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Jt .• . ;is,-rsi-.-.ar.i.-. w^,*J;t^■.,••i?■i• A i'ori, !•',■<• -v-n „...•<»•' c '■■"V L \ .. \ S. ' «'. I i 11 .'i .l,»'. i.-- ]■!■ \ t u ^\j \ ^- '\\K V, ■; V ' i:i -., ■■ ■, ^ {"\ \ > \ ' I I I - vt 1 F!.'. ■■.' i.l.S i ''So p': .'* ■■aaSS 3»SaB.'. ;«4S-^'S ■sasrrr :. -.i;■^.ts-sr#„v4^«r»■;»rs!s;-s^«;:•■^^::"vwr..UK^■■^J^^^«rA;/s■aakrir^ •■,-i-.;» 1^r" -mma «■••"«■« bv» .»#•»« • *jmm» -^ 4 tvm'4 '■] ..iv-Xl ^r,. ."';;'i .t^l'. ,|W "•W.f^ •■ .1'' •■$"'CII;^' IIP ,: .;:,'- •iftilllVi: ' J.^J -IV'." '--'J.**-' .■- ■-•''i'-' ,1 ' "' hm:ir - ^M^m. '''-:WM'Mmm O t- i J • «r'^An»w • ^wtwiSi^Mn-ai I t.: 'if.- >', ' '. pa^*'»:i',: i. ^ J ' ■'•;«fVr,' A TOUR I IIROI'dlt CANADA, IN 1879; WITH RKMAKKS ON IIIK ADV AM ACLS I l' orH.kS loR St r I LF.MKN T 10 THIi HKMISil KARMKR. RY THOMAS MOORE. TO •AHKll IS ArPF.NDRD A RFrOKT ON MANITOBA, SriXIAl.LY rOMPll.F.T) I'ROM THK REPOR I'S OF THE FARMERS DELEr.ATES FROM GREAT I'.KFFAIN. DUBLIN : THE IRISH FARMER OFFICE, 97, MIDDLE AI511EV S'lREI'T. 1 880. [.1.7 /\i-/i/s A\si:itY,r'.] P- ioj v-^u i 1*^ •i ■•^■» "• f V' /, ..^ «NvN p-v^ fMW" !»^ I >»»!»- Ljh"M** fj*"^^ ^! !?#*/# J^- ^\ »• ai^t n TJll tiw»*»* ;/,-w^ Sfx litL J fe: r^ !•'«"» CONTENTSi Pag*. CIIAPTF.R '. Introduction 5 CHAPTl'K ir. The Pftssngc Out—The Allan Line of Steamers — Landing,' at (,>iieliec — Railway Manajjcmcnt -- Canadian Currency 6 CHAPTKR III. Quebec — Farming in its Nt-i^hlxjur- hoDil — Colonel Rhodes' Kruil Farm — French Canadi.' lis as I'armers ... 9 CI I APT FR IV. The Eastern Townships — Mr. Coch- rane's Farm and Herd of Shorthorns -The Climate — Imjiroved I'arms : Why they are so Fasily Obtained — Forest Lands ... 10 CHAPTER V. Montreal — Farming; in the District — Prices of l''ftrm Produce — The Vic- toria Tubular Hridge, Grand Trunk Railway 13 CHAPTER VI. On the Route from Montreal to Ottawa — How Forest Lands are Cleared— The Stormrmt Stock Farm 15 CHAPTER VII. The Parliament Puildinjjs— The Lum- ber Trade — Excursions into the Country — Taxes - Almonte — The Rosamond Woollen Mills 17 CHAPTER VIII. The Dominion Fair at Ottawa — The Exhibits — Fruit Culture — Wine Making, etc 20 CHAPTER IX. The Manitoba Exhibits at the Domi- nicm Exhibition ... 23 CHAPTER X. Ottawa to Kingston via Prescott Junc- tion— lirockvillc — Educational In- slitutiim at Kingston — Military Col- lege — Farming in the Locality ... 25 CHAPTER XL The City of Toronto— Value of Puild- ing Land — l'"arming in its Vicinity — Its Public Institulicms — The Hor- ticultural (iardens 27 CHAPTER NIL Toronto to Haniilton--Farmiiig Along the Riiiitc -Hamilion to Niagara — I'ruit (Irowing in the Districl--Nia- gara Falls CHAI'TER XIH. I'rom Hanulfon to London Maple Sugar : Huw it is .Mailc iVtrnlcum Works of Waterni.iii lirns. Land Around London— Ingersoll— Cheese Making CHAPTER XIV. Loi'don to 15rantf(ird - Mow Park : Its llenl of Shorthorns ... CHAPTER XV. Hrantford to Guelph 7>ia Stratford- Agricultural Colk'gc, Oueiph CHAI'TER XVI. Sport — Shooting— I'isliing The Cli- mate — Prospects of Intending Set- tlers P.ige. 28 3> Zi 35 Z1 REPORTS OF THE DELEGATES. Mr. Hii;i;ar's Ri port Mr. LodA.N's Rki >rt Mr. Snow's Rki'ikt Summary of What the Delegates Saw 39 40 45 47 ILLU.STRATIONS. Parliament Buildings, Ottawa The Allan Mail Steam Ship, " Sar- dinian" Hon. Mr. Cochrane's Celel)rated Shorthorn Cow, lolh Duchess of Airdrie Clearing Forest Lands... The Rcjsamond Woollen Mills, Al- monte liird's Eye View of the Exhibition Grounds, Ottawa Royal Military College, Kingston ... Main Building, Horticultural Gardens, Toronto Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario View in Winnipeg, East Side : Main Street, Looking South, 1S79 View in Winnijieg, West Side : Main Street, Looking North, 1S79 4 7 II 16 19 22 26 29 36 41 44 ■^. '»• TiT 'i/ / # "\ 5* V^^ v^nT?«^ N _, .-."' -L.S.^ , . \ X.jtirtiiti/ ..,■ ilhii'Srtmt T's ■5* -- .'' w (L .^*^'^^'v». ' "--V "^ united 8 ktX ^ "I^W^' ''^ ^ W' ^ A.M.J:>a ^ ■ '^^^£' 'i_- -.^^ -2 -TJ^^, -.r ,. "-^ ',U 'iW-wf* Otii i«>"ji ^''^: ^•"^^^^i^* My "V ^-; ,.»«" K"^ , i'.rO*'"' ll.i<«^ .-^g^ i-prCHf "J^f u\»'M .^-^- AflO*'-'' -•»,. -.^uL<^'' :*<^' '-) '•♦„ r- ?l*rt»' ,i»UHf y^ri "^x:^ ..-^^ "^^v^^ ^ ^ %t> i\ »0 / / w> J^- b» <.»f'^ ^' M ui' l^, T^ .;>^i \1^.-^^ ■*; i»-^ >.r m A' iiO V ofV ^ ^/y/t partoftheunitebstateS'^- 1880. h^^iir'ilftf Uiiilll oil s . V ^ ^ 1. + ♦•■►<■♦■ »■«,-■ y. /*- ^v /'■•■XT ^' fr' ^Jl,j:^^* ' honititl>'><'l l.iiii's. _____ SCALE OF MILES ..ih .'1 < 1 oMiitilrea"; 45 m be C '5 n ■<-> c (1) S .5 cd P. A TOUR THROUGH CANADA. \Wi in tie C 3 C £ .2 T, ft 0) 0) CHAPTER I. I N I R O I) u c r I O N . That the suhject nf Colonization in other countries is destined to immediately become a formosl social question amont^^sl the farm- ing classes of Great Uritain no |)ersoii at all acquainted with our agricultural commerce for the past few years vsill attemjit to deny. A succession of bad harvests combined with hi<;h rents and diminished ]irices for every kind of farm produce, includini,^ live slo(d<, has at last rendered it impossilile for the majority of farmers any longer to hope against hope. Even the sulistantial. and in most cases liberal. temporar\' reductions in rents made i)y many landlords will not — in several cases — enable the tenants to con- tinue in possession of their farms. To any i)erson who has hati an oppor- tunity of witnessing, as I have had, during the past Autumn, the gigantic preparations that are daily being made in the United States and Canada for supplying meat and grain to this side of the Atlantic, my state- ment will at once be very apparent. In the face of this great competition we can no longer ignore the fact that the ]iroducts of our soil can never again be as valuable as they have been heretofore, and in a large majority of cases where land, in the days of high prices, was let up to or even be- yond its value, it is plainly evident that but one course remains oiien for the occupiers of such lands — to seek a new habitation in scmie foreign country — whilst they yet re- tain a remnant of means wherewith to do so. It therefore, becomes an imiiortant question for those of them who |uir]iose following this course to consider what country they will adopt as their future home. Whether shall they go to the An- ti]iodes. South Africa, or other distant colony, and sever their home connections for ever, or select that vast Dominion of Canada, that already contains auKMigst its inhabitants such a large proportion of our own c()untrymen and their descendants, and which at present ofl'ers so many tempt- ing inducements to every man of "large or small capital, who is possessed of industri- ous habits, and wishes to rear his fimilv in comfort and independence. No doubt I shall be told that other coloniesalso possess in even a greatei degree, tempting induc- ments to the colonist or settler. This I shall not deny ; but I will go the length of asserting, without fear of contradiction from im])artial judges who are comjjetent to give an opinion, that in no other country in the world can the Jirilish-born subject feel so much at home — within a short journey of his native soil —or be as free and indepen- dent, and attain at least as nnich wealth a-, will suflice to make life comfortalile. a.-, in Canada. And, after all. there is a great deal to be said in favour of settle- ment in a country within eight or ten days' sail of our shores, ])rotected by the JJriti'sh Hag, and where English laws, aie, if anything, even more liberally adminis- tered than they are at home. Where edu- cation is free, and where the majority of the people are themselves either settlers from Great IJritian or their immediate de- scendants, and where all are prosperous, peaceal)le, cf)ntented and happy. Few }ieo])le, I will venture to say, are aware of the vast extent of the ] Jominion of Canada, or yet prepared to accejit the fact that it covers a larger area of territory than the United States ; nevertheless this is true. In addition to the Provinces of (^)uebec and Ontario, it endiraces New Prunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince l-:dward Island, Pritish Cohnnbia, Manitoba, ami the great North-west Territory — the va>t- ness and fertility of wiiicli latter until re- cently was unknown, and is now looked u])(m as the most fertile country in the world — the entire making a total area of 3,528,805 scjuare miles. No other country, has perhaps, been so severely criticised or persistenllx' cried down b)' interested parties as Canada, and none. A TOUR TIIROUCill CANADA. from what I have heen able to jiult^e, with as little reason. Having; recently made an extendeil tour of it, ami devoted much time to the examination of its resources, from an atjricidtural point of view, I shall endeavour to f^ive in the following; pages a brief de- scription of thint^s a-; I found them, cciui)led with sui^gestioris that may eventually jirove of service to visitors or intending; colonists. In addition to those notes, I am enabled throui^h the courtesy of the Agricultural Delegates, who went out from Kngland and Scotland dining the ]iast Autunm, and whf>se acquaintance I was fortunate in making during my tmir, to jilace before the reader their opinions uf >Ianitoba, in the shape of a joint report. As these gentle- men, each of whom possesses large exjie- rience, and is the owner of an extensive farm, visited this jirovince specially with the view of inspecting and reporting on its re- sources, from an Agricultural jjoint ofview, to their brother fixrmers in their respective districts at home, their opinions must be looked u])on as the most reliable yet pub- lished of Manitoba and the CJreat North- west. CHA! TER II. The pAssAr.K Out The Allan Line OK STF.AMKI^S— LAM)LN(; atOueukc — Raiiavay Mana(;kmi'NT —Canadian Ci'RRi':Nrv. The visitor to Canada, whether he be a tourist seeking pleasure, or an artizan or labourer in quest of a home, cannot do better than engage a passage liy " The Allan" line of steamers to (^)uebec or Halifax. The jiassenger from England or Scotland embarking at Liverpool, and fnmi Ireland— at least from tlie North-west of it — at Londonderry. This is the shortest and most direct route to all parts of Canada, and lean testify, from experience, to the courtesy, attention and kindness that are shown even the humblest steerage passenger cm Ixiard tliese ships. The knowledge which enables me to speak so highly of this line was gained on Ixiard the " I'eru- vian," ctmimanded by Cajitain Smilli, R.N., and the " Circassian," commanded by Captain Wylie, both of whom make their passengers so comfortalile that one almost regrets when the voyage of nine days, which it usually takes to complete the trip from Liverimol to Ouebec and I'lrc versa, is at an end. I was informed by several fellow passengers, who are in the haliit of crossing at friHjuent intervals, that the other vessels of this line are equally as well-appointed ami comfortable as ihose it was my good fortune to sail in. Although nine days is ilie usual average time occupied in the voyage across the Atlantic, includ- ing several hours delay off Moviile, waiting for the mails, the trips in favourable weather are frequently made in less time, and land is not lo.-.t sight of for more than from 5j'2 to 6 days. The quickest passage on record from Liverpool to (Quebec was made in June last by one o''the vessels of this line the " .Sar- dinian," a 1 is quite an event in the annals of the Atlantic Steamship trade, she having arrived in the Port of (Quebec on the eighth day after leaving Liverpool. She left Moviile at 5.15 p.m., on June 6th, and landed her mails at Rimouski at noon on the 13th, being 6 days 23 hours and 30 minutes, allowing for ditierence of time. The passage from Moviile to lielle Isle wasaccomi)lishe(l in 5 days 20 minutes, and land was only lost sight of for 4 days 19 hours. Every person who has crossed the Atlantic knows how welcome the siglit of land is to pas- sengers, even on a voyage of eight or nine days. The journey to any jiart of the States is easily accomplished by this route, and the tourist can enjoy the beautiful scenery of the river St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario with its famous Thousand islands, and the h'alls of Niagara by the way. Arrived at (Quebec, we landed at Point Levis where we found a large number of persons on the landing stage waiting our arrival, many on the look out for friends from the "Old Country," who had come out to share their good fortune. Amongst these might be noticed several well-dressed females, apparently the wives of farmers or well-to-do business people from various parts of the country, anxious to find out from amongst the jxassengers female servants in want of situations. I quickly learned that female servants of late, who take out with them good authenticated testimonials, find little trouble in procuring situations in all parts of Canada, and at good wages too. just at present there seems a greater de- mand for female than male servants, and this i> likely to continue. Good industrious farm labourers, however, can always readily obtain emiiloyment in Canada, l)ut those of the opposite character are not required. Immediataly on the arrival of the vessel the ]iassengers luggage is carried by porters to the Customs House, which together with the railway depot, atljoins the landing stage. Here it is subjected to examination by the Customs officers, and after it is passed by them the owner has only to procure his tii'kit, if he is not already in posses- sion of a llirough one to his desti- nation, and place his luggage, or as it is tcrmcc the railw towards wc hear Canadian manifest. Trunk Ra in direct 1 Although me occupie(i itic, inclufl- illc, waiting favnural)iL' n less time, r more than ecord from in June last L' the " Sar- n the annals ', she having n the eighth : left Moville 1 landed her in the 13th, 30 minutes, The passage :complishe(l nd was only urs. Every antic knows id is to pas- ight or nine part of the y this route, le beautiful ■ence, Lake and islands, way. ed at Point ; number of waiting our for friends had come Amongst ell-dressed f farmers or om various to find out ale servants ly learned lo take out stimonials, ituations in wages too. greater de- vants, and industrious 'ays readily but those t required. the vessel l)y porters :^elher with ling stage. ion by the passed by rocure his in posses- his desti- or as it A TOUR THROUGH CANADA. is termed in Canada, baggage, in cliargc of the railway officials —and here the lirst step towards the superior railway nianagenieul wc hear so much of with regard to the cities and town^ of importance, not only ni Canada but liie United Slates, and it mat- tersnot whitlicris your destination, your lug- gage, after having been once given into the Canadian and American railways, becomes manifest. .So soon as you enter the (irand Trunk Railway offices you arc at once placed in direct communication with the principal charge of the railway officials at Quebec need trouble you no more. Vou have merely to state to the officer in charge ui it, where you are booked to, when he will A TOUR TllKOUClI CANADA iinniL 00 8 3 I .^ 30 3 00 12 5 I 6 36 4 00 16 5 I 9 43 5 00 I 6',a 020 49 6 00 I 4 8 026 61 1 10 CK) 2 I I 050 1 22 i 20 00 4 2 2ji 10 2 43 ' 25 00 ^ ^ ? . 1 4 «7 i 50 00 10 5 6j/ 500 24 33 ' 100 00 20 10 II'tj In Canada there are practically six coins : the dollar equal to 100 cents, which is generally paper currency ; the half dollar, silver, equal to 50 cents ; the quarter dol- lar, eqvial to 25 cents ; the ten cent a, d tive cent pieces, and the cent itself. This mode of reckoning money, sinipli- lies matters very much, and when a person gels used to it, as he may very quickly, he rinds it much easier than our system ofbring- ing pounds to shillings, shillings to pence, pence to halfpence, and halfpence to farthings. The total has only to be found in cents, and the result in dollars is at once apparent, provided the number of cents exceed one hundred, the two last figures rejiresent the cents, and the first ones are ilollars. As an illustration, we will suppose that the reader has twelve thousand four hunched and twenty-seven cents, he has ' The Canndi.-iu cent .ind tlie Eiii;li>h I alf- l cniiy are alnio>t idciiucal iu vah'C. piochiclions, HT matters, ') him. lie :kh()ar(ls the )r all kinds icrc of infnr- longer with oney. The ise tables : — NADIAN Its equiva- lent in Sterling Money. i o o o o o o o o o () o s. o 6 o o o o o I O 12 i6 1 o 1 4 2 I 4 5 lO 20 lO I I I, 5 VA lo I I 5 5 8 I 2'^' 9 I I '-2 ly six coins : S which is half dollar, juarter dol- cent a, d self. iiey, simpli- en a person quickly, he em ofbring- to pence, Ifpence to lo be found s is at once jr of cents last figures ^t ones are vill suppose >usand four Its, he has riii;li.>h lalf- A TOUR TIIROUCII CANADA. merely lo write down the figures I24'27 and by taking off the two last figures he at once sees he has one hundred and twenty- four dollars and twenty-seven cents. This systen not only prevails in Canada, but throughout the American Continent. CHAPTER III. QuEKKC — Fakmin(; in us Nkkiudour- HOOD — COI.ONRI, RlIODKs' i'KUlf Farm — Frrnch Canauians as Far- mers. Ouehk.c is the oldest city in the Dominion, and has many histi c associations attached to it. It was formerly the capital of Canada, but since Ottawa was selected for the seal of Cjovernmenl, it is only ihe capi- tal of its own Province. Including ihe suburbs, its population is from forty-live to fifty thousand. The city itself can- not lay claim lo much beauty, but there are some magnificent views lo be obtained from different points of vantage in its suburbs. The population is jirincipally made up of I'rench Canadians, who speak the French language and rigidly adhere to the old French customs ; indeed, this ise(|ually true f)fagreal part of the Province of C^Jueljec, particularly the Northern portion of it. Farming is not well done in this jmrt of the Dominion, nor is it a desiral)le place for intending settlers from tiiis country lo go to, because the Winters are longer anil more severe than in other pans of Canada, and the major portion of the pojiulation speak no language but French, added to which the land is of a poor quality. The reader will bear in mind that this description refers only to the Northern por- tion of the Province ; it would be unfair lo class ihe entire of it under this category because there are sections lying to the East and South, in which as gooci land is lo be found as in any portion of Canada. Of course, there are also, here and there, good patches of land to be met with, par- ticularly around the city, but they are the exceptions and not the rule. Colonel Rhodes, a gentleman whose place lies within three miles of Quebec, illustrates, in a very marked degree, what may be done on a small farm by skilful and intelligent management. The extent of his place is but fifty acres ; yet, it presents a model ap- pearance in every respect. It is more of a fruit than an ordinary kind of farm, indeed the place is known by the name of the l^'ruit >"arm. Every thing here was well done, somo things remarkably so. .Strawberries are grown by the acre ; numerous glass- houses are used for raising cut flowers in Winter — indeed, Roses and Carnations in this section, were better nian.agcd here than I have ever seen ihem before. Wliil>,l every- thing is cultivated with skill and taste, all is (lone with a view to profii, and I was a^- .^ured by the Colonel, whose acquaintance 1 had the pleasure of making, thai his !• ruit Farm was a very paying speculation. Any person stopping in (Quebec and having a litlle lime to s|)are, should not fail to pay this place a visit ; he will lind it, from a horticultural point of view, perhajjs the mosi inlcroting eslai)li.-.hmenl of its kind in Canada. I have to thank .Mr. Penson of New Liverpool, a suluirb of (^)uebec, a gentleman largely interested in the limber Irade, for my introduction lo Colonel Rhodes, as well as for nuich of the inler- mati(jn gained during my visit to his city. Mr. Penson himself, in a moderate way, is an enthusiastic farmer, and has alreaily made a good connnencement on a tract of landsurroandinga magnilicent new mansion he had just finished buiUling. He has al- ready formed the nucleus of an excellent herd of Ayrshire cattle, amongst wiiich I ol)served some very line well iired animals. lie has recently, also purchased some jnire bred .ShropNJiireand Perkshire pigs. With the persi;verance and energy displayed hy Mr. Penson in his undertaking, I doul)t imt that in a very short time he will have \\:a^\^i a place alike creditable to himself ami (|^uebec. From (^)ueiiec lo Richmond, a distance of about one hundred miles, there is very little lo interest the traveller, ami nothing at all lo impress him with the itiea that the New Country was even a moder- ately fertile one. This portion of it, al- though not very rich, is ca])a!ile of l)eing made lo yield belter crops and look lo much greater advantage than is the case al present. The French Canarlians who are the principal inhaliitanls of this section of the country are bad farmers, and do ih)1 seem to have any higher ambition than to merely get out of the land just as much as will sujiport them. In the majority of cases too, the farms are small, owing to the original plots or farms of 150 to 200 acres, as ihe case may be, having been sulj-divided amongst the sons of families, as they got married and wanted lo settle down. 1 merely mention these facts in order that the traveller may know the true reasons for this particular section of the country jiresenting so uninviting an appearance, and one so much in unfavouraiile contrast with almost every other part of Canada he may afterwards go to. first impressions go a great way towards making a person form a good opinion or a l)ad one of a new country, and I confess the one which the traveller will B 10 A TOUU TIIKOUOII (AN ADA. lonii III this .scctiiiii i>| ('nn.uln, en his lii'>l visit, will nut l)c very ravmirahk'. j!iil hi: shoiihl ni>i, Ml lo s|icai<, l.iki: llic \xnik liy the cover, as he will shortly Icarn aftir arriving; at Uichniond. fllAlTKU IV. The Kastkkn Tdwnsiiiis— Mk. (.(k ii- rank's Farm and IIkkdoI' Smoki- IIORN.T -TllF. ('I.IMAIK — ImI'K()\ 1,1) I'" ARMS— WHY IIIKY ARK SO KAsII.Y OI.IAINKK- I'DRKSI LaMiS. Thk man with inn-iiMalc capital, sccl^in^ a favourahlr opimrtimity uf in\iv--linf; it nn a farm, sill mid iMcal'.lii^ iumiiryal UuMminnd, and ^o into llii.' Kasicrn Townshiiis, wiierc he will find — at least this has hccii my ex- ]icricncc— as i^Dod, and, purhap.-., a ln'ttcr (ippurtunily ul'ddin^' so than in any \r.\\[ ol t'anada. This si.ctinn of tlic I'rosincf of (Jiicl)fC, lyini;, as it docs, nil tlu; onlinary line of travel, has not hitlK'rio fallen in lor its due share ot iiis|iectioii hy imendiii},' settlers. It will, liowe\er, l)e found to jire sent as many, if not a i;reater number of, advantaj;es than any oihir part of the l)i- minion. As will he seen by the Maps at- tached to this |iamphlet, it comprises that ])ortion of the I'roviiu'e hrtween (he United Slates and the south hank of the River St, Lawrence. The land generally all over the Southern port it n i if the l''.astern Townsiiips, is (if very line (|uality and is capable of pro- ducing escelleiu cmps. Ii i^ ;is a i.reat ^'razing country, Imwever, that lhi-> pan <>{ (.'anada is likely to become better kiKiwn, fur l\\\- rea.Miii. that a.-^lhe new I'rnvince of Manitoba becdmes more thickly populated, and the settlers on its va^t allu\ial plains connnence to >upply u.s with all the wheal we shall require, sl(ick-rai>inL; mi the be>t and nearest land to the Kn^li^ii market, must necessarily be more remunerative 'han tillage fiirmiiiL;. The suick ;,'ener;dly, throui;hout the Tnwii^iiips will be fdimo of very good qualit), and wherever liiorough- bred Shorthorn blood has been inlroduci'd amongst the native breed of cattle, a great improvement in the quality (I the animals is ap]iarenl. I was sorry, however, to notice that far- mers, as a rule, were slow to pmchase, or even use, thoroughdired \>\\V> when op]ioi- tunity serveii,and I was surprised to oii.^erve many intelligent men so blind to their own interests, or wedded to old customs, as not to lie able lo discern the great loss they annually sustained through neglecting to improve the (iuality of iheir slock. And they cannot conqilain and say llial it is for want of an opportunity of purchasing ani- mals of a high class, lor Canada l-oasts of at least two henlb of Shurihurns second to none in the world, one the jiropcrty of the !lon. .Mr.c:ochrane, M.r., I lillhurM,(()mp- .t Farm, which is now eleven hundred .acres in extent, was purch.ased by Mr, Cochrane hheen years ago, and demonstrates, in a more forcible maimer than I can describe, the suc- cess that may be attained in tiie Kastern Townshijis by the juilicious outlay of capi- tal, combineil with intelligent farming. Mr. Cochrane commenced the establishment of hi> heril by purchasing, in I'.ngland, some of the very hne.^l animals that could be pro- cured, and, although he had to encounter some little disappointmenlM at tirst, he quickly succeeded in forming a herd, from which were sold animals that have realised some of the highest prices on record. In the autumn of 1S77 he sent a consignment of 32 head of cattle to Kngland, which were sold by .Mr, Thornton lor /i6,325 Ss, Two of these realised respectively 4, 100 gs,, and 4,Joo gs., the latter jirice being paid by the lOarl of IJective for Fifth 1 )uche.ss of llillhurst, an in gass, and the cattle, valuable as they are. are treated in c\ery respect Of 3 n o o :^\ Cu 3 I/' i,ooo of Anl- it'licve, ill such scltlcr miphiin IS herd. :h hi^h nicaiiij idcrate to ini- ncarly -ap, or no\vn wards. Hill- lUiable cspcct A TOUU TllkOUCJII CANADA II 12 A TOUR THROUGH CANADA same as ordinary stnck. Thcrtr is nn panv pcriinj i)rhi^;li fc't' sell. In some instances men without families have amassed a comjietence out of ihe land they have reclaimed, and wish to realise its value in ready cash in order that A TOUi; TnFs ces can he ■ acre. In rds of the :an lie out at interest, cent. ; the nt usually id they arc in extent, rhe reader lown on a .cry readily le will be capital at r in mind t. cheaper )f clothing; |[;s that he with the e almost ntry. ommence in — How o readily ? I con- interior I puzzleil pparent. |t Hritain, is always anything ead has al worth )ared to himself forest or fcourse, willing without e out of wish to der that they may spend the remainder of their days in comfort and independence free from the cares of the world. Others, a^ain, have a desire to commence anew, or umlertake pioneer life for the love of adventure and of the life they commenced for its own sake, as well as to ol)tain a more extensive ticM for the settlement of their sons who have prown up on the farm they have reclaimed, and whiili is now not lar(;e enough to he sub-divided. The latter is the chief reason why so many farmers are to be found in Canada willing to dispose of their holdings. Consequently a state of things exists par- ticularly favourable to the I'ritish farmer emigrating with a little capital. I le at once enters upon a business congenial to hi^ tastes, and for which he is in a degree par- ticularly suital)Ie, because of the superior knowledge he possesses of farming, while the older settler commences anew the pio- neer life he so well understamls how to turn to advantage. The richness and fer- tility of the new Province of Manitolia, which was unknown until lately, has also awakened aspirations in the minds of old settlers in Canada, that cause them to wish again for the ojjportunity of renewing an actpiaintance with a class of work which in their early days they found so prolitable, and which is not now beset with the nu- merous difticulties they then had to en- counter. There are now from eight to nine hun- dred thousand acres of forL-.l land for sale in the Eastern Townships which can be purchased from the Oovernment at from 2s. 6d. to 3s. per acre, on condition of set- tlement. In addition to this, there are lands held by the lirilish American Land Company, th^- prices of which I did not ascertain. There are numerous cheese fac- tories in this section, amlthe (|uality of iioth cheese and butter produced is excellent. Woollen factories are pretty numerous and local factories for the manufacture of sashes, doors, carriages, and agricultural imple- ments are to i)e fouml in ail the principal towns. Sherbrook is the largest and most important town in the Townshi]is, and contains many tine iniildings. A study of the map will indicate how well this section of Canada is intersected with railways, and how easy of access the several great com- mercial centres are from all portions of it. Before taking a final leave of the Eastern Townshi])s, I would again avail of this op- portunity of advising intending settlers to visit them wlien looking over the country in search of a home. CHAPTER V. MoNTRRAi. — Earmini; in tup. District —Pricks ok Earm I'ktMnrcK— The VicioRiA Tinnti.AR llRiDiiK, Grand TRtrNK Kailway. Tmk next i)lace of im|)ortance the traveller will re.ich is Montreal, a magniticent city of some two hundred thousand inhabitants, situated on an islandal»outthirty miles long, by about seven miles wi lbs. qs. 3d. for 60 do. Carrots Potatoes Mangolds Wheat liarley Oats I lay Milk Is. per gal. Winter. 3s. Oil. ,, 40 do. 2s, od. ,, 40 do. 3 IS. 6(1. for 1,600 lbs. in Slimmer ; is. 6d. in r.utter gd. per lb. This is a fair average of the prices of these ]noducts in the neighbourhood of Montreal and other large cities, but must not be taken as a sample of what can be obtained for them elsewhere. Mr. Irving has one fif the best herds of Ayrshire cattle in Canada, and he considers them the most suitable class of stock for the country. I am indelited to Mr. Romeo Stephens, a gentleman largely engaged in mercantile pursuits in Montreal, and his brother Mr. Sheldon Stephens, for my introfluction to Mr. Irving, and for much of the information I gained during my visit to that city. Mr. R. Stephens tills a rather extensive farm himself at his country residence, at St. Laml)erts, a place some six or seven miles outside Montreal. lie makes a speci- ality of Jersey cattle, and some of those in his jiossession are amongst the l)est in the country. His farm-ste.ading and place al- together is a model of good management. Private enterprise, combined with great natural .advantages, have, within the past half century, obtaineil for Montreal the position it now enjoys. The majority of the pork, butter, cheese, corn, and other products of Canada are shipped here, and sent forward to the markets of the world. As I stated previou.dy, vessels of some thousands of tons burden can come into the centre of the city and receive their cargoes. Steamers to (Quebec all come up here for the greater part of their freight. Montreal contains many fine hotels. The best is the Windsor, a magnillcent building, cajiajjleol accdniiuodatiiig alxiut Soo guests. It is furnishetl and kept in the best" style, and altogether is second to none on the A TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 15 ? prices he injT for the feel interest lie, bearing "ig pays l)ut ;r acre per considered f Dublin or pounds per the advan- his manure wing :— for go lbs. ,, do. ,, do. : 2,CXX) lbs. for 60 do. ,, 40 do. ,, 40 do. r 1,600 lbs. ; IS. 6d. in gd. per lb. ces of these of Montreal lUst not be be obtaineil ng has one e cattle in ,11 the most "ountry. I tephens, a mercantile rother Mr. 3fluction to nformation city. r extensive idence, at < or seven :es a speci- A those in lest in the place al- |nagenient. .vith great 11 the past itreal the ajority of find other here, and 10 world, of some ome into ive their come U]i eight, els. The building, gucsis. lest style, on the American Continent. The Chief Oltlces of the Grand Trunk Railway are also silualeil here, and lam indebted to Mr. Stephenson and Mr. Wainwright, managers of different departments of ii, for mucli courtesy and kindness receivetl at their hands. The (jrand Trunk line has done a great deal for Canada; in fact, without it the resources of the country would be to-day practically un- developed. Although the line has never, I believe, paid the original shareholders a dividend, the time cannot be far distant — now that the country is becoming more thickly populated, and consequently every day accumulating products for consumption in European markets, a large portion of which must pass over the line — when under the present careful existing management, it will become a prolilable concern. The Great Western Railway (jf Canachi is simi- larly circumstanced to the Grand Trunk with regard to its not being able hitherto to pay a dividend ; and it would very much conduce to the beneiit of both companies if the I'jng-talked-of amalgamation scheme of thj two lines could be carried into execu- tion, as the working expenses of each w ould in consequence be very much reduced, and the chances of paying a ilividend to the shareholders very materially increased. CHAPTER VI. On the RouiE i-kom Montreal 'lo Ottawa — How Forest Lands are Cleared — The Stormont Stock Farm. From Montreal I will now Lake the reader further w est to Ollaw a — the modern capital of Canada. This City can be reached by three different routes — one, the Grand Trunk, changing at Prescoll Junction ; the second, the North Shore Railway, which runs direct ; and the third, by far the pleasantest and most picturesque, by the Ottawa River. The tourist >houKi not fail to select the latter route, if the witnessing of good scenery be the ol)ject he has in view . 1 (lo not knt)W where in Canada a pleasanler I lay can be passed, than one spent in going by water from Montreal lo Ottawa. The varying scenery is truly magnilicenl, and allugeliier such as the ordinary traveller in the Old Country has not hitherto Ijeen used to. The beauiiful effects produced here and there in the landscape by the various lints oi foliage of the different kinds of maple are indescribable, and must be wit- nessed to be appreciated. On both sides of this river may be seen some good tracts of land fairly cultivatetl. I'or a great number of years the lumber or timber trade was the chief industry of the settlers all along this part of Ontario ; and although it is yet carried on pretty briskly, it is not by any means worked so exten- sively as heretofore ; nor is it so profitable now as in times gone by, and as a con- sequence the inhabitants are turning their attention more to fa ming, which, owing to the altered state of things, they find to pay better. They are not, however, so far ad- vanced in agricultural knowledge as they might be, and the settlement in their midst of a few intelligent old-country farmers with capital would tend lo improve their style of farming. Proceeding by the Grand Trunk Railway on the route to Ottawa the land is not particularly good for the first thirty miles or so; afterwards it begins to improve, particularly after the upper part of the County of Glengarry and the Counties of Stormont and iJundas are reached. The country all along this section is very fertile, and well worthy the attention of iniending settlers. In the County of Stormont there is a great deal of good land. At Cornwall in this county is situated (one mile east of the town) the famous Stormont Stock Farm, the property of Doctor Jkrgin, M.F. for Cornwall, a gentleman whose acquaintance I had the pleasure of making during my tour. He farms aljout four hundred acres, and is noted for a good stud of horses. At the time of my visit he had about seventy in hand, all of the best blood. I may re- mark that he makes a speciality of trotting horses, and enjoys the reputation of being the breeder of scjnie of the Ijesl animals of this class in Canada. All his horses are of the llamiltonian and Memi)rino famile.s, the best blood in America. The doctor thinks very highly of this section of the country as a district for farmers to settle in. Good cleared farms with dwelling- house and farm buildings, he informed me, could be had for from twenty to thirty dols. per acre ; but in the neighbourhood of large towns they would go as high as fifty or sixty dols. per acre. Cornwall has now 5,000 inhabitants, and so late a^ ten years ago its population was but 1,600. The country all along to I'rescott Junc- tion, and indeed the counties of Russell and I'rescott are of much the same charac- ter as that in the County of Stormont. Rranching from this point lo Ottawa on the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Railway there are porti >ns of it yet uncleared, and not a great deal uniler cultivation. Perhaps a brief description of how a new settler commences work on this uncleared land may not be out of place here. Having become, either by grant or purchase, as the case may be, the owner of a hundred or i6 A TOUR THROUr.H CANADA. more acres of land, nnd entered upon his property, he commences, in the tirst in- stance, to hew down some of the largest trees with which to l)uild his shanty. Then throuj^li the winter and on into early spring he fells as much all round him as he can ; if he is fortunate in being able to procure course of a short time a few blows on the opposite side comiilctes the work, and the tree comes down. The branches are then, when in a dry state, gathered together and burned, and the ground prepared for sowing the tirst corn crop. Each succeeding year, according to circum- G *-> CO (U u o b (a a> u o a 0) o a (O a s o U ■*-) C/7 U ■ »-( help he will have cleared eight or ten acres. ! In performing this operation it is not neces- '. sary for hiin to cut close to the ground, the usual practice is to cut about two and a half or three feet high on the side of the trunk at which the tree is required to fall ; this i enables him to concentrate more force with his axe on the part he is cutting, and in the i stances, more land is cleared and the timber sold, and gradually the land that has been first cleared is got into a higher state of culti- vation. A certain ]iortion is reserved in every instance forcutting down in after years for lire wood. The stumps of the trees are always left to rot away, and after a few years when they become thoroughly decayed A TOUR Til ROUGH CANADA. 17 -a a •M CO y-lo\\n, but since it has been selected for the ca[)ital, it has ri^eii rapidly, and is now a neatly laid-out city, containing a large number of inhabitants, and many line streets antl buildings. The Houses of Rar- liaiuent and Lio\ernnient liuildings are ex- tremely handsome, and beautilully situated on ihe summil of a hill overlooking the Ottawa River. " The style is Gothic, of the 12th and ij'ih centuries. The ornamented work ami the dressing round the windows are of Ohio sandstone. The spandrels of the arches, and thesj>aces between the wiiulow- arches and the sills of the upper windows, are tilled up with a quaint descriiition of stone work, composed of stones of irregular size, shape, and colour, very neatly set to- gether. The central buiklmg jiresents a \ ery imjKising a[)i)earance. '1 he central or the seven towers, wliich is very rich in de- sign, projects from the front of the build- ing, ami IS I Sic feel high. The body oi the building ill the facade is 40 feet high, above which rises the slanting roots of slate, sur- mounted by hues of ornamental iron crest- ing. The building is 472 feet long, and the depth from the front main tower to the rere of the library is 570 feet, covering an area of b2,6iiO superticial ieet. The square in front is 700 ieet from E. to W., and Ooofeel from N. to S. The basement lloor of this buikling is assumed to be lOo feet above the oriliiiary summer level ol the river, while that of the E. and W. blocks is 135 and 142 feet respiectively. The increaseU elevation, however, improves very much the general ellecl of the buikl- ings. The main entrance is through the principal tower, the s[)acious arctics of wliicli admit of a carriage-way umler them, i'assing through il we enter a large hall, pavetl v\ilh tiles, ami also surrounded with marble pillars. Ascending and moving toward the left we come to iiie Chamber ol Commons. The Iront and side vestibules leading to il by many doorways are hung with large oil portraits of the Speakers ol the two Houses, the only exception being the presence of that of Sir Edmund Head, formerly (.J overnor-General. The room mea- sure.-! bz by 45 feet, the ceiling being over 50 feet high, and lormed of line open work. The skylights above tiiis intermediate cell- ing, with the .stained glass windows at the sides, throw a plentilul .soft light over the whole [ilace. i he room is surrounded by large piers of light greyi.ih marble trom Rortage du Eort. surrounded just above tlie i8 A TOUK TIIKOUC.II (AN ADA. galleries liy clusters ol .small [>illars n{ daik ninrlik', oSlaincd froiii Ariiprior, i>n the Ujiiier Ottawa, the arches suiiported by thesei)illar.s beinj; aj^ain of the light -cohmred niarlile. The galleries can accdmiiiodate about I,0OO persons. The gallery for the reporters of the I'ress is aijove the S]ieaker"s chair. The binary, which is one of the best arranged and complete to be met with, is situated in the rere, immediately facing the river, near the side of the hill. It is a polygon of sixteen sides, 90 feet in diameter. Outside of the main room is an aisle of one story high, which is formed of a series of sn^ill retiring rooms. A corri- dor connects the library witli the main building ; this corridtjr, which is .it present used for the library, will be the picture gallery. On the right in the main en- trance, is the Senate Chamber, alike in every particular to that of the Commons. It contains some very rich oil paintings. The ll(,)ors of this building, as well as those of the departmental buildings are made of concrete. The basement is usetl lor diflerenl purposes, and the second story contains, vith part of the tirst story, the oftices. The departmental buildings lace inwards to the square, and resemble the central one. The Eastern block is 318 feet in length, and 255 feet in depth, and the Western block 211 by 277. 1 he (iovernor-Cienerars ollices are in the former. The buihlings are all heated by steam, and supplied with every modern convenience. The system for heat- nig and ventilating is on the most a| proved jjrmciple. Under the central cc/urt of the i'arliament buildings is the boiler-room, in which are six boilers, each 20 feet long and live feet in diameter, furnisheil with a steam dome, safety valve, iVc, and a steam en- gine of sullicienl power lo work the pumps and throw 250 gallons of water per minute into tanks placed in the towers, from u hence the water is supjilied to all parts of the buiklings." *' The corner stone of the building was laid in .September, i860, by U.K. 11. the I'rince '.)t Wales, and the total cost is esti- mated to amount t(.) lour million of dollars. As Canada progresses in her onward course these buililings must become more generally referred lo, and within their walls matters ol great interest to the Old Country mast from lime to time be tliscussed ; and that must be my excuse for giving these tljtails. Nothing has been lell undone lo render the surroundings df these buildings as piclure-:(iue and beautiful as possible. In the rere uf the buildings the rocks descentl Lacroix'b Canadian Guide. almo.si ijerpendicularly to the river below. Thi» i,-. co\ereil with spruce and native timber, and some walks liave been firmed on the side of the hill. I'rom the Library of the House of Commons some magnifi- cent views are obtainable. On one side there is the Ottawa River, thickly studded with innumerable islands, from an opposite point lies strelcherl out another portit)n of it, forming a vast expanse of water, in itself a beautiful object, whilst in the distance can be seen the Chaudiere Falls, which, by some, are considered even more romantic than those of Niagara. Ottawais the chief centre of the lumber or timber trade in Canada, and from the site of the I'arliament liuildings may been seen vast piles of timber in logs and planks of diti'er- ent sizes, representing in value many mil- lion tloUars. There are numerous saw mills all around, and the water which passes over the Fal's is made to do duty in working the vast macninery of each. Every person and thing about wore the air of prosperity and hapjiiness, and as 1 stood at the foot of the rarliament liuildings and gazed on the busy scene stretched within my view, the thought occurred to me that I might never again look over such a large number of peasants" dwellings, occupied by so many comfortable and happy inhabitants. All through the surrounciing disiricts there are plenty of improved farms for sale at i)rices varying from live to seven jiounds per acre, but close to the city the }-rice would be higher — from twelve lo as high as twenty pounds per acre. There is some very good land lo l)e met with in remote places, some miles from Ottawa, at as low a figure as perhaps two or three pounds per acre, but situated on the binders of woods, and more oul of the way of society. These farms are generally in the hands of native-born Cana- dians, who, as I have before remarked, having cleare B o o o en 3 o a 20 A TOUR THROUGH CANADA. around this centre could lie purchased for from ten shillin{;s to eij^hl and Icn pounds ])er acre. Tlic taxes on one of these farms \vouInie 2,5CH5 inhahitants, and possessinjj f;reat ad- vantages as regards water-power. There are some cloth factories or woollen mills of coiisideralile extent here, the largest being that of the Rosamond Woollen C(;n'>- l)any, which I had the pleasure of inspect- ing. This is a very extensive concern, and is replete with the best and most apjirovcMl kinds of machinery, half of which is of Knglish and half American mainifacture. The cloth made here, as well as at other factories in the vicinity, Mr. I'lliott's for instance, is hdly ecpial to any turned out of the best mills in England, and the prices of the different saniijles shown me would also bear favourable comparison with those of home made cloths ; indeed I very much doubt if those samples I saw would be oftered at as reasonable rates here. It will thus be seen that the high ]irices which have to be paid for articles of clothing in America do not, at all events, prevail in Canada, CHAPTER Vni. TiiK Dominion F'air at Ottawa— Thr Exmr.iTS— Fruit Ctiltitrf— Wixf. Maicinc, ktc. When I reached Ottawa the Dominion Agricultural Exhibition, or the Dominion Fair, as it is termed there, was about being opened, and I had the o]")portunity of being present, fiM" the first time, at an agricultural exhibition in Canada. If any person is really anxious to form a correct idea of the people of Canada, he should visit two or three of these exhi- bitions. They are generally held in the Fall or Autunm of the year, and are kept open for at least four days of the week, during which time they are visited by the majority of the inhabitants of the sur- rounding country to the extent of many miles. I was particularly impressed with the respectable, comfortable appearance of the visitors, not only at the Ottawa Exhi- bition, but at others which I afterwards atteniled. Vou have only to move among these people to at once become convinced you were in a counti-y where the inhabi- tants were loyal, cimifortable and happy, and where every man, if not al)sohUely wealthv, was in a position of independence; independent, because he is his own land- lord ; loyal, bec.mse he h.as the making of his own laws, and a voice in the manage- ment of his own affairs, and hapiiy in the knowledge that, let the seasons and his crojis prove ever so disa]>poinling, he and his family can at least remain undisturbed beneath their own roof, evt-n though they have to economise f( r the time being. There is a numtier of these fairs held during Se|itember and October throughout till' Dominion. In the Province of Ontario theyareheld at Ottawa, Hamilton, London, (lUeljih, Toronto, i'randford, Kingston, Coburg. Whitley, Prockville, Pi.ris, St. Mary's, Ingersoll, 1 )arrie, Prescott, Morris- burg, and Cornwall. Each of these places jiossess permanent buildings and grounds, varying from thirty to (ifty acres in extent. There is also in each a half mile enclosed tract, having an elevated covered stand in the centre, on which the powers of the best trotting-horses are tested previous to the jjrizes been awarded. It is marvellous the sjieed at which one of these horses can travel in a light-running buggy, weighing not more than 200 lbs.— one ol the best make will weigh less. A mile in 2 minutes 30 seconds is considered good going, and it is not difticult to (ind horses ef|ual to this. The fastest time recorded in public uji to the present is 2 minutes 12 seconds, al- though I was informed that a mile in 2 minutes 10 seconds has been done in New York at a jirivate trial. Any person hitherto unacquainted with Canada would scarcely be prejiared to wit- ness such displa)'s as are made at these ex- hibitions ; indeed, with the exception of a few of the shows held by not more than half a dozen societies in the United King- dom, they are infinitely better and more interesting than any we can boast of here at home. In the matter of general arrange- ments we might learn many a prollt.ible les- son from our Canadian friends. The s:ock shown Mould bear favourable comparison with some of the best we possess, whilst I am quite certain that in the matter of en- thusiasm and enndation they exceed us by a long way. The reader will be able to form a better idea than I can convey of the general arrangements and extent of the Ottawa Exhiiiilion, by a study of the ac- comjianying bird's eye view of it and its grounds, and this is by no means the most important meeting held in the Dominion, that at Toronto, from what I could learn, being much larger. There were some mag- nificent animals exhibited, those in the shorthorn classes being particularly good. The entries in this section by the l!ow Park Company wereliighlycreditable. and carried A TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 31 own land- niakintj of ic manaf;c- :i)l'y in the IS and his 1R, he and indislurlicd louijh they me heinp. fairs held thrcnit^lidiit of Ontario n, London, Kingston, I'aris, St. itt, Morris- hcse places (1 fjiounds, i in extent. le enclosed 'd stand in of the best oils to the vellons the horses can , weighing )l the best 1 2 minutes line;, and it lal to this. |l)lic uji to conds, al- mile in 2 lie in New f)fl the leading honours, not only here, but at every show at which they were exhibited during the jiast season. The show of giali. r.nd roots was simply magnificent, nf)t altogether for its extent, which was very consideral)le, but for the (juality of the exhil>its, which it would i)e (liflicult to e(|ual. Although this ^how vvas opened on September 23, the specimens of roots exhibited at it were fully cfjual to those to be seen at an luiglish exhibition in November or Decendicr. Owing to the greater portion of the soil throughout the country being a rather deep sandy loam, such roots as l'arsni|)s. Carrots, and lieet seem to grow to ])erfection in it ; indeed, I never saw cleaner or better Pars- nips or Carrots than were on view. Pota- toes, too, seem to be c|uite at home on Canadian soil, the crojis jiroduced being very large and the tubers sound and healthy. The disease that so often deprive:' us of the greater portion of our crops here at home is scarcely noticeable in Canada. The collection of Potatoes at the Domi- nion Exhibition was quite an interesting feature, not only on account of its extent, but of the exceptionally fme quality of the tubers. Karly Rose seems {o be a favourite variety throughout the country ; this with Snowriake and ISreese's Prolitic are the principal kinds grown. Any jierson who lias grown Karly Rose here knows it is a very heavy crop}ier, but, so far as I am aware, it has never proved itself to b'; a Potato of good quality ; in Canada there- verse is the case : whilst the crop it pro- duces is exceedingly large, the size and (juality of the tubers leave nothing to be desired. Cereals and vegetables of all kinds were well represented, and bore favourable com- parison with those to be met with at shows at home. Turnips apjiearcd to me to be the only crop that, as a general rule, did not seem to reach p'nfection in Canada. If sown early it is th(.uglit they are lial)le to be des- troyed by the ravages of the fly ; and when sowing is delayed to a late period to avoid this enemy, the growing season afterwards is not long enough to admit of the bulbs attaining the size they otherwise would do under more favourable circumstances. The Canadian farmer needs to have all his root crops housed by the last week in October, as after this lime he is not certain of the ilay he may be overtaken by heavy frost and snow.' It will thus be sejn that if he is unable to sow his Turnips until the end of June or first week in July, the season is not long enough to admit of his crop matur- ing as iuUy as it would do if it hacl the ad- vantage of a longer season of growth. I was tok;, however, that if farmers would only sow early they could get their Turnips so strong by the time the fly usually attacks them as to be able to resist its ravages, an'' that tney would then be certain to have fully-matured bulbs. The crops at Hill- hurst, !(efore referred to, and on the farm of the Hon. Mr, Pope, in the Eastern Townships, were grown in this manner, and proved conclusively, jjy ilieir excellence the wisdom of Canadian farmers adopting this course of treatment. Fruit at this Ex- hil)ition, as well as at all (jthers in the Dominion, formed a most interesting fea- ture. No better criterion can be formed of the adaptability of a country for the growth of different kinds of crops than the fruits it produces. Where the Apple, for instance, will grow and ripen to perfection year after year, we know all kinds of farm and garden produce will alscj be at home ; for the season that will ripen the former will always prove long enough to bring to perfection the litter. Can.ada may be truly termed the home of the Apple ; in no place can it be found in greater perfection ; and consequently all the best dessert Apples that are offered for sale in our London, Liverpool, Manchester, (Ilasgow, and other markets are those of Canadian and North American growth. Any description I could give, no matter how glowing, of the disjilay of this favourite fruit at this show would fail in a great measure to do Justice to the high quality of the different exhibits. I'ears were also extensively shown, and, like the Ajiples, wereexcellent. Crapes and Peaches, which were also present in large quantities, ripen well in Canada, especially in the Province of Ontario. I was quite surjirised to see the high state of i)erfectUHi the Crape can lie l)rought to here subjected to ordi- nary out-door cultivation. Many of the bunches shown would be considered highly creditable productions on an English exhi- bition stage. Certainly they were not as heavy bunches as we are in the habit of seeing produced in vineries in Britain ; but in points of excellence, such as size of berry, colour, and bloom, most of the dishes staged would stand the test of criticism of our best Grajie growers. The varieties usually grown are of a hardier constitution than those we are in the habit of growing in our vineries. I was, however, informed by the Rev. Dr. Burnett, a gentleman who takes a very lively interest in horticultural matters, particularly in iiomology, and who is recognized as the highest authority on these subjects in Canada, that he has seen that best-known and most p(jpular of our black CJ rapes, the Black Hamlnirgh, growing A TOUR TIIKOUGII CANADA. I i ! l.i :' . . i I, ft h '1 I ' liillV'l!"!; ■a c 3 o u O o X w o > r > T3 !!' ^ :;| Ilk 1,^ r 1 « , ' .i ^ 1 f8 •*-i vl ■*-» v\ i| o lliWill w ilil:Hli c 1' 1' 3 u 1 i Jlilllii c ill II 1' • ^^ 11 f i 4_» Hi ' • r^ 8^1 M; 1 Xt 1' :l • p^ ni' i ; 1 -c # 1 i X Ji 1 W f ! 1 ! P'i II''' 1 ■ > 1 i 1 lU H ' '' (U 1 ; II H , >> II w 1 J/) ' I'i !■ I v 1 V 1 t u iUa • p^ pi 11! f ! 11 i ' i A TOUK THROUGH CANADA. aj to pcrfuclion nul m;iny inilc^. (rmii Muj^iuii Kails, ill iliL'(listrict ()l Si, Latliarincs. Kc- ccnlly, (irapc j^rowiiij; mi a laij;c scalo has liL'L'ii uiil rcil nil l)y many pcopli' in Oiiiario fur wine uiaUiny ; and crc long wc sliall, no doubt, tind Canadian \sincs occupying a prominent position amongst tlic products of the Uuminion. Messrs. Ilamihon, Dunlop 'S; L (»., lirant- ford, Ontario, who exhibited a large collec- tion of native wines at this show, as well as at many i)thersol a similar Uiiid held during the lall, are taking a leading position in this trade, and demonstrate very satisfac- torily what may be accomplished in the art of wine-making from tlie native grown (irapes in Canada. Many of '.heir .samples of light wines, particularly clarets, would compare very lavourably with those of European brands. I'eaches are not of as large size or as good llavour as tho.sc we are in the habit of seeing at home. They are, however, producei.1 in great abundance, and with as little troul)le as a cro[i of Apples. Wherever the traveller goes in Canada during the Autumn he will lunl on his hotel tajjle Crapes and I'eaches .set before him at every meal ; the former may be purchased at from three to five cents, per inaind. All our small fruits w itli the exception of the (jooseberry, do well in Ontario. Hutler and cheese were shown in large quantities, and the samples were generally of very h'gh quality. Machinery oi every class suitable for farm work formed a prtjuiinent feature, and the competition between rival manu- facturers seemed as keen as tha! usually wilnessetl in show-yartls at this side ol the Atlantic. Nothing new^ or possessing very siJecial merit that I hail not already seen at shows here, however, attracted my at- tention. CHAPTER IX. The Mamtoua Exhiiut.s ai the Do- minion E.xuiBrnoN. The attention of the Ikilish public is at the present time so much centered on Manitoba on account of the numerous ad- vantages it presents to intending colonists, thai 1 feel it will not be out of place here, to devote a chaiHcr to the display made by it at the Dominion Exhibition. It may serve in some slight measure to give tJie reader an idea oi its caiuljilily to supply the wants of the intending settler. A large building termetl the Manitfjba Hall, was exclusively devoted to the exhil)its, and thii hall was the chief centre of attraction lor all \isiin|. In the show. Each day, it was crowded in e\ie^s, soanxioiis were the people to oiilain a view of the productions, of iheir newly acqiiiied vast and fertile territory of whose existence, until recently they scarcely knew anything. The (iovern- nient of .Manitoba feeling that it would be an advantage to ihe I'rovince to be repre- sented at the Dominion Ivxhibilion applied t I the Dominion tio\ernnient for aid to en- able them to carry out their intention. The request was favourably eiilertaiiied, and accordingly a .sum was granted foi the pin- |)ose which was supplemented by a similar amount from the I'rovincial (iovernment, and the matter was placed in the hand.s of Mr. A. liegg for execution. .Mr. liegg .set to work and held jjublic meetings in dilterent parts of the province and succeeded in obtaining the necessary promises ol sujjport. .Many o( the farmers he informed me were adverse to sending their productions on account of the disad- vantage they would ap|)ear at owing to the early period at which roots, etc., had to be taken out ol the ground, lie, how- ever, was nul to be discouraged, and the display he secured was highly creditable. The northern end of the building was en- tirely occupied by the large Dominion maji which was exhibited at the I'aris Inhibi- tion, surmounted by a canopy of Hags ; at the opposite end was a throne of scarlet cloth, 'in either side, and at the foot of which were two immense builalo heads. Cn one side of this throne was a collection of the dillerenl kinds of native birds stulfed, whilst on the other, was a rude looking vehicle known as the Red river cart. In front was a skin tent covered with ihe skins of various native animals, inside of w hich was an iniitation camp-tire. The figure of an Indian warrior stood at the entrance, and on his right a ilog-train with the animals handsomely harnessed. Erom various advantageous points were suspendeil mouse, elk and deer heails, birch bark canoes, eagle (measuring ti\e feet from tip to lip) pelicans, etc. There w ere also sus« pendedfrom the dilferenl stands photographic •scenesin dillerenl pans of the I'rovince which indicated that very many tine buildings have already been |)Ut up. Stutled animals, Indian curiosities, furs and other attrac- tions were arranged so as lo show tt) the best possible advantage. The roots and vegetables, nolwithslanding the early period at which they were gathered, appeared lo gooil advantage, but would have been of larger growth were it not for the reason already staled. The potatoes wereof unusual size. Several samples of corn were ex- hibited in the stalk which proved by their 24 A TOl'U TIIKOirolF (ANA DA. j^ross j;rn\vtli ansicum, ly bush, potatoes, 2 pecks do., 4 |)aiis do., 1 collections sun- dry vegetr' les, I4 vegetable marrows, 12 heads caulillower, 4 bushels green peas, 31 roots radishes, 59 heads cablmge, 12 heads salisfy, 2 bunches leeks, 264 roots carrots, 67 roots do., 3 bundles dt)., 16 kohl-rabi, y sunllower, 72 roots turnips, i bushel turnips, 30 squashes, 2 heads IJrussels sprouts, 96 parsnips, 1 okoa or gumbo, 30 roots celery, i artichoke, 202 tomatoes, 14 mangoltl vvurzels, 113 beets, 1 bundle beets, 3 bunches asparagus, 20S cars corn, 7 bundles corn, i nasturtium, 42 (juarts lieans, 34 melons and citrons, 39 cucum- bers, I string hops, 15 bunches apjiles, 9 heads Scotch kale, 18 pumpkins, i bundle thyme, 3 bunches sweet marjorum, 6 bunches parsley, 2 bunches mint, 2 bunches sage, I bunch coriander, 2 bunches savoy, 4 bundles wild hops, 2 paclages wild hops, I bunch sand cherry, i bundle wild rice, 1 package wild rice, 1 1 packages butter, 6 jars of pre- serves, 4 sheaves wikl vetches, I box as- sorted fruits, 2 boxes assorted wild fruits, 2 bottles assorted wild fruits, i buntUe mustard, 5 stalks tobacco, S bundles sugar cane, l bag wild rye, 2 boxes cheese, I sheaf of flax, block stone, I bottle cherry wine, I botUe mixed pickles, i box rhu- barb seed, zYz bags fluur, 18 bushels wheat, 3 bushels Ijarley, ly^ latshels rye, 13 bushels t)ats, 2 bundles millet, I sheaf peas, 24 sheaves wheal, I sheaf horse beans, 11 sheaves oats, 6 sheaves barley, 90 sheaves assorted grasses, 4 quarts nuts, 7 sheaves Timothy, 2 packages Labra- dor tea, 3 bundles clover, 1 siieaf canary seei 1 . 'I'lie similry exhibits consisted of I cariole, I pair moose liorns, I siulfed W(K)ilcock, 1 liidian cradle, 4 iancy dog bells, 2 pair fancy garters, I hank yarn, 9 pieces wooti, I cake home-made soaji, I skin tent, I smoking b.ag, 1 b.ig pemican, 1 dog sinew, I deer head, 1 skin, cariboo; \ skin, red deer ; I [lound stocking yarn, I pound single yarn, 1 calfskin; butlalo ; 2 beaver skins, i mink, 3 pairs mittens, 1 gauntlet, I pair shoes, 3 pieces wood, 2 pieces high bush blueberry, 2 pieces maple, 2 c|uilts, l riding whip, hand ; l ottoman cover, I piece petrilied ash, I pair mats, i antima- cassor, I shawl, I lire bag, i roll malting, 1 roll blanket twill, l vase shell ilowers, 3 artilici.a stone monuments, 1 marble stone monument, 1 Ureton lace jacket, I point lace jackets, I lace bracket, l lace tie, I lace cushion, l wool tidy, i knitted (|uilt, 1 crochet shirt, I ioilet set on waille canvas, 2 lace bannerets, i tea cosy, I meiliaval lace bracket, I skin tent, I swan skin, i wild cat, dyed ; I na live cat, 2 weasels, 2 dyed sable, I natural sAblc, 2 muskrat, 2 mink, l beaver, I file of the Saskatchewan Jlaald^ \ ottoman, 4 dresseil beaver, I fire bag, 2 pairs of gai- ters, I necktie, I belt, a i)air cariboo slippers, 2 pieces lace work, 1 piece toilet cushion, 4 pieces, inlaid marble, 1 inlaid marble, I slab variegated marble, I piece stone, 1 lion's head, 2 buffalo heads, I lined buffalo robe, I saildle bag, I skin wood wolf, I vol. Daily Titncs^ i vol. l'.)ii.- c>son Int., I vol. Winnipeg Standani, I vol, IitUrotcun, 1 vol. ll'cfk/y J^rcc J'less, I \u\. Daily free JWss, 1 \o\. Le Metis , bots. rye, 6 bots. malt, family proof; 6 bols. pure spirits, 30 bricks, samples of clay, ■.amples of soil, i box pottery, 3 Mennonite peal, I lynx, badger, tisher, muskrat, I silver cross red, kill foxes, 2 martins, 2 minks, I o'ter wolf, wolverine, 1 beaver, 10 robes buflalo, I moose, i deer skin, 1 bulfalo skin, i deer skin with liair, 4 pieces fossils, I lot specimen coal, photograp'.s, 2 dozen lager beer. Such were the articles that went to make up this interesting exhibit, and which were examined with eager curiosity by the thou- sands of visitors, on acctmiil of their com- ing from a country, of which, until lately, comparatively little was known, and on which the I'uiure lia[ipiness ami pros- periiy of perhaps many amongst them de- pend. A TOUR TllKOUC.U CANA!1A. 25 CIIAITKU X OiiAWA rt> KiM.^ioN Till I'KFscorr JliN(TluN -^ |!K()NAI, InsIIII'IION Ar l\IN(;>ION- Mm riAkv Ct^i.i.KCK—l'AKMiM; in imk LoCAI.ITV. From Ottawa I Cdntiiuicd my journey farthor West, hy way uf I'rL'>C()ti junciinn ami llnickvilk', lo Kin^stim tui tlu- -.linrcof laUc Onlaiiii. I' rum I'ri'sciiM jiiiiclinn, as I wcnlaliin^;, wrpassod lhri)ii^;lia line A^jrimil- liiral C'oiiiUry clearcil years a^'o ami, princi- p.illy dvm'ili! jiy wtll-lK-iln l''ariiier>. vvlxi iimier.itami their liii,sine;>s. The tourist al this point may, if he wishes, take l)oat to Kiii};stoii, a ilistance of ai)out 60 miles, he will thus have ihe ailvaiilaj^e of pn^siii^ through the famous Thou^autl Isiainis wliicli are situated helweeu this point ami the junction of the St. Lawrence with Lake Ontario. The scenery alon^ here is con- sidered e(iual if not supfrior to any in Canada, and the trip is a very enjoyalile one to make, (ireen crops all alon^ tlie route to JJrockville looked well, and I'all wheat was remarkably luxuriant. Hrock- ville has a population ofaiioul six thnusand inhaliilants. Trees are [ilanted in many of the leailinj; thorough fares whicli ^ive the place a very cheerful appearance. The land in the neij;hl)ouriiood sells at from 45 dols. to as high as 80 dols. per acre. There are no less than 8 chaiiels anrl churches helongint; to dill'erent sects, and four schools in this toun of six thousand inlial)itants. There are also several factories in the town, and a very large timber trade as well is carried on by its inhabitants with their \'ankee neighijours at llie opposite side of the water. Hack through tlie counties of Lanark and Leeds— t!ie latter county skirts the river — some fine cleared farms are to be met with, and even in the vicinity of the railway along the route to Kingston the land is fairly good. Kingston is one of tlie oldest towns in the Dominion and has a ])o|)ulation of about fourteen thousand. Up to the year 1845 tiie Seat of Government was at Kingston, after which time it was removed to .Slontreal. There are several line public buildings here, and as usual the lulucational Institutions are very numerous. There is a (Jrammar .School and eight rul)iic Schools, as well as a <^)ueen"s University and College with two I'acuities of Arts and Theology, ;.nd a Royal College of I'hysicians, having half a score of Professors connected with it. In addition to these there are several Roman Catholic Educational Kslal)lislnnents. The Military College al Kingston is also a splendid inslitution, worthy in every way of the great country whose youth are trained to miliiary life within '\\.-> vs.tlK. It i-. situated in the heart of one of the line. I of (.'anada's military siratagic points; sur- rounded l)y magnilicent scenery, it comlunes all the nnci'ssary conditions lor health and the fostering of that vigour wliich forms so important a feature in the high educatiijn of cadets. This College was opened in June, 1S7J. The course of instruction embraces all the branches of a Military Education, mental and jihysical, necessary to til its students for the miliiary profession, or imieed any department of civil life: no- thing is negkctcd that can pos^iblybe of ser- vice to them in after years. Cricket, Swim- ming, Riding, ( iyinnastics, Uoaling, are included in the weekly iirogramme, which also embraces Painting, hrawiiig. Chemis- try, Electricity, Music, \c. Thisestabli -h- iiienl lias been founded by the (.jovernment and has been an unportanl step in the right direction. A certain number of cadets are admittetl bi-annually, each of whom has to pass an examination at some Miliiary Depot in the Dominion jirevious to being a al>o situated al Kingston and is a very line building. The next place of im|iorlance I visited was Toronto which cily I readied by rail from Kingston. The grand Trunk line over which I travelled skirts the shore t.f Lake Ontario the entire diMance, and some very i)retty scenery is visiiile at inti'rval.-. during tlie journey. The land nearly all the way, particularly after the first thirty miles or so is passed, is of excellent quality, the forests have for the most part been entirely cleared, and farms highly cultivated arc to be met with all along the route. On many of them might be seen very heavy second crops of hay harvested in i>rime condition. In the counties of Northumber- land and Durham, particularly in the neigh- bourhood of I'ort Hope, there is some excel- lent Ian I. Tliis district is particularly famous for \Vlieat growing, and some of the l)est Wheat in Ontario is suiiplied from this section. Farms with dwellings, e\;c., all along this part of Canada may be purchased at from thirty to forty dol'.ras per acre. Toronto can also be reached by I'oat from Kingston, and the tourist would do well, if returning to Ottawa or Montreal, t() select this route in prefereiice to travelling by rail. A TOUU TIIUOU<.ll CANADA. A TOUU TIH^OIT.M CANADA. •7 !:-AJ ^i f/»'i ii^T ii^ ? u iM' CIIAPTF.R XI. TlIK TlTV Of TiiUOMO — V.M.t'K OK MiMIIUM; LAMi — I'AkMINti IN IIS \'l(INH V —lis I'UIII.IC IVSIITt'llONS —TlIK llOKinill.lTKAI, (lAkHKNS. ToKONio which i-i situatt'il nlon^; tlic Nhiiri- of l,.\\\v Ontario, lictwccM \\\v I)nii ;in(l llumlM'r KiviTs snuu' ]o iwiK's N. N. W. Ill iht' iniiulh of thi.' Ni;i^;ara KiviT, is Inily a IpiMiilihil city. Il is also a city «>r rapiil (growth, lifiy years aj,'o there was not a lirick house in it, aiul twi'iity-livi' years earliiT there -.lodil hui a suliuiry Indian \\ii;\\ani in thi- midst of a tionse forest, which has since heeii cleared away to inaUi' room for l)iiildin|^s whicli, for elei^ance of desij^'M ami maj^nitude, wonlil liold their own a^,'ain^l those of any city in the worlil. l'".very year Toronto is increas- ing in size, and I have no doubt but that in another (|uarter of a century it will ()ccu|)y double tiie extent of j^'rouml it stands on to-day. The rajiidity w ith which l)uildinj;s are beini,' erected and streets laid out on its outskirts justifies me in makinj^ ihis statement. What will the nader say til a street twenty-live miles lon^; 1 1 yet such a street -Voun^j .^treet--is to be foumllaid out in Toronto ; probably some lime will elapse before a great portion of it can be callt'd a crowded thorout^hfare, but sooner or later if Canada continues to prosper in the future in the same rations she has done in the past, this will come to be the case, anil he who would venture to say how lonjj or short tile time will be, would be very indiscreet indeed. The streets are invari- ably of a good width, and those outside the centre or busy portion of the city have trees nl rei^vdar intrr\als at both sides which ;idd beauty to the scenery and alforil shelter to the pedestrian. In order to indicate tlie value set upon goDil sites for building in Toronto and the rapidity with which it is growing, I may mention that lots in good positions, one hundred feel deep, are frequently sold for from live and even six hundred dollars per foot frontage; a few years ago the same land might lie had for forty or lilty dollars piT acre. During my visit to Toronto I made the <^)ueen's Hotel my he.ad cpiarters. This is one of the best anome imiirovements which he was having carried out with his stock of m.achines for 18S0. I am indebteil to Mr. Lee, tlie courteiKis manager, for nuich infor- mation relating to agricultural \natters in the neiglibourlii od of Toronto, and he very kindly drove with me to several farms and jilaces of interest in its vicinity. A great deal of the land for miles around the city is rented from year to year, at from five to six dollars per ncre to men, the majority of whom grow siu'Tfor sujiplying iIh' Toronto market. The city is extending so rai)idly that except for'builiing purposes lew jieopie would care to purchase land for farming m its immedi.ate vicinity, nor would it pay lliem to do so, the prices rule so high. Some miles away from it, however, im- proved farms cm lie jnirchased at fair jjrices, say from fort\' to tifty dollars per acre, (iinerally siie'aking the land is of good i|ualiiy, and this part of Ontario is a most desirable f)ne to fix on for settlement. The pulilic buildings and institutions of Toronto are too numerous m attempt any docriptionorhere. I must therefore content mysell by merely naming the principal ones amongst them, e.ach of which, through the kindness of the Hon, -Mr. Wood, tinance 28 A TOUR THROUGH CANADA. Minister, I had an opportunity of inspecting. Mrst in my notes is the University, a uiaj^nilicent pile of of Iniijdings erected in 1S57, at a cost of over half a million dollars. Tlie main frontat^e is about 300 feet long, and the massive tower in the centre is 120 feet high; then there is Trinity College, a very handsome building capable: of accommodating over one hundred students, situated in (^.leen Street, West, facing the entrance to the Jiay and sur- rounded by hantlsomely laid out groumls. The Normal and ^b)del Schools and Kdu- caiional Oltices are also very tine buildings, situated in the centre of a s(juare beautifully adorned with (lowers and shrubs. To this is attached an Educational Museum which includes specimens of Canadian Natural History, an extensive collection age. The CiarLleij -. are ojien to all visitors tluring the summer from six in the morning until eight in the evening, after which hour a fee is chargeil to those attemling Promenade Concerts or other performances given for the benefit of the Society. Another place of iiitere:^! thai the vi.-iitor to Toronto sluuild not miss see- iui^ U the Feeding Shed^ of iMessr-;. Cooderham and Worts, Distillers. These gentlemen arc probably the largest feed- ders of cattle in the world. Two thou- sand five hundred head are daily fed here, and as one batch is turned out hi for the butcher ani)ther equal in number taki.'s their jilace to be linished off in the course of time in a similar manner. I was informed that Mr. Walker of Windsor, Ontario, feeds in the same way on nearly as extensive a scale. I have per- ha])S dwelt longer on Toronto, its surround- ings and institutions than the space at dis- po.sal in these pages admits of, yet I feel I should ncjt be doing justice to its citizens were I to pass it by without in a slight degree acknowledging the great energy and enteri)rise displayetl by them in raising it to the position it now enjoys as one of the most handsome as well as thriving cities, not only in ("anada but on the American Contment. Itcontauisal present a popula- tion of over eighty thousand inhabitants, the majority of whom have gone out within the jjast ({uarter of a century from the Old Country, and rarely indeed did I meet one amongst them who even evinced a (.lesire to come back and settle down on his native soil. Nor were these the state- ments of strangers, but of men whom I had known in tlifferent spheres of life in this country, some of them being com- paratively well-to-do, or at least able to obtain good livelihoods before "oinir out to settle in Canada. CHAPTER XII. TORON'TO lo Hamilton — Farmixc. AI.ONC; rilE ROU IK — llAMll.rON It-) NiACARA — Fkuii~ Orowinc. in 'lilt; Dis TRicT — N i.\(;ara Falls. Leavinc. Toronto I continued my journey farther West, with the view of making Lon- don my next halting jdace or head cjuarters fir taking journe)s into the interior of the country. There was another Fair or Agricultural Show about to be held here, and I was all the more anxious to reach it in good time on this account, because, as I mentioned previously, the protlucls of the country f >r many miles round come under one's view at these exhibitions. I quickly found out after starting on my journey that I h.ad not by any means seen the most fertile or picturesque part of the Do- minion, and that I was approaching, if I may use the term, what I consider the Cariler. of Canada. The further West 1 went the more fertile the land became, par- ticularly after Hamilton, a large cU\ on the most Western hore of Lake (Jui.uio, was passed. (D w H o o A TOUR THROUCni CANADA 29 !rs. These ripest feed- Two thou- ! daily fed ned out (it in numhur off in the lor. Walker of .'-aiue way 1 iiave pel - s surround- jace at ths- yct I feel its citizens in a slight energy and raising it one of the ving cities, American It apopula- ihaliitants, gone out ntury fr(jni leed did I 1 evinced a own on his the stale- len wiioin res of life )eing coni- sl able tt) ling out to ARM IXC. l.rON TO IN lUfc: journey vnii. ^on- (juarters [or o ■'air .'Id h f tl le or ere, reacli it luse, as of tl and ciuicl lie I le er dy journey k'e'ii tlie he Do- ling, if I der the West 1 ine, par- jciiv (jn |jni.irio. 30 A TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 1-^ Up to this point the land appeared to be of average quality, something similar to what we went through on the road from Kingston to Toronto. Hamilton is a most inijjortant town, or city as it would be termed in Canada— for every place of over Io,ocx5 inhal)ilaiits is considered entitled to rank as a city in the Dominion — and con- tains a jiopulation of nearly tiiirty tliousand. It is situate at the extreme point of Lake Ontario, within easy distance of Lake Erie, and in direct connnunication by rail with Lake Huron. Hamilton is the great dei)ot for wool in Canada. It has i)een estimated that cjuite three-fourths of the wool of the country passes tiirough the hands of its dealers. This neighbourhood is also noted for its dairy [iroduce. Imjirovcd farms could be purchased here at from 30 to 50 dollars per acre ; and back towards the wooded country land may be had very chea])ly indeed. There was a fair al)out to be held here .nlso. I did not, however, wait to see it, but, judging by the reports of the difterent papers, it was highly successful, and cjuite eijual, both in the extent and the quality of the exhiljils, to others held in the province. It is at this point that travellers by the (ireal Western line l)reak their journey f(jr Niagara, and I, accordingly, broke mine, and after spending sulticient time inspecting points of interest in the locality, ])roceedecl by rail to visit the world-renowned " Falls" whicli are distant from this point some thirty-tive or forty miles. There is some very line land in this part of Ontario, and farms of large extent highly cultivateel were to be seen at tlifVerer: points along the route. There were, however, here and there, comparatively barren stretches to be met with bordering (m the shore of the lake, anil occasionally large belts or tracts t)f wooded, land, on which could be seen some of the original giants of the forest in all their native grantlcur. Nearing St. Catharines, a district border- ing on the Falls, the traveller reaches a great fruit growing locality. Orchards of from twenty-five to a hundred acres are to be met with here, and large quantities of apples are annually exported from this part to the Englisli markets. ISetween Niagara Falls and the river, I met a man who had an orchard of over one hundred acres, sixty of which were occujiied by Apples, and the remaining portion by Teaches. Three varieties of Apples I learned were jirincipally grown for exportation, viz., the Northern S]iy, the llaldwin, and Russet. It IS inqiossibie to imagine anjiliing more beautiful tiian one of these orchartls in the Autumn, Idled with large, healthy, well- established trees, their branches heavily laden with rosy-coloured fruit. Crape vines are also grown largely in this k'cality ; indeed by far the best grajjcs I met with in Canada, save on an exhibition table, was in this district. It was here that the J51ack Hamburgs, which I referred to in an early chapter as having been seen in such perfection by the Rev. ]3r. lUirnett, were grown. I did not see any fruit of this variety myself, but judging by the quality of other sorts which were pointed out tf) me, I could understand how well it would thrive here. All the country from Hamilton to Niagara, as far as the .Southern ]ioint of the Ccntnty of Welland, opposite Jiuffalo, lying between Lake ')ntario and Lake Erie, is nearly of the same quality, and is, from its favoured posi- tion, admirai^ly ada]ited for fruit growing. Any account I could give of the Falls, in the bvief space at my disposal in these pnges. would fall far short of conveying to the reader, the most remote idea of their grandeur and magnitude. I feel, besides, that most of my reatlers have at one time or other, read in books of travel a more minute descrij)tion than I am competent to give of them, from my short sojourn in their vicinity. There are two Falls, one on the Canadian, and one on the Ameri- can side. The I lorse Shoe Fall on the Canadian side Is the largest, being about 1,900 feet wide ; that on the American side jire .'nts a sfaight line of about 900 feet. The fall over each is about equal in height and has been estimated at about 165 leet, but no persim has ever yet been able to measure the height exactly. It has been estimated that 20,000,000 cubic .'"eet, or something like 750,000 tons of water per minute, passes over the Horse Shoe P'all. The great noi:.e occasioned by the ct)nstant fall of this vast volume of water, can be distinctly heard for miles away, and the spray can be felt when ihe wind Is In a certain direction, over a mile from the fall l'eo])le at Toronto say that the noise can be heard on a calm day across the Lake, a distance of some twenty-five or thirty miles, but I think this must be fancy. The suspension bridges across the river within a short distance of the Falls are as great curiosities in their way, as the Falls themselves. The one nearest the F'alls mea- sures 1,230 feet from tower to tower, and the lloor of it is 256 feet above the water level. From the centre of this bridge a very fine view is obtained of the F\ills and the surrounding country. It was ojiened on the 1st January, 1S69. The other bridge lower down is Soo feet from tower to lower, and has two stories, the upper A TOUR TIIKOUCJII CANADA. U hes heavily it. drape lis locality ; met with in ilile, was in the I51ack to in an ;en in such -. lUirnelt, ; any fruit judging by ihich were jrstand how the country far as the of Welland, •een Lake arly of the •oured posi- lit growing. the Falls, ;al in these onveying to lea of their el, besides, It one time ivel a more ampetent to sojourn in Falls, one the Ameri- "all on the leing aliout lierican side It 900 feet. 1 in height It 165 ieet, en a])le to I his been lie .'"eet, or water per Shoe Fall. e constant ler, can be and the ,vind is in from the that the across the ty-tive or ])e fancy. the river lis are as the J'alls "alls mea- iwer, anil ithe water bridge a Falls and s opened he other im tower he upper one the Great Western Railway train?, pass over, tiie other, underneath, is fur foot |)assengers. Tiie tinesl view is to be had from the Canadian side, and a>> I lood on tiie higli ground overhanging the river and took in at one glance the two Falls, the islands, the rapids, the rushing waters, the clouds of s})ray, and the town of Niagara Falls, I fell it was the most en- chanting sight in the world. It recalled to my mind the lines of the late Earl of Car- lisle, who, apostrophizing the Falls, said :— " 'I'liere'.s nothing gi 'at or bright, thou gloriou.-. Fail 'I'hou may 'si not to ilie fancy'.i .seii^t; recall ; The thunder-riven cloi H, tiie liglituiiig'a leap, 'the stirring chambers cf the dee)) ; Earth's emerald green aidmany tinted dyes, The fleecy whiteness of the upper skies ; The tread of armi'^s thickening as they come, 'I'lie lioom of cannon and the beat of drum ; The brow of beauty and " * * * * CHAPTER XIII. From Hamii/ion to London — Maplk SucAR : How it is Made — Peiro- LEU.M Works oi' Waterman Ijros. — Land Around London — Inciersoll — Cheese Making. LEAViNt; Niagara by an early train I returned by the same line tif rail to Hamil- ton, from whence I ])roceeded on my journey to London. On the way I made the ac- quaintance of Mr. Donaldson, the Govern- ment Agent at Toronto, who givesintending settlers all necessary information, and I am intlebled to him for many valuable hints atlorded me -'uring the journey. The land all along this stretch of country was very highly cultivated ; indeed it was the best I ol)served in Canada, and was as well managed as any situated in the best farming districts at home — particularly between P:.ris anti Wotxlstock, and all through the counties of Lranl and Oxford. It was in the L.irly part of October that I passed through this section of the country, and I iind in my notebook that I was particularly struck with the beautiful eflect produced in the scenery by the different tints of foliage. It is the hard and soft Maple that gives the landscape so picturesque an appearance. From the time the foliage reaches maturity in .September until the ajjproach of frost, at the end of October, the wochIs anil bor- ders of the forests in all directions are fringed and dotteil here and there with the various c )I im's pr(jduced by these trees, and the .Schumac, which is of dwarfer growth, carries the colour lothesvirfaceoflheground, thus rendering the picture perfect. The hard Maple (Acer saccharinum) in Canaiia is very valuable, while it is also the noblest of the native trees. It j,rows to a great height, the trunk is genciaUy straight, and its sum- mit is crowned witii a dense mass of foli.ige. All through the growing season or .Summer its foliage is of a bright green colour ; but ;'.■. the .\utun > approaches and the season's growth commences to ri]ien, it changes to a bright scarlet or crimson, jiroducing a charmingefteci on thelandscape. This isihe tree that produces the Maple sugar which abounds all through Canada, and wherever It grows freely the manufacture of sugar is carried on as a regular trade. Almost every farmer endeavours if possible to have a Maple grove on his farm ; some of them lap the trees and manufacture the sugar themselves, whilst others let their groves to peo])le who make a business of it, and who generally allow half the jirofils for the ])ri- vilege of tapping the trees. Mr. Cochrane, of Hillhurst, adopts this plan, and his Mriple grove produces about six hundred dollars worth of sugar per annum, hrdf the amount of which — three hundred doll.irs — he receives as rent for his grove, without being at any trouble or outlay himself. .\ short description of how this Maple sugar is made may be considered interesting. The juice or saccharine matter is obtained by tajiping the tree, a process that is com- menced about the first week in April — as soon as the sa[) begins lo run — and is con- tinued for three or four weeks. During this iieriod large, healthy trees have been known to produce from eighty to one hun- dreil gallons of sap, equal to from twenty- li\e to thirty pounds of sugar. The 'n|"iping jirocess is proceeded with by boring a hole about an inch deep in the trunk, beneath this a small spout is placed, underneath which is adixed a buck.et for holding the sa]) as it drops into it. The Ihjw is regulated by the state of the weallier and the health and age of the Iree. When the tree is healthy and the weather warm, par- ticularly after a few days of low tempera- ture, the sap runs freely. This sap is then subjecteil to a boiling process, iluring which the watery part evaporates, and ultimately is manufactiu'ed into sugar. I noticed at some of the lairs I attended iinpro\ed ap- paratus for both the collecting of the sap and its manufacture into sugar. The foli- .ige of the soft Maple acquires a yellow colour in the Autumn, and forms a strong contrast to the other variety. Nothing but farms of the best description are to be seen around Paris ; and indeetl the entire way to London the land is higiily cultivated, and theger.erality of it would be considered cheap in any part of IJriton at jCi per acre. Mr. Donaldson informed me that he had a farm of 150 acres to sell about live miles from this place, for which he would take 32 A TOUR THROUGH CANADA. lliirly-livc ddllars per i\cw, nr alimil nine pounds Knglish currency, nr Ik: wmlil let it at lliruu (Inllars per aero. Lorn Ion is one nl tlie ntusl lluivin;^ ciliis in ihc Unnunidn, and is ra|ii'ily liecnuiiny a place of vast inijiorlance. lliiasa popu- lation of nearly 25,000 inhabitants. It is also an imporlanl station on tiie Orcat Western Railway, and passenj^^ers ^oin^ West to Detroit, Chicago, and St. Raul to Manitoba go through it. At the lime of my visit the annual lair was being held, and \sas, in most respects, similar to tiie Do- minion fair at Ottawa, descriiied in a pre- vious chapter. There are many features of interest to be seen in and around London. The relining of Petroleum is carried on e\ten>ively here, and one of the most pleasant and instructixe forenoons spent by me during my tour was that passed inspeciiiig the Atlantic Petro- leum W'orksof Messrs. Waterman, Brothers. I had prevituisly at Ottawa seen the mar- vellous productions (A this lirm, and had m.ade up my mind wiien visiting London not to leave without ins])ecting their works. Wiien at Ottawa I had liie pleasure of being introduced to Mr. Isaac Waterman, and he very kindly invited me to pay him a vi.-.it. I am indel)led to this gentleman for a great deal of attention and kindness during my stay in his city. The works of liiis lirm occupy several acres, and a branch line of railway for conveying the crude oil on to the ground, runs into the centre of them. I I is carried in large iron tank.-. — which are hlled as the oil is pumped from the wells .some forty milesdistant, in Lambton County, and left rea( ly for underg< )ing l he pn ire.-'.-; 1 if re- fining. Inthe.same waythel;;.rrelsofoil,after undergoingthisrectifyingprocess, are loaded on the trucks and taken away to dilferent parts of the country, and to the seaboard for .shiiimenl to Europe and elsewhere. It was to me very interesting to be show n over these extensive works, and have e.\plainerominent citizens, includ- ing the lion. J. Carling, M.P., an ex- tensive brewer, for the opportunity af- forded me oi visiting them, as well as for much hospitality and kindness. Here I ac- cindon. I'hcir case is not the only one of the kind I met wiili during my tour. 1 could mention hundreds .-uch were it necessary, Messrs. Smith, so soon as they learned I was ac(|uainted vi'h their brother in ibc Oil I Country, gave me a most cordial and ho.^pitable welcome, and devoted nnich time in imparting information to me resjiecting Canada, and accompany- ing me to dilferent jilaces of interest in their city and to tne country districts surrounding it. Whilst retaining that love for the land of iheir birth which is inherent in all Irish- men they would not exchange the position they ^)ccupy in that of their adoption, even though they were to be similarly placed at liome as regards inde[)endence and comfort. They gave me glowing accounts of the country and would recommend slrugglintr farmers at home to go out and .settle down in it. .Mr. James Smith recently — within the last year or so — paitl a visit 10 his brother in Ireland, and imderstood as well as I did the ordeal that the f;\rming classes here were undergoing. The laml for miles around London is generally of gootl ciualily, some of it par- ticularly so, and imjnoveil farms I learncil could be ijblained at from thirty to fifty dollar.-, jier acre. in the district of Ingersoll, in the Cov.nty of Oxford, some twenty miles (.>r so East of London, a great (juantiiy of the clieese that i-i .-^hipped Irom Canada to the lOnglish mar- kets i.-> made, and for forty miles arcjund that ])art of Ontario, in the Counties of Middlesex, Elgin, Perth, and Norfolk - i < it litis, liad articlis in iris lv\liilii- atcrniaii al to the large nour in rc- lis exhibits. y fine pub- and I am )r, as well .■ns, incluil- I'., an e.\- iitunity af- well as for Here lac- :n— Messrs. se brother, o(l, Lucan, ler, I have onie years. their home ^ -Stock in and indus- t and inde- ihe most in London. iTlhekind I dd mention Messrs. ned I was er in tl.e lost cordial jd devoted iformalion ccompany- esl in their rrounding ir llie land \ all Irish- le position tion, even placed at I comfort. le country i; fanners own in it. in I he last rother in ^ I did the lere were -.ondon is if it ]iar- \i learned ly to lifty ne County |o I'.ast of lieese lliaL iisli mar- is arcjuml lunties of Norfolk A TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 33 cheese farming is the principal industry. During my stay in London I made the ac- quaintance of Mr. Miller, of Ingersoll, one of the largest buyers of cheese in Canada, as may be learned from the fact that he shipped to the Knglish and Scotch markets in one season, which runs from May to De- cember, over 750,000 dollars worth of cheese, and during the remaining four months 55,000 dollars worth of bacon and hams. He very kindly drove me down to his place, and spent a day in showing me over some of the i)rincii)al factories in his neighbourhood, and iin])arting tf) me much information respecting the system of man- agement adopted l)y the farmers with re- gard to the manufacture of cheese. As an example, I will quote from my notes made at the Ingersoll Cheese Factory, one of the first, if not the first of its class erecteil in Canada. A number of farmers send to the factory the milk of their cows ; every day on its arrival it is weighed, and the owner re- ceives a docket showing the number of poundsof milk received. The milk collected each day is all jnit together, and at the end of every month, when the cheese is manu- factured, an average is struck, and each person gets credit for a certain quantity, according to the compliment of milk sup- plied by him to the factory. When the milk is delivered at the factory 1% per cent, is charged by the manufacturers for making the cheese, and about a dollar a ton for boxing and delivering at the sta- tion. These charges are considered very moderate, and much lower than each indi- vidual farmer would have to jxay if he went to the trouble of making the cheese himself, besides he is saved all trouble further th in the feeding of the cows and milking them and sending the milk to the factory. I was informed, some years ago a cheese weighing 7,000 lb. was made at this factory and exhibited in l-'ngland. It was drawn to the Ingersoll Railway Station by eight grey horses, and was ])acked on a special truck for its transit. It had a large wire cage or bandage around it, and was two years made prior to its being sent over. Cheese making is not so profitalde a business now as it was some four or five years ago. At that time, I was told, it was so remunerative that many farmers were reluctant to save and churn even as much cream as would supply their own table with butter : they !)referred buying at market as much of that commodity as they required. As a rule, I found that the quantity of milk recjuired to make one pound of butter will make three pounds of cheese. From London to Chatham, still further West a distance 60 or 70 miles, is a good wheat growing district, the .>oil is a heavy clay. London to (Jodrich, about 60 miles North, is aiso a good grain growing country, and the land of fair average (|ualily. Farms were cheaper the farther Went and North I went. CHAPTER XIV. London 'lo Dran [ford— Mow Park. — Its IIkri) oi' Siiorihorns. I NKxr visited Pranfford, a rising town of some ten thousand inhabitants, situated in the centre of the very fertile county of lirant. Here, again, I found another fair or exhibition on an extenni\e scale was being held, the exhibits at wiiich were very numerous and of a high order of merit, and as usual the attendance was very large. A note from the Hon. Mr. Hardy, one of the Ministers of the Ontario (jovern- ment, who was a fellow jiassenger with me going out on board the I'eruvian, and who kindly invited me to visit him at his place near Brantford, introduced me to the very worthy Mayor, Mr. Henry, at whose hands I received the most cordial rece[)tion, and indeed I may add hospitality and kindness. Brantford is fortunate in possessing amongst its citizens a gentleman so well (|ualitied in every respect lo till the luisition of its Chief Magistrate. To me the principal feature of interest about Brantford was the Pow Park herd of shorthorns which I had occasion to make mention of in previous chapters. At the London fair I had the pleasure of an intro- duction to Mr. Clay, junr., the manager, a Perwickshire gentleman well known in the agricultural world. Mr. Clay also holds an ai)pointment from the Pritish (lovern- ment as Assistant Commissioner, with Mr. Pell and Mr. Clare Sewell Keid, to examine into the agricultural resources of America. Al Pranlford I again renewed my acquaint- ance with Mr. Clay, and received an invitation from him, which I gladly ac- cejited to visit Pow Park. This is a model Canadian farm, enjoying a worM- wide reputation as tlie home of one of the finest Shorthorn herds in exist- ance. It is situated in the centre of the province of Ontario, in a rich fertile dis- trict. Nature had evidently destined this ]xi.ticular spot for a Stock Farm, for the imagination can jiicture nothing finer than the configuration of the ]iroperty for the purposes of raising blooded nlock. The Ciiand river, a noble stream, almost sur- rounds the whole estate, which con-ists of 900 acres of beautiful land, a great part uf it being alluvial soil. the del osit jf 34 A TOUR TilKOUC.ll CANADA. countless yjnrs Iruin the ovcrfluwini^ of the river. Heaiitiful trees ninl clumps uf wotvl, reini' cuts of tlie |iriiiirval forest deeor.ate the 1 Irice and add shelter from the n niter's l)lasl and summer's sun. It IS in visiting such a place as this that a pc .on i^ets a practical glimpse of New World energy. Here may i)e seen one of the results of that striving after greater things, which seems to be the guiding star of every iidial)itant across the Atlantic. An American gets an idea, and having fairly satisfied himself as U) the probaMe outcome, he at once sets to and does his work in an extensive and thonnigii man- ner. It was on this principle tiial the foundation of this herd and farm was com- menced some twelve years ago. After securing a ]>roper situation, sucli as 1 have clescrilied, immense huihlings were ptit up, cajjahle of holding 400 head of cattle, with stables for horses and long ranges of gran- aries, barns antl other oflices suitable to a large and evt^nsive farm.* The hcd of cattle upon this place at the time of my visit numbered nearly 400 liead, about 350 of which were pedigree .Short- horns, mostly of IJate's blood, although a few Booth animals are als(> kept. The first glimpse I obtained of these animals was a selection of them at the Provincial Show at Ottawa, where, although the'v> was a large exhibit of \ery good cattle, the Bow Park herd came to the front in every class. In this show herd there are, without exaggeration, some wonderful animals. At the head of it stands 4tli Duke of Clarence (33,597), a Duchess lUill with a i)erson and a history. IJred at Wethcby, nobody can deny him the claims of long descent, while his success in the ^\merican show ring is proof of his individual merit. It is seldom that th.e eye looks upon such matchless symmetry as is displayed by this remark- able animal. Though five years old, he walks about with majestic vigour, as if aware of his importance. If a bull makes half a herd, I believe the material is in the possessiiMi of this comjiany. Next to him stood a yearling hull, "The Chevalier," an unbeaten candidate in the show ring, IJaron Acomb 3rd and three ]iromising young calves form the male ]K)rtif)n of the herd. Of the females, Pulterlly, Duchess, and Red Daisy of Farriero 8th, are rare s]iecimens of aged cows in grand condi- tion. Rose of Autumn 3rd, a Mautalini * Since the foregoing was put in type I regret to le;irn that these fine Iniildinijs have ail been de- stroyed by tire. 1 am ])ieasetl, ho\vev(;r, to know that ail the animal-; escaped uninjured No diaibt the work of re-erecliun was quickly commenced. heifer near three years old, is a remarkable specimen of a .Shorthorn. It matters not what pedigree they i)oasl, be il liales or IJooth, or a mixture of iiolh, we like to see a good animal, and we have it here. Kirk- levington Ducliess 2lsl and Roan Duchess I5tli are also a i)air of beautiful yearlings, so evenly matched in style, size and colour, that a stranger scarce can tell the difference. In the calf class varitms exhibits arc made, but the two worthy of special notice are Duchess of ( )\ford 20lh and I'utterfly Duchess 5th. They are bcjth grand speci- mens, so even and truly formed. The first is a yearling daughter of 1st Maid of Oxford, one of the finest cows I ever saw. lired in America, she was exjiorted to I ngland, antl imported, after some years, back to her native land. When Mr. Groom's herd was sold off in Kentucky two Oxford cows were bought as non-breeders. The 7lh Maid produced a calf six months after her arrival at ISow Park, and the I5lh Lady of Oxford, the companion cow, was within two months of calving. When at I'ow Park I inspected the remainder of the animals at home. It was of course only a glimpse that I could afford to each animal, but the magnificence of the young slf)ck is truly extraordinary. A large jxjrtion of the old Cows are good but there are some weeds among them. Among the younger animals there are none. ]!K)od lias told here, and judicious mating of certain cows and bulls. It can scarcely be otherwise for the means at the com- mand of such a large concern as this, give great ailvantages. Two Duchess Pulls, 4th Duke of Clarence and C.rand Duke of Thorndale ; 2nd, two Oxfords, Duke of Oxford, 30ih and 38th, along with two IJootii Pulls, a l''anie anil a Mantalini stand at the head of the herd. With such a selection it is always possible to breed a cow to a suitable sire and the result is nearly always successful. Too much stress cannot be laid u]ion this fact. However good a bull may be, he cannot possibly suit every one, and the course jnirsued by i-.'Ost Shorthorn men, of breeding indiscriminately to one bull, has, and is, doing an immense unjustice to a grand race of cattle. A pa- ]ier iiedigree is a mere delusicm; along with il must l)e individuality and substance. Such families as the following are largely repre- sented : the Oxford, Parrington, Lady Pates, Wild Eyes, Kirklevington (a very choice dozen), l''ace, Duchess Nancy, Darlington, Lady Hudson, Rose of Sharon, Acomb. Waterloo, Roan Duchess, Moss Rose, Princess, Charmers, Fawsley, &c., iVc, also some Booth families, Mantalini, Fame, Pauline, &.c. rcmarkal)le natters not it liates or like to see re. Kirk- \n Duchess yearlings, ind colour, (litTerence. , are made, notice are , Butterfly rand speci- The first I of Oxford, ,'. ]5red in ) F 'Inland, l)ack to her 's herd was cows were 7th Maid her arrival of Oxford, two months pcctetl the le. It was at I could agnificence raordinary. s are good long tliem. e are none. HIS mating scarcely the com- this, give 5ulls, 4th )uke of Duke of witli two Mantalini With such )reed a result is urh stress However ssihly suit l)y iiHist minateiy immense A pa- t)ng with Such ly repre- n, Lady 1 (a very Xancy, f Sharon, ss, Moss ey, &c., [antalini, A TOUR TIIROUGII CANADA 35 to ;It A very choice selection (»r ( lydesdale horses is also kept. At ijie tnue of my visit the best of those were away at tiie fairs being held in the Western Stales. Ex- hibited at the fo\'" largest shows in the West, Minnieapolis, Minnesota ; Madison, Wisconsin; Springlield, Illinois; St. Louis, Missouri ; their career was one of victory wherever t'ley went. Duke of Clyilesdale (250) a horse bred upon the banks of the Clyde, bore away the blue ribbon as Champion Clyilesdale of America. In one ring he had to oppose no less than 02 horses, only to come out with greater honour. The mares also, I 'oelieve, went through mi- challenged — without doubt a very remark- able record and not likely to be soon repealed. The foregoing brief notes of Bow I'ark conveys but a slight idea of its impt)rtance or the superior style in which everything about it is carried out. No person going to Canada at all interested in farming too are named after many cities uiid towns in (jerniany, sucli as Hamburg, lierlin, liaden, Waterloo, Strausburg, i!v;c. Tlie Agricultural College at (iuelph is situated in the county of Wellington, one mile south of the town of Gueljih, and consists of 550 acres, 475 of which are under cultivation. The objects of the institution are to give a thorough insight int(j the theory and practice of agriculture to young men of the province engaged in farming pursuits. Any ratejjayer or s(jn of a ratepayer in Ontario has the right of admission on certain conditions. All ne- cessary builidings lor a farm (jf its extent have been erected on it, and the latest and most improved iiii})lements are used. The students are rec|uired lo work five hours per day, fcjr which they are each allowed a certain rate of reiiuiiieraii(_)n, vshich after- wards goes partly in lieu of their board, the other five hours are devoted to study. In the college building there are the neces- sary class rooms, laboratory, and reailing room, museum, and library. There are two sessions, winter and summer, and farmers sons desiring to improve tlieir etiucation without remaining the whole year can attend during the winter session only — from 1st 'Jctober to 31st March, and return then to tlieir homes to overtake the spring, summer and fall work, or they can remain until the 31st of June, and return home for the harvest montlis. Tuition is free, and board and washing are charged at ccst. A regular ledger account is kept with each student. He is debited with his board and washing at cost, and credited with his labour at so much an hour. The exjierience of the last three years has shown that board averages about 2 dois. 15 cents per week, and washing about 30 cents per dozen ; and that a years education will cost, according t(J the skill of the pupil from 12 dols. to 60 dols. per annum, in- deed, under the present arrangement, a farmers' son. vigorous and energetic, will almost pay his way. Everything in the shape of furniture, bedding, towels, lic, is A TOUR TTlROUr.II CANADA. fvirnislu'il fnc. I', very inijiil lnTorc Ih.mii^ adinitlcd imi>l he ;\l lc;ist tiftcoii years «>l n(,'e, andpassnu e\aniinatioii on the follnw- in^ sulijecls :— Keadiii^, writing;, spellin",', En^dish ^raniniar, aiithmetie, outlines of p;eneial {^enj^rapliy, and llie K'-'"li'''M'''y "^ versity of Tdi'Mito ; and all diplomas and de^jieo so jjaincd issued by the latter. The Colle^'c roll f(