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Motives of tlM Loydisti 16 IV Tre»tment of the Loyaliatt Daring the War 17 V. Legislative Enactmenta for the Pnniahment of the LoyaUiti 19 VI. British Ftoliament and the Loyaliate 22 VII. What Britain Did for the Loyalists 25 Vin. Loyalist Emigration 27 IX. Routes of the Loyalists 29 X. Modes of Travelling 30 XI. Barly Aooounts of Long Point 33 '^ XIL The County of Norfolk 36^ XUL The Townships of Norfolk 37- XIV. The Indians of the Long Point District 42 XV. The Migration to Long Point 43 XVI. Charlotteville - • - *8 XVIL Gearing the Land 61 XVIII. BuUdings 62 XIX. Food 64 XX. Mills 66 XXI. Clothing 67 XXIL The Preaching of the Qoepel 60 XXin. Marriage 63 XXIV. Funerals 67 XXV. List of U. R Loyalists who Settled at Long Point . - 68 XXVL Dedriok - - 70 XXVIL Maby(Mabee) - - - 71 XXVIII. Secord 73 XXIX. Teeple - - 74 XXX. Smith 76 XXXI. McMichael 77 XXXIL Austin 78 »:;' !:l! I^Ib'- f ' ■ '.,,,' . ,'- •1 VIU OONTBNT& OHAfm XXXIII. Welch 'so XXXIV. CJulver gl XXXV. Byene (Captain Samuel) g3 XXXVI. MoCaU 87 XXXVII. Munro g9 XXXVIII. Hann 91 XXXIX. Bowlby 94 iCL. Freeman - - - 95 XLI. Finoh 9g XLII. Tifldale 97 XLIII. Berdan 99 XLIV. CJope 100 XLV. Byenon (Lieutenant Joseph) 101 XLVI. Anderson IO3 XLVII. GUbert IO5 XLVIII. Johnson 106 XLIX. Montroes --- IO7 L. Millard 108 LI. Matthews 108 LII. Powell 109 LIII. Foster 109 LIV. Williams , - - 110 LV. Brown 112 LVI. Spurgin 112 LVIL Hutchison --.-.-. 113 LVIII. Buohner 114 LIX. Wycoff 117 LX. Haviland 118 LXI. Fairchiid 119 LXII. Wilson 120 LXIII. Shaw 120 LXIV. Davis 121 LXV. Glover 121 LXVI. Dougharty 122 LXVII. Green 122 Conclusion •.... 123 Beferences 125 THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYAUST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT, LAKE ERIE. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. No more inspiring subject can engage the pen of any writer than the theme of loyalty. Fidelity to the oonstitation, laws and institations of one's natiive land has been honored in every country and in every age. From infancy we have been told of the brave men of our race, and yet the tale, ever told, is ever new. The hero stories that thrilled us in our childhood have still the power to make the heart beat quickly and the current of feeling sweep over us, rich and strong. Socialists and revolutionists may affect to scorn it, but they cannot blot out the inherent glory contained in the word " patriot" " Dvlce et decorum eat pro patria mori." To die for one's native land is assuredly sweet and seemly, and yet there is a truer and a nobler loyalty than thi& It is that of preserving inviolate one's faith to the established government, when all around is sedition, anarchy and revolution. When to be loyal means to fight, not against the stranger and the foreigner, but against those of the same language, the same country, the same state, and, it may be, the same family as one's self — when loyalty means fratricidal war, th6 breaking up of home, the severing of the dearest heart cords, the loss of everything except honor — *' CHi ! who ahall lay what heroM feel, When all but life and honor'* loet ? " Such was the loyalty of these who plunged unshaken, unterrified and unsedttoed into a conflict unutterably bitter, which was destined 9 it . r' 10 UNITED EMPIRE LOTAUST SETTLBMEMT AT LONG POINT. to l««t * oeven long years, and finally to sever them from their native land. Daring the war of the revolution, and in the blind Tevenge exacted by the victorious side, their property ^as confiscated their iamilies ostracised and exposed to insult, outr. ire and spoliation', their lives were in danger, and often ruthlessly declared forfeit, to satisfy malidons hatred and suspicion. Their zeal for the unity of tiie empire gave them the title of United Empii.-« Loyalists, and these were the men who, at the dose of the war, sought a refuge and a home on British soil, among the northern forests, and laid deep the foundations of the institutions, the freedom, the loyalty, and the prosperity of our land. ** Dear were the homes where they were bom. Where slept their honored dead ; And rich and wide, on every side Their fruitf d acres spread ; But dearer to their faithful hearts Than home, and gold, and lands, Were Britain's laws, and Britain's crown. And Britain's flag of high renown, And grip of British hands." CHAPTER II. THE POLITICAL ASPECT OP THE REVOLUTION. The Acts of the Imperial Parliament by which direct taxes were imposed on the American colonies are to be regarded as the culmination of the series of causes which brought on the revolution. In this series of events the most important is, no doubt, the renewal of the restrictions on colonial trade, enforced soon after the third George began his reign. Under the old "navigation laws" and " laws of trade " the colonial produce had to be exported directly to Britain, and thence by British vessels only, carried to its destinatioa Similarly, goods for the colonies had to be brought to Britain and thence to the colonies in British ships. The American colonies were not allowed to trade even with other colonies directly. For nearly a THK FOUnCAL ASPECT OF THE BSVOLUTION. 11 century these odious Acts had been evaded by aa organized and well arranged system of smuggling. The revenue officers of the Crown were lax in their enforcement of the letter of the law ; consequently the merehaats of various states, and chiefly those of Massachusetts, had grown rich by the illicit traffic, and were exasperated beyond measure by the attempts of the revenue officers, under fresh orders, to enforce the lawa Fourteen of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were engaged in trade which was afiiscted grievously by these restrictions.* At the time of the DedarsMor of Independence John Hancock was a respondent in suits of the Crown to recover jE100,000, or over, for alleged infractions of the trade lawa Thus the questions relative to trade and commerce are to be regarded as a primary cause of the revolution. Another primary cause was the fact that colonial industry and manufacture were restricted. The colonists were denied the use of natural advantages, such as waterfalls ; they were forbidden the erec- tion of sundry kinds of machinery, particularly spinning and weaving machines ; the king's arrow was placed on trees in the forest, which were two feet or over in diameter, at a height of twelve inches from the ground ; the manufacture of sawn lumber, except for home con- sumption, was interdicted ; the market for dried fish was cut off; the eommerce in sugar and molasses was rudely interrupted ; the most important and profitable avenues of trade were closed to them. Hence world was furnishing to the colonies that security in whieh they contentedly flourished. Bven John Otis, one of the moat violent agitators of independence, said in 1768, in the course of a public apeech at Boaton, "The true interests of Great Britain and her colonies are mutual, and what God in bfs pre iddenoe bath joined together let no man put asunder." Now, on the other hand, the burden on the Home Country was enor- mous. For nearly thirty years Sngland had been fighting the combined armies of France and Spain, and at timee the allied forces of Eun^M. The tale of British conquest in India and in America, is also the tale of the wonderful endurance and courage of her people. The national debt had been doubled. The people of the United Kingdom were taxed to the utmost, and still there was deficit. In this strait she turned to the colonies and levied a duty on imports, a tax on law stamps, and a tax on tea — ^the latter being only one quarter of the rate of revenue duty on te& at home. The colonists refused to import the taxed articles ; they burned the stamp office, and a mob of Bostonians forcibly boarded the tea ship Dartmouth and emptied eight hundred and forty boxes into the sea. Siush was the response of the New England colonies to the request for help of the hard-pressed Motherland. Lastly, let us consider the moral aspect of the case. It was no doubt on assertion, by force of arms, of the " Right of Rebellion." It seems tili; . 14 UNTTID KMraUB L0TALI8T SnTLEMKMT AT LONG POINT. ■*i •Iflo to have been » triantphnnt n— ertion of th« "Right of AdyantajB^"-— the right to take the controlling power in a tight predicament; the right to enforce consent to their demande at a time when Uie Mother Coantiy could not fairly defend itself. The Americanb Tere saccessfiil throng^ a combination of dicum- stances on&vorable to Britain, chief of which were : The terrible pres- snre of the war in the East ; the incompetent Ministry in power at the time; ignorance as to the real state of affairs in the colonies and as to the methods of colonial warfare ; and, of course, the insufficient and imperfectly equipped forces sent to America. In some eases there may be a distinct "Right of Revolution," but surely it is only, as in the case of the English revolution of 1688, after years of patient waiting for some great fundamental right, which has been long withheld, and whose accomplishment there seems no outlook <3i peaeefnUy gaining. It seems as if the United States has been reaping the fruit of j this doctrine of the right to rebel against law and the settled con- stituti mneh whoee ox fella into the ditdi. CHAPTER V. LSQISLATIVB ENAOTMBNTB TOSi THE PUNISBMEIIT OF THS L0TAUST8. Both during and after the war the legislaiurea of the diffnent. Biatee paeeed Aeta for the pnniabment of the Loyalieta and the oonfia- eation of their property. In spite of the reeommendatioM of Artielea 4, 5 and 6 of the Treaty of PariB,f there wae no merey shown to * Dr. lUmny. •' History of Unit«d SUtea.'* Vol. IL. p. 109. tXhe Treftty of Pwii wm dgned on September 8rd, 1783, immediately on the coii- dtnion of the Treaty of VenMillM with Louie XVI of Fmee; The Artielee of the treaty which relate to the Loyaliata are theae i Axnou 4. — ^It ia agreed that oraditora on either aide shall meet with no lawful impediment to the recovery of the full value in aterling money of all boita/de debta here* tofore contracted. Abtioli a.— It is agreed that Gongreas shall earnestly recommend to the legialatnrea of the reapeotWe atataa to provide for the reatitntion of all eatataa, rights and properties, which have been confiscated, belonging to real Biitiah snbjeots, . . . and that Congreaa shall also earnestly recommend to the se\ tral states a reconsideration and revision of all Acts or laws regarding the premises, so as to render the said Acts and laws perfectly consistent, not only with justice and eqidty, but with that spirit of eonoiHation which, on the return of the blessings of peace, shodld univeraally prevaiL ABnoLB A. — ^That there ahall be no future 'xmAscationa made, nor any proaecutiona commenced, againat any person or persona for /r by reaaon of the part which he or they may have taken in the preaent war, and that an person ahall five persona who had offended the least were simply amerced ten per cent of the value of their eatatea, sixty- tliree were banished and their property confiscated for affixing their Dsmea to a petition to be armed on the Royal side, ei^ty suflbred the seme penalty for holding civil or military commissions under the Crown, •nd twelve others for the sole reaaon that they were " obooxions.'' In North Carolina the property of sixty-five individuala and four mercantile firms was confiscated. MASBACHUBRm took the lead in severity. A person mupeeM of enmity to the Whig cause could be arrested under a magiKtraU*» vsax- mnt and banished, unless he would take the new oath of allegianoe. In another Act three hundred and eighty of her people, who had fled from their homee, were deaignated by name, and in the event dt return were threatened with apprehension, imprisonment and transportation to a place possessed by the British, and for a second voluntary return, imth without the benefit of deigy. By another Act the property of twenty-nine " notorioua conspiratora " was declared confiscated, of whom there were two govemora, one lieu- tenant-governor, one treasurer, one chief justice, one attorney-general and four commissioners of Customs. Congress itself, by several Acts, subjected to martial law and to death all who should furnish provisions and certain other articles to the king's troops in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware, and enacted that all Loyalists taken in arms be sent to the statea to which they belonged, there to be dealt with as traitors. These Acts may well be compared to the scandalous confiscations of Marius and Sulla in the later days of the Boman Republic. That the refusal to take the oath of allegiance should be declared to be treason, or neutrality a crime, will always remain an everlasting monument to 8S UNITED EMnRE LOTAUOT SETTLEMENT AT LONQ. POINT. the injuBtiee and tyranny of the legislatures of the various states of the union. No modem civilized nation, unless it be Spain in the courts of the inquisition, or the French Republic in its earliest days, has presented such a spectacle of wholesale and undeserved confiscation of the property of those who were guilty of no crime, except that of loyalty to their king. CHAPTER VI. THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT AND THE LOYALISTS. The fifA article of the< agreement of the Peace Commissioners at fuoB providiad that Congress should recommend the different state legislatures to show leniency and a forgiving generosity to the Loyal- iite and to take measures to reimburse them for their losses. The gross abandonment of the faithful minority to the spasmodic and uncertain justice, in fact we may say, the certain injustice, of the state governments, was severely assailed in both Houses of the British Parliament At the opening of Parliament the King, in his speech from tLe Throne, alluded to the " American sufferers," and trusted that Parlia- ment would see fit to pass measures for their compensation forthwith. Lord North said : " I cannot but feel for men thus sacrificed for their bravery and principles — men who have sacrificed all the dearest possessions of the human heart They have exposed their lives, endured an age of hardships, deserted their interests, forfeited their possessions, lost their connections and ruined their families in our cause." Lord Mulgrave said that, in his opi'.iion, " it would have been better that it should have been stipulated in the treaty that Great Britain spend £20,000^000 :n making good the losses of the Loyalists, than that they should have been so shamefully deserted, and the national honor so pointedly disgraced as it was by the 5th Article of the Treaty of P^ace with the United Statea" Mr. Burke declared that " to such men the nation owed protectioa and its honor was pledged for their security at all hazarda" Mr. Sheridan " execrated the treatment of these unfortunate men. THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT AMD THE LOTALI8T8 28 who, without the least notice taken of their civil or religions rights, were handed over as subjects to a power that would not fail to take vengeance on them for tiieir zeal and attachment to the religion and government of the Mother Country." Mr. Townsend declared that " this country would feel itself bound in honor to make them full compensation for their losses." Sir Peter Burrell said that " the fate of the Loyalists claimed the compassion of every human heart. These helpless forlorn men, aban- doned by the Ministers of a people on whose justice, gratitude and humanity they had the best founded claims, were left at the mercy of a Congress highly irritated against them." In the House of Lords, Lord Walsingham said that " with patience he could neither think nor speak of the dishonor of leaving these deserving men to their fate." Lord Stormont asserted that " Great Britain is bound in justice and honor, gratitude and affection, and by every tie, to provide for and protect them." Lord Lough> "^rough declared that "neither in ancient nor in modern history had theie been so shameful a desertion of men who had saeri^ ficed all to their duty and to their reliance on British faith." Lord Sackville argued that " peace on che sacrifice of these unhappy subjects must be answered in the sight of God and man." Lord Shelbume, whose Ministry had concluded the treaty, could only say, in reply, that he " had but the alternative to accept the terms proposed or to continue the war, and a part must be wounded that the whole empire might not perish." He also stated that he did not dovibt the honor of the American Congress, who would doubtless be just toid fair in their restitution of the lands of the Loyalista As to how far this was likely to be the case they might have concluded from the fact that even before the peace was signed the State of Virginia decreed " that all demands of the British ooturts for the restoration of property confiscated by the state were wholly impossible;" and the State of New York, " that the scales of justice do not require, nor does the public tranquillity permit, that such adherents who have been attainted should be restored to the rights of citizens, and that there can be no reason for restoring property which has been confiscated or forfeited." Since even the mockery of justice was denied them, the Loyalists organized an agency and appointed a committee of one delegate from each of the thirteen states to prosecute their claims in England. A Board of Commissioners was appointed to examine the olainui preferred. 24 UNITED EMPIRE LOTAUST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. Tiie claimants were divided into six classes : 1. Those who had rendered service to Great Britain. 2. Those who had borne arms for Great Britaia 3. Uniform Loyalists. 4. Loyal British subjects resident in Great Britaia 6. Loyalists ^ho had taken oath to the American States but after- ward joined the British. 6. Loyalists who had borne arms for the American States and afterwards joined the British army or navy. The rigid rules of examination caused much dissatisfaction and gave the Board the title of the "Inquisition." The inquiry lasted through seven successive yeara Their methods may be best stated in the words of their report : " Our mode of conducting the inquiry has been that of requiring the very best evidence which the nature and the circumstances of the case would admit. We have demanded the per- sonal appearance and examination of the claimant, conceiving that the inquiry would be extremely imperfect and insecure against fraud and misrepresentation if we had not the advantage of cross-examining the party himself, as well as his witnesses, nor have we, for the same reason, allowed much weight to any testimony which has not been delivered on oath before ourselves. We have investigated with great strictness the titles to real property, whenever the necessary documents could be exhibited to us, and where they have not been produced we have required satisfactory evidence of their loss or the inability of the claimant to procure them." The amount of claims preferred was £10,358,413, and the sum granted in liquidation thereof £3,294,452, which was distributed among 4,148 persona In addition to this money satisfaction they were given land in the " country of their exile," and supplies and provisions for a certain time, as will be detailed in the following chapter. 25 CHAPTER VII. WHAT BRITAIN DID FOB THE LOYALISTS. The money indemnification has been referreu o in the preceding ehapter. This sum of over $16,000,000 does not indnde the value of land grants, implements and supplies of food. Land was ordered to be surveyed for the Loyalists in New Bruns- wick, and afterwards in Nova Scotia and in Upper Canada. These grants were free of expense, and made on the following scale : 6,000 acres to a field officer, 8,000 to a captain, 2,000 to a subal- tern, and 200 to every private soldier, and 200 to sons and daughtens of Loyalists on coming of age. In regard to Upper Canada, however, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, in 1792, reduced tiie grants of land to be given to future settlers, still preserving the rights of those who had settled previously. By this regulation no lot was to be granted of more than 200 acres, except in such cases as the Governor should otherwise agree ; but no one was to receive a quantity of more than 1,000 acres.* Each settler had to make it appear that he or she was in a condition to cultivate and improve the land. It is reUted of Colonel Talbot, in the settlement of his own reservation, that he put the claimant through a *It Menu that, in the few yean following, many penonK obtained atill larger grants of land, for in 1797 the Exeontive CSouncil investigated the matter, and on the basis of their findings, made the following reoommendations to the Legislature under date of 28th Angnat : "{\) That all appropriations for townships or other tracts of land heretofore made in thl' province be immediately rescinded, and the townships or othur tracts thrown open to other applicants. (2) That all persons who were really and bona Jide located in any township or tract, by the nominee, before the first of June, 1797, and since (if there be no appearance of fraud), be confirmed in that location to the amount of two hundred acres, but that no recommendation made by any nominee for a greater quantity be attended to, not precluding, however, the settler himself from exercising the right common to all His Majesty's subjects of maicing such applications to the Executive Government for an addition as he shall think prop'^r. (3) That twelve hundred acres, including former grants (except on military lands) be granted to each of the four principal nominees, in case there should be four, whose names are subscribed to the petition for an appropriation ; those persons, however, who happen to be nominees of more than one township, are not to receive this donation more than once. (4) Tuat the unsurveyed tract be surveyed and the unlocated be located as soon aa possible." (" Dominion Archives," SUte papers Upper Canada, Q. 28S.) S8 UMITED EMPIRE LOYALIST OBTTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. somewhat severe examination, and by this process of separation of the sheep from the goats, obtained a very fine class of settlers for the Talbot district. It was obligatory on the settler to clear five acres of land, to build a house, and to open a road a quarter of a mile long in front of his property. The oath of allegiance had to be taken in the following terms: " I> A. B., do promise and declare that I will maintain and defend, to the utmost of my power, the authority of the King and his Parliament, as the supreme Legislature of this province." As to provisions. The Government had pledged itself to their support for three years ; but, despite its promise, the rations were given out spasmodically and generally in insufficient quantities. They con- sisted of flour, pork, beef, a very little butter, and a little salt In the distribution of these rations the commissariat officer (to avoid the ap- pearance of partiality), after duly weighing and tying up the provisions in bundles, would go round with a h&:, and each of the claimants present would put into it something whit h he would again recognize — such as a knife, pencil, button, or a marked chip. Then taking the articles out of the hat as they came uppermost, he would place one on each of the piles in rotation, and the settler would come and claim hia property. To the early settlers material for garments was given also — a coarse cloth for trousers, Indian blankets for coats, and also shoes ; but the clothing was even more uncertain than the food. A ce tain quantity of spring wheat, peas, com and potatoes was given for seed, and certain agricultural implements, to wit : an axe, a hoe, a sickle for reaping, and a spade. In regard to the axes, a griev- ous mbtake was made in sending out the short-handled ship axes, which, in addition to the defect of inferior quality, strained and wearied the backs of the colonists in the use thereof, for the short handles unfitted them for felling trees. A letter of lieutenant-Qovemor Simooe to the Home Government (September 23rd, 1793), complains in strong terms of the axes sent out, saying : " they are of bad quality, too short in the handle, and altogether too blunt. They should be made like the model sent herewith. Those that have come are absolutely useless." (" Dominion Archives," Q. 279, p. 325.) In addition to the sapplies given to every family, a plough and ft cow were allotted to every two families, a whip>saw and a cross- cut saw to every four families, and a portable com mill in every settle- ment or district A quantity of aiaik, » ttammer.and « hand saw for building was THK LOYALIST EMIGRATION. S7 given to each f AInil3^ and to eveiy five families a set of toola, whieh included a full 8<9t of augers and draw-knives, and also a musket and forty-eight rounds of ammunition. Four small panes of glass, 7x9 inches, were allowed for each house, and a small quantity of putty. Such were the supplies allowed by the British Government in the early years of the Loyalist settlement in Canada; but it must be remembered that, although the Loyalists who came to New Brunswick enjoyed this provision which had been made for them, yet when they made their second migration into the wilderness of Long Point, they wore dependent on their own resouroec, ^^d except the grant of land and the glass and ironware for their houses, did not receive Gov- ernment aid. Hence we ha/e the fearful struggle for subsistence in Norfolk County in the latter years of the century, the cry of the children for bread and the anxious waiting for the first harvest CHAPTEE VIII. THE LOYALIST EMIGRATION. Although the treaty of Peace recommended the Loyalists to tlie mercy of the different states, the Americans, being secured in their independence, used their victories to the blind and selfish punishment of the " traitors " to their traitorous cause. Consequently, instead of an entire cessation of hostility, as should follow tho conclusion of peace, the most bitter and rancorous mob law under the sanction of the different legislatures, was employed against the Loyalists. They were driven from the country by a process of organized persecution. Thus the wretched and short-sighted policy of the majority of the states depleted them of their very best blood. Those who had been the doctors, lawyers, judges and often ministers of the community, men of culture and refinement, men of worth and charac- ter, were driven into hopeless and interminable exile. And indeed, the migration into Canada was considered by them as exile, though unfalteringly they chose its hardships. They believed S8 UNITED EMPIRE LOTAU8T SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. that they were coming to the region of everlasting snow and ice. They understood that New Brunswick had at least seven months of winter in the year, that but few acres of that inhospitable land were fit for cultivation, and that the country was covered with a cold spongy moss instead of grass, and devoid of any kind of fodder for cattle. Lower Canada was known as a region of deep snow, a nine months' winter, a barren and inhospitable shore. Upper Canada wa*? not thought of in the early years of the migra- tion, except as the " great beyond," a tangled wilderness, the Indians' hunting ground, covered with swamps and marshes and sandy hills, the forests full of bears and wolves and venomous leptiles. The only favorable report of Upper Canaua that had reached them was of its abundance of fish and game. The British commander of New York, in his work of transportation, when no more could be accommodated in New Brunswick and Nova Sootia, sent for a Mr. Qrass, who had been a prisoner at Fort Frontenac among the French, and anxiously inquired if he thought " men could live in Upper Canada," and on a favorable reply being given Mr. Qrass was sent as the founder of a colony to Cataraqui in 1784. The mere i^t that thirty-five thousand Loyalists left their native land for a country which they regarded as a land of exile, is the best proof of two things — ^first, that they were barbarously treated by the victorious side ; and second, that they were not a mere set of ofiSce-holders influenced simply by mercenary motives, as is charged against them, or that they came to Canada for what Britain provided. To enter the unbroken forests, chop, hew, "log" and "after many days " sow the seed among the blackened stumps was a herculean task for any one, but was even more difficult for these men — judges, lawyers, commissioners, snd others — who were not used to farm life, much less to the kind of toil required to change the acres of forest land into fields of waving grain. But their courage rose with their difficulties, and in spite of their dangers there was much to encourage them. They were not, it is true, entering on a land " flowing with milk and honey," but it abounded in fish and game ; and, above all, it was a land over which waved the banner under whose folds their sons and fathers had fallen in disastrous war, and to which they clung with the love that passeth not away, but endureth " through all the years." S9 CHAPTER IX. ROUTES OF THE LOYALISTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LONG POINT. In addition to the promise of the British Qovemment to indemnify the Loyalists for their losses, was the promise to send ships to carry them into Canada. Consequently in the spring of 17' J crowds of the hapless exiles awaited in the Atlantic seaports the British vessels. They came at last, and the first contingent of refugees arrived on the 18th of May, 1783, off the mouth of the River St. John, and by the end of the year about 500 had been safely transported to thn land, over which waved the " meteor flag of England." But for those living inland other means had to be provided, and they were asked to rendezvous at different stations along the Canadian frontier, for example, Oswego, Niagara-on-the-Lake, and Isle aux Noix on Lake Champlain. The distance travelled by most of the Loyalists before reaching Lake Ontario was about 500 miles. From New York to Albany, the Hudson is navigable about 175 miles. North of Albany, the river forks into two branches, the western of which is the Mohawk. About the ancient Fort Stainwix (now Rome) the Mohawk is joined by Wood Creek. This was followed up for some miles, then a portage of ten miles was necessary to Lake Oneida, from which Lake Ontario could be reached by the Oswego river. This was by far the more generally followed, hence in our classification of routes it is to be put first. Second. — ^The eastern branch of the Hudson was sometimes followed, the mountains crossed and Sackett's Harbor reached by the Black River, which empties into the lake at that point Occasionally the Oswegotchie was reached from the Hudson, and followed to its mouth at the present town of Ogdensburg, then called " La Presentation." Third. — The old military road which ran along the west shore of Lake Champlain, thence down the Richelieu River to the St. Lawrence, or west to Cornwall. Fourth. — Others again travelled more directly westward from the rendezvous on Lake Champlain, and striking Lake Ontario at its eastern extremity, proceeded westward along the southern shore of the lake to the settlement on the River Niagara. so UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. But it must be remembered that nearly all the Loyalists who came to the Long Point country settled first in New Brunswick. This province became rapidly overcrowded, and of necessity their thoughts were turned westward, and most opportunely came the messajjes from Governor Simcoe and President Peter Russell urging them to settle in Western Canada, and promising liberal grants of land. Hence it was, that in the last decade of the century, many availed themselves of their offers, and moved their families up the St. Lawrence, and lakes Ontario and Erie, iio the Long Point country. This was therefore the common route of the Loyalists who settled in Norfolk. Still there were some who came direct, via the Hudson and Black rivers to Saokett's Harbor, and thence by boat to Long Point. Others again came in a north-westerly direction overland through Pennsylvania and New York, and crossed Lake Erie in frail skiffs. These were the routes of the Loyalists. CHAPTER X. MODES OF TRAVELLING. As to travelling txpedita, from place to place, there were just two means of transit for the early settler, namely, on foot or by canoe. Of course t' . '> itter was used wherever there was water communioation. The canc«, weighing less, as a usual thing, than fifty pounds, could, when necessary, be taken out of the water and carried over the neces- sary portages. Besides, it was swift A speed of ten miles an hour could be reached by practised hands, and so it continued to be used well into this century ; for we are told that Sir Isaac Brock travelled in a birch- bark canoe all the way from Lower Canada to York on the outbreak of the war of 1812. But the purpose of this chapter is to deal with the methods of conveyance used by the Loyalists and their families for themselves and goods in the long migrations to Upper Canada. First and chiefly — Batteaux. These were long birch canoes, each cap- able of holding about eight persmsand two tonsof goods. The standard MODI8 or TRAVKLLnra 81 VM WM thirty feet in length and six in width, diminiehing to a short point at either end, bow and stem being alike. The frame is made by bending in hot water or steam long strips of elm. This, when fitted together, is covered with birch bark not more than an ei|i^th of an inch in thickness. These strips of bark are sewn together by the twisted fifairaa of the root of a partiealar tree, and the jmnto made water-tight by the application of a gam obtained from the fir tree, whidk becomes perfecUy hard. These fibre ropes or cords also Und the parts of the frame together, and the bark to the frame, for no ironr work of any description whatever is used. The resnlt is a vessd of womderfol lightness, resonance and strength, and capable d! standii^ the impetnoua torrent of any rapid. Boats of this deseripdos are still used by the Indians in taking tourists down the rapid* at Saalt Ste. Marie. For convenience in transportation over the numerous portaffes, the cargo was done up in portable packages of aliout a hundred weight eioh. The settlers usually came in companies, the diffisrent batteaux form' ii^ a kind of caiavan. About a dozen boats would constitute a br^^e, and an experienced man was always appointed conduAstor, who gave directions for the safe management of the boats. When they came to a n^wd the boats were doubly manned. A rope was attached to the bow, and about three-quarters of the crew walked along the shore haui- iag the boat, enou^ men being left in it to keep it off logs and rocks by the use of pike poles. The men on shore had to walk along the bank, or sometimes in the shallow water, occasionally stopping to open a path for themselves through the underbrush by the use of the ever- necessary axe. When the top of the rapids was reached the boats which had been brought up were left in charge of one man, while the others returned to assist in the navigation of the remaining boats, or to carry up the cargo. The progress was certainly slow. Sometimes several days would be consumed in transporting the cargo past the npid, and the labor was hard and often dangerous. Day by day they would make their few miles, and at night lie down to sleep under the stars, and around the blazing camp-fire gain strength for the labor of the morrow. By such trials was the bone and sinew and muscle of our forefathers developed, in a way they little expected twenty-five years before, when in their manor houses on the Hudson, they lived in the enjoyment of the luxuries of civilized life. Still another kind of water transportation was in curious flat- bottom boats, called " Schenectady." This was of ^jrood, not of birch bark, and was rigged with a triangular sail. The difiSculty with this was UNITED BMPIRB L0TALI8T BRTLIMKNT AT LONG POINT. tittt iU weight made it almost impoMibl« to be oarried aoroes the port- ages, and thoagh it would bear a tremendoos load, it coald only be used along the lakes or where there was dear transit for many miles. Another variety still less used was called the " Durham " boat This resembled the Soheneetady to a large extent, but was not quite so flat bottomed, and was propelled in shallow places by poles about ten feet long, and by oars when the depth of the water necessitated it So much for summer travelling. But many families of refugees came in the winter. These followed as nearly as possible some one of the recognised routes. Several of the families would join to form a train of sleighs, which were often nothing more than rude jumpers, the runners being often not even shod with iron. On these rude sleds would be placed their bedding, clothes, and what they deemed moet predous. The favorite route for these winter travellers was the old military road along lakes George and Ohamplain, and then north to the St Lawrence. Provisions had to be taken with them suffident for the long journey, for none was to be had en twUe. For winter travelling the "French train" was often used, which simply consisted of a long narrow jumper, drawn by several horses in tandem style. Arranged in this way ihe passage around the trees and through the underbrush was more expeditiously made. Tet the num- ber of Loyalists who came in the winter was but few in comparison with those who made their way west in the swift and silent batteaux. CHAPTER XI. EARLY AC(X)UNT8 OF LONO POINT. The eMrliest mention we have of the Lake Erie country is in the records of Father Daillon, of whom there will be farther mention made in Chapter XIV. Father Daillon visited what is now Soath-westem Ontario in 1626, and though it is somewhat uncertain what district he is describing, it is probable he was near the Lake Erie shore, for he speaks of the great number of wild fowl in the marshes and along the •treams. He also mentions the larger game, for he says, " The deer, with which this country abc nds, are easily captured, for they have but little sense of fear, and the Indians drive them into wedge-shaped inelosures. The streams abound in fish, and the marshes in wild ducks and turkeys." Forty-four years later we have reliable mention of Long Point in the journal of Qalinee. For this information the writer is indebted directly to Mr. J. H. Coyne, M.A., of St Thomas, who is preparing for the press the journal of Oalin^ Father Oalin^ and Father Dollier de Casson were two Sulpician priests, who made a voyage of discovery through lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron in the years 1669 and 1670, returning to Montreal via the Sault, Lake Kipissing and the Ottawa river. Galin^'s party, consisting of the other priest and seven Frenchmen (nine in all), reached Black Cntk, where it joins the River Lynn (near the prMent site of Port Dover), in October, 1669. There they encamped for the winter. On the 28rd of March following, they went down to the lake shore and planted a cross, with the Royal arms affixed, and a written declaration that they had taken possession of it as unoccupied territory in the name of King Louis XIV. On the 26th of March they proceeded from the river mouth in three canoes. Off Turkey Point they were stopped by a head wind and forced to land. One of their canoes being insecurely beached was carried out into the bay and lost, and the cargo of the lost canoe had to be divided between the other two. Four men took charge of the canoes, and five, including the two priests, had to proceed west to Kettle Creek by land. It seems that they marched from the Point about two miles to the high bank, and 84 UNITED EMPIRE hOf JLUSft SnTLEMSNT AT LONG POINT. I.' r 'f then followed substantially the present lake road through ^e location of Port Rowan to Big Creek, aknt where is the present Fort Royal. This stream they followed up for S'>».'« distance, but being dismayed at the widening swamp, walked down.the» eaist bsnk to the mouth of the creek. There they built a raft and erossed without accident. They went on to the portage, where their companions joined them some days later. After celebrating Easter togetiier they again separated. On the shore near the present site of Port Stanley they found the canoe JbUeti had left tiie pxeTiouv September on his return from the explora- tioB of the Missiarippi From there to Point Pdu 8 ti^e immense herds of deer, which were to be seen feeding together. He admired tiie great walnut trees, with their savory fruit, aiin the ehestects, hidcory nuts, the wild grapes and apples, and says that it is a perfect paradise and wdl suited for setl^ment In the journal of Gharievoix, of the date Jmie, 1781, there is mention of Long Point, a sandy ridge of land which had to be portaged. TfiniB it will be seen that though the eountry had been explored and commended by French discoverers^ it w?fl destined to remain for more than a century without settlement, until a stroi^ and sttardy band of Loyalists should rear for themselves new homes among the forests. *The PotoWAtamiM (or Fonteoaatamia) hnvsi* village naar Datxoit of one hnndred and aighly men. They bear for device the golden Carp, the Fh>g, the CSrab, and tin Tor- toiae.. They alao oompoae the Village of St. Joeeph, eoath of Lake Michigan, to the nnabor of' one hnndred wa n cto n. (Report oiM.de Joneaire, " Docnmentaiy Hiavr^y of Neir. York," VoL I., p. 8ft.) fcvj 86 CHAPTER XII. /I THE COUNTY OF NORFOLK. Bt the Act of the Imperial Parliament, 1791 (31 George UL, Cap. 81), the Qovernor was empowered to divide Upper Canada into as many counties as he might think fit Accordingly, in the following year nineteen counties were surveyed, among them Norfolk, which is the sixteenth on the list The original proclamation hounds it as follows : " On the north and east by the County of Lincoln and the River La Tranche (Thames) ; on the south by Lake Erie, until it meets the Barbue ; thence by a line running north until it intersects the Tranche, and up the said river till it meets the north-west boundary of the County of York." This included the townships of Burford, Oxford- upon-the-Thames, Norwich, Dereham, Bainham and Walpole, now in other counties. -^ At first it formed part of the Western district, an extremely indefinite province. Previous to the Treaty of 1794, which came into effect in 1796, the Ohio and Mississippi rivers formed the boundary line of Canada. By that treaty the line of division was drawn in the middle of the lakes. The Surveyor-General described the Western district as follows in 1796 (the early part of the year) : " On the south it is bounded by Lake- Erie ; on the east by a meridian passing through the easterly extremity of Long Point, and comprehends all the lands north-westerly of these boundaries, not included within the bounds of the Hudson Bay Company or the territory of the United States. The boundary which divides it from Louisiana is not well known after it reaches the sources of the Mississippi." In 1798 the London district was created, and Norfolk incorporated in it. " The counties of Norfolk, Oxford and Middlesex, with as much of this province as lies westward of the Home district and the district of Nifigara to the southward of Lake Huron, and between them and a line drawn due north, from where the easternmost limit of Oxford intersects the River Thames till it arrives at Lake Huron." (It will be 3 F ^'^ ll!!* II' 86 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. |r: noticed that what is now called " Oeoi^n Bay " was not distingaished from Lake Huron.)* The general appearance of Norfolk county is rolling and pleaaani A century ago the gentle undulations were covered with vast forests of beech, white pine, waMut and oak, of which a good deal yet remains. In certain townships (Houghton, Middleton, Charlotteville and Walsingham) are extensive deposits of bog iron ore of the very finest kind. In this connection may be mentioned the establishment of the blasi fumacra at Normandale as far back as 1818. Nearly every kind of fruit found in the temperate zone flourishes here — apple, peach, pear, plum, quince, cheny, grape, apricot and berries of all kinds. The woods are well stocked with quail, partridge, rabbits, hares and black squirrels, and the marshes abound in water- fowl, especially at Turkey Point and at Long Point, which is now a game preserve and owned by a private corporation. The creeks and streams are well stocked with fish, speckled trout predominating. Some parts of the county, for example, Houghton Centre, are simply tracts of sand ; but the general character of the soil is a clay loam, suitable for a great variety of crops, easily worked, early and rich. * TIm ioUowiag eztnusU an taken from m aeries of ranutrks in 1798, by Chief Justice Blmsley, on the " Aot for the better division of the province," which had been passed in the preceding session of the Legislature of Upper Canada (" Canadian Archives," Series Q,S88.p.8S): "The very rapid progress made in the townships on the River Thames and in those whioh form what is commonly called the Long Point settlement, together with the great distance of the latter from the Town of Sandwich, which is at present the capital of the Western district, called for the division of that district into two, if not three, districts. The County of Nwfidk will probably in a few years requira to be raised into a distinct Bailiwiok ; its limita and those of the adjacent counties wero accordingly moulded with a view to that event. " The head of the navigation of the River Thames, and the confluence of i^.R <- cipal purposes attached to the Township of Walsingham. It is now an island, a kind of shallow canal having been dredged between it and the main shore. It abounds in waterfowl, wild duck, geese and turkeys, quail and partridge. It is also the " anglers' paradise," rock bass, salmon trout, carp, whitefish, pike, pickerel, and mackerel being found in abundance. It is now owned by a private corporation, who bought it from the Qovemment They have also a preserve of deer on the island, the number of which is increasing from year to year. There is but one settlement on the island, called the " Cottages," to which a small boat runs a regular ferry service in the summer. To the north, that is on the inner side, is a small triangular isle, called Ryerson's Island. The reader is refen«d to the map subjoined, for a dearer idea of this curious formation and the bay enclosed between it and the mainland. ii/ 41 UNITED EMPIRE LOYAUST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. CHAPTER XIV. THE INDIANS OP THE LONG POINT DISTRICT. J y ' The tribe of Indians which inhabited the country between Lake Erie and Lake Huron, in the 17th century, was called the " Neutrals," for they had preserved a strict neutrality in the savage wars of the Hurons and the Iroquois. Champlain speaks of them in his account of his trip west in 1616, saying that they had twenty-eight villages and more than four thousand warriors. These Indians seem to have been favorable to the French, for in 1626 when three Frenchmen named Daillon, Lavelld and OrenoUe visited their country, the Indians hospit- ably entertained them, the chief, Souharissen, adopting them as members of his family. In fact, it was with some difficulty that the three Frenchmen finally escaped from the affectionate hospitality which was lavished on their devoted heads. Unfortunately for the Neutrals they were ultimately drawn into the fierce tribal wars, and in the conflict, about the middle of the century, were dispersed, and absorbed into the neighboring Indian tribes. Thereafter, the India is who roamed round the western part of Ontario were chiefly Iroquois. After the war Brant and his Mohawks settled on the Grand River. Between the Thames and Lake Erie, further west, dwelt the Delawares, and bodies of the Chippawas, Hurons, Shawnees, Potawatamies, Ottawas, Fustans, and the Six Nations (Mohawks, Senecas, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Tuscaroras). The attitude of these Indians to the Loyalist settlers seems to have been one of unchangeable courtesy and kindness. Chief Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea) was a personal friend of Governor Simcoe, and with twelve Indians accompanied him in 1795 on his visit to Detroit on a prospecting tour through western Canada. In spite of the fact that England had neglected to provide for the Indians in the Treaty of Paris, the loyalty of the Six Nations never wavered. The allegiance of Brant to the British brought him the enmity of the American revolutionists, the consequence being that the Mohawk valley was the most frequently of all districts invaded and overrun, and that, too, by an enemy more barbarous than the Indians THE MIGRATION TO LONG POINT. 48 themselves. Their towns and villages were ruthlessly burned, and the whole district turned into a scene of widespread and sickening deso- lation. Let not the Americans censure England for the use of Indian tribea in the war and the atrocities alleged to have been committed by them, until they have excused, to some extent at least, the terrible vI:jx>pulation of the Mohawk valley after the war, for they left there only a third of the inhabitants, and of that third there iren three hundred widows and two thousand orphaned children. There are many traditions of the kindness of the Indians to the early settlers. More than once when a pioneer family was reduced to the verge of starvation a kind-hearted Indian would come with a fish or a deer or some wild fowl, although perchance he needed it himself almost as badly. The Indian was always welcomed at the settler's shanty. The door was never shut against him, and they continued to live on terms of peace and good fellowship. Such instances of treachery as will be described in connection with the history of the Maby family are likely untrue, and if they were true the singular exception only proves the rule. CHAPTER XV. THE MIGRATION TO LONG POINT. Fob many years before a settlement was made at or near Long Point, Major-Qeneral John Graves Simcoe, the Lieutenant-Qovemor of Upper Canada, proposed to found there a military establishment, to aid in the defence of the new province. He had heard favorable reports of that district long before he had the opportunity of personally examining it. He constantly advises the Home Government of its importance, as for example in the letter written on December 7th, 1791, shortly after his appointment, he says : " Toronto, the best harbor on Lake Ontario, and Long Point, the only good road-stead on Lake Erie, are admirably adapted for settlements. These and the country between the Grand River and the La Tranche (Thames) form a body of most excellent land, of which no grants have yet been made." (" Dominion Archives," Q. 278.) < 4 \b ■'i\ 44 UNITED EMPIRE L0YAU8T SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. ■^ f''- Itf In Another letter (August SOth, 1792), accompanying the proclamation dividing Upper Canada into counties, etc., he announces his intention to occupy in the following spring a post, near Long Point, and another at Toronto, and to settle himself on the river La Tranche. ("Dominion Archives," Q. 278. p. 197. " Simcoe to Dundas," No. 11.) About a year afterwards, he again sends to the Home Qoverment a favorable notice of Long Point, saying, " The survey of the communica- tion between Lakes Ontario and Sinclair (St Clair) is completed. The surveyor has discovered an admirable harbor on Lake Erie, near the very place he (Simcoe) wished it, namely. Long Point, opposite Presqu' Isle. (August. 28rd, 1793.). On September 20th of the same year, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe submitted to the Home Government, an actual survey of the Thames, so far as it serves to communicate between lakes Ontario and St. Glair, referring to the tract of land as " one of the finest in America," and, accompanying it a survey of Long Point, on Lake Erie, saying, " the situation of Long Point is eminently suitable for a fortified post and naval arsenal for Lake Erie, and the establishment of one here would counteract the one held by the United States at Presqu' Isle. A harbor could be constructed on the island near it. It possesses every facility necessary for an important centre of military operations ! " (" Domin- ion Archives," Q. 279-82, p. 488). Towards the close of this long epistle he again reverts to the settlement at Long Point as affect- ing the movements of the Indiana " The aetUers to he hnmgld in ahofuld he brave omd determined LoyaUata, auch as those fnnn Pennsylvania and Maryland, who at the end of the war were associated to support the cause of the King, and who had sent an agent to ascertain what arrangements could he made for their removal to the province. A strong settlement there would effectually separate the Mohawks on the Grand River from the other Indians." In a letter, about two years after (July Slst, 1795), to the Earl of Portland, Simcoe emphasizes the importance of the occupation of Long Point as a naval arsenal, saying, " I am thoroughly convinced that it is absolutely necessary that military establishments should precede settle- ments, sell, President of the Executive Council, was appointed acting Governor. The townships in various counties were surveyed into allotments, and among them Walsingham, Windham, Townsend and Charlotteville. Up to this time no grants of land had been formally assigned in Norfolk County. There were a few squatters already there. "Dr." Troyer, Frederick Mabee, Peter Secord, Lucas Dedrick, Edward McMichael, Abraham Smith and Solomon Austin. These were con- firmed in the possession of the farms they hod already chosen. Now proclamations were issued inviting settlers to the New districts, and appealing especially to the United Empire Loyalists. The fees for land grants, a much discussed question, were settled by an enactment of the Executive Council for Upper Canada, in 1798, as follows : "Council Office, 25th October, 1798. "That grants to be issued in consequence of Orders of Council subsequent to the 6th instant, to U. E. Loyalists and their children of the first generation, to the extent of two hundred acres each, are not to be charged to the expense of survey, but are to be subject to a fee of threepence per acre, and that one-half of the above fees are to be paid TBI MIGRATIOM TO LOKG FOINT.' 4ir to the Reoeiver-Qeneral by all peraons on taking out their warrant* of •urvey, and the other half to the Secretary of the Province on receiving the patent* for the land ordered them. " Approved and signed, " J. Small, " Piter Bumkll. " C. E. C." The fame of the Long Point district had reached to Eastern Canada, and when it was opened for settlement there was for a few years a steady influx of settlers, chiefly Loyalists from the Lower Province, for whom it was a second migration. The great minority had lived ahready in New Brunswick for ten years or longer. That province was over- crowded, and the allotments unsatisfactory ; and so, being influenced by the offers of land in Upper Oana^ a, they came west, for the most part in open boats, to make their homes in that district But this removal was a work of stupendous difficulty. The roads were simply blazes through the forests. The heaving bosom of the inland sea was the only hi^'hway, an'' they had to trust themselves and their dear ones in frail batteaux to the deep waters. Only one man came to Long Point in the later years of the century who had ever been there before, that is, the old Scotch soldier, Donald McCall, whose history is related in a subsequent chapter. Consequently, their knowledge of the course was meagre and the danger great. Those who came by land had to find their way over the devious trail of the Indian. Their worldly possessions were tied up in portable bundles, and carried often on their shoulders. The length of their journey precluded their bringing much with them, and thus the building of their new homes in the County of Norfolk was just as tedious and just as severe as it had been years before in their settle- ments on the St John. 48 UNITED EMPIRE LOfALIBT SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. CHAPTER XVI. CHARLOTTEVILLE. I The principal point of inteiest in Norfolk County is, or ought to be, the location of the now extinct town of Charlotteville, or Turkey Point This was situated on the high bonk overlooking Turkey Point proper. This pcnnt projects into Lake Erie in a south-westerly direction for a little more tlum five miles. It is a low-lying peninsula of sandy loam, forming, as it were, a backbone to tho masdes cf marsh which surround ii This matsh, of reeds, rushes and quill gnuM, fills up almost entirely what was formerly a safe and commodious harbor on the inner side of Turkey Point. Through the point flows a narrow stream, not more than eight feet wide, called Indian Greek. Although so narrow and so shallow that the bottom is eacdly touched, there is sufficient current to prevent its freezing up in the winter, and it is the waterway of the sportsmen, who thereby insert themselves into their favorite coverts. The in^mense numbers of wild turkeys found there a century ago gare the point its designation. The wild turkeys have, for the most part, disappeared, but wild ducks of many varieties abound, particularly mallards, black ducks, yellow legs, red heads, butter balls, the mourn- ing duck, pintaib, and canva8-back& The point is owned by a private company, who have erected a commodious club-house thereon, with boat-houses and all conveniences for the sportsman. When London district was separated from tho Western district, as has been mentioned in the chapter on the " County of Norfolk," and com- prised the land that is now incorporated in the counties of Bruce, Huron, Middlesex, Elgin, Norfolk and Oxford, the courts of Quarter Sessions were first held in vhe house of Lieutenant Munro, as will be detailed in the chapter on his settlement ; but not long afterwards a public-house was built in Charlotteville by Job Loder, and the early courts were convened there until a more suitable accommodation could be obtained. In 1804 a building was erected to serve the purposes of a court- house and jail. This was of frame, two stories high, and twenty-six feet in width by forty feet in length. The lower story was occupied by the court when in session, with the exception of a small portion at one INDIAN CREEK, TURKEY POINT. On each side is tho marsh of tall reeds and qnill grass. 'm enipa into tv summe oak tn The and th( though house NorfoU writer said thf ment bi for the to be hi from Y< shootinj ezeeutio he woul to whid me, and oblige yi on the T In If but the i a double and the i fort was itslocati Just erected ii epidemic As to Loder's another I the first 1 ized in tl of the ad lot or re« sufficient! built for reside am CHARLOTTEVILLE. 49 eni partitioned off for the " district jail." The upper stoiy was divided into two rooms for the jurors, but it is said that in the hot days of summer they preferred to conduct their deliberations under a spreading oak tree dose by. The jail was but seldom used, for crime was rare in that cor^imunity and the moral sentiment so high that looks and bolts were scarcely thought of. There is, however, in connection with this jail and court house an interesting tradition which shows that once at least, in Norfolk, the sterner penalties of the law were dealt out The writer does not vouch for the corrpctness of the narrative. It is said that while Sheriff Major Bostwick was in charge of the govern- ment buildings there, a negro was in confinement awaiting execution for theft, in those days a capital crime. The negro was sentenced to be hanged on a certain Thursday, but the sheriff had friends coming from York in the latter part of the week to visit him and enjoy the shooting; so the good sheriff, not wishing to be troubled with an execution after his friends arrived, asked the " colored gentleman " if he would have any objections to be hanged on the preceding Tuesday, (o which the negro replied, " No, no, massa, you've been very good to me, and if you feed me well until Tuesday I'll be hanged then to oblige you." So the necessary ceremonies took place, per agreement, on the Tuesday, and the sheriff was at liberty to entertain his friends. In 1812 Fort Norfolk was built at Charlotteville, of which nothing but the trenches remain. This was a stake fort, the walls consisting of a double row of pointed stakes, the two rows being several feet apart, and the space between filled in with earth. At the close of the war the fort was abandoned, and nothing more than the irregular trench marks its location. Just on the outskirts of the town a rough frame building was erected in 1818 for a hospital. This was put up during the cholera epidemic of that year. As to the other buildings, it is certain that a rival hotel to Job Loder's was built on the shoro by a man named Hatch, and still another by Silas Montross. In the kitchen of Loder's hotel was held the first meeting of Norfolk Masons. The branch society was organ- ized in that old tavern. In the same room was held the first meeting of the adherents of the English Church to see about securing a glebe lot or reservation, so that their church might be appropriately and sufficiently endowed. This was secured, although the church was not built for many years afterwards, until the Rev. Mr. Evans came to reside among them. i ■ . q ■ 'i 50 UNITED EMPIRE LOTAUST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. But the town did not prosper, the chief reason being that it was apart from the main thoroughfare east and west. Twenty years aff^or its foundation it contained but one solitary house. To-day it exists no more. A barren stretch of sand is all that meets the oye. Yet the antiquarian, or the ourio-hunter, or the traveller with the historical mania, can find many an interesting landmark that tells the story of long ago. And how many interesting memories crowd upon one who is familiar with its history I There is the hill on which was buried the first white man who died in that district. A hollowed log was the coffin of Fred- erick Maby, and in this simple tomb the members of his sorrowing fam- ily laid him away. In the war of 1812 an anxious watch was kept for American foes from the bastion of old Fort Norfolk. In the court- house for twelve years, at the courts of quarter sessions, those old settlers, in Grand and Petit Jury assembled, tried offenders against the peace of King George. In this little quadrangle were confined those who from time to time thought themselves above the law of the new land. Over to the west are the traces of the old hospital, where works of mercy were no more omitted than were the requirements of law overlooked. Interesting surely, though the blinding sand has blotted out man and his works ; yet the lives of those who raised these earliest marks of law, religion and pity for suffering man, have not been without effect Far from it. They live in the best blood of Ontario, in our people's reverence for law, in the stern unswerving loyalty to the Crown, in the scorn of cant and empty show, the acts of mercy and benevolence, love of God, faith with man, courage in war, kindness in peace, purity and goodness and true religion undefiled. 01 CHAPTER XVII. CLEARING THE LAND. It is no small undertaking to enter the forest and attempt, even under the moet favorable oiroumstanoes, to turn the wilderness into cultivated fields. Much more difficult was it fcr these Loyalists, many of them unaccustomed to the use of the axe, to remove the giant trees of the " forest primeval " from sufficient of their allotmnits to sow the seed. It has been mentioned that the British Government made tiie unfortunate mistalce of sending out ship-axes for the colonists, and this clumsy implement, too blunt, too heavy, and too short-handled, almost doubled the labor of the already over-taxed settler. Many, indeed, who had had no experience of " roughing it in the bush " found it almost impossible to overcome the difficulties of pioneer life. Moreover, a certain amount of land had to be cleared before any grain could be sown. This was the prime necessity after the building of the rude log-houses described, and the fact that often a wife and a number of starving children were dependent on him, caused the early colonist periods of almost superhuman exertion. It is related of one early settler in the township of Stamford, named Spohn, that he used to work from the earliest streaks of dawn till the darkness prevented his further labor, and then walk three miles to the river where fish were to be caught, collect light wood, and spend often the greater part of the night in fishing by the aid of these " fire jacks." The fishing tackle was very rude, the hooks being simply part of the bone of the pike. On the fish which he managed to catch in this way, and certain leaves and buds of trees, mixed with the miUc of a cow, which he had fortunately brought with him, the family managed to exist until early August, when his little crop of spring wheat headed out suffi- ciently to allow a change of diet Not less severe was the struggle for subsidence of the earliest Loyalist families who eune to Long Point, among whom may be speoially mentioned the families of Maby, Seoord and Teeple. At that time the only thought was to get rid of the great forests of beech, maple, white and yellow pine and walnut in the shortest and easiest way. The great green trees, after being felled, had to lie until 4 ■-( SM!" i 5S UNITED KMPIRE L0TALI8T SBTTLEliKNT AT LONG POINT. they had dried suffioiently to be burned, or until they could be cut into pieces and removed. Time was neoeaaary for the fint, and for the second prolonged labor with the unwieldy axe. Moreover, beasts of burden or draught animals were rare in this section, and if the trees were to be removed while green they had to be cut into small pieces to permit of carrying. The common process of clearing the land, after the first little plot had been planted, was to bum the treea Often the trees were "girdled" with an axe ; that is, the bark was cut through all round <^e tree, whereby it would die, and becoming gradually dry would bum the year following. When the trees were felled they were set on fire, and most of the smaller branches would bum, lenving the great blackened trunka Then came the " logging " beea^ when the settlers of the neighborhood com- bined to draw these great logs into heaps, where they would be out of the way, comparatively speaking, till they were dry enough to bum. Thus it was that the forest melted away before the determined attacks of the sturdy pioneers. CHAPTER XVIII. BUILDINGS. Until the settler could erect his rude shanty, which usually took about two weeks, the spreading forest trees formed the only protection for his family from wind and weather. Coming, as they generally did, in the early summer, this was not severely felt unless a period of rain made their condition deplorable. The settler's first task was, of course, the erection of a log shanty, and all in the community turned out to help the newcomer build his house. These gatherings for co-operative labor were called " bees " in Upper Canada. The same institution was known by the name of " frolics " in New Branswick. A number of straight, round basswood trees were cut down and logs cut off the required length, seldom more than fifteen or twenty BUlLDINCn. S8 feet These being rovf^ly notched at the eomen were piled one on top of another until the required height of the walls was obtained. The Government had provided saws, as has been mentioned, and with these an opening was out for a door and a window. The wall on one side was generally built four or five feet higher than on the other, and the roof put on in one continuous slant Others managed to make a kind of gable roof. Strips of bark (generally black oak or swamp oak), overlapping one another, formed the sheeting of the roof. As nails were an extreme scarcity, for they cost 18d. a pound, and being made by hand, so few were in a pound that the price was at least a shilling a dozen, this bark, which formed the roof, was fastened to the rafters by green withes. The interspaces of the logs which formed the walls were filled up with small straight branches, chinked with clay, which soon hardened 80 as to be air and water tight The fireplace was made of flat stones, laid one upon another, with clay for mortar, the roughness of the material necessitating its occu- pation of an exceedingly disproportionate space in the one-roomed house. ' The chimney was composed of strips of hard wood fitted together and plastered with mud. These were not always safe, for Captain Ryerse's house was burned to the ground in 1804, having caught fin from the chimney. The floor of the cabin was made of split timber, rudely levelled by the axe, or by an adze if there was one in the community. As has been mentioned, the government allowed a whip saw to every fourth family, and with this lumber for a door was sawn out and a ^ew boards wherewith to make a rough table and benches. The bedstead was fo ^ed by inserting long straight poles into the walls across the end of the house while the walls were in process of construction. Between these poles the long strips of green bark would be woven back and forward — a very comfortable " spring mattresa" The earlier settlers also followed the fashion of changing or trading work or labor. One who possessed any skill as a carpenter was in constant demand, and the others would do, in exchange for his services, the rough work in clearing his land. The " village carpenter " would make and fit in the little sash with its four panes of glass, in the opening left for a window. He would, perhaps, also construct a rude cabinet or cupboard for them, or a chest of drawers. These articles with, it may be, some treasured heirloom brought from their native home, such as a tall clock, or a carved chair with S4 UMITKD IMPIRE LOYALIST SXTTIBMENT AT LONG POINT. oarved l«9t, or ao old mahogany esoritoire, would constitute the furniture of the early settler's honia Yet they were happy, for they were on British soil, which to them meant more than palatial homes and broad, cleared Umds ; more than fine clothes and fine furniture ; more than flocks of sheep and herds of caAtie ; more than all the luxuries which the thought of rebellion and the countenancing of it made as gall and wormwood to their loyal hearts. CHAPTER XIX. FOOD. f Aa has been mentioned in Chapter VII, to the Loyalists who first came to Canada provisions for three years were given by the Qovemment ; but the people of Long Point were thrown on their own resources, and the first settlers experienced the most acute distress. Mention will be made from time to time of particular instances of hardship, but in a general way it may be here stated that the long journey from New Brunswick, and the insufficient means of convey- ance, forced the settlers to come without any quantity of provisions in store for the few months before the grain could be ripened. Thus it was that there occurred many touching instances of hard- ship and almost starvation. All kinds of edible herbs were eaten — ^pig-weed, lamb's quarter^ ground nut, and the plant called Indian cabbage. The bark of certain trees was cut in pieces and boiled, as were also the leaves and buds of the maple, beech and basswood. Were it not for the game, which Providence occasionally threw in their way, they certainly would have starved. Occasionally a deer was shot and divided among the members of the rejoicing community. Frequently, also, great flocks of wild turkeys were seen in the marshy landc^ and it did not require an expert shot to bring down the unsus- pecting birds. Fish were also easily caught ; so that as soon as the first year or two had passed, the settlers had abundance for themselves, and for any strangers " within their gates." Tea was an unthought-of FOOD. A6 luxury for many years, and variotiB substitutes were used ; as, for example, the hemlock and sassafras. Still a rude plenty existed. As to meat, the creeks and lake sup- plied fish of several kinds — black and rock bass, perch, carp, maokereL pickerel, pike and white fish, and above all speckled trout; the marshes — wild fowl, turkeys, ducks anc* geese ; the woods — 'pigeons, partridge, quail, squirrels, rabbits, hp'">" ^nd deer. As to other animals in the woods, there were many (too many) wolves, bears, lynx, wild cats, beavers, foxes, martins, minks and weasels. Bustards and cranes also were found by the streams. As to grain, they soon had an abundant supply of Indian com, wheat, peas, barley, oats, wild rice, and the commoner vegetables. The thoughtful housewives of those times tried to make up for the various articles of food which they could not procure by the invention of new dishes, and to make the ordinary menu as palatable as possible by some change or addition. One of the most appreciated of the " delicacies " was the pumpkin loaf, which consisted of com meal and boiled pumpkin made into a cake and eaten hot with butter. It was generally sweetened with maple sugar. Another " Dutch dish " was " pot-pie," which consisted of game or fowl cut up into small pieces and baked in a deep dish, with a heavy crust over the meat. On such fare were developed the brawn and muscle which in a few years changed the wilderness into a veritable Garden of Eden. i.i;: 59 UNITID mPIRK LOYALIST SVrTLKllXNT AT LONG POINT. CHAPTER XX. MILLS. As has beon mentioned in Chapter VII., some were fortunate enough to be provided with portable mills for the grinding of their com, but the greater number in Upper Canada had no such luxuries. For many years the nearest flouring mill to the Long Point settlement was that at Niagara Falls, a distance of a hundred miles. At first, then, when they were unable to make the long journey to the mill, they used what was called the " hominy block " or " plumping mill." This was simply a hardwood stump, with a circular hollow in the top, partly bumea into it, and partly chopped out If a cannon- ball could be obtained, it was heated to bum out this hole. In this hollow the grain was pounded with a great wooden beetle, and some- times a heavy round stone was attached to a long pole or sweep, and by this mortar and pestle contrivance the Indian corn and wild rice were rudely crushed, and afterwards baked into com or "Johimy" cakes. But wheat could not be ground by this process, and unless the family had a portable steel mill they were compelled to do without wheaten bread. Some, however, had these mills, and if they also possessed a horsehair sieve for bolting cloth, the bran could be separ- ated from the flour and white bread manufactured. It was always a condition of the grant of land on which there were good water-power facilities, that a grist mill be erected within a certain time, and thus in a few years all over the country sprang up flouring mills. Captain Samuel Ryei^se built the first mill in Long Point, and ran it for several years, though at a financial loss, for the toll was only one bushel in twelve, and the mill was idle all through the sum- mer. The machinery for these mills was hard to procure, and after it was gotten, hard to keep in order. It could only be bought for cash, and ready money was never a very plentiful article with the early settlers. Captain Ryerse had to sell part of his grant of land at a dollar an acre to obtain money to buy the machinery for his mill. Moreover, there was no market for any surplus wheat that might be raised. Until the war of 1812 wheat was never more than two shillings (sterling) a bushel. Consequently after the first struggle for OLOTHINa 67 life there was no pMrtieoUr inducement for the e«riy letUer to grow more wheat than was necessary for his own consumption. For many years the Ryerse mill was the only one within seventy miles. About 1805, however, Titus Finch built one at Turkey Point. There was also the Sovereign mill at Waterford, the Russell mill at Vittoria, Malcolm's mills near the present site of Oakland, the Culver- Woodruff mills on Paterson's Greek, and the mills of Robert Nicol at Dover. CHAPTER XXI. CLOTHING. The half-pay officers who settled in New Brunswick had frequently their uniforms and accoutrements which they had worn in their native States— tight knee-breeches of black or yellow or dark blue satin, white silk or satin waistcoats, and the gorgeous colored frock coats, often claret, royal purple, or pea, pearl or bottle green, with their wide collara The coats were lined with plush or velvet of a different shade. Black silk stockings and morocco shoes, with immense silver buckles covering the whole instep, completed their attire. However, these were not garments suitable to making their way through the tangled underbrush, fording creeks and marshes, and stumping and logging in the bush. Even if it were used at all, in a year or two this finery would disappear, and the colonists had to resort to the produce of their fields or that which the new land provided. It may be thought that the wool from the sheep would be the most natural material to weave into coarse garments. This would have been the case if the early settler could have depended on his sheep from one day to another, but the fondness of Canadian wolves for lamb and mutton seriously interfered with his calculations in this regard, and supremely fortunate was he, if by any chance a sheep could be preserved until its wool were of sufficient length to be clipped and thereafter made into garments. Consequently they resorted tO the culture of flax. Every family had its little plot of ground sown UMITID IMPIRI LOYALWr nTrLIMKNT AT LONG POINT. % I with AmchnmI, and oao of tht t/kmimtd MoompUahmenta of the bnv« women of those daye wm the knowledge of ita onltars. They had to weed, pall and threah out the aeeda, and then spread it to rot After it waa dreaaed tiny apun and wove it into ooarae linen, which anp- pUedgarmenta for both aexea. The apinning and weaving prooeaaea were generally diffleult on aeoonnt of the rude home-made implementa which the early aettlera had to uae, for but rarely had any apinning wheels or looms been brought over from the Statea The " fulling " of the cloth had to be accomplished by the process of "treading" the fabric in large tubs. This coarse linen cloth, which was very often mixed with what little wool could be obtained, made a material which would last for years. The next most important clothing material was deerskin, which was used not only for shoes, but for garments also. The settlers got the idea of using it from the Indians, who taught them how to prepare it, so as to be pliable and comfortable. The tanning process consisted in removing the hair, and working it by hand with the brains of some animal until it became soft and white. This, of course, made the most durable garments, and was a favorite material for trousers. Petticoats were also made of it for the women. The only objection to deerskin garments waa that they soon got lamentably greasy and dirty, and were hard to eleaa In Dr. Ryer- son's history an interesting story is told of the domestic, Poll Spragge. She had but one article of dress, a kind of sack made of buckskin, with holes at the top for her arms, and this garment hung from her shoulders, and was tied in at the waist by thongs of the same material. She was left alone in the house one day with orders to wash her single garment. In the absence of soap she bethought herself of the strong lye, made from wood ashea, not knowing its effect on leather. When she took it out of the pot where she had been boiling {*;, it was notiiing but a partly deoompoaed masa The feelings of poor Poll may be more easily imagined than 'described. As soon as she caught sight of the returning family she hid herself in the potato cellar, and refused to oome out until some one's second best petticoat was procured for her. Such waa the scarcity of dothing of any kind in these early years. Ah fur personal ornamentation or decoration the pack of the TankM pedlftr supplied the wants of the families who were rich enough to buy such luxuries. The doming of the pedlar and the open- ing of the pack ifraa a long-looked for occurrence. The ordinary articles iilways carried by these itinerant merchants were gaudy printed calicdest a yard of which aOld for the usual price of an acre of ground ($1.00)» oLOTHnro. m eoane muBlin at about fifteen shillingi a yard, and ihawla and 'ker- chiefs, of elaborate pattern, "fearfully and wonderfully made," the gaudy colon greatly enhancing their value. Beaidee these, he was accustomed to bring around the standard assortment of tape and needles, horn combs, pencils, paper, hooks and eyes, and some yards of narrow ribbon of divers colors for hair and neckwear on special ocoasiona To get a long chintz or gingham dress to "go to meeting " in was the height of many a fair maiden's ambition. The writer has been told of an instance where two daughters of the same family were accounted the most finely dressed "belles" of the settlement, because they had each a long veil of coarse muslin to wear to church, though, indeed, neither of them had anything to wear in the line of footgear, and so went to meeting barefoot As to wedding garments, generally some faded silk dress of the mother, which had been laid away for a quarter of a century or more, with cinnamon bark or sprigs of cedar, was remodelled to fit the fair damsel on this auspicious occasion. Some amusing stories are told of smaller dresses being " let out," with the coarse linen of the house- hold, so as to fit the extensive figure of a maiden who was not so slender as her mother had beea But " necessity constraineth us," and these trifiing inconsistencies, which would drive a modem jiancde to distrac- tion, did not alloy the happiness of the Loyalist maidens. *i I I UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMEMT AT LONG POINT. CHAPTER XXII. THE PREACHING OF THE GOSPEL IN LONG POINT. Vi 1 Until the year 1800 there were very few churches in Upper Canada; and the people were dependent on one of their own number to conduct sen ice, in a settler's cabin or under the forest trees. A letter of Hon. Peter Russell to the Anglican bishop of Quebec (22nd June, 1796), gives a very accurate view of the state of religious organization in Upper Canada at that time. " There are no churches west of Kingston, a circumstance disgraceful to the inhabitants, and only to be apologized for by their hard struggles and want of proper clergymen. Of the £1,000 voted by Parliament, I suggest that £500 be used in building a handsome church au York, and when the inhabitants of New Johns- town (in Eastern District), Newark and Sandwich appear disposed to raise subscriptions for their respective ciiurches, let £100 be given to Newark and £200 to each of the other two. I have appointed Rev. Mr. Addison to Newark." The Bishop of Quebec approved of the appointment of Addison, and decided that he be one of four to receive a salary (£100). Rev. Mr. Addison had, however, other sources of income, for a minute of the Council of Newark (August 14th, 1797) reads : " Resolved that the salt springs at the Fifteen-mile Creek be leased to the Rev. Mr. Addison at a rent of 5a currency, for such time as he shall continue to officiate as a clergyman of the Church of England at Newark." Rev. Mr. Addison was given grants of land in various places, among them 400 acres (lots 1 and 10, third concession) in Walsingham. I. EPIRCOPALIAN. For thirty years after the foundation of the settlement, until the arrival of the Rev. Mr. Evans in 1824, the colonists who adhered to the faith of the English Church had no regular minister. There was no clergyman nearer than Niagara, a hundred miles distant, and a blaze through the trees constituted the only road to that centre of advance- ment and civilization. Captain Samuel Ryerse was accustomed to read the church service THE PREACHING OF THE GOSPEL IN LONG POINT. 61 every Sunday to his household, and to any who might wish to listen with them. Subsequently Mr. Bostwick, who was the eon of a clergyman, used to read the service and sometimes a sermon. But very few copies of sermons were to be obtained, for, indeed, but few copies of any books existed among the settlers, and after reading over several times the " stock in hand " they naturally lost their interest. ' ' The first visit of a horw, fide minuter of the Episcopal faith to Norfolk County occurred in 1805, when the Rev. Mr. Addison, the only clergyman in Western Ontario, came by request from Niagara to baptize the children who had been bom on the settlement, for so far there had been no regularly authorized licentiate to perform that cere- mony. It was a long-to-be-remembered event, and many of the people broke out into a passion of tears as they listened, in some cases, the first time for eleven years, to the voice of a regularly ordained minister. It was surely an affecting scene, and brings home to our minds one of those trials which the Loyalists had to undergo, and which is but seldom thought of, namely, their enforced deprivation of religious in- struction. II. BAPTISTS. In 1798 Elder Titus Finch came to Long Point and became the leader of the Baptists of that district. For many years they had no church, and so Ellder Finch travelled around and held service on the Sabbath at various points in the settlement The houses of the settlers were not often large enough to accommodate those who assembled, and frequently on summer days the se ice was held in an open glade of the forest, the murmur of the breeze forming a sweet accompaniment, which in its calm and heavenly infiuence wafted their thoughts to the Creator of the universe. In 1804 the community of Baptists was organized, and about 1810 their church was erected, a commodious and substantial building. III. PRESBYTERIANS. The founder of the first Presbyterian church of Norfolk County was the Rev. Jabez Culver. He was a regularly ordained minister in New Jersey, and on coming to the Long Point settlement in 1794, held service every Sabbath in his own house. In 1806 the Presbyterians were organized into a church commuuity, with the Rev. Jabez Culver as their regularly appointed pastor. This was known as the old 62 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. " Windham Church," and continued till the death of Mr. Culver in 1819. Then it was dissolved, but being reorganized later, became a flourishing and important body. IV. METHODISTS. This denomination was, as usual, one of the very first to establish its organization in the new country. It is said that the Presbyterians have the congregation first, and the church afterwards ; but the Metho- dists the church first and the congregation afterwards. The Methodist body had two chapels in this county before the first Presbyterian church was built The first recognized Methodist minister was the Bev. Daniel Free- man, who, though not ordained by the Methodist Episcopal .Church until he had been some years in the Long Point district, nevertheless conducted regular service, and most of the young people of the com- munity joined his church. This was called the " Woodhouse Methodist Church," on the identical site of which the third Woodhouse Methodist Church now stands. All honor to these early ministers of the dissenting bodies, for though they were unlearned, and sometimes uncouth in speech, their lives proved their sincerity. They bore cheerfully every privation, and preached in every place where they could get a hearing. Nor can any one charge them with doing this, to be supported by the other members of the community, for even " after many years " the regular stipend for a married man was only 9200, and half that sum for a single man. Nor was this always paid in cash, but the greater part of it made up in the produce of the land, or in the coarse linen or woollen garments which were the product of the house looms. There were no Roman Catholics in the neighborhood until after 1825. Such was the state of religious instruction in the Long Point Settlement in the early days. 6a CHAPTER XXIII. MARRIAGE. ' There were but few clergymen in Upper Canada in the early yeais of the century. Mr. Addison, of Niagara, was the nearest minister to Long Point. Consequently almost any person who held any public position whatsoever was often called upon to perform the ceremony ; as, for example, the captain of a regiment, a colonel, adjutant, magistrate, or sheriff. In a letter of Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe to Dundas (November 6th, 1792), he calls attention to the necessity for a bill to make valid marriages contracted in Upper Canada, and to provide for them in the future, and he encloses a bill for the purpose framed by Chief Justice Osgoode, and a report on the same subject submitted by Mr. Cartwright. ("Dominion Archives," Q. 279, p. 77).* * THE MARRIAGE LAW IN UPPER CANADA. lUPOBT BY BIOHABD OABTWUOHT, JDDIOK. {"Canadian Archives," Series Q. S79-1, p. 174) " Rbfom on the lubjeot of Marriages and the State of the Church of England in the IVovinoe of Upper Canada, humbly Bubmitted to Uia Excellency Qovemor Simcoe. "The Gonntry now Upper Canada was not settled or cultivated in any part except the aettlement of Detroit, till the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four, when the several Provincial Corps doing Duty in the Province of Quebec were reduced, and, together with many Loyalists from New York, esiablished in diffeient Parts of this Province, chiefly along the River St. Lawrence and the Bay of Qnenti. In the mean- while from the year 1777 many families of the Loyalists belonging to Butler's Rangers, the Royal Yorkers, Indian Department and other Corps doing Duty at the Upper Posts, had from Time to Time come into the country, and many young women of these families were oontracted in Marriage which could not be regularly solemnised, there being no Clergyman at the Poets, nor in the whole country between them and Montreal. The practice in such cases usually was to go before the Officer Commanding the Post who publickly read to the parties the Matrimonial Service in the Book of Common Prayer, using the Ring and obaerving the other forms there prescribed, or if he declined it, as was sometimes the case, it was done by the Adjutants of the Regiment. After the settlements were formed in 1784 the Justices qf the Peaoe used to perform the Marriage Ceremony till the establishment of Clergymen in the Country, when this practice adopted only from necesaity hath been discontinued in the Districts where Clergymen reside. 64 UKITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. To avoid complications which might have resulted from illegal marriages, the Parliament of Upper Canada, in 1793, passed " an Act to confirm and to make valid certain marriages, heretofore contracted in the country now comprised in the Province of Upper Canada, and to pro- vide for the future solemnization of marriage within the same The marriage and marriages of all persons not being under any canonical disqualification to contract matrimony, that have been publicly contracted before any magistrate or commanding officer of a post, or an adjutant, or surgeon of a regiment acting as chaplain, or ar;y other per- son in any public office or employment before the passing of this Act, shall be confirmed and considered to all intents and purposes as good and valid in law; and it is further enacted that the contracting parties, which do not live within eighteen miles of any minister of the This ia not yet the case with them all ; for though the two lower Distriots have had each of them a Froteatant Clergyman since the year 1786 ; it is but a few months since this (Nassau or Home) District hath been provided with one ; and the Western District in which the settlement of Detroit is included, is to this day destitute of that useful and respectable Order of men ; yet the Town of Detroit is and has been since the Conquest of Canada inhabited for the most part by Traders of the Protestant Religion who reside th-.'S with their Families, and among whom many Intermarriages have taken place, which formerly were solemnised by the Commanding Officer, or some other Layman occasionally appointed by the Inhabitants for reading prayers to them on Sundays, but of late more commonly by the Magistrates since Magistrates have been appointed for that District. " From these circumstances it has happened that the Marriages of the generality of the Inhabitants of Upper Canada are not valid in Law, and that their children must «(rM(ojure be considered as illegitimate and consequently not intitled to inherit their property. Indeed this would have been the case, in my opinion, had the Marriage Cere- mony been performed even by a regular Clergyman, and with due Observance of all the Forms prescribed by the Laws of England. For the clause in the Act of the 14th year of His Present Majesty for regulating the Government of Quebec which declares " That in all cases of Controversy relative to Property and Civil Rights, resort shall be had to the Laws of Canada as the Rule for the Decision of the same," appears to me to invalidate all Marriages not solemnized according to the Rites of the Church of Rome, so far as these Marriages are considered as giving any Title to property. "Such being the Case it is obvioUs that it requires the Interposition of the Legis- lature as well to settle what is past, as to provide some Regtilations for the future, in framing of which it should be considered that good policy requires that in a new Country at least, matrimonial Connections should be made as easy as may be consistent with the Importance of such Engagements ; and having pledged myself to bring this Business forward early in the next Session, I am led to hope that Your Excellency will make such Representations to His Majesty's Ministers as will induce them to consent to such arrangements respecting this Business as the circumstances of the Country may render expedient. Measures for this purpose having been postponed only because they might be thought U> interfere with their Views respecting the Clergy of the Establishment. " Of tills Church I am myself a member and am sorry to say that the State of it in this Province is not very flattering. A very small proportion of the Inhabitants of MARRIAGE. 65 Church of England, may apply to any neighboring justice of the peace, who shall aflBbE in some public place, a notice for which he shall receive one shilling, and no more." In 1798 another Act provided that ministers of the Ohnroh of Scotland, or Lutherans, or Calvinists, could perform the ceremony if one of the contracting parties had been a member of that Church for at least six months. This clergyman had to prove his qualification before six magistrates at Quarter Sessions, appearing with at least seven mem- bers of his congregation, to bear witness to the correctness of his oath. In 1818 a further Act made valid the marriages of those who had in any way n^lected to preserve the testimony of their marriage. In 1831 another Act confirmed marriages contracted before any justice of the peace, magistrate, commanding officer, minister or clergy- man, and at the same time it was provided that it should bo lawful for Upper Canada have been educated in this Persuasion and the Emigrants to be expected from the United States will for the moat part be Sectariea or Dissenters ; and nothing prevents the Teachers of this class from being proportionally nnmeroos, but the Inability of the People at present to provide for their support. In the Eastern District, the most populous part of the Province, there is no Church Clergyman. They have a Presbyterian Minister, formerly Chaplain to the 84th Regiment, who receives from Government fifty Pounds p. ann. They have ..'so a Lutheran Minister who is supported by his Congre- gation, and the Roman Catholic Priest settled at St. Regis occasionally officiates for the Scots Highlanders settled in the lower part of the District, who are very numerous and all Catholics. There are also many Dutch Calvinists in this part of the Province who have made several attempts to get a Teacher of their own Sect, but hitherto without success. *' In the Midland District, where the members of the Church are more numerous than in any other part of the Province, there are two Church Clergymen who are allowed one hundred pounds stg. p. ann. each by Government, and fifty pounds each by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. There are here also some itinerant Methodist Preachers, the Followers of whom are numerous. And many of the Inhabitants of the greatest property are Dutch Calvinists, who have for some time past been using their endeavours to get a Minister of their own Sect among them. In the Home District there is one Clergyman who hath been settled here since the month of July last. The Scots Presbyterians who are pretty numerous here and to which Sect the most respectable part of the Inhabitants belong, have built a Meeting House, and raised a Subscription for a Minister of their own who is shortly expected among them. There are here also many Methodists k Dutch Calvinists. "In the Western District there are no other clergy than those of the Church of Rome. The Protestant Inhabitants here are principally Presbyterians. " From this statement Your Excellency will be able to draw the proper Conclusions ; and to judge how far the Establishing the Hierarchy of the Church of England iv ttils Province may be proper & expedient. " I have the Honor to be, with the most profound respect, " Your Excellency's most humble servant, "RICHD. CARTWRIGHT. Junr. " Nbwau. 12th October, 1792." 66 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. ministers of the Church of Scotland, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congre- gationalists, Baptists, Independents, Methodists, Mennonists, Turkers or Moravians, to solemnize matrimony. This is very important, as it conveyed a long delayed right to ministers of all the recognized dissenting bodiea Until 1814 no licenses were used. In that year, on the 81st of May, the Qovemment appointed five persons as issuers of marriage licenses, of whom the nearest to the Long Point Settlement lived at Queenston. The ordinary method was to publish the banns for three successive Sundaya This notice was to be posted in some conspicuous place, generally on the mill door, for there were not many churches at that time. The young people, in their anxiety to avoid publicity, would sometimes put the notice on the inside of the door, while another way was to take two or three of their immediate friends, sworn to secrecy, and simply hold it to the door for a few minutes each Sunday, three Sundays in succession. The purport of the notice was as follows, the words being subscribed by a magistrate: "Enow all men by these presents, that A. B. is desirous of taking to wife C. D. If any one knows any just cause why the ceremony should not be duly performed let him give notice to Magistrate X. Z. on or before ." As to wedding garments. If the family had any fine clothes stowed away, which had been brought from " Old Virginia," these were looked up, the creases of a score of years smoothed out, and her mother's dress made over to fit her youthful daughter. But, as a rule, in this settle- ment it was the height of the prospective bride's ambition to get money enough to buy from a pedlar a few yards of dimity or colored calico, or calamok, or a " linsey-woolsey " petticoat, or a woollen drugget But many a blushing bride had to be content with a garment of deerskin, and a squirrel-skin bonnet, and still looked lovely in the eyes of her lover. The cUjeikier consisted usually of huge chicken or partridge pies, wild fowl of all kinds, pileu of " Johnny cake " and wheaten bread and buns, cranberry and wild fruit pies and puddings, and various other dishes which have been described in detail to the writer. A wedding without a dance was an insipid affair, and often the festivities were kept up for two or three nights in succession. As to dowry, the bride was rich if her portion was a yoke of steers, a cuw, three or four sheep, and a few yards of homespun linen ; while, if the groom had a hundred acres of land, with a tenth of it cleared, and a log-bouse already built, tliey were a much-to-be-envied couple. 67 CHAPTER XXIV. FUNERALS. It The first white man who died in the Lon^ Point Settlement was the U. E. Loyalist, Frederick Mahy. In 1794 he passed away, after only one year spent in the endeavor to build up a home in the wilder- nesa He was buried in a log coffin ; that is, one hewn out of a solid log, covered with a rough slab. The grave was on the top of the hill which overlooks Turkey Point. There was no funeral, for there was not a minister of any denomination within a hundred milea The weeping family simply knelt around the open grave. Besides the wi(^ w and the children of the deceased, there were three other men, still earlier settlers, — ' Billy Smith," who had lived a wilu life for years among the Indians, Peter Secord, and " Dr." Troyer. The places of burial continued generally on the spot chosen by the family of the first person who died in that locality. When another of the settlers died, it was the natural thing to lay him beside the one who had gone before, and thus the number of those who were re- moved from their difficulties and hardships would keep on increasing, and the cemetery would be filled. But some preferred to bury their loved ones in a comer of their farm, and many a little private burying ground may be seen to-day — a comer of a field, where a few cypress or willow trees have been left to murmur a requiem over the departed. The mode of burial was simple and touching. Seldom in the early days of the settlement was there any minister to conduct the service The elder sons of the mourning family would bear the rude coffin, which had sometimes the simple tribute of a few wild flowers placed thereon, to the open grave. When the body was lowered the father, in broken voice, would read a prayer or make a few remarks about the departed to the friends who were standing around, with heads uncovered. "Dust to dust, ashes to ashes." Sadly the sorrowing friends filled in the earth and turned away, striving to drown their grief in labor. But the cypress trees softly whispered in the breeze of summer or howled in the winter's blast over the resting-places of those who had been loyal and true and noble, who had done their duty for 6 68 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. oonsoience' sake, who had worked hard and long and faithfully to build a home on British soil, and to whom had now come the everlasting rest after labor. Oh, what memories, sacred and sad and sweet, duster around these old burying grounds ! Men who rest without a marble monument, yet who need none, for the fields, dad with the ripen- ing grain, the beautiful homes, the splendid roads, the chuiches, the schools, the benevolent institutions of every kind are their memorials, for it was they who first entered the wilderness and laid the founda- tion for thaiii marvellous superstructure of civilization reared by generations then unborn. CHAPTER XXV. LIST OF UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS WHO SETTLED AT LONG POINT. Non. — Where no date is g^ven it haa been found impoasible to obtain accurate information. Where the date is marked (?) it is approximately, but may not be absolutely correct. N'ame. Township. Anderson, Captain Walter Charlotteville Austin, Solomon Woodhouse . Berdan, Albert Woodhouse . Buckner, or Boughner, Mathias Windham . . Buckner, or Boughner, Henry^ Windham . . Bowlby, Thomas , Woodhouse . Brown, Samuel Charlotteville Culver, Jabez Townsend . . Culver, Timothy Townsend . . Cope^ William Walsingham Davis, Thomas Woodhouse . Dedrick, Lucas Walsingham Dougharty, Anthony Townsend . . Freeman, Daniel Charlotteville IkUe. 1799 1796 1798 1801 1801 1797 1300 1794 1795 1798 1793 1810? 1798 UNITUD IDMPIRE LOfALISTS WHO SETTLED AT LONO POINT. 69 Nanu. Tountahip. Finch, Titus Charlotteville Foster, Elias Walsingham . Fairchild, Peter Townsend . . . Qreen, Reuben Townsend . . . Glover, Jacob Windham . . . Oilbert, Josiah Woodhouse . . Hutchison, Capt. William Walsingham . Hazen, Daniel Walsingham . Haviland, John Townsend . . . Johnson, Lawrence Charlotteville Maby, Frederick Charlotteville Munro, Lieutenant James Charlotteville Montross, Peter Charlotteville Millard, Daniel Woodhouse . . Matthews, James Woodhouse . . McCall, Donald Charlotteville McMichael, Edward Walsingham . Powell, Abraham ^ . . . Windham . . . Ryerse, Samuel Woodhouse . . Ryerse, or Byerson, Joseph Charlotteville Smith, Abraham Charlotteville Smith, Hart Windham . . . Spurgin, William Charlotteville Secord, Silas Walsingham . Secord, Peter Charlotteville Shaw, Michael Townsend . . . Tisdale, Lot O Charlotteville Teeple, Peter Charlotteville Welch (Walsh), Thomas CharlotteviUe Williams, Jonathan Woodhouse . . Wycoff, Peter Woodhouse . . Wilson, Jacob Woodhouse . . Wilson, Joseph Woodhouse . . Datt. 1798 1800 1805? 1811 1810? 1799 1798 1797 1808 1799 1793 1796 1799 1799 1799 1796 1794 1799 1796 1799 1794 1811 1800 « • • • 1793 n h 1798 1798 1794 1800 1801 1805? 1805? n UNITBD KHPIRE LOTAUgT BBTTLBinnrr AT LONG POINT. CHAPTER XXVI. DEDRICK. {TluJlrM LoifaUU vho tetUed in Norfolk Countjf.) The Dedriok family were of German descent, and early settlers in Pennsylvania. Lucas Dedrick was one of the Pennsylvania Loyalists, but remained in his native state till 1793, when he came directly to LoDfr Point. He built a log cabin on the high land overlooking the marsh, about a mile and a half west of the present village of Port Rowan. He was, no doubt, the second white settler in Walsingham, his predecessor being the noted Dr. " Witch " Troyer (not a Loyalist), who had settled on the lake front in Eastern Walsingham. It was not till 1797, after the towiiship had been regularly surveyed, that Mr. Dedrick receivb^ the patent for the land on which he had settled. The creek which flows into the lake just west of Port Rowan is called Dedrick's creek. Over it Mr. Dedriok built a rude but substan- tial bridge, the earliest engineering structure in the county. One of his daughters, Hannah, was married to John Backhouse, a major of the Norfolk militia. She received in 1815 a grant of 200 acres near her father's home in Walsingham. ersin alists, tly to about as, no being in the r the ,'■ the ran is NStan- use, a ': 200 "WOLFE'S COVE," NEAR TURKEY POINT. Bank about 150 feet high. Turkey Point neen faintly in the distance. 71 CHAPTER XXVII. / 1 MABY (MABEE). Frbdebiok Mabt was a native of Maasachusetts. He appears to have not taken a very active part throughout the whole of the Revoln- ti(mar7 War. yet there is undeniable evidence that he had joined the Royal standard previous to 1788, for it is so mentioned in the official list of United Empire Loyalists preserved in the Crown Lands' depari- ment of the Ontario Qovemment Massachusetts surpassed all other states in the stringency of the laws against the Loyalists {Vide supra Chap. Y.) Immediately after the Treaty of Paris, the power of the triumphant insurgents being secured, the hatred of the new government for those that remained loyal showed itself unmistakably. Sure of immunity the Americans treated the families of the Loyalists with the utmost severity. Frederick Maby owned a large farm in Massachusetts and was acooukited a wealthy man for those times, for he was rich in flocks and herds. But night after night the grossest outrages were inflicted on the nnoflfending ani- mals of this Loyalist owner. One night sixteen of his cows had their taila cut off. During another the sinews and tendons of the hind legs of his horses were cut and the poor animals had to be shot. Ears were slit, nostrils split open, and other most dastardly outrages inflicted without the condemnation of the Legislature. Nothing remained but voluntary exile to Canada. Accordingly, in 1785, the Maby family fled to New Brunswick, settling at St. John along with a cousin, named Peter Seoord. At their home in that province they were occasionally visited by an English trapper, Ramsay by name, and, as it was in the tale of one of his adven- tures the Mabys first heard of the Long Point district, it may be w<»th while to relate it. This trapper was accustomed to make yearly visits up the lakes for the purpose of trading with the Indians. On one of these tripe he took his little nephew with him, a boy at that time about 10 years of age. During his voyage along the northern shore of Lake Ehie with his ifffil 72 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. canoe richly laden with gaudy prints, and the trinkets so dear to the hearts of Uie dusky natives, and also with a considerable quantity of liquor, he came to Long Point and landed for the night There they fell in with nine Indians, whose eagle eyes took an inventory of the contents of the canoe, and in one of those treacherous outbursts of over- whelming covetousness, seized his boat and merchandise. It was not long before they got drunk on his fire-water and resolved to bum him at the stake and hold a war dance round the flaming body of the unfor- tunate white man. However, the potent liquor proved rather too much for the Indians, and when they found themselves able to stand on their feet only with difficulty, they resolved to leave the prisoner alive till morning. So they bound the Englishman, his back to a tree and his hands tied around it by thongs of buckskin, and in the most blissful unconsciousness of what was in store for them, eight lay down to sleep, leaving one of their number as guard. This one relieved his loneliness by copious draughts from the bountiful supply of good liquor so fortu- nately provided. Unfortunately for them, they had neglected to tie tho boy, who was hiding timidly among the trees on the outskirts of the camp. Ramsay watched his chance, and calling the boy, asked him to steal a knife and out the tho^:^ which bound his hands. The boy did so, and forthwith Bamsay seized the knife, and making a dash at the already tottering guard, struck him to the heart Then seiidng a musket he proceeded to brain the whole party, an easy task, for the Indians had long since passed the stage of consciousness. The tables being thus successfully turned the Englishman and his nephew reloaded their canoe and pro- ceeded on their journey. This tragic tale, whether it is to be credited or not, is at least believed by the desf^endants of the Maby family now living, who say that it has been handed down from generation to generation in their family as a true adventure of their friend, in the locality where their family afterwards settled. Let us come back, however, to something which may well be regarded as more authentic by the sceptical minds of this sceptical age On one of hh subsequent trips up the great lakes, Ramsay was accompanied by Peter Secord. Together they visited Turkey Point and explored the country inland for some distance. Secord was very much delighted with the land, and on returning to New Brunswick persuaded his coiisins to move west The long journey was accom- plished in 1793, and they settled in the towntthip of Charlottevilie, on the high land overlooking Turkey Point. 8EC0RD. 78 Mr. Maby, however, died within a year of his coming; to his new home, and was buried on the top of the high rid^ which skirts the lake. In 1795, when Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe visited the Long Point district he was shown this grave, the grave of the first white man who had died in the district, and the Governor knelt with reverence by the rudely-shaped mound. The wife of Frederick Maby was named Lavinia. In 1796 she applied for a further grant of land in her own name. On the 20th of June of the year mentioned, a list of applicants for lands in the town- ships of Walsingham, Charlotteville, Woodhouse, and Long Point set- tlement generally, was filed in the office of acting Surveyor-General Smith. The names of some of the applicants are well known, Ryerse, Maby, Backhouse, Secord and othera In the case of Mrs. Maby, a widow, about whose patent there was some delay in the department. Governor Sim''X)e was very peremptory in his order that she, being the widow of a Loyalist, must have her application promptly attended to. The family of Maby are connected with the Teeple, Stone, Secord, Smith, Layman and Montross families. Their descendanto live at pres- ent in Charlotteville and Walsingham. CHAPTER XXVIII. SECORD. As is mentioned in the previous chapter, Peter Secord paid a visit to the Long Point country before it was settled, and on returning to New Brunswick induced his cousin, Frederick Maby, to move thither. The Maby party consisted of Frederick Maby, his wife and seven children, with the husbands of two of the daughters, Peter Teeple and John Stone, and also Peter Secord. They all settled in Charlotteville. Another Secord family which settled in Norfolk, was that of Silas Secord, who had been a sergeant in Butler's Rangers, and had settled, in 1786, with his wife and one child, in the Niagara District. He was subsequently given an allotment in Walsingham. One of his daughters was married to Joseph Andrews, of the same place. Hi! m 74 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONO POINT. CHAPTER XXIX. TEEPLE. Seroeant Peter Teeple was one of the earliest settlers in Nor- folk County, coming with his father-in-law, xrederick Maby, in 1793. He settled on lot eight of the broken front line of Charlotteville. Sub- sequently three of his sons received land in Oxford County, whither he also removed a few yeara later. "William Teeple, laborer, sun of Peter Teeple, a XT. K Loyalist, two hundred acres, Oxford, in Oxford County, 14th January, 1812. " Edward Teeple, two hundred acres, Oxford, in Oxford County, 6th January. 1815. " Pellum C, Teeple, two hundred acres, Oxford, in Oxford County, 8th December, 1832. " Luke Teeple, two hundred acres in Charlotteville, Norfolk County, 20th May, 1817." • Sergeant Teeple was quite a prominent man in Norfolk. He was one of the first justices of the peace, and one of the three appointed to administer oa'ohs to municipal officers. He was also a prominent mem- ber of the fii-st Baptist Church in Norfolk, and one of the original trustees of that body. During the war of 1812, Luke Teeple, the Sergeant's youngest son, while visiting his friends in New Jersey, was arrested by the Ameri- cans, and kept as a prisoner for over two years. On being freed he immediately returned to his home in Norfolk County. *The entries are from the Docket books of grants of land to United Empire Loyalists and military claimants, preserved in the Grown Lands Department, Toronto. 75 CHAPTER XXX. SMITH. Ik New Jersey four Acts were passed by the Legislature dealing with the Loyalists of that State. The first provided for the punishment of traitors and disaffected persons ; another provided for the taking charge of and leasing the real estates, and for the confiscation of the personal estates of certain fugitives and offenders therein named ; a third for forfeiting to and vesting in the state the real property of persons designated in the second statute ; while a fourth more rigorously defined and enunciated the principles of the first. By it certain offenders who had contributed provisions and other specified articles to the king's ser- vice were given sixty days to leave the state, after which time, if they still remained, they were to be adjudged guilty of felony and to suffer death. Abraham Smith had been a soldier in the New Jersey volunteers and had taken a rather prominent part in the Revolutionary War. It seems that he did not realize the seriousness of this statute, for the sixty days had passed and he had not conformed to the regulations. Promptly at the expiration of the allotted time, there appeared at the house a sergeant and a few troopers with a warrant for the arrest of the head of the family. But Mr. Smith had seen them coming and had had time to conceal himself. His wife met the soldiers at the door and coolly told them that her husband had gone that morning to Summer- ville, to make arrangements for transporting their goods to Canada, and she did not expect him back before the evening of the following day. She also volunteered the information that they were about ready to leave, and pointed to sundry large wooden boxes, in which they in- tended to transport the goods they were taking with them. " You and your family may go," replied the sergeant, " but your husband will have to stay and stand his trial." So they left, with the intention of returning the following evening for their man. During their absence preparations were hurriedly made, Mr. Smith was put into a large box^ and with him some provisions and a couple of jars of milk. Then the 76 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. box with its precious freight was duly lifted with a couple of others on to the first load, and one of the hired men drove the team straight for the northern boundaries of the state. They travelled all that night and part of the succeeding day as rapidly as possible. When they had crossed the borders of the state whose regulations Smith had violated, they proceeded more leisurely, though by no means without danger. The returning soldiers were calmly met by the information that Mr. Smith had not returned, and they had better take the road for Sum- merville and look for him there. By the time the sergeant realized that he had been duped, Smith had crossed the borders of Maine into New Brunswick, whither his brave wife and family followed soon after. After remaining a short time in New Brunswick they removed to Western Canada, settling first in the eastern part of what is now Wel- land County. Their eldest son, William, came still farther west, and lived among the Indians near Long Point. His father, mother, brothers and sisters removed to Charlotteville about 1794, and "squatted "on land about the centre of that township. This particular portion was secured to them along with other lots by patents issued about three years later, by Hon. Peter Russell, acting Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. Another Smith family (Loyalists) settled in Norfolk County some years later, namely. Hart Smith, also of the New Jersey volunteers. From New Brunswick he came west to the township of Crowland, in Lincoln County, and thence to Windham, in 1811. The Crown Lands' records show the following grants of land to his family : " Catherine Doan, wife of John Doan, and daughter of Hart Smith, 28th May, 1811, two hundred acres in Charlotteville. " Eliza, daughter of Hart Smith, 8th April, 1812, two hundred acres in Windham. "Aaron, son of Hart Smith, 8th April, 1812, two hundred acres in Windham." 77 CHAPTER XXXI. McMICHAEL. The McMichael family are from Ayrshire, in Scotland. Early in the eighteenth century they emigrated to America, one branch of the family settling in New Jersey and another in Pennsylvania. When the war broke out Eldward McMichael was a prosperous merchant in Philadelphia. Of him, Colonel Sabine has the following note (Vol. II., p. 72) : " Edward McMichael, of Pennsylvania, was lieutenant in the Whig army while stationed at Fort Schuyler, but in August, 1776, he deserted to the enemy." He was given a captain's commission in the " Guides and Pioneers " of the British army, and at the battle of Trenton was wounded in the face and deprived of the sight of one eye. Later he was with the unfortunate Comwallis at Yorktown. After the war he was attainted of treason and his property confiscated, for the Legislature of Pennsyl- vania designated sixty-two persons who were required to surrender themselves to some judge of the court or justice of the peace within a specified time, and abide trial for treason, or in default thereof to stand attainted. McMichael was very far from pursuing the suicidal policy of (staying in the " burning fiery furnace " if he could get safely away, and at the expiration of the days of grace he was settling his family on the western bank of the Niagara River. Consequently his property in his native state was confiscated, for, by a subsequent Act, the estates of thirty-six persons who had been previously attainted, were declared to be confiscated. Among this list also appears the name of McMichael. In the Niagara district the McMichael family remained till 1794, when they removed farther west and settled in Walsingham, on the lake front. The Captain lived but six years in his new home. In 1 800 he passed away, leaving to his widow the stupendous task of bringing up her ten children amid the hardships of a wilderness home. But bravely Mrs. McMichael applied herself to the best interests of her family, and the high characters of her children show that in them the mother's work was blessed. 78 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONO POINT. CHAPTER XXXII. AUSTIN. Solomon Austin was originally from North Caroli m. He was a private in the Queen's Rangers, and served all through the Revolution- ary war. On one occasion, at least, he exhibited conspicuous bravery. This was at the battle of the Horseshoe. The standard-bearer was killed and the flag fell to the ground and was in danger of being lost. Solomon Austin leaped forward, and grasping the standard bore it bravely till the close of the action. After the battle Major-Qeneral Simcoe inquired his name, praised him in public before the marshalled company, and gave him to understand that if he could ever be of service to him after- wards his bravery would not be forgotten. After the war North Carolina passed a Confiscation Act, which embraced sixty-five specified individuals, the terms applied not only to the lands of these persons, but their negroes and other personal property as well. Some of these continued to live in their native state, although the majority immediately proceeded to Canada. Solomon Austin, however, remained in Carolina till 1794, but in that year determined to remove his family to Upper Canada, where General Simcoe, his old friend, was Qovemor. In June, 1794, he appeared at Newark with his wife and family of nine children (four sons and five daughters). He met with a very flattering reception, the Governor offering him a home in his own house until he should make a selection of land. He was also offered six hundred acres in any unselected part of the province. The Govemoc directed him to inspect the country and choose for himself. Accordingly he made a trip through the western dis- trict on foot with his eldest son, going as far as Detroit. Finally he chose a home on Patterson's Creek, now called the River Lynn, about three miles south-east of Simcoe, in the County of Norfolk. This proved to be a very pleasant and fertile district. It is now known as Lynn Valley. To this spot he removed with his family in the early spring of 1V95, and by the end of the summer had a log-cabin erected and almost an acre of land cleared and fall wheat planted. ▲USHN. 79 i:ii In the war of 1812, true to their principles of loyalty, the father and four sons shouldered their musketa and marched under Brock to light the hated "Yankees" once more. They fought at Malcolm's Mills (Oakland), Maiden, and Lundy's Lane. In the Norfolk militia two of the sons soon obtained the rank of captain. The descendants of this family are the most numerous of any of the families of the settlement. Solomon, the eldest son, married Miss Sarah Slaght, and became the father of ten children. Two of their eons were the proprietors of the largest carriage works in the county, and continued their business for over twenty-five yeara Another son is a Baptist minister. Jonathan, the second son, married Miss Hannah Potts, and had seven children. He and his son John built Aufitin's mills in the Lynn Valley. Fhilif , the third son, married Mary Slaght, a sister of his eldest brother's ^fe, and had a family of sixteen children. Moses, the youngest son, married Mary Wisner, of Townsend, and had seven children. Of the daughters, Mary, the eldest, married Henry Walker, who is said to have been the second white child bom in Norfolk County. Amy married a man named Styles, and had fifteen children. Esther married Baymond Potts, a U. E. Loyalist. Elizabeth married John Pegg, who had accompanied the party from Carolina. Anna married David Marr, and had nine children. The last on of the original family to die was Philip (October 17th, 1876), in his o7th year, having lived to a greater age than any of his brothers or sisters. For many years previous to Philip's death an annual gathering of children and connections was held at the old homestead on the anniver- sary of his birthday. On the last gathering his direct descendants numl«red 137, while the direct descendants of the original founder, Solomo£>, numbered 734. l.|!i'!l':B!:!i!lll'lfl ^■^,j^Uiiii^a^^^ 80 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. CHAPTER XXXIII. WEIX3H. « The Welch family is one of the most distingnished who settled in Norfolk County. The original home of the family was in Wales, from which country one branch moved in early times to Ireland, and sub- sequently (1740) one member of the family (Francis) left Tyrone County and emigrated to America. Francis Welch settled firat in Philadelphia, but soon gave up his quiet life in the city for a roving one on the sea, and during the Seven Years' War placed his vessel at the service of Britain. His eldest son was the Thomas Welch who settled in Long Point. This Thomas Welch had settled in Maryland, where he followed the profession of surveying. On the outbreak of the war of the Revolu- tion he joined the King's troops, and was appointed quartermaster in one of the contingents of the Maryland Loyalists. At the close of the war he was appointed to survey lands for the Loyalists in New Brunswick. There he remained till 1794, when he removed to the Long Point settlement. In 1796 he succeeded Mr. Hamlin, and finished the survey of Charlotteville. The family name is properly spelled Welch, but towards the close of the century it began to be written Walsh, and has continued so to the present. The name is perpetuated in " Walsh," a small village of Charlotteville. Thomas Walsh (as we shall nov/ spell the name) was appointed, in 1796, Registrar for Norfolk County. On the organization of London District in 1798 he was further appointed Registrar of the Surrogate Court, and Deputy Secretary for the issue of land patents for the district. Twelve years after he became Judge of the District and Surro- gate courts, and in this same year his son, Francis L. Walsh, was given the Registry office. In the journals of the old court, now in the Registry office at Simcoe, there is the following curious item : " Francis L. Walsh, small gent., fined two shillings for swearing volubly at Henry Slaght's two sons." This Francis Walsh had assisted his father in the Registry office. CULVER. 81 from the year 1808. He has the record for the longest term of govern- ment service in Canada, and, in the belief of the writer, the longest in %e British Dominions, for he held the position till his death in 1884. The family have had considerable parliamentary honors. For two terms (1821-1828, and in 1885-1836) Mr. Francis Walsh oceapied a seat in the Provincial Parliament. His son, Aquilla, represented the North Riding of Norfolk in the Dominion House, 1861-1872. There is no man more highly spoken of than the old Registrar. He had always a kind smile and an encouraging word for everybody. In the early days of the settlement he used to advise the strangers who came to settle as to what he considered the best lands yet untaken, and often protected the unwary from the wiles of the "land shark." He remained till his death a faithful government official, devoted to the duties of his office, and to works of kindness and charity among the people he had seen grow up before his eyea At one time he was presented with an oil portrait of himself and a costly silver set, as a token of esteem and good- will, from the inhabitants of Norfolk County, many of whom had been the recipients of his kindnesa Long was his life on the earth and great was the good he did therein. Truly, according to the dictum of Solon, he might call his life happy, for he had " reached the end of days ripe in years and wisdom, and the gods hod given him favor in the eyes of his fellows." CHAPTER XXXIV. CULVER. Of this family name there were two distinct and yet strangely united families, the families of two cousins, Jabez and Timothy. Before the war of the Revolution they lived in New Jersey, and the families were very intimate. Four of the daughters of Timothy Culver did not require to change their name when they married, for their husbands were the four sons of Jabez. The names of the daughters were Anna, Elizabeth, Marian and Martha ; and the sons, Jabez, Aaron, John and Qabriel. That was surely a strong family combination. 8t UNITED KMPIRE L0TAU8T SITTLXMBNT AT LONG POINT. The first Culver family to settle in Norfolk wan that of Jabes Culver. They left New Jersey in 1798, and made the journey on foot, arriving in tiie township of Townsend in March of the next year. They are thus one of the earliest pioneer families. Rev. Jabez Culver was an ordained Presbyterian minister when he came to Norfolk, and by 1806 he had the Presbyterian church of the new settlement fully organized, though the services had to be held at his own house for many yeara The old gentleman settled in Windham, but his sons in Townsend. Jabez Culver did not take any active part against the Americans in their struggle for independence, but Timothy Culver was in regular service. However, he seems to have been unmolested after the war, for he did not flee to Canada, but remained in New Jersey till 1796. In 1796 Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Culver walked all the way from New Jersey to visit their daughters and sons-in-law in Norfolk County. They were so pleased with the new district that they determined to move there themselves, and this they did in the early spring of 1796. The U. E. Loyalist records show the following grants of land to the four daughters of Timothy Culver, all under date of the Order-in- Council, 14th November, 1799 : " Elizabeth, wife of Aaron Culver, two hundred acres in Townsend. "Marian, " John " " " "Anna " Jabez " " " " " "Martha " Gabriel " " " " Walsingham." In 1795 Qovemor Simcoe, during his visit to Turkey Point, granted to Aaron Culver water privileges on Patterson's Creek, and a mill was built there within the limits of the present town of Simcoe. This mill was enlarged a few years later and became one of the most important in the Long Point district When the war of 1812-14 broke out, it was owned in partnership by Aaron Culver and E. Woodruff. During " McArthur's raid " of November, 1814, it shared the fate of four other flouring mills, and was totally destroyed. In the report of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of that year the loss of Mr. CnJiver and Mr. Woodruff is mentioned to be £1,751 Ss. As McArthur's Raid will be mentioned in more than one chapter, it may be interesting to devote a few lines to a connected statement of its course. General Mc Arthur had about 1,500 troops when he invaded the pro- vince fnmi Detroit. He had proceeded as far as the Grand River when, fearing troops from the east, he turned southward and iook up SAMUEL RYERSB. 88 a position at Maloolm's Mills, now known by the name of Oakland. The Norfolk militia, commanded by Major Salmon, marched out to attack them. The forces met on the banks of the river which flows through Oakland. Before the engagement the wily American sent a detachment unnoticed down the river ; hence the British troops were attacked both front and rear and quickly routed. The battle is sadly spoken of to-day by the old settlers as the " foot race." The victorious army of McArthur then marched to Waterford, burning the mills there — Avery's and Sovereign's. A detachment also came through Simooe ravaging and plundering. Thence the ravagera marched to Lyndock, and the whole force being reunited, retreated by the Bostwick Road to Talbot Street, and along that highway to Detroit.* The members of the various branches of the Culver families have always taken an important part in the affairs of the townships in which they reside. CHAPTER XXXV. SAMUEL BYEBSE. Of this family there were two brothers, Samuel, the elder, and Joseph. They were descendants of an old Dutch family, and their ancestors had hbid judicial appointments under Kings George II. and III. At the opening of the Revolutionary War, Samuel Ryerse enlisted a company of over a hundred men for the service of the king, and was appointed captain thereof, his company being designated as the Fourth Battalion New Jersey Volunteers. The original spelling of the name is Ryerson, but on making out his commission a mistake of spelling was made, and the form Ryerse continued through simdry despatches, commissions and patents, and was finally retained by this branch of the family. After the war the Legislature of New Jersey having confiscated his * For a full acconnt the reader is referred to the official despatch of Brigadier-General McArthur to the Secretary of War, 18th November, 1814, published in "Documentary History of Canada, 1812-14," edited by Colonel Cmickshank. (Part II., pp. 308-312.) 6 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 m m ^ 1^ 12.0 2.5 2.2 u m 1.4 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation •s^ v ^^ 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTn,N.Y. 145M (716)S72-4»03 X s M UMITBD EMPIBK LOYALIST BXTTLIIfBMT AT LOKO POINT. pnqwrty, he, in oompuiy with othera, moved to New Bmnswiok and WM given a gnnt of lead near Frederioton, being assigned three thonaand acres of the new survey. In 1794 he took his family (for he had been married in New Bninswiok and had four ehilcben) back to Long Island, New Yotk, in the hope of being able to settle there, but he soon f oond that the bitter hatred of the Americaris for the Loyalists had not died away in the slightest, and so determined to oome baek to CSanada. Before removing his family Captain Rywse and a friend came to this part of the country on a prospecting tonr. At Nisgata he was welcomed by Lieutenan'rQovemor Simooe, who pronJsed him a liberal grant of land, amounting in all, with that given to the members of the family on coming of age, to over eight thousand acres. Late in that fall he returned to New. York and made pr^Murations to move his family the following spilng. At the opening of navigation they started in a sloop up the Hudson in company with the family of Captain Bouta, and from Albany portaged across to Schenectady, where they procured one of the Schenectady boats, which have been described in a previous chapter. In this flat-bottomed boat they made their way against the current up the Mohawk, and thence up Wood Creek. Between the head of navi^tition on Wood Creek and the Oswego river, which flows into Lake Ontario, is a portage of ten miles, over which their boat had to be drawn by hand on a kind of a rude waggon, the wheels being simply slices of a round beech tree. They skirted the southern shore of Lake Ontario to Niagara, then up the Niagara to Queenston, from which place they had a long and wearisome portage of nine miles, till Chippawa was reached. From that place all was smooth sailing to the Long Point district, which they had chosen. The long journey was completed on the last day of June, 1795. The spot selected by Captain Ryerse was the land surrounding a creek, towards which the forest-covered acres sloped gently down. This was called Ryerse Creek, and the little settlement which grew up at its mouth. Port Ryerse. Before the fall a comfortable log-house was erected with the help of the settlers already there, a more pretentious building than was common, for it contained a parlor, two bedrooms, a kitchen and a garret. As there were valuable water facilities on his land, one condition of his patent right was that he erect both a saw mill and a grist mill. In 1797 the former was built and the latter the following year. This milling enterprise (the flour mill) was almost the ruin of Captain Ryerse, 8AMU1L BTIB8E. U i» L„„ > III for he did not undoBtand floor milUng, «Dd for some ymn nn^ one arrived in the aettlement thftfc 4Bonld pnqperly nuuuiffe hie mill Jm addition, tik» ooet of repair was heavy, as mooh of the sandies and machinery necessary could only be procured for cash, which was exaead- ingly searoe in the Byexse fanily at that time, for he had to sell part of his land at a dollar an acre to assist in building it. The dam broke, the machinery got out ct order, bolting cloths and othnr suppUea w«|is ccmtinually needed, and it was certainly a financial loss for many ystam The toll was only one bushel in twelve, and the settlers had not nnuh wheat to grind, what they raised being intended solely for their own ocmsumption. During the summer season the mill was absolntdy idla. However, exp&riemtia doott, and in any case it was a vary great benefit to the little settlement, for no other mill at that time existed nearer than at Niagara Fallen a hundred miles away. The saw-mill, on the contrary, brought in better retuxna. The machinery was simpler and less apt to get out (rf ordw, and it did noft require skilled operators. Sawn lumber was a staple article of trade, and the toll was half the lumber sawn. The luoiiber found a ready sale, not so much for cash, as for whatever the settlers had to barter. Consequmtly, the saw-mill was remunerative, but the floiUMnill a heavy loss. In 1800 Capt Ryerse was appointed his Mi^iesty's Commissioner of the Peace for the District of London. He was first Chairman of the courts of Quarter Sessions, and Judge of the District and Surrogate courts. The duties of magistrates in those days were not simply jndiciaL They had to solemnize marriages, register births, bury the dead, pre- scribe for the sick, and read the Church service on Sundays. They were the judges, lawyers, doctors, ministers, and even the dentists of the com- munity. Virtual paragons they must have been to have attended to the various wants of all ranks and conditions of men. About the beginning of the century the militia of the district was organized, and Mr. Ryerse was appoin^^d Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia. The regiment used to meet annually on the 4th June, the King's Birthday, for training. It was a motley company, the majority being big slouching, round-shouldered young men, armed with old flint-lock muskets. These could be easily distinguished from the few spruce, upright and military-looking soldiers who had served a quarter of a century before in the war of American Independence. In 1804, the log-house mentioned was burned, having caught flre from the rudely constructed chimney, and all the books and keepsakes. f I 1 Ur v.m mm » PMfllB "III'"" * |i| ! ; 86 UNITED BUnitX LOTAUn SBTTLEMBHT AT LONG FOIMT. irfeielM of plate and 1nie-»-brao, brought from New York and prized beyond all priUdel) served afterwards in the War of 1812, taking part in the Battle of Lundy's Lane and in a skirmish at Halcohn's Hollow (Oak- land), where the British were outnumbered and driven back l^ General VcArthur. tTntil his death he received the pension voted by Parlia- ment to the veterans of 1811 Duncan McCall, his father, w«s elected to the Upper Canada Burliavent, and remained a member ti^l his death in 1888. In this connection mention must be made of Simpson McCall, also a gratidson of the original fouf.t^^'. This gentleman now resides on the lot whldi his grandfather chose. His father, James McCall, was a lieutenant during the War of 1812. Mr. Simpson McCftll was bom in 1807 and died in 1888, at the ripe old age of nmety-one. He had ahb the singular honor Of attendii^ for some time the District School of Dr. Bgerton Ryetson, late Superintendent of Education of Ontario, for thirty-four years he was Postmaster at Vittoria (1884-68), and in Mttneetion therewith had a general store. For four years he was Warden of the County, and has been a justice of the peace since 1848. He was elected a member of Parliament in 1867, and held the pbdiion for two terms. He was an Independent in polities, though he huifined to the support of the Conservative party. In the respect and veneration of the whole community, Mr. McCall in his old age received his reward for the sterling honesty which Was the predominant feature of his whole life, and the nnfiinching justiM and impartiality which were his most notable traits of character. Ill'llljl, I Ijj m iill- 1? :i'lii:''!ii H n CHAPTER XXXVII. i\ MUNRO. LiKUTKNAMT MuNBO was One of the chief members of the McCall party whieh came to Long Point in 1796. He settled in the township of CSiarlotteville, three miles west of the village of Vittoria. Being a man of considerable means, he built the best house whieh had been erected up to that time. It stands to-day, a disused relic, abouw half a mile back from the road running straight west from Vit- toria^ It is a two-storey frame house of considerable size. The frame of hewn timber was made so strong that it seems even yet able to defy the storms for another century. The bents are four feet apart, strength- ened by tie girths, morticed and tendoned — a marvel of axeman's skill. The planks for the floors and sheeting were cut out by the " whip " saw ; and there must have been many a bee to aocomplidi the tremen- dous task of providing Ba¥m lumber for so large a dwelling. The floors of this old building are almost worn through with the wear of many feet for nearly a century. The ¥nriter was assured that it is the original roof which is on the building at the present time. The shingles are of cedar, rudely whittled by the draw-knife, and show in places an original thickness of over an inch. In the main room is the immense dre-place, built of rude stone, occupying in itself almost space enough for a modem sleeping chamber, in which many a back log of oak or walnut five feet long and two feet through, roared and hissed and sputtered in the early years of the century. This building is notable for another reason, namely, because it was used as the court-house of the district for two years, 1800-1808, for it was not until the latter date that the court was removed to Turkey Point This was the only building in all London District that was capable of accommodating the court. The first court was organized in April, 1800, the first commission of magistrates b^ing as follows: Peter Teeple, John Beemer, William Spurgin, Wynant Williams, an J Captain Samuel Ryerse ; to which two I ! 90 UVmO RMPIU LOYALIST aiTTLUUMT AT LONO POIlfT. othn* were ftfterwMds added, GapUin William Hatehieon and Mi^or John Backhonae. Colonel Joaeph Byeieon wae the fint sheriff and Thonuw Welch the fint elerk of the ooort. The old joomal of the eoiurt, oontaining the minutes of the meetings between the years 180(K1812, was found some time ago in a heap of rubbish. It is preserved to'day in the Norfolk arehi\es in Simooe. A temporary jail was erected near the house, a log building, 14 z 25 feet, divided into two rooms, one for debtors and the other for those charged with criminal oflfonces. Lieutenant Munroe was to act as jailer, his stipend being $100 per annum. It was agreed that as soon as a permanent court-house and jail were erected elsewhere, that Mr. Munroe should buy back this building at a firir and. just price. This building was erected during the winter of 1800, by day labor, and was used for nearly a year, until the courts were removed to Turkey Point lieutenant Munro was a son-in-law of Donald McGall, having married Catherine, the eldest daughter, before coming to Long Point His family consistetl of two sons, Robert and Daniel, and one daughter, Mary. The U. E. Loyalist records show the following grants of land to his daughters : "Amelia Sophia Munro, spinster, two hundred acres in Walsingham, 2Srd December, 1815. " Charlotte Dustin, wife of Paul Dustin, two hundred acres in Walsing- ham, 28rd December, 1816. " Harriet Ann Oillttspy, wife of William Oillaspy, two hundred acres in Walsingham, 23rd Decembar, 1815. " Mary Qreen, wife of Jeremiah Qreen, two hundred ; acres in Towns- end, 28rd December, 1815." Among the descendants of Lieutenant Munro was J. H. Munro, Beq., member of Parliament at Confederation, who remained in the House of Commons till 1872. His brother, Malcolm Munro, was a member of the Local Legislature for about the same time. The Munro family are connected with the Wood, Smith, Jewell, Smalley, Wilson and Tisdale families of Norfolk County. 01 CHAPTER XXXVIII. ' HAZBN. Oni of the most dutingaished LoyaliBts who settled at Long Point WM Seigi Daniel Hasen. The grand ancestor of the American Haiens was Edward Haaen, who emigrated to Maasaohusetis in 1648 from Northamptonshire, England. In the year following, his wife died and was buried at Rowley, a small village in that state. In 1660 he was married to Hannah Grant, and their eldest son was Thomas, bom in 1657. The town records qt Rowley, Ma8sachase\^t8, prove that Edward Haaen was a man of substance %nd influence in his day. He was appointed Overseer or Select-man in 1650, '51, '54, '60, '65, and '60, and Judge of Delinquents in 1666. On his death, in 1688, his estate was inventoried at £404 7a. 6d a considerable sum in those days. The writer will trace in the family history that branch only in which the Long Point Loyalists are interested. John, the eldest son of Thomas Hazen, married Mercy Bradstreet, the granddaughter of Governor Bradstreet One of their sons was Daniel, while his eldest son wae the Daniel Hazen who afterwards settled at Long Point. Daniel, jun., was bom on the 10th of August, 1755. When he was twelve years old his father removed to New Jersey, and the family became prominent in that State as formerly in Massachusetts. Daniel had just come of age when the Declaration of Independence was signed. On the outbreak of hostilities, with all the ardor of a native-bom Englishman, he joined the King's army, and so distinguished himself that he was appointed sergeant in Barlowe's regiment of the New Jersey Volunteers. On several occasions he was entrusted with important commissions, which he so discharged as to bring him into constantly increasing popularity with his superior officers, for he was a man to be depended on, and though wary and cautious, as bold as a lion in open fight. Until the outbreak of the war he had been employed in a surveyor's 4 'IMI \ I 92 UNITED IMPIRX LOYALIST SITTLXMKNT AT LONG POINT. II offlee, and had become very skilful and aoourate in that profeeuon. At the oloM of the war, with his young wife (Anna Ward), he moved to New Brunswiok, and was appointed by the Oovemment to survey lands along the St John's River, for the Loyalists who were coming in crowds to that province. Sergeant Hasen received, among the rest, a large grant of land on that river, and lived there for about eight years ; but being filled with the desire to explore western Canada, he left New Brunswick in 1792, and settled in the new Province of Ontario, first in Brant ant) afterwards in Chippawa, in the Niagara district During the eummer of 1796 the Hon. Peter Russell, acting Lieuten- ant-Governor of the Province, sent Sergeant Hazen and a Mr. Hamlin to survey the townships of Charlotteville and Walsingham in Norfolk County. Charlotteville was surveyed by Mr. Hamlin and his successor, Mr. Welch, but Sergeant Hazen by himself completed the whole survey of Walsingham. In surveying land the first line run is called the base line. Then others are drawn parallel to it In Walsingham these are two and a quarter miles apajrt with an allowance in each case of sixty-six feet for a road. In this township there are three of these, the boundary lines not being known as "base lines." The township is therefore nine miles wide. At right angles to these were roads called the con- cessions, and numbered 1, 2, 8, 4, etc. There are fourteen of these in Walsingham, at a distance of five-sixths of a mile apart, the fourteenth concestion being one mile wide. There are, therefore, six allotments of two hundred acres between the side lines, or twenty-four farms to each concession, the size of the tam<* being five-sixths of a mile by one hundred and twenty rod& The roads were simply marked. Many were not opened out for years after the survey, and some, indeed, are still " blind loads." Sergeant Hazen was very particular about having absolutely pure water for the vioe of his family.' During the survey he came to a lovely little stream, where the water fell in rippling sparkles over the rocks, like Horace's "fona Bandusia, apUndicUor vitro." As he saw it, and examined the land on either side, he exclaimed, " Here will I live, and here will I be buried ! " Accordingly he determined to remove from Chippawa, and in 1797 he received a large grant of land in Walsingham, the allotment that he had chosen for himself. He had six sons and two daughters, who received from the Oovemment the following grants of land. The entries are taken from the records of the Crown Lands Departnnent : ■AZIN. 98 " Daniel, jna, yeomui, mm of Daniel HMen, Order-in-Council 19th DMMnlier, 1808, two handred aeres in Woodhonse. " Iijdia, apinater, danghter of Daniel Hazen, Order-in-Conncil 29th July, 1806, two handred acres in Walaingham. "William, yeoman, eon of Daniel Hazen, Order-in-Council 5th August, 1807, two hundred acres in Walsingham. " John, yeoman, son of Daniel Hasen, Order-in-Council 18th October, 1812, two hundred in Walsingham. "Rachael, spinster, daughter of Daniel Hasen, Order-in-Council 18th October, 1812, two hundred acres in Walsingham. And also " Anna Hazen, wife of D&niel Hazen, jun., and daughter of James Matthews, a U. E. Loyalist, Order-in-Council 19th December, 1806, two hundred acres in Woodhouse." There were also the two youngest sons, Caleb and Elijah. Elijah was the carrier of His Mi^esty's mail from Vittoria to Fort Rowan, for which he was allowed seventy-five cents per week. This gives one an idea of the value and scarcity of money in the early times, eight shillings York currency being the ordinary price of an acre of ground. Sergeant Hazen was a very large man, tall and powerfully built He is described as a man of exceedingly good humor, with a kind word for every one. He was a man of strong religious conviction, and a prominent member of the original Woodhouse Methodist Church, organized by Daniel Freeman. He attended service every Sunday, though it meant for him a walk of over twenty miles through the woods. When the regular minister was absent, Sergeant Daniel would oflSciate himself, and his words were always acceptable to the little congregation. The old Sergeant, on the outbreak of the war in 1812, promptly took up arms in defence of Canada, and served for the three years. Fortunately no accident happened him, and at its close he settled down to peaceful life once more at his home in Walsingham, called " Hazen's Comers. In 1824 he was a candidate for election to the Provincial Parlimeni There were three days of open voting. Unfortunately, although almost every vote in Walsingham was east for him, the opposition in the other parts of the county was too strong, and he was not elected. Such was the life of the original surveyor of Walsingham as related by his grandson, Jacob W. Hazen, of Tilsonburg, now in his sixty-sixth year, an extremely interesting and entertaining host The writer was shown several relics of his grandfather, notably the sword which did duty in the Revolutionary War, the musket used in 1812, the epaulettes 94 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. of his uniform, and the Bible which was carried constantly through the latter war, also many of his papers, sketches of places, and maps of surveys. In many places the writing is indistinguishable, but the sketches show extreme neatness and care. The Hazens may well be proud of their good old Loyalist ancestor. CHAT»TER XXXIX. BOWLBY (BOULSBY). DuBiNG the war of the Revolution Thomas Bowlby became a volun- teer in Captain Thomas's Company of the New Jersey Volunteers. For some years after the war, however, he remained in New Jersey. Dur- ing the summer of 1797 he, his wife "uid young son, with their go^oc in a wftggon, made the long journey to Long Point and settled in Woodhouse, on a grant of four hundred acres of land. Mr. Bowlby was a man of considerable influence in Norfolk county, and a prominent member of the Masonic order. In this connection the following story is told. In November, 1814, Oeneral McArthur, during his famous raid, having burned the mills at Simcoe, Oakland and Waterford, was marching westward to Yittoria, where he intended to burn the Russell mill. However, the news that General McArthur was a Mason rapidly spread over the country, and the people of Yittoria, to whom their mill was of more value than a gold mine, urged Thomas Bowlby, the head of the Masonic lodge of that place, to go to meet the General and beg him to spare the mill. This he did, and with a white 'kerchief on the end of a stick he met the American cavalry at the top of the hill which overlooks Victoria, and urged McArthur to spare the mill, appealing to him as a member of the Masonic order. To this the Oeneral consented, and though his troops murmured mightily at the " tender-heartedness " of their General, he marched them straight through the town without allowing one to leave the ranks. Truly the power of Masonic duty was as strong in those early days as in these.* The writer is indebted to Mr. T. W. Dobbie, surveyor, of Tilsonburg, for this account of his maternal grandfather. * Vide also Owen, " Pioneer Sketches," pp. 361-3S2. 96 CHAPTER XL. FREEMAN. ;i^:^ilii!|ll :iiiii!! Another noted man in the history of this settlement was Daniel Freeman. He had lived during the war in New Jersey, remaining loyal to England, though not taking part in actual hostilities. Always of a Jucply religious nature he was created by the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States, first an exhorter, next a licentiate, and finally a regularly appointed minister. It may be remarked that he is credited with having preached the first evangelical sermon ever delivered in the city of Detroit. However, in the year 1798 he came to Long Point country, and became the founder of the first Methodist society in this district. The Government granted him lot 24 of the 4th concession of Char- lotteville, and there he established his new home. As soon as he was settled he set earnestly to work to organize clasa meetings, which have always been the distinctive mark of the Methodist Church. His work prospered, The people of the little colony came willingly to hear him, and in the third year of the century the settlers decided that a regular meeting-house or chapel was necessary, and they imme- diately proceeded to erect the first Methodist church in the county. It was situated in Woodhouse township and is called the Woodhouse Methodist Church. It was a log church, forty feet long and thirty-four feet wide, and about fiifteen high. The church was quickly completed, and never did the Methodist people of any part of the world worship Gk)d in truer sincerity under gilded dome, than did the congregation of half a hundred in that little log meeting-house in the centre of the forest No doubt the silent grandeur of the lofty beech and maple, the oak and walnut trees, with their branches spreading like the cedars of Lebanon, tbe green sward stretching like folds of the richest velvet among the trees, the blue sky and the singing birds, and all the beauties of nature surrounding their little chapel would awaken in their •iir 'iliiil '^M 96 UNITED IMPIRK LOYALIST SBTTLKMINT AT LONG POINT. mindfi '- oliugB of veneration and reverence for the great Qod who has mei ured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and meted out heaven with a span, and comprehended the dost of the earth in a measnie, and weighed the mountains in scales and the hills in a balance. The minds of the earlier settlers, trained by habit to mecutetion in the foiest, naturally found this a fit place for contemplation and worship. The second church was a frame building (1818) ; the third a hand- some brick stiocture, which now stands on the identical site of the first churdi in the Long Point district. CHAPTER XLI. FINCH. 'Trrus Finch joined the Royal Standard shortly after the Dedara- tic^ of Independence, and continued in the s(rvice till the close of the war. In 1784 he landed in Halifax with other Loyalists, and built a home for himself about forty miles west of that dty. Mr. Unch was a very religious man, and feeling himself called to the ministry, was ordained, and preached on the Sabbath to his friends and neighbors in their new home. In 1798 he removed to Long Point, obtaining horn the Government a grant of six hundted acres of land on the fourth concession of Charlotteville. He and his son built a grist mill near Port Ryerse. This mill was burned on the 15th May, 1814, by Americans who came across Lake Erie in six schooners. No sooner had they left, however, than plans for a new mill were got ready, and in less than two months everything was'completed and in operation again. In the Government satisfaction for damages Mr. Finch received £266, or one-half the value of the former mill* 'Despatch from Lieutenant'OeneralDrummondtoSirOflorgePrevoitC'DoonmenUry History of CMMda," P»rt L, p. 16) : " Kwonoic, Mfty ZUb, 1814. " Sir, — I have the honor to transmit herewith for your ExoeUenoy'a information the deposition of Mr. Mathias Steele, of Woodhouse, who was on the spot at the time the enemy landed there on the 14th inst., and which I feel satisfied is correct. TIBDALI. VI Following the example of the apostle Paul, who "worked ai hia trade " six daya in the week, " Elder" Fiooh labored on the farm or in the mill, and on the seventh he pre^^'ted the OoapeL In 1804 he organised the first Baptist Choroh iu London District, and remaiasd as its minister till his death, in 1821. nili'? CHAPTER XLIL TISDALE. Thb Tisdales are one of the most noted families of Norfolk County. They are the descendants of an old Welsh family of considerable promin- ence in Britain in the seventeenth century. About 1700 a branch of the family came to America, and settled in Freetown, Bfassachusetts. For some time before the war Ephraim Tisdalo was the owner and captain of a vessel engaged in trade to the West Indies. MV: i " PWwMuUy sppeared before mo, the Hon. Riohard Gurtwright, one of Hk ll»jea^r*i Jutioee Mrigaed to keep the peace in and for the said diatriot, llathiaa Steele, of Wood- house, gentleman, who, being dnly awom on the Holy Evangeliats, aaith, ' That on Satnr- day, t^o fourteenth of the preient month, an American force, oomputed at about eight hundred men, and oonaiiting of regulars, militia and eeamen, under the command of Colonel Campbell, diaembarked at the mouth of Phttenon'a creek from six eohoonen, where tney encamped for the ui{^t. That having met with no oppoaitiod, they, on the following morning, advanced and took poMeaeion of the Village of Dover, and having plundered the houaea of all the inhabitants and carried off all their proviaiona, aet fire to the village and entirely deatroyed it. They then proceeded to Ryeraon'a miUa, aituated a little farther up the Lake, and aet fire to them with aeveral other buildings ; and pro^ ceeding atiU farther up the lake, deatroyed another aet of milla belimging to Mr. Ffndh. He further depoaeth and aaith, that to the beat of hia knowledge and belief they deatroyed altogether twenty dwelling-houMa, three fiour milla, three saw mills, three distiUeriee, twelve bams, and a number of other buildings. He further depoaeth and aaith, that thmy ahot all the oowa and hogs that they could find, leaving them to rot on the ground. And further, that on the aaid Colonel Campbell being aakad tlie reaaon of thia w.uitan and barbaroua conduct, where he had met with no oppoaition, he anawered that it waa done in retaliation for the burning of Havre de Grace, BufUo and Lewiaton, and further thia deponent aaith not.' " (Signed) " MATHIAS STBKLB. '< Swwn before me at Kingaton, this Slet day of May, 1814. " RICHARD OARTWRIOOT. J.P." ill iff illr lii 98 mnriD empibb lotaus^' snTuciaifT at long point. When the eoln, sent the prisoner to the President of Pennsylvania with the message: "Lawrence Johnson is an impudent, determined villain, undoubtedly in the service of the enemy. If you examine him, you will find him to be one of the greatest liars yon have ever met." With such a testimonial as this, the governor was graciously pleased to entertain the unfortunate Johnson in one of the strongholds of the capital, and the loyalist remained the guest of the governor till the end of the war. At the conclusion of hostilities, Johnson was told to leave the country, &r.d, glad enough to be out of prison, promptly went to New Brunswick in the spring of 1784. For fifteen years he remained in that province, that is, until 1799, when he removed to Long Point. He is described as a tall, spare man, of considerable physical strength and great powers of endurance, sharp-witted, clever with his tongue, and of remarkable power of rapid decision in emergencies. He was a " pioneer " Baptist, and one of the original members of Titus Finch's church. mw i\ «i I " FISHEP'S GLEN." From 1800 to 1825 a prosperous little settlement under name of Newport ; now a popular picnic resort (near Port Ryerse). ''i!hlrl 'I 107 CHAPTER XLIX. < MONTROSS. In the war of Amerioan Independence, Peter Montross, sen., had been a soldier in the Loyal American Regiment, and at the dose of the war settled in New Brunswick. In 1799 his three sons, Levy, Silas and Peter, and their three sisters, came west to Long Point, settling in Gharlotteville near the lake. They each received from the Government two hundred acres in Ghar- lotteville, under date of Order-in-Gouncil 17th February, 1802. (The allotment of Silas was lot 20 of the lat concession, near the «91en.") The wife of Silas Montross was Sarah, daughter of Frederick Maby. She received one of the first grants of land given in that section, the entry being the third on page 1, folio I. of the Docket Book for warrants of survey to U. K Loyalists and military claimants. The various sons of Silas Montross also received free land.. Svi- dently both the father, Peter Montross, and son Silas, were m «4^^ service in the Revolutibnary War, for Silas ia mentionedadlfO; in the list of the Loyal American Regiment; but at the time of the War he must have been very young. Silas built a distiUery at a place called Cross and Fisher's Landing (Old Newport), now known as the " Glen." In 1814 tho crews of the six American schooners, who burned the mill of Titus Finch, burned two houses and a bam belonging to Mr. Montross, and looted this dis- tillery of forty barrels of whiskey. When peace was restored, he was given by the Government £235 Ve., this being 50 per cent of the assessed value of his losa '{pi i ■Ml I ■ I e m i! 1 111! I liiiiii IRI IM UNITBD EMPniB LOYALIST tlETTLBMBirr AT LONG POINT. CHAPTER L. MILLARD. Danibl Milla^J) was a corporal in tne 85th Regiment In 1786 he eaaie to Niaijara. The entry " Daniel Millard and wife " appears on the Niagara provision list for that year. In 1799 he removed to the township of Woodhouse. He was a matt of exceedingly good character, reliable and trustworthy. He was appointed, in 1800, the first treasurer for London District His two sons were given land in Norfolk County, the one in Woodhouse, the other in Townaend. I t CHAPTER LI MATTHEWS. DURINO the war of the Revolution. James Matthews served as a cavalryman in the New Jersey volunteers. After the war he settled on Leon's Creek, in the Niagara District; but, in 1799, exchanged his government allotment there for lot 3 of the Gore of Woodhouse. He was a member of the first court jury of London District, and a trustee of the original Woodhouse Methodist Church. In the war of 1812, he again volunteered, and did faithful service for his country in the transportation *corp8. The old pioneer died in 1818, having lived a century all but four years. i 'Illjlil 100 CHAPTER LII. I\ POWELL. Thb name of Abraham Powell was inserted on the list of U. E. Loyalists by special Order-in-Counoil, 13th January, 1807. At that time he had been living in Windham for eight yeara On the 7th February, 1800, he was granted two hundred acres in Charlotteville, and on the SOth October of the next year one of his sons, Jacob, also received two hundred acres. The other sons received further grants in Windham at a later date. It is said that Mr. Powell opened the first store in Windham, at a place which afterwards received the name of Powell's Plains. In 1804 he was appointed Boad Commissioner for Norfolk County, and subsequently held other municipal appointments. One of his sons, Israel, was the Norfolk representative in the Dominion Parliament from 1841 to 1848 ; he was also warden of his county for some time. The family has always taken a prominent part in municipal politics. CHAPTER LIII. i FOSTER. EuAS and Mary Foster were the first who settled in Walsingham, west of Big Greek. Before the war of the Bevolution, Elias was in comfortable circum- stances in Long Island. However, he promptly tiirew in his lot with the British, and served in the Royal Regiment, New York. In 1788 he came with others to New Brunswick, settling about ten miles from Fredericton. He was a widower at the time he left his American home, but married again in New Brunswick. 110 UNITED SMPIBK L0TAU8T SITTLKHKNT AT LONG POINT. In 1800 he came to Long Point with his young family, settling in Walsingham, near the marsh land, west of Port Royal. Three years after he was made a jostice of the peace, and later, a justice of the Court of Requests. He continued a man of prominence and influence tiU his death, in 1888. His eldest son, Edward, served in the war of 1812 as a commissariat oflBcer. This gentleman was a skilful hunter, and his family tell many thrilling " hear acories," tales of adventure in the thick forests west of Wabingham Centre. His list of bear " scalps " is said to have amounted to over one hundred. Muskrats seem to have been plentiful in Walsingham at that time, for it is said Mr. Foster killed as many as seventeen hundred in one year. The skins had a value of about two shillings, York currency. Evidently Long Point was a sportsman's paradise to an even greater extent than it is at the present time. CHAPTBB LIV. WILLIAMS. I 1 In the Revolutionary war, Jonathan Williams was a captain in the Loyal Rangers. Strange to say, he was not so much molested by the Legislature of the State of New York after the war as were others. He was left off the confiscation and " expurgation " lists. Consequently, it was net till 1800 that he came to Canada, when he settled in the township of Woodhouse. His son, Titus, was bom in Long Island in 1790, and came over with his father. Four years before the warof 1812, Titus received an ensign's com- mission in the 2nd liegiment of Norfolk militia, and as soon as war was declared he was made lieutenant of the left flank company, which assembled at Turkey Point He was second in command of the 100 volunteers from this county who accompanied Brock to Detroit, which was followed by the ignominious surrender of t^ie American general, Hull. His rank was then raised to that of captain. WILLIAMa 111 Shortly afterwards he was ordered to the defence of Fort Erie, which, it was surmised, would soon be attacked, for thirteen thousand men were arming and drilling at Buffiila When the attack came, the Canadians were forced to retire, for their numbers w*"^ far inferior to those of the American force. However, on his way back to Chippawa Gapi Williams succeeded in surprising and taking prisoners thirty Americans under Capt King. In the fight at Fort Erie, which lasted through the night, it may be mentioned that Major Bostwick and John Matthews, of Norfolk County, were wounded : the former in the head, the latter in the leg. The next year he was ordered to take forty men and a large boat and proceed to Sugar Loaf, where a quantity of flour was buried. This he was to seize during the night, if possible, and bring it to headquarters. After dark he proceeded to the point and ran his boat on shore, but before they could land a volley was fired into the boat, for the Ameri- cans had received information from a deserter. They had run on the shore with such impetus that the boat was grounded, and there being no chance of escape, the whole party were taken prisoners. The cap- tives van forwarded from one place to another, Schlosser, Fort Niagara, Batavia, Geneva, Albany, Pittsfield, Mass., and, finally, Philadelphia. On account of some executions of deserters taken in arms by the Cana- dian Qovemment, Williams and his companions were looked upon as hostages, and stood in hourly danger of the gallowa They were incar- cerated five in a cell, in close confinement. As time went on, however, the feeling subsided, and they were liberated on the 18th of May, 1814, and arrived in Upper Canada July 26th, 1814. On his return he was appointed adjutant and fought at Lundy's Lane. After that battle he was placed in command of the militia working on Fort Norfolk, in Turkey Point, and remained in that capacity till the close of the war, when the militia was disbanded. There were few engaged in this struggle for home and fireside that fought longer or more gloriously. From the 25th of June, 1812, till the forces were disbanded, in 1815, he was either on duty or a prisoner of war. Subsequently, he was made successively major and colonel, and did not lay down his commissions until failing eyesight demanded his resignation. Lord Elgin sent a cordial letter of appreciation to him on the occasion of his handing in his resignation. It reads as follows : " I have much pleasure in availing myself of the opportunity of expressing to Col. Titus Williams the high sense I entertain of his services, and he is hereby permitted to retire, retaining his rank." i*ii I ut UNITED BMPIBK LOTALIBT SITTLEiaNT AT LOrO POINT. Awuradly the U. E. Lc^alista were the "ekiff of which herQ«»are made." The writer hM been told many farther inoidente of the hrwreiy of CoL WilliMna, in the war of 1812, bat aofBoient has been aaid to prove his ooarage. CHAPTER LV. BROWN. Samukl Brown was a New Jersey loyalist, who came to the Niagara District in 1786, settling in the township of Stamford. His name appears on the provision list for that year. "Samuel Brown, wife, and one child," reads the entry. This child was his eldest son, James, who had been bom in New Jersey three years before. In 1800 he removed to Norfolk, settling about the centre of Char- lotteville. His family by this time eonsisted of five sons and four daughters. Four of the sons left Charlotteville and settled in Middleton, becoming four of the eariiest pioneers of that township. One, Samuel, jun., was a very successful hunter and trapper, and accumulated consid- erable property, paying for it with the bounties he received from the Cbvemment for wolves' scalps. For these a bounty of S6 each was received. CHAPTER LVI. SPURGIN. With regard to William Spurgin. the only reliable information we have is that he was a loyalist from North Carolina. He settled in Charlotteville about the year 1800, as far as we know. His son, Samuel, received a grant of two hundred acres in the same township on the 26th of May, 1817. 118 CHAPTER LVII. HUTCHISON. / i Thb trouble between loyalists and revolutionists begfw in many oases long before the war. The radicals were intolerant of opposition, and to attempt to be neutral was, in their langua|^, tobe a" traitor." Such was the case with William Hutchison, of New Jersey. At the opening of the war he was ui^;ed to join the rebel army, but persist- ently refused. Henceforward he was followed by the open and avowed hatred of the American patriots. Their dislike in this case was unre- mitting and implacable. His cattle were mutilated, his bams burned, and, finally, his estate was confiscated, and orders were given to bring him " dead or alive " before the executive officers of the State Legislature. Nothing remained, therefore, for himself and friends (for there were eleven to whom this order had reference), but an attempt to escape to the King's troops. His wife and eight children had to be left behind. The small body of eleven men were followed, and, being brought to bay by a detachment of American cavalry, bravely defended themselves for some minutes, but seeing the contest useless, took refuge in an old bam. Their hiding-place was soon discovered, and ten of them were caught and afterwards hanged. It happened that William Hitchison did pot enter the bam as did the others, but threw himself among some furze bushes a little distance from it. But his hiding place was none too safe, for one of the sentries peered into the bush, remarking that "it would be a d fine place for a 'rebel' to hide himself." But being hidden in the deep shade he was not discovered. So he crawled along the borders of the field to get to the road, lying motion- less when the moon shone brightiy, and again moving when it was hidden by a cloud. On every side he could hear the calls of the American troopers xo each other as they prowled round in search of him. Finally, however, he made his escape to the British ariQy, and, burning for vengeance, he asked to be appointed to the command of a small body of troop& His request was willingly granted, for, befoit. the war he had been granted a captain's commission, and he was made I m 114 UNITED BMPIRl L0TAU8T SBTTLBMIMT AT LONG POINT. » captain of one of the i-egiments of New Jeney yolnnteen. His oompany did remarkably daring service for the Motherland daring that Utter war. But his wife and little children did not survive the hardships to which they were subjected, and i.t the conclusion of peace he and his two remaining sons went to New Brunswick. There he married again and settled on the St. John River. There he remained for about fourteen years, when he removed to the township of Walsingham, Norfolk Oounty (1798)i. He was an added member of the first com- mission of magistrates for the London District In the war of 1812, true to his loyal spirit, he took his three eldest sons, of whom two had been bom in New Brunswick, and went to the front. At the battle of Moravian town, Alexander, the eldest, was killed. Gaptain Hutchison was a justice of the peace, and for one term of 1809, ohairman of the Ck>urt of Quarter Sessions at Turkey Point. He was also an associate justice of the Court of Bequests for Walsingham. The descendants of the Captain live yet in Walsingham, and are connected with the Beard, Sovereign, Backhouse, Fairchild, and McKinna families of Norfolk county. CHAPTER LVIII. BUCKNER. i I Therk were four brothers of this name settled in New Jersey before the war, Mathias, Henry, John, and Martin. They came originally of good old German stock, and remained staunchly loyal to King George. Not content with a passive allegiance, they took up arms, not in defence of the " Yaterland " across the water, but in defence of the right of their adopted sovereign. In the U. E. Loyalist record we have an entry to the effect that Henry and John joined the Royal Standard at New York, the latter in 1779. With regard to Mathias, the entry records show that he joined the Royal Army in the Jerseys as early as 1777. Martin is not men- 1 BUOKNI& 115 tioiMd, hai, no doubt, he wm mi Mtive loyalist also, for the four brothers «MM to this oountry together in 1795. The long journey from New Jersey was made (m foot, a walk of five hundred milea The two ehildreL of Henry, a son and a dau|^ter, Henry and Anne, mere infants at that time, were slung in baskets, one oa either side of a pack hone. Father and mother walke4 by their side and earned a few small relics of their former home. They followed the military highway by Lake Ghamplain, Fort Tioonderogai Platts- burg, and then turned Northward to Cornwall Slowly they made their way by land along the north shore of Lake Ontario, and along the high road running west, which Oovemor Simcoe had projeeted in 1795, but which at that time was, in many places, simply a blase, for the Qovemor had left the Province before his intentions could be earned out They settled first at Lyon's Creek, in the Niagara District, but about 1800, removed to the Long Point settlement, and received from the Qovemment the following grants of land, chiefly in the township of Windham: "John Boughner, son of Mathias, of Willoughby, Lincoln Ca, SOO aeres, 80th September, 1800. " Mathias Boughner, jun., ran of Mathias, 800 acres, 30th Sept, 1800. " Anna Boughner, daughter of Mathias, 200 acres in Woodhouse, 28rd June, 1803. " Alex. Boughner, son of Mathias, 200 acres, in Windham, 26th June, 1807. " Qetta Boughner, wife of Alexander (supra) and daughter of Jacob Glover, a U. E. loyalist. 200 acres in Windham, 16th Feb., 1811." Two daughters of Henry Buckner also received land. " Elizabeth Owen, wife of Abner Owen, 200 acres in Woodhouse. " Mary Wilson, wife of Joseph Wilson, juil, 200 acres in Windham, 4th May, 1811." The present home of Ellas Boughner, on the 18th concession of Windham, is on the identical site of the original log cabin, erected just a century ago. It will be noticed that the name as spelled in these entries is " Boughner," a mistake of the copyist no doubt ; but as the grants of land were drawn out in that name, the majority of the family adopted it thenceforward. For years the wolf, the bear, and other ferocious animals were a source of terror to the early settler. The want of firearms and ammu- nition, in many cases made their extermination a task of great difiS- culty. They grew very bold and would come even by day to the door 8 I ' lie UMITBD KMPIHI LOYAU^ 8KTTLIMINT AT LUNO POINT. of the shMity, ready to eeiie the poultry, pigs, sheep, or provisions of the early settler, itnd even his little ehild, while night wm made hideous by their incessant howling. The little sheep-fold of Mr. Mathias Buekner had been broken into, night aftor night, by wolves. There was not a doubt as to the nature of the marauder, for a few inches of snow lay on the ground and the tracks were plain. He followed the marks through the woods to a cave at the month of which the bloody snow and scattered tufta of wool were an indisputable evidence that the offender had been tracked to his den. The mouth of the cave was not much laiger than the body of a man. To attrnk a ferocious wolf in such a place might well make a man shudder ; out, nothing daunted, Mr. Buekner prepared to enter the den. He fastened a candle on the end of a long pole and shoved it into the cavern, and, taking his musket and a pitehfork, he crawled in on his hands and knees. The roof of the cave was higher on the inside, and he was enabled to stand almost upright. Carefully looking around in the awful silence, he saw a pair of glassy eyes gleaming in the shadow. His life depended on one shot He aimed a little below the glittering eyeballs, and a howl of pain told him that his shot was effective. But a frantic leap of the maddened animal showed him also that the wolf was far from dead. He seized the pitehfork, and, though his coat was torn by the claws of the wolf as he sprung aside, he succeeded in impaling the animal at the first thrust, and a few stabs settled it forever. This story, and others as interesting, was to!d the writer by an old lady now nearly eighty years of age, living about two miles from Til- sonburg. She is the widow of Peter, one of the six sons of Mathias. Mrs. Boughnor is an extraordinarily interesting old lady, with the marked conversational power of her family. The fnmily is an extensive one, and well and favorably known throughout the section, Mr. Elias Boughner being on two occasions the standard-bearer for the Conservative party in North Norfolk. Though he missed election, the immense vote cast for him is an evidence of the regard and esteem with which his fellow citizens honor him. 117 CHAPTER LIX. WYOOPF. Ik the War of the Revolntion families were frequently divided hy the bitterest hatred. Many times did fathers reoognice sons, or brothers in the opposing battle Una The Wycoif family, of Long Island, is an instance of this fratricidal division. One of the family, Mi^or Hendriok Wycoff, was the trusted agent of Governor Clinton. On the British side Peter Wyco» fought as conscientiously and as bravely. Immediately after the dose of the war, this Peter Wycoff removed to the Niagara District, settling in Lincoln County, near St. Catherines. About 1797 he returned to Long Island for some business purpose, and on his way back it is supposed was murdered, for he was not heard of again. His widow and two sons, John and Peter, remained for some years at their home in Lincoln County. After some time the widow married John Clendenning, a miller, and the family removed to Long Point, settling near Port Ryerse. Mr. Clendenning was engaged by Mr. Ryerse to manage his mill. The two sons, John and Peter Wycoff, enlisted for the war of 1812. John was killed on the Niagara frontier, but Peter returned safely home. He was given 200 acres in Woodhouse on the 17th December, 1816, and lived on his farm until his death, in 1881. 118 UNITED KMPIRE LOYALIST SnTLBMENT AT LONG POINT. CHAPTER LX. HAVILAND. DUBING Um war of the Revolation, John Havilandr of New York State, was a captain in the company commanded by Colonel James Delaney* At the close of the war, he joined the party which Mr. Qrass was preparing to conduct f^o Upper Oanada. They left New York in five smiJl vessels, and sailed around the coast, arriving at Sorel, in Quebec, in October, 1783. There they built themselves shanties, and wintered. In May, 1784, they re-embarked in their boats and reached Cataraqui, Kingston, in July. Captain Haviland settled in Adolphus- town. There he remained till 1803, when he removed to the Long Point Settlement, erecting his log cabin on lot 12 of the 1st concession of Townsend. Captain Haviland received a large grant of land from the Crown, as is proved by the following Ordor-in-Council, under date of 27th January, 1809 : " John Haviland, of Townsend, Norfolk County, London District, gentleman, formerly a captain in Delaney's Regiment, 2,600 acres, to make up 8,000 acres, as captain, in King and Qwillimbury." This was in the northern part of York County, but Mr. Haviland preferred to live on the 600 acres in Townsend, where he had established his home. There are also the following grants registered : " Benjamin, son of John Haviland. yeoman, 200 acres in Townsend, 20th March. 1815. " John, son of John Haviland, yeoman, 200 acres in Townsend, 20th March, 1815. " Esther, wife of John Haviland, jun., and daughter of Peter Fair- child, 200 acios, 20th March, 1815. " Sarah, spinster, daughter of John Hav ilond, 200 acres in Townsend, 7th August, 1816 ; also lot 19, 5th concession, Zorra, 8th May, 1821. " Fanny, daughter of John Haviland, 200 acres in Townsend, 8th October, 1833." . Captain Haviland enlisted for the war of 1812, and was slightly wounded in the Battle of Lundy's Lane. rAIHOHILD. lit One of his grandsons, also a John Haviland, obtained a part of the old captain's farm, and so improved it that it is now a veritable far- mer's paradise. The buildings are large, and display a quaint old- fashioned magnificence. The homestead is a great square brick house, with a balcony running completely around the second story. Every- thing is in keeping, and the impression given to the visitor is one of easy circumstances and solid comfort. CHAPTER LXI. FAIRCHILD. Thk name of Peter Fairohild was inserted on the original list of U. E. Loyalists by a special Order-in-Oounoil, dated 10th May, 1808. It is here stated that he joined the Royal Standard in 1777. It would seem by this that hu did not come to Canada till quite late, probably about the year 1806. At any rate, it is certain that he was settled in Townsend by the year 1807, for we find mention of him in that year in the records of the township. His family received from the Government the following grants of land : " Rebecca, daughter of Peter Fairchild, a U. E, Loyalist, wife of Joseph Meril, 200 acres in Gharlotteville, 28th May, 1811. " Elizabeth, daughter of Peter Fairchild, wife of J. Smith, 200 acres in Gharlotteville, 21st June, 1811. "Benjamin, son of Peter Fairchild, tOO acres in Townsend, 7th August, 1816. " Sarah, daughter of Peter Fairchild, spinster, 200 acres in Townsend, 8th October. 1883." The Fairohild and Haviland families were connected by the mar- riage of Benjamin Fairchild, spoken of above, to Elisabeth, daughter of John Haviland of the same place. ito UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. CHAPTER LXII. WILSON. Jacob and Joseph Wilson were brothers. On the outbreak of hostilities they each joined the British, and were enrolled in the New Jersey volunteers. Jacob was made a sergeant in one company. Joseph was a private in Barton's division. After the war they settled first in the Niagara District, bu . in the early years of the century removed to the Township of Windham. Their children received the following grants of land : " Philip, son of Jacob Wilson, two hundred acres, 23rd March, 1811, in Windham. "Mary, daughter of Joseph Wilson, wife of Michael Cairo, two hundred acres in Windham, 26th March, 1811. "Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Wilson, wife of John Van Atter, two hundred acres in Windham, 25th February, 1812." CHAPTER LXIII. SHAW. 1 % \ During the war of American Independence, Michael Shaw was a private soldier in Butler's Bangers, and was one of the three hundred who attacked Fort Wyoming. He settled first in the Niagara District, and afterwards in the Township of Townsend. His two sons received grants as follows : " Dennis, son of Michaef Shaw, of same place, a U. E. Loyaliat, two hundred acres in Townsend, 12th October, 1810. "Michael, jun., two hundred acres in Townsend, 23rd December^ 1816." Nothing further concerning the family has been learned. $ 4 121 CHAPTER LXIV. 1 1 DAVIS. !i!!' Thomas Davis was a mamber of a North Carolina regiment He settled after the war in the Township of Willoughby, County of Lin- coln, of the Niagara District. Later, he removed to Woodhouse, in Norfolk Connty. His daughter, Fanny, was married to a son of Jacob Wilson, and received a grant of 200 acres in Charlotteville on the 20th May, 1835. The writer has not learned anything further concerning the family. CHAPTER LXV. GLOVER. Jacob Glover was a merchant of Newtown, Connecticut. On the outbreak of the war he served as a sergeant in Lord Bawdon's com- mand. In 1770 he was sent to Long laland in a boat in command of eight soldiers to capture Major-General Sillman. The American general was captured easily, for he was alone and comparatively defenceless. On returning to the mainland they found Colonel Simcoe, of the Queen's Rangers, waiting for them, who called out, " Have you got him?" Answer "Yea." "Have you lost any men?" "No." " That is well," answered Simcoe, " your Sillmans are not worth a man, nor your Washingtons." Sergeant Glover settled in Windhem about 1810, where he was given €k>vemment land. His son, John, was given land in both Wind- ham and Zorra townships. 122 UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST SETTLEMENT AT LONG POINT. « CHAPTER LXVI. DOUGHARTY. Anthony Douoharty ww one of the North Carolina Loyalists. To the best belief of the writer, he did not come to Canada till about 1810. He is mentioned on p. 6 of Folio II. of the Loyalist Docket Books as " Of Townsend, lately deceased." This entry is under date 16th October, 1811, in connection with a grant of two hundred acres in Townsend to his dauf^hter, Margaret, the wife of Nathaniel Boot. Another daughter, Elizabeth, the wife of Alexander Tagert, was giren two hundred acres in Townsend on the 16th March, 1817. No further information concerning the family has been obtained. I CHAPTER LXVII. GREEN. Reuben Orebn was a sergeant in the 1st battalion of New Jersey volunteers. He settled in Townsend in 1811, receiving from the Qov* emment a grant of 500 acres, on the 7th May of that year, as a military claimant. Two of his daughters also received grants of land : " Elizabeth; wife of John Dickson, daughter of Reuben Green, two hundred acres in Townsend, 23rd December, 1815." "Phoebe, wife of Jonathan Silverthome, two hundred acres in Town< send, 2Srd December, 1815." The writer has not obdkined any further information concerning the family. .: 123 CONCLUSION. SuoH is the story of the aetUemeat of United Empire Loyalists in the Long Point District It has been the aim of the writer to tell, in a simple and straightforward style, of those brave men who laid the foundation of a loyal British population in that part of Upper Canada. The material for the last forty chapters at least has been obtained from the descendants of tiiest Loyalist settler& Traditions as to the settle- ment of their ancestors are preserved in almost every family. It n*ay be wondered that the literature as to the Loyalists is so scanty, but the reason m not hard to guess. They who ai a driven from their homes, who surrender their property and are forced to flee with what little baggage can be carried on the back of a horse or a cow, exiles from their native land, wanderers in a strange one, leave but few written memorials for the guidance of those who come in after daya Their papers are scattered and lost Further, those who must devote their time and energy to the all-absorbing task of clearing away the forest and rearing new homes for their little ones in a l<\nd removed from even the vestiges of civilization, have but little timu jr inclination for writing history or recording events. Their feelings aro often too bitter for tears or for words. Hence, except for the purely historical part, dealing with their enforced exile from the land of their birth, common to all the Loyalists who sought a refuge in Canaride in the early settlers of this Province, the purpose of this treatise has been accomplished, and ti 114 wsmx* mpiBx lotaust srtlhibmt at long poimt. thane p«g««, began in a spirit of extreme timidity, and sent forth with many a miagiving aa to their emdeneaa and imperfection, will not have been in vain. The Rev. Le Boy Hooker, of Deteoit, ezpreaaaa the iasnes which the Loyalists had to face, in a few beautiful lines : ■ TImm Iw thy hwoM, OmmU ! Thaw man, who atood, whan p re m d, Not in the fevand pnlae of ■trife, Whan foamHi thrnits at founan't lifo. But in that itemw twt Whan wrong on aomptuoua Un i» fad. And right miwt toil toe daSlj brMd, And nmi mut ohooae betwaan. Whan wrong in loidly mMwion Um, And right must shelter 'neeth the akiaa, And men moat ohooae between. When wrong ia oheeied on every aide, And right is outaed and oruoiied, And men muat ohp^ae between. And when you pn^ for Canada, Impion kind heaven, that like a leaven. The hero blood which then waa given May quidcen in her veina eeoh iaj ; So dutll ahe win a apotleaa fame, And like the aon her honored none, . ShaD ohine to lateot yeara the aame." The End. REFERENCES. Doninioii ArohivM, reoords 1788-1810 ••.... AnnioMi Loyalkta CW rMB io BKttMNix of Loytlfarta SI Biding MUUn'oabioi 82 B»ptkt Chocoh (flnl) 67 BwiiaofflratwUtenMui 87 Big Craok SoUlament 87 Boomer, Jt. Wm 88.00,118 " stoiy Of his escape 118 Haviland, John 88, 118 •• •• FamUyof 118 Lidians' treatment of settlers 42, 43 Johnson, Lawrence 69, 108 " George and James 108 " Sir John 108 " Jonas and Wm 108 Journal of first court 00 Long Point Settlement 41, 46, 47 Long Point, Proposed military outpost at. bees. Lynn Valley 67, 78 Log church at Woodhoase Oft 128 INDIX. rMW MMrjrUnd'a tNAtOMnt of LovaliaU .... 90 MMMMhoMtU' trMtmont of Loy«lirti . 91 Middlatoa TowMhip 18 Milb. Oriat and WW M Mfttori«l> for olothing 57 Mcthodiit Ohnroh, Wbttt 69 MMrrUgM at Long Point 61 M«by>racloriok 71 •• " DMthof 78 <' '* FMniljrof 71 MoMiohMl, Edwurd 60,77 MoArthor's R«id 89,94 MigietntM, DntiM of awly 86 MoCikU, Donald 87 " " adTonton with Frenoli and Indiana 87 MoCaU, IWily of 88 «• Simpaon 88 Munro, Lient. Jamaa 87. 90 " Malcolm 90 " J.H..M.P 90 Montroaa, Pater, Family of 69, 107 •• Silaa 107 MiUard. Daniel 60,108 Matliewa, Jamea 69, 106 New York'a treatment of Loyaliata .... 90 NewJerMy'a << " .... 30 Norfolli Coanty, Surveying of 3S " Towmihipaof S7 Normandale, Bnoounter at 06 Old houae of Lieutenant Munro 89 Paria, Treaty of, re LoyaliaU 19, 42, 71 Pennaylvania'a treatment of Loyaliata . 20 Preabyterian Gliuroli 61 Port Ryerae Settlement 84 Pbwell, Abraliam 60, 109 Rliode laland treatment of Loyaliata . . 90 Routea of the Loyaliata 29, SO Ryerae, Captain Samuel 84 Ryerae Creek 84 Ryeraon, Colonel Joaeph 88, 90, 101 " " •• Story of, by Peter Rodner 101 ' Soheneotady boata " . Suppliea to I^aliaU 96, 97 Sand hiUa of Houghton Townahip 40 Sheriff Boatwick. Story of 49 Story of Mr. Sp^n 61 ''^ PoUSpragga 08 Seoord, Poter 69, 70, 78 •• Silaa 78 Smith, Abraham, Story of hia aaoape.60, 76 Smith, William .V... 76 Smith, Hart, Family of 60, 76 Sugar Loaf , Sehinre of Canadiana at .. Ill Spurgin, Wm., Family of 60, 89, 119 Shaw, Michael 190 Shaw. Michael, Bona of 190 TownaendTownahip 88 Talbot Street 89 Talbot, Colonel 86 Trapper Ramaay, Story of 71 Teeple, Peter 09, 74 '^ " Sona of 74 Tiadale, Bphraim 69, 97 « " Familyof 96 " Lot 96 •• Bphraim, Jun 06 " Col. David, M.P 99 Yiiginia'a treatment of Loyaliata 20 Vittoria, Norfolk County 89 Woodhouae Townahip 87, 94 Windham " 88,100 Walaingham " 40,92 Welah fWahh), FamUy of 69,80 Walah, Franda 81 '< Tliomaa, Regiatrar 81 " Franoii L 81 Williama, Wynant 80 " Jonathan 110 " Capt.Titua 110 •• <• <• atorieaof 181% .. Ill Wyooff, Peter 69, 117 " " Sona of 117 WilM)n, Jacob 69, 190 " Joaeph...' 69,120 Young'a Creek, Viait of Highlandera to, inHBS 87 .. .Ue, 87 .... 40 .. . 49 .... 01 .... 88 •. 70, n .... 73 w.ao, 75 .... 76 -.60.76 ) .. Ill . m, 118 190 ... 190 ... as ... so ... 86 ... 71 ..80,74 ... 74 .69,97 ... 08 ... 96 ... 08 ... 99 ... SO ... 89 .37,04 88,108 .40,02 .60, 80 .. 81 ... 81 ... 8i ... 80 ... 110 .. 110 .. Ill 60, 117 .. 117 60,190 69,120 to. 87