'"°" '' ^^ '°^''- Kovertmenf^rUru'se'of itsUT'T '' *^^ ^'^^ ^^ ^--^s. the government Z. ™ donf to ttpn'"'' "'^'^ T ^^"'[^"y '^"^'^ *° r^P^^ to knowledge. The tSSaf sun^rvf!;S.^ ""*i*Tf .*^^^ may come to their namely, by the oKSLS X l%'' ^^"^"cted by its technical foresters, master): ooer/orstbeamte (head forest officers), and foratmeister (forest not o^f torSl'd\teXtrf ^^riP'i'^^J district allotted to hin, who has ^ent dVrt^rof tL iut!rior l/'l'' ^^ ^^"' f ?'• '"^I"^^*^ ^^ *»^« g«vern- the management of all he CormnSt /' ^-J^^^^^ district. The oiiifcea^^^^^ '^'*r*"d ^''^"^ ^^^ particular the administratioTo^all thTcommnnlT? ""f^"'?' ^,^,g«P«''al -supervision over district of which h'e i^^ tE heTT] 2rwhl"'*f,^ ^?^'" the government underirestcultSrisoL r?fi, »,"°^-f" T^ d"°«^ and waste lands sales of CommunarforesraTa Z Z —'' '^'*.u ^'^ Profitably done. On all obtained. ^* ^""^ permission of the Government must first be Orqanization and Functions op Government Forest Bureaus Domab!^^'Fo?er SS^^^^^^^^^^^^ t f^'^'^yj^r Agriculture, heads:— ^ne cniet direction of forest affairs is divided into four ture.Dom:in!t"kt^^^^^ ^''''' ^^P^^''"^^* - ^'- ^--^^y for Agricul- the D%SeniTf1: -iXnr Tnd Fo^ll '' ^'^ '^""^' ^^^^^^^^"^ ^^^^^ Bui^uS£i;ttntS^Ci^^^^^^ ^°^^^^- (^^^•^-«^-)' -P-tively the the ^?=^r^ss3^;^^ ^'^^ -"^e^^ ;fca^i;'('CJ'Lla'i^'rrccoTnZ'„V?^^T-"^ .''^ rT;''^"*^^ 06«.-iieoA.u^^.. organization is bleTupon the d^l^o^^ tfr^V^l ^«r'™««*- The entL forstereien (forest districts/ FvZ," • t^^^^tate forests into so-called ober- administrat oMor who f ?^ ^T«^ '^i^trict is an independent forester, who is the 7/'^^ 1?^^^^^ separate finance is kept, and tL chief a^no^n^-^V-r-T ' V- r^^Po/isible administrator of the finance, suh^^it^ oil tu- » whom the luty of the to examine to proceed • hy inati- orests, the report to le to their 1 foresters, ter (forest II, who has e govern- examine particular ision over vemment led. The benefit of se of the onsumers condition lot suffer ste lands . On all t first be us. ficulture, into four Agricul- it under hnungv- e entire ed ober- pendent ne chief all the irtment I of the J every 10.5 r^t^ln3edi\i'V?''''^T' ^^%'^."u*^".^ ^^^ "^^''^^^^^^^ P°«^«^« the most ^<^^^f^:j^:^/i^^^'^ -"«^«^ *« ^- --' -^ -t to dutieItd1:e;f\?3\SS'^'^' °^"^' '^' '' ^^^'^^ responsible for the ^i^Ti! ^berforster on having passed the scientific examination required by the fetef^es a'Twf ^II '^' ^ft'' ^^ J'^^S^^'^^^' domain, and%orest^nd receives a dehnite salary, with the right o2 pension. His rank is that of a CT?^ r^'T ^^' ^/*«"^ °f «^h ^^'^'^ district varies There are 679 forest districts in Prussia, and the average size of each district is 3,496 hectares .l«n Ih^ ^«"«^»»g table shows the area of State forests in the different Provinces also the number and the average size of each oberforsterei :- ^^^o^inces. Province, Forest area. East Prussia .. West Prussia. . Brandenberg . . Pomerania .... Posen Silesia Saxony . . Schleswig Hanuver Westphalia Hessen-Nassai) . Rhine Province. Hectares. 359,241 273,174 369,510 170,619 162,029 151,325 M9,480 30,111 235,074 57,189 253,003 143,284 Oberforsterei. Average size of oberforsterei. Total. 2,374,039 Number. 74 47 72 42 28 34 55 16 104 19 146 42 679 Hectares 4,855 6,812 6,132 4,062 5,787 4,451 3,081 1,882 2,260 3,009 1,733 3,412 45,476 , There is a treasurer for each oberforsterei He is an independent officer an.1 annlT f^^P^^^^^le for the administration of his burea^ The govtn^^^^^^ appomts him, and he is required to give bond for the faithful discharge Thl fwn 'S'^ foresters under the supervision of the chief forester (oberforster) are of irfhi fT'.^^ir^^' *h«?^^>« protect and attend to the praUical management ot the forests the so-called /orsfers (foresters), and waldzvarter (forest attSnt) and the assistant foresters the so-called forsthulfsaufscher. The immediate head of the chief forester is the district """"^ '» "»aiffe™t kiad. of ! ! If 108 7. Mathematics, stereomet^. ^"^""^'^' '"^ P'*^*^°« '" arithmetic, planimetry, trigonometry and (6) Principles of analytical geometry, (c) Principles of high analyses. 8. General political economy., particulariy with respect to forest affairs. B. Branch Science. 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. History and literature of forest affairs. Forest statics. Forest planting. Forest preservation. Forest technology. Forest valuation, wood measuring, forest survey. Forest statistics. foresi.ftSrnfttr.:"""""'' P"-«-''^'J' «"* -peot to the „,.ganu=ation of 9. Forest administration. , 10. Redemption of forest claims. G. Adjunct Science. 1. Jurisprudence, Prussian civil and penal code. 2. Forest road construction. 3. Game law. tiflcaUy educated forester, and p^STSessoJs The s^d.'^ *'lL°? ^^ f"^' technical school of the Zt dta He ZJV^iTT-" "^ ", ° ''™"'''" good character and show tSt h:^.e?'esr„.'^era^^„trfrlttt' ' Effects of Forest Destruction. The destruction of forests is caused mostly bv parcellinir nfn«rr,» fnv.o* estates, which leads to a careless felling of the tr4 and Stl Jiln.^-.- f restore the loss. An eminent authority on forestry SncrDfottoTnHT ° m writing on this subject makes the following observaSs: ^'"' "The forest is a trust handed down to us from past ages - ' ase vahiP mn siats not alone in the income derived from wood but K'in ,?f .^»^"« ^on- which it exerts,.through its influence on JZaratd'raint 1.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Its importance is not merely a ouestion of the present day or of tL Dresent ownership, but is also a matter wkch concerns the future welfare of the nZe This ,s a truism beyond contradiction, but nevertheless it is dail7di?regarS bv those who are indolent and selfish. "^ uisregaraed by " Whe: measure al Neither tht the deraanc right to inti tration of fc that any inj tain locality which flour forest destri fered under " By sti centuries, tli once fertile, whose agrici "In the replaced by served to car western mou sands of yea: and wind, ai mountains b vegetation sa " The ric again, after i mountain top the forest, en far into the 1« conditions ch« culture of the or larger extei . Early in i Switzerland, t I deficiency in t their forests. I raft or sell w against charcoi I cut in the envi I wood from for( I attention to thi I became general I to the progress I in 1563. forbai I was kept in for I the dread of a i |to purveyor ex I with these pro! I sheep and goats jtestasthis: \ (goats, and nobo< 109 onometry and ^anizatioQ of measurT a ready th J e it then^T '^ common danger, and this is in a great Neither the decre^e oHhe woof] ntTT * ^''^I '« '"t^rfere by legislation the demand for Tod! nor thTrteTn the nHr '^' '^'?«"'*^ ** *'"»^« *« ^eet right to interfere with the freedom of nnvff?. ''" l''"^"'' "P°" *h« ^^ate the tration of forests, but th s ri*ht and dnllnu^rr"?'^ '' °^ e"^**« ^d'^i^i^- that any injury is done to the welfare andTilf devolve upon tL State in case tain locality resulting from thrSructL of ^^^ ?' 'i'^^^'**"^^ which flourished in the Tas have been rl'it//"""^^^^ .^""^ entire districts forest destruction, has beeE seen in P-Zi/f^ ^ P^"^"'^^ '"'"d ^a"* through fered under such calamitTes. ''*' '^^''' ^^'^^ tracts of land, have suf- ^^n^^Z't^^^^^^ and eighteenth once fertile, have been tranXrmrrtn! ^ . all wmds and storms. Fields whose agr^ulturlprpl^^^^^^^^^^ replaced by%"mif ^r' t^sl^d ^rs^atd Y^ ^l-dulating soil has been served to carry off staS motture have fc '^ ''^'''' °"'' '*°°^ ^°^ western mountainous ftovincr he feVtik fow f f^'^ '"^"^ ""'^'^^'- I" the sands of years of the trees has disaiSrl^^^^ and ^.ind. and washed into the vaE bv rain IZ '"'' '^"'^ "P ^^ *^« «»» mountains bare and unfertile, whose soil is ZZT '"^^T""^^*"^' ^°^ ^«^t t^^ vegetation save heath and broom g°is ^ *^P*^^^ °^ supporting any I Sr stSit al^^rte? tle^^eF^^^^^^^ far into the land. Thus t^e soU benn Jl r T,"*' -^"^ ^^^^ ^^^'^^ kill vegetation conditions change and Wo^e Irr Ins W^'^ imnoverished, and the flimatic culture of the soil caused b7thrrstr„cW?Lf^^^^^ ^^^^^ "P^'^ the or larger extent throughout Prussia." '' *'*'' ''^ '^«" *« * ^™aller A Brikf Retrospect. j ^^i^:^a':ito^^^^^ bt r,:ed*'if ^^ ^.^^'^^^^^^ -*-« «' deliciency in their wood supply to^L«L' *''''°'i^^ apprehension of a their forests. In the year [0 Zurkh forbTn "^t'^T"' ^"^ *^^ Preservation of raft or sell wood from the Sitlwald '' fn 1339%!^^'''? ^"^I^*^^«) ^ "f«"> agamst charcoal burning, and in 1438 Freihnr,, .io 7Iu .'"'"^"^ * prohibition cut in the environs of th^ city In Entll^ .^^ decreed that no wootf should be wood from forests situated hfgh uplthet^unra^nf "'''^^i^?\^"o^*^^ "*" "alIy similar decrees to the progress of agricultural^ vbSrowW fn?''^ they proved a hindrance m 1563. forbade tfc establishmlr of ?ny nf '" tr' , ^"^^ ^or instance, waa kept in force up to the beginning of ?heeShteIi^hT'\'' ^""^ *?' Prohibition he dread of a deficiency of wood b?,ime L fene?^^^^^^^^ ^* *^/* P«"od I to purveyor Avnort anv nf ii ^^- ^"-^^'^ »" general that it was even forH'^Hon I keep and goals io the forests. The old law ^niln* ""• P-^'^Se of cattle, Itert as this : Whoever keeps „ cow at hoje ff ^,f ^ ™ "i,'""'^ ™* homely 5«ts, .„d noWy ™„re th.„^ he Zn^'Z^^ZT^ iH'^,^,. ""^ - (I |i! \i 110 „:„But spite of all these precautions and prohibitive measures the lack of com- bined action became painfully apparent. Moreover the individual owners were refractory, resented interference, and held on to their woodlands, so that in fact to-day the comparatively small forest area belonging to the State is what has principally lean acquired by direct purchase, by inheritance or by theCpret sion of monasteries, as in the Bernese Jura, in Thurgau and in Schaffliausen on in^iVffl!-*i'*''^"*' ^^^T' ""^ ^^^ eighteenth century. Sw' forestry took on, m an olhcial sense at least, a more active existence. In 1702 Zurich, always foremost in the work, appointed a commission to devise a general forestry system. In 1825 Berne followed suit, and C Fre ! burg. Lucerne and Schwyz took action in the same direction. From this time on the several cantons managed their own forestry matters as they wished and ZA ^"dependent of each other up to ten years ago, when t^he^eratT^ needs of combined action having become apparent the matter was taken in hand by the federal authonties, wliose attention had been called to the pressin^r demand for a legislative action to arrest the destruction of forests especially in the higher mountain regions. Accordingly on the 24th of March, 1876, a law was passed estabhshmg federal control over the forests in all the mountain regions ot Switzerland, enibracing eight entire cantons, viz.. Appenzell, Glarus Oraubun- den. Schwyz Tessm, Unt«rwalden. Uri and Valais, and parts of seven others viz Berne. 41.48 per cent.; Freiburg. 32.70 per cent ; Lucerne 53.50 per cent; St' Oallen, 76.17 per cent ; Waadt, 22.98 per cen^ ; Zug, per cent ; Zurich, 6.86 j)Gr cent. Zurich Forest System. As will be observed from the foregoing. Zurich has always evinced a. actual and especial interest in forestry matters, and the result is that her forestry system at the present day is a model one, and is so regarded throughout Switzer- land. Her forestry law, which has been in operation in its present form for ovei' a quarter of a century, is so complete in every detail as to form a report in itself and it is therefore translated and incorporated in f^^ll herewith. 1. Organization. 1. Cantonal, township, and corporation forests shall be subject to the con- trol of the government forestry system. Private forests come under the same provision, in so far as the safety of the others or regard for a common danm this time on iy wished, and the imperative taken in hand ;o the pressing ts especially in Jh, 1876, a law •untain regions arus Oraubon- 'en others, viz,, per cent ; St. i ; Zurich, 6.86 7» evinced an it her forestry jhout Switzer- form for over sport in itself ct to the con- ider the same immon danger lization of the vested in tlie ved it for tlie [■ instance, in )f a course of )f which shall it master and b an adjiinc!: restry affairs. I director of >ecially deter- Ill 5. Only those who shall have passed a government examination as nrescribed G, The overforest master, the district forest masters and the adjunct shall be The term of service of the over and district forest masters shall be for three years. The adjunct shall be chosen for a period to be fixed by the coZcil RetiS officers are eligible for re-election. ^ i-uuuwi. xieiiring .m2\ K^^ ove'^Jorest master receives a salary of 3,500 francs. When travelling on pri.tioJJrZLtMe ^ '"" '» ^ P-M '» "■« Miunet out of the .pp™. 10. The daily allowances, when involving cash outlavs shall be n^iA fr«m the cantonal forestry fund, or from the appropriadon provided i^ ScleT Sw foJe^ste'^*'" ''^^ ^^"""^ '"^^««« ---*«^ -*' Jhe li^iro'non: mineiVSoincn'"'' "' "'^""' '' '''' '°°*^^ '^ *^« *-°-^« *° be deter- • 12. Each corporation shall elect a board of oversppr^ nf n«f i«.»o +i.- iu ret /nh^eSo?.^ ''-' -- -' shallVvTSS ^f ^Vr fli^ttt: corporations. Townships and corporations are directed To aSiS? an Tver Zon 'f ^X"'"^^ ^"""^'^T °^ corporations may unite on oTe^ and the sZl peraon for this purpose. Forestry officials appointed by townshLand corpSm- tions, are, at the same time, subordinate to"^ the cant6nal forestry officXTn matters pertaining to cantonal forests. ^"rescry omciais in 14. Townships, corporations, and private owners are to pay the salario-, nf orestry officers appointed by them. Where the forests of a toKip or co"^^^^^^^^ tion are so sma 1 that such salary does not amount to 100 francs then the towSn or corpora ion in question shall unite with one or several ne^Soring tow^^^^ or corporations to appoint a forester in common. The proper method of procedZ m such cases shall be determined by the direction of the interior P'^*'''^^"'^® ^imnll^k'^*°*v?°^l foresters shall be chosen by the direction of finance on the imple though not binding, nomination of the overforest master. The choice of township and corporation overforesters and foresters is vested in the board of overseers, which may. for this purpose, be increased to six or eight members SltlwlTte r a^ftef r'"^ and foresters shall be three yeafs.* KtbS -!a.i aiw,,^., ■;« nem after the rui^.wal of the board of overseers JRetirinff members are eligible for re-election. This penod of service takes eSt in ?nZ^ ■dual cases from the first election held after th' promulgation of this law in ni. o''?^ PfJ-'l'"^. ""^ foresters for private forests is left to the owners But m case a forest distnct is adjacent, the owner may decide upon thelppointment I'f I ,'i I mi I a : .1 f 1 I ii 112 m of a forester and be present at his election, at which the minority must submit a^°t:rriiVa3; Shan f "h f *'? '^''''- The proportionalToirin Jot'ng, Prwl^ n pay ng, shall be determined on a ratio of the area represented Private individuals may, with the consent of the township or corporation ' transfer to the Jatter's foresters the care of their forests, in Sch case thev sS' arrange with said township or corporation for what they are to pay nr^rr. ^^^ -^Ppli^an^s ^or thc position of overforester must furnish proof of their compeency in he form of an essay to be submitted to the overKst master Special instructions as to the nature of such essay will be furnLhedhi aHrder from the direction of the interior. As conditions of eligibil tv aH-orester aS TrSKiSt ?e\S.^^"^"'"^'°"' ^"^ ^ ^"^-^^^'-^ reX: w.S;irlnd 18. Elections of overforesters and foresters by boards of overseers of town of Thp't r'^'^'T ';r '"^J^^* '° examination and confirmatl by the 3 rectTon of the interior. To this end, certificates, stating the manner of Son namp tfth^nn V™'\' pPj^r"'^* ?^".*l« *'^"d"'*<^> *«d *he annual salan^peSaS n? It fh! -T' • ^*" bejorwarded, through the Statthalter's offices, toThe^direct on thP^WH T' The examination by the latter covers in par the val dltv of the election, and in part the existence of the las^rul qualifications and it^s ordLd that confirmation be withheld where a candidate has previous y been convicted of serious violations of, or misdemeanors against, forestry Rations After confirmation, the newly-elected candidate is *-dered to b^s3 (oaths are no longer administered, the " hand vow," as it is called, having beTn Stitute?^ which duty IS to be performed by the Statthalter's office. Pr"fate owne„ a^^^^^^^^ mg foresters must have them sworn by the Statthalter's office "'^"®'^' *PP°'°*- 19. Sworn forestry employees stand, in regard to the performance of nnliPA duties, on an equal footing with police employees. The same XTal credit ff Tanrhf f 11*° ^ ^'Z'^f \' t^^V' reports, mlde under the provS of ar tc J by ?L^d1cf oS '^"^^ °' *''^ ''^' '^ ^^"'^ ^« --^d«d '« *he same! i^mlt f«.. f ■/' S^",^® *^® *^"*5^of foresters in the cantonal, township and corporation forests to attend a course of instruction on the subject ^f forestry, to be pmWd^^ ^ the direction of the interior, and imparted by the forest masters They mav be required by the direction of the interior to attend a second course wh^n I previous examination shall have proved unsatisfactory. SeyreSVe their service mstructions from the direction of the interior. F,,resters in nrivati forA^ shall be allowed to participate in the courses of instruction refe3'lo.*' 21. The consent of the direction of the interior is necessary whenever thp Sr nffilT*';;' f'^'-^^T'"'''' ""' ^r''*^'-^' ^" «^°*°°-l forests desfre to mi any other official position, or follow any other pursuit in conjunction with their position as stated. Overforesters, and foresters in township and%orporat7oXests caurt at the same time be members of their election boards. Before enter^- upon any JheTnterTor P '®"' "' ''''''''' '^'^ "^"^^ P'^"^"^^ *^« ''^'^-' ^i the direSonTf nr Jl'2^^ following of any business in wood, or manufactured wooden-ware f WAA^/^'^^'u^'^ ''* '^^'''^ ^«°^ '^ ^^^ leading material, is uncondSonaUv forbidden for all persons in the cantonal, township ami corporation forSt^ * e,Tiee 113 must submit ice in voting, represented, corporations, -se they shall oof of their )rest master. i in an order rester, active writing, and srs of town- khe direction ctiou, name, Y pertaining he direction ) validity of it is ordered sn convicted ions. After )aths are no ubstituted), ers appoint- !e of police i\ credit is, ks of article me, if made corporation le provided They may se, when a ieive their ate forests enever the to fill any ir position 3ts, cannot upon any irection of den-ware, ditionally "y service . FORESTRY IN FRANCE.* The Woods and Fokests of Fkance. the ^:^Z 1::^F^J:';!SS^?1£ rr'^^^ ^f-'« - available, in parks and on road-sicles.^S^wte not nlif !? */«^\«»ch as those growing they produce, amounted to\s5,464rqlrenilP^^^^^^^^ '^' '^^^, "*' the timbe^r of the entire area of the country, ffi proDor ion in n t T'' *'^^" ^^ P^'' ^««t- as follows, viz.:— ^ proportion in other European countries is Russia Percent. Sweden *]__ 40 Norway _ ' 34 Germany.. '. ', 29^ Turkey ■••-.. 26 Switzerland ...!!.......... 22 Greece '[ 18 ■Spain, Belgium, and Holl'and.each'.";"'. ^t Portugal 7 The British Isles .'.".'.".".".".".'.7.7.!". 5 Denmark '" ^ 4 The '^iJZT.^ fji ttarwi'^r3,rr.„iK''rM - «!'- -»'• »reaof»oodl,ndperl,eaaK»bo°attlUeMtnfa"i<;,.e "' ""' ""' ™' t^zr-"^ «■» '°"°»<" pTonS^r.irJ-i"^eSe'Lr„=t';°'! The State Square miles. Per cent Communes and sections' of'commune;;:::;.;;:::'''' Ifl J9I Pubhc mstitutions ''^*'' 22.4 Private proprietors ..".'.'. "'.'.'.. „„ i!* 0.3 23,6o7 66.6 Total — 35,464 100. pese'nUim'f "'^ '"^^ '^ '^^^^ '^ ^^^^ -P-enting the actual position at the of i:^:i:t^^'^tsx, t '^:':s^^ -r- '^ ^^^ -- IS removed, whereas with a crop of trees the l^llfl ^'^ sometimes also taken, far richer in nutritive elemenS^than thp'wlj "" ^'' ^''''T ^"^ ^'•»^<^' ^hich are and thus serve to main tab it productivrnowrr°"f/^ 'l*"T^ *° *b« ««iJ. action, to keep it in a good phE" condi^^on R '''"/''' ^^ ^^^'' Protective comparatively poor .soil fsome\fnr;f"?i'"n"tab?r4Lt^^^^^^^^^^ '"" -^""^^ «" ^^^^^o^rowon^^^^ "protcC 1^2r efol 8(F.) ! ,il I!' 1 1 I! « if ll'i .4 Lt; 114 remunerative agricultural crops ; and it is, therefore, generally spoakinir. out cf place to keep rich fertile valleys under forests, which ought rather to be innin- tained on ground which cannot be profitably cultivated. In well populate.! districts, matters naturally tend to settle themselves in this manner ; the bettor classes of ground being brought under the plough, while every acre of the rest of the country is kept wooded, in order to meet tlio domestic and agricultural want, ot a dense population. But it is otherwise in less favored localities. Here vast areas might be devoted to the production of wood ; but while, fiom the nature of the case, the local consumption is, in such places, very small, the absence of com- munications frequently renders export very difficult. Hence wood has buf a very small value, and the forests tend to disappear gradually before the excessive grazing to which they are subjected ; for the population of such regions, beiiK' unable to make its living by agriculture, is, generally speaking, driven to adopt a pastoral life. " •. o r Forests grow in France at all altitudes up to about 9,000 to 9,500 feet above the sea, a much larger proportion of them being found at low than at high levels t»nn " calculated that, if the country were divided into altitude -zones of 200 meters each (65G feet), the lowest zone would contain 86 per cent of the torests, while the highest would not contain more than .04 per cent, of them ; the fifth zone (2,600 to 3,300 feet) would, however, on account of the extensive plateaus existing at this level, contain more than the fourth. Forests sittiatod at high altitudes do not produce so much wood, p,nd are, therefore, not so profitable as those grown lower down ; consequently the private owners, who have done their best to preserve their woods in the plains and low hills have, in the majority ot cases, allowed the mountain forests they once possessed to be destroyed by over grazing Hence it arises that, while at altitudes below 4,000 feet, the pro- portion of State and communal forests is comparatively small, hardly any private woods are found above the level of 6,000 feet, such forests as exist there bain rr generally speaking, maintained by the State or communes in the public interest as a protection against avalanches and the formation of torrents. The private torests are then, taken as a whole, more favorably situated than those which belong to the State and the communes, both as regards soil, climate, means of export, and proximity to the markets. It has been calculated that the distribution ot the forest area by zones of altitude is thus proportioned:— Altitude. Forests under the forest dept. State. M. M. Ft. Ft. **'a'nB 0to200= to 656 I'ow hills 200 to 500 = G56 to 1,640 iitains above 600 = above 1,640 Per cent. 41 32 27 100 Com- munal. Per cent 5 48 47 100 a I fill Per cent. 46 25 30 100 Total. Per cent 36 31 .33 100 115 loakintj, out of ler to he mnin- woU populate. I Qer ; the betti'i i of the rest of icultural want> e,s. Here vast 1 the nature of bsence of coin- has but" a very the excessive regions, being ven to adopt a 500 feet above at higli levels, altitude -zones er cent, of the . of them ; the the extensive its situated at t so profitable 'ho have done 1 the majority destroyed by ' feet, the pro- ly any private it there being, ublic interest, The private those which ate, means of e distribution Total. cent. 46 25 30 90 Per cent 100 It is said that if the tiees could be grouped together, so as to form a series Oak (Q. sessilitioraandQ. pedunciilata). Ueech Per Hornbeam , .... Silver fir Scotch pine Evergreen oak (Q. ilev) Maritime pine Spruce liarch Other kinds cent. 29 19 12 7 4 3 3 2 16J Total. 100 The small number of species which enters to aiiv important exfon^ info fK^ composition of the French forests is very remarkable^, ^ms it appear tS oak beech, and hornbe.un occupy 60 per cent, of the tree covered area more than one half of the remamder being taken up with six otl.er species ; bit 'Uy other kmds are d.ssemmated throughout the forests in va.ious propor ions aSincrto c.rcum.stances. As a matter of course, however, the trees are not groufed together m the above manner, and, neglecting blanks, the crop on the gfound U Actually constituted somewhat as follows :— K'ouna is Pure forests — Broad-leaved (oak or beech) , Coniferous (silver fir, pine, spruce, or larch) ...... !!![!! 13 Per cent. 15 Mixed forests — Broad-leaved (oak. beech, and hornbeam) 52 Broad-leaved and coniferous (beech and silver fir, or oak and pine) ' jg- Coniferous (silver fir and spruce) .....'.......',.' 2 28 Total. 72 100 •Or separating the broad-leaved and the coniferous forests from those which con- sist of a mixture ot the two. we have:— Broad-leaved forests, pure and mixed qJ Coniferous forests, pure and mixed 15 Broad-leaved and coniferous forest ........!.!... is The State forests show a smaller proportion of pure crops than are found in those of the communes, but they also comprise a very much larger proportion of forests in which the crop consists of a mixtnrp. of hroad-lp.a—^ srvl '^"^ *''" ?'*^«<^'^ intermediately the forester not onlf wfth refere^^c. '^ no i '" ^^ Z""^' ""P?^^^"*^ question to c^ anyparticular l^nd S ^^S 4 .. V " '^^^t:^ '"' '"^^^^ their effect on the soil, and othe^ i.aU. l.ees oflip- .ovol '°PP"n^ P""^^'"' the fSi^;^^^:- i^^^Kf ss^tas: ^st^ii^::?^^- 117 rom various planted up capacity to Huch caaes, e(|ut'ntly to Jioii acooin- riio private ito property T classes of 10 vegetable or five per ■'ejfotation ; the uniier- brooin and !. But the of the soil, ', the larch, lovv.s a pre- H soil ; but k'aries with ximity, or eterniining which best ite regions ed by the , are foiintl ir, and the ow chiefly xercies an r example, li does not is require 1 must be U8 degrees speaking, om which the pines ii"s, which licate," or mediately uestion to ing a crop iig power, ly speak - 3h greater i yielded wood of i* *! »ll f,.,alUio,, nzi.ni Ion, «-.iKl,t of Unniog bark. Z.-VVl t.,„, ,voirf,t of c„,k ,,„d tl.o ,,«kc is ?h,'.i,","i? t" """ '' i" "''«"!''«'' "»' «■« i»'>l«t''.l tree,, not^rown for sr wt,rrXp;^:„e.'Po?Tt;:;:^T,^?eTv:er^ ""■'°"""' """■ -™ ^- FORESTS MANAGED BV THE STATE FOREST DEPARTMENT, tion under 'whilT Tll ^^^^ S^'''^^ is still in force, confirmed the previous le^isla- al ttrrwhXr'L^^^^^^^^^^ "•^'•'^' under a regular systomrL:; h^n^ propriSv riStin Iv w ?^^^^^ the communes, or public institutions possess a ItXSf nlV.f ^. ^ private persons, are administered directly by the btate Forest Department in accordance with the provisions of the forest law The areas thus administered at the commencement of 1885 were as follows, viz., ■•' ite forests c. nmuneg, sectiuns, and public institutions Total Hectares 1.012,688 1,967,846 Square miles = 3,910 = 7,598 2,980,634 11,608 These figures, which include the dunes, ronresent about 5i ner cent of ih^ . ru. 118 The principal object of the following pages is to sketch in a brief nn,l T^TllLZnT '^' ''''r\''^ management^ted for thase forests" o tha^ r;«.r r -t '"*^ ^? formed of what the business of the French fores fat^eS S to'^f • '. -"'/"^ "^^^^-'^^ ^^^"'"^ «f ^'^^"- ''^bors have been up to S latest date to which information is available under each liead. The oi^anizat on State Fohksts. fl,« flli^ ^°'"^'^' "''"' belonging to the State owe their origin to one or the other of It iridaUh': V "^'^i' f/*'^-^"-^ part of the ancient royal domah, as i unTted ti Frl^ • !ul *''' ^'••''"'^"Cf «' 1669, or of the sovereign domain* united to f ranee since that year ; or else they were ecclesiastical oronertv do?nains ''""^"'^' '""^"^ °^' g'^^" ^^^''^ 0"e-half of them are ancient royal present' In nor^'h^' ^""^ ^r™''"'^ *'*>o"''^ g''^^^^' «^^«"t then they are at E. f7Q9 ^^^ ^^M®^ ?°''f t^ ^" ^'^^ °f 18,166 square miles, which was reduced !S-i^ /'^T\""'f '.^ l«76,the leduction being almost solely due to sales ofmo wL fh ^"''"^' of/he exchequer ; but the losl of territorty'lfter the war ?W hi the cause of a diminution of 37+ square miles. The records show iearWtritel' t *"^ 1870. 1.362 square mile^s of State forests were sold for bursinSsTO nn .,?"lf "T' K ' ™.'"r' P?""'^^ sterling, or about ^14 per acre; somewhat ?nl«l?K '*^'' \^''^ *^^'P ^^^''' ^°^ ''""'^ 1^76 the area has been mT ntLl7 ,^•^■^'^'''^^1' and otherwise. It now includes 33 square MdZZt^Zt T"'''^ wih private persons, and 450 acres are temporarily course of tim^^L..? '"'"' k* ^*P°^'"V ^'^ S""^'^'^' ^^ose right will in the abso utelv hv ft%}T'u\ ^X^"""''}^''^- The remainder ,f the^rea is owned eSSv tntl.f • ^f *^' enjoyment of the produce does not belong fnrJ''*^V'p'^u'^''^'''"'*''^ principal points of laws relating to the communal [o notle whi '• ' r"'l''"'"' ^^ *^^. ''^'"*« ^«^-^«*^ Departme^at, will be brough to notice ; while in the subsequent sections of this chapter the work of the deofrt - ??.:l !%'•"""''"" ^*'^ ^*^^ ^^^'' ^'^d ^^^^^ «««^'»»"al foresL will betSv SwotlaTsrof LX"^ ^^ *^ ''"»^ ^"^ ^"^ ^"'"P-^ ^"^^ --'^'^ «^^--^ - Forests Belonging to Communes, Sections and Public Institutions. n.nn?^ temtory of Fiaiice is divided into 39,980 communes or village com- m-mties, of which about one third are forest proprietors. Certain ^voumZ sections of the inhabitants have, however, rights and own property, aSair/rom areTo" wrdllnd"' Th '""l "f 'l' ^^ '''''' "'^ ^'^« ««'"-' of"^ oon^WerabE^ t.i.^nHlTnft!-'^" T^°f^*«''ests belonging to communes or sections, which are susceptible of bemg worked on. a regular system, are managed directly bv the State Forest Department for the benefit of their owners, the principaffeatufes of' this management being as follows, viz.: The laws relating in StX fri "! Ir- ie'"Sy f ' ''"f ""S ""^""^^ exceptions, applicableV them? the "cannot mpnf ?n ! V. '^fu"^ '''*^''*'"^*^' "^P'''^-^^ *°d «P««'»1 sanction of the govern Stv tt.\T' ,*^T"*"r*S' divided up among the members of t,fe com- munity , the annual sales of produce are effected by the State forest officers and 119 I brief and B>ts, 80 that rench forest n, up to the Tganization is recruited. the other of omain, as it gn domains li property ro recently Jcient royal they are at ras reduced lie to sales er the war cords show re sold for 4 per acre ; la has been 33 square amporarily will in the a is owned lot belong groups of coinmunat )e brought ;he depart - be briefly btained in TIONS. llage corn- groups or part from nsiderable which are tly by the eatures ot "iresi'H are, e^ cannot le govern- tne com- Bcers, and the money realized is paid directly by the purchasers into the communal treasury betore the sale takes place the quantity of timber and firewood required by the inhabitants for their own use is made over to them usually standing in the forest and it IS subsequently worked out by a responsible contractor; three-quarters' only ot the total annual yield is available for distribution or sale, the remainino' quar..er being left to accumulate, and thus form a reserve fund oi' stock of timber trom which exceptional necessities either in the way of wood or monev can be met ; the distribution of firewood is made according to the number of heads of tamilies having a real and fixed domicile in the commune ; the entry of "oa(s into the forest is absolutely prohibited, while the grazing of sheep is only permitted temporarily, and under exceptional circumstances, with the special sanction of the government in each case ; no grazing of any kind can be carried on in the fore'^ts except in places declared out of danger by the forest officers who have the power to hmit the extent to which it can be practiced with reference to the quantity of grass available ; the forest guards are chosen by the communal authorities subject to the approval of the forest officer, who delivers to them their warrants • the btate defrays all expenses of management, including the ofiicers' salaries, the marking ot trees, notifying of sales, office charges, and the prose- be .aiSs^^Si^tj; s-i ': s^nSsf 4e f^L^^ir^^^s both in timber and money, which is locked up in it is therefore much WrK that in a forest under coppice. Other conditions being eqSal X c uStv of wood produced annually is, however, much the same°und\i Uh syEs bu owing to the greater value of the produce obtained from the hiXfo^st its f^un^fhT""' ■' "-''t'' '^^\^^'^^ "f '^' ««PP'°«' ^hile on the othefhand it s S«n V W ''PP/''^f '^' ^ ^'S^^' '■**^'«^' '"'^''^'^ «" its smaller capital valie than than high forest, and on this account it is a more suitable system for adoption bv ^ommunes. Coppice possesses, also, a further advantage fo^them, i^ that ii ylldl for the use of the inabitants timber and other produce more va ied in k nd and dimensions than are obtainable from high-forest, and it thus satisfies their requirements, which are chiefly in fuel and small-sized timber, Zch be ter than forests managed under the latter system. But even in cases vvher^L convers on of communal coppice to high-forest is deemed advi.sable, it is afways foS dX cult to reduce the annual fellings to the quantity necessary in orSto aUow he growing stock to accumulate to the required extent; while the small size ol the greater part of these forests renders them unsuited to the treatmeTwWch they would have to undergo m order to effect their conversion. The coppice system including coppice under standards, is therefore in vo-^ne in almost KmmnnTl broad-leaved forests, such high-forests asthecommunes-^os esst^n^fouad'^crefly ionrceT"' ""^T- '"^ ^t# ^"'^P"^^^ «f ''''^^''^^^ trees, which will no^ coppice The area of communal forest shown a. under conversion, consists princi- pally of tracts in which the coniferous trees are spontaneously takTn. possession of the ground and driving out the broad-leaved species.' It t•ollow^f^nm what iia.. ouen said aoove, that the Stite abae cin, gSnerally speakincr'rais'e broad- Wd high-forest on a large scale, or undertake the conversion of cSp^Jlto Wgh fh« ^^.^"'■the': difference ^etween the systems of culture generally adopted for the State and the communal forests may be noted, viz.. that whereas in the former h n 122 ous cover whS Ft Sr.T. f oT ' M f'',^']^^^^'}''^''^mnonceoHheoontinxx. mmmmm to thVlrtJI «,,ff;„?^! . " the ground, in order that their asiies may crive Working Plans. nof nrtSf ?o1/" *'^ P'^ '°"^ '^^ «"^^ P^-^' -" <^^" nff 1^ whSat njade without the express sanction, i^n each Te, ofTe goveSenr y'.tm aU plans must be approved before they can be adopted. ^'^"'n^"^. ^Y ^vhom ail wnrk?n!*lT*' *° d"^ P*-«yi«i»"« l>eing made for the exercise of rights of user th^^ working p an provides for the management of the forest in the way that wni'w wood „■■ ,m.ll srr„nlv V«T it ^J±J^ZnllfZf.f ''"''"^<'° '"'''' th,s th.l. „„*i„„l.„ i, r^iuired^hich pr.7jbeTthe:rrL;got°^„::ir^ ethod, three- ^ions, where, is found, the ■ the continu- nerits of the IS, are much cy to return \, taking the of the total that known ad removed, s may give reals during carried out jrop of corn opted in the >e, in which which have dly, or after the valley wn ; but it e of forest* » to denude i regarding taught and ect, among ris, (trans- a. London ; ault, Paris. all forests lese foi'ests which are communal i, shall be whom all user, the t will best ich ripens table size, pecies and , but also d to yield vhereas a )r a much )f such a ' to avoid necessary 128 m order to allow ot the produce being taken out annually, without intermission and m equal quantities, so that a regular and sustained income may be drawn hrornn fr'^ni" fu ".^T^}^' *^ '"^P}^ ^9^^'^ thirty acres in extent, of which nwn-^f V 'In* "'?, "^'.°^ ^^'''^y y'""'^' "''ght either be entirely cut vou 11 L ft, r* ^"i ^^ '" ''""'"''^ *^ "'"^ "P ^S'^'" ^^' ^^'"-^y y^^'"' «r. which jould bo tound much more convenient, it might be divided into thirty one-acre co.npartments, each of which is to be felled in succession, so that by taking one plot each year, the whole area would be worked over in thirty years The Z't7 ffl'^'^''-t *\'"' ^" *'^" ?'•'* P'"*'^' P''^'^«^'be the age at which the trees TZt nV" ^"'^^•.;''^^ reference to the average number of years that they take to airiveat maturity or to attain the r quired size, and it mu«t then fix the yield oi'fhlr irTfl?"? r^"^ ^"^ ^' r""^"^ '■"•"^^"^' *^''^ q"*"«ty being expressed either in the torm ot an area to be cut over, or a number of cubic feet of wood n.thS r-"" •«• •"^'V«''!r ^*' ^high forest managed under the selection Tt annuall '"^'°'^"*^^ ^^ ^^^ ""'"^««- «*' ^^ees of a minimum size to be cut The provisions of a working plan vary according to the nature of the forest Z7fl- \ 7'^^^'«-,,l" ^he case of the simple coppice instanced above, the tust thing to do would be to obtain a map showing the principal features of the ground such as the edge of the plateau, the stream, and the road. The area would then be broken up, for purposes of examination and description, into tem- porary plots, each plot comprising a portion of forest more or less homogeneous m Its composition. This study ot the crop would enable the area to be divided into the thirty pennanent compartments above alluded to, and it would also de ermine the order m which they should be numbered, so that the older portions n ight be cut first. It is evident that if one of these be cut every year the series ot compartments will, after the lap,se of thirty years, contain tbrit of all a^es, f 001 one to thirty years ; and if the annual fellin;.,' be invariably made in the thirty ""Tar"'' " ""^ ^^""^ ^^"^ *"' "^ ^^^ ""''P ^'^^ "^^'' ^^^^^^ ^^ To make a working plan for a regular high forest, to be treated by successive thinnings, is not quite such a simple matter. If the forest is of great extent, it s, hrst of all divided into two or more serie.o or sections, each of which is dealt • ith separately. After the examination and description of the temporary plots, n/wl ".r "''Vi!'^^ * ''T^^' ''^ "^"•'^^ compartments cM afectltiom and when the ground has once been completely worked over the crop on each of „Sir w r^' ^^' T-*^'" ?.''**'" ^™^*'''" *^'« «'^™« «*«Se of development, and K f %^ '^"'' '"'r'u^* treatment. Thus, if the threes are to be felkd at the age ot 120 years and there are six compartments, the sixth may contain the . r f ^T J n 1 '^ IT^ ''^^' ""^^ '*' °" ' '^« ^'^^ containing the old trees which h!n «^,K ^ -li- . ^^ compartments hiving been formed, each of them is then sub-divide.l into compartments usually corresponding in number with the >ears over which the fellings within it are spread (twenty in this case), and while the trees are being cut in the first compartment, clearings and thinnings, ot various recognized degrees are going on in the compartments of the others, uatil each m Its turn arrives at the age at which the trees are to be removed ; and it is dear that in this case also the forest will ultimately contain a due proportion of %?u ^^^?' T" ""'^ *^° ^^° y^'^*"'*' w''i'=''' •» ^^ essential condition. ihe working plan prescribes the order in which all this is to be done, and it ays down the number ot cubic feet of timber of the oldest cla^s which a^e to be taken out annually from the hrst or oldest compartment, .so that the entire stock on It may be removed within the first period of twenty years, windfalls and dead 124 Sn^^nfS w2;:lr^tnSt^SV' *'^ -fining co.partn.ent;i: be re,r.oved by thinnrrcalot be nr^.n li f K^'ir'' ^^^ •'"^"'^'^^ ^^ ^«^d to be made to the exten whSTs iucCl T ^ *^' ^"'i'^'"- P''^"'"^ ^''^^ '""''■^ aown e,.„p . .,. u.'i/EU^/^V.lnhis-.iT™!;^,^:^.:^""" -"■■ mcnlbdiSl'^Ht.'^'iMsT'*^'''^ ""*'„"'" "='<^'^«"" "«"'o« per acre, and the trees of mlSable^.i t7^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^\ ''^°°''' "' '^ ^"^^'« ^'^^ cubic feet of timber it Mlaw^Th^i^ll . ^*^ contain on an average 100 removed annually f;om th e'lect on i '--'"7T ^Tbr'.-T ^^V^h may be «ho«ld be taken one here and one ther ovTf t^J wh^Ie al S t Tl'^' very mconven ent, so the forest is diviHp,! Lflf 1 ' , *'^'^ ^^"^^ 'je number of equal or nearirrqua bfocks fr^^^^ ^-i ^7 :''^'' convenient entire number of tree, is to be cut SS ^"^^h of which, m succession, the ripest tree., those which a.^ dP«d '^/^'^^''f ^indfa Is, the choice falls on the be^ow the r;ad is in ano Ler J "f v'.etS Tfs lOoT' '"' 7""' ''''''- annual yield is calcidated at the rate nf«On i, I l^ '''""''^^ '" ^''**'""t> an*^* '^^ that the rees of marketabt ^\rtht\^ ^ "^ ^"'* ''^'' ^""^- Suppose, then, the number of surLtsl^S^tl^^mdir^^^^^ H' ^"^- fee?^.f timber! divided into hln L-. <■• . 1 r f , """>^ ~m- = "^"i- ^ he section will then be taken In Ihi. n ' '^' ' ""^ '"^'"'^ ^" succession the entire number of trees is itits. Jhii ^ trsLTimr^h\t£1v'"^^'•' 'f ^ f^^ o:\troV: supervise, and the ^rd ca"b; LZd ^i^^^^^^^^ localized, are easy to thanifthe trees had been fellHdJot^.i , ^ *"^ more profitably ing plan for a fortt ^Jl\^Zl:t:Xo7Z:t''tZ7rL '"'' 7lf ?bove; but thi» .omewhat co„>plicted qiies ion „i I not „e dealt w^.sY '!! the ,ore,t can be icurX^sf St HsS^^LSltzHnXn^ """"''• '"^ *" 4ura ^pTans th "f^r::tTp"rtLenf d.'a'^""- ^^"'^'•"? *'^? preparation^of "s uch accord with local usa'es where t^^l '. "^ provisional rules, which must of a.Me„lt„re"' Hp'-^'iXSS^gVf^^r^^^:? ^X^^^S^ 125 .natter or couiie the nrSoSa^^^^^^^ '" '\«^*l«^f^y« 'available ; but a,s a Imve tor the most part been SupleL,^"''' ''"'"' '"'''''" '" ^'''"^' "^•''*> ^»^» these extremeV™^^^^ ^T °"'^ '^•^'^" ^"^'^ -'^'^ '^b.ve in an the .systems [,u -s e d n France tl^Pril' ^"" ^"^V''"° ^"^" '^ ^^^P'^^te idea of st.di^d,vi^J..Amena;LerdesF^^^^^^^^^^ =11^' fl^'^' -"4 other., be 1878, and " Amenngement de.s Foitu ■' hv f Snf ''a'I' ^^'F^'-Levrault. Paris, work has appeared fn vols. VIIl'^l IX.^of t,fe' Xial; "^^^^^ '' ^^'« '^^^-' Products Obtained from the Fore.st,s will peni.it. P ' """'" " f'"'"2-» " •" nearly as ciiciiiiHUncM P ne «»«, »<.H^I°«ks, fells, barks and conveys the trees marked for the above purpose to an appointed place in the forest where whYfT ^^^P^^^^i'*"^ taken over by the admiralty officials, who cut from them what they want, the rest of the wood being sold by the forest deDartmenUn S ordinary manner The forest officer aud 5ie marfne engine! th^na'^ee "on the sum to be paid as the price of the wood removed, Ind as compensation tS cover losses caused by the depreciation in value of that rejected, anytheaccoui? is subsequently adjusted in the financial department. Up to the vea7l837 tL admiralty had the right to select trees everyUere. including the prlvlfolLS' t^::^' ''--''y '- ^'' forests Vgrea^;;:!^^^tt:;::^ ^ t» ! ( 1 128 Wood supplied to the war department.— The reouirenienf-, of ih . «,„ town. H ,,,„„„„ „„. „„„„„,,„, „„]\LpTJ';r„r'.^:S;:'u;En ROAD.S AND BUIMMNOS. important means than can be adopted for raS thrLes fevlni S,™"'' Corsica, where, before 1850, the State forests did\ot p oSeTo'e than So'" year, the annua revenue derived from them was raised in iS to fMOOOfV' in 1.213 house, the re„.^„derff'ThtX'i„°„:VranW%ratiCoZ &^/lfit-.;;i*:hrrnrLl?r.htr;^«^;-'-^ by wtL*p°owe/ '"" """•" ""^ "" »'"•'"■'" '■" '"» S"" f"-". "11 »o,.ked .xpo^lShi'^Site^e-^Xtiercrfn' Sur^^trir? Tr "'■ regions, to make permanent roil ™"t.bi: Sle, cS'lrin' I ■°7"«"'>'" are to be found only in a few ioca.itic, whe™ ttt^liSS'SLXal ""^ Portable iron tramways have not vet come into c^eneral nsp fl^n " ^ exporting timber from the forests, and it"is beliovedthaf there is onlv onTfn"' '^ m France at the present time, viz., that at P.accarat at the base of tho V "'' but the advantages which the employment of this mPflnrnf f! /^i^ Vo.sges ; doubtless shortly be better undersUod thl at nri s^nTTnrf ^^"''^^ ^'^ system is to be a'nticipated, at any ilrth^^Sfof" le V^^'^P^^^^^^ ot large timber is almost unknown; but Srewood for the sunnlv of P • • ^^'.".^ floated from the hills of Morvau down to the railways ^^^ ^"' '' '*'" Financial Results of Working. The profit derivable from a forest is dependent on a nnmh»r «f wTiich mav be mentioned the specie', of w& T- " ^^ causes, among and nature of the soil, the clim£The s^Item ofc'ulS ILT^^"'' VH '^^P*^ centres of consumption of produce, and Z^^i^e::eo"gio^^^^^^^^ 129 of the war i trees being y bytheraili- tit is adjusted 'ery small, as, or gariison 8 required in st accessible of a country of the most le. Thus in than £200 n > £H,000, the inunications. 3s of unmet- aeen at least table houses are lodged lodge them- ings in t-.e se the con. mailable, but roads and all worked J means of t timber is e that wood lountainous irts. They tional. a means of one in use he Vosges : atfbi-ds will lent of the he floating tris is still ses, among the depth y of great port. ^.'p^Sa,:;-;:;;;::::::;;;;:;;::;::;;:; ^'f?I|j?:'f w-perrre. *xi.Uog forest, » reduced to ZSt £^00 .„d lu ' f «?l«"di'u« on the per .ere The «.„al pm8tt^r.dtTrgUW^iTartW,Tr l'°«'- '^ include both expenditure bv thp Stnt« Ji iu ''^ ' ^^^ ^"^ hgures forests, and the^on r^bStioL paid bv ,°" *!'.L'"*"'°'°''"\^* **^« communal reoJpts are supposed to cover ^the v^vmeltlhrZ.'"' f',^'^^^'- ^he ra,»ltmg from the working of the commul foSs1,r.T.uir '"'' ""'■'''"' .f the'3tlraX'„t'aI^tre':lt''oL3;ri^^ T Tr ^"^ as follows, viz. :— ooDamable 1.3 1876, when the tigures were Principal produce (wood, bark, reain) Minor produce Total The revenue from the State forests was fhpn in iq'tk j ,, . than that above given as the average of ^Tu^V ^^' considerably higher to two causes, of^which the fi^ We excepSonrirj^^^^ ^1^ '^^ "T^'^^' which occurred in that year, and thrseco^dTe col^^^^^^ r L:,"'k^!! timber than rea ized. All but a small fr»oH^r.^elu^^ ^" ™*®^ ^^"cl^ produce was obtained by the ^le of wood an/ f '•'"''f ""f °° *^« P"'^"?*! duced only in the for^fs near tt Mlditerrlan^^^^^^ almost exclusively on the shores or the soXwest Th. fl^ ? ^""^ '^'^ State forests show the results of actuarsalerbut this is fT ""^^\'u^ *" ^'^^ communal forests, as a large orooortion of f Ha ^n^ 1 / ^?t ^° "" the. case of to the inhabitant for the? own'^usrand its vJl,?^ '' ^5°'"/5«"^ i« ^>^^^ over order to keep down the aZn oVthei contributi^^^^^^^ State forest department, which is levied in nnmorMnn 1 .k '^T''^^ ^^ ^^« =MdXr^::-r-^ »!hy=>frhe-fo'nnd t^^B^B^^^^^ system of culture adopted. In 1876 it wa o Ceted tTZTT".^ ^K ^^? gross revenue was obtained from high-forest and th! inlof J '^''^1*^ '***« °^ while coppice under standards occuptdl^t tt^L^ rpLt^ ^ ^^^^^ .• ! '^i I H f! i !l n. if (I I. m In' ,*■■ lii: 180 that in the case of high-forest, the area under coniferous trees yialded a rauoh higher revenue than tUe under broad leaved species, chiefly on Sunt oHhl form of their steins, which enables a very huge proportion of sawn Hrn?«r I^ J obtained from them, but partly also frL the'^^e^ror vaL o7th tWnnb^^^ examnlfT. '^""^ during the early stages of their growth-in the o m ?o example of te egraph ancF hop-poles, etc. The revenue from forests compo^^d of coniferous and broad-leaved trees mixed together lay between these two But ot course this IS not an universal rule; for a high forest of bee rmigryield a better return than a coppice with oak stancfards.. and a similar comparaio might be made between forests stocked with other trees of d fferent rekiv values, and managed under various aystems. The following figures showinfth brntw:-'" '" '^" ^'"'^ conservatorship, will serve i Cat Xf ills CoSo3er standards. ^^"'^'^ ^«- ^^^ High forest of broad-leaved species .'. . .. High forest of coniferous and broad-leaved species.. High forest of coniferous species lis. 8d. 13s. Id. 23s. lOd. 51s. 6d. Looking, then, at the large proportion of the communal forests, which is under coppice and at the relatively greater proportion of firewood and timber of mall size that they consequentlv produce; the smaller gross revenueTer acm that they were able to yield is no longer surprising. Taking the State Snd the co„.munal forests together, It was found that their gross revenue was 22 m-r cent., per acre, higher than that of the private foielts, notwithsLn^L tfa these atter are as a rule, on better soil and are frequently <.rown under othJ. more favourable natural conditions. ' ^ " "^ °'^"^' oF „'^^«7«';^g«»"-':o""d.'^ate actually realized in the State forests per load pi wood of all sorts, including tanning bark, was Us. .5d. ; while that SbtaS in the communal iorests was only 9s 8d. The corresponding rate f^the Xot of the French forests, including those belonging to Drivlte nrnnri^forT™ \7\lr'Zt'K'f'%l''l'^' the-State forests fJeet/Z'tZT^^.Ty 37 per cent, while that m the communal forests fell to 9 per cent bd?w if The revenue obtained by the sale of minor produce was derived princinllv from shootimr leases and Derm fA principally shooting leases and permits. lVl"?i^_®.^^ '".*_*5*'' Jf. ^«<«™»ne the capital value of a forest, but in ) at ne ittle per cent., but the net profit did not much excee'd^'two^per cent 1 XV .V • ^i*® ,^*P'^^ ^*^"® o^ *he communal forests is certainlv less per acre than that of the State forests, on account of the younge^a^e^^^ whicfi the trees are. generally speaking, cut ; and notwithstandin" tilt fhetr TeXte wli''' ' P'°''^^' '^"' '^'^ pay a higher rate of fnterest tha^ It has been estimated that the relative rates of interest on their caoital value paid by forests in which the main crop is removed at vyousZsii something like the following, viz. :— various ages, is. i«7Q - *• T '' '""T V. ""«'""'"« t-'ie capital value of a forest, but in ltl.T l"^r%^^' """^^J ""^'^ ^ P"*^ *^^t °^ ^^^ State forests at nearly fifty and one-half million pounds sterling, which is equivalent to a little over fiftv pounds per acre The gross revenue derived from them in that year represented a return of 3.15 per cent., but the net profit did not much exceed t,.':^P'^^'®°'^^ on the estimated value. The capital value of the communal forests Per cent, 26 years 4 30 " 3i 40 " „ 3 Per cent. 60 years o 100 " 1 200 " '.'.."..'.".' J 181 notwutLXVe7„c?ote'^^^^^ '''- "^' ?^" --er In which, declines as thf age rwl^ch So free 'nlr /^'r'"'*^'^" ''''' °' '^^'^^^^ have no claim to a&olute accSraov even a 1, "^T^'""^ '" prulonKed. They fore«t«. an.l Htill lesH can they he a sunul' ,'''''*'?« the average of Frencf countries. They serve, howevor^to Lorn wL . ^^l^ ^ ^'^' '"''"•''^ «' «*her that o„ account of the hiZr rl^e of ^£l^ ^''■" P'-«^i«'«''Jy «aid. viz.. yiehl-s.as well as for S. reJ!ons t ! ?- . ^ '^""^^ than high forest ; and this remark apnl es wkh "'^''^ ' "^f"'" ''°'' «°"""»nes to private forests. ^P""" "^'^^ ^H""*' a"^' even greater force Rkihts of Uhek. .™4: ?^"tl;t*:,^er^r„t?:rt!;;f ^^ ^^^^--fi-ood and permit the cutting of turf, the coZction of dead leave"' and' th'rl'"^-^ • "'"«^ practices. In the State forests the right-holders are aT^2 111 ''^ '"J""*^"* village communities ; the instances in which Triv2nr<,l«°"* exception, them bemg extremely rare The onrnmrmoi p ''"/**® persons possess rights in free from such burdens communal forests are. comparatively spfaking. toexltlThl'?„\rstl:'fS^^^^^^ -^ *^-rl of an claims fresh ones. Hence those Sily have now to h« i .f^'lH'f'tion in them of any iollowing manner, viz., all rights of wood m^v k! this being done in the portion of the forest itself Ku of Thet the termT'lJ'^"^''^ ^^ surrendering a consent, or in case of disagreement b^' the cJ™ 3 "Sf thTTf '^^i ""*"*' demand such a commutation, the righiholder mnn'of I State alone can including those of pasture, cannot be |ot r^of in the atv'"' ^^^\ "«^^' State can buy them out bv the oavmen/ nf « c *''®/'^^« manner, but the which is either settled by Itual^aSent or bv'^tbl "^°"f>^' '^e ^ ount of pasture rights cannot, ho'wever, be enforced in phfceswhereth • ^^' ^-'^ ''^ absolutely necessary for the inhahifjinfa fk/ P'-^ces where their exercise s case of dfspute. refe^rred iolifet^Tde ^rVr^Xl'fr"^'*^ ^^'"^• - conaetl d'etat.f The law also orovides fli«f iv. ?ubject to an appeal to the not been got rid of in Sher ot^ hrabove lays mav f "^f "J^^f^ -hich have department with reference to the cond7tiorof tK. T'^"'.^! ^^ *^« ^^''^^t production of the material ^ rL^ct of whLh thfr '^^ *•]" ™^^" '^°°"*1 exercised otherwise than in aL'dtnS wi*h h« ^^ • "^''^ ' ^1 "°"« <»" be rules based on it. accordance with the provisions of the law and the made over by the for^t denartrnpnt • ^. 1. ^'^^^^ ^^ °o* been formally wood cannof employ hoots or^'^ iSs r^Zn^'o^r"' " 1^^' *° ^'^ f'^"«" when firewood is mai over standing ^the fo?e^t ft ?f ? n'? 'V^ <^^i^ ^''^'^'^^^ ^ave been estimated at 48 6d S heJd of evInSe 0? lok iJT ^'^^tt ^'- ^'' '^''^ ' ^"<^ '^^' ^^'^ represents^^ ave^e TZTe Llut'£\T °^ ^^' ^''l .^''*"^** *'^«'-' ^J^ereas wood yields, oTS SlyTrkduaUv Lad In^JL*''''- ^?? '^ T""^- Probable that this consid;rati^ "■ Hi'- M m \< IM ■I Ku^uSS':;^^^^^^ ?r' «^«A-d/hes^ fig-es represent the average grazjg we;;Lte'xts":e\tL&"ai^ evea supposing that tfe vided per head in anv DartiP,,l«r iIon! ^ • J^^ *''"®* ^^^''h «ho"ld be pro- countries. ^ particula. locality, even in France, and still less so in other Offences. fores|;r:^.tdXayfto^bT:^^^^^^ against the them is now Well Sised Tt H In^?*'"' f u*^ ^^\' '"^^'^^'^ ^^ *^«a»"g with the delinquentsSr^tt courts whn??r.r;^^ ?f ^ r^'^ '^' P^^^"" *« ^^^^Se right to refuse Davmfin/nf fV. ' '^'"'^^.r^y' on the other hand, have always the authorized to deal with ealpTIn H,^. that of conservator are not, however, limited to the acceZnce bv w«t f ''"'' *?•** tf^^P^^er of the conservator is if it is desired to exact :'laUrL^^^^^^^^ '^ ?T' "'' ^^^^^^^-^^ ^*0; obtained. ^ amount, the sanction of the government must be interIte\rt1nl^"rsYf:^^^^^^^ l« necessary in the public of them are usua57of rnettv naW ^n^ • '^°"^'* ^ '^'';^"'*' ^ ^^^-^^ Proportion them hardly deserve thp SvLp ^ 'u- '1 ""^^^ *'*^®* ^'^^ P«"0"8 ^ho commit found guiltj brthe court^T^^^^^^ ^^' ^"'* be inflicted on their being hand, permits fhradoZn of a Ltt n • 1*'''°? compensation, on the othe? offenders while if «? Fhl^ .• °^ PV°»«b«nent more suited to this class of the attendlnt ci culLnceT o^^ e^TcT'to Lt^'^f °' *'^ delinquents'ld during the last ve«r for ^hlk ,t! t *»'*« «""»»"' of compensation exacted one-fl?thofSerm»hlrhtLtr ''.''?* ^"^ P-^P^fed, amounted to only proved gd ly S rhem O™?^^ ""f «»ve awarded l.*i the offenders been in the ffrm J, atltTof d^P^rKl;: irfeT^T " °"°"'^ ^ *» """ three per thousand aeiw in th^ «j^o*» t \ ""«"ces was Zb,d77, there being those ilon^ng to ttr^ommme! MoHhr hlrfT. ^J"" ""'"'*■"* ^™ " «pected:>pr.:;l'4-!iLr;re'?StTlt^^^^^^^^^ the trivial nat„^ or£%z^xizx^z^.t^:^-^sz:T,^^, 135 J .'i orestsamf L? n « '*" }^^''^ .^^^ °''^'°*''y '^ads which pass through th? fcL?rtx'Se'STt' °' ''" "■"'"^ within '::irdir e'n- thMiitis«tore»ntrr\.,f tK I'w.wa.-. passed ,t »a» mud, more necessary penni*nn„7„SetS*\r^-a°^.'^r:-ii-i^^^ Injuries Caused by Wild Awmals a»d Insects, Storms and Fires Injirt^Tause'cfrtS foTsttt"' of wind is a mach more serious matter. toVevent or e^^n to modSv' In the firHnL'* V ^^^Tf P°^^^^'« ^^^^^^ thearrangements laid Zwn in fK. '^'^^firat place, the windfalls interfere with guiae the?xrttn^o?feZVrre''tLrtKnPi:,^^ -^ich wo.ld o Lr J e have^b^^^^^^^^ '' *^^-°?'"^'^' regeneration which otharwiseZ:^etrghb:rin;^^^^^^^^^ ^f ^ ''^ ^^i^^f^ey ^break or species. Even unfniured ^ZflnlLtl.] P*'"^'^"^'-'^: >n case of the coniferous „ z. . !,. „^^ part ui tae lorest. di J™L'^L"afe ™f„„hf Jits/?,'' T'"!* ««"'«» -»'■' •« obWne-l. w« a :h li .rji'ii ,1' i 186 Infi sWor S^rl^i62l!ooa "^ broad-leaved species. The windfalls were *, f Jo! ^o'-esfc officers, when arranging the annual felling, are careful to r^'^ovid' as far as possible, against the effect of storms, by leaving a protecting belt .f trees standing on the side of the forest from which th^dangLous w?nds^^^^^^^ and in other ways ; but much depends on natural conditi?ns%Tcha?ebevrd *,.J\^'^^^-^,^v^^'^ that hailstorms often do great damage by striDDino the t.ees u, oneir foliage, and by breaking or otherwise injuring theJoungPpns foresrfire8~J-^h.?T/''i-^ provides for the punishment of persons who cause t?es InSl 18%.t"^' ^ 1 f ^"'"'■^''^ T'^ '^' regeneration of thTcr^ f rf;!f.5;. " ,. Zr ^ !P^"^^ '^"^ ^«« Pa««ed prohibiting the proprietors of thoie oistPcts from Jighting tires in their forests except at seasons hO "??£ nJf «rt and also compelling them to clear fire-lines around aTrods and forestrwhfch have not been completely freed from all inflammable shrZ nearly lul^tWr^T-^^^ 1'"' ^" t' T"" "'^"^S^'^ ^y the forest department. meied2?^C^r ^"^"^, *^« f««»'* «f *^««dent- The surface burnt ever estimated at £o,280 or 28s. per acre of forest burnt. The proportion of fires i^as ffeamTn 'f ^'^^'^■''T'^ *^*" ^" '^^ '^^"'f^'-^^^ 'crests. futTn he other Lnd the amount of damage done per acre in tlie latter was three times as S^in g^ounrr^nd^^^^ ?''' '^r^'''''' *"^ ^» *he de.S neX ontie ground rendering the fir and pine forests e.'ccessively inflammable It is ilso worthy of remark that, although as a general rule, fires were^ more freai o«^urrence m the spring than at any other season of the yearthe autumn^ fres irby n? me'^ns trl o? T""^ f'^Hen leaves, by far the most'^iestructiJe But?^^. tniULT,A ^J all regions and the general result may be mainly ascribed damage. ' ""'''^ ^'^' *'"" ^^ '"»*" importance, and occasion liitle Hunting and Shooting. nnf nI^®•"^^**''.^^*'*"^f^°°* ^° *^« State forests is, generally speaking R out on nine years' leases, which are sold by public auction u™d«^?L 3w the saie of timoer and other forest produce ; but when this is not possible"it is sold by means of annual permits issued under the direct aut hority of trMi^ht^r • Low mountain nnKes in the gouth of France. ~ 137 ^ffli^^"''**^''®'.?''^ ^^J"^ **®*°» *^^»78 canned on under the surveillance of the sho^wL' WhinT r ^^'^rt^'- ^° {''^' "^ffi^^r can become a lei: o he fp^ h!^^ V ^- 'J^'^'r °' ^'^ ^'^^ «^*''K«' a°d tl>e forest Guards are never permitted to shoot in the forests under any circumstances. disDoI^ofTi ri^t fnT'^f are subject to the approval of the prefect, free to dispose of the right to hunt or shoot in their forests in any manner that they Destruction op Wolves. dauJrous^nf Sat!^?;?^-'"'*^?'' ^^^ ^"^ ^^'^^^ ^°'™»1« ^^ich are considered (Shunt^^^^^ corps of 410 lieutenants de louvetene \^^L^ h ® officers, who are unpaid, but have the rijrht to wear a apiZTv r-rXf'"^ '^^ '''''''' of the conservator.? Sfests a^d'ar: appointed by the prefect on his recommendation. Thev are as a nilV lanHpH C"' Th;v"ar: nTP V.'T «???> "5™^"* ^«^ '"^^ sakejf the' p^iT t Lffords them, rhey are obliged to keep bloodhounds and packs of does and are cw3 to orgamze and direct, in communication with the local forest Sfficer^ the 6aS« wh eh are. from time to time, ordered to take place in th^forfsts But as fZ ^£ P%"He3^rrLT„-rMrSri^itt fee-' '- The rewards paid for killing wolves amount to about £4.000 a year. AFFORESTATION WORKS-WORKS UNDERTAKEN FOR THE CONSOLIDATTOV AND PROTECTION OF UNSTABLE MOUNTAIN ^O^ES cons^tly increasKtensitv Thf riJ?n JSf ^'1 sides are produced with a flows off the surface of thrgjLdS extX^r" ^ ""V! ^ ^*f ^'"^^'^^ I • I iLiJI 138 fltVsTertt'h^"^'"?''*^".^*'^''^"^^ ^^••^"g'^ the cracks and fissure. wh!n T i-u-A indescribably desolate appearance. It may be added that Sr^mred anJthT„T"'% advancing spring; but when the trees have ueen removed, and the masses of snow are consequently exnosed to fh^ fnll f««.! «^ Wome covered with debri,--mraJJJZ^^t is^rXced SnT "ves wt tLmost"Tir'' °' ^! barner, and when this £„ tx3; the enormous cost of the work, it^annot be ho> tZt ttelresf thuTSL^ will ever prove directly remunerative, and their^reationwitC view LJhSr ever becoming so, could not for a a moment be justified. "^ The works are of two classes, viz. : Firstly the treatm^nf nt th^ *^- * u j by a series of weirs and other strUures/dlSned to tSrthem ^^^^^^^^ by successive stages to a normal slope, and thus not only pfeven?^4cour "" ut^v the filling up and widening of the beds behind the weirs to afford suZU tl\Z unstable slop ng sides, and thus gradually to consoWat^ temiZTv^^X J^Z r^ ''f'^^^jy planted up. Secondly, the immediate planring 1^7 M areas, the surface of which does not seem likely to be washp/ Tln,^"*.^- .t period occupied by the construction in that £% of t^e filt c7aL o^^^^^^^^ been found sufficient, a new law came into force in 1882 which Jo* 4" l fv °? t^tZ^: ""• \' ""•l?l*'^«" 'I'T"^ by the StateVandlor' fchose^ to ^Ee extuS 139 :ii <5anobtaina8sisS.ce from the state in ^h^ '"- pastures, they work done for them WwW *J»e .^ay of money, seeds, plants, or of under thrsurveillare'of ^ J5 T^a '"°J *'^ '^ ''^'''^< ^^^ operations are ^olSy^JrZZlf,^^^^ department, and in certain cashes the money The communes are therefore obliffed to anhmif ♦« fv!^ J^^r x , department. ■■(I I f 111 140 S these opeMlionr mdivKli-il commumtic. are someUme. put linear yard of torreSt bed Th^J 6d per acre, and from 2s. to Ts. 6d. per square Ss of surface and l^nn ^T«'°,*« ^^ ^'^^^^d. therefore, about 883. Dbainino and Planting op Swamps and Waste Lands. to leave each proprietor fretinTn^hl^i thoueht it better, as a general rule, £ the State, in .uXtl"oS, '^irerpSTtSratt: ?ltt'c:e3LToot The Dunes of the West Coast acree, a partTwhlrbeC' to tt ^S,^/' *1 f™"^ " «''"' '» *« 224.16* er.cti3:fir£rtlut:r»\t;e''StiLr^;,'i°t^^ xr^" '^^'^ pu.. have W meet s»cW.lIy ndeed in thie ^^ilTS^ iSg'^^Z 141 s some set-off lometimes put > be treated as estimated to lies of torrent i 373 miles of d to £819,320, . to 7s. 6d. per re, about 883 dition to the square miles, oral improve- s. nd protection ou generally, ig to be dealt general rule, 'n advantage, Is planted up. swamps and •n or for the made under- to surrender cceeding one- ' coast, carry ily over the a of moving ach. It has soast line are iffects of this nally carried been placed be 224,164 lers, while a. en palisade, promote the >f sand from inds, princi- and gourbet ish-wood to ring is thus 1 the entire the wooden, e maritime J tapped for *™rand:.Cl™r tifnorS ^;» "'■•-'»i'>etoS.«'>W (or railway Ti^e^l::!"^""'"^' '"" '»'» ''■ " »-«'■. merol? to ea^bUraoXTJr^ The law of 1810 relative to the treatment of the dune? whiah i, .(ill i„ Before the forest department took over the work in l«fi9 iii "787 »„» u j t^blS "'''' r',*'«V-e -ea has now Wrcomjleted ' iUlZt^e to be most scrupulously maintained, in order to prevent a recurrence o? the evil ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION AND DEPARTMENT STAFF. Admmistrative Organization.— In order to carry out the work wh.VK rjjs: eti^Ttiiot,'^^ Efsrr:^ ^ -'--' p--a 1 Director of the forest department. 9 Inspectors-general. 39 Conservators. 245 Inspectors. 234 Assistant-inspectors. o?2n ^".'^-affistant-inspectors (gardes generaux) 35S2 Brigadiers (head guards) and guards, rsuperior staff. subordinate staff. This body of officials is employed, partly in the ordinary duties of th« department, as being m administrative, executive, or protective cham« nf Ihl nnits into which the forests (including those of Algei^Ijte g'uped^L thd^ more effective and covement control; partly in special branches « directed communnicated trhi^fTn the 3^!l « "*' ""L^^T *••« f"-""' ti-^e to time expenditure, and has power to ssue'Cl'^n 'the^n' hV ? ^'^ "'"^''^^ ^^ ^'^^ h.s circle, the inspectoV-general is not an ILIn^ *^«P"bl'c treasury. As regards annual tour and is requiVedTo hprnm! . m^'*^'^^ °^'''' ^"' ^e makes an .,'oing on. and with thrjualittcattns of a rmTk '0?'^^'"'^^ "'?'* "" ^^'^ "-•^ seeing „hat each fulfills his duties nroDerlv I ^- ""^f^"''' employed within it. he iR at head-quartere where he fsX^Xi u""^ *¥ remainder of the year information collcted^urTnThis torn bv advSn "T* '*>' council-board of the issue of orders for works and in the JdecWon If oS. ^T'T'I^^ ^^^ ^" *he motion to fill the vacancies th^t may ocor ' subordinates for pro- comminarLest tt St Uh^Vm^ett'^^^^ f^d"'^^^^ °^ *^« «'^^« -'i functions in the private foreste which wfll>! . palled upon to exercise certain ...i^r^/^^isTit^^^^^^ With tw ones being prepare? b'y the loci ^rels'TnfthUrfi^^ ^'°" f ^'^^ «-*"- and sub-assistant-inspectors who are^thu; «mrSo? ?^■^''^.'°.'P^^*°'^- assistant sections, which are at%resent WrSe in Lenfv f ' ^'^ ^''''^^'^ '""^ °»"«teen operations are concluded ironXaHtv thrs^.^^^^^^^ conservatorships. As the officers are under the orders of ?he looi^^;l ?°"' T "^^^'^ ^ another. The tohead-quarterswiriSrn^o^^^^^^^^ Consohdatwn of mountain alopes.-The brancTof f il 5 . this vast undei-taking is intruste^is nriided ov«r 2,, •^P^'^'"®''* *° ^J^ich 18 composed of seventy-six oS of^Z sunerL ^.*« 'nspector-general and centres. These officers we unSrThe orde^ nf T **^' ''°*"^'°e in eighteen ch«ig«4;hey are employed! 3 L transS ?Lw^ «?n«ervatpr within whose inspector-general, w?.oL thus enaJU'SyZL^^^^^^^ proposals to the the experiences gained in the various' localitierfor the be^^^^^^^ "««-« The inspector-general reports to the director of ♦ hi !i 5*''® ®°*""® work. r...ng to this undertaking which ar^Z^e^l.^^ '^LtZTZT.n-iLZ^^' the tt:»ltir?:gr^^^^^^^ employed in, m the same relation ^to the c2ervatT2 Z S^^^ consolidation of mountain slopes ^ °®^®'"^ empFoyed on the ^^nSSn^iLi:,!:;^'^^^ .system of forest or the payment of money. They seU the DrodnH .^'^^ ^'^^^"^ *^« receipt of permits. a« the case i4y he-lTtheS^ZlLT^"''''' ""' ^^ ^^^ g^^^ng are paid by the purchase™ di;ectly nL thTnSKr ^''?* of such sale! mspwtor prepares a budget estimate fHis p?o,S^^^^ ^'^^^^"ry. The. when this has been sanctioned the various underCS ^''P®"**'*"''^ on works, and: -le^na Ox cacH moutn ne submits to the consArvnfrM. o,. «»*• x — ".'^ . ■^'^wards. exj«Dditure for the following month duri^th«?^f f estimate of his proposed paid.to him. and he disburse! iHroncfSSftt^ite ''i''^''^ *^* «"•» « the.nexp«^ed balance, should there^^yTStt^alSJe^^^^^^^^ li Ik I i: % 144 ^ no money in his handH. In exceptional cases, however, the conservator can rrrant nust. at the end of each niontli, adjust tf.e advance by vouchers handed in to the tSZdT"'??;^;"^ ^•''^ '"' Yrr' '^'^-^^^ ^'^^^ -^y .omlin unexpended t anv oE'''.ZT^ «;ai.-Men.ber8 of the forest department arc ineligible for any othei ofBce either administrative or judicial ; they are prohibited from en^aginK .n trade, or in any industry connected with wS K tlev , ust Thll f '"'°'" *" ^t'! '^''y '^^ «"*«•• "P"" ^he exercise of thoTr t^Lt Z They have aa regards forest offences, the cowers of police, includinit the St ^enot br'tts^n""*' ''' P"'-P-«rJ>^«'^^'«'^^'«^ andtoarrtt'sus^^^^^^^^ Kate staff Offlr/.7r •"■' '^''T^. ""^'^^y ^y **>« '"^"'bers of the su/bordi- Cmo?^S ri^Hri''r''7 ''*.? "^^ ^•'^ ^"''"° prosecutors in forest cases. OM?ie7to) 8««/^.— Candidates for the superior staff are. as a rule trained af .tsT^mde Swr''°' "'m''""''^' butoVthirdof thealoi^tm^n^^^^^^^ lowest grade {Garde general) are reserved for the proraot on of deserving ti"S uSv t^ T''^ '°'""' t'''. °" '^'^^^"^ *»^« schooriremployed for f time, usually about a year, in learning his duties under an inspector • and his ^ZTZ'JT '^^. P'-o>*i«'J*ry «^ge. as well as hh utC promotion rl7r^V.?;jL^t7ea%t^^^^^^^^ ''' ^^'^ .ualiacations and exe'itions.'ls and nthli'S^f''" ^''* ^'^T" ""^ ^^eryyear by the council of administration «K if K ^T'^i '°f«'^"*tion. On it are inscribed the names of thJSe ^^^,' t^ ^"^^ ""^ *'■" considered to be the most deserving of immedi^e sri^^o'^^t^c'Tpif^'drarciL^ ''- '^' ^--^ '--^^^^ - thC^ refs!: director of the department are nominated by the president urtherepiblic No officer can however, be selected for promotion whose name i^ not foTd^u th^ list and who has not served at lea«t two years in the lower gra.Je "^ J he yearly pay of the various grades is as follows : Director of the forest department ... ^ JL Inspectors-general, three classes 400 u. finn Conservators, four classes Zt^ I l2Sl Inspectors, four classes f^^^ *^ Assistant-inspectors, three classes ion tn fJo Sub-assistant-inspectors, three classes [". so fn ml Sub-assistant-inspectors. on probation an In addition to their salaries, the officers receive travelling allowances usuallv officet iSaTnaSL tf ter^hfagt^SX y^ s'tut'^o ts^ t ''' *'V^"^'"^ conservator after he has paasfrthe aL of fiWv fiv mspector can become a usuaHy pensioned at the agHrit^ wTaad ^Xio^'^^erfrZ? "' Subord^nate «to^.-All memb'ers of the sufordin^tf stiff Ltrjav;^^^^^^^^ in the army and as a general rule, they must have attained treank of Z W the ministerTo^agr^cuUu^erSJ^^i^te^SrE 'tt^S:^^ which IS annually prepared for the su'perior .taffi Thesc^Ie of Ztl salaries 146 is iw follows, viz., head m,ar.l, three classeH f'h\ f^ «?a. Po^ibler^itTlo' nll^^^^^^^^^ P-i<>e'■ «- average si.e of .naard has^ur orSve gua;runde?h orS "''i"^^ two sciu^re miles. ^'1,, head ^unicates to thenf the in^i^tl^rt^vJl^-CC^l^t,^^^^ .luents. Vhey are bound to report aHoZl?!.?? "^f '^ *" ^''''^^t (lelin- .s\.ouId the^ fJi! to do so, the^ Te om ^esp^iblTr'tt nr'''''''/''f '^^"^^ ^ ^"^ compensatfon money which might be Zk.rfrn.« fK ^^ ?^"* "^ *"7 «"«« or he orders of the suLlivisional ot they slfrrtend ^iT'^'^T" •^''*'"^' ""^^^ the limits of their charge; and in addTti3o fM .f '^"'k ffoing on within tend the young plants, prL^ the stemfof he reserve I effill"^" ^'' flf'"^' in the forest, and perform such like mino, IT \- ' ■ , ' "P ^'"a" blanks Rewards are given Lnuaffy to men Vh^Lv?^^'-^^^^ ""'^^ *^«^^ °^° hands, this manner, but they are forbTddenfn» ?''-?u^ ^^"''^^^ them.selves la j,'ratuity from'" commuL " or pS ^P^'^''^' «*"«*'«". ^ny in the execution of their duL^ rltZr^m^^^^ ''""^'''^ ^Y ^hem attained the age of fifty-five years an J have o I iZntv fi ^^'" ^'i^^ ^'^^^ including the time spent in the army. twenty-five years' service. As above stated, ono-thir^ of the appoint, aents to thpm.«^ t u • inspector are reserved for the oromotion of I ol, • *'^\g'aae ot sub-assistant- Htatf. Ordinarily men so promZd Zt h ve at "i Tl?^'' °^ *^« subordinate be less than fifty years of Le but tl^ev P^n . ■^a'** *\fteen years' service, and if they have paie^d successf^Hy ^ ol'^f Z tZZ^.'f^TB.^::r' '''''-' ing. Smerprc:,ttg^ui;rVy"^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^at all men belong- be formed into speciil corp\ desL.ftu serve wth theT? "^^ ^" ^'?« «^ ^^^ tonal army, the members of the fores denlrtminf f ''"'^ *"" T **» *h« ^erri- forces of the country ; and the oVcers of the sunr^n T.u ^"'J' °^ ^^' ™"i*ary organized by conservatorships trcoLp^^^^^^^^^ numerical strength. In case of the mobidon of the TrnvT^f '°^ .*" *^'^^''- at the disposal of the war minister, and its various urWff,?^' uf ^T^^ ""'''P' '« determined points. The students of the forest school a ^T""^^' ^ Previously instruction and are drilled, the time passed at tl.P«.2 i *?.*'^ ''^''^'^^ military the colors. The officers of the superir staff hold mnt '"" «'"^ '' '^•*^^°« ^^^h or of the territorial army, and in timfof Ir l^K^ °?'''! °.^*^« '^^^^ve, mand of the companies Ind sections of he foreTcorpsTr^Z^ '^'^'^ '" *'°'"- tpopswhiehcoJiposeit^ ^tSJ rins7eS:d'rv7hei^''Lr^^^^^^ ^f'lic VI pciiui;, ana tne neaci yuards and annrrlc" mk/^ f^. ™ iiT .T'"' """"^tiiy m, sioned officers and rank and le of the com? anLs e^ov ItT^^ *^" non-commis- leges as soldiers. 'npanies enjoy at all times certain privi. 10 (F.) 146 III' fill FOREST S0HOOL8.-THE HIGHER SCHOOL AT NANCY. i„„ ^Tliffil""*''/?!;""' "' '?'"°J' '» ""' ""'y <»« ^'Mng to France for the train- brLflnLcribed P'^''"* organization of the school will now be The controlling a«d teaching staff is composed as follows viz — -and LlrsSsTJ^V'^ ""' °' inspector-gen^eral (professor of political economy 1 deputy-director (professor of forestry).* 1 assistant professor of forestry. 1 inspector of studies (professor of law). 1 assistant-professor of law. 1 professor of natural history. 1 assistant-professor or natural history. 1 professor of applied mathematics. 1 assistant-professor of applied mathematics 1 professor of agriculture. 1 professor of German. 1 professor of military science, 1 assistant-inspector for experiments military tki::° Sdtonf JT'*'" ""' T/r """ ?'' "S*"!'"'. Oe™an. and de.nAprfr„cfat'fe„rJ4ty^ ihe salary ot the director rises from £360 tn f 4Sn wUK *fln ffrade THp salnrma r./ +T,„ - "" JL*^'^^ ^," aadition to the pay of their fcTence are fixedTrom time T r^'''..^^ agriculture, German, and' military iSr*°' "! -geant-majors,, a librarian, a gateSeper: and othirtut 147 from the ™ilitar> schLS a„ „fe ™J S ™ y""' ''""°*'" °' "'™^'"« health, and hold a^ert floLte AoZt Z?^.;'"°/"°" ' ""7 """" "^ '" '°™'i general etudle, at thri^ol (S 1,cKi *«y h-ve .~">P eted their course o( Je^r^We™^"^: :;r''„ta'^S£SL«'^' ''■^o-r'-y. «»ly««al geometry, mogmphy mechS. tlT. rf™. ? ^' ""KMic and inorganic chemiatiy, coi- geoUhy, aTd'tSSraX Two [SSTud™ wS^. ?f^"™' ""^ .P^'"-' «nd two from the Dolvt^nhmV. ««wi *^^* students trom the agronomic institute year withouTSr eS^^^^ ^l^^l^fi^d be admitted ever^ is, as a general rule fror fifteen to Itlff^^^^^^ ""1 candidates admitted annualJy over tw? yeai^, so thrtherf are W '^^^^^^^^^ the co ^f ^^^^ ^^^^J^ at the school at one time The vor/ ml Zf^ ^. thirty-six regular students school buiIdin,^buttatthei?mlCnfheTw:'^^h4 p ^ *^« school. MchL;^ttL:\U^^^^^^^^^^^^ *^« annual expenses of th^ Salaries, scholarships, tours and examinations £4 170 Maintenance of the buildings, library, museum, etc ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7I2 Total annual payments by government .... ^4^2 sixteen anVaTatttttTlVpS^^^ through the school be taken as years' residence is £298? but ifltere Jafc Fou rn?r ' ^' '^^f^^^e period of two value of the buildings and col lectior?£22 OOm G 'aa\ Tu ^^^ ^'^'T^^^ capital becomes £5.702. and the amount sneUbvthi ^Lf ^^' ^^l^TT^ expenditure period of his training is raised to about £350 '° '"^^ '''^''"^ ^"""^ ^^e reticat^L^Tr'anJt^^^^^^ ^^ -^ -J^-l* -nths of theo- devoted to examinations and ThTrPh? ^?''^''^^ instruction ; one month being period devoteZ theoreVcal inst uctiin^ t^'f n'"*^' of vacation. During th? First year. fylvicultureP ^i?f ^ndr^L^^^^^^^^^^ = 3?stiSnj;eSi ':^o^i^'^i^ ^jtT' ^rrr^^ economy with Special referererfo^re;f,/nJrf\*^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^'''^'' P^^'^''^^ Uw, and rule, ."together ^Sr.tt',^^!l^Zl;;^^^'A^Z'Z^i^S SS 1 1' ' ,';|«i mi™ m i I 148 SSTanX'^'n^rr^^^^^ *"^*^« ?-*-<^«- -^ -ads; the schemes of CmaCement fZ.Ll "^- /''°?^ y^"'"' ^^rking-plans or branch relating to the inS whKw^^^^ soils; zoology, especially the ing houses, saw-mills and brZes^^^^^^ agi-.culture ; buildings, includ- various methods of Drunin«» f},/afR.«fo ^i f ^ x^ , "^ °* P^*'^*^ m nurseries, of growth of varilSS^oi- tree? v^ "^ '^^T^^' *^« ™*^ other things ^ "^'*®^ different conditions and many about 3,350 Tolur«Tnd'nSZr of Z™ nT*^'""'' i'*"^'^; «°<"PAinft are worth ^0.000 ; total £22 000 ' ** *^" ^'^'^''^ *"^ °*^^''''^ collections instructrattppoTnS CTh^LIt trrtl^,' *^^«^"^ «^ *^- --se of assistant-inspectore) and are emnlov«f nn^ ^f^*' f ' ?'*'''^'* f/ewemua; (sub- instructed w^ih the irVoLTutelion ^^^^^^ '^^" time before bW of thethSus'"fria^^^^ *« follow the course foundation of the school in 1824 1 334 rpanlt Pyment of any fees. Since the forest service, ^ave been rSed InH^^ i .^^ *«' thelrench afforded to 239 free srdirj^mTowr^t^^^^^ ^^^P reniamder were foreigners of other countries" " "''"'^"' ^" -^K^^^Ii^ien and tne )f roads; the :ing-plan8 or cial reference jspecially the dings, includ- including the 'ing, law, the "ing the last le forest, but nstruction is 3ach y^r, or ;hborhood of tily to other surveying, a ,500 acres of }1 is used as researches, ^he subjects in nurseries, ng, the rate s and many buildings to he students, 3 with halls he museunt ?y, geology, mged dried i^ell as raw- fish, and a by them to- comprising laboratory, nee of the the inves- There is a ad of sand nated that collections • course of aux (sub- fore being the course Since the he Irench has been m and the )e trained e French 149 •Government. Ordinarily the free students merely attend the lectures and as a trsrollTmltSonT ^^^'"^"^'= '"**';^ ^°^^«^ «^"^-*« ^averpassTl The Secondary and Primary Schools at Barres. wno« '^*'i! ^®t«"^*'^y school was established in 1883, in order to train a class of men who should occupy an intermediate position betwee^ the Xe^irthe supenor and those of the subordinate staff. Of the studente who entered in that rtLToerioTsSS ''"' r 'n' ^"."^''^' ^"^ -« of these h^a^ " /^romS 1^ 1884 fn^f • * 8ub-assistant-inspector. But the school was reorganized in 1884 and ,t is now mamtamedin order to facilitate the entrance ofSordi belLmt'd orr^wT^f;;?!!' 5^ «^-P'««-gthe education of suctrthem L may s4oZ4 selected bvfhf *°' 'advancement. Candidates for adu.ission to the scnooi are selected by the conservators from among those of their head ffuardo rilJ 'f '^^- ^'"l ***^"^^^ ^ P°«^^' the needful quaMcatfons andT be ZS^i^Ir"'"'^ '^.' ''"^^'''^ educational tests; ordinarilj? they must hav^ completed four years' service in the forests, and be under th rtv-five vears of tf^^iL in^Ze^t^el^'^Tl ''^ ^""l^^ f ^^^ «^" ^« admitted aCLTyeai' ^♦■i,- director of the school is a conservator of forests, who receives the nav ot his ^ade and free quarters ; he is aided in the adminiSraCnS leLwn/bv aJditTonttrnr^'T • T*^ °^"^"™ ''''^'' an allowance or£40 a yefriJ addition to his pay. Teachers who are not forest officers can be employed when their services are required. As is the case at Nancy, the dirS and the professors form a council of instruction and discipline The student an hold ft! rank and wear the uniform of a head guard. tW are lod^d at th^ Ih^^^^ The instruction M-hich extends over two years, is both general and soecia or techmcal; the object being to improve the geneml educatifnTthe stuSs mayfit''them^7oV?r'"v" professional trailiing. theoretical and p^aft^tus f^Uows, viz.™- P""''*'"" ^^'^ ^'' ^ "^""^y- The course is arranged as First year,_Sylvicu]ture, the cutting up and export of wood estimates of quantity and value of timber, sales of forest%roduce, arithmerc a^d gromSrv tor.! T"^.? ^'P^'^ and trigonometry, surveying and map draw^.fevdlinj' forest law, the elements of forest botany, (induling vegetable anatomy and i&'g^Caphy^ ^^^"^'^^^^^'^ '' *^« P"-P^» ^--' ^ A PlantrnranJsSw' raW^Zl^rji;;^"''!''"^ Fi^^f ■ ^"^'<^'"«« ^'^d roads, the elements of mine- ralogy, geology, and zoology, the treatment of torrents and dunes forest law and administration, the elements of inorganic chemistry, agriculture and S^ic^^^^^ chemistrv literature and the geogr^hy of Franc^ Sost of thraboTsuS are tangk not only in the class roomfbut also practically in the forest "^TTie ??orM"vS^^'-^''^ r t: rP^'t P"^«^"««^ b«^°^e 18?^ 7or the prima^ysch^o! kSSs TW«T' J^** had raised on it a large number of exotic trees of maJiy _x "_ f- /^^Z -^ *^^ °^ *^® ^«^*«' * S'"*" forest treated a., «. nonnJ^o .,.^4 frZ'fl!; ' iT^f ?' "^'^^^^^^ ^^*^ ^^''^^^ «*' Montargis. situated at a shor't disten^e oln ^' "^u"^^' V^'^ ^r *?« P'-'^"*'*^ instruction of the studente The buUdSZ comprise the residence of the director, the class-rooms, and students' quarters S well as a museum, containing collections to illustmtethe various courses of study If: I !: loO oranlnrpSto'g^traU^^^^^ the forest^d^plrt^, under thV new ormnLS h« L^.^ ^ ^ ^^ duty.and the studenta who paas will year in learning their duties un ^ fu"' ^^'^^ "'^ "S^^ can exist to graze rights, except those of wold Tv thl^n '° ^^e Power to free their forests of all g nerally. it maHe sairthatthi/h?!^^^^^^ *"* compensation ; and speaking t Mr prope-ty by right holder, a, i • ^'^f u^*"? protection against iiijury to The law also places them in ff! ^^-l^^^t.^y the State and the commutes, forest offences. 'tludingTre pa « bv n'^r.or'*'"" ^' ''^'''^' *^« P^^^i^hment of pass, and the 1 ghting or carrS o^ «-?" '^"'^''^^ "^ ^^ *''°''' "*"^^ *'"'" damages for injury caused P,L1?'*' '" ^'^ "f": ">« ^^reBts. with a claim to they have theSZuSswom Fnl "^^ ^^*^^" !^'" *b«>^ ^^'^'^ 8"*rds, if witho'^Snoti^^SirtlnL'To^ ^-f - V'^n and clear their forests the forest departmeS can tith^«^^^^^^^ *t leas four months beforehand, and clearance if the mafntenanU nf il, ^ exceptions, successfully oppose the grounds, viz :- '"*^"*^"'^°«« «^ t^e woods is desirable on any of the following 1. To protect mountain slopes. streams or ?ot'l'^' '''' '''"^ '^°^^°"' ^"^ *« ?"•-«»* encroachments by rivers. 3. To preserve springs and water-courses. of movingrnd."' '°^'' '^'^'"' **^^ ''"'''''' ^^' *^« ««* ^'^d the encroachments 5. For the defence of the national frontier. 0. a or sanitary reasons. not. ''B:twi:nlL"VeS^ f-'^ ^T^^ ^'^ ^« ^^'^ ^ clearing of 1795 sJZe m,I?« .f . • . ^^^^^^on has been accorded to the showini what propoS ofthL frpJT*' 7'n ^'e"^"' ?"^ ^^^'^ >« "° record that sanction is^sometimes obtain^,! , h^\*«t»a"y been cleared ; and it is known property by tS re^ori of reltHoln '^ '^f^^ *" enchanced value to the that while the aTrZ aL 0I whTch Z '^^ 1 ^* '' "^''^'^^ ''^ ^«'"*'^''' however, during the whole peri?d Tbot^ mlf ? f^ clearance was annually authorized durinf the It LTea^ wal^S ''^' *T"»*«d to 20.1fiO acres, the average only 3 731 acres Th«u7« ' *°''^'' ""^^ ^"''"8 *be last five years it wis *o.r4on^rr,; rsrSi «ii'^°' -j^i' private- p^'^ij.t they .re corapolled to^cS? A^'hL ' S Jr S^«"' ".' ™rt»in seasons, while cleared of mgamm.ble shrata ^' "''"°'' *" """ completely ilHI 1 "I 1 ■ ! ! 1 1 fl. 152 «lopeJtndT"pTant"nfof"VA' '*''« J-^^^^.g ^ the consolidation of mountain -p'lained^n:Pl:;fZlaptei "'^^^^ °"°^" ^"^ '^'^ ^^ briefly adoptTd^'for^thfe Sf'.?/^ i""^" '*'** regarding tlie systems of culture generally coSsion tW those SonTT''^^ -''T^' respectively, will lead to the cor?ecl coppice or coppice un^^iTJ 3 P"\ate owners are. as a rule, treated as simple of coniferousTees aid t ?!. "?'• P"^**^ ^.gh forests being usually composed forests Tw V, 'u ^^,*"a'®^ >° mountainous regions. But many of the suited umber interest, „d who hai K„ fofT^ ,^dTS^ '' '""^ "^'"""^ '» «" m studying thie snbjeet of timber reZ.^ ?n ol^?" '■"=''"'™ly «°«aged committee, and gave L »„.»tanoe t'he S^Sg ZtorZtok 2'"'^ ""'""^ *' timber^gtrS,%T^^L<5;L\"j^,'L^'-^™'-'^^^ »-Pp.. 0, uaedlnl^UniterKtayonP""""'- "'■''■' "■' ""-' ™'»«<' »' "■« -ft wood. can b.provarei. ,roni the timber-producin g Jtriea of Eji^" *"' "'"' •F. B. HoQgh : R«pott upon Poiwtrr (U. S.) 187e.7», ' 160 CANADA* States, and the the line, and t the interests jr resources of >em has these 8, for meeting od, been com- r? alike in the tistics already nfortnation as re and extent >nt Dominion sries of tabic le during the another, and recent years i synopsis of DA. n, appointed r to institute country, and man in the ced: inion was a attention of satest of the its foreign he extent o. 1^ rendering mg inunda- laterial and rience, who rence to the ly engaged before the supply of soft woods afger than tonnage. employment for a large amount of British and colonial age of the season's log crop doef L ?kn^5 vf^' ^^^ '^^ ^'^'^^^ clay, the fver- re^-ard to the quality. irwasLrusuatEa^^^^^^^^^ ' -^^ •^'' ^""'' ^'''"' ^° he pme rafts to ^ield from 70 ^^80 pe"^cent nf T?** J"^*^. '^^^''^^ ^' ^^r think It would be within the mark to sLffLf *i.' .^'^' '^"*"^y o*" «^ood. I Quebec market does not furnish 20 per cent o^^ tj'""' ,?/ ^'^f °* ««"* *<> ^^e ago I took the trouble to ascerfRin Tk! ' v.- ^"^^^ q"a'»ty- About two years Quebec, and the estimate iTen found wl?^/''^^ 1 ^^' «t««=k wintering^ m.Jeed. the deals, in my opinion did w T T^^' ^^^'^ *^« ""^ J"st quoted • J0.ne allowance «houldVCrfor the flct^at fbr^'^l?'- ^«'^^P« ^Lever.' left after the season's shipments **"** *^'' ^'^^^ ^^ that which wa^ ^,r'n.p::l%fJ:^^^^^^^ and down the St. first quality. The British^Bora S Trad^ ^fi^n "^^'r "° '^^t '' '' *» «^ ^he Unadian wood imported during the vear 1877™: ""^'T" *?•? ^^^"^ ^^ ^he The total imports of hewn timber durint A7 ^"'nethmg like $26,000,000. cubic feet, of which quantity British S off J, S y^^^' \™«"nfced to 108,980660 I'ttle ess than one-fouVth. This ncluSed 1^™T* ^^rnishes 24.286,000 or a or split. Of sawn wood there wLimnor^ir''^ description of wood not sawn feet, of which the Dominion sZleTfig 810 fioT^ *k- 'T' P''""^ 228,637,400 numbers it may be said that Si ^^■^]9j^^, cubic feet So that in rouffh fourth of its L„ber';iiport.%'e ?o3 estim'^ ^""''f Kingdom wfthor xclusive of furniture wood, is set down at £ q7^-^tI,*^"^^^ *h««« ^^^Ports. Unadian goods at f5,.500000 steiUnor Tf ^V^-70a.447, and the value of the that a higher value is given to the r«n„i- """^ > ^^^^^^^^ ^'^^ these figures other countries. ^ ^^^ ^^^ Canadian produce than to that received from ot;^ th;^rs;u^i is:^^:^:::^^^^- - -p-^ with that i* or instance, in the vear IS'^i fkl r*!^ ^^^ difference m the prooortion Britain amounted to^Si-'ocut^tl^^^^^^^^^^ were sent from British North America '^"'^"*"**'^20-9*3,950 cubic feet positionVthe\o\lfqJa?tttr?^^^^^^^ f ^.?^- shipments held their Wt the exports from this^coZ?rrdo no^ SL^rht*^" '^ ^^^^^ trade. Thus in the latter vpnr fhl * * , • ^^^ *"® ^ame ratio to the aeneral .",».58^5« cubic f-4' »'>-"S.L'.^. - r ™»'' -«"^ sSc;t:f,£r^ -- "-=■. '»'•? 3»orc:'S2"isv,tr a^t !■ M j ■■i:f : fir 156 q«.„;£ s^ixt:^';''™" "■' "'"»"''°" "' "■« '■*»' ■" -»"' y»-. «.. 1872 Total import* * From Britiih North America (f ercenUge from British North America) 1873 Total imports From British North America) (Percenter from British North America) 1874 Total imports From British North America (Percentage from British North America) 1876 Total imports From British North America (PeroentaRe from British North America) 1876 Total imports From British North America (Percentajre from British North America) 1877 Total imports From British North America (Percentage From British North America) 89,131,660 28.174,200 24.7 103,669,600 1^293,750 17.6 122,369,700 23,818,760 19.6 84,896,960 16,843,360 i 19.9 107,914,760 23,627,460 21.8 103,980,660 24,286,000 23.8 154,167,480 39.414,400 26. ti 170,786,160 47.717,800 27.9 190,262,350 63,809,400 28.3 164,891,500 47,661,400 28.9 206,130,900 66,867,360 27.0 228,637,400 62,810,600 27.4 during the pwt few years h,^?.i;.nLi ".V""'"'''' .'?°''=^ apparent, imported from the Southern Stote, A If r, '\ '¥ .?»»?«'™ «« pitoh-pine in England was liS being usedoilvf^ft.^'' ""? ?™'""' '"'■ *'= """I quantities have been 8hiDr,yf„ F„..^„V • *!? T"'?' P""-P»se». Immense 6ee„ sent on specSLn 7™^^ fX.er.r"*/''' '",' ''" ?'^"' "■«'■ '"""» at rates that Sid nT^ver X frei 'h? ;!^$ V ""''' u" P"-"'!' '" *""" <»»" duced into many distS wlTer. itT., ? "T""?' *"""'' " •"« '»«' '"'">■ 6,000,,gjtuc'^t?fr^nTffdSSKtr°" '"•" '^^^^ ^ Sl^^ThreS-tSttSfe&^ir'^ HS^^ 167 acent years, the I wood, 11,660 '4,200 1.7 9,600 3,7f"i .6 9,700 3,760 6 ;,960 1,360 9 ,760 ,460 } ,660 ,000 I S»wn wood. 154.167,460 39,414,400 26. li 170,786,160 47.717,800 37.9 190,262,360 63,809,400 28.3 164,891,600 47,661,400 28.9 206,130,900 66,867,360 27.0 228,637,400 62,810,600 27.4 d in furni.sh- ise apparent, 3f pitch-pine for this wood J8. Immen.se ;, and, having in some cases us been intro- ompetes with ed pine. 4,000,000 to than Canada, tnsists of pit- itter of sawn • twenty-five I not compete I the second Canada and Eind tonnage 8oinethin^like 1,500,000 tons Th« i-1. i "^"^* ''^^^''^ a carrying caDicitv of colonial trade, still British shipping S in f* ^"'''' ^*'"8«'>' ^'^o '" the ince the construction of so marCw ir„„ ves\«l V* T''^ °l Profit. particularly that finds n,or„ iJrTAl^'Z ZlZTlXlT" "^V'"^ "'» »-' Britain of Canadian pine. The consmrmHnn i^^ a higher price than the first aualitv 4'ioted.) at a rapid rate In S h^ • "^"?*^^ng (^ «hown by the tigure?abot« 000 cubic feet, while in 18771 ^^^ '""PJ^ <>{ hewn timber aii,untedr280ft'^ in the import oTsawn JooJ i^ stiU mo'r ''T^'T ^"^^^ ^e" T^^incS' ceased to expand. No doubt the annuTr^r'^^^'"*'"^- The trade has neTer reductions in the quanties imported T^i ^^ '^^^ occasionally verv seiious of depression, but'the;^ have Swtyt foTlowedt''- '?t -^^ ^^^P^^^nce^ ZZl purooses. but the best quafity orpine ^Znw^^^ ^^' T''^ '° ^^g'^^nd for general ZrXf ^^« higher cl2ss o/dwKAoures ¥hir'^TP'r^ ^" the fiffing soft, commands a high price a.mcmf a^^ This wood, when very clear an3 tages are: that it is easv fn If ^ ^ engineers, metal founders etc Tf?!!^ «-ceptible of beinVrrke7'^?h: S^^'J^ ^"^^^^ surtS, and tJt ^oJS "; e go, without the rilk of chTpX or brftlfff ^i?^ ^"'^h, and to the fine t useful to moulders, and I uniZZdth^hln''^)'!'^'^^'''^''^^'^Sitv^^ th.8 purpose is ven. considerabk ' '^' quantity purchased by them fS judging j?omKr;u:;r:^^^^^^^^^ fevonte wood with the profSK but its^S'^'*' ^P^cifications-that K'^ consider this surprising.^ No doubt vUl of ^ "'^'^ transparent that I do not dianwood in EKglanS at one Jil r?°"f P^^J"^^*^^ existed against Ca^ before a parliamentary committr/h-f <'*'°?*r«ctor of the royal navy steS could not be depended oTfo^ mort than t'^ '""'*'^"*'^'^ of^cowf tmW Kf i*3^ to the Sry-rot. BuiWerSme forwlrd'on T'^ ^'^ '^'^^^^ of ite that a house having a covered beamof rln^- " ^^e same occasion t. al We hel^r •'•°^'?^* ^^« i" ^t a^Tmom^rlt?^^ "«« dangerous to huS Hesitate to maintain that a h.nM,-n« '"oment, while there were some who di,! ^ would speedily become unlha&eTww'?^ •r^^j"'^" of this desfJsed wood tt'^r ^ho boasted of his e^elln^rsl^ ttX^'^^'^ *^ ^reed Lgs One harbored myriads of these insects tff/w • t*x ?« P»ne in its native woodT Quebec ; that they infested the shins thafh^ "^'^^^^ ^^^"^ swarming the C S and finaUy thronged the woodyafc^'^ .'^^^^^^^^ ^his kind of timbe? to Eugpt eo.pIr wXSr J? tZ^ Xi?| ^-% of pine now at Quebec as proportion of the stock th«f™t'jJl*f-'-^%Tha7ne repUed : « I ^^^ nnK,?!!:-^ ecu!, be considered first quality, and shoiiiZim^nT, m ,1 1 i! iP in. M. w 16H thorefoie, that it must be much \em than in former yeaw. By qualitv I mean not the size but the texture of the wood."* ^"""''y. i mean from^ra*n?2^h!''l '^f, ^"^^f^" '^ *« ^^ V'" '"'I'ortation of timber into Englan.l trom Canada had fallen .(I, it wan replied : " I u.iagine that the reason whv tl , export of square timbc. ,„m Canada U not kept pace with the home dema | Wl'Z T^'t'y. ^ ««PPly tlu> description of it that i. most particuUrfy wZ 1 I think al«o that your profits have diminished l,ecftU8e so much of your tin, b" is of poor quality. I think it is safe t,. contend that the reason why^more of you best pine is not purchased is that it cannot be had, and I fear that your powe.o producinK it is not likely to Hood the home markets.f ^ ^ o**. " ?" '^^"^^ *^^.® *? "*'.'' ""^"^^ excellent timber in Canada. What 1 have he».n attempting to explnin is. that however good the produce of certain secS^ mv be or however wel some portion of the present supply may ..ompare with that Iffl f ^^^"'' '^'^ *''" .'''^^ quantity^^of such wood brought to market ?s ri^iuTaX:^ "''' '''' '' ''''"''' '''''' p^'-'^'^p'^ -^ --«*-*h of ': nf oZl^^ T''^''' ^"^ *^f probable duration of timber supply, at the present rat.- Slfinr" ^•'°"'/T'*?*;r'.*'''^ ^*«*«' ^'- Thayne j^/d not like to Sve 1 defanite opinion for the following reasons :— * conclusion*^*"^^ ^^ *'*'"'*^ °°* ^"^ sufficiently reliable to guide him to a safe in *i,^" ^""i ca'culation tl>at would ignore th^ quantity of young timber standing. m the woods, but which may become available in the course of twenty or thirty years, would rest on an unsound basis ; and, ^ ^ 3. Because there are so many sections of timber-producing land in these I'rovmces which, though not extensive when considered separately, still form in the aggregate, no mean source of supply, and which, though now bst sight of 'would soon be opened up, provided a profitable aemand should spring up Havin-. made this .statement, he added: " I feel bound to .say that every test I have applied to ascertain the quantity of merchantable timber actually standinir in any section of the country ha.s convinced me that the resources available are TptedTot: export l^ad'''^'^""" ^"^P"" '"""' P'^''^'^^^^^^^' ^^^^ ^^^^ In reply to a member, the witness said:-" No doubt the duration of the timber supply of the United States is a point of much interest to this country Any interruption of the supplies now drawn by the eastern States from the west would at once compel the former to resort to your markets. Under such circum- stances It is easy to foresee that Canadian lumbermen would seek an outlet nearer home for their produce. It would, moreover, be easy for the New England dealer to compete w th the English buyer, burdened, as the latter wSl aWs be by a heavy ocean freight. ^ ' "' • To this statemeDt Mr. Cockburn, a member of the committfi« imirl • " r „,■,.» ;«;_ .l this point, as the quality we are getting now is very fine "fTfacf I believe Th»\ »hi T"- *'"* >'"" "1 better quality than that formerly dealt with. The pine irowine^A the /!?,*"*» ? *h°'* »"."«"'>«'"'' "f Ontario, meet, with a very read/sale. The q;mlitri8 foun§ by exlerienet to be^Zv fine * Vtl^.T^"") pinesle^Ttil^^Tot^^^^^^^^^ ^a^lcft^thV t^^^Si^n^^is i^t^ o;:;^x\rr."i?So;eSf^ Ifi9 quality, I mean the()ttawaandTl7rche8lnVi.out 8fToo P''"''""".^ the area drained b)^ the square white pine " hiPDed to £11^?? k'^"*7 ""'"• ^^"•' ^^^r-Hfths of valley. ' ^^ ® ^"'^'^ Kingdom is manufactured in this the hM:lT:,zi%iotz^^^^^ '^r^'^ ^'^^ ^^ "'"^^ '-'^'' - drain largo regionn extenaivoly JlmCred ' "'''" ^^'^"'"'^y ^""^ ^*- ^'^""«« pine Sr5«''f"orBZrSmtrLTtl^^^ Pu«et sound and «on.e splendid n.anufactpries in London rbl^ttrcosToft^^^^^^^^ "^"^ttTluS'T'^r preclude importation from that quarter-. a alarJo scff ' ;,,.^\'^^'" f ff«ctually h.rd wocla .re used very liteLfvelv fl ;„, Y "iT 'T 'V '«' "«" "'" "«"'« might he m„de .vaiUbE bv railraS lu^^J«^ "'"' ' '"'«° '■<"^'" »"»• ""' foresto in the centre of fr..r^„?^t T ' '''f "'T"" P"'*™' ""»« '""gnWcmt Whether ,o bulky .,? artict 7Smber°LT "^^ "^ '■""""l' ''' '"""'^ ""»"»■ quent on ,trippfn''/trSl"ri've: Sr^f'S":!"/ *° ■"""» '""" -- leases being looked unoM««or^.u *.* P'"^'^''*' ''^^ P'"^^^"^ tenure of theso ference oTfhe Dart nf ? ^^^^''f ^^at no apprehension of arbitrary inter- taken tetferiniroTSSirio^rn 'T 'S '!(" I''^"*" ''»'» ■"'">"° handsome reveni^ W the UmCt^d^"'''^' 'M"""' Sovernment, derive a ai^ppearanoe with pXttdS^^i^^?? t^el t&TeSed\X^n.J^t 160 never be fit for settlemenrb, rwh^T f ■ i-^'^ f ''^ *" ""™«°«« a^«a that will in the front ra?k as rtiXri;S;5-'"^^^^ employment toTlari LtSn ofThe no3«?^""^'"^^ '^"""^y. ^««^^^°g <"'°«t<'^'^t and shipping interests To atf« n ft£ P"^^^?' ?"^ supporting both commercial or disturLfch vested riAf«oT l ^«'^"^<>«; '* » neither necessary to injure nary or costh, expSil"s^ " '''" "''l""*^''' "^"^ '^ ^'^'^P* very^^xtrao'rdi! Buppiy^L'd'rL^trictb^^^^^^^ «r^^T ^^-^^T"^ "P*'^^ the limit, or by resuming possSn of ^bi. 1^ 7 ^ i?"u uP"''"' ^^ *™^«'' «" their pine, andVcing thmTndeTthe char?, if ' "!• ''^ ^^' ^^'" ^'^^''^d of pines by varieties tha^t woSd remv the coTnf .fr*'*^* ^'''*''^' '"^P'^^^ '^' mere mention of forest-culture sS somethL far IVot i ^^•^^^''" ^'^^^ *^^ Canadian ears, but that does not X tTe tSthat of I'll j""^ ?™practicable to vation, it is the most orofitablfi wLrTf It • ' ^^ *" descriptions of culti- a question of utTlS2 a territorfnot kS^^^ '" 'Tv*"^ "^« '^'''^^ be^^^^es otherwise must rem2 barren 3 unnrnZ.^^^^^ ^k"^ other purposes, and which respecting the course ?o be purTed "°P'"^"^*'^^' '^^'^ ^^^o^'d be no hesitation stir UP 'r ^thfin^Tn^o^^^^^^^^^ >« -Iculated to be fully appreciated fo^r one oTtwo g^^^^^ pathy of politicians, but this very reS! should L^^ ^ .*^.-^°^''* ^^^ «y°»- undertake it with determination » ^^ * P**^"°''' statesman to pay tl'cXr Ty ;XrnVthe Toun/r ^t^'^^ '"•;;^ ''' ^^^^ --e^^ of years. particularlyTrhlTsWmuTEf eH^^^^^^^^ ^ ^"«»ber will be required for other puposes TreS^!..! fi *^^ '°'* ""^^"J^ ^* ^"'"Pies fifty years to attain maturity^ Twas reSS J^'* /^/"^ " ^'^"^'•^^ «»d made in various countries having wWelvSerfnf .r °t ^*^ y"**^ experiments fact that trees may be succesSSllv c^L« • -'""^^^ ^*^« estabfished the original habitat. .Jl aJ3/t^p^X"rabT^t\'?^^^^^^^^^ '^^"^ ^^«^^ this I^ ''-''-- - -- wh^y simrirre^^jrst^^^^^^^^^^ this £ f^^jct'Z ftsi^r t:;rrbnt^^^^^^^^ ^'^ "^tf - «^ ui A^g^na. Hindost^n. and California. butT» Z!" ZJ^^:^ ^^:r:i enfoi^r!;:^^!^-- 5:^7S^ - *^e timbe. and of th/ctXrlrptetXVon^^^^^ n-^-* -^« that the lowest estimate of the average ann"«nn««tJ, ''^f ,f "^'^"y understood it at $5,000,000 in the Ottewa vaKlon ^f ^Z^ T^ the forest fires, places would soon interfere to prevent such a tpLSfr/^ ™e that public opinion foritshouldberememUtSintbLrJf " T*^ "^ ^^^ °**'«°»' wealth, in causes that could b"^s't con rolled^ ButT^'^S; '^ "^f '^'T ^^ «"gi°-te fullest benefit fr^m the services of s^^^^^^^^^ should be practical foresters, of high education 'nnil^';^',,?-^ ""^t "icse inspectors tn^ining .h„„U „, Europe, 'it ^ ILt.'Z 161 objected that this plan wou?d involve iTdar^^'^^^^l^ '^'^- ^' ™*y be heaviest outlay under this head aCuntTaJra ? hnfT'^ «"^.^^^* "^^^^'^ ^^e lo~ir^ZTtt;^^^^^^^^ arbitrary on the part o^ trees on their homesteads, it was repHed " I wo„^? ^ ^-1*°* * ""f'^"''' ""^ber ol suggested by ordinary pnldence. Tthe tredrsdtTrt.' '""^ * P''«^'«i°'^ ««e insure a continual supply of fuel and RffV^S f u x"*'^^ ^^ese plantations would the necessity of practiSaT forLters Tn a S^^^ '"^ -^.l*"^- ^"^ here agak that the settler may derive the fullest hlnSf f^^T '^^^^ apparent. In o?der be planted in positions where they wo^Hf of itl^ *^««« M I would go ev«n further in suffffestinrthLf Ik/ ^^!'^'^ *° *be arable laud eo^ershouldalsobeadvisedrr^^^^^ wa. -trS'to^^wtt^:^^^^^^^^^^^^ ring white pine, the question the country with spruce-a r^p 1 "tLl^X^^^' *°/'P^*°* ''''^'^' ^ decidedly. I imagine however that it 3d be on W" '*°^'' ^^^ "^o«t would be necessary to incur the expensrof nlanHnl^ rare instances where it the proper protection of the young trees wouW «n«i ' "tP'^^^on^ providing for the same time the government should oZinr"" ^"^ P^^'Po^^ '° view.^ At Iim t-holders, to demote a small poSon of th.Tr rTf'X '''^'' *° ^"^'^^^ or Datxve and foreign trees, and ascSn froLti^e to"tim^.?'' '"/''^""«" °^ both :t:^ld ^^sf^ss ^odtfei'i.i?"^^^ ^v-it- the G^^^oSsTnV"^^^^^^^^^ The Maritime Provinces. Norway ,s the principal source of the Sean sfnnl/T.v'^''^"'^*^^^ an'«»°t very small size, battens 6^ inches wide and ^.1?^ ^^ ^^'' ^««d' but it is a ^ A considerable portion of the trnl vTnf If "^'"''''^ ^s 5 inches. Britain is in the shape of mLuflct^ed Srfl''' ?°'*^ °*?"^°P« ^nd Great doors, mouldings, frames etc Sp «I J T^^'T"^ boards, window sashes tion of this tradfwith re pect to Canada S 'ffTt' ^1^^' ^'^^^^^^f"! Pro^cu!' imported from the north^f Europe a?e used nHn^P'^ -^^ r""^^*»^«d gooSs the inferior class of houses, and of F^Servir^plP*^^^^ *> construction of are cheap ; orders for them can beTpeeSlx^^^ '^ ^i"'"' "manufactures dispatch at a moderate rate of freivK to S tuT^^'^'.^''? ^a^^ be forwarded with such as are consigned for sale are f ISO so?d^ ?°'*« ^^ Great BriSn- m those countrils. and fh« ^Mb- cfr p f fi ^'^ ^""'^ ?"«««• ^^bor bein,, ch^»r' builders of first-class-hous^s i^^i-Jh Sat'd?rr^^ ^-^ *be<)ther hand the their orders carried out under their own sunerTisr'''^ '' P'^^^*^^^ "««d. have time necessary to forward orders, theTe^aXtShV.'lf Tl^^ ''''^«^'^'«« ^be 11 (F.) ^ * ™'^*'* attend their expedition to ,|.ill m pi 162 j i ?oL T °^<^^? Po^t«. apd above all the short season of open navigation are so maiiy obstacles in the path of the Canadian manufacturer. "^'^'g*"^"' ^'^ It might be added to the foregoing that English dwellings of the best clao. Z AtSc "t' ^^ " "^""t ""^^^^T'>^ ""'^'y'^ ^ '"^^y -« on Ihls side' Siffl.niVfl An enterpnsmg firm might, no doubt, surmount some of these penttrsun^nlvntf 'v°^ ^'^'I'J''' '^' ^*'« ^'' ^'' ^^^^s, and forwardbg £nts ii F.??oI fi^ /v^^^^^^ ''"*^°°' °^' better still, appoint as agents in Europe firnis of high standing in the trade, likely to be able to dispose of large consignments. But to succeed it would be necesW 7 to possess enter JperatZ ■ "' " "*™'*' acquaintance with the details o^^f En|l?sh Lntn, costlv it wnnl^in"^' '* r^ thought that when pine becomes more scarce and in Fnrir ^ .1 tt" ? i^T""^- ^* ^*' P^^"^^*'* qualities were as well known in Europe as m the United States, it would be generally used there also f or thp flooring of large warehouses, particularly where grain is Vored this countrT'TW r* ^T'*' '"^ ^^'^V^ ,^ve differently situated from those in ?n IT /^ -y T.^^""^ '" ''"*'b unbroken stretches as they are here. Except hrCh tS^""Vf ?ru°°^*t of Sweden, there are numerous villages scatSd through them. Most of the inhabitants of those villages are emploved in tS forests, either as charcoal-burners or otherwise. Every forest of XTxteM hll fafe?l"'on*f °''®^^!,\'"^Tf "' "'-- "^P-^l cfut; Tisfo wJtch ov r'" nrPvJn. i?P ? P'"'' and broad belts of cleared land are kept up on purpose te tEofl'L!r'"-'P''*^r-^\J^" ^"^"""^ ^^ °«* encumbered with fuch^quan titles ofdebna as is usual in this country. There are no inexperienced settlers no reck ess workmen, and no careless hunters at hand to court fheraval^?^^^^^^^^^ preservtHnn 'T\ ^^'' F^'P^f- ^^P^'^^^*^ '"^ ^^' f«^««t« ^^^ interest' d in the fltendint rVl^r ''""!-"^ l''^'''. regulations control all others. Notwith- standing a 1 these precautions, fires do occasionally occur ; but of late vears thpv are becoming rare and on a smaller scale. Probably ve^y few fire c^cT from lightning a« it is almost invariaWy accompanied by heavy rain storiS ^nd if a VaUev ^Til n ^^ufT^ ^"^ '''"J*^^^ '"^ ^•'^""S ^^°^«*t iii!in the Ottawa valley to lightning, but they occurred some time ago " of thp.ffS.r^p'^'i ""^ -^^ influence of forests upon the climate of the country and tn ntLf- f ''f ""^' ^'•?? ''^''^^' ^'- Thayne replied: "I have endeavored to formVH!fin7*''"-"P"" *^^^ r^"^' b"* ^'^h^"* ^■^^"It^ that would enable me hJ^T ^^^ ?P'"'°"- Unfortunately such meteorological observations a be able'to ^±'1 Trj^''^ "* P.T*^*°^ '''''''"^ *»>« influence of forest t sh^-^L^odT^ ZVw ?K "^««*.t"y'^' 'ranges during the comparatively l^TJ t \u *^^ ^"bj^^'J ^'^ received attention. These observations to be of real use for the purposes referred to, should be made at many poin?s lettered over a wide area. There can be little doubt that the cleariLs madeX th TJirZnliZt^ttr'"'''' by the forest fires, must already ggrtoeSrd Stni ?r« ?^T K '"^"f *^« on <^he climate of this portion of the Ottawa Valley. Still, the total absence of any observations at or above this point renders 1 impossible to express any opinion on the subject " ^ urcrJi^ fr\ ""^ P'^r^^^ upon the prairies leing referred to, its importance waa knd o the NorTh^^^^^^^^ \ V"" the various accounts I have read o? the prairie perature S^v.t«7 ; "^ ^'''l"!?'* ™^"i^°" «^ ^^e sudden changes oi tern- l7^nr.fJl'::t:^u:T-^^^^^^^^ *'^ ^™P« ^^^-^ been%own,and irTiinb i'nw«r\i,T;;' ♦TV 7"i.u '"j*' ' mf" ''^'" temperature ol the ni"°' "P^" now entertained of its being able to s^DDort anfm,^! ^ «angu,ne expectations after many sore disappointments, perhaps it wil T '^ Papulation ; or whether. Land If some of the most fertile^SVof Ti« ^ the name of the Lone condition of sterile wastes through rhrdestruction nO,,*'- "^^ ^'?° ''^""'^^ *« the It not unreasonable to infer that ^ onLiZ^J"^ *heir wooded lands, I think continue to be productive when fnsteadJf ?"'''* >° * ''^^'^ «"«^ate cannot scanty stock of timber is furVhe; enci^ached uZ 3? '"'^^ ^^'""''^ its.aiready The inquiry being raised as to wwT ^T ^^ "^ "«^ settlers." ^ would not t'end'to enhlnrpriSs and ttus^^^^^^^^ '^^ *'\^'"^"«t «* ^-Ports the opinion was expressed that any further rli-^^^^^ quality of pine would make it so sire" that i^-«l '"'-^ -' ^^^'''^' ""^ ^^^ ^™* markets of England, and a substitute would betfmT f^ ^! '■'''''''''^ *« ^ f«^ where it is now used. The best m^«L f . "°^ ^^^ ^^ 'n many quarters would be to export no more L ^4'!^^^^ '^ theCarke demand. So long as lumbermen maSchL^^ ^JT^ *« ^e a fair avemge tited^tot^^^^^^ " *° *'^ P"^^^ observed tZttt^^::^u^^^^^^^^^^ been m the carriage of all the costlier an^dCerclasses^ofTff'^.^^ ^'"^^ steamships. ^ ^n reference to some remarks on T»,c>iu '"^'"^handise. Pnnce Edward Island, a memW ttateS • - wl"?^'' T^ ^^'^ ^""'^'"^ trade of used m ship-building, for keelsons et" fZ n^^'u ''^'"^ "^ °»r la?ge beams tamarac. We build our vessels of --i'. • ^""^ ^'''' ^^'^^ "-'^ ^^ Pi^e and vessels formerly. We can cltss from seven IT "^"' *^^ ^^""^ *« our^^unipeJ Pnnce Edward Island, and can prXe them ol,.?"' ^u*'"'-. "^^ «^° vessels in S!;trtj^- are taking th^e Pl^^o^^ntran^.^,- ?^^^^^^^ prevent its exhaustion : ^ * ^'*'"*^ ^^ ^^^^ ™ght be maintained, so as ta the Do^inirrher^thltrt i:„S\^'^^ r "^^ ^^ *^^ -^^er Provinces of either for present purpose: or Sr\Kt^^^^^^^^^^ without due'^r^^rl ever, the opinion was universal that the t^mhlr So .^he country. Here, how- de truction wa« advantageous to the coun ^ Tf^ ^exhaustible, and that its ^iy «i thi« belief has-been brought home ^l \t """"^^ f ^?*^ ^^^^^^ that the examined the matter. In the Northwest thl i ^^ ""'"^^ ^^ those who have tent authority affects to maintairtLrthe timber '' T^.^^ff^^-ent; no compe! of such a population as the fertilfiLl t'mber supply ,g equal to the wants obvious policy of the government wS t?"^^* he expected to Support. £ under the direct control of the government who !f*^L S^'^ ^^'^^^^s shoufd be '■:.« i 164 according to the system followed in the state forests of Nnr*l,.^ v tfn?;LrP°f °^ °* '""-^3°"" *'-^- «houlTL rposeS of by p^^^^^^ tion the trees to be removed bv thfl tiiip#.>,oQo«. *u« 1'"°'=" "i uy puoiic competi- the requirement, of the loLlitJ *3 tZTto t rTrJe" """^ "«"'»'^ '' occupancy woulrl preclude experiments involving any additional onfWnfi watchful supervision of a specially trained corps of officials ««.?«« !^ . spared to render them as productive as monS.n^ihf.Z^ll'l-''^^^''*^.^^^ which latter is the H.t con^siSerat;'. I "sr/er/he I^ oTes?^^^^^^^^^ ^'LTsrgtidttir^^^^^^ carried outafthe PurchaTrf erp^^^rb^^^^^^^^ Quite recently a law has been passed prohibitinrZ SLa of ^rl f '' certain dimensions but it only app'lies to ?he northeVpor fon of the Sdom It was proposed to apply it throughout the southern Dortion «, J1i?^k . ;, opposition was so strong that the minister who inSced tt^l ' ^"* *'\' the signal for measures of a far more siringent character ^^ ^ '"^"''^ ^' iJeing asked as to whether the supply in Norwav anri <^u,a^^„ j- • ■ , ing, notwithstanding the precautions that LdE^ f akin ^tl-T'*''^'"'''!!''^- that iu the former c1,untr/the decreasrhad bet ve^ tns?detbir*rnVS mill-owners, being now compelled to niirpJi«Q« ^y ^'""siaeraD e, many of the »io"^Lrltir:CV=ti;LT^eit:.t^^^^^^ orthem Europe, a )y public competi- eing regulated by on the prairies of certain number of n would be likely omote the welfare jposal was hardly rant should know ittlers, indeed, are •eat majority it is i-st years of their outlay of money iild be incumbent it, and this could whence the seed- tuitously, or at a tion. These nur- n encouraged by 1 of Europe, Mr. my, ih« laws are •nee under forest .in, private land- ty of streams, or requires shelter subjected to the tid no efforts are eir preservation, orests owned by trees of mature 1 removal being •f forest officials. of trees under the kingdom, as well, but the easure resigned ]y of legislation ing restrictions ntrol over their apply would be 1 was diminish- (vitness replied, e, many of the mensions from of all the best Jughout, larger itshas hitherto st^finsion of the and previously t may be made 165 T^hTS:,"* '"■ " '^'"^•^ beyond the productive power onhesoT the N^^ftetT^wto^Te^fedf""'™''' -"'rev™:,^"°^S merchantable timbfi anarea .' fl ^' Older Provinces of the Don;nir>n Vh. ?^*P*«<1 ^ agncultura) PMrDoses • wi^ than there i. in ,,c nor^r-rS;^!,^-^,"'^^^^"' '""''^ ^^^ j;;SSrr ^'"^"^ '"'S- 4^1 -<•«- A..ia.i„n. ■sawed and exported, a.s muM be beat Sn^'bTihf fV^ ""' °"' *« 'i">her of ^t'^'^'"' «r «»alice must be found in ataual '"T-'*^ ^^'""^^ ^^ese act^ 3 ol & -0^-^- - -in Ktr^re-Lts tr itri- t^atd^rvTaSttnt sTctil^ ''' -^.1-^3 and the measures followmg statements and opinS : '"^' ^^' ''^'"'^ ^^ former years oS the iS^e---^^^^^ pi'ctt^te^^^^^^^^ and bll S""^ ""^^^ ^« J^^d- It - quite Sin tS "" '?'V' *^« ^««'it« ana becomes scarce, prices will rise • »T^V\. Tfu ? , * ** *'niber gets cut awav tion are actuallv ]r\f\ir.„ lyT.y^^^?,' f^^ *hat the lumberers of th- n-^'L " ^ golden eggs. - """'^ '^^ ^-" -** -uuld. if properly treated; l^^lffuTtoX M ^ SUltei 167 tion of timber iposing restric- ere is no fact ;ion of timluT its to 150,000 judi^ps are of .00(* t •! 9, rep- irea uo.. larger production nf Joses. ,: A tb \ ry far greater Canada. 1 Association' to year, bave 3 continually Qs to enforce ipon logs by aen to select f these dues iction in tbe satisfactory 1 tbe timber iepartment. ievised and le by forest )uld lead to y accident. 5n sport, or nent, or, as )led by the >ction from lese acts of 'orced, and e handling measures s offer the ■ timber it riy, which inches in If feet per -nd a-half )olishness cut away it genera- ue to lay m f tb^irn^nse wilrsofthXvfnJeof OueU^ "^'^ young timber trees not. !=aya dJviric,.? to this Jpn«rnH.„ I . ■. ,^^^ wilderness when .he^esentfreL T.' S 1 "^^i "^ "SV^^ ^^** ^"^ ''"l^ be a .1.0=6 who possess t whTthe timbrw ' T^ '^''"'^ ^f * ""^^ ^^ ^^^^^ to By maintaining a jtrdicSuslv-rtured^ s^^^^^^^ large enough to be merchantable, prolonged indefinitir as it h f^li '^'^'" of planting, the supply might be d!.berand eo iStm Jv'elv nothL^^^^^^ T ^'"'T'^ "* *" tfeir valuable proportion of trSrv north ^of^^^^^^^ to supply its place. A very large 'an be propevb made fiT for L«fn •^**'^^ '" "°' ^^ ^""^ ^*"°>ng' and nevir 8uiu.i £r fl^ "'*«^^«^Peri°^ent would sooJ fh'.c, being many iJaftr^otlZ.^ ^'^y^"" *^c«'''*e. The cost would be small, left to burl TYeexfense would -^^^^^ ''?''**'5 ^""" '^"'^ ^^''' '' "^^'^^"^ and that would not be much tr 21.^}^' 'u V^^ ^^' P^^°*^ ^"^ *^«»- P'^^ting the plants would be set^ut THp tt f '""^"^ ^^ '°^" ^" * *='«*^^«d «P«t. ^here be planned by a pract^f ma^an^ nrnnT^'"'"^ ^""'^' °* <=o"r««. require to ca.J there ne^d bHo f?ar 7 thrresS 17^7^1?^ *°^\^"/^ ^^"^ ^^' and may yet be accomplisLd • and ht w\. a -^ ^^^ suggested can be done. CanadaVan any of ^hf stlmtn'o^ th^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '' ^ ^^^^^ ^^^-^^ ^ lands^bser? f in":S;'ttoZ^^^^^^^ the apparently abundant supply of wood- remark would eqalir^on1vtnn^f.-i uf *"'*^ -P^-'*' «^ Canada-and the same .•egions Tthe ffied f taf p. •^S^'^^^'^ble portions of the once heavily-timbered of^hesefortlj^t^^^^^^^^ ^'^e actua? resources routes, trnhfL\?Srral'madr'\^"f?^ ''T'f «°^>^ ^^« -°- ^-quented the Canadian rivers to wonl, wW \ ""{' \u^^ ^^"^^^ °^ *'°»ber floating down larger thaTrnv to be sein aloL S?"'^ V^^ ^^''P' P^*"^"««« ^'^^^^ «^ '"'^ch travel hardly {n;VtsTf7rea^^^^^^^^^^ *'^ ^'f^tcH: ttf^r oTotecrm^tir ^ii-^^^^^^^ all the finest trees have' h^tn ^?n„ travelled routes you see woods out of which large gir^L cSada the^W llT ""t 'a *°'^u'''"° ^^^^'^ ^^^ ^o see trees of airlro'iind the^rtlld Cre„a£^^^^ T*? 'T *". ^ ^^"^ *°^ ^"^^ ^ ^«« in themselves. On the Ottlwa fWr fn«f *° '^^''^^^P ?*^ ^^jects magnificent one tree in the Vhick fore" h '^^^^^^ may often observe how some ^runk ; but even it is nrettvCrffn ?.. ^^ ^^r"" ^ immense sturdiness of the^eautytf re s^" ^^^^^ ^^t IS? •^^-'.^rda is not the place to Le comparison with the i^ forit •. but wh^n 7^^^ ^*°*^'^" ^'^"^^ ^'^ P«°^ ^^ them, often they are indeed most hlL^tS F^ ''*"^? °^^" '^S''^*^ tract of fall over hillsidi or undukt^^^ Wr^ ^ ' ^' ^'''' «^a°»Ple, where they rise and -d sharp poin"oriuTtit^S.S;Zi^ nmerins at thpir'fnn* «»„v,'„^"4.C — i"" ,'•'" '-"""^='- "'^tn waters Diightly ! I [I 108 flUTnrelSved. unbro Sn'w^^ LT. "^-1 "*'^T\y. f^''^ "P^" either side by far more wetir^Tth^J^^,\.^'''^y.^^^^ trees, is a thinj ♦K-. — .• ■ ^"*8 "> "iQe sight than even a ioiimAv n^a^ tK^ u„ /u '»^ far more wear^LThTsS'^hai^n"'^ *'''*^'^*''*®''^^?P«^ **•«««• » » '^hing the prairie^ apt to ffivfi nlo^r'*""""'"'!,^.'"® continuousness of cfelri2g«L';^r^S;«3,*^X^^^^^^^ "^°;.« cheerful. Her. you comVrn"^' 'the has been burned^inra WW hill ^^^ T"^^ °^ "^'"^ »°^ struggling trees liness, the ghosts of tSdrfomer^i^^^^^^^^ ^f'''^'^""* «-ight- lying strewn over the scorched around ' ?„ •"■ ''*r^«°«d logs and branches see it as it makes itself Soutfbpoi ^^T' y^^.P^uoge into the forest, and thin-trees of diCentTinds not °^^^^^^ but standing apart arnatu^eU*^!"^!^ ^^^""^f *^^«ther in intermixture, existence. e?ery kind ousted from «i u ^'T ' ?^^ *"' ^° the great struggle for fitted fo; its support "fret T^^^^ X^- ^T^^T^ '"*^ ^^' station best vigorous and freshl/Lr and feabZL^^^ ^^'^ ^are life; some and faded, and only^flfntw o^t t * ' A .t"^" *° '^'^"/""^ ?''^""d = «°"»« ^«akly some that are mere deLdcofoses and 1!"^^^ '^F'? *"d T^'balanced branche.J and breaking the Hvin- soZ That wulf »f*^^^^ u^ ''"*i-''^ ^^''^ P'^*'"'' ^™'«»"^ I'ave yet stretched up out of thl Th-?''' ^T"" ^^^^'^f/ ^11 torn and maimed: within them to peer oVr the heal JfTif'-^f,,'"'™ ^\ '^ straining all the life the fire, their deadHest enemv tij^' T ^'"°'^'' ''''^ "**^«»^ f^^'^ses of how are once more in open ^ou^^^ ""^^'^^ *"^ "^^^^^r. Again, you and sown among tfie trfe st™ J^ ^ ''u'";^ ^ysoim settler. Mfho has ploughed in his clearing°KVhe r?deT^^^^^^ '' ^^ ^^-t ruif ; feied thecountry; buiItuDhislnJtfn?;?fu -J : '°^f' ^^^ universal snake -fence of takes half the HfetiX of a^"i'°, *^^^ midst. andset himself to that task which fann. After many houra of Th „ T'^ *""*' ^^I ^T^""^ «^ ^^^^^t land into a journeyings. the S^gS trfvelL wHl"' nT'/'r^- ^^^fJ T'^y ^"y^ °t" '^^^- the more Smiling lanTcape at horn?" ^"'^ ^'"^'^^ ^^^^^""^ less fondly of The Waste in Working Square Timber.-Economies in the Timber Trade. fore pSSSX'cSlrnt'r^^^^^ hewn. timber, as hereto- his report for the year 1879. says _ ^°^' ^'"' *^® Provmce of Ontario, in wastI?f%Sj;:jtll'rterif ?^ l^^'y ^^*^! Pr«n"«« and the revenue from especially in connectTonwfth the f^r^^^^ ? ^*i"*'-« ^"^^ ^«°«y Pine> fo? some time occup X; L^oi Et^^^^ '• ^'T" *? 5 "P^*^"^ «^' ^«* that one-fourth of every Le cut do^th« T .««t»mated on good grounds, is lost to the wealth of^he countrv 3^K ! T^^ '°*** '*'"*'^ ''^ ^^'^^y timber When the tree is cut dow^ iUsH/pH n^ f ' *^® '"•^''''""^ '"^^«™ proportionally. of the Unes is what s Sd Linff nn SlT*^'-!' *"i*^" " ''^""^ " °«tside orslashedoffinprepaSn t heXbvSTeC^^^ *?k ^*^ *^"^ ^^^'^ tree, from which the best cla«« of «lo? T ^ ''roadaxe is the pnme part of the taken in the roundlo a saw-mill &L ."^^^^ '' ''^*?'"«'^ ^^^"^ the timber is texture and greatest vXether« A ^^^ destruction of timber of the finest partly into tfe toprllthVouW yi^^^^S^r'^'^^T^''^' *"?•' "^^^ "^r' ^^ ■^ — m™roi a,n interiur quality, It 18 true, • Sketohe, from Americ. by John White. Fellow of Q„een>B College (1870). p: 16«. u 169 icu, vi/i., o»,/oi;,i4u cubic teet, or say, m round numbprs 477 nnnnnn f«„4. feet eaiial (r«q S77 snn i '^'^ ?i n . '""'' "'""ge value s»y S7.50 per 1 000 aho^w th« X'aTe°„^/r>' theT,^; 'rc3;'\h'^t'^''°-\, " ,""!*'■*'»'' '<* at >^'M^gV^tl''^^:^t:,l^^^^^- Ttt"! *L'"o*?''^"'^«''.^ii''« lossmight beertimated square is 0.586 nearly. The logs is theS« a»;on7n 52i* *?i,°' ^.^f"*" ^i'*'^ ** 1' 'he area of an endowd left on the KrounA W a/thr«L,„*'?„!':^.*??!?l?-^ ''»*•>« °°t«' wood alone, to say nothing of th« t^ mo.e than 25 per cent. This,' in the""ii^eMte"of "T '"« V«fL-? ^°?'"*»«>, '*'«'f« «VuW scarcely be realiz^ attract the attenUon of the manufwtu^fnd lead t:ffh1K !" immense that it should ]»»•>« careless way that lumber is mwuKred and Wth ^e wH«*"f '^ '"*° J''* '"«'""' ^°' '*« avoidance easily shown that more than half the m»te?iaUf ou? for^ts i™fli'*„* sa'^s too much in use, it could be with proper care, be saved. "»w»ri»i oi our toreots u wasted, a conwderable part of w.>'i>h might. [I 170 and often by hand at th« v n?„! • A • ^^*"' ^^? '**^® »*'^*^" «^* s""^" ^n>"s. opposed to the intZucSon nf^r r "^ > •*''"' /"^ *"'*''''^ •^*'««- ^^e naturally ally without fixed hom;s or rn«S7empro^me2 THir T'' *''"^"' ""^^ ^'"''•■ m the spring • in the int«rJm nninTi! ^^P'oy'^ent lb, Mr engagement, terminate too fre/uen^; rlaVn TJi: TnCA^^^ penniless and often in debt wheA they returnTfhe woods "" ^ '"'^ "'' After noticing various available forest commodities for ,rt. „ r Canada, such as pit-i^rops, mining timbers, telegrapT oles raiL; ' I 1 T forms and dimensions best suited to he EnXfin £ Tnd Jl ^•' *^ their preparation, the commissioner refers to fh fn^t ?' t^ oge^u, ns as to ca.u:j:S'ntfe^Lsssr^^^ advantage whether natural n^^d"-'- - =— - - v x- ^'^ *"® "^^* manufatiture do not" exW wh«r« fl.l't " ' T° ^^^^'^.^'^^ '"«ans of profitable 171 used in pressing forwarrl n«^ . '" ~" — for f hoi ^°* °^ P«-^ner to effect saW T P? ' '"® merchant writes *or that p„Sr "'?"'«■■ ^ «ir«t Ml„, or „„ lumberer 22™^. ''■«5>'™lly shipn „„ hi» own l"«.bere poMMHed o/r" '"^ '"*' «^'^''king of 8aw-miIlB, wlu, might J« accompaniod by one or two joiners or houHe carpenters to make technical observations as to thfl vanous uses an.l lonns in whlVh the lun.ber is applied. LeT the e parties visft the larger saw-m.lls in England. Ireland, and Scotland, and on the Sent f deemed expedient with sufficient time allowed to nspect and report on ihe otbtr^fcd KiU? uffTP'T^' having snecially in yiow'the requirXl^n" iJn •w u " ^"" '" » " ^°''"^' ^^^'«" would suit the several markets • and J^^orrfnd ZrXrn*°- "'^'M"^"''^"^^' P"^^^ •''^^'g^^' «*<^- and upon'su^h t^^nnmn f ^' '^o^'^'J^™ *><>". the parties interested would be in a position to come to a conclus.or, whether or not a fair paying business could beCshed in the direction indicated. The attempt seems to be worth making d"T^ prepared assortments of Canadian lumber*^were exhibited in the pHnci Jd markete of lie old country, even although they may not take at first. whiSpXps would of\ni;?""^. *° «T'':>^''"' '^ ** '«*«*^* P'-»«P^"«t ot success througnKxIc" e of sound judgment, patience, and perseverance!"' ^ exercise Exportation of Forest Production of Canada. _ From the earliest period of colohial trade the export of timber has been an important item of production for the British market and n,.u.S «f V^ been an Zbec'V"" ^'^ "V^"J 'T''^' '' the UnitTs^lrhlTetlip^edTro^^ Quebec, beiiig generally rafted down the rapids of the St. Uwrence and dE upon vessels at Quebec. In later years [he timber of the countV^rdS upon the upper lakes was brought in vessels to Clayton, N.Y. or to the foot of inis exportation of timber has been lareelv affected bv tho fov;«i. ,„i,- u from^politicaLnd financial reasons, the British UvSlltlho^'^ht'Tt^o;^^^^^^^ iRon^I"™ ^^-^ ^fPort of a select committee of the House of Lords, appointed in 1820 to inquire into the means of extending and securing the foSTrade of the countiy we earn that the encouragement afforded to the im|ortet*on of wood from the British Colonies in North America by the impostSj^^^^ duties on wood from foreign States was of comparatively rec^t datTan-1 tb?,?^ had not formed a part of tie commercial or colonial policJo?the countVbefor^^^^^^^^ then recent European wars. Till 1809 little or no duty had heenSo^du^n "hat"' I'JIK f^mS^^^^^ *h« Baltic powers led^J an appr^hens on inat great ditlicuity might be found m deriving the usual supplies of tim}.«r from that quarter not only for domestic use. but more partLLT for the mr poses of ship-building The Canadian timber trade had not then b^en far In the aggregate, altho,-h relatively important to the country. There beina some ':^.^^t'tT!i:'':^t^-:']}-.'J^^^^^^ «^ thebu^sineSTtw'rird P"-^ • '^^ "'''" ^»"««'»" ""loer the benefit of an exemption from all dutiea 178 lo join toffether ofr a thorough eu in Canada, paiiiod by one ons as to the >e partieH viait 9 continent, if report on the reddimenHionH markets ; and ind upon such in a position lid be pushed akinff ; and if ncipal markets lernaps would the exercise ^ r has been an of the timber shipped from :e and placed try bordering bo the foot of ces for a long [ation of the fiuch declined, tariffs, which t it proper to appointed in, eign trade of mportation of tion of heavy e, and that it try before the nposed upon however, the apprehension ies of timber for the pur- been lar in i being some was deemed om all duties. rach exniti j„* il'T'";' """■!" !" """""'J for *>'■» considerable time. No impn,edWsTJr,h*'^^ ''"?''' ".'"' f'P»" 'o tl,e v,*r ,laty and the duty ally IZ^ byVe 51 Ge? mTg^Sl^ ^l '-t^"* ^V.r^^^- «• "• »"'» •fterv.ards part. uJ„ tl.yhol/oft:i.?:r.^^^^^^^ ? duty 25 per/ent. in thItJyVrf t u1eLC;tdre^„1.«i'';:it^%''t^^^ ^^ tJXS„°- o7 the war, in 1806, doubled in 1811 aXn 1813 fTtW ff; J.'l^- ''^ '"""""derable steps to 26g. 2d. a.lmitt^p free of duty ujto iJSS was L^?„rif^^"''' ^^^'^'^'/r^^'' ^'**^'> ^'^ »>««" From 1803 to 1808 the arfraW.m rate wis S!na«^ ^n *? »f "^y "^ » per cent, ad valorem. the latter year this wm removed In Tsll inT "'"'"1° "^u^'^ "^ »'"""= 2^- * '"»d, and in the House of Lords, Tbove cited the iSm J ""t* the report of the committee of t Parliamentary Papers, 1820, vol. 3. (269), p. 4. : II m •11 'i* 174 !'i If < Comparison of the Sevfbat or . "^^^ Fo«„.i,ON OF TBE Do«JfoN GmSJLT '^'""™'™ "' (Quantities and Values.) b( 175 ■Ts Exported Preceding the Maple. Pona. Value. 18 169 37 84 !4U 27 39 to ).S iO 12 6 $169 1,593 286 728 1,996 1,014 882 3,620 36& 1,850 1,268 843 ice 1864. Exports to Great Britain.* the ?row''?/N:;a 1^^^^^ North America is principally concentrated within duty w^Jrvld n GrZri -f*^-""^^ ^T''^^^^ afterwards_a very much lower Britain's pnncipal s?ur°e of s^mn& T ^*^ ^'^T/^^o was looked upon as Great as well as a sZl «n,f^i /"PP'^: ^^''g« quantities of white pine and spruce hewn and p^S saTn Vh le'lh?? ''V^' exported ; the fifst being p^tly The folio Jinn. L* °^^'f^: *sn and birch is hkewise exported. Quebefex^rt trai^^^^^^ P"''''*' 7"' '^"^'^ "^^^^ *^« movements of the ■ II \rrP^" *^a«® *or the nine years ending with 1882. ^•' lilt' 642 *'"'^'' "'^''y'^'Sjesseh of 636,672 tons cleared out. 1875, 642 1876, 786 1877, 796 1878, 476 1879, 433 1880, 634 1881, 459 1882, 426 478,441 624,110 670,620 399,833 364,628 555,451 380,186 359,925 are n^ti:Ztin S:iZ:f^^^^^ by steamer from Quebec, and thes. Hbwn WOOD: Square and waney pine. Red pine Oak Elm Birch Sawn wood : Pine deals. . Spruce deals. 1879 106,009 16,276 33,620 10,880 3,929 122,602 130,740 1880 231,051 28,664 46,337 20,836 11,177 266,900 147,673 1881 182,038 18,440 37,667 15,943 5,878 177,e59 141,962 1882 1883 158,243 208,640 20,494 20,979' 39,147 42,668 15,567 14,798 42,274 4.66L 144,316 127,752 183,01ft 126,108. m«nJ!'!vl!''TT-'l?. ?"!??" °f ascertaining the exact amount of th. Op.h.„ „u;.. t 1 • 'ii •Robert Oarrick, OeJU. Sv,eden, ic Forestry'a^TFore.t Product, « (Edinburgh), 1884. m A small but increasing business 176 in 1883 had an approximate value of $7,802 650 IS likewise now being done with South America. of Canada Tbf S^ST*''^*''^ headquarters of the timber-manufacturing interest StateTmarket and ?f ifr". '*''" hefe are principally pine boards for th^e UnTted of sawrtlmb^r i^^ It r,r««l?T'f ''°*°-'^y^^=^* ^^' ^**^^^ ^^"^^ production wl,«n^.7fv, ^«** '?'^" 7^'*^ P^""^ ** ^ "^o«*^ valuable description of timber and when of the finest grades, is unrivalled for many purposes such as house hntlrl will be dimcult to hnd. The White Sea redwood approaches nearest fn it ;« lQ9M'7«'« »« stilYpTenty "^^- ^l^*^* '"^ ^J^^ United States albouKoO ^ ai ^^/'•^Pa«»*'vely exhausted is dmwZ good condition, with full grown timber on it-wS iff.r 5^ m woodland. If all this were i^ found on ,t more than 1,6^,000,000,000 cubicTeerofwoL'I!''^"^ true-there could not b^ b.m. of saw-timbt'- ner acrA in n,o «• '*^''""' which is at the rate of 10 nnn t ! 25,000,000,000 cubicZtTw'od of wBlio S^mZ^T T^^%''^"^^^^'^^t timber It appears that even with these eTt«»va2T;,^n." ^<^'00<>'<»0,000 feet b.m. iHaw^ exhaust them in sixty or seventy years al^uS th J P*'""" '"T'^'ng supplies, we wo^d requirements. That this increase takes nlaTeZv^ k^I' "«^g/owth is consumed b^ i„cr^2 1870, 1880 and 1890 amount to $300 000 0)0 «fiOOo^ ,,^ «^« !i^8 ^'^^ '^^"''"s years I860 respectively, or an increase of thirty^Sn? foT iS^^^^ ^900,000,000 and 81,200,000 S to seventy yea« to grow saw-timberiwhrtwe Lw c^t f«"f' ' ,7^'*^°" '***'^«« »* bSS would appear that whoever invests his ra^nev in foLf If T"J *"'"=* *« o^d. or more-{t the crop albeit hi. children will reap thTprYfits rS "fZ^.^'^y. ">?«* be amply repaTd by time and quite a long time, before thorefulte of S„, ^'**'" '* J^ *•>»' '* al'^aja r^uii^ ^%"tasrr'™i' "" «*«^'thrLilyTalh?brnr' '"^"^ ^'"*"«' -''^ '™ money^le%TjuX:1frmTerpU^e'V^^^^^^ - -<^»P-«»ble Their without anv oth^r chingrthe bu fdi.Zf a^r^^^^ ^"^^^J^' "^ ^-^nswick, wle^ increased t£e income froln the f oresttrage^m'Sy tCty pt'^^^f ''^'""«'* '"^ forest'd'oS the hi^^hVte^^^^^^^^ ^dri/XXTj KtSf !H^^^^^^^^^ ^i Pe^ acre of f.rest in besides employment to alarge forcf of men ' iffiShf *P^'T every yeur,l„TS woodland was at the rate of 81 31 on »(imn nnn *^'^""^'* *"? net annual profit for everv arr« T5 , ''Why should not the State of New Ynrk «, „ • « " To hrina fliia »■".:«■ ;* ; 'lejr con^ea more expansiVe' to Bra^''''irf,7i'^'*^"''*' *' *"'" '" Po^ible theaoerajre bafnrA -f i aoce«sible the wfldorne s by a r^ional sv^wT^'f,"^ administration, toTpTup Ind 'It" the railroads, under «uch LtticSsX^^^ji^t'"'^' "^^'' ^"'^ '"""''^l ^""t keii«roufc f.. hre..^ror^aooessibiUty is the ^y^^^:^^^SiS^:i^-2X:£^ U tree reproduce iw",. almost .irr.prea, a^TaXZ U°t'"S;„*°Xch a'l.'S'r'' ''^' *'"°? " twelve inches and nnwarHn in Ji.™.i. T iT ?° '" '™ '^"^ measuring decades, b„ fe^y fofr„"i' l^t "^ ""'" "''''"• "'"• '^'«' » "»' <" '"» .uth'rit?:^;:d^cTKL'^\hTivSwr.tL'f''7' ^ '*'° '""i' ^y "» in New Brunswick No™ Sc^tti^nSS. •' '"'"'^i'''°''°'*»P™°«''<'"g''<>"tas tl,e Ottawa rive/LTni: r;^r^fK|;:n 'rtr AhII^^^ and SVtaeTndltS^o'ot'an*', oSl """"T "' "'""^^ »' '^"^^ ""to territorira of Quebec and Oni.ri„ f„ f^ ""T '?«" '"' '" *» upper Ottawa from 1826 to Si (30?h Ju°ennl.Tv. fW -^"l^',' '""' !'»? »■> P"v«te lands a. cioseiy .s can he l^^Zl'^^^'Tr L'olZ.'iLZ'ci^^Z::;^ From 1826 to 1866 Inclusive. Square timber. Pine saw-logrs (only). Ontario. Quebec. Ontario. Quebec. White pine 3,048,382 1,714,412 255,950 1,739,094 978,064 146,019 4,084,258 Red pine 2,230,066 Other wood Totals Deduct from private lands 6,018,744 1,074,418 2,863,177 612,931 4,084,268 874.349 2,230,056 498,804 Out on Crown lands 3,944,326 1,751,246 3,209,909 1,731,352 BZTV to CO lect tins is supposed by some to L iujurio^^o thl "X' *'"* *^* '^"°» "°^ tipping'*„eot proWbly little effect on the heartwood, or ^duramen^' »lburnum or sapwood, although it has tA. J. Russoll. Crown Timber Agent. Ottawa, in Reports on the Forests of Canada, London, (England) 1886. «ffo. 179 ie reproduces itself, adard log, spruce is le trees measuring after a rest of two >een iaade by the pruce now growing (vhich lies between All these districts, )f Quebec, contain I of squared white the upper Ottawa • on private lands ace Confederation er Office. Ottawa.f ne 8aw-log8 (only). ario. Quebec. )4,268 2,230,066 4,268 4,349 2,230,056 498,804 },909 1,731,252 iherwise the Southern ". Its importation to states, situated to the na Misaissippi, gh resinous woods, is •Re industry has baen iroduotg, such as tar, ig" or tapping neces- i^ood, although it has idon, (England) 1886. From 1867 to 1881 Inclusive. Square timber. Pine aaw-logs (only). White pine . Red pine . . . Other wood. Totals Deduct from private lands. Ontario. 1,926,247 486,141 238,874 Quebec. Crown timber. 2,649,262 616,879 2,033,383 1,119,382 118,626 63,319 1,301,327 244,896 Ontario. Quebec. 17,930,860 I 17,277,103 1,066,432 17,920,860 3,380,275 17,277,103 2,679,412 14,640,675 14,697,691 Quebec 3.965 166 " ^^ ! totUt «*J^«^ woods ; 22.005.108 saw logs. ' ^"^'^^^ ; 19.607,159 " Total. 11,128.348 « « 704 162 « "^{^ W^^l^^^^ L'dVo'^dTat tLr'"^'^^^' --^o,s ?Sl?:i^/g%V55?b^^^^^^^^^^ in the u?^e? OtiJwa territories of OuT.r"; n'T"-^*^ ^^^'^ ^''^^ timber dJes 1881 inclusive, being fUThTrlotstrrTod of"*Xh7fr'^^'^ '^'^ ''^'^ the Clown Timber Office. Ottawa. **^®''® **"® *»7 records in 1826 to 1834 1835 to 1861 1862 to 1867 1868 to 1866 1867 to 1881 1826 to 1881 t 169,078 934,735^ 453,068^ 3,279,538jVo •5.732.606^ « 46,023 460,043f,V 282.879-; «09.861;4V 3,439,882 Vi, «4,839,240rS^ 9 216,101 1,395,379^ 736,937^ 1,505,967,^ 6.719,371^^ 110,571,746^ 9 17 6 9 J6 66 »m« ,„m .« dealt >,ith at the same ttaL The ~tur„,^fA?'";- 'L"'*'' ""■' *, ^n^.n a, ., the „„„he. „, ..l^o^^^^!^';^ ^ L^ J^'tht^ S 180 importance in securine the pavment of timhpr 1,^ r» fi: b? *"^ greatest promptly eflecled by the oiBL^Tlhe D° minL '«°"'> " ""y The Public Timbee Lands or Canada.— Ckown Lahds* Former Timber Regulations in Canada. with regulations ha« be;n prSSuy t& X"^ In ^^^^^^ was pa^ed, making the licenses annual, but ^Tthe at^te^nS^Jn °1 m the order of 1849 the lessee was permitted to transfer his ^.^^1?^' *°,'^ assigno^ent. In 1851 a ground-rent s/stem was introduced " ^^ '""^'^ ihe branch of woods and forests in the d8TiarfmoT,+ r.t n i j organized under the former government of 'SnXn^Sa A Ztem'Sf w2 agencies was established, and reforms miifh non/i^^ u„j u -* system ot local ^the time when the Dornion grrnZnt wa^f^^^^^^^^ of earlier times was the monopolling of immense Sr^tLoutS^Jh?^^^^^^ leges or paying an equivalent for them. A ground-rent sv^tlm^LTu I a ^ x ]" which made reserved but unoccupied Si?eeL uSofi^Jl^ f ^l^^ .facially a. the rate increased in geSmetn^troTorMoTaftS^ X^CZ value^ittrbelnrslrr^^^^^^^ ttt^edieTrr */^*^« '-' enforce, and so effectual to Ltrol the Sht? ^SjSvJfPi!^.??!^^".^-^ *° Cue test 01 triai. ' -i-.^T-.-o tt^icu puu w •Hough J Report upon Forestry, (U.S.) 1878-79. Tl] 1856, ii boweve limited degree i unoccuj crisis b< berths 1 doubled ground "A suspend' from the submitte merchan "Tl regulatic of the gr subject t extended crisis ref( the instil "As distinct 1 is carried branches from and they conf high, as c shipper tl pared wit "Thi parliamen ruinous st ,n i„ V ^'^l^'^^y 7 ?® relieved from the accumu aUne ground-rents regulatlt'byl^^^^^^^^^ the principal resourcfs'oTJhe country, the ofjhe greatest ittldoTrdlhS^^^^ ISt'^'^'^^^"" T^^^' subject to the country at lamrmft?r« Jlf. I « •*^*^® importance of the extendedreferenceti^thecSfdeSnhSM /"'?.* ^ r"*"*^ ^ P'-^tty crisis referred to. and which hi res^^^^^^^^^^ fn .17^- k"P°° '] *^ *^« P^"«"^ «f the the institutions connetfwirh rltt\r^tt^1y\t£rn ^^^^^^'^^^ ^" distincfh^at r ?itt,f juirwtes' '^*i ^'^ *^^" « ^^- - *- is carried on by the shb^r TWe '^re^^^ »s engaged, and that which branches of theVade. buralthougrmutL l^de^^^^^^^ "? }^') from and sometimes antagonistic to each olL?^ T^ ' • -^ *, ®. ^''^^^^ distinct they conflict is that it is the Tn erest of f h. I , ^^^P"'"''!?*^ ^«**^"'« ^° ^^^"1^ high, as compared wkh the cost of nroif .-P' "'."I" ^^-f^- *^" P"<^«« ^^^^^^ ^»1« shipper thatLy should I'leW n tCtmS ^^te^s ^htJ^^'r' ^' *^^ pared with the prices in England markets ot the country, as com- pariiameijf iotmTtTee7n'^18;9^an"''f /. '" "-.-^^ence taken before the minous stat7oftrrade which haTS el fn '"^""^ ^"'° *^? «*"«^« ^^ *he «<>■>» oTe?tx^-s,ri^rEi?v?F^ enhanced price of labor Ttcth^^^^^^^ *? ^^'^"^ over-stimulated production. half its value. ' ^ ^*^ '"'*'' '° '""''^ «*P><^«1 at something like conti2'd%7Itr:i":Kdl'?oV"'''',''' "^V"" ^^^^'^ market that year) resulting fromTrQjeLcmark^ havin'i T'"' '^/n'^PP^^- "^ ^^^^''^ *'™ber was a supplv of 27 709 l^fw f x ^ ^®®'' ^ ^°"^^«- viz.:-In 1845 there the tU n,.Vbe seen ThrSitl'^^^^^ •''"■"■""■ b™h« of while the business of 1846 whin *^-^^^ P"""' ,'" ^"g^^"*^ would justify was concerned, the depression wi aliavaJS h fv.'^ *' ^' **"" '"""^«" ^^^^ 1846. which continued to hannnoK?^ u^/*^ enormous production of important to observe'that'thrcTus^^o? the' ortodSctiriLi?"- ?"' \'' the parliamentary inauirv refen-flH fn +« k^.? u P'^°?"C"on itself was shown by ±?°r "'^^*' '- "KtTM'Vera're ofX pSs'^S S tzl also, the unwise conrsp af flmj- *;^« X. j i_ ,i f^cvxuus years, out, in part 188 preponderance of their particular^jrews ' endeavoring to secure the the Pu'Lr^po'n'wM^ch'th^se^^^^^^^^^ ^''' however correctly represent by tL producL irerest Tw^,,u ^^^^"^/u ^PP«««d *he object sought for standing and SectabSitv of Tnv in If- ^' '• "^ *^ ^'^'"^^ gentlemen of their ignorant of thatCcrof theSe ^t^^^^^^^^ ^"* ^'*'^'°™ ^^'"^ the regulations by which t was ^otrnS T^ f^^ y^f^ "'^^ connected and of a train of argument ShrlXtjXfl'^. ^""'"''^ themselves to be led into or misconception havTnTlecrrthe r S ttt IT""' '""^^ erroneous information conveyed either infereft a v or d?r«^ N ^. paragraph in their memorial sustained by facts ^ "^'""""^ '*'"^ statement that could not be agreJd'^byThriLlTsetold':?: ^ X ^oLTnT V^"* "T " ^ r^^^^ etc -'which was not the fact as regards thj .reat bulk o? Zl"f ?t '^^'i^' berths having been obtained v^\ihLi L ^ i- ■ °^ *^® *™de, the timber being an addftiona" impost to whkh theThZ • ""^k*'°"' ^-^^ ^^' ^''""'^^ ^"^"^^ stated that " of late vTrs the bulk nftZ f • ^ «»"«« been subjected. They next monopolized by a feHoLt" whereas tber!?i''.^r'*' "^ ?^ ^'•"^° ^*^« been could have been effected th^ Tnlv oh„?J ^^'^ >''!,? ''^^"^^ ^y which this been the very one they w^reseSLtoZin^"^-'^^^ y^''' '^'^^'"g as the most Efficient ik^ oTi^opoir^h cTh:^^^^^^^^^^ ^-*« «^ ten^toIy-^s^S-r^^^^^^^^^^^ rveZT&XrraS^tfti^^^^^ are five hundred competitoJTeS eaualW ^^^ ^^ *^T '' ™"°°PoIy ^here there buyup'tt^eTsTrTstrbitS cieated or is sustained b.f W^'Ji fl J *^®. g?^emment that it has been for the Purpos^td^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^PPH-tion of which existed a fe^ryttorhTsTn^M''^'- '*' ^^.t" «^" ^° *^« ^-'^^ -- that which capital at TuSrrn^^oetition i^ ^^'? * ^'""'^ ^''''^ *he influence of specially caCted to ^thrort'he t^^^^^^^^^ regulations on that occasion were of hands possible CapitThowever bn V ^ ^^'"'^^F ^''^^ ^^" ^'^^^'^ ««'nber and it is due to the firmne s wiTh whi.h ?., ''"''' ^" opposition for the moment, urgent, and most influeXaTa^peall to relax fhr^T^- '''\t^ '^^'''''^' "^««' was ultimately broken up ^^ ''^ regulations that that monopoly on at QueSc %ZI much"lShel*'' f'^T^ ^^""^^ '' *b« ^-^e, as carried bmnch^'the whoHf Xtu.Te s ari^^^^^^^ lutXT'^:^^*" *'^ P'."^"«^°^ a« toLit the busLtr^ftr^sh^p^rto^^^^^^^^^ ^-^^ H^l 184 «fi' great as to obTaTn limUs" ""' '^^°'' '"'^*"' «'• '"fl»«»°« ^va/not so vulgar... on .S^;^^^^^ cause yi "^JZI^-'Z^IXm^^^^^^ ^V^"'- - *»•« amount of means could not VtaSSl"' ^^f?*^'*^'** those without a certain remedy. grievance for which govornments have not yet found a not ofthe'cirwL'USrf^^^^^^^^^^^^ (who. by the way. were or should yet take some undefinp^^^^^^ exial in violation of both rt,1. m.Si r ,' ' ^5 'J''''' i "'d as it could only betoro they claimed cS for 7,7 ' f""^'' ''f™ MtaWish»l the fact sabs...tiafeevrll^eVlhvfolati';-;' """"^ ""^ *" ""' "'""P"" ISA > with thoae three year. 0^0^ e ^7/,.^^^^ ^ *" obtain a cessation for imposed for non-o.^uprHon of iSfr f^T^ pasHc 1 away, of the penalty professedly of a teu.pT J^natu ^ however ^t' . ^ M "^"^J 't "'^■'«°'^ ^^-^ght wals precodont tor seekin- .rovernmo .^' fnfY f ' "^""^ """ ^""^"^ ^"^^^ been made a thereafter. It would C'Ton the fi ?""" '". ' T «««t»*ti«n of the trad^ holders were at that time suSect onlv to Th "" """^ ?^t ''^ ^^'■'^'«' l''"" I>°enae accrued on the qMantitircu^fLv.^ .1 P^^ynent of the amount of duty year, but under patn of forfe ture ff Zju^ *^ "°", ""f^'^ '^ ^cc^PY ever? penalty of an increased payment ^ " ''"' '^*' ""^ ''"""^^ ^"^^0^ of the " It was complained of this «tv»it,«m fho* ;* « 1 berth could onlv be proved unocS ed at f T'^'^ monopoly, inasmuch as a still subject ; 3 be repurchased bv^E«f u 7, '"^':-): ^^P^"^^' a"^ then it was (that isUe luantit^reqtS to W tre?1^ ^^' ^"'"^•^^^^ «f occupation made too high, therebyrvit a tendenc^ Tft!^^ occupation) was in 1845-4^ the c.y of monopoly, then prevalent nnL« fod'^ction. In obedience to auout the same*^ time4hefe bdn. then nn '^ f f ^''''" ^^ '^« department. ^', the larger timber berti: w^ull be suMi^fded in"?^ '^' «ubjLt-that although never actually effected had « f!S . ."^ ^^'^^ y«*''« ' ^^is also, holders were natural ly'^dSus of makintte f" AT? P^-oduction, as license all the best timber in the interim " "°'* ""^ ^^^" ^^^^hs by cutting off exercl^fj^^nlrotjr^^^^^^^^^^ butt^^"' ^"T^ "i ^P^^"- ^^- -1- cised some influence in that wav At fl ^^^"^ g^pe'-^lly admitted that they exer- the trade was that the goverLent 5^'?f?^*^',^T^ "l*'^^ '^^^"^^ ''^^te of notice of sub-division wasTithdrawn the Si 1 "f"^ '" *^^^" particulars, the and finally the parties were Xw!! f' i^ standard of occupation was reduced, timber berths whhout Tn^ cSfon S^^ccCti*" T',?P V^'^ *° ^"^^ t^eir' ment where they did not^choose to occupT^ ' ^°^ ^^'^°"' ^^^^ P^^" parity 'a!;7st'cTeSfnfde?r;:iT"*^^^^^^^^^^^ therefore became extfeS tha^ '-** """^ ""PP^'^*' extremes It be framed for The glernment of thetrarrnTtV^''^" ?^ -^^^"^^^^^^^ ^'^""'d ground-rentsystelisapartlett^lt & "^^''""^ '' "'^'^'^ *^« excess of the dSyTs a^eTC' ilZ ^T V^^ ^P''^^^ «" ti«^ber berths, in poly it was pro45'e3 by X^'of TeX thar?,f' ""'^ ^ " '''^^^'^ "P^'^ «»°°o upon each renewal of liLse'^n berths w^hichL^^^^^^^ ?^°"i^ ^°'^*^^« preceding season, and continue do.,hHn„ I? ' .®" occupied during the tinned unoccupied. Thus t^Lnt pa d for t'hT T*'' ^-^^^^.^ *^« berths^on- 1k\'^0^ ^2^ ^ ^ ^ "^^ P*^* «* ^^e country would the exact nature of heTlrovemente^^^^^ T"^^, be entirely L parte. of dispute, and, howeverToSy adrnt.s ered t T?'^ "^^T, ^? " ™^**«^ constant accusations of pa. tiality^and favor ' ^ "* would give rise to the c:iffic'uIt;S"rbf Jef LTatr^^^^^ ^?" *^ circumstances it appeared that amounf 5^ grZdTnf of an'^^^^^^^ ^'"^^^ ""^^^^ ^^^^ extreme produce in duty if duly occupied tt^l r^n'"^"^"^' i° ""^"^ ^^' ^'^^ ^«"ld occupation commences^- 5eS^therorr''''"r^.u^ P«^ annum till This while it entailsa Livrpavment An flf 'V° ^^^ °"^°*' ""^^^^^ before, use. as much in fact aT thT^ould Wp ?'' ^^^. '!r^? ^«''*'^« ^«^ ^"^"re affords no publdc ground^for cLXnt for fV,! ^IT-^"" the timber if they cut it, annually 4ile the timSelf ?emaL w.h .^V.^^^'^^^ •*'l' P"'"« ^^ *^« "-"ber revenue, unimnaired allh^LZT^' ^l^ *^^ P"^'**' ''^'^^est in it, for future oppressive, ancf thereU inoperative LT«n ^'"^''^^ '^ ^y^*^"" *™°> '^«°'»i«g "On the other heS wffh^r^!!j;^.u^ ^^ws ultimately become the same issue ar;as^;rfnvZ5 is now^^Tr^ *^« '^'"^^ It must be remarked, as J rnerTl rule tZf.n ^' *"f """'.^ ^'''""""^ *° ^e «o. temporary causes, from the Ixedtws iffectii^^'^L^^^^ .^°^1' «'" calculated in every case to produce Tbad effecf ^'' '' ^^ '" P"°*^'P'« ^'^'^ the tnS; hL'^l^^u^hrut; td^^^^^^^^^ 'jrerZ'* Tt'^^t""' '' '''''' — ' -^ich the market or the^8uppTv?dSforTndir;oX .f °"''* °?"f ^^P ^" *« ^^ff^^t looked forward to agL and Lnr-^Jn^ ^^ prosperity, sure to endT^ similar result IfT;'^'^"^*'^^' ^P^"* ^"^ ^^'"e "f to relax the conditions it C seenTto i'inn- g«^e™°^«^t «.ere at any time timber berths without some otheTcause thTn th."^'^-*^' ''^J^"" ^^ unoccupied trade, public confiaence Toud be shaken ^i^^- ?rdinary fluctuations of the itself or in the administration of it NothL W^h^ the efficacy of the system from causes foreign to the trade iteelf^^nnM^f \^- ^^'o^g^^t necessity, arising this as a general fule, and^Knly qLtio^of ^ ''"''1^ *°. ^^''^P""" ^ at that time waa. whether tKCoTr/tv.^w '^2'^^^*'^*^^^^^ justify ite being m'ade an exceptionarle '^' *^'" ''''' "^ ^^^ ^''^ «««h as to of thl* JXf^r somf yirrfJom^whlr^^^^^ * retrospective view very excsssive.sunply^intXeb^c^^^^^^^^^^^ ^.^-^ ^- any supply was indeed somewhat excessive in 18^2 Rn^Vr^'i "'''h uiu export. The hand at the close of that yearflS ill 750 fi«?7 * i^ ^^^ ^^ sqnare timber on cers-profiting from the'^lT e^pe ill ^^^^ produ- succeeding years-having cautiously lim^it^d JheTr *o"p' r^L^thTru;^^^^^^^^^ if! I m 11 188 much less in 1853, and the stock on hand n2fiS^fl9Q f«of\ of *i, i increased and the stock in hnml „TTkI Y ** p J/ "' ^^e export was also great! v large vet with t^:^L'VrtLVl^r^^^^^^^^ '""^^^ was mos?rtron;irpresse7"";o*^^^^^^ diminished for at the.rti„.e the subject arrived in Quebec fSrea^wL iTt^kT'"'' ""?' ^."^^'^^'y- ^«^^' ^-^^ tannage period of the prev Z vl and at IL o^n' "^fT ^*^'^?/ ^"^ *« *^« ^'^^^ the tmde vl 'o'n the wEXlf a^^afn^ "'.^f-^*' ''^"«\«^' "^ ^« ^^ow thS that period wasonlv temnnrlr, f fe''^"^'*'?"' *"^ ^^'^^^ ^^« depression at produStiorfoHon^e 4ai^rlf •^' ^''"^^^ /''"''" ^^^ ^««" "*> «^««««ive iW haTbeen S^t ravTn^h^r^^^ f compared with the export, the export ary glut, norrnfhe QuabecLrket^^^^^^^ ''- '' ^'^^"'"^ " *'™P'" the same effect a^ whicT w«« in ° ^"^ '"*'''^^'' ^^ diminished oonsLttL resu ItinTfr '.T'"' '^^^''^^ W^vated no doubt by a ters consequent thereon. ^ ""*' ^"'^ *''" "^^^'^^'^ «^ "»«"«>' '"'^t- operaIt7f7Thrl*ta™rs' w[ff t'-'^''"'*-"''' '." ^' *"*horized to suspend their provided byThere'SlaSS for in '"""T"^ *'^' penalty of increased rent, a^ extreme caJe could arheT !^*^"T.T*'''"' "^^^ 'f "«^^' *°'' >f ^^e" ««ch an produce sS Srmanent'ew. c" " f ''" "^P'A" ^ ^' ^^^ «*««« operating to in interfering^^ the i e. tv'T^ *' ?"^^ u'^^" warranted the government give sUbilitf to h'e t?:de'S;ltSoff rhetrbHe'^'' ^^ '''' '"^ ^^^^ '« "earl7up^rtt^Wa;f o^V^V^^^^^^^^^^^^ the export in 1856 having been measie) in excess oufe prVviou/vet^ T^ '° ^"'^y.-'^? ™'"^'^" ^"^'^ board a very fair one hofh fow^ !^ ^ j , ^^*^°° "^^^ '" ^act. upon the whole extre^rra;:re^on\h:^rS:t^^^^^^^ ?Tf "• ^"^ *»^^« -'Jj^-^ -^ -'h the year before, to adopVfo:Th: ^fe^ ofthe Trl' ^'"^""^'^' '^^^ ^««" ^^^^^ consistId.'i"aVead7stt:fii Talw S^' '^'/*'' *" "'^"^«^-*« ^^^^^ ^^ cease to increase «Sn it W reachTfW ^^"""^ '""^ ^'^ unoccupied berths and the dues accruing on tilerTut wouM Sr""' *•"??* ^^'^'^ ground rent crisis Mine, the eovemment. X»„.^ ' ""« '''e'^y been seen, that when the 189 the close of the yeai-s of great t'asgivsntothe "^as also greatly )2 feet) thougii 1 such as seri- rom whatever nie the subject '5, the tonnage ns to the same ^9 tons against ' square timber 854. There is io correctly in y absorbed in >een a falling i to show that depression at no excessive rt, the export ced a tempor- had precisely I doubt by a ' money mat- suspend their ased rent, as even such an operating to > government een found to having beeii a inch board )n the whole >ut any such 1 been asked ite effect ; it apied berths ground rent berth which ion against be made to do cut and iing timber t when the le measures uncertainty le appeal of n undoubt- testing the efficacy of the by-kwsW which /h«. ^'*-*"^ *"'^«*^ '» ^«Card to as a whole affected by the ope ations^on Sic Idf^' i« governed, so far^as it is action then taken has so far solved a d?fficuU nrnW * ^f -T,"' ^^^'^^ore, the a permanent inHuence on the trade " ^ ^®'" ''"'* '« ''''«'>' '" exercise theptbliT^'S'intheXrT^^^^^^^^^^ 'theT'^'^V"^ ''\'- "-^^ '"^-ests upon charge of the CommissronerT C^own Unl^"?^^^^^^ Government was' iS licenses for cutting timber unnn u^Z^r., aV' 7 ° ^^ authorized to grant such regulations as^might be SliB 7rom U^^T T^ '^''l- '^"^ -'•'>«t ^ Council and of which notice wis Svel in ?i °^^'T ^^ ^^^ Governor-in- were panted for a period not Tcefd^SS tJ^LT^'t ^""'f'i '^^^'^ '!««««es to maL returns at The expiratioTof the Jele sho™-;*^:^ ""^^'^ f^ le««ees trees cut. and the quantity and descrintn^nf ,^ ^^"^ "T^"^ '^^'^ '^inds of description of sticks of sTuaretiX^Jl.nr "f^'^^^^' ^ ""^ ^^^ ""^ber and such license which statei'mutb^^eSX"'^^^^^^^^ ^'^^ ""**- the peace. The Crown dues wern r ^lo5«f Xx. ^^^^^^^ before a just ce of wherever found, and whether ^Theori^n-lT *^' *™>r or any part thereof other stnfr, and 'which m ght ie seYzedTnd de^ffnS '"t^' ^"*° ^'^^'' ^'^'^^ °"^ dues were paid. ^ detained wherever found until the clerg^rro^irS^pXtf,^^ on any of the Crown, removal of timber thu? cut wUhout luZrl?!' '°J^»«°g' «r «w«i«ting ia the cutting or preparing for the mSet but th« wf "I'^S"''""'* T "^^^ ^^ «J*in» for timber or 4w"log8 had Wrremoved out 5*1'"^^' l^'lt'*^^' ^"^^ ^^ ^^^ Crown lands department, or if it w^ found nfS ^'^^' ""^ ^^^ "^^^"^ ^^ the same the person was liablL in additb^to the wfnf v '^P^^^i^le to seize the to a forfeiture of «3 for every tree StL sLHl .'it^u' *°^ disbursements, to have been cut. to be re^corererwTtrcol o/^^^^^^ ^ P~^«d Commissioner of Crown Lands or resident a.r«nfj«; ' '?J^^ """^e o^ the in civil matters to the amount of trSalWlir^ T'^ having jurisciction ^ the party charged to prove his aufhori i' to cut anS T" '' ^'^ '•^*'""*'^«"* party seizing or prosecuting that he wi d.,f^ ^ut and the averment of the w^to^be received ,„»& P-^™ ' utaKfrrX^dt tt detained until satisfactorily separated b/tZCd^rP'*^® ''^"'^ "^'^^t be authorized agent, by assault, for^. or vilence^r h, tW^T ^^ °®««' ^^ a felony, and the carrying awaj^ of timber und*'-.^ °u 'V*''*' ^*« "»ade secretly, and whether wither without foroe or^oL. "'■''^''''^^^"'' «P«°'y or rendered the pe„on liable to punSent for febnr Wrn^^''™'^ steafing-ind seized for the non-payment of Crown dues the h?;rl««f^r ""^ ^'""^^ ^« as to the land on wliich it was cu7,Tas t^'rest onlj ''i P'*'"^. °J P*^'"^"'' or and not on the officer making the sek^n, or f if ^J^u 9^»\™a°t of such timber Timber seized was K^dee3 t^^« Ln^lP**^^ ^???'"^ '^« prosecution, and publication of notic^ unleTS^iiLnn .£^^^^^^ *' *^^ ^°** °^ *Wrty days officer or agent of the SCn knd oX tTat^h^^^^^^ ^°'^««?. ^^^ "e^^^t Any judge of nompeter* ^HsdiX-. ? • vf »«tended to prove his claim, seizure u^on receivinfrroin' SfiLl^'^^^^^^^ ^^ '™b«r under sufficient ^sureties, firs? app^ved by ^Sfe Znt £0^1,^''^^''^" ^^ ^^^ timber m case of condemSStion. sucl it dTiJig Ve^^^?; /£- ^°/ the ■^:1 :l. 190 .talement or oath lo e.X he JlZL^rZ.y.'"!"^ .""?■?»''' "' ""V '-^ which due, were attempted to iTSd "^ '"*"'"' ""= '^bM-on not Jess than six months punishable by fine and imprisonment of fores^^^oi^tt^trntnrr^^^^^^^ %Ze ZT' 'V'' "?* -"^ ^^^ proved by the following statement Zdfn^tZf^ by lumbermen is sufficiently of the Province of Onterio^ inTsA Tn tscJb J^ Sr"r°"%' °^ ^'^*'^" ^»"ds m use and the abuses that had been iorlrT;^r^J!;:d^'^^ "^ supervision then surveilUro'/LTuS'o^^^^^^^^ °^ ^'^^/--ts as regards the Crown was so ineffectivf or a Snded ?o wi h s^h T "^ *^««P^\«» lands of guardianship at all, and pillacrrto a iTrl T J !^ '"""'^y *^ '-^ ^^ »« fact no fmpunityjtLseatof goveCfnt^asS^^ °" *''"««* ^>th Lands Department for the SctT^ Sf Si^' /""^ ^^^ "^^^ °*" ^^^ Crown points where returns were bmughtTthe^^^^^ ^"^^ ^"^^^ ** ««^tai»» to make, on which dues were pSa„d the ^mounT^°P'^ P*'^'^'^^ «ho8e timber, etc.. on which it wr^fd transSS '^"•'^1?^ .""'^t statement of wthout any actual knowle^e of or check ol .bT"'^/^ .*^/^" department returns and moneys were receiv«H«f v,«o!i . the extent of cutting; these and the „„e debito^d ro'Se^^rtl'^roThr^L'dttTeSl?' "' ■"'-^' 1857 1868 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1366 Total 10 years. 9 0. 185,310 64 111,739 62 140,409 96 176,400 39 156,253 57 143,357 59 170,160 12 188,171 74 1«,079 67 203,040 48 t c. 120,797 96 111,081 53 142,071 97 168,973 36 164,101 38 136,830 79 157,484 72 155,793 97 151,034 24 166,036 54 1,570,983 76 1,464,206 46 9 c. 256,108 60 222,821 15 282,481 93 315,433 76 310,364 95 280,188 38 327,644 84 343,965 71 297,113 91 369,077 00 3,035,190 22 9 c. 94,921 15 141,185 90 136,189 33 149,921 22 127,995 88 159,330 86 197,C93 73 121,3(i7 79 183,380 75 197,965 86 1,609,362 46 9 c. 114,023 53 134,476 00 145,745 69 168,330 38 127,849 10 144,321 31 189,562 80 121,718 62 160,036 23 188,678 05 1,444,740 60 9 a 208,944 68 275,661 90 281,934 92 318,252 60 266,844 98 303,658 17 386,656 63 243,086 71 343,415 98 3,964,092 96 T-'J'"' 'TA ye»>« before the union of 18B7 t.h» «..t„f — -.,_-: r,,, ~1 T.^U^».d Qaabec. It h.U previously been iooat^-^t '^Z^^.n^ ^t\itilf rir^pe^t 19] y him until the f of any false i the timber on utting loose or mprisonraent of not insure the m ia sufficiently P Crown Lands ipervision then its as regards ws on lands of J be in fact no n almost with of the Crown ^d at certain I parties chose > statement of le department cutting; these it or inquiry, JND Rents, 5 Years ENT. Total. 9 0. 208,944 68 276,661 90 281,934 93 318,262 60 266,844 98 808,662 17 386,666 63 248,086 71 343.416 98 3,964,093 96 n«(ed between rher period %i '^^''rZ\'::z.ii^Tci^^^^^^^ ^— THE U.10. Fiscal yea.-8. ^"^'^ ^^''^ «==N Published. 1856-'67 Amount. 1967-08. 3244,112 90 185S-'.59. . . 203,263 59 1859-60. . 276,741 16 1860-'61 . 316,983 35 t861-'6a. . . 290,933 04 1862- '(13 283,383 31 l863-'64. . 309,252 15 1864-'65.... 325,294 51 l86o-'66. . 324,535 61 1866-'67 S00,486 18 369,800 53 « — ■■ — — Recent and Existing Timber Regulations in Canada -reJpesZTL^^:^^^^^ f-itoba ^ the North-west styled " The Dominion UndOffica-'ThralLd^^^^ was assented to April 14th 1872 ThJ^ ^^^^^ ^-^^y a^e administered incident to this interest. vanoua agents concerned in the duties sections'' rir^^r:;re'2nr;'thV" ""^^ «q"are. sub-divided into divergence of meridians, irUularitresl./ nL^"^^^^^ ^' """"^'^^^ by the There is an allowance of oXtnrd fiftv^HnlTK?''^"^'' ,?•* ""^^'^ «*"««'• sections for roads. The townshtps are numS '*T° ?»' 'o^^^hips and national boundary, or the forty ni^nthJe^reenoA T??T^ ^f"* *he inter- east and west from a principal meridian^ran ?n i Sfio Ik"'!^' *".^ '"^ Manitoba, latitude about ten miles west^of Pemb na' Th« « Jf ^' *''**^ ^^''^^' *^'"« 'i»« of to thirty-six in each township^bearnin. at ^h?!. ?!!' *'? numbered from one alternately from east to west and From wesfto^Lr«?K'f^"'^"''" ^'^^ '''^'^^S be in the north-e^t corner. In thisThe ordtr T' k^^- '*'". ^^'^ """^^er shall of that employed on the surveys of public laSsin'trfr-^'^'J"^' '^' ''"^'^'^ eleven and twenty-nine in eac& townXp are rlVrv^^^f ''!?'^ ^^*'«'- ^^°"on« The sections are divided infn ^v-i-!^ reserved tor education, in the sam. way as'hrsecdonsTn ' tot^^^^^ -°h. numbered The ines running north and south arHe &ed?n K **^ **"" ««uth-east corner, running east and west are chords inlLctrofrplf^'^'.'^'"'^'*"^' ^'^'^ ^hose the angles of the townships. ''^^^'^^^ct^n^ circles of latitude passing through <^ornX:i7nl2^Z^^:rZl'^^^^^ ^- the Hudson Bay as the "fertile belt," which rendered Tt tee t^^^^ and m the prairie region, where there arrSS op Tlf V*' f^''"'*' P'*°' mode of sub-division was provided with th« v^?! f J^.?-^ timber, a special greatest possible number of settlers a?d for the Z° f^'^i""^ ^^'^^^^ to the In these cases the woodlands are su;veyed into iots of n^lT ^^^*'^ n^onopalies. than twenty acres ea^ ^ ««* aP"t as timber expedient by the secretary of Stete to diWde a townr''-* .""* '* "^^ ^ *»»°»?ht hmits.the several townships composing Inv t„.7f T '"^,^^ °'' '"^'-e timber The word '< timber " is used tHEate aTl \nt^ a ' n*" ^^ f^'"'" * ^i-nit- including firewood and bark ''^''^"**« *" '"™ber, and all products of timber the flT^feoTd'ui'Ss :!!:'" ^^ ^ ^-^ed for twenty-one years, and upon lease,'an?sVS^':n7s,:id:^^^^^^^ ^-f"''" "^*^ ^^^^ «-^ and m the lease, such mill or mills toTS^pI^^^^^^ a°d stated fee board measure, in twenty-four hou^^Tor e^-- * I - ''^ * *^**"^°^ limits m the lease, or shall esUlishuch 'other ^YnTT^^^^.'^^^''^ °^»«« of may be agred upon as the equivalent of such mil | ™*"!lf«'*0'7 of wood goods as the limit in the manner and to the extent nroviL- ""lu"' T*^ *^« ^««««« *« ^ork f«>mthe,date thereof, and dunng^a^t^eX'g'yr^^^^ *- y-- manuUure^h^LTeiraTlu'XVre^^^^ 4^^ «' ^or use. and may be provided in the lea^^ by" n^^^^^^ product as 3. To prevent all unnecessar^Sru^finn if *^® ""J*®*" ^^'^ act his men, a/d to exercise strirtljyconsS -^n ^-^"^ """^^ °^ *he part of apread of fires. ^ constant supervision to prevent the oiS^n or may t^JeZ'^r^^^^^^^ -ntWy - at such other periods as sworn to by him or bv his atrentnr amnl^ ' ^ regulations under this act quantities s'old or disposed oTsS^oSfe Tr°*?^*^.« ^«'^' ^^cUiSJ^JSe car stuff, ship-timbeis and k^eef sSes L?h . T ^T^i' «°»b«r. railway- product of timber from the iS^n wfeve^^^^^^^^^^ f s tht?:?^ °^ 'y ''- '^^^ -htrthn? o'L7Hod";id\etH:: mile.Jn5^fPheV\1^^^^^ rhtm^n^ht r 1 ^^ ^^ «^«- by b£ tt4TJ:V»^^^^^ he provided Lrrrrn-slftS-^'^^^"-^^^^^^^^^^ and sUl^einiTtS^^^S^IJ*^^^^^^^^^^^^^ be cut, exclusive possession of the lands so descSsSbL?^^?^* '° .^'^^ and keep foreprovicied or referred to, and such CsTshaU vS^n .l'^?*^l?°°« ^^''^i^^^^ nghtof property whatsoever in all trZ timW^ li *be bolder thereof aU timber cut within the limite of thrw du^thirn^'' ^^ °*>' P«>d"«te of su«db trees, timber, and lumber or piSts bTf ut htT^l"*?.*^ ^i''^^^' '^bether such lease or by any other porsonf^h or without ^hi'*"""*" *^^ *^« bolder of snail entitle the lessee to sSze in 4V4:'^iS?e'i'di'^^^^^^^ 103 years, and upon FrHl.ng afc the expiratio . of any Si „""""'; '^ '^">' = '^"•' "" pr< ceo C' .f the lea.se l.ad n,.t expired. ^ '"'''' ''^'^'^ '"'^>' ^^''' «""ti-'ued an.l ci„p|:^t '.'Jt r.fn 1 A'i '''■^''''' '^'"* f'^ithfully carries n? f "'"" '^•-''•^'"•^fror pr.,vid..d refusal oUho same limits if n,>r .^ • . .^ *'*" ^l^"^'" ^^onditions .shall l.nv h tVown not p,,ij „,, '„ tM,',"\ll S-^.f, °""' .'■?'• '-y"''*-. ".■ "tlu,,- ,l„« to the me urown timber a^rent mi-dit ^oi^o «<. '»'"'m. After three months' ne^ lert "^■ee^sury to pay the "claim an eC;'^ Tf' u ?^ ^•■'"^«'' «"t as wouldht' jsp- ...e ... o,. o.,-^n;:ls ^; u:L:^r^£,';:i!^ secretary of State, or hisresidenf ^ '-^ *°*^'"" *<^ '^w, in the name nf fh oases^o the amount claimed '^'"' "^""'' '" ^^y -'"'t h-in, jurisdictbnin ci^'l A;.- an;^^;'s t;, ^^^ -rstd*" ^f '^ '"^"-^^ -• p----- -tes all dues, hnes and penalties, an.l costH^l;'"'' r'^'' "'[ ''>'' ^l'»'We the a.nount of tl'.en release any timber npo„ whiX 1. "' ,*,^* ^"^ incurred, and he i Iht «^^ officer or a,ent was authoriz.d' o eife he'nrh" ' '^^^'"^ ^^''^"*'«»fc authority "ntd a decision co.dl be had by compSVauthorit" '"^ ''''''' '' ""•^^•- ^»«t«d^' 13 (¥) I • 1-1 il!» 194 m acrib". ".^ oV^ft" HnUv^^^^^^^^^ ^«" T'" "P -", other ti.nbe,- into it cannot beidentm JtheXh ^^^J^ "P f-^^ "^her ti„,ber. so that and forfeiture until satisfaSly Lpta t'l;^ HBizure .nay l.e released upon sutficient seonrif^f .i!. ^'"'i**''' ''*^''^ ""''" lands wa« to ..jve any title to anv «ll if^f • "'.''** "•" «''^"fc'>f Dominion upon it. unless^vKprSvment on Jin .;/'''"■ T''; "'' '"'"'"' P'^'vi.Usly erecte"'>'■'«':<' Stotute. of Ontario, 1S87. It is (1) Ax Act Respectino TiaBEli m Pdulic Lands. of '^'^r^s^Az^:'^-:^::^::!'-''^ »' *« K-ia.iv„ A.e,„>.i, autho'S^'L^tttTrcitTy".!^^^^^^ °; r, "^*^^'- ?'• ^^-* -der hirn of the Crown, at such rates S ST "' ""^'''V-"? ^'"^ ""f?mnted lands restrictions as may from thncVtimfb^ o^f-lr I"' V'""u^^ rejrulations an,l in-Couneil. and ot^which ^X^ ^y^^^ rif tt ^Jrl^.tZ^^''-'--- from^iL^^datrtC^o^^^^^^^^^^ t^.n tweive months other error, or cause whatsoever 1 ifeTJ^^i T '^f '"^'O'-'-ectness of survey, or a license of a prior date tTe Snse 17^^ an^ ''^"^i« '"«'"dJd in feres with the one previously Sued h« 1^^ . ''°''^-*" '° ^''•' ^' '^ '"'er- so rendered void sLll have no claim uoon t n °'" P'-^P^f ^^ «.*' ^^e license compensation by reason of such avoidance «"^«'"'»«"t for indemnity or cut,aVsS;:i/S:;:f^;L'^nl^^^^^^ which the. tin.ber n.ay be keep exclusive possession orthelanck sondes ri bed "'Iir^T/*'' 'l^^' '" *'^^« *^"'' restrictions as may be estabI^hS^L?d th^M; •^'"l^'if"'^ '""^''''^"''"^ »"J thereof all rights of property whatsoem- t lutZl ?*'i '"''"/ f^^ ^'"'d«'« within the limits of the licensr dm-ina fJ,T f T' ^"^^^^^ """^ ^»'»^^''-. c»t timber, and lumber, are cut l^J author ^of the ^oW^'Trr'"^^'' '*^^ ^■•^'-' other person, with or without his VnLnf V .r .°* '^'^ license, or by any holders* thereof to seize n revendicSn or o?h/^" ^'''"T '^^^^ '''^'''^^ «^^ lumber, where the same are tbund in the ?lf ""f' '""'' *^''"«^' *>'»b«'-. «'" and also to institute any IcSn a^^ n'r^rZ^nVu ^"^^-^horized person. and to prosecute all trespassers and other oSrto^plfXS'^ trespassers, damages, if any ; and all pmnpedin^H ^«^Hinr- !,r-r • ' ^"'^ *^ recover ..ay be contiauea to final dlte^ioatlon^LlnieliiTadtT^iS '"""" \95 Crown, within the mnnning of s^,sS^^ ""gmntd Inmls of the the license. ^ ' '^^'""' "'"^ '"'bie, as Mich, to h.. included in ^'lt^^^'^'^^^::'Z\:[:^^ ^ dee,ned and allowance, and the trees, tirnhe a d luml . r /h '''"''^ "f '^^^'■>' ""<^'' "^«'' hy the section 2 of this Ac , nav h f r^"'' "' ?"* *'''"■''""• '^^ were, or, other Crown lands e-nWa^ed' i "sLl^li:;^^^^^^^^^^ ,.''"\'-" T'""^ "'" «":>' thereon, or cut thereon excei.t tharL «.Koii' ! i ''■^*''' ^""''^'■- "' •' '<">'»'er exclusive possession of s;,crriad allowance "'" ''' ^"''^'^^^ ^« ^•^'''-' ^^^ '<-P part thereof, on a -overnnient roa a^lownn^i n^. n '""^'"' "'' ^'■'-'^■'^- «'•*">• •such license, shall be (leeme.l or taL ^73. T {^"'^r""^" '"'^'"•'•''' '" ^ny against any such license. '"'''^ '^'''' "'' ^«^« any force or ertect ity.^c^ti::iSrrr j;:i^7^3:;r,rr^ -a .parate-nunidH- by-lawfor preserving o/- selling tSr" 1 1 r or trLT:n\°h?""^''"' P""' ^7 allowances within .such town.sliin or wifhin *i " *"^ government roatl- townships. and included in a.Ty such Ticen e he onV.""'-' *T"'^'?'P °'' ""'t«^' united townships shall be eriitled to b« 1; i '^"'P^'af'on of such township or fund of this Pro^vince a sum:;^11„ tXHl^un'of* ." ?"-''''**-» -e'nue Majesty for or in respect of the timbeV ami saw t v t'''?''.'"'^^*^^^ ^y Her of the by-law. were cut within tie ow^shTp^rl^^^^^^ ''"•■'[:? the existence authority of the license; but no corLXon XS K^ ru/.?^'^'''''' ""d^'" the of the dues received for timber or saw tl.S ^' "it'*'*'^ ''^ «"«'» percentage timber, or trees on any suTroad aUowfLT- ""^ *?' *"''''« '^•' «««^«"« when cutting or removal the corporation had bS?etre'fiftr\r.''™r.'^' *"'• ^^ich '^ousand eight hun.lred and .sevent? one obtain J '"^•'*'' ^^ February, one 'i^nsee or nominee. ^ ' °^*a"'«'J * verdict again.st any such unleJatSti^rfXtlw t::^^^^^^ «"«^ ^-"^ - aforesaid, panied by an affidavit of the:^c le^k T ^e've of^h?''''' ^f. '^f^'^'^aid, accom- copy, and the date of the passin'' of the bv law ^..^^T^^'-at'on, verifying the Crown Lands at Toronto withi"n si vmoSr .u^"^ '" >^^ Department of and the affidavit n.ay be ma " or tX Lfor ^^" ^"^'"^ ""^ '^' ^-law ; under sections 4l' or 4S of '■ tS^ P, bl rZlds r." "^ perBon or officer who affidavits in those sections mentioned ' '" authorized to take the ^^^^i^"^^^ shall be w.th,n the senior or junior town.ship in r^T^f ^S^J s^h rn'^^Tet'^ai^d' ^^^^'^T:^£^'^:tJX!::X:^ of Zr^' '' -^ ""^*^^ timber or ^.i-AC" '"hiob °h-j>! Ka -„^ 7/ X '"..'^spect ot the dues rece a-firj unon n o t eks .^ho ,a,5^^ "' tnre"'*<^- SrdhJ;;."' ™' "" ' """-•■'^«n'' "•« .i.ni.er',nau, .hill 'i':'"',;:,';"!;^^ it is found until the . luos are pai.L.r secure.! '"""^ wherever ^2) Nothing in this Act cont^iineil shall he constm..,! f» ^^.>»..i *u • ■ of the section 4 of chapter ,, of the clsdTt ? StrtJtl^'L *'^S^":: regards timber removed into the Province of (Quebec. <■ ana.la, as Hliall not in anyway artect "he li^n o^ e^^^ Jn "n ^c'iU'L X^^^^^^^ ^''^^r?/ HubHist until the dues are actually discharge.l. '' ''"' ^^" '"^"'*^'^'' 13. If timber so seized and detained for non-nay ment of Pmu,.. ^.. remains more than two months in the custody of ),n „ r ITf " .'^"'''* to .uard the same, without the .lm?!n.? exZ "'^f"'-"'"' of Crown Lands with the previ.jus special ScUon of H.rr' . C«'n""S'*'«ner oluj-Ky, «Wc,l or otl.c- public la,.J^„rT,, '^or L" L awi-";:,. ^ ,''''°"'"' st„He.cepe.u wbicb h„ i, „,,„,.,, .o ha..ir„:r;,'.ti':„r;°''c':Sei':wa;^ dictio.. in civil .natters to the a,no..nt of [be peS, ' '"^ °""" '""'"'•' J""'- (4) In such cases it shall bo incumbent on the partv ehar.>e,l l„ n.; ... k- ^tZ^T,;,Tf!^' nrr "'- '"^ p"'^ -i-1' orp';t2tin'^S "IM' 107 tlitu-ooC, iiiako to f C'rowri lands, n iml description of irnhor inaniifac- ; sli ill hu hWorii Jbi'ea Justico of ich statoiuont, or -council, shall be .11 be ilcalt with payMieni, of the ■ any part of it Liiiiiartiin-il into Lh tilt' »' (lloction satno wherever \,\ the provisions of Cunaila, as lither before or itato c )l!ection, ut the lien shall •f Crown dues Jrson appointfd 3 Commissioner :!niint-Governor ilKcient notice ; int of dues and of the timber. duces any other M tl>e Crown, or employs or merchantable all not actjuire )ii for cuttin{>-. wards market, noved by any )artment, or it in addition to I tree (rafting carried away. in the name of havinff juris- I to prove his in^r that he i.s proof thereof, justic! "of^thr';.rct*!:;' l"T '"*"''"*^r- ""Pported by amdavlt nmde before « a.mmi;s ionJ. o' ?'n, /u^^^^^^ o -or competent party, is received by ,he by the holder. fo.hnture accordingly, until satisfactorily separated this Act i^.1n"h;;rr o^lKrown''"' 'm '" '''^^'"'^^^ «^ ^'^ ^'"'^ ^d- securing Hnd';;rotecth.J trti.nberL seS.' ^"" '" '"'^ '^'^"^^""'^ "^^^^^^^^^ '-■ any o\her m:r7fo."fLt'''"'" '' '^'''"' *'^'" "«"-I"^y'''^'»t of Crow,, dues, or for condemnation. ^PP™^^'^ ^y the agent, to pay double the value in ca.se of Landi'\o^He.XetvV;V1nV'; ^' "^™V^^ '''« Commissioner of Crown Commirioner ' ^ ' '^"'" ^' '^'^'^^'^'^ "P ^"^ ^"^» kept by the paidS^Je ConfSon1"o^"crU°n"t'"";'' ''V""' ^'^^'^^^^ "^h^" ''^ f-'^^^^i^h .Vrwisethe pS7or::lh'rHlS.\Te^ntS^^^^^^ the p!ymlro?CWn\?u7fshl.l'fn7'^^ ?. T ?'^^ '^'"^r^"^ «•• ^'^ '^ -^^e to be evaded " ^"'^ *^^ *''"''"'" °" "^^'"^ dues are attempted P h' 198 (2)- Management of the Timber Lands of Ovt^bfo such pnvileger« rntavmet Tt^ Sro"" '2r1;rX$o';n" "'''^ -""^?!^ annually payable in advance. These leases expired !n&Z ^J\''^T'' '"'{' year, and might be renewed before fchp Uf If T^i f ^ • " mP^ ^P"^ '" ^*^c^» introduced are described bv the Pmnmic ■ " ^ foUowins;. The chan-os sinct^ licenses to cut timber wa^ nmrliHprl Vr. ti.tl^- ! j T^ '"*^ "" '^"'"'^ respecting: each tin.ber 4ety IVe^'r^, o J„"^^^^ \" l^ held half-yearly in dates as the Commissioner miXt think-^Dronlrtfi"/*""!?'' ^'' ^'''^' ''^^'' upset price of S4 ner snn«rA' ».JI ^ ? ^^ ''>' ''"^'"^ "ot'c<^. at an nitice. the be ths toTe Xrded t^ r,'-,^ ^^ '"'^''^^ ^^ ''^ «"<='' SL^isSeX£n:H?r^^^ occupatLoltmber berths a ft51ows" K ^'b^'^ • ''"P°^^^ ^ «"« **- »- not been occupied. Lwoied UDbn durin. fb '" «»rveyed territory had granted or renewed or in ,,n3li.^ •?*" 'T'^" ^"^ ^^'^^ l'«*^n^« ^a^^ Renewal of licensT th^ c. ITlnf ^of «.?'^^ ^^' •^?'' ^^■'^'- granting or case of non ocZ'ation ^uSl fb! ^' '""*' "^'^ '^^"*'''^*^' *»^1 «« «" i" maximum cLZTeXuLe mi e at w^^^^^ mtched 23s. 4d. («+.67), or been worked ..ponton which thl,Pnff 1 ''^- '^'^''^^ *'" '''« berths had making of an avema" Tf 500 fe.t nf « f T"? '" ^^'-^ °'"*^ P^'' '""« : ^he mile. b%ing adSeTas due occuLt o"^ '" "" or the payment of an incLsed ,. ?.?n^ The object of compulsory occupation country from fallinLA^itHbo Unf 7 rent was to prevent large areas of Of men^ of ^s^lr^at ; ^'^e].l;;;!T^:i£J^^^^T ''^'^''^ ^n.n.d at fifty cents ^r mile X I S elj^^^^^ «^ ^l^ ^-J and ^T^r^'oZlIZ'^^^^ -^ <'.f Pensed with, third clause of existincr reo-ulat on? iil Za ■ P^'". «^t"*/« ''"''^. »"d by the berths should be sS VSt auct on to tt ^Fr^Vlu^^' '^" "'^«' ^"^^' bonus per square mUe ; tharberths sZld b. ^ f'/^ ^^' '"^''^^■^'^ ^'"^""^ «f place as the Commissioner thou^K«fini a T"^ *°'' '*'''' ''^ «"«'^ <^''"<^ -'^nd and that in the SrLtefn^tL'nt'et V^ nS f^^^^^^^^ recfulations of 1866 "censes be gianted, as under the with the Joc.CortheT.„d"° °P"'"°™ >'« l'ei"s;o«mod on .inmltaneously 199 easv : „ll (i ,..,." , , «««lei"?'i' Ims not yet penetrated, is -;oinparativeiV being actual re.i.len o ir lot? iifch " J;/''"'- ^''''^'^'''^ >°^« «"* «*" ^i^it^.' out and sell the tiu.bcr on tl ei,- Inn i ^^^'^^'T "npf-ovements, are allowed to the dues on the tiu.be Tso |, be n " anS^' f'l' 'T"''^'^ ^'^'''"'^^ regulations." money due the Crown. less uV pc/cenT f" • I^^" P^''''"'"*^ "*" *^"^ P»'-<^l^a«e townships in free grant territorie^ Jovere,! hv til C^'V'' "•'^^^^^^ ^"^^^^^^ or are being nm,ie%,nder the Free Gran s lot T' .T^^^^'V^'^f^'""''' ^'^^« ^eeu Land Act of 18G0 within or adioinim fl. . ' • ^^" *? ^''"^^'^ ^^^'^^ ""^er the Regulations under Orderdn Courted ol' 9?'"^"''^'; '""^^''^ *« ^^e Rne Tree Inquired in guarding a.^isUrZsTt on ,Mf ^^^' ^^^^ '^''^ '' S^ee^t care timber cut on Jands of \]e C wn^n h-. ''"'^ T"" ^^'"^ '■^^^""«- ^7 passing li'- -e or general tind,er iTce seThi nmr' T r^""'^?'" ^""^«"*^ of settler's uu. .r the lOth secrion of t irF^eeVvHnfA .''^ ««^''n^the lands for cultivation May, 1869, with respect to 1 nd^JrundeWh' Y^ *^^« ^rder-in-Council of 27th interest of the reve.me and at the l.H^ ' ^i'"'^ ^'^ °* '''^<^^- ^o watch the with settlers on the public lands deln? Tk"' "^'^^''''' bar,hn.ss in dealing deparhnent, and ^eal Cl viXce 0^6 nart of >''''' circu.nspection by thi yet, notwithstanding the exercise olVJi^r '^^ employees on the ground ; interests arisingbetweerriurberoJn/,r!7n ,'"7.,^"*^ Precaution, the conflicting ^. The Free Grant Tow£ls^S^ZlTff^^^ Districts are being rapidly settled un.n f^'''^''\^' ^5^ Sound. and'^Nipissing a^d large improvemen^made befoTthol ^''^' ^'^"/ '" '"^"^ ««««« «^l««ted the Act; in view of this fact amUh«f.f'^ v, ere open for location or sale under tude of retarding the settlement of ff. ^T^^ .'^ ""P'^'^*'" ^« ^««""»« the atti- pine timber on the lands befm" ?hev wZ"*/^'' *']f q^'^^^'^" «^ ^^^""g -^^h the might be utilised in the piib irinterJstTnste T7 i^ '°'^*''.'^' '"^ '^^' '^' t'»'^'«r fires, incidental to the clearing of th«i«nf allowing it to be destroyed by that the sawn lumber ati u=,re ij^";!'/"^^ somewhat embarrassing, seeir.J as had never before been 2xperien^ed « f^ ^W •" «"^''^ ^ ^^^te of depression selling the townships situateTas Sc L? „ r ^ k" fnsequence the result of wouia'be anything but sSactorv;„' ^""^er berths, it was anticipated settlemenfccoul.lnotbekep £ fth" ^ ''"^'""^ P"'"* «t" view; however, as timber on the lands stuff b^t^LedoT "'E"" ''"',''" "^^^^^ *" ^"^ '''' accrue to the public chesf A„„^ r i ' ■ , *^* *"* '""«'' '^^ possible might condition referrrd to w r insprteJ"?'''. "'h ' "' "'"'^ *"^^"''^'P«- '" 'h' reports examined with roaaiTto ?h/ \-*^ " ?■'"" *™^"' thereon, and townships, and berths of vSus a?eas f mm 'S i"'. '" '^'*^'''"' P^^*« ^^ ^^-^ were prepared so as to have the seven?! "" twenty-six square miles each respective berths and the eby as Lr^^lii^^^^^^^^^^ '* ^T ^'^"buted over the management in the layin.. out^f tL b?rX I T' 'f ''. ' *^'''*'"Sh the careful successful, the amount^eali^d ,ivtg an aveitVlt^^To "'' *'^^ P''^"^"*^'^ ^-^--^ In Apri , 1869 new rPir,,]Jir.r.l, aveiage ot !S2()0 per square mi e copy. Tifey 'took the pVc^of t W I'tTbr 1'"!^"^ ^n"^, ^'^'^'^ '^' ^""^^i'^g i« a 12. 18G6,and published in the Sa^, Sf ^^ Ordei-in-Council da ed June trom that date:- ^"*' ^'*^'^^'' «f J«"e 23. 1866, and enforced rP«^aKr u , , ^'"^^ ^'''''''^ '^'*'"^« Regulations. ordefon'i^ltScy^'^rLfutl^^^^^^^^ «^'^*«^- ^^ Canada by April, 1869). ^ ^'eutenant-Qovernor-m-Council, dated the 16th ii 200 '■■I' r s ■ i i!„ •}?' '^H Commissioner of Crown Lands may, at his discretion cause tho veTeVToL n^oLn "'" '"'l^'^ "",'" '''T'' "'^'^^ ^^^^ nofSeen aTreaTsu,.- thrhold . , / 1?^ 1-^ '"''''^",'^ T^ '""' ^^" ''^^^^ °f «"«h survey to be paid bv 8 rvevtb.P '•'''' = «;•" ;^''^'« t«'" «r more licenses are interested^ in th'o Zn L t ^ p«"»"^'««i«»er sha 1 determine what portion of the costs of the survey ber h toTe naif wil'hT.? ""'^ 'T' 1 ^^'^ '^''*" ^' * ^^^^'S^ »P«» ^^e t.mbe • 9„ . tI^^ ^^ .*^^ ground-rent before renewal of the license, ^nd Ihe Commissioner u| Crown Lands, before grantincr any licenses fo.- TsSono^Vor " ^^r^T"'^'^"^ *?"7^'^^^' «•-".- far as°prae{icrbi:iu the section of country where it is intended to.allot such berths to be run out inf. biiTThJ^o'"'"-''^ '^"f l^'P' "^7 ^° ^"••^^^'^d' ^l^'^'l constitute a iXr berth divUedinZ"'''''"'';-"l^'r", ^""^''^ '"^^ '''^"^^ «"«1^ townships to be sub- ided into as many timber berths as he may think proper. Jra. Ihe berths or limits, when .so surveyed and set off and all new bprttw or limits m survej^ed territory, shall be explored and value^knd then offered fo andlr "l'"'^"1'' '^^"P^^' price -fixed by such valuation at such irt CrLfr T r,f",-^ conditions, and by such officer, as the Commissioner of ^^l^^^;^:t^^^^^ ^'- purpose, and shall be=?: place as the Commissioner of Crown Lands may fix and appoint by public notice Shis h ."/Jl^^'""''*''^ *\' *""« °f sale, but should the said timber fbllT .^" sold, the same may be granted to any applicant willing to nav 2 crnTa;'dr;^^dtfcr"'-'"^"^ ^'- ^" ^-^^ ^^'^^ *'^- - ^^« c— -- be endded^io'hrv^f'll'''' i^''^ «h«^"have complied with all existing regulations shall Sown Lands nrZt"'l ^T" 'T^^l^ ^" application to the Commissioner of <.rown Lands, or to such local agent as he may appoint for that purpose. or«nf«r ^commissioner ot Crown Lands shall keep a register of all licenses lilliZ '"'"''If'^^^ of f transfers of such licenses ; and a^c^opy of such Se with a p an of the licensed limits, shall be kept by the Crown timber aS of the locality, and open to public inspeetiou. ° «nV.; .?; ^i" ''■*"«'■«»"« "f timber berths shall be made in writing but shall be subect.tothe approval of the Commissioner of Crown Lands, to whom hev he im. :r'"K"'*^ ^'' ^PPT^' °^ '■•^j^''"""' ^"^1 they shall be vaUd only from the time of such approval, to be expressed in writing. ^ wiM.,!.; ^""ber berths are to be described in new licenses as " not to interfere with prior licenses existing or to be renewed in virtue of regulations " When th' 1 c i'S io" olZ 'rr' V ^«"-^->^> - g-- by any license, clothes wi? th nrS^A .'^ '*^T ''''''"'^^ berth or territory, the license of more recent of Sh/w'"° ^'''^' ""^ '° ^^^ '""^ ^'^'-"•^ «"°b license or any prevous license mav am.nV' * '■•^"^r^' ^^'l «'-^t granted) shall give way, and the Commissioner S the"of''sor?l"''' ^;°-- ^^"";^ '''• J\P^^^' and substitute another h Ecensed and tn « 1 n„ ""'l ^^^ doscriptmn of the berth or limit intended to be fS ? 'i • * l*'*'^«^« ^^bere any license has issued in error or mistake or is wSfh^ T?""'''"S^''\""'^' '"^''' ^''^«'^^«' o"- inconsistent or iTcompitib; with the regulations under which it was granted, the Commissioner of Crow" ^.::(.^:::^:^::^:!^.r^'^',or he may refer aumltSi:; tion each of thrnnnr.! r boanda.ie.s arid position of tuaber limits to arbitra- iion^r of Crown S i i? ^^'^-'l *^" '^^°'*' °"« arbitrator and the Commis- >«ioner of Ciown Lands shall appoint an umpire, naming a day on or before which 201 icretion, cause the been already sur- vey to be paid by interested in the osts of the survey e upon the timber 3en.se. C any licenses for practicable, cau.se to be run out into e a timber berth, nships to be sub- id all new berth.s 1 then offered for ■ion, at suuh time Commissioner of tl shall be sold to the second Tues- )rice, and at such by public notice, e awarded to the 1 the said timber it willing to pay tie Commissioner regulations shall Commissioner of )urpose. er of all licenses ^ of such register timber agent of ing, but shall be , to whom they valid only from not to interfere 3ns." When the jlashes with the > of more recent Jrevious license, e Commissioner itute another in ; intended to be 'r mistake, or is ar incompatible lioner of Crown r all matters in mits to arbitra- id the Comniis- ar before which t^ltj:tlt^SXntSi-^^^^ .e made .nd delivered to accordingly. '*'^'"' *'^^" '^"^ ^^'^hout authority, and treated all the^ldSo^ o^,slrx;x?'s nor'''' 'r''' ^^^^^ '^'^^'« "°^ -™pi«ted for clearing, fenoin<. or buadh?./? ''nnti A " ^ .""'^'' '"^^^^'^ "^^nse. or timber or fogs thei^'on o to SsL e^ f i^.n ^'',.'"'^^ ^"."'^' ^' P^™'**^^'! *<> cut shall besubfect to the pLaU e^^estnbll^ ,\''^\^''- , ^^^''^^^^ found doing so public lands without autSy '''''^^''^''^ ^y law for cutting timber on°the thereVf.td^illtntvaSre^rbS^^^^ ^^' V-ilne..t after the date .following the expiration of thp ln!f^? r i- ""^ '"'"^^ ''^^^^^ '^he Lst of July to renewal ..„ ^^.^ :i;: p2:^^:'s:s'c^::i':'^^' ''=-"' .3£trSp^rJi^xrs^t-r7"n?'ssis^ the parent of the iiC::,t:tn":sJ^ti::tt:.^i^"' '""' '* ™^j-' *° B aek walnut aud oak, per cubic loot '' .^ „, Em ash, ta„iai.ac ami maple, per cubic foot.;.':.'.::::; o 02 Birch, basswood, cedar, buttonwood and Cottonwood; and'aii boom timber, per cubic toot . a™ an \uWctot'''."l':"'''"'*"°"-'"''''*l'iM7).pe'r ^ ' AH other woods,. 02 - ^^^^^^^5:rid^r;^^^^^ ' '' Red and white pine .saw-logs and boom timl^;; per-;tandard ' '' ot zui) teet B. M., (per O.C. 27th April, 1887) o on ""^^noTr^ melr^^ ^^^-'^^«' ^^ ^^^^^^ «' ^00 •f;^t ^ '' ""^"^^tSra^Il'^^'^^-^^^^'P^-^-^^^^ ''' All "»'----?d ouUed «aw4ogs, to be "iake^n-'at th^a^er'age ^ '^ Staves,tipe:p?r' mme^.'l"''"'^^^' '^^ '^^ ^^^ ^^^ -te. Staves, West India, per miiie.... I 2? Cord wood (hard) per cord.. ^ ^^ Cord wood (soft) per cord....... I" ^ ^^ Hemlock tan-bark, per cord - ^ ^^i ut''h'"TrdtS';„'Se?;i';'=r''r'^^^ th« .sneciHoationof „,?.,,,;„-., ,1° '''^'«'^ "P°" the quantity show^, by Quebec: or that oflhT^pu^'^LJi^r^ft,!!, t JT^'T "* ™""»- '^ other reliable u,ea,uro,ne„t,^but where such S^l ' "'' ''"""""I. "' "-y obtained, each stick „r white pine timfchSt'SltX"r5LTsr„.^ ! i nl 202 M I and place as such agent or agents mfJT • *''»* Purpose, and at sucli time the exact locality^wherealKthe tiX "awlt'-''"?^?K'"'T' "P'^" «**ht their possession were cut, givin- tL nSr n7n^^ ' "*^ ,"!^^*'^ ^'""b^'' '» ^i^^ or saw-logs, and other lumber cut hv ?hZ \ ^'^V ^"'^ description of timber upon each of the timber beSs h^el 1 'orotu'^i.Tf 'v'?"'^ *" ^''''''' ^"--'-te designating what quantity, if Inv hul brn^. "^ ^'""/''" *'*"'»■ '"^^P^'^ti^elj. names of such settlers the name of ;h: i l>«en cut on settlers' lands, g vin- tife concession.exhibiting at the sTme time tj'H^'^' ""^ ^^' ""'"'^«'- "^ ^^^1' 'ot and the books of count and measuTemen of ' n?t'"t'''''^°" ^^ '^"^^ agent or agenJs under his or their control ^pStefv ndli 7' '''^^-^^g^- ^nd^other lumber,' or agents all required informatC and factlities to ™" k7T?" ^"''"^'^'^ ^"^^^ ^^'^^ at a satisfactory determination as to the ZnH? ^"f "^ "'" *''• *''«'» t^> a-'rive logs, and other lumber, made by hhn -r them o^ ?»d desmption of timber, saw- respectively, on which government lues lrel?r K '" ^'i .'^'" *'^«''" Possession, agent or agents deeming it exnedLnt L ^'''"g«*ble ; and in the event of such lumber tole counted or measured t^e aldlw '"'^ *™^^''' ^'^^-^^S^' «"d other berth, and his or their agenfcSlers and fn'"' u' „'''""?'«'• ^^ «««h timber count and measurement, fufsid^chlicete™:?;;^ \"-^ "'^^'^^ ^» «»^h fail to comply with these conditi3 such nZn T^l^ 'j °'" ^''^ or their agents, renew^j of his license. and thf bmirand limirshlirh *°'"^''' "" ^''^^^ *« ^ enable persons who sell their timber under if?! • v *'^*'^'"^ ^^«'^»<^ And to of dues, and timber cut on patrted iSs to nJ!''. ?T '^''^**'» ^^eir refund for the parties interested to prove on oath' tJ.Tu ^'^ ^''l' '^ ^*" ^e necessary to his or their satisfaction, the number of nW. *^"^Ti'"'^. ^^^"♦^ «^ '-^^ents. and ^w-logscuton each lot respeSvefy LSTn tS« ^^T'PJ^"" of . timber' and deemed unsatisfactory, the said aSt or ll . ^""T^ "^ '"«^ proof being causing a strict count of the Xmpfto be mS!"*' I"? "^^^^^ine the same b? such count. ""P'^ "^^ ^^ '"^de, and then certifying according to timesTave^fl;;?er ^^^^^^^ tZ'lZlA Z ^"^ 'T^' ^^«"^' «^^'' ^^ ^11 kept by any licensee, showing thrquCtftv of S'"'*^t ^'''^' *"^ memoranda him from logs .ut on his timber ler^h Jr LrZ T \" ."r '^ "^'^'"'■^' ^^"''^ ^y books and metr.oranda when required so to 1 '-f.'' &'''"» *° P'-«^"«e «»ch 'i*S t^j^ "^h*^ ^« * renew!" of his license ' '"^•^"'' '"''^ ''««"^*^^ *« ^ of duesTo tl'croZ t^a^y patt'' o? ill tf T^'^ '^^' ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^e payment evied on any other timber or saw Ljh-'' ""^ '''^'^''^'' '"""^ duel^may be license together with the dues thereof ""^'"^ '" '""'^ •^^f^"'*^''' «»t under the ^^:ss^:^-^r.a:i^^'-' "-'^T' - --^ogs. ..m report ":. same to the Crown timber alnrmlkfn ^T""" '" "'^.'"^'^ ^^'''^^ «hall oath, as to where the said timbrwasTut tC^^^; '^ required,, leclaration upon o .each kind of wood contained in such tafc or nrn^f' ^i^''' *"'^ 'Inscription oicnbs, stating at the same time the numb^. P^^^^^^^^ *^?mber. and the number private lands.also on lands unirsettL's iTcpn,^- /^«T'P*i«° of piecs cut on or licensees of such land, with Z Ta^S nl-fCrS*''' T"^'' -""^ '^' «""«^^ ^la concession ; and should such Crown "timwiP" """^ number of each lot cor„ct„e., of such .port, h» *a,,°Z: .t.^[S\„"t ttSlrit^'. I 8;;: jf 20.i Sfty feet, and elm ' nc feet. furnish, through or agents as the , and at such time roof upon oath as " lumber in his or sription of timber, their knowledge lem, respectively, lauds, giving the er of each lot and 1 agent r»r agents, nd other lumber, irnish such agent >r tliein to arrive ' of timber, saw- their possession, ;he event of such i^-logs, and other of such timber I assist in such i or their agents, all right to a 'acant. And to ain their refund 'ill be necessary it or agents, and I of, timber and >ch proof being B the same by ng according to rent, shall at all 'lid memoranda asure, sawn by } produce such h licensee to a d the payment h dues may be Iter, cut under saw-logs, from 1 thereof shall slaration upon nd description id the number pieces cut on of the owners jur of each lot sfied with the of the timber the number of pieces and description of ?,r^K "' ^''""' *'''' «"^'^ '■^ft- stating the t,mbercut!;n private S and und^tTetfe,'' r""'^^ l^''''"' ''i^tinguishinj Crown domain. ""^ ' settleis license from that cu? on the ^en??|Jt:^sjtl;:tmf sSi:^:S;'7T^:'i ''^'--'^^^- -'^••^'^ Sorel, Montreal, oi- other port of 'lip ., , ? \'^ ^^ '*' liestination at Quebec to the collector of Crown tfuh^^ ov^^^^J^^'^V'': ^^r'^' ■»^" -'^ rS supervisor of cullers; and should resai mfr^ '''' ;^'r't»;«al, to the deputy- nneasurement to contain ,. greater numl, , • ' ^''"'?'' ''>' ^^'^ specification Jf the clearance, the .surplus .Tumber ot itees r 'nT' ''J .'"'^"-'' *^'^" ^^ »«t«^> i" .be held as having been cut on Crown 'Ss'n? .'''.''''''''''•' ^■-^P''^'"''^'. «hall pa.vment of dne.s accordin.dy '^'""'^ authority, and subject to the tore^;^i^::;;^":f£^,«^['«^th^ at such agency, or omittin. refused further license, and n u h:^^ jeSt?. S '' ^V^ "l^"''""^^'. "'ay be of regulations, as provided in Cap '\3 S f L n ' V''^ ^ ^'^« timber for evasion 22nd. Persons evading or r5;.t^ t I n^v.'' ^'/^•^^"*"*^'^°^ ^«'»^da. .settlement o. bonds or p?onnsso rnotesfo^^^^^ timber due.s, or the final detault with the Crown^imbe office or ILnt" T™'"^ "^ ^"«'' ^"<^«> °'' i" possL-.ssiou of di.sputed .around bpf.,r» ^w • • " ? '• .'^^'*^ persons taking forcible refusing ,o comp^ with tJe ieoi bn ol Si!,':'''''" ? 't'' ^^^«^' "^"^ P--n ^y the .sth .section of the,se regulaJi.t ir tt Wbl ^ the umpire, as provided Order-in Council, or who forcib?v in IrrA^f *^® regulations established bv 'Juty, .shall be refused turtherl^L^eranrZ'Y^?. "\*''f. i^^'^^'^^ of thi expiration of the then existinc. licens?' ^' '^''" ^' ^^'•^«»'«d at the .30th tvemrera^l^^Tet^r?; "v^^^^h^r^' ^^'"^^'^^"^ ^P^^ - ^^e interest from that date, btit witCt "reludic; t'*.),'""' «"t, shall be subject to enforce payment of such outstHndi„/fC?f *\' ^^^f" ^^ *h« Crown to Crown Lands may think proper ^ ** *"^ '""« *'^^ Commissioner of (4) On r„. Variou.s Fohms ok Timbek Licevsks m Us.. two ^r:s i^-„^--,^^ {i^^:rn"Sberr/" f^^ ^'^-^ «^ ^-^--^o; Di.strict,%ne co.i raining the ri^htfoifiV ^^^tnct," and the "Belleville not, and neither of then'? mnS tt' ' i ''l^^.lf ''^^^ allowances and the other not, and neith^^^f ui^S gS^t^l^^i^^o o^^ T' '^"— d^^;!;^ Or.vva T^o forms of H fmses a?^ 4f • i ^'f'f'^'S.'^'^f^ «" lands of the stipulation concerning road aliuwances .vnH \l. lu^" ^?V'^y'' on^ h ivi.ig a the right to cut raftingstuff from the J'rown lamis " "''' '"^ ^^^^ ''^''^-^"^S the r'ver and from ditterenttributrvstieamsTnT^^^ '""« ''■^<^^"^"« "P and re-rafted in some cases several tmesbefo 1 f hi y^^l '° ^' I'^*''^^'' ^''-^^^^ »l>. destination ; whereas on the rivers^^ >ttr patt ,r^^''' P '"^^ '^'" takes place, the timber and loos bein" driven I»« .u ^l"" ^''^^'nce, no rafting if ■I U\ 111 ' 1i 204 m mi (5) Form of a Timber License in the WESTE.^Triiiiii^TD^^^ every de...:ption ot timber on ]S^t-\Z^"uT\^'f ^T'' ^•^'^ Hcense"t"cut this License or sold or located dSi-'thlnn^olrT- *"'' ""'^"'^ '^^ ^'>« ^^^^ «f trees on lands or lots sold unlr Ordtrs fn ColS' f^l7*'?'\," '",5"'^'^' ^"^ ?'"« located under the Free GraZ and £L "t.^^fA t"of 1 Sfis ^''''' ^^*'?' '^'^ ^"'^ '' said Act by Chapter four of the Sta7u s o Onttdo of S"L*T'"^'"^ °^*^^ four, or patented as nLfn^landrrncl ' tl. A ""^^ n^"-*''^ ""^'«'' ^^'^ Chapter leased under StatuteT4 Vi'ctoria 0^^., p1 ?f *' ^^?'"? ^^*' ^'^ P"^^"*^^ or the b»ck hereof by ' P**"' "S'^*' "P«" *>'« location described on iSf^r' '°^^"«" ^^ ^'^^ exclusion or all others, except as i^ilS^.:^ vvith the n,ht of conveying away theld tiSer^'' ^P"'' '' ' '''' '^f''^ any ungrauted, uncleared, or waste lands of the Crown - "'"^'' ■statufel ai^ t^be^ cit* b"; oSrdurin.t^ ^'1 ,^ y ""^^* ^^^ ^^« «- Tn M w^?'" ^V".^>'* ^" ^'^^ following conditions vTz !! and H:.tt:a ' tn ?8TI^^^^^ 1 ^?i^ ^°^^^^^ «^ -•^^ -^- tbe Free Grants of Ont^r'^X'g^l^ /ofw'lS ImtUt'l^^ '' ?? '"• ?"^ ^^ '^^ Statutes years had elapsed from the I e of sucrCinn ^ ^f"^ °V^' ^''^""^ ^''^♦^ fi^« of settlement Ld been compH d wi rpnorto thirU^ "^'' '5? """u^'^'^"'^ or issue of the license *^ thntieth April preceding the date traveTte?"tL'irnK:?;;^ ^" ^""^ ^^'^ ^^ "- -ds upon, and the gLtVcSd'^Tf this'Lr"';' T P"'^7 «'• P"-««- ^"-"^ ^king from pensition tSrelr) to be used ?«?' thr^S-'''"^'/ "^ any kind (witho,:? com works, by or on beLlLf thrProWnce of On/5 '^f,''^*'^! «^^>"dges or public ment of brown Unds having fi!:rb";%t?£"' '""^ "^^"^""^^ "*• *^« ^^^P-t- hereby^tSThalfnot^"^^^^^^^^ - ^Z'^-^'- the location by thLaid licensee 'Tot anro':ie acting fo""'^''"' '" ^'-"°»--d cultivation permission. j ^ yji or by i»na « i„.e,,ti„„ of SCr purchase "^ ' "^ "'"""'^ '*"» "■* ">» inco„„di..„/,a*b"J;irfii'ftT^t' '™vTo"s%^.r'',"''^'' ^^' '- '' tills Moense to be counted or ■■,b«;,™j . A .S ". " i"'' '"'"Ij"'' ""t under the.„„, „be„ .,ui.a"r.;'.— Svtbi^rtiraSLted^:;!':?^^^^^^^^^^^^ 205 said timber will be forfeiffld tn th^ n i , other penalties a. theict provides """' """^ '^'''^'"^ ^'^^"^^^ '^^^'^bject to such Given under my hand, at Toronto the ^ .ear „. „„.. w.,,„„e .h„,„.„a .^,A'^l^ „, „,„,,^.'"y "f ^__ ^^^^^ .,e followst!!'P"'^^'^" >" '•^'-'^ ^- road allovvances found in two of the forms, is as the b^"ndaH:7of^thrt"rrt?or;lrS T' thereof, embraced within and all such portions of any goveWntrLM ' '"ftioned or described, lot. or parcel of land above mentiorfntT ^ '°^"*"«« !^ border upon any tract or between the front and r^a'Ses o'etT^^^^^^ "f ' ^''V'"' the side-lines' l«ne or between different paft. of anv lino n? . f'':''? ""'' " ^'^""^ '^^ ^ear- produced across such road allowaS tlfLTl '""^^'^ ^?^'' ""' P^''^*^'^ «f l*«d of a road allowance i,s foun tTbe inchu ^Mn ' r'^-^'^^^ ^'^^'^ '^">^ ^ on opposite sides of such road allo^ant thL .«ol^ 1 '" ''''"'"■' '''^'''''S lands the centre line of snr-h ,.„„,? ' "^*^°'' ''^'-'"se is to extend onlv to arising out o any coniL of Heir'""' =•""'' P"""""'*^"^ ^^'^' ^'^at all Stes be decided by tL Conlksionr ofT""' ^'^■^'•"•"^''t road allowances K portion of an/road aUraZ:;,eIude?ireL^^^^^ ^^", ™^T '^'^^^ -hat binding. ""^ included in each license, and his decision shall be This license not to interfere with prior licenses (6) 8V.STEM OK Woon RAvcaxG.-E.KOKTs TO PR.VKXT Wast. ihe Commissioner of Crown Lands in fK • . ^*" describesthe operation of these re" nllHn i . u <=«'"'n»n'«ation already cited then intioducJrl. This is ubnitt^r". 1 « T^ 'H'^ 'y'^'"" "^ wood-rangincr was since gone on witl> mo'llK^u!," f ! stit '" d'b '?"' ^^^-^--tal. but Tt S at present as p.riec. as can practical!; he\triecUut^'"'""'' ""*'' '' '' '^^^^^^^ A Start or trom twentv fn tliii.*-,. employed each season, some of Lin b^L'"'''''''""f^. """^^ '"'^"^^'^ '-angers are of April, and a fe^v^.f tl e 1 1 -^ result has been s ttisfactorv in tl e i 1 ^' "'lu" "'*' '"'^' «^ O^tobor. The m the several agencies ium 1 atel fS /ufln.^ ''evonue having increased extent of fro,,, Kftv p.-r cent and n on J "iception of the system to the Instead of ag.n'ts Slinrt iTeS^r"/T P",' ^^"^• ■eturns, together with r inker's T-eo^rts t.l, . ^■""''^'" ^'"^'^ '^^ formerly, all the timber li.nit operationf an 1^ /t l,*/ ' s^^^^^^ J.^."^ department, where tenne,] the " „„ri„g „om,." A few cic T'wLte Z„'.,,f t"'"^"'' '■^ *•■>' '» licensees arrang no- with iobh.^-^ f.. n.T i transpired some years ao-o Ktt by agreement, t"o U. "p o a Lr tain tand'J>" T/^^•^*'■'"^- ^i'-K t?f b. 14, gives the cotia Manitoba • and N.W.T. 3,742 30,606,906 ... 1,449,916 §166,402 ... 102,961 tfting pins. '6 Or C/ntano which have w and consent ol the Eseoutivar„,S Y ?"■*""">*« "dvice »f i"™"°" AS 18 mentioned and declared fnt.* ?.*'''^ ''^ *he Province fi'^ district eaid proclamation, shatTron^and^frer'jf ''^' ^," ^"^ "^Y'^^ b^come^hre district within th/^aSllj^JlJ fr^g^^i;^;- suet' r^ro7i?tt.^S' 1^^^^ V^' ^'-"^^"^^ -mentioned in r revocation by the^L^eSLlTol So?in P^'^^T^ "P "^ ^" ' <5lamation by which it was created! '""' °^ "^^P^O" to^ttlV^l^A^^^^^^^^^ P-n to set out, or cause ..„..,. .land, cookin,, obt:?n^inrw;rmt"'?'fv!'' P"'^-"^ "^ cltln^CS-^ pose; and in cases of starTfu^ fi ' , r ^''^"''. '""^^^M^l pur^ P*"°'''- the same after it has be^n made and ^TF'!?" ■''^ ""'^ caring fo? vent such fire from spread mrorh,, •'''''^' '" '^••^^r f^ Pre- Ws surrounding tfeKXrek '*^' timbered started. ^ ^"**'® ^"^i^e it has been so made and « tire 111 the fo- .- t or nt « ,iic^„ \ yitnin such fire f*** "J <=°ok- nufc cnerefrnm ^'''^'^ ^\* .^'stance of less than K„i* .""?• *"«• And <^'f a dre i.uhe fo- .- t or at ^^iL^o' "'"^'\ V^^^^ ^"^h fire «iiit cnerefrom, or upon anv f l ^T^ ^'^ ^««« *han half-a- warmth, or for any inXsUlVrpot stll^ '^^"^' °^*--g SOS PrecaiitioiiH in case of iQatchos,bum ittg Hub- ■tanc«B, etc 1. Select a locality in the neighbourhoo I in which there is the smallest quantity of vegetabk- matter, dead wood brancSe brushwood, dry leaves, or resinous trees ; "rancnes, 2. Clear the place in which ho is about to light the Hre bv removing all vegetable umtter, dead trees, branches brushwood thtirl; *'■"" ''" •''"'' "'^'^•^ •^ r*J'«^« °f ten S rom 3. Exercise and observe every reasonable cure and precaution to prevent such Hre from spreading, an.l carefully 'SuUh the same bctore quitting the place. i^''"n<,ui8n 7. Any person who shall throw or drop any burnin-' match . a.hes ot a p,pe lighted cigar, or any other burnin "sil. aice' or who shall discharge any tire-arm within s.i. |^fi,e 1!,^^ shall besubject to the pains and penalties iu.posed by t is Act" t he neglect completely to extinguish before leavin.f the sr^,t the hre of such match, ashes of a pipe, cigar. wadSfng of tC hre-ar,.i, or other burning substance. "•*, "i me tmuanee of such work or service. " Precttutionsfts 9. All locomotive entrines used nn nn.r ro;i,.r. i • i tolocomotiveH. throu.rl, a„v «.,p1. «r„ .iI' r-\ ^ railway which passes inrougli an> such hre district ..r any part of it, shall bV the company using the same, bo provicle/l with and hav^ n use a i the niost approve..! and efficient means used to m-even "he escape ot hre from the furnace or ash-pan of such e^ -Wn " and that the smoke stack of each locomoti've engine so used sha e provided with a bonnet or screen of iron or ste 1 wire ne t ng. the size o the wire used in making the nett n<" to be not le.s than number nineteen of the Birudn-ham wire c'au.re or three sixty-fourths parts of an inch in diametera, d's S contain in each inch s.piare at least eleven wires eadt wav at tif h^ht:r ^^" ''''-' '''' '' ^" ^" twenty-tsv^^;;;^ ^ Act to 1)6 read Duty of en- gine drivers. Penalty for non com pi i- aiico with this Act. lO. 1 .shall be the duty of every engine driver in chaise of nmrof- r' ♦^"";"V''^f "K.over any such railway wUlTn^tl^ lun.ts o any such hre district, to see that all such a, nliances as are above-m«ptioncd are properly used and a. .1 p/ T to prevent the unnecessary .L,l oi^fii^tml;^ tt'e gin" as tar as It IS reasonably P0.SS1 We to do so. t^^gmo 1 1 Whosoever unlawfully neglects or rpfn«n *, i' withtherequiremont«nfthiAc'- i" V ^ """""P'-^ oKoii I I- Li -"'^- -» ""•• -ACv Ui aBv manner whatsoever shall be hable upon a conviction before any justice of the 209 ch there is d, branches, the Hre by brushwood feet from precaution extinguish ling nmtch, substance, ire (ILstrict y this Act, j,' the spot ing of the survey or >p fires for ■shall pro- 1 his men Liing, and thu con- ich passes II, hy the ve ill use event the jines, and ised shall iteel wire ng to be re gauge, md shall 1 way at wires to -.h.ay com,.ny p..n„itti;.g any h.;:!: ve e " ':.• ut 'IZ juris.liction. """'''^^ ^'*'' ««'^t'^ '" '^"y court of co.np.tt^nt 18. Every suit for any contraventinn „f this Ac-t sl,..IM und^he ..ther half to Her M^.^^ T t^l,;;!" ^TZ "^"■ W;^s 'n 'Fil^:!::;^!^'^'^;:::;--^^ T--1 agent, Oo..... to enforce th. pnn^sh,„s ...d rJ^I^ZlH^^'^^tt ZTln ^^^'^-■ all cases coming within the knowled-ro t.f anv sn.h „ i bush ranger to prosecute every person ^uiltv^nf fv ^"'u "■;. any of the proviiiions and re,u^r?n"nTs 'fill l.l '"^^'^ ""' . }^, Nothing in this Act contained shall be held in limJf interfere with the right of any nartv to Inin., „L l -^ ?^' Act not to in- a civil action lor «o*"«'.. -1 *'^^ charge of thin the )pliances id, so as ih engine comply itsoever, e of the •gle of the T.iwnship '.rf "Jbitd.;.,'l«sr.''+i'''" '" ^''"'7 ^•'''^"•'' *» the the westerly boun.laries of the TovvnS o Nlntli* ';'"l' ^"I'tl-asterly alon' the south-west angle of North Ovul^ IZ.!!! ^J^'lJ^'^'^'T'^,^''^ North Orilli boundary of North Ori across said lake to the j erly along the south 10 HOllfll and South SIO K. rth Shcuhrooke to the suuthorfy C a v '.f tlu^^T '"7'.'^'"l>'' <'f So.,th an,| north -ou-sterlv nUmu tlio .„nt)u.ll , """.'^'•y "* "'*' '"^^"'^'''P «>' Lavant; thi^nc, wostMly alo... the oast" v tj'^t^ ^i" ,. "%'"'"'' T' '^".'.'i"" ' *''«"«« '""•^1- to tue..orth-;H.st.Mlv n..,/h. o "t ml , . f"T';i7\f ^'^ '""^' -"' »"K'>t. alonK th.. r..).th,.rlv houiHinries of tl.c Tow, IL - F \ *'"'!";" '*""th-we,st(!,ly ea,ste,-ly hou,..la.. 'of the T wn L ../ R. ' ''^"^ '^...1 MlithoHoM. to thi the easterly l.oumluries of he To v . ^"'r'""" i thu.oo north- we.te.-Iy ahm- Alice, to tl water".;- tlu /, p . A ^tt^' .,., ''?'';?'"• '''"''"r,"" "^^'^'^^^''^^ '-• iMK the w,.ter\s e,Iye of sai 1 kk • k/' ru ' n- ^ Te..u.sca...i„;r„, ; thence due oh a ,' S 1 "i" ^''''"' '" ^''" ''^''^'' "t" ^'^ke Ontario and "/..elK. tr. he , u tl V " "*'""''"•>' between the l>ruvi„ce.. of tl.encew.-.te,i;alonK U.e hI no , ,' l'' n '?' "^^''«, ^:''^^"'«^' "^ Ontario; twenty-two-west, near B.uce Mh e / 'e D , t ^t^Ah'?'^''^ twenty-one and said meridian line produced to the nvtZuTi Alymi, and we.sL ol the men.litt,. line beinJ tlu western tun at r";i'^'>', '^ ^'"'' P'-^vince, the s.id Procla.nation of Alarch 27th LsS!^ " "^'''''' established by the The Ontakio Fihe-Rangino System. gencmlly ,„|„p6,,l W I „Ut owmiTan^l u "! "° '"'"*"""«"■ It i. very greatly Ulg aLZ:"Z2Zll^^:^r^l'°J:'''''' '"^°" """■■'""»'»' - . . roved of a" ,che,ue, H, ,, , i 1 p!i ^ , tS""' 'l' "'? '■°'''»' ''>' ■*'■»■ 1"» -:e?;r-^rT;Lvra„°u:;;i'ir F^i^^^^^^ ranger who is placed in char-.e of a iS win b« T""-^ T^ P"''^'^^'«' "^"^ ^he help may be necessary to ''cope vv t^a dl ic^ou^" fi?;''1? '" engage whatever necessary ; these „,en will be .^u^ ed co.t of the '^li^\'V'TP^ '^''''' '^^ post them up inpublicandcon«.;rj.T.l! .'^A''^^'^<^■ and instructed tu some app -r---»" — '"> h""""!-/ lor us iniraction etc »i assistance and syjupatliy to make the Act efcctiv;, who sho-ufd-r-pS ^l^^>t:Jr:^^t:i ^, i^^:^;ii:^,z:. on thf Piuvinces of 211 tical l.iiHhmon of good Jmlj/irient «n.l well selected, 10, tlio limit lioidor will ac(iiiHinto.l with the Htnit NhouM be limit th an.l his .nlM.nlinutoH. if any. the department nnmber of nuin to be I'niploycl n<.fi)inate the man to be place*.! in charire of tl 10 |>"^'>tanu.d at dollars per day, which sh nl 1 Z e.') ol 1 " """ ""' ' exponses; the men will bo appo, ated luish and H^n^^ hero so as to cl<.tl.e then, with' authority under sec "on U ol th copy of the .nstruetions will be f„, nishld each Ihnit hoi Je.. '^ that t lu;r£':;^-B'7 1 '^'Ssf 7::!:'^,*'^^ '--^'^ • incurred under tJds .scheme. " ''"'' ^'''P°"'^es - The department will pay wa-, . and expen.ses an.l charire t holder h>8 proportion, which will be „ ..harge upon th. li mit a, d an be rendered at the c .,se of the season, when prLpt pay ent m« t i'' a point in latitude seven minutes, Vix secondrind ni ^v ' k ^^ T second south of the point of commenceLmt and in?on^ n.^ hundredths of a four seconds a..d ninety-eight hundr'dthf otW^^^^^^^^^^^^^ p^r^ff ''^^■ mencement ; thence on a course about north fifty-five dtreesLStlnH"' miles, more or less, to a no mt in latitude fivp minnfL fli. • , ' "^^enty-six hundredths of a second north otlen.l^ ^f ' ^°"^y -"'^ ««««"ds and twenty thirty-seven minutes. twenytheeonS a, d "hirTv' ol"!"'^'"?. J" 1''"°'^"'^' east of the point of commeLement t Wrott ^r fa W l' fh trtTfi"' degrees west, ten miles, more or less, to a point in latitude twelve nbu^s^^^^^^ three seconds and ninety-one hundredths of a second nortlnfH.?' /-^J commencement, and in longitude twenty-nine minutes fh?.?! f ^T*" ""^ thirty-eight hundredths of a second east of d ^m nt of 1 ^ ''^ '''''"'^" *"^' on a course about south fifty-five deg^J^s we t fwentv sir.nil?'''''"'''' ' ."^'^"^^ the place of commencement:eontainin.^bv^tSiea™;n^^ T'',^'' "f'"' '"^ square miles, be the sam,* more or le "s%o far asthe t tL t .7. "• ^'.'^ ^""^ ^'^^^^ in whole or in part, is now vested in th^ P. ,.11^ i . *'-^,'f ^ ^'''''^ ^^ ^^^'^ settlement and Lu^ancy un?er 1h p viS^ of '' The' Yn ^ylthdrawn from sale, any regulations made urfder the sai7A t o any .thir A^t S"" ^*"f ^ ^'^ "■ '' or timber licenses or any other n.atter whatsoever 'P''* '^ """'"« 2. The said tract of lund is hereby reservprl nnri ^.t- „.. i and pleasure ground for the benefit adi^nfJI i • ^^"'^ "'I'' P"'^^'^ P^''^^ CanaL, .ubjecl to the ^r^siorof^lfirAefcincTo tS^ "^" nientioned. and shall be fcnown as ilZtXnl!^:^!^^^^^^^^ 3. No person shall, except as hereinafter provided \nont^ v^^f h or occupy any portion of the siid public i)ark. ' '^'''^'''^^' '""'^*^' ^^^^^^ "P^^n, use (a) The care, preservation and management of the nark and „f d. courses, lake, trees and shrubbery, minerals natural rmiS; , ..''''^ ''''''^'-^''■ therein contained. ' ""^'^"' "^'"»^a' cunosities and other matters (b) The control of the hot spi-inrrs situate ui the -— "I r— >- j ii, • 213 IK OF CANADA, ianff in the Rocky latioiial park juni -west Territories; f the Senate and fter set forth, that fition grounds, on way Hied in tlie ail way Company, s, more or less, to hundredths of a 'en minutes, fifty- he point of corn- east, twenty-six 3onds and twenty md in longitude edths of a second noith thirty-five 'e ininutes, fifty- of the point of iwo seconds and iicement; thence raoro or less, to iiidred and sixty lid tract of land rawn from sale, 1 Lands Act " ov espect to mininc IS a public park of the peopl.) of ions hereinafter Canada. settle upon, use ! Minister of the r the following of the water- l other matters 1 their manage- in every other •! -y other business on only at, such pCs as he sm-oHni' nV^;'"'"' ;'^"h"»'-i'^"«. «hall be carried notice in vvriti,,.. ddiveie 1 "o t if nu L / ""'^^^"^ ^^ ''"^^ ^""•'' «" ^'^^^y days- residence or place obusie'ss t romoi U ''f %\" P"i'^""' "'" ^^^^ '^* '''« P''^^" «f may design, o. I->ery en e issu un ^ ol.er place as the supe.inten.Ient cation at"anv ti.ae «pon h'r v d u ' n^i ff il r"'' ''^'" V' ,^''''J^""^ *" ^•^^«- entiroly cease on the^.wocalSn oT l liceLi ' ^"'"^"'' ""'' ^''^ ^'"'^^""^'^'^ «^^" perscS'lSt^^ng':;Le" "^I^rVa T"th^ '^^"^ ^" ^"^ P^'"^- - for the conveyance of msseill.r.T- ^ n ' "*^^' vessel, or vesssels, suitable boat Inspection let 0^^ ■ Su a't n" ! '"''^"' ' ^1^^^^^''"^ ^'^'^ ^''« S*^^»>- within the park, to date tton^ tlS-^l ^^*^'J.'»/".' ."^her vessels, on any waters fare which may be ch™?fo, L^'^i^^ ^* ^^'f ^'^ «^«'> y«^'-- TlaMuaximuru by two or more ho^s^s and f ,lnll p ''IP'", • '^"""' *°'" ^^^^'^ ^^'»cle drawn t to j:;:s:t^:-i^^^ -rria,^ ^^r from anVUce L^n.oSrhr^""'?^'''^"^''^*^™ "^ *«"^he railway station to or of the s^ta on fifty eel to arnlrt'l""'^" " '"'^^'^f of o„e-ania-half miles miles of the railwa/sSttn', one dlj S ''^""' one-and-a-half and within three ffers in the^'vehLTT^^'''''^ "^°"^ passenyer when there are at least four passen- forevLrsuGuent our ^"/, f'^'^h %l'l't^«'"^I P^^^^^nger for the Hrst hour and each adcUtlomTlSassLg^^^^^ ^ ''"^' ^"' "'^'^ ''"'^^'^"Sor and .twenty-five cents for ca^v^,mor:'Z^?t ^1::7 -hicle draw, by two or more horses and the Lt hour. :;;n^;^t:-xref::te^ ^.;::jzr- '- ^or Jnl I;:::::Z'ZT: r 'fr^''' '''''^^"^ byonJhorse,'r.ian hour the fi"st W\^ 1 H V In sZ. ^ T """'' "'!• '"^"^' *'"^" '^'^ '^^'^'"«"^1 P^^son for ^A vT 11 ■ -^ , *"' ^°'^'^ P'-rson tor every subsequent hour or bt \lfe hn ' '"''"•"''y''"''^" ^^""'^'■'^ ^"'^ ^' ^^'^'^1« J'^v. two . oC for a half day sub'4.enthr "inlSaTin'f ./"".'^^ «nst hour and fifty Lnts fof ea'cJ of divisio^ th Mu. ximt Hm ^ "'f .^ "'''^' P'"' ^^^^^^ ^e the hour ^-^^^y-^~lZr:^^ ^e five hours; and toa^,:!:;;ttw^:;ir:S.-;L'!:K^lScr"^^^^ merchandise shall be sul^eet .onstS;;;'!; ii::- =■: itE-^h^-aSiffe r;= tr i^;^ 217 whicinnhiHo;hSt"tafe """^ ""^^ ^'^^^"^^^ '^^ use of any vehicle ^eoi^oZf'^i:^:'^,:^::^lf^f' b^'-nsed; the fee therefor shall been guilty of incivili v in^sor,.iof I ".'*^»«taction that the holder thereof has ^ ("27) So pe^; Si k't pJoI birrror £ "''If f-^^'-V^^ '"■" ^"«-- or use by theVblic. without^lFernse ' i ^^^'Uee'l^^^^^^^ the first day of May in eacli vear mJ ^L t ) ^^\,. ^^^ ""« year t mm following.— y'"<-acii jeai.and the fees for such license shall bo the ten cldll"" ""' '"^^' "• P«"^-^*b!e, twenty ^ '«• -J"'-." however, mountain lions bear^wolvll 1^ * "' i '"'• ^^ prohibited, excepting, hawks. Fishing wihnetsTnanv.ff h^'"'f' '""fr''' '""y^''' ^"^ ^^^s and in thl park wilW a oenSi f™, ^Z ^ '.'°"«' »"<'. K^vel, or other material -.hal, d^^i to th:^'.&tnSttr„K™rir;r' '"^ "" f°"-'"»" '- Stone 1<^ cents, per load. Gravei... .■.'.■.■ 25 " shaiiS^a^urs ls:^;iEnZXTf^'^b''f^ -*^^- '^^ P-k or brick yard, and pay a rovaftv of o,?« ninf ' ^TK- *^'' '""'''*^^"" «*' ^^e kiln burnt, and, for all Sk manuLtured l^lT ^ \f P"" ,''^^'^^^^' ^^' ^^ »"^« Minister of the Interior '"'"'"^'^'^"'^^''' "^ ^'^^e per thousand to be fixed by the supeS^lndenuHLi^Jf^^^nS" "' ^"•''^' ^^^^P^ ""^^^ P^"-^ ^-- the regu^ii!S £S sh^rr'SecS'^a tl *?l '^''^^^"^""^ ^' ^'-- Act," befVre the superintendent of the nn I ' ^ f '^''^ Nummary Convictions be,.^.o^do,ajustLof then ace w^^^^^^^ ^" ^'P'''''' ^''"'' ^^all 218 'Z:Zei2l'::'r::i ^'^^ ^^ ^^^'-^'^ ^' '-^-"^ '« i.«prison.„ent for a tor. within the park .hal! be liable to apenalty not ex eedTn Mneacircaso th^^ ZZ fifty dollars and costs and in defauft of plyn.ent thereof ohil'.n, en Tr a te n not exceeding three months ; a..d a nioiety of every peSy iZosed and collected under the provisions of this clause of these legilations slmll C? o ■ C^TeIZ^ '^" 1'^" '^?fy '° '^''r'^^'' l^J^'"^' ^- inform Uon' '" (38) Lvery one who violates any of the provisions of clause twentv-eiaht of these regulations, which re ates to o'amin-T shall Im linKln /l ^"^^^^^ •'»{?nt exceeding in each case the sum of fitCSa^^lL %tL%n 1 In'^dSt^l payment thereot to a term of imprisonment not exceeding three months and a moiety of every penalty imposed and collected .mder%h^^ V.wlions'of tlus park or officer of the North-west mounted police £ or Ton fable of th'. North-west mounted police accompanied by or actin.r under the nr, ?r- .f commissioned officer of the said forJe is hereb^ authorized by force if ne ssarv^ and without the necessity of any interveniion or nrocess of W ii IIT ^' suspected place, to arrest therein on view any persVorneLns fol. .n. '.^^ any of the offences aforesaid', and to bring Ti^o? them befe^„^^^^^^ officers who, by these regulations, areeuipow^reHo Tit and actt iusSs of tt peace within the Park to be dealt with accordinir to low „!^^ as justices ot the tables and other instruments and mo™Ses for^lnt^^;^^^^^^^^^^^^^ and appliances used in connection therewith, used in contiaventionTfthpS clauses; and upon the conviction of such person or persons or anv of t^fr^ such offence, in addition to any penalty imposed L^erpecthZ/ ttTaW table or tables and other instruments shall be forfeited and qoW;,.- fu discretion of the convicting justice, destroyed, and the mley ^ Tei ^d L' aforesaid shall be forfeited and applied, together with the proceeds osaiS towards the revenues of the park in a manne? hereinafter provided (40) The revenues derived from every source under any of the provisions of these regulations shall be deposited forthwith to the credit of theTecdver! Genera on account of the park, except as otherwise hereir. speciaiy nro^^^^^^^^^ . . (*1) ^']^^f copies of these regulations, to be furnished by the Department of the Interior for that purpose, shall be posted and kept in a conspicuous n ace W^^SairSr^ptrk^"^ ^" -'' '^'''' ^-diVhouse,E=e^S other A»t ol t,e Parhameat of Canada applicable to the park or by thi (43) Wherever in these regulations the expression "the superintendent of iffiT;^?' '^' fT"^tendenf' is used it shall mean the ofJcTr iokHng that office at the present time under appointment by the governor-in-council or anv person who may hereafter be so appointed to the said office ^ 219 lent for a term MiNEKAL Lands in the Park. mi JaUamlrJiSnn tX'i""- ■' ™ "■""P""' '2* Octobe,-. 1892, ..especting Do„n?bX™SS;v.;W?,;,\tul:coM .^■''""-. ,""•?"• l^, ame,„li„g the Ian* in the Roslcy mS Mtoiw Pa, I T„ M ! m *i ':°"' "'^ ">"""■ "'ineral»,inclS!»Art fron, tin.S to time, make Xla ion; f™ tL °"™"'"'-"rf'''-"-°»""«» "«>y. on™clHand,,and o,tl,„«&ea ril™*'^^^^^ however, that no .liqmI1„%!^?Tnh£,,^rZ'^ ■''.'" ''"'•''''' """''""" P™''W^«olati..n like that which has overwhehnc.l many onco beautiful and lerti e regions ot Europe awnits important parts of America and nther Pn^ parat.vely new countries over which civiliiatiou is now extn^?^. fts swa^' unless ,n.ompt n>e.tsures are taken to check the actio.T of Instructive caTisP^: ti.m can do anything effectual to arrest the progress of the evil except so for as the State is still the propr etor of extensive forests VVn,„ll„ ,1 V- i u K'ni"*'^ nt '^•' '•^'^"' --Twhere be\n:;:g:d Z^ttj^JSZ p nnciples as other possessions, and every proprietor will as a ..ene,-«l r„? Im !il Lmm?:?;;i^:iJl^::: "^""^ '""''''-' '^ '^'-^^^"^ th^destructlon ^^^ Fortunately for the immense economical and sanitary interests involved in this anch ot rural and industrial husbandry, pnbl.=c opinioJ is thorou.ddy rou ed to tl e importance of the sulyect. Plantations of a certain extent have been made and a wisher system is pursued in the treatm«nt,of the remaining nltive woo Js' of tiJnn P- ""^ ? "* ^^' ^^' r'u ^"^^^ ^'^'■«^" themselves into the work wUh much o the passionate energy which marks their action in reference to othermodes of physiciai improvement. California has appointed a State forester with riiberal salary, and made such legal provisions and appropriations af to re.KietlTi discharge of his duties effectual. The hands that bu It the PacSc Railway t the rate of miles in a day are busy in planting belts of trees to shelter H?e rnli; f. pr^pagaTit^ot^TZdr "^^^" '''''''' ^^^' '"'^ "°^ '''' ^^'-'^ ^^^^^^ in t"he «H Jf- '^*'f ".^' *'" -^^ ^i"'*^ ^^^ legislature of the State of Xew York turned its attention o the subject of tree-planting, when it pa.ssed a law tr. enc. ura"3ant ing trees by the sides of public hi ^- '^uiis James. Jisq., ot F«n nf R fe ' ^^"'A;,^^'''^'^'" .f Voucher, of Oswego, and Edward M. Shepard Esq., of Brooklyn. The committee, so constituted, reported the result of tS investigations, coupled with their recommendations as to future policy to the 221 tion or waste- rn«V 8«t.i- commonwealth,, .„d o? "lie LL ,, I ""' ,''f?°'" ""> «lfa» of THK FoliEST COMMISSION ACT doenactasfSllows:^ '''"^^'^^°'-'^'^^P''«-nte.I in Senate and Assembly. CoMMiss/oNKKs, How Appointed. personfwhosi.dTbrstyredfor^ ^"'^h shall consist of three governor for cause. Tlfo ta t oZh" rn":?h:ili^^^ ™*^ '^f ''^'"^^^d by tl : by and w,th the advice and con.sent^f u"e Wo ^PP^med by the governor . Tkhms hy Lot. OM m ,ix yearn f,,,,,, the tirat .lav of tViruril I '"<>>■■=«.'•■'. one in four yea,, and three term, „t office th,„ d.terSe, the era ^fnffl "'"',"« ,- ^^'^-P' "* '" "» *aU^he ,. year, fron, ^' «r.t .^^^ ^^i/^IT^^'^^^^r^ How AmuKTBD After 1888._VACiNcira year l:.,!X::'%^:^^t t trr'^ ?^ "». ^°»' "•'S. •»<' - -ery second shall a,,p„i„t one f'^it co.nmS "n r"'tct S'tLr'' '=°™™' "' '^= 8»"«^ -' -.on, for the nnexplred .^"d^l^^^^^-^! S^:'::^^^ COMMissiONKKS, CoMPKN.SATION OF theii;[t;sc tth'™:™ nif eTi:r'f »' "tp^t"-' --r.. «.« their official duties. ^ expense., mcRrred in the performance of ^ . ,„, , Kmplovees, and Pay of ?•■>; liie forest comniis.sion .shall have mu.^.. f forest inspectors, u clerk, and all such aoent^Is tht'l^^^T ^ ^'''''' ^^''^i"". to fix their compensations, but tlie expenses a.id s^T 7 '^'t™ '^'^cessary. and clerk, in,spectors, and assistants, shall n^ot exceed in^^^ "^ '"'^ ^^'^^^en, agents expenses of the commission the sum th^Lra^ttTb^^tre l^^^.^tf'^-' Rooms, Etc provide- rlo'L'Tof :Llf!;f!L^, SH^oiCf ^•- ^^^'^'^P"- f ^' ^-« o^" 18«3 s,.„ hxturesand with warming and light? '"•"""^'"«"' ^^^h proper furniture and ! Mil ifi 222 Forest Pukseuvk Dehnkd. §7. All the lands now owned, or which may hercivftor ho acquired hy the State of New York within the Counties of Clinton (except in the Towns of Altonu and Danneniora) Delaware, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkiujor, Lewis, Oneida, St. Lawrence, Saratoga, Warren. Washin(;t(m, (Greene, Ulster and Sullivan, siinll constitute and be known as the Forest Preserves, except all such lands within the limits of any incorpDrated village or city, and except all such lands, not wild lands, as have been, or may hereafter !»■, aciiuin'd hy the State of New York, upon or by foreclosure of or sale pursuant to any mortgage upon lands made to the Commissioners forlofining certain moneys of tiie I'uited States usually called the United States Deposit Fund, and all such excepted lands ac(|uired by the State of New York may be sold and conveyed as provided by law. State Land cannot he Leased. t^oNDiTiuNs undeh which it can he sold oh EXCHANGED. Al'I'UAI.SEK.S Ai^HOINTED. DUTV OF CoMl'THOM.ER. {^ 8. The lands now or hereafter constituting th.j forest preserve shall be forever kept as wild forest lands, and shall not be sold, nor shall they be leased or taken by any person or corporation, public or private, except that whenever any of the lands now constituting the forest preserve or which may hereafter become a part thereof, owned by the State within any ,county specified in section seven of the act hereby amended, shall consist of separate small parcels or tracts wholly detached from the !iiain portions of the forest presei-ve and bounded on every side by lands not ov. urd by the State, then it shall be lawful, and the oomptroller shall have power to s,Al and convey such separate tracts or parcels, or the timber thereon, to such person or persons, corporation or association as shall have offered the highest price therefor ; but no such tracts or parcels of land or the timber thereon, shall be sohl by the comptroller except upon the recommendation of the forest commission or a majority thereof, together with the advice of the attorney- general in behalf of the State. Such separate tracts or parcels of land may be exchanged by the comptroller for lands that lie adjoining the main tracts of th forest preserve upon the recommendation of the forest commission or a majority thereof, together with the advice of the attorney-general on behalf of the State ; but the values of said lands so exchanged must be first appraised by three disinterested appraisers .sworn to faithfully and fairly appraise the value of said lands, and the difference if any, between the values of such parcels so proposed to be exchanged shall be paid by the party so exchanging with the State into the State treasury, but the State shall not pay the amount of any such difference. Two of said appraisers shall be nominated and appointed by the county judo-e of the county in which said lands proposed to be exchangetl are situate or iircase such lands are situate in two counties, then the county judge of each county shall nominate and appoint each one appraiser. The two appraisers so appointed shall select a tliird appraisei', and they shall report to the comptroller the result of .said appraisal, before such lands shall be exchanged as aforesaid. The said appraiseis so appointed shall receive the same coinpen,sation for their services as is provided for appraisers of decedent's estates, to be paid by the party so proposing to exchange lands with the State; It shall be the duty of the comptroller annually to report to the legislature all sales or exchanges of lands made under the pro- visions of this act, together with all bids and the amounts received therefor, and in said report shall be included the reports of appraisers of lauds exchanged in accordance with the foregoing provisions. The proceeds of all lands so sold, or the receipts from all cxchange.s sa made, shall be invested by the comptroller, with the approval of the forest commission, in the purchase of forest land adjoin- ing great blocks of the forest preserve now owned by the State. MS S!>. The forest conimisiHion .shall Iin.n n temi..,.ee of the forcHt proM-rve h U b. H '^'*:"^'/"t"'y. control an.l nuperin- ta.na,,. protect the forests now m , . fw H" ''"^^ "* *''^' «»'"'»i«sion to ml n- piacticahle the further -rowth of f / .?^ I'-e.serve, an.l to promote as f r as tl.e p„blic interests of tl e S ate ^n ^''"'r'"' '* ■'''"^" "' '<> Imve c an of especallv with reference to f..ttfi,^n ef ."''^ '^^'Tl '^"'* ^'"^'^ pl- ntiHr,,"] an to all hm.ls now or hereafter i„ol,.l. • ^\^' V'^ "^ *'"' «t^t<-'- U shairi.avH provisions of this act, aU ^^ ':'„;:;;'" 'r?' P^T"-^'^' ^'"^ -'l^'^t^^ land othee an.l in the c,,n,ptr,,ller a^ o%u linnf '' '" ^^o connnissionor. of £ Iho torest connnission n.ay, fron ^u.o to .f ' "' T "'^^^ "^^"'''' ''^ the Sfa e nmy fron. tin.e t.. tin.e ait t rarnend U' " ^'""■«' '" '"'•'' "'" '-"-"''^^i""^ and of the forest preserve, and f.,r it Tsee« .-•''' ■" "" '^'"^'^' '"' '^' ''p"* Opkicers MAV AllUtST, IVIIE.V (orost commission. ii„,v wilho,, \i ""P'"yi"niit ol the foiuit »anl,-n ow.- by persons not entitled theret'o'^and in dl X P'''''"^' ^^^^ occupuj or 1 eld naintenance of the forest preserve whch^^n?" '''P^'^^' '"^'^ ^'^^ P'ot-'Ctio., and nng. The forest connnission ISkra's^>3nT"''V^' '^"'^ ^""'d be entiJ^H the people of tlie State, an action for h^?'^*"'"' ^" "^*^ "*'"« or on behal of *our, article fifth, title «vo, craX nine LT'^'^'.-P'."'^*^*^ i" section seetv- such trespasses comnntted upoT any lirwif?-' ? "l'^ ''^^^^'^^l «tatuterwhJn action there shall be recoverable ih '''"" ^^'"^ ^^''^''^t preserve hZZ? .«3ue. and the defendant be7m,t!f,o 1 Z' ^T^'^''- f "'^ ^ ^'^« '^ eutio X liberties of the jail, all as nrovK • ^'^'^i^under without bein- entitl'n u -id article ; an'd inZ^ !S^^:iSi^l^7?'' -''''' ^^^ ^^^^ oi it before judgu.ent as in the cases .rnfioZl n i^^ •'''' «"*'^''^^' <^« *"«'-d«'- of arrest of he co.le of civil procedure. Se S ' V' "" ■ ^"""^'"''^ '^"^^ forty -nine !";ii £14 comm Hsion may omploy attomoys and c.nmsol to pmsociite any such action or to fMon. any action hronglit ajjainst tlie commission, or any of its mombi'rs or •ulmnlmatcs, arisnijr out of tlinir or lii.s (.fficial conduct with relation to the forest proservt^ Any attorney or ounsel s.. omi.loyod .hall act imdcr the .lirfction of and m th<> name of the attorn.>y.^r,MU'ral Whero such attorney or counsel is not 80 employed, the attorney-f^enoral shall prosecute and defend such actions. Injunctionh. _ S'2. In an action l.roujrht by or at the instance of the forest crmimission an injunction, .-thur proliminarv or Hiial, shall upon application bo trranted restraiiimj( any act of trespa.sN, waste or desliuction upon the forest preserve. PAitrmox.— A.ITION kok, how BiioiKinr.— KtKKfT <>k.— AaKKEMK.sr kor, ^\'j. Whenever the State owns or shall own an undivided interest with any person ni any l.ind within the counties mentioned in section seven of this act or 18 or shall be in possession of any such lan.i as joint tenants or tenants in comnnm witlj any por,on who has an estate of freeliold therein, the attorney ^'eneral shall upon the reel uest ol the forest oommisdon, brin^r an acti(m in the niiiiM.of tie people ot the State of New York for the actual partition of the said hinds according to tlie ie8f)ective rights of the parties interested therein ; and upon the consent in wilting ot the forest commission, any such person may maintain an action lor the actual partitiim ols ich lands, according to the respective rhWits ot the parties interested therein, in the sime manner as if the State were "not entitled to exemption from legal proceedings, service of process in such actions upon the attorney-general to be deemed service iipun the State. Such actions the proceedings and the judgment therein, and the proceedings under the' jmlgment therein shall be according to the practice at the time pievailinjr in actions ot partition and shall have the same force and effect as in other actions exeept that no costs shall be allowe.l to the phiintiir in such actions, and except that no sale ot such lands shall bo judged therein. The foiest commission may without suit, but upon the consent of the comptroller, agree'with any person or persons owning lan.l within the said towns jointly or as tenants in common with the State tor the partition of such lands and upon such agreement and consent the comptroller shall mak..- on behalf of the people of the State any coiivevfince necessary or proper in such partition, such conveyance to be forthwith recorded as now provided by law as to conveyances made by the commissioners of the land ofhce. Income. §14. All incomes that may hereafter be derived from State forest lands shall be paid over by the forest commission to the treasury of the State. EXPINSES. ^IFi. A strict account shall bo unt: shall be reported annually to the legislature. -le kept of all receipts and expense,-., which accounts sluill be audited by the comptroller, and a general summary thereof Annual Kei'out. Sic. The forest commission shall in January of every year, make a written repoi t to the legislature of their proceedings together with such recommendations of Juither legislative or official action as they may deem proper. 2S5 ich action, or to its iiioitibnrH or 1)11 to the forest tho (lin.'ction of r counsel is not actions. crMurnission, an n bu jrranted st preserve. CEMK.VT I--OK. terest with any I of this act, or mtsin conuncjn y t^cneral shall, le iiitiiH' of tl'.o the said liinds lin ; and upon may maintain spective rights 5tate were not n such actions Such actions, igs under the ! prevailing in other actions, ns, and except mniission, may any person or common with t and consent, ny coiivevfince with recorded isioners of tho est lands shall penses, which nmary thereof inko a written ommendations lands subject to the instruc ion he mav re -e v., V 'if '"/''" P'"^^''='«'' "*' '»'««« shall be his duty to report t' *^°^ "^ attorney to institute proceedings for tL p etntii o tJ V^ "'^''^ '^H^'''^' the lecoverv of all damaces that . L Cf » ■ ^''^spa-ss, an.l for nrosecution.' The 8upe?Ss shaH ,.ir^r«. ^i'"?" ««""»i"««l with costs of Ust conunission. TZ^wtfe the forE ..^'''' .'"'^^f-liT ^''^'''^''^ ^" t»'« they a,ay serve a notice upon th? "per t ZS f '" f'''' '' ^^^^^■^^•■>'' more forest guards, and if more than on«7n I; ""''"'""g .'»'" to appoint one or properly deHned. The guard so annoinTed sLllT' '''' "^'?"" ^^ ''''^ «»^»" ^- such dut., and receive^suchVa^Tr ti'tlLllSsir'^^^ Instructions in Forestry in Schools. elemenuiry Instruction upon ttrsubJ^ttjTciir ""'"'""" ""°" ''"'""" Methods of Public Instbuction, circu?aL'of''l:rtLS:S" Jdv^'f ^^^ P^^P^^ *-^« - upon private land, and for the sCnt nf n«» i * f-^ ^'''" *^^ *"'''« "^^ woodland* been/enuded, exhaustd by eSt vatin er^lf b?to°rr J^"" ^-""^'^ J^^* '^^^^ or that are sandy, marshy, broken sterile o waste Td';,nfi;'V"'''1,^y ^''' Ihese publications shall be furnished w ILnf T ! !' ""^'^ *"'" •^^''^'^ "«e. upon application, and proper rnZires mat h" Tif' '"i *Y -"'^V^^" "^ ^he State notice of persons who'woSS beTeSted^ thi,s advice '""^"° ''^"^ *« *^« Supervisors to act as Firewardens, when -District Map. f,„ mentKd'ilTecJriro^^ But in towns particularly exposed to damages from ?S ^7^.^'" '^^^«^°- may divide the same into two or more districts hm.S 1' ^^'^ ^"Pe'-vi.sor roads, streams of water, or dividinLr^S^es of Jl^d " W '^' ^'- Ty ^'' ^7 writing, appoint one resident citizeJ in each distri J l»°f.« ^.^d he may ij therein. A description nf f.h-e ii^'n'- l - ^* *^ '''^*"<'* firewarden wardens thus appointed, shall be r; ;;rd^^the"offic:Tth1 1"" ""f't' ^'''■ supervisor may also cause a map of the 6re district nf ^r^''^^'^' '^^^ posted .some public place with th?names of fhe^ dStVelaln^I^p j«^^,^ 226 The cost of such map, not exceeding five dollars, shall be made a town charge; and the services of the firewardens shall also be deemed a town charr occuptd in thf^tf^ '"" «f/r>"r. P- day for the thnlacSy occupied in the periormance of their duties as such tirc-vardens Thl compensation for services of the persons who may assist in extTnguLhTng fores fires, shall be a town charge, and shall not exceed the sum of one dollar per dav for each person employed; but all bills for such services must be a™ed bV the firewarden of the town in which the fire occurred before navment shall Z made. It shall be the duty of the board of auditors in eS foT to examine audit, and allow promptly all reasonable bills presented to them for servSS ofthTTcrtJ'^''' *'" 'l''r. V'''''' '^' ^^^'^^'^ nlrd in sectTon seven be a^DoSed it fZT f *" ^' ^''"^^'^r ^' "^^^ *^«™ «™« *« time be De appointed by the forest commission. The persons so appointed shall acf during the pleasure and under the direction of the forest^ commission and there shall be applicable to them all the provisions of this act, wSh reference to supervisors and district town wardens. Upon the discover^ o7 a forest fire *t hall be the duty of the firewarden of the district, town or ^unt^ to Ske sue measures as shall be necessary for its extinction. For this puLse he sha have authoritv to call upon any person in the territory in wZShe acts fo assistance. an3 any person shall be liable to a fine of not less than five nor more than twenty dollars for refusing to act when m called upon. Officbes. Powebs and Duties of. in Case of Fire. See Eeviaed Statutes. Chap. 30, title U, Part 1, Vol. 3, p. 2086. ^n^ \ft7^^ *°''^'* commission, the forest warden, inspectors, the foresters, and any other person employed by or under the authority of the forest commission Th« if ^'^ be author zed by the commission to assume such du^y shaTrthTn ^t.^^^^T'^^^T^^'V^^'^'V^''^'^^^^^''^^^'^^^^^ the woods in any such town shall be on fire, perform the duties imposed upon, and in such c^e shall have the powers granted to the justices of the pe^ace. the^upervisors and ?h commissioner of highway of such towns, by title fourteen, chapter twenty o part one, of the revised statutes, with reference to the o;dering of TrS to assist m extinguishing fires or stopping their progress ; and any pe^rson so ordered by the forest commission, the forest warden, thelorest inspects, the foresters or any of them, or any other person acting or authorized as afore aid. who shaH '^^ZZ^Xft. s^idTtS^ ^"' '''' ^"^' '-'-' ^^^" ^« "^'^^^ ^ p"-^--^ No AcrriON for Trespass, When. mad Afiin^v!! *f ^^.^^"^ *^««P««« shall be brought by any owner of land for entry made upon his premises by persons going to assist in extinguishing a forest fire although it may not be upon his land. * ' Privilege, Case of Fire. § 23. The fire-warden, or the supervisor, where acting in general charge mav cause fences to be destroyed or furrows to be ploughed io chick the ruSH fire and in niuaoa nf nr-aa^ A^^^^av Var-L- ^ - 1 • \ - iuuuiiip, ui aC "7- r~r"«"* s":*" ••'""ssr oacK. mca may mg set along a road or stream or other line of defence, to clear oflT the combustible material before ai SSing 227 )e made a town id a town charge, tie time actually 'c.vardens. The inguishing forest lO dollar per dav be approved bv myment shall hn own to examine, for services and in section seven time to time be Dinted shall act ummission ; and vith reference to c a forest fire, it ty, to take such irpose he shall lich he acts for in five nor more IE. . 3086. 16 foresters, and rest commission, by, shall within I woods in any nd in such case rvisors, and the )ter twenty, of w of persons to srson so ordered , the foresters, said, who shall to punishment land for entry ig a forest fire, Eli. charge, may lie running of 1 or stream, or an advancing andil'^hil'VEtrofToSttn^ttl^^^^ ? ^T^^^^' - ^^-said, year, shall report to the forest commisln?},. . !""*.' xu ^''' °'°""«d within a the best of Sis information toTerherwiEtre'^^^^^^^^ area burned over, to destroyed, specifying the value of timW irn. P^^^^able amount of property wood, logs, bark or\ther forest nr^duct °T f. ™*^ be and amount of Lord- that have been burned. He shall flso mak« fn ''• -'"''"f' ^'"'^^es and buildings of the fires, if they can be aLerSned and i to^r.''' ^°'* ''P"''^^ *« ^^ecausfs most effectual in checking Erprogress A .tr;f^r.'''''P'"y^^^"^ returns by counties, and^f the Kmation asT l^*'"^ '"'"""^^ «^ *hese gathered by the forest commission shaUbeTnlL^ the same matter otherwise forest commission. '""«on. shall be included in the annual report of the What Railroad Companies Must Do.-Remove Grass, etc ^^^or^^^^^^^^^^^^ or forest each year cut and burn ofl^ or remove from JtsZh^Z ^*^*'' '^" *^^^« ^^^^hin inflammable material, but under Dronei rZ «L T.- ^"^^^' *" S"^^' bush, or are not liable to spread beyond coSS ' ^* *''"'' ^^"" ^^^ ^'^ ^^"8 set LOOOMOTIVES.-SPARK ARRESTERS,- ENGINEERS AND FiREMEN arrangements for preventing the esX of fire ttm 7h^^ ^^^"^^^^ ^^ «"ffi«ie"t netting of steel or iron wire uDon Sr «,;«L. If ^^^'^ ^""^"^^ o*" ash-pan and of fire. It shall be the l^of everv en.!"- ^ ^^^^ *he escape of sparks ocomotive to see that the appliance foTfhfl'' T^ ^'^^'^^^ employed upon a m use and applied, as far as ?rl:rbV^^a!l^i^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ Irl Not to Deposit Ashes, and to Report Fires ^{^^S:^SXl^^ f PpsU fire, coals or burning, or in danger from fire irsLlLZfrXtf-'^^^^ \'^' railro^'^Z next stopping place and the person in charteTfsS ^/T'^ ^}^ '^""^ ^^ heir measuresforextinguishingsKchtires^ '"*''' '^*'°° «haH take prompt Railroad Companies.--In Case op Fire companies shall emplov « «n^«,„p """j?". "^^.^^S^^ation nas revived, the "ailro-H extinguishment of ^fire. " And wre^^^S^fi^r^ • '' "^'^^^ for tliep omjt road they shall concentrate sulh help anTaSL "^T^ "«*'' '^' «"« oi thSr effectually arrest its progress. ^ ^^""^^ ""^'^ measures as shall most tU ', I 228 Railroad Companies.— Penalty for Neglect, Apf i!fl' 1^7 railroad company violating the provisions or requirements of this Act shall be liable to a fine of one hundred dollars for each ofience. Rules of Commission to be Posted. rules^ffr thp^nrrl?™™'f°"'^*"'.'^'^^.r "^"^ ^^^^^-^ practicable, cause rules tor the prevention and suppression of forest fires to be printed for postin^r Zni n?r' T'"-'"-"'^' '"^ ""'^'^ wood-working establishment Jumber camps and other places m such portions of the State as they may dee.n necessary Any person maliciously or wantonly defacing or destroying such not cershainl: hable to a fine of five dollar. It shall be the duty of Lest agents sup^^^^^^^^^^ and school-trustees to cause these rules, when received by thfm?o be proS posted, and replaced when lost or destroyed. propeu} Incenduries.— Penalties. to Ji ^kJ^^ P^"°° ""^ shall wilfully or negligently set fire to. or assist another Person wherebvX7lf'' -S'/'T' '*°^ ^^^"^'^^ ^ '^« ^tate or to another person, whereby the the said forests are injured or endangered or who suffer* any fire upon his own lands to escape or extend beyond the S thereof to th^ injury of the wood-lands of another: or of the State, shall be liS^le to a fine of not less than fifty dpi ars nor more than five hundred dollars, or to imprisonment o not less than thirty days, nor more than nix months. He shall also be Se in an action for all damages that may be caused by such fires ; such actions to be brought in any court of this Stato having jurisdiction thereon. Appropriation. § 32. Fifteen thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in itlnnf TnT*^-^*^''"^^'^ appropriated, for the purposes of thisTct And no StJon ""'" ^ "^'^ ^''''^ commissioners in excess of this appro- § 33. This Act shall take effect immediately. CHAPTER 37.— LAWS OF 1890. An Act to Authorize the Purchase ok Lands Located Witbin Such Counties as Include the Forest Preserve. do en?ct LToHows''-!''"'' '' ^^" '^°'*'' "P"""^^'^ '"^ «--*« -^ Assembly. Section 1. The forest commission, with the approval and concurrence of the commissioners of the land office, may purchase lands so locS wUhin such counties as include the forest preserve, as shall be available for the pu poses oTa =r^?t ir K^ -^^---^ certifie^S^J^r ile^r o/^/r 229 Within Such appraisers not to exee^d^^^^^^^^ lands appraised by one or more The expensrof such annraisal haST ' *° a- ^^^T^^ ^y that commission. not to^exceed three dXrierlvfor^SLS '" f' ?P^^'^«^«' necessary expenses incurred in Lph^.A ^'^\^'"'^ actually employed and the comptroller ind paid out of heTn/ ' ^""'l f P«f "« to be audited by the purpWs of th^ait bufno puie Prr;r''1, '?r ^ Legislature for the prev'ipus appropriations for Jhat^^urpose "^' '^"" ^' '"^'^ '"^ '^'^'^ «* State of New York. Executive Chambers, Albany, March 11, 1890. comprehensive measure oro vidinl fnr fh! ''^ ^t^-^u "^*'''"- , ^^ is not a broad and of the Adirondack Park ouplinn iTll "'ll a proper and complete solution more substaJ^tid and aSuatt met?^^^^ ^"^I *^^<^ '" *^'« ^^^^ future a object recommended fn my recTn^^^^^^^ accomplish the subject. ^ message to the legislature relating to this to such a ?:!u"^ 'P^"'^ '^^ '"^' ^" *^^ ^'^P-^^*-'^ that its enactment may lead DAVID B. HILL CHAPTER 556.— LAWS OF 1890. do e^trftlol"!!"'""' °* ^''»" ^'""'' -I--"»d to Senate and A^embly, 230 was sold, and thirtv-seven and on« hnlf Lt Y»cn tbe land to be redeemed sum paid for the deedTf anv „nTe I ^ "^ T^*"" *^^''«°"' together with the would represent tLTosa amlnt oA„^^^^^^ J^'f ^ '" ^T*'""' °^ ^ «"'" ^^^^ due thereon, provided ShadTen fJT! *°'^ "^^T'\ ^^""^ ^^"'^ '^^^^ been to file evSence of Lch ser^^^^^^ fi^ "^'"' the occupant or occ^ants thereof, and occunants and «ll .fT^ ^*^* ^®''^"® absolute, and the occupant and ^^^rTtr:^^u!l^,:^^ ^^ the said la.d, shall b^ fore^v"? repealed."^" ^'^ *"^ P*'*' °^ ^'^' inconsistent with this Act are hereby § 3 This Act shall take effect immediately. Firewardens. pondence is maintained "^^^^•^^^"s ^^ otticio, with each of whom a corres- ti.-m.elve, e,,„al to the r^,onsm&ri;,6^ig-^^;^Zi^t,\''::£:^l 231 ire care and preservation of This warrant reads as follows :— STATE OF NEW YORK. The Forest Commission, Albany, N. Y. Esq., ""^ ^^^^^"^ Commission, Albany, N. Y. 189 Town of County of "Act to establish a Forest Com- |»^ni„ accordance wTththe'pr^irfTh^ mission" etc., passed May 15 1885 limits o7yL^%C.ttthrr?tT"nS^^^^ «^« — -*»^- the sufficient force to assist you toLZit^' °^Y' '*?^**' *° P'^omptly notify a take charge of and to St the wnrW * P^^"" ."^^'^^ *h« ^re is buying, and to in the territory whom yofmav order to rfnT^ "^ extinguishing it. All persons by law to obey your order 3 ^n ^^'^^er you such assistance, are required to'your order i,^V statute liable to I'Tn? 7^"."?"^ if"^^ '' ^<^ ''^ ^beSience twenty dollars. ' *° *" ^''^ °^ °°* ^^ss than five nor more than town!it^mTe\f LTy'u^^rtv to"i; i^^ ''^'T^ '' °f^ ^« '" ^''^ -^Joining . if it were in your own town and' i^Z X'^^'^^'J^u^^*^" P'^«« °^ «««^h fire af within the limits of whLh such fir^ mav bf fT"' "^ ^^l^""" warden of the town discharge the same duties fh»Vvn.^ ' *"* ^^""*^ *h® ^™« authority and to your oL towHnS he at vTof'Thp'T"^''!? *%"T™« ^^^ ^^^^^-^-^^ i" yon will turn ov'er all charges Ttt Le to h?^^^^^ '' '^^' '°^°' "P«" ^^'''^ fires onyfy^e tfcorLTofTheT. '^ ^f' ^V^*^^ ^^^'^^i- «f ^-est all forests should be protected fir. fi State. The public welfare requires that After a forest Lrhastcumd fn vo^u^r^"'' *° ^^^'^ ^^f^ mayVlong. same to the forest commission stetinatCLfH '""«t'»ake a report of the OF acres burned over, t™e arunt aid nat"i^f tIJ ^'*'' ""^ ^^^ «'^«' '^^ "'^'"^er fire if known. ^ ^""^ "^t"*^^ °f *he damage, and the cause of the Fores? ComSon Act't' dtidYnfrT '' '^' '"^'^''^''^ -«- ^i the theron. is left to your own discr^tlo/- ffjf*.T" '""^ Are districts. Action commission, ^ aiscretion , but if taken, you should report it to the the metLToT pl^n'tL^J'lnd^lxHn^ regulations of this commission, governing known to the puW^ ToVat end tfwnl'lf ^°'''* ?'^' ^^'^"^^ ^^ ^^^e fullf the cards containing the printed ruCb^ ^' ""T"^^ *° ^""^' *"d keep posted, provisions of section SO of f h. hJ ^^^^^^g^o"*^ 3;our town, conformabfy to the wherever you may iudW it to llZ '"^"^'^^^'^ /"«•««* Commission Act. and public notification^ Such nosted .L« *'^ m order to accomplish a complete replaced at once The ca?df wi^bt V "^7'^^^/"^ supplied with them S ^Sti^n^toll/^Zmtit ^^^^ '''' ^^" ^^" «^^*^« ^« is appointer1ry;VXttVeiid:^n\^^^^^^ "1'^"*- '' *^^ ^^^^^ ^^ -^ich he hereafter change your rSdence to anot^^^^^^^ ^'"''^ "^T"^' "^ ^^ y°" ^'^^"^d once. ^ ^ residence to another town, please notify this commission at •i s 232 ,tr« 35 •" °/ !" firewarden is distinct from that of a forester. Firewardens are not required to discharge any duties except those necessary for the preven hon and extinction of forest fires, as before exjiained, and such other dutirfor a hke purpose as may be from time to time, assigned to them by this commissi «l,„l] ? P^"^^:?«i' by statute, that the pay of a firewarden forlis official serve,' H"JiH'''''f f^' !r. ?f ^r,?°H"''^ « ^^y f^'- *^>« «•"« that he may be Stul y Sn7 V ^"'^ ''? '^** f ^' '^^^^ °^ firewardens shall be paid by their respectivi h„r ;n ,V''u*° •'"'u'^'': *" y^""* ^"^« f^"" ^^'•^•"e^ to your town and if you whiph'lH/r£'°-'"^*' '1 tendered to you in reliance upon a recommendation in which this commission places confidence. Should you accept the appointment tSl rT,P fTvf ""'^^ •*''? letter and spirit of the forest commissftn Act. and S tne rules of the commission (both ot which you are asked to read cnrefully). and in a manner at once honourable to the forest commission and yoUrs> . or aIv,^!'"'^ enough to inform the commission immediately, whether you accept Z-lllT^^' r"/ *^PP°'°*"1«"<^ ; a"d in case that your acceptance is not forwarded withm thirty days from date, you will be understood as declining. By order of the Forest Commission. ' (L.S.) Secretary. Rules and Regulations. These are printed on heavy cards 12x16 inches. Latterly thev have been tTe nlLTd'h'-' "^"'^i"/-^ '^l^ '""'^"^^ ^^' ^'^"^'^ '"^re duUle.^he Is of the placards being posted in the woods, or on fences, school-houses and mills DosSd bv^r^P?'^ *" .^^ ^'"*^^^- ?''' l^'^^OO «f tl^««« rules have ™ee„ posted by the foresters and firewardens throughout the preserve counties and the commission believes that much of the immunity from fire is due to their general distribution. They have been an important aid in warning the careles and in educating the people in this particular warning tne careless, r..„al?"*^*.°l*5®. ^T^. ^'^.'i.^alue of these regulations is lost because there is no i:ri'uSiitei"^^^^^^^ '■ ^"' ''^ """^^^^'°" ^^ "^^ ^"^'^"^^^ '^^' RULKS FOR THE PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION OF FOREST FiRES AND FOR THE Protection of Forest Trees. (Established by the Forest Commission.) ir^rsrl' ^" F^''^''°f intending to light fires for the purposes of clearing or Sm i-T*/*^Tu""""' ^* '^r ^"^^^^'^"^ t° *he nearest firewarden bSo? such fire is lighted. They must also give notice to all owners or occuDants of adjoming lands at least forty- eight hours before lighting such fires whFchwiU be permitted only when the wind is favourable are in ftill^S ""^Dt ^^ara^ter before specified will be permitted until the trees ffuard th^m in^l fif fi ' -"'^ ^ wT "^'?*"^ competent persons must remain to guard them until the fire is completely extinguished. :l. Fires will be permitted for the purpose of cooking, warmth and insect smudges ; but before such fires are kindled, sufficient space trnTthe spot where the fire IS to be lighted must be cleared from all combustible materSl and before the placo ,s abandoned fire.s..o lighted must be thoroughlAuencl ed ' hibited '' *^°'' hereinbefore mentioned, Ire"^ absolutely pro- 233 AND FOR THE iromlhf "Ifo? «rlrotora,,dT„'ar'' TT' »"»-in« fl,., to originatl "ill be held re.,ponsib7o for r;ZJ "^ ' ""'' '" PT"" »■* ""'™<1 «!«' "ley from their carele'Lni, or n^le^,*'™''*" "' '"'"'f '° *» '»"»' "Wch may re,ui? the bounds of S^fwe prt^^^^^^^ *»y othe/laads within forest preserve, by cuSin/or carr^^^^^^ ^""1 ^^'''^^^•^' ^' ^^^^^^ed in the *nd pay the sum of twenV.fi veTuaiE ^<>'^^''^ away by him or underffiirlction ' '^ *^ '''*" ^" *="* °^ '^••"«'i From the Penal Code. in the wooiCd^TiKSg^^^^^ fo the place of fire with the order, is guilty o£ amiSllTt' 7 h'^H^^^^^ cuts dotn'tir;: oTi^eTatfwl^dlrtil^"^^^^^^^ P-- -^« -"f ""y has been cut down and TforSsTf loth^^nr'n/'^fif^'"^ ""i ^''^^'"^ •>^- ^^ich cuts down, girdles, or otherwise. ^njSres a friit S^drP^' "^ *^"®'**«' «^ 8tandmg on the lands of another or S^lhe DeoDle of tA ?' °™amental tree, imprisonment not exceeding three raonfhT rfr!fi .® ^^*®' '^ Punishable by and fifty dollars, or both. ' °' * ^"® "'^^^ exceeding two hundrea REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING ADIRONDACK PARK. Park among the Adirondack mountnin, ^ f *l*^^ '^'''■'' ^^ establishing a Jreat herebt'^d^eld'l'^a^tVTo2 "T''^^^ '«^«^* — -'- be and *ddreLd to thelegslaure ca^?in" TtttHn^/^l ^^^^^^ ^^ *'^« Governor. State park in and afoat the headwairs of Ch ^l '• ^^^^^ ^^ establishing a Adirondack wilderness, and IftTtrornLM, • ''■'^*''!?^ *^"''" sources in the such an undertaking, to reporfclrthe SatLT the possibilities of recommendations as to thpmc4pf-^^I^ %**^ conclusion thereon and its that end-either by bill or Serw£ ILSk '^'^-.^ ^ employed to accomplish the knowledge ofVe^ommt'ri^llZ^ *"^ P^S"'^^'^^ facts wfthin preseivation or extension, and S^Lf^t^rt tt n^mS^f^^att ^Z ^ 234 miles of land essentialto fulHlHng the requirements of a suitable reservation oi park, and the probable cost thereof, and to report also in regard to the other subjects referred to m said message of the Oovwnor." «5o,.„J^M*'°"r-''.'u"5onn°^"*J°/' ^tP"'"^''^ ^r <^^« committee wtvs passed by the Senate March oth, 1890, and by the Assembly, April 4th 1890 , The commission of State Parks made a report in 1873,from which the followincr 18 an extract, It has been shown that the forests protect and preserve the sprincrs and streams among them; and when we find individuals raanacrin/ their property in a reckless and selfish manner, without regard to the vested rights of others ,t becomes the duty of the State to interfere and to provide a remedy Here by ruthless destruction of the forest, thoughtless men are deprivin<^ the country of a water supply which has belonged to it from time immemorial and the public interests demand legislative protection. The canal interests of the btat€ are very great, and arc already suffering from this wrong. The water 8up^.Jy of the Champlain canal is entirely obtained from the streams of this wil<,erno8s. and the Erie canal, from Rome to Albany, is almost entirely supplied from the san^ . watershed. In the Hudson, near Troy and Albany, navigation at midsummer has become very difficult. The mill-owners at Glen's Falls and at other points find that their water supply is failing ; and the farmincr lands throughout the State suffer from storms and droughts of increasing severity It IS ot no consequence, that, through ignorance of the natural law governing rain * u K ?rv' "^^ ^^T hitherto permitted without protest, the injustice whicf they felt but the cause of which they did not understand. The State must apply the remedy, and to protect their interests preserve the forest. The great Adirondack forest has a powerful influence on the general climatology of the State ; upon the rainfall, winds and temperature, moderating storms, and equalizing through- out the year the amount of moisture carried by the atmosphere, controlling Ld inlHr"?!,'"?"^"'"^ i^^ P^??"' northerly winds, aiodifying their coldness and equalizing the temperature of the whole State." The commissioners say, in concluding their report :— o f " '^Al''® '** °° "®®,** ^^^^^7 expenditures save possibly in the improvement of a tew of the principal roads leading to the settlements. The forest is in itself a natural park, and it would be improper to think of enclosing and fencing it for It should be a common unto the people of the State. The question before your Commission is one of great importance to the State, and requires their further consideration. For the present we deem it advisable and recommend that the recided*^' """^ "^ *"*^ ^^^^ ^^ *^^ ^^^^ ^^ retained until that question be fnn^yS'^T/^^ r"'!"? u" P/''^'* ^^ *^® Legislature of 1890, the forest commission found itself confronted by four mam topics for its examination and decision feasible? establishment of a State park in the Adirondack wilderness Second— li it be, what shall be the area of the park ? Third— Wh&t lands shall be embraced within the park ? ^ourtA-How shall the lands that ought to be included within the park and not owned by the State, be acquired ? ^ ' A .survey of the actual condition of afl^airs showed that the region popularly known as the Adirondacks is diversely estimated at widely diflferent areas lakiug the most reliable data, the gross area of the Adirondack wilderness proper is shown now to be about 5.600 square miles, or 3,600,000 acres This includes Che area of water (lakes, ponds and rivers), overflowed lands, clearings' farms and some villages, or settlements. This area is by no means a comp^t tract, but lies in widely separated parcels, varying in extent from one-quarter of 235 of clubs or other asLiatfol and ptrS wT^hav?"^^^ an unknown nu.nber and parks in the woods for Dun,os?rnr^l ^ established private preserves How to consolidate the land^n Ea.^ tfZ" ^"'^ r^""'^" ^""^ ^^ ^Ll sites Only two methods were Ji^ oiltlZV S?"'^ ^1°*'? ** «^"°"« ^"^^tion. the land necessary to tormSe\lrSh^,u^^^^^^ domain ; the other that tSe State shouM a^co ,t tf 'T'^^^J '^' "S^' «f ^'"i"'^"* ^ A leading representative of the lumber n« .' ^1"*^^^^ P"""^^^^- forestry and timber supply Ld consul 1^^^^ ' ''.^ ^ ""'''" "^' «"^J««*^ ^^ country and in Europe said to ?h«^^!, '• "" * ™*".^'" ^^ ^^^^^ both in this practical side to this sJSjecfc that houfcHZ'^r''' '' " \'''"'' ^' ">« *hero is a this summer to make a sufficient stud v of ?lf ^T'^^'u^"*'"- ^ ^ave tried forests in general. I have sSed the Sern L « J^^y they have been managing nterested in it. If it is Sb e to rlisP ?W '^'*"'°J *"d ^ave become very m°ucK it would be the better way if the ^Z n°°v.^^ ^^?'^ '' °« q"««««« but what them, but it is a great quL L whe^ er thrsl^J '^' ^""^^ ""'"^^^^ ^"^ own be raised at once, and mv honris twl , ^ ™m?^^ ^^q"*''''^ for this could land can be bought at a^w p?iL say abouTtf .^" T\\ ^' ^'"^^^^ ^^ ^^^'^^ *be Bpruce to be taken out down to twefvLr f. ^ ^^. ^f""^^ *" *°'«' ""^^ allow the State would acquire the Ss «f „1 ?"''^rV ''''=^««-' ^^ that was done the twelve inch lin.?t inVft y^atto'u wZT^^^^^^^^ P"''% ^^.^P-- bel"; the and within fifteen or twenty-fivryears^I think ?.,r?''T' ^"*^^"8 ''^^^'^ be done. State could be paid for with iVtS and n-f A « ^ ? ^*"I*' purchased by the -forests that I have vi,sitedna?dWv"r *^^ ®^^*' "°*'^''>^- The German German government. I see no reason whT ''' T '7'" '"''"«" ^^"^•^ *« ^he same way. The trouble with u^is we are aJ^avs a S Tf' ^' ''''^'^ '" '^' thmg seventy-five years ahead. l7 you wIYto thl ? ^ f?'"^ '^"^ ^°' «°y- wanted to spend several millions of doCsTnH rl.-f- , ^^''^**"'"® '^"^ ^*'*J y«» would kill the whola thing What I am S ?\" ^''I'^ical questions came up. you come in. The land is no"Lned by th^ State sifnn '' '^' '"^^^^^^ *'•'' ^"""d to able to prevent any roads going through It' rnSS^K^T" ^7''' ^^^ ^*°^' V^" ^re they would increase the ?aluf of von7lJ-^ t^.k^', ^^^V^ tbey went through State the railroad cannot brstonDedThr^^^ If the land is not owned by the does hurt the Adirondals Kiv JJ;^^^^ but that railroading would bring the whole of the A^irondacks c^e'rl ^^^/^ going through is that it the advantage of the rich and the Zr alike TJfJ^''-'- x?'' ^°"^^ be for poor people an opportunity to go u^p Sere and nvJ^? 1 ^'"^^ f^' ^T "^^''^^ »° The people of the State of New York represented in Senate and Assembly do enact as follows : — ■^ Section (1) There shall be a State park established within the Counties of Hamilton. Herkimer, St. Lawrence. Franklin, Essex and Warren, which shall be known as the Adirondack park, and which shall, subject to the provisions of tliis S87 r^^^VZt^tZ'^^^^^^^ «hali have power, a. herein pro- ton, the Towns of NewCb Minerva tS'^^xr'^l''" ^^' bounty of Ham . Elba, St. Armand and W^IrninX^' ^^"^^ ^"""'^ Hudson, Keene. Nor h Harrietstown. Sant,i Clara AlZont' W ? ^^"nfcy^of Essex; the Towns of Franklin; the Town of Wih u t^n the^ouS ? u ^'■^^'^*''"' '" ^^e County of tT"u ^"^'^' ^''f^«" «"d Fine in the Countv c^^^^^ ' *'"' '^^"^"'^ "^' ^"P" Johnsburgh. Stony Creek and Thurman^n X,n P ' ^^'7^.? ' ^"^ the Towns if (^) In anv case where lanrf« Tl •? pou'ity of Warren. section two, th; purchase 7 ihct ands" w^ in'tf " -'^-^ *T"'^ ^P-'^^d in mssion, be advantageous to the State bi^^-t^"' ^P'^^'^" «f the /orest com- subwf '°r '^ *^^ ^"'^«^ ««'"'^iB«iorb; bou^hr^n'r"' f '^'^" ^PP«^' to tixe Bubjecttoleasesorrestrictions.ortotherk^hS advantageous terms unless mentioned, the forest commis ion may nmke aoon? T'^ " *r ^^^ '^^ hereinafte? ands, providing that the contract and "feLedTi !f ?«• the purchase of such thereof, shall be subject to such leases rlXlr or deeds to be made in pursuance be so purchased subject to any ^fght t ^t^^^ ^'^ ^ht. But no lands shall -ove any timber aft^r the .^^'!^'^^^:^LZS:fZ^^^ haviK'n *r!not£^^o^ ^rom time to time, due notice so much of the forest preserve ^Ts„ow nT'^ T^ P°^^^°» «*" the knds whhTn Count es of Clinton. F.Ston It^^ "0^^ Wot' ^^k^^ ^""^^^^ -^*hTS Franklin (except the Town of HarrieSto wn? w ^t • ^*'^'°^^°°' St. Lawrence Wilmurt). Essex («xcept the Towns of J ^'u^®',''""'"' («^cept the Town of l2:r''''^r4y^'^-^^^^^^ the Town of therefrom, all islands in Lake George an3„^K °^^a"«n (excepting, however ownership of which by the State {3';^! "'^'^- "P"" ^^^ «hore thereof) the Tnd ?]!? Pr^*^ the%urpose soight CtW; Z^'T l^ '^^ ^*^^«^* commission and eighty-three of the laws of eighteen hnndr«^' T ^l ''''^P*®^ two hundred ?L/i """'a f t?V«^ ^" ^'^^^ ««ction p ovMed shiff b^^^^ ^^jghty-five. The proceeds btate. and shall be held bv him ir, ^ 1 ^ be paid to the treasure? nf thi shall at all times be availaUe ?o thTZt'/""^ "'^^ ^ ' special deport, wh cj '^ %"str;redi^^^^^^^^^ ^" ^^^'^-^ in pursuance of anTcoXL^aul'tST^^^^^^^^^ -e to be delivered comptroller and may contairsuch restltTon ^°"''' ?"" ^« «^««"ted by the forest commission shlll deem to L pr^„o iW ""' covenants L the e%ht fii^P'^V^^ ^""^'^d '^^^ ei^Uy three Z^rT^^T^^t "^^ *^^« ^^t aT { ,,^?- . ^** contract made in Dur,n«n!l °/ eighteen hundred and the forest commission authorizing such con fr!?f a^ ""1^1 °^ the resolution of commissioners of the land office^ '*""''*"' *°^ ^^^ified by the clerk of the ll. 2.*J8 (0) Every conveyance executed in pursunnco of tliis ActHhall be certified by the attorney-jrHnHmi to be in confonnity with the contnu^t, an.l Hhull otherwi«e be approved by hirn as to form before the ttcce[)tance or delivery tiiereof. Every conveyance to be received by the forest conuuisMion, ami executed in pursuiince or under the autbority of tliig Act. hIwiII be made to the people of the State of rsew York a,s .rrantee and sliall Iw recorded in the proper county or counties, an.l Hha latter audi record, be delivered by the forest commission to the commissionern ot the lanil ottice to be treated as part of their archives. (7) Payment for the purchase of land authorized by this Act, shall be made upon the cortihcate of the forest commission and the audit of the comptroller from moneys appropriated by this Act for the purchase of land or from moneys received trom the sale of lands as provided in section four. Such expenses as may be necessarily incurred by the forest commission in the preliminary exami- nation ot lands purchased or sold under the authority of thi.-* Act, or in the examination of title of lands purchased under this Act, ami all other expenses incidental to the conveyances and purchases so made shall bo paid by the forest cominis.sion from the appropriations made from time to time for the purpose of such purchases, or from the fund established from the proceeds of the sale of lands as provided in section four. • u-^^ ^^^ '*"**^ "°^ owned, or which may hereafter be acquired by the State within the towns mentioned in section two of this Act (except such lands in border towns as may be sold in accordance with the provisions of section four) shall constitute the Adirondack park. The forest commission shall have the care, custody, control, and superintendence of the same, and shall have within the same and with reference thereto and every part thereof, and with reference to any acts committed thereon and persons committing the same, all the control, powers, duties, rights of action, and remedies now belonging oi which shall hereafter belong to the forest commission or the commissioners of the land office, within, or with reference to, the foiest preserve or any part thereof, or with reference to any acts committed therein, or persons committing the same. The forest com- nussion shall have power to prescribe and to enforce ordinances or regulations for the government and care for the Adirondack park, not inconsistent with the law.s of the State of New York, or for the licensing or regulation of guides or other persons who shall be usually engaged in business thereon ; to lay on paths and roads m the manner prescribed by law ; to appoint the superintendeni, uwpectors, foresters and all other officers or employees who are to be engaged in the care or administration of the park and to fix their compensation, the same to be payable, however, only out of the appropriations made from time to time for the expenses of the forest commission. (9) The forest commission shall have power to lease from time to time, as it may determine, tracts of land within the limits of the Adirondack park not exceedmg Hve acres in any one parcel to any person for the erection of camps or cottages for the use and accommodation of campers, such leases to be general in form except as to the term and amount of rental, and the term not to exceed five years, and the leases to contain strict conditions as to the cutting and protection of timber, the prevention of fires, and a reservation of a right of passage er the same for travellers at all proper and reasonable times, and to contain a covenant on the part of the lessee or lessees to observe the ordinances or regulations of the forest commission, theretofore prescribed or thereafter to be prescribed, as the same may be from time to time. No exclusive fishing or hunting privilo ^e shall be :n-anted to any such lessees. " (10) Except as in this act otherwise provided, the Adirondack park shall for all purposes, be deemed a part of the forest preserve. All laws for the pro- 2»9 be certified by hIkiII othurwiHo hereof. Every ' er the n a covenant lations of the jribed, as the pivi]^'^fe shall : park shall for the pro- e^i'^ii'th^S Er:;:i:et^:,l:,-PK'^' ^o tl. Adirondack park, ^'ct the sa,„e prosecutions a,,,l i 't ' 1' '"' ^''" /T'* '?"'"""^'"" '"av con- winch ,t ,s. or .shall bo or.titled t c /duct i s ihV'''"" ^''!^ -""- P'-"cee.lings. enco to ..„y portion of the forest preserve !i",'^''" ;"\"."^'"tain with refer- preserve an-, u„d shall be .lee.ne. fV.rl M V .. "''^■' ^"••''••'•'•^•n upon the forest a.s herein otherwise pr.,vid a ,", n'''' i"" T^'"" !'',« Adirondack' park ex^ , park shall be subjec to the san n ; V' '*'l""' f ''^"^ "1)"" the AdirondacV were committed u^on any^ ^r:^;,!^'^!^^;;!:^ '"''^'''' ^' '^^^^^ ^'^^ JO diijed !;; ttt":t'd;riti.rr:?r -'''^ 'r^ — --" •^'-■1. when they shall have all powers TthT.H.ri r ''^"T T'^ ^'^' protectors ; and asluch ectors have or shafi hav^, umt chanfe,'H;"e hw'^ ^^ 4'^'^ game and fish pro- anTf?^ ''^'t"^." ''""'''■«^' '^"'l <"iil'ty eShrand d'f *1^ ««v«„ty.seve„ of the and they shall fron, time to tii.m ., »L ^ i "^"^ ''^^ hereafter to be enacted p as that board may requir "noI "' i n [2"^' J" ^'^f eo'nmissioners c'Set' t F^'T^ *">' ^i«'a«on with n The Adbo .!« L *"'* r"^**!^"^ «*>»" ^^ construed of the State heretofore or here fter to £ «n . ^ ^^'^ ""^ '^'^ g'^'"^ and fish laws l^^ T.^{ '^' prohibition^., penalties oresf t T ^T^'''' ""^ ^^'^^ '^^ *« ^u^h by such fish and game laws. It^shall be the I. fl Zu^'^^^' ^^ be prescribed the concurrence and annrovRl nfthl ■ ■ ^"'^ °^ the forest commission wi^h enforcement within S Slolda^^^^^^^^^ ^o proXforle means as the forest commission shan 1? • '^"'''' ^'^ *°J ga^e laws by such " 7,S[ «\^" be provided bylaw '^'"" '''''' '" '^^^'«°" '« ^^^b otherTeans procid/ng^tthrfeT^^^^^^^^^ mendations with reference thereto as it Si r'''' ^"^ «ba^l make such recom- «hall state also in its annual report the nn^i "^'T ""'''■ ^^^ ^^^est commissTn 'mg the year under the provi, .o^nTof th.W ^^^^ *"".•' P"'-«^«««d and sold dur" paid or received, and III otrerinLmatSof il"*';'^ the same, the prices PUBLIC UTILITY OP THE PARK. •do not propose to dSuss the L titV:f'Z '^'^'^ ^^^ -^ the subject, we f the Acfirondack wildernerbT ^he ioSe ^'T^'^^r '^"•^v*^^ ^^ there 18 a demand for tJiis which is c^nK i ^^'^"gbout the entire State loca forestry associations, and by a^ene3"l^^"'^^^ ^ *^« new«papers,The ^sentiment. Among all the demands «mf' ^'f««.Pread expression of public •dissenting voice hJnot yet Se^rd If r??*" 'I ^*^°"' ^^ ^bis prefect a questions of detail only. ^" " ^^^^^ bave been such, they arose from teoting'fh^tSt^^^^^^^^^ with reference only to pro- ipetual timber suoplv. Rut w""!^^"'^ P-°'^?**''*» * ^"ture economic a^ "rgentiy demanded by the public for S"'"'''''" ^^ *^»« 'e'-ritory has'"bVen 240 It 18 immaterial whether it be called a park or a forest preserve, and its use as a pleasure or sanitary resort need not interfere with its management for fores- try purposes. The friends of the forestry movement, therefore, view with pleasure the agitation in favour of the Adirondack park, and welcome the promoters of that enterprise as needed allies in the work of acquiring the necessary land ^section three of the Act provides for the purchase of land on which there IS a growth of merchantable soft wood. Such fands are. for the most part owned by lumbernien who will not-in fact, could not. part with such lands without abandoning their business The State cannot acquire any tracts of this character except by the exercise d1 the right ot eminent domain, an arbitrary measure which should not be resorted to until all other methods have failed. Moreover, there is no reason to believe that a bill authorizing the condemnation of the property of the lunibermen in noithern New York could be passed. But the lumbermen have 80 far as we can learn, expressed a willingness to turn over {heir lands to the btate at a low price, provided they could have the privilege of removing the small proportion of trees comprising the merchantable soft wood. Now the lumbermen will certainly remove such timber from their lands, sooner or later and the forest commission see no possible way of preventing it. The only ques- tion 18 : Shall we secure these lands now, subject to the removal of the soft wood or wait until it is removed and then attempt to buy the land ? i. r "'^Pj several years' observation and experience in this very matter we STA t^ ^'^} r^^- 'T^* '"^ *^" ^***« P^y^'^g ^'S^^^- prices for these skme lands, the soft wood having been removed in the meantime iust the same Six years ago prominent lumbermen called at the office of the forest commission and \J^?A- *^ ,*'T'i?''^ ^ syndicate that would furnish the State half a million acres ot Adirondack forest land for the nominal sum of one dollar (not one dollar per acre) provided that they could have the privilege of removing the soft wood and be relieved of the taxes. We are now willing to pay $750,000 for the same land which was offered to us then for one dollar, and pay it subject to the same con- ditions. Further delay in this matter will only result in the State paying h-:-her prices and under more stringent conditions. It is the old story of the Sybilline *ooks Ihere seems to be some misapprehension as to the result of the clause permitting the removal of the soft wood. The trees which would be removed under the sanction oi section three of the proposed act would not exceed, on an average, eight trees to the acre. Their removal would not affect the general appearance of the forest, would not diminish the area of foliage, or lessen iti value as a protection to the watershed of our rivers. The hard wood trees and youncr evergreens would still remain. There would be many lots on which scarcely! tree would have been removed under this clause ; although there might be. here and there a few lots on which, by reason of the spruce growing Jn thick masses or so called clumps there would be a perceptible thinning. But even in the lat- ter case the young trees would in a few years attain a growth which would cover all traces of previous operations, and under a properly conducted forestry manage- ment, furnish future revenues to the State. J- »g« " This commission does not consider it necessary to argue in favour of a policy which has already received the sanction of the best thought of the country li 1873 a commission, headed by the late Governor Horatio Seymour, made a report strongly urging the reservation of the Adirondack wilderness. "On January 22 1890, Governor David B. HiU forwarded to the legislature a special report urging the establishment of an Adirondack park and the purchase -'. . -!— --™i^ ~, „ t"Upoac, nio mcaaagc ouiunmg suDstaatiallv the oro- visions adopted m the foregoing Act. In that message he urged that the limits, within which lands are to be obtained by the State for this purpose, should be 241 to seventy miles s<,uare, the m an a ea of 2847'oon ^ ' ''""'^^ 'l^ '"'•""^ ^^'y amended boundaries now propose Wth*.n5^^ 'i^ corresponding with tlie the State give pernussioVtVpe is Ur^ ''ri' ,«« also recommonderl that State lands ; and that s.nall a celH o 1 riTl. ^"'* '"'^^ ^"'"'"•^''" '^"•"P^ "P"" a moderate rental for such pSs s an J thir l'"'*"' '"^^"'''^ ^^^^t.ictioni a^ interest in preserving the fc^l'sts ir^.S 7.^ f "'''!P'"^'-^ ^ '"^^'-^ a» firewardens or foresters; ar that ho w 1 beauty, and would he the best of hou,e ^pj^onsoF ...ude,;.e';ncil:;::.^^;eir:^^:^e^r^; hy "^ "''"' ^ ^"'""'^•• creation of ...uch a pirk Z ! V ,?^? n^ ^ ' . v f ^^* J^ '' ^^'^"""^^^ that the whole cuntry. Th , .-H , f '^ '"'Calculable benefit to the State and the public reserviion, viu ^ T^e vo^erZl,?'', '^' summer resident for a grea find rest, reereatiou and rec^nrit^m 1/ m '' ^"'^ *'•'" ^°^'^"' "*' -i^ture ,nav beside the acknowled,,.] hSZ^Z'J^iZ %T' fT^' ^'^^'•' ^''^i^'nificanc^ can only he acconM.iisl,od h ^1^H era. ac^^^^^^^^ sanitary necessity Consifiration W ih r , '' '^^■^'"' P''"»'Pt'y taken, is a authority, finds \Loa^:^tTJ^'^: 'T'" ' ''^^'\ ^''^^>''i^^^ to e.uinent health and protection cd- vS^'omnr.^^^'^^^ vane and regard for the public upon the A,liron'■<>""- persistently urged that the 'isia ,o^ o Li 'i f ^'^*'-\^?^^'«. ""animously and that their action, when taken'SionlVl l ^ "^''^^^ '^^*'°" '" ^^^"'^ '"^tter, and "magnitude of the inte" sis i iwoS comprehensive and proportionate to the CatskiU. 1, ;.,,J^2^;;.^^^^ ,. ,.. deninnd special coMsi,lomtinrTh''-''''P'' ^'^ '''^'^ Hudson waterslied Sullivan L>ntain IlKulli ^who^ ^Z^Z^Ml'^T'^^T ^^^'"■' '>'^l--^-d streams that How to the M<,luuvl the r/i iJr , .)' '^l' '''''^''' ^^ important creek, which takes its ris ■ r Vh^Catsl tl^,?'/l"-' '^'' ^^'^ ''^^'^^■<^' '^^^'^ Schoharie northward an.l joins the \ ohav^. rIvI Tt V^ ^ '^^''^'^^ "^''^am that flows to the Hudson. '' Tins stiS i! „l fl-r* ^r^'"' ^'11, its waters Hewing thenTe Canal. The Esopns C^iJ k^ ^t iifirclSk^ll U P""?"^* ''''^''' *° ^^ ^^ie north and east ,)o„rs its wat e^ i r t o 1 . H,H Mountains and flowing to the valuable for its\vaterpnw!;;,/iel"i'^er/rr^ Saugerties This stream is situated n(..r its mouth. Th'e ea t and wol ) ^''^"tage by the manufactories east branch of the Delaware :Usoie We '^^itt^^^^ h '^"l '''?'''''?''■ ^^"^ ^'^^ acres ol forest lan.l in th.se fo„r counties' fhl l!, i, . u-^J'^^'^-^ '''^^^'^ ''O-OOO near Slide Mo^^in. in Ulster CoS^S Sgl^.f ^IlltJ n^i!:St^ ^" ^"^ ea.ly a.essn.e to ^^^^^^^ Z ^.S^ ^^^^^^^^^^ 'I'Jl 242 lyn on account of raccesslTi^^^^ ''/r. ^^^ and Brook- tions for people of moderate Ss"^ *'^' ^°^ '^''"■*^^" accommoda- C.ts^n!l::SL^Z^^^ acquisition of forest lands in the an important watershed '^ *'^ P ' 'P^'"'' *"^ f"^' *h« preservation of FOREST FIRES, Under this heading the Commissioners in their report for 18&1 sav — reports from every town in the State A l«rJ! „f\'"T^**''^ ^"^^^^o" to secure /will be noticed were checkef tton aft^ a t^^l^T^^^^^ damage was inflicted ; and the large number of such cases is enro, ' •/ "' ofthevalueandefficiencyoftheor^anization Tn^«f?f- .1 vidence was made to make the sLsticro^f SmX. p^rf uXtpTelr'^r^^^ a correspondence was maintained wifh fhA onn fl, j -^ , \. ^^ this end supervisors who act as such wi L tlTe towns outsiV1^7h^1'°''/"'^"'"°^ "^' *°^" woodlands thoucrhout the entire Stn/i wS ''"*''.'^^^^« forest preserve, all of the charge of the forest commissSi i n U & resoeet' ^T^^' '' ^ i ^''°^ ""'^'' "^' which had hitherto been cla meTrCuch Tn 1*^<^^« ^""^^ ^^^'^ not the ones a. originating in lumbeHnroperation or ^^e '' ^^^^ been reported The most frequent source is foiiml in nlW, f • • ''^^' ''^ ^"' choppers. ot fallows ; aL. ner"hV:JZi'L':f 'l^e 3^ S'aT^St c^se'"™^!!* methods and a more^ffective o^Lmntlnon t^r'" ^*' •'''""«^* ^'^^'^ ^^^ ^^^^^r country €ver to "A May 2n subsequi "Tl ing thei unobser\ emerge ; cowardly fact to ci lawless n passion o need not muttering this sour( "Frc ■causes we Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fn Fr( Fi( Frc Frc BVo Fro Theac recognized, following :- " Infor sought afte reports : — " The 5 their furnis' and cities, a highly nerv coniferous fc " The tt men as Dr. ; restored to environment animals, has region as a f 243 Adirondack and Brook- Lccommoda- ids in the ervation of y— dama244 from in.ipiJnt cnnsrmpti"n co.no KnJl . ''"'^ ^^ "^" Adirondaoks .sufferinr. State of Colorado. A^ a LTtIL m t.'r^'^f proportion only surpassed by it the value of tlii.s vo^non irrnos ^ > e .n d t ""'"K^'^^ "^" ^''"^ ^ork alone; loss wlKn-e to send ti.eir sutS "A en t .'"^ P-'o essional men will be at a a trip to Colorarlo or California In lels^^.o •■''■^"»^^''^' t^> W' the expenses of to the State .ds ..rrta,e ..:^^;^£:Z t^^^ ^^^^ ^« ^^ a^ent in lung atieetions. Pk^vritos _ evergreen forests as a therapeutic ^or^Z^^::Sir^%^^:^^ that eve,^reen that it is rendered anLiseJtic by ^h, che nic? . «""'ounding afnospher*;^ and «oing on in theiu, 1 inviti .tte^ft' n to ^e on h'i "'''''" • V'''^' "''■ '""'^tantlv therapeutic power. Such ^^n^^in^^"^ ^^i;^''. ^'"P'^ ""^7 explain their en.anations ' and < aronuitized atrnosnl e e ' ,1 Lt t '""";^"^'«. ' iualth -giving and meaningless as scientitic expla Sm Th , ''^'"'l'''' T ""'P*^^' ^'^^' the beneficial effects of pine S > "i.^i • ' ""? evidence, however, of The changes attributable 't " 1^'^: ^l^^^ ^' ^;;S! ^ ^^^^ ?^ unquestionable, the emanations of evero-reen foros/s «,- ,?»i ""^r'^.*^^^" "t air im|,regnated with is not only aseptic, but ar^i e Inad^ -u^tc'^HcV"'^"^"''' V"^* the'atmo.sphere a one fatal to germ life, but it U.^ime , / s sfi.'"?' f'^'T^ ^^'^^"^^^ '^ "'>' pl^ysiological processes within the hi" We .m^ l H H " f'" ' '".""^•™'^' antiseptic element of evergreen forests n ellm f f 1 "^ conclusion that this IS the product of the atinSsphercoxklitn? ^"1 "''■'' "^^' '^'"""1 elsewhere the local and oonstitutiona^Sc of tu Sn i^te Tl'^'"'"-'' ^' '' ''^'^'^' ^'^^^ as well as a stimulant. Its presence in the !/ i *^'"''*^ ^^^ powerful germicide, be questioned. Again, ozonris^alTtrbeprtrf ?''''" "^ ^^' P^"'^ ^^'^''^ ^'^""^t forest,, and the tneficial ot^SJ %"JS^T Sr^f!:!:: f '''' ^' '"i '''''^'''- substance alone. But it seems evident tlm thov. i , ^"T ^'"^''^'^'^ ^^ this exce.o^-o.oneintheatn.ospherJar tuJpet^^ ^'^'^^'^'^ '^^^-- - they ar^frit:S;;rt';,^:^S'r^ "^^^^^^ -i-tions. if not to the destruction of 'Se tubS tc iT ^'^/f ^"'f V'V^'jP'''^ P^'^'^"^"^-'^"^! of evergreen forests acts in a s m i a n ai i 'r ndf'"^. '''''* "'^* ^'"^ nt.nosjhere antiseptic agent which so snc^Zw^^^^'i^J^t/''"' *" P'"^'^ *''^* ^''e poisoning, is the peroxide of hydrogen ?i me 1 Z tT T ^T^''^' '^"'^ ^^P*'^ turpentine vapours. It is stated tlmtvW " lu ^*'""«Pheric exudation of exhalation of turpentine vapour and s never fJlT- ^^?- r^' '''^^' '^' ««"«^^»t m a proper proportion to the popu"a ion tbe U '7 ^"''*»' °*" '^^^ "listributed aseptic but antiseptic by natn^Jrowii S-oo.fss '"? '"""i '^" ^"^ ^'P^ ''^^ «^l^• than a certain amount of sunsfunrand mo ,' '" '?f"'-^'"* "* °*^''^'- "^^"ences. one to take his weak lun..s to an ant^t. . " ^^ . -f •' "^^^ P'^^^*'^'^ ^^ ^verv air of must localities antiseptic IwS tlie efo.". '' '^ ^''''^^'' '^ ''''^^''' ^^e importance of preserving our ever"ree tV, w ' TV'''^ -^^ *^^^' P"^^^« ^^e homes evergreen trees.'" ^^^igiten toiests, and ot cultivating al.out our 24.- THE CUTTING OF TIMBER FOR PULP WOOD. . of Jsir^f S::: Sf intt '; ";; r^ r^^r} ^^ ^^^ ^^ park to those in the wooded r n of O . ' an 71 T^^- '' '=«»'^^™«l. ^m analogous of the New York Fore.st Co mnnssbn ', ?^rn '' ^^^ P^^>»S extracts from the rq.ort the tendency tea ruxtural ,t 'n t^^^^^^ I'SO .relating to the wood-fulp induiry. etc, are interesting in yi.^^':^^^hatZt^ ■ ""''''^'•^'^7'-''^''l« circu.astances , " Tl,e inannfacture of paVer W ^Z'^^ "• "' °"'' '"'" ^'''''"''" ^ - this country. Its rapid devX .nt xn tt '" " •"•""'P'^'l^tively new industry in tion of valuable forest products d'„anH 'TT'''^ '''''''^"' in the oonsmnp- Ainevican forestry. Tlfe ntro luce on Kv J ?"'''''" "* ''"'y"''' interested in by .students of tl'e forestry Sr'uselh*'"^^ was regarded with satisfaction tain smalJ-.si.ed timber, thi s e of w?' ^^' "'"'"' "' '^''''' ^ '"''''^'^^ *'>»• «'''^-- management. The successful .1,?.,;., '-; '"-^cessary to au economie forestry European forests are due £ " l}'r I'e Icrjhl^r'^^ ''^ '}' .management .if that IS left after cuttin-.' the W s 'pV ?f. ? '' 'V"«'''^et r everything pulp industry encoura^d o a- Sst ' , ' /' ^ ''l-'^ '^^ ^'^^ ^''^'^"^ of the wood" lueation could now l-lided n f "'tl 'of'tlf:' H^-"'- 'P^'^^'T ^" ^"*- expense. ^"- ^a'e ot the thinnings would cover the yeru-s the amount of timb?,. ," "d ' for t is ! 'n "* ""T ^"^''''- ^^ ^'^^^ '^' ^ ^h* In the yearjust passed, 1891 the t ... ,^' J' '"' .^''ereased .500 per celit. ot Northern New York was emmi trn^ '''^"' ^"'P ^" *^'^^ ^freat Forest , , "It is not the incr^al d cSu » o;, 'A, ?'"'""'^ ^'.'^ ^'' '^'^ lauibermen. ^;t;^le, but the fact that the eS n o , u ^ ^"'■^?.P>:«' "«t t^'^t is so notice- Only a small amount of nub. Hn.K *"""'\"'^ consumed is taken from youno' trees ''y.innd.ering opemion^ ^S™ ami bd'"''"?' 'T *^ ^•'"'''^ ^^^ ^opsS owing to their 'excurrent o^ h on 1- tt 1"" Y''^' *''° "'^^^ ^"PPl>^ «nd available. =''''' '^^'' ^"^-^ ^^"^ tree trunks of these varieties are <^r^^r'r^^ I--t use timber whose the Bl.ck River use woo-l wit Td a.n ^ ,^l 1 ^" ^ ''''-'^ '''^''' ^^'' "^'^l'^ ^^^ be seen that the introductioi o f oo 1 mln ildl "%'^'l T^''- ^' ^^''^ *^^"« in economi,- forestry under nroner , ni ' ' ! ^'^ ""S'^"^ '^'^ >^ valuable factor •speedy extinction of the cinS "'^"^^^■^"'^"t ''""^J restrictions, now indicates a r^^"^^S^:i:;'l!'^^ '^r -tent of twenty-five per less each year. The mills n the H.pt'P''^'°" "^ P^P^^^' "'^^^^^ i« g^'owing some small second-growth nine He,n ti .'^'^^^\»«« «Pi-"ce, balsam, poplar and witl^ other kinds of wood ^l" makh tnlLnTHf '\''"' ^"*"^^' ^^'^<^" ""^-l can use one-third hemlock. Tarnc^-f^ T i'-' ^^'^'^T'^''' ^''« ^^'P^^'te mills a dark-coloured wood, and niake^a 1, V ^Uk"'"' '1 ''"'" quantities but it is used, nor any hn.r.K;ood. On t le H dsou t^-n' .'^T^ ^'^^''- ^^ ^-'^^^ ^« F;Ip timb.. „rthe 'Blirit ^^iT^^ t'^J'' ^f f ''^ counties, wnere a is cut into fnnv f-^^f i Vl i^awrenco and Lewis of the pulp fcimber cut in Lewis anrl ^Tr 7. " wooJ will prod„cS'only 1 800p„'und In a,"V "'■"'!^ '"<■«« ">■>' " =ord of used to a large extent in makfn^ S " ^ t' *K^ ".^"^^ ^^ indurated fibre " k bodies, furnit^ure, and humn:r''^,\tLr^^^^^^^ Oswego and Lockport which manrf«i. ^•'' '^*^'^^' *''^^''« are pulp mills at these mills do not obtain thet S" Ir ', T^"'' T^"*^^ «^ indura ed fibTe but pulp isalso used to some e. nJ'™'. „!"PP'>:. ^T'" ^'^^ Adirondack forest Wool his last pulp is also used osom: exSnf in ti: '"''^'K '^"" *'- Adirondack Lresc " Prof. B. E. FernoT ofth. P f manufacture of gun-powder annual reoort :-< WhTe th f Le ^f '''Lt>'"^".' ^* ^^hinjton. 'says in building, ,he latest ^orpedo ram of H I a l^-*"' ^'''^ superseded in shlT," WhSe'th-' ^^""'"^ ^"' -"wn'net%t":^raVt7h""^^ f P^'^^-^'- While this armour is to render the effect of !w i }? ^® similarly provided leaks, on the other hand bullets for rffl ^^"^ 'T disastrous by stoppinir u» products, sugar (^lucoseV l]Jl^ "'^ ^^^ "^^^^ from paperpuln Ofl"? resembling iLhiXh^'^^^^ An entire hotel has been lately built iriT„mhnn'^""^ manufactured from it pulp forms the basis, and it also folTrK^-' ^'/'"*">^' «f material of which and water proof for covering inl^ii^Stur''^ '' ' '""''''^^ '-« ^^^'^^^^^ pulp hatL|t^:ely^^^^^^ in the manufacture of wood the United States/ Wiscon n comfs neLt wf^h";^"''7' "-"^ ^^'^' ^37 mills in Maine, with twenty-four • and th^n m! ^ ' ^'^^. ^^^nty-six mills ; then comes e^h. Canada has'^.lso a'v'eJy ar" Suctio^ "" '?' T"7^^"^' with eight™" -IH besides supplying large^antiE^oTri^^rii^^^^^^^^^^^^ their eut-:^e'::;;f^',iZ t^te':i'tt^77 J^^' -^y^our mills draw known as the Adirondack woods" (pp'SUIvf"^'""" ^'^ ^''^' «^ ^^at k SPONTANEOUS RENEWAL OF THE FOREST. tenden^Tf tt%;S^^^^^^^ thwarted by the ravages of fire, the particularly the c^se where the previous cutt^no! J°™"V««'«"«rs note that th s is - _ma!! tr.e,. muicatmg that ,f this land is protected 247 W further damage by fire, it wil, in a short ti.e completely ..forest itself." is disa^rntinf Thet h'lo'xl'h"' ''' '''''''?'''' ^^ *^^ '^^^ ^'--^ the road scenerrwhichSnelxrcJfco,ee TL?n'" ^""" '-^'.^^d too iittlo of "the fores at farmin,., and the dSed condition o?^Z"r"*T '^^^*« unsuccessful efforts in some places have occurrj^l repeated^ ^"^ *'"' ^ the disastrous fires which Lake the road runs for ten miles th'n.h " ^k^^^ ^^^^ unpractised eye, shows nrdi m inution fiK^" ''■''^'-''^,''1 ^''''^ ^^'°h, to an lumberman cut off vearsfl-rofl^o I . ,'^ P^'n^val beauty. Thou<^h the trees to the ac^e^'tff li § ' ^::'^:t:^^^ Z^^ -cl pine.^they took^so few smaler evergreens that were left areZ^fA • .k ^'f *'°"'' *^'P*^"*"->' "^^ the cut." (p. 115). ^^^ '''^t *•« ^'^•'^t taking the place of those which were by thl'tl^b^:?^:^^^^^^ ^bout twenty-five years ago pleasure as they ride by/ tE t le TanT^^^ «^ith ^eing little in the presanfgrow h whilh woai I Zl^^t\y ^'^^'^''^^ted itself, there It differed from the original foreron tL . °r^' ^^ * ?^'"^' °^'*'^'-^«'- that areas in this country whrch have bin^l ,'^'?"-of "ding lands. There are large rapidly recovering t^hel Growth their n"'"'' '^ '?^''^*' '^"'•"«'-«' ^ut which are outlook for the future welZe of tt Cst! ^''^'^\%\ fording an encouraging responfi&Thl;::tlfai^^^^^^^^^^ kilns, which are distance. The fore.st was cut he Jebv )?.!>? ^Tu*"^ '"^ ^'*^«^ ^'^^ ^"v quite a and small, was removed • but the land L now ''''^' ^T'^'^ ^""^ ^^^^^^ tree large growth. ' '"^ '*"^ '« no«^ covered with a promising second reforLuKiVcIlTieS^an^w^^^^ ''""t ^^^°^ ^^^ cleared for charcoal which have been denuded Krelrt„n„M T^!' ^"'"-^^^^ '-"'''^th, than those bles somewhat the coppice system whth t'^^' t^e cutting for charcoal resem- forest management; and so. Cst oUhe stulsTVl '"Jk T^'^'^f^ methods of sprouted persistently, and yielded a secondTo-ft '^^ ^llf. ^^arcoal axemen have nal varieties, so far as the deciduous trlp?o ^ *^ exhibiting most of the origi- has been destroyed by success^^e bnrnf T'^'^^^- But where the forfst scorched to reproduce the farmer trees anl^o^V, '7^ T^ r'^' ^'' ^«° ^adly * inferior crop of small poplars and bird l! • ^ ^^r^ ^^^""'''^^ itself with an County a good opportunity's oCd for stud 'ir ^" "^fT^ *^^«"g^' ^ssex ural reforestation '- (pp. igg.iyo)^^"^ *°^ 'Studying .some of those phases of nat- passes ^htrgHaJge^trttof It^^^^^^ '7,^^^r> 26. and for six miles- acquired through defaulted taxes in 1877 Sn2 t.v%*"T'J,^^'P ^*^^"S ^een by fire, but it was not burned so bldly but thl? U t '" ^*°? ^^ ^'''^ ^'«"»d«d these burned tracts there is one in mvMl i , ^ "?J^ reforesting itself. Of m reforestation, owing to a Sari f n ^h""^"'^' "^'''^." ^"^ small poplar and cherry which spran Jun i^n. ^^ f^'^'c ^^" ^^'^^ g^^^th of dying off and disappeaLg; but H?ftSrnT'h*^*'^^ ^^*^ *^ ^'^ ^' ''^Pidly vigorous growth of spruce^and balsam '"^ succeeded by a promising ii^^. r^. ^r;:;e trt^^^-^^^^^^ ^^ -posed 248 that run: S "Ir^r^t ?hZVtt^ ^^'^'f'''^ '^' "^ »'-? ^l.e road south eastern boundary of ^^e p^'^^riS kr\va'''"'''''P',"^*^"/^ ^"^ "^'^^ *he farmin^rpurnosos; but it was abam one a';/ : ' ''' ""'" ^'^^'"^^ "^"^ used for crop of coniLrs. Had these lanrSrdenuded ^- « ''''''Srow', ^vith a thrifty resulting crop of trees would have bTen of a dinC^'T' T*^?'''^^^ fanning, thi chernes would probably have appeared in h. *' r'''"^A ^''P'a'-s and pin pound, and destroys every hidden sld O ""''• 7'^",^^'" ^"™« '"^o the known agencies are%ubs4enly deposited on ?' "'-f'' ^H'^"*^"*^'' "^^^ ^^'^" poplar and bird cherry are the onlv on.l f. . •n''"'^ surface, of which the fruitful soil." (pp. 197.8) y ''°^' *''^^ "'^'^ germinate in the then un- Tl report i '"I wonder questioi 'T C'llorad rivers o Oallatin ^'issour: or spout mainly Idaho" ar salses, lii the ancit the re^-io and Rod "It of these covered ^ Pacific CO eruptions HerculaiH been crusl or other v " Her unearth tl: log of stor with amot; which, for art. " Man^ sparkling ] lization, bu the closing than a groi continental mountain r Lake, whic Washington along foami: sulphur basi mg Pagan 1 truly mystic "Theai tailed deer, mountain li( rabbits, rats, muskrat, etc. THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. his i»J.SMjun-M,.s,s,,s.sippi Atlantic waters to fl f'/"'' ''*^'"^^ hmnchos of the ™f r;:f s^- --- ,irr ? '" ^- ^S;.''ZMs:;sl Idaho and Montana. There iLnT' n i'^"7 '?'* '^'^" ^mbracin-.p^rt "f'f of tho *'■'" ^'"^^"^ f ^^^t '^t some su som,7n K . '^^^'^^ ""^'^^t ^^^- ^^^^s^:c!!i '^!^::!:::zr^ p^f^y ^-^be- «. coat it wuh 1 zation but they are all clearlv /l,\ "„! i '"^"/ beautiful forms of vvxZn] the closino; eruptive period. SPs wt "S' T"*' -'"^'"'^ "'"^^^ inferio to thJse of than a group of smaller ones pa tiZ T 7>^"?'' ' ''^^^y J««« one lar 'e nark contmental divide, much low^r^XeUVI /^"^;,'''''"*^f "?«» both sides of^the uiT'ZlT'"'- ^'-^ -'-•«.- a5Sp'X^ - nearly unbroken surroundLg Washing n n T'"' ^^'^00 f^et or near v all? •?' u- \* '^^ ^'ellowstonf sulphur bas „s, and spouting geX S^'^hT- f"'P"'''^ ^^ ^^^e his.inSn.' fciSr ^-- «--- - -^«i?rx:^thr^;i^-~ III >f|!| 260 Tim HER of the Pauk. terraces. It is often "bund f n,n /hri' f F f f •°'^,.^''"^' ""^ °^^«'' ^'"^^^^6,1 and fiftv feet in hpk,ir«n/ ^ rt" ^T ^""^^ '" !' -^J"'-^ pine rivalling in symmetrical beauty the white pine of the exst hnf r?he ew'li^'"'' ""^ '"'"'^^"* '" ^i""^**^' '« the prevail ng t n ber o mos among it on horseback exceedingh^diSt when ^ Jndin/rd n^^^^^ travellmg ble when burned and fallen, as it is oveTrar^rarlrof tl,.^ ^1 ^'^ ™P°'"' very' WiSutaXlt'?*'™' '""" """• "{ *« All'ShaniM, is abundant ami "Poplar or aspen is found in dense thickets among the sheltered foot hill. varielie, being for the food use of Wer orfor Lv *" """"' Lake; YelloN hereby laws o pleasu who n1 herein! Sc Secretfl and pu tho car preserv, curiosit conditio Th( terms n( park fiH all of th liom ani the mac therein. found wi of merch same aftt be authoi carry out Appi Now are mainh of catarac matchless, Act of Dedication. follows^:-^"* ^^ ""^''^ '^' Yellowstone Park was dedicated or set apart is as Yellottrne mltriV^uS^^^^^^^ '' ^^°^ ^^^^^ "«^^ ^^« ^-^ -^^ o^ ^^e Sf«tP^V^^°**'-*'^'^- ^?i ^^^ ^"'*^^ ^"^ H°"«« «f Representatives of the United nf Mnn?! '^'"Tw''' ^-^"^^f"?' assembled, that the trict of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming lying near the head waters of the Yellowstone W S^verwSi'l YenlT;^"'*^-?""'^?^ '' ^^^ junction of Ga'rdiS Kiver witii the Yellowstone River and running east to the meridian oassinff ten miles to the eastward of the most eastern point of Yellowstone Lake thence south along the said meridian to the parallel of latitude passing ten mnesaoS of the most southern pomt of Yellowstone Lake ; thence west Song sLid parSel to the meridian paasmg fifteen milea west of the most western point of Madison Then stone Park 1st. a: tor purpose strictly prol made outsic 2nd. P ever, are rec necessary to except for n 3rd. No superintende 4th. Br( in the vicinit avvjij, or sai( superintendei owing in the ber noar the iher elevated one hundred the iriv^^iilai- 'crior quality )untivin,s near ,ck tir, and is ■^^orway pint- 'n timber for i is abundant the east, but nber of most ^s and canon g travelling irly impossi- oving one oi )y roads and 3er, shingles, jundant and Bd over the ed, but with sd foot-hills. found, and last named apart is as aters of the the United Territories tone River, Gardiner's passing ten ike, thence miles south aid parallel of Madison Xjaice I thence nnrf li i " ■^~-— — — ^^^:=^e^^^--^^^^j_^ ploMiire i-i-ouml 7,' H u' ""i' ''='l«te "'^^^'^^ ^ The Secretary ,„ay in hi ■ r . '" """' "^'"^"' ^^^^."IS^^it-- -'^^^^^^^^ ^i'clingp,,,^, ^r all of the prnS ' ?/ -7?*^'"" "*" buiklin-s for t1,« „1 ' '"f"' P^'^^*^"^ '" «aid same after the DassnTO„f.i,-.'"'" "'^ MMe all „.,,„„?, Mr. the purpose be authorized tftokfalf*',' '^«' '" I'' ■'emoved ,e?„K >y '°« V^" ""' earry out the nl,r„r !."'''' '"easures as shall iT™™"™'. and generally shall -H,ess,.th.u:;r*fctf;KvSi^ Rules and Regulations. rSiiSS!^=,;!;\St"- -^ the Vello. for purposes of recreation !^^ I trapping within the limit^nf "fT strictly prohibit*.,] Ill ''''; ^'^ «"PPly food for visifT '^^^ P^rk, except ""tA-rr^- «-'"' "■ "" ""' ™" ^ -i **i,;'thT?ar\^ 'nSCr: " ""' ^" '^^ -^ -- « -'- -- Jth injhe vic,„iS;oVThetSrr °';4-«- borda. or deposit, „„,.. ««^:trLss;i^r-"^-^-ci"r=^^ ^52 otli. No peisoi) will )w pfrmitteil to ivsidt' pcrnianently witliin the liiuitt of thu park without poniiission from tlio F)opiiitiiu'nt <>f the Intorior, ami nnv poison now Itvinj; within th.- park shtill vacnt.' the pifinmeH oceupiiMl bv him within thirty (lays after ImviiiLf hooii sorve.! with a writton notice so to do'Ly thu Mipi-i- intemlent or his deputy, sahl notice to be serve.l upon him in p.^o the removim; of mineral deposits, natural euiiosities or wondev,s,or the displaeeinenf_of the s-ii.ie fi i their natural condition. (2) P.rmi.ssion to ti the necessary timber fnr purposes of fuel ami .such tern- poiary buildiiijis as niny be refpiired for shelter ami like uses, and for the collection of such specimens of mitural curio.sities as can I'e removed witln.iit injuiy to the natural featuies or beauty of the u'lounds, nuist be obtained from the supermteiidenl, and nui.st lie ."ubjeet at all times to his Mipervision and control. (M) Kires shall only lie kindled when uetually noee.ssarv, an. I shall be nnnie.liately eidinouished u hen no lon-er rocjuircd. Under "'no circumstances must they be lett burning' when the place where they have been kindled shall be vacated by the pmty rKpiirino' their use. (4) Hunting, traiipino, and tishinjr, except for purpo.ses of procuring food for visitors nf actual lesideiits, are prohibited by law ; and no sales of <,'ame or fish taken inside the park shall bo ma.lo for i)urposes of profit within it " boundaries or elsewnere. (o) No person will be permittee! to reside pormanentlv witliin the park with()nt permission from the Department of the Interior ; amfanv l'ers..n residin- thereincxeeptunderlense, as provided in section 2,i7;') of the Revised Statutes" shall vacate th.' premise.s within tliirty days after bein.,' notified in writiie' so tn do by the person in charj,fe ; notice to be served upon him in iierson or left at his place oi residence. (6) Tlir salt: of ivtojicatin;/ Uijuoi'fi in strir/h/ prohih'Ucd (7) All per.sons trespassinywithin the domain of said park, or violatin--- anv the forcgoin,' rules, will be summarily removed therefrom by the superinttmdeiit and ins authorized employees, who are, by direction of the Secretary of the Interior, .specially desiofnated to carry into effect, all neces.saiy regulations for the protection and preservation of the park, as rei]uir<'d by the Statute • which expres.sly provides that the same " shall be under the exchusive control of the Secretary of the Intei ior, whose duty it .shall be to make and publish .such rules and regulations as he shall deem necessary or proper," and who, "generally, shall bo authorized to take all such measures a.s sliall be nece.ssary or proper to 'fully carry out the the objects and purposes of this Act." _ Resi.stance to the authority of the superintendent or repetition of any otlence again.st the foregoing regulations, .shall subject the outHt.s of such offenders and all prohibited arti-^les to seizure, at the discretion of the superintendent or his assistant in charge. Approved, S. J. KiRKWooD, 1'. W. Xoimis. Secretary, Superintendent. AN A( W parts 01 on acco iniporta it enact •\ii '^rict know II oast; .-,Ii th;rty. ;t ' 'itloinei and set t of the p,. '"■ any p; el's and r Sect 'Seeretarv and pubi the can! ; pi'eseiN'at w«nder.s ■Secretiry e.vceediiig places in dation of v dor i Veil iV( direction i therein. II within sail nil rchandi.' after till' |) authorized out tlie obj, Passeil teinber 2.";tl :.lio liiiiit'4 of ^^ ACT T„ SCT APAUT A (lEHTAtN TR.VOT OP rA»n ,v . "F ,-Ar.,PORN,A AS A m,.^' ^tuK "" '""'' fh'i;. ^'I'^yM' <'i,i,'lit.-on, soith mil.... f!7 rK '''^'■'"'•''^' nn.nl.on.,! thirty -^ ■n.astofAfom>tl)ial^ to...ter ...HI,, ,«,„."- °' "=P'-««"ta.ivc.,, Au,.„.,t ijrd, 1S90 ; «pp„veof danger. In Saxon times, all beasts and birds that were wild by nature, were wholly the property of the king on whosever land or grounds they were found, whether any part of the realm, as well those that were out of the forests, cha.ses, and warrens, as those that remained within any of them ; so that it was not lawful for any man to kill, take, or hunt within his own ground ; and if anyone did so, he was liable to be punished for the same. This law continued till Canute the Dane came to the English crown, who it appears appointed certain forests and chases and fixed their limits the first year of his reign. For the preservation of his own forests he made particular laws at Winchester, from which the following extracts are translated : — (1) "Let there be then four men of the higher class who shall have the right, according to the custom which the English call pecjened, followed in each Province of my kingdom, of distributing justice and of inflicting punishment, and of all matters concerning the forest, before all my people, whether English or Danes, throughout all the kingdoms of England ; which four we order to be called primarii forestce, chiefs (or earls) of the forest. (2) Let there be under each of these, four of the middling class of men; (which the English call lespegend, but the Danes >/oong men, and which would now be called yoemen, or perhaps, esquires) who shall undertake the care and custody as well of vert as of venison. (S) In administering justice, these {yoong men) shall not interfere in the least ; .-md such middling persons, after having had the cave of the wild animals, shall be held always as gentlemen, which the Danes call ealdermen. (4) . which th the night (5) J our forest («,7, , (9) i laghe) hu the forest. them, as ■ and wisdo happen, (I, royal ange (28) I chiefs of infringemei ^ (29) E food for th pay to the (30) I open grounc ing intrudei to have it. (31 to ; stood as apj I As the deer I deemed to 1 same class ol though the t of forestage, The law though in pi I than the wil J others encam I Friday the ri I employed in i I are built, by f I ^ The Mag] I February 10, I Msny lib( |cutting of wo( The 13tli ■cutting and ci |the forest. In the 17 forests, but the In the 3.5 1 jpiincipally resj ration of timh Pnowing the g fnglaud, and t peat and manij CU tr, •?4\ w'ierever I think proner deemed to hdonir tn tul n ' ^ consequently the ricrht of k!, ^- ^,° ^^ kept, same class of S*it£,^'*r"' *''« ^^''^^^ them elveVll h?*'"! *'''^"' ^«^« Friday the nLetel h o YunTlTi?"^^'?-""^^^ from Mond ^ he fifT:/^"^ employed in roui?h hp L;^ *u ?' ^^^'^ ' '^"""ff which timo^Tu^ fifteenth to febr„a,y 10 1225. ''''"'■^ '"■. Chap. 21, „„ th, pj„ J The latl, of Kari ihrin '^f™'*™'''}' folt- " ™"''" ™ fcr" --^^"^ -^. ''""^wa^?o^J^„?„rh■rv™*^e^^"^H.,„. J In the 17th and 2-,fh .f w '^^P'^'"'' °*" 256 ships, as for firewooci ; it is enucteti, that in copse of nnderwood felled at twenty- four years' growth tliei'e shall be left twelve standrells or store oaks, oneachacru, or in default of oaks, so luiuiy elm, ash, or beech, etc., and that they be of such as' are likely trees for timber, and such as have been left at former fellings, if there have been any left befoi'e ; under pain of forfeiting 3s. 4d., for every such standard not left, one half to the crown, and tlie other to the party who may inform and may choose to sue for it in any court of record, which might be done as in an action for debt. Wlien cut under fourteen years' growth, "the grouns. -id. per rood per month as before." In the County of Cornwall, witiiin two miles of the sea, trees might be felled when dead on the top. Xo wood containing fewo or more acres, at the distance of two furlongs from the hou.se of the owner was to I)e cut down Ander the [lain of forfeiture of ten pounds for every acre of woodland so destroyed. Woods felled under fourteen years were aftei'wards not to have colts or calves put into them till eight years after cutting and encloj^ing. Mo^t ^i these acts of Henry, etc., were only tempor- ary till the l.'ith of Elizabeth, Chap. 25, when the time of protection was enlarged anil tlie whole made permanent. By the 7th of Edward Vt., Chap. 7, the Act of the 3.5th of Henry VIII., Chap, 3, was confirmed, and a little modified. It was then enacted, that every tale.shide (bundle of eleft wood) be four feet long beside the carfe ; and if named one, to Ije marked one, and to be sixteen inches circumference within a foot of the middle ; if two, m irked two, and twenty-three inches girt; if three, marked as such, and to be twenty-eight inches girt; if four, to girt thirty-three in. hes ; if five, to girt thirty-eight inches ; and so on in proportion. Billet wood was to be three feet four iiiches in length. the single one, to be seventeen inches and a half in girt, and erery billet of one cast as they term the mark, to l)e teh inches about ; and of two cast, to lie four- teen inches girt, and to be marked within six inches of the middle, unle.'is for the private use of the owner. lOvery bound lagot should be three feet long, and tlf band twentj'^-four inches in circumference beside the knot. Thi-i Act was prin- cipally for London, but the KJrd of Elizabeth, Chap. 14, rendered the statute more gen(!ral ; and ordered that the fagots should be every stick three feet in length e.Kcept one to hai'deii and wedge the bin(iin,g of it. This was to prevent the abu.se, then nmch practised, of filling the middle with short .sticks. These Acts were confirmed by the 0th of Anne, Chap. 15, and the 10th ol the .same- reign. Chap. 0, diiecls that the* assize of billet shall not extend to beech, but that these shall not be sold in London or Westminster, unless the vendor make them of the same size as rec^uired. by the Statutes for other wood. Chap. 17 of the 7th of Edward VI.. is an Act for prcvnting unlawful hunting in parks, places, forests, etc. ; and confirms the 38th of Heniy VIII. The 2n(l and 3rd of Philip and Mary, Chap. 2, contirms that of Henry 7th and of the iOth of Henry VIII. ; and in tlie 27th of Elizabeth, there is another Act to the same effect, nearly as that of Henry VIII., which was then made per- manent; and to render it still more complete and effectual in promoting improve- ment, it further enacts, that timber of twenty-two years' growth shall be exempted from tithes. By the Ist of Elizabeth, timber .shall not be felled for iron-worker.s of the 1 sea or t other E every ti before. Sec the wol( By or spoil oath of shall be same pu The tanners, enacted, that no where th barking i mills ex( upon pai And by I spoiled tl it is then for the us season ex gain, or c( out of th( under paii be cut) fo: party, of ^ whole of I Thol more effeci of wood t officers of way conve young tree broom or fi Chap. tion of tin] enclosed. the said ei authority a for sale mu this Act sul The enclose person whai not above ei Proviso nage shall b( privileges tc Coal mines i 17 (f 257 other navigable river or ireek Silfi^"" r%' "r'?; ^y-o. Tee,, Tre.it, or any every tree. „.e .„.t, to the O^ol-'^.^'t^ IX't^nX^j^-f^^l^^^^^ the |lZrL!tt*y?J-^Ii' '" ^"' '- ">« P— tion „, «„ber i„ oath of one or more witueLes if thev e»„nT "^u'"«' ""<' ^ convicted by the Bhall be whipped, Receiv r it wool TcS S™'" "'"""'r ™iuired,^hey same punishment, '° °"'' knowing it to be so, to incur the tanne'it^'urriejJi^^^ respecting bark, a. it relates to enacted, that no person SulLt^r t^^'lTtrk '^'^^ ^^ ^ec. 19, it is that no person shall fell or «a.,«« +^k Vn j "^^ *^ ^®'' «&»'»• By Sec 20 where th'e bark is wUh two sMl ni^^L^ SadT '"' ^''1^'"' *° ^« b:rke1; barkmg and peeling, timber toT eTploved n hnS' ^^^^/^^^^ the charges of mills excepted, but between the S day of An n °^ ^^^d repairing houset and upon pam of forfeiture of every suohYt^ ^' ^I"^ *^® ^"^^ day of June And by Sec. 21. for the bet er UervaJfo^ Jrtimh ^'ft t^l ^*'"« *hereo?: spoiled through the desire of gain ?r?ra thlTnn ?^''' ^""^'''^ ^^ *he takers is .t IS therefore enacted, that noTke^u -vevo? Z ^"P',f ^^^ of timber trees) for the use of the Crown any o^k S^e^s 3 to fe ^ their deputies, shall f e 1 season except for the purposes before mentfoned- or ,^l^'^' ^"* ^° ^he ba.king gam, or commodity, by any to^or Ion nr Ko t' ?• ^^^ **' ^««eive any profit out of the barking season fand then ^on?^ thos;1 "Y.^T^ ^. ^' ^^^en ?r cut under pam of forfeiture to the party aSv^^^^^^^^^^ *?' ^'''^' bouse or ships, be cut) for every tree so felled forty swEs ind ?f lIT f V^^,*'^^ ^''^ ™^y party, of whom such tree shall hn faW ! ^V •*" ,/t shall be lawful for everv ""^ T."' ,'?t 'r^' ""'"i* 'ti^n^iX ~Sl7on 'o'r^^*' '"f "■* '"P »' ^ Tho 15th of Charles II Chnn v r ^°™™»s*Jon or other matter. more effective ; and VZ^ ?. rtLrV 'i^hment o:'"'" '^\'''^ '' ^'-^beth of wood tends to destroy the Comm?nweahh 'iMf^ officers of justice may apprehend even on?u Lion of S"' •'" ^'"'^^^^ ^^^^ the way conveyed any burden or bundle of 3 of ^ V'".^ carried, or in any tion ol'Zt:\X:i'o:L ?' Di:n"'^U:„^f ^^^ *!S^ --- -^ P-rva. enciosed. Commissioners may seirdpnA it? . thousand acres are directed to be the said enclosures. WheT^d Low S^ul S/k T^.' ^««^ ^"<^ "^'^^«taJn authority as much shall be enclosed an^ iZ L ^' J^J"* °P«"' »«d by what or s.Ue must be viewed and marked by hT tZeT'^fl' ^'"'^'f' ^ood fiS this Act subjects the party offending tn th! J™es. Cutting wood contrary to The enclosed land tcf be^arrSrSted^ ^^^^^^^ "mentioned in former aVs person whatever to be null and void The k^l^'*^*"' ?^^'^ °"t of it to any not above eight hundred. ^^ ^'°^ ""*3^ ''etain game of deer but ^^.^pi'^t:^^^^^^^ remitted; pan- pn vileges to be enjoyed. Letters patent for ceVtain wood ^"'^ 5" ^^*' '"*"»«'• *" Goal mines and grindstone quarries may be leased! *" """^ ''°'^' «*^«d. 17 (F.) h|i 258 or beech tree in the forest rh«!l«1 L? . u ' '^ ^^^^.X browse or lop any oak are mostly in parts mountainous and ^em^frrm na^e te^^^^^^ '*T ,uau5VL°o.e?S.'' "" "' '^'"»^ '■• ""«" P"«™'" exaa.i„.ti„„ i„to the from thlTrKS wi£„ !^„1 -"T ''"''f *?•""»* » °""l« >?coverable real offen,S * °°""" "°"' " *«"«'' """l ~nviets the .fflce?rh.1.1™?tZ'iltl''Llfth:T«S^'' t^^"'.""" '^^ -P««"»" mentioned, Me of oood auaufv In it ■>,.„ ""'*•'■,<'[. "^'^h tar is partieulaily being imported from iZrii. Z^LT^^ ""I"' '™'""' *™ enumerated as consMuenM of \h2rbeinTVr„^rS5 t°* r"" ■°'''' ""'»»'=»'. pine.ete.; and in ■^ "' "' ^■a'^' " 'S ouot'od that due encouragement be given le pre8erva<;ion hundred acres, being set out rly for twenty d is not to be closures not to r lop any oak housand paces tted as rogues nd other pine Lchusetts Bay, md the new England, New U presume to sts, not being t twenty-four royal license 36 oae moiety same in any cut with the Ice any mark the importa- nd thence to orth Britain, ch, tar, resin, I naval stores therefore for lakiug roads )diou8 to the ts in North e be given a £3, of masts ustom house 48, for the T setting fire i;ion into the 'agement of recoverable ionvicts the J inspecting particularly jmerated as 3tc. ; and in i advanced nt be given to importation from the colonies tk. i ~ "^"^^ wno Shall lop or top, cut or spcil solif A^^r^ a ' ^* ^^^^^ *^e lawful owner ' kind of wood, underwood, poles stack a? ' t'"^^"' °" otherwise destroy Iv n't^TT ^"^^ *'^---e"or1haVharL''th'e?;o T> '' young tZs'^r second, not exceeding £5 • and for *r *l^*'^^'^'"^ *0«-' ^^th all costs fS HI forest of 5el"^'iSr?oTha?;fTe'r9th'':f'?f ^P^^^^^^^^^^ of wood in the forest of Bere in the County of SoXZon' S^^' ^^**' ^^^ disforestinHhe been ot great value and utility from tK 'u^ ^l "^^J* '*°'^- '^ observ^f had of late years, has been much injured and^^ ^""^ underwood thereon which Sec. 64 ,t is enacted that no sK lambs .t^T^ Parts totally destroyed In the enc osures of the forest of Bere uS t' ^ ^^P' ^«" '«» X^^rs in any of fences from such sheep, etc. ' ""'"'' '^« ^^'^^'^^ Protect their neighbor- In o2nd Georjre III nn A«f „ , »2'h for louring .^eduCnJirnfKl'" r^i^g P«^'P«t"«l that „f ^e The 10th of Cliarles I. Sec 2 rh.„ 4 ^T ""f ""■'»"'> Pnce- ^nacw, that for cutting, '^efag &„'' 2^"^ *? '"''"J- By this it ;, having an estate of tehofi olfTa%'Ca°SS ''"'"' """»'■ *" ?v^rv t,»°™ ™f^rp?KXie!',rr&^-:re€?^^^^^^^^^ preserve them from destract on Sv^t^lZ ^\>'>^Ut^ on the sa d iknd"' Tnd 2^rifpri,rvt"isrrre^t/;?f'^ ot.er tenants .„ oon,„„n, sh.,i. over .J\Z7.^ ttCS sTv^nTl™- !■ 260 ■'' ' ^i^&«" fc|%\; enclose with a good 8u£H,«ie..t fence of 8to^u^ .vail, ditch, hedge pale or rail on« • tttw o?on??Lf J '"'.r^'-" --»,'-- aiWe8a:idXt at%he?eit beLre Sln?fnnf ^ *^^ ' ^^ ' ^ ^'•^'-'"^ ^^'^ ' planted. and the age and at times L re> !SirthhJ T '''\r^'' '""^'r^^' ^''^^^^ ^^«' '« «"«h method ^LntilJtimiS^^ni ' "" ""'' '' """'^^ ''^^ ^'^^^ ^"^ "^« encouragement of Scotland Td^Fn^lln f ' °°"''' '^^ ^'"'*^ encouragement which the legislatures of tris So ?1 ^;^l '^ .1!'''' '"^ y^X ?""«"' ^^'"^^ *^«1^ forth to the%lanting of of wnni ^^' i"""^' ' \' ^^^^ parliament. 6^h March, 1457 :" Anent pkntaMons of woodes and hedges, and sawing of broomeT the lords thinks snSfnl Tw tTf o^';r•^"^^f ^^!? freeholders, blith spiritual Ld ?empor?thrfn tt m^^^^^^ of their Whitsundayis set they statute and ordine. that all thefr lenuent? S CZ^Z tSe""""""' ''"^'°'"' ""'^"^ ^'^ P^^'^^ - ^- -d unlaw of the h.A ^^^ ^^t^"*®' j*?^^ ^^' ^^^ parliament, 11th March, 1503, chap 74 that hedg;es, parkes. and dowcottes and cunningares be made. " Item it is statute and ordained, anent policie to be halden in the cuntrie, that everilk' loS and S make them who have parkes with dears, stankes. cunnrn^ares dJwcottes 7rt::'^oott^:^,^X^ ^' ''' ^-^' -^ -^- °f -ode luhS'r tfefna (3) Statutes, James V, 4th parliament, 7th June, 1535 h A •*»:•'''' ir°*'"? of ^oodes, forrests, and orchardes. "Item, for policie to be had withm the rea'Ime, in planting of woodes, making of hedges orchardes zairdes, and sawing of broome. It is statute and ordained^ be the kfng'We aS his three Estaites of Parliament, that the actes maid thereupon of bXeJy Shfed aTd'put S strnl^^^^^'^r"'- ^'T''''' ""''^''^ prpgenito^ures, L obrvel Keiped, and put to sharpe execution m all poyntes, with this addition • That everie SSoTnewttTnlh'^P-"™^' J''^'° thisValme, havand ane hunSJth pounde nor foirestls Int wo^^^^ "*T '''T'^ f^T^e, quhair there is na woodes nor 101 restes, plant wood forrest, and make hedges, and havine for himself SSX**" ^^'T''^' and. andabone or under, as his heSe L mSr or hathft:"r'r'r.r"^;^"d*h^t^ tnat has the sanit .r ta.jk or assedation, to plant upon their on-set zeirlv for everie mark e land, ...e ,.ee.' Ilk laird of ane hundr^th pound lande under the paine_of ten pound, . . lesse or mair, aft^^ the" r^te ;;7qu^a;tiry ;Tt1i;iriard:s" ' !'. '- ^^^t ^o? frequent occurrence, and involved, as now, Forest fires in very grave consequeroen. the Statutes of uiuirbuVn^rlscriirerr^m^od^oflhe year when the burning oV • uirs was expressly prohibited under a pe^nX The first Scots Aot - ..gulatrng muirburn is that of Ist Jam«s T ^hap 20 (Anno. 1424) In the foii terms : " It is ordained, that na man mak muir- pale, or rail, one t at the least of ige and at times ', in such method from cattle for these enclosures >ne moiety to the ich is 23 and 24, icouragement of ie legislatures of ' the planting of freeholders are This is followed 1535, chap. 10; Y explicit, mrious in them- IpS thought of. lent plantations eedful, that the in the making tenuents plant tculties of their td unlaw of the nu ^"^equent Acts were 10 Jain«« lu nl » '^® burner, etc. b dden time are found defective and insi^ffl^"^* ^^u P'-^^enting muir-bum in for! chap. 74, that t is statute and ord and laird, 68, dowcottes, air there is na Vl I If If )r policie to be ges, orchardes, ing's grace and I of before by 58, be observed, a : That everie dredth pounde e is na woodes g for himself, age is mair or )f their landes, jet, zeirly, for ide under the their landes." )lved, as now, period of the enalty. es li chap. 20. cr<2/ *« at present left withmt adequate administration, nor ts there xn ex%steme any jyracUable system of management by tuhich the timber gwwth "*' detriment to the future condition of the forest V,.. J^® F"^!''' ^^5'^^. ^^^ *". ^^^^ **°'' *h® V^vposi, of disposal to private holders hence no further administration or management of the same beyond that incident to their disposal has ever been attempted. In the case of timber lands however It was recognized to a small extent that there was some additional value to them' that needed consideration and special legislative measures. These measures have however been rather detrimental than otherwise to the future of this property' brenforce'r™"'^*''"^ unjustly and imposing conditions which cannot practically In California, Washington and Oregon the law permitted the purchase of IbO-acre tracts each by private citizens for their own use. The object of this law which was evidently to encourage small holdings of timber lands in con- nection with agricultural lands and insure consequent protection aurl .„anaee- ment of the same, has never been fittained. It is alleged that milli: ^ of acres have been taken up under this act without intention to hold them for the use of the entryraan, and immediately transferred to lumber companies, often foreigners and immense tracts are being thus held for the same wasteful lumbering opera- tions that have exhausted the forests of the east. ° ^ In the Rocky Mountain States timber lands could not be s. Id but the citizens were authorized "to fell and remove timber on the public .domain for mining and domestic purposes from mineral lands." In 'addition, railroad compat The in Govern JiHs com criminals Sett pre-empt 'awB in g well nig; oomplian mineral li perhaps r By Interior domestic these re^ since it i by neces And be expeci independ manageii the name condition the Land commissic 1884 (He division. Mountain . (3) J Vitration, illegal an It is 1 preceding. The i mountains forest fires been used •The acre States and ' California Washington . Oregon Total Pacif Montana Idaho ... wy.-.ming .;:: Nevada Government either tiir or ti„\j;.bVrirs:1aJd'n"''' ''°''°" "»J' '"»»«>« •nineral landT LhLl^.f T'"'""^ cultivation in imjracticable*^ a '."'"'*' ^* "«' ""'l h«»ce a Perha. not ol^^ll^^K/^S^ ^a^^^^r^^ll^-H^tii?" '^^^^^ ^^^ InterZ i^er^prrU^o^tht^St?^^^ ^^- ^«^^' *he Secretary of the domestic and railroad use. but ,n thf „£ ^"'^ ""f ^™* ^'^'^ cutting of timber for hese regulations and rest?"cVol*'Lf reTrLS'^S" '"^ -"*-! and enTort since It iH almost impossible to obfnin7 '^f^^ .Practically meaningless, esoeciallv by necessity. arising'^From absenc'raZTatTnr'"' ^L'.^^« equaliyZ,a£ And even if it were possible fn rf'l"**^ and equitable legislatioia fn/'PT'^ any method iHe cuUin .Terfn''' T^"''^*'^"^. there could hardly independent individuals, and such a si ir""^*^ ^^ *" unknown nun.ber J management as the pillaging of a dtv hv ^ TT f 'l'*'' deserving the name of condiS' °^, -""'cipal aSmfni tratio^n^r'^'^^fe^r^^'^''^ ^^ ^^'^ ^'™« d'sei^el conditions the reports of the Secretaries .; , '^V*!" ?'"'*"''^ existence of these the Land Office for the last fifteen or wenll ^''^^"?'' **^« ^Commissioners of commission laid down in « „!r.? °/ .T,^"*^ y«ars, and the renort of . .J2] ^on laid down in a volume caTled^ThTp ".r"^ S^ report of a special coramis^on laia down in a volume caired''' CT p tr" ^^ report of a special 1«84 (House Ex. Doc. No 47^ n^t uT \^^Pat>hc Domain," published in division. Department of AgSuSe nn^^^^^ Bulletin ii ^f ?Lforestrv Mountains. Agriculture, on the forest conditions of the RockT ^f^-^r^Zri'':^^^^^^^^ « ^ell.developed system of admin- rltegal and wasteful cutting ^ ^'"^^^ ^ annually decimal by fire and t prec^ r,"" "---^ *« -^- this point, for it is a necessary corollary of the ■ine henate Irrigation Commi'ft ^ n- mountains, was for welksprecluTedfrn *^^''^'' »n§r two years ago in the western forest fires, and it is asserteTSat in th^af"? ^'^'' ^^ ^"°«« «^«»ds of smoke from States and Territories. Acres burned over. California «»~ Washington :::::.:::::••• 'f.'Z Value de- stroyed. •440,760 713,200 593,850 States and Territories. Total Pacific slope 527.07^ li747;80^ Utah Colorado Arizona New Mexico. Montana Idaho . . , Wy-ming Nevada . . Acres burned over. 42,865 113,820 10,240 ()1,034 Value de- stroyed. 88,020 21,000 83,780 8,710 •1,128,000 202,000 3,255,000 19,000 Total Rocky Mountains' m """"J**"^ i~ftf'A«0 $1,042,800 935,600 60,000 142,075 J>6,780,37i •8,628.171 264 u:«^., Tlie worst damage of these Bres is not so much to be souffht in the .lestruoHon ot the standing timber but in the destruction- the forest tio^y whSi he chance for gernanating of seeds and natural reforestation is annihilated an t e water reguhitmg capacity of the forest is destroyed. ^""""iaieu. an.l the nf f),„ r inS,"''""*''^ depredations, the following table, prepared from reports of the Und Oftice. is instructive, not only in showing the LiiorSious amoltrhus IT * .•* ' ''■f'^r»''y' compared with which the cost of a well-oreanized menl'Sa? i^lor- '"^ ^ ' '"'^'^ •^r*«"«' ^"' '^'^ ^y corroboratT^g thfstXl ment that tho loss is rarely recovered in the court. It should also be borne in mind that the cases reported do not by anv means ^vered "'^ ridiculously out of proportion to the area to be Depredations on the Pudlic Timber During Eleven Years. Ymt. Estimated value of timber reported Rtolen. Market. Stiimpage. 1881 1882 1883 1884 188C ^S86 .. 1887 1888 1889 1890 189) Total 891,888 2,044.278 8,144.669 7,2«i».86l 2,862,5ao 9.339,679 6,146.935 8.397,500 3,603,534 3.067,152 2,347,473 64,135,481 ^ 225,472 611,069 1.709.824 1,093,178 489,256 1,726.616 1,138,320 840,145 1,182.987 832.420 349.441 10.098,627 i lis hi 41,nR" 77,, ^, 27,741 6LM08 49,461 101.086 128,642 128,622 186.0W tOO.942 116.704 1,009,243 &i 11 £| ag 40,000 4^,000 7 m 10 76, ■■ ' 76,000 76,000 76.000 76,000 100.000 ^ it •III I 780,000 17 81 26 2H 33 21 2U 26 28 29 (4) h Is a well-know fact, demorh^f rated by Eur(ypean exverievrP ar>i1 practrce hat by a proper syscem of cutting not ovVy canZZetT^vrodZd ZfffT. "J^-Z'^'^'^'y "^ fP''^^^^ reploMtvng and kept contiLoudy IZdnZe ^J*y^l^ per acre and year, in laantUv and quality, can b,, wlpermanme' Z::a '"J-^^^^ ---^' '^^^ ^^yond tkato/the virgin /or^lTZZut „ ,J'v"„'"^'^^'"^-^<'f ™anagement for natural reforestation, or " remu-ration methods, are practiced, espev.'ly in France and (lermuny. in broaXlved as well as coniferous forests. The cutting of the old timber i.s done w?th a view of givmg chance tor seeds of the desirable species to .prout and f^r the vo^n. growth to develop satisfactorily. These methods revaif especially in the mountain regions, where planting would be expensive and sometEa i'Lpractt Since in the well-managed forests only such .species as are valuable are fl^'Zf.l^FSl^^^'^^^r -' the infer^ior kinds'! which the ior^sterteate as weeds, the composition of the fo. >9t is improved, the gro-th t ' kept th *A\ -age. 205 most favorable dpnuW*- tv.« i i ^ ' --===- of .nore -rvicatS;-;^^^^^^^^^ -ore individual t.ee« but these W^ileiro;;^ "inCrr'^'^^ increased: '^"""^ ^"" ^''^ y'^'^' to rarely excee.l 20^r 2? ttn^rrn^'^^^^^''^'^'*- '"'^^-ial «-ti,nnted • tac thehigh hgure of (iO to even 70 per clnf /f^ °^ "^^ '" 'i'^rniany may We out of „„„.iii„' ™: ^oSXvi^^'^p.'■r''r' - « li ^^""w: ooogre.. at Nashville. Tenlli; llSs':-"" '^''-'"' '>*™ «>« rtj^^S The area of timber land in fh i ■ ta.ns available men^hanUble tim» ^ ^ f- I -""' ^''« *'"'!. Sw^^^'TA*""^"- '^^^ tlmt supples of certain tinV ' '* "npoBsib e to tell or Bv«n f^ much of this area con- signs of'Llmustio'n^lf/e^tt^Ti.:' 'J:''"^- ^"' '"•*'»" e^tVeThkeTneo'^^h '^i? ""[^ ''""^ last long, an.I tho black walnnf''* ^^""T *<^'<'« *" '"«« y locaTi? !« th« . . ^^ ^P^'' «'«°»'' range of possibihtie. ""' '"" •'^'"^'l '» ^e al.undant 11^.^^ ''•'': ^"^^^^ ^Vith the utmost 8tr„f„K « ^" "^^ ''^^ «"« to estimate the 3 ^^^ rte: ^^ ^^s'^'ix^x =&^ T? "'•"« ^--- if - aiw crowded upon tffaVer tT',' ''"'" '''^ ^^OO blflio SCt o T '^" ""'"^^ '''' '"™"" "fa dealer in timber land i^%^8'"'\'^''"W ^^ exceed the most hi-n"'" *^ that could be half as much or it wZi i "T^' "'' ^^^ Pacific Coast in fLTj. '^'K^/'CoIored advertisement 10.000 feet boa.;i^i7rl' "'"'^ ^'^^ *-'««« ""^ °" -b^r^ert "ThJo^.h^'^f ^° T"^* "- ■i'he above fi rure in cubic f„«f , P "-' e cnrough the whole country increa«eof coT,um i, f, ^^ '"T »° «d'liti"»al growth to ri^'^'^Vf^^" *^ "^^J' "'e'-e «8 largT careful an esth'aK h '^T''^' "«*'»« '^"er it may be oHn^ "^*'"*' '="^' ""^ "^ aTditional of informattn I i'n Jet7n t°h'' ^'^ *,° '"'^'^^ "P°" ^l.e lisTcen^urf " *'^'''"' ""l'"« ^^ « census yoars. ex„,.««'!iTr !".'''« ••**? «» consumption of allT.,",. ,:*.T_« figuresand othermeans 266 !* '/" fl^"*^ "• *" "'"'■ <"">'«l''^i"n "' tho.iituatiuii t<. know f )i/»t the Mw mill canacitv ..» th« country i,, 887 w,« r.u.nd SOO.(KX),()fM. f„.,t (....^^a ,„ea-uro) daily. whLh au^ ,',arb„ Hm.mt ducJonTt^>;'irf?^^^^^^^^^^^ ohanc.«.areof .upplyin^ our.dve, fro. the natural re,.ro- iKlnHn!!rt]^.?!r'\h^a*[!',r*' '•'*'• :*•"* ""''*' the careful ..mnagen.ent of the (Jorumn forest ^ho/«!r,r ' *\y *""'<"> y^<^f^y new growth i- computed at 50 cubic feet p„r wro, or 2.3 TJu whi « "^ f '!'"'; '"•'^ •'^"''"'« *""'^"- ^^ •^^ '""«• "hero there is no umnHumnont Wlti of heiin'ani '"'"r ''"•"•'•y ""» ""'y y-"« K"'*'!! but also the fert.Uty of the s r in •pite or the oriKinallvKreat.r reproductive imwor. expect no mioh annual crop l'rj)in my ob.ervations f would not udniit that more than one-half such annual crowth Im confs.:5'i^S3S^-'?r^-S:^-^^^ our aX.!;""~ "" "^- "^"•r^'^'y """'"8 '"*" ""^ ««'•"»»»' 'he ^ute of at 10^507"" cent o new^rZu. WhW"^'*'^" *" '^y* ""'y .'»»« ''•'' *''« *""""' °"* '« represented in an. ua fhil ?rT ti / ***"? ''K""'" *"**» *'"> reference to the .ubject in ..uestion 1 Simnlv this, that whde ,« yet pncesfor tin.h..r lands, an.l still less the price of lumbe rarX no n Z. s iT/TrX.f Kn^" ''" «-t»ntly Kn.wing reduction of standing ti„,ber "ujphej wLn the apprer Kite rapidly n value, and lumbermen, especially in the Houth, will reuret their follv of havmK marketed their best supplies at unprofitable and unsatisfactory margins" ^ Nevertheless, it may be possible by a cominon-Hense management and more rational mnthods of utilizinj? the timber, having some regard to theyounc L'rowth mangurateil now, to avoid the necessity of replanting at great cost and to main- tarn the present forest resources of the United States in sufHcient and over increasing productiveness. • //^\ ^V^** "^i^ eatablMied beyond controversy that the forest cover, and espe- cially the forest floor of leaves, tvrigs, decaying vegetable matter, underbrwsli, and root system mjiuence the reqularity of the ivaterftow in spnngs, brooks, and rivers as well as the state of the ground water level, the presence or absence ofaneMcieni forest cover determining t/ie percentage of subterranean or superficial drainaqe trnateier tfic theories orjacts regarding the influence of fm-est areas upon met^'o'ro- lagwal phenomena and climatic condition.s—and these are partly at least still in controversy— there exists but little doubt, if any, among students and observers in regard to the mjiuence tvhich a forest cover exerts over the water drainage and *k * fi!"*^^ '^ ^^ ^° P"'"'^ "P°" *^''^ assumption of the existence of such an influence that the government is called upon to look to the preservation of forest conditions and since the ideas regarding such influence are still more or less confused, it may' be proper to explam more at length the action of the forest in this direction. bo tar as formation of springs is concerned, no doubt, geological conditions and .structure are ot primary importance. This does not. however, exclude that the vegetable cover of the soil has at least a secondary influence upon the feeding and regular flow of springs. Even if we exclude any action of the forest upon the increase ot precipitation, such as is claimed and partly sustained by observation there are various ways in which the supply of springs is influenced by forest cover. . L tr n J The forest floor A the foliage breaking the force of the rain drops prevent a compacting ot the .oil ; it ,'emains porous and permits the water to percolate readily changing a large amount of it from surface drainage into sn lerranean channels ; the root system, no doubt, works in the same direction. 1 orest floor and lohage also prevent rapid evaporation, and althoiitrh the tr^Ps r.on«,.,n» » large amount of water in their growth, evaporation is' the worst dissipator of 107 }flSli!r!ft gss£5s||srSs2ss:= drama^ro, promoting Hltration to th« .!? f ^^^ ^PP''*"^^ ^^ *''" rapid surfacB perature in earl;TpS.t'';^tr:t:;p"^te1Ss'::r'*"'^ "' ^"'^'^^ "-- of to.n- 268 vpTr, ^n/f .T^Ta ^^u f T'"'"''"'^ ^'■"'" ^^ *« 20 per cent, within less than 20 sCr.; o? f£ -1 ^^.l ^.t'^ aT- T'^'^i "P ^^"^ ^"^'•^ ^'^^'^ 1*^0 ™"«« from the torrents "^ "^ ''"= '■''™ *''*' mountains by the rushing dnrin^fl^Jw I'l.^?''"""™®"* ^^l^^Pf "^^"^ ^^^ reforestation of these mountains, during the last thnty years oyer $35,000,000 and expects to have to spend more than the same amount m addition before the damage is repaired. The result of in^H^r* i; "''"f- "^ T- ''^ ''."'''^ l"".^ ^"''"-^ established to sliow effect, perfectly justifies the anticipations of its efficiency. In the " perimeters " which have been recuperated the waters are carried off more slowly and without damage These works m their result must quiet all theoretical discussion of the efficiency of forest cover m this particular They present ocular proof not only of the fact that de- forestation invites floods, erosion. anduntrJd damage, but that reforestation is the method ot remedying the damage and proper attention in time to the forest cover tne method or obviating it. Recognizing the value, then, which a forest may have in preserving proper water conditions and soil conditions, and perhaps, too, in some degree in climatic conditions, the conception in Europe of " protective forests" as distinguished from the economic forest, that is, a forest which has value only from a material point Sr JT' * ?°]'*'^ has grown up in the higher developed nations of placing the first class of forests, which have a significance as a iatural condition rather than as a source of material supply for the whole community, under government control, direct or indirect. i^Jf^- ^^^'^^' ^t''/,''''^' ^''""^ theundesirubility of destroying or unnecessarily ^Jnpmr^ng a valuable resource of material, which can be continuously remo- ducedonland otherwise useless, there is strong reason why, especially in reqions dependent upon xrr^ation for their agricultural developw,ent, favorable forest conditions should be carefully maintained. ^ > J J " Modern experience and scientific research have confirmed the experience of antiquity namely, that plant production is primarily dependent upon water and that the mana,gement of water supplies is much more essential to the farmer even m the humid regions, than management of mineral constituents of the soil, for the latter can be supplied with ease, but the former can be regulated and sup- plied properly only with difficulty. If, then, water management becomes mofe and more important in all sections of our country, it is particularly so in those regions where, from natural causes, the supply is scanty. No artificial reservoirs can supply the more easily and cheaply maintained natural reservoir of the forest Hoor. In this connection it will be well to quote the following language from a memoria recently transmitted to the President of the United States by the Colo- rado State Forestry Association, to which the Secretary of State, State encineer btate treasurer attorney-general, and other leading officers of the State, torrcther with the chambers of commerce of Denver and Colorado Springs, and some 500 leading citizens of the State have appended their signatures, recommending the reservation of all the timber lands in their State. To his Excellency the President of the United Stctes: ■ ^u "" ""^^u"*!?*: ^^^ Colorado State Forestiy Association, respectfully represents that the agnculture of thm State, now rapidly increasin,. in magnitude and importa..ce. s almost ent rely iTu^?/ .,"''"" systems of irrigation. At least «13,000,000 are im-ested herein reservoTrs^ canals, ditches and other works or he storage and distribution of water. No less than 13.000 miles of irrigating canals and mam ditclies are in operation or in course of construction in the It Will thus be seen how vital I v ■ ^«.t>lj,000-a larfjo sum, but greatly In th' '■etard, all legitimate cue talJ It compacts the 270 ground, impeding percolation. A large amount of what would be carried off by underground drainage is thus changed into surface-drainage waters. At the same time, by this compacting of the soil, capillary action is increased and evaporation thereby accelerated. These surface waters also loosen rocks and soil, carrying these in their descent into the river courses and valleys, thus increasing dangers of high floods and destroying favorable cultural conditions. Here it is that water management and, in connection with it or as part of it, forest manage- ment should be studied ; for without Jorest management no rational water management in possible. * (7) Experience in the United States has shown that under private owner- ship, forest conditions are almost invariably destroyed or deteriorated, Jor the simple reason that the timber for present use is the only interest which private enterprize recognizes in the forest, not being concerned in th-} future or in the consequences of mismanagement to adjoiners, who have to suffer. It is therefore undesirable to transfer the ownership of the public timber lands to individual owners in the expectation of having them managed with a view to the broader interests of the community. If there wex-e need of other demonstration of this point beyond the history of the eastern forest lands, which have been for many years in the hands of private owners, we need only refer back to the working of the law in the Pacific Coast States, where such disposal to private holders hari utterly failed in accom- plishing its object. There is neither the interest nor even the knowledge to be found among the many to let us anticipate forest , management by small holderw. Besides foresty thrives best on large consolidated areas, from financial as well as technical considerations. It will be necessary, in order to promote rational forest management, to do the same that all other nations have found necessary to do, namely, for the government to set the example and furnish the object lesson and opportunity for the others to follow. The fact that a tree crop takes from fifty to one hundred years and more to grow to usefulness requires a patience and stability of ownership which our people have not yet attained, and hence the government must furnish the con- servative elements where needed, as in our forest policy. (8) The cession of the public timber domain to the individual States with a view of having the States devise methods of conservative management, w(»ild fail in accomplishing the object for various reasons. Experience in the past with such cessions has not proved it protcticable to place restrictions or conditions upon such cessions or to enforce them. Even if a cession, upon condition that the State provide efiScient manage- ment, could be practically effected, lack of unity in the various systems and clashing of interests where watersheds are situated in more than one State, make retention of these lands in the general government desirable, or at least more promising of conservative results. Other reasons of expediency make such a wholesale cession of timber lands impracticable. Among these may be mentioned the difficulty of segregating the timber lands from public lands of other description or transferring obligations of the general government toward railroad companies, resting upon such .ands. Nevertheless, co-operation with the State authorities in inaugurating a sound' forest policy is most desirable, and should be made a prominent feature in whatever measures the general government may devise. {9) The present proposed legislation keeps in view the following primciples .■ (a) That the retention of the public timber lands in the general government, and their administration as such, is the only proper policy for all wooded anas of the public domai'ii ivhich do not slock on agricuCtwrai Land. 271 tration maj ^be Sff ^^^ "^ ^""»'«'- l«nd reserved I f5„H f k . of course if^„,/rXens;Vfr4!J'h^^ - 5 cents' pe t're* 'tt^A^'^* ^^^--is- acre on the reserved %rea v^ouM « ^^''^ ''^^ revenue. WhUe fh«„„ '',°"^'' ''*' satiafactoir market and consumpfciorL rlt" cted"'"^ ? r*^"« *he assumed cost of^n"' •^^°^*'' "' ^ood p^ of the region affected is oerS ^^ oonside" that fh a^Jministration the local reciuiring at least 50 cuh.V ft , '^^'000 000 feet B. M and n!. -I P""®^*^"* saw-mill canacftl round figures at «300:Sa) Th?A '*'^''''' '"'*^ ^^ """Pectorsk'nTiff ^^ °' P"**"" domain Fo; aKl^1^,SS™ w.th the necessary staff^f cLrk tete "'1 ?" '^ °* '^^^ oonSl S^reau "^ tS!' ^''^^'^ «"«"gh *«Velp •f the whole forsit area were^ th„^;' "'i'/''^ certainly be kept withh.' ,hl ^""Pf^^ «' the latter the service would not be more^jZqn «'''^ organized as proposed frr T^i*^ ^^^'^- Even •donmin or, which could bL^ved h. ^^' "^"'- °^ 'he income which n,?''/?''?''''.' **»« expense of ai equal amount. **^'"^' ''^ preventing one-half oTfche fitrrS "' t' T^'I 'rom thS Tj c • "^a^y destroy about Keferrina fr. i.u„ .. j »wous aa equal amount T> f ■ """-y uescroy about under highest Pn«„^ • unaer conditions of verv ovf„ • ^ ^° ^^-^O per amounted to rouaHSSSooOO T^^'^ "^developXouX;. Thf f • ''"""^ went into cord-wood and I'fs ooS 000 /'? "* "°'^'^' «^ -'!^cS 2 1 5 So^'^iS 'f''? wood represenfcino- fh^ „ ^'O>wuu,uuo teet m ,savv-loa« r.^ ,. , J^'''""".Ol>0 feet acres, JthT^l'tlT'!^ L^'^-^^i^ Per acre pe: v^^'. ZTl^"^ '' «"We feet of wood representing i-LT ' "f'^^^'^^O t'^et in .avv-Ws or^^^ feet acres, ^LTpZorl^^^ ^'' *«»•« Pe" X over S '"''*° ^'^^^ "^ tuxes. The piicTZZfttlr ""'•• \'^ ^ '- SerandtoSt: ''""'T' average rate of .^10.63 pe'-M W T"T^ ^'^ *'»« ^voods b^tt o„f "*""^'''- about n ..^L .P!'_.^!/^f ' b^^ard measure, and $3 69 1? ' 7"' ''^ *^« "^ ioot of wood, tl,e totalintf Fll''^ ^\ ^oth 272 '^'"^r:^el?ot:iru„';'S^'.''^^"''^^« °^ administration, aggregating ^ 681 district officers or managers ..'.■.■.■.■.'.■.■.■ -It'ono 3w53 underforesters or guards , ^X-^ 114 financial agents i,io-i,»07 Other temporary employe's' and peraoiial' expenses " ". '. '. '. '. ". '. '. '. ". ', ". '. ". ". ". '. ". i 073*587 Total personalia ^2:iri ^""^cubic footi'"^ """"'' *"'°'' ('""""^""8 »* " ^'"le less than 7 cents per Buildings . y.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'...'. «2,2fi6,030 Roads and water ways. ......" ??^'?^i Surveys 410,102 Injurious insects 110,-.i2e Culture ... . 60,454 Sundries .... 1,230,882 280,073 Total salaries and administration , $8 009 822 Forestry schools and scientific research TTTT^ Purchase of lands o^.'^r^ Sundries... 304,156 434,632 Grand total , $8,796,740 whent!?e^^'pSd^:;;rr;:;irr.^;;;;:r.^,ei.*^^^ '""''''^''' '' ^-^- ^^^^^ /fc«/ ^^^^ ^-^^ proposed legislation coviemplates a segregation of the timber lan<^s that are stockzng on non-agricultur, .1 soil from the other public lands andthe transfer of tlm^r administration fmn the Department of the IntTor where lands are held only for disposal, to the Department of Agriculture, whichTs desj^ned to look after cultural emitters and where a bureau in charge offnTstrl matters already exists. "^ ; / "^bli y .ffinifZ '''^''\ ^^P^°'^ '° *^^ beginning and to create as quickly as possible an Ihis service has been conferred upon the army in the Yellowstone and the Cahfornm parks to the full satisfaction of both officers and men, with the ant^! pated results as far a.« the protection of the forest property is concerned Oo-operation with State authorities, such as forest commissions or comnis- sioners is provided for with a view of enhsting the authorities of the State,^ in the upholding of a rational forest policy. Since these forest reservations are not to be in the nature of parks, thev .'^ - to remain open to public use and entrance for all purposes, excepting so far a« restnctjons appear necessary in order to protect the property from dan. .'e and depr^atiou. Prospecting and mining are to be permitted under proper regulations Ihe mam features of the legislation, however, are its provisions lor the cutting of timber under a system of licenses and the creation of the necessary force of officers to attend to the business of a regular forest administration pro- * W« fi.e.. TTnitfiH Ktatuo^ anr.v.^.»-.'..t.. f«- . -:— ;i prospe( for difl ner. W cient f( manner timber a minic the Ami of the p In this repc ing lang There to that in( cussion. vestigated forests of ) interests b long ago ta war agains regard for blindly def' .nony botwl for its teem We hav not and mm with propri( least furnisli to cooperate have elabora dominions, a example. 1 pockets of ti Consic bill is recoi i« (F.J Whon all needs of ^h . "" ^" equitable man- timber domain has /'^'°" ^^^ *^« «xi«fcin.^HndaIisE,"^^-M '° .'^ ^"«'"^««-like the American naron^d/fP'>P'- ^?.^^^* ^^'^^^rvanV Saduan v h''!. ''' [^'^"^^^ to of the Public dotinSetf ^^^'^'^^^^ ^^ ^ -^-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In conclusion fho fn«i • „ lorests There is another suhiect Mr r» • , interests but i.npa.ra th« ^ iFu ''"','"^ ^">' » "ew growth nnf . '^''9^esale destruction of /hi long ago taught ^^''^etpl'AVoidT'ri' 'J ^''^^e -hTb i^tir 1 1^^^'^ thH.^n' war against their trees wL. 9'«. World that they could nnfvu'^^"'^' ^i^er experienc« bSv^^^'^r '-•'^'"-'1 W :r but'?'-'' "^'"-^ ■-*"- " h^se^to'j/^^^'^^'-Sat blindly defy her decrees Tu i ■' "'' ^"^ '» a* times terrihlu • u " exercise an intelliirenf ^r.ony botwLn nature's forles" S^5f ^''l^' "'« ^oTe^tl o ''^olt' r^!?*,' '!?^'"«' ^^ole^ho for 1^ teeming millions. ''"' vvh.ch must bo maintained .f the ear7h i» f^^'^'l"^^^ ^^'^t har- nnf . ^' ''*^*' ourselves heretofore sadlv < . ''*' ""^P* habitable bill is r™^:fd^5' '"^ «'«»' -P°*"ce „,-«3 ,„,a.„re e.H,p«.«e of the 18 (P.) INDEX. Aooounts ...... Acetate of lime...... Acetic acid . "' Adirondaokg .... Adirondack Park Aoi' Adirondack Park Administration. ...... Admiralty Afforestation ........ Alabama Albumen Alder Shoots. . . . . . Alps Altitudes Ancient forest laws. Annual yield Appenines Areas under forests.. Artificial regeneration.. Artificial watering. . Ash Australia Austria-Hungary.!..'"' » PAOB. 143 21 21 • • 80, 220, 221 236 • • • 239, 243 141 127 187 80 19 19, 20 •• . 83 113 254 83 13 42 56 18 49 92 B. Baden Bafimeris, sylviculture Bailey, Major F Bark " ■■ Barking Barres Bavaria] Bavarian tables Bell, Dr., distributi Bilberry Birch bark Black forest Boards, paper Brandis, Sir Dietrich , British Columbia .... Brushwood Buildings Burma Burning ion of forest trees. 61. 66, 77 75 .. 113 19 64 ... 149 84 46 26 116 22 .64,66 24 . C7, 62 47 77 128 60 73 Oabbage radish , California Park (Tm.nuAt% U.l '•txizi , o. S„ J^ • P"^""""" "^ timber (1890) Canada, timber regulations. t-anada, timber resources ••• 87 •■ 268 22 20« 180, 191 164 Capital employed. '"*<'"• Capital value 7. 8 CatDle food 180 Cattle 22 Cellulose 182 Central offices ... . , ' 24 Charcoal 142 Charcoal gas....... 20, 21 Chrome tanning ...', 20, 21 Oleghorn, Dr. H 1" Climate in general ' ' ^'^ Climateof India. . 86, 116 Climate of New York ^^' ^* CoBsalpinia 80 Collagen 19 Collections . ..." 19 Colonies ' 190 Colophony 47 Communal forests. 21 Compartment system 103, 118 Coniferin 42 Conolly, Mr...!!...' 22 Cooper's Hill !!! 67 Conservators 7. 69 ConsuUr Report. United' States! t* •^oppice ... 91 Corkoak.... "!!.'!! !»' 70, 71, 120, 121 Creosote Crown timber regulations ! Currency, European 19 21 199 92 D. Dalhousie, Lord Damage by insects !!!! DebraDoon Debris Deforestation in Russia'.' Demarcation Denudation ! Deodorising agent....!! Department staff Destruction of forests Divi-divi Dogwood Draining Dunes 67 101 69 14 120 80, 83, 137 20 141 •■.. 108 19 ; ; 140 Duties in the forests . . ! ^^* Economies in timber trade . . Ji-oonomy of woodlands ^^ European countries, woodUnds in.'.V.'.'si, 86, m ?76 FAOR. Evaporation 9 55 Expenditure j29 Exportation 172, 174, 175 Exports ^7 European currency 92 Felling, Heagon for 19. 64, 69, 70 Femow, B. E I77 Field crops ...'71^74.76 Financial results .' 228 ^j'« 60, 89, ' J, 166, 226, 227 Fire districts 209 Fire ranging 210 Fire-wardens 230 Fish, fresh water 34 FlooltB 137 Forest bureaus 93 104 Forest fires 89, 101. 135, 160, 162^ 242 Forest lands, United States 262 Forest laws, ancient 254 Forest, model 39 Forest preHervation 102 Forest protection on water frontages ..... 34 Forest, pure IJ5 Forest register 94 Forest schools 59, 95, 107, 146, 149 Forest trees, geographical distributifin of . . 26 Forests, administration of 43, 61 areas under X3 as a shelter 17, 36, 86 bye-products jg capital of 7 destruction of 79 iQg hygienic effects of 12, 24S in the colonies 47 in Germany g2 in India 47 industries of 43 influence of, on springs gg mechanical effect of n 65 organization of 44, 98, 103 ownership of, in Europe 14, 91 produce of 18,63,125 a protection against air currents 12 protection of soil 12 purify the water 35 regeneration of 40, 246 utility of 7 utilization 63 France 81,113, 150 Frosts 86 Fuller's practical forestry 17 a. Gas from wood , Gelatin Geographical distribution of forest trees , Georgia 18 26 80 FAOK. Germany 32, 84 Gibson, Dr 57 Goats . ^ . 182f ^•■"^'"K 132, 189 Great Britain gj Ground rent 188, 186 Gn">P» 39,42 Growing timber, increase in value of 166 C*"*"^' 44,128 H. Haddington, Earl of ig Hemlock extract 19 24 Herds jn» High forest 75 j21 Himalayas 53 Hops and hop-poles ig Hornbeam jg Hough, Dr 21 Hunting " ' 13^ Hygienic effects of forests ]2, 243 Hygroscopicity of humus 17 I"f*'» 48,62,63,64 revenue of state forestH go Industries of the forest 43 Injuries ^35 I°*8«*» 100, 135 Inspectora-general 45 Inundations g3 Irrigation 55 Italy 88 J. Jardinage gg Jourdier . 84 Karts plateau 33 g4 Kauri wood 45 L. Labor in forestry Lake Huron, height of Landrath Larch bark Latex Leached ashes Leather Leaves composition of Legislation. . . .48, 60, 57, 58, 99, 131, 73, 77, 212, 220, 223, 226, 228, 229, 236, 250, 253. Levels of the Ottawa ijiiiicatoiitt soil Lyell on torrents Lumber, demand for 48 88 78 19 39 38 10 22 28 264 29 116 80 88 PAUK, . . 63, 84 67 182f 132, 1S9 81 183, 185 39, 12 166 44, 128 16 . 19, 24 137 75, 121 53 18 19 21 136 12, 243 17 IK, 62, 53, 54 ...... 60 43 136 . . 100, 135 45 .. .. 83 55 83 68 84 83, 84 48 48 88 73 19 19 22 28 J 77 50, 263, 264 29 .... 116 80 .... 88 PAOK. MoQgregor Management, «ygtemi,'of ,f ', ** Maritime pine.... ''^' W* Market flnotuation. ^^ Mattawa, levels of ^'^ Measureg, Euroiniftn ^^ Mechanical effect of forest.'.' „ ^? Methylio alcohol . "' '^ Michael. Major-General ^^ 57 145 19 210 115 39 54 41 Military orgranization Mimosa bark Mineral lands Mixed forests Model forest Monsoon Mother trees N. Nancy, school ^faturalregeneration.!.. ^'**' Needles, pine and fir . *^ New growth after fire ^ New York, State of , .' New Zealand Nipissing lake Norway Nova Scotia • Nurse woods . . . . ' 1«5 80 48 33 81 47 77 O. Oak bark Offences 19 Officers ......._, 134 Oil, illuminating ^37 Ontario 22 Ontario Fire Act 47, 198 Ontario Timber Act ^^ "''''iit:r""'™"^'-^^;^«.«M04,i^: Osiers Ottawa city, wood goods ^ Ottawa river, levels . ^^^ Ownership of forests in Europe ^ Pasteboard Pasture Peat soil ... Pigs ";;;;;; Pine bark Pine needles . Pitch "■ Pitch pine Plantiup ..... Planting n plea for. . . Poplar leaves Precipitations Prairies, planting of . . . 19 (P.) 23 76, 132 68 1.S3 19 22 21, 22 21, 178 «. 138. 140. 167 16 22 9 162,164 i^reventive measurp* Private woods of France .■.".■.■ J^ Products from the fcrest. . , . '. ,„• „, }^ Proprietor's works 18, 63, 126 Protection duties. .... ^^^ Protection of fish ^'' Protection against ■air";u;;ent. ' ! ! ." ft Protection of the soil ^^ Prussia 11 Public institutions. ^^ Pulpwoood. 118 Pure forest 7,23,245 116 R. Rainfall Rangers 9, 54, 49 Regeneration of forests.'. ^■\- *^ ^05 Register '10,41,66,246 Refirulations. 40 '^q „„■ ' ' 94 ««»ewal,spontaneou!' '•«'•"•»». 131. 213. 251 Reserved forests.... 246 Resin 60 Revenue ... 21 Revolution. .■.■.'.■.'. '^^' "'' 128, 129 Rhine Valley...... "' 39 Rigrhts of user 70 Ringing " ' 131 Rivers and springs. 72 Roads 11 Rooky Mountains "park 70, 128. 129 Rotation 212,213 Rubber 69,76 Russia 22 84 s. Sales and export Sandy beaches 126. 180 Sartage 26 Saw-dust 75 Saw-milling ... . 22,23 Saxon State forMts!!! l''" Scandinavia 7 Sohliob. Dr. . . . ■ 18 Schools of forestry ■.■■„: 7, 41 Scotch pine. . . . . '^' ^' W, 146, 149 Scotch yield tables... 21 Seoondgrowtb 8 Seizure 90 Seed '" 189 Selection system... *1 Shade trees for fish!' *2, 67 Sheep 35 Shelter trees 132 Shipping interest. 17. 86 Shooting 188 Shoots and suckers!! 186 41 278 I ' 111 lii til PAOI. Silver flr ^ Smoke Xj Snow .'.".'."*'..".".,!!;'. 87 Soil, protection cl " "' .J Sowing ..■^"...".".".'.!!'.'43,178 Spontaneous newal 'j^g Springs and river* " 11 86 Splitting \ 'gg fP""*-;- .'.".' "h 66'. 161, 177 Square timber, waste in jes KiU Staff 141 144 Stateforeit. 60, 106. 117,' 118 state worka |o„ 186 42 74 19 8toTn« Strip »5>item Stjrria, 'lygtem in Sumach ^""•'y '■■■■■.'''■■''.'''^.'...'.. m Swamp* j^ Switzerland Sycamore Syatems of culture Syatematic forestry 89, 71, 110, 120, 102 T. 109 18 120 Tannin. 19 Tanning industry 74 Telegraph poles jg Temperatures 17 49 Thinnings ..\i U Timber Act OnUrio jg, Timber dues, collection . jyg Timber lands Ontario, management of igs Timber licenses igg, igg^ 203 Timber regulations, Canada igo, 191 Timber regulations, Ontario '199 Timber trade of Canada 154 Timber slides Torrents Torrent beds. Tramways j^ Transport of produce 43 101 Treatment ' -g Trees for slielter j- Trieste „. 128 12 137 Turpentine. U. Underground Wood. Uniform 21 187 UnitedStatM 79,177, 262 United States Consular Reports 91, 108, 110 User, rights of ' jjj Utility of forests .. ... 7 UtilizatioD 68 33 00 Vanillin Victoria ]_ Village community j^ Vincent, Mr . ' mn Volatile products at Volga, river o. W. Wai Department jm W;uite |ands .t^n Waste in square timber 168 I09 206 Water frontages ' oa Wattles .....!. 19 87 Weights, European ^ ^f:'*« P'.""-, v. ■..■."176,178 ^!f*'"""^'' 136,187 Willow on _a Willow bark ^'^ Wilmot, Mr. S ^ Wolves ....'......'. 137 Woodlands, European Countries 81, 86, 113 Woods, consumption of 88 89 Woods, uses of j go JJ*^P"'P. •;;^'.';;'.7.'28,246 Wooirangmg ^ Wood spirit „j Wood Vinegar ' „- 122, 148 Working plans. Yellowstone National Park 249 Zones. Tree culture on water frontages ...., 34 35 Zurich forest system "jQg 114 110 Mai. 9! tt9 187 . 79, 177, 268 .91, 108, 110 181 7 68 » 60 78 80 21 86 138 140 168, 169, 206 84 19, 87 92 . . . . 176, 178 .. 136,187 20, 88 19 36 .... 137 . 81, 80, 113 88, 89 7, 88 7,23,246 206 21 21 . . . 122, 143 249 114 ■ 109, 110