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BUCKINGHAM BROTHERS beg le^ve to draw -^^ the attention of ▲l.PZNII •F0UBI8TB to their I.XV1I8 and BBLTB, vhidt are univenally naed and approved oi by the XBKBBB8 of the AXPIflm CLITB. if « They are light in weight, of great strength and durability. 88 BBOAD STBBBT, BLOOMSBUBT, W.O. JAMES S. CARTER, BOOTIAOB, & TOTJBISTS' OITTEITTBE, 295 OXFORD STREET. LONDON. UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE ALPINE CLUB. niu$traUd JPriee U»t; oontaininff IHneimu for St^f-mtanunrntHt, totUffm. esi Aeoasr ie7 e. ' HILL'S LONDON-MADE ALPINE AXES. KTetjrpwtorthtHAJMlitMMbifliNlMlntMiiloat. Alway* 'n BtoA. Anjr P*tt«m mad* to arttor. CLinin mn aid stiou, loosi iteii raim. ».hiic rok mo BUMnr nut. TnuiH ud othar Liaar Bozaa, ri.AtKii, Oommhis, as. Ak aaoio BAaoita*sa« ^awMv. BTVAB AND OOOKINO APPABATUS OX' DIFnObaKT XlifS*. A Mvi,Tilies i»a that the l»v analt * Hep for ISTl Actint;-a Vt)I-. I Ml IIIIIIMIISIWIIIWW **■ Moii/itiii/is (itifl Monntaiuetriii'/ in f/u J't/r ff'rsf, Wo Mountains and INIolntainkkuino i\ tiik Far Wkst — rontinitnl. IJy K. T. CoLK.MAN. MOrXT ST. KLIAS was first discovered on July 20, 1741 (old stylo), hy Hcritiji; ami his associates, who iiaiiicd it after St. Klias, the patron saint ol' the day. * It is ))roi)al)Ie that they saw, abctiit the same time, all the other hii!;h jx'aks of the adjacent rej^ion, thonj^h the fact is not men- tioned in the imperfect records existin<]j of the expedition. On I\Iay .'i, 177H, Captain .lames Cook, in search of a north-cast passa^'e, saw a beautiful i)eak which he namecl Mount Fair- weather.'* From the plates sarc, like the hi;.fh Sierra of California, inaiidy com|»osed of crystalline rock, and in their topography, their small, pustular, basaltic vents, their associated marbles, quartzites, and later conj,domerates, exhibit a close piirallel to the Sierras; tl; ' paralh'lism in structure and composition im- plies parallelism in a-^ ■•*')^3;.t \ 380 Mountninx and Mnuntaineeriny in the Far H'est, panyinjT sketch ^vill loivl !U\vom', fivinlllar with the typos i.>l' mountain struetiiro, toward the conchision that tlicso peaks arc not of tiie voI{ d. ith icanic tyjie, ana, even witnout connrinator^ evidence, would load to the suspicion that thoy were composed of crystalline rocks.' ' After a thorouf^h search I have been able to find no trust- worthy account of any eruption, flrewingk, discussin}:; the same question, says, " Though St. Elias stands in the volcanic line of Tliamna, Nunwak,and St. Matthew's Island, neverthe- less we believe its volcanic nature may justly be doubted, since the absence of a crater or conical form, and its ragged crest, make it very probable that it has never been penetrated by a volcanic chimney." ' ]\I()iiuts Cook (ind Vancouver, which are eastward of St. Elias and in the same ridge, were without distinct appellations. They were named in honour of those distinguisl-.ed navigators, by the authority of the Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey. Mount Crillon was named by the celebrated La Perousc after the French Minister of Marine. It is scarcely necessary to state that neitiier Mount St. Elias, nor any of the other groat peaks, in Alaska, have been ascended. Mount Brown, and a little to the south-cast Mount Hooker, are in the Kooky Mountain chain, and have never been ascended. They were discovered about the year 1834 by David Douglas, the celebrated botanist, during one of his earlier journeys, in crossing the mountains with the Hudson liay Company traders. lie named Mount lirown after Robert Brown, Director of the Hotanictil Department of the ]iritish IMuseum, and Mount Hooker after Sir AVilliam Hooker, Director of Kew Gardens. According to liobert Groenhow,* Mr. Thompson, tlie astronomer of the Hudson Bay Company, measured these peaks among others, and estimated Mount Jirown at 16,000 feet and Mount Hooker at 15,700 feet above the ocean level. Humboldt says they ' are cited by Jolinson as lofty old volcanic trachytic mountains under latitude 54;^^°, and longitude 1 1 7° 40' and 1 1 9" 40'. They arc therefore remarkable as being more than .'}()0 geographical miles from the coast.' Previous to the year 1858 tlie only pass across the Kooky * ' Monioir, ITisforioal and Political, on tlio Nortli-wc^t Coast of North Amorica aiid tlio Adjacent Territories.' Wy Koliort (Ircenhow, Traiialatur and Librarian to the Dciiarlnicnt of Siato, 1810. i MoiintaiiH between A Hoat Eiica for horses. Mount 1 Ward's An first disci )V( who in his says that it precipitous mountain t made of Kootanio P above that average all above the s of altitudes ance of uui ever, their s deceiving, a ment I alwa Mount li the British first explore Joseph Bak or White I; feet, is from Lawpon, of barometer I informed m( an ofticer of the more coi that the he standard of snow and gl tain. For, lower than i of glacier o determined above the f the coast go mountain of as nnich ice Owinji t( Mount Bak( 11 mtmmmmmm mmm ^MMUlkLM. Mi>untiiiii.< tinil Miniiitdiiii'i'riiiy in the hitr H)st. :\H'i being Mountains known io hv. within IJritish territory was ono hctwcon Mount Hrown iind Mount Hooker, known as tlie IJoat Encanipuient, in latitude 54" 10', but it was impassable for horses. iMoitiif iMitrrhison i.s not marked in Colton's orJoimsnn and Ward's American Athises, only on the latest ma[»s. It was first discovered on September 18, iKoH, by Captain Palliser, who in his Keport of Exploration in Ilritish North America says that it occupies a central jiosition amonnj other hij^li and precipitous mountains. ' The Indians say tliis is the hifjliest mountain they know of, and, if a roufrh triangulation that I made of what 1 supposed to be the same ])cak from the Kootanie Plain is to be trusted, it must be H,()()() to 9,000 feet above that ])oiiit, or l.'l,()0()to 14,000 feet almve the sea. The avera<^e altitude of the mountains is 11,000 to 12,000 feet al)ove the sea, and I do not place much reliance on estimates of altitudes {greater than that, as there is a striking api)ear- ancc of uniformity in the altitude of the mountains. How- ever, their shape, always partaking of a craggy nature, is very deceiving, and whenever 1 have been able to get any measure- ment I always found that I had underrated the true height.' Mount liaker, fourteen miles south of the boundary line of the British possessions. It was S(»'namctl by Vancouver, who first explored these coasts, in compliment to his third lieutenant .Joseph Baker, who discovered it. its Indian name is Tukullum, or White Stone. The height given in the list, viz., 10,81 4 feet, is from a trigonometrical measurement made by Captain Lawson, of the United States Coast Survey. By aneroid barometer I found it to be 10,69,3 feet; but as Captain Lawson informed me that his instruments were very fine, and as he is anofHcer of high scientific attainments, pcrliaps his estimate is the more correct of the two. It will be as well to remark here that the heights of these peaks, as given, do not furnish a standard of their height according to Alpine estimates of the snow and glacier travel to be got through in ascending a moun- tain. For, owing to the higher latitude, the snow line is much lower than in the Alps, conseipiently there is a greater amount of glacier or snow to be travelled over, as before hinted. I determined the snow line on Mount Baker to be t^,\li} feet above the sea by aneroid barometer, but consider that for the coast generally it may be taken at fi.OOO feet. So that a mountain of 11,000 feet in height on the Pacific slope alfords as nnich ice and snow work as one of i;5,00() feet in the Alps. Owing t( the extraordinary clearness of the atmosphere. Mount Baker can be plaiidy made out from the neighbourhood R R 2 itj,i;r7i I •«'/' BOP ■^'' ' - ■ '■■■ -■■■'■ iiMMMMM wmmmmmmtmm 3S8 Miiuhtniiis >/iiii Minnttiiiiicrring in the Far Wist. i'f Victoria. Vanf^ouvcr Island, a distanro of nearly eighty niilca ill an air line, and on its soutli-nostorn sl')j)e enormous snow- licld.- arc .«con to e.'ctcnd very low down the numntain. It wai- firet ajTonded in August \HC)H, by a party wliieh I or;.Miii«eor's Mafj^azinc ' for November ISfiU, under the title ' Mmintaincering on the Pacific,' and the iMain facta were rejmjout twenty miles. It is, however, necessary to state that there arc greater difficulties by this than by the Lummi or X out sac route. First there is or was a formidable 'jam ' about six miles up the Skagit caused by drift lumber, blocking up the river at a point where there is a bend. So that on the occasion of my first attempt, the canoes, which were very heavy, hatl to be dragged across three portages, one of them perhaps a furlong in length, through swarms of mosquitoes, whoso attacks are an much dreaded by travellers as an encounter with t!i( of Hake very su would , flat and I navigati zest of i true mo to the S as an difiicult United every fa Some Baker, i j)i'nded A n /. observci I rentlyfr ^ to twent maps as i i is given in asceni Kear-Ai jtronounc I on the SI ' can be s Vancouv air ( line, ; * Lists rior, Unit Iliiyiloii, I t Hum liciglit ' is nu'iit of H miles, puji C(iiuii to (J 'J'ciuTiHb L'iH miles, wliicii is ] was (li'stit mill's. 'I' of lii^h liii tivc'ly (SL'ci biii lit. ^lountuins nnd Mouutnimcriiitj in t/ic Ftir Ihst. 3S9 i^lity niiloa mis snow- II. )' wliich I .spector of tDii Tcrri- c incmhor tory ; Mr. •ribed the 6!), under i»ain facts 1872. In shook the ited to he r the peak Vancouver ncatcd. the south- iny ascent ac, on the I propose |)portunity leir track. mentioned )ot of the rested and l)ussing by t^ine, from ice whidi mg point where In- le mouth til of the in, and is have its of Baker s ry to state le Lummi hie ' jfim' blocking hat on the ry heavy, 1 perhaps es, whose encounter I with t!ic scd to lited States Ic Avas un- lis willing- np, also of 1 nie Avhon m])ting the np success- base of the , thecaintal es there is a iiey is by a )wlitz l*ass. isit by two )untaiii, but inie of our lilt to trace, licil by Mr. riic jxcneral lich heads in, the same L. V. Kautz, n formed mc 1 their route ay, being a ey were just ic, being in t obliged to it has been r after His i MoHutdins and Mouittainccrinij In tlir I'dr Hfst. .'391 Ibitannic Majesty's Auibassador to th. Court of Madrid. C'oininodore Wilkes, U. S.N. , estimated it to b(! !),.■> 50 feet above the ocean, and says that it ' may be seen fr<»m the sea when eighty miles distant.' * It is the only instance of the dome- shaped iormation on the coast. Its smooth and sperieal form, undi^figured by rocks or sears, captivates the eye. Ihnnboldt's notice of it lias been given in the first article on this subject, when treating of the volcanic activity of these mountaiii.j. Mr. Thomas .F. Dryer of Portland, formerly editor of ' The Weekly Oregonian,' who first made the ascent of Mount Hood, Avas the first to ascend this mountain in the year 18,10. 'le j)ublished an account of it in the above mentioned journii!. Some notion of the difficulties attendant upon mountaineering ill these new (rouniiies may he formed fruni the fact that u ])arty whi- h started a few years since from Portland, fi»- the ascent of Mount St. Helens, never even reached its base, and v.as obliged to return after an absence of about a fortnight, its time being limited. Mount Adinns is nearly due east of iVIount St. Helens. It was named after John Q"'"ccy Adams. Little or nothing is known res|)ecting this mountain. 1 believe that it lias never been ascended. Professor Whitney, in the pajter before quoted, states that Mount Adams, the next high point north ol' Mount Hood, was measured by Dr. Vansant, U.S.A., tri- goiioinctrically at 13,258 feet. Dr. Brown sets down this mountain at about !J,000 feet. Mount Hood, — A careful measurement of the height of this ])('ak was made by Lieutenant-Colonel Williamson, of the U.S. Topograjiliical Engineers. His instruments consisted of cistern barometers, graduated so as to read to the l-2v)00th of an inch, and wet and dry thermometers easily reading to the 10th degree. At the summit, the barometer estimated for a temperature of .'{2° Fahrenheit stood at iy"!)4l inches. Making the necessary computation, the height was found to be 11,22,) feet.f It is the most conspicuous peak the traveller sees on his journey up the Columliia Iviver, and is remaik- alile lor its symmetry ; consequently, it is a favourite subject witii artists. It was first ascended by Mr. Thomas .7. Dryer, before mentioned, and W. Lake, in August, 18,')4. Humlvildt's stateineiit that it was ascended by ' Lake, Travaillot, and Heller ' is wrong as regards the two latter, and wnmg as * ' Voya.L'f KouihI tlic Wurld.' t ' Hcieiitiric Aiuerieiui,' JiiMUury 18, 1.SG8. 392 Mountiiin-f and Man- 1 liiireri/ii/ in titc Far West. regards the omission of IMr. Dryer's name. Captain Tra- Viiillot, ^lajor Ilaller (not Heller), and Judge Olney, started with Messrs. Dryer and Lake, hut had to turn hack, all three of thoin hoing taken ill at an elevation of 7U|°, as marked hy the theodolite. As hcfore stated, Mr. Dryer wrote an account of his journey in the ' Oregonian,' a file of which is kept at the otHce in Portland. In the first article I have given some data as to its volcanic character. I joined a party for the ascent, but we were foiled at the foot of the peak hy bad weather, and had not sufficient j)rovision8 to enable us to make another attempt. The mountain is near to Portland, being not more than sixty miles distant hy a good waggon road, and the country settled U]) to within fifteen or twenty miles of its base. In consequence, and owing as well to the absence of difficulties, it has been often ascended. Tlie only obstacle is a bergschrund at the foot of the ])eak, estimated by different travellers to be from 5(30 to 7linet glaciers have their origin in this basin, each the source of a stream of considerable size; the glaciers of the White I extends of a mil ing 500 the mou siderabl they ar( rreologic vicinity which e cutting old vole AVith Whitne mountai Mount range, me. C high as JSlou) J'ca/i, a ])eaks name present seen fn settler the mot It is (l( says th cone, a ing to \ of Lak( spelt V the stai near it; long ( deserv* ing to before • T t '^^ Nortli vol, ii. jti^ ■m 'est. Mountains and MountainecriiHi in the Fur IVcst. 393 tain Tra- ?y, started ;, all three larked by 111 account is kept at ivcn some ty for tlie k by bad blc us to than sixty try settled nsequencc, been often the foot of (.in 500 to inally that iiped over, ce wliere a ?teps after : was for a •s, as there I doubtless lie summit, xpeiiciiced ;, Assistant if the 40tii if;ra})her of ons (»f Mr. jiurpose of I lie extinct II the east, ^jjed mass iter, eiicir- reinaiiiing pres(iitin<( ■red ritlges )iii ea.>»t to > snow and liter side it iter is very 11 two feet this basin, he jrhuMCI'S of the White, the Sandy and Little Sandy Rivers. The White Kiver glacier heads on the eastern side of the crater, and extends in a south-easterly direction. It is nearly a quarter of a mile wide at the head, and about two miles loii^f , extend- inay ('ompany, and a iiaiiie deservedly held in deej) veiun'ation in the north-west.' Accortl- ing to HiimboUh its height is 9,548 feet. Kobert CJrecMhow, before mentioned, says that * Mount Madisi)arently impracticable, but it is improbable that this extends entirely rouiui the peak. The Three Sisters is said to be a very steep mountain. Mount S/iu.sta. — Professor Whitney, in the paper before quoted, says that there is no vinecrtainty rc(rardin<^ the height of this mountain, for ' a careful series of barometrical obser- vations by the State Geological Corps in September 1862, fixed it at 14,440 feet.' lliere are not any glaciers on the south side. Here the ascent is very easy, there is a good track, and it can be followed all the Avay up to the sunnnit on a mule's back. In early September, 1870, iMr. Clarence King with a small detachment of the U.S. (jieological Exploration of the40th parallel, acting under the orders of Major-General Hum- phreys, visited this mountain. On September II tiiey climbed to the top of the lesser Shasta, a conical secondary crater jutting out from the main mass of the mountain on its north-west side. ' In the afternoon, at about half-past 1 o'clock, we reached the rim of the cone, anil looked down into a deep gorge lying between the secondary crater and tlie main mass of Shasta, and saw directly beneath us a fine glacier, which started almost at the very crest of the main mountain, flowing towards us and curving around tlie circular ba^e of our cone. Its entire length in view was not less than three miles, its width oj)positeour station about 4,000 feet, the surface here and there terribly broken in 'cascades,' and presenting alltiie characteristic features of similar y-laciers elsewhere. Tiie rcifion of tlie terminal moraine was more extemlcd than in the Alps.' The foHow- iiig morning they ascciKk'd to the extreme summit. ' From the crest I walked out to the northern edge of a prominent s]nir, and looked down upon the system of tiiree considerable glaciers, the largest about four and a-lialf miles in length, and two to three miles wide.'* ConcliiKlon. — This concludes all the information which I iiave been able to gather respecting the mountains of the I'acific slope, a region which, though vast in itself, forms but a section of the great Aiiieiican continent, and has as yet been but little explored. While it oilers a large and fertile held to the nnin of science, it possesses peculiar opportunities for those * ' Kiigiia'ciiiig iiiiil Milling .Journal,' of Nuw York, Marcli 7, lfS71. trails, liiiiiik m 'Ix — »" «'>" m •mmmmm mm St. aoksnii is called by 1 and pre- Ifi-son, so able that ISitsters ia before he height !al obser- )er 1862, ;i's on the s a good iinnuit on nee Kinir oration of ;ral Iluin- y climbed er jutting west side, ehed the rge lying f Shasta, :ed almost (Is us and ire length posite our [! terribly c features terminal le follow- ' From romincnt isiderablo iigtli, and which 1 s of the onus but yet been e held to for those li 7, 1S7J. Mountains ami Mountuiiu'ci imj in the Far Went. 395 pursuits, which are entered into with so keen a zest by many ^ of the members of the Alpine Club. '■h NotcH l)y Dr. Ifobort Brown, M.A., F.K.ii.S., rii.D., F.L.S., latn '; Prosiilciit of the lioyiil J'liysicul Hociety, Kdiiilmigli, mi siiucinioiis of . rocks iiiid plants colloctcd on Mount Baker by tho author oi the fore- going article. Gkology.* 1. 'From Eiver Bottoms, twenty and fifty miles from the summit, ; according to route travelled, of cour.sc less as the crow Hies.' Various rolled fragment of vesicular lavas of recent origin. One or two specimens of tuliis, apparently of red vokiuiic ash, tliongli of an old date, as the specimens an.' con.solidated, and in the intcr.^tices are , various minerals, cliieily apatites, &c. There are also two bits of traj>, I the variety ' dolerite ' ])eing tlie j)rincipal form. The other specimen is a bit of crystalline limestone or marble, of a yellowish white colour. ]\birblc is connnon in various parts of the neighliourlng country. 2. ' From the mountain aljove tho snow-lino, between 7,300 leet and the sMunnit.' Abiss of very recent volcanic ash, only partly consolidated, undis- tinguishalile Irom some Irom Vesuvius of last year's eruption ; slaggy scoriie of conunon volcanic type ; dark lava, not very vesicular, and of an ancient date ; various tufas, one almost iuenlicid with the beds on either siile of the stairs leading from Waterloo I'lacc uji tlie Carlton Hill, at Kdinhurgli, and wliicli Maclanii ('(leology of File ami the Lotlii.'uis,' p. (lit) di'sigiiated hy tlio now rather vague name of porphyry.' The whole of this set shows clearly the occurrence of repeated t'rup- tions of the mountain, witii the UHual accompaniments of lava, ashes, &c., the oldei' lavas appro;u'liing in a]ipearanc(! some ol'lhe more recent tra]is, such as those of Disco Island, in Greenland ; the newer ones, or tuliis, slightly varied, being one and all of the usual type foinid in the vicinity of volcanic cones. .'i. ' From sleeping-place, Bennett and self, 9,2()."t fiet,' This iippears to be a calcareous deposit from sonio hot spriiig. Were there any signs of sueli springs in the vicinity ? It is of ,i I'liaracter not uncommon in .soiuc! parts of the world, but is very loose and crumbling. 1. ' l.ava older than ours. Dr. Comrie.' A Mack lava full of vesicular cavities, wealher-worn, but not aniyg- tlaloid ; identical with specimen 1 have from Icelaiul. • ). ' From a thin vein of sandstone close to the lu've.' The only thing 1 can .see remaikahle about it is a little bit of lava in * Dr. liiwvn, in h IcKit to tim iniilmr rcfciTiiig In tho sin'cimcns. Biiyn, 'They iiro very intcrc.'jiiiig itti KJiDwnig lliu llinri)u;^iily voK'iniic cliiiniclii- of tliu luuuti* tain.' 396 Mountains rind Mountaineering in the Far West. the sandstone. Was not a trap (l3'ke in the vicinity ? or does not this ' thin vein ' owe its consoUdation to the ovcrpouring of the iava- strcani upon it ? n. ' Mud from self and Bennett's sloeping-place. Same formation as that preceding, from summit, 9,"JG,") feet alwive sea-level.' Old tufii, witli a whitening calcareous deposit, apparently from the same spring as that referred to in No. .'5. 7. ' From the mountain above the snow-line.' It seems a mass of white siliceous sinter from a hot spring, such as arc common in Iceland and other volcanic countries. 8. ' From highest exposed rocks, near tlic summit.' Old volcanic tufa, with crystals of augite. 9. ' First day's descent.' A hit of lava, with a thin coating of sulphur on it. 10. 'From summit of highest point of visible rock, rolled down from cornice while making step. Picked up while rolling down.' Limestone. Tiiongh it looks as if it had been comiiaratively recently dejiosiled from some calcareous spring. Was there a stratum or bed of it? 11. ' Outside shell of extinct crater next the peak on that side, 7,300 feet. A kind of conglomerate.' It is a dull compact felspathic lava or greenstone (trap). Flora.* Saxifragn •opathuli/olin. Common everywhere. iS i.'-ifnuia (hdianii. Swamps at 1,jitcris. Adidiitiim judaliini. A very beautiful Maiden's Hair iern. Low down ; conuuon at all altididcs. CenitiicliliKi lin'vian'f:tnrisoii with niitluiilii' lirrljjiriuiii Kiicciiiicn.s, luid even tlicii with (liHiciilly. Suiiiu (if liio loLMlit ics M cm cirioiis for the Hporics, but lis 1 Imvo uothilig siive tlio liiljcls to po on, I run simply lake llitiii as tlwy are piveri.' Not I' !.y the aiitlior : — ' 111 aiiilii ion to tlie nliove, Mr. .bilin beiini'lt (wlio formeil fine ot'tlu! jiiirty on llio tir.t('vis. ibni. Low llentiaiin. Swampy places. Q'^nothera biennis. Open sunny places. ,, vinosd. Senccio mtrcns (?) lliernciinii Scoulcii, Liitltiva{!) Phkitm (!) 0.ri/ri(i{!) Miiuicgin cmpetriformis. Always marked as 'heather;' from 5,000 I to G,()(i(l feet. Miinulus liiteus. IMonkcy flower. ,, iiioschalU'f. Cori/tlalis Scoiileri. 3,000 ft., forest, deep shade. A rnira wnplexicaulis. Tricntnlis Eitrtipivd. Ilusarkid J'lirsliidiin (?) On ridge loarum. Caiitpnnuht linijhlia. J'j/mlii cUiptica. The moss without fruit was a ITi/pnnm apparently. The plant found at the highe.st point on the mou'icain is only repre- sented by a leaf, but is apparently a Gmiphaliiwi, The true juniper, found higher than any other trees, was als» only a twig, but ajipears to be ,/uniperus communis. Tiicro was also on the same cird (collected hy Mr. IJenneft). along with a bit of Menziesia, a i'ragmentof Cassiope tctnii/onu, and a I'ntcn- tilld. One ^Jenzicsia is marked as having purple flowers. It is appa- rently M, fvrruijinca, but there are no flowers. Ah lor the sficcies oi Abies and I'inus, I found nothing in the parcel but a niaKS of leaves. Without cones I could only guess at the species. Still I have made out that high on the mount;iin are found, as on most mountains in N.W. America, Abies Patto.r'ana, and a Larix, probably /.. J.i/allii. '" addition to the common coui..ry Conifenv lower down. fakiT ]i|;llltN. II Oiilldilinll ilhnllt iMllll- iilty. Sumo vo the lilbels wlio fdrniiiil Imvc l)(M'ii iiiti'il "lutes. SOl'il'lit'H of "liciillicr" ALriNE NOTES. Asci'NT or Illimani. — Tho following extract is from 'Nature': — 'In our number of August '.♦ we briefly noticed the ascent made by M. Wiener of the mountain Illimani, one of the highest— if not tho highest — of the liolivian Andes, which forms a noble ol>ject from the city of La I'a/, and was formerly i imputed (on the authority of Mr. I'l'Utiaiul) to have an altitude of no lesti than 21, 200 feet.* M. Wiener, however, makes its height only 20,112 feet, while Mr. Minchin, as we * Iluinboldt, iiowovcr, gives 21,146 foot.— El). l& ;5t)s Aljiiiii Xdtcs. have already obpcrvod, plans it^^ altifud." at •21,:.'2l feet. If tlie latter estimate he correct, M. Wiener lias, w(; believe, not only nuide tlio highest ascent whicli has been made in the Andes, Imt lias attiiiiied a greater altitude than has hitherto bten reached on the earth out of Asia, and in Asia has only been beaten by Mr. Johiison, who some years ago got to a height ol 22,.'5()l) feet in Cashmere. As the recorded aseents to tlio heiirht v[ 21,(li>0 feet are extremely few, we siiall liegliiJ to hear further particulars respecting M. Wiener's exploit, and more especially wdiether he experienced much exhaustion through the rare- faction of the air. Practised mountaineers who have clindied to a heiu-ht of 17,000 to IS.OOO feet have been of opinion that even at such altitudes tliere is a very important and ]>erceiitil)le iiiininution of tiie bodily jiowers, and think it probable that tlie height of 20,000 or 2G,()t)0 feet will l)o found to bo about the limit wdiicli will ever he reach(nl on foot. As a set-olf to this opinion we mav mention the liicts that hunters in the Himalayas fre((Uently pursue their game at heights exceeding -JOiOO't feet without experiencing any notable inconvciuenee from the low barometric pressure, and that natives living on the base of Demavcnd, near Teheran, often ascend to its summit to gather sul- phur from its crater without any creat difhculty. The height of this mountain, there is re.ason to believe, also exceeds 20,000 feet, al- though it has never been accurately determined.* If, thereliire, severe Mork can bo done with impunity at such elevations, it seems not un- rea.sunablo to sui)pose that much gn^ater heights might be attained by mi'ii wdio had previously accustomed themselves to life at high alti- tudes. Aeronauts, anyhow, have [.rovetl that life can wist at JStM'OO feet aliove the level of the sea, and that at 2.'),t)(X) feet and upwards one may positivtdy be comfortable if sufficiently warndy chid. That sucli is tlie ca.se is sutlicieiitly remarkahle, t()r "travellers in the air " have to sustain incomparably more rapid variations of jiressuie and temperature than moimtain-climbors. Mr. Glaisher, on his meuiorahle ascent on September .'i, 18(12, left the earth at 1 P.M., and in less than an hour shot up to a height of ;iO,(lOO feet. At starting, the tempera- ture of the air was ;")'.) .leg., and at its greatest altitude it was (!1 deg. lower. Mountainocr.s experience no such extreme variations as these. They rarely a.scend more rapiilly than 1,000 feet per hour, never so nuudi as l.">,ooo (oet in a dr-, and become to some extent accliniatized as they progress upwards. (In the whole we are inclined to think that man will not rest until he has at least attempted to reach the loftiest .summits on the eartli, though wc will venture to assert that it will be lou'j before anyone crushes down the snow on the suminit of Mount Kverest.' CiMA 1)1 Nakdisio (Fiii:siini,i.i)), or ('im\ i«i Vai,i.o\ (Ai'sti:ian Go- vr.itNMKNT Map).— (Jn September II, 1877, Messrs. U. Gaskell and M. Ilolzmann, with A. Laceilelli, of Cortina, as guide, made the first » />r/»fl)vw/.-('iipt. Na'icr, umi.'v dale Tclu'nin, NovcniluT 1(3, 1877, wntos 1.)Mr. .Monro as follows: -I liiwo hi-cn up IVmi.ivi'ikI .ipiiii with iv new l:ir"- 111. •Or I l.reilirlit out, iind hiiv« re.lnce.l lii.. ini-lil In IH.AOO (or, oxactl}' 18,11':*) I'll.' .'S .Iciuriial, iNo. ,'>7. p. 'M\. .>;i'.-.ai2 Mi^m^fS m ii^H ■^■'- Advertitements. In th» Press, small post 8vo. elath extra, iLPINE ASCENTS & ADVENTURES; OB, ROCK AND SNOW SKETCHES. TL. SOI3:"0"TZ; "MTILSOlsr, Member of the Alpine Olnb, Author of <8tudiea uud Bonuuoea,' Ao. *o. "With Two Illustrations, by Marcus Stone, A.R.A. and Edward "Whyinper. 'I Moept tbe noU. I ohoow to wXk high with ittbUmer dnad BatlMr than ewwl in lotety.' Qbobob Buot, Armtart. London: SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, 8EAELE, & RIYINGTON, Cioira Bnildings. 188 Fleet Street. MACMILLAH & GO.'S PU BLICATIOMS. Tbtrd Edition, arowii8T0.»«. JtubttUf. •RANSCAUCASIA AND ARARAT. By James Bbtce, Author of • Th» Hofy Bomaa Bmpiw.' Bdng Noi« of a Yioatioa Tow tn tho Antnmn of 1876. With lUiwtnUtton Mtdltap. _ . , Tho Timet rayi :— ' He has produood • tbtj lnt«re»ting volume, full of infmnation. . • •>!» P™- fBryoe'i bold anaut of Mount Anmt alono, when KUidi and OoMMks Hike «*«ft^ n|n»iJ»;^»X" * J f eat of Diountiiin oHmWng which In ItwU prOTea him to bo no unworthy member of th«rAJ*ie Oluft. {Tills alone would render bl* book well worth reading, quite apart from the store of Inloitoatlon oon- [ tained in it.' [LORD MELBOURNE'S MEMOIRS. By W. M. Tobmhs, j M.P. With Portrait after Sir ThomaalAwwnoe. J rota. 8*0. 8«#. THE DAILY NEWS CORRESPONDENCE OF THE ' WAR BRTWBKK BU8SU AND TUBKKT. Inolttdtof the Lettere of Mr. AwaunAU* FoRBM, Mr. J. B. MoOAaAM, and other Bpeolal Oomapoiidente. 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