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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, 11 est filmi A partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 "W ^^'^-^ T"tu.1 O^Lw-v i * TO THE ; I SPOKANE KOOTEMAI IVIINIIMG COINTRY TO THE I -I i SPOKANE KOOTENAI IVIINIIMG COUNTRY orthport, Hossiand, ndary GreeR, Nelson, IQ, Slocan, NaRusp, Qesl^irvatlon, ORanooan. Nortnport, Rossiand, Boundary GreeR, Nelson, Kaslo, Slocan, NaRusp, Reservation, ORanogan. *,' The Kootenai Co VER and anon the country is arousec of some new mining camp. Ye Arizona, to-day it is in Colorado, to in Montana or Idaho. Year in and year ( like the busy bee, doth empl jy each shinii periodical discoveries are cl: e results of h the patience of the stolid burro that in so West is his faithful "pard," he climbs ai and cold, rain and shine, through thorn rocks and fallen timber, across mountains search for the precious metals, a search long as life itself lasts. It is safe to say that there is not o smaller ranges of mountains, from far do to far up in British Columbia, but that ha prospector's pick or blast. And it seer TWO PROSPECTORa that with all the careful prospecting, i noted discoveries of Western mining car results of accident. What may eventually prove important many times, so appear at the time. Surf: deceptive. A hole in the ground ten, tw( or deep, seldom indicates what may be fo to five hundred feet farther in or down, with the knowledge that poor surface d often been foUowed by veins surprising silver, or both, gives the prospector and i perseverance so necessary to toil on, c month after month, to find at the end failure, sometimes the richest of mines. f(\- Kootenai Country. d anon the country is aroused by the discovery ne new mining camp. Yesterday it was in la, to-day it is in Colorado, to-morrow it will be )r Idaho. Year in and year out the prospector, bee, doth empi jy each shining hour, and these scoveries are A e results of his ubiquity. With of the stolid burro that in some portions of the faithful "pard," he climbs and trudges in heat in and shine, through thorns and cactus, o'er lien timber, across mountains and caflons, in his le precious metals, a search that shall last as tself lasts. to say that there is not one of the myriad es of mountains, from far down in old Mexico British Columbia, but that has resounded to the pick or blast. And it seems strange indeed TWO PROSPEOTORa 11 the careful prospecting, many of the most xries of Western mining camps have been the cident. y eventually prove important discoveries do not, so appear at the time. Surface indications are A hole in the ground ten, twenty, fifty feet long lorn indicates what may be found three hundred red feet farther in or down. This uncertainty, owledge that poor surface developments have Eoliowed by veins surprisingly rich in gold or th, gives the prospector and miner the faith and e so necessary to toil on, day after day and month, to find at the end — sometimes utter ;times the richest of mines. From the time of the first discovery of a ledge in any given locality to the time when such region, through sufficient development, takes its place as a regular "camp," many years may elapse. The richness of the "find," the process of development, the proximity to lines of transportation, either rail or water, are the more important factors in its growth. The history of mining in the West shows conclusively that if the ore from the new discovery assays well, capital can be readily obtained to develop the prospect sufficiently to determine its probable value. If it is found to be phenomenal, miners will pour in by hundreds and thousands. If further explora- tion establishes the fact that a new and rich mining region is indeed discovered, railroads will rapidly be built to carry its output to the smelters, concentrators, and mills, no mat- ter what rivers must be bridged or what mountains be climbed and tunneled. Capitalists are constantly on the lookot ' "^ for new mines. In many cases they have PROSPECTOR, their own prospectors searching for them. Every new prospect is looked into, nothing is passed over as unworthy of investigation. Prospecting is not now the haphazard game that it once was. The careful and intelli- gent prospector can now to some extent, determine on the spot, by simple tests, the probable character of his find. As prospectors are apt to go in twos and threes, the inex- perienced man may thus be able to form an alliance of untold value to himself. As the knowledge of the formation of ore bodies in- creases, old theories and ideas are exploded. The result is that when rich discoveries are made under new or peculiar conditions, mining men and capitalists are not so ske].tical regarding them as formerly. This gives the prospector a much better chance to dispose of his prpspect to his pecuni- ary advantage. The prospector is usually a person of limited means. His ability to develop his claim is correspondingly limited. Capital must be called to his assistance. This is obtained in various ways. He may have friends who for an intcest in the claim will i'urnish the necessary funds. He may satisfactorily sell the entire claim and step down and out. A common method is to fiottd the mine. This, in brief, is to sell for a given sum an option on the mine, which runs for a specified time, a small percentage in cash b^ing paid down. The party or syniiicate taking the bond usually has the privilege of Jcveloping the property in order to determine how valuable it may be. If expectations are realized, the sale is completed and the discoverer reaps his reward, u/urnr thf W''**''* * ^^^ years the country north of WHtHt IHt Spokane, Washington, along the British Col- MINES ARE. umbian boundary line, has acquired great notoriety from a mining standpoint. For a great many years it has been known to be an ore-producing region. Various circumstances have hindered its rapid development, and it has only within from two to six years taken the position that its rich ore deposits entitled it to take. This region includes a wide stretch of country on both sides of the International Boundary line. The greater activ- ity, or at least the more important results, seem to have been attained on the British Columbian side. We purpose to deal here, with only a portion of those workings com- prised within what is known as the Kootenai District. Geographically they are included approximately between the 117th and Ii8th meridians of longitude and the 4gth and 50th parallels of latitude. Technically they are almost wholly within the West Kootenai division of the Kootenai District. The country is one of high, precipitous mountains drained by the Kootenai and Columbia rivers and th^ir tributaries. These ranges consist of the Selkirks, bet^ een the two rivers above named, and the Columbia range, west of the river of like name. The Kootenai river expands into a large lake — Kootenai — east of the Selkirks, and, strange to say, the Columbia river does likewise on the west side, thus forming the Arrow lakes. These lakes are respectively about 1,800 and 1,400 PAOKINO STOVES INTO MININQ CAMPS. feet above sea level, and the mountains on either side of them rise 8,000 to 9,000 feet above the sea, with snow line at 6,000 to 7,000 feet. The mountains are for the most part densely timbered, thus furnishing on the spot the necessary fuel for all requirements. This timber is of the coniferous sort— hemlock, larch, cedar of a large and fine kind, white pine and some Douglas fir or spruce. It is suitable for all the ordinary necessities of mining. The entire region is well watered and well drained, and water power for various purposes is easily obtained on nearly all the streams^: large and small. While there are many small " breathing spots" as it were, and some small valleys, yet agricultural bottoms or lands are very scarce. The c"mate is mild and bracing, with an average yearly rainfall of from eighteen to twenty inches. Snow lies from one to ' ■ feet and winter extends from December to March. » lermometer sometimes falls below zero in winter ami in summer reaches as hij;h as eighty to ninety decrees above zero. Nights are cool. The cola of winter is not severe nor the heat of summer debilitating. The Kootenai lake does not freeze over. Aside from its value as a mining region, the low altitudes, the line drainage ami wftcr, the great coniferous forests and the grand scenery, should make the locality fought after from considerations of health and scenic attraction. HOW TO '^^^ country is well supplied with transporta- !,yj7_„V.iir •'""' telegraph and telophone lines. From GET THERE. .Spokane the .Spokane Falls & Northern Rail- way penetrates it at Northport. ; in 1891 and has declared dividends aggrej to date. The deposits around Nelson art copper-s rying 130 to 150 ounces silver and 12 to 15 p« per ton. Copper-gold ores and also fret deposits have been discovered and are at attention. The Silver King mine and associ; covers fifty-six acres and is the star mine 1 In 1893 it was sold to its present owners $1,000,000. It is four and one-half miles fron above Nelson, and the ores are brought dowi in buckets on a wire tramway. Trail division of West Kootenai derives Trail creek. The town of Trail is located a the creek on the west bank of the Columbi: the Trail terminus of the Columbia & Weste the station in Rossland is about twelve mi line it is less than four and one-half miles, overcome in this distance is between 2,200 la — silver and lead — or wet ores. Luckily dry — silver and iron — ores, which are the galena ores. There are now some s in tne Ainsworth camp, working from en each. The Skyline and No. i are the ent, and both are dry ore mines. The Sky- above the Kootenai lake and 5,600 feet KOOTENAI MINE, R088LAND, B. O. In the Stocan region there are at least forty rked, employing 350 to 400 men or more. Noble Five and Wonderful Group are the s in this field. The former was discovered declared dividends aggregating $300,000 around Nelson art copper-silver ores, car- ounces silver and 12 to ij per cent, copper ler-gold ores and also free milling gold een discovered and are attracting much Silver King mine and associated properties icres and is the star mine of the locality, sold to its present owners for more than four and one-half miles from and 5,000 feet id the ores are brought down the mountain ffire tramway. 1 of West Kootenai derives its name from lie town of Trail is located at the mouth of e west bank of the Columbia river. From us of the Columbia & Western Railroad to lossland is about twelve miles. In an air in four and one-half miles. The elevation s distance is between 2,200 and 2,300 feet. Within a year's time the now noted Rossland, frum a village of 200 or 300 population increased to a town of 3,000 or 4,000 inhabitants. In the winter of i8qo-Qi work was begun on the Le Roi and War Eagle mines. It was carried on for some time under great obstacles. Nevertheless up to the present, besides paying all costs of working, the Le Roi has declared divi- dends amounting to $250,000, and the War Eagle $187,000 in dividends. The deposits of Rossland are popularly known as gold bearing, containing gold, copper and silver. Technically ROSSLAND, B. C, AND SPOKANE MOUNTAIN. COLUMBIA AVENUE, ROSSLAND, B. O. there are several different classes of ores, even in the same mine, Pyrrhotite seems to form an important part of most of them. From January i to October i, 1895, there were shipped more than 17,000 tons of ore, worth $735,000. The average value per ton was $43- 16 " in gold 37.35 " " " in copper about 4.00 " " " in silver 2,00 Some of these ores are very refractory in treatment. On the other hand the iron — twenty-five per cent. — found in much of ii makes it valuable as a fluxing agent in con- nection with the so-called "dry" ores. WHAT OF 't is probably but simple truth to say that THF rilTIIRP9 no one can yet tell what the future of this I nt r u I unL r remarkable camo will he. The mountains all around seem to contain ore. rhe region has been but little studied by the professional geologist and mining geobgical expert. Indeed the mine workings are not sufficiently extended to enable the geologist or miner to formulate a definite or thoroughljf intelligent statement as to the ore deposits or to prognosticate the future. At the prv se»t time scarcely a week passes that new strikes and discoveries are not made that seem to promise as well or bet- ter tha» those whiCh have preceded. These are not confined tooneor two, and those already successful mines. The Le Roi and Wir Eagle have been mentioned. The Josie, Centre Star, Juttibo, Nickel Plate, Iron Mask, Crown Point, O, K„ and Monle Cristo are a few of many others that promise as SMELTER, TRAIL, B. O. well as the two fir.-t named. Iliese mines are scattered over the mountains (are not in one liuiich), and represent the workings and prospects as shown by tunnels and shafts from 75 to 500 feet long. The ore occurs in short chutes of unusual width and frequency. Mr. W. A. Carlyle, the provincial mineralogist, in a de- tailed report dealing with the Rossland mines, just pub- lished, and made after a thorough examination, says: "The consensus of opinion of many mining men who have studied the conditions and surface showings ♦ * * is to the effect that few camps have ever shown so many favorable indications that warrant the belief that on further extensive, systematic exploration other chutes of gold will be uncovered." ORE The treatment- the processes by which tho TRFATMFNT go'd, copper snd silver are brought together I ntn I mtn i . p^ ^j^^ ^^^^ ^j mat/e, and the grosser, worth- less parts of the ore gotten rid of— of the Kootenai ores is almost entirely done m the district itself. At Pilot Bay there is a combined concentrator and smelter, and at Nelson another smelter. At Trail there has recently been constructecl a large smelter having a capacity of 450 tons daily, and with plenty of room in which to grow. Several mines have concentrators to run their own ores, and it seems probable that smelters will ere long be con- structed by other mines for their own uses. From January I to Aiijfust I, i8 ticular star in the mining constellations of this region, it is not because of lack of rivals. The truth is that the whole region north and northwest of Spokane seems to be one vast mineral camp — fo grow mines. That these camps are in the slower stages of devel- opment and more remote from transportation facilities, does not lessen the fact that naturally they seem to be as rich in ores, and of similar sorts in many cases, as are the Trail mines. Prominent among them are those of the "Reser- vation," as it is termed. These are located on the old Col- ville reservation, which was opened to m May I, 1896. Colville, Chewelah, Marcuu, are the focal points for these mining can Dominion mine, near Colville, is one of the of these. Between the Columbia river a boundary line there are many mines, variot which will be heard from in the future. Marcus, on the Spokane Falls & North« the point from which promising mining fiel west are reached. These comprise the Boundary creek. Kettle river. Rock creek country. There are a great many camps in t from present indications, will prove to bi Rossland mines. The mineral zone found al appears to extend westward, and it is pro auestioti of the exteusior, of railway facilii this region will assume a very important pos circles. There are many streams found less placer milling has been and still is on. The ores found are not all of one kin( Camp, for example, there are large copper ores; in Skylark Camp, high grade galena per sulphides and gold at Deadwood; sulj: gold, copper and iron at Greenwood; free i Go'd Drop Camp, while at other places refi found. "A great deal of the ore * * resembles Trail creek ore that even expe them apart, and like the Trail creek mines t the dcp-^sits found at Boundary is that the KOOTENAI RIVER, NEAR NELSON, B. C depth." Capital from Chicago, Butte, Spok tinually being invested in this region by investors. The Okanogan mining field parti well down into the United States, and incl about the Okanogan river and Lake Che Prominent camps are those around Conco Palmer mountain. This region is large Spokane. From Marcus a daily stage line (except to the principal points of this country- Anaconda, Midway, etc., and they are conr other by good trails and roads, which are improved. '* which was opened to mineral location olville, Chewelah, Marcuu, and Northport sints for these tiinine camps. The Old near Colville, is one of the most important een the Columbia river and the Idaho ere are many mines, variously developed, ard from in the future, le Spokane Falls & Northern Railway, is hich promising mining fields to the north- id. These comprise the camps in the Kettle river. Rock creek and Okanogan ire a great many camps in this region that, idications, will prove to be equal to the The mineral zone found at Rossland now :nd westward, and it is probably merely a extension of railway facilities as to when issume a very important position in mining are many streams found and more or ing has been and still is being carried suiid are not all of one kind. At Copper iple, there are large copper deposits in the c Camp, high grade galena and gold; cop- nd gold at Dead wood; sulphides carrying :i iron at Greenwood; free milling gold a p, while at other places refractory ores are ;at deal of the ore * * * so closely creek ore that even experts cannot tell like the Trail creek mines the character of und at Boundary is that they improve with :«) 22.40 lit days Nor. Pae. BTiO 21.06 1-ii days P.S.&A. Ii.'l5 24.46 2M (lays c. P. n., or C. P. 21.96 2^ days So.Pac.to \W, 43.66 38.66 33.06 27.06 3 '4 days Nor. Pac, 512 26.10 1 day Nor. Pac, 615 26.16 iday Nor. Pac. 1841' 47.6 same as 547 i (>72 23.40 I 22.40 \% days j 24 days kane; tlieniee same as ROBlailll,B.C vi» Ntrtbport. laKiiii,B,C.OraD(IForKs, Vln ! B. (', Northport. ' VU HamuR. C.tR.li, Rj, |C.&K.!I.II.Co. .Stan.' 6!X» «in (Wli $24.80 I $24.16 $26.U0 2 days I 2^4 days | 2Hda)» 5(i7 22.06 IM days Tacoma or 652 26.46 2% days C. K. R. L. S. & K. 742 2B,96 2Hclays r Steamer t 1463 44,90 39.00 34.96 { 28.86 •M days kane; then 529 27.35 IM days kane, then mi 27.40 m days kane, then 1659 48.60 41.00 % days kane: then 1648 48.50 41.00 m days kane; then 1665 48.60 41.00 25i days 692 21.95 2>i days th Seattle; 777 24.46 3H days & Gt. Nor. Ry. to Seat 867 21.95 3 days o Portland 1588 44.16 39.16 33.95 2796 4'/i days ce same as 6,'i4 30. 10 1% days from I'oi't 542 25.80 2 days from Port 662 26.46 2 days ence same 617 27,95 3 days ce same as from Port 657 527 30.16 ' 28.30 Mi days 1)4 days ReisoD, B.C. Kas!o, B, C, saniloD, B.C, Sandoo, R,C, Vlii.Nelmin , Vln Nortli- andKiwIu, IH»t un8 46.80 41.80 37.46 31.45 4 days from PortI 524 29.26 1)4 days ce same as 1784 47.60 40.00 3)4 days ce same as 1773 47.60 40.00 3)4 days ce same as 1790 47,50 40.00 A% days from Port 1664 52.00 44.60 3 days from Portl 1643 52.00 44.50 3 days from Portl 1660 62.00 44.60 3 days 79,1 21.85 2)4 days thence sam 1516 44.16 38.16 33.96 27.95 4 days and. 582 29. 10 1)4 days land. 586 29.15 1)4 days land. 1712 47.50 40.00 2U days and. 1701 47.60 40.00 2% days and. 1718 47.6O 40.00 2% days I om tliat po int. 8;<5 864 21.96 24.00 Hi days 3 days e as from el 1556 44,16 38.15 33.95 27.95 4 days 622 30.10 V/i days 626 30.16 l>/i days 1752 47.50 40.00 3 days 1741 47.60 40.00 3 days 1758 47.60 40.00 3 days ther of tho 1585 46.20 41.20 36,00 30.00 i% days 651 32.16 2 days 654 32.20 2 days 1781 49.66 42,06 3)4 nays 1770 49.56 42.06 3Vi days 1787 49.66 42.06 3M days N, P, Ity. S.K.&N.lly C.1I.S.N.C«. N.&M. Ry. K57 $26.20 3 ma,Wash. E.E. BLACJKWOOD, Agent Victoria, B. O. F. V. BODWELL. Agent VoncouTer, B. 0, T, K. STATELER, Gen'l Agt. Pass. Dept 688 Market St., San Frandsoo, Cal. A, D. CHARLTON, Aast. Gen'l Pass. Agent 2» Morrison Street, Portland, Ore. B. N. AUSTIN, Aaaiatant General Paaaenger Agent St. Paul, Minn. A. L. CRAIG, Assistant General Ticket Agent St. Paul. Minn. CHAS. S. FEB, Oen'l PaBsenger and Tifiket Aeent. St. Paul, Minn. J. M. HANNAFORD, General TralBo Manager. St. Paul. Minn. 'a 14 POOLE BROS. OHIOAOO. ■fr^ \. to K. **"''«i iV % •anogan \ /l»iiitli|y JM. IrPeiitt ^Hfi) ^f::-zj\f^-''"^"* U"lonJc "^ y V i I*t.AiiBfii ""■'. 70WAL Lapuiih) UnnvtltaV lllartroiil Jc. JUan Blaokfbot HtliMi-i ""*'.. phmtttj (Join .« , - ,, ll -A ^J#"J» Like Davenport^ ecesTA Ci Co* La CroKgev Cocur rt'Alen -Moscow \.Co» "- I ■ \siieliiy Jc. (.'hei>ter I'liseuii ' N:^%.-''^, iteau TcDlllnn ^r «»»•''' V\\\« Slinco* p6htlandJ Wa llula JoJ KlllanJo.] P«n. Corral v,Vameko _ Bits- I^AP OF THE "^ HmSm^ ISSUED BY THE Mi Northern Pacific rV. fBlacktoot Lrocutello r^merican ViioOanmipn Kolln ,\ Oxford ■ KMIoiVi Oacbe Jc.| ontory I iDi-ewejtVc .■■**•<,•■ <-.tjai-" .leuf>me«r //7" COPYRIGHTED 1806 BY CHA8. 8- FEE, 8T. PAUL, MINN. liMiiii ttmmtma HUOi